This is a reproduction of a book from the McGill University Library collection. 
 
 Title: A history of the birds of Europe : including all the species inhabiting the Western Palaearctic Region 
 
 Author: Dresser, H. E. (Henry Eeles), 1838-1915 
 
 Publisher, year: London : Dresser, 1871 
 
 The pages were digitized as they were. The original book may have contained pages with poor print. Marks, notations, and other marginalia present in the original 
 volume may also appear. For wider or heavier books, a slight curvature to the text on the inside of pages may be noticeable. 
 
 ISBN of reproduction: 978-1-926810-65-2 
 
 This reproduction is intended for personal use only, and may not be reproduced, re-published, or re-distributed commercially. For further information on 
 permission regarding the use of this reproduction contact McGill University Library. 
 
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 www.mcgill.ca/library 
 
THE TIM ES, MONDAY ., DECE MBER 27, 1909. 
 OBITUARY. “ ~ 
 
 
 g /* 
 
 CXsO*+ 
 
 
 Dr. B. Bowdlkr Sharps. 
 regf^t to Announce that Dr. Bichard Bowdler 
 '» the well-known ornithologist, and an Assistant 
 r in the Department of Zoology at the Natural 
 y Museum, died on Christmas Day at house 
 .•rowgate-road, Chiswick. 
 
 lard Dowdier Sharpe was bora in London 
 'Yember 22, 1847, and was the eldest son of 
 lomas Bowdler Sharpe, publisher, of Cookham 
 alvem Link. He was educated at Brighton, 
 t Peterborough and Loughborough Grammar 
 s. In 1863 he entered the service of Messrs. 
 
 Smith and Sons, and after a year with Mr. 
 
 ■d Quaritch he became in 1867 the first librarian 
 Zoological Society of London, a post which 
 l until 1872, when he joined the British Museum 
 for Assistant in the Department of Zoology, 
 ozne an Assistant Keeper in 1896. 
 
 Bowdler Sharpe’s principal work lay in orni- 
 y, in which subject he worked more as 'an 
 and classifier than as a field observer. Of 
 onumental catalogue of birds in the British 
 m in 27 volumes, he was responsible for the 
 r part } the first four volumes of the “ Hand List 
 ds ” were also his work j while with Dresser 
 *71 he began the publication of the 
 s of Europe,” one of the completest 
 of its kind, which was finished by his collabora- 
 eight volumes in 1879. Among other works on 
 ology are his monographs on kingfishers, 
 ws, and birds of Paradise. The first of these, 
 t family of kingfishers, published 40 years ago, 
 e brought a reputation to its youthful author, 
 scribed 126 species of the Atcedinidm, grouped 
 9 genera and divided into two sub-families, 
 ninae and Daceloninae. Among other works 
 h*rpe edited Allen’s “ Natural History ” 
 
 White’s “ Natural History of Selborne,” to 
 he was enabled to add, as he explained ini 
 eface, a good deal of matter of interest to 
 of Gilbert White, having spent some weeks 
 tome for the purpose. 
 
 in the International Ornithological Congress 4 ^ 
 
 •led in London in 1906 Dr. Bowdler Sharpe 
 t the proceedings with a presidential address 
 jh he gave an account of the great bird collec- 
 
 nder his care in the museum. In the course — H — ^ V 
 
 address he announced the discovery of a fairly 
 
 five proof that the precious picture of the y. / ^ 
 
 a the museum, once the property of Sir Hans 
 
 , was actually taken from a living specimen , ’ 
 
 bird brought into Holland after the discovery jf . __ ^ f 
 
 passage to India round the Cape. ^ 
 
 Bowdler Sharpe received the degree of LL.D. 1 ✓ 
 
 Aberdeen University ; and he was the ^ 
 of the grand medal for science from the Em- 
 •f Austria in 1891, and Officier de l’lnstruc- f 
 ublique, 1901. He married, in 1867, Emily 
 Laughter of the late Mr. James Walter Burrows, 
 tham. 
 
 EC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rx-^c_ 
 
 CZX<c 
 
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 9 * 
 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BIRDS OF EUROPE 
 
 INCLUDING ALL THE SPECIES INHABITING THE 
 
 WESTERN PALiE ARCTIC REGION. 
 
 BY 
 
 H. E. DRESSER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc. 
 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 
 
 6 TENTERDEN STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, W. 
 
 1871 - 1881 . 
 
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
 BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 Cjwra Jiittleloii Juttr Silfbr^ Jf.J.IL $ 2 . 3 ., At., 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, 
 
 IN 
 
 RECOGNITION OF THE ASSISTANCE HE HAS INVARIABLY AFFORDED 
 
 TO ME 
 
 DURING THE PUBLICATION OF THIS WORK, 
 
 AND AS A 
 
 TOKEN OF MY APPRECIATION OF HIS MANY ACTS OF SINCERE FRIENDSHIP, 
 
 THESE VOLUMES ARE DEDICATED 
 
 BY 
 
 H. E. DRESSER. 
 
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE BIRDS OF EUROPE. 
 
 HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY. 
 
 H.R.H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH, K.G. 
 
 H.H. THE MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH, Elveden Hall, Thetford. 
 
 ABRAHAM, Mr., Bookseller, Taunton. 
 
 ADAM, R. M,, Esq., Deputy Commissioner, Inland Customs, 
 Agra. 
 
 ADNITT & NAUNTON, Messrs., The Square, Shrewsbury. 
 ALLEN, Mr. G. A., Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, W.C. 
 ALSTON, the late E. R., Esq.,F.Z.S. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, Society “Natura Artis Magistra.” 
 
 ANDERSON, the late Andrew, Esq. 
 
 ANDERSON, Dr. John, F.Z.S., Care of Messrs. Henry S. King 
 & Co. 
 
 ARGYLL, The Duke of, F.R.S., Argyll Lodge, Kensington, W. 
 ARMSTRONG, George, Esq., Foxleigh, Caterham Junction. 
 ASHER & Co., Messrs., Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 
 (6 copies). 
 
 ASHMEAD, G. B., Esq., Bishopsgate Street, E.C. 
 
 ATKIN, E. T., Esq., Matilda Street, Sheffield. 
 
 ATKINS, T. H., Esq., 6 St. Helens Place, E.C. 
 
 BACKHOUSE, Edmund, Esq., Bank, Darlington. 
 
 BAIN, Mr. J., 1 Haymarket, W. 
 
 BAINES, John, Esq. 
 
 BAKER, G. T., Esq., The Bracken, Augustus Road, Edgbaston. 
 BALSTON, R. J., Esq., Clare House, Maidstone.. 
 
 BARCLAY, F. K., Esq. 
 
 BARCLAY, Hanbury, Lieut.-Col., F.Z.S., Ashleigh, Dorking, 
 Surrey. 
 
 BARCLAY, H. F., Esq., Monkhams, Woodford, Essex. 
 BARCLAY, Robert, Esq., Bury Hill, Dorking. 
 
 BARCLAY, Robert, Esq., High Leigh, Hoddesdon. 
 
 BARCLAY, William L., Esq., 54 Lombard Street, E.C. 
 
 BARNE, Lieut.-Col., M.P., Sotterley Park, Wangford, Suffolk. 
 BAZLEY, T. S., Esq., Hatherop Castle, Fairford, Gloucester- 
 shire. 
 
 BEAUCHAMP, The late Countess, 19 b Grosvenor Square. 
 BEAUMONT, Sir George, Bart., Cole-Orton Hall, Ashby-de-la- 
 Zouche. 
 
 BEAUFORT, Comte de, Care of Mons. Fr. J. Olivier, Bruxelles. 
 BENZON, A., Esq., Svane Apoteke, Ostergade, Copenhagen. 
 BERG, Comte de, Care of F, Olivier, Brussels. 
 
 BERLIN, The Royal Zoological Museum. 
 
 BERNEY, George H., Esq., Morton Hall, Norwich. 
 
 BICKERS & Son, Messrs., 1 Leicester Square (13 copies). 
 BIDDULPH, Major, Care of Messrs. H. S. King & Co. 
 BLACKWOOD & Son, Messrs., Edinburgh. 
 
 BLANFORD, W. T., Esq., F.R.S., Arts Club, Hanover Square. 
 BOND, F., Esq., F.Z.S., &c., Fairfield Avenue, Staines. 
 
 BOOTH, E. T., Esq., Dyke Road, Brighton. 
 
 BORRER, W., Esq., Cowfold, Horsham. 
 
 BOSTON Public Library, U.S.A., Care of Messrs. Sampson 
 Low & Co. 
 
 BOSTON Society of Natural History, Care of Smithsonian Insti- 
 tute, Washington, D.C. 
 
 BOYNTON, Sir Henry, Bart., Burton Agnes, Hull. 
 BRAIKENRIDGE, Rev. G. W., M. A., F.L.S., Clevedon, Somerset. 
 BRANICKI, Comte de, Care of M. Bouvier, 55 Quai des Grands 
 Augustins, Paris. 
 
 BRAYBROOKE, Lord, F.Z.S., Audley End, Saffron Walden. 
 BREE, Dr., F.Z.S., East Hill, Colchester. 
 
 BRIDGEMAN, Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. Francis, Scots Guards. 
 
 51570 
 
X 
 
 BROCKLEBAXK, Mrs., Springwood, Liverpool. 
 
 BROOKE, Alexander, Esq., F.Z.S., Care of Messrs. J. A. Hadden 
 & Co., 25 Fenchurcli Street, E.C. 
 
 BROOKE, A. Basil, Esq., F.Z.S., C'ardney, Dunkeld, N.B. 
 BROOKE, Sir Victor, Bart., F.Z.S., Colebrooke, Brookborough, 
 Ireland. 
 
 BROOKS, W. E., Esq., Canada. 
 
 BROWN, J. A. Harvie, Esq., Dunipace House, Larbert, N.B. 
 BRUCE, Band, Esq., 1 Victoria Square, Stirling, N.B. 
 
 BRUCE, W. P., Esq., Kinleith, Currie, near Edinburgh. 
 BRUSSELS, The Library of the Mus6e d’Histoire Naturelle. 
 BRYCE, Mr., Glasgow, Care of Messrs. Hamilton, Adams & Co., 
 32 Paternoster Row, E.C. 
 
 BUCKLEY, Henry, Esq., F.Z.S., Great Charles St., Birmingham. 
 BUCKLEY, Samuel, Esq., Great Charles Street, Birmingham. 
 BUCKLEY, T. E., Esq., F.Z.S., Attadale House, Strath-Carron, 
 Ross-shire, N.B. 
 
 BUMPUS, John, Esq., 158 Oxford Street, W. (3 copies). 
 BUXTON, H. E., Esq., Fritton Decoy, Yarmouth. 
 
 BUXTON, T. Fowell, Esq., Easnaye, Ware. 
 
 BUXTON, Miss, Colne House, Cromer. 
 
 CABBELL, B. Bond, Esq., F.R.S., the late. 
 
 CARNIE, Farquahar, Esq., Shanghai, Care of A. Michie, Esq., 
 Fenchurcli Avenue, E.C. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, T. L. M., Esq., F.Z.S., Newbottle Manor, 
 Brackley. 
 
 CAVE, Frank W. Cave B., Esq., 42 Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham. 
 CHAMBERLAIN, Walter, Esq., Moor-Green Hall, Moseley, near 
 Birmingham. 
 
 CHANCE, R. L., Esq., Chad Hill, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 
 CHOLMLEY, A. J., Esq., Newton House, Rillington, York. 
 CHRISTIANIA, University of, Care of Messrs. Longman & Co. 
 CLAP HAM, A., Esq., 24 West Kensington Gardens, W. 
 CLARKE, W. Eagle, Esq., 5 East View, Hyde Park, Leeds. 
 CLAYFIELD-IRELAND, A., Esq., Dowrick House, Crediton. 
 COAKS, J. B., Esq., Thorpe Hamlet, Norwich. 
 
 COBBETT, A., Esq., Pall Mall, S.W. 
 
 COCHRANE, Henry, Esq., The Longlands, Middlesborough. 
 COLLETT, Robert, Esq., Christiania. 
 
 COOPER, Colonel E. H., 42 Portman Square, W. 
 COPENHAGEN, University of, Care of Messrs. Longman 
 & Co. 
 
 CORNISH, Mr. J. E., Manchester (9 copies). 
 
 CORY", C. B., 8 Arlington Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 
 CROSFIELD, J. B., Esq., Reigate, Surrey. 
 
 CROWFOOT, W. M., Esq., Beccles, Suffolk. 
 
 CROWLEY, Fredk., Esq., Alton, Hants. 
 
 CROWLEY, Philip, Esq., W r addon House, Croydon. 
 DALGLEISH, J. J., Esq., Care of Messrs. Edmonston & Douglas, 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 DANFORD, Charles, Esq., Ayres End, Harpenden, Herts. 
 
 DE NOAILLES, The Countess, The Hut, Fryeming, Ingatestone, 
 Essex. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, The Duke of, Devonshire House, Piccadilly. 
 
 DIXON, Raylton, Esq., Middlesborough-on-Tees. 
 
 DODGSON, W. H., Esq., Royal Exchange, E.C. 
 
 DOMVILE, William C., Esq., Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen’s Co., 
 Ireland. 
 
 DONCASTER, C., Esq., Doncaster Street, Sheffield. 
 
 DORIA, The Marquis, Museo Civico, Genoa. 
 
 DOWSETT, Arthur, Esq., Hatherley, London Road, Reading. 
 
 DRUCE, Herbert, Esq., 43 Circus Road, St. John’s Wood, 
 N.W. 
 
 DRUMMOND, Allan H., Esq., 7 Ennismore Gardens, South Ken- 
 sington, W. 
 
 DUCIE, The Earl of, Tortworth Court, Falfield, Gloucester. 
 
 DULAU & Co., Messrs., Soho Square. 
 
 DUTTON, Hon. Edward, 2 St. James’s Place, S.W. 
 
 EDWARDS, H. MILNE-, Professor, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. 
 
 ELLIOT, D. G., Esq., F.R.S.E., &c. &c., New York. 
 
 ELLIOT-BATES, Rev. J. Elphinstone, Milbourne House, New- 
 castle-on-Tyne. 
 
 ELMIIIRST, the late Moses, Esq., J.P., West Ashby Grove, 
 Ilorncastle. 
 
 EL WES, H. J., Esq., F.Z.S., Preston, Cirencester. 
 
 EMERY, C. G., Sudbury House, Farringdon. 
 
 EWBANK, Rev. G., 4 Belvedere Terrace, Brighton. 
 
 FAS Y & FRICK, Messrs., Vienna, Care of Messrs. Longman & Co. 
 C2 copies). 
 
 FEILDEN, Capt. H. W., F.Z.S., &c., Naturalist to the Arctic 
 Expedition. 
 
 FEILDING, Major-General the Hon. Percy, C.B., 107 Queen’s 
 Gate, S.W. 
 
 FIELD, Barclay, Esq., 26 Hill Street, Berkeley Square. 
 
 FINSCH, Dr. Otto, C.M.Z.S., Bremen, 
 
 FITZPATRICK, Hon. B., Granton Manor, Abbey Leix, Ireland. 
 
 FITZWlLLIAM, Hon. C. W. W., M.P., Alwalton, Peterborough. 
 
 FLEMING, Miss, Cookham, Berks. 
 
 FLOWER, W. J., Esq., Fairfield Road, Croydon, Surrey. 
 
 FOOTTIT, W. F., Esq., Oxford Lodge, White Horse Road, 
 Croydon. 
 
 FORBES, A. W., Esq., Prosector to the Zoological Society, 
 Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park. 
 
 FORRESTER, F. W., Esq., 66 Mark Lane, E.C. 
 
 FRANCIS, Dr. William, F.L.S., The Manor House, Richmond. 
 
 FRAZER, W. F., Esq., Samarang, Care of H. King & Co. 
 
 FRIEDLANDER & Sohn, Messrs., Berlin (3 copies). 
 
 FRITZE, C. E., Esq., Stockholm, Care of Messrs. Longman & Co. 
 (5 copies). 
 
 GARDNER, the late Samuel, Esq., Bawtry, Sheflield. 
 
 GASKELL, J. B,, Esq., Wootton Wood, Liverpool, Care of 
 Mr. Pearce, Warrington. 
 
XI 
 
 GIBRALTAR Library, The, Care of Messrs. Longman & Co. 
 GILLETT, the late George, Esq. 
 
 GODMAN, C. B., Park Hatch, Godaiming. 
 
 GODMAN, F. Du Cane, Esq., F.Z.S., 10 Chandos Street, Cavendish 
 Square, W. 
 
 GODMAN, J., Esq., F.Z.S., 55 Lowndes Square. 
 
 GODMAN, Percy, Esq., F.Z.S., Itchenfield, Muntham, Horsham. 
 GODWIN-AUSTEN, Lieut.-Colonel H. H., Deepdale, Reigate. 
 GOULD, the late John, Esq., F.R.S., 26 Charlotte Street, Bedford 
 Square. 
 
 GRAHAM, W., Esq., Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, E.C. 
 GRANT, Colonel, F.Z.S. 
 
 GRANT & Son, Messrs., 107 Princes Street, Edinburgh (4 copies). 
 GRIFFIN, W. H., Esq., Moseley, near Birmingham. 
 
 GUISE, Sir William, Bart., Elmore Court, Gloucester. 
 
 GURNEY, J. H., Esq., F.Z.S., Northrepps, Norwich. 
 
 GURNEY, J. H., Esq., jun., F.Z.S., Northrepps, Norwich. 
 HACHETTE, Messrs., King William Street, Strand. 
 HAMILTON, Adams, & Co., Paternoster Row. 
 
 HAMILTON, Dr., Y.P.Z.S., 9 Portugal Street, Grosvenor Square, 
 W. 
 
 HAMILTON, J. F., F.Z.S., 27 Elgin Crescent, Notting Hill. 
 HAMMELRATH, Dr., Care of Mons. Fr. J. Olivier, Bruxelles. 
 HAMMOND, Capt. R., R.N. 
 
 H ANBURY, George, Esq., 21 Portman Square, W. 
 
 H A NBURY, Robert, Esq., Truman’s Brewery, Spitalfields. 
 HANBURY, S., Bishopstowe, Torquay. 
 
 HANOVER, Naturhistorisehe Gesellschaft, Provinzial Museum. 
 HARGITT, Edward, Esq., 1 Bedford Road, Bedford Park, 
 Chiswick. 
 
 HARLEY, G., Esq. 
 
 HARTLAUB, Dr. G., C.M.Z.S., Bremen. 
 
 HARVARD COLLEGE, Care of Messrs. Triibner. 
 HATCHARD, Messrs., Piccadilly (9 copies). 
 
 HAWKINS, Rev. Herbert S., Beyton Rectory, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 HAY, the late Major W. E., 7 Westminster Chambers, Victoria 
 Street. 
 
 HAYNES, Captain, Hillside, Ripon. 
 
 HEAVEN, Spencer, Esq., Port Stuart, Co. Londonderry. 
 HEBBERT, Charles T., Esq., 12 Hereford Gardens, W. 
 
 HELE, J. C., Esq., The Knowle, Newton Abbot, Devon. 
 HEWETSON, H. B., Esq., 10 Hanover Square, Leeds. 
 HIGHTON, Rev. E., Bude Haven, Cornwall. 
 
 HOARE, Charles, Esq., The Vicarage, Moffats, Hatfield. 
 HODGES, FOSTER, & Co., Messrs., Care of Messrs. Simpkin & 
 Marshall. 
 
 HOMEYER, Herr Eug. von, Warbelow bei Stolp, Pommern. 
 HOPE, G. P., Esq., 26 Royal Exchange, E.C. 
 
 HORNE, Mrs., Innisfail, Beulah Hill, Norwood. 
 
 HOUGHTON, W. D., Esq., Moore, Warrington, Care of Mr. 
 Pearce. 
 
 HO WORTH, H. H., Esq., Manchester, Care of Mr. Cornish. 
 HUBBARD, Egerton, Esq., M.P., Prince’s Gate, W- 
 HUGEL, Baron A. von., 116 High Street, Camden Town, 
 N.W. 
 
 HUME, A. O., Esq., C.B., F.Z.S., &c., Simla, Care of Mr. B. 
 Quaritch. 
 
 HUNTLY, The Marquis of, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire, N.B. 
 INDIA Museum, Calcutta. 
 
 IRBY, Colonel L. H. L., F.Z.S. 
 
 JESSE, W., Esq., C.M.Z.S., Tonacombe, Morwenstotfe, North 
 Devon. 
 
 JOHNSON, A. W., Esq., 16 Claremont Place, Gateshead, Durham. 
 KENNEDY, Capt. A. Clarke, Guards’ Club, S.W. 
 
 KESTEVEN, Lord, Casewick, Stamford. 
 
 KIRBERGER, Herr, Care of Messrs. Hamilton, Adams, & Co. 
 KIRKBY, C., Esq., Fem Villa, Moor Road, Headingly, Leeds. 
 KIRKE, Robert, Esq., Greenmouut, Burntisland, Fife. 
 KIRKNESS, J. Lewis, Esq., R.N., Care of W. Kirkness, Esq., 
 Kenwyn Cottage, Spencer Hill, Wimbledon, S.W. 
 
 KNOX, H. Blake, Esq., J.P., &e., Dalkey, Co. Dublin, Ireland. 
 KNUBLEY, Rev. E. Ponsonby, M.A., &c., Staveley, near 
 Boroughbridge, Yorkshire. 
 
 LABOUCHERE, H. M., Esq., Utrecht, Holland, Care of Messrs. 
 
 Hamilton, Adams, & Co., Paternoster Row. 
 
 LACROIX, Adrien, Esq., Toulouse, France. 
 
 LEICESTER Literary and Philosophical Society. 
 
 LE STRANGE, Hamon, Esq., F.Z.S., Hunstanton Hall, King’s 
 Lynn, Norfolk. 
 
 LEYDEN, The Rijks Museum. 
 
 LIDDLE & KAEDING, Messrs., 138 Washington Street, San 
 Francisco, Care of Messrs. S. Buckley & Co., Birmingham. 
 LILFORD, Lord, F.Z.S., Lilford Hall, Oundle (4 copies). 
 LISBON, The Royal Zoological Museum. 
 
 LITERARY and Philosophical Society, The, Town Museum, 
 Leicester. 
 
 LOESCHER, Hermann, Turin, Care of Messrs. Dulau & Co. 
 (2 copies). 
 
 LUBBOCK, Fredk., Esq., Downe, Kent. 
 
 LUCAS, Charles, Esq., 5 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. 
 LUCAS, Thomas, Esq., 5 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. 
 LUCAS, W. F., Esq., 21 Surrey Street, Strand, W.C. 
 LUMSDEN, James, Esq., Arden House, Alexandria, N.B. 
 LYONS, The Municipal Library. 
 
 McVEAN, Colin, Esq., C.E., Woodside, Ashton, Chester. 
 MAITLAND, Sir James G. R., Bart., of Sauchie and Barnton, 
 Craigend House, Stirling, N.B. 
 
 MANN, Thomas, Esq., Roseneath House, Winchmore Hill. 
 MARLBOROUGH, The Duke of, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock. 
 MARSHALL,' Capt. C. H. T., F.Z.S., Umritzur. 
 
 MARSHALL, Capt. G. F. L., F.Z.S., Allahabad. 
 
 MARSHALL, John, Esq., Belmont, Taunton. 
 
Xll 
 
 MARTIN, A. R., Esq., St. Margaret’s Bank, Rochester. 
 
 MASON, Rev. J., Langley Mills, Tyne. 
 
 MATHEW, Gervase F., Esq., Instow, North Devon. 
 
 MATHEW, Rev. A. Murray, Stone Hall, Wolfcastle, Pembroke- 
 shire. 
 
 MAYER, H., Esq., 21 Longue Rue de l’Hopital, Antwerp. 
 METCALFE, J. S., Esq., 55 Highgate, Kendal. 
 
 MEVES, W., Esq., Care of Messrs. Longman & Co. 
 
 MILNER, Edward, Esq., Care of Mr. Pearce, Warrington. 
 MILNER, H. B. W., Esq., Kirkstall Grange, Leeds. 
 
 MIL WARD, Harding, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham. 
 MITCHELL, J., Esq., Clitheroe, Lancashire. 
 
 MONK, T. J., Esq., F.Z.S., Mountfield House, Lewes. 
 MOULTRIE, G. W., Esq., Bombay. 
 
 MURDOCH, A. B., Esq., 9 Merchiston Place, Edinburgh. 
 NAIRN, H. P., Esq., High Leigh, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. 
 NEALE, E., Esq., 12 Langham Street, W. 
 
 NEWTON, Charles E, C., Esq., Barston Hall, Hampton-in-Arden, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 NEWTON, Professor, F.R.S., Magdalene College, Cambridge. 
 NICHOLSON, F., Esq., F.Z.S., &c., The Grove, Oldfield, Altrin- 
 cham, Cheshire, 
 
 NIXON, J., Esq., Sheffield. 
 
 NORMAN, Charles, Esq., Bromley, Kent. 
 
 OATES, Eugene W., Esq., Care of Mr. J. Van Voorst. 
 
 OGILBY, J. Douglas, Esq., Femside, Killiney, Co. Dublin, 
 OLIVIER, Mons. Fr. J., Bruxelles. 
 
 ORDE, Sir John, Bart., &c., Kilmory House, Loch Gilphead, 
 N.B. 
 
 PALIN, Captain W. H., Care of Mr. Cornish. 
 
 PARELLADA, Sr. Don Enrique, 3 Obispo, Barcelona. 
 
 PARKIN, T., Esq., Halton, near Hastings. 
 
 PARSONS, C. S,, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham. 
 
 PEARCE, Mr., Warrington. 
 
 PEARSON, A. H., Esq., 29 Ashley Place, S.W. 
 
 PEMBERTON, the late Miss, 33 Warrior Square, St. Leonard’s. 
 PERKINS, John, Esq., M.A., Downing College, Cambridge. 
 PIKE, T. M., Esq., Westport, Wareham. 
 
 PLEYDELL, J. C. Mansel, Esq., Blandford, Dorset. 
 
 POWYS, Hon. Leopold W. H., 16 Queensbury Place, S.W. 
 POWYS-KECK, H. L., Esq., Stoughton Grange, near Leicester. 
 PRICE, W. E., Esq., M.P., Hillfield, Gloucester. 
 
 PUTNAM, Wm., Esq., jun., Darlington. 
 
 QUARITCH, Mr. B., 15 Piccadilly (6 copies). 
 
 RAMSAY, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw, Highland Light Infantry, 
 Whitehill, Rosewell, N.B. 
 
 RATCLIFF, Charles, Esq., D.L., J.P., Wyddrington, Birmingham. 
 RAWSON, J. Evelyn, Esq., Bromley Common, Kent, 
 
 REID, Savile G., Esq., F.Z.S., Ashridge-wood, Wokingham. 
 RIBAUCOURT The Comte de, Care of Mons. Fr. J. Olivier, 
 Bruxelles. 
 
 RIPLEY, Sir H. W., Bart., Acacia, Apperley, near Leeds. 
 RIPON, The Marquis of, 1 Carlton Gardens, S.W. 
 
 ROBINSON, Rev. G., F.R.S., Tartaraghan Rectory, Armagh. 
 ROCKE, the late John, Esq., Clungunford House, Aston-on-Clun, 
 Salop. 
 
 ROGERS, John, Esq., 27 Leadenhall Street. 
 
 ROGERS, Mr. L. M., 11 Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, E.C. 
 ROWE, J. Brooking, Esq., F.L.S., Plympton Lodge, Plympton, 
 S. Devon. 
 
 ROWLEY, the late G. Dawson, Esq., M.A., F.Z.S., Chichester 
 House, Brighton. 
 
 RUHL, Edward, Esq., Verviers, Care of Mons. Fr. J. Olivier, 
 Bruxelles. 
 
 RYLAND, F., Esq., Noel Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 
 SALVIN, Osbert, Esq., F.R.S., 10 Chandos Street, Cavendish 
 Square, W. 
 
 SAMSON & WALLIN, Messrs., Stockholm. 
 
 SAUNDERS, Howard, Esq., F.Z.S., 7 Radnor Place, Gloucester 
 Square, W. 
 
 SCLATER, P. L., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., 11 Hanover Square, W. 
 SEEBOHM, Frederick, Esq., Hitchin. 
 
 SEEBOHM, Henry, Esq., 6 Tenterden Street, W. (2 copies). 
 SHEARER, Mr. R. T., Stirling, N.B. 
 
 SHELLEY, Capt., F.Z.S., 13 Rutland Gate, S.W. 
 
 SHELLEY, Edward, Esq., Avington, Winchester. 
 
 SHEPHERD, Rev. C. W., Trotterscliffe, near Maidstone, Kent. 
 SILVA, Edward, Esq., 17 a Pembridge Square, W. 
 
 SIMPKIN & Marshall, Messrs., Stationers’ Hall Court, E.C. 
 SIMSON, Frank B., Esq., Broomhill, Spratton, Northampton. 
 SLATER, Rev. Henry H. Sharow, Ripon, Yorkshire. 
 
 SMITH, The Right Hon. W. H., Esq., M.P., 1 Hyde-Park 
 Street, W. 
 
 SMITH, Messrs. W. H., & Sons, Strand. 
 
 SPICER, J. W. G., Esq., F.Z.S., Spye Park, Chippenham, Wilts, 
 Care of Messrs. Sotheran & Co., Strand. 
 
 STARK, A. C., Esq., The Engadine, Torquay. 
 
 STEPHENSON, Eric, Esq., 1 North Bar Without, Beverley, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 STEVENSON, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., 10 Unthanks Road, Norwich. 
 STOCK, Elliot, Esq., 62 Paternoster Row, E.C. 
 
 STRICKLAND, Mrs., Ardincaple, Cambridge. 
 
 SUNDSTROM, Dr., Dagbladets Kontor, Stockholm. 
 
 SUTTON, Hon. G. Manners, Ashtead, Epsom. 
 
 SWANZY, Andrew, Esq., F.L.S., 122 Cannon Street. 
 
 SWINHOE, the late Robert, Esq., F.R.S. 
 
 TAYLOR, E. Cavendish, Esq., F.Z.S., 74 Jerniyn Street, W. 
 TAYLOR, Capt. W., J.P., Glenleigh, Hastings. 
 
 THOMPSON, Joseph, Esq., Manchester, Care of Mr. J. E. 
 Cornish. 
 
 TINDALL, Edward, Esq., Knapton Hall, near Rillington, York. 
 TREDEGAR, Lord, Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire. 
 
Xlll 
 
 TREVELYAN, Ernest J., Esq., 93 Sydney Place, Bath. 
 TRISTRAM, The Rev. Canon, F.R.S., The College, Durham. 
 TRUBNER, Messrs., & Co., Ludgate Hill, E.C. 
 
 TRY ON, Lieut.-Col., Balwick Park, Wansford, Northants. 
 TSCHUSI-SCHMIDHOFEN, Victor Ritter von, Villa Tannenhof, 
 hei Hallein, Austria. 
 
 TURIN, Royal Zoological Museum, Care of Messrs. Dulau & Co. 
 TWEEDDALE, the late Marquis of, F.R.S., Pres. Zool. Soc. 
 TWEEDMOUTH, Lord, Brook House, Park Lane, W. 
 UPCHER, H. M., Esq., Sheringham Hall, Cromer, Norfolk. 
 USSHER, H. E. Governor, C.M.Z.S., Thatched-House Club. 
 VAN VOORST, John, Esq., F.L.S., 1 Paternoster Row (4 copies). 
 VEKEMANS, L., Esq., Directeur du Jardin Zoologique, Anvers. 
 VEVIK Ahmed Pacha, Constantinople. 
 
 WADE, J. H., Esq., Oak Bank, Manningham, Bradford. 
 WALKER, J. L., 6 Albany Court Yard, W. 
 
 WALLACE, A. R., Esq., F.Z.S., Nutwood Cottage, Frith Hill, 
 Godaiming. 
 
 WATKINS, H., Esq., Care of Mr. Edmonds, Birmingham. 
 WESTHEAD, T. Brown, Esq., Cauldron Place, Staffordshire 
 Potteries. 
 
 WHARTON, C. Bygrave, Esq.,F.Z.S., Hounsdown, Totton, Hants. 
 
 WHARTON, Henry T., Esq., M.A., F.Z.S., 22 St. George’s Road, 
 Kilburn. 
 
 WHITE, Dr. F. Buchanan, Perth. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Rev. W. Maddox, Care of Messrs. Ward & Co., 
 158 Piccadilly, W. 
 
 WILLIAMS & NORGATE, Messrs., Henrietta Street, Covent 
 Garden, W.C. 
 
 WILSON, George Orr, Esq., Blackrock, Co. Dublin. 
 
 WOLF, J., Esq., 2 Primrose-Hill Studios, Fitzroy Road, N.W. 
 
 WOOD, C. G., Esq., Care of H. Buckley, Esq., Birmingham. 
 
 WOODWARD, Horace, Esq., Armscot House, Arthur Road, 
 Birmingham. 
 
 WOOLWICH, Royal- Artillery Institution. 
 
 WRIGHT, C. A., Esq., F.Z.S., Kayhough, Kew-Gardens Road, 
 Kew. 
 
 WRIGHT, Prof. E. Perceval, M.D., F.Z.S., Secretary Royal Irish 
 Academy, Care of Messrs. Williams & Norgate. 
 
 WRIGLEY, E. G., Esq., Manchester, Care of Mr. J. E. Cornish. 
 
 YOUNG, John, Esq., F.Z.S., War Office, Pall Mall. 
 
 ZOOLOGICAL Society of London, 11 Hanover Square, W, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Early in 1870 the idea of writing a work on European Ornithology was first 
 projected by Mr. R. B. Sharpe and myself; and before the close of that year we 
 had arranged to undertake the present work in copartnership ; but the first Part 
 was not issued before March 1871. Twelve Parts were published with tolerable 
 regularity, when Mr. Sharpe, who had given up his post as Librarian to the 
 Zoological Society, and had obtained an appointment at the British Museum, 
 found that his new duties would not allow him to continue his share of the 
 work. He was therefore compelled to ask me to release him ; and the partnership 
 was consequently dissolved, I undertaking to continue the publication alone. His 
 name, however, was retained on the titlepages of the parts up to Part XVII., 
 although the articles in these Parts were written by myself, except the synonymy 
 for Part XIII., which Mr. Sharpe had prepared before we dissolved partnership. 
 The articles in small type on the Sparrow-Hawks, Emberiza cia and its allies, 
 and on the Blue Rock-Thrushes were written entirely by Mr. Sharpe ; and I am 
 glad to be able to give the sole credit of the same to him. A portion of the 
 synonymy was elaborated by the late Marquis of Tweeddale (then Lord Walden), 
 such portion bearing his signature, w r ith the exception of the synonymy of the 
 species contained in Part XIV., which he most kindly undertook to do, as I was 
 then rather overworked ; besides, from time to time, as the work progressed, I 
 received the greatest assistance from him in hunting up obscure references ; he 
 likewise always allowed me the use of his specimens and books whenever I required 
 them. 
 
 The earlier Parts were published at the Office of the Zoological Society, 
 1 1 Hanover Square ; and I take this opportunity of expressing my deep gratitude 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
 a 
 
IV 
 
 to the President and Council of the Zoological Society, who most generously per- 
 mitted the work to be published there, and who gave me every assistance in their 
 power during the earlier years when I was struggling under not a few difficulties. 
 
 The latter Parts were issued from 6 Tenterden Street, where for upwards of 
 seven years I have kept my collections and library, and where, owing to the close 
 proximity of the rich library of the Zoological Society, I have had every opportunity 
 of referring to the many rare ornithological works which it contains. 
 
 To the various noblemen and gentlemen who during the progress of the work 
 assisted me with notes and the loan of specimens (whose names are mentioned so 
 frequently in the following pages that I need not recapitulate them here) I return my 
 heartfelt thanks. Many of these kind friends, some of whom have been my most 
 zealous supporters, have not lived to see the work finished, amongst whom I may 
 name T. C. Jerdon, E. Blyth, Jules Verreaux, G. R. Gray, R. Swinhoe, Andrew 
 Anderson, Lord Tweeddale; and since I have commenced writing the present 
 introduction, zoologists have to mourn the loss of John Gould and Edward R. 
 Alston, one of our oldest and one of our youngest zoologists, the latter of whom 
 will be long remembered as a most painstaking and accurate worker as well as 
 a true friend and genial companion. 
 
 The illustrations have been executed chiefly by Mr. J. C. Keulemans, whose 
 facile pencil has embellished so many works on ornithology. Not a few of the 
 Raptores as well as one or two other birds have been drawn by Mr. Joseph Wolf, 
 well known as the best of living delineators of animal life ; and a few of the other 
 Plates were executed by Mr. E. Neale. The lithographs were printed by Messrs. 
 M. and N. Hanhart, Mr. Walter (who printed all Mr. Gould’s plates), and 
 by Messrs. Mintern Brothers ; and the colouring was intrusted to Mr. Smith and 
 Mr. Hart, the latter of whom is well known as the artist employed by Mr. Gould 
 during the publication of all his later works. The printing has throughout been 
 done by Messrs. Taylor and Francis. To all of these I am much indebted for the 
 care and attention they have bestowed on the various portions of the work in which 
 their skill was employed. 
 
 And now that the work is completed I must ask my readers to look on the 
 result with lenient eyes. There is much that I should alter and add were I able to 
 
rewrite many of the articles ; and no one can be more keenly aware of the many 
 imperfections and shortcomings than myself. I have often wished that I had more 
 time to compare specimens ; but had I not pressed forward as much as possible 
 it w T ould have been impossible to complete the work in any thing like the time 
 expended on it ; and when I state that it has been entirely written before breakfast 
 and after evening meal, during the few hours I could spare from the arduous 
 duties of a city life, often working late into the night, and again recommencing 
 my labours soon after daybreak, I trust I may claim some little indulgence. At 
 the same time it has been a labour of love to me, and one which, though 
 so heavy, I am, now that it draws to a close, reluctant to relinquish ; but 
 I hope, if I am spared and retain the health and strength I have hitherto 
 enjoyed to so great a degree, to continue my labours, and to bring out, after 
 having collected sufficient material, a work on the birds of the Eastern Palsearctic 
 Region, excluding of course those species which occur there of which I have 
 treated in the present work. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Although ornithology has made such rapid strides during the last quarter of a century, and 
 many excellent works have been written on the avifauna of our island, as well as of various 
 other European countries, yet, since the publication of Gould’s 4 Birds of Europe,’ no work has 
 been written in the English language on the ornithology of Europe ; and it was with a view to 
 supply this want that the present work was commenced. Dr. C. R. Bree certainly published a 
 work entitled the 4 Birds of Europe,’ of which a second edition has lately appeared ; but it 
 contains merely those species which have not been met with in the British Isles, and it cannot 
 fairly be counted as a complete work on the avifauna of Europe. 
 
 In the present work I have, as will be seen, avoided taking the limits of Europe, politically 
 speaking, as previous authors on the subject have done, but have included the whole of the 
 Western Palsearctic Region, and have thus adopted natural instead of political boundaries. By 
 so doing a broad strip of Northern Africa, the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira, and the major 
 portion of Asia Minor have been added to the area which has been hitherto included by those 
 authors who have written on European ornithology ; and I have striven as much as possible to 
 make the present work more especially a history of Western Palsearctic birds rather than a 
 history of the birds of the Western Palsearctic Region ; that is, I have excluded those species 
 which, though they may have occurred as rare stragglers, essentially belong to extra-limital 
 genera. 
 
 When we contemplated the publication of the present work it was remarked to us by a 
 well-known naturalist that we should be able to add but few species to the European list ; it 
 may therefore be of interest to ornithologists to see how far this prediction has been verified, 
 as a comparison with the previously published works on the subject will clearly demonstrate. 
 Temminck, in his first edition of the 4 Manuel d’Ornithologie,’ included 336 species ; but of these 
 I deduct 12 as being either included on insufficient grounds, or else as being bad species, thus 
 reducing the total to 324. In his second edition he included 510 species, many of which were 
 certainly extra-limital, and some of them not valid species ; and deducting these, 48 in number, 
 there remain only 462. 
 
 Gould includes 449 species ; but of these the following, viz. Emberiza lesbia, Tetrao hybridus , 
 
Vlll 
 
 Lag opus hr achy dactyl us, Uria lachrymans, Mormon fratercula , Phalacrocorax cristatus, Phala- 
 crocorax desmarestii , appear to me to be bad species, and fifteen others, viz. Nauclerus furcatus. 
 Bubo ascalaphus, TJlula nehulosa , Turdus migratorius, Parus bicolor , Fringilla hy emails, Corythus 
 longicauda, Erythrospiza rosea , Sitta asiatica , Ciconia maguari, Totanus macularius, Mergus 
 cucullatus , Sterna stolida , Lams atricilla , and Puffinus obscurus , are included on insufficient 
 evidence ; hence his total number is reduced to 427. 
 
 Degland and Gerbe, who included a larger area, taking in the Caucasus and a portion of 
 Asia Minor, increased the list of European birds to 531 ; but of these five, viz. Certhia brachy - 
 dactylci, Linota borealis, Puffinus yelkouan, Sterna paradisea (which they describe as distinct 
 from Sterna dougalli), and Podiceps longirostris, are not good species, and thirty-eight others, viz. 
 Otogyps auricularis , Haliaetus leucocephalus , Falco concolor, Bubo ascalaphus, Ceryle alcyon , 
 Carpodacus roseus, Fringilla spodiogena, Emberiza striolata, Otocorys bilopha, Turdus olivaceus, 
 Turdus migratorius, Turdus minor, Turdus solitarius, Turdus swainsoni, Ectopistes migratorius , 
 Actitis macularia, Symphemia semipalmata , Grus antigone, Balearica pavonina, Ardeola sturmi, 
 This religiosa, Fregata marina , Phaeton cethereus, Biomedea exulans , Diomedea chlororhyncha, 
 Procellaria capensis, Puffinus obscurus , Lams leucophthalmus, Lams atricilla, Lams bonapartii. 
 Sterna bergii, Bernicla canagica, Chenalopex cegyptiaca, Mareca americana , Querguedula discors, 
 Fulix collaris , Mergus cucullatus, and Fratercula corniculata, are either birds inhabiting North 
 Africa, which do not appear to have really occurred north of the Mediterranean, or else they are 
 species inhabiting other zoogeographical regions which have been included as stragglers on 
 insufficient evidence. Deducting these, the total number of species included by Degland and 
 Gerbe amounts to 488. 
 
 In the present work I include 623 species, or, adding Pratincola maura, which I have 
 since found to be a good species, 624 species in all; but of these, 10 species are restricted 
 to the Atlantic islands and 27 to North Africa: deducting these there remain 586 species 
 inhabiting Europe and the portion of Asia Minor which belongs to the Western Palsearctic 
 Region, or 98 more than are included by Degland and Gerbe, 126 more than are in the second 
 edition of Temminck’s ‘ Manuel d’Ornithologie,’ and 159 more than Gould has in his 4 Birds of 
 Europe.’ Nor is the subject by any means exhausted ; for it appears probable that the number 
 of European or, rather, Western Palsearctic species may ere long be considerably increased as 
 ornithological research is pushed in the Caucasus and Asia Minor. 
 
 Professor Bogdanoff has lately published in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Kazan Naturalists’ 
 Society (viii. part iv. p. 196, 1879) a list of the birds of the Caucasus, in which he includes the 
 following species as new to the European avifauna, viz. Buteo menetriesi, Bogd., Sturnus nitens, 
 Hume, Hesperiphona carneipes, Hodgs., Montifringilla alpicola, Pall., Emberiza huttoni, Blyth, 
 Parus phaeonotus, Blanf., Parus michalowskii, Bogd., Pcecile brandtii, Bogd., Erithacus hyrcanus , 
 Blanf., Baulias hafizi, Severtz., Picus poelzami, Bogd., and Sitta rupicola, Blanf. Of these, as 
 will be seen, four are new species. These I have not yet had an opportunity of examining, and 
 
IX 
 
 I therefore cannot pass an opinion on them with any degree of certainty ; but Buteo menetriesi 
 appears to me to be exceedingly close to, if not identical with, Buteo desertorum. Sturnus 
 nitens , Hume, from the Caucasus, may possibly prove to be Sturnus purpurascens, Gould, which 
 species is not included by Professor Bogdanoff ; and I do not think that Montifringilla alpieola 
 can be fairly separated from Montifringilla nivalis. Professor Bogdanoff remarks that Gecinus 
 saundersi , Tacz. (J. f. Orn. 1878, p. 349), is a mere variety of Gecinus viridis , and certainly not 
 a valid species, and must therefore be expunged from the list. Hesperiphona carneipes , Embe- 
 riza huttoni, Parus phceonotus , Erithacus hyrcanus , Baulias hafizi , and Sitta rupieola are all 
 inhabitants of Persia; and it is therefore not to be wondered at that they should also be met 
 with in the Caucasus. 
 
 Hitherto the few works that have been written on the ornithology of Europe have included 
 those species only which occur north of the Mediterranean and the Dardanelles and west of the 
 Ural range, none of the Atlantic islands being included ; but the present work embraces all the 
 species found in the Western Palsearctic Region. This region comprises the whole of conti- 
 nental Europe to the Ural range, Scandinavia, Spitzbergen, the British Isles, Iceland, the 
 Faeroes, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Isles, a comparatively narrow strip of North 
 Africa, reaching to the border of the desert, Asia Minor (excluding the Jordan valley, which is 
 essentially Ethiopian), and the Caucasus. The northern and western boundaries of this region 
 are clearly enough defined ; but the eastern and southern ones are far more difficult to fix. 
 
 The eastern boundary which I have adopted consists of the Ural range of mountains and 
 river, from the extreme northern portion of that range down to the mouth of the Ural river, 
 from whence it skirts along the western shores of the Caspian down to the frontiers of Persia, 
 where an imaginary line is drawn across to the Euphrates, and thence southward along the 
 borders of the Arabian desert, so as to include Syria and Arabia Petrsea down to the Red Sea ; 
 but from this I exclude the Jordan valley, which is, as shown by Canon Tristram, essentially 
 Ethiopian. 
 
 In fixing on the above boundary I have been obliged to cut in two, as it were, the Persian 
 subregion ; for in this subregion Asia Minor and Syria as well as the whole of Persia have been 
 included ; but I do not see how I could have done otherwise, except by relegating Asia Minor 
 and Syria to the Eastern Palsearctic Region, which would not have been feasible. 
 
 The Tropic of Cancer appears to be the best southern boundary of the region ; that is, it 
 extends to the first cataract of the Nile, in Eastern Africa, and about as far as the Ouro river on 
 the western side of that continent. As, however, I have striven as much as possible to make the 
 present work a history of Western Palsearctic birds, rather than a history of the birds of the 
 Western Palsearctic Region, so as to include every species that has been met with within the 
 borders of that region, I have deemed it advisable to exclude some few species, which, although 
 they have straggled within the above limits, yet are purely Ethiopian, or else belong to essen- 
 tially extra-limital genera. Amongst these I may enumerate Amydrus tristrami, Nectarinia 
 
X 
 
 osea, Passer moabiticus , Caprimulgus tamaricis, and Ketupa ceylonensis (which have occurred in 
 the Jordan valley and Palestine), Struthio camelus, Pterocles exustus , and Pterocles senegallus 
 (which have been met with in Palestine, Egypt, and Algeria), Bubo ascalaphus and Ammoperdix 
 lieyi (which are recorded from the Jordan valley and Egypt), Pycnonotus arsinoe , Crateropus 
 acacice , Nectarinea metallica , Motacilla vidua , Centropus wgyptius , Accipiter gabar , Gypaetus 
 nudipes , Pterocles coronatus , AEgialitis pecuaria, Bhynchasa capensis, Chenalopax mgyptiaca , 
 cyanops , Sterna bergii , Bhynchops flavirostris , and Larus leucophthalmus (which occur in Egypt, 
 some having been met with as far north even as the Nile delta), Falco concolor , Otogyps nubicus , 
 and /fo’s cethiopica (which have been recorded from Egypt and Algeria), Falco chiguera , Fringil- 
 laria saharice, Stoparola deserti, Drymoeca saharce , Balearica pavonina , Ardea gutturalis , Haema- 
 topus moguinii (which have occurred in Algeria), Eupodotis arabs (which has been obtained in 
 Algeria and Morocco), and Melierax polyzonus (which has occurred in Morocco). 
 
 ifofco babylonicus is said to have been met with in Egypt ; but this species is so very closely 
 allied to Falco barbarus , if indeed it can fairly be separated, that it appears probable that the 
 bird obtained may have belonged to the latter species. Alcedo bengalensis appears also to 
 straggle into the extreme south-eastern portion of the Western Palsearctic Region; but I have 
 not included it, as it is essentially an Eastern Palaearctic bird. 
 
 The Western Palaearctic includes the whole of subregion I. and the major portion of 
 subregion II., being two of the four subregions into which the Palaearctic Region has been 
 subdivided. Subregion I. (the European subregion) embraces Central and Northern Europe, and 
 is bounded on the south by the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkans, the Black Sea, and the 
 Caucasus range, and by the Ural range on the east ; and it includes on the north and west 
 Spitzbergen, Iceland, and the British Isles. 
 
 Although it differs from the Siberian subregion in having a more genial climate and being 
 more free from the extremes of heat and cold, yet many of its characteristic genera of birds are 
 such as may also be quoted as characteristic of the Siberian subregion, or at least of the 
 northern and central portion of that subregion. Amongst these I may name Turdus , Erithacus , 
 Baulias, Sylvia , Melizophilus , Phylloscopus, Hypolais , Locustella, Accentor , Panurus , Acredula , 
 Tichodroma , Motacilla , Carduelis , Coccothraustes , Passer , Montifringilla , Emberiza , Pyrrhocorax , 
 Nucifraga , Perisoreus , Gecinus , lynx, Gypaetus , Eudromias , and Terekia. In the extreme 
 southern portion of this subregion one finds in the elevated mountain-ranges of the Pyrenees, 
 Alps, and Carpathians one or two species which are peculiar to that portion of the subregion — 
 as, for instance, Tichodroma muraria , Montifringilla nivalis , and Pyrrhocorax alpinus ; and 
 Gypaetus barbatus inhabits no other portion of the subregion. The northern portion of this 
 subregion is inhabited by a considerable number of characteristic species which range round 
 the northern portions of the entire globe, or else are represented in the northern portion of the 
 Nearctic Region by very closely allied forms. Amongst these I may enumerate the following, 
 which have a circumpolar range, viz. Certhia familiar is, Cotile riparia , Ampelis garrulus , Linota 
 
XI 
 
 linana, Linota exilipes , Pinicola enucleator , Plectrophanes lapponicus and Plectrophanes nivalis , 
 Otocorys alpestris , Pica rustica , Corvus corax, Strix flammea , accipitrinus, Nyctea scandiaca , 
 
 IS yet ale tengmalmi , Aquila chrysaetus, Falco gyrfalco, Falco candicans and Falco peregrinus , 
 Pandion haliaetus, Phalacrocorax carlo. Besides these, Loxia curvirostra and Z. bifasciata are 
 represented in the Nearctic Region by L. americana and Z. leucoptera , both very closely allied 
 forms ; and the following are also represented in the Nearctic Region by species so closely allied 
 that they may be treated as only climatic varieties, viz. Asio otus by Asio americanus, Syrnium 
 lapponicum by S. cinereum , Surnia ulula by Surnia funerea (which latter has also occurred in 
 Europe as a rare straggler), Astur palumbarius by Astur atricapillus , Falco cesalon by Falco 
 columbarius. I may also remark that Phylloscopus borealis and Motacilla flava, which species 
 range right across the northern portion of the Paleearctic Region, have occurred in the north- 
 western portion of the Nearctic Region. 
 
 Amongst the Herodii only one species, Nycticorax griseus, has a circumpolar range ; but 
 Ardea alba and Ardea garzetta are represented in the Nearctic Region by two closely allied 
 species, A. egretta and A. candidissima. 
 
 The Anseres are, as may be imagined, very widely distributed — two species of the genus 
 Bernicla , one of Chen , one each of Anas , Querquedula, Chaulelasmus , Spatula , Dafila , Mareca , 
 Fuligula , Clangula , Cosmonetta, Harelda , and (Edemia , three of Somateria, and two of Mergus 
 having a circumpolar range. 
 
 The genus Lagopus is essentially circumpolar in its range, although only one species 
 (Lagopus albus) is found throughout the circumpolar region. Of the Grallee, Gallinula 
 chloropus is found right round the globe, though it does not range further north than to 
 about 60° N. lat. ; but Fulica atra is replaced by a closely allied species, Fulica americana , in 
 the Nearctic Region. 
 
 Of the Charadriidae the only European representatives of the genera Squatarola and 
 Strepsilas have a circumpolar range ; and the American Golden Plover is scarcely separable 
 from Charadrius fulvus ; but our Oyster-catcher is replaced in North America by Hwmatopus 
 palliatus. 
 
 Amongst the Scolopacidae many species are found on both continents; two of the genus 
 Phalaropus , three of Tringa , and one Calidris have a circumpolar range, whereas four of 
 Tringa, one Tryngites , one Bartramia , one Machetes , one Macrorhamp hus , and one Numenius 
 have been recorded from both the Nearctic and Palsearctic Regions, most of them being 
 inhabitants of the former, and mere stragglers to the latter region. 
 
 As might be expected, the Gaviae, Tubinares, Alcse, and Pygopodes are largely represented 
 in both the Palaearetic and Nearctic Regions — there being seven species of the genus Sterna , one 
 Hydrochelidon , one Xema , one Bhodostethia , one Pagophila , five of the genus Larus , three of 
 Stercorarius , both species of Procellaria, one Oceanites, three of Puffinus , one Fulmar us, one 
 
 b 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
Xll 
 
 ( Estrelata , one Alca (besides Alca impennis, which is now extinct, and which used to occur also 
 off the American coasts), two species of Lomvia , one Uria , one Mergulus , and one Fratercula 
 common to the coasts of the Nearctic and Palaearctic Regions. 
 
 Of the Colymbidae, Colymbus glacialis , C. arcticus, and C. septentrionalis are all common to 
 both continents; and of the Podicipitidae, two of the five Western Palaearctic species, viz. 
 Podiceps griseigena and P. auritus , are found in the Nearctic Region also. 
 
 On the islands of this subregion there are, as might be anticipated, several local forms. On 
 Spitzbergen a peculiar form of Ptarmigan (Lagopus hemileucurus ) is found. Troglodytes borealis , 
 a distinct form of our Wren, inhabits the Faeroe Islands and Iceland ; and the Starling of the 
 Faeroe Isles, though not specifically separable from the common Starling, almost always has a 
 larger and stouter bill. Great Britain possesses two species which do not occur elsewhere, 
 Parus britannicus and Lagopus scoticus ; and a third species, Acredula rosea, which is common 
 and resident on our islands, has a very restricted range on the continent of Europe. Not a few 
 species straggle westward into this subregion from the Siberian subregion, as for instance 
 amongst the Turdinee T. naumanni , T. dubius , T. ruficollis , T. obscurus, T. varius, T. atrigu- 
 laris , amongst the Sylviinae Calliope camtschatkensis , Nemura cyanura , amongst the Phyllo- 
 scopinse Phylloscopus superciliaris , P. tristis , and P. plumbeitarsus — Phylloscopus borealis , a 
 common Eastern Palaearctic species, being a summer resident in the eastern portion of the 
 present subregion, as are also Aerocephalus agricola , A. dumetorum , Motacilla citreola , and 
 Anthus gustavi. Of the Emberizinse Emberiza chrysophrys and E. leucocephala are stragglers 
 from the Eastern Palaearctic Region, as are also Acanthyllis caudacuta , Eernicla ruficollis, 
 Querguedula formosa, Q.falcata, Turtur orientalis, Syrrhaptes paradoxus, Crus leucogeranus, 
 Otis macgueeni, and Charadrius fulvus. 
 
 Subregion II. of the Western Palaearctic Region, the so-called Mediterranean subregion, 
 includes all the countries south of the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, and Caucasus range, a broad 
 strip of North Africa extending to the first cataract of the Nile, and the Azores, Madeira, and 
 Canary Islands. The climate in this subregion is much warmer than it is in Subregion I., and 
 the entire country much more fertile ; therefore the avifauna is more varied, and there are many 
 stragglers from the neighbouring Ethiopian Region. The representative genera are tolerably 
 numerous; and amongst them I may enumerate Cossyplia, Aedon, Lusciniola, Cettia, Cisticola, 
 Vrymceca , Argya, AEgithalus, Pycnonotus, Telephonus, Erythrospiza, Certhilauda, Calandrella , 
 Ehamphocorys, Pastor , Halcyon, Ceryle, Merops, Coccystes, Scops , Gyps, Vultur, Neophron, 
 Nisaetus, Pelecanus, Ibis, Plegadis, Phcenicopterus, Erismatura , Pterocles, Phasianus , Ammo - 
 perdix, Francolinus, Tetraogallus, Turnix, Porphyrio, Pluvianus, Chettusia, and Hoplopterus, 
 many of these being largely represented in the Ethiopian and Indian Regions also. Owing 
 to the mildness of the climate in this subregion, most of our summer migrants and many of the 
 Central-European summer residents retire into its southern districts to pass the winter. 
 
 A noteworthy peculiarity of the present subregion is the presence, in its eastern portion, of 
 
xm 
 
 the Jordan valley, a long strip of country, greatly depressed, which is strictly tropical in climate, 
 and which belongs to the Ethiopian Eegion. Here one finds several purely non-European forms, 
 such as Nectarinea osea , Amydrus tristrami, Ketupa ceylonensis , and Struthio camelus, which I 
 have consequently excluded from the present work. 
 
 On the islands included in this subregion are several representative species not found else- 
 where, as for instance Eegulus maderensis , Anthus hertheloti , Serinus canarius , Fringilla tintillon , 
 Fringilla teydea , Pyrrhula murina , Cypselus unicolor , Columba bollii, Columba laurivora , and 
 Columba trocas ; and the Blackcap of the Azores is subject to melanism in those islands, which 
 does not appear to be the case elsewhere. Although so far distant from the continent of Europe, 
 the Azores being quite alone in mid Atlantic, the fauna of these islands is strictly Palsearctic, 
 and it would appear that they have been peopled chiefly by stragglers from the continent of 
 Europe, in proof of which Mr. Godman points out that the bird population is most abundant in 
 the islands of the Azorean group which are nearest to Europe and Africa. 
 
 Mr. Wallace includes the Cape-Verd Islands in the Palsearctic Eegion, and remarks (Geogr. 
 Distrib. of Anim. i. p. 215) that, though there is a mingling of the two faunas (Palsearctic and 
 Ethiopian), “ the preponderance seems to be undoubtedly with the Palsearctic rather than with 
 the Ethiopian. I owe to Mr. E. B. Sharpe, of the British Museum, a MS. list of the birds of 
 these islands, twenty-three species in all. Of these, eight are of wide distribution, and may 
 be neglected ; seven are undoubted Palsearctic species, viz. Milvus ictinus , Sylvia atricapilla , 
 S. conspicillata , Corvus corone, Passer salicarius , Certhilauda desertorum , Columba livia ; three 
 are peculiar species, but of Palsearctic genera and affinities, viz. Calamoherpe brevipennis , 
 Ammomanes cinctura , and Passer jagoensis. Against this we have to set two West- African 
 species, Estrilda cinerea and Numida meleagris , both of which were probably introduced by 
 man, and three which are of Ethiopian genera and affinities, viz. Halcyon erythrorhyncha , 
 closely allied to H. semiccerulea of Arabia and North-east Africa, and therefore almost Palse- 
 arctic, Accipiter melanoleucus , and Pyrrhulauda nigriceps : [the last two] are s Ethiopian forms ; 
 but the same species occur in the Canaries.” According to this there is much to be said in 
 favour of extending the Mediterranean subregion to include the Cape-Verd Islands; but, after 
 carefully considering the matter, I have deemed it inexpedient to do so. 
 
 It is chiefly during the seasons of migration that the rarer stragglers are met with within 
 our limits, and, as a rule, more frequently in the autumn than in the spring. Migration is a 
 subject which has only been investigated with any degree of care during the last few years ; and 
 as yet, comparatively speaking, but little is known respecting it. We have arrived at the know- 
 ledge of the fact that our Swallows pass the winter in South Africa and do not hibernate, and 
 that the Cuckoo does not become a Sparrow-Hawk in the winter, as was firmly believed within 
 the last hundred years ; but we have yet much to learn. Mr. Gatke has, during his long 
 residence in the island of Heligoland, collected a fund of information on the subject, and has 
 probably done more than any one else to further our knowledge on this subject; and I may 
 
 b 2 
 
XIV 
 
 especially refer to Mr. Seebohm’s chapter on migration in his ‘ Siberia in Europe’ (pp. 242-261), 
 the materials for which were to a large extent obtained from Mr. Gatke. I quite agree with 
 Mr. Seebohm that the desire to migrate is an hereditary impulse which has, during the lapse of 
 ages, acquired a force almost as irresistible as the instinct to breed in the spring ; but. tempe- 
 rature, as well as the lack of superabundance of food, may have to do with migration, and cannot 
 be disregarded. Thus, during unusually mild winters some even of our insectivorous soft-billed 
 birds remain in their breeding-haunts instead of passing southward with the rest of their con- 
 geners, and the ChifFchaff has been known to winter in Great Britain. With us also several 
 species are resident which on the continent of Europe are true migrants— a fact to be explained 
 by the mildness of our winters compared with those in the northern portions of continental 
 Europe ; for with us they are able to find sufficient food during the winter, whereas in the north 
 of continental Europe they would probably be starved out ere long. The soft-billed insecti- 
 vorous birds appear to be the most persistent migrants, as they feed almost solely on insects. 
 The Tits, which feed on insects and vegetable diet also, are to a large extent only partial 
 migrants or, in some places, residents. Where they find a sufficiency of food they remain all the 
 year round ; but when food becomes scarce they lead a rambling, gipsy life, sometimes not 
 travelling far, and at others migrating to some distance. In countries where they are perma- 
 nently resident they develop into local races, or even fairly distinct species ; thus our English 
 Coal Titmouse has become in the course of time quite easily separable from Parus ater, its 
 continental ally, and has been separated under the name of Parus britannicus ; and the Blue 
 Titmouse of North Africa, Parus teneriffce , has diverged from Parus cceruleus into a perfectly 
 good species. The Dippers afford another instance of this; for although they are exclusively 
 insectivorous, they are able to obtain a sufficiency of food without migrating to southern climes, 
 and are therefore residents, or only straggle from one stream to another, seldom traversing 
 any considerable distance. Consequently they have merged into several closely allied though 
 fairly separable forms, of which we have in Europe alone three, Cinclus melanogaster , Cinclus 
 aquations , and Cinclus albicollis. Our common Chaffinch, Fringilla ccelebs , which is a migrant 
 in most parts of the tract over which its range extends, is represented in the north of Africa 
 and in the Azores by two closely allied but perfectly distinct species, Fringilla spo&iogena and 
 Fringilla tintillon , both of which are non-migratory, and consequently have in the course of 
 time become specifically separable. The common Turtle Dove is also replaced in North-east 
 Africa by a form ( Turtur isabellinus) which evidently has sprung from the same parent stock, 
 but which, being resident in that portion of Africa, has become a perfectly valid and well- 
 separated species. 
 
 It is especially noteworthy that the young birds of the year are the first to migrate south 
 in the autumn, and not, as one would at first suppose, the old birds ; and this may account for 
 the fact that so many of our rarer visitants appear in the autumn and are young birds, probably 
 such as have wandered out of the direct course. It appears also that birds when migrating 
 
XV 
 
 travel at a great altitude, and migration takes place chiefly during the night. Mr. Seebohm 
 (op. cit. p. 255) says: — “The period of migration of each species lasts about a month. In 
 spring during the first week the flocks consist principally of adult males ; during the second 
 week they principally consist of adult females ; in the third week follow the birds of the year ; 
 whilst finally, during the last week, arrive the cripples — birds which have lost their toes, birds 
 with half a tail, birds with one mandible abnormally long, or birds with some other defect. In 
 autumn the order of migration is somewhat different. For weeks before the regular period of 
 migration is due stragglers in various stages of plumage arrive, loaf about in a desultory manner 
 for a few days, and then disappear. Some of these birds are in summer plumage, some of them 
 in their winter dress, whilst others are in a transition stage, moulting as they migrate. These 
 avant-couriers are supposed to consist of barren birds, odd birds who have been unable to find 
 a mate, or birds whose nests have been destroyed too late in the season to allow a second nest to 
 be made. Having nothing else to do, the hereditary instinct to migrate not being checked by 
 the parental instinct, they yield to its first impulses, and drift southwards before the general 
 body of their species. When the period of migration sets in in earnest, astounding as the fact 
 is, it is nevertheless true, that the birds of the year are the first to migrate, birds which of 
 course have never migrated before. This circumstance, which all the Heligolanders with whom 
 I conversed agreed in corroborating, may, to a large extent, account for the fact that the rare 
 stragglers recorded as visiting Heligoland and other countries are for the most part birds of the 
 year on their first autumn migration. It is not to be wondered at that on their first journey 
 they should frequently stray from the direct course. Probably the mortality amongst birds of 
 the year is very great, especially amongst those who take the wrong road on their first 
 migration.” The line of migration is certainly not invariably from the south to the north in 
 the spring, and in the contrary direction in the autumn, as was supposed by some naturalists, 
 but the direction is frequently diagonal. Gatke informed Mr. Seebohm that in his opinion the 
 direction taken by some species is east and west, whereas Aeuckens, the birdstuffer on Heligoland, 
 maintained that birds migrate north-east in spring and south-west in autumn ; and this latter 
 hypothesis appears to me to be in many cases correct ; for when in Southern Spain in May I 
 observed large numbers of Grey Plovers, Little Stints, and Pygmy Curlews, birds which certainly 
 breed in the extreme north-east of Europe and in Northern Asia, passing in a north-easterly 
 direction, most of them being in almost full breeding-dress. That the line of migration taken 
 in the spring differs from that taken in the autumn reversed, seems certain, at least to a large 
 extent, to judge from the fact that many species which occur on the shores of Great Britain 
 in the spring in considerable numbers, are seen, only in much smaller numbers, in the autumn, 
 and vice versd. 
 
 A most interesting communication relative to the migration of birds has lately been pub- 
 lished by Mr. W. E. D. Scott (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1881, pp. 97-100), clearly showing that 
 birds not only migrate by night, but at a very great altitude, say of from one to four miles 
 
XVI 
 
 above the earth, at which height they are able to distinguish the prominent features of the 
 landscape, such as coast-lines, the principal watercourses, mountain-chains, &c. They usually 
 migrate during clear weather, when they can discern the landmarks on the earth below them — 
 supposing that they are to some extent guided by landmarks; and if this is the case the 
 bewilderment they exhibit when thick weather sets in is explained by the fact that, their land- 
 marks being obscured, they are at a loss to know what course to pursue, and consequently 
 descend to the nearest resting-place on the earth. At the same time I must add that, it 
 appears to me, the hypothesis that birds are guided by landmarks below them is not confirmed 
 by more recent observations. Mr. Scott made his observations when looking at a number of 
 objects through the nine-inch equatorial at the astronomical observatory at Prince Town, New 
 Jersey, in October 1880, when, the night being clear, he could see the birds passing across the 
 field of observation clearly defined against the bright background. 
 
 The above statement as regards the altitude at which birds travel has been corroborated by 
 Mr. Gatke, who has come to the same conclusion from careful observations made on Heligoland 
 during nearly forty years. I lately spent a week on Heligoland, and was astonished to see the 
 mass of information on the subject he has collected, and which will ere long be published in a 
 work he is on the eve of issuing, which will be a most valuable essay on the difficult and so little 
 understood subject of migration. He believes, and (as far as I could judge by a glance through 
 his rough notes) on excellent grounds, that birds migrate at an altitude of from one (at least) to 
 two miles above the earth, and that they travel at a speed far above what has hitherto been 
 surmised — the heavy Hooded Crow even attaining a speed of fully twenty-seven geographical 
 miles per hour, and many other species travelling at a much greater speed. He surmises that the 
 Red-spotted Bluethroat ( Cyanecula suecica) passes from North Africa to Heligoland in a single 
 night, which gives a rate of locomotion of about forty geographical miles per hour, a speed which 
 he believes may easily be attained at altitudes where the air, being so rarefied, offers, comparatively 
 speaking, so little resistance; and it is certainly true that the first point north of its winter 
 quarters where this bird is found in considerable numbers is Heligoland. In a letter to Professor 
 Baird, of which he gave me a copy, he makes some interesting remarks on the subject of 
 migration, which I may transcribe as follows, especially as he is strongly of opinion that birds 
 are not in the least influenced by the contour of the countries over which they pass in the choice 
 of the direction they take. He says : — “ That the direction of the course of wandering birds should 
 be influenced by river-courses or mountain-chains is a point which I do not agree to, at least so 
 far as Europe comes under contemplation. Here during the fall the route of miscellaneous 
 species is so varied that the two principal hosts cross each other at right angles, one great mass 
 progressing due west from the furthest east of Asia (e. g. Anthus richardi, Sylvia saperciliosa) 
 and continue their course to Heligoland, England, France, and Spain. Besides these, all the 
 rare autumnal visitors come here from the far east of Asia, which proves that there must be 
 with birds of these regions a strong inherent tendency to a western migration, even in species 
 
XVII 
 
 whose real winter quarters are in the south of India down to the Sunda Isles, as, for instance, 
 the two named above. This line of flight diverges abruptly to the north when approaching the 
 Atlantic, in England, Western France, and Spain ; vide the immense numbers crossing the Straits 
 of Gibraltar. 
 
 “ This westerly current is cut at right angles by another host coming simultaneously down 
 from the extreme north of Europe and Asia, and steering due south for their winter quarters, 
 viz. the Willow- Warblers, Phylloscopus trochilus and rufus , which go from the North Cape of 
 Scandinavia to the Cape of Good Hope, P. tristis and borealis from Northern Europe and 
 Asiatic Russia down to the south of India and China. The latter, together with Faleo rufipes, 
 Motacilla citreola , Anthus cervinus, Emberiza aureola , and Limosa cinerea , all plentifully breeding 
 so close to Heliogoland as the Onega, Dvina, Mezen, and Petchora districts, but still never, or 
 very rarely, turning up here during their autumnal flights, proves in itself their southern course, 
 without the least western inclination, even if they were not observed down the Ural, the Black 
 Sea, Turkestan, &c. The most striking instance of such a movement is seen in Sylvia philomela , 
 which breeds in the south of Sweden, and nevertheless has been observed here but once during 
 the last forty years. A few can be pointed out as going from north-east to south-west, namely 
 Sylvia suecica and Alauda alpestris. These and all the others enumerated are joined by hosts of 
 the more common 4 million,’ which are spread far and wide over the entire Northern Palsearctic 
 Region. 
 
 44 What under such circumstances becomes, of the routes of birds by river-courses or 
 mountains! How many great rivers Anthus richardi has to cross, almost at right angles, during 
 his autumnal flight from Dauria to France and Spain ! I maintain that the migratorial move- 
 ment, particularly the vernal one, when in normal progress, is performed by the great majority of 
 birds far beyond the conception of man, and that what we see of the same are but the irregu- 
 larities and interruptions thereof, brought about by atmospheric agencies. Your opinion that 
 the spring line of flight is widely different from that of the fall, I most completely participate in. 
 All the different routes enumerated in the foregoing are dropped, and a more or less direct course 
 toward the polar regions adopted — the wide front of the winter quarters, extending from the 
 west of Africa to the east of China, the Philippines, Borneo, &c., concentrating during this 
 northerly passage to less than half its original stretch. 
 
 44 A proof of this latter assertion is rendered by the fact that of all the eastern birds which 
 visit Heligoland during their autumnal migration none appear during their return journey, the 
 track to the south which terminated their western flight having brought them to far lower 
 latitudes ; while in spring, as they pursue a direct course to their northern breeding-grounds, 
 they leave all these western countries to their left. 
 
 44 While the 4 rare birds ’ here during the autumn are, without exception, eastern species, 
 those of the spring are as uniformly from the south-east — Greece, Asia Minor, Turkestan, &c. 
 Singular it is that almost no exceptional bird has come here from the south or west, i. e. so far 
 
XV111 
 
 as the ‘ Old World ’ is concerned. In what eminent manner the £ far west ’ is represented, I have 
 told you at an earlier period. 
 
 “And this leads me to the route which American birds follow to Europe. I do not much 
 lean to the supposition that storms have in any considerable degree to do with such extra tours ; 
 and why Newton and others advance so strongly the Greenland, Iceland, &c. route I cannot 
 comprehend. I fancy they never contemplated the possibility of a bird coming in a direct line 
 from Newfoundland to Ireland — in other words, that a bird might be able to sustain an uninter- 
 rupted flight sufficient to carry it across the Atlantic. My researches have led me to the belief 
 that such is not alone far from being impossible, but that the probability of such a fact, 
 wonderful as it may appear, is borne out by good evidence.” 
 
 It is somewhat remarkable that so many American species should have been obtained on 
 this small island; and I may mention that in Mr. Gatke’s unique collection I observed fine 
 examples of Turdus migratorius , Turdus swainsoni , Mimus carolinensis , Harporhynchus rufus, 
 l)endroeca virens , and Charadrius virginicus , which species I have not deemed it advisable to 
 include in the European avifauna. 
 
 One subject that is worthy of especial notice is the variation in coloration of plumage in 
 many species ; and it is a* difficult matter to decide whether these forms should be treated as 
 distinct species or only as climatic varieties of the same species. Amongst these I may enumerate 
 Phylloscopus superciliosus and Phylloscopus hu-mei, Phylloscopus viridanus and Phylloscopus 
 nit-id us,, which differ merely, and but very slightly, in tint of plumage. One observes these 
 differences in tint of plumage more especially on islands. On those which are at some distance 
 from the mainland, where the sun is often obscured, and the atmosphere is dull and heavy, the 
 plumage of the brighter-coloured birds is more sober and dull. Our Greenfinch under the 
 bright skies of Southern Europe and North Africa becomes so richly coloured that it has been 
 described as a distinct species; and our common Linnet, Linota cannabina , in South-eastern 
 Europe and Asia Minor is very much brighter in tint of colour ; and so richly coloured are 
 specimens from Gilgit that Dr. Scully is inclined to separate specifically the birds obtained there. 
 I was also much struck with the rich and deep coloration of the specimens obtained by him 
 of Carpodacus erythrinus , which are much darker and deeper in tint of coloration than’ any I 
 have seen. Examples from India are, as a rule, more pink and paler than those from Eastern 
 Europe ; but those obtained by him are darker and much redder than any I have seen from 
 Europe. Another species that varies widely according to the locality where it is procured is 
 Galerita cristata ; and it is only by collecting together a large series from various localities that 
 one can prove that all the various forms are mere varieties, excepting Galerita isabellina , which 
 inhabits the desert portion of North Africa, and is a pale sandy-coloured but constant form 
 of our Crested Lark, and Galerita macrorhyncha , which has become specifically separable 
 from Galerita cristata. In many species which frequent the desert region one finds forms not 
 differing from examples of the same species found in more fertile regions, except in tone of 
 
xix 
 
 colour ; thus three desert forms of the Chukar Partridge have been described by Mr. Hume as 
 distinct species, under the names of Caccabis pallidus , C. pallescens , and C. arenarius , none of 
 which appear to me to be worthy of specific rank. American ornithologists have of late adopted 
 the plan of designating such by means of trinomial appellations, and would call these three 
 forms Caccabis chukar pallidus , Caccabis chukar pallescens , and Caccabis chukar arenarius ; 
 but this appears to me a highly objectionable retrograde step, as it will only tend to make 
 the study of ornithology more difficult instead of simplifying matters. 
 
 It will be necessary to make a few remarks relative to the classification I have adopted in 
 the present work, especially as I have departed from that which has hitherto been so universally 
 employed by authors who have written on European ornithology. Recent research has shown 
 that the old Cuvierian system of classification, in which the Raptores head the list, cannot stand ; 
 and it is universally conceded that a fresh classification is absolutely necessary. Having carefully 
 considered the matter, I came to the conclusion that Professor Huxley’s classification of birds 
 is undoubtedly the best in principle, especially as it is the one which anatomists agree in 
 adopting ; I have therefore made use of it, though in so doing I have, as will be seen, adopted 
 his principle rather than his practice, and have accepted the modifications which have been 
 suggested since his first paper on the subject, and more especially those proposed by Mr. Sclater, 
 who appears to have been the first to make practical use of Professor Huxley’s system, and has 
 done much to popularize it. An article recently published by him (Ibis, 1880, pp. 340-350, 
 and 399-411) gives the outlines of this classification of birds; and I may refer such of my 
 readers as may wish for further details respecting the same to it. The basis of this system of 
 classification was first proposed by Professor Huxley in 1867 (P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 415-472), in 
 a paper “On the Classification of Birds; and on the Taxonomic Value of the Modifications of 
 certain of the Cranial Bones observable in that Class.” In this paper he points out that birds 
 are so nearly allied to reptiles in all the essential and fundamental points of their structure that 
 to associate them into one primary group of the Vertebrata, the Sauropsida, as formerly proposed 
 by him, is a necessity ; and in proof of this he enumerates the principal points in which Aves 
 and Reptilia agree with one another and differ from the Mammalia. Having arrived at the 
 conclusion that the class Aves, while well enough defined from all existing Reptilia, is more 
 closely connected with this class than with any other, he proceeds to divide it into three 
 orders — the Saururse, the Ratitse, and the Carinatse. The first of these is represented by the 
 solitary fossil Archaeopteryx , and has no representative at present in existence ; the second class, 
 the Ratitse, contains the Struthious birds, which have no keel developed on the sternum ; and the 
 third class embraces all existing birds except the Ratitse, which have the sternum keeled, and 
 ossified from a median centre in that keel, as well as from lateral paired centres. Of these 
 three classes the Carinatse alone are represented in Europe ; and therefore with them only are 
 we concerned. These birds are divided by Professor Huxley into four suborders, according to 
 the peculiarities in the arrangement of the palatal bones, as these characters, being independent 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
 c 
 
XX 
 
 of external circumstances, must have arisen from genetic divergences. Of these suborders 
 three, viz. iEgithognathse, Desmognathae, and Schizognathae, are represented in our region, the 
 Dromaeognathae containing only the Tinamous, which are exclusively Neotropical birds. For 
 these orders and suborders I have not used the same titles as were bestowed on them by 
 Professor Huxley ; but here I have followed Mr. Sclater in modifying the classification, and 
 in using such of the names already in use among ornithologists as can fairly be woven into 
 the new system. 
 
 The iEgithognathae and Schizognathae have the maxillo-palatine bones free and separate 
 from one another, not joining in the middle line, the first of them having the anterior end of 
 the vomer truncated or cut off nearly square, and the second having the vomer pointed in front ; 
 whereas the Desmognathae have the maxillo-palatines united in the middle line. In the article 
 above quoted Professor Huxley arranges the Schizognathae first, then the Desmognathae, and 
 concludes with the iEgithognathae ; but he subsequently (Anat. of Verteb. Anim. pp. 233-255) 
 modified his ideas to some extent, and in his arrangement commenced with the Schizognathae, 
 then following with the iEgithognathae, and concluding with the Desmognathae. I have, how- 
 ever, deemed it expedient to follow Mr. Sclater, and have therefore commenced with the 
 JEgithognathae, then taking the Desmognathae, and concluding with the Schizognathae ; for in 
 any case it appears most advisable to an ornithologist to head the list with the Passeres. To 
 arrange the different families in linear order is a simple impossibility ; for a scheme of classifica- 
 tion must be compared to a genealogical tree, of which the trunk and the bases of its main 
 branches are buried in the waters of obscurity, and the smaller branches alone are seen above 
 the surface ; therefore one must take one of the branches from as near the base as we can now 
 trace it, and follow it up to its smaller branches and leaves, and then, relinquishing it, go to work 
 on another in the same manner. In this way each must separately be treated ; and by so doing 
 the apparent incongruity of ranging widely different species next to each other vanishes ; for the 
 one will be found to spring from a totally different branch from the other. 
 
 In this manner I have subdivided the iEgithognathae into three orders, viz. Passeres, 
 Macrochires , and Pici ; the Desmognathae into five orders — Coccyges , Accijpitres, Steganopodes , 
 Herodii , and Anseres ; and the Schizognathae into eight, viz. Columbce, Gallince , Gr alias, Limicolce , 
 Gavice, Tubinares , Ale as, and Pygopodes. 
 
 As may be supposed, I have found the greatest difficulty in the classification of the Passeres ; 
 and I am fully aware that the conclusions at which I have arrived are in many respects open to 
 criticism ; but the classification of the Passeres is a task that has troubled wiser heads than 
 mine, and is likely still to remain unsettled for some time to come. I am glad to find that, 
 on the whole, the classification I have adopted agrees tolerably closely with that recommended 
 by Mr. Sclater, whose essay on the subject (l. c.) is certainly the best that has yet appeared. He, 
 however, (following Sundevall) separates the Larks entirely from the rest of the Oscines, calling 
 the former Scutiplantares, and the latter Laminiplantares, whereas I have placed the Larks merely 
 
XXI 
 
 in one of the five sections of the Oscines, calling them Oscines scutelliplantares. Unfortunately I 
 had already worked out my system before his papers on the subject were published : but I must 
 not omit to acknowledge the great assistance rendered to me from time to time by him ; for he 
 was always ready to give me the best advice when I found myself in want of it. 
 
 In the subdivision of the Desmognath® Mr. Sclater separates the Striges from the Accipitres, 
 making a separate order of each, whereas I place them in two suborders of the order Accipitres ; 
 otherwise we agree in our subdivisions. 
 
 As regards the Schizognathse, my order Grail® is equal to his Gerano morph®, except that 
 he includes the Otid® in that order, whereas I have placed them in the order Limicol®. 
 
 Besides the assistance I have received from Mr. Sclater, I am greatly indebted to Professors 
 Newton and Parker, and Messrs. Salvin and H. T. Wharton for the cooperation they have so 
 readily afforded me during my task of working out the classification. Professor Newton strongly 
 urged me to commence the Passeres with the Crows, as being, in his opinion, the most repre- 
 sentative family ; and for many reasons I was at first inclined to do so ; but eventually I decided 
 to follow Mr. Sclater’s practice, and to commence with the Thrushes, so as to avoid making 
 any alteration that was not absolutely necessary in the arrangement of the families as proposed 
 by him. 
 
 c2 
 
LITERATURE. 
 
 It was my intention to give a chapter on the bibliography of European ornithology, together 
 with as complete a list as possible of all works, as well as all separate papers, on the subject, 
 published since 1766; and for that purpose I collected together a considerable amount of 
 material. But the number of papers, especially of short articles, is so great that it will be too 
 large an undertaking, and would take up too much space, to be included in the introduction to 
 the present work ; I must therefore defer its publication, and, if possible, issue it in a separate 
 pamphlet. It will, however, doubtless be of use to my readers to have particulars of the best 
 works of reference on European ornithology ; and I therefore give their titles, classified under the 
 names of the different countries, in the same manner as was done by Mr. Sclater in his 4 Address 
 to the Biological Section of the British Association’ delivered at Bristol in 1875. 
 
 GREAT BKITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Albin, E. A Natural History of English Song-Birds, 1737. Second edition, 1747 ; third edition, 
 1759; fourth edition, 1766; fifth edition, 1778. 
 
 BaikieW. B., and Heddle, B. Historia Naturalis Orcadensis. Zoology: Parti. 8vo. Edin- 
 burgh, 1848. 
 
 Bewick , T. History of British Birds. 2 vols. 8vo. Newcastle, 1797-1804. Second edition, 
 1805; third edition, 1806; fourth edition, 1809; fifth edition, 1821; sixth edition, 1826; 
 seventh edition, 1832 ; eighth edition, 1847. 
 
 Clarke , W. Eagle , and Boebuck , Wm. 1). A Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire, 
 &c. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1881. 
 
 Cordeaux , John . Birds of the Humber District. 1 vol. 16mo. 1872. 
 
 Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Birds, &c. 10 vols. 8vo. London, 1794-1819. 
 
 Donovan , E. The Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds. 1 vol. Dbl. roy. 8vo. 
 London, 1826-27. 
 
 Dunn , Bobert. The Ornithologist’s Guide to the Islands of Orkney and Shetland. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 Hull, 1837. 
 
 Eyton , T. C. A History of the Rarer British Birds, and a Catalogue of British Birds. 1 vol. 
 8vo. London, 1836. 
 
 Fleming , J. A History of British Animals, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1828. 
 
XX111 
 
 Fox , G. T. Notice of the Appearance of some Rare Birds of England. Zool. Journ. iii. 
 pp. 491-497. 1828. 
 
 Garner , B. The Natural History of the County of Stafford. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1844. 
 
 Gould , John. The Birds of Great Britain. 5 vols. Imp. fol. London, 1862-1873. 
 
 Graves, G. British Ornithology. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1811-1821. 
 
 Gray, G. B. A Catalogue of British Birds. 1 vol. 8vo. London : ed. 1, 1850 ; ed. 2, 1863. 
 Gray, B., and Anderson , T. The Birds of Ayrshire and Wigtownshire. 1 vol. 8vo. Glasgow, 1869. 
 Gray, B. The Birds of the West of Scotland, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. Glasgow, 1871. 
 
 Gurney, J. H., and Fisher, W. B. Account of the Birds found in Norfolk, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. 1846. 
 Hancock, John. A Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham. 8vo. London, 1874. 
 Harting, J E. The Birds of Middlesex, &c. 8vo. London, 1866. 
 
 Harting , J. E. A Handbook of British Birds, &e. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1872. 
 
 Harvie-Brown, J. A. Birds found Breeding in Sutherlandshire. (From Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
 Glasgow, 1874.) Glasgow, 1875. 
 
 Hewitson, W. C. British Oology. 3 vols. 1831-1812. 
 
 Hewitson, W. C. Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds. Ed. 2. 2 vols. 1843- 
 1846; ed. 3. 2 vols. 8vo. 1853-1856. 
 
 Hunt, J. British Ornithology. 3 vols. 8vo. Norwich, 1815-1822. 
 
 Jardine, W. Ornithology of Great Britain and Ireland. (Naturalists’ Library. Vols. ix., xi., 
 xii., xiv. 4 vols. Small 12mo. 1838-1843.) 
 
 Jenyns , L. A Manual of British Vertebrated Animals, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. Cambridge, 1835. 
 
 Knox, A. E. Ornithological Rambles in Sussex, &c. 3rd ed. 12mo. London, 1835. 
 
 Lewin, W. Birds of Great Britain, with their Eggs. 7 vols. 4to. London, 1789-1794. 
 
 V. 
 
 Lubbock, B. Observations on the Fauna of Norfolk, &c. 8vo. Norwich and London, 1845. 
 Second edition by T. Southerner, 1879. 
 
 Macgillivray, W. A History of British Birds. 5 vols. 8vo. (Vol. i. 1837; vol. ii. 1839; 
 vol. iii. 1840 ; vol. iv. 1852 ; vol. v. 1852.) 
 
 Merrett, C. Pinax rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, etc. (Aves Britannic®, pp. 170-184.) 
 1 vol. 16mo. London, 1666. Second edition, 1667 ; third edition, 1704. 
 
 Meyer, H. L. Coloured Illustrations of British Birds and their Eggs. Ed. 1, 4to. 1835-1843. 
 Ed 2. 7 vols. 8vo. London, 1842-1850. 
 
 Montagu, G. Ornithological Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1802 ; and Supplement, 1 vol. 
 8vo, Exeter, 1813. Second edition, edited by J. Rennie, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1831 ; third 
 edition, edited by E. Newman, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1866. 
 
 More, A. G. On the Distribution of Birds in Great Britain during the Nesting-season. (Ibis, 
 1865, pp. 1-27, 119-142, 425-458.) 
 
XXIV 
 
 Morris , F. 0. A History of British Birds. 6 vols. Large 8vo. London, 1865-66. 
 
 Newton, A. Fourth edition of Yarrell’s British Birds (still in course of publication). 
 
 Pulteney, P. Catalogue of the Birds, Shells, and some of the more rare Plants of Dorsetshire 
 (Orn. pp. 1-22). 1 vol. Folio. London, 1799. 
 
 Pennant , T. British Zoology. 1 vol. Folio. London, 1766. Second edition, 8vo, 1768; third 
 edition, 1 vol. 8vo, 1770; fourth edition, 4 vols., in two issues, 8vo and 4to, 1776-1777 ; 
 fifth edition, 4 vols. 8vo, 1812. 
 
 JRodd, E. Hearle. The Birds of Cornwall and the Scilly Islands, edited by J. E. Harting. 8vo. 
 London, 1880. 
 
 St. John, C. Short Sketches of the Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands. 
 London, 1846. 
 
 St. John , C. A Tour in Sutherlandshire. 2 vols. 1849. 
 
 St. John, C. Natural History and Sport in Moray. 1 vol. 1864. 
 
 Saxby, U. L. The Birds of Shetland, &c. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1874. 
 
 Selby, P. J. Illustrations of British Ornithology. First edition, vol. i. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1825. 
 Second edition, vols. i. & ii. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1833. Plates in folio. 
 
 Sheppard, P., and Whit ear, W. A Catalogue of the Norfolk and Suffolk Birds. (Trans. Linn. 
 Soc. xv. pt. 1, pp. 1-61. 1826.) 
 
 Sibbald, P. Scotia Illustrata, etc. 2 vols. Folio. Edinburgh, 1684. 
 
 Smith, Cecil. The Birds of Somersetshire. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1869. 
 
 Smith, Cecil. The Birds of Guernsey. 1 vol. Small 8vo. London, 1879. 
 
 Sterland, J. W. The Birds of Sherwood Forest, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1869. 
 
 Stevenson, H. The Birds of Norfolk, &c. 8vo. London. Yol. i. 1866; vol. ii. 1870. Not 
 yet completed. 
 
 Thompson, W. The Natural History of Ireland. Yols. i.-iii. Birds. 3 vols. 8vo. London. 
 (Yol. i. 1849 ; vol. ii. 1850 ; vol. iii. 1851.) 
 
 Tunstall, M. Ornithologia Britannica, etc. 1 vol. Folio. London, 1771. 
 
 Turnbull, W. P. The Birds of East Lothian, &c. 8vo. Glasgow, 1867. 
 
 Turton, W. British Fauna, &c. (Aves, pp. 18-77.) 1 vol. Sm. 12mo. Swansea, 1807. 
 Walcott, J. Synopsis of British Birds. 2 vols. Sm. 4to. London, 1789. 
 
 Walters, J. J- The Natural History of the Birds of Ireland. 1 vol. 12mo. London, 1853. 
 
 White, Gilbert. The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne. 1 vol. 4to. London, 1789. 
 Of this there are so many editions that it is inexpedient to enumerate them here. 
 
 Yarrell, W. A History of British Birds. 3 vols. 8vo. London (vol. i. 1839 ; vol. ii. 1841 ; 
 vol. iii. 1843). Second edition, 3 vols. 8vo, and Supplement, London, 1845 ; third edition, 
 3 vols., London, 1856 ; fourth edition, edited by Professor Newton, still in course of 
 publication. 
 
xxv 
 
 EUROPE GENERALLY. 
 
 Bonaparte , C. L. Revue critique de l’Om. Eur. de Deglaud. 12mo. Bruxelles, 1850. 
 
 Bree , C. B. History of the Birds of Europe not observed in the British Isles. 4 vols. 8vo. 
 London, 1857. Second edition, 5 vols. 8vo, London, 1875-76. 
 
 Brehrn , C. L. Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte aller europaischen Vogel. 2 vols. Sm. 8vo. 
 Jena, 1828-24. 
 
 Degland, C. D. Omithologie Europeenne, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1849. 
 
 Degland et Gerbe. Ornithologie Europeenne, etc. Second edition. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1867. 
 
 Fritsch , Anton. Naturgeschichte der Vogel Europa's. 1 vol. text, 8vo ; 1 vol. plates, folio. 
 Prague, 1870. 
 
 Gloger , Const. Lambert. Vollstandiges Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der Vogel Europa’s (one 
 volume, containing land-birds only, published). Breslau, 1834. 
 
 Gould, John. The Birds of Europe. 5 vols. Folio. London, 1832-1837. 
 
 Keyserling und Blasius. Die Wirbelthiere Europa’s. 1 vol. 8vo. Brunswick, 1840. 
 
 Schinz , H. Europaische Fauna, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1840. 
 
 Schlegel , H. Revue critique des Oiseaux d’Europe. 1 vol. 8vo. Leiden, 1844. 
 
 Temminclc , C. J. Manuel d’Ornithologie, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. Amsterdam et Paris, 1815. Second 
 edition, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1820-1840. 
 
 THE EiEROE ISLANDS. 
 
 Feilden , H. W. The Birds of the Faeroe Islands. (Zoologist, 1872, pp. 3201-3225, 3245-3257, 
 3277-3294.) 
 
 Graba. Ornithologisches Taschenbuch einer Reise nach Farce im Jahre 1828. (Isis, 1863, 
 p. 763.) 
 
 Landt, G. A Description of the Ferroe Islands. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1810. 
 
 Muller, H. C. Faeroernes Fuglefauna. (Meddel. Nat. For. 2nd ser. iv. pp. 1-78, 1862.) 
 
 Wolley , J. Birds of the Faeroe Islands. (Contrib. Orn. 1850, pp. 106-117.) 
 
 ICELAND. 
 
 Brunnich, M. T. Ornithologia Borealis, &c. 8vo. Hafniae, 1764. 
 
 Faber, Friedrich. Prodromus der islandischen Ornithologie. 8vo. Kopenhagen, 1822. Supple- 
 ment. (Isis, 1824, p. 792.) 
 
 Faber, Friedrich. Ueber das Leben der hochnordischen Vogel. 8vo. Leipzig, 1826. 
 
 Kruper, Th. Der Myvatn und seine Umgebung. (Naumannia, vii. Heft i. p. 33; Heft ii. 
 p. 1 : 1857.) 
 
 Kruper, Th. Die Inseln des Myvatn. (Naumannia, vii. Heft ii. p. 33 : 1857.) 
 
 Kruper , Th. Ornithologische Miscellen. (Naumannia, vii. Heft ii. p. 436 : 1857.) 
 
XXVI 
 
 Mohr, N. Forsog til en Islandsk Naturhistorie. 8vo. Kiobenhavn, 1786. 
 
 Newton, A. Ornithology of Iceland. (Appendix A. to Baring-Gould’s ‘ Iceland, its Scenes and 
 Sagas,’ roy. 8vo, London, 1863.) 
 
 Olafsen , Egger , og Paulson , B. Reise igiennem Island, &c. 2 vols. 4to. Soroe, 1772. 
 
 Procter , William. Notes on an Ornithological Tour in Iceland. (Naturalist, iii. p. 410, 
 London, 1838.) 
 
 SCANDINAVIA. 
 
 Bergstrand. Alands daggdjur, foglar, amphibier och fiskar. 1 vol. 8vo. Vesteras, 1862. 
 
 Ceder strom, C. G. Om de i trakten af Carlstad forekommande fogelarter. 1 vol. 8vo. Upsala, 
 1851. 
 
 Collett , Bohert. Remarks on the Ornithology of Northern Norway. (Forh. Selsk. Christiania, 
 
 1872, p. 1.) 
 
 Collett, R. Oversigt af Christiania Omegns ornithologiska Fauna. 8vo. Christiania, 1864. 
 
 Collin , Jonas. Skandinaviens Fugle. 1 vol. 8vo. Copenhagen, 1875-1877. 
 
 Ekstrom, C. TJ. Beskrifning ofver Morko socken i Sodermanland. 8vo. Stockholm, 1828. 
 
 EsmarJc. Optegnelser og Bemserkninger till den Norske Fauna. (Nyt Mag. f. Natur. vol. i. : 
 Christiania, 1838). 
 
 Gloger, C. W. Gottlands fogelfauna. (Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1846, p. 223; 1849, pp. 204-206.) 
 Hartman , Carl. Strodda bidrag till Skandinaviens fogelfauna. 8vo. Stockholm, 1859. * 
 Holmgren, A. E. Skandinaviens Foglar, 8vo. Stockholm, 1866-1871. 
 
 Kjellman , A. F. Svenska polar-expeditionen ar 1872-73 under ledning af A. E. Nordenskjold. 
 8vo. Stockholm, 1875. 
 
 Kjcerbolling, N. Danmarks Fugla: text, 1 vol. 8vo; Atlas, folio. Copenhagen, 1852. 
 
 Kovner , M. Skandinaviska Foglar tecknade efter naturen. Lund, 1839. 
 
 Lloyd, L. The Gamebirds and Wildfowl of Sweden and Norway. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1867. 
 Malm, A. W. Goteborgs och Bohuslans fauna, ryggrads djuren. 8vo. Gothenburg, 1877. 
 Meves, W. Bidrag till Gottlands fauna. (Ofv. Yetensk. Ak. Forh. 1856, pp. 271-282.) 
 
 Meves , W. Bidrag till Jemtlands Ornithologie. (Ofv. Yet. Ak. Forh. 1860, pp. 187-224.) 
 Meves, W. Bidrag till Sveriges Ornithologie. (Ofv. Yet. Ak. Forh. 1868, pp. 251-293.) 
 Nilsson , S. Ornithologia Suecica. 8vo. Havniee, 1817. 
 
 Nilsson, S. Skandinavisk Fauna. 2 vols. 8vo. Lund, 1858. 
 
 Rasch. Fortegnelse og Bemarkninger till de i Norge forekommende Fugle. (Nyt Mag. f. 
 Naturv. vol. i. 1838.) First Supplement, vol. iv. 1845 ; second Supplement, vol. v. 1848. 
 
 Retzius, A. J. Faun® Suecic® a Carolo a Linne inchoat® pars prima. 8vo. 1800. 
 
XXV11 
 
 Sommerfelt, Chr. Fortegnelse ofver de i Ostfmmarken iakttagne Fugle. (Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 
 
 1861, pp. 67-90.) 
 
 Strom , J. A. af. Svenska Foglarne. 1 vol. 12mo. Stockholm, 1839. 
 
 Sundevall , C. J. Svenska Foglarne. Long folio. Stockholm, 1859-71. 
 
 Sundstrom , C. It. Bidrag till kannedom af Orebrolans vertebratfauna. 8vo. Orebro, 1868. 
 
 Sundstrom , C. It. Zoologiska anteckningar fr&n Ostra Sodermanland och dithorande skargard. 
 (Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1872, pp. 16-45.) 
 
 Wheelwright , A. W. A Spring and Summer in Lapland. 8vo. London, 1864. 
 
 Wright , M. & W. von. Svenska Foglar efter naturen ritade. Long folio. Stockholm, 1828- 
 1838. 
 
 SPITZBERGEN. 
 
 Evans , E ., and Sturge , W. Notes on the Birds of West Spitzbergen, as observed in 1865. 
 (Ibis, 1859, pp. 166-174.) 
 
 Malmgren , A. J. Anteckningar till Spetzbergens Fogel-Fauna. (Ofvers af K. Vetensk. Ak. 
 Forh. 1863, p. 87 ; 1864, p. 337.) 
 
 Newton , A. Notes on the Birds of Spitsbergen. (Ibis, 1865, pp. 199-210, 496-525.) 
 
 RUSSIA AND FINLAND. 
 
 Aksakow , J. T. Sapiski rujeinego ochotnika Orenburgskoy Gubernii. 1 vol. 8vo. Moscow, 
 1856. 
 
 Alston , E. E., and J. A. Harvie- Brown. Notes from Archangel. (Ibis, 1873, p. 54.) 
 
 Andrzejowski , A. Rys Botanieczny krain zwedzonyek u podrozack promiesdzy Bohem. i 
 Dniestrom, &c. 1 vol. 8vo. Wilna, 1823. 
 
 Arendarenke , N. Sapiski o Poltawskoy Gubernii. 1 vol. 8vo. Poltava, 1848. 
 
 Artzibascheff, N Excursions et observations sur les bords de la Sarpa. 1 vol. 8vo. Moscow, 
 1859. 
 
 Bogdanow, M. Plitzoi Kavkaza. 1 vol. 8vo. Kazan, 1879. 
 
 Eversmann, E. Addenda ad celeberrimi Pallasii Zoographiam Rosso- Asiaticam. 3 parts. 8vo. 
 Kasan, 1835-1842. Reprint, edited by H. E. Dresser, London, 1876. 
 
 Kessler , K. Kukowodstwo dlia opredelenia ptiz kotorya wodiatsia ili wstiets chaintsia u 
 europeiskoi Rossii. (Russkaya Ornitologia.) 1 vol. 8vo. KietF, 1847. 
 
 Lichtenstein , H. Naturhistorische Einhang zu Eversmanns Reise von Orenburg nach Buchara. 
 1 vol. 4 to. Berlin, 1823. 
 
 Liljeborg , W. Zoologisk resa i norra Ryssland och Finnmarken. (Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1849, 
 
 pp. 16-37.) 
 
 Meves , W. Ornithologiska iakttagelser i Nordvestra Ryssland. (Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1871, 
 pp. 731-788.) 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 d 
 
XXV1U 
 
 Menetries , E. Catalogue raisonne des objets de Zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au Caucase, 
 &c. 1 vol. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1832. 
 
 Nordmann , A. von. Eaune Pontique in vol. iii. de Demidoff’s Voyage dans la Russie meridio- 
 nale, &c. Royal 8vo. Paris, 1841-42. 
 
 Palmgrdn , J. A. Finlands Foglar, &c. Vol. ii. 8vo. Helsingfors, 1873. 
 
 Pallas , P. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica. 3 vols. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1811-1831. 
 
 Seebohm , H. Siberia in Europe. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1880. 
 
 Taczanowski , W. Catalogue des Oiseaux du Gouvernement de Lublin. (Biblioteka War- 
 schowska, 1851, p. 337 ; 1853, p. 144.) 
 
 Taczanowski , W. Liste des Vertebres de Pologne. (Journ. de la Soc. Zool. de France, 1877, 
 
 p. 121.) 
 
 Tardent , J. Essai sur l’histoire naturelle de la Besarabie. 1 vol. 16mo. Lausanne, 1841. 
 
 Tyzenhauz. Catalogus avium et mammalium quae habitant in regionibus Europae positis inter 
 gradum 46-57 lat. sept, et 35-56 long, a Ferro. 1 vol. Fol. Riga, 1848. 
 
 Wright , Magnus von. Finlands Foglar kufvudsakligen till deras dragter. Vol. i. 8vo. Hel- 
 singfors, 1859. 
 
 GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND HUNGARY. 
 
 Ammerling. Fauna cili zwerina ceska. Praze, 1852. 
 
 Pechstein , J. M. Gemeinniitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands. Vogel. 3 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 
 1791-1794. Second edition. 3 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1804-1809. 
 
 Pechstein , J. M. Ornithologisches Taschenbuch in und fiir Deutschland. 2 vols. 12mo. 
 1802-1812. 
 
 Porggreve , Pernh. Die Vogelfauna von Nord- Deutschland. 1 vol. 8vo. Berlin, 1869. 
 
 Prehm , C. L. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Deutschlands. 8vo. Ilmenau, 1831. 
 
 Prittinger , Chr. Die Brutvogel Oberosterreichs nebst Angabe ihres Nestbaues und Beschreibung 
 ihrer Eier. 8vo. Linz, 1866. 
 
 Panford and Harvie-Prown. The Birds of Transylvania. (Ibis, 1875, pp. 188-199, 291-312, 
 412-434.) 
 
 Proste Hiilshoff, F. von. Die Vogelwelt der Nordsee-insel Borkum. 1 vol. 8vo. Munster, 1869. 
 Freyer , Heinr. Fauna der in Krain bekannten Saugethiere, Vogel, &c. &e. 8vo. Laibach, 1842. 
 
 Fritsch , A. Die Vogel Bohmens. (J. f. Orn. 1871, pp. 161-205, 305-313, 378-392; 1872, 
 pp. 366-384.) 
 
 Fritsch , A. Ornithologische Notizen ans Bohmen. (J. f. Orn. 1876, pp. 76-79.) 
 
 Gloger, C. Schlesiens Wirbelthierfauna. 1 vol. 8vo. Breslau, 1833. 
 
 Hinterberger , Jos. Die Vogel von Osterreieh ob der Enns. (Ber. d. Mus. Franc. Carol. 1854, 
 
 pp. 1-112.) 
 
XXIX 
 
 Homeyer , E. F. von. Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Pommerns. 1 vol. 8vo. Anclam, 
 1837. 
 
 Hornschurch und Schilling. Verzeichniss der in Pommem vorkommenden Vogel. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 Greifswald, 1837. 
 
 Hueher , Leojp. v. Verzeichniss der Vogel Karntens. (Jahrb. d. Karntn. Landesmus, 1859, 
 pp. 1-32.) 
 
 JaecJcel , J. Die Vogel Mittelfrankens. (Abh. Naturhist. Gesellsch. Niirnberg, iii. p. 74, 1864.) 
 
 Jeitteles , Ludw. Prodromus faunae vertebratorum Hungariae superioris. (Abh. d. k.-k. zool.- 
 bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1862, pp. 267-278.) 
 
 Kaluza, Aug. Ornithologia Silesiaca. 8vo. Breslau, 1815. 
 
 Koch , K. L. System der baierischen Zoologie. 8vo. Niirnberg, 1816. 
 
 Kolenati , Friedr. Fauna des Altvaters. 8vo. Briinn, 1859. 
 
 Kornhuher , Andr. Die Vogel Ungarns in Syst. Uebers. &c. 4to. Pressburg, 1856. 
 
 Landbeck , C. L. Die Vogel Sirmiens. Isis, 1843, pp. 2-41, 83-113. 
 
 Landbeclc, C. L. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Vogel Wiirttembergs. (Wiirttemb. naturwiss. 
 Jahreshefte, ii. p. 212, 1846.) 
 
 Leisler , J. P. A. Nachtrage zu Bechstein’s Naturgeschichte Deutschlands. 8vo. Hanau, 
 1812-13. 
 
 Meyer , B. Kurze Beschreibung der Vogel Liv- u. Esthlands. 1 vol. 8vo. Niirnberg, 1815. 
 
 Meyer und Wolf. Taschenbuch der deutschen Vogelkunde. 3 vols. 8vo. Frankfurt a. M. 
 1810-1822. 
 
 Naumann , J. A. und J. F. Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands. 2nd ed. 13 vols. 8vo. 
 Leipzig, 1822-1844. 
 
 Palliardi , Ant. Syst. Uebers. der Vogel Bohmens, &c. 8vo. Leitmeritz, 1852. 
 
 Pelzeln, Aug. von. Beitrag zur orn. Fauna d. osterr.-ung. Monarchie. Abh. d. k.k. zool.-bot. 
 Gesellschaft in Wien, 1871, pp. 689-730 ; 1874, pp. 559-568 ; 1876, pp. 163-166. 
 
 Batzeburg , J. S. C. Syst. Verzeichniss der orn. Sammlung zu Neustadt-Eberswalde. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 Neustadt-Ebersw. 1860. 
 
 SchranJc , Franz von Paula von. Fauna Boica. 8vo. Niirnberg, 1798. Vogel, vol. i. pp. 105-254. 
 
 Schwab , Ad. Vogelfauna von Mistek und dessen weiterer Umgebung. (Abh. d. naturforsch. 
 Ver. in Briinn, 1868, pp. 1-160.) 
 
 Seidensacher , Ed. Die Vogel der Steiermark. (Naum. 1858, pp. 466-490.) 
 
 Seidensacher , Ed. Die Vogel von Cilli. 8vo. Cilli, 1864. 
 
 Tschusi-Schmidhofen , Viet. Bitter von. Die Vogel Salzburgs. (Zool. Gart. 1875, pp. 228-236, 
 309-312, 345-349, 385-390, 421-430, 457-461; 1876, pp. 333, 334.) 
 
 WodzicJci , Casimir, Graf von. Wycieczka ornitologiczna w Tatry i Karpaly galicyjskie na poczatku 
 Czerwca, 1850. 8vo. Leszno, 1851. 
 
 d 2 
 
XXX 
 
 Zander , H. D. F. Naturgeschichte der Vogel Meklenburgs. Parchim, 1847-1853. 
 
 Zander , H. D. F. Systematische Uebers. d. Vogel Meklenburgs. (Meklenb. Archiv, xv. pp. 44, 
 150, 1861.) 
 
 Zwadzki , A. Fauna der Galizisch-Bukowinischen Wirbelthiere. 1 vol. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1840. 
 
 HOLLAND, BELGIUM, ETC. 
 
 De Selys-Longchamps , Edm. Faune Beige, &e. 1 vol. 8vo. Liege, 1842. 
 
 Dubois , Alf. Catalogue Systematique des Oiseaux de TEurope. 1 vol. Roy. 8vo. Brussels, 
 1865. 
 
 Dubois , C. F. Planches Coloriees des Oiseaux de la Belgique et de leurs (Eufs. Roy. 8vo. 
 Brussels, 1851-1857. 
 
 Fallon , F. Monographic des Oiseaux de la Belgique. 1 vol. 8vo. Namur, 1875. 
 
 Fontaine , Alph. de la. Faune du pays de Luxembourg. 1 vol. 8vo. Luxembourg, 1865-66. 
 Mohimont , E. Les Oiseaux luxembourgeois. 1 vol. 8vo. Arlow, 1847. 
 
 Schlegel , H. De Vogels van Nederland. 3 vols. 12mo. Leiden, 1854-58. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Bert , Paul. Catalogue methodique des animaux vertebres qui vivent a l’etat sauvage dans le 
 departement de l’Yonne. Paris, 1869. 
 
 Blandin , J. Catalogue des Oiseaux observes dans le departement de la Loire inferieure. 1 vol. 
 8vo. Nantes, 1864. 
 
 Bouteille, H. Omithologie du Dauphine, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. Grenoble, 1843. 
 
 Chesnon, C. G. Essai sur l’histoire naturelle de la Normandie. l re partie. Bayeux et Paris, 
 1834. 
 
 Companyo, L. Histoire naturelle du departement des Pyrenees orientales. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 Perpignan, 1841. 
 
 Crespon , J. Ornithologie du Gard &c. 1 vol. 8vo. Perpignan, 1863. 
 
 Crespon , J. Faune meridionale, &c., du midi de la France. 3 vols. 8vo. Nimes et Montpellier, 
 1844. 
 
 Docteur. Catalogue des Oiseaux du departement de la Gironde. Bordeaux, 1856. 
 
 Dubalen. Catalogue critique des Oiseaux observes dans les departements des Landes, des 
 Basses-Pyrenees et de la Gironde. 1 vol. 8vo. Bordeaux, 1873. 
 
 Guillot. Catalogue analytique et raisonne des Oiseaux du departement de la Marne. 1 vol. 
 8vo. 1870. 
 
 Jaubert et Barthelemy Lapommeraye. Richesse ornithologiques du midi de la France, &c. 1 vol. 
 4to. Marseilles, 1859. 
 
 Lacroix , Adrien. Catalogue raisonne des Oiseaux observes dans les Pyrenees fran^aises, &c. 
 
 1 vol. 8vo, with Supplement. Toulouse et Paris, 1873-75. 
 
XXXI 
 
 Marchand, A. Catalogue des oiseaux observes dans le departement d’Eure et Loire. 1 vol. 
 8vo. Paris, 1865. 
 
 Marchandy L. Catalogue des oiseaux observes dans le departement de la Cote d’Or. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 Dijon, 1869. 
 
 Marcotte , J. Les animaux vertebres de l’arrondissement d’ Abbeville. 1 vol. 8vo. Abbeville, 
 1860. 
 
 Millet y S. Faune de la Marne-et-Loire. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris et Angers, 1828. 
 
 Moussier. Catalogue des animaux vertebres observes dans le departement de la Haute Loire. 
 1 vol. 8vo. 1870. 
 
 Nouel. Catalogue des Oiseaux observes dans le departement du Loiret. 1 vol. 8vo. Orleans, 
 1876. 
 
 Picot, Ph. Tables methodiques des Mammiferes et des Oiseaux observees dans le departement 
 de la Haute Garonne. 1 vol. 8vo. Toulouse, 1799. 
 
 Roux, Polydore. Ornithologie Provengale, &c. 4 vols. 4to. Marseilles, 1825. 
 
 Sinety , de. Faune du departement de Seine-et-Marne, &c. Paris, 1854. 
 
 Vieillot. Faune Fran^aise, &c. 8vo (Oiseaux, 2 vols.). Paris, 1821-1828. 
 
 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Bocaqey Barboza du. Lista de las Aves de Portugal. (Instrue. prat. &c. para o Museo de Lisboa 
 1862, pp. 74-76.) 
 
 Brehm, Dr. A. E. Vorlaufige Zusammenstellung der Vogel Spaniens, &c. (Allg. deutseh. Naturh. 
 Zeitung. vol. iii. p. 431, &c. 1856.) 
 
 Irby , L. Howard. The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1875. 
 Lilfordy Lord. Notes on the Ornithology of Spain. (Ibis, 1865, p. 166 ; 1866, pp. 173, 377.) 
 Saunders, Howard. A List of the Birds of Southern Spain. (Ibis, 1871, pp. 54, 205, 384.) 
 
 Saunders , Howard. Catalogue des Oiseaux du midi de l’Espagne. (Bull. Soc. Zool. de la France, 
 1876, p. 315; 1877, pp. 11, 185.) 
 
 Smith, A. C. Narrative of a Spring Tour in Portugal. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1870. 
 
 SWITZERLAND AND SAVOY. 
 
 Bailly , J. B. Ornithologie de la Savoie, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris and Chambery, 1854. 
 
 Meimer , F., and Schinz, H. R. Die Vogel der Schweiz. 1 vol. 8vo. Zurich, 1815. 
 
 Stolker , C. Versuch einer Vogelfauna der Kantone St. Gallen und Appenzell. (Ber. d. St. 
 Gallischen naturw. Gesellsch. 1865-66, p. 170; 1866-67, p. 60; 1870-71, p. 250.) 
 
 ITALY, SICILY, MALTA, ETC. 
 
 Althammefy L. Catalogo degli Uccelli finora osservati nel Tirolo. Padova, 1856. 
 
 Benoit, L. Ornitologia Siciliana. Messina, 1840. 
 
xxxu 
 
 Bettone, F. Storia naturale degli Uccelli che nidificano in Lombardia. 2 vols. Folio. Milan, 
 1865-68. 
 
 Bonaparte , Prince C. L. Ieonografia della Fauna Italica: Uccelli. 1 vol. Folio. Rome, 1832- 
 1841. 
 
 Bonelli , F. A. Catalogue des Oiseaux du Piemont. (Annales de l’Observatoire de Turin, 1811, 
 pp. 255-278.) 
 
 Cara , G. Elenco degli Uccelli che si trovano nell’ isola di Sardegna. 8vo. Torino, 1842. 
 
 Cara, G. Osservazioni al Catalogo degli Uccelli di Sardegna. 8vo. Cagliari, 1866. 
 
 Doderlein, P. Avifauna del Modenese e della Sicilia. Palermo, 1869-72. 
 
 Malherbe, A. Faune Ornithologique de la Sicile (Mem. de l’Academie de Metz). 8vo. Metz, 
 1843. 
 
 Biva, A. I/Ornitologo Ticinese. 1 vol. 8vo. Lugano, 1865. 
 
 Salvadori, T. Fauna d’ltalia : Uccelli. 1vol. Roy. 8vo. Milano, 1872. 
 
 Savi, P. Ornitologia Toscana. 3 vols. 8vo. Pisa, 1827-1831. 
 
 Savi, P. Ornitologia Italiana. 3 vols. 8vo. Florence, 1873-76. 
 
 Schembri, A. Catalogo ornitologico del gruppo di Malta. Malta, 1843. 
 
 Wright, C. A. List of the Birds observed in the Islands of Malta and Gozo. (Ibis, 1864, 
 pp. 42-73, 137-157, 291, 292 ; 1865, pp. 459-466 ; 1869, pp. 245-256 ; 1870, pp. 488-493. 
 
 GREEK ARCHIPELAGO AND TURKEY. 
 
 Alleon et Vian. Des migrations des oiseaux de proie sur le Bosphore de Constantinople. 
 (Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1869, pp. 258-273, 305-315, 342-348.) 
 
 Drummond, H. M., and Strickland , H. F. Catalogue of Birds found in Corfu and the other 
 Ionian Islands. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 412.) 
 
 Drummond, H. M., and Strickland, II. F. List of the Birds of Crete. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, 
 xii. p. 423.) 
 
 Flwes and Buckley. A List of the Birds of Turkey. (Ibis, 1870, pp. 59-77, 188-201, 327-341.) 
 j Erhard, Dr. Fauna der Cycladen. 1 vol. 8vo. Leipzig, 1858. 
 
 Farman, C. On some of the Birds of Prey of Central Bulgaria. (Ibis, 1868, pp. 406-414 ; 
 1869, pp. 199-204.) 
 
 Kruper , Th. Notizen iiber Griechenland. (J. f. Om. 1862, pp. 360, 435.) 
 
 Kruper, Th. Brutvogel von Naxos. (J. f. Orn. 1863, p. 402.) 
 
 Kruper, Dr. Th., und Hartlaub, G. Zeiten des Gehens und Kommens und des Briitens der 
 Vogel in Griechenland und Ionien. (Mommensen’s Griechische Jahreszeiten, Heft iii. 
 Schleswig, 1875.) 
 
 Lilford, Lord. Notes on Birds observed in the Ionian Islands &e. (Ibis, 1860, pp. 1-10, 133- 
 140, 228-239, 338-257.) 
 
XXX111 
 
 Lindermayer , A. Vogel Grieehenlands. 1 vol. 8vo. Passau, 1860. 
 
 Miihle , H. von der. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Grieehenlands. 1 vol. 8vo. Leipzig, 1844. 
 Simpson , W. H. A Fortnight in the Dobrudscha. (Ibis, 1861, pp. 361-374.) 
 
 ASIA MINOR, PALESTINE, ETC. 
 
 Danford , C. G. Ornithology of Asia Minor. (Ibis, 1878, pp. 1-35.) 
 
 Kruper , Th. Beitrag zur Ornithologie Klein-Asiens. (J. f. Orn. 1869, pp. 21-45.) 
 
 Strickland , H. F. A List of the Birds noticed or obtained in Asia Minor in the Winter of 1835 
 and Spring of 1836. (P. Z. S. 1836, p. 97.) 
 
 Tchihatcheff, P. Asie Mineure, Description Physique et Archeologique, &c. 2 vols. Boy. 8vo, 
 
 with Atlas, oblong 4to. Paris, 1853-56. 
 
 Tristram , H. B. Ornithology of Palestine. (Ibis, 1865, pp. 67, 241 ; 1866, pp. 59, 280 ; 1867, 
 pp. 73, 360 ; 1868, pp. 204, 321 ; and P. Z. S. 1864, p. 426.) 
 
 Unger , F ., und Kotschy, Th. Die Insel Cypern, &c. 8vo. Vienna, 1865. 
 
 NORTH AERICA. 
 
 Brake , C. F. Tyrwhitt. Notes on the Birds of Tangier and Eastern Morocco. (Ibis, 1867, 
 pp. 421-430.) 
 
 Brummond, H. M. List of Birds found in the Vicinity of Tunis and Bizerta. (Ann. & Mag. 
 Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 102, 1845.) 
 
 Gurney , J. H.,jun. Six Months’ Bird-collecting in Egypt (in ‘ Bambles of a Naturalist ’). 8vo. 
 London. No date. 
 
 Gurney , J. H.,jun. On the Ornithology of Algeria. (Ibis, 1871, pp. 68-86, 289-301.) 
 
 Heuglin , Th. von. Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika’s, &c. 4 vols. Roy. 8vo. Cassel, 1869-1874. 
 
 Irby , L. Howard. The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1875. 
 Loche. Exploration Scientifique de 1’Algerie, &c., Oiseaux. 2 vols. Folio. Paris, 1867. 
 
 Salvin , Osbert. Five Months’ Bird-nesting in the Eastern Atlas. (Ibis, 1859, pp. 174-191, 302- 
 318, 352-365.) 
 
 Shelley , G. F. A Handbook to the Birds of Egypt. 1 vol. Roy. 8vo. London, 1872. 
 
 Tristram, H. B. On the Ornithology of N. Africa. (Ibis, 1859, pp. 153-162, 277-301, 415- 
 435; 1860, pp. 68-83, 149-165, 361-375.) 
 
 THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS. 
 
 Bolle , C. Bemerkungen iiber die Vogel der Canarischen Inseln. (Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 447 ; 
 1855, p. 171; 1857, pp. 258, 305.) 
 
 Godman , F. BuCane. Notes on the Resident and Migratory Birds of Madeira and the Canaries. 
 (Ibis, 1872, pp. 158-209.) 
 
xxxiv 
 
 Godman , F. DuCane. Natural History of the Azores or Western Islands. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 
 1870. 
 
 Vernon Har court, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Madeira. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, 
 pp. 430-438.) 
 
 Webb, P. B., et Berthelot, S. Histoire Naturelle des lies Canaries. 4to. Paris, 1835-1850. 
 
 In the foregoing list I have given, as concisely as I can, the titles of such works as I believe 
 will be found of use to students of Western Palaearctic Ornithology, omitting such as appear to 
 me to be of but little value for reference. Amongst those which I have found most useful for 
 general reference I may enumerate the following, viz. : — Great Britain. Macgillivray’s 4 British 
 Birds,’ which will always rank high as containing such excellent field-notes ; Yarrell’s 4 British 
 Birds,’ which is perhaps the best work of reference on British ornithology, the fourth edition 
 by Professor Newton being especially reliable, and indeed, when completed, it will be by far 
 the best work on our avifauna. Gould’s 4 Birds of Great Britain * certainly stands preeminent 
 as far as the magnificent illustrations are concerned ; but the letterpress is far from being equal 
 to the plates. 
 
 On European ornithology generally, the most useful handbook is Degland and Gerbe’s 
 4 Ornithologie Europeenne,’ which I have found better for reference than Fritsch’s 4 Vogel 
 Europa’s,’ though the latter is a cheap and useful work. Gould’s 4 Birds of Europe ’ contains 
 excellent illustrations ; but the letterpress is now far behind the times, and it is rather heavy 
 and cumbersome, as well as expensive. For Scandinavia — Collett’s 4 Remarks on the Ornithology 
 of Northern Norway,’ Collin’s 4 Skandinaviens Fugle,’ and Nilsson’s 4 Skandinavisk Fauna’ are 
 all worthy of commendation ; but Professor Sundevall’s 4 Svenska Foglarne ’ is, so far as it goes, 
 certainly the best work on the birds of Sweden ; but unfortunately it was incomplete when he 
 died, and will probably never be completed. Russia appears sadly wanting in a good general 
 work on the avifauna of that vast empire, and I know of no single work that I can recommend, 
 although there are, as will be seen by the foregoing list, not a few local catalogues ; but Finland 
 can boast of a very excellent little work, 4 Finland’s Foglar,’ the first volume of which was written 
 by my friend the late Magnus von Wright, and the second volume (published after his death) 
 by Palmgren. 
 
 But the best and most reliable work on continental European ornithology is undoubtedly 
 Naumann’s 4 Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands,’ a work of which I cannot speak in too 
 high terms, and one which every ornithologist who can read German should possess. Fallon’s 
 4 Oiseaux de la Belgique ’ is a tolerably useful little book on Belgian ornithology ; and Schlegel’s 
 4 Vogels van Nederland ’ is a most reliable work on the birds of Holland, and has excellent illus- 
 trations. As regards French ornithology there are many useful works on local natural history ; 
 but, excepting Degland and Gerbe’s 4 Ornithologie Europeenne,’ and Vieillot’s 4 Faune Fran§aise,’ 
 there is no work that treats of the birds of France as a whole ; and the latter of these is now 
 rather out of date. Bailly’s 4 Ornithologie de la Suisse ’ must also be cited here as an almost 
 indispensable work of reference. Spain and Portugal both lack a good general work on their 
 ornithology; but Colonel Irby’s ‘Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar’ gives first-rate data 
 
XXXV 
 
 respecting the birds of Southern Spain, and Lord Lilford’s and Mr. Howard Saunders’s papers on 
 the ornithology of Spain, contain a considerable amount of useful information. As regards Italy , 
 the best and most reliable works, so far as I can judge, are Salvadori’s ‘ Uccelli d’ltalia ’ and 
 Savi’s posthumous work ‘ Ornitologia Italiana,’ which were published within a year of each other, 
 and which contain almost all the latest information on the avifauna of Italy. 
 
 For Greece the best reference list is Kriiper and Hartlaub’s 4 Griechische Jahreszeiten,’ 
 which contains all the information given in Lindermayer’s ‘Vogel Griechenlands ’ and von der 
 Miihle’s ‘ Beitrage zur Ornithologie Griechenlands,’ as well as later information and some field- 
 notes collected by Dr. Kriiper. As far as Turkey and Asia Minor are concerned, the only 
 information to be obtained must be gathered from the various papers published in different 
 periodicals, of which I give a list ; but Shelley’s ‘ Birds of Egypt ’ and Loche’s ‘ Expl. Scient. 
 de l’Algerie, Oiseaux’ give full information respecting the avifauna of North Africa , as do 
 Godman’s “ Notes on the Birds of Madeira and the Canaries ” and ‘ Natural History of the 
 Azores ’ on that of the Atlantic Islands. 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
ADDENDA ET ERRATA. 
 
 As ornithology is gradually, but steadily, making onward strides, and as, during the last ten 
 years which have elapsed since I commenced the publication of the present work, ornithologists 
 in Great Britain, as well as elsewhere in Europe, have been unusually active, much which when 
 I wrote the earlier articles was buried in obscurity has since been brought to light. Large 
 collections have been sent to Europe from localities whence I could then only obtain an 
 old specimen or two ; and many leading ornithologists have devoted themselves to working 
 out small groups monographically, and have consequently thrown new light on many knotty 
 points. Almost every week some moot question gets cleared up ; for every step that a 
 working ornithologist takes serves as a guide to those that follow after, and his work forms a 
 basis on which his successor can build, until by degrees a tolerably good structure is erected. 
 Hence much that I have written requires correction and emendation ; and I have therefore 
 deemed it advisable to give the following list of addenda et errata : — 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 Letterpress to Vol. II., species 10. Turdus atrigularis , for 1878 69, 70, read 1877 59, 60. 
 
 „ „ species 89. Acrocephalus arundinaceus, for 1877 57, 58, read 1878 67,68. 
 
 Page 3. Add Turdus bonapartei , Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 183. 
 
 23. Turdus musicus appears to be replaced in China by Turdus auritus , Verr. 
 
 35. Add Turdus illas , Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 456 (1811). 
 
 59. Add Turdus abrekianus , Dybowsky, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 193. 
 
 67. Add Turdus hy emails, Dybowsky, J. f. O. 1872, p. 439. 
 
 71. Add Turdulus pallens (Pall.), Godw.-Austen, J. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 178 
 (1874). 
 
 87. Add Oreocincla inframarginata , Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 106 (1860), Turdus 
 inframarginatus (Blyth), Gray, Hand-1, of B. i. p. 254. no. 3694 (1869), Geocichla 
 mutabilis (Temm.), S. Muller, fide Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 167, Merula sibirica (Pall.), 
 Dyb. J. f. Orn. 1872, p. 437, and Turdulus sibiricus (Pall.), Hume, Stray Feathers, vi. 
 p. 255 (1878). 
 
 91. Add Merula nigra , Leach, Syst. Cat. M. & B. Brit. Mus. p. 20 (1816), and Turdus 
 menegazzianus , Perini, Ucc. Veron. p. 56 (1858). 
 
 129. Add Turdus infaustus (Gm.), Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 335 (1790), Saxicola saxatilis (L.), 
 Rupp. Neue Wirbelth. Vog. p. 80 (1835), and Orocetes saxatilis (L.), Horsf. & Moore. 
 Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 189 (1854). 
 
 et 
 
XXXV1U 
 
 Page 199. Add Saxicola valida , Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 35 (1854), and Dromolcea isabellina 
 (Rupp.), Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. i. p. 201 (1867). 
 
 203. Add Saxicola albicollis (Vieill.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 303 (1850). 
 
 211. Delete Saxicola Render soni , Hume, et Saxicola talas , Sever tzoff. 
 
 219. According to Mr. Seebohm (Cat. Turd. Brit. Mus. p. 370), both Saxicola erythrcea 5, 
 Ehr., and S. halophila, Tristr., refer to the young of Saxicola lugens , Licht., i. e. 
 Saxicola leucomela (Pall.), mihi, p. 231 ; but of this I have been as yet unable to 
 convince myself satisfactorily, though at the same time I believe that I was in error 
 in identifying the species there referred to, and figured by me on PI. XXIX., with 
 the Arabian Chat, and think it highly probable that Mr. Seebohm may be right. 
 The Arabian Chat figured on PL XXVIII. will stand as Saxicola finschii ; and the 
 synonyms Saxicola erythrasa and Saxicola halophila will have to be expunged from 
 the list. 
 
 223. Tristram’s Chat (PI. XXX. and PI. XXXII. fig. 2) will stand as Saxicola mcesta 
 (see p. 229). 
 
 227. The Red-rumped Chat (PL XXXI. and PI. XXXII. fig. 1) will stand as Saxicola 
 xanthoprymna (see p. 229). 
 
 231. According to Mr. Seebohm (Cat. Turdidse, p. 370) the Pied Chat should stand as 
 Saxicola lugens , and not as Saxicola leucomela. 
 
 235. Recently received collections containing a large series of Saxicola hendersoni show that 
 this species should be united to Saxicola morio , as pointed out by Mr. Seebohm. 
 
 263. Since writing the article on Pratincola rubicola I have found that the Eastern form 
 can be distinguished from the West-European species by the upper tail-coverts, 
 which in the former species are unspotted white, whereas in the true Pratincola 
 rubicola they are marked with dark colour ; and in the Eastern form the axillaries 
 are much blacker than in true P. rubicola ; but these distinctions are not so clearly 
 discernible in immature and autumn-killed examples, though they are sufficient to 
 enable one to separate the two species. Under these circumstances I think it 
 advisable to separate the Eastern form under the name of Pratincola maura , the 
 synonymy being as follows : — 
 
 Motacilla maura , Pallas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 728, no. 17 (1773). 
 
 Sylvia maura (Pall.), Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 526, no. 62 (1790). 
 
 Saxicola rubicola , Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 (nec Linn.). 
 
 Saxicola rubicola , Temm. & Schl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 58 (1842, nec Linn.). 
 
 Saxicola saturatior , Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (T844). 
 
 Pratincola indica , Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 129 (1847). 
 
 Saxicola rubicola , Schrenck, Amur-Lande, i. 2, p. 358 (1860). 
 
 Pratincola indica , Blyth, Jerdon’s B. of Ind. ii. p. 124, no. 483 (1863). 
 
 Pratincola indica , Blyth, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 360, no. 167. 
 
 These references will therefore have to be expunged from the synonymy of 
 Pratincola rubicola ; and the references to the occurrences of the Stonechat in Asia 
 and in the extreme eastern portion of Russia in Europe will refer to Pratincola 
 
XXXIX 
 
 maura, and not to P. rubicola ; for the former species is certainly found in Eastern 
 Russia, though it is difficult to say where the range of P. rubicola ends and that of 
 P. maura commences. 
 
 Page 277. Add Erithacus phcenicurus (Linn.), Degl. Om. Eur. i. p. 502 (1849), and Luscinia 
 phcenicurus (Linn.), Sundevall, Sv. Fogl. p. 59 (1856). 
 
 281. According to Mr. Seebohm the Redstart “breeds as far east as the watershed of the 
 Yennesei and the Lena.” 
 
 285. Add Ruticilla bonapartii , von Mull. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. pi. xiv. (1853), Ruticilla 
 
 mesoleuca (Ehr.), Cab. J. f. Orn. 1854, p. 446, and Ruticilla marginella, Bp. Compt. 
 Rend, xxxviii. p. 8 (1854). 
 
 286. Ehrenberg’s Redstart winters, it appears, in Western Arabia, Abyssinia, and Senegal. 
 
 289. Mr. Seebohm (Cat. Turd. Brit. Mus. p. 344) separates the species found in Palestine 
 
 and Syria from R. rujiventris under the name of Ruticilla semirufa , in which I 
 cannot agree with him ; and, indeed, he himself owns that “ it is scarcely more 
 than a local race.” 
 
 293. Add Motacilla ochrura , Gmel. Reis. Russl. iii. p. 101, pi. xix. fig. 3 (1774), Ruticilla 
 thitis (Scop.), Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1845), and Ruticilla ochruros (Gmel.), 
 Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 96 (1879). 
 
 341. Add Melodes calliope (Pall.), Newt. List B. Eur. Bias. p. 10 (1862), and Cyanecula 
 camtschatkensis (Gmel.), Gray, Hand-1, of B. i. p. 224, no. 3202 (1869). 
 
 347. Add Irania albigula , Severtzoff, Turk. Jevotnie, pp. 65, 122 (1873). 
 
 383, line 22. Should be Sylvia affinis , Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 187 (1849). 
 
 389. Add Pumeticola subalpina (Temm.), Homeyer, J. f. O. 1862, p. 279. 
 
 399. The bird described and figured as the adult female of Sylvia melanothorax is, as I 
 have since ascertained from an examination of a further series of specimens, a 
 young bird. The female scarcely differs from the male in plumage. 
 
 401. As stated at p. 407, I have recently ascertained that Sylvia momus should be sepa- 
 rated from Sylvia melanocephala. 
 
 417, line 3. Should be Sylvia ruppellii , Temm. PI. Col. iii. p. 245, fig. 1 (1823). 
 
 435. Add Philacantha nisoria (Bechst.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 355. 
 
 509. Add Sylvia borealis (Bias.), Gray, Hand-1, of B. i. p. 216, no. 3063 (1869), and Phyl - 
 lopneuste javanica, Bonap. apud Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 244 (1874). 
 
 517. Add Sylvia flaveola, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xi. p. 185 (1817). Salicaria hypolais (Linn.), 
 Filippi, Mus. Mediol. p. 30 (1847), and Hypolais salicaria (Linn.), Fritsch, Yog. Eur. 
 p. 161 (1870). 
 
 521. Add Salicaria italica , Salvadori, Att. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. iii. p. 268 (1868). 
 
 537. Add Calamodyta elaica (Linderm.), Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 172 (1848), Acrocephalus 
 pallidus (Ehr.), Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 294 (1869), and Salicaria tamariceti , 
 Severtz. Turk. Jevotnie, pp. 66, 131 (1873). 
 
 541. Add Salicaria microptera , Severtzoff, Stray Feathers, iii. p. 425 (1875), and Locustella 
 salicaria (Linn,), apud Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 139. 
 
xl 
 
 Page 559. Acrocephalus agricolus should be Acrocephalus agricola. Add Salicaria modesta et 
 gracilis , Severtzoff, Turk. Jevotnie, p. 66 (1873). 
 
 561. Add Acrocephalus montanus (Sykes), Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 594, and Salicaria 
 euryncha , sphenura , et concolor , Severtzoff, Turk. Jevotnie, pp. 66, 128, 130 (1873). 
 573. Add Sylvia ( Calamoherpe ) fruticola , Naum. Yog. Deutschl. xiii. p. 453 (1853), and 
 Salicaria macronyx, Severtzoff, Turk. Jevotnie, pp. 66, 128 (1873). 
 
 579. Add Acrocephalus lacustris, Naum. Naturg. Land- u. Wasser-Vog. Nachtr. iv. p. 201 
 (1811), Hydrocopsichus turdoides (Mey.), Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 121 (1829), Sylvia 
 turdina, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 312 (1842), Calamoherpe turdina (Glog.), 
 Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. p. 142 (1854), Salicaria arundinacea {Linn.), Harting, 
 Handb. Brit. B. p. 14 (1872), and Acrocephalus fulvolateralis, Sharpe in Layard’s 
 B. of S. Afr. p. 289 (1877). 
 
 585. Add Calamodyta stentorea (Ehr.), Gray, Hand-1, i. p. 207, no. 2930 (1869). 
 
 591. Add Calamoherpe cariceti (Naum.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552, and Calamoherpe limicola 
 et striata , C. L. Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. pp. 451, 452 (1831). 
 
 597. Add Sylvia tritici et subphragmitis, L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 284. 
 
 600, line 16. Since writing this, Mr. Seebohm has found this Warbler breeding as far east 
 as the Yennesei, in Siberia. 
 
 605. Add Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temm.), Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 223 (1875), and Cala- 
 
 modus melanoyogon (Temm.), Blanf. E. Pers. ii. p. 198 (1876). 
 
 606. I have subsequently examined two specimens of this Warbler from Corsica, obtained 
 
 there by Mr. C. Bygrave Wharton. 
 
 611. Add Locustella sibilans, Gould, B. of Eur., letterpress to pi. 102 (1837), Calamodyta 
 locustella (Lath.), Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 210, no. 2972 (1869), Threnetria locustella 
 (Lath.), Schauer, J. f. O. 1873, p. 183, and Locustella locustella (Lath.), Seebohm, 
 Cat. Passerif. Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1881). 
 
 613, line 12. For Locustella hendersoni read Locustella straminea (Severtz.). 
 
 617. Add Locustella macropus et hendersoni (Cass.), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 93, 444. 
 
 Calamodyta hendersonii (Cass.), Gray, Hand-1, of B. i. p. 210. no. 2976 (1869). 
 
 621, line 5. For (1819) read (1811). Add Potamodus flumatilis (Wolf), Kaup, Natiirl. 
 Syst. p. 123 (1829). 
 
 627. Add Calamoherpe luscinioides (Savi), Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. p. 149 (1854), Luscini- 
 opsis luscinioides (Savi), Newt, in Bias. List B. Eur. p. 11 (1862), Pseudoluscinia 
 luscinioides (Savi), Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 89 (1872), Acrocephalus luscinioides 
 (Savi), Newt, in Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 389 (1873), Threnetria acheta , Schauer, J. f. O. 
 1873, p. 183, and Potamodus luscinioides (Savi), Blanf. E. Pers. ii. p. 199 (1876). 
 633. Add Calamoherpe certliiola (Pall.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552, and Parnopia certhiola 
 (Pall.), Newt, in Bias. List Eur. B. p. 11 (1862). 
 
 639. For Bradypterus cettii read Cettia cettii. Add Sylvia fulvescens (Gm.), Vieill. Faun. 
 Fran?, i. p. 208 (1820), and Bradyptetes cettii (Marm.), Blanf. E. Pers. ii. p. 200 
 (1876). And expunge from synonyms Bradypterus platyurus, Swains., and at 
 p. 643 the paragraph in lines 33-40 respecting this bird. 
 
xli 
 
 VOL. III. 
 
 Letterpress to Vol. III., p. 6, species 179. Carduelis elegans,for part 60 (1877), read part 40 (1875). 
 
 „ „ p. 6, species 180. Chrysomitris citrinella , for parts 63, 64 (1877), read 
 
 parts 43, 44 (1875). 
 
 Page 1, line 17. For It flight read Its flight. 
 
 49. For Calamophilus biarmicus read Panurus biarmicus. 
 
 79, line 7. For Musvil-meise read Musvit-meise. 
 
 120, lines 22 and 23. For Parus borealis read Parus jpalustris. 
 
 125. For Siberian Marsh-Titmouse read Lapp Titmouse. Plate 112, for Scandinavian 
 Titmouse read Lapp Titmouse. 
 
 176. Sitta rugpicola , Blanf., proves on examination of a larger series to be a bad species ; 
 and this name will sink into a synonym of Sitta neumayeri. 
 
 183. Mr. Seebohm, who has lately been working out the Nuthatches, informs me that he 
 has, after an examination of a larger series than I had available when I wrote this 
 article, decided to separate the Eastern or Asiatic form, to which I refer in lines 
 34-39, specifically from the European bird ; and in this view I am now inclined to 
 agree with him. This being the case, the Eastern form will stand as Sitta syriaca, 
 Ehr., and the European bird as Sitta neumayeri , Michah., — Sitta tephronota , Sharpe 
 (referred to on p. 176), being a synonym of the Asiatic bird ; and Sitta syriaca will 
 have to be expunged from the synonyms on p. 183, but Sitta rupicola, Blanf., will 
 have to be added. 
 
 Sitta syriaca , Ehr., is found in Palestine, Syria (whence it was first described), 
 Turkestan, and Afghanistan. 
 
 295. Anthus seebohmi. Since the article on this species was published I have ascertained 
 that it is identical with Anthus gustavi , Swinh., under which name it will conse- 
 quently stand; and, as lately pointed out by Mr. Seebohm in his notes on the 
 ornithology of Siberia, it has since been found to have a very wide range, having 
 been met with on the Ob ( Finsch and Prehm ), the Yennesei ( Seebohm ), Lake Baikal 
 (Dybowslci), Tschuski Land, north of Kamtchatka [Baron Meydell ), Behring Isle 
 ( Wossnessensky ), Batchian (Wallace), Manilla and Celebes (Bruggemann), Borneo 
 and Negros (Mus. Brit.). The synonymy of this species will therefore now be as 
 follows : — 
 
 Anthus gustavi , Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 90, 273. 
 
 Anthus batchianensis , G. R. Gray, Hand-1, of B. i. p. 251, no. 3642 (1869). 
 
 Anthus seebohmi , mihi, B. of Eur. part xlv. (1875). 
 
 375. Lanius excubitor . Since the article on this species was written the Grey Shrikes 
 have been worked at most carefully by several authors; and the amount of 
 literature added to the subject is by no means small. It is scarcely advisable here 
 to treat fully of the question as to how many of the various forms of the Grey 
 Shrike should be treated as species; for lately a vast number of skins of Grey 
 Shrikes from Asia have reached England, showing that there are not a few different 
 forms, some of which may possibly be treated as distinct species, and to treat the 
 
xlii 
 
 subject fully would entail a long article. I trust, however, when I can get leisure 
 to do so, to take the subject in hand again. Should the various forms be treated 
 as good species, two more Grey Shrikes at least, Lanius homey eri, Cab., and 
 Lanius major , Pall., will have to be added to the European list. 
 
 Page 376, line 14. For Parrex read Parvex. 
 
 377, line 35. For Dubowski and Parrex read Dybowsky and Parvex. 
 
 380, line 35. For Parrex read Parvex. 
 
 381. Mr. Seebohm (Ibis, 1880, p. 186) does not agree with our identification of the Western 
 
 bird with Lanius lahtora , Sykes, and treats of this Western form as Lanius fallax , 
 Finsch ; but I cannot see that this separation is practicable. 
 
 409, line 36. For Ortakeny read Ortakeuy. 
 
 413. Mr. J. Scully assures me that he can always separate Lanius phoenicuroides from 
 Lanius isabellinus , even in the immature plumage, and that he obtained in 
 Yarkand many specimens of the latter in breeding-plumage not differing in colour 
 from winter examples ; and he says (Ibis, 1881, p. 434) that in the adult dress 
 L. phoenicuroides differs from L. isabellinus in having a differently shaped wing and 
 tail, in the wing-speculum being larger, the lower surface white, the entire lores 
 black, the head more rufous than the back, and the quills more black ; and to this 
 species he refers my Plate No. 152. I cannot, however, state my own convictions 
 as to the correctness of his views until I have had time to investigate the matter 
 again more fully. 
 
 453, line 22. For Sortoch read Sort och. 
 
 466, line 30. For Sicily read Scilly. 
 
 505, 513, and 521. For COTYLE read COTILE. 
 
 586. Since writing the article on Passer italics I have examined the specimens obtained by 
 Mr. Wharton at Ajaccio, in Corsica ; and they are certainly referable to this species. 
 
 VOL. IV. 
 
 Page 17, line 36. For Summerfeldt read Sommerfeldt. 
 
 31. IAnaria cannabina should be Linota cannabina. 
 
 69. For Carpodacus rubieillus read Carpodacus rubicilla. 
 
 78, line 24. For Parrex read Parvex. 
 
 81, line 1. For Parrex read Parvex. 
 
 82, line 17. For Temscken read Tschimkent. 
 
 171, line 10. For Dosyanka read Owsiannka. 
 
 227, line 39. For Parrex read Parvex. 
 
 341. Alauda brachydactyla , Leisler, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellseh. should be (1814) and 
 not (1809). 
 
 383. For Rhamphocoris read Rhamphocorys. 
 
 437. Add Coracia gracula (Linn.), Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 321, and Graeula gracula (Linn.), 
 Sharpe, Cat. Coleomorphse, p. 146 (1877). 
 
 445. Add Pyrrhocorax forsythi, Stoliczka, Str. Feathers, 1874, p. 462. 
 
xliii 
 
 Page 487, line 3. For 1843 read 1842. 
 
 523. Add Colceus monedula , Sharpe, Cat. Coleomorphee, p. 26 (1877). 
 
 531. Add Corone corone , Sharpe, Cat. Coleomorphae, p. 36 (1877). 
 
 543. Add Corone cornice, Sharpe, Cat. Coleomorphae, p. 31 (1877). 
 
 551. Add Trypanocorax frugilegus (Linn.), Expl. Sci. Alg. Ois. i. p. 113. 
 
 559. Add Corax brachyurus, A. E. Brehm, Erg. einer Reise nach Habesch, p. 323 (1863), 
 and Fhinocorax affinis (Rupp.), Sharpe, Cat. Coleomorphae, p. 46 (1877). 
 
 563. Add Corvus leptonyx, Sharpe, Cat. Coleomorphae, p. 19 (1877). 
 
 yol. y. 
 
 47, line 12. For Mellauspet read Mellanspet. 
 
 95, line 10. For Grahofdad read Grahofdad. 
 
 141. For CORACIAS GARRULA read CORACIAS GARRULUS. 
 
 199, 203. Cuculus rochii. Professor Newton writes (Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 4, p. 406, footnote), 
 “Mr. Dresser regards this bird ( C . rochi ) as specifically the same as C. canorus, 
 which seems to be an erroneous view ; and MM. A. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier 
 (Ois. de Madagascar, i. p. 176, pi. 66) treat it as a variety of the Indian C. polioce- 
 phalus ; but that has dark irides, while those of the Madagascar bird are said on 
 good authority to be orange, though M. Grandidier asserts the contrary.” 
 
 301. Add Surnia funerea, Dumeril, Zool. Anal. p. 34 (nec Linn.), Strix uralensis , Shaw, 
 Gen. Zool. vii. p. 277 (1809, nec Pall.), and Noctua ulula (Linn.), Schl. Mus. P. B. 
 Striges, p. 42 (1862). 
 
 304, line 36. For Jarostaf read Jaroslaf. 
 
 309. Add Surnia hudsoni (Gm.), Jameson, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 90 (1831), and Surnia 
 ulula, Cass. Cat. Strig. Phil. Mus. p. 17 (nec Linn.). 
 
 319. Add Ulula tengmalmi (Gm.), Bp. Oss. Regn. Anim. Cuv. p. 53 (1830), Scotophilus 
 tengmalmi (Gm.), Swains. Classif. of Birds, ii. p. 217 (1837), Nyctale dasypus 
 (Bechst.), Gray, List of Gen. of B. p. 6 (1840), and Syrnium funereum, Heugl. Orn. 
 N.O.-Afr. i. p. 123 (1869, nec Linn.). 
 
 340, line 43. For lighest read lightest. 
 
 349. Add Noctua pygmcea , Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 63 (1826), Noctua 
 arcadica, Cuv. Reg. Anim. p. 345 (1829), and Glaucidium pygmceum et micorhyn- 
 chum, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 273. 
 
 349, line 11. For Dwerquil read Dwerguil. 
 
 357. Add Strix passerina, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 296 (1788), Athene passerina (Gm.), Boie, 
 Isis, 1822, p. 549, Carine noctua (Retz), Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 29 (1829), Noctua 
 passerina (Gm.), Cuv. Regn. Animal, i. p. 345 (1829), Scotophilus nudipes (Nilss.), 
 Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 274, Noctua nudipes (Nilss.), Gould, B. of Eur. i. pi. 48 (1838), 
 Athene psilodactyla (Nilss.) et indigena, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 270, Noctua 
 neterum, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Striges, p. 28 (1862), and Noctua minor, Degl. & 
 Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 122 (1867). 
 
 434, line 28. For Wiutegra read Wuitegra. 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
 / 
 
xliv 
 
 Page 521. Add Aquila crassipes , Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844), Aquila mogilnik , 
 Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 57 (1855), and Aquila bifasciata , Saunders, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 37. 
 
 523. The plate published by Jaubert and Barthelemy Lapommeraye (line 41) represents a 
 variety of Aquila chrysaetus and not Aquila mogilnik ; and the latter species does 
 not, so far as I can ascertain, occur in the south of Prance. 
 
 575. Add Nisaetus bonellii (Temm.), Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 67 (1862). 
 
 599. Add Falco minutus , Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 131 (1766), Accipiter fringillarius , Vig. 
 Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824), Nisus peregrinus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 88 (1831), 
 Accipiter nisosimilis, Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 311 (1843), Accipiter subtypicus , 
 Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844), Nisus major , Jaub. Mots. Eur. Orn. p. 29 
 (1851), and Nisus intercedens , Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 269. 
 
 633. Add Falco badius, Kriiper, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 25. 
 
 YOL. VI. 
 
 69. Add Dendrofalco subbuteo (L.), Gray, List of Gen. of B. p. 3 (1840), Dendrofalco 
 hirundinum et arboreus , Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 269, and Eypotriorchis 
 cuvieri , Gray, Hand-1, of B. i. p. 20 (1869, nec Smith). 
 
 Plate 38. Por Falco regulus read Falco cesalon. 
 
 Page 93. Add Falco rufus , Scop. Del. Paun. & Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 36, pi. xix (1786), Falco 
 erythrourus, Raf. Caratt. N. G. Av. p. 5 (1810), Falco rubripes , Less. Traite, p. 93 
 (1831), and Erythropus pallidus et minor , Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 269. 
 
 103. Add Eypotriorchis arcadicus , Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844), Falco plumbeus, 
 Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 236, and Falco gracilis , A. et L. Brehm, Naumannia, 
 1856, p. 232. 
 
 107. To range, add N.E. Africa, where Brehm obtained it near Cairo in September 1851. 
 
 113. Add Falco alaudarius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 279 (1788), Falco architinnunculus, 
 C. L. Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 70 (1831), and Cerchneis tceniura , intercedens , 
 accedens, fasciata et guttata , Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 269. 
 
 120, line 30. For Azores read Cape-Verd Islands. 
 
 125, line 3, should be Falco cenchris , Naumann, Yog. Deutschl. i. p. 318 (1818) ; and line 4, 
 Falco naumanni , Fleischer in Sylvan, 1818, p. 175. Add Cerchneis paradoxa , 
 rujiceps et ruficauda , Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 269, and Cerchneis naumanni 
 (Fleisch.), Sharpe, Cat. Accip. p. 435 (1874). 
 
 182, line 3. For adult female read young female. 
 
 297, line 5. For p. 41 read p. 48. 
 
 319, line 1. For Platea leucorodia read Platalea leucorodia. 
 
 335. Add Tantalus falcinelhis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 272 (1803). 
 
 469. For Anas boschas read Anas boscas. 
 
 483, and PI. 423. The male and female being so much alike, only one figure is given on 
 the Plate. 
 
 511, line 9. For Ortakeny read Ortakeuy. 
 
xlv 
 
 VOL. VII. 
 
 Plate 483. fig. 1 represents the spring dress of the male ; fig. 2, that of the female in summer ; 
 and fig. 3, that of the male in summer. 
 
 Page 283, line 3, for p. 126 read p. 108 ; line 15, for Phasaridion read Phalaridion. 
 
 291, line 7. Read Crex pratensis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 337 (1803). 
 
 337, line 14. PI. lxii. in Faun. Lap. does not represent Grus communis , but a distinct 
 species, Grus schlegelii , Blyth ; but the description in the letterpress of the same 
 work applies to Grus communis. 
 
 343, line 26. The Grus cinerea longirostris, Temm. & Schlegel, from Japan, appears to 
 be a bird distinct from G. communis , and is Grus schlegelii , Blyth. Cf. Blyth’s 
 4 Monograph of the Cranes,’ p. 78. 
 
 351. In Bechstein’s 2nd ed. of his Gemeinn. Naturg. der Vog. Deutschlands, vol. iii. p. 103 
 (1809), he calls the Crane Grus cinerea ; hut of course this name cannot stand, as 
 he called it G. communis in 1793. 
 
 395, line 5. For (1835) read (1833-34). 
 
 396, line 41. For Olis read Otis. 
 
 402, line 13. Read Young resembles the adult bird, but is darker &c. 
 
 436, line 21. For right-hand figures read left-hand figures. 
 
 Plate 515. In some of the impressions of this Plate the hind claw has been omitted in the figure 
 of Sguatarola helvetica. 
 
 Page 451. Mr. Seebohm found the Eastern Golden Plover breeding in Eastern Siberia, and gives 
 (Ibis, 1879, pp. 153, 154) some most interesting notes on its nidification and habits. 
 
 587. Add Himantopus melanopterus , Meyer, Wetter. Ann. iii. p. 177 (1812). 
 
 615. Scolopax rusticola should stand as Scolopax rusticula. 
 
 Plate 542. For gallinaria read ceelestis. 
 
 VOL. VIII. 
 
 Plates to Vol. VIII. p. viii, no. 631, for Podiceps auratus read Podiceps auritus. 
 
 Page 16, line 28. For minutella read minutilla. 
 
 18, line 28. For AEgialite read FEgialites. 
 
 29, line 4. For 1811 read 1812. 
 
 45, line 4. For ii. p. 75 (1811) read i. p. 64 (1812). 
 
 51. Expunge from the synonyms Chorlito pestorejo pardo , Azara, and Tringa fuscicollis , 
 Bonn & Vieill., and put a query after Tringa campestris, Licht. 
 
 59. Add Scolopax subarquata , Giild. Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xix. p. 471 (1774). 
 
 119. Actiturus longicaudus should stand as Bartramia longicauda (cf. p. 117). 
 
 151. To the synonymy of Totanus stagnatilis add Glottis stagnatilis (Bechst.), Koch, Baier. 
 Zool. i. p. 306 (1816), and Ilyornis, Kaup (Tot. stagnatilis , Bechst.), Natiirl. Syst. 
 p. 156 (1829). 
 
 203, line 9. For (1811-1815) read (1813). 
 
 211, line 10. For (1811-1815) read (1813). Add Gambetta limosa , Koch, Baier. Zool. 
 p. 308 (1816). 
 
xlvi 
 
 Page 237. Add Numenius australis , L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 291. 
 
 240, lines 8 & 9. Expunge all notes respecting its nidification in Malta (cf. p. 231). 
 
 243. For Numenius arquatus read Numenius arquata. 
 
 255. Add Sterna pikei , Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vi. p. 3 (1853), “ Sterna senegalensis , Sw.,” 
 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Sternce , p. 16 (1863), and Sterna portlandica, Ridg. Am. 
 Nat. viii. p. 433 (1874). 
 
 263. Add Larus bicolor , Larus sterna et Larus columbinus , Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82 
 (1769). 
 
 337. Add “ Xema sabini, Leach,” J. Ross, App. Ross's Voyage, p. 57 (1819), 4to ed. 
 
 369, line 7. For ichthyaetus read ichthyaetum. 
 
 380. The second Plate is omitted in the list of plates, and will stand as 599 a. 
 
 381. Add Glaucus canus (L.) and “ Glaucus lachrymosus (Licht.),” Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, 
 
 p. 102, Gavina kamtschatchensis , Bp. Naumannia, 1854, p. 212, Gavina heinei 
 (Horn.) and Gavina canus (L.), Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, pp. 283, 284, Larus delawar- 
 ensis , Coues, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 246, and Larus audouini , Tristr. Ibis, 
 1868, p. 330, nec Payr. 
 
 Plate 605. Owing to an error on the part of the colourists, the legs of the Glaucous Gull have 
 been coloured yellow instead of light flesh. 
 
 Page 439. Add Larus chalcopterus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854), Laroides glacialis , Bruch, 
 J. f. O. 1855, p. 22, and Leucus chalcopterus et arcticus , Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. 
 p. 216 (1857). 
 
 463. Add Coprotheres pomarinus (Temm.), Reich. Nat. Syst. Vog. p. v. (1852), and Lestris 
 pomatorhina (Temm.), Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65. 
 
 491. For Thalassidroma pelagica read Procellaria pelagica. 
 
 497. For Thalassidroma leucorrhoa read Procellaria leucorrhoa. 
 
 570, line 38. For Harvie read Harvie-Brown. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 [Tlie antique figures designate tlie first page 
 
 of the article on the respective species or genus.] 
 
 abdimii (Ciconia) 
 abessynicus (Cypselus) 
 abietina (Crucirostra) 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 abietinus (Falco) . . . . , 
 abietum ( Nyctala) . . . 
 
 (Xyctale) 
 
 (Parus) 
 
 abornis (Malacocercus) 
 
 Abrornis 
 
 tristis 
 
 abyssinica (Galerida) 
 
 (Galerita) 
 
 abyssinicus (Asio) . . . 
 
 (Cuculus) 
 
 (Cypselus) 
 
 (Phylloscopus) . 
 
 acacias (Argya) 
 
 (Crateropus) . . . 
 
 acadica (Nyctala) . . . 
 
 (Nyctale) 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 Acanthis 
 
 brevirostris 
 
 carduelis 
 
 flavirostris . . . . 
 
 holbolli 
 
 linaria 
 
 montium 
 
 rufescens 
 
 spinus 
 
 Acanthopneuste 
 
 Acanthus 
 
 Aeanthylis 
 
 caudacuta 
 
 nudipes 
 
 Acanthyllis .... 
 
 caudacuta . 
 
 Acanthyllis gigantea. . 
 indica 
 
 vi. 295. 
 
 iv. 591. 
 
 iv. 127. 
 
 ii. 485. 
 
 vi. 31. 
 
 v. 319. 
 
 v. 319. 
 
 iii. 87. 
 
 ii. 585. 
 
 ii. 467, 475. 
 
 ii. 477. 
 
 .. iv. 286, 302, 304. 
 
 iv. 286, 290. 
 
 v. 267. 
 
 v. 219. 
 
 . . iv. 202, 591, 609. 
 
 ii. 485, 489. 
 
 iii. 24. 
 
 iii. 21 . 
 
 v. 317. 
 
 v. 350. 
 
 v. 349. 
 
 iii. 527. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 iv. 65. 
 
 iii. 527. 
 
 iv. 65, 
 
 iv. 37. 
 
 iv. 37. 
 
 iv. 59. 
 
 iv. 47. 
 
 iii. 541. 
 
 ii. 467. 
 
 , iii. 525. 
 
 . . iv. 611, 613, 617. 
 
 iv. 613. 
 
 iv. 613. 
 
 . . . . iv. 611, 617. 
 iv. 611, 613, 615. 
 
 iv. 616. 
 
 iv. 615. 
 
 accedens (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 Accentor ii. 339. 
 
 iii. 27. 
 
 Accentor alpinus iii. 29, 32, 41. 
 
 iv. 209. 
 
 calliope ii. 341. 
 
 Accentor collaris .... iii. 27, 29. 
 
 Accentor erythropygius iii. 32. 
 
 fulvescens iii. 35, 36, 37. 
 
 major iii. 29. 
 
 Accentor modularis ii. 616. 
 
 iii. 33, 39, 41, 42. 
 
 v. 210 . 
 
 montanellus . . iii. 35, 36, 37. 
 
 Accentor pinetorum iii. 39. 
 
 rubidus iii. 40, 42. 
 
 subalpinus iii. 29. 
 
 temmineki iii. 35, 36, 37. 
 
 Accentoridse iii. 27. 
 
 Acciper aeruginosus v. 415. 
 
 Accipiter. ... v. 235, 371, 413, 447, 
 469, 561, 585, 597, 641. 
 
 vi. 1 , 13, 137. 
 
 Accipiter astur v. 587. 
 
 badius v. 633, 638. 
 
 brachydactylus v. 638. 
 
 Accipiter brevipes . . . .v. 597, 619, 
 
 633, 636, 638. 
 
 Accipiter buteo v. 449. 
 
 buteo apivorus vi. 3. 
 
 circus v. 415. 
 
 circus major v. 587, 
 
 circus palustris v. 415. 
 
 circus rufus v. 415. 
 
 circus varius v. 587. 
 
 falco vi. 31. 
 
 falco &c. carolinensis vi. 139. 
 
 falco homotinus vi. 31. 
 
 falco islandicus vi. 25. 
 
 falco leucocephalus v. 471. 
 
 Accipiter falco peregrinus vi. 31. 
 
 falco torquatus v. 431. 
 
 falco tunetanus vi. 47. 
 
 ferox v. 463. 
 
 gabar v. 636. 
 
 gurneyi v. 633. 
 
 gyrfalco vi. 15. 
 
 gyrfalco islandicus vi. 26. 
 
 haliaetus vi. 139. 
 
 hypoleueus v. 563. 
 
 korschun v. 652. 
 
 lacertarius vi. 3. 
 
 lanarius cinereus v. 431. 
 
 madagascariensis v. 638- 
 
 major v. 610, 611. 
 
 melaschistus . . v. 614, 615, 616, 620, 
 
 628, 630. 
 
 milvus v. 651. 
 
 milvus niger v. 651. 
 
 milvus regalis v. 643. 
 
 nisosimilis v. 599. 
 
 Accipiter nisus . v. 597, 599, 605, 
 606, 609, 611, 613, 615, 636, 638. 
 
 Accipiter palumbarius v. 587. 
 
 polyzonoides v. 638. 
 
 regalis v. 643. 
 
 sphenurus v. 633, 638. 
 
 subtypicus v. 615. 
 
 variabilis v. 431. 
 
 virgatus v. 628. 
 
 accipitrina (Stryx) v. 257. 
 
 accipitrinus (Asio) . . v. 249, 257. * 
 
 vii. 633. 
 
 Acredula iii. 61, 68 . 
 
 caudata . . iii. 61, 67, 68 , 70, 
 
 73, 74, 104. 
 
 irbii iii. 68 , 70, 73, 74. 
 
 rosea iii. 63, 68 , 69, 70, 73, 74. 
 
 tephronota iii. 68 , 69, 75 . 
 
 acredula (Motacilla) ii. 469 . 
 
 b 
 
INDEX. 
 
 acredula (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491. 
 
 Acridiornis ii. 609. 
 
 lanceolata ii. 617. 
 
 Acridotheres iv. 421. 
 
 roseus iv. 423. 
 
 tristis iv. 428. 
 
 Acrocephalus . . ii. 515, 545, 557, 
 562, 564, 582, 603, 609. 
 
 agricolus . . ii. 559, 561, 565. 
 
 aquaticus ii. 591. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Acrocephalus arabicus ii. 579. 
 
 Acrocephalus arundinaceus 
 
 ii. 557, 567, 572, 579, 
 582, 585, 586, 588. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Acrocephalus brunnescens ii. 585. 
 
 Acrocephalus dumetorum . ii. 535, 
 
 560, 561, 564. 
 
 Acrocephalus fluviatilis ii. 611. 
 
 lacustris ii. 579. 
 
 montanus ii. 561. 
 
 orientals ii. 580, 582, 585. 
 
 Acrocephalus palustris . . ii. 562, 
 565, 572, 573, 574, 577. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Acrocephalus phragmitis ii. 597. 
 
 salicarius ii, 591. 
 
 Acrocephalus schoenobsenus 
 
 ii. 511, 597, 605, 607. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Acrocephalus stagnatilis ii. 621. 
 
 Acrocephalus stentoreus . ii. 570, 
 
 582, 585. 
 
 streperus ii. 567, 569, 
 
 570, 573, 574, 57 6, 577. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Acrocephalus turdoides ii. 579. 
 
 Actidurus viii. 109, 117, 119. 
 
 longicaudus viii. 119. 
 
 nsevius viii. 111. 
 
 Actitis viii. 109, 117, 125, 199, 201. 
 
 bartrami viii. 119. 
 
 empusa viii. 127. 
 
 glareola viii. 143. 
 
 hypoleuca viii. 199. 
 
 hypoleucos viii. 127, 182. 
 
 limosa viii. 211. 
 
 megarhynchos viii. 127. 
 
 ochropus viii. 135. 
 
 rufescens viii. 111. 
 
 schlegeli viii. 127. 
 
 stagnatilis viii. 127. 
 
 Actiturus viii. 117. 
 
 Actiturus bartrami viii. 119. 
 
 bartramius viii. 119. 
 
 Actiturus longicaudus . . viii. 117, 
 
 119 . 
 
 Actituius rufescens viii. 111. 
 
 Actochelidon viii. 253, 301. 
 
 acuflavida viii. 301. 
 
 affinis viii. 285. 
 
 cantiaca viii. 301. 
 
 maxuriensis viii. 285. 
 
 media viii. 285. 
 
 Actodromas viii. 9. 
 
 maculata viii. 11, 18. 
 
 minuta viii. 29. 
 
 minutilla viii. 51. 
 
 wilsoni viii. 51. 
 
 Actodromus bonapaxtii viii. 15. 
 
 melanotos viii. 15. 
 
 acuflavida (Actochelidon) viii. 301. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 301. 
 
 acuflavidus (Thalasseus) viii. 301. 
 
 aculeata (Sitta) iii. 177. 
 
 acuta (Anas) vi. 472, 517, 518, 
 
 523, 531, 534. 
 
 acuta (Dafila) vi. 529, 531. 
 
 acuta (Querquedula) vi. 531. 
 
 (Trachelonetta) vi. 531. 
 
 acutus (Phasianurus) vi. 531. 
 
 adalberti (Aquila) . . v. 514, 517, 
 518, 522, 525, 532. 
 
 adalberti major (Aquila) v. 517. 
 
 minor (Aquila) v. 517. 
 
 adamsi (Colymbus) viii. 607, 610, 613, 614. 
 
 Adelura erythrogastra ii. 305. 
 
 Adophoneus ii. 375. 
 
 undatus ii. 435. 
 
 undulatus ii. 435. 
 
 Adophonus nisorius ii. 435. 
 
 Adornis ii, 375. 
 
 hortensis ii. 429. 
 
 adspersa (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 * (Strix flammea) v. 237. 
 
 adspersus (Botaurus) vi. 289. 
 
 advena (Alcedo) v. 113. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 551. 
 
 (Sitta) iii, 169. 
 
 aedium (Svrnium) v. 271. 
 
 Aedon ii. 54-5. 
 
 Aedon bruchii ii. 553. 
 
 bruchii brachyrhynchos .... ii. 553. 
 
 bruchii macrorhynchos ii. 553. 
 
 Aedon familiaris .... ii. 545, 548, 
 549, 552, 553, 554. 
 
 galactodes . . ii. 349, 415, 416, 
 
 545, 547, 549, 551, 553, 554, 555. 
 Aedon galactodes brachyrhynchos . . ii. 547. 
 
 galactodes macrorhynchos . . ii. 547. 
 
 meridionalis ii. 547. 
 
 meridionalis brachyrhynchos . ii. 547. 
 
 meridionalis macrorhynchos . . ii. 547. 
 
 minor ii. 547. 
 
 pallens ii. 547. 
 
 pallens brachyrhynchos .... ii. 547. 
 
 pallens macrorhynchos ii. 547. 
 
 Aedon rubiginosa ii. 547. 
 
 aedon (Troglodytes) iii. 217, 229. 
 
 aedonia (Sylvia) ii. 429. 
 
 TEgialites auritus vii. 497. 
 
 cantianus vii. 483. 
 
 viii. 414. 
 
 curonicus vii. 491, 495. 
 
 dealbatus vii. 483, 487. 
 
 hiaticuloides vii. 497. 
 
 intermedius vii. 497, 501. 
 
 philippinus vii. 491. 
 
 pusillus vii. 491. 
 
 semipalmatus viii. 18. 
 
 zonatus vii. 491. 
 
 iEgialitis vii. 473, 481. 
 
 viii. 56. 
 
 iEgialitis albifrons vii. 483. 
 
 albigularis vii. 483. 
 
 iEgialitis asiatica . . vii. 476, 478, 
 
 479, 481, 505. 
 
 cantiana vii. 483, 484. 
 
 -Egialitis cantianus vii. 483. 
 
 iEgialitis curonica . vii. 491, 499, 
 
 500. 
 
 TEgialitis dealbata vii. 484. 
 
 fluviatilis vii. 491. 
 
 iEgialitis geoffroyi .... vii. 475, 
 
 476, 481, 505. 
 
 IEgialitis gigas vii. 479. 
 
 gracilis vii. 491. 
 
 iEgialitis hiaticula. . vii. 473, 481, 
 488, 492, 494, 495, 496, 497, 505. 
 
 viii. 107. 
 
 iEgialitis homeyeri vii. 483. 
 
 leschenaulti vii. 475. 
 
 minor vii. 491. 
 
 minutus vii. 491, 494, 495. 
 
 mongolica . . .... vii. 476, 477, 478. 
 
 nivosa vii. 484, 487. 
 
 philippensis vii. 494, 
 
 pygmaea vii. 491. 
 
 ruficeps vii. 483. 
 
 septentrionalis vii. 497. 
 
 vereda vii. 480, 505. 
 
 iEgialophilus vii. 473, 483. 
 
 cantianus vii. 483 
 
 iEgiothus iv. 29, 268. 
 
 borealis iv. 38 
 
 brevirostris iv. 65 
 
 canescens iv. 37 51 
 
 canescens, var. exilipes iv. 51. 
 
 exilipes iv . 51. 
 
 fuscescens iv. 37 39 
 
 holboellii iv. 37 
 
 linarius iv * 37' 
 
 linaria, var. exilipes iv 51 
 
 rufescens iv. 37 47 
 
 sibiricus iv. 52 
 
 iEgithalus iii. 47, 60, 157. 
 
 iii. 49. 
 
 TEgithalus biarmieus 
 
INDEX. 
 
 iEgithalus castaneus iii. 161, 165, 
 
 166. 
 
 iEgithalus coronatus iii. 166. 
 
 macronyx iii. 166. 
 
 iEgithalus pendulinus . . iii. 157, 
 
 159, 165, 166. 
 
 iEgithalus pendulinus, var. jaxartica 
 
 iii. 159. 
 
 segithus (Circus) v. 461. 
 
 aegocephala (Limosa) .... viii. 208, 
 
 211, 213, 241. 
 
 aegocephala (Scolopax) viii. 211. 
 
 aegocephalus (Totanus) viii. 211. 
 
 iEgolius v. 249, 317. 
 
 brachyotus v. 257. 
 
 capensis v. 265. 
 
 otus v. 251. 
 
 tengmalmi v. 319. 
 
 aegolius (Brachyotus) v. 257. 
 
 (Stryx) v. 257. 
 
 JEgypius v. 381. 
 
 vi. 13. 
 
 cinereus v. 383. 
 
 niger v. 383. 
 
 tinnunculus vi. 113. 
 
 aegypius (Milvus) v. 657, 
 
 aegyptia (Hyas) vii. 521. 
 
 aegyptiaca (Chenalopex) vi. 407. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 55. 
 
 (cornix) (Corvus) iv. 543. 
 
 (Gallinago) vii. 642. 
 
 (Hyas) vii. 521. 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 55. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 593. 
 
 aegyptiacus (Neophron) v. 391. 
 
 (Percnopterus) v. 391. 
 
 (Pluvianus) vii. 521. 
 
 (Porphyrio) vii. 303. 
 
 aegyptius (Blepharomerops) v. 165. 
 
 aegyptius (Caprimulgus) iv. 629. 
 
 aegyptius (Charadrius) vii. 521. 
 
 (Cursorius) vii. 521. 
 
 (Falco) v. 657. 
 
 (Merops) v. 165, 171. 
 
 aegyptius (Milvus) . . v. 654, 657. 
 
 aegyptius (Nycticorax) vi. 270. 
 
 aegyptius (Pluvianus) . . vii. 521. 
 
 aegyptius (Yanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 373, 391. 
 
 aequatorialis (Gallinago) vii. 646. 
 
 aequinoctialis (Ardea) vi. 245, 250. 
 
 aequipar (Circus) v. 441. 
 
 (Falco) v. 441. 
 
 ^Erolia varia viii. 59. 
 
 aeruginosus (Acciper) v. 415. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 415. 
 
 aeruginosus (Circus) .... v. 415, 
 
 429, 444, 652. 
 viii. 319. 
 
 aeruginosus, var. byzantinus (Circus) v. 415. 
 
 aeruginosus (Falco) v. 415. 
 
 Aesalon vi. 13, 83. 
 
 lithofalco vi. 83. 
 
 orientalis vi. 83. 
 
 regulus vi. 83. 
 
 aesalon (Falco) .... vi. 83, 97, 128. 
 
 aesalon alaudarius (Falco) vi. 83. 
 
 (Hypotriorchis) vi. 83. 
 
 major (Hypotriorchis) vi. 83. 
 
 minor (Hypotriorchis) vi. 83. 
 
 (Lithofalco) vi. 83. 
 
 iEstrelata viii. 543, 549. 
 
 bulweri viii. 55 J. 
 
 diabolica viii. 545. 
 
 haesitata viii. 545. 
 
 aethiopica (Ibis) vi. 327. 
 
 aethiops (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 aetolius (Milvus) v. 651, 657. 
 
 affinis (Actochelidon) viii. 285. 
 
 (alpestris) (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 (Coracias) v. 150. 
 
 (Corax) iv. 559. 
 
 (Corone) iv. 559. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 383, 386. 
 
 affinis (Corvus) . . iv. 521, 533, 535, 
 536, 541, 559, 560, 561, 
 562, 563, 564, 571. 
 
 (Cypselus) iii. 490. 
 
 iv. 591, 592. 
 
 affinis (Fuligula) vi. 570. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 365. 
 
 affinis (Laras) . viii. 400, 417, 418. 
 
 affinis (Micropus) iv. 591. 
 
 (G2dicnemus) vii. 406, 407. 
 
 (Petrocincla) .... ii. 150, 158, 159. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) . . ii. 149, 150, 157. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 639. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 175. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 285, 295. 
 
 (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 377, 383, 386, 567. 
 
 (Thalasseus) viii. 285. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 143. 
 
 (Viralva) viii. 295. 
 
 afra (Peristera) vii. 57. 
 
 africana (Anas) vi. 581. 
 
 (Butalis) iii. 447. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 13. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 59. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 301. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 182, 183, 184. 
 
 africanoides (Carbo) vi. 169. 
 
 africanus (Archibuteo) v. 471, 
 
 (Carbo) vi. 169. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 521. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 169, 227. 
 
 (Haliseus) vi. 169. 
 
 (Halieus) vi. 169. 
 
 (Limnosalus) v. 463. 
 
 (Microcarbo) vi. 169. 
 
 africanus (Numenius) viii. 59. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 169. 
 
 africanus (Phalacrocorax) vi. 169. 
 
 africanus (Turnix) vii. 249. 
 
 agilis (Anthus) iii. 306, 309. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 309. 
 
 (Pipastes) iii. 309, 313. 
 
 agraria (Gelochelidon) viii. 295. 
 
 agrarius (Brachyotus) v. 257. 
 
 (Otus) v. 257 . 
 
 agrestis (Alauda) . . iv. 307, 310, 311, 320. 
 
 (Spipola) iii. 309. 
 
 agricola (Calamodyta) ii. 559. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 559. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 534, 551. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 559. 
 
 agricolensis (Calamodyta) ii. 541 . 
 
 (Jerdonia) ii. 541. 
 
 agricolus (Acrocephalus) ii. 559, 
 
 
 561, 565. 
 
 Agrobates 
 
 . . . . ii. 545, 557. 
 
 brunnescens 
 
 
 galactodes 
 
 ii. 547. 
 
 Agrodroma 
 
 iii. 283. 
 
 =- campestris 
 
 iii. 317. 
 
 Agrodromas richardi 
 
 iii. 325. 
 
 agrorum (Anthus) 
 
 in. 31 / . 
 
 (Corvus) 
 
 iy. 551. 
 
 (Corydalla) 
 
 iii. 31 / • 
 
 (Linaria) 
 
 ........ iv . 3/ . 
 
 ajaja (Platalea) 
 
 vi. 325. 
 
 akahige (Lusciola) 
 
 ii. 332. 
 
 Alaemon 
 
 iv. 273. 
 
 desertorum 
 
 iv. 275. 
 
 dupontii 
 
 iv. 279. 
 
 ■ iessii 
 
 iv. 275. 
 
 alandiea (Anas) 
 
 vi. 531. 
 
 alascensis (Troglodytes) .... iii. 222, 223. 
 
 Alauda ii. 1. 
 
 iii. 283. 
 
 iv. 273, 283, 305, 310, 312, 
 327, 339, 359, 381, 385. 
 Alauda agrestis. ... iv. 307, 310, 311, 320. 
 
 albigula iv. 395, 397. 
 
 albigularis iv. 307. 
 
 alpestris iv. 387. 
 
 alpestris affinis iv. 387. 
 
 Alauda arborea iii. 309. 
 
 iv. 321, 322, 323, 325, 351, 352. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Alauda arenaria iv. 341, 
 
 arenicola iv. 286. 
 
 arenicola, var. fusca iv. 286. 
 
 arenicolor iv. 335. 
 
 Alauda arvensis .... iv. 268, 294, 
 305, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313* 
 315, 316, 325, 330, 356, 369, 
 371, 374, 375, 385. 
 
 Alauda arvensis ruficeps iv. 373. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Alauda bicornis iv. 396, 399 
 
 bifasciata iv. 275, 280. 
 
 bilopha iv. 399. 
 
 bimaculata iv. 361, 362, 370. 
 
 bracbydaetyla iv. 294, 296, 
 
 314, 341, 345, 347, 355, 369. 
 
 vii. 388. 
 
 bugiensis iv. 307. 
 
 caelipeta iv. 307. 
 
 calandra .... iv. 296, 314, 341, 365, 
 
 370, 373, 379. 
 
 calandre . iv. 365. 
 
 calandrella iv. 341. 
 
 calandrotte ii. 41. 
 
 campestris iii. 317, 343. 
 
 campestris spinoletta iii. 335. 
 
 cantarella iv. 307, 310, 311, 
 
 chendoola . . . 
 chrysolsema . 
 cinnamomea . 
 
 clot-bey 
 
 cocbevis 
 
 coelivox 
 
 eollaris 
 
 cornuta 
 
 crassirostris . 
 cristata 
 
 cristata, var. . 
 cristatella . . . . 
 
 deserti 
 
 desertorum . 
 
 deva 
 
 dukbunensis . 
 
 dulcivox 
 
 dupontii 
 
 elegans 
 
 ferruginea . . . 
 
 flava 
 
 galerita . , . . . 
 
 glacialis 
 
 grandior 
 
 gulgula 
 
 bermonensis . 
 intermedia . . 
 isabellina . . . 
 
 italica 
 
 japonica 
 
 kollyi 
 
 leautungensis 
 leucoptera . . . 
 longipennis . 
 ludoviciana . 
 
 lusitana 
 
 lusitania . . . 
 malabarica . 
 marginipennis 
 matutina . . . 
 
 ■ minor 
 
 312, 313, 315. 
 
 iv. 285. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 iv. 343. 
 
 iv. 383. 
 
 iv. 285. 
 
 ... bv 310, 312, 313. 
 
 iv. 365. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 iv. 307. 
 
 ... iv. 285, 314, 371. 
 
 vii. 388. 
 
 iv. 285. 
 
 ... iv. 286, 295, 321. 
 
 iv, 329, 330. 
 
 iv. 275. 
 
 iv. 285. 
 
 iv. 341. 
 
 iv. 307. 
 
 iv. 279. 
 
 iv. 335. 
 
 iv. 280. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 iv. 285. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 iii. 317. 
 
 iv. 285, 310, 312, 313. 
 
 iv. 310, 343. 
 
 iv. 307, 312, 313, 315. 
 
 , . . . iv. 307, 309, 329. 
 
 iv. 307. 
 
 . . . . iv. 307, 810, 313. 
 
 iv. 341. 
 
 iv. 286, 291. 
 
 iv. 373. 
 
 iv. 344, 356. 
 
 iii. 331. 
 
 iv. 330. 
 
 iv. 329, 336. 
 
 iv. 310, 312. 
 
 iv. 286. 
 
 iv. 285. 
 
 iii. 309. 
 
 iv. 
 
 307, 387. 
 
 Alauda mongolica iv. 356. 
 
 montana iv. 307, 310. 
 
 moreatica iv. 316. 
 
 mosellana iii. 317. 
 
 mutabilis iv. 377. 
 
 nemorosa iv. 321. 
 
 nigra iv. 377. 
 
 nivalis iv. 387. 
 
 obscura iii. 343. 
 
 paludosa iii. 317. 
 
 pekinensis iv. 307, 312. 
 
 penicillata iv. 395. 
 
 — pennsylvanica iii. 331. 
 
 pensilvanica iii. 331. 
 
 petrosa iii. 343, 345. 
 
 pispoletta iv. 355. 
 
 plumata iii. 309. 
 
 pratensis iii. 285, 335. 
 
 reboudia iv. 310. 
 
 rubra iii. 331. 
 
 rufa iii. 331. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 rufescens iv. 286. 
 
 sala iv. 312, 313. 
 
 segetum iv. 307. 
 
 senegalensis iv. 285. 
 
 senegalensis cristata iv. 285. 
 
 sepiaria iii. 285, 309. 
 
 sibirica iv. 373. 
 
 spinoletta iii. 335. 
 
 tartarica iv. 378, 379. 
 
 tatarica iv. 377, 378. 
 
 tenuirostris iv. 307. 
 
 testacea iv. 341, 344. 
 
 triborbyncba iv. 310, 312, 315. 
 
 triborkynchus iv. 307. 
 
 trivialis iii. 309. 
 
 undata iv. 285. 
 
 virginiana iv. 387. 
 
 vulgaris iv. 307. 
 
 wattersi iv. 312, 313. 
 
 yeltoniensis iv. 377. 
 
 alaudarius (Falco aesalon) vi. 83. 
 
 (Tinnunculus) iv. 200. 
 
 vi. 113, 110, 117. 
 
 , var. japonicus (Tinnunculus) vi. 114. 
 
 Alaudidae iv. 273. 
 
 alaudipes (Certbilauda) iv. 273. 
 
 (Upupa) iv. 273. 
 
 Alaudula iv. 339. 
 
 cbeleensis iv. 355, 356. 
 
 alba (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 alba (Ardea) vi. 231, 232, 
 
 236, 237, 238, 241, 243. 
 
 (Ciconia) vi. 295, 297, 
 
 300, 212, 313, 316. 
 
 vii. 357. 
 
 alba (Egretta) vi. 231. 
 
 (Fringilla coccothraustes) . . iii. 575. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 231, 241. 
 
 (Ibis) vi. 339. 
 
 alba (Motacilla) iii. 231, 233, 236 
 239, 240, 241, 243, 256, 257, 266. 
 
 iv. 236. 
 v. 210. 
 
 alba lugubris (Motacilla) iii. 239. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Sula) vi. 181. 
 
 albatus (Anser) vi. 409, 410, 411. 
 
 albatus (Chen) . vi. 407, 409, 413. 
 
 albellus (Merganser) vi. 699. 
 
 (Mergellus) vi. 699. 
 
 albellus (Mergus) . . vi. 693, 699, 
 
 702, 708. 
 
 albeola (Anas) vi. 589. 
 
 (Bucephala) vi. 589, 704. 
 
 albeola (Clangula) . . vi. 589, 592. 
 
 albeola (Fuligula) vi. 589. 
 
 - (Motacilla) iii. 233. 
 
 albescens (Ciconia) vi. 297. 
 
 (Circus) v. 441. 
 
 (Falco) v. 587. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 665. 
 
 (Tringa) .... viii. 32, 33, 34, 35, 39. 
 
 albicans (Aquila) v. 515. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 191, 240. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 503. 
 
 albicaudus (Falco) v. 551. 
 
 albiceps (Turdus) ii. 100. 
 
 albicilla (Aquila) v. 551, 559. 
 
 (Falco) v. 551. 
 
 borealis (Falco) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 borealis (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 funereus (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 germanicus (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 groenlandicus (Haliaetos). ... v. 551. 
 
 islandicus (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 orientalis (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetus) .' ii. 282. 
 
 albicilla(Haliaetus) v. 543,551,559. 
 
 albicilla (Saxicola) ii. 211. 
 
 albicollis (Cinclus) . . ii. 168, 169, 
 
 170, 171, 180, 181, 182. 
 
 albicollis (Gyps) v. 373, 380. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Hydrobata) ii. 181. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 459, 461. 
 
 (CEnantbe) ii. 203, 208. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 203. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 373. 
 
 albida (Emberiza) iv. 208, 217, 218. 
 
 albido (corpore) (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 albidus (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Falco) v. 449, 
 
 albifasciata (Tbalassidroma) .... viii. 491. 
 
 albifrons (yEgialitis) vii. 483. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 375. 
 
 albifrons (Anser) . . vi. 375, 378, 
 381, 383, 384, 385, 386. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5 
 
 albifrorrs roseipes (Anser) . . . vi. 375. 
 
 (Branta) vi. 375. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 483. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 459. 
 
 (Muscicapa collaris) iii. 459. 
 
 (Nyctale) v. 319, 323. 
 
 (Strix) v. 319. 
 
 albigena (Cbelidon) iii. 499. 
 
 albigula (Alauda) iv. 395, 397. 
 
 ■ (Otocoris) iv. 395. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 397, 401. 
 
 (Pbileremos) iv. 395. 
 
 albigularis (/Egialitis) vii. 483. 
 
 (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 (Bessomis) ii. 347, 349, 350. 
 
 (Bonasia) vii. 196. 
 
 (Melanocorypba) iv. 365, 367. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 347, 349, 350. 
 
 (Turnix) vii. 249. 
 
 albipectus (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 albipes (Cuncuma) v. 545. 
 
 (Haliaetus) v. 545. 
 
 albistriata (Curruca) ii. 389. 
 
 albiulla (Vultur) v. 551. 
 
 albiventris (Carbo) vi. 151. 
 
 (Cettia) ii. 639, 641. 
 
 (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 127, 129. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 albocinctus (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 albogularis (Bonasia) vii. 193. 
 
 albomarginata (Saxicola) .... ii. 215, 218. 
 
 albonigra (Saxicola) ii. 189. 
 
 albo-ochracea (Fringilla) iii. 527. 
 
 alboterminata (Melanocorypha) . . iv. 361, 
 
 362, 368. 
 
 albulus (Mergus) vi. 699. 
 
 albus (Erodius) vi. 231. 
 
 (Eudocimus) vi. 340. 
 
 (Falco) v. 449, 451, 533. 
 
 albus (Lagopus) . . vii. 162, 163, 176, 
 180, 183, 209, 213, 214, 215. 
 
 albus (Larus) viii. 349, 427, 447. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 381. 
 
 Alca viii. 555, 579, 589, 597. 
 
 Alca alee viii. 591. 
 
 alle viii. 591. 
 
 arctica viii. 599. 
 
 arra viii. 575. 
 
 baltbica viii. 557. 
 
 baltica viii. 557. 
 
 borealis viii. 563. 
 
 Alca bruennichi viii. 570, 
 
 575, 602. 
 
 Alca briinniebii viii. 575. 
 
 califomica viii. 570. 
 
 canagularis viii. 599. 
 
 glacialis viii. 557. 
 
 Alca impennis , . . viii. 563. 
 
 Alca islandica viii. 55 7. 
 
 labradora viii. 599. 
 
 labradorica viii. 599. 
 
 lomvia viii. 567, 578. 
 
 major viii. 563. 
 
 microrbynchos viii. 557. 
 
 pica . viii 557, 575, 578. 
 
 Alca torda vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 555, 557, 559. 
 
 troile viii. 567, 578. 
 
 Alcse viii. 555. 
 
 alee (Alca) viii. 591. 
 
 Alcedinidse v. 111. 
 
 Alcedo v. Ill, 123, 131. 
 
 Alcedo advena v. 113. 
 
 bella v. 113. 
 
 bengalensis . . v. Ill, 114, 116, 117. 
 
 bicincta v. 125. 
 
 braebyrbynebos v. 113. 
 
 fusca v. 133. 
 
 bispida v. 113. 
 
 Alcedo ispida . . v. Ill, 113, 116, 
 
 117, 123, 127. 
 
 Alcedo pallasii v. 113. 
 
 pallida v. 113. 
 
 rudis v. 125. 
 
 sindiana v. 113, 117. 
 
 smymensis v. 133. 
 
 subispida v. 113. 
 
 alchata (Pterocles) .... vii. 59, 62, 
 
 63, 64, 67, 78. 
 
 alcbata (Pteroclurus) vii. 67. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 67. 
 
 Alcidae viii. 555, 587, 601. 
 
 alcyon (Ceryle) v. 123. 
 
 aldrovandi (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 AJectoris vii. 91, 111. 
 
 alexandrinus (Cbaradrius) vii. 483. 
 
 , var. (Cbaradrius) vii. 491. 
 
 alga (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 algeriensis (Haliaeus) vi. 173, 175. 
 
 algeriensis (Lanius). . iii. 377, 381, 
 382, 383, 388, 389, 391. 
 
 algira (Motacilla) iii. 241. 
 
 algirus (Gecinus) v. 93, 
 
 (Picus) v. 93. 
 
 alimocb (Vultur) v. 391. 
 
 Allaiida bracbidactyla iv. 341. 
 
 alle (Alca) viii. 591. 
 
 (Arctica) viii. 591. 
 
 alle (Mergulus) viii. 589, 591, 602. 
 
 alle (Uria) viii. 591. 
 
 alleni (Gesaromis) vii. 307. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 307. 
 
 (Hydrornia) vii. 307. 
 
 alleni (Porphyrio) . . vii. 307, 308. 
 alleni (Porpbyrio-Gallinula) .... vii. 307. 
 
 alnorum (Calamoberpe) ii. 567. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37, 
 
 alnorum (Spinus) U1 * 
 
 alpestris (Alauda) iv- 387. 
 
 (Butalis) iii. 447. 
 
 (Eremopbila) i v - 387. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii* 487. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 113. 
 
 (Nucifraga) iv. 451. 
 
 (Otocoris) iii. 329. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 alpestris (Otocorys) iv. 385, 
 
 387, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 
 400, 401, 402. 
 
 alpestris (Otocoryx) iv. 387. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 103, 105, 107, 109, 
 
 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116. 
 
 (Pbileremos) iv. 387. 
 
 (Pbyllopneuste) ii. 503. 
 
 (Picus) v. 17. 
 
 (Pcecila) iii. 107. 
 
 (Poecile) iii. 107. 
 
 (Poikilis) iii. 107. 
 
 (oenantbe) (Saxicola) ...... ii. 187. 
 
 affinis (Alauda) ... iv. 387. 
 
 alpbanet (Falco lanarius) vi. 47. 
 
 alpicola (Montifringilla) iii. 619. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 619. 
 
 alpina (Chourtka) vii. 237. 
 
 (Citrinella) iii. 535. 
 
 (Hirundo) iv. 603. 
 
 (Lagopus) iv. 264. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 29. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 237. 
 
 (salicaria) (Peecila) iii. 107. 
 
 , var. americana (Scbcendclus) viii. 21. 
 
 alpina (Tringa) .... viii. 21, 199. 
 alpina, var. americana (Tringa) . . viii. 21. 
 
 alpinus (Accentor) Hi. 29, 32, 41. 
 
 iv. 209. 
 
 (Antbus) iii. 335. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 603. 
 
 (Cypselus melba) iv. 603. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 157, 180, 184. 
 
 (Micropus) iv. 603. 
 
 (Picoides) v. 69. 
 
 alpinus (Pyrrhocorax) iv. 396, 
 
 440, 441, 442,443, 445, 446. 
 
 alpinus (Tetrao) vii. 157. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 401. 
 
 , var. digitata (Pyrrbocorax) . . iv. 445. 
 
 , var. byperborea (Lagopus) . vii. 179. 
 
 minor (Lagopus) . vii. 157. 
 
 Alsoecus . .. . ... ii. 375. 
 
 Alsoecus ii. 389. 
 
 conspicillata .... ii. 393. 
 
 altaica (Perdix) vii. 97 _ 
 
 altaicus (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Tetraogallus) vii. 235, 238. 
 
 altensteini (Somateria) vi. 643. 
 
 C 
 
6 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 alticeps (An thus) . . hi. 285. 
 
 (Archibuteo) v. 469. 
 
 (Crex) vii. 291. 
 
 (Hippolais) ii. 521. 
 
 (Lusciniopsis fluviatilis) .... ii. 621. 
 
 (Machetes) yiii. 87. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 91. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 altifrons (Charadrius) vii. 435. 
 
 altirostris (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 altisonans (Cettia) ii. 639. 
 
 altumi (Cygnus) vi. 441. 
 
 Aluco v. 235, 269, 271. 
 
 delicatula v. 239. 
 
 flammeus v. 237. 
 
 stridulus v. 271. 
 
 aluco (Strix) v. 237, 271, 350. 
 
 aluco (Syrnium) .... v. 269, 271, 
 
 272, 273, 280. 
 
 aluco (Ulula) v. 271. 
 
 amaliae (Columba) vii. 11. 
 
 amaurosoma (Nectris) .... viii. 523, 524. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 623. 
 
 ambigua (Ficedula) ii. 537. 
 
 ambiguus (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 americana (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 (Bucephala) vi. 595. 
 
 (Butor) vi. 289. 
 
 (Calidris) viii. 101. 
 
 (Certhia) iii. 195, 201. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 595. 
 
 (Euspiza) iv. 155. 
 
 (Fulica) vii. 333. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 557* 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 129, 130, 135, 
 
 138, 139* 
 
 (Mareca) vi. 539, 546. 
 
 (Nyctea nivea) v. 287. 
 
 ((Edemia) vi. 667. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 (Pinicola) iv. 111. 
 
 (Recurvirostra) vii. 578, 582. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Strix flammea) v. 237. 
 
 (Sula) vi. 181. 
 
 americanus (Asio) v. 254. 
 
 (Brachyotus palustris) v. 257. 
 
 (Chaulelasmus) vi. 487. 
 
 (Coccystes) v. 227. 
 
 americanus (Coccyzus) . . v. 225, 
 227, 231, 232, 233. 
 americanus (Corvus) .... iv. 533, 535, 539. 
 
 (Guculus) v. 227. 
 
 (Cureus) v. 227. 
 
 (Cygnus) vi. 439. 
 
 (Erythrophrys) v. 227. 
 
 (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 175. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 399. 
 
 americanus (Mergus) vi. 685. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 269. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Pluvialis fulvus) .... vii. 436, 445. 
 
 , var. floridanus (Corvus) .... iv. 533. 
 
 Ammodromus iii. 47, 60. 
 
 Ammomanes iv. 327. 
 
 Ammomanes arenicolor iv. 335. 
 
 Ammomanes cinctura .... iv. 330, 
 , 335, 336. 
 
 deserti iv. 327, 329, 
 
 335, 336, 337. 
 
 Ammomanes elegans iv. 335. 
 
 fraterculus iv. 329, 331. 
 
 isabellina iv. 329. 
 
 isabellinus v. 202, 210. 
 
 lusitana iv. 329. 
 
 lusitanica iv. 329. 
 
 pallida iv. 335, 336. 
 
 regulus iv. 335, 336. 
 
 Ammoperdix vii. 115. 
 
 bonhami vii. 115, 117, 
 
 118, 119. 
 
 Ammoperdix heyi vii. 115, 119. 
 
 Ammoptila vii. 519. 
 
 charadroides vii. 521. 
 
 Amnicola ii. 603. 
 
 melanopogon ii. 605. 
 
 Ampelidas iii. 373, 427, 445. 
 
 Ampelis iii. 427. 
 
 Ampelis cedrorum iii. 427. 
 
 Ampelis garrulus iii. 427, 
 
 429, 442. 
 
 Ampelis phoenicopterus iii. 427. 
 
 amphileuca (Saxicola) ii. 203. 
 
 amurensis (Aquila) v. 507. 
 
 (Erythropus) vi. 97. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 94. 
 
 ansestheta (Sterna) viii. 312. 
 
 Anas iv. 548. 
 
 vi. 353, 387, 407, 417, 449, 467, 
 481, 485, 495, 505, 529, 539, 549, 
 579, 587, 607, 615, 627, 655, 675. 
 Anas acuta vi. 472, 517, 518, 523, 531, 534. 
 
 africana vi. 581. 
 
 alandica vi. 531. 
 
 albeola vi. 589. 
 
 albifrons vi. 375. 
 
 Anas angustirostris vi. 479, 
 
 482. 
 
 Anas anser vi. 355. 
 
 anser ferus vi. 355. 
 
 archiboschas vi. 469. 
 
 atra vi. 663. 
 
 aurantia vi. 461. 
 
 baikal vi. 521. 
 
 barrowii vi. 603. 
 
 beringii . . vi. 643. 
 
 bernicla vi. .389. 
 
 Anas boschas vi. 176, 222, 467, 
 
 469, 487, 490, 508, 518, 523, 623. 
 
 Anas brachyrhynchos vi. 617. 
 
 bucephala vi. 589. 
 
 carbo vi. 657. 
 
 casarca vi. 461. 
 
 caudacuta vi. 531. 
 
 caudata vi. 531. 
 
 cinerascens vi. 663. 
 
 cinerea vi. 487. 
 
 circia vi. 513. 
 
 clangula v. 524. 
 
 vi. 595, 603. 
 
 clypeata vi. 497, 523, 564. 
 
 cogolca vi. 541. 
 
 colymbis. vi. 578. 
 
 comuta vi. 451. 
 
 crecca vi. 472, 507, 523, 527. 
 
 cristata vi. 573. 
 
 cutberti vi. 629. 
 
 cygnus vi. 433. 
 
 cygnus, var. mansuetus .... vi. 419. 
 
 dircsea vi. 429. 
 
 dispar vi. 649, 654. 
 
 eritrocephala vi. 551. 
 
 erythropus : . . vi. 383. 
 
 falcaria vi. 525. 
 
 falcata vi. 525, 527, 528. 
 
 fera vi. 469. 
 
 ferina vi. 651, 564, 584. 
 
 ferruginea vi. 581. 
 
 fistularis vi. 541. 
 
 fistularis cristata vi. 559. 
 
 formosa vi. 521. 
 
 fraenata vi. 565. 
 
 freti-hudsonis vi. 643. 
 
 fuliginosa vi. 657. 
 
 fuligula vi. 573, 578. 
 
 fusca vi. 657. 
 
 glacialis vi. 617, 653. 
 
 glaucion vi. 581, 595. 
 
 glaucium vi. 595. 
 
 glaucium minus vi. 573. 
 
 glaucium &c vi. 565. 
 
 glocitans vi. 509, 521, 523. 
 
 histrionica vi. 609. 
 
 hrota vi. 397. 
 
 hyberna vi. 589. 
 
 hyemalis vi. 595, 617. 
 
 hyperborea vi. 413. 
 
 islandica vi. 603. 
 
 jamaicensis vi. 497. 
 
 kekuschka vi. 487. 
 
 kogolka vi. 541. 
 
 latirostris vi. 669. 
 
 leucocephala vi. 677. 
 
 leucophthalmus vi. 564, 681 
 
 leucopsis vi. 397. 
 
 longicauda vi. 631, 617. 
 
 longicauda islandica vi. 617. 
 
INDEX 
 
 7 
 
 Anas longicauda &c vi. 617. 
 
 lurida vi. 551. 
 
 mansuetus vi. 419. 
 
 marila vi. 551, 556, 565. 
 
 marmorata . . vi. 467, 479, 482, 684. 
 
 mersa vi. 677. 
 
 mexicana vi. 497. 
 
 miclonia vi. 617. 
 
 minuta vi. 609, 618. 
 
 mollissima vi. 629, 652. 
 
 monaclms vi. 389. 
 
 nigra vi. 663. 
 
 nigra et fusca vi. 657, 663. 
 
 nigra major vi. 657. 
 
 nigra &c vi. 669. 
 
 nivalis vi. 413. 
 
 nyroca vi. 581. 
 
 occidua vi. 649, 654. 
 
 olor vi. 419. 
 
 paludosus vi. 363. 
 
 penelope vi. 523, 541, 551. 
 
 penelops vi. 541. 
 
 peregrina vi. 595. 
 
 perspicillata vi. 669. 
 
 querquedula vi. 513, 517. 
 
 querquedula carolinensis .... vi. 589. 
 
 querquedula ferroensis vi. 617. 
 
 querquedula ludoviciana .... vi. 589. 
 
 querquedula &c vi. 609. 
 
 rubens vi. 497. 
 
 rufa vi. 551. 
 
 ruficollis vi. 403, 551. 
 
 rufina vi. 559. 
 
 rustica vi. 589. 
 
 rutila vi. 461. 
 
 scandiaca vi. 578. 
 
 seapularis vi. 513. 
 
 segetum vi. 363. 
 
 sparrmanni vi. 531. 
 
 spectabilis vi. 643. 
 
 stelleri vi. 649, 652, 653. 
 
 strepera vi. 487, 489, 518. 
 
 subboschas vi. 469. 
 
 subterranea vi. 565. 
 
 tadoma vi. 451. 
 
 torquata vi. 403. 
 
 torquata &c vi. 609. 
 
 Anatidse vi. 353, 577, 622, 637. 
 
 anatum (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 anchietse (Telephonus) iii. 424. 
 
 Ancylocheilus viii. 9, 59. 
 
 Aneylocbilus subarquatus viii. 59. 
 
 andalusiae (Cuculus) iv. 219. 
 
 andalusica (Ortygis) vii. 249. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 249. 
 
 (Turnix) vii. 249. 
 
 andalusicus (Tetrao) vii. 249. 
 
 andamanensis (Corvus) iv. 533. 
 
 andersoni (Pboenicopterus) vi. 343. 
 
 andromeda (Curruca) ii. 587. 
 
 anglica (Gelochelidon) viii. 295. 
 
 anglica (Laropis) viii. 295. 
 
 anglica (Sterna) .... viii. 275, 276, 
 295, 299, 300, 414. 
 
 anglica (Tbalasseus) viii. 295. 
 
 (Viralva) viii. -295. 
 
 anglicana (Rubetra) iii. 453. 
 
 (Seolopax gallinago) ...... viii. 21. 
 
 anglorum (Cymotomus) viii. 517. 
 
 (Motacilla) viii. 277. 
 
 (Nectris) viii. 517. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii, 517. 
 
 anglorum (Puffinus) viii. 413, 511, 
 513, 515, 517, 520, 528, 530, 531. 
 
 anglorum (Thalassidroma) viii. 517. 
 
 anguium (Circaetos) v. 563. 
 
 angusticauda (Sylvia) ii. 491. 
 
 angustirostris (Anas) . . vi. 479, 
 
 482. 
 
 angustirostris (Cbaulelasmus) .... vi. 479. 
 
 (Corythus) iv. 111. 
 
 (Corythus enucleator) iv. 111. 
 
 (Enucleator) iv. 111. 
 
 (Marmaronetta) vi. 479. 
 
 (Marmonetta) vi. 479. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 (Querquedula) vi. 479. 
 
 angustistriata (Galerita cristata) . . iv. 286. 
 
 anisodactyli (Coccyges) v. 111. 
 
 anjinho (Procellaria) viii. 552, 553. 
 
 annomanes iv. 327. 
 
 deserti iv, 329, 331. 
 
 elegans iv. 335. 
 
 isabellina iv. 329. 
 
 regulus iv. 335. 
 
 annulata (Hiaticula) vii. 497. 
 
 Anorthura iii. 217. 
 
 communis iii. 219. 
 
 troglodytes iii. 219. 
 
 Anous viii. 253, 313. 
 
 1’herminieri viii. 307. 
 
 plumb ea viii. 327, 
 
 Anser vi. 353, 387, 
 
 407, 417, 627. 
 
 Anser albatus vi. 409, 410, 411. 
 
 Anser albifrons .... vi. 375, 378, 
 381, 383, 384, 385, 386. 
 
 Anser albifrons roseipes vi. 375, 
 
 arvensis vi. 363, 364, 367, 373. 
 
 bemiela vi. 397. 
 
 bernicla minor vi. 397. 
 
 Anser brachyrhynchus . . vi. 357, 
 
 369, 372, 373. 
 
 Anser brenta vi. 389. 
 
 bruchii vi. 375. 
 
 casarca vi. 461. 
 
 cineraceus vi. 383. 
 
 Anser cinereus vi. 345, 353, 
 
 355, 359, 364, 366, 369, 372, 374. 
 Anser cygnus vi. 419, 438. 
 
 Anser erythropus. ... vi. 375, 376, 
 378, 379, 383, 401, 405. 
 
 Anser ferus vi. 355, 363. 
 
 viii. 442. 
 
 finmarehicus vi. 383. 
 
 gambeli 
 
 grandinis . . . 
 
 hyperboreus . . 
 
 indieus 
 
 intermedius . 
 
 lanuginosus . 
 
 leucopsis 
 
 medius 
 
 minutus 
 
 niveus 
 
 obscurus 
 
 pallipes 
 
 palustris 
 
 peregrinus . . . 
 
 phoenicopus . 
 
 platyurus . . . 
 
 rossii ....... 
 
 rufesoenS . . . 
 
 ruficollis 
 
 , vi. 376, 378, 381. 
 
 vi. 413. 
 
 vi. 409, 410, 411, 413. 
 
 vi. 360. 
 
 vi. 375. 
 
 vi. 629. 
 
 vi. 397. 
 
 vi. 355, 375. 
 
 vi. 383. 
 
 vi. 413. 
 
 vi. 369. 
 
 vi. 375. 
 
 vi. 355. 
 
 vi. 403. 
 
 vi. 369. 
 
 vi. 363. 
 
 vi. 410, 411. 
 
 . ... vi. 363, 369, 373. 
 vi. 403. 
 
 Anser segetum vi. 359, 363, 
 
 367, 369, 373. 
 Anser segetum, var. serrirostris . . vi. 363. 
 
 septentrionalis sylvestris .... vi. 375. 
 
 sylvestris vi. 355, 363. 
 
 temminckii vi. 383. 
 
 torquatus vi. 389. 
 
 vulgaris vi. 355. 
 
 anser (Anas) vi. 355. 
 
 anser ferus (Anas) vi. 355. 
 
 Anseres vi. 353, 562. 
 
 antarctica (Sterna) viii. 279. 
 
 antarcticus (Stercorarius) . . viii. 458, 462. 
 
 anthirostris (Galerita) iv. 321. 
 
 (Locustella) ii. 611. 
 
 (Locustella vera) . . . , ii. 611. 
 
 Anthropoides vii. 335. 
 
 virgo vii. 344, 353. 
 
 Anthus iii. 283. 
 
 Anthus agilis iii. 306, 309. 
 
 agrorum iii. 317. 
 
 alpinus iii. 335. 
 
 alticeps iii. 285. 
 
 apinus iii. 335. 
 
 aquaticus iii. 293, 331, 335, 343, 346. 
 
 arboreus iii. 305, 313, 320. 
 
 iv. 259. 
 
 Anthus bertheloti iii. 291, 
 
 292, 293. 
 
 Anthus berth elotii iii. 291. 
 
 blakistoni iii. 335, 340. 
 
 Anthus campestris ii. 551. 
 
 iii. 283, 291, 293, 317, 
 320, 322, 328, 329. 
 
 Anthus cecilii 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 iii. 299. 
 
8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Anthus cervinus .... iii. 288, 289, 
 297, 299, 300, 304, 305. 
 307, 311, 320, 332, 339. 
 
 iv. 259, 344. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Anthus coutellii iii. 335. 
 
 dardcus iii. 285. 
 
 desertorum iii. 285. 
 
 flavescens iii. 317. 
 
 foliorum iii. 309. 
 
 herbarum iii. 309. 
 
 hiemalis iii. 335. 
 
 hypogseus iii. 331. 
 
 immutabilis iii. 343. 
 
 japonicus .... iii. 303, 304, 331, 332. 
 
 jerdoni v. 210. 
 
 j uncorum iii. 309. 
 
 lichtensteinii iii. 285. 
 
 littoralis iii. 343. 
 
 longipes iii. 325. 
 
 Anthus ludovicianus .... iii. 283, 
 
 331, 332, 337. 
 
 Anthus maeronyx 
 
 maculatus , 
 
 major 
 
 massiliensis 
 
 minor 
 
 montana. . . 
 
 montanellus 
 
 montanus . 
 
 musicus . . . 
 
 neglectus . . 
 
 nigripes 
 
 . . . iii. 325. 
 . . . iii. 317. 
 . . . iii. 335. 
 . . . iii. 317. 
 . . . iii. 335. 
 ... iii. 309. 
 ... iii. 285. 
 ... iii. 335. 
 . . . iii. 285. 
 iii. 336, 340. 
 . ... iii. 335. 
 
 Anthus obseurus .... iii. 305, 340, 
 
 341, 343, 346. 
 
 y. 210. 
 
 Anthus orientalis iii. 335. 
 
 palustris iii. 285. 
 
 pennsylvanicus iii. 331. 
 
 petrosus iii. 343. 
 
 pipiens iii. 331. 
 
 plumatus iii. 309. 
 
 Anthus pratensis ii. 325, 616, 
 
 iii. 283, 285, 289, 291, 292, 293. 
 295, 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 
 306, 309, 310, 311, 320, 332. 
 
 iv. 259. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vii. 633. 
 
 Anthus pratensis japonicus iii. 331. 
 
 pratensis nubicus iii. 299. 
 
 pratorum iii. 285. 
 
 raalteni iii- 322. 
 
 reinhardtii iii- 331. 
 
 Anthus richardi .... iii. 283, 306, 
 
 307, 322, 325. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Anthus rosaceus iii. 303. 
 
 Anthus ruhens iii. 331. 
 
 rufescens ii. 551. 
 
 iii. 317. 
 
 ruficollis iii. 299. 
 
 rufigularis iii. 299, 300, 305. 
 
 rufigularis (var. of pratensis ?), 
 
 iii. 300. 
 
 rufogularis iii. 299, 303. 
 
 rufus iii. 317. 
 
 rupestris iii. 303, 325, 
 
 337, 338, 343, 347. 
 
 Anthus seebohmi iii. 295. 
 
 vii.. 469. 
 
 Anthus sepiarius ....... iii. 285. 
 
 sinensis iii. 307, 328. 
 
 Anthus spinoletta iii. 302, 
 
 303,. 320, 331, 335, 337, 
 338, 339, 343, 344, 347. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Anthus stagnatilis iii. 285. 
 
 subarquatus iii. 317. 
 
 tenuirostris iii. 285. 
 
 thermophilus .... iii. 299, 306, 307. 
 
 tristis iii. 285. 
 
 Anthus trivialis. . iii. 283, 290, 291, 
 
 309. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Anthus virescens iii. 285. 
 
 Antigone vii. 335. 
 
 leucogeranus vii. 359. 
 
 antigone (Grus) vi. 64. 
 
 vii. 335. 
 
 antillarum (Sterna) viii. 282. 
 
 antiquorum (Phcenicopterus) .... vi. 343, 
 
 347. 
 
 (Porphyrio) vii. 299. 
 
 antiquus (Phcenicopterus) vi. 343. 
 
 Apiaster v. 153, 155. 
 
 bengalensis torquatus v. 171. 
 
 icterocephalos v. 155. 
 
 madagascariensis torquatus . . v. 171. 
 
 apiaster (Merops) v. 144, 153, 
 
 155, 166, 167, 168, 169. 
 
 vi. 128. 
 
 apinus (Anthus) iii. 335. 
 
 apium (Pemis) vi. 3. 
 
 (Pernis apivorus) vi. 3. 
 
 apivora (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 apivorus (Accipiter buteo) vi. 3. 
 
 (Buteo) vi. 3. 
 
 (Ealco) vi. 3. 
 
 apivorus (Pernis) .... v. 649, 668. 
 
 vi. 1, 3, 8. 
 
 apivorus apium (Pernis) ........... vi. 3. 
 
 major (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 planiceps (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 vesparum (Pemis) vi. 3. 
 
 apos (Hirundo) iv. 583. 
 
 apricarius (Charadrius) vii. 435. 
 
 apricarius (Pluvialis) vii. 435, 436. 
 
 Apternus v. 67. 
 
 crissoleucus v. 69. 
 
 kamtchatkensis v. 69. 
 
 longirostris v. 69. 
 
 montanus v. 69. 
 
 septentrionalis v. 69. 
 
 tridactylus v. 69. 
 
 Apus iv. 581,583. 
 
 murarius iv. 583. 
 
 apus (Cypselus). . . . iv. 581, 583, 
 587, 593, 595, 597, 598, 
 599, 601, 608, 615. 
 
 vi. 11. 
 
 (Hirundo) iv. 583. 
 
 (Micropus) iv. 583. 
 
 apus murarius (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 niger (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 turrium (Cypselus) ......... iv. 583. 
 
 vulgaris (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 aquatica (Calamodyta) .......... ii. 591. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 591. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 249. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 591. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 591. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 591. 
 
 aquaticus (Acrocephalus) ii. 591. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 aquaticus (Anthus) iii. 293, 
 
 331, 335, 343, 346. 
 (Aramus) vii. 257. 
 
 aquaticus (Cinclus) ii. 165, 
 
 167, 168, 169> 177, 179, 
 180, 181, 182, 183. 
 (Circus) v. 415. 
 
 aquaticus (Rallus) vii. 255, 
 
 257, 261. 
 
 aquaticus, var. minor (Cinclus) . . ii. 168. 
 
 , var. rufiventris et albiventris 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 181. 
 
 aquaticus minor (Rallus) vii. 267. 
 
 Aquatilis ii. 165. 
 
 cinclus ii. 167. 
 
 Aquila v. 413, 479, 
 
 533, 543, 561, 573. 
 vi. 1, 137. 
 
 adalberti v. 514, 517, 
 
 518,, 522, 525, 532. 
 
 Aquila adalberti major v. 517. 
 
 adalberti minor v. 517. 
 
 alba v. 633. 
 
 albicans „ v. 615. 
 
 alhicilla v. 651. 
 
 albipectus v. 481. 
 
 americana v. 533. 
 
 amurensis v. 507. 
 
 assimilis v. 491. 
 
 aurea v. 533. 
 
 balbusardus vi. 139. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 9 
 
 Aquila barthelemyi v. 533, 538. 
 
 belisarius v. 515. 
 
 bifasciata v. 499, 507, 
 
 510, 511, 522, 525, 630. 
 
 bonelli v. 575. 
 
 bracbydactyla v. 563. 
 
 brebmii v. 481. 
 
 canadensis v. 533. 
 
 — — cboka v. 513. 
 
 cbrysaetos v. 521, 524, 533. 
 
 Aquila chrysaetos v. 479, 
 
 533, 535, 537, 538, 539. 
 Aquila cbrysaetus v. 533, 535, 537, 538, 539. 
 
 Aquila clanga v. 492, 494, 
 
 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 
 502, 503, 504, 507, 509, 530. 
 
 Aquila crassipes v. 504, 522. 
 
 culleni v. 513, 514. 
 
 — daphanea v. 533. 
 
 deserticola v. 545. 
 
 dubia v. 499. 
 
 fasciata v. 575. 
 
 fulva y. 533, 537. 
 
 fulvescens v. 527. 
 
 fulviventris v. 499, 
 
 fusca v. 499. 
 
 fuscicapilla y. 533. 
 
 fuscoatra v. 491. 
 
 gallica v. 563. 
 
 glaucopis v. 449, 451. 
 
 gymnopus v. 481. 
 
 baliseetus yi. 139. 
 
 baliaetus yi. 139. 
 
 bastata ii. 473. 
 
 v. 492, 498, 503. 
 
 heliaca y. 517, 520, 521, 526. 
 
 imperialis . y. 507, 517, 521, 531, 533, 
 
 intermedia y. 533, 575. 
 
 lestris v. 513. 
 
 leueampbomma y. 563. 
 
 leucocephala v. 551. 
 
 leucolena y. 517, 518. 
 
 leueorypba v. 545. 
 
 — — - longicaudata y. 481. 
 
 macei y. 545. 
 
 maculata y. 491, 
 
 maculati-rostris v. 481. 
 
 marina yi. 139. 
 
 — ■ — melanaetos y. 533. 
 
 melanaetus y. 493. 
 
 melanaetus v. 533, 
 
 minuta y. 481. 
 
 Aquila mogilnik ii. 282. 
 
 v. 507, 510, 511, 519, 
 520, 521, 522. 
 
 Aquila mogilnik bifasciata y. 507. 
 
 morpbnoides y. 485. 
 
 — nee via v. 491, 492, 493, 494, 
 
 501, 504, 509, 515, 
 vii. 388. 
 
 Aquila nsevia, yar v. 507. 
 
 nsevia, var. bifasciata v. 507. 
 
 naevia, var. orientalis major . . v. 507. 
 
 naevioides v. 504, 507, 513, 
 
 514, 528, 532. 
 
 nigra v. 533. 
 
 Aquila nipalensis . . yi. 504, 507, 
 
 511, 575. 
 
 Aquila nobilis v. 533. 
 
 nudipes v. 481. 
 
 orientalis v. 507, 509. 
 
 pallasii v. 507. 
 
 Aquila pennata ii. 282, 
 
 y. 481, 485, 486, 487, 573, 583. 
 
 Aquila piscatrix yi. 139. 
 
 planga v. 491. 
 
 Aquila pomarina. . . . v. 491, 492, 
 494, 498, 500, 501, 504. 
 
 Aquila pygargus v. 563. 
 
 Aquila rapax . . v. 513, 514, 515. 
 
 Aquila raptor v. 513. 
 
 regia v. 533. 
 
 riparia v. 521. 
 
 rubriventer y. 575. 
 
 rufonucbalis v. 491, 494. 
 
 subnsevia v. 491, 
 
 substriata v. 513. 
 
 unicolor v. 499. 
 
 variabilis y. 431. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 variegata v. 513. 
 
 vindhiana v. 516, 571. 
 
 yittata v. 499. 
 
 vulturina v. 513. 
 
 wiedii y. 575. 
 
 aquila (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 Aquilastur v. 573. 
 
 bonelli v. 575. 
 
 wiedii v. 575. 
 
 aquilinus (Buteo) v. 463, 465. 
 
 arabica (Ortygometra) vii. 267. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 285. 
 
 arabicus (Acrocepbalus) ii. 579. 
 
 (Larus) yiii. 389. 
 
 arabs (Hiaticula) yii. 497. 
 
 (Melanocorypba) iv. 329. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 367. 
 
 aragonica (Perdix) vii, 61. 
 
 Aramus yii. 255. 
 
 aquaticus vii. 257. 
 
 aranea (Gelocbelidon) viii. 295. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 295. 
 
 (Viralva) yiii. 295. 
 
 arborea (Alauda) iii. 309. 
 
 iv. 321, 322, 323, 325, 351, 352. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 arborea (Columba) vii. 23. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 321. 
 
 (Jynx) v. 103. 
 
 (Lullula) iv. 321. 
 
 arborea (Monedula) . 
 
 (Pbyllopneuste) 
 
 (Ruticilla) . . . . , 
 
 (Yunx torquilla) 
 
 arboreus (Antbus) . . . 
 
 (Carbo) 
 
 (Otus) 
 
 (Passer) 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) 
 
 (Pipastes) 
 
 iv. 523. 
 
 ii. 491. 
 
 ii. 277. 
 
 v. 103. 
 
 iii. 305,313,320. 
 
 iv. 259. 
 
 vi. 151. 
 
 y. 251. 
 
 ... iii. 587, 597. 
 
 vi. 151. 
 
 ... iii. 309, 313. 
 iv. 200. 
 
 (Turdus) ii- 3. 
 
 arbustorum (Calamoberpe) ii. 567. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 31. 
 
 arcadicus (Dendrofalco) vi. 103. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 103, 107. 
 
 Arceutbornis ii. 1. 
 
 pilaris ii- 41. 
 
 arcbiboscbas (Anas) vi. 469. 
 
 Archibuteo v. 469. 
 
 africanus 
 
 v. 471. 
 
 alticeps v. 471. 
 
 Archibuteo lagopus . . v. 469, 471, 
 
 476, 617. 
 
 Arcbibuteo planieeps v. 471. 
 
 sancti-jobannis v. 473, 489. 
 
 stropbiatus v. 476. 
 
 Arctica viii. 589. 
 
 alle viii. 591. 
 
 arctica (Alca) viii. 599. 
 
 (Ceratoblepbarum) viii. 599. 
 
 arctica (Fratercula) vi. 184, 
 
 viii. 597, 599. 
 
 arctica (Lunda) yiii. 599. 
 
 (Mormon) . yiii. 599. 
 
 (Sterna) .... viii. 197, 255, 259,271. 
 
 (Strix) y. 257, 287. 
 
 (Uria) yiii. 581. 
 
 arcticus (Cephus) yiii. 581. 
 
 (Ceppbus) viii. 615. 
 
 arcticus (Colymbus) viii. 607, 611, 
 613, 614, 615, 616. 
 
 arcticus (Cymotomus) yiii. 527. 
 
 (Eudytes) viii. 615. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 25, 29. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 439. 
 
 (Mergulus) yiii. 591. 
 
 (Mormon) viii. 599. 
 
 (Picoides) v. 72. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 517, 527. 
 
 arcuata (Pyrgita) iii. 593. 
 
 arcuatulus (Numenius) viii. 241. 
 
 arcuatus (Numenius) viii. 240. 
 
 Ardea vi. 205, 207, 257, 267, 
 
 279, 295, 333. 
 
 sequinoctialis vi. 245, 250. 
 
 Ardea alba vi. 231, 232, 236, 
 
 237, 238, 241, 243. 
 d 
 
10 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ardea ardeola vi. 259. 
 
 ardeola naevia vi. 259. 
 
 atra vi. 309. 
 
 atricollis vi. 225, 226. 
 
 audax vi. 251. 
 
 badia vi. 217. 
 
 botaumlus vi. 251. 
 
 botaurus vi. 217, 281 . 
 
 botaurus &c vi. 289, 
 
 botaurus major vi. 217. 
 
 botaurus minor vi. 251. 
 
 botaurus naevius vi. 269. 
 
 brag vi. 207. 
 
 Ardea bubulc us 245, 249, 
 
 250, 255. 
 
 Ardea cancrofagus vi. 251. 
 
 cancrofagus &c vi. 251. 
 
 cancrofagus luteus vi. 251. 
 
 cancrophagus castaneus .... vi. 217. 
 
 Candida vi. 231. 
 
 Candida minor vi. 245. 
 
 candidissima vi. 243. 
 
 caspia vi. 217. 
 
 castanea vi. 251. 
 
 cayennensis vi. 271. 
 
 chrysopelargus vi. 309. 
 
 ciconia vi. 297. 
 
 cineracea vi. 207. 
 
 Ardea cinerea. . vi. 205, 207, 222, 
 223, 227, 234, 235, 237. 
 Ardea cinerea bracbyrbynehos .... vi. 207. 
 
 cinerea major vi. 207. 
 
 cinerea media vi. 207. 
 
 cinerea minor vi. 207. 
 
 comata vi. 251. 
 
 coromanda vi. 245, 246, 249. 
 
 coromandra vi. 245. 
 
 cristata vi. 207. 
 
 cristata purpurascens vi. 217. 
 
 cyanocepbala vi. 269. 
 
 danubialis vi. 259. 
 
 deaurata vi. 251. 
 
 discors vi. 269. 
 
 egretta vi. 231, 232, 236, 237, 
 
 238, 239, 242. 
 
 egrettoides vi. 231. 
 
 elegans vi. 242. 
 
 erythropus vi. 251. 
 
 eulophotes vi. 244. 
 
 ferruginea vi. 269. 
 
 freti-budsonis vi. 289. 
 
 gardeni vi. 269. 
 
 Ardea garzetta. .vi. 234, 235, 239, 
 
 243, 244, 262. 
 
 Ardea gigantea vii. 359. 
 
 goliath vii. 535. 
 
 grisea vi- 269. 
 
 griseo-alba vi. 251. 
 
 grus vii. 337 . 
 
 herodias vi. 208. 
 
 Ardea hoactli . . 
 
 hudsonias 
 
 ibis 
 
 idae 
 
 intermedia 
 
 jamacensis 
 
 j ohannse . , 
 
 kwakwa , , 
 
 lentiginosa 
 
 leucophsea 
 
 leucoptera 
 
 lucida . . . . 
 
 maculata. , 
 
 major 
 
 marsigli . , 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 289. 
 
 vi. 245, 250. 
 
 vi. 242. 
 
 vi. 235, 236, 237, 238. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 207- 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 289. 
 
 vi. 207. 
 
 vi. 243. 
 
 vi. 245, 250. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 207. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 Ardea melanocephala . . vi. 225, 
 
 227. 
 
 Ardea melanopus vi. 243. 
 
 melanorhyncha vi. 231. 
 
 mexicana cristata vi. 269. 
 
 minor vi. 289. 
 
 minuta vi. 259, 261. 
 
 modesta vi. 231. 
 
 mokoho vi. 289. 
 
 monticola vi. 217. 
 
 mugitans vi. 293. 
 
 naevia vi. 207, 269. 
 
 nigra vi. 309. 
 
 nigripes vi. 239. 
 
 nigrirostris vi. 239. 
 
 niuea vi. 239. 
 
 nivea vi. 239. 
 
 nycticorax vi. 269. 
 
 orientalis vi. 239. 
 
 pharaonica vi. 217. 
 
 pumila vi. 251. 
 
 purpurascens vi. 217. 
 
 purpurata vi. 217. 
 
 Ardea purpurea vi. 217,254. 
 
 Ardea purpurea, var. manillensis . . vi. 217. 
 
 Ardea ralloides .... vi, 251, 262. 
 Ardea ralloides et minuta . . vi. 251, 259. 
 
 rhenana vi. 207. 
 
 rufa vi. 217, 335. 
 
 ruficristata vi. 245, 248. 
 
 russata ii. 304. 
 
 vi. 245, 247. 
 
 santodactylos vi. 239. 
 
 senegalensis vi. 251. 
 
 sexsetacea vi. 269. 
 
 soloniensis vi. 259. 
 
 squaiotta vi. 251. 
 
 stellaris vi. 281. 
 
 stellaris, var vi. 289. 
 
 stellaris capensis vi. 281. 
 
 tayazaquira vi. 269. 
 
 variegata vi. 217. 
 
 verany vi. 245, 
 
 virgo vii. 353. 
 
 xanthodactyla vi. 239. 
 
 Ardea xantbopoda . . . . 
 
 Ardeidse 
 
 Ardenna 
 
 vi. 243. 
 
 . . vi. 205, 253, 254. 
 
 major , t , 1 1 . . 
 
 viii. 527. 
 
 Ardeola 
 
 vi. 205, 257. 
 
 bubulcus 
 
 
 — . .... exilis , , , , 
 
 ii. 304. 
 
 — minuta 
 
 ii. 304. 
 
 
 vi. 259. 
 
 pusilla 
 
 
 ralloides 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 russata 
 
 . . vi. 245, 253, 254. 
 
 ardeola (Ardea) 
 
 vi. 259. 
 
 (Ardea naevia) . , 
 
 vi. 259. 
 
 (Nycticorax) . . . . 
 
 
 Ardetta vi. 257. 
 
 Ardetta exilis vi. 264. 
 
 Ardetta minuta vi. 259, 263, 264. 
 
 Ardetta podiceps vi. 263. 
 
 sinensis vi. 260, 264. 
 
 Arenaria vii. 553, 555. 
 
 viii. 99. 
 
 calidris viii. 101. 
 
 cinerea vii. 555. 
 
 grisea viii. 101. 
 
 interpres vii. 555. 
 
 vulgaris viii. 101. 
 
 arenaria (Alauda) iv. 341. 
 
 arenaria (Calidris) viii. 99, 
 
 lOl, 107. 
 
 arenaria (Corydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Melanocorypha) iv. 341. 
 
 (CEnas) vii. 61. 
 
 (Otomela) iii. 413, 416. 
 
 (Pterocles) vii. 63. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 61. 
 
 arenarius (Oaccabis) vii. 97. 
 
 (Enneoctonus) iii. 413. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 413. 
 
 (Oedicnemus) vii. 401. 
 
 arenarius (Pterocles) . . vi. 49, 56. 
 
 vii. 61, 69, 70, 71. 
 
 arenarius (Tetrao) vii. 61. 
 
 arenicola (Alauda) iv. 286. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 286. 
 
 (Galerita) .... iv. 286, 289, 290, 291, 
 
 292, 299, 302. 
 
 , var. fusea (Alauda) iv. 286, 
 
 , var. fusca (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 arenicolor (Alauda) .... iv. 335. 
 
 (Ammomanes) iv. 335. 
 
 (Caprimulgus) iv. 629, 630, 631. 
 
 argentacea (Sterna) viii. 255. 
 
 argentaceus (Laroides) viii. 399, 400. 
 
 argentata (Sterna) viii. 255. 
 
 argentatoides (Glaucus) viii. 400. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 399, 400. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 399, 400, 405. 
 
 argentatus (Glaucus) viii. 400. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 399, 400, 411. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 11 
 
 argentatus (Larus) vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 391, 399, 400, 401, 402, 
 404, 405, 406, 411, 412, 413, 
 415, 416, 417, 418, 425, 430, 
 432, 439, 441, 442, 452. 
 
 argenteus (Laroides) viii. 399. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 399. 
 
 argentoratensis (Fringilla) iv. 31. 
 
 (Passer linaria) iv. 31. 
 
 Argya ii. 545. 
 
 iii. 19, 351. 
 
 Argya acaciae iii. 24. 
 
 Argya fulva iii. 21, 24. 
 
 Argya rueppelli iii. 23. 
 
 Argya squamiceps iii. 19, 21, 
 
 22, 23. 
 
 arigonis (Hypolais) ii. 531, 532. 
 
 (Hypolais einerascens &) . . ii. 531. 
 
 armata (Pluvialis senegalensis) . . vii. 539. 
 
 armatus (Hoplopterus) vii. 539. 
 
 arnotti (Saxicola) ii. 189. 
 
 arquata (Cistieola) iii. 3,5. 
 
 (Numenius) . . viii. 199, 219, 240, 243. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 243. 
 
 Aiquatella viii. 9. 
 
 maritima viii. 69. 
 
 arquatella (Trynga) viii. 69. 
 
 arquatula (Numenius) viii. 243. 
 
 arquatus (Numenius) viii. 230, 231, 
 234, 239, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250. 
 
 arquatus (Pliseopus) viii. 227. 
 
 arra (Alca) viii. 575. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 575, 578. 
 
 arrianus (Yultur) v. 383. 
 
 arsinoe (Pycnonotus) .... iii. 351, 355, 358. 
 
 Artamidse iii. 363. 
 
 Artamus cueullatus ii. 411, 414. 
 
 arundinacea (Calamodyta) . . ii. 567, 579. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 567. 579. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 241. 
 
 (Ficedula curruca) ii. 567. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 567. 
 
 (Muscipeta) ii. 567. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 567. 
 
 (Scbcenicola) iv. 241. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 561, 562, 567. 
 
 Ar undin aceus ii. 557. 
 
 turdoides ii. 579. 
 
 arundinaceus (Acrocephalus) 
 
 ii. 557, 567, 57 2 , 579, 582, 
 585, 586, 588. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 arundinaceus (Botaurus) vi. 281. 
 
 (Circus) v. 415. 
 
 (Emberiza hortulanus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Falco) v. 415. 
 
 vi. 139. 
 
 (Mystacinus) iii. 49. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 579. 
 
 arundinaceus, var. (Turdus) ii. 547. 
 
 arvensis (Alauda) iv. 268, 294, 305, 
 307, 310, 311, 312, 313, 
 315, 316, 325, 330, 356, 
 369, 371, 374, 375, 385. 
 
 y. 210. 
 vii. 388. 
 
 arvensis (Anser) vi. 363, 364, 367, 373. 
 
 (Corydalla) iii. 317, 
 
 ruficeps (Alauda) iv. 373. 
 
 ascalapbus (Bubo) v. 337. 
 
 Ascalopax vii. 629. 
 
 gallinago vii. 641. 
 
 gallinula vii. 653. 
 
 major vii. 631. 
 
 sabini vii. 641 
 
 asbanteus (Ixos) iii. 353. 
 
 (Pycnonotus) iii. 353. 
 
 asise (Francolinus) vii. 123. 
 
 asiatica (iEgialitis) . . vii. 476, 478, 
 
 479, 481, 505. 
 
 asiatica (Eudromias) vii. 479. 
 
 (Sitta) . iii. 169. 
 
 asiaticus (Cbaradrius) vii. 475, 479. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 165. 
 
 (Eudromias) vii. 444, 479. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Morinellus) vii. 479. 
 
 (Pbalaropus) vii. 605. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 471. 
 
 (Stumus) iv. 423. 
 
 Asilus ii. 467. 
 
 rufus ii. 485. 
 
 sibillatrix ii. 497. 
 
 trocbilus ii. 491. 
 
 asilus (Ficedula) ii. 491. 
 
 Asio v. 249, 327. 
 
 Asio abyssinicus v. 267. 
 
 Asio accipitrinus . . v. 249, 257. 
 
 vii. 633. 
 
 Asio americanus . . . . 
 
 asio 
 
 brachyotus . . . . 
 
 Asio capensis . 
 
 Asio galapagensis . . 
 
 italicus 
 
 Asio otus 
 
 Asio sandvicensis . . 
 
 scops 
 
 ulula 
 
 asio (Asio) 
 
 (Otus) 
 
 (Scops) 
 
 assimilis (Aquila) . . 
 
 (Corvus) 
 
 (Corvus corone) 
 
 (Crucirostra) . . 
 
 (Curruca) .... 
 
 (Linaria) 
 
 (Numenius) . . . . 
 
 v. 254. 
 
 v. 251. 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 . . . v. 249, 265. 
 
 v. 262. 
 
 v. 251. 
 
 v. 249, 251, 258. 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 v. 251. 
 
 v. 251. 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 v. 491. 
 
 iv. 531. 
 
 iv. 531. 
 
 iv. 141. 
 
 ii. 383. 
 
 iv. 37. 
 
 viii. 243. 
 
 assimilis (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Pcecila) iii. 107. 
 
 (Poecila salicaria) iii. 107. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 203. 
 
 astracanus (Falco) v. 463. 
 
 Astur y. 573, 585, 587, 597. 
 
 Astur atrieapillus v. 58 5. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbus v. 587. 
 
 brevipes v. 633. 
 
 gallinarum v. 587. 
 
 indicus v. 587. 
 
 major v. 599, 609, 616, 618. 
 
 nisus v. 599. 
 
 Astur palumbarius v. 487, 585, 587. 
 
 vii. 133, 349. 
 
 Astur paradoxus v. 58 7. 
 
 astur (Accipiter) v. 587. 
 
 ater (Carbo) vi. 151. 
 
 (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Falco) v. 494, 651. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 395, 651, 658. 
 
 vi. 65. 
 
 ater (Parus) ii. 455, 456. 
 
 iii. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 
 93, 94,- 101, 104. 
 
 ater (Pcecile) iii. 87. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 165. 
 
 aterrima (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 aterrimus (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 Athene .... v. 317, 347, 355, 365. 
 
 Athene bactrianus v. 367. 
 
 cunicularia v. 365. 
 
 forsteni v. 237. 
 
 Athene glaux v. 367, 368. 
 
 Athene indigena v. 367. 
 
 meridionalis v. 358, 359. 
 
 Athene noctua v. 323, 335, 350, 353, 
 355, 357, 359, 363, 367, 368, 369. 
 
 Athene passerina 
 
 persica .... 
 
 tengmalmi 
 
 Atix 
 
 houbara . . . 
 
 atmori (Saxicola) 
 atra (Anas) . . . . , 
 
 (Ardea) . . . 
 
 atra (Fulica) 
 
 v. 349. 
 
 v. 367. 
 
 v. 319. 
 
 vii. 367. 
 
 vii. 391. 
 
 ii. 189. 
 
 vi. 663. 
 
 vi. 309. 
 
 vii. 321, 323, 
 
 324, 325, 326, 327, 
 viii, 333, 632. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii, 293. 
 
 (Tringa) viii, i 6 5. 
 
 atra japonica (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 Atraphornis platyura iii, 14, 
 
 atrata (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii, 293. 
 
 (Phoenicura) ii. 289. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 289, 293. 
 
 atratus (Cygnus) vi. 417. 
 
 atricapilla (Curruca) ii. 421 
 
 (Epilais) ii, 421] 
 
12 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 atricapilla (Euspiza) iv. 151. 
 
 (Ficedula) ii. 421. 
 
 iii. 453. 
 
 (Ficedula curruca) ii. 421. 
 
 (Hydemela) . : iii. 453. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 421. 
 
 atricapilla (Muscicapa) . iii. 453, 
 
 460, 461, 462, 463. 
 atricapilla (Philomela) ii. 421. 
 
 atricapilla (Sylvia) . . ii. 375, 414, 
 415,421,424,514. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 atricapilla, var. (Muscicapa) iii. 459. 
 
 atricapillus (Astur) v. 585. 
 
 (Budytes) iii. 269. 
 
 atricapillus (Garrulus) . . iv. 491, 
 
 492, 499. 
 
 atricapillus (Numenius) viii. 227. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 105, 110, 112. 
 
 atriceps (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 atricilla (Larus) . . viii. 356, 357, 365, 366. 
 
 atricilloides (Larus) viii. 365, 373. 
 
 atricollis (Ardea) vi. 225, 226. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 231. 
 
 atrigularis (Cichloides) ii. 83. 
 
 (Coccothraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 215. 
 
 atrigularis (Turdus) ii. 83, 85, 86. 
 
 atrocyaneus (Turdus) ii. 87. 
 
 atrogrisea (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 atrogularis (Colymbus) .... viii. 609, 614. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 83. 
 
 (Planesticus) ii. 83. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 215. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 83. 
 
 atropterus (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 atrostriata (Muscicapa collaris) .... iii. 459. 
 
 Attagen vii. 121, 155, 157. 
 
 francolinus vii. 123. 
 
 aucheri (Lanius) iii. 381. 
 
 audax (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 audouini (Gavina) viii. 395. 
 
 (Glaucus) viii. 395. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 395. 
 
 audouini (Larus) viii. 393, 
 
 395, 396, 397. 
 
 audouini (Leucus) viii. 395. 
 
 audouinii (Gavia) viii. 395. 
 
 aurantia (Anas) vi. 461. 
 
 aurantiaca (Pyrrhula) iv. 99, 
 
 aurantiipennis (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 aurantiiventris (Chloris) .... iii. 567, 570, 
 
 (Ligurinus) iii. 567. 
 
 aurata (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 auratus (Charadrius) vii. 435, 443. 
 
 (Colaptes) v. 75. 
 
 vi. 592. 
 
 aurea (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 (Oreocincla) ii. 77. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 435, 
 
 aureocapilla (Motacilla) iii. 245. 
 
 aureo-capillus (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 aureola (Emberiza) .... iv. 223, 
 
 225, 226, 228, 259. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 aureola (Euspiza) iv. 223. 
 
 (Passerina) iv. 223. 
 
 aureolus (Hypocentor) iv. 223. 
 
 aureus (Charadrins) vii. 435. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Oriolus) iii. 365. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 77. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 401. 
 
 auricapillus (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 auriceps (Emberiza) iii. 561. 
 
 auriculatus (Enneoctonus) iii. 407. 
 
 auriculatus (Lanius) .... iii. 402, 
 
 407, 411. 
 v. 210. 
 
 aurifrons’ (Emberiza) iii. 556, 561. 
 
 (Serinus) ii. 350. 
 
 iii. 552, 555, 556, 561. 
 
 aurigaster (Pycnonotus) .... iii. 361, 362. 
 
 (Turdus) iii. 361. 
 
 aurita (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Saxicola) .... ii. 203, 208, 248, 302. 
 
 iii. 185. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 133. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 203. 
 
 , var. libyca (Saxicola) ii. 203. 
 
 aurito (Strix capite) v. 287. 
 
 auritus (Aegialites) vii. 497. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 645, 651. 
 
 auritus (Podiceps) . . viii. 635, 645, 
 
 648, 651, 652. 
 
 auritus (Turdus) ii. 86. 
 
 (Turtur) iv. 593. 
 
 vii. 39, 48, 49, 50. 
 
 , var. (Colymbus) .... viii, 651, 659. 
 
 aurorea (Lusciola) ii. 305. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 305, 357. 
 
 auroreus (Turdus) ii. 87. 
 
 australis (Chaetura) iv. 613. 
 
 (Corvus) iv..533. 
 
 (Fuliea) vii. 327. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 244, 245. 
 
 (Nyroca) vi. 679. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 380. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 629, 635. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 32, 77. 
 
 austriaca (Glareola) vii. 411. 
 
 (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 austriacus (Falco) v. 651. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 651. 
 
 autumnalis (Himantopus) . . . vii. 587, 593. 
 
 Aves carinatse ii. 1. 
 
 avicula (Locustella) ii. 611. 
 
 Avocetta vii. 575, 577. 
 
 avocetta (Recurvirostra) . vii. 575, 
 
 577. 
 
 avosetta (Scolopax) vii. 577. 
 
 axillaris (Elanus) v. 666. 
 
 ayresii (Cisticola) iii. 2. 
 
 Aythia vi. 579. 
 
 Aythya vi. 549, 675. 
 
 cristata vi. 573. 
 
 erythroeephala vi. 551. 
 
 ferina vi. 551. 
 
 fuligula vi. 573. 
 
 homeyeri vi. 551. 
 
 islandica vi. 565. 
 
 leucocephala vi. 677. 
 
 leuconotus vi. 565. 
 
 leucophthalmos vi. 581. 
 
 marila vi. 565. 
 
 nyroca vi. 482, 581. 
 
 rufina vi. 559. 
 
 azureus (Petrocossyphus) ii. 149. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 139. 
 
 babylonicus (Falco) vi. 52, 54. 
 
 bactriana (Carine) v. 367. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509, 511. 
 
 bactrianus (Athene) v. 367. 
 
 badensis (Emberiza) iv. 185. 
 
 badia (Axdea) vi. 217. 
 
 badius (Accipiter) v. 633, 638. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 407. 
 
 (Micronisus) v. 571, 633, 635. 
 
 (Nyeticorax) vi. 269. 
 
 baedekeri (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 bsetica (Calandrella) iv. 343, 
 
 344, 351, 352. 
 
 baghaira (Emberiza) iv. 341. 
 
 baicalensis (Motacilla) iii. 233. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 114. 
 
 (Pcecile) iii. 119, 
 
 baikal (Anas) vi. 521. 
 
 baikalensis (Parus) iii. 105, 120. 
 
 bailloni (Crex) vii. 27 5. 
 
 baillonl (Porzana) . . vii. 275, 283, 
 
 284, 287. 
 
 bailloni (Rallus) vii. 275. 
 
 baiilonii (Calliope) ii. 342. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 275. 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 275. 
 
 (Porzana) vii. 275. 
 
 bairdi (Coccyzus) v. 227, 228. 
 
 bairdii (Tringa) viii. 16, 18. 
 
 bakkamana (Strix) v. 237, 
 
 bakkamoena (Scops) v. 334. 
 
 Balbusardus vi. 137. 
 
 haliaetus vi. 139, 
 
 balbusardus (Aquila) vi. 139. 
 
 baldami (Cotumix) vii. 143. 
 
 baldensteinii (Parus) iii. 107, 110. 
 
 Balearica pavonina vii. 363. 
 
 balearica (Crucirostra) iv. 127, 128. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 127. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 13 
 
 balthica (Alca) viii. 557. 
 
 (Gelochelidon viii. 295. 
 
 (Sylochelidon) viii. 289. 
 
 balthicus (Colymbus) viii. 615. 
 
 (Haematopus) vii. 567. 
 
 baltica (Alca) viii. 557. 
 
 balticus (Colymbus) viii. 615, 618. 
 
 barbara (Gennaja) vi. 47. 
 
 barbarica (Perdix rubra) vii. 111. 
 
 barbarus (Falco) v. 401. 
 
 vi. 37, 43, 44, 47, 54, 55. 
 
 barbarus (Gennaja) vi. 47. 
 
 barbata (Emberiza) iv. 205. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 132, 137. 
 
 (Strix) v. 281. 
 
 (Stryx) v. 281. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 281. 
 
 barbatus (Calamophilus) iii. 49. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 583, 584. 
 
 (Falco) v. 401. 
 
 (Gyp etos) v. 411. 
 
 barbatus (Gypaetus) . . v. 384, 399, 
 401, 404, 405, 406, 408. 
 
 barbatus (Ixos) iii. 353. 
 
 (Panurus) iii. 49. 
 
 barbatus (Pycnonotus) . . iii. 353, 
 
 355, 425. 
 
 barbatus (Turdus) iii. 353. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 401. 
 
 occidentalis (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 barletta (Falco) vi. 69. 
 
 baroli (Nectris) viii. 517. 
 
 barolii (Puffinus) viii. 517. 
 
 barrovii (Clangula) vi. 603. 
 
 barrowii (Anas) vi. 603. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 603. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 603. 
 
 barthelemvi (Aquila.) v. 533, 538. 
 
 bartrami (Actitis) viii. ] 19. 
 
 (Actiturus) viii. 119. 
 
 Bartramia viii. 117. 
 
 laticauda viii. 119. 
 
 Bartramia longicauda . . viii. 117. 
 
 bartramia (Totanus) viii. 119. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 119. 
 
 Bartramius longicaudus viii. 119. 
 
 bartramius (Actiturus) viii. 119. 
 
 (Tringoides) viii. 119. 
 
 baskiriensis (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 bassana (Moris) vi. 181. 
 
 bassaua (Sula) . . vi. 179, 181, 187. 
 
 bassanus (Dysporus) vi. 181. 
 
 (Morus) vi. 181. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 181 . 
 
 becbsteinii (Turdus) ii. 83, 87. 
 
 beema (Budytes) iii- 261. 
 
 belgica (Scolopax) viii. 211. 
 
 belisarius (Aquila) v. 515. 
 
 (Falco) v. 513. 
 
 bella (Alcedo) 
 
 v. 113. 
 
 bellonii (Oidicnemus) , . . 
 
 
 (Tadorna) 
 
 vi. 451. 
 
 belonii (Tadorna) 
 
 vi. 451. 
 
 bengalensis (Alcedo) . . . . 
 
 . . . . v. Ill, 114, 
 116, 117. 
 
 (Coracias) 
 
 . . . . v. 141, 149. 
 
 (Falcinellus) 
 
 vi. 335. 
 
 (Graminicola) 
 
 iii. 6. 
 
 (Gyps) 
 
 v. 386. 
 
 (Sterna) 
 
 viii. 285. 
 
 (Tkalasseus) 
 
 . . viii. 285, 391. 
 
 torquatus (Apiaster) 
 
 v. 171. 
 
 benickii (Lestris) 
 
 viii. 471. 
 
 bergii (Sterna) 
 
 viii. 286, 
 
 beringii (Anas) 
 
 vi. 643. 
 
 Bernicla 
 
 .... vi. 387. 
 
 brenta 
 
 vi. 387, 389, 
 393, 401, 402. 
 
 Bernicla canadensis 
 
 vi. 387. 
 
 collaris 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 erytkropus 
 
 vi. 397. 
 
 glaucogaster 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 kutchinsi 
 
 vi. 393. 
 
 Bernicla leucopsis . . 
 
 vi. 391, 397, 
 401, 402. 
 
 Bernicla melanopsis 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 micropus 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 nigricans 
 
 vi. 392. 
 
 pallida 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 platyuros 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 Bernicla ruficollis . . 
 
 vi. 401, 403, 
 406. 
 
 Bernicla torquata 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 bernicla (Anas) 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 (Anser) 
 
 vi. 397. 
 
 (Branta) 
 
 vi. 389. 
 
 minor (Anser) 
 
 vi. 397. 
 
 bernieri (Ibis) 
 
 vi. 331. 
 
 bertheloti (Anthus) 
 
 .... iii. 291, 
 292, 293. 
 
 berthelotii (Anthus) 
 
 iii. 291. 
 
 Bessonornis 
 
 . . . . ii. 345, 350. 
 
 gutturalis 
 
 ii. 347. 
 
 Bessornis 
 
 . ... ii. 345, 350. 
 
 albigularis 
 
 ii. 347, 349, 350. 
 
 betularum (Linaria) 
 
 iv. 37. 
 
 (Spinus) 
 
 iii. 541. 
 
 (Turdus) 
 
 ii. 35. 
 
 betulina (Bonasa) . . 
 
 vii. 191, 193. 
 
 (Bonasia) 
 
 
 betulinus (Tetrao) 
 
 
 bewicki (Cygnus) . . 
 
 .. .. vi. 441, 
 446, 447, 448. 
 
 bewickii (Cygnus) 
 
 
 (Tringa) 
 
 
 biarmicus (HCgitha’us) . . 
 
 iii. 49. 
 
 biarmicus (Calamophilus) iii. 49. 
 
 biarmicus (Falco) 
 
 vi. 51. 54. 
 
 biarmicus (Mystacinus) in. 4^ . 
 
 biarmicus (Panurus). . iii. 47, 49. 
 
 biarmicus (Paroides) iii- 49. 
 
 (Parus) iii- 49. 
 
 Biblis iii- 503. 
 
 rupestris iii- 513. 
 
 bicincta (Alcedo) v. 125. 
 
 (Ceryle) v. 125. 
 
 (Ispida) v. 125. 
 
 bicolor (Parus) iii. 116. 
 
 bicomis (Alauda) iv. 396, 399. 
 
 (Pbileremos) iv. 399. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 (Vanellus cristatus) vii. 545. 
 
 bicuspis (Sterna) viii. 273. 
 
 bifasciata (Alauda) iv. 275, 280. 
 
 522, 525, 530. 
 
 (Aquila mogilnik) v. 507. 
 
 (Certbilauda) iv. 275. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 (Curvirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 bifasciata (Loxia) iv. 119, 
 
 129, 137, 139, 140, 141, 
 142, 146, 233. 
 
 bifasciata (Saxicola) ii. 190. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 469. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 179. 
 
 bilobus (Sarciophorus) vii. 530. 
 
 bilopha (Alauda) iv. 399. 
 
 (Otocoris) iv. 399. 
 
 (Otocornis) iv. 399. 
 
 bilopha (Otocorys) . . iv. 392, 396, 
 398, 399, 400, 401, 402. 
 
 bilopha (Otocoryx) iv. 399. 
 
 bimaculata (A'auda) .... iv. 361, 362, 370. 
 
 bimaculata (Melanocorypha) 
 
 iv. 361, 362, 363, 366, 368. 
 
 bispecularis (Garrulus) iv. 402. 
 
 bistriatu3 ((Edicnemus) vii. 407. 
 
 bistrigata (Motacilla) iii. 251, 261. 
 
 bitorquata (Ispida) v. 125. 
 
 Biziura vi. 675. 
 
 leueocephala vi. 677. 
 
 blakistoni (Anthus) iii. 335, 340. 
 
 (Chelidon) iii. 498. 
 
 blasii (Sterna) viii. 263. 
 
 Blepharomerops v. 153. 
 
 segyptius v. 165. 
 
 savignyi v. 165. 
 
 blythi (Phoenicopterus) vi. 343. 
 
 boarula (Budytes) iii. 251. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 251, 261. 
 
 bohemiea (Bombycilla) iii, 429. 
 
 boissoneautii (Hirundo) .... iii. 473, 477. 
 
 — — latirostris (Hirundo) iii. 473. 
 
 microrhynchos' (Hirundo) . . iii. 473. 
 
 minor (Hirundo) iii. 473. 
 
 boji (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
11 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 bollii (Columba) vii. 29, 
 
 Bombycilla 
 
 bohemica 
 
 brachyrkynchos . . 
 
 cedrorum 
 
 garrula 
 
 bombycilla (Parus) . , . . 
 
 Bombycipkora 
 
 polioccelia 
 
 Bombycivora 
 
 garrula 
 
 bonapartei (Emberiza) . . 
 bouapartii (Actodromus) 
 
 (Emberiza) 
 
 (Tringa) 
 
 Bonasa 
 
 betulina 
 
 Bonasa sylvestris 
 
 umbellus 
 
 bonasa scotica (Lagopus) 
 
 Bonasia 
 
 albigularis 
 
 albogularis 
 
 betulina 
 
 europsea 
 
 lagopus 
 
 minor 
 
 pyrenaica 
 
 rupestris 
 
 sylvestris 
 
 umbellus 
 
 bonasia (Tetrao) 
 
 bonasia (Tetrastes) .... 
 
 bonelli (Aquila) 
 
 (Aquilastur) 
 
 (Caricicola) 
 
 (Eutolmaetus) . . . 
 
 (Falco) 
 
 (Eicedula) 
 
 (Pseudaetus) 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 (Tolmaetus) 
 
 31, 34, 35. 
 
 iii. 427. 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 iii. 435. 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 iii. 427. 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 iii. 427. 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 iv. 219. 
 
 viii. 15. 
 
 iv. 218. 
 
 viii. 15, 18. 
 
 vii. 191. 
 
 . vii. 191, 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 191, 199, 202. 
 
 vii. 165. 
 
 vii. 191. 
 
 vii. 196. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 67. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 211. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 vii. 193. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 ii. 605. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 ii. 503. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 ii. 503. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 bonellii (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 501, 
 
 503. 
 
 bonellii (Sylvia) ii. 605. 
 
 bonhami (Ammoperdix) . vii. 115, 
 
 bonhami (Caccabis) 
 
 117. 
 
 ,vii. 117. 
 
 (Perdix) 
 
 vii. 117. 
 
 bononensis (Passer) . . . . , 
 
 iii. 607. 
 
 bononiensis (Fringilla) . . 
 
 iii. 007. 
 
 borbonica (Pratincola) . . 
 
 .... ii. 265, 266. 
 
 borealis (JBgiothus) 
 
 iv. 38. 
 
 (Alca) 
 
 
 (Colymbus) 
 
 
 (Cuculus) 
 
 v. 199. 
 
 (Emberiza) 
 
 ... iv. 229, 261. 
 
 (Falco albicilla) . . . . 
 
 v. 551. 
 
 (Fringilla) 
 
 . . iv. 37, 51, 55. 
 
 borealis (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetos albicilla) v. 551. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 376, 378. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 418. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37, 40, 51. 
 
 (Linota) iv. 37. 
 
 borealis (Numenius) .... viii. 219, 
 
 221, 224, 245. 
 borealis (Parus). . iii. 91, 100, 101, 
 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 
 111, 1.1.2, 113, 114, 115, 116, 
 118, 119, 120, 127, 129. 
 
 borealis (Passerina) iv. 261. 
 
 (Phyllopneustes) ii. 509. 
 
 (Phyllopseustes) ii. 509. 
 
 borealis (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 359, 
 467, 508, 509, 510, 
 
 511, 512, 513, 514. 
 
 borealis (Plectropbanes) iv. 261. 
 
 (Poecila) iii. 107. 
 
 (Poecila salicaria) iii. 107. 
 
 (Poecile) iii. 107. 
 
 (Poikilis) iii. 107. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 535. 
 
 (Rissa) viii. 447. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 221. 
 
 (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 (Strepsilas collaris) vii. 555. 
 
 (Surnia) v. 309. 
 
 borealis (Troglodytes) . . iii. 221, 
 
 227, 229. 
 
 borin (Motacilla) ii. 383. 
 
 boschas (Anas) vi. 176, 222, 
 
 467, 469, 487, 490, 508, 
 518, 523, 623. 
 
 Boscis iv. 421. 
 
 rosea iv. 423. 
 
 botaurulus (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 Botaurus vi. 205, 257, 279. 
 
 Botaurus adspersus vi. 289, 
 
 arundinaceus vi. 281. 
 
 comatus vi. 251. 
 
 lacustris vi. 281. 
 
 Botaurus lentiginosus . . vi. 279, 
 
 282, 289, 293. 
 
 Botaurus minor vi. 289. 
 
 minuta vi. 259. 
 
 mugitans vi. 289. 
 
 pusillus vi. 259. 
 
 Botaurus stellaris vi. 279, 
 
 281, 292, 293. 
 
 botaurus (Ardea) vi. 217, 281. 
 
 &c. (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 major (Ardea) vi. 217. 
 
 minor (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 nsevius (Ardea) vi. 209. 
 
 bottse (Saxicola) ii. 191. 
 
 bottanensis (Pica) ii. 182. 
 
 iv. 509, 510. 
 
 boulboul (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 bouvryi (Columba) vii. 29, 35. 
 
 (Trocaza) vii. 33, 34. 
 
 bowmani (Sylvia) . . ii. 401, 402, 407, 408. 
 
 boysii (Oerthilauda) iv. 285. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 286. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 286, 291. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 301. 
 
 bracbidactyla (Allauda) iv. 341. 
 
 brackydactyla (Alauda) . . . iv. 294, 296, 
 314, 341, 345, 347, 355, 369. 
 
 vii. 388. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 563. 
 
 brachydactyla (Calandrella) 
 
 iii. 276. 
 
 iv. 66, 304, 337, 339, 341, 343, 
 344, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 
 355, 356, 357, 371, 398. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 brackydactyla (Oalandritis) iv. 341. 
 
 (Carpospiza) iii. 611. 
 
 (Certkia) iii, 195. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 611. 
 
 (Melanocorypka) . . . ... iv. 341, 346. 
 
 brachydactyla (Petronia) . iii. 605, 
 
 610, 611. 
 
 brackydactyla (Pkileremos) . . iv. 341, 355. 
 
 brackydactylus (Accipiter) v.' 638. 
 
 (Circseetus) v. 563. 
 
 (Cursorius) vii. 425. 
 
 (Falco) v. 563. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 182. 
 
 Brackylopkus v. 75. 
 
 viridis v> 77. 
 
 brackyotos (Otus) v . 257. 
 
 Brachyotus v . 249. 
 
 segolius v. 257. 
 
 agrarius v . 257. 
 
 capensis v. 265. 
 
 cassinii v . 257. 
 
 leucopsis 257. 
 
 palustris v . 245, 257. 
 
 palustris americanus 257. 
 
 brackyotus (Aegolius) v. 257. 
 
 ( Asio ) v. 257. 
 
 (Strix) . . . .' v> 257. 
 
 (Ulula) y. 257. 
 
 brackyptera (Telmatias) vii. 631. 
 
 Brackypus i v . 681< ' 
 
 murarius i v 533 
 
 brackypus (Sterna) viii. 2 55, 259. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 brackyrhynekos (Aedon bruckii) . . ii. 553. 
 
 (Aedon galactodes) ii. 547. 
 
 (Aedon meridionalis) ii. 547 
 
 (Aedon pallens) ii. 547 
 
 (Alcedo) v. 113* 
 
 ( Anas ) vi. 617. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 15 
 
 braebyrbynchos (Ardea cinerea) . . vi. 207. 
 
 (Bombycilla) iii. 429. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 559. 
 
 (Crucivostra) iv. 121. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 429. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 (Lusciniopsis luscinioides) . . ii. 027. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 233. 
 
 (Nucifraga) iv. 451, 455. 
 
 (Petronia) iii, 607. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 459. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 179. 
 
 brachyrhynchus ( Anser) . . vi. 357, 
 
 369, 372, 373. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbus (Astur) v. 587. 
 
 (Certbia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 617. 
 
 (Clypeata) vi. 497. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 385, 386. 
 
 (Rissa) viii. 447. 
 
 bracbytarsa (Gavia) viii. 349. 
 
 (Pagopbila) viii. 351. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 255. 
 
 bracbytarsus (Larus) viii. 349, 353. 
 
 (Pagopbila) viii. 349. 
 
 brachyura (Columba) vii. 18. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 286. 
 
 (Galerita) .... iv. 290, 291, 292, 299. 
 
 (Strix) v. 257. 
 
 bracbvuros (Carbo) vi. 163. 
 
 bracbyurus (Caprimulgus ruficollis). 
 
 iv. 633, 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 559. 
 
 Bradypterinte ii. 637. 
 
 Bradypterus ii. 637, 643. 
 
 Bradypterus cetti ii. 639. 
 
 Bradypterus cettii . . ii. 637, 639. 
 
 Bradypterus platyurus ii. 643. 
 
 Bradyptetus ii. 643, 
 
 platyurus ii. 639. 
 
 brag (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 brandti (Garrulus) iv. 483, 
 
 487, 488, 492. 
 
 brandti (Otocorys) iv. 397, 401, 402. 
 
 brandtii (Garrulus) iv. 487, 488. 
 
 Branta vi. 353, 387, 401, 402, 549. 
 
 albifrons vi. 375. 
 
 bernicla vi. 389. 
 
 leucopsis vi. 397. 
 
 rufina vi. 559, 563. 
 
 brasiliensis (Himantopus) vii. 594. 
 
 brebmi (Pbylloscopus) ii. 485, 489. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 641. 
 
 brebmii (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 (Calamoberpe) ii. 567. 
 
 (Gallinago) vii. 641. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 389. 
 
 brebmii (Scolopax) vii. 641, 650. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 brenta (Anser) vi. 389. 
 
 brenta (Bernicla) . . vi. 387, 389, 
 
 393, 401, 402. 
 
 breviauris (Otus) v. 257. 
 
 brevicaudatus (Corvus) iv. 559. 
 
 brevipennis (Corvus) iv. 534. 
 
 brevipes (Accipiter) v. 597, 
 
 619, 633, 636, 638. 
 
 brevipes (Astur) v. 633. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Micronisus) v. 633. 
 
 (Nyctieorax) vi. 269. 
 
 brevirostris (Acantbis) iv. 65. 
 
 (A3giotbus) iv. 65. 
 
 (Corvus corone) iv. 531. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 231. 
 
 (Limicola) viii. 111. 
 
 brevirostris (Linota). . iv. 61, 65. 
 
 brevirostris (Numenius) viii. 221. 
 
 (Petronia) iii. 607. 
 
 (Pbyllopneuste) ii. 485. 
 
 (Pbylloscopus) ii. 489. 
 
 (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 545. 
 
 (Rissa) viii. 445. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 485. 
 
 brissoni (Motacilla) iii. 233. 
 
 britannicus (Parus). . . . iii. 88, 91, 
 
 93, 94. 
 
 brookii (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 brooksi (Haliaetus) v. 551. 
 
 brucbii (Aedon) ii. 553. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 375. 
 
 bracbyrbynebos (Aedon) .... ii. 553. 
 
 macrorbyncbos (Aedon) .... ii. 553. 
 
 brucii (Scops) v. 334, 335. 
 
 bruennichi (Alca) viii. 570, 
 
 575, 602. 
 
 brumalis (Emberiza) iii. 535. 
 
 brunneicepbalus (Larus) viii. 357. 
 
 brunneseens (Acrocepbalus) . . . . ii. 585. 
 
 (Agrobates) ii. 585. 
 
 (Calamoberpe) ii. 585. 
 
 brunneus (Falco) vi. 113. 
 
 brunniceps (Cisticola) iii. 3. 
 
 (Salicaria) iii. 3. 
 
 brunnicbii (Rissa) viii. 447. 
 
 briinnicbii (Alca) viii. 575. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 575, 578. 
 
 Bubo v. 327, 337. 
 
 Bubo ascalaphus v. 337. 
 
 europseus v. 339. 
 
 germanicus v. 339. 
 
 grandis v. 339. 
 
 Bubo ignavus v. 337, 339. 
 
 Bubo maximus v. 339, 345, 
 
 melanotus v. 339. 
 
 microcepbalus v. 339, 
 
 Bubo otus 251. 
 
 pallidus 339. 
 
 scandiacus 339. 
 
 scandianus 287. 
 
 scops v- 329. 
 
 septentrionalis v. 339. 
 
 sibiricus v. 339, 340, 344, 346. 
 
 bubo (Otus) v. 339. 
 
 Strix) v. 339. 
 
 vi. 28. 
 
 , var. albus (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 , var. atbeniensis (Strix) .... v. 339. 
 
 Bubonidae v. 249. 
 
 Bubulcus vi. 205. 
 
 ibis vi. 245, 247. 
 
 ruficristata vi. 245. 
 
 bubulcus (Ardea) vi. 245, 
 
 249, 250, 255. 
 
 bubulcus (Ardeola) vi. 245. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 245, 247. 
 
 Bucanetes iv. 67, 83. 
 
 gitbagineus iv. 85. 
 
 sinaiticus iv. 73. 
 
 buccinator (Cygnus) vi. 439. 
 
 Bucepbala vi. 587, 607. 
 
 albeola vi. 589, 704. 
 
 americana vi. 595. 
 
 clangula vi. 595. 
 
 bistrionica vi. 609. 
 
 islandica vi. 603. 
 
 bucepbala (Anas) vi. 589. 
 
 Buceros v. 193. 
 
 buchanani (Emberiza) iv. 185, 189. 
 
 Budytes iii. 231, 261. 
 
 atricapillus iii. 269. 
 
 beema iii. 261. 
 
 boarula iii. 251. 
 
 campestris iii. 261, 277. 
 
 cinereocapilla iii. 269. 
 
 citreola iii. 245. 
 
 dubius, v. antboides iii. 261. 
 
 fasciatus iii. 261. 
 
 flava iii. 277. 
 
 flavissima iii. 277. 
 
 flavus iii. 261. 
 
 gouldi iii. 261. 
 
 melanocephala iii. 273. 
 
 neglectus iii. 277. 
 
 nigricapilla iii. 269, 273. 
 
 paradoxus iii. 261. 
 
 pvgmeeus iii. 261. 
 
 rayi iii. 277. 
 
 rayi, var. flavifrons iii. 277. 
 
 scbisticeps ‘iii. 261. 
 
 supereiliaris iii 261 . 
 
 taivanus iii. 280. 
 
 viridis iii. 265. 
 
 iv. 236. 
 
 buffoni (Lestris) T iii_ 43^ 
 
 (Steicoranus) vni 481 
 
 bugiensis (Alauda) i v _ 307. 
 
16 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 bullockii (Procellaria) viii. 497. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 497. 
 
 bulweri (TEstrelata) viii. 551. 
 
 (Bulweria) viii. 551. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 552, 553. 
 
 (Pterodroma) viii. 551. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 551, 552. 
 
 Bulweria viii. 54-9, 553. 
 
 Bulweria bulweri viii. 551. 
 
 Bulweria columbina 
 
 Bulweria macgillivrayi , . 
 bulwerii (Procellaria) . . . . 
 
 Buphagus 
 
 skua 
 
 Buphus 
 
 castaneus 
 
 comata 
 
 comatus 
 
 coromanda 
 
 coromandelicus . . . . , 
 
 illyricus 
 
 pseudoralloides 
 
 ralloides 
 
 russatus 
 
 burka (Gallinago) 
 
 burnesi (Gallinula) 
 
 Burnesia 
 
 lepida 
 
 burra (Lanius) 
 
 Buscarla 
 
 - — — cia 
 
 pityomis 
 
 pusilla 
 
 Butaetes 
 
 buteo 
 
 lagopus 
 
 Butaetos 
 
 leucurus 
 
 Butaetus 
 
 leucurus 
 
 Butaetus pennatus 
 
 Butalis 
 
 africana 
 
 alpestris 
 
 domestica 
 
 montana 
 
 pinetorum 
 
 butanensis (Pica) 
 
 Butaquila 
 
 leucocephala 
 
 .... viii. 510, 
 549, 551, 553. 
 
 . . viii. 549, 552. 
 
 viii. 551. 
 
 viii. 455. 
 
 viii. 457. 
 
 vi. 205. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 245. 
 
 vi. 245. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 245. 
 
 vii. 641. 
 
 vii. 316. 
 
 iii. 11. 
 
 iii. 13, 16. 
 
 iii. 381. 
 
 iv. 149. 
 
 iv. 205. 
 
 iv. 217. 
 
 iv. 235. 
 
 v. 469. 
 
 v. 471. 
 
 v. 471. 
 
 v. 447. 
 
 v. 463. 
 
 .... v. 447, 479. 
 
 v. 463. 
 
 v. 481. 
 
 ... iii. 445, 447. 
 
 iii. 447. 
 
 iii. 447. 
 
 iii. 447. 
 
 iii. 447. 
 
 iii. 447. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 v. 447. 
 
 v. 463. 
 
 Buteo v * 413, 447, 
 
 469, 561, 585, 597, 661. 
 
 vi. 1. 
 
 Buteo seruginosu3 
 
 albidus 
 
 apivorus . . . 
 
 aquilinus . . . 
 
 canescens . . . 
 
 capensis . . . 
 
 , . , . v. 415. 
 . . . . v. 449. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 v. 463, 465. 
 . ... v. 463. 
 . . . . v. 457. 
 
 Buteo cineraceus v. 423. 
 
 cinereus v. 449. 
 
 cirtensis v. 457 . 
 
 communis v. 449. 
 
 cyaneus v. 431. 
 
 delalandi v. 457. 
 
 Buteo desertorum iii. 594. 
 
 v. 452, 454, 457, 458, 459, 466. 
 
 Buteo eximius v. 463. 
 
 fasciatus v. 449. 
 
 Buteo ferox iv. 547. 
 
 v. 454, 457, 463, 465, 
 466, 467, 476. 
 
 Buteo ferox, var, obseura v. 463. 
 
 fuliginosus v. 463. 
 
 fuscus v. 449, 
 
 gallicus v. 563. 
 
 hemilasius v. 467. 
 
 jackal v. 485. 
 
 lagopus v. 471, 475. 
 
 leucocephalus v. 463. 
 
 leucurus v. 463, 466. 
 
 longipes v. 463. 
 
 major v. 449. 
 
 medius v. 449. 
 
 minor v. 449, 457. 
 
 montanus v. 447. 
 
 murum v. 449. 
 
 mutans v. 449. 
 
 nigricans v. 463, 466. 
 
 nisus v. 599. 
 
 palumbarius v. 587. 
 
 pectoralis v. 463. 
 
 pennatus v. 471. 
 
 rufinus v. 457, 463, 466. 
 
 rufiventer v. 457. 
 
 rufus v. 415. 
 
 septentrionalis v. 449. 
 
 tachardus v. 457. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 variabilis v. 449. 
 
 vociferus v. 663. 
 
 Buteo vulgaris .... v. 447, 449, 
 451, 452, 454, 457, 458, 459, 
 461, 477, 493, 649. 
 
 vi. 11. 
 
 Buteo vulgaris, var. capensis v. 457. 
 
 vulgaris, var. etrusca v. 449. 
 
 vulgaris, var. obseura v. 449. 
 
 — — - vulpinus v. 457. 
 
 buteo (Accipiter) v. 449. 
 
 (Butaetes) v. 471. 
 
 (Falco) v. 449. 
 
 apivorus (Accipiter) vi. 3. 
 
 Butor vi. 257, 279. 
 
 americana vi. 289. 
 
 lentiginosus vi. 289. 
 
 minutus vi. 259. 
 
 stellaris vi. 281. 
 
 cabanisi (Picus) v. 22, 23. 
 
 cabaret (Fringilla) iv. 47. 
 
 Caccabis .... vii. 91, 93, 115, 118. 
 
 Caccabis arenarius vii. 97. 
 
 bonhami vii. 117. 
 
 Caccabis chukar v. 591. 
 
 vii. 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 
 101, 102, 118. 
 Caccabis chukar, var. pubescens . . vii. 97. 
 
 chukor vii. 97. 
 
 graeca vii. 93. 
 
 pallescens vii. 97, 99. 
 
 pallidiceps vii. 102. 
 
 pallidus vii. 97. 
 
 Caccabis petrosa v. 360. 
 
 vii. 106, 10 9, 111. 
 
 Caccabis rubra communis vii. 103. 
 
 Caccabis rufa vii. 91, 103, 
 
 111, 113. 
 
 Caccabis rupicola vii. 97. 
 
 Caccabis saxatilis .... vii. 93, 95, 
 97, 98, 101, 102, 106. 
 
 Caccabis synoica vii. 97. 
 
 cachinnans (Larus) viii. 401, 411, 417, 418. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 247. 
 
 cacolotl (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 caelipeta (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 caerulea (Fulica) vii. 299. 
 
 eaeruleanus (Parus) iii. 139. 
 
 caerulecula (Cyanecula) ii. 317, 619. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 317. 
 
 caerulescens (Chen) vi. 407, 415. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 131. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 258, 261. 
 
 caeruleus (Oyanistes) iii. 131. 
 
 caeruleus (Elanus) v. 661, 
 
 663, 666, 667. 
 
 caeruleus (Falco) v. 663. 
 
 caeruleus (Parus) . . iii. 86, 90, 94, 
 104, 131, 140, 141, 147, 148. 
 
 caeruleus (Porphyrio) vii. 297. 
 
 caeruligula (Sylvia) ii. 317. 
 
 csesia (Emberiza) .... iv. 160, 161, 
 
 210, 213, 214, 215. 
 
 csesia (Fringillaria) . 
 
 (Glycispina) . . 
 
 csesia (Sitta) 
 
 176, 177, 179, 
 caesius (Elanoides) . . 
 
 (Elanus) 
 
 (Falco) 
 
 (llortulanus) . . 
 
 (Porphyrio) . . . 
 
 caffer (Cypselus) . . 
 
 (Micropus) .... 
 
 caffra (Calamoherpe) 
 
 ■ (Otis) 
 
 cahirica (Cotile) . . 
 (Hirundo) 
 
 iv. 213. 
 
 iv. 213. 
 
 iii. 171, 172, 175, 
 184, 186, 187, 189. 
 
 v. 663. 
 
 v. 663, 
 
 vi. 83. 
 
 iv. 213. 
 
 vii. 299. 
 
 iv. 587, 591, 592, 606. 
 
 iv. 591. 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 vii. 350. 
 
 iii. 521. 
 
 iii. 473, 475, 477. 
 
INDEX 
 
 17 
 
 cabiricus (Larus) . . . , 
 
 
 cahirina (Pyrgita) . . . 
 
 
 cabirinus (Larus) . . . , 
 
 
 cairii (Eritbacus) . . 
 
 ii. 293. 
 
 (Ruticilla) .... 
 
 ii. 293, 296. 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 ii. 299. 
 
 Calamantbella . . . . 
 
 iii. 1. 
 
 tintinnabulum . 
 
 
 Calamodus 
 
 ii. 557, 597. 
 
 sabcarius 
 
 
 Calamodyta 
 
 ii. 515, 557, 603, 637. 
 
 agricola 
 
 
 agricolensis. . . . 
 
 ii. 541. 
 
 aquatica 
 
 ii. 591. 
 
 arundinacea . . 
 
 ii. 567, 579. 
 
 caligata 
 
 
 cariceti 
 
 ii. 591. 
 
 certbiola 
 
 ii. 633. 
 
 cetti 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 dorise 
 
 ii. 633. 
 
 dumetorum. . . . 
 
 ii. 561. 
 
 fluviatilis 
 
 ii. 621. 
 
 lanceolata . . . . 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 luscinioides . . . , 
 
 ii. 627. 
 
 melonopogon . . 
 
 ii. 586, 605. 
 
 meridionabs . 
 
 n. 585. 
 
 olivetorum . , . , 
 
 ii. 527. 
 
 palustris 
 
 ii. 573. 
 
 
 
 pbragmitis . . . . 
 
 ii. 597, 635. 
 
 rubescens . . . 
 
 ii. 633. 
 
 scbcenobaenus . , 
 
 ii. 591,597. 
 
 strepera 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 Calamoberpe 
 
 .... ii. 515, 545, 557, 
 
 
 609, 637. 
 
 agricola 
 
 ii. 559. 
 
 alnorum 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 aquatica 
 
 ii. 591. 
 
 arbustorum . . . 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 arundinacea . 
 
 ii. 567, 579. 
 
 brebmii 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 brunnescens . 
 
 
 caffra 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 caligata 
 
 ii. 541. 
 
 certbiola 
 
 ii. 633. 
 
 cetti 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 crassirostris . . . 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 famibaris . . . 
 
 ii. 553. 
 
 fluviatilis . . . 
 
 ii. 621. 
 
 galactodes . . . 
 
 ii. 547. 
 
 — *- bydropbilos. . . 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 lacustris 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 locustella . . . 
 
 ii. 611, 618. 
 
 
 iii. 214. 
 
 longirostris . . . 
 
 ii. 579, 585. 
 
 macrorbyncba 
 
 ii. 585. 
 
 magnirostris . 
 
 ii. 561. 
 
 
 
 
 
 media 
 
 ii. 679, 580. 
 
 
 ii. 573. 
 
 obscurocapilla . 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 obvetorum . . . 
 
 
 Calamoberpe orientalis ii. 567. 
 
 palustris ii. 573. 
 
 pbilomela ii. 673. 
 
 pbragmitis ii. 597, 615. 
 
 pinetorum ii. 567. 
 
 piscinarum ii. 567. 
 
 pratensis ii. 573. 
 
 salicaria ii. 573. 
 
 scboenibanus ii. 597. 
 
 scita ii. 541. 
 
 sericea ii. 639. 
 
 stagnatilis ii. 579. 
 
 stentorea ii. 585. 
 
 tenuirostris ii. 611. 
 
 tritici ii. 597. 
 
 turdoides ii. 579. 
 
 Calamophilus iii. 47, 50, 60. 
 
 Calamophilus barbatus iii. 49. 
 
 Calamophilus biarmicus . iii. 49. 
 
 Calamophilus sibiricus iii. 50. 
 
 Calandra iv. 302, 359. 
 
 leucoptera iv. 373. 
 
 calandra (Alauda) iv. 296, 314, 341, 
 
 365, 370, 373, 379. 
 calandra (Melanocorypha) iv. 359, 
 361, 362, 363, 365, 367, 
 368, 369, 375. 
 
 calandra megarhynchos (Melanocorypha) 
 
 iv. 367. 
 
 caiandre (Alauda) iv. 365. 
 
 Calandrella iv. 310, 327, 
 
 339, 359, 362. 
 
 bsetica . iv. 343, 344, 351, 352. 
 
 brachydactyla iii. 276. 
 
 iv. 66, 304, 337, 339, 341, 343, 
 344, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 
 355, 356, 357, 371, 398. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Calandrella cristata iv. 346. 
 
 deserti iv. 329, 343, 349. 
 
 ferruginea iv. 349. 
 
 bermonensis . . iv. 341, 343, 345, 346. 
 
 immaculata iv. 341. 
 
 leucopbasa iv. 343, 344, 398. 
 
 Calandrella minor iv. 343, 
 
 344, 349, 351, 352, 353. 
 
 pispoletta iv. 343, 
 
 344, 347, 349, 352, 353. 
 355, 356, 357. 
 Calandrella reboudia iv. 343, 349, 351, 352. 
 
 sibirica iv. 373. 
 
 calandrella (Alauda) iv. 341. 
 
 Calandrina iv. 363. 
 
 Calandritis iv. 339. 
 
 bracbydactyla iv. 341. 
 
 beinei iv. 344. 
 
 kollyi iv. 341. 
 
 macroptera iv. 341. 
 
 minor iv. 349, 350. 
 
 Calandritis pispoletta iy « 
 
 reboudia iv* ^49. 
 
 calandrotte (Alauda) ii. 41. 
 
 calcarata (Emberiza) i y * 253. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 253. 
 
 calcaratus (Passer) iv. 253. 
 
 (Plectropbanes) iv. 253. 
 
 calendula (Cortbylio) ii. 451. 
 
 Calidris viii. 9, 99, 101. 
 
 Calidns americana viii. 101. 
 
 Calidris arenaria viii* 99, 
 
 lOl, 107. 
 
 Calidris canutus. viii. 77. 
 
 grisea viii. 101. 
 
 islandica viii. 77 
 
 miilleri viii. 101. 
 
 rubidus viii. 101 . 
 
 tringoides viii. 101. 
 
 calidris (Arenaria) viii. 101. 
 
 (Cbaradrius) viii. 101. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 157. 
 
 calidris (Totanus) .... iv. 474. 
 viii. 157, 169, 172, 182, 199. 
 
 calidris (Tringa) viii. 77. 
 
 &c. (Tringa) viii. 101. 
 
 grisea (Tringa) viii. 77 . 
 
 nsevia (Tringa) viii. 77 . 
 
 calidus (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 califomica (Alca) viii. 570. 
 
 ealifomicus (Podiceps) .... viii. 649, 656. 
 
 caligata (Calamodyta) ii. 541. 
 
 (Calamoberpe) ii. 541. 
 
 caligata (Hypolais) ii. 538, 
 
 539, 541, 542, 559. 
 
 caligata (Iduna) ii. 541. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 541, 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 541. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 541. 
 
 Callicben vi. 549. 
 
 micropus vi. 559. 
 
 rufescens vi. 559. 
 
 ruficeps vi. 559. 
 
 rufinus vi. 559. 
 
 subrufinus vi. 559. 
 
 Calliope ii. 309, 339, 348. 
 
 Calliope baillonii ii, 342. 
 
 Calliope camtschatkensis . ii. 339, 
 
 341. 
 
 Calliope kamtscbacensis ii. 341. 
 
 latbami ii. 341. 
 
 pectoralis ii. 342. 
 
 suecioides ii. 317. 
 
 calliope (Accentor) ii. 341. 
 
 (Eritbacus) ii. 341. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 341. 
 
 (Melodes) ii. 341. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 341. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 341. 
 
 Calobates iii. 231,251. 
 
 /-a ' 
 
 f 
 
18 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 calva (Ibis) vi. 327, 331. 
 
 calvus (Ibis) -vi. 329. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 547. 
 
 eambayensis (Oolumba) .... vii. 55. 
 
 — — (Turtur) v. 582. 
 
 vii. 55. 
 
 campestris (Agrodroma) iii. 317. 
 
 (Alauda) iii. 317, 343. 
 
 (Alauda spinoletta) iii. 335. 
 
 campestris (Anthus) ii. 551. 
 
 iii. 283, 291, 293, 317, 320, 
 322, 328, 329. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 campestris (Budytes) iii. 261, 277. 
 
 (Oorydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 597. 
 
 (Motacilla) . . iii. 261, 277, 278, 279. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 597. 
 
 — — (Pyrgita) iii. 597. 
 
 (Tetrax) vii. 383. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 15, 16, 51. 
 
 Campetbera v. 17. 
 
 syriaca v. 35. 
 
 Campicola pileata ii. 304. 
 
 campylonyx (Sylvia) ii. 293. 
 
 camtscbatcensis (Tridactylia) v. 69. 
 
 camtschatkensis (Calliope) 
 
 ii. 339, 341. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 119, 120. 
 
 camtschatkensis (Turdus) ii. 341. 
 
 canadensis (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 (Bernicla) vi. 387. 
 
 (Corythus) iv. 111. 
 
 (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 (Grus) vii. 344. 
 
 (Perisoreus) iv. 469, 473. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 176, 177. 
 
 (Strix) v. 309. 
 
 (Surnia) v. 309. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 69. 
 
 canagularis (Alca) viii. 599. 
 
 canaria (Carduelis) iii. 557. 
 
 (Crithagra) iii. 557. 
 
 (Dryospiza) iii. 557. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 557. 
 
 iv. 10. 
 
 canariensi s (Fringilla). . ; iv. 9, 10. 
 
 , var. moreleti (Fringilla) iv. 9. 
 
 canarius (Passer serinus) iii. 557. 
 
 canarius (Serinus). . iii. 552, 557. 
 
 cancellata (Tringa) viii. 115. 
 
 cancrofagus (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 &c. (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 luteus (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 Cancroma coromanda vi. 249. 
 
 Cancrophagus .... vi. 205, 251, 257, 259. 
 cancrophagus castaneus (Ardea) . , vi. 217 . 
 
 candicans (Falco) .... vi. 18, 21, 
 
 26, 28, 29. 
 
 vi. 25. 
 
 candicans (Falco islandicus) vi. 21. 
 
 (Hierofalco) vi. 21. 
 
 (Thalasseus) viii. 301. 
 
 Candida (Ardea) vi. 231. 
 
 (Ciconia) vi. 297. 
 
 (Corvus monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 231. 
 
 (Hirundo urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 (Nyctea) v. 287. 
 
 (Nyctia) v. 287. 
 
 (Perdix rubra) vii. 103. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 101. 
 
 (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 minor (Ardea) vi. 245. 
 
 candidissima (Ardea) vi. 243, 244. 
 
 candidus (Charadrius vanellus) . . vii. 545. 
 candidus (Himantopus) . . vii. 585, 
 
 587, 594. 
 
 canescens (iEgiothus) iv. 37, 51. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 (Oannabina) iv. 37. 
 
 (Glottis) viii. 173. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 413. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 357. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 (Linota) iv. 37, 51, 55. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 173. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 301. 
 
 (Thalasseus) viii. 301. 
 
 canescens (Totanus) . . viii. 173. 
 canescens, var. exilipes (iEgiothus) iv. 51. 
 
 caniceps (Carduelis) iii. 525, 530. 
 
 (Chroicocephalus) viii. 365. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 377, 411. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 208. 
 
 (Picus) v. 95. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 365. 
 
 Canigularis (Emberiza) iv. 205. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 Cannabina iii. 533. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 arbustorum iv. 31. 
 
 canescens iv. 37. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 flavirostris iv. 59. 
 
 linaria iv. 37. 
 
 linota iv. 31. 
 
 major iv. 31. 
 
 media iv. 59. 
 
 microrhynchos iv. 59 
 
 minor iv. 31. 
 
 montium iv. 59. 
 
 pinetorum iv. 31. 
 
 cannabina (Fringilla) iv. 31. 
 
 cannabina (Linaria) iv. 31. 
 
 vii. 515. 
 
 (Linota) iv. 29, 31. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 cannabina (Passer) iv. 31. 
 
 cannabinus (Ligurinus) iv. 31. 
 
 canneti (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 canogularis (Podiceps) viii. 639. 
 
 canonicus (Serinus) iii. 555, 556. 
 
 canoroides (Cuculus) v. 204, 
 
 canorus (Cuculus) . . v. 197, 199, 
 204, 217, 221, 222, 223, 225. 
 
 cantabrigiensis (Scolopax) viii. 165. 
 
 cantarella (Alauda) .... iv. 307, 310, 311, 
 
 312, 313, 315. 
 
 cantiaca (Actochelidon) viii. 301. 
 
 cantiaca (Sterna) viii. 275, 
 
 286, 299, 301. 
 cantiacus (Thalasseus) .... viii. 301, 391. 
 
 cantiana (JEgialitis) . . vii. 483, 
 
 484. 
 
 cantiana (Hiaticula) vii. 483. 
 
 cantianus (iEgialites) vii. 483. 
 
 viii. 414. 
 
 (yEgialitis) vii. 483, 
 
 (HSgialophilus) vii. 483. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 483. 
 
 canus (Chloropicus) v. 95. 
 
 canus (Gecinus) .... v. 94, 95, 99. 
 
 (Larus) vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 557, 325, 381, 384, 385, 386, 
 396, 424, 430, 432, 452, 561. 
 
 canus (Picus) v. 95. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 193, 196. 
 
 , var. major (Larus) viii. 331. 
 
 canuta (Tringa) viii. 207. 
 
 Canutus viii. 9. 
 
 cinereus viii. 77. 
 
 islandicus viii. 77. 
 
 canutus (Calidris) viii. 77. 
 
 canutus (Tringa) viii. 9, 64, 
 
 77, 133. 
 
 caparoch (Strix) v. 309. 
 
 capensis (iEgolius) v. 265. 
 
 (Ardea stellaris) vi. 281. 
 
 capensis (Asio) .... v. 249, 265, 
 
 266. 
 
 capensis (Brachyotus) v. 265. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 457. 
 
 (Cathartes) 391. 
 
 (Cecropis) iii. 487. 
 
 (Certhilauda) iv. 273. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 534. 
 
 (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Hgematopus) vii. 567. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 487. 
 
 (Ixos) iii. 361. 
 
 ((Edicnemus) vii. 406, 407. 
 
 (Otus) v. 265. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 166. 
 
 (Phasmoptynx) v. 265. 
 
 capensis (Pycnonotus) . . iii. 351, 
 
 353, 361. 
 
 capensis (Scolopax) vii. 649. 
 
 (Scops) v. 333, 334. 
 
 candicans islandicus (Falco) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 19 
 
 capensis (Strix) v. 265. 
 
 (Sula) vi. 184. 
 
 (Tacbybaptus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Turdus) iii. 361. 
 
 major (Otus) v. 265. 
 
 , var. tingitanus (Pbasmoptynx) v. 265. 
 
 capillatus (Carbo) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 capistrata (Salicaria) ii. 559. 
 
 (Saxieola) .... ii. 185, 231, 235, 240. 
 
 ; (Sylvia) ii. 417. 
 
 eapistratum (Xenia) viii. 357. 
 
 capistratus (Cbroicocepbalua) .... viii. 357. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 357. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 357. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 357. 
 
 capitalis (Perisoreus) iv. 469. 
 
 capita aurito (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 caprata (Pratincola) v. 210. 
 
 Caprimulgidse iv. 619. 
 
 Caprimulgus iv. 619, 621. 
 
 aegyptius iv. 629. 
 
 Caprimulgus aegyptius iv. 629. 
 
 areni color iv. 629, 630, 631. 
 
 Caprimulgus europseus . . iv. 619, 
 621, 624, 625, 629, 630, 633, 634, 635. 
 
 v. 332. 
 
 Caprimulgua europseus foliorum . . iv. 621. 
 
 europseus maculatus iv. 621. 
 
 europseus peregrinus iv. 621. 
 
 europseus punctatus iv. 621. 
 
 europseus punctorum iv. 621. 
 
 foliorum iv. 621. 
 
 isabellinus iv. 629, 634. 
 
 jotaka iv. 625. 
 
 maculatus iv. 621. 
 
 punctatus iv. 621. 
 
 Caprimulgus ruficollis . . iv. 633. 
 Caprimulgus ruficollis bracbyurus . iv. 633. 
 
 ruficollis latirostris iv. 633. 
 
 ruficollis maerourus iv. 633. 
 
 rufitorquatus iv. 633. 
 
 rufitorquis iv. 633. 
 
 smitbi iv. 624. 
 
 torquatus iv. 633. 
 
 vulgaris iv. 621. 
 
 caprimulgus (Hirundo) iv. 621. 
 
 Carbo vi. 149. 
 
 africanoides vi. 169. 
 
 africanus vi. 169. 
 
 albiventris vi. 151. 
 
 arboreus vi. 151. 
 
 ater vi. 151. 
 
 brachyuros vi. 163. 
 
 capillatus vi. 151. 
 
 cormoranus vi. 151. 
 
 cristatus vi. 163. 
 
 desmaresti vi. 163. 
 
 filamentosus vi. 151. 
 
 glacialis vi. 151. 
 
 Carbo graculus vi. 163. 
 
 javanicus vi. 173. 
 
 leucogaster vi. 163. 
 
 longicaudus vi. 169. 
 
 melanognatbus vi. 173. 
 
 niepeii vi. 173. 
 
 pygmseus vi. 173. 
 
 subcormoranus vi. 151. 
 
 carbo (Anas) vi. 657. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 156. 
 
 (Halieus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Hydrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 151. 
 
 carbo (Phalacrocorax) .... vi. 149, 
 151, 156, 158, 165, 166, 184. 
 
 carbo (Uria) viii. 579, 586. 
 
 major (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 152. 
 
 medius (Pbalacrocorax) .... vi. 152. 
 
 carboides (Gracalus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Graucalus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 Carbonarius v. 1. 
 
 martius v. 3. 
 
 carbonarius (Parus) iii. 87. 
 
 cardinalis (Loxia) iv. 75. 
 
 Carduelis iii. 525, 527, 
 
 533, 547, 615. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 Carduelis accedens iii. 527. 
 
 aurantiipennis iii. 527. 
 
 aurata iii. 527. 
 
 canaria iii. 557. 
 
 canieeps iii. 525, 530. 
 
 carduelis iii. 527. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 Carduelis elegans . . iii. 525, 527. 
 
 Carduelis germanica iii. 527. 
 
 ligurinus iii. 541. 
 
 meridionalis iii. 527. 
 
 orientalis iii. 530. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 527. 
 
 spinus iii. 541. 
 
 carduelis (Acantbis) iii. 527. 
 
 (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 (Emberiza) iii. 527. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 527. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 527. 
 
 (Spinus) iii. 527. 
 
 caribbseus (Prion) viii. 548. 
 
 cariceti (Calamodyta) ii. 591. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 591. 
 
 Caricicola ii. 557, 603. 
 
 bonelli ii. 605. 
 
 cisticola iii. 3. 
 
 melanopogon ii. 605. 
 
 pbragmitis ii. 597. 
 
 seboenibanus ii. 597. 
 
 subpbragmitis ii. 597. 
 
 tritici ii. 597. 
 
 carinatae (Aves) u * 
 
 Carine v> 355. 
 
 bactriana y< 367. 
 
 glaux 333, 367. 
 
 meridionalis y - 367. 
 
 carniolica (Merula) ii- 91. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Strix) v. 329. 
 
 carnivorus (Corvus) iv. 532, 567 . 
 
 Carolina (Porzana) vii. 26o. 
 
 carolinensis (Accipiter &c.) vi. 139. 
 
 (Anas querquedula) ........ vi. 589 
 
 (Cueulus) 227. 
 
 (Erytbropbrys) v. 227. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 139. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Parus) iii- 105. 
 
 (Querquedula) vi. 508. 
 
 (Sitta) iii- 176, 177. 
 
 Carpodacus iii. 611. 
 
 iv. 29, 67, 74, 83, 95, 109, 119. 
 
 Carpodacus crassirostris iv. 85. 
 
 Carpodacus erythrinus . . iv. 67 . 
 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82. 
 
 Carpodacus gitbagineus iii. 384. 
 
 iv. 85. 
 
 lacteus iii- 611. 
 
 payraudaei iv. 85. 
 
 pbcenicopterus iv. 91, 92. 
 
 purpureus iv. 79. 
 
 rbodopterus iv. 91. 
 
 roseus iv. 67. 
 
 Carpodacus rubicillus .... iv. 69. 
 
 Carpodacus sinaicus iv. 73. 
 
 Carpodacus sinaiticus . . iv. 73. 
 
 Carpodacus synoica iv. 73. 
 
 Carpospiza iii- 605. 
 
 bracbydactyla iii. 611. 
 
 longipennis iii. 611. 
 
 carunculata (Ibis) vi. 331. 
 
 Caryocatactes iv. 449. 
 
 caryocatactes iv. 451. 
 
 guttatus iv, 451. 
 
 maculatus iv. 451. 
 
 nueifraga iv. 451. 
 
 caryocatactes (Caryocatactes) .... iv. 451. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 451. 
 
 caryocatactes (Nueifraga) iv. 449, 
 451, 452, 476, 488. 
 
 Casarea vi. 449. 
 
 rutila v. 527. 
 
 vi. 461. 
 
 casarea (Anas) vi. 461. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 461. 
 
 casarea (Tadorna) vi. 461. 
 
 easbmiriensis.(Cbelidon) iii. 498. 
 
 (Cinclus) .... ii. 169, 170, 177, 179. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 176, 179. 
 
 casiotis (Columba) vii. 4, 8, 9. 
 
20 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 caspia (Ardea) vi. 217. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv, 249. 
 
 (Megaloperdix) vii. 237. 
 
 (Oreotetrax) vii. 237, 241. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 241. 
 
 caspia (Sterna) viii. 289. 
 
 caspia (Strijc) v. 257. 
 
 (Sylochelidon) viii. 289. 
 
 (Tbalasseus) viii. 289. 
 
 caspica (Sterna) *. viii. 289. 
 
 caspicus (Colymbus) viii. 645. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 261. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 caspius (Cbaradrius) vii. 479. 
 
 (Helopus) viii. 289. 
 
 (Morinellus) vii. 479. 
 
 (Pterocles) vii. 67, 69. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 241. 
 
 caspius (Tetraogallus) . . vii. 235, 
 237, 238, 241, 242, 244. 
 
 cassini (Falco) vi. 41, 42. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 cassinii (Braehyotus) v. 257. 
 
 (Otus) v. 257. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 100, 
 
 castanea (Ardea) vi. 251, 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 473. 
 
 castaneiceps (Emberiza) iv. 208. 
 
 castaneieollis (Petrocossyphus) .... ii. 134. 
 
 castaneiventris (Sitta) iii. 176. 
 
 castaneus (iEgithalus) . . iii. 161, 
 
 165, 166. 
 
 castaneus (Ardea cancropbagus) . . vi. 217. 
 
 (Buphus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Ibis) vi. 335. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 643. 
 
 (Numenius) vi. 335. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 (Tantalus) vi. 335. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 373. 
 
 castanotus (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 castor (Merganser) vi. 685. 
 
 (Mergus) vi. 685. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 190. 
 
 cata ((Enas) vii. 67. 
 
 Cataracta viii. 455. 
 
 parasitica viii. 481. 
 
 skua viii. 457. 
 
 Cataractes pomarina viii. 463. 
 
 ricbardsoni viii. 471. 
 
 vulgaris viii. 457. 
 
 cataractes (Lestris) viii. 457. 
 
 Catarracta fusca viii. 457. 
 
 parasitica viii. 481. 
 
 parasitica, var. camtscbatica viii. 463. 
 
 pomarina viii. 463. 
 
 Catarractes viii. 455, 555. 
 
 lomvia viii. 575. 
 
 Catarractes parasita viii. 471. 
 
 parasitica viii. 471, 481. 
 
 ringvia viii. 567. 
 
 skua viii. 457. 
 
 troille viii. 567. 
 
 catarractes (Larus) viii. 457. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 457. 
 
 eatarrbactes (Megalestris) viii. 457. 
 
 catarrhactes (Stercorarius) 
 
 viii. 457, 460. 
 
 Catbaracta skua viii. 457. 
 
 catbarraetes (Lestris) viii. 457. 
 
 Catbartes v. 389. 
 
 capensis v. 391. 
 
 europeeus v. 391. 
 
 meleagrides v. 391. 
 
 percnopterus v. 391. 
 
 caucasica (Megaloperdix) vii. 237. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 237. 
 
 (Pyrrbula) iv. 69. 
 
 (Strobilopbaga) iv. 69. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 237. 
 
 caucasicus (Coccotbraustes) iv. 69. 
 
 caucasicus (Tetraogallus) vii. 235, 
 237, 238, 241, 242, 244. 
 
 caucasicus (Xanthornus) - iv. 151. 
 
 caudacuta (Acanthylis) iv. 613. 
 
 caudacuta (Acanthyllis) . vii. 611, 
 
 613, 615. 
 
 caudacuta (Anas) vi. 531. 
 
 (Chsetura) iv. 613. 
 
 (Dafila) vi. 531. 
 
 (Hirundapus) iv. 613. 
 
 (Hirundo) iv. 613. 
 
 (Pallene) iv. 613. 
 
 (Querquedula) vi. 531. 
 
 caudata (Acredula) iii. 61, 
 
 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 104. 
 
 caudata (Anas) vi. 531. 
 
 (Dafila) vi. 531. 
 
 (Mecistura) iii. 63, 67. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 482, 509, 514. 
 
 caudatus (Orites) iii. 67. 
 
 (Paroides) iii. 67. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 63, 67, 73. 
 
 caurinus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 cavaignacii (Hierapterbina) iv. 383. 
 
 cavorum (Columba) vii. 23. 
 
 cayana (Sterna) viii. 268. 
 
 cayennensis (Ardea) vi. 271. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 139. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 543. 
 
 Cecropis iii. 471. 
 
 boissoneautii iii. 473. 
 
 capensis iii. 487. 
 
 pagorum iii. 477. 
 
 riocouri iii. 473. 
 
 rufula iii. 478. 
 
 rustica iii. 477. 
 
 savignyi iii. 473. 
 
 Cecropis stabulorum iii. 477. 
 
 cecilii (Antbus) iii. 299. 
 
 cedrorum (Ampelis) iii. 427. 
 
 (Bombycilla) iii- 435. 
 
 Celalyca iv. 493, 
 
 cenchris (Cerchneis) vi. 125. 
 
 cenchris (Falco) iv. 605. 
 
 vi. 13, 117, 125, 127, 132, 
 133, 134, 135. 
 
 cencbris (Pcecilornis) vi. 125. 
 
 (Ticbomis) vi. 125, 
 
 (Tinnunculus) .... vi. 120, 125, 131. 
 
 Centropbanes iv. 251, 
 
 lapponicus iv. 253. 
 
 Cephus viii. 579, 589, 591. 
 
 arcticus viii. 581. 
 
 faeroensis viii. 581. 
 
 glacialis viii. 587 . 
 
 grylle viii. 581. 
 
 meisneiri viii. 581. 
 
 cepbus (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 481. 
 
 Ceppbus viii. 579, 607. 
 
 arcticus viii. 615. 
 
 lacteolus viii. 581. 
 
 lomvia viii. 578. 
 
 septentrionabs viii. 621. 
 
 stellatus viii. 621. 
 
 torquatus viii. 609. 
 
 ceppbus (Larus) viii. 471. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 471, 481 . 
 
 cerasorum (Coccotbraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 Ceratoblepbarum viii. 597. 
 
 arcticum viii. 599. 
 
 ceraunia (Motaeilla) ii. 305. 
 
 Cercbneis vi. 13. 
 
 cencbris vi. 125. 
 
 media vi. 113. 
 
 murum vi. 113. 
 
 tinnuncula vi. 113. 
 
 tinnunculus vi. 131. 
 
 vespertinus vi. 93. 
 
 Cercomela fusca iv. 200. 
 
 Cerconectes vi. 675, 677. 
 
 Certhia iii. 47, 193, 205. 
 
 Certbia americana iii. 195, 201. 
 
 bracbydactyla iii. 195. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbus iii. 195. 
 
 costae iii. 195, 200, 201. 
 
 discolor iii. 201, 202. 
 
 Certhia familiaris . . iii. 193, 195, 
 
 201, 202, 205. 
 v. 210, 275. 
 
 Certbia familiaris, var. americana . iii. 201. 
 
 , var. mexicana iii. 201. 
 
 fusca iii. 195. 
 
 bimalayana iii. 202. 
 
 hodgsoni iii. 195, 198, 200. 
 
 macrodactyla iii. 195. 
 
 megarbynebos iii. 195. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 21 
 
 Certhia mexicana iii. 195, 201. 
 
 muraria iii. 207. 
 
 nattereri iii. 195. 
 
 nipalensis iii. 202. 
 
 paradoxa iii. 195. 
 
 rufidorsalis iii. 195. 
 
 scandulaca iii. 195. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 195 
 
 Certhiae i v . 473. 
 
 Certhiidse ii. 165. 
 
 Certhilauda iv. 273, 280, 283. 
 
 CertMlauda alaudipes iv. 273. 
 
 bifasciata iv. 275. 
 
 boysii iv. 285. 
 
 capensis iv. 273. 
 
 chendoola iv. 285. 
 
 Certhilauda desertorum. . iii. 426. 
 
 iv. 273, 275, 384. 
 
 Certhilauda dorise iv. 275. 
 
 Certhilauda dupouti .... iv. 277, 
 
 279, 280. 
 
 Certhilauda meridionalis iv. 275. 
 
 salvini iv. 275. 
 
 eerthiola (Calamodyta) ii. 633. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 633. 
 
 eerthiola (Locustella) .... ii. 609, 
 
 633, 634, 635. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 633. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 633. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 633. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 633. 
 
 Certhius major iii. 195. 
 
 minor iii. 195. 
 
 cervicalis (Garrulus) .... iv. 492, 
 
 496, 499. 
 
 cervina (Motacilla) iii. 299, 305. 
 
 cervinus (Anthus) . . iii. 288, 289, 
 
 297, 299, 300, 304, 305, 
 307, 311, 320, 332, 339. 
 
 Ceryle 
 
 Ceryle alcyon 
 
 bicincta 
 
 leucomelanura . . 
 
 leucomelas .... 
 
 Ceryle rudis 
 
 iv. 259, 344. 
 v. 210. 
 
 v. 123, 131. 
 
 v. 123. 
 
 v. 125. 
 
 v. 116, 123, 125, 
 136, 137. 
 v. 125. 
 
 Cesaromis 
 
 
 alleni 
 
 vii. 307- 
 
 Cetosparactes 
 
 
 ebumeus 
 
 
 cetti (Bradypterus) . . 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 (Calamodyta) . . 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) 
 
 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 (Curruca) 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 cetti (Phragmitis) 
 
 (Salicaria) . 
 
 (Sylvia) . . . 
 
 Cetti a 
 
 Cettia albiventris 
 
 altisonans . 
 
 cetti 
 
 cettioides. . . 
 
 luscinioides . 
 
 melanopogon 
 
 orientalis . . 
 
 scalenura. . . . 
 
 sericea 
 
 stoliczkse . . . . 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 . ii. 603, 637. 
 . . . . ii. 639, 641. 
 
 i. 639. 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 ii. 627. 
 
 ii. 605. 
 
 ii. 639, 643, 644. 
 
 . . . . ii. 639, 641. 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 . . . . ii. 639, 641. 
 
 cettii (Bradypterus) . . ii. 637, 639. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 (Cettia) .-. ii. 637, 639. 
 
 cettii (Potamodus) ii. 639. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 628. 
 
 cettioides (Cettia) ii. 639. 
 
 ceylonensis (Ketupa) v. 547. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 183, 184. 
 
 Chacura vii. 91. 
 
 chukar vii. 97. 
 
 chukor vii. 97. 
 
 grseca vii. 93. 
 
 grseca, var vii. 97. 
 
 pugnax vii. 97. 
 
 sinaitica vii. 97. 
 
 Chsemarrhornis leucocephala . . ii. 306, 307. 
 
 Chaetopus vii. 121, 
 
 francolinus vii. 123. 
 
 Chsetura iv. 611, 617. 
 
 australis iv. 613. 
 
 caudacuta iv. 613. 
 
 fusca iv. 613. 
 
 macroptera iv. 613. 
 
 nudipes iv. 613. 
 
 pelasgia iv. 616. 
 
 Chsetusia leucura vii. 532. 
 
 challayi (Tetraogallus) vii. 241. 
 
 challayii (Tetraogallus) vii. 242. 
 
 chalybeius (Crateropus) iii. 23. 
 
 v. 202. 
 
 chalybeus (Crateropus) iii. 23. 
 
 chalybius (Crateropus) iii. 23. 
 
 Chamserrhous ii. 275. 
 
 erythrogastra ii. 305. 
 
 Charadriidse vii. 423. 
 
 Charadrius . . vii. 399, 423, 433, 
 453, 473, 477, 505, 519, 525, 
 537, 543, 553, 564, 585. 
 
 viii. 99. 
 
 Charadrius, sp. nov vii. 49L 
 
 segyptius vii. 521,. 
 
 africanus vii. 521. 
 
 albifrons vii. 483. 
 
 alexandrinus vii. 483. 
 
 alexandrinus, var vii. 491. 
 
 Charadrius altifrons vii. 435. 
 
 apricarius vii. 435. 
 
 asiaticus vii. 475, 479. 
 
 auratus vii. 435, 443. 
 
 aureus vii. 435. 
 
 calidris viii. 101. 
 
 cantianus vii. 483. 
 
 caspius vii. 479. 
 
 cinclus vii. 555. 
 
 columbinus vii. 475. 
 
 corrira vii. 425. 
 
 cristatus vii. 539. 
 
 curonicus vii. 491 . 
 
 damarensis vii. 479. 
 
 dubius vii. 491. 
 
 fluviatilis vii. 491. 
 
 Charadrius fulvus . . vii. 436, 437, 
 438, 443, 444, 445, 448, 449. 
 
 Charadrius fuscus vii. 475. 
 
 gallicus vii. 425. 
 
 gavia vii. 545. 
 
 geoffroyi vii. 475. 
 
 gigas vii. 479. 
 
 glaucopus vii. 443. 
 
 gracilis vii. 491. 
 
 gregarius vii. 527. 
 
 griseus vii. 475. 
 
 helveticus vii. 455. 
 
 hiaticula vii. 491, 497. 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 hiaticuloides vii. 491. 
 
 himantopus vii. 587, 593. 
 
 hypomelanus vii. 455. 
 
 hypomelas vii. 455. 
 
 illyricus vii. 401. 
 
 intermedius vii. 497, 500. 
 
 jugularis vii. 479. 
 
 keptuschka vii. 527. 
 
 leschenaultii vii. 475. 
 
 leucurus vii. 531. 
 
 littoralis vii. 483. 
 
 longipes . . vii. 436, 447, 448, 449, 540. 
 
 longirostris vii. 455. 
 
 melanocephalus vii. 521. 
 
 minor vii. 491. 
 
 minutus vii. 491. 
 
 • mongolicus vii. 459. 
 
 morinellus . . vii. 461, 507, 518, 603. 
 
 nsevius vii. 455. 
 
 oedienemus vii. 401. 
 
 pardela . vii. 455. 
 
 persicus , vii. 539. 
 
 philippinus vii. 491. 
 
 Charadrius pluvialis .... vii. 433, 
 
 435, 436, 437, 443, 445, 447, 449, 
 451, 453, 462, 633. 
 
 viii. 207 . 
 
 Charadrius pusillus vii, 491 
 
 pygmseus vii. 491. 
 
 rubidus viii. 101. 
 
 9 
 
22 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Charadrius rufinus .... vii. 475. 
 
 seolopax vii. 401. 
 
 senegalensis vii. 539. 
 
 sibiricus vii. 507. 
 
 spinosus vii. 539. 
 
 squatarola vii. 455, 
 
 taitensis vii. 443. 
 
 tartaricus vii. 507. 
 
 torquatus vii. 497. 
 
 trochilus vii. 483. 
 
 vanellus vii. 545. 
 
 vanellus eandidus vii. 545. 
 
 vanellus pallidus vii. 545. 
 
 vanellus varius vii. 545. 
 
 varius vii. 455. 
 
 ventralis vii. 527. 
 
 virginianus vii. 436, 443, 445. 
 
 virginicus vii, 436, 437, 443, 444, 
 
 445, 447, 448. 
 
 wagleri vii. 527. 
 
 wilsoni vii. 458 . 
 
 xanthocheilus . . . vii. 443, 444. 
 
 zonatus vii. 491. 
 
 charadroides (Ammoptila) . . , . . . . vii. 521. 
 
 (Cursor) vii. 521. 
 
 chassefiente (Vultur) 373. 
 
 chata (Tetrao) vii. 67. 
 
 Chaulelasmus vi. 467, 485 . 
 
 americanus vi. 487. 
 
 angustirostris vi. 479. 
 
 cinereus vi. 487. 
 
 strepera vi. 487. 
 
 Chaulelasmus streperus . . vi. 485, 
 
 Chaulodus 
 
 strepera 
 
 Cheilodromas 
 
 melanoeephalus 
 
 Cheimonia 
 
 cheleensis (Alaudula) 
 
 Chelidon 
 
 Chelidon albigena . . . 
 
 blakistoni 
 
 cashmiriensis . . . 
 
 dasypus 
 
 fenestraruru . . . 
 
 lagopoda 
 
 microrhynchos . 
 
 nipalensis 
 
 rupestris 
 
 tectorum 
 
 487. 
 
 vi. 485. 
 
 vi. 487. 
 
 vii. 519. 
 
 ....... vii. 521. 
 
 . . viii. 445, 447. 
 ... iv. 355, 356. 
 iii. 493, 503. 
 
 iii. 499. 
 
 iii. 498. 
 
 iii. 498. 
 
 iii. 498. 
 
 iii. 495. 
 
 iii. 498. 
 
 iii. 505. 
 
 iii. 499. 
 
 . . . iii. 495, 513. 
 iii. 495. 
 
 Chelidon urbica . . iii. 493, 495. 
 Chelidon urbica fenestrarum .... iii. 495. 
 
 urbica latirostris iii. 495. 
 
 urbica rupestris iii. 495. 
 
 urbica septentrionalis iii. 495. 
 
 urbica tectorum iii. 495. 
 
 urbica vulgaris iii. 495. 
 
 whitelyi iii. 498. 
 
 chelidon (Sterna) viii. 263. 
 
 Chen vi. 407. 
 
 Chen albatus . . vi. 407, 409, 413. 
 
 caerulescens vi. 407, 415. 
 
 hyperborea vi. 413. 
 
 Chen hyperboreus v. 539. 
 
 vi. 407, 409, 
 410, 413. 
 
 Chenalopex vi. 407. 
 
 viii. 555. 
 
 segyptiaca vi. 407. 
 
 hyperboreus vi. 413. 
 
 impennis viii. 563. 
 
 chendoola (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 (Certhilauda) iv. 285. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 285. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 291. 
 
 cherrug (Faleo) vi. 59. 
 
 Chettusia vii. 525. 
 
 gregaria vii. 525, 527. 
 
 leucura . . vii. 525, 528, 531, 
 
 533, 540. 
 
 chicquera (Faleo) v. 151. 
 
 Chilodromus vii. 519. 
 
 chincou (Vultur) v. 383. 
 
 chinensis (Corydalla) iii. 325. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 21, 59. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 21, 59. 
 
 Chionospina iii. 615, 617. 
 
 Chionospiza iii. 615. 
 
 chiquera (Lithofalco) v. 571. 
 
 Chlamydotis vii. 367, 391. 
 
 houbara vii. 391. 
 
 Chloirocephalus viii. 355. 
 
 pileatus viii. 357. 
 
 chlorio (Picus) v. 95. 
 
 Chloris iii. 5 65. 
 
 aurantiiventris iii. 567, 570. 
 
 flavigaster iii. 567. 
 
 hortensis iii. 567. 
 
 pinetorum iii. 567. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 567. 
 
 chloris (Chlorospiza) iii. 567, 570. 
 
 (Coccothaaustes) iii. 567. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 567. 
 
 iv. 80, 
 
 (Ligurinus) .... iii. 565, 567. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 (Loxia) iii. 567. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 567. 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 567. 
 
 chlorocephala (Emberiza) iv. 185. 
 
 chlorocephalus (Hortulanus) .... iv. 185. 
 
 (Pluvianus) vii. 521. 
 
 chloronotus (Porphyrio) vii. 303. 
 
 Chloropeta ii. 515. 
 
 elaeica ii. 537. 
 
 olivetorum ii. 527. 
 
 pallida ii. 531. 
 
 chlorophrys (Emberiza) iv. 193, 
 
 Chloropicus v. 75. 
 
 canus v. 95. 
 
 vaillantii v. 93. 
 
 viridis v. 77. 
 
 Chloroptila iii* 533. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 chloropus (Fulica) vii. 313. 
 
 chloropus (Gallinula) .... vii. 309, 
 311, 313, 316, 325, 328. 
 
 chloropus (Glottis) viii. 173. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 313. 
 
 (Stagnicola) vii. 313. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 173. 
 
 chlororhyncha (Platalea) vi. 324. 
 
 Chlorospiza iii. 533, 565. 
 
 iv. 67. 
 
 chloris iii. 567, 570. 
 
 chlorotica iii. 567. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 incerta iv. 75, 81. 
 
 chlorotica (Chlorospiza) iii. 567. 
 
 chloroticus (Ligurinus) iii. 567. 
 
 chlorynotus (Porphyrio) vii. 303. 
 
 choka (Aquila) v. 513. 
 
 Chordeiles popetue iv. 625. 
 
 Chourtka vii. 235. 
 
 alpina vii. 237. 
 
 Chroicocephalus viii. 355. 
 
 caniceps viii. 365. 
 
 capistratus viii. 357. 
 
 gelastes viii. 389. 
 
 ichthyaetos viii. 369. 
 
 melanocephalus viii. 365. 
 
 — — minor viii. 357. 
 
 minutus viii. 373. 
 
 pileatus viii. 357. 
 
 ridibundus viii. 357. 
 
 Chroocephalus viii. 355. 
 
 ridibundus viii. 357. 
 
 chrysaetos (Aquila) .... v. 521, 524, 533. 
 chrysaetus (Aquila) . v. 479, 533, 
 535, 537, 538, 539. 
 
 (Faleo) v. 533. 
 
 chrysocephalus (Merops) v. 155. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 chrysocercus (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 chrysogastra (Motacilla) iii. 261. 
 
 chrysolasma (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 (Otoeoris) iv. 387. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 387, 401. 
 
 Chrysomitris iii. 533, 547. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 spinus iii. 533, 541. 
 
 chrysopelargus (Ardea) . . . vi. 309. 
 
 chrysophrys (Citrinella) iv. 193. 
 
 chrysophrys (Emberiza) . iv. 193. 
 
 chrysophthalma (Clangula) vi. 595. 
 
 chrysophthalmos (Clangula) vi. 595, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 23 
 
 chrysopygia (Dromolsea) ii. 223, 225. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 191, 229. 
 
 chrysorrhaeus (Pycnonotus) iii. 361. 
 
 chukar (Caccabis) v. 591. 
 
 vii. 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 
 99, 101, 102, 118. 
 
 chukar (Chaeura) vii. 97. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 97, 136. 
 
 , var. pubescens (Caccabis) . . vii. 97. 
 
 chukart (Perdix) vii. 97. 
 
 cbukor (Caccabis) vii. 97. 
 
 (Chaeura) vii. 97. 
 
 (Pyctes) vii. 97. 
 
 Cia iv. 149, 207. 
 
 cia iv. 205. 
 
 cia (Buscarla) iv. 205. 
 
 (Cia) iv. 205. 
 
 (Citrinella) iv. 205. 
 
 cia (Emberiza) ii. 290. 
 
 iv. 92, 180, 205, 207, 
 208, 210, 214. 
 
 cia (Euspiza) . . . . 
 
 (Hylsespiza) 
 
 cicada (Locustella) 
 
 Cicbloides 
 
 atrigularis . . . 
 
 Cichlops 
 
 monticolus . . . 
 
 Ciconia 
 
 Ciconia abdimii . . 
 
 Ciconia alba . 
 
 iv. 205. 
 
 iv. 205. 
 
 ii. 621. 
 
 ii. 1, 83. 
 
 ii. 83. 
 
 iii. 283. 
 
 iii. 325. 
 
 vi. 295, 298, 324. 
 
 vii. 335. 
 
 vi. 295. 
 
 vi. 295, 297, 300, 
 312, 313, 316. 
 
 vii. 357. 
 
 Ciconia albescens vi. 297. 
 
 Candida vi. 297 . 
 
 fusca vi. 309. 
 
 major vi. 297. 
 
 Ciconia nigra vi. 309, 310, 
 
 Ciconia nivea . . 
 
 numidica 
 
 ciconia (Ardea) 
 Ciconiidae . . . . 
 
 Cinclidae 
 
 Cinclinse 
 
 Cinclus . . . 
 
 315, 316. 
 
 vi. 297. 
 
 vii. 353. 
 
 vi. 297. 
 
 vi. 295. 
 
 iii. 363. 
 
 ii. 165. 
 
 ii. 165, 182. 
 iii. 363. 
 vii. 553. 
 
 albicollis ii- 168, 169, 
 
 170, 171, 180, 
 181, 182. 
 
 aquaticus . . ii. 165, 167, 168, 
 
 169, 177, 179, 180, 181, 
 182, 183. 
 
 Cinclus aquaticus, var. minor .... ii. 168. 
 
 aquaticus, var. rufiventris et 
 
 albiventris ii- 181. 
 
 asiaticus 1®®- 
 
 Cinclus cashmiriensis ii. 169, 170, 
 
 177, 179. 
 
 europaeus ii. 167. 
 
 interpres vii. 555. 
 
 leucogaster ii. 169, 170. 
 
 medius ii. 167. 
 
 Cinclus melanogaster. ii. 168, 169, 
 170, 171, 177, 178, 179, 
 180, 182, 183. 
 
 Cinclus meridionalis ii. 167. 
 
 minor ii. 169, 181, 183. 
 
 morinellus vii. 555. 
 
 pallasii ii. 165. 
 
 peregrinus ii. 167. 
 
 rufipectoralis ii. 167. 
 
 rupestris ii. 167. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 177, 180. 
 
 cinclus (Aquatilis) ii. 167. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 555. 
 
 (Hydrobata) ii. 167. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 (Sturnus) ii. 167, 177. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 21, 35, 64, 133. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 167. 
 
 , var. (Pelidna) viii. 15. 
 
 , var. cbinensis (Tringa) .... viii. 21. 
 
 dominicensis (Tringa) viii. 11. 
 
 minor (Tringa) viii. 21. 
 
 torquatus (Tringa) viii. 21. 
 
 cinctura (Ammomanes) . . iv. 330, 
 
 335, 336. 
 
 cinctura (Melanocorypha) iv. 335. 
 
 cinctus (Parus) ii. 282, 511. 
 
 iii. 125, 126, 128, 129. 
 
 cineracea (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 377. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 159. 
 
 (Grus) vii. 337. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 131. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 98, 99, 
 
 100, 107. 
 
 cineraceus (Anser) vi. 383. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 423. 
 
 cineraceus (Circus) .... v. 4-23, 
 
 442, 444, 445. 
 viii. 319. 
 
 cineraceus (Falco) v. 423. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 423. 
 
 cinerareus (Falco) v. 423. 
 
 cineraria (Ficedula curruca) ii. 377. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 377. 
 
 einerarius (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Falco) v. 423. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 357, 447. 
 
 cinerascens (Anas) vi. 663. 
 
 (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Falco) v. 423. 
 
 (Glaucopteryx) v. 423. 
 
 (Hypolais) ii. 531. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 cinerascens (Pterocircus) v. 423. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v - 423* 
 
 et arigonis (Hypolais) ii. 531. 
 
 cinerea (Anas) 487. 
 
 cinerea (Ardea) .... vi. 205, 207, 
 222, 223, 227, 234, 
 235, 237. 
 
 cinerea (Arenaria) vii. 555. 
 
 (Curruca) ii- 877. 
 
 cinerea (Emberiza) . iv. 159, 160. 
 
 cinerea (Ficedula) ii- 877. 
 
 (Ficedula curruca) ii. 377. 
 
 (Ficedula motacilla) iii. 238. 
 
 (Grus) vi. 64. 
 
 vii. 337, 339, 351. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 505. 
 
 (Hypocentor) iv. 159. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 197, 198. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii- 233, 251. 
 
 (Nectris) viii. 513, 527. 
 
 (Oenantbe) ii. 187- 
 
 cinerea (Perdix) .... vii. 112, 118, 
 
 129, 131, 136. 
 
 cinerea (Peristera) vii. 37. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 513, 535. 
 
 (Bissa) viii. 447; 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 190. 
 
 (Saxicola oenantbe) ii. 187 . 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 195. 
 
 (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 (Starna) vii. 131. 
 
 (Strix) v. 295. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 377 , 408. 
 
 iii. 214. 
 iv. 79. 
 
 cinerea (Terekia) . . viii. 193, 195. 
 
 cinerea (Tringa) viii. 77. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 281. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 187. 
 
 , var. persica (Curruca) ii. 377. 
 
 brachyrhyncbos (Ardea) .... vi. 207. 
 
 longirostris (Grus) .... vii. 337, 343. 
 
 major (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 media (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 minor (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 cinereicollis (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 einereo-alba (Perdix) vii. 131. 
 
 cinereocapilla (Budytes) iii. 269. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 265, 269, 274. 
 
 (Motacilla flava) iii. 269. 
 
 cinereum (Syrnium) v. 281, 284. 
 
 , var. lapponicum (Syrnium) . . v. 281. 
 
 cinereus (Accipiter lanarius) v. 431. 
 
 (Aegypius) v. 383. 
 
 cinereus (Anser) .... vi. 345, 353, 
 355, 359, 364, 366, 
 369, 372, 374. 
 
 cinereus (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Canutus) viii. 77. 
 
 (Chaulelasmus) vi. 487. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 24 
 
 cinereus (Circus) v. 431. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 543. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 199. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 15. 
 
 (Falco montanus) v. 431. 
 
 (Gyps) y. 383. 
 
 (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 157. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 375. 
 
 (Lams) .... yiii. 357, 381, 399, 421. 
 
 (Lobivanellus) vii. 530. 
 
 (Merganser) vi. 685. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 195. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii, 597, 609. 
 
 (Polypteryx) v. 383. 
 
 (Puffinus) . . viii. 513, 514, 523, 527. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 431. 
 
 ((Tringa totanus) viii. 87. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 376, 380, 383. 
 
 (Xenus) viii. 195. 
 
 communis (Parus) iii. 99. 
 
 lenensis (Parus) . . . iii. 129. 
 
 montanus (Parus) . . . . . . iii. 107, 110. 
 
 cinerosus (Cuculus) v. 227. 
 
 cinnamomea (Alauda) iv. 343. 
 
 cinnamomeoventris (Sitta) iii. 176. 
 
 cioides (Emberiza) iv. 207, 208. 
 
 ciopsis (Emberiza) iv. 208. 
 
 Circseetus v. 661. 
 
 bracbydactylus v. 563. 
 
 gallicus v. 563. 
 
 Circaetos v. 561. 
 
 anguium v. 563. 
 
 gallicus v. 663. 
 
 hypoleucus v. 563. 
 
 leucopsis v. 563. 
 
 meridionalis v. 563. 
 
 orientals v. 563. 
 
 paradoxus v. 563. 
 
 Circaetus . . v. 447, 561, 563, 567. 
 
 Circaetus ferox v. 463. 
 
 Circaetus gallicus .... v. 465, 531, 
 
 561, 563, 564. 
 
 circia (Anas) vi. 513. 
 
 (Cyanopterus) vi. 513. 
 
 (Pterocyanea) vi. 513. 
 
 circia (Querquedula) vi. 505, 
 
 513, 518. 
 
 Circus v. 413. 
 
 Circus aegithus v. 431. 
 
 aequipar v. 441. 
 
 Circus seruginosus v. 415, 
 
 429, 444, 652. 
 viii. 319. 
 
 Circus seruginosus, var. byzantinus . v. 415. 
 
 albescens v. 441. 
 
 aquaticus v. 415. 
 
 arundinaceus v. 415. 
 
 ater ' v. 423. 
 
 Circus cineraceus v. 423, 
 
 442, 444, 445. 
 viii. 319. 
 
 Circus cinerarius v. 423. 
 
 cinerascens v. 423. 
 
 cinereus v. 431. 
 
 Circus cyaneus .... v. 413, 431, 
 436, 438, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445. 
 
 vii. 349. 
 
 Circus dalmatinus 
 
 desertorum 
 
 elegans 
 
 gallinarius 
 
 beiiftlinii 
 
 v. 423. 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 v. 415 
 
 budsonius 
 
 v. 437, 438. 
 
 maerurus 
 
 
 montagui 
 
 v. 423. 
 
 nigripennis 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 nipalensis 
 
 v. 423. 
 
 pallens 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 pallidus 
 
 
 palustris 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 pratorum 
 
 v. 423. 
 
 pygargus 
 
 v. 423, 431. 
 
 ranivorus 
 
 
 -rufus 
 
 
 spilonotus 
 
 viii. 333. 
 v. 420. 
 
 superaliaris 
 
 
 Circus swainsoni . 
 
 v. 428, 
 
 Circus swainsonii 
 
 441, 442, 445. 
 v. 441. 
 
 sykesii 
 
 
 umbrinus 
 
 .... v. 415, 419. 
 
 variegatus 
 
 
 circus (Accipiter) 
 
 
 major (Accipiter) . 
 
 v. 587. 
 
 palustris (Accipiter) 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 rufus (Accipiter) . 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 varius (Accipiter) . 
 
 
 ciris (Hirundapus) 
 
 iv. 613. 
 
 (Hirundo) 
 
 iv. 613. 
 
 Cirlus 
 
 
 cirlus (Citrinella) 
 
 iv. 177. 
 
 cirlus (Emberiza) . 
 
 ii. 351. 
 
 iv. 177. 
 
 v. 201. 
 
 Cirrepidesmus vii. 473. 
 
 geoffroyi vii. 475. 
 
 cirris (Picus) v. 39, 40. 
 
 cirtensis (Buteo) v. 457, 
 
 (Falco) v. 457. 
 
 eisalpina (Fringilla) iii. 585, 593. 
 
 — — (Pyrgita) iii. 585. 
 
 cisalpinus (Passer) iii. 585. 
 
 (Passer domesticus) iii. 585. 
 
 cissa (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 Cisticola ii. 609, 637. 
 
 iii. 1, 3, 7, 11. 
 
 Cisticola arquata iii. 3, 5. 
 
 ayresii iii. 3. 
 
 brunniceps iii. 3. 
 
 Cisticola cursitans iii. 1, 3, 
 
 4, 6, 7. 
 
 Cisticola europsea iii. 3. 
 
 exilis iii. 7. 
 
 fuscicapilla iii. 7. 
 
 grayii iii. 6. 
 
 bomalura iii. 3. 6. 
 
 isura iii. 7. 
 
 lanceolata ii. 617. 
 
 lineocapilla iii. 7. 
 
 madagascariensis iii. 7. 
 
 melanocephala iii. 6. 
 
 munipurensis iii. 36. 
 
 ruficeps iii. 7. 
 
 ruficollis iii. 6. 
 
 rustica iii. 7. 
 
 semirufa iii. 7. 
 
 terrestris iii. 3. 
 
 tintinnabulans iii. 3. 
 
 volitans iii. 6, 7. 
 
 cisticola (Caricicola) iii. 3. 
 
 (Cysticola) iii. 3. 
 
 (Drymoica) iii. 3. 
 
 (Prinia) iii. 3. 
 
 (Salicaria) iii. 3. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 3. 
 
 Cisticolse iii. 1, 7, 11. 
 
 citreola (Budytes) iii. 245. 
 
 citreola (Motacilla) .... iii. 245, 
 247, 249, 296, 297. 
 
 citreoloides (Motacilla) iii. 247. 
 
 Citrinella iii. 533. 
 
 iv. 149. 
 
 alpina iii. 535. 
 
 cbrysopbrys iv. 193. 
 
 cia iv. 205. 
 
 cirlus iv. 177. 
 
 — - — citrinella iv. 171. 
 
 bortulana iv. 185. 
 
 meridionalis iv. 205. 
 
 miliaria iv. 163. 
 
 serinus iii, 535, 
 
 citrinella (Cannabina) iii. 535. 
 
 (Carduelis) iii, 535. 
 
 (Cbloroptila) iii. 535. 
 
 (Cblorospiza) iii. 535. 
 
 citrinella (Chrysomitris) iii. 535. 
 
 citrinella (Citrinella) iv. 171. 
 
 citrinella (Emberiza) ii. 511. 
 
 iv. 171, 182, 190, 210, 220. 
 v. 2, 10, 210, 275, 304. 
 
 citrinella (Fringilla) iii. 535, 549. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 245. 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 535. 
 
 (Spinus) iii. 635. 
 
 citrinellus (Spinus) iii. 535. 
 
 clamosus (Falco) 663. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 25 
 
 clanga (Aquila) . . v. 492, 494, 495, 
 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 
 503, 504, 507, 509, 530. 
 
 clanga (Falco) v. 499. 
 
 Clangula vi. 587, 595, 607, 
 
 615, 627. 
 
 albeola vi. 589, 592. 
 
 Clangula americana vi. 595. 
 
 barrovii vi. 603. 
 
 braehyrhynehus vi. 617. 
 
 cbrysopbtbalma vi. 595. 
 
 chrysopthalmos vi. 595. 
 
 clangula vi. 595. 
 
 faberi vi. 617. 
 
 glacialis vi. 6L7. 
 
 Clangula glaucion vi. 561, 
 
 587, 595, 603, 604. 
 
 Clangula hiemalis vi. 617. 
 
 bistrionica vi. 609. 
 
 Clangula islandica vi. 587, 
 
 598, 603. 
 
 Clangula leucomelas vi. 595. 
 
 megauros vi. 617. 
 
 musica vi. 617. 
 
 peregrina vi. 595. 
 
 scapularis vi. 603. 
 
 stelleri vi. 649. 
 
 torquata vi. 609. 
 
 vulgaris vi. 595. 
 
 clangula (Anas) v. 524. 
 
 vi. 595, 603. 
 
 (Bucepbala) vi. 595. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 595. 
 
 (Fuligula) v. 305. 
 
 vi. 595. 
 
 (Glaucion) vi. 595. 
 
 Cleptes iv. 507. 
 
 hudsonicus iv. 509. 
 
 pica iv. 509. 
 
 clericus (Corvus) iv. 551. 
 
 clot-bey (Alauda) iv. 383. 
 
 (Melanocorypha) iv. 383. 
 
 (Rhamphocoris) iv. 383. 
 
 clot-bey (Rhamphocorys) 
 
 iv. 381, 383. 
 
 Clupeilarus viii. 355. 
 
 fuscus viii. 421. 
 
 Clypeata vi. 495. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbus vi. 497. 
 
 macrorbyncbus vi. 497. 
 
 platyrhynchus vi. 497. 
 
 pomarina vi. 497. 
 
 clypeata (Anas) vi. 497, 523, 564. 
 
 (Rhynchaspis) vi. 497. 
 
 clypeata (Spatula) . . vi. 495, 497. 
 
 clypeata (Spathulea) vi. 497. 
 
 clypeatus (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 coccinea (Emberiza) iv. 99. 
 
 (Pyrrbula) iv. 97, 
 
 99, 107. 
 
 Coccothraustes .... 
 
 iii. 565, 573, 
 
 
 575, 605, 615. 
 
 
 iv. 67, 109. 
 
 Coccotbraustes atrigularis 
 
 
 caucasicus 
 
 iv. 69. 
 
 - — ■ nfira.soriim . 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 chloris 
 
 
 deformis 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 enucleator 
 
 
 erythrina 
 
 iv. 75. 
 
 europaeus 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 fagorum 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 flaviceps 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 minor , , . T , f 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 petronia 
 
 iii. 607. 
 
 planiceps 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 rosea 
 
 
 Coccothraustes vulgaris 
 
 iii. 573, 575. 
 
 iv. 21. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Coccotbraustes vulgaris japonicus . iii. 575. 
 
 coccothraustes (Fringilla) iii. 575. 
 
 (Loxia) iii. 575. 
 
 alba (Fringilla) iii. 575. 
 
 fulva (Fringilla) iii. 575. 
 
 phoenicoptera (Fringilla) .... iv. 91. 
 
 Coccyges v. 111. 
 
 anisodactyli v. 111. 
 
 zygodactyli v. 197. 
 
 Coccygus v. 225. 
 
 jubeni v. 227. 
 
 Coccystes v. 217, 219, 225. 
 
 Coccystes americanus v. 227. 
 
 Coccystes glandarius .... v. 217, 
 
 219, 221, 222. 
 
 Coccysus v. 217. 
 
 glandarius v. 219. 
 
 Coccyzus . . v. 217, 225, 227, 228. 
 
 americanus .... v. 225, 227, 
 
 231, 232, 233. 
 
 Coccyzus bairdi v. 227, 228. 
 
 dominicus v. 227, 231. 
 
 Coccyzus erythropbthalmus 
 
 v. 231. 
 
 Coccyzus pisanus v. 219. 
 
 pyropterus v. 227. 
 
 cocbevis (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 Coelebs iv. 1. 
 
 coelebs (Fringilla) iii. 380. 
 
 iv. 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 
 21, 220, 221, 
 v. 210. 
 
 coelebs (Struthus) iv. 3. 
 
 coelestis (Gallinago) .... vii. 641, 
 643, 645, 646, 647, 650. 
 
 coelestis (Scolopax) vii. 641, 643. 
 
 coelivox (Alauda) iv. 310, 312, 313. 
 
 cogolca (Anas) vi. 541. 
 
 Colseus frugilegus iv. ool. 
 
 Colaptes v * 
 
 auratus v. 75. 
 
 vi. 592. 
 
 colchicus (Phasianus) vii. 83, 85, 
 
 86, 87. 
 
 collaris (Accentor) . . iii. 27, 29. 
 
 collaris (Alauda) iv. 365. 
 
 (Bernicla) vi. 389. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 523, 524, 527. 
 
 (Lycos) • iv. 523. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 113. 
 
 (Morinella) vii. 555. 
 
 collaris (Muscicapa) iii. 457, 
 
 458, 459. 
 
 (Passerina) iv. .223. 
 
 (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 (Sturnus) iii. 29. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 337. 
 
 collaris albifrons (Muscicapa) .... iii. 459. 
 
 atrostriata (Muscicapa) .... iii. 459. 
 
 borealis (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 : littoralis (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 microrhyncha (Muscicapa) . . iii. 459. 
 
 minor (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 pusilla (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 vulgaris (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 Collocalia iv. 594. 
 
 Collurio iii. 373. 
 
 lahtora iii. 381. 
 
 collurio (Enneoctonus) iii. 399. 
 
 collurio (Lanius) .... iii. 381, 394, 
 399, 400, 402, 409, 411, 580. 
 
 v. 209, 210, 211. 
 vi. 109. 
 viii. 141. 
 
 collybita (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 477, 
 483, 485, 489, 511. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 collybita (Sylvia) . 
 
 Collyrio 
 
 excubitor . . . 
 
 hemileucurus. 
 
 meridionalis . 
 
 Coloeus 
 
 monedula . . . 
 
 colonorum (Corvus) 
 
 Columba 
 
 Columba aegyptiaca 
 
 agricola 
 
 amalise 
 
 arborea 
 
 Columba bollii 
 Columba bouvryi . . 
 
 bracbyura . . . 
 
 cambayensis , 
 
 - — — casiotis 
 
 cavorum .... 
 
 dubia 
 
 elegans .... 
 
 ii. 485. 
 
 iii. 373. 
 
 iii. 375. 
 
 iii. 381. 
 
 iii. 387. 
 
 iv. 521. 
 
 iv. 523. 
 
 iv. 532, 534. 
 
 vii. 1, 37. 
 
 vii. 55. 
 
 vii. 45. 
 
 vii. 11. 
 
 vii. 23. 
 
 vii. 29, 31, 34, 35. 
 
 vii. 29, 35. 
 
 vii. 18. 
 
 vii. 55. 
 
 vii. 4, 8, 9. 
 
 vii. 23. 
 
 vii. II. 
 
 vii. 11. 
 
26 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Columba eversmanni vii. 18, 26. 
 
 ferrago vii. 45. 
 
 fusca vii. 11, 18. 
 
 gelastes vii. 45,48. 
 
 gelastis vii. 45. 
 
 glaueonotos vii. 11. 
 
 gymnocyclus vii. 11, 16. 
 
 intermedia vii. 11, 16, 17. 
 
 Columba laurivora vii. 29, 30, 
 
 31, 33, 34, 35. 
 
 livia iv. 416. 
 
 vi. 105, 109. 
 
 vii. 1, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 
 
 17, 18, 26. 
 
 Columba maculicollis vii. 55. 
 
 meena vii. 45. 
 
 neglecta vii. 11, 17. 
 
 Columba oenas v. 210. 
 
 vii. 11, 13, 14, 18, 20, 23, 26. 
 
 Columba orientalis vii. 45. 
 
 palumbes vii. 3. 
 
 Columba palumbus v. 210. 
 
 vii. 3, 8, 24, 25. 
 
 Columba pinetoram vii. 3. 
 
 plumipes vii. 11, 17, 21. 
 
 pulcbrata vii. 45. 
 
 risoria vii. 51. 
 
 rupestris vii. 11, 18. 
 
 rupicola vi. 49. 
 
 vii. 45. 
 
 saxatilis vii. 11, 23. 
 
 scbimperi vii. 11, 15, 16. 
 
 Senegal ensis vii. 55. 
 
 suratensis vii. 55. 
 
 torquata vii. 3. 
 
 Columba trocaz .... vii. 3, 31, 33, 
 
 34, 35. 
 
 Columba turricola vii. 11, 14. 
 
 turtux vii. 39. 
 
 turtur lusitanus vii. 39. 
 
 torquatus vii. 51. 
 
 unicolor vii. 11. 
 
 vinago vii. 23. 
 
 vitticollis major vii. 45. 
 
 minor vii. 45. 
 
 columba (Giylle) viii. 581. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 579, 586. 
 
 Columbae vii. 1. 
 
 columbarius (Falco) vi. 85, 88. 
 
 columbella (Palumboena) vii. 23. 
 
 columbiana (Nucifraga) iv. 449. 
 
 columbianus (Picieorvus) iv. 449. 
 
 Columbidse. vii. 1. 
 
 columbina (Bulweria) . . viii. 510, 
 
 549, 551, 553. 
 
 columbina (Hiaticula) vii. 475. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 551, 552. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 301. 
 
 columbinus (Charadrius) vii. 475. 
 
 (Gelastes) viii. 389. 
 
 columbinus (Larus) viii. 389. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 551. 
 
 columboides (Ochthodromus) .... vii. 475. 
 
 Colymbidae viii. 607. 
 
 colymbis (Anas) vi. 578. 
 
 Colymbus .... viii. 555, 579, 607, 
 
 610, 627, 629. 
 
 Colymbus adamsi viii. 607, 610, 
 
 613,614. 
 
 Colymbus arcticus. . viii. 607, 611, 
 613, 614, 615, 616. 
 
 Colymbus atrogularis viii. 609, 614. 
 
 auritus viii. 645, 651. 
 
 auritus, var viii. 651, 659. 
 
 balthicus viii. 615. 
 
 balticus viii. 615, 618. 
 
 borealis viii. 621. 
 
 caspicus viii. 645. 
 
 cornutus viii. 629, 645. 
 
 cornutus minor viii. 645. 
 
 cristatus viii. 629, 645. 
 
 cristatus minor viii. 645. 
 
 cucullatus viii. 639. 
 
 duplicatus viii. 645. 
 
 fiuviatilis viii. 659. 
 
 fiuviatilis nigricans viii. 659. 
 
 Colymbus glaeialis viii. 609, 613. 
 
 griseigena viii. 639. 
 
 grylle viii. 581. 
 
 gryllus viii. 581. 
 
 hebridieus viii. 659. 
 
 biemalis viii. 609. 
 
 ignotus viii. 615, 621. 
 
 immer viii. 609. 
 
 lacteolus viii. 581. 
 
 leucopus viii. 615, 621. 
 
 longirostris viii. 639. 
 
 lumme viii. 621. 
 
 macrorhynchos viii. 615. 
 
 maximus viii. 609. 
 
 megarbyncbos viii. 615. 
 
 microrbyncbos viii. 621. 
 
 minor viii. 567, 659. 
 
 minutus viii. 659. 
 
 nsevius viii. 639. 
 
 nigricans viii. 645. 
 
 obscurus viii. 645. 
 
 pacificus viii. ,615, 618. 
 
 parotis viii. 639. 
 
 pbilippensis viii. 659. 
 
 pyrenaicus viii. 659. 
 
 rubricollis viii. 639. 
 
 rufogularis viii. 621. 
 
 Colymbus septentrionalis 
 
 viii. 616, 617, 618, 621. 
 
 Colymbus stellatus viii. 621. 
 
 striatus viii. 621. 
 
 subcristatus viii. 639. 
 
 torquatus viii. 609. 
 
 troile viii. 567. 
 
 urinator viii. 629. 
 
 Colymbus vulgaris viii. 639. 
 
 comata (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 (Buphus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 251. 
 
 comata (Ibis) vi. 327, 329. 
 
 Comatibis vi. 327. 
 
 Comatibus vi. 329. 
 
 eomatus (Botaurus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Bupbus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Geronticus) vi. 329. 
 
 communis (Anortbura) iii. 219. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Caccabis rubra) vii. 103. 
 
 communis (Coturnix) .... v. 160. 
 
 vii. 141, 143. 
 
 communis (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 communis (Grus) . . vii. 335, 337, 
 351, 354, 356, 357. 
 
 communis (Nisus) v. 599. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Parus cinereus) iii. 99. 
 
 (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 (Pcecile) iii. 99. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 219, 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 37. 
 
 (Vanellus cristatus) vii. 545. 
 
 , var. minor (Falco) vi. 43. 
 
 minor (Falco)’ vi. 43. 
 
 conciliator (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 concolor (Cotyle) iii. 525. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 74, 103, 104, 107. 
 
 (Hypotriorcbis) vi. 107. 
 
 congener (Merops) v. 155. 
 
 conirostres (Oscines) '. . . . iii. 525. 
 
 conspicillata (Alsoecus) ii. 393. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 393. 
 
 (Sterparola) ii. 393. 
 
 (Stoparola) ii. 393. 
 
 conspicillata (Sylvia) ii. 390, 
 
 393, 394, 397, 398, 403. 
 
 consul (Glaucus) viii. 433. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 433. 
 
 contra (Stumopastor) iv. 428. 
 
 cooki (Cyanopica) iv. 501, 
 
 503, 504. 
 v. 220. 
 
 cooki (Cyanopolius) iv. 503. 
 
 (Dolometis) iv. 503. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 503. 
 
 cookii (Cyanopica) iv. 513. 
 
 v. 222. 
 
 cooperi (Podiceps) viii. 639. 
 
 coprotbeses (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
 Copsicbus ii. 1. 
 
 torquatus ii. 113. 
 
 Copyscbus macrurus ii. 551. 
 
 saularis v. 210. 
 
 Coracia iv. 435, 437. 
 
 cristata iv. 437. 
 
 erytbrorbampbos iv. 437. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 27 
 
 Coracias iii. 363. 
 
 v. 139. 
 
 Coracias affinis v . 150. 
 
 bengalensis v. 141, 140. 
 
 galbula iii. 365. 
 
 garrula ii. 157. 
 
 v. 141, 144, 150, 151, 160. 
 
 Coracias garrulus v. 139, 141, 151. 
 
 Coracias indica v. 149, 150. 
 
 Coracias indicus v. 139, 149. 
 
 Coracias loquax v. 141. 
 
 naevius y, 149. 
 
 oriolus iii. 365. 
 
 Coraciidae v. 139. 
 
 Corax iy. 521. 
 
 affinis iv. 559. 
 
 maximus iv. 567. 
 
 umbrinus iv. 577. 
 
 corax (Corvus) iv. 521, 532, 536, 541, 
 
 560, 563, 564, 565, 
 567, 577, 578. 
 vi. 40, 633. 
 
 corax, var. carnivorus (Corvus) . . iv. 567. 
 
 Cormoranus vi. 149- 
 
 crassirostris vi. 151. 
 
 cormoranus (Carbo) vi. 151. 
 
 (Halieus) vi. 151. 
 
 corniculata (Fratereula) .... viii. 599, 603. 
 
 (Mormon) viii. 600. 
 
 cornicum (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 comix (Corone) iv. 543. 
 
 cornix (Corvus) ii. 14, 51. 
 
 iv. 21, 531, 533, 536, 537, 538, 
 541, 543, 545, 546, 547, 
 550, 565, 579. 
 
 v. 222. 
 
 vi. 88, 633. 
 
 vii. 541. 
 
 viii. 388. 
 
 comix aegyptiaca (Corvus) iv. 543. 
 
 frugilega (Corvus) iv. 551. 
 
 comuta (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 451. 
 
 (Eremopbila) iv. 268, 387. 
 
 (Otocoris) iv. 387. 
 
 (Otocorys) . . . iv. 387, 401. 
 
 (Otocoryx) iv. 387. 
 
 cornuta (Tadorna) . . vi. 449, 451. 
 
 comutus (Colymbus) viii. 629, 645. 
 
 (Pbileremos) iv. 387. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 minor (Colymbus) viii. 645. 
 
 coromanda (Ardea) .... vi. 245, 246, 249. 
 
 (JBuphus) vi. 245. 
 
 (Cancroma) vi. 249. 
 
 coromandelicus (Bupbus) vi. 245. 
 
 (Cursorius) vii. 428. 
 
 coromandra (Ardea) vi. 245. 
 
 coronata (Phyllopneuste) ii. 507. 
 
 coronata (Sylvia) ii. 507. 
 
 coronatus (iEgithalus) iii. 166. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 169. 
 
 (Pbyllobasileus) ii. 507. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) . ii. 507. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 527. 
 
 Corone iv. 521. 
 
 affinis iv. 559. 
 
 cornix iv. 543. 
 
 umbrinus iv. 577. 
 
 corone (Corvus) iv. 521, 531, 
 
 532, 533, 535, 536, 537, 539, 
 541, 545, 546, 547, 549, 550, 
 551, 557, 562, 564, 565, 575. 
 
 vi. 100. 
 
 corone assimilis (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 brevirostris (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 biemalis (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 intercedens (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 longirostris (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 major (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 minor (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 montanus (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 subcorone (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 coronoides (Lycos) iv. 533. 
 
 Corospiza iii. 583. 
 
 licbtensteinii iii. 603. 
 
 simplex iii. 603. 
 
 corpore albido (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 corrira (Cbaradrius) vii. 425. 
 
 Cortbylio calendula ii. 451. 
 
 Corvidae iii. 363, 373. 
 
 iv. 435, 565. 
 
 Corvus iv. 435, 449, 469, 479, 
 
 507, 521, 527, 535, 575. 
 
 Corvus, sp. ? iv. 563. 
 
 advena iv. 551. 
 
 Corvus affinis . . iv. 521, 533, 535, 
 
 536, 541, 559, 560, 561, 
 562, 563, 564, 571. 
 
 Corvus agricola iv. 534, 551. 
 
 agrorum iv. 551. 
 
 americanus iv. 533, 535, 539. 
 
 americanus, var. floridanus . . iv. 533. 
 
 andamanensis iv. 533. 
 
 assimilis iv. 531. 
 
 australis iv. 533. 
 
 bracbyrhyncbos iv. 559. 
 
 bracbyurus iv. 559. 
 
 brevicaudatus iv. 559. 
 
 brevipennis iv. 534. 
 
 cacolotl iv. 567. 
 
 capensis iv. 534. 
 
 carnivorus iv. 532, 567. 
 
 caryocatactes iv. 451. 
 
 caurinus iv. 535. 
 
 cinereus iv. 543. 
 
 clericus iv. 551. 
 
 collaris iv. 523, 524, 527. 
 
 colonorum iv. 532, 534. 
 
 Corvus corax .... iv. 521, 532, 536, 
 541, 560, 563, 564, 565, 
 567, 577, 578. 
 vi. 40, 633. 
 
 Corvus corax, var. carnivorus .... iv. 567. 
 Corvus cornix ii. 14, 51. 
 
 iv. 21, 531, 533, 536, 537, 
 538, 541, 543, 545, 546, 
 547, 550, 565, 579. 
 
 v. 222. 
 
 vi. 88, 633. 
 
 vii. 541. 
 
 viii. 388. 
 
 Corvus cornix aegyptiaca iv. 543. 
 
 frugilega iv. 551. 
 
 Corvus corone. . iv. 521, 531, 532, 
 533, 535, 536, 537, 539, 541, 
 545, 546, 547, 549, 550, 551, 
 
 557, 562, 564, 565, 575. 
 
 vi. 100. 
 
 Corvus corone assimilis iv. 531. 
 
 brevirostris iv. 531. 
 
 biemalis iv. 531. 
 
 intercedens iv. 531. 
 
 longirostris iv. 531. 
 
 major iv. 531. 
 
 minor iv. 531. 
 
 montanus iv. 531. 
 
 subcorone iv. 531. 
 
 cryptoleucus iv. 535. 
 
 eulminatus iv. 532, 533. 
 
 dauricus iv. 527. 
 
 docilis iv. 437. 
 
 enca iv. 534, 535. 
 
 eremita iv. 437. 
 
 erytbropbthalmus iv. 535. 
 
 faeroensis iv. 575. 
 
 ferroensis iv. 567. 
 
 Corvus frugilegus iv. 521, 
 
 534, 551. 
 
 Corvus glandarius iv. 481. 
 
 graculus iv. 437. 
 
 granorum iv. 551. 
 
 biemalis iv. 531. 
 
 budsonicus iv. 509. 
 
 infaustus iv. 471. 
 
 infumatus iv. 577. 
 
 intermedius iv. 533. 
 
 jamaicensis iv. 535. 
 
 japonensis iv. 532, 533, 539, 571. 
 
 lawrencei iv. §67. 
 
 leptonyx iv. 533, 534. 
 
 leucognapbalus iv. 535. 
 
 leucomelas iv. 567. 
 
 leucopbaeus iv. 567, 575. 
 
 littoralis iv. 507 
 
 lugubris iv. 567i 
 
 macrorbyncbos iv. 532 
 
 macrorbyncbus iv. 57] 
 
28 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Corvus major iv. 532, 567. 
 
 maximus iv. 567. 
 
 mexicanus iv. 535. 
 
 • mimus iv. 471. 
 
 minor iv. 534. 
 
 minutus iv. 535. 
 
 Corvus monedula ii. 157. 
 
 iv. 521, 523, 524. 
 
 Corvus monedula Candida iv. 523. 
 
 nigra iv. 523. 
 
 torquata iv. 523, 
 
 • montanus iv. 567. 
 
 nasicus iv. 535. 
 
 neglectus iv. 527. 
 
 nobilis iv. 532, 567, 575. 
 
 orru iv. 533. 
 
 ossifragus iv. 535. 
 
 pastinator iv. 534, 552, 555. 
 
 peregrinus iv. 567. 
 
 philippinus iv. 534. 
 
 pica iv. 509. 
 
 pseudo-corone iv. 531. 
 
 pyrrhocorax iv. 445. 
 
 ruficollis iv. 533, 534, 
 
 rusticus iv. 509. 
 
 scapularis iv. 561. 
 
 scapulatus iv. 561. 
 
 vi. 62, 
 
 sibiricus iv. 471. 
 
 sinensis iv. 532, 534. 
 
 sinuatus iv. 532. 
 
 solitarius iv. 535. 
 
 spermologus iv. 523, 527. 
 
 stridens iv. 491. 
 
 subcornix iv. 543. 
 
 subcorone iv. 531. 
 
 sylvestris iv. 567. 
 
 tenuirostris .' iv. 534, 543. 
 
 thibetanus iv. 532. 
 
 tibetanus iv. 567, 571. 
 
 Corvus tingitanus . . iv. 533, 536, 
 538, 541, 563, 517. 
 — — umbrinus . . iv. 533, 536, 541, 
 
 547, 559, 560, 561, 
 571, 575, 577. 
 
 Corvus validissimus iv. 534, 
 
 validus iv. 534. 
 
 violaceus iv. 535. 
 
 voeiferus iv. 567. 
 
 vulturinus v. 395. 
 
 Corydalla iii. 283. 
 
 agrorum iii. 317. 
 
 arenaria iii. 317. 
 
 arvensis iii. 317. 
 
 campestris iii. 317. 
 
 chinensis iii. 325. 
 
 gracilis iii. 317. 
 
 griseorufescens iv. 200. 
 
 orientalis iii. 325. 
 
 ricbardi iii. 325. 
 
 Corydalla rufescens iii. 317. 
 
 rufula iii. 307. 
 
 russelti iii. 325. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 317. 
 
 sinensis iii. 325. 
 
 striata iii. 317. 
 
 subarquata iii. 317. 
 
 vierthaleri iii. 317. 
 
 Corytbus iv. 109, 111. 
 
 angustirostris iv. 111. 
 
 canadensis iv. 111. 
 
 enucleator iv. 111. 
 
 enucleator angustirostris .... iv. 111. 
 
 latirostris iv. 111. 
 
 macrorbynchos iv. 111. 
 
 microrhyncbos iv. 111. 
 
 splendens iv. 111. 
 
 minor iv. 111. 
 
 splendens iv. 111. 
 
 Cosmonessa vi. 609. 
 
 Cosmonetta .... vi. 607, 609, 613. 
 
 histrionica vi. 607, 
 
 609, 613. 
 
 Cossypha ii. 345. 
 
 gutturalis ii. 345, 347, 
 
 348, 351. 
 
 Cossypha reclamator ii. 345. 
 
 costse (Certhia) iii. 195, 200, 201. 
 
 Cotile iii. 493, 503. 
 
 Cotile cahirica iii. 521. 
 
 Cotile obsoleta .... iii. 503, 521. 
 
 riparia iii. 503, 505. 
 
 rupestris iii. 503, 513. 
 
 Coturnix vii. 141. 
 
 Coturnix baldami vii. 143. 
 
 capensis vii. 143. 
 
 Coturnix communis v. 160. 
 
 vii. 141, 143. 
 
 Coturnix dactylisonans vii. 143. 
 
 europaeus vii. 143. 
 
 indicus vii. 143. 
 
 leucogenys vii. 143. 
 
 major vii. 143. 
 
 media vii. 143. 
 
 minor vii. 143. 
 
 vulgaris vii. 143, 251. 
 
 vulgaris japonica vii. 143. 
 
 ypsilophorus vii. 143. 
 
 coturnix (Ortygion) vii. 143. 
 
 (Perdix) vi. 109. 
 
 vii. 143. 
 
 (Tetrao) .... 
 
 major (Perdix) 
 
 Cotyle 
 
 concolor 
 
 fluviatilis . . . . 
 
 littoralis 
 
 minor 
 
 obsoleta 
 
 vii. 143. 
 
 vii. 143. 
 
 iii. 503. 
 
 iii. 522. 
 
 iii. 505. 
 
 iii. 505. 
 
 iii. 507. 
 
 iii. 516, 521, 522. 
 
 Cotyle paludibula iii. 521. 
 
 palustris iii. 505, 521. 
 
 riparia iii. 491, 505, 507. 
 
 rupestris .... iii. 184, 491, 513, 516, 
 
 517, 518, 521, 522. 
 
 iv. 416. 
 
 thebaica iii. 521. 
 
 coutellii (Antbus) iii. 335. 
 
 Cractiornis viii. 219. 
 
 crampes (Saxicola) ii. 25 5. 
 
 crassipes (Aquila) v. 504, 522. 
 
 crassirostris (Alauda) iv. 307, 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 567. 
 
 (Carpodacus) iv. 85. 
 
 (Cormoranus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Piculus) v. 53. 
 
 (Saxicola oenanthe) ii. 187. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 411, 414. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 223. 
 
 (Tetrao urogallus) vii. 223. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 81. 
 
 Crateropodinae ii. 545. 
 
 iii. 19, 27. 
 
 Crateropus iii. 19, 354. 
 
 acaciae iii. 21. 
 
 chalybeius iii. 23. 
 
 v. 202. 
 
 cbalybeus iii. 23. 
 
 chalybius iii. 23. 
 
 fulvus iii. 21, 24. 
 
 numidicus iii. 21 . 
 
 squamiceps iii. 23. 
 
 crecca (Anas) vi. 472, 507, 523, 527. 
 
 Nettion) vi. 507. 
 
 crecca (Querquedula) . . vi. 507. 
 
 creccoides (Querquedula) vi. 507. 
 
 crepidata (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 crepidatus (Larus) viii. 471. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
 crepidatus (Stercorarius) 
 
 viii. 471, 482. 
 
 crepitans (CEdicnemus) vii. 401. 
 
 viii. 250. 
 
 Crex vii. 265, 289. 
 
 Crex alticeps vii. 291. 
 
 bailloni vii. 275. 
 
 foljambei vii. 275. 
 
 galeata vii. 317. 
 
 herbarum vii. 291. 
 
 porzana vii. 267. 
 
 Crex pratensis . vii. 258, 289, 291. 
 
 Crex pusilla vii. 283. 
 
 pygmaea vii. 275. 
 
 crex (Gallinula) vii. 291. 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 291. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 291. 
 
 crispus (Pelecanus) . . vi. 195, 196, 
 197, 199, 202, 203. 
 
 viii. 414. 
 
 crispus (Vanellus cristatus) vii. 545. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 29 
 
 crissoleucos (Picoides) v. 69. 
 
 crissoleucus (Aptemus) y. 69. 
 
 (Picus) v. 69, 70. 
 
 cristata (Alauda) iv. 285, 314, 371. 
 
 vii. 388. 
 
 (Alauda senegalensis) iv. 285. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 573. 
 
 (Anas fistularis) vi. 559. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 (Ardea mexicana) vi. 269. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 573. 
 
 (Calandrella) iv. 346. 
 
 (Coracia) iv. 437. 
 
 cristata (Fulica) . . vii. 323, 324, 
 
 328, 331, 334. 
 (Fuligula) . vi. 549, 573, 575. 
 
 cristata (Galerida) iv, 280, 285, 286. 
 
 cristata (Galerita) iii. 321. 
 
 iv. 283, 285, 286, 289, 290, 
 291, 301, 304, 353, 367, 371. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 cristata (Ibis) vi. 331. 
 
 (Lullula) iv. 285. 
 
 (Lupha) vii. 323. 
 
 (Pluvialis persica) vii. 539. 
 
 , var. (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 angustistriata (Galerita) .... iv. 286. 
 
 gallica (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 maculata (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 pallida (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 planorum (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 purpurascens (Ardea) vi. 217. 
 
 tenuirostris (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 vulgaris (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 cristatella (Alauda) .... iv. 286, 295, 321. 
 
 cristatus (Carbo) vi. 163. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 539. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 629, 645. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 163. 
 
 (Heterops) iv. 285. 
 
 (Hydrocorax) vi. 163. 
 
 cristatus (Lophophanes ) . . iii. 91, 
 
 149, 151, 153. 
 
 cristatus (Merganser) vi. 693. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 151, 155. 
 
 v. 10. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 163. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 163, 165. 
 
 cristatus (Podiceps) viii. 627, 
 
 629, 635, 642, 643, 644, 662. 
 cristatus (Procellaria) vi. 163, 
 
 cristatus (Regulus) ii. 451, 
 
 453, 459, 461, 464, 465, 466. 
 
 iii. 95. 
 v. 210. 
 
 cristatus (Vanellus) .... vii. 461, 462, 530, 
 
 545, 552. 
 
 bicomis (Vanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 communis (V anellus) vii. 545. 
 
 cristatus crispus (Vanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 minor (Colymbus) viii. 645. 
 
 minor (Merganser) ........ vi. 699. 
 
 Crithagra iii. 547. 
 
 canaria iii. 557. 
 
 serinus iii. 549. 
 
 crocea (Fringilla) iv. 151. 
 
 crococepbalus (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 Croicocepbalus melanocepbalus . . viii. 365. 
 
 Crucirostra iv. 119. 
 
 abietina iv. 127. 
 
 assimilis iv. 141. 
 
 balearica iv. 127, 128. 
 
 bifasciata iv. 141. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbos iv. 121. 
 
 curvirostra, var. balearica. ... iv. 127. 
 
 erythroptera iv. 141. 
 
 europsea iv. 127. 
 
 intercedens iv. 121. 
 
 leucoptera iv. 137 . 
 
 longirostris iv. 127. 
 
 major iv. 121. 
 
 media iv. 127. 
 
 montana iv. 127. 
 
 orientalis iv. 141. 
 
 paradoxa iv. 127. 
 
 pinetorum iv. 121, 127. 
 
 pityopsittacus iv. 121. 
 
 pseudopityopsittacus iv. 121. 
 
 rubrifasciata iv. 141. 
 
 subpityopsittacus iv. 121. 
 
 taenioptera iv. 141. 
 
 trifasciata iv. 141. 
 
 cruentatus (Picus) v. 35, 36, 37, 38. 
 
 Crymonessa vi. 615. 
 
 glacialis vi. 617. 
 
 Crymopbilus vii. 595. 
 
 rufus vii. 605. 
 
 cryptoleucus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 Cryptopbaga iv. 149. 
 
 miliaria iv. 163. 
 
 Cuculidae v. 197. 
 
 cucullatus (Artamus) ii. 411, 414. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 423. 
 
 (Mergus) vi. 683. 
 
 (Telephonus) iii. 425. 
 
 (Telepborus) iii. 423. 
 
 Cuculus .... V. 197, 199, 217, 225. 
 
 Cuculus abyssinicus v. 219. 
 
 americanus v. 227. 
 
 andalusise v. 219. 
 
 borealis v. 199. 
 
 canoroides v. 204. 
 
 Cuculus canorus .... v. 197, 199, 
 204, 217, 221, 222, 223, 225. 
 
 , var. bepaticus v. 215. 
 
 Cuculus carolinensis v. 227. 
 
 cinereus v. 199. 
 
 cinerosus v. 227. 
 
 dominieensis v. 22 7. 
 
 Cuculus dominicus v. 227. 
 
 erythropbtbalmus v. 231. 
 
 glandarius 219. 
 
 gracilis v. 219. 
 
 bepaticus v. 199, 200. 
 
 bimalayanus v. 204. 
 
 indicus v. 199. 
 
 libanoticus v. 199, 200. 
 
 macrourus v. 219. 
 
 melissopbonus v. 219. 
 
 micropterus v. 204. 
 
 optatus v. 204. 
 
 pbaiop terns v. 219. 
 
 pisanus v. 219. 
 
 rocbii v. 199, 203. 
 
 rufus v. 199, 200. 
 
 sparveroides v. 204. 
 
 telepbonus v. 199. 
 
 tenuirostris ii. 161. 
 
 culleni (Aquila) v. 513, 514. 
 
 culminatus (Corvus) iv. 532, 533. 
 
 cultrirostres (Oscines) iv. 403. 
 
 Cuncuma v. 543. 
 
 albipes v. 545. 
 
 macei v. 545. 
 
 cunicularia (Athene) v. 365. 
 
 cupido (Cupidonia) vii. 191. 
 
 Cupidonia cupido vii. 191. 
 
 cuprea (Ibis) vi. 335. 
 
 Cureus 225. 
 
 americanus v. 227. 
 
 curonica (iEgialitis) .... vii. 491, 
 
 499, 500. 
 
 curonica (Hiaticula) vii. 491. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 165. 
 
 curonicus (2Egialites) vii. 491, 495. 
 
 (Cbaradrius) vii. 491. 
 
 Curruca ii. 253, 309, 327, 361, 375, 
 
 439, 467, 515, 545, 557, 609, 637. 
 
 iii. 27. 
 
 affinis ii. 383, 386. 
 
 albistriata ii. 389. 
 
 andromeda ii. 537. 
 
 assimilis ii. 383. 
 
 atricapilla ii. 421. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbos ii. 429. 
 
 caniceps ii. 377, 411 . 
 
 cetti ii. 639. 
 
 cineracea ii. 377. 
 
 cinerea ii. 377. 
 
 cinerea, var. persica ii. 377. 
 
 eonspicillata ii. 393. 
 
 dumetorum ii. 383. 
 
 fruticeti ii. 377. 
 
 fusca ii. 567. 
 
 galactodes, var. syriaca ii. 553. 
 
 garrula ii. 383, 560. 
 
 grisea ii. 429. 
 
 beineken ii. 424. 
 
 belena ii. 414. 
 
 bortensis ii. 429. 
 
 I 
 
30 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Curruca languida ii. 535. 
 
 leucomelsena ii. 418. 
 
 leucopogon ii. 389, 401. 
 
 leupogon ii. 389. 
 
 locustella ii. 611. 
 
 luctuosa ii. 401. 
 
 luscinia ii. 363. 
 
 maxillaris ii. 537. 
 
 melanocephala ii. 401 . 
 
 molaria ii. 383. 
 
 mourns ii. 401, 407. 
 
 musica ii. 411. 
 
 nigricapiUa ii. 421. 
 
 nisoria ii. 435. 
 
 obscura ii. 383. 
 
 orphea ii. 411. 
 
 orphea griseocapilla ii. 411. 
 
 orphea, var. helena .... ii. 411, 414. 
 
 pallida ii. 537. 
 
 passerina ii. 389. 
 
 philomela ii. 369. 
 
 pileata ii. 421. 
 
 platystoma ii. 503. 
 
 provincialis ii. 441. 
 
 rubecula ii. 329. 
 
 rubetra ii. 255. 
 
 rubicola ii. 263. 
 
 rubricapilla ii. 421, 422. 
 
 ruficapilla ii. 421. 
 
 riippelli v. 188. 
 
 ruppelli ii. 417 . 
 
 sarda ii. 447 . 
 
 sepiaria iii. 39. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 383. 
 
 sericea ii. 639. 
 
 sibillatrix ii. 497 . 
 
 stentorea ii. 585. 
 
 subalpina ii. 889. 
 
 suecica ii. 317. 
 
 superciliaris ii. 383. 
 
 sylvia ii. 377 . 
 
 sylviella ii. 383. 
 
 thebaica ii. 407 . 
 
 undata ii. 435. 
 
 undulata ii. 435. 
 
 vidali ii. 411. 
 
 viridula ii- 491. 
 
 curruca (Ficedula) ii. 377. 
 
 — — (Motacilla) ii. 383. 
 
 curruca (Sylvia) .... ii. 383, 511. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 curruca arundinacea (Ficedula) .... ii. 567 . 
 
 atricapilla (Ficedula) ii. 421. 
 
 cineraria (Ficedula) ii. 377. 
 
 cinerea (Ficedula) ii. 377 . 
 
 garrula (Ficedula) ii. 383. 
 
 lusciniola (Ficedula) ii. 597. 
 
 minor (Ficedula) ii. 383, 387. 
 
 sylvestris (Ficedula) ii. 597. 
 
 cursitans (Cisticola), iii. 1, 3, 4, 
 
 6, 7. 
 
 cursitans (Prinia) iii. 3. 
 
 Cursor vii. 423, 519. 
 
 charadroides vii. 521. 
 
 europseus . vii. 425. 
 
 isabellinus vii. 425, 
 
 cursoria (Saxieola) ii. 243. 
 
 Cursorius iv. 277. 
 
 v. 628. 
 vii. 423. 
 
 Cursorius segyptius vii. 521. 
 
 brachydactylus vii. 425. 
 
 coromandelicus vii. 428, 
 
 europseus vii. 425. 
 
 Cursorius gallicus . . vii. 423, 425. 
 
 Cursorius isabellinus vii. 425. 
 
 jamesoni vii. 425, 429. 
 
 pallidus vii. 425. 
 
 Curvirostra iv. 119. 
 
 bifasciata iv. 141. 
 
 leucoptera iv. 137. 
 
 maerorhynchos iv. 127. 
 
 curvirostra (Loxia) . . iv. 119, 122, 
 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134, 
 
 139, 145, 146. 
 
 curvirostra, var. (Loxia) iv. 121. 
 
 , var. balearica (Crucirostra) . . iv. 127. 
 
 cutberti (Anas) vi. 629. 
 
 cuvieri (Faleinellus) viii. 59. 
 
 cyana (Petrocincla) ii. 139. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 503. 
 
 cyane (Cyanecula) ii. 317. 
 
 (Larvivora) ii. 343. 
 
 cyanea (Cyanopica) iv. 506. 
 
 (Petrocincla) ii. 133, 139, 157. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 503. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 317. 
 
 Cyanecula ii. 309. 
 
 Cyanecula cserulecula ii. 317, 619. 
 
 cyane ii. 317. 
 
 dichrosterna ii. 317. 
 
 leucocyana ii. 311, 315, 323. 
 
 leucoeyanea ii. 313. 
 
 longirostris ii. 311. 
 
 major ii. 311. 
 
 minor ii. 311. 
 
 obscura ii. 311. 
 
 orientalis ii. 317. 
 
 Cyanecula suecica ii. 311, 312, 
 
 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 
 320, 322, 323, 356, 511. 
 
 v. 210. 
 vii. 633. 
 
 Cyanecula suecioides ii. 317. 
 
 Cyanecula wolfi .... ii. 309, 311, 
 
 314, 315, 319, 320. 
 Cyanecula wolfii ii. 311. 
 
 cyanecula (Ruticilla) ii. 317. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 3H> 317. 
 
 orientalis (Lusciola) ii. 317. 
 
 cyaneus (Buteo) v. 431. 
 
 cyaneus (Circus) .... v. 413, 431, 
 
 436, 438, 441, 442, 
 443, 444, 445. 
 
 cyaneus (Cyanistes) . 
 
 (Falco) 
 
 (Parus) 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) 
 
 (Strigiceps) 
 
 Cyanistes 
 
 cseruleus 
 
 cyaneus 
 
 elegans 
 
 ultramarinus . . . 
 
 cyanocephala (Ardea) 
 
 Cyanopica 
 
 cooki 
 
 vii. 349. 
 
 iii. 143. 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 iii. 143. 
 
 ii. 139, 146, 
 
 149, 158. 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 iii. 77. 
 
 iii. 131. 
 
 iii. 143. 
 
 iii. 143. 
 
 iii. 139. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 iv. 501. 
 
 iv. 501, 503, 504. 
 
 v. 220. 
 
 Cvanopica cookii iv. 513. 
 
 v. 222. 
 
 cyanea iv. 506. 
 
 europsea iv. 503. 
 
 Cyanopolius iv. 501. 
 
 cooki iv. 503. 
 
 Cyanopterus vi. 505. 
 
 circia vi. 513. 
 
 cyanopus (Falco) vi. 59. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 245, 248. 
 
 cyanorhynchus (Larus) viii. 381. 
 
 cyanura (Ianthia) ii. 355. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 355. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 355. 
 
 cyanura (Nemura) . . ii. 353, 355, 
 
 356, 359. 
 
 cyanura (Sylvia) ii. 355. 
 
 cyanurus (Motacilla) ii. 355. 
 
 cyanus (Monticola) . . ii. 127, 139, 
 
 149. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 143. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) .... ii. 127, 
 
 139, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152, 
 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162. 
 
 cyanus (Turdus) ii. 139, 156, 
 
 Cychloselys ii. 1. 
 
 dubius ii. 63. 
 
 fuscatus ii. 63. 
 
 sibiricus ii. 87. 
 
 cygneus (Falco) v. 633. 
 
 Cygnus vi. 417. 
 
 Cygnus altumi vi. 441. 
 
 americanus vi. 439. 
 
 atratus vi. 417. 
 
 Cygnus bewicki vi. 441, 446, 
 
 447, 448. 
 
INDEX 
 
 31 
 
 Cygnus bewickii vi. 441. 
 
 buccinator vi. 439. 
 
 ferus vi. 433, 438, 
 
 gibbus vi. 419. 
 
 Cygnus immutabilis .... vi. 429, 
 
 430. 
 
 Cygnus islandicus vi. 433. 
 
 mansuetus vi. 419. 
 
 melanorbinus vi. 441. 
 
 melanorhynchus vi. 433. 
 
 minor vi. 441. 
 
 Cygnus musicus .... vi. 421, 426, 
 433, 437, 441, 442, 444, 446, 447. 
 Cygnus musicus minor vi. 441. 
 
 Cygnus olor vi. 417, 419, 421, 
 
 422, 427, 429, 430, 433, 436, 437, 
 438, 439, 440. 
 viii. 333. 
 
 Cygnus olor immutabilis vi. 429. 
 
 olor, var. minor vi. 441. 
 
 sibilus vi. 419. 
 
 unwini vi. 419. 
 
 xantborbinus vi. 433. 
 
 cygnus (Anas) vi. 433. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 419, 433. 
 
 , var. mansuetus (Anas) vi. 419. 
 
 Cymocborea viii. 489. 
 
 leucorrboa viii. 497. 
 
 Cymotomus viii. 511. 
 
 anglorum viii. 517. 
 
 arcticus viii. 527. 
 
 cynsedus (Picus) v. 47. 
 
 Cyncbramus iv. 149. 
 
 canneti iv. 241. 
 
 intermedius iv. 241. 
 
 lacustris iv. 241. 
 
 limicola iv. 241. 
 
 mili aria iv. 163. 
 
 palustris iv. 241. 
 
 pbragmitis iv. 241. 
 
 pseudo-pyrrbuloides iv. 241. 
 
 pusillus iv. 235. 
 
 pyrrbuloides iv. 241, 249. 
 
 riparius iv. 241. 
 
 rusticus iv. 229. 
 
 scboeniclus iv. 241. 
 
 septentrionalis iv. 241. 
 
 stagnatilis iv. 241. 
 
 Cypselidae iv. 581. 
 
 Cypselus iv. 581, 599, 611. 
 
 Cypselus abessynicus iv. 591. 
 
 abyssinicus iv. 202, 591, 609. 
 
 Cypselus affinis iii. 490. 
 
 iv. 591, 592. 
 Cypselus alpinus iv. 603. 
 
 Cypselus apus iv. 581, 583, 
 
 587, 593, 595, 597, 598, 
 599, 601, 608, 615. 
 
 vi. 11. 
 
 Cypselus apus murarius iv. 583. 
 
 apus niger iv. 583. 
 
 apus turrium iv. 583. 
 
 apus vulgaris iv. 583. 
 
 aterrimus iv. 583. 
 
 barbatus iv. 583, 584. 
 
 caffer iv. 587, 591, 592, 606. 
 
 dubius iv. 583. 
 
 fuscicollis iv. 603. 
 
 galilaeensis iv. 591, 593. 
 
 galilejensis iv. 591. 
 
 giganteus iv. 613. 
 
 gutturalis iv. 603. 
 
 leuconotus iv. 613. 
 
 leucopygialis iv. 591. 
 
 leucorrbous iv. 591. 
 
 Cypselus melba iv. 586, 593, 
 
 594, 603, 606, 608, 610. 
 
 vi. 108. 
 
 Cypselus melba alpinus iv. 603. 
 
 melba fascicoilis iv. 603. 
 
 melba microrbynchos iv. 603. 
 
 melbus iv. 603. 
 
 montanus iv. 591. 
 
 murarius iv. 583, 597, 601. 
 
 murinus iv. 597. 
 
 niger iv. 583. 
 
 nipalensis iv. 591. 
 
 pacificus iv. 588, 615. 
 
 Cypselus pallidus iv. 597, 
 
 598, 599. 
 
 pekinensis iv. 588. 
 
 streubeli iv. 591. 
 
 subfureatus iv. 591, 592, 593. 
 
 turrium iv. 583. 
 
 Cypselus unicolor iv. 584, 
 
 598, 599, 601. 
 
 Cypselus vulgaris iv. 583. 
 
 Cysticola iii. 11, 13. 
 
 cisticola r iii. 3. 
 
 scbcenicola iii. 3. 
 
 Dacelo v. 131. 
 
 fusca v. 133. 
 
 smymensis v. 133. 
 
 dactylisonans (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 dactylopterus (Turdus) . . ii. 94, 100, 101. 
 
 Daedalion v. 585, 597. 
 
 fringillarius v. 599. 
 
 palumbarius v. 587, 
 
 Dafila vi. 467, 529, 615. 
 
 acuta vi. 529, 531. 
 
 Dafila caudaeuta vi. 531. 
 
 caudata vi. 531, 
 
 longicauda vi. 531. 
 
 marmorata vi. 479. 
 
 dalmatica (Emberiza) iv. 218, 219. 
 
 dalmatinus (Circus) v. 441. 
 
 damarensis (Cbaradrius) vii. 479. 
 
 damascena (Perdix) -vii, 131. 
 
 damascensis (Picus) 
 
 v .37 « 
 
 damascenus (Tetrao) 
 
 vii. 131 
 
 Dandalus 
 
 ii. 327, 
 
 foliorum 
 
 ii. 329. 
 
 pinetorum 
 
 ii. 329. 
 
 rubecula 
 
 ii. 329. 
 
 septentrionalis 
 
 ii. 329. 
 
 danica (Somateria) 
 
 
 (Sternula) 
 
 . . . . viii. 279. 
 
 danicus (Antbus) 
 
 
 danubialis (Ardea) 
 
 vi. 259. 
 
 dapbanea (Aquila) 
 
 v. 533. 
 
 dartfordiensis (Melizophilus) , 
 
 ii. 441. 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 ii. 441. 
 
 dasypus (Cbelidon) 
 
 iii. 498. 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 v. 319. 
 
 Daulias ii. 345, 361, 363. 
 
 Daulias golzii 
 
 ii. 361. 
 
 bafizi ii. 
 
 361, 366, 371. 
 
 Daulias luscinia .... ii 
 
 :. 361, 363, 
 
 369, 371, 372, 373. 
 
 philomela 
 
 ii. 364, 365, 
 
 366, 368, 369, 370, 372. 
 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 daulias (Turdus) 
 
 .. ii. 74, 101. 
 
 dauma (Oreocincla) 
 
 ii. 80. 
 
 (Turdus) 
 
 ii. 77, 81, 82. 
 
 daurica (Hirundo) iii. 
 
 487, 488, 489. 
 
 dauricus (Corvus) 
 
 
 davidianus (Turdus) 
 
 ii. 71. 
 
 dealbata (iEgialitis) 
 
 .... vii. 484. 
 
 dealbatus (iEgialites) 
 
 vii. 483, 487. 
 
 (Lanius) 
 
 iii. 381. 
 
 deaurata (Ardea) 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 decipiens (Turtur) 
 
 . . vii. 52, 54. 
 
 decorata (Upupa) v. 
 
 180, 182, 184. 
 
 deformis (Coccotbraustes) . 
 
 iii. 575. 
 
 delalandi (Buteo) 
 
 v. 457. 
 
 delalandii (Hydrocbelidon) . . 
 
 . . . . viii. 315. 
 
 (Pelodes) 
 
 . . . . viii. 315. 
 
 delamottei (Sterna) 
 
 . . . . viii. 315. 
 
 delawarensis (Larus) 
 
 viii. 385, 386. 
 
 delicatula (Aluco) 
 
 v. 238. 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 . . v. 239, 240. 
 
 delicatulus (Strix) 
 
 v. 237. 
 
 deliciosa (Otis) 
 
 .... vii. 364. 
 
 Dendroantbus maculatus . . . 
 
 
 trivialis 
 
 
 Dendrocoptes 
 
 v. 17. 
 
 medius 
 
 v. 47. 
 
 syriacus 
 
 v. 35. 
 
 Dendrocopus 
 
 . v. 1, 17, 67. 
 
 feliciae 
 
 v. 35. 
 
 major 
 
 Y. 19 
 
 martius 
 
 v. 3. 
 
 medius v. 47. 
 
 minor v. 53. 
 
 numidicus 
 
 v. 33. 
 
 pinetorum 
 
 
 tridactylus 
 
 
32 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Dendrodromas v. 17. 
 
 leuconotus y. 39. 
 
 Dendrofalco yi. 13. 
 
 areadicus vi. 103. 
 
 eleonorse vi. 103. 
 
 dentatus (Mystaeinus) iii. 49. 
 
 dentirostres (Oscines) ii. 1. 
 
 derbianus (Lyrurus) yii. 205. 
 
 (Tetrao) yii, 205. 
 
 deserti (Alauda) iv. 329, 330. 
 
 deserti (Ammomanes) .... iv. 327, 
 329, 335, 336, 337. 
 
 deserti (Annomanes) iv. 329, 331. 
 
 (CalandreUa) iv. 329, 343, 349. 
 
 (Melanocorypba) iv. 329. 
 
 (Mirafra) iv. 329. 
 
 deserti (Saxicola) ii. 185, 190, 
 
 212, 215,218, 233, 536. 
 
 deserti (Stoparola) ii. 397. 
 
 deserticola (Aqnila) v. 545. 
 
 deserticola (Sylvia) . . ii, 397, 398. 
 
 desertorum (Alaemon) iv. 275, 
 
 (Alauda) iv. 275. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 desertorum (Buteo) .... iii. 594. 
 v. 452, 454, 457, 458, 459, 466. 
 
 — — (Certhilauda) iii. 426. 
 
 iv. 273, 275, 384. 
 
 desertorum (Circus) v. 441. 
 
 (Falco) v. 457. 
 
 (GEdicnemus) vii. 401. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 441. 
 
 desmaresti (Carbo) vi. 163. 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 163. 
 
 desmarestii (Graculus) vi. 163. 
 
 Desmognatbae v. 111. 
 
 dethardingii (Scolopax) viii. 59. 
 
 deva (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 diabolica (iEstrelata) viii. 545. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 545, 547. 
 
 dicbrosterna (Cyanecula) ii. 317. 
 
 dicbrous (Falco) vi. 103, 107, 109. 
 
 Dicruridas iii. 363. 
 
 Dicrurus v. 151. 
 
 longicaudatus v. 190. 
 
 diluta (Saxicola) ii. 190. 
 
 dircaea (Anas) vi. 429. 
 
 discolor (Certbia) iii. 201, 202, 
 
 discors (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 dispar (Anas) vi. 649, 654. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 649. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 162. 
 
 (Pygargus) v. 431. 
 
 (Stellaria) vi. 649. 
 
 docilis (Corvus) iv. 437. 
 
 doliata (Stryx) v. 301. 
 
 dolicbonica (Emberiza) iv. 223, 228. 
 
 Dolometis iv. 501. 
 
 — — cooki iv. 503. 
 
 domestica (Butalis) iii. 447. 
 
 domestica (Fringilla) iii. 587. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 477. 
 
 (Pyrgita,) iii. 587. 
 
 domesticus (Passer) . . iii. 500, 583. 
 585, 586, 587 , 593, -594, 595, 596, 
 597, 598, 600, 601, 602, 605. 
 
 v. 210, 363. 
 
 domesticus (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 219. 
 
 cisalpinus (Passer) iii. 585. 
 
 , var. italicus (Passer) iii. 585. 
 
 , var. salicarius (Passer) .... iii. 593. 
 
 Dominicanus viii. 355. 
 
 fuscus viii. 421. 
 
 marinus viii. 427. 
 
 dominicensis (Cuculus) v. 227. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 11. 
 
 (Tringa cinclus) viii. 11. 
 
 dominicus (Coccyzus) v. 227, 231. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 227. 
 
 dorbignii (Larus) viii. 373, 376. 
 
 doriae (Calamodyta) ii. 633. 
 
 (Certbilauda) iv. 275. 
 
 dorsalis (Picus) v. 71. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 15. 
 
 dougalli (Hydrocecropis) viii. 273. 
 
 dougalli (Sterna) . . viii. 263, 2273. 
 
 douglasi (Sterna) viii. 273. 
 
 douraca (Turtur) vii. 51. 
 
 dresseri (Somateria) vi. 642. 
 
 Dromolaea ii. 185. 
 
 chrysopygia ii. 223, 225. 
 
 leucocephala ii. 233, 243. 
 
 leucopygaia ii. 243. 
 
 leucopygia ii. 233, 243. 
 
 leucura ii. 247, 249. 
 
 monacba ii. 239, 240, 243, 244. 
 
 nigra ii. 243, 244, 
 
 Drymceca iii. 11, 57, 60. 
 
 Drymoeea iii. H. 
 
 Drymceca gracilis. . iii. 11, 13, 14. 
 
 Drymceca maculosa iii. 11, 
 
 Drymoscae iii. 15, 16, 47 . 
 
 Drymoecinae iii. 1. 
 
 Drymoica iii. 1. 11. 
 
 cisticola iii. 3. 
 
 gracilis iii. 13. 
 
 lepida iii. 13. 
 
 terrestris iii. 3. 
 
 uropygialis iii. 3. 
 
 Drymoipus longicaudatus iii. 14, 15. 
 
 Dryobates v. 17, 67. 
 
 major v. 19, 79. 
 
 minor v. 53, 79. 
 
 tridactylus v. 69. 
 
 Dryocopus v. 1. 
 
 martius v. 1, 3, 6, 42. 
 
 Dryopicos v. 1. 
 
 , martius v. 3. 
 
 Dryopicus v. 1. 
 
 Dryopicus martius v. 3. 
 
 Dryospiza iii. 647. 
 
 canaria iii. 557. 
 
 serinus iii. 549. 
 
 Dryotomus v. 1. 
 
 martius v. 3. 
 
 dubia (Aquila) v. 499. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 11. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 dubius (Cbaradrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Cychloselys) ii. 63. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 (Falco) v. 587. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 dubius (Turdus). . ii. 59, 60, 61, 62, 
 63 , 65, 68, 71, 85, 86. 
 
 dubuis v. antboides (Budytes) iii. 261. 
 
 ducalis (Falco) v. 575. 
 
 dukbunensis (Alauda) iv. 341. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 233, 236. 
 
 duleivox (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 Dumetieola ii. 375, 439. 
 
 melanocepbala ii. 401. 
 
 • sarda ii. 447. 
 
 dumetorum ( Acrocephalus) ii. 535, 
 
 560, 561 , 564. 
 
 dumetorum (Calamodyta) ii. 561. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 383. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 399. 
 
 (Motacilla)] ii. 383. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 383. 
 
 duplicatus (Colymbus) viii. 645. 
 
 duponti (Certhilauda) .... iv. 277, 
 
 278 , 280. 
 
 dupontii (Algernon) iv. 279. 
 
 (Alauda) iv. 279. 
 
 durazzi (Emberiza) iv. 235. 
 
 dussumieri (Tumix) vii. 250. 
 
 Dysporus vi. 179, 181. 
 
 bassanus vi. 181. 
 
 Dytes viii. 627, 645. 
 
 eburnea (Pagophila) .... viii. 347, 
 
 349 . 
 
 eburneus (Cetosparactes) viii. 349. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 349. 
 
 (Pagopbila) viii. 349. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 349, 451. 
 
 Ectopistes migratorius vii. 37. 
 
 Egretta vi, 205. 
 
 alba vi. 231. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbos vi. 239. 
 
 eomata vi. 251. 
 
 garzetta vi. 239. 
 
 jubata vi. 239. 
 
 lindermayeri vi. 239. 
 
 melanorbyncba vi. 231, 
 
 modesta vi. 231. 
 
 nigrirostris vi. 231. 
 
 orientalis vi. 231, 239. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 33 
 
 Egretta rueppelli vi. 231. 
 
 russata vi. 245. 
 
 syrmatopbora vi. 231. 
 
 egretta (Ardea) vi. 231, 232, 236, 237, 238, 
 
 239, 242. 
 
 (Garzetta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 231. 
 
 , var. californica (Herodias) . . vi. 238. 
 
 egrettoides (Ardea) vi. 231. 
 
 elaeatborax (Emberiza) iv. 177. 
 
 elaeica (Cbloropeta) ii. 537. 
 
 (Eicedula) ii. 537. 
 
 (Hippolais) ii. 537. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 537. 
 
 elaica (Hypolais) . . ii. 531, 535, 539, 542. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 528. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 537. 
 
 Elanoides v. 661. 
 
 vi. 1. 
 
 csesius v. 663. 
 
 furcatus vi. 1. 
 
 Elanus v. 661, 666. 
 
 Elanus axillaris v. 666. 
 
 Claims cseruleus .... v. 661, 663, 
 
 666, 667. 
 
 Elanus csesius v. 663. 
 
 bvpoleucos v. 666. 
 
 leucurus v. 666. 
 
 melanopterus v. 444, 663. 
 
 minor v. 6G3. 
 
 scriptus v. 666. 
 
 elegans (Alauda) iv. 335. 
 
 (Ammomanes) iv. 335. 
 
 (Annomanes) iv. 335. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 242, 
 
 elegans (Carduelis) . iii. 525, 527. 
 
 elegans (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 11. 
 
 (Cyanistes) iii. 143. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 202. 
 
 (Hiaticula) vii. 483. 
 
 (Lanius) iii, 381, 382. 
 
 (Merops) v. 155. 
 
 (Nisus) v. 599. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 423. 
 
 eleonorae (Dendrofalco) vi. 103. 
 
 eleonorse (Falco). . vi. 13, 74, 103, 
 
 105, 107, 108, 109. 
 eleonorae (Hypotriorchis) . , vi. 103, 105, 
 
 107,108. 
 
 elorioides (Tringa) viii. 3. 
 
 elwesi (Otocoris) iv. 395. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 401. 
 
 Cmberiza . . iii. 445, 525, 533, 547, 
 
 615. 
 
 iv. 149, 219, 238, 251, 339. 
 
 Emberiza albida iv. 208, 217,218. 
 
 aquatica iv. 249. 
 
 arundinacea iv. 241. 
 
 Cmberiza aureola . . iv. 223, 225, 
 
 226, 228, 259. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Emberiza auriceps iii. 561. 
 
 aurifrons iii. 556, 561. 
 
 badensis iv. 185. 
 
 • baghaira iv. 341. 
 
 barbata iv. 205. 
 
 bonapartei iv. 219. 
 
 bonapartii iv. 218. 
 
 borealis iv. 229, 261. 
 
 brumalis iii. 535. 
 
 buchanani iv. 185, 189. 
 
 Cmberiza csesia .... iv. 160, 161, 
 210, 213, 214, 215. 
 
 Emberiza calcarata iv. 253. 
 
 caniceps iv. 208. 
 
 canigularis iv. 205. 
 
 carduelis iii. 527. 
 
 caspia iv. 249. 
 
 castaneiceps iv. 208. 
 
 chlorocephala iv. 185. 
 
 chlorophrys iv. 193. 
 
 Cmberiza chrysophrys . . iv. 193. 
 
 cia ii. 290. 
 
 iv. 92, 180, 205, 207, 208, 
 210, 214. 
 
 Emberiza cineracea iv. 159. 
 
 Cmberiza cinerea . . iv. 159, 160. 
 
 Emberiza cioides iv. 207, 208. 
 
 ciopsis iv. 208. 
 
 Cmberiza cirlus ii. 351. 
 
 iv. 177. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 citrinella ii. 511. 
 
 iv. 171, 182, 190, 210, 220. 
 
 v. 210, 275, 304. 
 
 Emberiza coccinea iv. 99. 
 
 dalmatica iv. 218. 
 
 dolichonica iv. 223. 
 
 durazzi iv. 235. 
 
 elaeatborax iv. 177. 
 
 elegans iv. 202. 
 
 gigliolii iv. 208. 
 
 glacialis iv. 261. 
 
 granativora iv. 151, 154. 
 
 hordei iv. 205. 
 
 Cmberiza hortulana iv. 185, 214. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Emberiza hortulanus arundinaceus iv. 241. 
 
 huttoni iv. 200, 214. 
 
 intermedia iv. 241, 246. 
 
 lesbia iv. 229. 
 
 Cmberiza leucocephala . . iv. 207, 
 208, 217, 218, 219, 220. 
 
 Emberiza lotharingica iv. 205, 261 . 
 
 luctuosa iii. 453. 
 
 maelbyensis iv. 185. 
 
 Cmberiza melanocephala . iv. 151, 
 
 153, 155. 
 
 Emberiza meridionalis iv. 205, 207. 
 
 Cmberiza miliaria . . iv. 149, 161, 
 163, 167, 369, 371. 
 v. 208, 209, 210. 
 
 Emberiza montana iv. 261. 
 
 mustelina iv. 261. 
 
 nivalis iii. 617. 
 
 iv. 261, 374. 
 
 notata iv. 261. 
 
 olivacea iv. 341. 
 
 palustris iv. 241, 246. 
 
 passerina .... iv. 218, 245, 246, 247. 
 
 pinetorum iv. 228. 
 
 pinguescens iv. 185. 
 
 pitbjornis iv. 208, 232. 
 
 pitbyomus iv. 207. 
 
 pityomis iv. 217, 218. 
 
 Cmberiza pusilla .... iv. 195, 202, 
 
 235. 
 
 pyrrbuloides .... iv. 246, 247, 
 
 249. 
 
 rustica iv. 229, 232. 
 
 Emberiza sabarae iv. 198, 199, 214. 
 
 Cmberiza schceniclus. iv. 198, 220, 
 241, 246, 249, 250, 259. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Emberiza scboeniclus, var iv. 241. 
 
 scboeniclus, var. minor .... iv. 235. 
 
 sclavonica. . . . .... iv. 217, 218, 219. 
 
 scotata iv. 218. 
 
 selysii iv. 223, 228. 
 
 • septentrionalis iv. 171. 
 
 sibirica iv. 228. 
 
 spinus iii. 541. 
 
 stewarti iv. 200, 208. 
 
 stracbeyi iv. 207, 210. 
 
 Cmberiza striolata . . iv. 87, 197, 
 
 Emberiza sylvestris . , 
 
 198, 199, 202. 
 
 tristra mi 
 
 iv 907 
 
 tunstalli 
 
 iv 1 85 
 
 Emberizidse 
 
 iv 991 
 
 Emberizinae ; , 
 
 
 empusa (Actitis) 
 
 Enalius 
 
 . . . yii B41 
 
 sabini 
 
 vii 041 
 
 enca (Corvus) 
 
 Eniconetta 
 
 vi 627 654 
 
 stelleri 
 
 
 Enneoctonus 
 
 iii P.7.9 
 
 arenarius 
 
 . . . . iii 41 3 
 
 auriculatus . . . . 
 
 
 collurio 
 
 
 italicus 
 
 
 minor 
 
 
 nubicus 
 
 
 pomeranus 
 
 
34 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Enneoetonus rufus iii. 407. 
 
 rutilans iii. 407. 
 
 Entomobia v. 131. 
 
 fusca y. 133. 
 
 smyrnensis v. 133. 
 
 Entomothera Y. 131. 
 
 fusca y. 133. 
 
 smyrnensis y. 133. 
 
 Enucleator iv. 109. 
 
 angustirostris iv. 111. 
 
 minor iv. 111. 
 
 enucleator (Coecothraustes) iv. 111. 
 
 (Corythus) iv. 111. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 111. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 111. 
 
 enucleator (Pinicola) .... iv. 109, 
 
 111 . 
 
 enucleator (Pyrrhula) iv. 111. 
 
 (Strobilophaga) iv. 111. 
 
 angustirostris (Corythus). ... iv. 111. 
 
 latirostris (Corythus) iv. 111. 
 
 macrorhynchos (Corythus) . . iv. 111. 
 
 microrhynehos (Corythus) . . iv. 111. 
 
 splendens (Corythus) iv. 111. 
 
 Ephialtes v. 327. 
 
 scops v. 329, 363. 
 
 zorca v. 329. 
 
 ephialtes (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 Epilais ii. 375, 429. 
 
 atricapilla ii. 421. 
 
 epops (Upupa) .... v. 9, 177, 179, 
 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 193, 194. 
 
 equestris (Tringa) 
 eremita (Corvus) 
 
 (Graculus) . , 
 
 (Turdus) . . . 
 
 Eremophila 
 
 alpestris . . . 
 
 eomuta . . . 
 
 khamsin . . . 
 
 Ereunetes 
 
 pusillus . . . 
 
 ericeus (Tetrao) . . 
 
 Erimistura 
 
 Erismatura . . 
 
 vi. 109. 
 
 viii. 87. 
 
 iv. 437. 
 
 iv. 437. 
 
 . . . ii. 150, 157. 
 
 iv. 385. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 .. iv. 268, 387. 
 
 iv. 399. 
 
 viii. 17. 
 
 . . . viii. 18, 54. 
 
 vii. 205. 
 
 vi. 675. 
 
 vi. 675, 677. 
 
 leucocephala vi. 577, 
 
 675, 677. 
 
 Erismatura mersa vi. 481, 677. 
 
 Erithacus ii- 327, 339, 353. 
 
 Erithacus cairii ii- 293. 
 
 calliope ii- 341. 
 
 hyrcanus ii- 332. 
 
 moussieri ii. 301. 
 
 philomela ii. 369. 
 
 Erithacus rubecula ii. 309, 
 
 327 , 329. 
 v. 210. 
 
 eritrocephala (Anas) vi. 551. 
 
 erminea (Nyetea) v. 287. 
 
 erminea (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 Erodius .' vi. 205. 
 
 albus vi. 231. 
 
 garzetta vi. 239. 
 
 russatus vi. 245. 
 
 victorise vi. 231. 
 
 Erolia viii. 9. 
 
 pygmaea viii. 59. 
 
 variegata viii. 59. 
 
 Erythaca rubecula ii. 329. 
 
 erythaca (Pyrrhula) iv. 100. 
 
 Erythacus .... ii. 275, 309, 327, 329, 361. 
 
 luscinia ii. 363. 
 
 rubecula '. v. 208. 
 
 suecica ii. 317. 
 
 tithys ii. 293. 
 
 erythreea (Loxia) iv. 75. 
 
 erythrsea (Saxicola) ii. 185, 
 
 190, 219, 233. 
 
 erythrseus (Phoenicopterus) vi. 343, 
 
 345, 349. 
 
 Erythrina iv. 67. 
 
 erythrina (Coecothraustes) iv. 75. 
 
 (Erythrospiza) iv. 75. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 75. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 75. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 75, 78. 
 
 erythrinus (Carpodacus) . . iv. 67, 
 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82. 
 
 erythrocephala (Aythya) vi. 551. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 99. 
 
 erythrogaster (Hirundo) iii. 480. 
 
 erythrogastra (Adelura) ii. 305. 
 
 (Chamaerrhous) ii. 305. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 305. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 305. 
 
 erythrogastra (Ruticilla). ii. 305. 
 
 erythrogastra (Sylvia) ii. 305. 
 
 Erythroleuca ii. 375, 389. 
 
 Erythrophrys v. 225. 
 
 americanus v. 227. 
 
 carolinensis v. 227. 
 
 erythrophthalmus v. 231. 
 
 erythrophthalmus (Coccyzus). 
 
 v. 231. 
 
 erythrophthalmus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 231. 
 
 (Erythrophrys) v. 231. 
 
 erythroprocta (Ruticilla) . ii. 289, 290, 29 2. 
 
 erythroptera (Crucirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 (Mirafra) iv. 200, 204. 
 
 erythropterus (Lanius) iii. 423. 
 
 (Monticola) ii. 150. 
 
 erythropterus (Telephonus) . . iii. 
 
 421, 423. 
 
 erythropterus (Turdus) ii. 150. 
 
 Erythropus vi. 13. 
 
 amurensis vi. 97. 
 
 vespertinus vi. 93, 97, 131. 
 
 erythropus (Anas) vi. 383. 
 
 erythropus (Anser) vi. 375^ 
 
 376, 378, 379, 383,’ 
 401, 405. 
 
 erythropus (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 (Bernicla) vi. 397. 
 
 (Frigilus) iv. 437. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 357. 
 
 (Porphyrio) vii. 303. 
 
 , var. amurensis (Falco) vi. 94. 
 
 Erythropygia ii. 545. 
 
 familiaris ii. 553. 
 
 galactotes ii. 547. 
 
 erythropygia (Hirundo) . . iii. 488, 489, 490. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 227, 228, 229. 
 
 erythropvgius (Accentor) iii. 32. 
 
 erythrorhamphos (Coracia) iv. 437. 
 
 erythrorhyncha (Falcinellus) .... vi. 335. 
 
 (Ibis) vi. 335. 
 
 erythrorhynchus (Falcinellus) .... vi. 335. 
 
 Erythroscelus viii. 125, 165. 
 
 Erythrospiza iv. 67, 83. 
 
 Erythrospiza erythrina iv. 75. 
 
 Erythrospiza githaginea . . iv. 85. 
 
 Erythrospiza phoenicoptera iv. 91. 
 
 rosea iv. 75. 
 
 Erythrospiza sanguinea . . iv. 83, 
 
 91, 92. 
 
 Erythrospiza sinaitica iv. 73. 
 
 Erythrosterna iii. 445. 
 
 parva iii. 465. 
 
 parva ruiicollis iii. 465. 
 
 parva rufigularis iii. 465. 
 
 Erythrothorax iv. 67, 83. 
 
 gitkagineus iv. 85. 
 
 rubrifrons iv. 75. 
 
 erythrourus (Motacilla) ii. 293. 
 
 erythrurus (Turdus) ii. 67, 
 
 Esacus vii. 407. 
 
 Estrelda iii. 47. 
 
 Eudites viii. 607, 609. 
 
 Eudocimus vi. 333. 
 
 albus vi. 340. 
 
 falcinellus vi. 336. 
 
 Eudromias vii. 505, 518. 
 
 Eudroinias asiatica vii. 479. 
 
 asiaticus vii. 444, 479. 
 
 montana vii. 507. 
 
 morinella vii. 507. 
 
 Eudromias morinellus . . vii. 462, 
 
 481, 505, 507. 
 
 Eudromias stolida vii. 607. 
 
 Eudytes viii. 607, 621. 
 
 arcticus viii. 615. 
 
 glacialis viii. 609. 
 
 septentrionalis viii. 621. 
 
 Euliga viii. 117, 119. 
 
 eulopkotes (Ardea) vi. 244. 
 
 Euuetta vi. 505. 
 
 f alcata vi. 525. 
 
 eunomus (Turdus) ii. 63. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 35 
 
 Euplectes iii. 605. 
 
 griseus iii. 611. 
 
 Eupodotis vii. 367. 
 
 macqueeni vii. 395. 
 
 undulata vii. 391, 395. 
 
 europaea (Bonasia) vii. 193. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii. 3. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 127. 
 
 (Cyanopica) iv. 503. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 127. 
 
 (Miliaria) iv. 163. 
 
 (Nyctea nivea) v. 287. 
 
 (Nyctiardea) vi. 269. 
 
 (Ostralega) vii. 567. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 europaea (Pyrrhula) .... iv. 95, 97, 
 98, 99, lOl, 103, 107. 
 
 europaea (Recurvirostra) vii. 577. 
 
 (Rustieola) vii. 615. 
 
 europaea (Sitta) .... iii. 167, 169, 
 170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 
 179, 181, 184, 186, 189. 
 
 europaea (Tichodroma) iii. 207. 
 
 typica (Sitta) iii. 179. 
 
 uralensis (Sitta) iii. 179. 
 
 europaeus (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 europaeus (Caprimulgus). . iv. 619, 
 621, 624, 625, 629, 
 630, 633, 634, 635, 
 v. 332. 
 
 europaeus (Oathartes) v. 391. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 167. 
 
 (Coccotbraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Cursor) vii. 425. 
 
 (Cursorius) vii. 425. 
 
 (Fregilus) iv. 437. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Nyctiehelidon) iv. 621. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 269. 
 
 (QEdicnemus) vii. 401. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Pboenicopterus) vi. 343. 
 
 (Picoides) v. 69. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 (Sylbeocyclus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Tacbydromus) vii. 425. 
 
 (Troglodytes) .... iii. 155, 219, 229. 
 
 foliorum (Caprimulgus) .... iv. 621. 
 
 maculatus (Caprimulgus) . . iv. 621. 
 
 peregrinus (Caprimulgus) .... iv. 621. 
 
 punctatus (Caprimulgus) .... iv. 621. 
 
 punctorum (Caprimulgus) . . iv. 621. 
 
 europea (Troglodytes) iii. 219. 
 
 eurymelaena (Saxicola) ii. 211. 
 
 Eurystomus v. 139. 
 
 Euspiza iv. 149, 155. 
 
 americana iv. 155. 
 
 atricapilla iv. 151. 
 
 Euspiza aureola iv. 223. 
 
 cia iv. 205. 
 
 bortulana iv. 185. 
 
 melanocepbala iv. 151, 154. 
 
 v. 160. 
 
 simillima iv. 151. 
 
 Eustrinx v. 235. 
 
 flammea v. 237. 
 
 Eutolmaetus v. 57 3. 
 
 bonelli v. 575. 
 
 eversmanni (Columba) vii. 18, 26. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491, 509. 
 
 (Phylloscopus) ii. 481, 493. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 509. 
 
 Exantbemops vi. 410. 
 
 excelsus (Palumbus) vii. 3. 
 
 excoronatus (Phyllopneuste) ii. 507. 
 
 excubitor (Colly rio) iii. 375. 
 
 excubitor (Lanius) . . iii. 373, 375, 
 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 
 385, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 426. 
 
 iv. 277, 281. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vi. 34. 
 
 exilipes (iEgiothus) iv. 51. 
 
 exilipes (Linota) .... iv. 39, 42, 43, 
 44, 49, 51, 52, 57, 65. 
 
 exilis (Ardeola) ii. 304. 
 
 (Ardetta) vi. 264. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii. 7. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 179. 
 
 eximia (Luscinia) ii. 369. 
 
 eximius (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 exustus (Pterocles) vii. 59, 64, 534. 
 
 faberi (Clangula) vi. 617. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 617. 
 
 fabricii (Larus) viii. 427. 
 
 faeroeensis (Hydrobates) viii. 491. 
 
 (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 faeroensis (Cephus) viii. 581. 
 
 fseroensis (Corvus) iv. 575. 
 
 fagorum (Coccotbraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 falcaria (Anas) vi. 525. 
 
 (Q.uerquedula) vi. 525. 
 
 falcata (Anas) vi. 525, 527. 
 
 (Eunetta) vi. 525. 
 
 falcata (Querquedula) . . vi. 525. 
 
 falcinella (Plegadornis) vi. 335. 
 
 Trynga viii. 59. 
 
 Falcinellus vi. 333, 340. 
 
 viii. 1, 9, 59. 
 
 bengalensis vi. 335. 
 
 cuvieri viii. 59. 
 
 erythrorhyncha vi. 335. 
 
 erythrorhynchus vi. 335. 
 
 gesneri et aldrovandri vi. 335. 
 
 igneus vi. 335. 
 
 mexicanus vi. 335. 
 
 Falcinellus ordi vi. 335. 
 
 peregrina vi. 335. 
 
 rufus vi. 336. 
 
 falcinellus (Eudocimus) vi. 336. 
 
 (Ibis) vi. 335. 
 
 (Numenius) vi. 335, 340. 
 
 falcinellus (Plegadis) .... vi. 333, 
 
 335, 336, 339. 
 
 falcinellus (Tantalides) vi. 335. 
 
 (Tantalus) vi. 335. 
 
 , var. ordi (Ibis) vi. 336. 
 
 falcirostra (Loxia) iv. 137. 
 
 Falco v. 399, 413, 447, 
 
 469, 479, 543, 561, 573, 
 585, 597, 641, 661. 
 vi. 1, 13, 64, 137. 
 
 Falco abietinus vi. 31. 
 
 aegyptius v. 657. 
 
 aequipar v. 441. 
 
 aeruginosus v. 415. 
 
 Falco eesalon .... vi. 83, 97, 128. 
 
 Falco aesalon alaudarius vi. 83. 
 
 albescens v. 587. 
 
 albicaudus v. 551. 
 
 albicilla v. 551. 
 
 albicilla borealis v. 551. 
 
 albidus v. 449. 
 
 albus v. 449, 451, 533. 
 
 americanus v. 533. 
 
 amurensis vi. 94. 
 
 anatum vi. 31. 
 
 apivorus vi. 3. 
 
 aquila v. 533. 
 
 arcadicus vi. 103, 107. 
 
 arcticus vi. 25, 29. 
 
 arundinaceus v. 415. 
 
 vi. 139. 
 
 astracanus v. 463. 
 
 ater v. 494, 651. 
 
 atriceps vi. 31. 
 
 austriacus v. 651. 
 
 babylonicus vi. 52, 54. 
 
 Falco barbarus v. 401. 
 
 vi. 37, 43, 44, 47, 54, 55. 
 
 Falco barbatus v. 401. 
 
 barletta vi. 69. 
 
 belisarius v. 513. 
 
 biarm icus vi. 51, 54. 
 
 bonelli v. 575. 
 
 bracbydactylus v. 563. 
 
 brookii vi. 31. 
 
 brunneus vi. 113. 
 
 buteo 449. 
 
 caeruleus 663. 
 
 caesius vi. 83. 
 
 calidus vi. 31. 
 
 canadensis v. 533. 
 
 Falco candicans vi. 18, 21, 26, 
 
 28, 29. 
 
 Falco candicans islandicus . . . vi. 25. 
 
S6 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Falco carolinensis vi. 139. 
 
 cassini vi. 41, 42. 
 
 cayennensis vi. 139. 
 
 Falco cenchris iv. 605. 
 
 vi. 13, 117, 125, 127, 132, 
 133, 134, 135. 
 
 Falco cberrug vi. 59. 
 
 cbicquera v. 151. 
 
 cbrysaetus v. 533. 
 
 cineraceus v. 423. 
 
 cinerareus v. 423. 
 
 cinerarius v. 423. 
 
 cinerascens v. 423. 
 
 cinereus vi. 15. 
 
 eirtensis v. 457. 
 
 elamosus v. 663. 
 
 clanga v. 499. 
 
 colnmbarius vi. 85, 88. 
 
 communis . vi. 31. 
 
 communis minor vi. 43. 
 
 communis, var. minor vi. 43. 
 
 conciliator v. 533. 
 
 concolor vi. 74, 103, 104, 107. 
 
 cornicum vi. 31. 
 
 cyaneus v. 431. 
 
 cyanopus vi. 59. 
 
 cygneus v. 533. 
 
 desertorum v. 457. 
 
 dicbrous vi. 103, 107, 109. 
 
 dubius v. 587. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 ducalis 575. 
 
 Falco eleonorse . . vi. 13, 74, 103, 
 
 105, 107, 108, 109. 
 Falco erytbropus, var. amurensis . . vi. 94. 
 
 falconiarum vi. 83. 
 
 fasciatus v. 449. 
 
 vi. 113. 
 
 Falco feldeggi .... vi. 51, 53, 54. 
 
 Falco feldeggii vi. 51. 
 
 ferox v. 463. 
 
 forskSblii v. 657 . 
 
 fulvus v. 533. 
 
 fulvus, var. canadensis v. 533. 
 
 fusco-ater v. 651. 
 
 gallicus v. 563. 
 
 gallinarius v. 587. 
 
 gentilis vi. 31. 
 
 glaucopis v. 449. 
 
 gracilis vi. 74. 
 
 griseiventris vi. 31. 
 
 groenlandicus vi. 21. 
 
 Falco gyrfalco . . vi. 15, 18, 21, 23, 
 
 24, 26, 28, 29. 
 
 Falco, var. gyrfalco vi. 18. 
 
 gyrfalco islandicus vi. 25. 
 
 gyrfalco norwegicus vi. 15. 
 
 gyrfalco, var. sacer vi. 15. 
 
 gyrofalco vi. 15. 
 
 Falco haliaetus . 
 hendersoni . 
 
 herbsecola 
 
 binnularius 
 
 birundinum 
 
 holboelli . . . 
 
 bomotinus 
 
 imperialis , 
 
 incertus . . 
 
 . . . vi. 139. 
 , vi. 59, 63. 
 
 vii. 80. 
 , ... v. 441. 
 , ... v. 551. 
 . . . . vi. 69. 
 . vi. 25, 29. 
 . . . . vi. 31. 
 v. 521, 527. 
 , . . . v. 587. 
 vi. 3. 
 
 interstinctus vi. 113. 
 
 islandicus vi. 21, 25. 
 
 islandicus candicans vi. 21. 
 
 Falco islandus vi. 19, 23, 24, 25, 29. 
 
 Falco islandus, var. albus vi. 21. 
 
 jogger vi. 62, 64. 
 
 juggur vi. 200. 
 
 labradorus vi. 28. 
 
 lagopus v. 471. 
 
 lanarius vi. 15, 17, 51, 54, 
 
 55, 57, 59, 61, 65. 
 
 lanarius alpbanet. . 
 
 lanarius greecus . . 
 
 laniarius 
 
 leucogenys 
 
 leucopsis 
 
 leucorypbos 
 
 litbofalco 
 
 longipes 
 
 lunulatus 
 
 macei 
 
 macrurus 
 
 maculatus 
 
 magnus 
 
 marginatus 
 
 melanseetus. 
 
 melanaetus 
 
 melanogenys 
 
 melanonotus 
 
 melanopterus 
 
 mexicanus 
 
 micrurus 
 
 migrans 
 
 milvipes 
 
 milvus 
 
 Falco minor . . vi. 
 
 vi. 47. 
 
 vi. 51. 
 
 vi. 53. 
 
 vi. 31. 
 
 v. 563. 
 
 y. 545. 
 
 vi. 83. 
 
 v. 587, 589. 
 
 vi. 31. 
 
 v. 545. 
 
 v. 445. 
 
 v. 491, 494, 499. 
 
 v. 401. 
 
 v. 587. 
 
 v. 521. 
 
 v. 533. 
 
 vi. 35, 41. 
 
 v. 533. 
 
 v. 663. 
 
 vi. 64. 
 
 vi. 31. 
 
 v. 651. 
 
 vi. 59. 
 
 v. 643, 652. 
 
 37, 42, 43, 44, 
 
 47, 48. 
 
 Falco mogilnili v. 511, 521. 
 
 montanus cinereus v. 431. 
 
 mutans v. 449. 
 
 naevioides v. 513. 
 
 nsevius . . . . . v. 493, 494, 587. 
 
 naumanni vi. 125, 133. 
 
 niger v. 533. 
 
 nigriceps vi. 31, 41. 
 
 nisus v. 599. 
 
 nisus major v. 609. 
 
 norvegicus vi. 15. 
 
 orientalis vi. 31. 
 
 Falco ossifragus v. 551. 
 
 palumbarius v. 494, 587. 
 
 parasitus v. 657. 
 
 pekinensis vi. 127, 134, 135. 
 
 pelegrinoides vi. 47. 
 
 pennatus v. 481. 
 
 peregrinator vi. 41. 
 
 peregrinoides .... vi. 43, 47, 51, 54. 
 
 Falco peregrinus v. 494. 
 
 vi. 13, 31, 36, 41, 42, 43, 
 44, 47, 55, 61, 184. 
 Falco peregrinus, var. capensis .... vi. 43. 
 
 pinetarius vi. 31, 81. 
 
 plumipes v. 471. 
 
 poiana v. 449. 
 
 polioryncbos vi. 3. 
 
 punicus vi. 47. 
 
 pygargus v. 431, 533, 551. 
 
 radama vi. 103, 107. 
 
 rapax v. 513. 
 
 regalis v. 533. 
 
 regulus vi. 83. 
 
 rubens vi. 51. 
 
 rufescens vi. 113. 
 
 rufinus v. 463. 
 
 rutipes vi. 93. 
 
 rufus v. 415. 
 
 rupicolus vi. 132. 
 
 Falco sacer vi. 15, 18, 19, 
 
 52, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 
 
 Falco sacer, var vi. 15. 
 
 saqer vi. 59. 
 
 sclavonicus v. 471. 
 
 senegallus v. 513. 
 
 sibiricus vi. 83. 
 
 smirillus vi. 83. 
 
 strigiceps v. 431. 
 
 Falco subbuteo .... vi. 11, 69, 72, 
 73, 74, 81, 97, 110. 
 
 Falco subbuteo major vi. 81. 
 
 sublagopus 471. 
 
 tacbardus vi. 3. 
 
 tanypterus vi. 51, 54. 
 
 tigrinus v. 587. 
 
 tinnuncularius vi. 125, 134. 
 
 tinnunculoides .... vi. 125, 128, 134. 
 
 Falco tinnunculus vi. 97, 99, 
 
 113, 117, 118, 119, 128, 129, 
 
 133, 134. 
 
 Falco variegatus v. 449. 
 
 versicolor v. 449, 451. 
 
 Falco vespertinus . . vi. 13, 93, 94. 
 
 Falco vociferus 663. 
 
 xantbonyx vi. 125. 
 
 falco (Accipiter) vi. 31. 
 
 bornOtinus (Accipiter) . . . . . . vi. 31. 
 
 islandicus (Accipiter) vi. 25. 
 
 leucocepbalus (Accipiter) .... v. 471 . 
 
 peregrinus (Accipiter) vi. 31. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 37 
 
 falco torquatus (Accipiter) v. 431. 
 
 tunetanus (Accipiter) vi, 47. 
 
 falconiarum (Falco) vi. 83. 
 
 Falconidge y. 413. 
 
 fallax (Lanius) iii. 381, 382, 383. 
 
 familiaris (Aedon) .... ii. 545, 548, 
 549, 552, 553, 554. 
 
 familiaris (Calamolierpe) ii. 558. 
 
 familiaris (Certhia) iii. 193, 
 
 195, 201, 202, 205. 
 v. 210, 275. 
 
 familiaris (Erytkropygia) ii. 553. 
 
 (Rubecula) ii. 329. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 553. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 553. 
 
 (Tadorna) vi. 451. 
 
 , var. americana (Certhia). . . . iii. 201. 
 
 , var. mexicana (Certhia) .... iii. 201. 
 
 faroensis (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 faroensis (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 fasciata (Aquila) v. 575. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 541. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 527. 
 
 fasciatus (Budytes) iii. 261. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Falco) v. 449. 
 
 vi. 113. 
 
 fasciatus (Nisaetus) v. 489, 
 
 573, 575. 
 vi. 40. 
 
 fasciatus (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Pterocles) iv. 200. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 61. 
 
 fascicollis (Cypselus melba) iv. 603. 
 
 Fedoa vii. 399. . 
 
 viii. 193, 201. 
 
 melanura viii. 211. 
 
 meyeri viii. 203. 
 
 cedicnemus vii. 401. 
 
 pectoralis viii. 203. 
 
 rufa viii. 203. 
 
 terekensis viii. 195. 
 
 fedoa (Limosa) ; viii. 213. 
 
 feldegg (Motacilla) iii. 273, 
 
 feldeggi (Falco) . . . . vi. 51, 53, 54. 
 
 feldeggii (Falco) vi. 51. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 273. 
 
 felicise (Dendrocopus) v. 35. 
 
 (Picus) v. 22, 27, 35, 36, 37. 
 
 femoralis (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 fenestrarum (Ohelidon) iii. 495, 
 
 (Chelidon urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 fera (Anas) vi. 469. 
 
 ferina (Anas) vi. 551, 564, 584. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 551. 
 
 ferina (Fuligula) .... vi. 551, 557. 
 
 ferina (Fulix) vi. 551. 
 
 (Nyroca) vi, 551. 
 
 ferinus (Platypus) vi. 551. 
 
 ferox (Accipiter) v. 463. 
 
 ferox (Buteo) iv. 547. 
 
 v. 454, 457, 463, 465, 
 466, 467, 476. 
 
 ferox (Circaetus) v. 463. 
 
 (Falco) v. 463. 
 
 , var. obscura (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 ferrago (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 ferrea (Pratincola) v. 210. 
 
 ferroensis (Anas querquedula) .... vi. 617. 
 
 ferroensis (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 ferrugeiceps (Merops) v. 171 . 
 
 ferruginea (Alauda) iv. 280. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 581. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 (Calandrella) iv. 349. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 203. 
 
 ferruginea (Nyroca) vi. 579, 
 
 581. 
 
 ferruginea (Sylvia) ii. 441. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 77. 
 
 ferrugineus (Numenius) viii. 59. 
 
 (Par us) iii. 129. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 203. 
 
 ferus (Anas anser) vi. 355. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 355, 363. 
 
 viii. 442. 
 
 (Cygnus) vi. 433, 438. 
 
 fervida (Motacilla) ii. 255. 
 
 (Pratincola) ii. 255. 
 
 Ficedula ii. 275, 327, 361, 375, 
 
 439, 467, 515, 557. 
 iii. 231, 445. 
 
 ambigua ii. 537. 
 
 asilus ii. 491. 
 
 atricapilla ii. 421. 
 
 iii. 453. 
 
 bonelli ii. 503. 
 
 cinerea ii. 377. 
 
 eurruca ii. 377. 
 
 curruca arundinacea ii. 567. 
 
 curruca atricapilla ii. 421. 
 
 curruca cineraria ii. 377. 
 
 curruca cinerea ii. 377. 
 
 curruca garrula ii. 383, 
 
 curruca luseiniola ii. 597. 
 
 curruca minor ii. 383, 387. 
 
 • curruca sylvestris ii. 597. 
 
 elaeica ii. 537. 
 
 fitis ii. 491. 
 
 garrula ii. 383. 
 
 hypolais ii. 517, 
 
 521, 523. 
 
 icterina ii. 521. 
 
 luscinia ii. 363. 
 
 luscinia major ii. 369. 
 
 motacilla iii. 233. 
 
 motacilla cinerea iii. 233. 
 
 motacilla flava iii. 251. 
 
 motacilla verna iii. 261. 
 
 Ficedula olivetorum ii. 527. 
 
 phoenicurus ii. 277. 
 
 polyglotta ii. 517. 
 
 proregulus ii. 469. 
 
 rubecula ii. 329. 
 
 rufa ii. 485. 
 
 rutacilla ii. 277. 
 
 suecica ii. 317. 
 
 sybilatrix ii. 497. 
 
 trochilus ii. 491. 
 
 ulicicola ii. 441. 
 
 vitiflora rufa ii. 203, 207. 
 
 vitiflora rufescens ii. 203, 208. 
 
 ficedula (Motacilla) iii. 447, 453. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 453. 
 
 filamentosus (Oarbo) vi. 151. 
 
 filoti (Irania) ii. 347. 
 
 finmarchicus (Anser) vi. 383. 
 
 finoti (Irania) ii. 347, 348, 350. 
 
 finschii (Saxicola) ii. 219, 220 . 
 
 fissipes (Hydrochelidon) vii. 413. 
 
 viii. 327, 632. 
 
 (Recurvirostra) vii. 577. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 321, 327. 
 
 (Sternula) viii. 279. 
 
 fistulans (Gallinula) vii. 313. 
 
 (Mareca) vi. 541. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 173. 
 
 fistularis (Anas) vi. 541. 
 
 (Mareca) vi. 541. 
 
 cristata (Anas) vi. 559. 
 
 fitis (Ficedula) ii. 491. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 491. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 491. 
 
 flamingo (Loxia) iv. 111. 
 
 flammea (Eustrinx) v. 237. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 15, 
 
 37, 266. 
 
 (Stridula) v. 237. 
 
 flammea (Strix) v. 235, 237, 
 
 239, 240, 244, 487. 
 
 vi. 11 . 
 
 flammea adspersa (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 americana (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 , var. delicatula (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 , var. furcata (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 , var. guatemalae (Strix) .... v. 238. 
 
 guttata (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 , var. javanica (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 obscura (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 , var. perlata (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 , var. pratincola (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 vulgaris (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 237. 
 
 flammeus (Aluco) v. 237. 
 
 flava (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 (Budytes) iii. 077 . 
 
 (Ficedula motacilla) iii. 251. 
 
 (Galerita) iv, 303, 304. 
 
 I 
 
38 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 flav a (Motacilla) .... iii. 231, 251, 
 255, 257, 261, 263, 264, 
 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 
 273, 274, 275, 276, 
 277, 279, 280. 
 y. 210. 
 vii. 633. 
 
 flava, var. africana (Motacilla) .... iii. 273. 
 
 , var. anglica (Motacilla) .... iii. 277. 
 
 , var. borealis (Motacilla) .... iii. 269. 
 
 cinereocapilla (Motacilla) . . iii. 269. 
 
 , var. dalmatica (Motacilla) . . iii. 273. 
 
 melanocephala (Motacilla) . . iii. 273. 
 
 rayi (Motacilla) iii. 277. 
 
 , var. vulgaris (Motacilla) . . iii. 261. 
 
 fiaveola (Motacilla) iii. 261, 277. 
 
 flavescens (Anthus) iii. 317. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 261- 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 649. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 509. 
 
 flavicapillus (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 flaviceps (Coccothraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 flavigaster (Chloris) iii. 567. 
 
 flavipes (Gallinula) vii. 313. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 421. 
 
 (Platalea) vi. 325. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 125, 153. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 531. 
 
 flavirostris (Acanthis) iv. 65. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 59. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 59. 
 
 (Lepterodatis) vi. 231. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37, 59. 
 
 flavirostris (Linota) iv. 59, 
 
 65, 66. 
 
 flavissima (Budytes) iii. 277. 
 
 flaviventris (Sylvia) ii- 491. 
 
 flavus (Budytes) iii- 261. 
 
 floridanus (Glottis) viii. 173. 
 
 fluvialis (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Triorcbes) vi. 139. 
 
 fiuviatilis (Acrocephalus) ii. 611. 
 
 (iEgialitis) vii. 491. 
 
 (Calamodyta) ii. 621. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii- 621. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Oolymbus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Cotyle) iii- 505. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315, 318. 
 
 fiuviatilis (Locustella) .... ii. 614, 
 619, 621, 629, 630. 
 
 fluviatilis (Lusciniopsis) ii. 621. 
 
 (Pelodes) viii. 315. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 491. 
 
 fiuviatilis (Podiceps) .... viii. 635, 
 
 659, 663, 665. 
 
 fiuviatilis (Potamodus) ii. 621. 
 
 (Pseudoluscinia) ii. 621. 
 
 (Saliearia) ii. 621. 
 
 fiuviatilis (Sterna) viii. 257, 
 
 258, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 
 268, 270, 275, 414, 415, 478. 
 
 fluviatilis (Sylvia) ii- 621. 
 
 (Tbrenetria) ii. 621. 
 
 alticeps (Lusciniopsis) ii. 621. 
 
 macrorhyncbos (Lusciniopsis) ii. 621. 
 
 macroura (Lusciniopsis) .... ii. 621. 
 
 nigricans (Colymbus) viii. 659. 
 
 strepitans (Lusciniopsis) .... ii. 621. 
 
 foliorum (Antbus) iii- 309. 
 
 (Oaprimulgus) iv. 621. 
 
 (Dandalus) ii- 329. 
 
 (Rubecula) ii- 329. 
 
 (Sitta) iii- 17 5. 
 
 europasus (Oaprimulgus) .... iv. 621. 
 
 foljambei (Crex) vii. 275. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 283. 
 
 formosa (Anas) vi. 521. 
 
 formosa (Querquedula) . . vi. 521, 
 
 523. 
 
 formosus (Troglodytes) iii- 223. 
 
 forskSbli (Milvus) v. 657. 
 
 forsk&hlii (Falco) v. 657. 
 
 forsteni (Athene) v. 237, 
 
 forsteri (Sterna) viii. 332. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237 . 
 
 fosteri (Sterna) viii. 268. 
 
 fraenata (Anas) vi. 565. 
 
 Francolinus vii. 121. 
 
 Francolinus asiae vii. 123. 
 
 benrici vii. 123. 
 
 pictus vii. 125. 
 
 tristriatus vii. 123. 
 
 Francolinus vulgaris .... vii. 121, 
 
 123. 
 
 francolinus (Attagen) vii. 123. 
 
 (Chsetopus) vii. 123. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 123. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 123. 
 
 francsii (CJria) viii. 575. 
 
 Fratercula viii. 597, 599. 
 
 arctica vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 597, 599. 
 
 Fratercula corniculata viii. 599, 603. 
 
 glacialis viii. 599, 602, 603. 
 
 fratercula (Mormon) vi. 652. 
 
 viii. 599. 
 
 fraterculus (Ammomanes) , ... iv. 329, 331. 
 
 (Grus) vii. 344. 
 
 Fregilus iv. 435. 
 
 europseus iv. 437. 
 
 graculus iv. 437. 
 
 graculus, var. bracbypus .... iv. 437. 
 
 graculus, var. orientalis .... iv. 437. 
 
 bimalayanus iv. 437, 441. 
 
 frenata (Mania) vi. 565. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 649. 
 
 fretensis (Hirundo) iii. 477, 483. 
 
 freti-budsonis (Anas) vi. 643. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 (Strix) v. 309. 
 
 Frigilus 435. 
 
 erythropus iv- 437. 
 
 pyrrbocorax iv. 445. 
 
 Fringilla iii- 283, 525, 533, 
 
 547, 565, 573, 583, 605, 615. 
 iv. 1, 29, 67, 83, 95, 109, 149, 219. 
 
 Fringilla africana . . 
 
 agilis 
 
 albo-ochracea. 
 
 argentoratensis 
 
 bononiensis . . . 
 
 borealis 
 
 bracbydactyla 
 
 cabaret 
 
 calcarata 
 
 campestris . . . 
 
 canaria 
 
 iv. 13. 
 
 .... iii. 309. 
 .... iii. 527. 
 
 iv. 31. 
 
 .... iii. 607. 
 iv. 37, 51, 55. 
 .... iii. 611. 
 
 iv. 47. 
 
 .... iv. 253. 
 .... iii. 597. 
 .... iii. 557. 
 iv. 10. 
 
 canariensis iv. 9, 10. 
 
 canariensis, var. moreleti iv. 9. 
 
 cannabina iv. 31. 
 
 carduelis iii. 527. 
 
 chloris iii. 567. 
 
 iv. 80. 
 
 cisalpina iii. 585, 593. 
 
 eitrinella iii. 535, 549. 
 
 coccothraustes iii. 575. 
 
 coccothraustes alba iii. 575. 
 
 coccothraustes fulva iii. 575. 
 
 coccothraustes pkoenicoptera . . iv. 91. 
 
 Fringilla coelebs iii. 380. 
 
 iv. 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 220. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Fringilla crocea iv. 151. 
 
 domestica iii. 587. 
 
 enueleator iv. 111. 
 
 erythrina iv. 75. 
 
 fasciata iii. 541. 
 
 flammea iv. 15, 37, 266. 
 
 flavirostris iv. 59. 
 
 githaginea iv. 85. 
 
 hispaniolensis iii. 593. 
 
 incerta iv. 75, 78, 81, 82. 
 
 italise iii. 585. 
 
 lapponica iv. 253. 
 
 linaria iii. 126. 
 
 iv. 37, 40, 41, 266. 
 
 linaria, var iv. 47. 
 
 linota iv. 31. 
 
 lulensis iv. 16. 
 
 media iv. 15, 
 
 montana iii. 549, 597. 
 
 Fringilla montifringilla . . ii. 511. 
 
 iv. 15, 21, 22. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Fringilla montium iv. 59. 
 
 moreleti iv. 9, 10. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 39 
 
 Fringilla nivalis ; iii. 617. 
 
 nobibs iv. 3. 
 
 ochracea iii. 627. 
 
 petronia iii. 607. 
 
 projer iv. 163. 
 
 pusilla iii. 561. 
 
 pyrrbula iv. 97, 101. 
 
 rbodoptera iv. 91. 
 
 rubrifrons iii. 561. 
 
 rufescens iv. 37. 
 
 salicicola iii. 693. 
 
 sanguinea iv. 91. 
 
 saxatilis iii. 617. 
 
 septentrionalis iv. 15. 
 
 serums iii. 549. 
 
 simplex iii. 603. 
 
 sinai tica iv. 73. 
 
 spinus iii. 541. 
 
 Fringilla spodiogena iv. 6, 9, 13. 
 
 Fringilla spodiogenys iv. 13. 
 
 striolata iv. 197. 
 
 stulta iii. 607. 
 
 syriaca iii. 556. 
 
 Fringilla teydea iv. 25. 
 
 Fringilla tbebaica iv. 85. 
 
 Fringilla tintillon iv. 9, 10, 
 
 13, 14. 
 
 Fringilla vitis iv. 37. 
 
 fringilla nivalis (Passer) iii. 617. 
 
 fringillago (Parus) iii. 79. 
 
 Fringillaria iv. 149, 214. 
 
 caesia iv. 213. 
 
 septemstriata iv. 214. 
 
 striolata iv. 197, 209. 
 
 tabapisi iv. 214. 
 
 fringillarius (Dsedalion) v. 599. 
 
 (Ierax) v. 599. 
 
 (Nisus) v. 599. 
 
 fringillarum (Nisus) v. 599. 
 
 Fringillidae iii. 525. 
 
 Fringillinae iii. 525. 
 
 i iv. 29. 
 
 fringillirostris (Linota) iv. 34. 
 
 fringilloides (Plectropbanes) .... iii. 617- 
 
 frondium (Gecinus) v. 77. 
 
 (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 frontalis (Strix) v. 319, 323. 
 
 frugilega (Corvus comix) iv. 551. 
 
 Frugilegus iv. 521. 
 
 frugilegus iv. 551. 
 
 frugilegus (Colas us) iv. 551. 
 
 frugilegus (Corvus) iv. 521, 
 
 534, 551. 
 
 frugilegus (Frugilegus) iv. 551. 
 
 fruticeti (Curruca) ii. 377. 
 
 (Locustella vera) ii. 611. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 377. 
 
 (Parus) iii- 107, HO. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii* 263. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 377. 
 
 Fruticicola ii. 253. 
 
 rubetra ii. 255. 
 
 rubicola ii. 263. 
 
 Fulica .... vii. 297, 311, 321, 327. 
 
 Fulica aetbiops vii. 327. 
 
 albiventris vii. 327- 
 
 americana vii. 333. 
 
 aterrima vii. 327. 
 
 Fulicd, atra vii. 321, 323, 324, 
 
 325, 326, 327. 
 viii. 333, 632. 
 
 Fulica atra japonica vii. 327. 
 
 atrata vii. 327. 
 
 australis vii. 327. 
 
 caerulea vii. 299. 
 
 cbloropus vii. 313. 
 
 einereicollis vii. 327. 
 
 Fulica cristata .... vii. 323, 324, 
 
 328, 331, 334. 
 
 Fulica fuliginosa vii. 327. 
 
 fusca vii. 313. 
 
 leucoryx vii. 327. 
 
 lugubris vii. 327. 
 
 major vii. 327. 
 
 mitrata vii. 323. 
 
 platyuros vii. 327. 
 
 porpbyrio vii. 299, 303. 
 
 pullata vii. 327. 
 
 fulicaria (Tringa) vii. 605. 
 
 fulicarius (Phalaropus) . . vii. 595, 
 
 599, 604, 605. 
 
 fulicula (Rallus) vii. 267. 
 
 fuliginosa (Anas) vi. 657. 
 
 (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 (Haliplana) viii. 307. 
 
 (Nectris) viii. 523. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 523. 
 
 fuliginosa (Sterna) viii. 307, 
 
 309, 312. 
 
 fubginosa (Strix) v. 284. 
 
 , var. crissalis (Haliplana) . . viii. 307. 
 
 fuliginosum (Hydrochelidon). . . . viii. 307. 
 
 fuliginosus (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 (Onycboprion) viii. 307. 
 
 (Picus) v. 35. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 523. 
 
 Fuligula . . vi. 467, 549, 567, 575, 
 579, 587, 607, 615, 627, 
 655, 675. 
 
 Fuligula affinis vi. 570. 
 
 albeola vi. 589. 
 
 americana vi. 557. 
 
 barrowii vi. 603. 
 
 Fuligula cristata . . vi. 549, 573, 
 
 575. 
 
 Fuligula clangula v. 305. 
 
 vi. 595. 
 
 dispar vi. 649. 
 
 Fuligula ferina vi. 551, 557. 
 
 Fuligula fusca vi. 657 . 
 
 gesneri vi. 565. 
 
 glacialis vi. 617. 
 
 bistrionica vi. 609. 
 
 bomeyeri vi. 551. 
 
 islandica vi. 603. 
 
 Fuligula marila vi. 565. 
 
 Fuligula marmorata vi. 479. 
 
 mersa vi. 677. 
 
 nigra vi. 663. 
 
 nyroca vi. 482, 581. 
 
 perspicillata vi. 669. 
 
 Fuligula rufina vi. 402, 559, 563. 
 
 Fuligula spectabilis vi. 643. 
 
 fuligula (Anas) vi. 573, 578. 
 
 (Aytbya) vi. 573. 
 
 (Nyroca) vi. 573. 
 
 fuligulus (Platypus) vi. 573. 
 
 Fulix vi. 549. 
 
 ferina vi. 551. 
 
 marila vi. 565. 
 
 Fulmarus viii. 533, 543. 
 
 glacialis viii. 533, 
 
 535, 536, 539, 542. 
 
 Fulmarus meridionalis viii. 545. 
 
 minor viii. 535. 
 
 rodgersi viii. 539. 
 
 fulva (Aquila) v. 533, 537. 
 
 fulva (Argya) iii. 21, 24. 
 
 fulva (Fringilla coccotbraustes) . . iii. 575. 
 
 fulvescens (Accentor) iii. 35, 36, 37. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 527. 
 
 (Gyps) v. 377. 
 
 fulviventer (Habsetus) v. 545. 
 
 fulviventris (Aquila) v. 499. 
 
 fulvus (Charadrius) . . vii. 436, 437, 
 438, 443, 444, 445, 448, 449. 
 
 fulvus (Crateropus) iii. 21, 24. 
 
 (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 fulvus (Gyps) . . v. 371, 373, 377, 
 380, 381, 385, 386, 393, 395, 
 
 406, 408. 
 vii. 388. 
 
 fulvus (Pluvialis) vii. 436, 443. 
 
 (Turdus) iii. 21. 
 
 (V ultur) . . v. 373, 385, 394, 405, 411. 
 
 americanus (Pluvialis) . . vii. 436, 445. 
 
 , var. canadensis (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 occidentals (Vultur) .... v. 373, 376, 
 
 380. 
 
 orientabs (Vultur) ...... v. 373, 380. 
 
 fumigatus (Troglodytes) .... iii. 220, 222. 
 
 funerea (Noctua) v. 309. 
 
 (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 (Strix) v. 301, 309, 312. 
 
 funerea (Surnia) v. 309. 
 
 funerea (Syrnia) v. 309. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 319. 
 
 funereus (Haliaetos) v, 551. 
 
40 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 funereus (Haliaetos albicilla) y. 551. 
 
 furcata (Strix) v. 237, 240, 292. 
 
 furcatum (Xema) yiii, 336. 
 
 furcatus (Elanoides) vi. 1. 
 
 (Nauclerus) v. 668. 
 
 fusca (Alcedo) v. 133. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 657. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 499. 
 
 (Catarracta) viii. 457. 
 
 (Cercomela) iv. 200. 
 
 (Certhia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Chaetura) iv. 613. 
 
 (Ciconia) vi. 309. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 11, 18. 
 
 — (Curruca) ii. 567. 
 
 (Dacelo) v. 133. 
 
 (Entoinobia) v. 133. 
 
 (Entomotbera) v. 133. 
 
 (Fulica) vii. 313. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 657. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 313. 
 
 (Hirundo) iv. 613. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 165. 
 
 (Melanitta) vi. 657. 
 
 fusca (GEidemia) .... vi. 657, 665. 
 
 fusca (Oedemia) vi. 657. 
 
 (Oidemia) vi. 657. 
 
 (Scolopax) -viii. 165. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 597. 
 
 fuscatus (Cychloselys) ii. 63. 
 
 (Phylloscopus) v. 210. 
 
 (Planesticus) ii. 63. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 59, 61, 63, 65, 68. 
 
 v. 6. 
 
 fuscescens (^Egiotbus) iv. 37, 39. 
 
 (Hypolais) ii. 531. 
 
 (Syrnium) v. 278. 
 
 fuscicapilla (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii. 7. 
 
 (Muscieapa) iii. 453. 
 
 fuscicollis (Cypselus) iv. 603. 
 
 fuscicollis (Tringa) . . viii. 15, 16, 
 
 32, 51, 53. 
 
 fuscilateralis (Rallus) vii. 257. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 41. 
 
 fusco-ater (Faleo) v. 651. 
 
 fuscoatra (Aquila) v. 491. 
 
 fuscus (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Cbaradrius) vii. 475. 
 
 (Clupeilarus) viii. 421. 
 
 (Dominic anus) viii. 421. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 421. 
 
 fuscus (Lams) vi. 639. 
 
 viii. 234, 257, 382, 399, 401, 
 413, 415, 417, 418, 421, 
 425, 430, 432, 439, 441, 457. 
 
 fuscus (Leucus) viii. 421. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 651. 
 
 (Pbalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 657. 
 
 fuscus (Totanus) vii. 592. 
 
 viii. 126, 163, 165, 172, 199. 
 fuscus (Yultur) v. 391. 
 
 gabar (Accipiter) v. 635. 
 
 gabonensis (Pycnonotus) iii. 355. 
 
 gaetkei (Phylloscopus) ii. 491, 495. 
 
 galactodes (Aedon) ii. 349, 415, 416, 
 545, 547, 549, 551, 553, 554, 555. 
 
 galactodes (Agrobates) ii. 547. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 547. 
 
 (Erytbropygia) ii. 547. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 547, 553, 554. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 349, 351, 547. 
 
 iii. 420. 
 
 brachyrhynchos (Aedon) .... ii. 547. 
 
 macrorhyncbos (Aedon) .... ii. 547. 
 
 var. syriaca (Curruca) ii. 553. 
 
 galapagensis (Asio) v. 262. 
 
 Galbula v. 86. 
 
 galbula ( oraeias) iii. 365. 
 
 galbula (Oriolus) . . iii. 363, 365, 
 
 612. 
 vi. 109. 
 
 galbula, var. virescens (Oriolus) . . iii. 365. 
 
 galeata (Crex) vii. 317. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 317. 
 
 Galerida iv. 280, 283, 302, 305, 
 
 abyssinica iv. 286, 302, 304. 
 
 arborea iv. 321. 
 
 arenicola iv. 286. 
 
 boysii iv. 286. 
 
 bracbyura iv. 286. 
 
 cbendoola iv. 285. 
 
 cristata iv.280, 285, 286. 
 
 isabellina iv. 303. 
 
 leautungensis iv. 286, 300. 
 
 macrorhyncha iv. 301. 
 
 nemorosa iv. 321. 
 
 randonii iv. 301. 
 
 senegalensis iv. 286. 
 
 viarum iv. 285. 
 
 Galerita iv. 283, 305. 
 
 Galerita abyssinica iv. 286, 290. 
 
 altirostris iv. 286. 
 
 anthirostris iv. 321. 
 
 arenicola .... iv. 286, 289, 290, 291, 
 
 292, 299, 302. 
 
 arenicola, var. fusca iv. 286. 
 
 boysii iv. 286, 291. 
 
 bracbyura .... iv. 290, 291, 292, 299. 
 
 cbendoola iv. 291. 
 
 Galerita cristata iii. 321. 
 
 iv. 283, 285, 286,' 289, 
 290, 291, 301, 304, 
 353, 367, 371. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Galerita cristata angustistriata . ... iv. 286. 
 cristata gallica iv. 286. 
 
 Galerita cristata maculata iv. 286. 
 
 cristata pallida iv. 286. 
 
 cristata planorum iv. 286. 
 
 cristata tenuirostris iv. 286. 
 
 cristata vulgaris iv. 286. 
 
 flava iv. 303, 304. 
 
 Galerita isabellina iv. 289, 
 
 290, 295, 302, 303. 
 
 Galerita karinthiaca iv. 286. 
 
 lutea iv. 286, 303, 304. 
 
 Galerita macrorhyncha . . iv. 289, 
 
 290, 295, 301. 
 
 Galerita magna iv. 286, 290, 291, 
 
 292, 300. 
 
 major iv. 286. 
 
 musica iv. 321. 
 
 nigricans iv. 286. 
 
 pagorum iv. 286. 
 
 rufescens iv. 286. 
 
 theclee iv. 297. 
 
 theklse iv. 286, 289. 
 
 theklse major iv. 286. 
 
 theklee minor iv. 286. 
 
 undata iv. 285. 
 
 galerita (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 galeritaria (Melanocorypha) iv. 329. 
 
 Galgulus v. 139. 
 
 garrulus v. 141. 
 
 mindanoensis v. 149. 
 
 nsevius v. 149. 
 
 galilseensis (Cypselus) iv. 591, 593. 
 
 galilejensis (Cypselus) iv. 591. 
 
 gallica (Aquila) v. 563. 
 
 (Galerita cristata) iv. 286. 
 
 gallicus (Buteo) v. 563. 
 
 (Cbaradrius) vii. 425. 
 
 (Circseetus) v. 563. 
 
 (Circaetos) v. 563. 
 
 gallicus (Circaetus) v. 465, 
 
 531, 561, 563 , 564. 
 
 gallicus (Cursorius) .... vii. 423, 
 
 425. 
 
 gallicus (Faleo) 
 
 (Tacbydromus) . . 
 
 Gallinae 
 
 Gallinago 
 
 Gallinago segyptiaca. . . . 
 
 sequatorialis 
 
 brekmii 
 
 burka 
 
 Gallinago coelestis 
 
 gallinula 
 
 Gallinago j aponica 
 
 lamottii 
 
 Gallinago major . . 
 
 v. 563. 
 
 vii. 425. 
 
 vii. 83. 
 
 . . . . vii. 629. 
 viii. 185, 189. 
 
 vii. 642. 
 
 vii. 646. 
 
 vii. 641. 
 
 vii. 641 . 
 
 .... vii. 641, 
 643, 645, 646, 
 647, 650. 
 . . . . vii. 653. 
 . . . vii. 641, 642. 
 
 vii. 642. 
 
 vii. 629, 631, 
 644. 
 
INDEX 
 
 41 
 
 Gallinago media iv. 2C8. 
 
 vii. 631, 641. 
 
 minima vii. 653. 
 
 montagui vii. 631. 
 
 nilotica vii. 641. 
 
 picta vii. 642. 
 
 pygmsea vii. 642. 
 
 — — russata vii. 650. 
 
 sabini vii. 641. 
 
 seolopacinus vii. 641. 
 
 stenura vii. 646. 
 
 uniclavus vii. 641. 
 
 wilsoni vii. 643, 647. 
 
 gallinago (Ascalopax) vii. 641. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 641, 648. 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 631, 641. 
 
 anglicana (Scolopax) viii. 21. 
 
 minor (Scolopax) vii. 653. 
 
 gallinaria (Scolopax) vii. 641, 643. 
 
 gallinarius (Circus) v. 431. 
 
 (Falco) v. 587. 
 
 gallinarum (Astur) v. 587. 
 
 Gallinula vii. 265, 289, 
 
 297, 311, 313. 
 
 Gallinula alleni vii. 307. 
 
 baillonii vii. 275. 
 
 bumesi vi. 316. 
 
 Gallinula chloropus . . vii. 309, 311, 
 
 313, 316, 
 325, 328. 
 
 Gallinula crex vii. 291. 
 
 fistulans vii. 318. 
 
 flavipes vii. 313. 
 
 foljambei vii. 283. 
 
 fusca vii. 313. 
 
 galeata vii. 317. 
 
 gracilis vii. 267. 
 
 bsematopus vii. 317. 
 
 leucotborax vii. 267. 
 
 maculata vii. 267. 
 
 meridionalis vii. 816. 
 
 minuta vii. 283. 
 
 mutabilis vii. 307. 
 
 orientalis vii. 317. 
 
 parvifrons vii. 316. 
 
 porphyrio vii. 303, 307 . 
 
 porpbyrio, var vii. 299. 
 
 porzana vii. 267 . 
 
 punctata vii. 267. 
 
 pusilla vii. 283. 
 
 pusilla pygmsea vii. 275, 283. 
 
 — — pusillus vii. 283. 
 
 pygmsea vii. 275. 
 
 pyrrborrhoa vii. 316. 
 
 stellaris vii. 275. 
 
 gallinula (Ascalopax) vii. 653. 
 
 gallinula ^Gallinago) . . vii. 653. 
 
 gallinula (Lymnocryptes) vii. 653. 
 
 (Pbilolimnos) vii. 653. 
 
 gallinula (Scolopax) 
 
 vii. 653. 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 (Telmatias) 
 
 vii. 653. 
 
 galtoni (Saxicola) 
 
 ii. 191. 
 
 gambeli (Anser) vi. 376, 378, 381. 
 
 Gambetta 
 
 , . viii. 125, 157. 
 
 gambetta (Tringa) 
 
 viii. 157. 
 
 gardeni (Ardea) 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 (Nyctiardea) 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 (Nycticorax) 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 garrula (Bomby cilia) . . . 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 (Bombycivora) 
 
 iii. 429. 
 
 (Coracias) 
 
 ii. 157. 
 
 v. 141, 144, 150, 151, 160. 
 
 (Curruca) . . , 
 
 . . . ii. 383, 560. 
 
 (Ficedula) 
 
 ii. 383. 
 
 (Ficedula curruca) . 
 
 ii. 383. 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 ... ii. 383, 449. 
 
 Garrulaces 
 
 ii. 101. 
 
 Garrulus . iv. 469, 479, 501, 507. 
 
 atricapillus 
 
 .... iv. 491, 
 492, 499. 
 
 Garrulus bispecularis 
 
 
 Garrulus brandti . . 
 
 iv. 483, 487, 
 488, 492. 
 
 Garrulus brandtii 
 
 . . . iv. 487, 488. 
 
 Garrulus cervicalis . 
 
 . iv. 492, 496, 
 
 499. 
 
 glandarius . . iv. 
 
 463, 465, 479, 
 
 481, 483, 487, 488, 489, 491, 492, 
 
 495, 496, 
 
 497, 500, 505. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Garrulus glandarius, var iv. 495. 
 
 glandarius, var. severtzoffii . . iv. 488. 
 
 hyrcanus iv. 491. 
 
 iliceti iv. 491. 
 
 infaustus iv. 471. 
 
 vi. 706. 
 
 japonicus iv. 489, 491. 
 
 Garrulus krynicki . . iv. 491, 492, 
 
 493, 495, 496. 
 Garrulus lanceolatus iv. 492. 
 
 lidtbi iv. 492. 
 
 melanocephalus iv. 491, 492, 493, 499. 
 
 minor iv. 484, 500. 
 
 ornatus iv. 492. 
 
 pica iv. 509. 
 
 sinensis iv. 492. 
 
 stridens iv. 495, 496. 
 
 taivanus iv. 492. 
 
 garrulus (Ampelis) iii. 427, 
 
 429, 442. 
 
 (Coracias) v. 139, 141. 
 
 garrulus (Galgulus) v. 141. 
 
 (Oriolus) iii. 365. 
 
 Garzetta vi. 205. 
 
 egvetta vi. 239. 
 
 nigripes vi. 239. 
 
 nivea vi. 239. 
 
 Garzetta orientalis vi- 239. 
 
 garzetta (Ardea) .... vi. 234, 235, 
 239, 243, 244, 262. 
 
 garzetta (Egretta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Erodius) vi. 239. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 239. 
 
 Gavia viii. 335, 347, 355, 445. 
 
 affinis viii. 365. 
 
 audouinii viii. 395. 
 
 bracbytarsa viii. 849. 
 
 capistratus viii. 357. 
 
 eburneus viii. 349. 
 
 gelastes viii. 389. 
 
 byberna viii. 381. 
 
 melanocepbala viii. 365. 
 
 minuta viii. 373. 
 
 nivea viii. 349. 
 
 ridibunda pboenicopos .... viii. 369. 
 
 ridibundus viii. 357. 
 
 sabini viii. 337. 
 
 tridactyla. viii. 447. 
 
 gavia (Cbaradrius) vii. 545. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 447. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 &c. (Larus) viii. 357, 447. 
 
 ridibunda (Larus) viii. 857. 
 
 Gavise viii. 253. 
 
 Gavina viii. 355. 
 
 audouini viii. 395. 
 
 Gecinus v. 1, 58, 75, 79. 
 
 Gecinus algirus v. 93. 
 
 Gecinus canus .... v. 94, 95, 99. 
 
 Gecinus frondium v. 77. 
 
 levaillanti v. 78. 
 
 pinetorum v. 77. 
 
 sbarpei v. 93, 94, 97. 
 
 Gecinus sharpii v. 89. 
 
 vaillantii v. 93. 
 
 Gecinus virescens v. 77. 
 
 Gecinus viridis . . v. 26, 49, 75, 77, 
 
 79, 89, 90, 94, 97, 98, 99. 
 
 Gelastes viii. 355. 
 
 columbinus viii. 389. 
 
 gelastes viii. 389. 
 
 lambruscbini viii. 389. 
 
 licbtensteinii viii. 389. 
 
 rubriventris viii. 389. 
 
 gelastes (Cbroicocephalus) viii. 389. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 45, 48. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 389. 
 
 (Gelastes) viii. 389. 
 
 gelastes (Larus) . . viii. 389, 391, 
 
 397. 
 
 gelastes (Turtur) vii. 45. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 389. 
 
 gelastis (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 Gelicbelidon viii. 313, 
 
 innotata viii. 315. 
 
 Gelocbelidon agraria viii. 295. 
 
 anglica viii. 295. 
 
 m 
 
42 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Geloclielidon aranea yin. 295. 
 
 balthica -yin. 295. 
 
 macrotarsa yiii. 295. 
 
 meridionalis viii. 295. 
 
 nilotica viii. 295. 
 
 palustris viii. 295. 
 
 genei (Larus) yiii. 389. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 389. 
 
 genistarum (Rallus) vii. 291. 
 
 Gennaia yi. 13. 
 
 lanarius yi. 51. 
 
 sacer yi. 59. 
 
 Gennaja barbara yi. 47. 
 
 barbarus yi. 47. 
 
 gentilis (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 Geocicbla ii. 1, 95. 
 
 obscura ii. 71. 
 
 geoffroyi (iEgialitis) . . vii. 4-75, 
 
 476,481,505. 
 
 geoffroyi (Charadrius) vii. 475. 
 
 (Cirrepidesmus) vii. 475. 
 
 (Hiaticula) vii. 475. 
 
 Geospiza ; iii. 615, 617. 
 
 germanica (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 (Miliaria) iv. 163. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 (Pyrrbula) iv. 101. 
 
 germanieus (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 (Glandarius) iv. 481. 
 
 (Haliaetos albicilla) y. 551. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 257. 
 
 Geronticus vi. 327, 329. 
 
 comatus vi. 329. 
 
 gesneri (Fuligula) vi. 565. 
 
 et aldrovandri (Falcinellus) . . vi. 335. 
 
 gibbera (Melanitta) yi. 663. 
 
 (Oedemia) vi. 663. 
 
 (Tadoma) vi. 451. 
 
 gibbus (Cygnus) vi. 419. 
 
 gibraltarica (Ortygis) vii. 249. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 249. 
 
 (Turnix) vii. 249. 
 
 gibraltaricus (Tetrao) vii. 249. 
 
 gibraltariensis (Motacilla) ii. 293. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 293. 
 
 gibraltarius (Turnix) vii. 249. 
 
 gigantea (Aeantbyllis) iv. 616. 
 
 (Ardea) vii. 359. 
 
 (Grus) vii. 359. 
 
 giganteus (Oypselus) iv. 613. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 433, 438. 
 
 (Leucogeranus) vii. 359. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 193. 
 
 gigas (iEgialitis) vii. 479. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 479, 
 
 gigliolii (Emberiza) iv. 208. 
 
 ginginianus (Neophron) .... v. 392, 396. 
 githaginea (Erythrospiza) iv. 85. 
 githaginea (Fringilla) iv. 85. 
 
 githaginea (Pyrrhula) iii. 292. 
 
 iv. 85. 
 
 githagineus (Bueanetes) iv. 85. 
 
 (Carpodacus) iii. 384. 
 
 iv. 85. 
 
 (Erythrothorax) iv. 85. 
 
 (Serinus) iv. 85. 
 
 giu (Scops) .... v. 327, 329, 333, 
 
 334, 335. 
 
 giu (Strix) v. 329. 
 
 glacialis (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 (Alca) viii. 557. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 617, 653. 
 
 (Carbo) vi. 151. 
 
 (Cephus) viii. 587. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 617. 
 
 glacialis (Colymbus) . . viii. 609, 
 
 613. 
 
 glacialis (Crymonessa) vi. 617. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 261. 
 
 (Eudytes) viii. 609. 
 
 (Fratercula) .... viii. 599, 602, 603. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 617. 
 
 glacialis (Fulmarus) .... viii. 533, 
 535, 536, 539, 542. 
 
 glacialis (Glaucus) viii. 439. 
 
 glacialis (Harelda) . . vi. 568, 569, 
 
 615, 617, 623. 
 
 glacialis (Larus) viii. 433. 
 
 (Montifringilla) iii. 617. 
 
 (Mormon) viii. 599. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 605. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 617. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 535. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 605. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 587. 
 
 Glandarius iv. 479. 
 
 germanieus iv. 481. 
 
 leucocephalus iv. 481. 
 
 pictus iv. 481. 
 
 robustus iv. 481. 
 
 septentrionalis iv. 481. 
 
 tseniurus iv. 481. 
 
 glandarius (Coccystes) . . v. 217, 
 
 219, 221, 222. 
 
 glandarius (Coccysus) v. 219. 
 
 (Corvus) .... : iv. 481. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 219. 
 
 glandarius (Garrulus) iv. 463, 465, 
 479, 481, 483, 487, 488, 489, 491, 
 492, 495, 496, 497, 500, 505. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 glandarius (Lanius) iv. 481. 
 
 (Oxylophus) v. 219. 
 
 , var. (Garrulus) iv. 495. 
 
 , var. severtzoffii (Garrulus) . . iv. 488. 
 
 Glareola vii. 409. 
 
 Glareola, var vii. 419. 
 
 austriaca vii. 411. 
 
 lactea vii. 477. 
 
 limbata vii. 411. 
 
 via. 
 
 Glareola melanoptera . . vii. 413, 
 
 414, 415, 417, 419, 420. 
 
 Glareola nsevia 
 
 vii. 411. 
 
 nordmanni 
 
 .. vii. 415,419. 
 
 orientalis 
 
 vii. 415. 
 
 pallasii 
 
 vii. 419. 
 
 Glareola pratincola . 
 
 vii. 409, 411, 
 
 414, 416, 
 
 419, 420, 421. 
 
 
 viii. 154, 414. 
 
 Glareola torquata 
 
 . . vii. 253, 411. 
 
 glareola (Actitis) 
 
 viii. 143. 
 
 (Pratincola) 
 
 vii. 411. 
 
 glareola (Totanus) . 
 
 iv. 463. 
 
 
 vii. 458. 
 
 viii. 143, 144, 154, 
 
 181, 198, 199. 
 
 glareola (Tringa) 
 
 viii. 143. 
 
 Glareolidae 
 
 vii. 409. 
 
 glareoloides (Totanus) .... 
 
 viii. 143. 
 
 Glaucidium 
 
 v. 347, 350. 
 
 passerinum .... 
 
 v. 347, 
 
 
 349, 350. 
 
 Glaucidium pumilum 
 
 v. 354. 
 
 Glaucion 
 
 . . . vi. 587, 595. 
 
 clangula 
 
 vi. 595. 
 
 islandicum 
 
 
 glaucion (Anas) 
 
 . . . vi. 581, 595. 
 
 glaucion (Clangula) . 
 
 . vi. 561, 587, 
 
 595, 603, 604. 
 
 glaucium (Anas) 
 
 
 &c. (Anas) 
 
 
 minus (Anas) 
 
 vi. 573. 
 
 glaucogaster (Bernicla) . . . 
 
 
 glaucoides (Laroides) . . . . 
 
 
 (Larus) 
 
 
 glauconotos (Columba) . . . 
 
 
 glauconotus (Peristera) . . . 
 
 
 glaucopis (Aquila) 
 
 . . . . v. 449, 451. 
 
 (Falco) 
 
 
 glaucops (Strix) 
 
 , . . . v. 237, 240. 
 
 Glaucopterix 
 
 v. 413. 
 
 glaucopteros (Querquedula) vi. 513. 
 
 Glaucopteryx cinerascens 
 
 v. 423. 
 
 pallidus 
 
 v. 441. 
 
 glaucopus (Charadrius) . 
 
 
 Glaucus 
 
 
 argentatoides .... 
 
 
 argentatus 
 
 
 audouini 
 
 
 consul 
 
 
 glacialis 
 
 
 leucophseus 
 
 
 leuco|)terus 
 
 
 miehahellesii 
 
 
 : glaucus (Laroides) 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 43 
 
 glaucus (Laras) . viii. 399, 429, 432, 
 
 433, 439, 440, 441, 
 442, 451, 584. 
 
 glaucus (Leucus) . . 
 
 (Plautus) . . . . 
 
 glaux (Athene) 
 
 glaux (Oarine) 
 
 (Noctua) 
 
 gloeitans (Anas) . . 
 
 (Mareca) 
 
 (Querquedula) 
 
 Glottis 
 
 canescens .... 
 
 chloropus .... 
 
 floridanus. . . . 
 
 horsfieldii . . 
 
 natans 
 
 nivigula 
 
 vigorsii . . . . 
 
 glottis (Limicula) , 
 (Totanus) . . . 
 
 viii. 433. 
 
 viii. 433. 
 
 . . v. 367, 368. 
 
 v. 333, 367. 
 
 v. 367. 
 
 vi. 509, 521, 523. 
 
 vi. 521. 
 
 vi. 521. 
 
 viii. 125. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 173. 
 
 viii. 153, 154, 155, 
 173, 199. 
 
 glottoides (Limosa) viii. 173. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 173. 
 
 Glycispina iv. 149. 
 
 caesia iv. 213. 
 
 hortulana iv. 185. 
 
 goliath (Ardea) vii. 535. 
 
 golzii (Daulias) ii. 361. 
 
 (Luscinia) ii. 371. 
 
 gouldi (Budytes) iii. 261. 
 
 (Haliplana) viii. 307. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 307. 
 
 gouldii (Picus) v. 22, 23, 25. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 goureyi (Petrocossyphus) ii. 129. 
 
 govinda (Milvus) v. 485. 
 
 grabse (Mormon) viii. 599. 
 
 Gracalus vi. 149. 
 
 carboides , vi. 151. 
 
 gracilis (HSgialitis) vii. 491. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Oorydalla) .iii. 317. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 219. 
 
 gracilis (Drymceca) . iii. 11, 13, 14. 
 
 gracilis (Drymoica) iii. 13. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 74. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 267. 
 
 (Malurus) iii. 13. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491. 
 
 (Prinia) iii. 13. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 239. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 273, 276. 
 
 (Suya) iii. 13. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 13. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 35. 
 
 Gracula iv. 421, 435. 
 
 pyrrhocorax iv. 437. 
 
 Gracula rosea iv. 423. 
 
 Graculus iv. 435. 
 
 africanus vi. 169, 227. 
 
 carbo vi. 156. 
 
 carboides vi. 151. 
 
 coronatus vi. 169. 
 
 cristatus vi. 1 63. 
 
 desmarestii vi. 163. 
 
 eremita iv. 437. 
 
 linnseii vi. 163. 
 
 lucidus vi. 156. 
 
 medius vi. 151. 
 
 novae-hollandise vi. 151. 
 
 pygmseus vi. 173. 
 
 sinensis vi. 151. 
 
 graculus (Carbo) vi. 163. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 437. 
 
 (Halieus) vi. 163. 
 
 (Fregilus) iv. 437. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 163. 
 
 graculus (Phalacrocorax) . vi. 154, 
 
 163, 184. 
 
 graculus (Procellaria) vi. 163. 
 
 graculus (Pyrrhocorax) . . iv. 435, 
 437, 446, 447, 448. 
 graculus, var. brachypus (Fregilus) iv. 437. 
 , var. orientalis (Fregilus) .... iv. 437. 
 
 grseca (Caccabis) vii. 93. 
 
 (Chacura) vii. 93. 
 
 , var. (Chacura) vii. 97. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 93, 97. 
 
 grsecus (Falco lanarius) vi. 51. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 157. 
 
 Grallse vii. 255. 
 
 grallarius (Laras) viii. 389. 
 
 (Oedicnemus) vii. 407. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 531. 
 
 grallatoris (Totanus) viii. 143. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 143. 
 
 Graminicola bengalensis iii. 6. 
 
 graminis (Hypolais) ii. 507. 
 
 Granativora melanocephala iv. 151. 
 
 granativora (Emberiza) iv. 151. 
 
 grandinis (Anser) vi. 413. 
 
 grandior (Alauda) iii. 317. 
 
 grandis (Bubo) 339. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Nisaetus) v. 575. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 305. 
 
 (Spizaetus) v. 575. 
 
 Granitivora iv. 149. 
 
 granorum (Corvus) iv. 551. 
 
 Grauculus vi. 149. 
 
 carboides vi. 151. 
 
 gravis (Procellaria) viii. 527. 
 
 grayii (Cisticola) iii. 6. 
 
 gregaria (Chettusia) .... vii. 525, 
 
 527. 
 
 gregaria (Bissa) viii. 447. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 203. 
 
 gregarius (Charadrius) vii. 527. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 527, 540. 
 
 grenovicensis (Tringa) viii. 87 . 
 
 grisea (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 (Arenaria) viii. 101. 
 
 (Calidris) viii. 101. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 429. 
 
 — — (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 (Limnodromus) viii. 187. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 187. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 523, 524. 
 
 (Saxicola oenanthe) ii. 187. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 187. 
 
 (Sqnatarola vii. 455. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 411. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 77. 
 
 (Tringa calidris) viii. 77. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 187. 
 
 griseiceps (Saxicola) ii. 189. 
 
 griseigena (Oolymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 griseigena (Podiceps) . . viii. 633, 
 
 635, 639, 643. 
 griseigena, var. holbolli (Podiceps) viii. 639. 
 
 griseiventris (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 99. 
 
 griseo-alba (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 griseocapilla(Curruca orphea) .... ii. 411. 
 
 griseogularis (Perdix) vii. 117. 
 
 griseola (Muscicapa) iii. 447. 
 
 griseorufescens (Corydalla) iv. 200. 
 
 grisescens (Parus) iii, 129. 
 
 griseus (Charadrius) vii. 475. 
 
 (Euplectes) iii. 611. 
 
 griseus (Macrorhamphus) viii. 185, 
 
 187, 191. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 128, 
 
 243, 267, 269, 272. 
 
 griseus (Oedicnemus) vii. 401. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 605. 
 
 griseus (Puffinus) viii. 523, 
 
 528, 529, 531. 
 griseus (Totanus) viii. 173. 
 
 grisola (Muscicapa) . . ii. 359, 514. 
 
 iii. 445, 447, 456, 484. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vi. 109. 
 
 groenlandica (Uria) . . . viii. 581. 
 
 groenlandicus (Falco) vi. 21. 
 
 (Grylle) viii. 581. 
 
 (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetos albicilla) v. 551. 
 
 7 (Lagopus) vii. 175. 
 
 (Plectrophanes) iv. 253. 
 
 G™idee vii. 335. 
 
 Grus vii. 335, 339, 350. 
 
 Grus antigone vi. 64. 
 
 vii. 335. 
 
 canadensis vii. 344 
 
44 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Grus cineracea . . vii. 337. 
 
 cinerea vi. 64. 
 
 vii. 337, 339, 351. 
 cinerea longirostris .... vii. 337, 343. 
 
 Grus communis .... vii. 335, 337, 
 
 351, 354, 356, 357. 
 
 Grus fraterculus vii. 344. 
 
 gigantea vii. 359. 
 
 leucogerana vii. 359. 
 
 leucogeranos vii. 359. 
 
 Grus leucogeranus . . vii. 335, 359, 
 
 363. 
 
 virgo vii. 342, 353, 
 
 355, 356. 
 
 Grus vulgaris vii. 337. 
 
 grus (Ardea) vii. 337. 
 
 Grylle viii. 579. 
 
 columba viii. 581. 
 
 groenlandicus viii. 581. 
 
 mandtii viii. 587. 
 
 scapularis viii. 581, 
 
 grylle (Cephus) viii. 581. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 581. 
 
 grylle (Uria) vi. 184, 652. 
 
 viii. 579, 581, 583, 584, 585, 
 586, 587, 588. 
 
 grylle mandtii (Uria) viii. 587. 
 
 gryllus (Colymbus) viii. 581. 
 
 guarauna (Plegadis) vi. 339. 
 
 guatemalse (Strix) v. 240. 
 
 Guinetta viii. 125. 
 
 hypoleuca viii. 127. 
 
 guinetta (Totanus) viii. 127. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 127. 
 
 (Trynga) . . . . viii. 127, 151. 
 
 g-ularis (Hirundo) iv. 603. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 (Tacbybaptus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 167. 
 
 gulgula (Alauda) . . iv. 285, 310, 312, 313. 
 
 gulo (Merganser) vi. 685. 
 
 (Mergus) vi. 685. 
 
 gurneyi (Accipiter) v. 633. 
 
 guttata (Nucifraga) iv. 451. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 307. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Strix flammea) v. 237. 
 
 guttatus (Caryocatactes) iv. 451. 
 
 (Planetis) viii. 307. 
 
 (Pterocles) vi. 56. 
 
 vii. 534. 
 
 (Scotaeus) vi. 270. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 gutturalis (Bessonornis) ii. 347. 
 
 gutturalis (Cossypha) ... ii. 345, 
 
 347, 348, 351. 
 
 gutturalis (Cypselus) iv. 603. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 477, 479. 
 
 (Micropus) iv. 603. 
 
 gutturalis (Saxicola) ii. 215, 218. 
 
 gutture nigro (Mergus) viii. 615. 
 
 rubro (Mergus) viii. 621. 
 
 Gydaetes v. 479. 
 
 nudipes v. 481. 
 
 gymnocyclus (Columba) . . vii. 11, 16, 21. 
 
 gymnopus (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 Gypaetos iv. 564. 
 
 v. 409. 
 
 barbatus v. 411. 
 
 Gypaetus v. 371, 399, 403. 
 
 Gypaetus alpinus v. 401 
 
 altaicus v. 401. 
 
 aureus . v. 401. 
 
 Gypaetus barbatus . . v. 384, 399, 
 401, 404, 405, 406, 408. 
 Gypaetus barbatus occidentalis .... v. 401. 
 
 castaneus v. 401. 
 
 grandis v. 401. 
 
 hemachalanus v. 401. 
 
 melanocephalus v. 401. 
 
 meridionalis v. 407. 
 
 nudipes v. 407 . 
 
 occidentalis v. 401, 404, 405. 
 
 orientalis v. 401. 
 
 Gyps v. 371, 381. 
 
 Gyps albicollis v. 373, 380. 
 
 bengalensis v. 386. 
 
 cinereus v. 383. 
 
 fulvescens v. 377. 
 
 Gyps fulvus. ... v. 371, 373, 377, 
 380, 381, 385, 386, 393, 395, 
 406, 408. 
 vii. 388. 
 
 Gyps himalayensis v. 380. 
 
 bispaniolensis v. 373, 380. 
 
 indicus iv. 200. 
 
 kolbi v. 377. 
 
 occidentalis v. 373. 
 
 vulgaris v. 373. 
 
 Gyptus v. 399. 
 
 gyrfalco (Accipiter) vi. 15. 
 
 gyrfalco (Falco). ... vi. 15, 18, 21, 
 
 23, 24, 26, 28, 29. 
 
 gyrfalco (Hierofalco) vi. 15, 21. 
 
 , var. (Falco) vi. 18. 
 
 islandicus (Accipiter) vi. 25. 
 
 islandicus (Falco) vi. 25. 
 
 norwegicus (Falco) vi. 15. 
 
 , var. sacer (Falco) vi. 15. 
 
 , var. sacer (Hierofalco) vi. 15. 
 
 gyrofalco (Falco) vi. 15. 
 
 liabessinicus (Phylloscopus) ii. 485. 
 
 habrycidus (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 Hsematopus iv- 548. 
 
 vii. 565. 
 
 viii. 485. 
 
 Ilaematopus baltkicus vii. 567 . 
 
 Hsematopus capensis vii. 567. 
 
 hypoleuca vii. 567. 
 
 longirostris vii. 567, 571. 
 
 macrorhynchus vii. 667. 
 
 orientalis vii. 567. 
 
 osculans vii. 567. 
 
 Hsematopus ostralegus . . vii. 565, 
 
 567. 
 
 Hsematopus palliatus vii. 573. 
 
 hsematopus (Gallinula) vii. 317. 
 
 (Ostralegus) vii. 567. 
 
 hsematopygia (Montifringilla) .... iv. 397. 
 
 Haematornis iii. 351. 
 
 lugubris iii. 353. 
 
 Haemorrhous iv. 67. 
 
 rose us iv. 75. 
 
 haesitata (iEstrelata) viii. 545. 
 
 haesitata (CBstrelata) .... viii. 543, 
 
 545. 
 
 haesitata (Procellaria) viii. 545. 
 
 haesitatus (Numenius) .... viii. 227, 245. 
 
 hafizi (Daulius) ii. 361, 366, 371. 
 
 Halcyon . . v. 131, 151. 
 
 Halcyon saturatior v. 133, 135. 
 
 senegalensis v. 131. 
 
 Halcyon smyrnensis .... v. 116, 
 128, 131, 133, 134, 135, 150. 
 
 haliaeetus (Aquila) vi. 139. 
 
 Haliaetos v. 543. 
 
 albicilla v. 551. 
 
 albicilla borealis v. 551. 
 
 albicilla funereus v. 551. 
 
 albicilla germanicus v. 551. 
 
 albicilla groenlandicus v. 551. 
 
 albicilla islandicus v. 551. 
 
 albicilla orientalis v. 551. 
 
 borealis v. 551. 
 
 cinereus v. 551. 
 
 funereus v. 551. 
 
 groenlandicus v. 551. 
 
 islandicus v. 551. 
 
 leucoeephalus v. 551. 
 
 orientalis v. 551. 
 
 Haliaetus v. 543. 
 
 albicilla ii. 282. 
 
 v. 543, 551, 559. 
 
 Haliaetus albipes v. 545. 
 
 brooksi v. 551. 
 
 fulviventer v. 545, 
 
 lanceatus v . 545, 
 
 leucoeephalus v . 559. 
 
 leucorypha v . 545. 
 
 Haliaetus leucoryphus . . v. 545. 
 
 Haliaetus macei Vi 545. 
 
 aisus v. 551. 
 
 pelagicus v . ggj. 
 
 unicolor v. 545. 
 
 haliaetus (Accipiter) vi. 139. 
 
 (Aquila) vi. 139. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 45 
 
 haliaetus (Balbusardus) vi. 139. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 139. 
 
 haliaetus (Pandion) y. 559 . 
 
 vi. 137, 139. 
 
 haliaetus, var. carolinensis (Pandion) 
 
 vi. 139, 148. 
 
 Haliaeus africanus vi. 169. 
 
 algeriensis vi. 173, 175. 
 
 javanicus vi. 173. 
 
 melanognathus vi. 173. 
 
 niger vi. 173. 
 
 pygmaeus vi. 173. 
 
 Halieus vi. 149. 
 
 africanus vi. 169. 
 
 carbo vi. 151. 
 
 cormoranus vi. 151. 
 
 graculus vi. 163. 
 
 pygmaeus vi. 169, 173. 
 
 Haliplana viii. 253, 307. 
 
 fuliginosa viii. 307. 
 
 fuliginosa, var. crissalis .... viii. 307. 
 
 gouldi viii. 307. 
 
 infuscata viii. 307. 
 
 serrata viii. 307. 
 
 halophila (Saxicola) .... ii. 219, 220, 221. 
 
 hamata (Nucifraga) iv. 451. 
 
 hamburgensis (Pyrrhula) iii. 597. 
 
 hamburgia (Loxia) iii. 597. 
 
 bancii (Oreocincla) ii. 77. 
 
 hardwickii (Limosa) viii. 87. 
 
 hardyi (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 Harelda vi. 607, 615, 627. 
 
 glacialis .... vi. 568, 569, 615, 
 
 617, 623. 
 
 Harelda histrionics vi. 6C9. 
 
 stelleri vi. 649. 
 
 harengorum (Laroides) viii. 421. 
 
 hartlaubi (Limicola) viii. 3. 
 
 hasita (Procellaria) viii. 545. 
 
 hasitata (Procellaria) viii. 545. 
 
 hastata (Aquila) ii. 473. 
 
 v. 492, 498, 503. 
 
 hastatus (Numenius) viii. 241. 
 
 hebricidus (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 hebridialis (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 hebridicus (Oolymbus) viii. 659. 
 
 hectori (Podiceps) viii. 629, 635. 
 
 Hedymela iii. 445. 
 
 heinei (Calandritis) iv. 344. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 381, 384, 385. 
 
 heineken (Curruca) ii. 424. 
 
 helebi (Recurvirostra) vii. 577. 
 
 helena (Curruca orphea, var.) .... ii. 411, 
 
 414. 
 
 helevi (Recurvirostra) vii. 577. 
 
 heliaca (Aquila) v. 517, 520, 
 
 521, 526. 
 
 Helodromas viii. 125, 135. 
 
 Helopus . viii. 253. 
 
 caspius viii. 289. 
 
 helvetica (Squatarola) . . vii. 449, 
 453, 455, 462, 465. 
 
 viii. 39. 
 
 helvetica (Tringa) vii. 455. 
 
 helveticus (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 (Yanellus) vii. 455. 
 
 hemachalanus (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 hemilasius (Buteo) v. 467. 
 
 hemileucurus (Collyrio) iii. 381. 
 
 hemileucurus (Lagopus) . vii. 162, 
 
 163, 179, 180. 
 
 hemileucurus (Lanius) iii. 381, 382. 
 
 Hemipodius vii. 247. 
 
 lunatus vii. 249. 
 
 tachydromus vii. 249. 
 
 Hemiprocne iv. 611. 
 
 leuconotus iv. 613. 
 
 hemirhynchus (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 hemispila (Nucifraga) iv. 452. 
 
 hemprichi (Larus) viii. 356, 391. 
 
 hemprichii (Pratincola) . . ii. 265, 
 
 266, 269, 273. 
 hemprichii (Pratincola rubicola) . . ii. 273. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 273. 
 
 hendersoni (Falco) vi. 59, 63. 
 
 vii. 80. 
 
 (Locustella) ii. 613, 614. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 211. 
 
 hendersonii (Lusciniopsis) .... ii. 617, 619. 
 
 Heniconetta vi. 627, 654. 
 
 stelleri vi. 649. 
 
 henrici (Francolinus) vii. 123. 
 
 hepaticus (Cuculus) v. 199, 200. 
 
 - — -, var. (Cuculus) v. 215. 
 
 hepburnise (Perdix) vii. 123. 
 
 herbsecola (Falco) v. 441. 
 
 herbarum (Anthus) iii. 309. 
 
 (Crex) vii. 291. 
 
 (Piculus) v. 53. 
 
 hermonensis (Alauda) iv. 310, 343. 
 
 (Calandrella) . . iv. 341, 343, 345, 346. 
 
 Herodias vi. 205. 
 
 alba vi. 231, 241. 
 
 brevirostris vi. 231. 
 
 bubulcus vi. 245, 247. 
 
 Candida vi. 231. 
 
 egretta vi. 231. 
 
 egretta, var. ealifomica vi. 238. 
 
 garzetta vi. 239. 
 
 immaculata vi. 243. 
 
 jubata vi. 239. 
 
 lateifii vi. 231. 
 
 russata vi. 245. 
 
 syrmatophorus -. . vi. 231, 235. 
 
 torra vi. 231, 237. 
 
 herodias (Ardea) vi. 208. 
 
 Herodii vi. 205. 
 
 heteroclita (Syrrhaptes) . . .'. vii. 75. 
 
 Heteroclitus vii. 73. 
 
 tartaricus vii. 75. 
 
 Heteropoda semipalmata . . . 
 
 viii. 56. 
 
 Heterops 
 
 iv. 283. 
 
 cristatus 
 
 
 Heteropygia 
 
 viii. 9. 
 
 Heterura sylvana 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 heuglini (Larus) 
 
 , . . . viii. 417. 
 
 (Saxicola) 
 
 ii. 191. 
 
 heuglinii (Circus) 
 
 
 heyi (Ammoperdix) 
 
 vii. 115, 119. 
 
 Hiaticula 
 
 . , . . vii. 473. 
 
 annulata 
 
 . . . . vii. 497. 
 
 arabs 
 
 . . . . vii. 497. 
 
 ■■ c.RntiG.na, 
 
 . . . . vii. 483. 
 
 columbina 
 
 . . . . vii. 475. 
 
 mironioa 
 
 .... vii. 491. 
 
 p.legana 
 
 . . . . vii. 483. 
 
 
 
 geoffroyi 
 
 . . . . vii. 475. 
 
 hiaticula 
 
 . . , . vii. 497. 
 
 philippina 
 
 . . . . vii. 491. 
 
 pusilla 
 
 . . . . vii. 491. 
 
 simplex 
 
 . . . . vii. 491. 
 
 torquata 
 
 .... vii. 497. 
 
 hiaticula (ifEgialitis) . vii. 473, 481, 
 
 488, 492, 494, 495, 496 
 
 , 497, 505. 
 
 
 viii. 107. 
 
 hiaticula (Charadrius) 
 
 vii. 491, 407. 
 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 (Hiaticula) 
 
 . . . vii. 497. 
 
 hiaticuloides (Aegialites) . . 
 
 . . . vii. 497. 
 
 (Charadrius) 
 
 . . . vii. 491. 
 
 hiemalis (Anthus) . '. 
 
 .... iii. 335. 
 
 (Clangula) ........... 
 
 .... vi. 617. 
 
 (Colymbus) 
 
 . . . viii. 609. 
 
 (Corvus) 
 
 .... iv. 531. 
 
 (Corvus corone) 
 
 
 (Pica) 
 
 
 (Plectrophanes) 
 
 
 (Procellaria) 
 
 . . . viii. 535. 
 
 Hieracidea novae zealandise . 
 
 
 Hierapterina 
 
 .... iv. 381. 
 
 eavaignacii 
 
 
 Hierococcyx sparveroides . . . 
 
 
 Hierofalco 
 
 vi. 13. 
 
 candicans 
 
 vi. 21. 
 
 gyrfalco 
 
 . . vi. 15, 21. 
 
 gyrfalco, var. sacer .... 
 
 vi. 15. 
 
 holbcelli 
 
 vi. 25. 
 
 islandicus 
 
 vi. 25. 
 
 lanarius 
 
 vi. 59. 
 
 saker 
 
 vi. 59. 
 
 himalayana (Certhia) 
 
 iii. 202. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 
 
 129, 130, 134. 
 
 (Sitta) 
 
 .... iii. 179. 
 
 himalayanus (Cuculus) 
 
 
 (Fregilus) 
 
 iv. 437, 441. 
 
 (Picus) 
 
 v. 22. 
 
 himalayensis (Gyps) 
 
 
 (Picus) 
 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 
 
 451, 453, 466. 
 
 (Sitta) 
 
 iii. 176. 
 
 n 
 
46 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 himalayensis (Tetraogallus) vii. 235, 
 
 238, 242. 
 
 Himantopus vii. 585, 587. 
 
 Himantopus albicollis vii. 587. 
 
 asiaticus vii. 587. 
 
 atropterus vii. 587. 
 
 autumnalis vii. 587, 593. 
 
 brasiliensis vii. 594. 
 
 brevipes • vii. 587. 
 
 Himantopus candidus . . vii. 585, 
 
 587, 594. 
 
 Himantopus europeeus vii. 587. 
 
 intermedius vii. 587. 
 
 leucocephalus ........ vii. 587, 594. 
 
 longipes vii. 587. 
 
 melanocephalus vii. 587. 
 
 melanopterus vii. 587. 
 
 viii. 154. 
 
 minor vii. 587, 591. 
 
 nigricollis vii. 587, 594. 
 
 novse-zelandiee vii. 594. 
 
 plinii vii. 587. 
 
 rufipes vii. 587. 
 
 vulgaris vii. 587. 
 
 himantopus (Charadrius) .... vii. 587, 593. 
 
 (Hypsibates) vii. 587. 
 
 (Micropalama) viii. 189. 
 
 hinnularia (Pygargus) v. 551. 
 
 hinnularius (Falco) v. 551. 
 
 Ilippolais ii. 515. 
 
 alticeps ' ii. 521. 
 
 elteiea ii. 537. 
 
 media ii. 521. 
 
 planiceps ii. 521. 
 
 salicaria ii. 517, 521. 
 
 upcheri ii. 535. 
 
 Ilippolais (Motacilla) ii. 411, 521. 
 
 (Muscipeta) ii. 521. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 485. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 485. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 485, 521, 522, 524. 
 
 iii. 410. 
 
 Hiraetus v. 479. 
 
 pennatus v. 481. 
 
 hirsuta (Tridactylia) v. 69. 
 
 hirsutus (Picoides) v. 67, 72. 
 
 (Picus) v. 69. 
 
 Hirundapus iv. 611, 613. 
 
 caudacuta iv. 613. 
 
 ciris iv. 613. 
 
 nudipes iv. 613. 
 
 Hirundinidse iii. 471. 
 
 hirundinum (Falco) vi. 69, 
 
 Hirundo . . iii. 471, 493, 503, 517. 
 
 iv. 581, 611, 619. 
 • vii. 409. 
 
 Hirundo alpestris iii. 487. 
 
 alpina iv. 603. 
 
 apos iv. 583. 
 
 apus iv. 583. 
 
 Hirundo boissoneautii iii. 473, 477. 
 
 boissoneautii latirostris .... iii. 473. 
 
 boissoneautii mierorhynchos. . iii. 473. 
 
 boissoneautii minor iii. 473. 
 
 eahirica iii. 473, 475, 477. 
 
 capensis iii. 487. 
 
 caprimulgus iv. 621. 
 
 castanea iii. 473. 
 
 caudacuta iv. 613. 
 
 cinerea iii. 505. 
 
 ciris iv. 613. 
 
 daurica iii. 487, 488, 489. 
 
 domestica iii. 477. 
 
 erythrogaster . .' iii. 480. 
 
 erythropygia iii. 488, 489, 490. 
 
 fretensis iii. 477, 483. 
 
 fusca iv. 013. 
 
 gularis iv. 603. 
 
 gutturalis iii. 477, 479. 
 
 horreorum. ... iii. 478, 479, 480, 483. 
 
 inornata iii. 513. 
 
 javanica iii. 477, 479. 
 
 jewan iii. 477. 
 
 melanocrissa iii. 498. 
 
 melba iv. 603. 
 
 minor iii. 495, 
 
 montana iii. 513. 
 
 panayana iii. 477. 
 
 pratincola vii. 411. 
 
 riocouri iii. 473, 475, 477. 
 
 riparia iii. 488, 505. 
 
 Hirundo rufula ii. 349, 415. 
 
 iii. 185, 487, 488, 489, 490, 
 491, 515, 518. 
 
 iv. 595. 
 
 Hirundo rupestris iii. 513, 514. 
 
 rupicola iii. 513. 
 
 Hirundo rustica. iii. 471, 473, 474, 
 475, 477, 478, 479, 480, 483, 488, 
 490, 491, 493, 495, 498, 515, 518. 
 
 v. 161, 210. 
 
 vi. 78. 
 
 - ' viii. 502. 
 
 Hirundo rustica orientalis . . iii. 474, 477. 
 
 rustica, var. orientalis iii. 473. 
 
 rustica, var. savignyi iii. 473. 
 
 Hirundo savignii . . iii. 473, 474, 
 475, 478, 479, 480, 482, 485. 
 
 Hirundo spinicauda iv. 613. 
 
 tytleri iii. 479, 480. 
 
 urbica iii. 488, 490, 491, 495, 515, 517. 
 
 vi. 78. 
 
 urbica Candida iii. 495. 
 
 urbica pallida iii. 495. 
 
 urbica varia iii- 495. 
 
 hirundo (Hydrocecropis) viii. 263. 
 
 hirundo (Sterna) . . viii. 254, 255, 
 257, 261, 263, 268, 270, 338, 
 378, 379, 478. 
 
 hispanica (Pyrgita) iii. 593. 
 
 hispaniolensis (Fringilla) ...... . .. iii. 593. 
 
 (Gyps) v. 373, 380. 
 
 hispaniolensis (Passer) . . iii. 585, 
 586, 589, 592, 593. 
 v. 429, 487, 488. 
 
 hispaniolensis (Pyrgita) iii. 593. 
 
 hispida (Alcedo) : v. 113. 
 
 histrionica (Anas) vi. 609. 
 
 (Bucephala) vi. 609. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 609. 
 
 histrionica (Cosmonetta) . vi. 607, 
 
 609, 613. 
 
 histrionica (Fuligula) vi. 609. 
 
 (Harelda) vi. 609. 
 
 (Phylaconetta) vi. 609. 
 
 Histrionicus vi. 607, 609, 613. 
 
 minutus vi. 613. 
 
 torquatus vi. 609, 613. 
 
 histrionicus (Platypus) vi. 609. 
 
 hoactli (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 hobara (Otis) vii. 391. 
 
 hodgsoni (Certhia) .... iii. 195, 198, 200. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 3, 7. 
 
 holbolli (Acanthis) iv. 37. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 25, 29. 
 
 (Hierofalco) vi. 25. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 639, 641. 
 
 holboellii (Aegiothus) iv. 37. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 hollandite (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 homalura (Cisticola) iii. 3, 6. 
 
 homeyeri (/Egialitis) vii. 483. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 551. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 551, 
 
 homochroa (Saxicola) ...... ii. 215, 218. 
 
 Hoplopterus . . vii. 537, 539, 540. 
 
 Hoplopterus armatus vii. 539. 
 
 persieus . '. vii. 539. 
 
 Hoplopterus spinosus . . vii. 522, 
 529, 537, 539, 540. 
 
 hordei (Emberiza) iv. 205. 
 
 hornemanni (Linota) . . iv. 39, 42, 
 44, 51, 52, 55, 56. 
 
 hornotinus (Accipiter falco) ", vi. 31. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 hornschuchii (Melanitta) vi. 657. 
 
 (GEdemia) vi. 657. 
 
 horreorum (Hirundo) iii. 478, 479, 
 
 480, 483. 
 
 horsfieldi (Turdus) ii. 81. 
 
 horsfieldii (Glottis) v iii, 473. 
 
 hortensis (Adornis) ii, 429, 
 
 (Chloris) iii. gey. 
 
 (Ourruca) ii. 429. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 429. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 277. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 375^ 429. 
 
 hortorum (Pieulus) v. 63. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 47 
 
 hortorum (Picus) y. 53. 
 
 hortulana (Citrinella) iv. 185. 
 
 hortulana (Emberiza) . . iv. 185, 
 
 214. 
 v. 210. 
 
 hortulana (Euspiza) iv. 185- 
 
 (Glycispina) iv, 185. 
 
 Hortulanus iv. 149, 251. 
 
 csesius iv. 213. 
 
 chlorocephalus iv. 185- 
 
 montanus iv. 253. 
 
 hortulanus (Serinus) .... iii. 537- 
 538, 547, 549, 555, 557. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 hortulanus arundinaceus (Emberiza) iv.'241. 
 
 hortulorum (Serinus) iii. 549. 
 
 Houbara vii. 367, 391. 
 
 macqueeni vii. 395. 
 
 undulata vii. 391. 
 
 houbara (Atix) vii. 391. 
 
 (Chlamydotis) vii. 391. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 391, 395, 396. 
 
 hringvia (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 hrota (Anas) vi. 397. 
 
 hudsonia (Strix) v. 309. 
 
 hudsonias (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 hudsonica (Limosa) viii. 213. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 331. 
 
 (Pica) ii. 182. 
 
 iv. 509, 511, 517. 
 
 (Strix) v. 312. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 555. 
 
 hudsonicus (Cleptes) iv. 509. 
 
 (Xumenius) .... viii. 221, 232, 245. 
 
 liudsonis (Strix freti) v. 309. 
 
 hudsonius (Circus) v. 437, 438. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 509. 
 
 humilirostris (Phalacrocorax) .... vi. 151. 
 
 hungariae (Merops) v. 155. 
 
 hutchinsi (Bemicla) vi. 393. 
 
 hutchinsii (Larus) viii. 433, 438. 
 
 huttoni (Emberiza) iv. 200, 214. 
 
 hyacinthinus (Porphyrio) vii. 299, 
 
 302, 803. 
 
 Ilyas vii. 519, 521. 
 
 aegyptia vii. 521. 
 
 aegvptiaca vii. 521. 
 
 hybema (Anas) vi. 589. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 381. 
 
 hybernus (Larus) viii. 881. 
 
 hybrida (Hydrochelidon) . vii. 413. 
 
 viii. 315, 632. 
 
 hybrida (Luscinia) ii. 369. 
 
 (Pelodes) viii. 315. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315. 
 
 Hydemela atricapilla iii. 453. 
 
 Hydrionia vii. 297. 
 
 porphyrio vii. 307. 
 
 Hydrobata ii. 165. 
 
 albicollis ii- 181. 
 
 Hydrobata cinclus ii. 167- 
 
 Hydrobatea viii. 489. 
 
 faeroeensis viii. 491. 
 
 leachii viii. 497. 
 
 pelagica viii. 491. 
 
 pelagicus viii. 491. 
 
 Hydrocecropis viii. 253. 
 
 dougalli viii. 273. 
 
 hirundo viii. 263. 
 
 Hydrochelidon .... viii. 253, 313. 
 
 H}'drochelidon delalandii viii. 315. 
 
 fissipes vii. 413. 
 
 viii. 327, 632. 
 
 fluviatilis viii. 315, 818. 
 
 fuliginosum viii. 307. 
 
 grisea viii. 315. 
 
 Hydrochelidon hybrida. . vii. 413. 
 
 viii. 315, 632. 
 
 Hydrochelidon indica viii. 315. 
 
 infuscata viii. 807. 
 
 javanica viii. 315, 321. 
 
 lariformis viii. 327. 
 
 leucogenys viii. 315. 
 
 leucopareia viii. 315. 
 
 leueopareja viii. 315. 
 
 Hydrochelidon leucoptera . . viii. 
 
 319, 321, 328, 331, 332. 
 Hydrochelidon leucopterum .... viii. 321. 
 
 meridionalis viii. 315. 
 
 niger viii. 321, 324. 
 
 Hydrochelidon nigra. . . . viii. 313, 
 316, 319, 321, 324, 327. 
 
 Hydrochelidon nigricans viii. 327. 
 
 nigrum viii. 327, 
 
 nilotica viii. 315. 
 
 obscura viii. 327. 
 
 pallida viii. 327. 
 
 plumbea viii. 327, 332. 
 
 similis viii. 315. 
 
 subleucoptera viii. 321. 
 
 surinamensis viii. 327. 
 
 Hydrocoloeus viii. 355. 
 
 minutus viii. 373. 
 
 Hydroeorax vi. 149. 
 
 carbo vi. 151. 
 
 cristatus vi. 163. 
 
 niger vi. 173. 
 
 pygmaeus vi. 173. 
 
 sinensis vi, 151. 
 
 Hydrogallina vii. 311. 
 
 Hydroictinia v. 641, 651. 
 
 parasitica v. 657. 
 
 hydrophilos (Calamoherpe) ii. 567. 
 
 Hydroprogne viii. 253, 289. 
 
 Hydrornia vii. 297. 
 
 alleni vii. 307. 
 
 porphyrio vii. 307. 
 
 hyemalis (Anas) vi. 595, 617. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 223. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 68. 
 
 Hylsespiza i v - 149. 
 
 cia .iv. 205. 
 
 hylebata (Phylloscopus) ih 509. 
 
 hyperborea (Anas) vi. 413. 
 
 (Chen) vi. 413. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 1/9. 
 
 (Lobipes) vii. 597. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 597, 599. 
 
 hyperboreas (Lobipes) vii. 605. 
 
 hyperboreus (Anser) vi. 409, 410, 
 
 411, 413. 
 
 hyperboreus (Chen) v. 539. 
 
 vi. 407, 409, 410, 413. 
 
 hyperboreus (Chenalopex) vi. 413. 
 
 (Lagopus), vii. 179. 
 
 hyperboreus (Phalaropus) . . vii. 
 597, 599, 606, 607, 610, 611. 
 
 hyperythra (Muscicapa) iii. 468. 
 
 Hypocentor v. 149. 
 
 aureolus v. 223. 
 
 cinerea iv. 159. 
 
 rusticus iv. 229. 
 
 hypogseus (Anthus) iii. 331. 
 
 Hypolais . . ii. 467, 512, 515, 521, 
 536, 542, 543, 545, 562, 564. 
 Hypolais arigonis .......... ii. 531, 532. 
 
 Hypolais caligata .... ii. 538, 539, 
 
 541, 542, 559. 
 
 Hypolais cinerascens ii. 531. 
 
 cinerascens et arigonis ...... ii. 531. 
 
 elaica ii. 531, 535, 539, 542. 
 
 fuscescens ii. 531. 
 
 graminis ii. 507. 
 
 Hypolais icterina .... ii. 515, 517, 
 518, 521, 524, 530, 
 533, 542, 562, 575. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 languida ii. 535. 
 
 olivetorum .... ii. 416, 527, 
 
 528, 529, 530, 533, 
 535, 536, 538, 539. 
 
 iii. 418. 
 
 opaca ii. 531, 538, 539. 
 
 pallida . . ii. 416, 517, 530, 531, 
 
 533, 535, 537, 538, 540, 542. 
 
 polyglotta. . ii. 517, 521, 522, 
 
 523, 524, 525, 529, 530, 532, 
 536, 540, 543. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Hypolais preglii ii. 517. 
 
 rama .... ii. 538, 539, 542, 543, 562. 
 
 upcheri ii. 350. 
 
 verdati ii. 537. 
 
 hypolais (Ficedula) .... ii. 517, 521, 523. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 521. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 521. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 528. 
 
 hypoleuca (Actitis) viii. 199. 
 
48 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 hypoleuca (Guinetta) viii. 127. 
 
 (Haematopus) vii. 567. 
 
 (Tringoides) viii. 127. 
 
 hypoleucos (Actitis) viii. 127, 182. 
 
 (Elanus) v. 666. 
 
 hypoleucos (Totanus) . . viii. 127. 
 
 hypoleucos (Tringa) viii. 127, 133. 
 
 hypoleucus (Accipiter) v. 563. 
 
 (Circaetos) v. 563. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 193, 198. 
 
 hypomelanus (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 hypomelas (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 Hypotriorchis vi. 13. 
 
 sesalon vi. 83. 
 
 aesalon major vi. 83. 
 
 aesalon minor vi. 83. 
 
 concolor vi. 107. 
 
 eleonorae vi. 103, 105, 107, 108. 
 
 lithofalco major vi. 83. 
 
 lithofalco minor vi. 83. 
 
 subbuteo vi. 69. 
 
 Hypsibates vii. 585. 
 
 himantopus vii. 587. 
 
 hyrcanus (Erithacus) ii. 332. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 491. 
 
 Ianthea 
 
 Ianthia 
 
 cyanura , . 
 
 rufilata . . 
 
 Ibidae 
 
 Ibis 
 
 Ibis aethiopica . , . 
 
 alba 
 
 bernieri . . . 
 
 calva 
 
 calvus 
 
 carunculata 
 
 castaneus , 
 
 ii. 353. 
 
 ii. 348. 
 
 ii. 355. 
 
 ii. 355. 
 
 vi. 327. 
 
 vi. 327, 333. 
 
 vi. 327. 
 
 ...... vi. 339. 
 
 vi. 331. 
 
 . . vi. 327, 331. 
 
 vi. 329. 
 
 vi. 331. 
 
 vi. 335. 
 
 Ibis comata vi. 327, 329. 
 
 Ibis cristata 
 
 cuprea 
 
 erythrorhyncha 
 
 falcinellus 
 
 falcinellus, var. ordi . . . . 
 
 olivacea 
 
 ordi 
 
 papillosa 
 
 sacra 
 
 ibis (Ardea) 
 
 (JBubulcus) 
 
 (Lepterodas) 
 
 (Numenius) 
 
 (Tantalus) 
 
 ichthyaetos (Chroicocephalus) 
 Ichthyaetus 
 
 leucoryphus 
 pallasii 
 
 ichthyaetus (Kroikocephalus) 
 
 ... vi. 331. 
 . . . vi. 335, 
 ... vi. 335. 
 ... vi. 335. 
 ... vi. 336. 
 ... vi. 330. 
 . . . vi. 335. 
 ... vi. 327. 
 ... vi. 335. 
 vi. 245, 250. 
 vi. 245, 247. 
 , . . . vi. 245. 
 , . . . vi. 335. 
 vi. 245, 250. 
 . . viii. 369. 
 .... v. 543. 
 
 viii. 355. 
 , . . . v. 545. 
 . . viii. 369. 
 . . viii. 369. 
 
 ichthyaetus (Larus) viii. 369, 370. 
 
 ichthyaetus (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 369. 
 
 minor (Larus) viii. 369. 
 
 icterina (Ficedula) ii. 521. 
 
 icterina (Hypolais) . . ii. 515, 517, 
 518, 521, 524, 530, 
 533, 542, 562, 575. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 icterina (Phyllopneuste) ii. 521. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 491, 521. 
 
 icteroeephalos (Apiaster) v. 155. 
 
 icterocephalus (Xanthocephalus) viii. 332. 
 
 icterops (Sylvia) ii. 393. 
 
 ictinus (Milvus) v. 460, 641, 643. 
 
 idae (Ardea) vi. 242. 
 
 Iduna ii. 515. 
 
 caligata ii. 541. 
 
 salicaria ii. 541, 559. 
 
 Ierax v. 597. 
 
 fringillarius v. 599. 
 
 ignavus (Bubo) v. 337, 339. 
 
 igneus (Falcinellus) vi. 335. 
 
 (Numenius) vi. 335, 
 
 (Tantalus) vi. 335. 
 
 ignicapilla (Sylvia) ii. 459. 
 
 ignicapillus (Regulus) ii. 455, 
 
 458, 459, 460, 465, 466. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 ignipalliatus (Phcenicopterus) 
 
 ignotus (Colymbus) 
 
 (Parus) 
 
 iliaca (Sylvia) 
 
 Iliacus 
 
 illas 
 
 minor 
 
 musicus 
 
 .... vi. 349. 
 viii. 615, 621. 
 
 iii. 285. 
 
 ii. 35. 
 
 ii. 1. 
 
 ii. 35. 
 
 ...... ii. 35. 
 
 ii. 19. 
 
 iliacus (Turdus) . . ii. 35, 51, 95, 
 
 124, 511. 
 
 iv. 475. 
 
 iliceti (Garrulus) iv. 491. 
 
 Iliornis viii. 125. 
 
 illas (Iliacus) ii. 35. 
 
 illyricus (Buphus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 401. 
 
 imbricatus (Turdus) ii. 81. 
 
 immaculata (Calandrella) iv. 341. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 243. 
 
 immer (Colymbus) viii. 609. 
 
 immutabilis (Anthus) iii, 343. 
 
 immutabilis (Cygnus) . . vi. 429, 
 
 430. 
 
 immutabilis (Cygnus olor) vi. 429. 
 
 impennis (Alca) viii. 563. 
 
 impennis (Chenalopex) viii. 563. 
 
 (Pinguinus) viii. 563. 
 
 (Plautus) viii. 563. 
 
 imperialis (Aquila) v. 507, 517, 521, 
 
 531, 533. 
 
 imperialis (Falco) v. 521, 627. 
 
 (V ultur) v. 383. 
 
 incerta (Chlorospiza) iv. 75, 81. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 75, 78, 81, 82. 
 
 incertus (Falco) v. 587. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 indiana (Limosa) viii. 195. 
 
 indica (Acanthyllis) iv. 615. 
 
 (Coracias) v. 149, 150. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 (Pelodes) viii. 315. 
 
 (Pratincola) . . ii. 263, 264, 265, 269. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 289. 
 
 (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 87. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 179, 183, 184. 
 
 (ViraJva) viii. 315. 
 
 indicus (Anser) vi. 360. 
 
 (Astur) v. 587. 
 
 indicus (Coracias) . . v. 139, 149. 
 
 indicus (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 199. 
 
 (Gyps) iv. 200. 
 
 (Merops) v. 171. 
 
 (QSdicnemus) vii. 401. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139, 
 
 (Passer) iii. 587, 595. 
 
 (R, alius) vii. 257, 261. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 indigena (Athene) v. 367. 
 
 infausta (Pica) iv. 471. 
 
 infaustus (Corvus) iv. 471. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 471. 
 
 vi. 706. 
 
 (Laniiis) ii. 129. 
 
 iv. 471. 
 
 infaustus (Perisoreus) . . iv. 463, 
 469, 471, 475, 476. 
 
 infumatus (Corvus) iv. 577. 
 
 infuscata (Haliplana) viii. 307. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 307. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 307. 
 
 (Thalassipora) viii. 307. 
 
 infuscatus (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 innotata (Gelichelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315. 
 
 inornata (Hirundo) iii. 513. 
 
 inornatus (Ixos) iii, 353. 
 
 ((Edicnemus) vii. 407. 
 
 (Pycnonotus) iii, 353. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 469. 
 
 insignia (Pratincola) ii. 266. 
 
 insularis (Strix) v. 238, 240. 
 
 intercedens (Corvus corone) iv. 531. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 121. 
 
 (Perdix rubra) vii. 103. 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 53. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 49 
 
 intercedens (Turtur) vii. 51. 
 
 intermedia (Alauda) iv. 307, 312, 313, 
 
 315. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 533, 575. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 235, 23G, 237, 238. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 11, 16, 17. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 241, 246. 
 
 (Schcenicola) iv. 241. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 intermedius (/Egialites) vii. 497, 501. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 375. 
 
 (Cbaradrius) vii. 497, 500. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 533. 
 
 (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 interpres (Arenaria) vii. 555. 
 
 (Cinclus) vii. 555. 
 
 interpres (Strepsilas) .... vii. 477, 
 
 553, 555. 
 viii. 478. 
 
 interpres (Tringa) vii. 555. 
 
 interstinctus (Falco) vi. 113. 
 
 iodurus (Turdus) ii. 81. 
 
 Irania ii, 345, 350. 
 
 filoti ii. 347. 
 
 finoti ii. 347, 348, 350. 
 
 irbii (Acredula) iii. 68, 70, 
 
 73, 74. 
 
 isabellina (Alauda) . . . . iv. 307, 309, 329. 
 
 (Ammomanes) iv. 329. 
 
 (Annomanes) iv. 329, 331. 
 
 (G-alerida) iv. 303. 
 
 isabellina (Galerita) .... iv. 289, 
 290, 295, 302, 303. 
 
 isabellina (Melanocorypha) iv. 329. 
 
 (Otomela) iii. 413, 415, 416. 
 
 (Phileremos) iv. 329. 
 
 isabellina (Saxicola). ii. 188, 191, 
 194, 195, 199, 215, 218, 240. 
 isabellinus (Ammomanes) .... v. 202, 210. 
 
 (Caprimulgus) iv. 629, 634. 
 
 (Cursor) vii. 425. 
 
 (Cursorius) vii. 425. 
 
 isabellinus (Lanius) iii. 373, 
 
 413, 414, 415, 416. 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 49, 54. 
 
 islandica (Alea) viii. 557. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 603. 
 
 (Anas longicauda) vi. 617. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 565. 
 
 (Bucepbala) vi. 603. 
 
 (Calidris) viii. 77. 
 
 islandica (Clangula) vi. 587, 
 
 598, 603. 
 
 islandica (Euligula) vi. 603. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 211, 
 
 (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 59, 77. 
 
 islandicum (Glaucion) vi. 603. 
 
 islandicus (Accipiter falco) vi. 25. 
 
 (Accipiter gyrfalco) vi. 25. 
 
 (Canutus) viii. 77. 
 
 (Cygnus) vi. 433. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 21, 25. 
 
 (Falco candicans) vi. 25. 
 
 (Falco gyrfalco) vi. 25. 
 
 (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetos albicilla) v. 551. 
 
 (Hierofalco) vi. 25. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 175. 
 
 (Larus) . viii. 439. 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 549. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 175. 
 
 candicans (Falco) vi. 21. 
 
 islandorum (Lagopus) vii. 180. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 175. 
 
 islandus (Falco) .... vi. 19, 23, 24, 
 
 25, 29. 
 
 islandus, var. albus (Falco) vi. 21. 
 
 Ispida v. Ill, 113, 123, 131. 
 
 bicincta v. 125. 
 
 bitorquata v. 125. 
 
 rudis v. 125. 
 
 smyrnensis v. 133. 
 
 ispida (Alcedo) . . v. Ill, 113, 116, 
 
 117, 123, 127. 
 
 isura (Cisticola) iii. 7. 
 
 itala (Melanocorypba) iv. 341. 
 
 italire (Fringilla) . iii. 585. 
 
 italise (Passer) .... iii. 585, 589, 
 
 592, 594. 
 
 italica (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 585. 
 
 italicus (Asio) v. 251. 
 
 (Enneoctonus) iii. 393. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 393. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Passer serinus) iii. 535. 
 
 Ixocossypbus viscivorus ii. 3. 
 
 Ixos iii. 351. 
 
 asbanteus iii. 353. 
 
 barbatus iii. 353. 
 
 capensis iii. 361. 
 
 inomatus iii, 363. 
 
 obscurus ii. 49. 
 
 iii. 353, 357. 
 
 vaillantii iii. 357. 
 
 vallombrosas iii. 357. 
 
 xanthopygius iii. 357. 
 
 Ixus iii. 351. 
 
 xanthopygius iii. 357. 
 
 xanthopygos iii. 357. 
 
 Iynginse v. 101. 
 
 lynx v. 101. 
 
 torquilla v. 101, 103. 
 
 iynx (Picus) v. 103. 
 
 jackal (Buteo) 
 
 v. 485. 
 
 jadreca (Limosa) viii. 211. 
 
 jagoensis (Passer) vi. 48. 
 
 jamacensis (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 jamaicensis (Anas) vi. 497. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 jamesoni (Cursorius) vii. 425, 429. 
 
 japonensis (Corvus) . iv. 532, 533, 539, 571. 
 
 japonica (Alauda) iv. 307, 310, 313. 
 
 (Coturnix vulgaris) vii. 143. 
 
 (Fulica atra) vii. 327. 
 
 (Gallinago) vii. 641. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509, 511. 
 
 (Pica varia) iv. 509. 
 
 (Spilura) vii. 642. 
 
 (Yunx) v. 103. 
 
 japonicus (Anthus) . iii. 303, 304, 331, 332. 
 
 (Anthus pratensis) iii. 331. 
 
 (Coccothraustes vulgaris) . . iii. 575. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 489, 491. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 261, 262. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 451, 453. 
 
 (Scops) v. 334. 
 
 (Tinnunculus) vi. 115. 
 
 javanica (Hirundo) iii. 477, 479. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315, 321. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237, 240. 
 
 (Terekia) viii. 195. 
 
 javanicus (Carbo) vi. 173. 
 
 (Haliseus) vi. 173. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 195. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 71, 95. 
 
 javensis (Pallenura) iii. 251. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 648, 649. 
 
 jerdoni (Anthus) v. 210. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 411, 414. 
 
 Jerdonia ii. 51 5. 
 
 agricolensis ii. 541. 
 
 jessii (Algernon) iv. 275. 
 
 jewan (Hirundo) iii. 477. 
 
 johannge (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 jotaka (Caprimulgus) iv. 625. 
 
 jubata (Egretta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 239. 
 
 jugger (Falco) vi. 62, 64. 
 
 juggur (Falco) iv. 200. 
 
 jugularis (Charadrius) vii. 479. 
 
 jugurtha (Picus) v. 33. 
 
 julieni (Coccygus) v. 227. 
 
 junco (Turdus) ii. 579. 
 
 j uncorum (Anthus) iii. 309. 
 
 juniper orum (Tetrao) vii. 205. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 41. 
 
 Jynx v. lOl. 
 
 Jynx arborea v. 103. 
 
 major v. 103. 
 
 punctata v. 103. 
 
 Jynx torquilla v. 103. 
 
 kagolka (Mareca) vi. 541. 
 
 kaleniczenkii (Motacilla) iii. 273. 
 
 O 
 
50 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 kamtchatkensis (Apternus) t. 69 
 
 (Trichopieus) v. 65. 
 
 kamtschacensis (Calliope) ii. 341. 
 
 kamtscliatcensis (Picus) v. 65. 
 
 (Xylopicus) y. 65. 
 
 kamtschatcliensis (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 kamtschatkensis (Larus) yiii. 381. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 105, 120. 
 
 (Picus) v. 55, 58, 63. 
 
 (Poecila) iii. 119. 
 
 karinthiaca (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 keeask (Larus) viii. 460, 463. 
 
 kekuschka (Anas) vi. 487. 
 
 kennicottii (Pkyllopneuste) ii. 509. 
 
 keptusclika (Charadrius) vii. 527. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 527. 
 
 (V anellus) vii. 527. 
 
 Ketupa ceylonensis v. 547. 
 
 khamsin (Eremophila) iv. 399. 
 
 khan (Picus) v. 22, 35, 36, 37. 
 
 kinnisii (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 kirchhoffii (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 kirtlandi (Nyetale) v. 319. 
 
 kisuki (Picus) v. 6. 
 
 knjaesiek (Parus) iii. 143. 
 
 kogolka (Anas) vi. 541. 
 
 kolbi (Gyps) v. 377. 
 
 kolbii (Vultur) v. 373. 
 
 kollyi (Alauda) iv. 341. 
 
 (Calandritis) iv. 341. 
 
 — ■ — (Phileremos) iv. 341. 
 
 kori (Otis) vii. 380. 
 
 korschun (Accipiter) v. 652. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 652. 
 
 korustes (Sternula) viii, 273. 
 
 kotzebui (Rissa) viii. 447. 
 
 Kroikocephalus viii. 355. 
 
 ichthyaetus viii. 369. 
 
 kroikocephalus (Larus) viii. 369. 
 
 krueperi (Sitta) . iii. 185, 189, 190. 
 
 kriiperi (Sitta) iii. 177. 
 
 krynicki (Garrulus) iv. 491, 
 
 492, 493, 495, 496. 
 
 Ktinorhynchus vi. 485. 
 
 strepera vi. 487. 
 
 kuhli (Procellaria) viii. 513. 
 
 kuhli (Puffinus) .... viii. 513, 520, 
 
 528, 530, 531. 
 
 kuhlii (Puffinus) viii. 513. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 143, 
 
 kundoo (Oriolus) iii. 303, 309. 
 
 kwakwa (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 labatiei (Perdix) vii. 94. 
 
 labradora (Alca) viii. 599, 
 
 labradoriea (Alca) viii. 599, 
 
 labradorus (Falco) vi. 28. 
 
 lacertarius (Accipiter) vi. 3. 
 
 lacrimans (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 lactea (Glareola) vii. 477. 
 
 lacteola (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 lacteolus (Cepphus) viii. 581. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 581. 
 
 lacteus (Carpodacus) iii. 611. 
 
 (Pyrenestes) iii. 611. 
 
 lacustris (Acrocephalus) ii. 579. 
 
 (Botaurus) vi. 281. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 579. 
 
 (Cynckramus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Muscipeta) ii. 579. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 lagopides (Tetrao) vii. 213. 
 
 lagopoda (Chelidon) iii. 498. 
 
 lagopodi-tetricides (Tetrao) . . vii. 213, 215. 
 
 lagopoides (Tetrao) vii. 213, 215, 
 
 Lagopus vii. 59, 155, 180, 
 
 182, 216. 
 
 albus . . vii. 162, 163, 176, 180, 
 
 183, 209, 213, 214, 215. 
 
 Lagopus alpina iv. 264. 
 
 alpinus vii. 157, ] 80, 184. 
 
 alpinus, var. hyperborea .... vii. 179. 
 
 alpinus minor vii. 157. 
 
 americanus vii. 175. 
 
 bonasa scotica vii. 165. 
 
 braehydactylus vii. 182. 
 
 cinereus vii. 157. 
 
 dispar vii. 162. 
 
 groenlandicus vii. 175. 
 
 Lagopus hemileucurus . . vii. 162, 
 
 163, 179, 180. 
 
 Lagopus hyperborea vii. 179. 
 
 hyperboreus vii. 179. 
 
 islandicus vii. 175. 
 
 islandorum vii. 180. 
 
 leucurus vii. 163. 
 
 montanus vii. 157. 
 
 Lagopus mutus .... vii. 1 55, 157, 
 159, 162, 163, 175, 176, 
 177, 184, 185, 190. 
 
 Lagopus reinhardti vii. 180. 
 
 reinhardtii vii. 175. 
 
 Lagopus rupestris . . vii. 157, 159, 
 160, 162, 163, 175, 180, 181. 
 
 Lagopus saliceti vii. 177. 
 
 Lagopus scoticus . . vii. 162, 165, 
 
 184. 
 
 Lagopus tetrici-albus vii. 209, 215. 
 
 vulgaris iv. 265. 
 
 vii. 157. 
 
 lagopus (Archibuteo) .... v. 469, 
 
 471, 476, 617. 
 
 lagopus (Bonasia) vii. 193. 
 
 (Butaetes) v. 471. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 471, 475, 
 
 (Falco) v. 471. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 175. 
 
 , var. (Tetrao) vii. 165. 
 
 lahtora (Collurio) iii. 381, 
 
 lahtora (Lanius) .... iii. 376, 377, 
 381, 382, 383, 384, 388, 
 390, 391, 392, 402. 
 
 lais (Muscicapa) iii- 465. 
 
 Laiscopus iii- 27. 
 
 lamarcki (Merops) 
 
 v. 171. 
 
 lambruschini (Gelastes) . . . 
 
 
 (Larus) 
 
 viii. 389. 
 
 lambruschinii (Xema) 
 
 viii. 389. 
 
 lamottii (Gallinago) 
 
 
 lanarius (Falco) .... vi. 15, 17, 51, 54, 55, 
 
 57, 59, 61, 65. 
 
 (Gennaia) 
 
 
 (Hierofaleo) 
 
 
 (Ptnigohierax) . . . . 
 
 
 alphanet (Falco) 
 
 vi. 47. 
 
 cinereus (Accipiter) . 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 grfecus (Falco) 
 
 vi. 51. 
 
 lanceatus (Haliaetus) 
 
 
 lanceolata (Acridiornis) . . . 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 (Calamodyta) 
 
 
 (Cisticola) 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 lanceolata (Locustella) . . ii. 617, 
 
 626. 
 
 lanceolata (Lusciniola) . . . 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 (Salicaria) 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 lanceolatus (Garrulus) . . . , 
 
 iv. 492. 
 
 languida (Curruca) 
 
 
 languida (Hypolais) 
 
 . . . . ii. 535. 
 
 languida (Salicaria) 
 
 
 laniarius (Falco) 
 
 vi. 53. 
 
 Laniidse 
 
 
 Lanius 
 
 ii. 127. 
 
 iii. 373, 377, 403, 
 
 410, 421, 425. 
 iv. 469, 479. 
 
 algeriensis . . iii. 
 
 377, 381, 382, 
 
 383, 388, 389, 391. 
 
 Lanius arenarius 
 
 
 aucheri 
 
 iii. 381. 
 
 Lanius auriculatus . 
 
 iii. 402, 
 
 407, 411. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Lanius badius 
 
 iii. 407. 
 
 borealis 
 
 . . . iii. 376, 378. 
 
 burra 
 
 
 canescens 
 
 iii. 413. 
 
 cinereus 
 
 iii. 375. 
 
 Lanius collurio 
 
 . iii. 381, 394, 
 
 399, 
 
 400, 402, 409, 
 411, 580. 
 
 V. 
 
 209, 210, 211. 
 vi. 109. 
 viii. 141. 
 
 Lanius cucullatus 
 
 iii. 423. 
 
 dealbatus 
 
 iii. 381. 
 
 dumetorum 
 
 iii. 399. 
 
 elegans 
 
 . . iii. 381, 382. 
 
 erythropterus 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 51 
 
 Lanius excubitor . . iii. 373, 375, 
 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 
 384, 385, 388, 389, 390, 
 391, 395, 426. 
 
 iv. 277, 281. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Lanius fallax iii. 381, 382, 383, 
 
 glandarius iv. 481. 
 
 hemileucurus iii. 381, 382. 
 
 infaustus ii. 129. 
 
 iv. 471. 
 
 Lanius isabellinus . . iii. 373, 413, 
 
 414, 415, 416. 
 Lanius italieus iii. 393. 
 
 Lanius lahtora iii. 376, 377, 
 
 381, 382, 383, 384, 388, 
 390, 391, 392, 402. 
 
 Lanius leucometopon iii. 417. 
 
 leuconotus iii. 381. 
 
 leucopygus iii. 381. 
 
 longipennis iii. 393. 
 
 major iii. 376. 
 
 melanotos iii. 407. 
 
 Lanius meridionalis .... iii. 377, 
 381, 382, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391. 
 
 minor iii. 381, 383, 385, 
 
 389, 393, 394, 396, 403, 410, 419. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Lanius montanus iii. 413. 
 
 Lanius nubicus . iii. 402, 417, 418. 
 
 Lanius orbitalis iii. 381. 
 
 pallens iii. 381. 
 
 personatus iii. 417. 
 
 phoenicuroides .... iii. 413, 414, 416. 
 
 phcenicurus iii. 413, 414, 415. 
 
 phcenicurus, var. canieeps iii. 413, 414. 
 
 phcenicurus, var. montana . . iii. 413. 
 
 phoenicurus, var. ruficeps iii. 413, 414. 
 
 pomeranus iii. 407. 
 
 roseus iii. 393. 
 
 ruficaudus iii. 413. 
 
 ruficeps iii. 407 . 
 
 ruficollis iii. 407. 
 
 rufus iii. 403, 420. 
 
 rutilans iii. 407, 408. 
 
 rutilus iii. 407. 
 
 speculigerus iii. 415. 
 
 spinitorques iii. 399. 
 
 tsehagra iii. 423. 
 
 vigil iii. 393. 
 
 lanuginosus (Anser) vi. 629. 
 
 laponica (Strix) v. 281. 
 
 lapponica (Fringilla) iv. 253. 
 
 (Limicula) viii. 203. 
 
 lapponica (Limosa) .... viii. 201, 
 203, 208, 213, 217. 
 
 lapponica (Passerina) iv. 253. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 203. 
 
 (Strix) v. 281, 283. 
 
 lapponica (Surnia) v. 281. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 281. 
 
 lapponicum (Syrnium) . . v. 281. 
 
 lapponicus (Centrophanes) iv. 253. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 125, 128. 
 
 lapponicus (Plectrophanes) 
 
 iii. 266, 306. 
 iv. 253, 257. 
 
 Laridae viii. 253, 265, 305, 498. 
 
 lariformis (Hydrochelidon) viii. 327. 
 
 Larinse viii. 335. 
 
 Laroides viii. 355, 445. 
 
 americanus viii. 399. 
 
 argentaceus viii. 399. 
 
 argentatoides viii. 399, 400. 
 
 argentatus viii. 399, 400, 411, 
 
 argenteus viii. 399. 
 
 audouini viii. 395. 
 
 fuscus viii. 421. 
 
 glaucoides viii. 439. 
 
 glaucus viii. 433. 
 
 harengorum viii. 421, 
 
 leucophaeus viii. 411. 
 
 leucopterus viii. 439. 
 
 major viii. 399. 
 
 melanotos viii. 421. 
 
 michahellesii viii. 411. 
 
 minor viii. 447. 
 
 rissa viii. 447. 
 
 subleucopterus viii. 439. 
 
 tridactylus viii. 447. 
 
 Laropis viii. 253. 
 
 anglica' viii. 295. 
 
 Larus iv. 548. 
 
 vi. 128, 652. 
 viii. 313, 335, 341, 347, 355, 
 361, 445, 455. 
 
 affinis viii. 400, 4-17. 
 
 Larus albus viii. 349, 427, 447. 
 
 arabicus viii. 389. 
 
 arcticus viii. 439. 
 
 argentatoides .... viii. 399, 400, 405. 
 
 Larus argentatus vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 391, 399, 400, 401, 402, 
 404, 405, 406, 411, 412, 413, 
 415, 416, 417, 418, 425, 430, 
 432, 439, 441, 442, 452. 
 
 Larus argenteus viii. 399. 
 
 atricilla .... viii. 356, 357. 365, 366. 
 
 atricilloides viii. 365, 373. 
 
 Larus audouini . . viii. 393, 395, 
 
 393, 397. 
 
 Larus borealis viii. 418. 
 
 brachyrhynchus viii. 385, 386. 
 
 brachytarsus viii. 349, 353. 
 
 brehmii viii. 389. 
 
 brunneicephalus viii. 357. 
 
 cachinnans . . viii. 401, 411, 417, 418. 
 
 cahiricus viii. 357. 
 
 Larus eahirinus viii. 357. 
 
 canescens viii. 357. 
 
 Larus canus vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 257, 355, 381, 384, 385, 
 386, 396, 424, 430, 432, 
 452, 561. 
 
 Larus canus, var. major viii. 381. 
 
 capistratus viii. 357. 
 
 catarractes viii. 457. 
 
 cepphus viii. 471. 
 
 cinerarius viii. 357, 447. 
 
 cinereus .... viii. 357, 381, 399, 421. 
 
 columbinus viii. 389, 
 
 consul viii. 433. 
 
 crepidatus viii. 471. 
 
 cyanorhynchus viii. 381. 
 
 — — — delawarensis viii. 385, 386. 
 
 dorbignii viii. 373, 376. 
 
 eburneus viii. 349, 451. 
 
 erythropus viii. 357. 
 
 fabricii viii. 427. 
 
 flavipes viii. 421. 
 
 Larus fuscus vi. 639. 
 
 viii. 234, 257, 382, 399, 401, 
 413, 415, 417, 418, 421, 425, 
 430, 432, 439, 441, 457. 
 
 Larus gavia viii. 447. 
 
 gavia &c viii. 357, 447. 
 
 gavia ridibunda viii. 357. 
 
 Larus gelastes viii. 389, 391, 397. 
 
 Larus genei viii. 389. 
 
 giganteus viii. 433, 438. 
 
 glacialis viii. 433. 
 
 glaucoides viii. 439. 
 
 Larus glaucus . . viii. 399, 429, 432, 
 433, 439, 440, 441, 
 442, 451, 584. 
 
 Larus grallarius viii. 389. 
 
 heinei viii. 381, 384, 385. 
 
 hemprichi viii. 356, 391. 
 
 heuglini viii. 417. 
 
 hutchinsii viii. 433, 438. 
 
 hybernus viii. 381. 
 
 Larus ichthyaetus . viii. 369, 370. 
 Larus ichthyaetus minor .... viii. 369. 
 
 islandicus viii. 439. 
 
 kamtschatkensis viii. 381. 
 
 keeask viii. 460, 463. 
 
 kroikocephaius viii. 369. 
 
 lambruschini viii. 389. 
 
 leuceretes viii. 433. 
 
 leucocephalus viii. 389. 
 
 Larus leucophseus . . viii. 371, 396, 
 397, 401, 402, 404, 405, 411, 
 412, 413, 415, 416, 418, 419. 
 
 Larus leucophthalmus viii. 356. 
 
 Larus leucopterus viii. 437, 
 
 439, 440. 
 
 Larus maeulatus viii. 427. 
 
52 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Larus marinus . . vi. 184, 632, 633. 
 
 viii. 401, 423, 425, 427, 
 437, 438, 439, 441. 
 
 Larus marinus, var viii, 399. 
 
 maximus viii. 427. 
 
 Larus melanocephalus . . viii. 356, 
 360, 362, 365, 413. 
 
 Larus merulinus viii. 327. 
 
 michahellesii viii. 411. 
 
 minor viii. 439. 
 
 Larus minutus .... viii. 339,37 3, 
 375, 376, 377, 378, 379. 
 Larus mulleri viii. 427. 
 
 naevius viii. 357, 427, 447. 
 
 nigrotis viii. 373. 
 
 niveus viii. 381, 385, 386. 
 
 occidentalis viii. 401, 402, 
 
 405, 412, 417. 
 parasiticus viii. 463, 465, 
 
 payraudei . . . 
 Philadelphia 
 procellosus . 
 quadricolor . 
 richardsoni . 
 
 471, 481. 
 viii. 895. 
 viii. 356. 
 viii. 381. 
 viii. 395. 
 viii. 345. 
 
 Larus ridibundus . . viii. 275, 356, 
 357, 365, 366, 367, 
 378, 379, 388, 391. 
 
 Larus riga viii. 447. 
 
 rissa vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 447. 
 
 roseus viii. 343, 389. 
 
 rossii viii. 343, 345. 
 
 sahinei viii. 337. 
 
 sabini viii. 337. 
 
 smithsonianus .... viii. 400, 401, 405. 
 
 subroseus viii. 389. 
 
 suckleyi viii. 385. 
 
 tenuirostris viii. 389. 
 
 torquatus viii. 447. 
 
 tridactylus viii. 447, 452. 
 
 tridactylus, var. kotzebui . . viii. 447. 
 
 zonorhynchus viii. 385. 
 
 Larva viii. 597. 
 
 larva ta (Otocoris) iv. 395, 401. 
 
 Larvivora cyane ii. 343. 
 
 lateifii (Herodias) vi. 231. 
 
 lathami (Calliope) ii. 341. 
 
 laticauda (Bartramia) viii. 119. 
 
 latirostres (Oscines) iii. 471. 
 
 latirostris (Anas) vi. 669. 
 
 (Caprimulgus ruficollis) .... iv. 633. 
 
 (Chelidon urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 (Corythus enucleator) iv. 111. 
 
 (Hirundo boissoneautii) .... iii. 473. 
 
 laurivora (Columba) . . vii. 29, 30, 
 
 31, 33, 34, 35. 
 
 laurivora (Trocaza) vii. 31. 
 
 lawrencei (Corvus) iv. 567, 
 
 leachi (Thalassidroma) viii. 552. 
 
 leach ii (Hydrobates) viii. 497. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 497, 498. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 497. 
 
 leautungensis (Alauda). ..... iv. 286, 291. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 286, 300. 
 
 ledouci (Parus) iii. 85, 94. 
 
 ledouci (Picus) v. 53, 55, 63. 
 
 lefevri (Sula) vi. 181. 
 
 Leimoniptera iii. 283. 
 
 pratensis iii. 285. 
 
 Leimonites viii. 9. 
 
 temminckii viii. 45. 
 
 leisleri (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 lenensis (Parus cinereus) iii. 129. 
 
 lentiginosa (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 lentiginosus (Botaurus) . . vi. 279, 
 
 282, 289, 293. 
 
 lentiginosus (Butor) 
 
 lepida (Burnesia) 
 
 (Drymoica) 
 
 (Prinia) 
 
 (Suya) 
 
 Lepterodas ibis 
 
 Lepterodatis 
 
 flavirostris 
 
 leptonyx (Corvus) 
 
 Lerwa 
 
 lesbia (Emberiza) 
 
 leschenaulti (yEgialitis) . 
 leschenaultii (Charadrius) 
 
 lessoni (Lestris) 
 
 Lestris 
 
 benickii 
 
 boji 
 
 brachyrhynchos . . . , 
 
 buffoni 
 
 cataractes 
 
 catarractes 
 
 catharractes 
 
 cephus 
 
 coprotheses 
 
 crepidata 
 
 crepidatus 
 
 hardyi 
 
 lessoni 
 
 longicaudata 
 
 longicaudatus 
 
 microrhynchos . . . 
 
 parasita 
 
 parasitica 
 
 parasiticus 
 
 parasitus 
 
 pomarhina 
 
 pomarina 
 
 pomarinus 
 
 pomatorhinus 
 
 pomerinus , 
 
 richardsoni 
 
 schleepii 
 
 . , . . vi. 289. 
 
 . . iii. 13, 16. 
 
 iii. 13. 
 
 iii. 13. 
 
 iii. 13. 
 
 . . . . vi. 245. 
 
 , , , . vi. 205. 
 
 . ... vi. 231. 
 iv. 533, 534. 
 
 v. 589. 
 
 .... iv. 229. 
 ... vii. 475. 
 
 , . , . vii. 475. 
 
 . , , viii. 481. 
 
 . , . viii. 455. 
 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 
 . . . viii. 457. 
 
 . . . viii. 457. 
 
 . . . viii. 457. 
 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 . . . viii. 481. 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 . . . viii. 451 . 
 viii. 471, 481. 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 , . . . viii. 463. 
 , . . . viii. 463. 
 . . . viii. 463. 
 ... viii. 463. 
 , . . . viii. 463. 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 . . . viii. 471. 
 
 Lestris skua viii. 457. 
 
 sphaeriuros viii. 463. 
 
 spinicauda viii. 471. 
 
 spinicaudus viii. 471. 
 
 striatus viii. 463. 
 
 thuliaca viii. 471. 
 
 lestris (Aquila) v. 513. 
 
 leucamphomma (Aquila) v. 563. 
 
 leueeretes (Laurus) viii. 433. 
 
 leucocapilla (Lutucoa) ii. 243. 
 
 leucocephala (Anas) vi. 677. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 551. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 677. 
 
 (Biziura) vi. 677. 
 
 (Butaquila) v. 463. 
 
 (Chaemarrhornis) ii. 306, 307 . 
 
 (Dromolsea) ii. 233, 243. 
 
 leucocephala (Emberiza) .... iv. 
 
 207, 208, 217, 218, 219, 220. 
 
 (Erismatura). . . . vi. 577, 675, 
 
 677. 
 
 leucocephala (Oidemia) vi. 663. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 243, 244, 245. 
 
 (Undina) vi. 677. 
 
 leucocephalos (Vultur) v. 391. 
 
 leucocephalus (Accipiter falco)’. . . . v. 471. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 (Glandarius) iv. 481. 
 
 (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetus) v. 559. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587, 594. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 389. 
 
 (Pandion) .... vi. 137, 139, 147, 148. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 677. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 373, 401. 
 
 leucocillus (Turdus) ii. 87. 
 
 leucocyana (Cyanecula). . ii. 311, 315, 323. 
 
 leucocyanea (Cyanecula) ii. 313. 
 
 leucogaster (Carbo) vi. 163. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 169, 170. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 83. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 506. 
 
 leucogastra (Motacilla) ii. 401. 
 
 leucogenys (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 leucogerana (Grus) vii. 359. 
 
 leucogeranos (Grus) vii. 359. 
 
 Leucogeranus vii. 335. 
 
 giganteus vii. 359. 
 
 leucogeranus (Antigone) vii. 359. 
 
 leucogeranus (Grus) .... vii. 335, 
 
 359, 363. 
 
 leucognaphalus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 leucolena (Aquila) v. 517, 518. 
 
 leucomela (Motacilla) ii, 231. 
 
 (Muscicapa) ii. 231. 
 
 leucomela (Saxicola) . . ii. 185, 189, 
 231, 232, 233, 235, 236. 
 leucomela (Sylvia) ii. 231. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 53 
 
 leucomela (Vitiflora) ii. 231 . 
 
 leucomelsena (Curruca) ii. 418. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 189. 
 
 leucomelanura (Ceryle) v. 125. 
 
 (Sipliia) ii. 358, 475. 
 
 leucomelanus (Mergus) vi. 685. 
 
 leucomelas (Ceryle) v. 125. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 595. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 (Mergus) vi. 693. 
 
 Leucometopon iii. 373. 
 
 uubicus iii. 417. 
 
 leucometopon (Lanius) iii. 417. 
 
 leueonota (Pallene) iv. 613. 
 
 Leuconotopicus v. 17. 
 
 numidicus v. 33. 
 
 leuconotos (Aythya) vi. 565. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 leuconotus (Cypselus) , . . , iv. 613. 
 
 (Dendrodromas) v. 39. 
 
 (Hemiprocne) iv. 613. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 381. 
 
 leuconotus (Picus) .... v. 21, 31, 
 
 39, 40, 41, 
 42, 45, 46. 
 
 leuconotus (Pipripicus) v. 39. 
 
 leucopareia (Hydrochelidon) .... viii. 315. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315. 
 
 (Viralva) viii. 315. 
 
 leucopareja (Hydrochelidon) .... viii. 315. 
 
 leucophsea (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 (Calandrella) iv. 343, 344, 398. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 187, 203. 
 
 leucophseus (Corvus) iv. 567, 575. 
 
 (Glaucus) viii. 411. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 411. 
 
 leucophseus (Laras) .... viii. 371, 
 396, 397, 401, 402, 404, 405, 
 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 418. 
 
 leucophaeus (Totanus) viii. 203. 
 
 leucophthalmos (Aythya) vi. 581. 
 
 (Nyroca) vi. 581. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 (Uria troile) viii. 567. 
 
 leucophthalmus (Anas) vi. 564, 581. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 356. 
 
 leucopodius (Platea) vi. 319. 
 
 leucopogon (Curruca) ii. 389, 401. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 389. 
 
 leucopsis (Anas) vi. 397- 
 
 (Anser) vi. 397. 
 
 leucopsis (Bernicla) .... vi. 391, 
 
 397, 401, 402. 
 
 leucopsis (Brachyotus) v. 257. 
 
 (Branta) vi. 397. 
 
 (Circaetos) v. 563. 
 
 (Falco) v. 563. 
 
 (Sitta) iii* 176. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 leucoptera (Alauda) iv. 373. 
 
 leucoptera (Ardea) vi. 243. 
 
 (Calandra) iv. 373. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 137. 
 
 (Curvirostra) iv. 137. 
 
 leucoptera (Hydrochelidon) . . viii. 
 
 319, 321, 328, 331, 332. 
 (Loxia) .... iv. 137, 142, 146. 
 
 leucoptera (Melanocorypha) iv. 373. 
 
 (Pallasia) iv. 373. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 510, 511. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315, 321. 
 
 (Trynga) viii. 127. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 (Viralva) viii. 321. 
 
 leucopterum (Hydrochelidon) . . viii. 321. 
 
 leucopterus (Glaucus) viii. 439. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 439. 
 
 leucopterus (Laras) .... viii. 437, 
 
 439, 440. 
 
 leucopterus (Leucus) viii. 439. 
 
 (Picus) v. 22. 
 
 leucopus (Colymbus) viii. 615, 621. 
 
 leucopyga (Lutucoa) ii. 243. 
 
 leucopyga (Saxicola) .... ii. 189, 
 221, 243, 247, 248, 249. 
 
 leucopyga (Vitiflora) ii. 243. 
 
 leucopygaia (Dromolsea) ii. 243. 
 
 leucopygia (Dromolsea) ii. 233, 243. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 240, 244, 
 
 245, 248. 
 
 leucopygialis (Cypselus) iv. 591. 
 
 leucopyerus (Lanius) iii. 381. 
 
 (Picus) v. 69. 
 
 leucorhoa (Motacilla) ii. 187. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 497. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 leucorhynchos (Milvus) v. 657. 
 
 leucorodia (Platalea) .... vi. 317, 
 
 319, 323, 324. 
 
 (Platea) vi. 317, 319. 
 
 leucorodius (Platalea) vi. 319. 
 
 leucorrhoa (Cymochorea) viii. 497. 
 
 leucorrhoa (Procellaria) .... viii. 
 
 489, 497. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) . . viii. 497. 
 
 leucorrhous (Cypselus) iv. 591. 
 
 leucorypha (Aquila) v. 545. 
 
 (Haliaetus) v. 545. 
 
 leucoryphos (Falco) v. 545. 
 
 (Pontoaetus) v. 545. 
 
 leucoryphus (Haliaetus) v. 
 
 545. 
 
 leucoryphus (Ichthyaetus) v. 545. 
 
 leucoryx (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 Leucosticte iii. 615. 
 
 nivalis iii. 617. 
 
 leucothorax (Gallinula) vii. 267. 
 
 leucotis (Phalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 leucotos (Picus) v. 39. 
 
 leucourus (Totanus) viii. 13o. 
 
 leucura (Chsetusia) vii. 532. 
 
 leucura (Chettusia) . . vii. 525, 528, 
 
 531, 533, 540. 
 
 leucura (Dromolsea) ii. 247, 249. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 466, 468. 
 
 (QBnanthe) ii. 247. 
 
 (Pratincola) ii. 265, 266, 269. 
 
 leucura (Saxicola) . . ii. 185, 189, 
 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 302. 
 
 leucura (Vitiflora) ii- 247. 
 
 leucuroides (Saxicola) ii. 243, 244. 
 
 leucuros (Vitiflora) ii. 243, 247. 
 
 leueurus (Butaetos) v. 463. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 463, 466. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 531. 
 
 (Elanus) v. 666. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 163. 
 
 (Lobivanellus) vii. 531. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 247. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 631. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 135. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 247. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 531, 532. 
 
 Leucus viii. 355. 
 
 audouini viii. 395. 
 
 fuscus viii. 421. 
 
 glaucus viii. 433. 
 
 leucopterus viii. 439. 
 
 leupogon (Curruca) ii. 389. 
 
 levaillanti (Gecinus) v. 78. 
 
 levaillantii (Plotus) vi. 171, 228. 
 
 l’herminieri (Anous) viii. 307. 
 
 (Puflinus) viii. 545. 
 
 libanotica (Saxicola) ii. 187, 219. 
 
 libanoticus (Cuculus) v. 199, 200. 
 
 lichtensteinii (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 (Corospiza) iii. 603. 
 
 (Gelastes) viii. 389. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 603. 
 
 lidthi (Garrulus) iv. 492. 
 
 Ligurinus iii. 547, 565, 573. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 Ligurinus aurantiiventris iii. 567. 
 
 cannabinus iv. 31. 
 
 Ligurinus chloris . . iii. 565, 567. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 Ligurinus chloroticus iii. 567. 
 
 ligurinus (Carduelis) iii. 541. 
 
 lilfordi (Picus) v. 41, 45, 46. 
 
 Lillia iii. 471. 
 
 rufula iii. 487. 
 
 limbata (Glareola) vii. 411. 
 
 Lixnicola viii. 1, 109. 
 
 Limicola brevirostris viii. HI. 
 
 hartlaubi viii. 3. 
 
 Limicola platyrhyncha . . vi. 340. 
 
 viii. 1, 3. 
 
 Limicola pygmsea viii. 3. 
 
 V 
 
54 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Limicola sibirica viii. 1, 4, 6. 
 
 terek viii. 195. 
 
 limicola (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 Limicolee vii. 367, 444. 
 
 Limicula viii. 125, 193, 201. 
 
 glottis viii. 173. 
 
 lapponica viii. 203. 
 
 melanura viii. 211. 
 
 meyeri viii. 203. 
 
 Limnocinclus viii. 9. 
 
 maculata viii. 11. 
 
 Limnodromus viii. 185. 
 
 grisea viii. 187. 
 
 Limnosalus v. 447. 
 
 africanus v. 463. 
 
 Limosa viii. 85, 125, 185, 193, 
 
 199, 201. 
 
 segocephala .... viii. 208, 211, 
 
 213, 241. 
 
 Limosa cinerea viii. 197, 198. 
 
 fedoa viii. 213. 
 
 ferruginea viii. 203. 
 
 fusca viii. 165. 
 
 glottoides viii. 173. 
 
 grisea viii. 187. 
 
 hardwickii viii. 87. 
 
 hudsonica viii. 213. 
 
 indiana viii. 195. 
 
 islandica viii. 211. 
 
 jadreca viii. 211. 
 
 Limosa lapponica viii. 201, 
 
 203, 208, 213, 217. 
 
 Limosa melanura viii. 199, 211. 
 
 melanuroides viii. 211, 213. 
 
 meyeri viii. 203. 
 
 novae-zealandige . . viii. 206, 208, 213. 
 
 noveboracensis viii. 203. 
 
 recurvirostra viii. 195. 
 
 rufa viii. 199, 203, 208. 
 
 scolopacea viii. 187. 
 
 terek viii. 195. 
 
 totanus viii. 173. 
 
 uropygialis viii. 206, 213. 
 
 limosa (Actitis) viii. 211. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 211. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 211. 
 
 Linacantbus iv. 29. 
 
 rufescens iv. 47. 
 
 Linaria '. iii. 533. 
 
 iv. 29, 31, 67. 
 
 Linaria agrorum iv. 37. 
 
 alnorum iv. 37. 
 
 assimilis iv. 37. 
 
 betularum iv. 37. 
 
 borealis iv. 37, 40, 51. 
 
 canescens iv. 37. 
 
 canigularis iv. 37. 
 
 Linaria cannabina iv. 31. 
 
 vii. 515. 
 
 Linaria dubia iv. 37. 
 
 erythrina iv. 75. 
 
 flavirostris iv. 37, 59. 
 
 holboellii iv. 37. 
 
 leuconotos iv. 37. 
 
 minor iv. 47. 
 
 montana iv. 65. 
 
 montium iv. 59. 
 
 pusilla iv. 37. 
 
 robusta iv. 37. 
 
 rufescens iv. 37, 39, 40, 47. 
 
 septentrionalis iv. 37. 
 
 spinus iii. 541. 
 
 vulgaris iv. 37. 
 
 linaria (Aeanthis) iv. 37. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 37. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 126. 
 
 iv. 37, 40, 41, 266. 
 
 linaria (Linota) ii. 511. 
 
 iv. 29, 37, 38, 39, 
 40, 43, 44, 47, 49, 
 50, 51, 52, 55, 56. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 linaria (Passer) iv. 31, 37. 
 
 (Spinus) iv. 37. 
 
 , var. (Fringilla) iv. 47. 
 
 , var. exilipes (/Egiothus) .... iv. 51. 
 
 argentoratensis (Passer) .... iv. 31. 
 
 minima (Passer) iv. 47. 
 
 montana (Passer) iv. 59. 
 
 rubra major (Passer) iv. 31. 
 
 rubra minor (Passer) iv. 37. 
 
 linarius (iEgiothus) iv. 37. 
 
 lincolni (Melospiza) iii. 613. 
 
 lindermayeri (Egretta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 273. 
 
 lineatus (Numenius) viii. 241, 243. 
 
 lineocapilla (Cisticola) iii. 7. 
 
 linnaeii (Graculus) vi. 163. 
 
 Linota iii. 615. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 Linota borealis iv. 37. 
 
 Linota brevirostris . . iv. 61, 65. 
 
 Linota canescens iv. 37, 51, 55. 
 
 Linota cannabina .... iv. 29, 31. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 exilipes . . iv. 39, 42, 43, 44, 49, 
 
 51, 52, 57, 65. 
 
 flavirostris . . iv. 59, 65, 66. 
 
 Linota fringillirostris iv. 34. 
 
 Linota hornemanni . . iv. 39, 42, 44, 
 
 51, 52, 55, 56. 
 
 linaria ii. 511. 
 
 iv. 29, 37, 38, 39, 40, 
 43, 44, 47, 49, 
 51, 52, 55, 56. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Linota montium iv. 69. 
 
 Linota rufescens . . iv. 39, 40, 43, 
 
 44, 47, 48, 65. 
 
 linota (Cannabina) iv. 31. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 31. 
 
 Liothrix iii. 47. 
 
 Lithofalco vi. 13. 
 
 sesalon vi. 83. 
 
 chiquera v. 571. 
 
 lithofalco (riEsalon) vi. 83. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 83. 
 
 major (Hypotriorchis) vi. 83. 
 
 minor (Hypotriorchis) vi. 83. 
 
 littoralis (Anthus) iii. 343. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 483. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 (Cotyle) iii. 505. 
 
 (Strepsilas) vii. 555. 
 
 (Strepsilas eollaris) vii. 555. 
 
 (Tadorna) vi. 451. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 157. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 69. 
 
 littorea (Tringa) viii. 87. 
 
 (Trynga) viii. 143. 
 
 litturata (Strix) v. 277. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 277. 
 
 liturata (Ptynx) v. 277. 
 
 (Strix) v. 277. 
 
 livia (Columba) iv. 416. 
 
 vi. 105, 109. 
 
 vii. 1, 11, 13, 14, 15, 
 16, 17, 18, 26. 
 
 lobata (Tringa) vii. 597, 599, 605. 
 
 lobatus (Phalaropus) . . vii. 597, 599, 605. 
 
 Lobipes vii. 595, 597. 
 
 hyperborea vii. 597. 
 
 hyperboreas vii. 605. 
 
 Lobivanellus vii. 525. 
 
 cinereus vii. 530. 
 
 leucurus vii. 531. 
 
 Locustella ii. 609, 611, 
 
 617, 619. 
 
 Locustella anthirostris ii. 611. 
 
 avicula ii. 611. 
 
 Locustella certhiola ii. 609, 
 
 633, 634, 635. 
 
 Locustella cicada ii. 621. 
 
 Locustella fluviatilis .... ii. 614, 
 619, 621, 629, 630. 
 
 Locustella liendersoni ii. 613, 614. 
 
 Locustella lanceolata ii. 617, 626. 
 
 luscinioides . ... ii. 627, 640. 
 
 iii. 361 . 
 
 Locustella minor ii. 633. 
 
 minuta ii. 617. 
 
 Locustella nsevia ii. 609, 611, 614. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Locustella ochotensis . . . . ii. 634, 635. 
 
 raii ii. 617. 
 
INDEX 
 
 55 
 
 Locustella rayi ii. 611. 
 
 rubescens ii. 633, 634. 
 
 savii. ii. 627. 
 
 strepitans ii. 621. 
 
 subsignata ii. 617. 
 
 temporalis ii. 633. 
 
 vera antbirostris ii. 611. 
 
 vera fruticeti ii. 611. 
 
 vera major ii. 611. 
 
 vera tenuirostris ii. 611. 
 
 wodzickii ii. 621. 
 
 locustella (Calamoherpe) .... ii. 611, 618. 
 
 iii. 214. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 611. 
 
 (Muscipeta) ii. 611. 
 
 (Parnopia) ii. 611. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 611, 614. 
 
 (Sibilatrix) ii. 611. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 611. 
 
 , var. lanceolata (Salicaria) . . ii. 617. 
 
 lomatina (Tringa) viii. 77. 
 
 Lomvia viii. 555. 
 
 ringvia viii. 567. 
 
 svarbag viii. 278, 575. 
 
 troile viii. 567. 
 
 lomvia (Alca) viii. 567, 578. 
 
 (Catarractes) viii. 575. 
 
 (Ceppbus) viii. 578. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567, 575. 
 
 longicauda (Anas) vi. 531, 617. 
 
 longicauda (Bartramia). . viii. 117. 
 
 longicauda (Dafila) vi. 531, 
 
 (Mecistura) iii. 67. 
 
 (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 119. 
 
 , &c. (Anas) vi. 617. 
 
 islandica (Anas) vi. 617. 
 
 longicaudata (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 (Mecistura) iii. 63. 
 
 longicaudatus (Dicrurus) v. 190. 
 
 (Drymoipus) iii. 14, 15. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 481. 
 
 longicaudus (Actidurus) viii. 119. 
 
 longicaudus (Actiturus). .viii. 117, 
 
 119. 
 
 longicaudus (Bartramius) viii. 119. 
 
 (Carbo) vi. 169. 
 
 (Paroides) iii. 67. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 169. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 481. 
 
 longipennis (Alauda) iv. 344, 356. 
 
 (Carpospiza) iii. 611. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 393. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 longipes (Anthus) •. iii. 325. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 (Charadrius) .... vii. 436, 447, 448, 
 
 449, 540. 
 
 longipes (Falco) v. 587, 589. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 443, 444. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 165. 
 
 longirostris (Apternus) v. 69. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 579, 585. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 (Corvus corone) iv. 531. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 127. 
 
 (Cyanecula) ii, 311. 
 
 (Grus cinerea) vii. 337, 343. 
 
 (Hsematopus) vii. 567, 571. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 243, 245. 
 
 (Otocoris) iv. 395, 396. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 397, 401. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 196. 
 
 (Petrocincla) . . ii. 139, 149, 157, 158. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) ii. 149. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 639. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 (Telephonus) iii. 424. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 180, 183, 184. 
 
 ( Yunx torquilla) v. 103. 
 
 Lophaithyia viii. 627, 629. 
 
 Lophophanes iii. 149. 
 
 cristatus iii. 91, 149, 
 
 151, 153. 
 
 Lophophorus vii. 235. 
 
 nigelli vii. 241. 
 
 loquax (Coracias) v. 141. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 485. 
 
 lotharingica (Emberiza) .... iv. 205, 261. 
 
 (Motacilla rufa et) ii. 485. 
 
 lotor (Motacilla) iii. 239. 
 
 Loxia iii. 547, 565, 573, 583. 
 
 iv. 67, 95, 109, 119. 
 
 Loxia albiventris iv. 127, 129. 
 
 americana iv. 129, 130, 135, 
 
 138, 139. 
 
 balearica iv. 127. 
 
 Loxia bifasciata .... iv. 119, 129, 
 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 233. 
 
 Loxia cardinalis iv. 75. 
 
 chloris iii. 567. 
 
 coecothraustes iii. 575. 
 
 Loxia curvirostra. ... iv. 119, 122, 
 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 132, 
 134, 139, 145, 146. 
 
 Loxia curvirostra, var iv. 121. 
 
 enucleator iv. 111. 
 
 erythrsea iv. 75. 
 
 europsea iv. 127. 
 
 falcirostra iv. 137. 
 
 flamingo iv. 111. 
 
 hamburgia iii. 597. 
 
 himalayana iv. 129, 130, 134. 
 
 Loxia leucoptera iv. 137, 
 
 142, 146. 
 
 Loxia mexicana iv. 129. 
 
 pityopsittaca iv. 128, 129, 135. 
 
 Loxia pityopsittacus .... iv. 121. 
 
 Loxia psittacea iv. Ill* 
 
 pyrrhula iv. 97, 99, 101. 
 
 rosea iv. 75. 
 
 rubicilla iv. 69. 
 
 rubrifasciata iv. 129. 
 
 serinus iii. 549. 
 
 simplex iii. 603. 
 
 rienioptera iv. 141. 
 
 Loxiinse iv. 29, 67. 
 
 luciani (Picus) v. 22, 23. 
 
 lucida (Ardea) vi. 245, 250. 
 
 lucidus (Graculus) vi. 156. 
 
 luetuosa (Curruca) ii. 401. 
 
 (Emberiza) iii. 453. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 viii. 14]. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 307. 
 
 ludoviciana (Alauda) iii. 331. 
 
 (Anas querquedula) vi. 589. 
 
 ludovicianus (Anthus) . . iii. 283, 
 
 331, 332, 337. 
 
 lugens (Poecila) iii. 121. 
 
 (Saxicola) .... ii. 216, 219, 231, 232. 
 
 lugubris (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 (Haematornis) iii. 353. 
 
 lugubris (Motacilla) .... iii. 234, 
 236/237, 239, 242. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 lugubris (Motacilla alba) iii. 239. 
 
 lugubris (Parus) .... iii. 102, 105, 
 107, 110, 115, 121, 125, 128. 
 
 lugubris (Penthestes) iii. 121. 
 
 (Poecila) iii. 121. 
 
 (Pcecile) iii. 121. 
 
 (Poikilis) iii. 121. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 491. 
 
 (Saxicola) . . . ; ii. 188. 
 
 lulensis (Fringilla) iv. 15. 
 
 Lullula iv. 283, 305. 
 
 arborea iv. 321. 
 
 cristata iv. 285. 
 
 lulu (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 lumme (Colymbus) viii. 621. 
 
 lunatus (Hemipodius) vii. 249. 
 
 (Picus) v. 33. 
 
 Lunda viii. 597. 
 
 arctica viii. 599. 
 
 lunulatus (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 77, 78, 81. 
 
 Lupha vii. 321. 
 
 cristata vii. 323. 
 
 lurida (Anas) vi. 551. 
 
 Luscinia ii. 301. 
 
 eximia ii. 309, 
 
 golzii ii. 371. 
 
 hybrida ii. 399. 
 
56 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Luscinia major ii. 369. 
 
 media ii. 363. 
 
 megarhynchos ii. 363. 
 
 okenii ii. 363. 
 
 peregrina ii. 363. 
 
 philomela ii. 363, 369. 
 
 luscinia (Curruea) ii. 363. 
 
 luscinia (Daulias) . . ii. 361, 363, 
 
 369, 371, 372, 373. 
 
 luscinia (Erythacus) ii. 363. 
 
 (Ficedula) ii. 363. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 363. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 363. 
 
 (Philomela) ii. 363. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 363. 
 
 major (Eieedula) ii. 369. 
 
 major (Motacilla) ii. 369. 
 
 luscinioides (Calamodyta) ii. 627. 
 
 (Cettia) ii. 627. 
 
 luscinioides (liocustella) ii. 627, 
 
 640. 
 iii. 361. 
 
 luscinioides (Lusciniopsis) ii. 627. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 627. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 627, 629. 
 
 brachyrhynchos (Lusciniopsis) ii. 627. 
 
 macrorhynchos (Lusciniopsis) ii. 627. 
 
 rufescens (Lusciniopsis) .... ii. 627. 
 
 Lusciniola ii. 603, 609, 
 
 637. 
 
 Lusciniola lanceolata ii. 617. 
 
 Lusciniola melanopogon. . ii. 601, 
 
 603, 605. 
 
 Lusciniola savii ii. 627. 
 
 lusciniola (Ficedula curruca) ii. 597. 
 
 Lusciniopsis ii. 609. 
 
 fluviatili3 ii. 621. 
 
 fluviatilis alticeps ii. 621. 
 
 fluviatilis macrorhynchos .... ii. 621. 
 
 fluviatilis macroura ii. 621. 
 
 fluviatilis strepitans ii. 621. 
 
 hendersonii ii. 617, 619. 
 
 luscinioides ii. 627 . 
 
 luscinioides brachyrhynchos. . ii. 627. 
 
 luscinioides macrorhynchos . . ii. 627. 
 
 luscinioides rufescens ii. 627 . 
 
 savii ik 027. 
 
 Lusciola ii. 275, 309, 327, 
 
 339, 353, 361. 
 
 akahige ii- 332. 
 
 aurorea ii. 305. 
 
 caligata ii- 541. 
 
 calliope ii. 341. 
 
 cyanecula orientalis ii. 317. 
 
 cyanura ii- 355. 
 
 erythrogastra ii. 305. 
 
 luscinia ii- 363. 
 
 philomela ii. 369. 
 
 phcenicurus ii. 277. 
 
 rubecula ii. 329. 
 
 Lusciola suecica ii- 311, 317. 
 
 thytis ii. 293. 
 
 tithys ii. 293. 
 
 lusitana (Alauda) iv. 330. 
 
 (Ammomanes) iv. 329. 
 
 lusitania (Alauda) iv. 329. 
 
 lusitanica (Ammomanes) iv. 329. 
 
 lusitanus (Columba turtur) vii. 39. 
 
 lutea (Galerita) iv. 286, 303, 304. 
 
 luteolus (Serinus) iii. 549. 
 
 luteus (Ardea cancrofagus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 261. 
 
 Lutucoa ii. 185. 
 
 leucocapilla ii. 243. 
 
 leucopyga ii. 243. 
 
 luzoniensis (Numenius) .... viii. 227, 228, 
 
 232, 245. 
 
 Lycos iv. 521. 
 
 collaris iv. 523. 
 
 coronoides iv. 533. 
 
 monedula iv. 523. 
 
 Lymnocrvptes vii. 629, 653. 
 
 gallinula vii. 653. 
 
 Lyrurus vii. 203. 
 
 derbianus vii. 205. 
 
 tetrix vii. 205. 
 
 maal (Petrocincla) ii. 156, 157. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) ii. 149. 
 
 maccownii (Plectrophanes) iv. 257. 
 
 macdougalli (Sterna) viii. 273. 
 
 macei (Aquila) v. 545. 
 
 (Cuncuma) v. 545. 
 
 (Falco) v. 545. 
 
 (Haliaetus) v. 545. 
 
 (Pontoaetus v. 545. 
 
 Maceranas vi. 655. 
 
 maegillivrayi (Bulweria) . . viii. 549, 552. 
 
 Machetes viii. 85, 87. 
 
 Machetes alticeps viii. 87. 
 
 minor viii. 87. 
 
 optatus viii. 87. 
 
 planiceps viii. 87. 
 
 Machetes pugnax .... viii. 85, 87, 
 
 199. 
 
 macqueeni (Eupodotis) vii. 395. 
 
 (Houbara) vii. 395. 
 
 macqueeni (Otis) vi. 64. 
 
 vii. 392, 395. 
 
 macrocephala (Strix) v. 277. 
 
 macrocephalum (Syrnium) v. 277. 
 
 Macrochires iv. 581 . 
 
 macrodaetyla (Certhia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 265. 
 
 macronyx (iEgithalus) iii. 166. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 325. 
 
 macroptera (Calandritis) iv. 341. 
 
 (Chsetura) iv. 613. 
 
 (Melanocorypha) iv. 341, 346. 
 
 (Pallene) iv. 613. 
 
 macroptera (Sterna) . . viii. 263, 264, 265. 
 
 267, 272. 
 
 Macroptynx v. 347. 
 
 Macropus vi. 627, 654. 
 
 stelleri vi. 649. 
 
 Macroramphus vi. 655, 669. 
 
 Macrorhamphus viii. 185. 
 
 griseus . . viii. 185, 187, 191. 
 
 Macrorhamphus punctatus viii. 187. 
 
 scolopaceus viii. 187, 191. 
 
 macrorhyncha (Calamoherpe) .... ii. 585. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 301. 
 
 macrorhyncha (Galerita) . iv. 289, 
 
 290, 295, 301. 
 
 macrorhyncha (Nectris) viii. 513. 
 
 macrorhynchos (Aedon bruchii) . . ii. 553. 
 
 (Aedon galactodes) ii. 547. 
 
 (Aedon meridionalis) ii. 547. 
 
 (Aedon pallens) ii. 547. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 615. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 532. 
 
 (Corythus enucleator) iv. Ill, 
 
 (Curvirostra) iv. 127. 
 
 (Lusciniopsis fluviatilis) .... ii. 621. 
 
 (Lusciniopsis luscinioides) . . ii. 627. 
 
 (Nucifraga) iv. 451. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 59. 
 
 (Petronia) iii. 607. 
 
 (Saxicola cenanthe) ii. 187. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 179. 
 
 macrorhynchus (Clypeata) vi. 497. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 571. 
 
 (Hsematopus) vii. 567. 
 
 macrotarsa (Gelochelidon) viii. 295. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 295. 
 
 Macrotarsus vii. 585. 
 
 macroura (Lusciniopsis fluviatilis) . ii. 621. 
 
 (Strix) v. 277. 
 
 macrourus (Caprimulgus ruficollis) 
 
 iv. 633. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 219. 
 
 (Pendulinus) iii. 159. 
 
 macrura (Sterna) viii. 255, 256, 
 
 265, 352. 
 
 macrurus (Circus) v. 441, 445. 
 
 (Copsyehus) ii. 551. 
 
 (Falco) y. 445. 
 
 (Pendulinus) iii. 159. 
 
 macularius (Totanus) viii. 125, 132. 
 
 maculata (Actodromas) . . viii. 11, 18. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 491. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 (Galerita cristata) .... iv. 286. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 267. 
 
 (Limnocinclus) viii. 11. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 113. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 11. 
 
 i (Strix) v. 237 . 
 
INDEX. 
 
 57 
 
 maculata (Sylvia) iii. 317. 
 
 maculata (Tringa) viii. 11, 12. 
 
 maculata (Viti flora) iii. 317. 
 
 maculati-rostris (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 maculatus (Anthus) iii. 317. 
 
 (Caprimulgus) iv. 621. 
 
 (Caprimulgus europaeus) .... iv. 621. 
 
 (Caryocatactes) iv. 451. 
 
 (Dendroanthus) iii. 309. 
 
 (Falco) v. 491, 494, 499. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 427. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 181. 
 
 (Pipastes) iii. 309, 313. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 223. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 165. 
 
 (Urogallus) vii. 223. 
 
 maculicollis (Columba) vii. 55. 
 
 maculigera (Upupa) v. 179. 
 
 maculosa (Drymoeca) iii. 11. 
 
 madagascariensis (Accipiter) v. 638. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii- 7. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 (Porphyrio) vii. 303, 304. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 243. 
 
 torquatus (Apiaster) v. 171. 
 
 maderensis (Regulus) .... ii. 453, 
 462, 464, 465, 466. 
 
 maelbyensis (Emberiza) iv. 185, 
 
 magna (Galerita) iv. 286, 290, 
 
 291, 292, 300. 
 
 (Philomela) ii. 369. 
 
 magnirostris (Calamoherpe) ii. 561. 
 
 (Phylloscopus) •. . . ii. 474. 
 
 (Saliearia) ii. 561. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 561. 
 
 magnus (Falco) v. 401. 
 
 major (Accentor) iii. 29. 
 
 (Accipiter) v. 610, 611. 
 
 (Accipiter circus) v. 587. 
 
 (Alca) viii. 563. 
 
 (Anas nigra) vi. 657. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 335. 
 
 (Aquila adalberti) v. 517. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 (Ardea botanrus) vi. 217. 
 
 (Ardea cinerea) vi. 207. 
 
 — — (Ardenna) viii. 527. 
 
 (Ascalopax) vii. 631. 
 
 (Astur) v. 599, 609, 616, 618. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 579. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 31. 
 
 (Certhius) iii. 195. 
 
 (Ciconia) vi. 297. 
 
 (Columba vitticollis) vii. 45. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 532, 567. 
 
 (Corvus corone). iv. 531. 
 
 (Cotumix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 121. 
 
 (Cyanecula) ii. 311. 
 
 major (Dendrocopus) v. 19. 
 
 (Dryobates) v. 19, 79. 
 
 ; (Falco nisus) v. 609, 610. 
 
 (Falco subbuteo). vi. 81. 
 
 (Ficedulaluscinia) ii. 369. 
 
 (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 (Galerita theklae) iv. 286. 
 
 major (Gallinago) . . vii. 629, 631, 
 
 644. 
 
 major (Hypotriorchis se salon) vi. 83. 
 
 (Hypotriorchis lithofalco) .... vi. 83. 
 
 (Jynx) v. 103. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 376. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 399. 
 
 (Locustella vera) ii. 611. 
 
 (Luscinia) ii. 369. 
 
 (Mergus) viii. 609. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 91. 
 
 (Motacilla luscinia) ii. 3C9. 
 
 (Numenius) .... viii. 243, 244, 245. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 369. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Otus capensis) v. 265. 
 
 major (Parus) ii. 334. 
 
 iii. 59, 77, 79, 80, 81, 90, 94, 
 
 104, 123, 135, 191, 380. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 major (Perdix coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Pemis apivorus) vi. 3. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax carbo) vi. 152. 
 
 (Phoenicopterus) vi. 343. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491. 
 
 major (Picus) iii. 154. 
 
 v. 1, 5, 7, 10, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 
 24, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 
 38, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, 55, 
 56, 58, 62. 
 
 major (Platalea) vi. 324. 
 
 (Plegadornis) vi. 335. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 401. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 643. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 527. 
 
 major (Puffinus) .... viii. 523, 524, 
 525, 527, 528, 530, 552. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) . . iv. 97, 99, 100. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 major (Rubetra) 
 
 (Scolopax) . . . . 
 
 (Sterna) 
 
 (Strix noctua) 
 
 (Sula) 
 
 (Telmatias) . . , . 
 
 (Tetrao) 
 
 (Turdus) 
 
 (Upupa) .... . . . 
 
 (Vitiflora) . . . . 
 
 (Yunx torquilla) 
 
 ii. 255. 
 
 vii. 615, 631, 649. 
 viii. 199. 
 
 viii. 289. 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 vi. 181. 
 
 vii. 631. 
 
 vii. 223. 
 
 ii. 3. 
 
 , v. 179, 180, 181. 
 
 ii. 187. 
 
 v. 103. 
 
 major neevius (Mergus) viii. 609. 
 
 maj oroides (Picus) v. 22. 
 
 malabarica (Alauda) iv. 310, 312. 
 
 Malacocercus 5 ^ 7 . 
 
 abornis 
 
 malayana (Oreocincla) ii. 81. 
 
 malayanus (Scops) v. 334, 335. 
 
 Malurus ii- 439, 545. 
 
 iii. 11, 19. 
 
 gracilis iii- 43. 
 
 numidicus iii- ^1. 
 
 provincialis ii- 441. 
 
 squamiceps iii. 23. 
 
 mandarinus (Picus) 22. 
 
 mandti (Uria) . . viii. 579, 583, 584, 
 585, 586, 587, 588. 
 
 mandtii (Grylle) viii. 587. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 587. 
 
 (Uria grylle) viii. 587. 
 
 manilla (Petrocossyphus) ii. 149. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 149, 150. 
 
 manillensis (Petrocincla) ii. 150, 157, 160. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) . . ii. 149, 150, 156, 
 
 157, 158, 161. 
 
 (Turdus) ii- 150, 157. 
 
 mansuetus (Anas) vi. 419. 
 
 (Cygnus) vi. 419. 
 
 Mareca vi. 539. 
 
 Mareca americana vi. 539, 546. 
 
 fistulans vi. 541. 
 
 fistularis vi. 541. 
 
 glocitans vi. 521. 
 
 kagolka vi. 541. 
 
 Mareca penelope . . vi. 539, 541, 
 
 546, 584. 
 
 margaritata (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 Margaroperdix striata vi. 107. 
 
 marginata (Upupa) v. 180, 183, 184. 
 
 marginatus (Falco) v. 587. 
 
 (Phasianus) vii. 85. 
 
 marginipennis (Alauda) iv. 286. 
 
 Marila vi. 549. 
 
 frenata vi. 565. 
 
 marila (Anas) vi. 551, 556, 565. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 565. 
 
 marila (Fuligula) vi. 565. 
 
 marila (Fulix) vi. 565. 
 
 (Nyroca) vi. 565. 
 
 marilus (Platypus) vi. 565. 
 
 marina (Aquila) vi. 139 
 
 — - — (Sterna) viii. 255, 263, 
 
 marinus (Dominicanus) viii. 427. 
 
 marinus (Larus) . vi. 184, 632, 633. 
 viii. 401, 423, 425, 427, 437, 
 438, 439, 441. 
 
 marinus, var. (Larus) . . . . viii. 399. 
 
 maritima (Arquatefla) viii. 69. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 69. 
 
 (Saxicola cenanthe) . . . ii. 187. 
 
 (Tadorna) vi. 451. 
 
 2 
 
58 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 maritima (Tringa) vii. 558. 
 
 viii. 69, 199. 
 
 maritimus (Totanus) yiii. 69. 
 
 Marmaronetta vi. 467. 
 
 angustirostris vi. 479. 
 
 Marmonetta vi. 467. 
 
 angustirostris vi. 479. 
 
 marmorata (Anas) . . vi. 467, 479, 482, 584. 
 
 (Dafila) vi. 479. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 479. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 395. 
 
 (Zapornia) vii. 267. 
 
 marsigli (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 martius (Carbonarius) v. 3. 
 
 (Dendrocopus) v. 3. 
 
 martius (Dryocopus) v. 1,3, 6, 42. 
 
 martius (Drvopicos) v. 3. 
 
 (Dryopicus) v. 3. 
 
 (Dryotomus) v. 3. 
 
 (Picus) .... v. 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15. 
 
 viii. 198, 199. 
 
 inaruetta (Octogometra) vii. 267. 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 267. 
 
 maruetta (Porzana) . . vii. 265, 267, 
 
 277, 280, 287, 315. 
 
 maruetta (Rallus) vii. 267. 
 
 mascuriensis (Tlialasseus) viii. 285. 
 
 massiliensis (Anthus) iii. 317. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 317. 
 
 (Vitiflora) iii. 317. 
 
 matutina (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 maura (Motacilla) ii. 263. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 263. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 263. 
 
 mauritanica (Pica) . . iv. 507, 510, 
 
 511, 514, 519. 
 
 mauritanus (Picus) v. 33. 
 
 mauvis (Turdus) ii. 35. 
 
 maxcuriensis (Actochelidon) .... viii. 285. 
 
 maxillaris (Curruca) ii. 537. 
 
 maximus (Bubo) v. 339, 345. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 609. 
 
 (Corax) iv. 567. 
 
 (Corvus). iv. 567. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 427. 
 
 Mecistura iii. 61. 
 
 caudata iii. 63, 67. 
 
 longicauda iii. 67. 
 
 longicaudata iii. 63. 
 
 pinetorum iii. 67. 
 
 rosea iii. 63. 
 
 media (Actochelidon) viii. 285. 
 
 (Ardea cinerea) vi. 207. 
 
 (Oalamoherpe) ii. 579, 580. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 59. 
 
 (Cerchneis) vi. 113. 
 
 (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 127. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 15. 
 
 media (G-allinago) iv. 268. 
 
 vii. 631, 641. 
 
 (Hippolais) ii.,521. 
 
 (Luscinia) ii. 363. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509, 516. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 263. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 631, 641. 
 
 media (Sterna) viii. 265. 
 
 rnedius (Anser) vi. 355, 375. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 167. 
 
 (Dendrocoptes) v. 47. 
 
 (Dendrocopus) v. 47. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 243. 
 
 (Pendulinus) iii. 159. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax carbo) vi. 152. 
 
 rnedius (Picus) . . v. 10, 21, 22, 27, 
 37, 42, 47, 48, 62. 
 
 vii. 287. 
 
 rnedius (Pipripicus) v. 47. 
 
 (Spin us) iii. 541. 
 
 (Trochilus) ii. 491. 
 
 meena (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 45, 47, 48, 52. 
 
 Megalestiis viii. 455. 
 
 catarrhactes viii. 457. 
 
 Megaloperdix vii. 2S5. 
 
 caspia vii. 237. 
 
 caucasica vii. 237. 
 
 raddei vii. 241. 
 
 Megalophonus iv. 283. 
 
 randonii iv. 301, 302. 
 
 megaloptera (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 megapus (Melanitta) vi. 657. 
 
 (CEdemia) vi. 657. 
 
 megarhynchos (Actitis) viii. 127. 
 
 (Oerthia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 615. 
 
 (Luscinia) ii. 363. 
 
 (Melanocorypha calandra) . . iv. 367. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 3. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 497. 
 
 (Somateria) vi. 643. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 289. 
 
 megarhynchus (Passer rufidorsalis) .... iii. 
 
 587. 
 
 (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 megauros (Clangula) vi. 617. 
 
 (Melanitta) vi. 663. 
 
 (CEdemia) vi. 663. 
 
 (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 meisneiri (Oephus) viii. 581. 
 
 meisneri (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 Melagavia melanoceplialus viii. 365. 
 
 melanseetus (Falco) v. 521. 
 
 melanaetos (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 melanaetus (Aquila) v. 493, 533. 
 
 (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 melandiros (Sylvia) ii. 417. 
 
 melanictera (Tanagra) iv. 151. 
 
 Melanitta .' vi. 655. 
 
 fusca vi. 657. 
 
 gibbera vi. 663. 
 
 hornschuchii vi. 657. 
 
 megapus vi. 657 . 
 
 megauros vi. 663. 
 
 nigra vi. 663. 
 
 nigripes vi. 663. 
 
 perspicillata vi. 669. 
 
 platyrhynchos vi. 657. 
 
 melanocephala ( Ardea) vi.225, 227. 
 
 melanocephala (Budytes) iii- 273. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii- 0. 
 
 (Curruca) ii- 401. 
 
 (Dumeticola) ii- 401. 
 
 melanocephala (Emberiza) ... iv. 
 
 151, 153, 155. 
 melanocephala (Euspiza) .... iv. 151, 154. 
 
 v. 160. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 365. 
 
 (Granativora) iv. 151. 
 
 melanocephala (Motacilla). ii. 401. 
 
 iii. 263, 269, 271, 273, 274. 
 melanocephala (Motacilla flava) . . iii. 273. 
 
 (Passerina) iv. 151. 
 
 (Pyrophthalma) ii. 401. 
 
 melanocephala (Sylvia) . . ii. 375, 
 395, 399, 400, 401, 402, 407, 
 408, 409, 413, 424, 426, 449. 
 melanocephala minor(Sylvia)ii.401, 407, 408. 
 
 melanoceph’alon (Xema) viii. 365. 
 
 melanoceplialus (Charadrius) .... vii. 521. 
 
 (Cheilodromas) vii. 521. 
 
 (Chroieocephalus) viii. 365. 
 
 (Croicocephalus) viii. 365. 
 
 (Garrulus) .... iv. 491, 492, 493, 499. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Himantopus) v . . . vii. 587. 
 
 melanoceplialus (Larus) . viii. 356, 
 
 360, 365, 413. 
 melanoceplialus (Melagavia) .... viii. 365. 
 
 (Melizophilus) ii. 401. 
 
 (Pluvianus) vii. 521. 
 
 (Strepsilas) vii. 553, 563. 
 
 (Xema) viii. 365. 
 
 Melanocorypha iv. 327, 339, 
 
 359, 381. 
 
 Melanocorypha albigularie . . iv. 365, 367. 
 
 alboterminata .... iv. 361, 362, 368. 
 
 arabs iv. 329. 
 
 arenaria iv. 341. 
 
 Melanocorypha bimaculata . . iv. 
 
 361, 362, 363, 366, 368. 
 Melanocorypha brachydactyla. iv. 341, 346, 
 Melanocorypha calandra . . iv. 359, 
 361, 362, 363, 365, 367, 
 368, 369, 375. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 59 
 
 Melanocorypha calandra megarhynchos 
 
 iv. 367. 
 
 cinctura iv. 335. 
 
 clot-bey iv. 383. 
 
 deserti iv. 329. 
 
 galeritaria iv. 329. 
 
 isabellina iv. 329. 
 
 itala iv. 341. 
 
 leucoptera iv. 373. 
 
 macroptera iv. 341, 346. 
 
 obsoleta iv. 341. 
 
 rafesceng iv. 361, 362. 
 
 semitorquata iv. 365, 308. 
 
 Melanocorypha sibirica . iv. 373. 
 Melanocorypha subcalandra . . iv. 365, 367. 
 
 tartarica iv. 377. 
 
 torquata iv. 361, 362, 363. 
 
 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis . . iv. 
 
 377. 
 
 melanocrissa (Hirundo) iii. 498. 
 
 melanogaster (Cinclus) ii. 168, 169, 
 170,171,177, 178, 179, 180,182, 183. 
 
 melanogaster (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 494. 
 
 (Yanellus) vii. 455. 
 
 melanogenys (Falco) vi. 35, 41. 
 
 melanognathus (Carbo) vi. 173. 
 
 (Halieeus) vi. 173. 
 
 melanoleuca (Muscicapa) ii. 211. 
 
 (Pica)' iv. 509. 
 
 melanoleuca (Saxicola) . . ii. 1 90, 
 
 193, 207, 208, 209, 210, 
 211, 216, 217, 220. 
 
 melanoleucos (Mergulus) viii. 591. 
 
 melanomus (Plectropbanes) iv. 257. 
 
 melanonotus (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 melanonyx (Procellaria) viii. 491. 
 
 melanope (Motacilla) .... iii. 231, 
 
 237, 251, 252. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Melanopelargus vi. 295, 309. 
 
 niger vi. 309. 
 
 melanopogon (Amnicola) ii. 605. 
 
 (Calamodyta) . .- ii. 586, 605. 
 
 (Caricicola) ii. 605. 
 
 (Cettia) ii. 605. 
 
 melanopogon (Lusciniola). ii. 601, 
 
 603, 605. 
 
 melanopogon (Salicaria) ii. 605. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 605. 
 
 melanopsis (Bernicla) vi. 389. 
 
 melanoptera (Glareola) . . vii. 413, 
 414, 415, 417, 419, 420. 
 
 melanoptera (Muscicapa) iii. 459. 
 
 (Saxicola cenanthe) ii. 187. 
 
 melanopterus (Elanus) ...... v. 444, 663. 
 
 (Falco) v. 663. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 viii. 154. 
 
 melanopus (Ardea) vi. 243. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 melanopygius (Totanus) viii. 119. 
 
 melanorhinus (Cygnus) vi. 441. 
 
 melanorhyncha (Ardea) vi. 231. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 231. 
 
 melanorhynchos (Platalea) vi. 324, 
 
 melanorhynchus (Cygnus) vi. 433. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 227, 245. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 melanothorax (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 melanothorax( Sylvia) ii. 399, 402. 
 
 melanotis (Milvus) v. 652. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 289. 
 
 (Sylochelidon) viii. 289. 
 
 (Tbalassites) viii. 289. 
 
 melanotos (Actodromus) viii. 15. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 407. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 421. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 15, 16. 
 
 melanotus (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 melanura (Fedoa) viii. 211. 
 
 (Limicula) viii. 211. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 199, 211. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 349. 
 
 (Sula) vi. 184. 
 
 melanuroides (Limosa) .... viii. 211, 213. 
 melaschistus (Accipiter) .... v. 614, 615, 
 
 616, 620, 628, 630. 
 melasomus (Yanellus) vii. 539. 
 
 melba (Cypselus) .... iv. 586, 593, 
 594, 603, 606, 608, 610. 
 
 vi. 108. 
 
 melba (Hirundo) iv. 603. 
 
 (Micropus) iv. 603. 
 
 alpinus (Cypselus) iv. 603, 
 
 fascicollis (Cypselus) iv. 603. 
 
 microrhynchos (Cypselus) . . iv. 603. 
 
 melbus (Cypselus) iv. 603. 
 
 meleagrides (Catbartes). v. 391. 
 
 meleagris (Vultur) v. 391. 
 
 Meligavia viii. 355. 
 
 melissophonus (Cuculus) v. 219. 
 
 melitensis (Procellaria) ; viii. 491. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 491. 
 
 Melizophilus . . ii. 375, 439, 637. 
 
 Melizophilus dartfordiensis ii. 441. 
 
 melanocephalus ii. 401. 
 
 nigricapillus ii. 401, 407. 
 
 provincialis . ........... ii. 441, 448. 
 
 sarda ii. 447. 
 
 Melizophilus sardus . . ii. 439, 443, 
 
 447, 449. 
 
 Melizophilus undata ii. 441. 
 
 Melizophilus undatus . . . . ii. 439, 
 
 441, 448. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Melodes calliope ii. 341. 
 
 melodia (Sylvia) ii. 491. 
 
 Melospiza lincolni iii. 613. 
 
 Merganser 
 
 albellus 
 
 castor 
 
 cinereus 
 
 cristatus 
 
 minor 
 
 gulo 
 
 raii 
 
 serrata 
 
 serrator 
 
 stellatus 
 
 merganser (Mergus) 
 
 , . vi. 683, 685. 
 
 vi. 699. 
 
 vi. 685. 
 
 vi. 685. 
 
 vi. 693. 
 
 vi. 699. 
 
 vi. 685. 
 
 vi. 685. 
 
 vi. 693. 
 
 vi. 693. 
 
 vi. 699. 
 
 vi. 683, 685, 
 689, 702. 
 
 Mergellus 
 
 albellus .... 
 
 Mergoides 
 
 rufina ...... 
 
 Mergulus . . . . 
 alle 
 
 Mergulus arcticus . 
 melanoleucos 
 
 vi. 683. 
 
 vi . 699. 
 
 vi. 549. 
 
 vi. 559. 
 
 . . . viii. 589, 591. 
 viii. 589, 591, 602. 
 
 viii. 591. 
 
 viii. 591. 
 
 Mergus vi. 683, 694, 697. 
 
 viii. 607. 
 
 albellus vi. 693, 699, 
 
 702, 708. 
 
 Mergus albulus vi. 699. 
 
 americanus vi. 685. 
 
 castor vi. 685. 
 
 cucullatus vi. 683. 
 
 gulo vi. 685. 
 
 gutture nigro viii. 615. 
 
 rubro viii. 621. 
 
 leueomelanus vi. 685. 
 
 leucomelas. , vi. 693. 
 
 major viii. 609. 
 
 naevius viii. 609. 
 
 Mergus merganser vi. 683, 
 
 685, 689, 702. 
 
 Mergus minutus' vi. 699. 
 
 niger vi. 693. 
 
 orientalis vi. 685. 
 
 pannonicus vi. 699. 
 
 rubricapillus vi. 685. 
 
 Mergus serrator .... vi. 401, 652, 
 
 653, 687, 689, 693, 702. 
 
 viii. 431. 
 
 Mergus serratus vi. 693. 
 
 meridionals (Aedon) ii. 547. 
 
 (Athene) v. 358, 359. 
 
 (Calamodyta) ii. 585. 
 
 (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 (Carine) v. 367. 
 
 (Certhilauda) iv. 275. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 167. 
 
 (Circaetos) v. 563. 
 
 (Citrinella) iv. 205. 
 
 (Collyrio) iii, 387. 
 
 (Emberiza iv. 205, 207. 
 
 (Fulmar us) viii. 545. 
 
60 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 meridionalis (Gallinula) vii. 816. 
 
 (Gelochelidon) viii. 295. 
 
 (Gypaetus) y. 407. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 meridionalis (Lanius) .... iii. 377, 
 381, 382, 387, 388, 
 389, 390, 391. 
 
 meridionalis (Noctua) v. 367. 
 
 (Noctua veterum) v. 367. 
 
 (Nyctieorax) vi. 269. 
 
 (Picus) v. 47. 
 
 (Proeellaria) viii. 545. 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 549, 556. 
 
 (Stagnicola) vii. 316. 
 
 (Strix noctua) v. 367. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 157. 
 
 brachyrhynchos (Aedon) .... ii. 547. 
 
 macrorhyncbos (Aedon) .... ii. 547. 
 
 Meropidse v. 153. 
 
 Merops v. 153. 
 
 Merops asgyptius v. 165, 171. 
 
 Merops apiaster .... v. 144, 153, 
 155, 166, 167, 168, 169. 
 
 vi. 128. 
 
 Merops cbrysocephalus v. 155. 
 
 chrysocercus v. 165. 
 
 congener v. 155. 
 
 elegans v. 155. 
 
 ferrugeiceps v. 171. 
 
 hiulgariae v. 155. 
 
 indicus v. 171. 
 
 lamarcki v. 171. 
 
 longicauda v. 165. 
 
 orientalis v. 171. 
 
 persica v. 165. 
 
 Merops persicus .... v. 160, 165, 
 
 167, 168. 
 
 Merops pbilippinus v. 168. 
 
 - — - ruficapillus v. 165. 
 
 ruficollis v. 165. 
 
 savignii v. 165. 
 
 savignyi v. 165. 
 
 superciliosus v. 165, 168. 
 
 torquatus v. 171, 472, 174. 
 
 Merops viridis . . v. 160, 171, 175. 
 
 Merops viridissimus v. 171, 172. 
 
 mersa (Anas) vi. 677. 
 
 (Erismatura) vi. 481, 677. 
 
 (Euligula) vi. 677. 
 
 (Undina) vi. 677. 
 
 Merula ii. 1, 95. 
 
 iv. 421. 
 
 alpestris ii. 113. 
 
 alticeps ii. 91. 
 
 atrogularis ii. 83. 
 
 carniolica ii. 91. 
 
 - — collaris ii. 113. 
 
 ^ leucogaster ii. 83. 
 
 maculata ii. 113. 
 
 major ii, 9L 
 
 Merula merula ii. 91. 
 
 montana ii. 113. 
 
 musica ii. 19. 
 
 pilaris ii. 41. 
 
 pinetorum ii. 91. 
 
 rosea iv. 423. 
 
 torquata ii. 113. 
 
 truncorum ii. 91. 
 
 unicolor ii. 95. 
 
 viscivora ii. 3. 
 
 vociferans ii. 113. 
 
 vulgaris ii. 91. 
 
 merula (Merula) ii. 91. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 91. 
 
 merula (Turdus) ii. 29, 
 
 33, 51, 91, 95, 99, 
 
 124, 146. 
 iii. 426. 
 v. 208, 210. 
 
 merula &c. (Turdus) iii. 361. 
 
 , var. montana (Turdus) ii. 89. 
 
 , var. syriaca (Turdus) ii. 100. 
 
 Merulas ii. 95. 
 
 meruli'nus (Larus) viii. 327. 
 
 mesoleuca (Ruticilla) . . ii. 285, 
 
 286. 
 
 mosoleuca (Sylvia) ii. 285. 
 
 mesospilus (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 metopoleucos (Sterna) viii. 279. 
 
 Metoponia iii. 547. 
 
 pusilla iii. 561. 
 
 mexicana (Anas) vi. 497. 
 
 (Certbia) iii. 195, 201. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 129. 
 
 cristata (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 mexicanus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Falcinellus) vi. 335. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 64. 
 
 (Tantalus) vi. 335, 339. 
 
 varius (Numenius) vi. 335. 
 
 meyeri (Fedoa) viii. 203, 
 
 (Limicula) viii. 203. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 203. 
 
 miehabellesii (Glaucus) viii. 411. 
 
 (Laroides) viii. 411. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 411. 
 
 miclonia (Anas) vi. 617. 
 
 Microcarbo vi. 149. 
 
 africanus vi. 169. 
 
 pygmaeus vi. 173. 
 
 microcepbalus (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 (Otus) v. 257. 
 
 Micronisus v. 597. 
 
 badius v. 571, 633, 635. 
 
 brevipes v. 633. 
 
 Micropalama bimantopus viii. 189. 
 
 microphthalmos (Strix) v. 281, 284. 
 
 microphthalmum (Syrnium) v. 281. 
 
 micropterus (Cuculus) v. 204. 
 
 Microptynx passerina v. 349. 
 
 Micropus iv. 581. 
 
 Micropus affinis iv. 591. 
 
 alpinus iv. 603. 
 
 apus iv. 583. 
 
 caffer iv. 591. 
 
 gutturalis iv. 603. 
 
 melba iv. 603. 
 
 murarius iv. 583. 
 
 micropus (Bernicla) vi. 389. 
 
 (Callichen) vi. 559. 
 
 microrhyncha (Muscicapa collaris) iii. 459. 
 
 microrhynchos (Alca) viii. 557. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 59. 
 
 (Obelidon) iii. 505. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 621. 
 
 (Corythus enucleator) iv. 111. 
 
 (Cypselus melba) iv. 603. 
 
 (Ilirundo boissoneautii) .... iii. 473. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 481. 
 
 microrhynchus (Numenius) . . viii. 221, 245. 
 
 (Passer rufidorsalis) ii. 587. 
 
 micrurus (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 middendorffii (Phyllopneuste) .... ii. 507. 
 
 migrans (Falco) v. 651. 
 
 migrans (Milvus) iv. 549. 
 
 v. 436, 460, 483, 486, 
 487, 647, 651, 657, 
 658, 659. 
 vi. 131, 160. 
 
 migratorius (Ectopistes) vii. 37. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 1. 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 39. 
 
 Miliaria iv. 149. 
 
 europaga iv. 163. 
 
 germanica iv. 163. 
 
 peregrina iv. 163. 
 
 septentrionalis iv. 163. 
 
 miliaria (Citrinella) iv. 163. 
 
 (Oryptopbaga) iv. 163. 
 
 (Cyncbramus) iv. 163. 
 
 miliaria (Emberiza) . . iv. 149, 161, 
 
 163, 167, 369, 371. 
 v. 208, 209, 210. 
 
 miliarius (Spinus) ...'.. 
 
 
 milvipes (Falco) 
 
 
 milvoides (Spizaetus) . . 
 
 V. 481. 
 
 Milvus 
 
 
 aegypius 
 
 
 Milvus segyptius . . 
 
 .. v. 654, 657. 
 
 Milvus tetolius 
 
 
 ater 
 
 . v. 395, 651, 658. 
 
 
 vi. 65. 
 
 austriacus 
 
 
 castaneus 
 
 
 forskahli 
 
 v. 667. 
 
 fuscus 
 
 V 
 
 govinda 
 
 
 Milvus ictinus .... 
 
 v. 460, 641, 
 
 643 . 
 
INDEX. 
 
 61 
 
 Milvus korschun v< 652. 
 
 leucorhyncbos v. 657. 
 
 melanotis v. 652. 
 
 Milvus mi grans v. 436, 
 
 460, 483, 486, 487, 647, 651, 
 657, 658, 659. 
 
 vi. 131, 160. 
 
 Milvus niger v. 651. 
 
 parasiticus v. 657. 
 
 parasitus 657. 
 
 regalis Y . 10, 487, 643. 
 
 vi. 11, 160. 
 
 ruber v . 643. 
 
 vulgaris 643. 
 
 milvus (Accipiter) v. 651. 
 
 (Falco) v. 643, 652. 
 
 niger (Accipiter) v. 651. 
 
 regalis (Accipiter) v. 643. 
 
 mimus (Corvus) iv. 471. 
 
 mindanoensis (Galgulus) v. 149. 
 
 minima (Gallinago) vii. 653. 
 
 (Passer liuaria) iv. 47. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 386. 
 
 minor (Aedon) ii. 547. 
 
 (iEgialitis) vii. 491. 
 
 (Alauda) iii. 309. 
 
 iv. 307, 387. 
 
 (Anser bernicla) vi. 397. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 335. 
 
 (Aquila adalberti) v. 51 7. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 (Ardea botaurus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Ardea Candida) vi. 245. 
 
 (Ardea cinerea) vi. 207. 
 
 (Bonasia) vii. 193. 
 
 (Botaurus) vi. 289. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 449, 457. 
 
 minor (Calandrella) . . iv. 343, 344, 
 349, 351, 352, 353. 
 
 minor (Calandritis) iv. 349, 350. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 31. 
 
 (Certhius) iii. 195. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Chroicocepbalus) viii. 357. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 169, 181, 183. 
 
 (Coccotbraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 (Columba vitticollis) vii. 45. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 567, 659. 
 
 (Colymbus cornutus) viii. 645. 
 
 (Colymbus cristatus) viii. 645. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 534. 
 
 (Corvus corone) iv. 531. 
 
 (Cory thus) iv. 111. 
 
 (Cotumix) vii. 143. 
 
 (Cotyle) iii- 507 . 
 
 (Cyanecula) ii. 311. 
 
 (Cygnus) vi. 441. 
 
 — — (Cygnus musicus) vi. 441. 
 
 (Dendrocopus) v. 53. 
 
 (Dryobates) v. 63, 79. 
 
 minor (Elanus) „ v. 663. 
 
 (Enneoctonus) iii. 393. 
 
 (Enucleator) iv. 111. 
 
 minor (Falco) .... vi. 37, 42, 43, 
 
 44, 47, 48. 
 
 minor (Falco communis) vi. 43. 
 
 (Ficedula curruca) .... ii. 383, 387. 
 
 (Fulmarus) viii. 535. 
 
 (Galerita theklae) iv. 286. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 484, 500. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587, 591. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 495. 
 
 (Hypotriorcbis sesalon) vi. 83. 
 
 (Hypotriorcbis litbofalco) .... vi. 83. 
 
 (Iliacus) ii. 35. 
 
 (Lagopus alpinus) vii. 157. 
 
 minor (Lanius) . . iii. 381, 383, 385, 
 389, 393, 394, 396, 403, 410, 419. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 minor (Laroides) viii. 447. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 439. 
 
 (Larus icbtbyaetus) viii. 369. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 47. 
 
 (Locustella) ii. 633. 
 
 (Machetes) viii. 87. 
 
 (Merganser cristatus) vi. 699. 
 
 (Noctua) v. 257. 
 
 (Nucifraga) iv. 451, 457. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 224, 227, 245. 
 
 (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 (Olor) vi. 441. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 383. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 401. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 193, 195, 196. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 131. 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 163. 
 
 (Philolimnos) vii. 653. 
 
 (Phcenicopterus) vi. 343, 348. 
 
 (Piculus) v. 53. 
 
 minor (Picus) iii. 127, 380. 
 
 v. 5, 25, 26, 53, 55, 58, 61, 
 65, 66, 73, 78, 487. 
 
 vi. 100. 
 
 minor (Pipripicus) v. 53. 
 
 (Platalea) vi. 324. 
 
 (Plegadornis) vi. 335. 
 
 (Pluvialis torquata) vii. 497. 
 
 (Podiceps) v. 210. 
 
 viii. 632, 659. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 535. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 257. 
 
 (Rallus aquaticus) vii. 267. 
 
 (Rissa) viii. 447- 
 
 (Scolopax gallinago) vii. 653. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Stagnicola) vii. 313. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 279, 
 
 minor (Strepsilas) vii. 555, 
 
 (Strepsilas collaris) vii. 555. 
 
 (Sylbeocyclus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Sylvia melanoeephala) .... ii. 401, 
 
 407,408. 
 
 (Tacbybaptus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Tbalassidroma) viii. 491. 
 
 (Tringa cinclus) viii. 21. 
 
 (Trocbilus) ii. 485. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 19, 351. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 180, 182. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567, 581, 591. 
 
 (Urogallus) vii. 205. 
 
 (Xylocopus) v. 53. 
 
 (Yunx torquilla) v. 103. 
 
 boissoneautii (Hirundo) .... iii. 473. 
 
 nigra (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 striata (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 minus (Anas glaucium) vi. 573. 
 
 minuta (Actodromas) viii. 29. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 609, 613. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 259, 261. 
 
 (Ardeola) ii. 304. 
 
 vi. 259. 
 
 minuta (Ardetta) vi. 2259, 263, 264. 
 
 minuta (Botaurus) vi. 259. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 283. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 373. 
 
 (Locustella) ii. 617. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 465; 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 283. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 29. 
 
 (Porzana) vii. 283. 
 
 (Schoeniclus) viii. 29. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 minuta (Sterna) . . viii. 268, 279, 
 282, 283, 392, 414. 
 
 minuta (Sternula) viii. 279. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 383. 
 
 minuta (Tringa) vii. 477. 
 
 viii. 6, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 
 47, 48, 52, 53, 65, 154. 
 
 minuta (Zaporina) vii. 283. 
 
 (Zapomia) vii. 283. 
 
 minutilla (Actodromas) viii. 51. 
 
 minutilla (Tringa) .... viii. 13, 16, 
 32, 33, 51, 52, 53, 56. 
 
 minutum (Xema) viii. 373. 
 
 minutus (iEgialitis) .... vii. 491, 494, 495. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 383. 
 
 — — (Butor) vi. 259. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Chroicocepbalus) viii. 373. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 659. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Histrionicus) vi. 613. 
 
 (Hydrocolceus) viii. 373. 
 
 minutus (Larus) . . viii. 339, 373, 
 375, 376, 377, 378, 379. 
 r 
 
62 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 minutus (Mergus) vi. 699. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 609. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 (Porphyrio) vii. 307. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 275. 
 
 (Telephonus) iii. 424. 
 
 Mirafra iv. 327. I 
 
 deserti iv. 329. 
 
 erythroptera iv. 200, 204. i 
 
 phcenicuroides iv. 329. 
 
 mitrata (Fulica) vii. 323. 
 
 mitratus (Parus) iii. 151. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 195, 196. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 629. 
 
 mixtus (Rallus) vii. 283. 
 
 mlokosiewiczi (Tetrao) . vii. 219. 
 
 modesta (Axdea) vi. 231. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 231. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 469. 
 
 modestus (Phylloscopus) ii. 409. 
 
 (Reguloides) ii. 469. 
 
 (Regulus) ii, 469, 470. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 71. 
 
 modularis (Accentor) .... ii. 616. 
 
 iii. 33, 39, 41, 42. 
 
 y. 210. 
 
 modularis (Motacilla) iii. 39. 
 
 (Prunella) iii. 39. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 39. 
 
 (Tharraleus) iii. 39. 
 
 moesta (Saxicola) . . ii. 188, 227, 
 
 229. 
 
 mogilnik (Aquila) ii. 282. 
 
 v. 507, 510, 511, 519, 520, 521, 522. 
 
 mogilnik (Falco) v. 511, 521. 
 
 bifasciata (Aquila) v. 507. 
 
 mokoho (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 molaria (Curruca) ii. 383. 
 
 mollissima (Anas) vi. 629, 652. 
 
 mollissima (Somateria) . . vi. 184, 
 627, 629, 632, 642, 643, 
 644, 647, 652. 
 
 momus (Curruca) ii. 401, 407, 408. 
 
 momus (Sylvia) .... ii. 4-07, 408. 
 
 monaclia (Dromolaea) ii. 239, 240, 
 
 243, 244. 
 
 monacha (Saxicola) . . ii. 189, 218, 
 
 239, 240. 
 
 Monacbus ii. 375, 421. 
 
 monachus (Anas) vi. 389. 
 
 monachus (Vultur) . . v. 374, 375, 
 
 380, 381, 383. 
 vii. 388. 
 
 Monedula iv. 521. 
 
 — — arborea iv. 523. 
 
 nigra iv. 523. 
 
 nigra spermologos iv. 523. 
 
 septentrionalis iv. 523. 
 
 Monedula spermologos iv. 523. 
 
 turrium iv. 523. 
 
 monedula (Colceus) iv. 523. 
 
 monedula (Corvus) ii. 157. 
 
 iv. 521, 523, 524. 
 
 monedula (Lycos) iv. 523. 
 
 Candida (Corvus) iv. 523. 
 
 nigra (Corvus) iv. 523. 
 
 torquata (Corvus) iv. 523. 
 
 mongolica (yEgialitis) vii. 476, 477, 
 
 478. 
 
 (Alauda) iv. 356. 
 
 mongolicus (Charadrius) vii. 459. 
 
 (Pbasianus) v. 476. 
 
 monolophos (Upupa) v. 180. 
 
 montagui (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Grallinago) vii. 631. 
 
 montana (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 309. 
 
 (Butalis) iii. 447. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 127. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 261. 
 
 (Eudromias) vii. 507. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 549, 597. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 513. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 65. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 113. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 251. 
 
 (Passer linaria) iv. 59. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 131. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 503. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 597. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 293. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 129, 185, 215. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 561. 
 
 montanella (Motacilla) iii. 35. 
 
 (Prunella) iii. 35. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 35. 
 
 montanellus (Accentor) . . iii. 35, 
 
 36, 37. 
 
 montanellus (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 montanina (Passer) iii. 597. 
 
 montanus (Acrocephalus) ii. 561. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 335. 
 
 (Apternus) v. 69. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 447. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 (Corvus corone) iv. 531. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 591. 
 
 (Hortulanus) iv. 253. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 157. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 413. 
 
 (Parus cinereus) iii. 107, 110. 
 
 montanus (Passer) .... iii. 597, 
 
 604. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 montanus (Picoides) 69. 
 
 (Picus) 19. 
 
 (Pipastes) iii> 309. 
 
 .. (Pyrrhocorax) iv. 445. 
 
 montanus (Tetrao) 
 
 . . . vii. 131, 157. 
 
 cinereus (Falco). . . . 
 
 
 Monticola ii. 
 
 127, 149, 185. 
 
 
 iii. 363. 
 
 pvaniu; 
 
 . . ii. 127, 139. 
 
 Monticola erythropterus 
 
 ii. 150. 
 
 Monticola saxatilis 
 
 . . ii. 122, 127, 
 
 
 129, 134, 146. 
 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 monticola (Ardea) 
 
 
 (Saxicola) 
 
 ........ ii. 189. 
 
 monticolus (Cichlops) . . 
 
 
 Montifringilla 
 
 
 
 iv. 83. 
 
 Montifringilla alpicola . . . 
 
 iii. 619. 
 
 glacialis 
 
 iii. 617. 
 
 hsematopygia 
 
 iv. 397. 
 
 Montifringilla nivalis .... iii. 615, 
 
 
 617, 619. 
 
 
 iv. 266, 396. 
 
 Montifringilla sanguinea . 
 
 iv. 91. 
 
 montifringilla (Fringilla) . . ii. 511. 
 
 
 iv. 15, 21, 22. 
 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 montifringilla (Struthus) 
 
 
 montium (Acanthis) . . . 
 
 iv. 59. 
 
 (Cannabina) 
 
 
 (Fringilla) 
 
 
 (Linaria) 
 
 
 (Linota) 
 
 iv. 59. 
 
 (Motacilla) 
 
 iii. 251. - 
 
 moreatica (Alauda) . . . . 
 
 iv. 316, 
 
 (Phileremos) 
 
 iv. 341. 
 
 moreleti (Fringilla) 
 
 iv. 9, 10. 
 
 Morinella 
 
 
 collaris 
 
 
 morinella (Eudromias) . . . 
 
 
 (Tringa) 
 
 
 Morinellus 
 
 ... vii. 473, 505. 
 
 asiaticus 
 
 
 caspius 
 
 vii. 479. 
 
 fiibiricns 
 
 vii. 507. 
 
 morinellus (Charadrius) , 
 
 . ... vii. 461, 507, 
 
 
 518, 603. 
 
 , (Cinclus) 
 
 
 morinellus (Eudromias) vii. 
 
 462, 481, 505, 507. 
 
 morinellus (Pluvialis) . . 
 
 
 morio (Saxicola) 
 
 . . . ii. 189, 232, 
 
 
 233, 235, 236. 
 
 Moris 
 
 vi. 179. 
 
 bassana 
 
 vi. 181. 
 
 moritanus (Sturnus ) . . . 
 
 iii. 29. 
 
 Mormon 
 
 . . . viii. 597, 599. 
 
 arctica 
 
 
 arcticus 
 
 
 corniculata 
 
 
 fratercula 
 
 
 
 viii. 599. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 63 
 
 Mormon glacialis viii. 599. 
 
 gratae viii. 599. 
 
 polaris viii. 599. 
 
 morphnoides (Aquila) v. 485. 
 
 Morus vi. 179. 
 
 bassanus vi. 181. 
 
 mosellana (Alauda) iii. 317. 
 
 Motacilla ii. 185, 275, 309, 327, 
 
 339, 353, 361, 375, 439, 
 451, 467, 515, 557, 609. 
 
 iii. 27, 193, 217, 231, 
 283, 363. 
 
 alba iii. 231, 233, 236, 
 
 239, 240, 241, 243, 
 256, 257, 266. 
 
 iv. 236. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Motacilla alba lugubris iii. 239. 
 
 albeola iii. 233. 
 
 acredula ii. 469. 
 
 algira iii. 241. 
 
 alpina iii. 29. 
 
 anglorum iii. 277. 
 
 aquatica ii. 591 . 
 
 arundinacea ii. 567. 
 
 atrata ii. 293. 
 
 atricapilla ii. 421. 
 
 aureocapilla iii. 245. 
 
 baicalensis iii. 233. 
 
 bistrigata iii. 251, 261. 
 
 boarula iii. 251, 261. 
 
 borin ii. 383. 
 
 braehyrhynchos iii. 233. 
 
 brissoni iii. 233. 
 
 caerulecula ii. 317. 
 
 calliope ii. 341. 
 
 campestris iii. 261, 277, 
 
 278, 279. 
 
 ceraunia ii. 305. 
 
 certbiola ii. ,633. 
 
 cervina iii. 299, 305. 
 
 cbrysogastra iii. 261. 
 
 cinerea iii. 233, 251. 
 
 cinereocapilla .... iii. 265, 269, 274. 
 
 Motacilla citreola . . iii. 245, 247, 
 
 249, 296, 297. 
 
 Motacilla citreoloides iii. 247. 
 
 eitrinella iii- 245. 
 
 curruca ii. 383. 
 
 cyanura ii. 355. 
 
 cyanurus ii. 355. 
 
 dukbunensis iii. 233, 236. 
 
 dumetorum ii. 383. 
 
 erythrogastra ii. 305. 
 
 erythrourus ii. 293. 
 
 feldegg iii. 273. 
 
 feldeggii iii. 273. 
 
 fervida ii. 255. 
 
 ficedula iii. 447, 453. 
 
 fitis ii- 491. 
 
 Motacilla flava . . iii. 231, 251, 255, 
 257, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 
 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 
 276, 277, 279, 280. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vii. 633. 
 
 Motacilla flava, var, africana .... iii. 273. 
 
 , var. anglica iii. 277. 
 
 , var. borealis iii. 269. 
 
 , var. dalmatica iii. 273. 
 
 , var. vulgaris iii. 261. 
 
 cinereocapilla iii. 269. 
 
 melanocephala iii. 273. 
 
 rayi iii. 277. 
 
 flaveola iii. 261, 277. 
 
 flavescens iii. 261. 
 
 fruticeti ii. 377. 
 
 gibraltariensis ii. 293. 
 
 bippolais ii. 411, 521. 
 
 bortensis ii. 429. 
 
 budsonica iii. 331. 
 
 bypolais ii. 521. 
 
 kaleniezenkii iii. 273. 
 
 leucogastra ii. 401. 
 
 leucomela ii. 231. 
 
 leucorhoa ii. 187. 
 
 lindermayeri iii. 273. 
 
 lotor iii. 239. 
 
 Motacilla lugubris . . iii. 234, 236, 
 237, 239, 242, 243. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Motacilla luscinia ii. 363. 
 
 luscinia major ii. 369. 
 
 maculata iii. 317. 
 
 massiliensis iii. 317. 
 
 maura ii. 263. 
 
 Motacilla melanocephala. . ii. 401. 
 
 iii. 263, 269, 271, 273, 274. 
 
 melanope iii. 231, 237. 
 
 251, 252. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Motacilla modularis iii. 39. 
 
 montana iii. 251. 
 
 montanella iii. 35. 
 
 montium iii. 251. 
 
 naevia ii. 611. 
 
 neglecta iii. 261. 
 
 nigricapilla iii. 273. 
 
 nisoria ii. 435. 
 
 ocularis iii. 236. 
 
 oenantbe ii. 187. 
 
 passerina ii. 383, 390. 
 
 pbilomela ii. 369. 
 
 pbcenicurus ii. 277. 
 
 proregulus ii. 469. 
 
 provincialis ii. 441. 
 
 Motacilla raii . . iii. 248, 263, 264, 
 
 265, 275, 277. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Motacilla regulus ii- 453. 
 
 rivalis iii. 251. 
 
 rubecula ii. 029. 
 
 rubetra ii. 255. 
 
 rubicola ii. 263, 273. 
 
 rufa . . . . ; ii. 377. 
 
 rufa et lotbaringica ii. 485. 
 
 rupicola ii. 263. 
 
 salicaria ii. 429, 541. 
 
 scbcenobsenus ii. 597. 
 
 scolopacina iii. 195. 
 
 senegalensis ii. 255. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 233. 
 
 sibilatrix ii. 497 . 
 
 spipola iii. 309. 
 
 stapazina ii. 203. 
 
 strapazina ii. 199. 
 
 suecica ii. 317. 
 
 sulpburea iii. 251, 252, 278. 
 
 superciliosa ii. 469, 470. 
 
 sylvestris iii. 233. 
 
 sylvia ii. 377, 383. 
 
 trochilus ii. 491. 
 
 troglodytes . iii. 219. 
 
 tscbecan Ischia ii. 263. 
 
 tschutschensis iii. 251. 
 
 undata ii. 441. 
 
 vidua iii. 241. 
 
 Motacilla viridis .... iii. 249, 250, 
 263, 265, 266, 269, 274, 
 275, 276, 296, 297. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Motacilla vitiflora ii. 187. 
 
 xanthoschistos iii. 251. 
 
 yarrellii iii. 239, 242. 
 
 motacilla (Ficedula) iii. 233, 
 
 cinerea (Ficedula) iii. 233. 
 
 flava (Ficedula) iii. 251. 
 
 verna (Ficedula) iii. 261. 
 
 Motacillidse ii. 165. 
 
 iii. 231. 
 
 motzfeldi (Uria) viii. 586. 
 
 moussieri (Erithacus) ii. 301. 
 
 (Pratincola) ii. 301. 
 
 moussieri (Ruticilla) .... ii. 301, 
 
 302, 303, 304. 
 
 mugitans (Ardea) vi. 293. 
 
 (Botaurus) vi. 289. 
 
 miilleri (Calidris) viii. 101. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 427. 
 
 multimaculata (Nucifraga) iv. 452. 
 
 munipurensis (Cisticola) iii, 3 ? 6. 
 
 muraria (Certhia) iii. 207. 
 
 (Petrodroma) iii. 207. 
 
 (Phcenicura) ii. 277. 
 
 muraria (Tichodroma) . . iii. 205, 
 
 207, 209. 
 
 murarius (Apus) iv, 583. 
 
 (Brachypus) iv. 583. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 583, 597, 601. 
 
 (Cypselus apus) iv. 583. 
 
64 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 murarius (Micropus) iv. 583. 
 
 murina (Pyrrhula) .... iy. 99, 100, 
 
 107. 
 
 murinus (Cypselus) iv. 597. 
 
 mururu (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Cerchneis) vi. 113. 
 
 Muscicapa ii. 185. 
 
 iii. 363, 445, 447. 
 
 Muscicapa albicollis iii. 459, 461. 
 
 albifrons iii. 459. 
 
 alticeps iii. 453. 
 
 Muscicapa atricapilla . . iii. 453, 
 
 460, 461, 462, 463. 
 
 Muscicapa atricapilla, var iii. 459. 
 
 atrogrisea iii. 453. 
 
 Muscicapa collaris . . iii. 457, 458, 
 
 459. 
 
 Muscicapa collaris albifrons iii. 459. 
 
 atrostriata iii. 459. 
 
 microrhyncha iii. 459. 
 
 fuscicapilla iii. 453. 
 
 griseola iii. 447. 
 
 Muscicapa grisola . . ii. 359, 514. 
 
 iii. 445, 447, 456, 484. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vi. 109. 
 
 Muscicapa hyperythra iii. 468. 
 
 lais iii. 465. 
 
 leucomela ii. 231. 
 
 leueura iii. 466, 468. 
 
 luctuosa iii. 453. 
 
 viii. 141. 
 
 maculata iii. 453. 
 
 melanoleuca ii. 211. 
 
 melanoptera iii. 459. 
 
 minuta iii. 465. 
 
 muscipeta iii. 453. 
 
 nigra iii. 453. 
 
 Muscicapa parva iii. 465, 
 
 Muscicapa rubecula . . . . 
 
 468, 469. 
 
 rufogularis 
 
 iii. 465. 
 
 speculifera 
 
 iii. 453. 
 
 speculigera 
 
 iii. 453. 
 
 streptophora 
 
 
 Muscicapae 
 
 
 Muscicapidae 
 
 . . . . iii. 363, 373. 
 
 Muscipeta 
 
 . ii. 515, 557, 609. 
 
 arundinacea 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 hippolais 
 
 ii. 521. 
 
 lacustris 
 
 
 locustella 
 
 ii. 611. 
 
 olivacea 
 
 ii. 611. 
 
 phragmitis 
 
 ii. 597. 
 
 salicaria 
 
 ii. 591. 
 
 muscipeta (Muscicapa) . 
 
 iii. 453. 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 ii. 263. 
 
 musica (Calamoherpe) . 
 
 ii. 573. 
 
 (Clangula) 
 
 vi. 617. 
 
 musica (Curruca) ii. 411. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 321. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 19. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 19. 
 
 musieus (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 musicus (Cygnus). ... vi. 421, 426, 
 433, 437, 441, 442, 444, 
 446, 447- 
 
 musicus (Iliacus) ii. 19. 
 
 (Olor) vi. 433. 
 
 musicus (Turdus) . . ii. 19, 23, 30, 
 
 39, 41, 86, 97, 124. 
 
 y. 210. 
 
 viii. 140. 
 
 musicus minor (Cygnus) vi. 441. 
 
 mustelina (Emberiza) iv. 261. 
 
 mutabilis (Alauda) iv. 377. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 307. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 87. 
 
 mutans (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Falco) v. 449. 
 
 mutus (Lagopus) . . vii. 155, 157, 
 159, 162, 163, 175, 176, 177, 
 
 184, 185. 
 
 mutus (Tetrao) vii. 157, 175. 
 
 Mycteria senegalensis vii. 535. 
 
 mystacea (Pyropbtbalma) ii. 407. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 391, 407, 408. 
 
 mystaceus (Regulus) ii. 459. 
 
 Mystacinus iii. 47. 
 
 arundinaceus iii. 49. 
 
 biarmicus iii. 49. 
 
 dentatus iii. 49. 
 
 russicus iii. 49. 
 
 mystacinus (Turdus) ii. 86. 
 
 nsevia (Aquila) .... v. 491, 492, 493, 494, 
 
 501, 504, 509, 515. 
 
 vii. 388. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 207, 269. 
 
 (Ardea ardeola) vi. 259. 
 
 (Glareola). vii. 411. 
 
 nsevia (Locustella) . . ii. 609, 611, 
 
 614. 
 v. 210. 
 
 naevia (Motacilla) ii. 611. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 327. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 77. 
 
 (Tringa calidris) viii. 77. 
 
 , var. (Aquila) v. 507. 
 
 , var. bifasciata (Aquila) .... v. 507. 
 
 , var. orientalis major (Aquila) v. 507. 
 
 nsevioides (Aquila) v. 504, 507, 513, 
 
 514, 528, 532. 
 
 (Falco) v. 513. 
 
 naevius (Actidurus) viii. 111. 
 
 (Ardea botaurus) vi. 269. 
 
 (Okaradrius) vii. 455. 
 
 — — (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 naevius (Coracias) v. 149. 
 
 (Falco) v. 493, 494, 587. 
 
 (Galgulus) v. 149. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 357, 427, 447. 
 
 (Mergus major) viii. 609, 
 
 (Nyeticorax) vi. 270. 
 
 (Tringa totanus) viii. 157. 
 
 nana (Sylvia) ii- 397. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 51. 
 
 narbonensis (Parus) iii. 159. 
 
 nasicus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 243. 
 
 natans (Glottis) viii. 173. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 165. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 165. 
 
 nattereri (Certhia) iii- 195. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii- 603. 
 
 Nauclerus furcatus v. 668. 
 
 naumanni (Falco) vi. 125, 133. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii- 219. 
 
 naumanni (Turdus) .... ii. 59, 60, 
 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 86. 
 
 naumannii (Turdus) ii. 59, 63, 85. 
 
 Nectris viii. 511. 
 
 amaurosoma viii. 523, 524. 
 
 anglorum viii. 517. 
 
 baroli viii. 517. 
 
 cinerea viii. 513, 527. 
 
 fuliginosa viii. 523. 
 
 macrorbyncba viii. 513. 
 
 obseura viii. 517. 
 
 puffinus viii. 517. 
 
 neglecta (Columba) vii. 11, 17. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 261. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 176. 
 
 neglectus (Anthus) iii. 336, 340. 
 
 (Budytes) iii. 277. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 527. 
 
 Nematnra vii. 73. 
 
 nemorosa (Alauda) iv. 321. 
 
 (Galerida) iv. 321. 
 
 Nemura ii. 353. 
 
 cyanura ii. 353, 355, 
 
 356, 359. 
 
 Nemura rufilata ii. 355, 359. 
 
 rufilatus ii. 355. 
 
 Neophron v. 389, 394, 409, 
 
 411, 583. 
 
 Neophron aegyptiacus v. 391. 
 
 ginginianus v. 392, 396. 
 
 Neophron percnopterus . . v. 384, 
 389, 391, 395, 396, 406, 408. 
 
 Neophron pileatus v. 394, 658. 
 
 nepalensis (Tichodroma) iii. 207. 
 
 nereis (Procellaria) viii. 510. 
 
 nestor (Podiceps) viii. 663. 
 
 Netta vi. 549. 
 
 rufina vi. 559. 
 
 Nettion crecca vi. 507. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 65 
 
 neumayeri (Sitta) iii. 176, 
 
 183, 185. 
 
 niepcii (Carbo) vi. 173. 
 
 (Phalacrocorax) vi. 173. 
 
 nigelli (Lophophorus) vii. 241. 
 
 niger (Accipiter milvus) v. 651. 
 
 (iEgypius) v. 383. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 (Cypselus apus) iv. 583. 
 
 (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 (Haliaeus) vi. 173. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 321, 324. 
 
 (Hydrocorax) vi. 173. 
 
 (Melanopelargus) vi. 309. 
 
 (Mergus) vi. 693. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 651. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 663. 
 
 (Tantalus) vi. 335. 
 
 (Vultur) v. 383, 401. 
 
 nigra (Alauda) iv. 377. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 663. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 309. 
 
 nigra (Ciconia) .... vi. 309, 310, 
 
 315, 316. 
 
 nigra (Corvus monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 (Dromolsea) ii. 243, 244. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 663. 
 
 nigra (Hydrochelidon) . . viii. 313, 
 316, 319, 321, 324, 327. 
 
 nigra (Melanitta) vi. 663. 
 
 (Monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 nigra (GBdemia) vi. 472, 655, 
 
 658, 660, 663, 667. 
 
 nigra (Oedemia) vi. 663. 
 
 — (Oidemia) vi. 663* 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 101. 
 
 (Seolopax) viii. 165. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 268, 319, 327. 
 
 (Uria minor) viii. 581. 
 
 (Viralva) viii. 327. 
 
 , &c. (Anas) vi. 669. 
 
 et fusca (Anas) vi. 657, 663. 
 
 major (Anas) vi. 657. 
 
 spermologos (Monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 nigricans (Bemicla) vi. 392. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 463, 466. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 645. 
 
 (Colymbus fluviatilis) .... viii. 659. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 327. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 (Pycnonotus) .... iii. 357, 358, 361. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 69. 
 
 nigricapilla (Budytes) iii. 269, 273. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 421. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 273. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 407. 
 
 nigrieapillus (Melizophilus) . . ii. 401, 407. 
 
 nigriceps (Falco) vi. 31, 41. 
 
 (Pyrrbulauda) iv. 336. 
 
 nigricollis (Himantopus) .... vii. 587, 594. 
 
 nigricollis (Podiceps) . . viii. 632, 
 648, 651, 652, 654, 656. 
 
 nigripennis (Circus) v. 431. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 431. 
 
 (Upupa) v. 180, 184. 
 
 nigripes (Antbus) iii. 335. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 (Garzetta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Melanitta) vi. 663. 
 
 (Oedemia) vi. 663. 
 
 nigrirostris ( Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 231. 
 
 nigro (Mergus gutture) viii. 615. 
 
 nigropileus (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 nigrotis (Larus) viii. 373. 
 
 nigrum (Hydrochelidon) viii. 327. 
 
 nilgiriensis (Turdus) ii. 81. 
 
 nilotica (Gallinago) vii. 641. 
 
 (Gelochelidon) ; viii. 295. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 (Strix) v. 367. 
 
 nilsonii (Regulus) ii. 459. 
 
 nipalensis (Aquila) . . v. 504, 507, 
 
 511, 575. 
 
 nipalensis (Certbia) iii. 202. 
 
 (Cbelidon) iii. 499. 
 
 (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 591. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 99. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 289. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 222. 
 
 , var. atrata (Phoenicura) .... ii. 289. 
 
 Nisaetus v. 479, 573. 
 
 fasciatus . . v. 489, 573, 575. 
 
 vi. 40. 
 
 Nisaetus grandis . . . 
 
 niveus 
 
 pennatus 
 
 strenuus 
 
 Nisoria 
 
 — — undata 
 
 nisoria (Curruca) , . . 
 
 (Motacilla) . . . 
 
 (Noctua) 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 nisoria (Sylvia) 
 
 nisoria (Telmatias) . . 
 nisorius (Adophonus) , 
 nisosimilis (Accipiter) 
 
 Nisus 
 
 communis . . . . 
 
 ■ elegans 
 
 fringillarius .... 
 
 — fringillarum. . . . 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 v. 481. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 ii. 375. 
 
 ii. 435. 
 
 ii. 435. 
 
 ii. 435. 
 
 v. 301. 
 
 ... v. 301, 351. 
 ii. 375, 435, 
 528, 623. 
 iii. 404. 
 v. 210. 
 
 vii. 631. 
 
 ii. 435. 
 
 v. 599. 
 
 v. 597. 
 
 v. 599. 
 
 v. 599. 
 
 v. 599. 
 
 v. 599. 
 
 Nisus peregrinus v. 599. 
 
 nisus (Accipiter). . . . v. 597, 599* 
 605, 606, 609, 611, 613, 
 615, 636, 638. 
 
 nisus (Astur) v. 599. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 599. 
 
 (Falco) v. 599. 
 
 (Haliaetus) v. 551. 
 
 (Sparvius) v. 599. 
 
 major (Falco) v. 609, 610. 
 
 nitens (Sturnus) iv. 405, 409, 410, 
 
 413, 415, 417. 
 
 nitidus (Phylloscopus) ii. 468, 508. 
 
 nitzschii (Sterna) viii. 255. 
 
 niuea (Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 nivalis (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 413. 
 
 (Emberiza) iii. 617. 
 
 iv. 261, 374. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 617. 
 
 (Leucosticte) iii. 617. 
 
 nivalis (Montifringilla) . . iii. 615, 
 
 617, 619. 
 iv. 266, 396. 
 
 nivalis (Orites) iii. 617. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 401. 
 
 (Passer fringilla) iii. 617. 
 
 (Passerina) iv. 261. 
 
 nivalis (Plectrophanes) . . iii. 620. 
 
 iv. 251, 257, 260, 261. 
 
 nivea (Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 (Ciconia) vi. 297. 
 
 (Garzetta) vi. 239. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 349. 
 
 (Noctua) v. 287. 
 
 (Nyctea) v. 287. 
 
 (Platalea) vi. 319. 
 
 (Rissa) viii. 381. 
 
 (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 (Tadorna) vi. 413. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 americana (Nyctea) v. 287. 
 
 europsea (Nyctea) v. 287. 
 
 niveus (Anser) vi. 413. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 381, 385, 386. 
 
 (Nisaetus) v. 575. 
 
 (Pagophila) viii. 349. 
 
 (Rissa) viii. 447. 
 
 nivigula (Glottis) viii. 173. 
 
 nivosa (iEgialitis) vii. 484, 487. 
 
 nobilis (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 532, 567, 575. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 3- 
 
 noctivagus (Podiceps) viii. 659, 665. 
 
 Noctua. ... v. 249, 285, 299, 317, 347, 355. 
 
 funerea v. 309. 
 
 glaux v. 367. 
 
 meridionals v. 367. 
 
 minor 257, 
 
 — — ■ nisoria 103. 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Noctua nivea v. 287. 
 
 nyctea v. 287. 
 
 passerina y. 349, 367. 
 
 persica v. 367. 
 
 tengmalmi y, 319. 
 
 veterum v. 367. 
 
 veterum meridionalis v. 367. 
 
 noctua (Athene) v. 323, 335, 
 
 350, 353, 355, 357, 359, 
 363, 367, 368, 369. 
 
 noctua (Strix) v. 357, 367. 
 
 (Surnia) v. 357. 
 
 major (Strix) v. 257. 
 
 meridionalis (Strix) v. 367. 
 
 Nomadites l iv. 421. 
 
 roseus iv. 423. 
 
 nordmanni (Glareola) vii. 415, 419. 
 
 norvegicus (Falco) vi. 15. 
 
 (Picus) v. 95. 
 
 norwegica (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 norwegicus (Falco gyrfalco) vi. 15. 
 
 notata (Emberiza) iv. 261. 
 
 novse-bollandise (Graculus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 (Strix) v. 240. 
 
 novse-zealandise (Hieracidea) .... v. 627. 
 
 (Limosa) viii.. 206, 208, 213. 
 
 novse-zelandise (Himantopus) .... vii. 594. 
 
 noveboracensis (Limosa) viii. 203. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 187. 
 
 (Totanus) . . . .- viii. 187. 
 
 nubicus (Antbus pratensis) iii. 299. 
 
 (Enneoctonus) iii. 417. 
 
 nubicus (Lanius) . . iii. 402, 417, 
 
 418. 
 
 nubicus (Leucometopon) iii. 417. 
 
 (Otogyps) v. 377. 
 
 Nucifraga iv. 449, 469. 
 
 Nucifraga alpestris iv. 451. 
 
 arquata iv. 451. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbos iv. 451, 455. 
 
 Nucifraga caryocatactes . . iv. 449, 
 451, 452, 476, 488. 
 
 Nucifraga columbiana iv. 449. 
 
 guttata iv. 451. 
 
 hamata iv. 451. 
 
 bemispila iv. 452. 
 
 maerorhynchos iv. 451. 
 
 minor iv. 451, 457. 
 
 multimaculata iv. 452. 
 
 platyrbyncbos iv. 451. 
 
 nucifraga (Caryocatactes) iv. 451. 
 
 nudipes (Acantbylis) iv. 613. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 481. 
 
 (Cbsetura) iv. 613. 
 
 (Gydaetes) v. 481. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 407. 
 
 (Hirundapus) iv. 613. 
 
 nudipes (Strix) v. 357. 
 
 Numenius vi. 333. 
 
 viii. 1, 9, 193, 199, 
 219, 230, 244. 
 
 Numenius africanus viii. 59. 
 
 arcuatulus viii. 241. 
 
 arcuatus viii. 240. 
 
 arquata .... viii. 199, 219, 240, 243. 
 
 arquatula viii. 243. 
 
 Numenius arquatus .... viii. 230, 
 231, 234, 239, 243, 244, 
 245, 249, 250. 
 
 Numenius assimilis viii. 243. 
 
 atricapillus viii. 227. 
 
 australis viii. 244, 245. 
 
 Numenius borealis viii. 219, 
 
 221, 224, 245. 
 
 Numenius brevirostris viii. 221. 
 
 cassini viii. 245. 
 
 castaneus vi. 335. 
 
 cinereus viii. 195. 
 
 cyanopus . ' viii. 245, 248. 
 
 — falcinellus vi. 335, 340. 
 
 — femoralis viii. 245. 
 
 — ferrugineus viii. 59. 
 
 — bsesitatus viii. 227, 245. 
 
 — hastatus viii. 241. 
 
 — hemixhynchus viii. 245. 
 
 — hudsonicus viii. 221, 232, 245. 
 
 — - ibis vi. 335. 
 
 igneus vi. 335. 
 
 intermedius viii. 245. 
 
 lineatus viii. 241, 243. 
 
 longirostris viii. 243, 245. 
 
 luzoniensis viii. 227, 228, 
 
 232, 245. 
 
 madagascariensis viii. 245. 
 
 major viii. 243, 244, 245. 
 
 medius viii. 243. 
 
 melanopus viii. 245. 
 
 melanorbyncbus viii. 227, 245. 
 
 mexicanus varius vi. 335. 
 
 microrbyncbus viii. 221, 245. 
 
 minor viii. 224, 227, 245. 
 
 minutus viii. 245. 
 
 nasicus viii. 243, 244, 249. 
 
 Numenius phseopus .... viii. 154, 
 199, 227, 230, 237, 239, 245. 
 
 Numenius pusillus viii. 3, 59. 
 
 pygmseus viii. 3, 59. 
 
 rufescens viii. 243, 245. 
 
 rufus viii. 245. 
 
 subarquata viii. 59. 
 
 syngenicos viii. 237, 241. 
 
 tabitiensis viii. 245. 
 
 Numenius tenuirostris . . viii. 231, 
 
 237, 238, 239, 240,- 
 241, 245, 247. 
 
 Numenius uropygialis .......... viii. 227, 
 
 232, 245/ 
 
 Numenius variabilis viii. 21. 
 
 virgatus viii. 243. 
 
 viridis vi. 335. 
 
 numida (Strix) v. 367. 
 
 numidica (Ciconia) vii. 353. 
 
 numidicus (Crateropus) iii. 21. 
 
 (Dendrocopus) v. 33. 
 
 (Leuconotopicus) v. 33. 
 
 (Malurus) iii. 21. 
 
 numidicus (Picus) . . v. 22, 33, 34. 
 
 numidus (Picus) v. 33. 
 
 nuttalli (Pica) iv. 50 7, 510. 
 
 Nyctala v. 317. 
 
 Nyctala abietum v. 319. 
 
 acadica v. 317. 
 
 pinetorum v. 319. 
 
 planiceps v. 319. 
 
 Nyctala tengmalmi v. 317. 
 
 Nyctale abietum v. 319. 
 
 acadica v. 350. 
 
 albifrons v. 319, 323. 
 
 baedekeri v. 319. 
 
 funerea v, 319. 
 
 kirtlandi v. 319. 
 
 minor v. 319. 
 
 pinetorum v. 319. 
 
 planiceps v. 319. 
 
 ricbardsoni v. 319. 
 
 tengmalmi v. 319. 
 
 Nyctea v. 285. 
 
 Nyctea Candida v. 287. 
 
 erminea v. 287. 
 
 nivea v. 287. 
 
 nivea americana v. 287. 
 
 nivea europsea v. 287. 
 
 Nyctea scandiaca . . v. 285, 287. 
 
 vi. 393. 
 
 Nyctea wapacutbu . 
 nyctea (Noctua) . . . 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 (Surnia) 
 
 (Syrnia) 
 
 (Syrnium) . . . 
 
 Nycterodius 
 
 nycticorax . . . . 
 
 Nycthierax 
 
 Nyctia 
 
 Candida 
 
 Nyctiardea 
 
 europsea 
 
 gardeni 
 
 nycticorax . . , 
 
 Nycticbelidon 
 
 europseus . . . 
 
 Nycticorax . . . 
 Nycticorax segyptius 
 
 amerieanus . . . 
 
 ardeola 
 
 badius 
 
 brevipes 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 v. 287, 351. 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 vi. 267. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 v. 299. 
 
 v. 285. 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 vi. 267. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 iv. 619. 
 
 iv. 621. 
 
 vi. 205, 267, 279. 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 67 
 
 Nycticorax europseus . . . 
 gardeni 
 
 Nyticorax griseus 
 
 Nyticorax meridionalis , 
 
 nsevius 
 
 obscurus 
 
 orientalis 
 
 ralloides 
 
 stellaris 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 nycticorax (Ardea) .... 
 
 (Xycterodius) . . 
 
 (Xyctiardea) .... 
 
 (Scotaeus) 
 
 Nyroca 
 
 Nyroca australis 
 
 ferina 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 . . vi. 128, 243, 
 267, 269, 272. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 vi. 275. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 251. 
 
 vi. 281. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 269. 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 . . . . vi. 269, 270. 
 . vi. 549, 579. 
 
 vi. 579. 
 
 vi. 551. 
 
 Nyroca ferruginea . . vi. 579, 581. 
 
 Nyroca fuligula vi. 573. 
 
 leucoplithalmos vi. 581. 
 
 marila vi. 565. 
 
 obsoleta vi. 581. 
 
 nyroca (Anas) vi. 581. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 482, 581. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 482, 581. 
 
 oabuensis (Tringa) vii. 555. 
 
 obscura (Alauda) ' iii. 343. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 383. 
 
 (Cyanecula) ii. 311. 
 
 (Geocichla) ii. 71. 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 327. 
 
 (Nectris) viii. 517. 
 
 (Scolopax) . . . . vii. 257. 
 
 (Spipola) iii. 343. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 327. 
 
 (Strix flammea) v. 237. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 521, 524. 
 
 obscurocapilla (Calamoberpe) .... ii. 567. 
 
 obscurus (Anser) vi. 369. 
 
 obscurus (Anthus) iii. 305, 
 
 340, 341, 343, 346. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 obscurus (Colymbus) viii. 645. 
 
 (Ixos) ii. 49. 
 
 iii. 353, 357. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 275. 
 
 (Perisoreus) iv. 469. 
 
 (Planesticus) ii. 71. 
 
 (Podiceps viii. 645. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 511, 517, 520, 
 
 521, 527, 528, 552. 
 
 (Pycnonotus) , 
 
 (Spinus) . 
 
 obscurus (Turdus) 
 obsoleta (Cotile) . . 
 
 obsoleta (Cotyle) . . . . 
 (Melanocorypha) 
 
 iii. 353. 
 
 iii. 541. 
 
 . ii. 71, 74. 
 iii. 503, 516, 
 521, 522. 
 iii. 516, 521, 522. 
 iv. 341. 
 
 obsoleta (Nyroca) vi. 581. 
 
 occidentals (Gypaetus) . . v. 401, 404, 405. 
 
 (Gypaetus barbatus) v. 401. 
 
 (Gyps) v. 373. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 401, 402, 405, 
 
 412, 417. 
 
 (Otocoris) iv. 387. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 543- 
 
 (Vultur fulvus) .... v. 373, 376, 380. 
 
 occidua (Anas) vi. 649, 654. 
 
 occipitalis (Pbylloscopus) ii. 473. 
 
 (Reguloides) ii. 473, 474, 475. 
 
 oceanica (Oceanites) viii. 505. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 505, 510. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) viii. 505. 
 
 oceanicus (Oceanites) . . viii. 503, 
 
 505. 
 
 Oceanites viii. 503. 
 
 Oceanites oceanica viii. 505. 
 
 Oceanites oceanicus .... viii. 503, 
 
 505. 
 
 Oceanites wilsoni viii. 505. 
 
 ochotensis (Loeustella) ii. 634, 635. 
 
 oehracea (Fringilla) iii. 527. 
 
 ocbrogenion (Sylvia) ii. 401. 
 
 ochropus (Actitis) viii. 135. 
 
 ochropus (Totanus) .... viii. 125, 
 135, 144, 154, 198, 199. 
 
 ocbropus (Tringa) viii. 135. 
 
 , var. glareola (Tringa) .... viii. 143. 
 
 Ochthodromus vii. 473. 
 
 eolumboides vii. 475. 
 
 Ocreatae ii. 165. 
 
 Octogometra vii. 265. 
 
 maruetta vii. 267. 
 
 ocularis (Motacilla) iii. 236. 
 
 CEdemia vi. 655. 
 
 GEdemia americana vi. 667. 
 
 CEdemia fusca vi. 657, 665. 
 
 GEdemia gibbera vi. 663. 
 
 hornscbucbii vi. 657. 
 
 megapus . vi. 657. 
 
 megauros vi. 663. 
 
 Gidemia nigra . . vi. 472, 655, 658, 
 
 660, 663, 667. 
 (Edemia nigripes vi. 663. 
 
 (Edemia nigripes vi. 663. 
 
 CCdemia perspicillata . . vi. 669. 
 
 CEdemia perspicillata, var. trowbridgei 
 
 
 vi. 669. 
 
 platyrhynchos . . 
 
 vi. 657. 
 
 velvetina 
 
 vi. 661. 
 
 CEdicnemidsa 
 
 vii 399. 
 
 CEdicnemus . . . . 
 
 
 (Edicnemus affinis . . . 
 
 vii. 406, 407. 
 
 arenarius 
 
 
 bistriatus 
 
 
 
 vii. 406, 407. 
 
 capensis 
 
 crepitans 
 
 
 
 viii. 250. 
 
 CEdicnemus desertorum vii. 401. 
 
 europaeus vii. 401. 
 
 grallarius vii. 407. 
 
 griseus vii. 401. 
 
 indicus vii. 401, 
 
 inornatus vii. 407. 
 
 GBdicnemus scolopax .... vii. 399, 
 
 401, 407. 
 
 CEdicnemus senegalensis .... vii. 406, 407. 
 
 superciliaris vii. 407. 
 
 vermiculatus vii. 406, 407. 
 
 cedicnemus (Cliaradrius) vii. 401. 
 
 (Fedoa) vii. 401. 
 
 (Otis) vii. 401. 
 
 (Enantbe ii. 185, 253, 275. 
 
 albicollis ii. 203, 208. 
 
 cinerea ii. 187 . 
 
 leucura ii. 247 . 
 
 plescbanka ii. 231. 
 
 rubetra ii. 255. 
 
 rubicola ii. 263. 
 
 ruliventris ii. 289. 
 
 stapazina ii- 207 . 
 
 oenanthe (Motacilla) ii. 187. 
 
 oenanthe (Saxicola) . . ii. 185, 187, 
 189, 193, 194, 201, 202, 205, 
 209, 210, 217, 221, 302. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 oenanthe (Sylvia) ii. 187. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 187. 
 
 alpestris (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 cinerea (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 crassirostris (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 grisea (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 macrorhynchos (Saxicola) .... ii. 187. 
 
 maritima (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 melanoptera (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 septentrionalis (Saxicola) .... ii. 187. 
 
 cenanthoides (Saxicola) ii. 187. 
 
 CEnas vii. 59. 
 
 arenaria vii. 61. 
 
 cata vii. 67. 
 
 eenas (Columba) v. 210. 
 
 vii. 11, 13, 14, 18, 
 20, 23, 26. 
 
 cenas (Palumboena) vii. 23. 
 
 GBstrelata viii. 543. 
 
 hsesitata viii. 543, 545. 
 
 Oidemia vi. 655, 657, 663. 
 
 fusca vi. 657. 
 
 leucocephala vi. 663. 
 
 nigra vi. 663. 
 
 Oidicnemus vii. 399. 
 
 bellonii vii. 401. 
 
 okenii (Luscinia) ii. 363. 
 
 olivacea (Emberiza) iv. 341. 
 
 (Ibis) vi. 330. 
 
 (Muscipeta) ii. 611. 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 283. 
 
68 
 
 INDEX 
 
 olivaceus (Petrocossyphus) ii. 149: 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 95, 149. 
 
 olivastra (Saxicola) ii. 199. 
 
 olivetorum (Calamodyta) ii. 527. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) . . . ii. 527. 
 
 (Chloropeta) ii. 527. 
 
 (Ficedula) ii. 527. 
 
 olivetorum (Hypolais) .... ii. 416, 
 527, 528, 529, 530, 533, 
 535, 536, 538, 539. 
 
 iii. 418. 
 
 olivetorum (Salicaria) ii. 527. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 527. 
 
 iii. 420. 
 
 Olor vi. 417. 
 
 minor vi. 441. 
 
 musicus vi. 433. 
 
 olor (Anas) vi. 419. 
 
 olor (Cygnus) . . vi. 417, 419, 421, 
 422, 427, 429, 430, 433, 
 436, 437, 438, 439, 440. 
 
 viii. 333. 
 
 olor immutabilis (Cygnus) vi. 429. 
 
 , var. minor (Cygnus) vi. 441. 
 
 Onocrotalus vi. 191, 193. 
 
 phoenix vi. 193, 
 
 onocrotalus (Pelecanus). . vi. 191, 
 193, 195, 196, 197, 
 199, 201, 204. 
 
 Onyeboprion viii. 253, 307. 
 
 fuliginosus viii. 307. 
 
 opaca (Hypolais) ii. 531, 
 
 538, 539. 
 
 opaca (Phyllopneuste) ii. 531. 
 
 opistholeuea (Saxicola) ii. 189, 248. 
 
 optatus (Cuculus) v. 204. 
 
 (Machetes) viii. 87. 
 
 Oraegithus iii. 547. 
 
 pusillus iii. 561. 
 
 orbitalis (Lanius) iii. 381. 
 
 ordi (Falcinellus) vi. 335. 
 
 (Ibis) vi. 335. 
 
 Oreias vii. 155, 165. 
 
 Oreocincla ii. 1, 80, 101. 
 
 aurea ii. 77. 
 
 dauma ii. 80. 
 
 haneii ii. 77. 
 
 malayana ii. 81. 
 
 varia ii. 77. 
 
 whiteii ii. 77. 
 
 Oreotetrax vii. 235, 237. 
 
 - caspia vii. 237, 241. 
 
 orientalis (Acrocephalus) . ii. 580, 582, 585. 
 
 (HCsalon) vi. 83. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 335. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 607, 509, 511. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 567, 
 
 — - (Carduelis) iii. 530. 
 
 orientalis (Cettia) ii. 639, 643. 
 
 (Circaetos) v. 563. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 (Corydalla) iii. 325. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 (Cyanecula) ii. 317. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 231, 239. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 31. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 317. 
 
 (Garzetta) vi. 239. 
 
 — — (Glareola) vii. 415. 
 
 (Gypaetus) v. 401. 
 
 (Hsematopus) vii. 567. 
 
 (Haliaetos) v. 551. 
 
 (Haliaetos albicilla) v. 551. 
 
 (Hirundo rustica) iii. 474, 477. 
 
 (Lusciola cyanecula) ii. 317. 
 
 (Mergus) vi. 685. 
 
 (Merops) v. 171. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 269. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 503. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 651. 
 
 (Potamodus) ii. 639. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii, 593. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 99. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 549. 
 
 (Spizaetos) v. 569. 
 
 orientalis (Turtur) . . vii. 4-5, 48. 
 orientalis (V ultur fulvus) .... v. 373, 380. 
 Oriolidse iii. 363. 
 
 Oriolus iii. 363. 
 
 Oriolus aureus iii. 365. 
 
 Oriolus galhula iii. 363, 365, 612. 
 
 vi. 109. 
 
 Oriolus galbula, var. virescens .... iii. 365. 
 
 — — garrulus iii. 365. 
 
 kundoo „ . , . iii. 363, 369. 
 
 oriolus (Coracias) iii. 365. 
 
 (Turdus) iii. 365. 
 
 Orites iii. 61, 615. 
 
 caudatus iii. 67. 
 
 nivalis iii. 617. 
 
 tephronotus iii. 75. 
 
 ornata (Otis) vii. 391. 
 
 omatus (Garrulus) iv. 492. 
 
 (Plectrophanes) iv. 257. 
 
 Orospina iv. 149. 
 
 orphea (Curruca) ii. 411. 
 
 orphea (Sylvia) ii. 348, 375, 
 
 411, 414, 528. 
 v. 202, 210. 
 
 orphea griseocapilla (Curruca) .... ii. 411. 
 
 , var. helena (Curruca) . . ii. 411, 414. 
 
 orru (Corvus) iv. 633. 
 
 Ortygion. vii. 141. 
 
 coturnix vii. 143. 
 
 Ortygis vii. 247, 249. 
 
 andalusica vii. 249. 
 
 gibraltarica vii. 249. 
 
 Ortygometra vii. 265, 289. 
 
 arabica vii. 267. 
 
 baillonii vii. 275. 
 
 crex vii. 291. 
 
 maruetta vii. 267. 
 
 minuta vii. 283. 
 
 olivacea. vii. 283. 
 
 porzana vii. 267 . 
 
 pusilla vii. 283* 
 
 pygmaea vii. 275. 
 
 ortygometra (Rallus) vii. 291. 
 
 Ortyx virginianus vii. 141. 
 
 Oscines ii. 1. 
 
 conirostres iii. 525. 
 
 cultrirostres iv. 403. 
 
 dentirostres ii. 1. 
 
 latirostres iii. 471. 
 
 scutelliplantares iv. 273. 
 
 osculans (Hsemato^us) vii. 567 . 
 
 ossifraga (Phene) v. 401. 
 
 ossifragus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Falco) v. 551. 
 
 Ostralega vii. 565, 567. 
 
 — — europaea vii. 567. 
 
 pica vii. 567. 
 
 Ostralegus vii. 565. 
 
 haematopus vii. 567. 
 
 ostralegus (Haematopus) . vii. 565, 
 
 567. 
 
 Otidae * vii. 367. 
 
 Otis vii. 350, 367, 399. 
 
 Otis arabs vii. 367. 
 
 australis vii. 380. 
 
 caflra vii. 350. 
 
 deliciosa vii. 364. 
 
 hobara . . . '. vii. 391. 
 
 houbara vii. 391, 395, 396. 
 
 — - — kori vii. 380. 
 
 Otis macqueeni .... vii. 392, 395. 
 
 Otis major vii. 369. 
 
 marmorata vii. 395. 
 
 minor vii. 383. 
 
 oedicnemus vii. 401. 
 
 ornata vii. 391. 
 
 Otis tarda vi. 312. 
 
 vii. 367, 369, 376, 380. 
 
 Otis tetrao vii. 383. 
 
 Otis tetrax vii. 383. 
 
 undulata vii. 391, 392, 
 
 395, 396, 397.' 
 
 Otocoris 
 
 
 albigula 
 
 
 alpestris 
 
 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 bilopha 
 
 
 chrysolaema 
 
 
 cornuta 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 elwesi 
 
 iv. 395. 
 
 larvata 
 
 iv. 395, 401. 
 
 longirostris 
 
 iv. 395, 396. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 69 
 
 Otocoris occidentals iv. 387. 
 
 penicillata iv. 395. 
 
 scriba i v . 395, 401. 
 
 Otoeornis bilopha iv. 399. 
 
 Otocorys iv. 385, 400. 
 
 Otocorys albigula iv. 397, 401. 
 
 Otocorys alpestris iv. 385, 
 
 387, 395, 396, 397, 398, 
 399, 400, 401, 402. 
 
 bilopha iv. 392, 396, 398, 
 
 399, 400, 401, 402. 
 
 Otocorys brandti iv. 397, 401, 402. 
 
 chrysokema iv. 387, 401. 
 
 cornuta iv. 887, 401. 
 
 elwesi iv. 401. 
 
 larvata iv. 401. 
 
 longirostris iv. 397, 401. 
 
 minor iv. 401. 
 
 nivalis iv. 401. 
 
 Otocorys penicillata. ... iv. 395, 
 396, 397, 398, 401, 402. 
 
 Otocorys peregrina iv. 392, 401, 402. 
 
 Otocoryx iv. 385. 
 
 alpestris iv. 387. 
 
 bilopha iv. 899. 
 
 cornuta iv. 387. 
 
 Otogyps nnbicus v. 377. 
 
 Otomela iii. 373, 408, 416. 
 
 arenaria iii. 413, 416. 
 
 isabellina iii. 413, 415, 416. 
 
 phoenicuroides .... iii. 413, 415, 416. 
 
 speculigera iii. 416. 
 
 Otus v. 249, 337. 
 
 agrarius v. 257. 
 
 albicollis v. 251. 
 
 arboreus v. 251. 
 
 asio v. 251 . 
 
 assimilis v. 251. 
 
 aurita v. 251. 
 
 bracbyotos v. 257. 
 
 breviauris v. 257. 
 
 bubo v. 339. 
 
 capensis v. 265. 
 
 capensis major v. 205. 
 
 cassann 
 
 communis v. 251. 
 
 europseus v. 251. 
 
 gracilis v. 251. 
 
 italicus v. 251. 
 
 major v. 251. 
 
 microcephalus v. 257. 
 
 minor v. 251. 
 
 otus v. 2-4 . 
 
 palustris v. 2o7. 
 
 scops V. 
 
 sylvestris v. 251. 
 
 veru 3 v. 251. 
 
 vulgaris v. 251. 
 
 otus (TEgolius) v. 251. 
 
 otus (Asio) V. 249, 251, 258. 
 
 otus (Bubo) v. 251. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Strix) v. 251. 
 
 Oxylopkus v. 217. 
 
 glandarius v. 219. 
 
 pacifica (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 133. 
 
 pacificus (Colymbus) viii. 615, 618. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 588, 615. 
 
 Pagonetta vi. 615, 617. 
 
 Pagophila viii. 347, 349. 
 
 Pagophila brachytarsa viii. 351. 
 
 brachytarsus viii. 349. 
 
 Pagophila eburnea viii. 347, 349. 
 
 Pagophila eburneus viii. 349. 
 
 niveus viii. 349. 
 
 pagorum (Cecropis) iii. 477. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 Pallasia iv. 859. 
 
 leucoptera iv. 373. 
 
 pallasii (Alcedo) v. 113. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 507. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 165. 
 
 (Glareola) vii. 419. 
 
 (Ichthyaetus) viii. 369. 
 
 (Syrrhaptes) vii. 75. 
 
 Pallene * iv. 611, 618. 
 
 caudacuta iv. 613. 
 
 leuconota iv. 613. 
 
 macroptera iv. 613. 
 
 pallens (Aedon) ii. 547. 
 
 (Circus) v. 431. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 381. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 431. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 71. 
 
 brachyrhynchos (Aedon) .... ii. 547. 
 
 macrorhynchos ( Aedon j .... ii. 547. 
 
 Pallenura iii. 231, 251. 
 
 javensis iii. 251. 
 
 sulphurea iii. 251. 
 
 pallescens (Caccabis) vii. 97, 99. 
 
 palliatus (Hsematopus) vii. 573. 
 
 pallida (Alcedo) v. 113. 
 
 (Ammomanes) iv. 835, 336. 
 
 (Bernicla) vi. 889. 
 
 (Chloropeta) ii. 531. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 537. 
 
 (Galerita cristata) iv. 286. 
 
 (Hirundo urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 (Ilydrochelidon) viii. 327. 
 
 pallida (Hypolais). ... ii. 416, 517, 
 530,531,533,535,537, 
 538, 540, 542. 
 
 pallida (Perdix rubra) vii. 103. 
 
 (Ptyonoprogne) iii. 521. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 537. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 215, 218. 240. 
 
 iv. 275 
 
 pallidiceps (Caccabis) vii. 102. 
 
 pallidus (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 (Caccabis) vii. 97. 
 
 (Charadrius vanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 (Circus) v. 441. 
 
 (Cursorius) vii. 425. 
 
 pallidus (Cypselus) .... iv. 597, 
 
 598,599. 
 
 pallidus (Glaucopteryx) v. 441. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 (Pterocircus) v. 441- 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 441. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 71, 74. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 527. 
 
 pallipes (Anser) vi. 375. 
 
 paludibula (Cotyle) iii. 521. 
 
 paludicola (Sylvia) ii. 591. 
 
 paludosa (Alauda) iii. 317. 
 
 paludosus (Anas) vi. 363. 
 
 palurnbarius (Accipiter) v. 587. 
 
 palumbarius (Astur) v. 487, 
 
 585, 587. 
 vii. 133, 349. 
 
 palumbarius (Buteo) v. 587. 
 
 (Dsedalion) v. 587. 
 
 (Falco) v. 494, 587. 
 
 (Sparvius) v. 587. 
 
 palumbes (Columba) vii. 3. 
 
 Palumboena vii. 1. 
 
 columbella vii. 23. 
 
 oenas vii. 23. 
 
 Palumbus vii. 1, 3. 
 
 excelsus vii. 3. 
 
 torquatus vii. 3. 
 
 palumbus (Columba) v. 210. 
 
 vii. 3, 8, 24, 25. 
 palustris (Accipiter circus) v. 415. 
 
 palustris (Acrocephalus) . . ii. 562, 
 ' 565, 572, 573, 574, 577. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 palustris (Anser) vi. 355. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 (Brachyotus) v. 245, 257. 
 
 (Calamodyta) ii. 573. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 573. 
 
 (Circus) v. 415. 
 
 (Cotyle) iii. 505, 521. 
 
 (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 241, 246. 
 
 (Gelochelidon) viii. 295. 
 
 (Otus) v. 257. 
 
 palustris (Parus) .... iii. 90, 99, 
 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 
 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 
 119, 120, 129, 132, 147. 
 
 (Poecile) iii. 99, 107. 
 
 (Poikilis) iii, 99. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 561, 573. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 631. 
 
 t 
 
70 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 palustris (Strix) v. 257. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 573. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 143. 
 
 americanus (Brachyotus) .... v. 257. 
 
 , var. borealis (Parus) iii. 119. 
 
 panayana (Hirundo) iii. 477. 
 
 Pandicilla ii. 309, 317- 
 
 Pandion vi. 137. 
 
 Pandion albigularis vi. 139. 
 
 alticeps vi. 139. 
 
 americanus vi. 139. 
 
 carolinensis vi. 139. 
 
 clypeatus vi. 139. 
 
 fasciatus vi. 139. 
 
 fluvialis vi. 139. 
 
 gouldi vi. 139. 
 
 Pandion haliaetus v. 559. 
 
 vi. 137, 139. 
 
 Pandion haliaetus, var. carolinensis 
 
 vi. 139, 148. 
 
 ichthyaetus vi. 139. 
 
 indicus vi. 139. 
 
 leucocepbalus . . vi. 137, 139, 147, 148. 
 
 minor vi. 139. 
 
 planiceps vi. 139. 
 
 pandoo (Petrocincla) .... ii. 156, 157, 158, 
 
 159, 160, 162. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) ii. 149- 
 
 paimonicus (Mergus) vi. 699. 
 
 Pannychistes vi. 13. 
 
 rufipes vi. 93. 
 
 Panuridse ii. 165. 
 
 iii. 27, 47. 
 
 Panurus iii. 4-7. 
 
 Panurus barbatus iii. 49. 
 
 Panurus biarmicus .... iii. 47, 49. 
 
 papaverina (Passer) iv. 31* 
 
 papillosa (Ibis) vi. 327. 
 
 paradisea (Sterna) viii. 255, 273. 
 
 paradoxa (Oerthia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 127. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 75. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 207. 
 
 paradoxus (Astur) v. 587. 
 
 (Budytes) iii- 261. 
 
 (Circaetos) v. 503. 
 
 paradoxus (Syrrhaptes) . . vii. 73, 
 
 75, 81. 
 
 parasita (Catarractes) . 
 
 (Lestris) 
 
 , var. camtschatica 
 
 parasitica (Cataracta) . 
 
 (Oatarracta) 
 
 (Catarractes) . . . 
 
 (Hydroictinia) . 
 
 (Lestris) ....... 
 
 parasiticus (Larus) . . . 
 
 viii. 471. 
 
 viii. 471. 
 
 (Catarracta) 
 
 viii. 463. 
 
 viii. 481 . 
 
 viii. 481. 
 
 viii. 471, 481. 
 
 v. 657. 
 
 viii. 451. 
 
 viii. 403, 465, 
 
 471, 481. 
 
 parasiticus (Lestris) viii. 471, 481. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 657. 
 
 parasiticus (Stercorarius) viii. 455, 
 
 471, 481. 
 
 parasitus (Falco) v. 657. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 657. 
 
 pardela (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 Paridse iii. 47, 60, 61, 134, 144. 
 
 Paridiseidse iii. 363. 
 
 Parnopia ii. 609. 
 
 locustella ii. 611. 
 
 Paroides iii. 47, 61. 
 
 biarmicus iii. 49. 
 
 caudatus iii. 67. 
 
 longicaudus iii. 67. 
 
 parotis (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 Parus ii. 451, 530. 
 
 iii. 47, 61, 77, 149, 157, 
 231, 427. 
 
 Paras abietum iii. 87. 
 
 alpestris. . iii. 103, 105, 107, 109, 110, 
 
 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116. 
 
 Parus ater ii. 455, 456. 
 
 iii. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 
 93, 94, 101, 104. 
 
 Parus atricapillus iii. 105, 110, 112. 
 
 baicalensis iii. 114. 
 
 baikalensis iii. 105, 120. 
 
 baldensteinii iii. 107, 1 10. 
 
 biarmicus iii. 49. 
 
 bicolor iii. 116. 
 
 bombycilla iii. 429. 
 
 Parus borealis . . iii. 91, 100, 101, 
 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 
 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 
 118, 119, 120, 127, 129. 
 
 britannicus iii. 88, 
 
 91, 93, 94. 
 
 Parus cseruleanus iii. 139. 
 
 caerulescens iii. 131. 
 
 Parus cseruleus .... iii. 86, 90, 94, 
 104, 131, 140, 141, 147, 148. 
 
 camtschatkensis .... iii. 119, 
 
 120 . 
 
 Parus carbonarius iii. 87. 
 
 carolinensis iii. 105. 
 
 caspicus iii. 261. 
 
 caudatus iii. 63, 67, 73. 
 
 Parus cinctus ii. 282, 511. 
 
 iii. 125, 126, 128, 129. 
 
 Parus cinereus communis iii. 99. 
 
 lenensis iii. 129. 
 
 montauus iii. 107, 110. 
 
 eristatus iii. 151, 155. 
 
 v. 10. 
 
 cyaneus iii- 143. 
 
 Parus cyanus iii. 143. 
 
 Parus ferrugineus iii. 129 
 
 fringillago iii. 79. 
 
 fruticeti iii. 107, 110. 
 
 grisescens iii. 129. 
 
 ignotus iii. 285. 
 
 ■ kamsehatkensis iii. 105. 
 
 kamtsehatkensis iii. 120. 
 
 knjaesiek iii. 143. 
 
 lapponicus iii. 125, 128. 
 
 Parus ledouci iii. 85, 94. 
 
 lugubris. . . . iii. 102, 105, 107, 
 110, 115, 121, 
 125, 128. 
 
 Paras luteus iii. 261. 
 
 Parus major ii. 334. 
 
 iii. 59, 77, 79, 80, 81, 90, 94, 
 104, 123, 135, 191, 380. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Parus mitratus iii. 151. 
 
 narbonensis .- iii. 159. ' 
 
 Parus palustris . . iii. 90, 99, 101, 
 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 
 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119, 
 120, 129, 132, 147. 
 
 Paras palustris, var. borealis iii. 119. 
 
 pekinensis iii. 88, 90. 
 
 pendulinus iii. 159. 
 
 pinetorum iii. 87. 
 
 polonicus * iii. 159. 
 
 robustus iii. 79. 
 
 roseus iii. 63. 
 
 rufescens iii. 129. 
 
 russicus iii. 49. 
 
 saebyensis iii. 143. 
 
 salicarius iii. 99. 
 
 sibiricus iii. 110, 125, 126, 
 
 127, 128, 129. 
 
 sibiricus, forma major iii. 128. 
 
 , forma tj^pica iii. 129. 
 
 Parus teneriffae iii. 132, 133, 
 
 139, 140. 
 
 Parus tephronotus iii. 75. 
 
 ultramarinus iii. 85, 139. 
 
 violaeeus iii. 139, 140. 
 
 parva (Erythrosterna) iii. 465. 
 
 parva (Muscicapa). . iii. 465, 468, 
 
 469. 
 
 (Porzana) vii. 276, 277, 
 
 280, 283. 
 
 parva ruficollis (Erythrosterna) . . iii. 465. 
 
 rufigularis (Erythrosterna) . . iii. 465. 
 
 parvifrons (Gallinula) vii. 316. 
 
 (Stagnicola) vii. 313. 
 
 parvirostris (Tringa) viii. 114, 115. 
 
 parvulus (Troglodytes) . . iii. 217, 
 219, 223, 229, 230. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 parvus (Rallus) vii. 278, 283, 287. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 71 
 
 Passer iii. 525, 533, 547, 
 
 565, 583, 605, 615. 
 iv. 1, 29, 251. 
 
 Passer alpicola iii. 619. 
 
 arboreus iii. 587, 597. 
 
 bononensis iii. 607. 
 
 calcaratus iv. 253. 
 
 campestris iii. 597. 
 
 cannabina iv. 31. 
 
 carduelis iii. 527. 
 
 cbloris iii. 567. 
 
 cisalpinus iii. 585. 
 
 Passer domesticus . . iii. 500, 583, 
 585, 586, 587, 593, 594, 
 595, 596, 597, 598, 600, 
 601, 602, 605. 
 v. 210, 363. 
 
 Passer domesticus cisalpinus .... iii. 585. 
 
 , var. italicus iii. 585. 
 
 , var. salicarius iii. 593. 
 
 fringilla nivalis iii. 617. 
 
 Passer hispaniolensis iii. 585, 
 
 586, 589, 592, 593. 
 v. 429, 487, 488. 
 Passer indicus iii. 587, 595. 
 
 Passer italise iii. 585, 589, 
 
 592, 594. 
 
 Passer jagoensis vi. 48. 
 
 lichtensteinii iii. 603. 
 
 linaria iv. 31, 37. 
 
 argentoratensis iv. 31. 
 
 minima iv. 47. 
 
 montana iv. 59. 
 
 rubra major iv. 31. 
 
 minor iv. 37. 
 
 montanina iii. 597. 
 
 Passer montanus . . iii. 597, 604. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Passer papaverina iv. 31. 
 
 petronia iii. 500, 607. 
 
 pusillus iii- 561. 
 
 rufidorsalis iii. 587 . 
 
 megarhyncbus iii. 587. 
 
 microrhynchus iii. 587. 
 
 salicarius iii- 593. 
 
 v. 619. 
 
 salicicola iii. 593. 
 
 iv. 352. 
 
 sclavonicus iv. 219. 
 
 serinus iii. 549. 
 
 canarius iii. 557. 
 
 italicus iii. 535. 
 
 silvestris iii. 607 . 
 
 Passer simplex iii. 603. 
 
 Passer spiza iv. 3. 
 
 stultus iii. 607 . 
 
 tingitanus iii. 587. 
 
 Passerculus iv. 194. 
 
 savanna iv. 194. 
 
 Fasseres ii. 1. 
 
 Passerina iv. 149, 251. 
 
 aureola iv. 223. 
 
 borealis iv. 261. 
 
 collaris iv. 223. 
 
 lapponica iv. 253. 
 
 melanocephala iv. 151. 
 
 nivalis iv. 261. 
 
 passerina (Athene) v. 349. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 389. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 218, 
 
 245, 246, 247. 
 
 (Microptynx) v. 349. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 383, 390. 
 
 (Noctua) v. 349, 367. 
 
 (Strix) v. 349, 353, 367. 
 
 (Surnia) v. 349. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 348, 349, 887, 
 
 389, 403. 
 
 passerinum (Glaucidium) . v. 347, 
 
 349, 350. 
 
 pastinator (Corvus) .... iv. 534, 552, 555. 
 
 Pastor iv. 421. 
 
 Pastor peguanus iv. 423, 428. 
 
 Pastor roseus . . iv. 421, 423, 428. 
 
 pastor (Pratincola) ii. 265. 
 
 patagiatus (Pelecanus) vi. 199. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 629. 
 
 Pauli de Wurtemberg (Thalasseus) 
 
 viii. 301. 
 
 Pavoncella viii. 85. 
 
 pugnax viii. 87. 
 
 pavonina (Balearica) vii. 363. 
 
 paykullii (Scolopax) viii. 187. 
 
 payraudaei (Carpodacus) iv. 85. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 85. 
 
 payraudei (Larus) viii. 395. 
 
 pectoralis (Buteo) v. 463. 
 
 (Calliope) ii. 342. 
 
 (Fedoa) viii. 203. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 11. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 277. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 11. 
 
 Pecuarius iv. 421. 
 
 roseus iv. 423. 
 
 Pedeaithya viii. 627, 639. 
 
 peguanus (Pastor) iv. 423, 428. 
 
 pekinensis (Alauda) iv. 307, 312. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 588. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 127, 134, 135. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 88, 90. 
 
 pelagica (Ilydrobates) viii. 491. 
 
 pelagica (Procellaria) . . viii. 489, 
 
 491, 497, 505. 
 
 (Thalassidroma) . . viii. 491, 
 
 493, 500, 501, 502. 
 
 pelagicus (Ilaliaetus) v. 551. 
 
 (Ilydrobates) viii. 491. 
 
 pelasgia (Chsetura) iv. 616. 
 
 Pelecanidse vi. 149. 
 
 Pelecanus . . vi. 149, 179, 191, 195. 
 
 Pelecanus africanus vi. 169. 
 
 bassanus vi. 181. 
 
 earbo vi. 151. 
 
 Pelecanus crispus . . vi. 195, 196, 
 197, 199, 202, 203. 
 
 viii. 414. 
 
 Pelecanus cristatus vi. 163. 
 
 giganteus vi. 193. 
 
 graculus vi. 163. 
 
 longirostris vi. 196. 
 
 maculatus vi. 181. 
 
 minor vi. 193, 195, 196. 
 
 mitratus vi. 195, 196. 
 
 Pelecanus onocrotalus . . vi. 191, 
 193, 195, 196, 197, 
 * 199, 201, 204. 
 
 Pelecanus patagiatus . . 
 
 philippensis . . . . 
 
 punctatus 
 
 • pygm seus 
 
 roseus 
 
 sinensis 
 
 pelecanus (Procellaria) 
 pelegrinoides (Falco) . 
 
 Pelidna 
 
 alpina 
 
 americana 
 
 calidris 
 
 chinensis 
 
 einclus 
 
 , var 
 
 macrorhynehos . . 
 
 maculata 
 
 maritima 
 
 megarhyncbos . . . 
 
 melanothorax . . . , 
 
 melanotos 
 
 minuta 
 
 pacifica 
 
 pectoralis 
 
 platyrhyncha . . . 
 
 pusilla 
 
 schinzii 
 
 subarquata 
 
 temminckii 
 
 variabilis 
 
 Pelionetta 
 
 perspicillata . . . . 
 
 trowbridgii 
 
 Pelodes 
 
 delalandii 
 
 fluviatilis 
 
 hybrida 
 
 indica 
 
 surinamensis . . . 
 
 Pelorychus 
 
 pelzelni (Podiceps) . . . 
 Pendulinus 
 
 vi. 199. 
 
 vi. 201. 
 
 vi. 181. 
 
 vi. 173. 
 
 vi. 193. 
 
 vi. 151. 
 
 vi. 151. 
 
 vi. 47. 
 
 viii. 1, 9, 21. 
 .... viii. 21. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 . ‘ viii. 21, 59. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 viii. 15. 
 
 viii. 59. 
 
 viii. 11. 
 
 viii. 69. 
 
 viii. 3. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 . viii. 15, 16. 
 .... viii. 29. 
 .... viii. 21. 
 .... viii. 11. 
 
 viii. 3. 
 
 . viii. 29, 51. 
 
 . viii. 15, 21. 
 
 viii. 59. 
 
 viii. 45. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 , vi. 655, 669. 
 
 vi. 669. 
 
 vi. 669. 
 
 viii. 313, 315. 
 ... viii. 315. 
 
 . . . . viii. 315. 
 ... viii. 815. 
 ... viii. 315, 
 ... viii. 327. 
 vii. 629, 641. 
 
 . . . viii. 665'. 
 iii. 157. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 72 
 
 P endulinus macrourus iii. 159. 
 
 macrurus iii. 159. 
 
 medius iii. 159. 
 
 polonicus iii. 159. 
 
 pendulinus (iEgithalus) . . iii. 157, 
 
 159, 165, 166. 
 
 pendulinus (Parus) iii. 159. 
 
 , var. jaxartica (TEgithalus) . . iii. 159. 
 
 penelope (Anas) vi. 528, 541, 551. 
 
 penelope (Mareca) . . vi. 539, 541, 
 
 546, 584. 
 
 Penelops vi. 539. 
 
 penelops (Anas) vi. 541. 
 
 penicillata (Alauda) iv. 395. 
 
 penicillata (Otocorys) . . iv. 395, 
 
 396, 397, 398, 401, 402. 
 
 pennata (Aquila) ii. 282. 
 
 v. 481, *485, 486, 487, 573, 583. 
 
 pennatus (Butaetus) v. 481. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 471. 
 
 (Falco) v. 481. 
 
 (Hiraetus) v. 481. 
 
 (Nisaetus) v. 481. 
 
 (Scops) y. 333, 334. 
 
 pennsylvanica (Alauda) iii. 331. 
 
 pennsylvanicus (Antlius) iii. 331. 
 
 pensilvanica (Alauda) iii. 331. 
 
 Penthestes iii. 77. 
 
 lugubris iii. 121. 
 
 Percnopterus v. 389. 
 
 aegvptiacus v. 391. 
 
 percnopterus (Cathartes) v. 391. 
 
 percnopterus (Neophron) . v. 384, 
 389, 391, 395, 396, 
 406, 408. 
 
 percnopterus (Vultur) v. 373, 391. 
 
 , var. capensis (Vultur) v. 391. 
 
 Perdix vii. 
 
 Perdix alpina 
 
 aJtaica 
 
 andalusica 
 
 a.rflo-fynip.fl. .... 
 
 91, 115, 121, 129, 
 141, 235, 247. 
 
 vii. 61 . 
 
 barbata 
 
 vii. 132, 137. 
 
 bonhami 
 
 
 
 vii. 241. 
 
 caueasica ..... 
 
 vii. 237. 
 
 ehukar 
 
 vii. 97, 136. 
 
 ckukart 
 
 vii. 97. 
 
 cineracea 
 
 vii. 131. 
 
 Perdix cinerea. . 
 
 vii. 112, 118, 129, 
 
 
 131, 136. 
 
 Perdix cinereo-alba . 
 
 vii. 131. 
 
 coturnix 
 
 vi. 109. 
 
 
 vii. 143. 
 
 coturnix major. 
 
 vii. 143. 
 
 damascena . . . 
 
 vii. 131. 
 
 francolinus . . . 
 
 
 gibraltarica . . . 
 
 
 Perdix graeca : . vii. 93, 97. 
 
 griseogularis vii. 117. 
 
 kepburnias vii. 123. 
 
 labatiei vii. 94. 
 
 minor vii. 131. 
 
 montana vii. 131. 
 
 petrosa vii. 111 . 
 
 rubra ; vii. 103. 
 
 barbarica vii. 111. 
 
 Candida vii. 103. 
 
 intercedens vii. 108. 
 
 pallida vii. 103. 
 
 varia vii. 103. 
 
 rufa vii. 103, 111. 
 
 rufidorsalis vii. 108. 
 
 rupestris vii. 93. 
 
 saxatilis vii. 93. 
 
 sinaica vii. 97. 
 
 sylvestris vii. 131. 
 
 svnaica vii. 97. 
 
 -vulgaris vii. 131. 
 
 perdix (Starna) vii. 131. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 131. 
 
 peregrina (Anas) vi. 595. 
 
 (Clang-ula) vi. 595. 
 
 (Falcinellus) vi. 335. 
 
 (Luscinia) ii. 3G3. 
 
 (Miliaria) iv. 163. 
 
 (Otocorys) iv. 392, 401, 402. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 101. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 641. 
 
 (Teimatias) vii. 641. 
 
 peregrinator (Falco) vi. 41. 
 
 peregrinoides (Falco) . . vi. 43, 47, 51, 54. 
 
 peregrinus (Accipiter falco) vi. 31. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 403. 
 
 (Caprimulgus europseus) .... iv. 621. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 167. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 peregrinus (Falco) v. 494. 
 
 vi. 13, 31, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 
 
 47, 55, 61, 184. 
 
 peregrinus (Nisus) v. 599. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 205. 
 
 , var. capensis (Falco) vi. 43. 
 
 Perisoreus iv. 469. 
 
 Perisoreus canadensis iv. 469,473. 
 
 capitalis iv. 469. 
 
 Perisoreus infaustus .... iv. 463, 
 469, 471, 475, 476. 
 
 Perisoreus obscurus iv. 469. 
 
 Peristera vii. 37. 
 
 tegyptiaca vii. 55. 
 
 afra vii. 57. 
 
 cinerea vii. 37. 
 
 glauconotus vii. 39. 
 
 intercedens vii. 53. 
 
 pygmma vii. 55. 
 
 risoria vii. 51. 
 
 rufescens vii. 55. 
 
 Peristera rufidorsalis vii. 39. 
 
 senegalensis vii. 55. 
 
 tenera vii. 39. 
 
 turtur vii. 39. 
 
 per lata (Strix) v. 237, 240. 
 
 Pernis vi. 1, 3. 
 
 Pernis apium vi. 3. 
 
 apivora vi. 3. 
 
 Pernis apivorus v. 649, 668 . 
 
 vi. 1 , 3, 8 . 
 
 Pernis apivorus apium vi. 3. 
 
 major vi. 3. 
 
 planiceps vi. 3. 
 
 vesparum vi. 3. 
 
 communis vi. 3. 
 
 platyura vi. 3. 
 
 ptilorhyncbus vi. 8 . 
 
 taehardus vi. 3. 
 
 vesparum vi. 3. 
 
 persica (Athene) v. 367. 
 
 (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 (Noctua) v. 867. 
 
 (Strix) '. . . . v. 367. 
 
 cristata (Pluvialis) vii. 539. 
 
 persicus (Charadrius) vii. 539. 
 
 (Hoplopterus) vii. 539. 
 
 persicus (Merops) . . v. 160, 165, 
 
 167, 168. 
 
 persicus (Vultur) v. 373. 
 
 personatus (Lanius) iii. 417. 
 
 perspicillata (Anas) vi. 669. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 669. 
 
 (Melanitta) vi. 669. 
 
 perspicillata (CEdemia) . vi. 669. 
 
 perspicillata (Pelionetta) . . . vi. 669, 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 669. 
 
 , var. trowbridgei (CEdemia) . vi. 669. 
 
 petenyi (Teimatias) vii. 641. 
 
 Petrocichla ii. 127. 
 
 saxatilis ii. 129. 
 
 Petrocincla ii. 127. 
 
 affinis ii. 150, 158, 159. 
 
 cyana ii. 139. 
 
 cyanea ii. 133, 139, 
 
 157, 160. 
 
 longirostris ii. 139, 149, 157, 158. 
 
 maal ii. 156, 157 
 
 manillensis ii. 150, 157, 160.' 
 
 pandoo ii. 156, 157, 158, 
 
 159, 160, 162. 
 
 saxatilis ii. 129, 135, 350. 
 
 violacea ii. 150. 
 
 Petrocossyphus .... ii. 127, 149. 
 
 affinis ii. 149, 150, 157. 
 
 azureus ii. 149. 
 
 castaneicollis ii. 134 . 
 
 cyaneus ii. 139, 146, 149, 158. 
 
 Petrocossyphus cyanus . . ii. 127, 
 139, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152 ’ 
 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 73 
 
 Petrocossyphus goureyi ii. 129. 
 
 longirostris ii. 149. 
 
 maal ii. 149. 
 
 manilla ii. 149. 
 
 manillensis ii. 149, 150, 156, 
 
 157, 158, 161. 
 
 olivaceus ii. 149. 
 
 pandoo ii. 149, 157. 
 
 polyglottus ii. 129. 
 
 saxatilis ii. 129, 146, 149. 
 
 sohtarius ii. 141, 149, 150, 151, 
 
 152, 157, 158, 159, 162. 
 
 Petrocyanea vi. 505. 
 
 Petrodroma iii. 205. 
 
 muraria iii. 207. 
 
 Petronia iii. 605, 607, 
 
 613, 615. 
 
 brachydactyla iii. 605, 
 
 610, 611. 
 
 Petronia brachyrhynchos iii. 607. 
 
 brexirostris iii. 607. 
 
 macrorhynchos iii. 607. 
 
 rupestris iii. 607. 
 
 saxorum iii. 607. 
 
 Petronia stulta .... iii. 605, 607, 
 
 612, 613. 
 
 petronia (Coccotbraustes) iii. 607. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 607. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 500, 607. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 607. 
 
 petrosa (Alauda) iii. 343, 345. 
 
 petrosa (Caccabis) v. 360. 
 
 vii. 106, 109, 111. 
 
 petrosa (Perdix) yii. 111. 
 
 petrosus (Anthus) iii. 343. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 111. 
 
 peyrousei (Rallus) vii. 283. 
 
 pboenicoptera (Ticbodroma) iii. 207. 
 
 Phseopus viii. 219. 
 
 arquatus viii. 227 . 
 
 phseopus (Numenius) . . viii. 154, 
 199, 227, 230, 237, 239, 245. 
 
 phseopus (Scolopax) viii. 227, 245. 
 
 phaiopterus (Cuculus) v. 219. 
 
 Pbalacroeorax vi. 149, 151. 
 
 africanus vi. 169. 
 
 Pbalacroeorax arboreus vi. 151. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbos vi. 151. 
 
 capensis vi. 1 66. 
 
 capillatus vi. 151. 
 
 Pbalacroeorax carbo .... vi. 149, 
 151, 156, 158, 165, 
 
 166, 184. 
 
 Pbalacroeorax carbo major vi. 152. 
 
 carbo medins vi. 152. 
 
 carboides vi. 151. 
 
 cristatus vi. 163, 165. 
 
 desmaresti vi. 163. 
 
 glaeialis vi. 151. 
 
 Phalacrocorax graculus . . vi. 154, 
 
 163, 184. 
 
 Phala'crocorax buinilirostris vi. 151. 
 
 leucotis vi. 151. 
 
 longicaudus vi. 169. 
 
 medius vi. 151. 
 
 minor vi. 163. 
 
 niepcii vi. 173. 
 
 novse-hollandise vi. 151. 
 
 Phalacrocorax pygmseus. . vi. 170, 
 171, 173, 175, 176. 
 
 Pbalacroeorax sinensis vi. 151. 
 
 subcormoranus vi. 151. 
 
 Pbalaridion vii. 265, 275. 
 
 Phalaridium vii. 265. 
 
 pusillum vii. 283. 
 
 Phalaropus .... vii. 595, 599, 605. 
 
 Pbalaropus angustirostris vii. 597. 
 
 asiaticus vii. 605. 
 
 australis vii. 597. 
 
 cinerascens vii. 597. 
 
 cinereus vii. 597, 609. 
 
 Phalaropus fulicarius . . vii. 595, 
 
 599, 604, 605. 
 
 Pbalaropus fuscus vii. 597. 
 
 glaeialis vii. 605. 
 
 griseus vii. 695. 
 
 Phalaropus hyperboreus vii. 597, 
 599, 606, 607, 610, 611. 
 Pbalaropus lobatus .... vii. 597, 599, 605. 
 
 platyrbyncbus vii. 605. 
 
 platyrostris vii. 605. 
 
 rufescens vii. 605. 
 
 ruficollis vii. 597. 
 
 rufus vii. 605. 
 
 vulgaris vii. 597. 
 
 williamsii vii. 597. 
 
 yperboreus vii. 597. 
 
 pbaraonica (Ardea) vi. 217. 
 
 pharaonis (Strix) v. 367. 
 
 Phasaridion vii. 283. 
 
 Phasiauidse vii. 83. 
 
 Pbasianurus vi. 529. 
 
 acutus vi. 531. 
 
 Phasianus vii. 83, 85. 
 
 colchicus vii. 83, 85, 
 
 86, 87. 
 
 Phasianus marginatus vii. 85. 
 
 mongolicus v. 476. 
 
 reevesii •. . vii. 87. 
 
 varius vii. 85. 
 
 versicolor vii. 87. 
 
 Phasmoptynx v. 249, 265. 
 
 capensis v. 265. 
 
 , var. tingitanus v. 265. 
 
 Pbene v. 399. 
 
 ossifraga v. 401. 
 
 philadelphise (Larus) viii. 356. 
 
 Philarumus iv. 385, 387. 
 
 Pbileremos iv. 
 
 albigula 
 
 alpestris 
 
 bicornis 
 
 brachydactyla . . . . 
 
 p.nmntus 
 
 327, 339, 359, 385. 
 
 iv. 395. 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 iv. 399. 
 
 .... iv. 341, 355. 
 iv. 387. 
 
 isabellina 
 
 iv. 329. 
 
 kollyi 
 
 iv. 341. 
 
 moreatica 
 
 iv. 341. 
 
 rufescens 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 scriba 
 
 iv. 395. 
 
 sibirica 
 
 iv. 373. 
 
 striatus 
 
 iv. 387. 
 
 philippensis (^Egialitis) 
 
 vii. 494. 
 
 — — (Colymbus) 
 
 viii. 659. 
 
 (Pelecanus) 
 
 vi. 201. 
 
 (Podiceps) 
 
 viii. 659. 
 
 (Tachybaptus) 
 
 viii. 659. 
 
 philippina (Hiaticula) . . 
 
 
 pbilippinus (JEgialites) 
 
 
 (Charadrius) 
 
 vii. 491. 
 
 (Corvus) 
 
 
 fMerops) 
 
 v. 168. 
 
 Philohela 
 
 
 Pbilolimnos 
 
 
 gallinula 
 
 
 minor 
 
 
 stagnatilis 
 
 
 Pliilomaehus 
 
 . . . . vii. 537, 539. 
 
 viii. 85. 
 
 pugnax 
 
 
 Philomela 
 
 . ii. 361, 375, 637. 
 
 atricapilla 
 
 ii. 421. 
 
 luscinia 
 
 ii. 363. 
 
 magna 
 
 ii. 369. 
 
 sericea 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 turdoides 
 
 ii. 369. 
 
 philomela (Calamoberpe) 
 
 ii. 573. 
 
 (Curruca) 
 
 ii. 369. 
 
 philomela (Daulias) 
 
 . . ii. 364, 365, 
 
 366, 368, 
 
 369, 370, 372. 
 v. 210. 
 
 philomela (Erithacus) ii. 369. 
 
 (Luscinia) ii. 363, 369. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 369. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 369. 
 
 (Sylvia) , ii. 369. 
 
 philomelos (Turdus) ii. 19. 
 
 philothamna (Saxicola) . . ii. 223, 
 225, 228, 229, 240, 241. 
 
 Phlotbrus v. 153. 
 
 viridissimus v . 1 7 1 . 
 
 phoenicopos (Gavia ridibunda) . . viii. 369. 
 
 pboenicoptera (Erytbrospiza) iv. 91 . 
 
 (Fringilla coccothraustes) .... iv. 91. 
 
 (Rhodopechys) .... iv. 91. 
 
 Phcenicopteridse vi. 341. 
 
 Phcenicopterus .... vi. 341, 343. 
 Phcenicopterus andersoni vi. 343. 
 
 U 
 
74 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Phcenieopterus antiquorum . . vi. 343, 347. 
 
 antiquus vi. 343. 
 
 blythi vi. 343. 
 
 erythraeus vi. 343, 345, 349. 
 
 europaeus vi. 343. 
 
 ignipalliatus vi. 349. 
 
 major vi. 343. 
 
 minor vi. 343, 348. 
 
 platyrhynchos vi. 343. 
 
 Phoenicopterus roseus . . vi. 341, 
 
 343, 348, 349. 
 
 Phoenicopterus ruber vi. 343, 349. 
 
 rubidus vi. 349. 
 
 phoenicopterus (Ampelis) iii. 427. 
 
 (Carpodacus) iv. 91, 92. 
 
 phoenicopus (Anser) vi. 369. 
 
 Pboenicura ii. 275, 309. 
 
 atrata ii. 289. 
 
 muraria ii. 277. 
 
 nipalensis, var. atrata ii. 289. 
 
 reevesii ii. 305. 
 
 rutacilla ii. 277. 
 
 suecica ii. 317. 
 
 tethys ii. 293. 
 
 phoenicura (Ruticilla) ii. 277, 287, 
 
 291, 302, 303. 
 
 phoenicuroides (Lanius) iii. 413, 
 
 414, 416. 
 
 (Mirafra) iv. 329. 
 
 (Otomela) iii. 413, 415, 416. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 289, 292. 
 
 phcenicurus (Ficedula) ii. 277. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 413, 414, 415. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 277. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 277. 
 
 phcenicurus (Ruticilla) . . ii. 275, 
 277, 285, 287, 297, 301. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 phoenicurus (Saxicola) ii. 277. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 277. 
 
 iii. 127. 
 
 -, var. caniceps (Lanius) . . iii. 413, 414 
 -, var. montana (Lanius) .... iii. 413. 
 -, var. ruficeps (Lanius) . , iii. 413, 414. 
 
 phoenix (Onocrotalus) vi. 193. 
 
 Phoneus , iii. 373. 
 
 rufus iii. 407. 
 
 Phragmites ii. 637. 
 
 cetti ii. 639. 
 
 phragmitis (Acrocephalus) ii. 597. 
 
 (Calamodyta) ii. 597, 635. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 597, 615. 
 
 (Cariciola) ii. 597. 
 
 (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Muscipeta) ii. 597. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 597. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 597. 
 
 Phylaconetta vi. 607. 
 
 histrionica vi. 609. 
 
 Phyllobasileus ii. 467. 
 
 coronatus ii. 507. 
 
 Phyllobasileus superciliosa ii, 470. 
 
 superciliosus ii. 469, 
 
 Phyllopneuste ii. 467, 515, 530. 
 
 acredula ii. 491. 
 
 alpestris ii. 503. 
 
 arborea ii. 491. 
 
 bonellii ii. 503. 
 
 borealis ii. 509. 
 
 brevirostris ii. 485. 
 
 coronata ii. 507. 
 
 coronatus ii. 507. 
 
 eversmanni ii. 491, 509. 
 
 excoronatus ii. 507. 
 
 fitis ii. 491. 
 
 gracilis ii. 491. 
 
 hippolais ii. 485. 
 
 hypolais ii. 521. 
 
 icterina ii. 521. 
 
 kennicottii ii. 509. 
 
 major ii. 491. 
 
 megarhynchos ii. 497. 
 
 middendorffii ii. 507. 
 
 modesta ii. 469. 
 
 montana ii. 503. 
 
 opaca ii. 531. 
 
 orientalis ii. 503. 
 
 pinetorum ii. 485. 
 
 plumbeitarsus ii. 507. 
 
 proregulus ii. 469. 
 
 rama ii. 541. 
 
 reguloides ii. 469. 
 
 rufa ii. 485. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 491. 
 
 sibillatrix ii. 497. 
 
 solitaria ii. 485. 
 
 superciliosa ii. 470. 
 
 superciliosus ii. 470. 
 
 sylvestris ii. 485. 
 
 sylvicola ii. 497. 
 
 tristis ii. 477. 
 
 trochilus ii. 491, 539. 
 
 Phyllopseuste ii. 467. 
 
 rufa ii. 485. 
 
 tristis ii. 477. 
 
 trochilus ii. 491. 
 
 Phyllopseustes ii. 467. 
 
 borealis ii. 509. 
 
 Phylloscopinae ii. 451. 
 
 Phylloscopus ii. 451, 467, 
 
 474, 481, 482, 483, 489, 
 491, 499, 500, 505, 509, 
 511, 514, 515, 563. 
 Phylloscopus abyssinicus , . . . ii. 485, 489. 
 Phylloscopus bonellii .... ii. 501, 
 
 503. 
 
 borealis .... ii. 359, 467, 508, 
 
 509, 510, 511, 512, 
 513, 514. 
 
 Phylloscopus brehmi ii. 485, 489. 
 
 brevirostris ii. 489. 
 
 Phylloscopus collybita ii. 477, 
 
 483, 485, 489, 511. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Phylloscopus eversmanni . 
 
 . .. ii. 481, 493. 
 
 fuscatus 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 gaetkei 
 
 ... ii. 491, 495. 
 
 habessinicus 
 
 
 hylebata 
 
 ii. 509. 
 
 magnirostris 
 
 ii. 474. 
 
 modestus 
 
 ii. 469. 
 
 nitidus 
 
 . . ii. 468, 508. 
 
 occipitalis 
 
 ii. 473. 
 
 Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus 
 
 ii. 467, 507. 
 Phylloscopus proregulus. . ii. 468, 471,472. 
 
 rufus ii. 485. 
 
 Phylloscopus sibilatrix . . ii. 474, 
 497, 499, 503, 506, 512, 513. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 superciliosus . . ii. 467, 469, 
 
 470, 472, 473, 483, 
 508, 514. 
 
 Phylloscopus sylvicultrix ii. 509. 
 
 Phylloscopus tristis ii. 477, 
 
 483, 488, 514. 
 vii. 469. 
 
 trochilus ii. 467, 476, 488, 
 
 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 
 499, 511, 512, 514. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Phylloscopus tytleri ii. 474. 
 
 viridanus .... ii. 468, 472, 507, 508. 
 
 Pica iv. 469, 
 
 Pica albiventris 
 
 bactriana 
 
 bottanensis 
 
 butanensis 
 
 caudata 
 
 chinensis 
 
 cooki 
 
 cyana 
 
 cyanea 
 
 europaea 
 
 germanica 
 
 hiemalis 
 
 hudsonica 
 
 infausta 
 
 japonica 
 
 leucoptera ...... 
 
 Pica mauritanica 
 
 Pica media 
 
 megaloptera . . . . 
 
 melanoleuca . . . 
 
 nuttalli 
 
 501, 507. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 , ... iv. 509, 511. 
 
 ii. 182. 
 
 iv. 509, 510. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 iv. 482, 509, 514. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 iv. 503. 
 
 iv. 603. 
 
 iv. 503. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 iv. 609. 
 
 ii. 182. 
 
 iv. 509, 511, 517. 
 
 . i iv. 471. 
 
 ... iv. 509, 511. 
 
 , . . . iv. 510, 511. 
 . . iv. 507, 510, 
 511, 514, 519. 
 
 , . . . iv. 509, 516. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 iv. 509. 
 
 ... iv. 507, 510. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 75 
 
 Pica rustica iv. 507, 509, 510, 
 
 511, 517, 519, 520. 
 v. 210, 222, 223. 
 
 Pica septentrionalis iv. 509. 
 
 sericea iv. 509, 511. 
 
 tibetana iv. 509. 
 
 varia iv. 509. 
 
 varia japonica iv. 509. 
 
 vulgaris iv. 609. 
 
 pica (Alca) viii. 557, 575, 578. 
 
 (Cleptes) iv. 509. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 509. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 509. 
 
 (Ostralega) vii. 567. 
 
 (Pinguinus) viii. 557. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 567. 
 
 (Utamania) viii. 557. 
 
 picata (Saxicola) ii. 189. 
 
 Pici v. 1. 
 
 Picicorvus columbianus iv. 449. 
 
 Picidse v. 1. 
 
 Picinse v. 1. 
 
 Picoides v. 67. 
 
 Picoides alpinus v. 69. 
 
 arcticus v. 72. 
 
 crissoleucos v. 69. 
 
 europseus v. 69. 
 
 birsutus v. 67, 72. 
 
 montanus v. 69. 
 
 Picoides tridactylus . . v. 67, 69. 
 
 Picoides variegatus v. 69. 
 
 picta (Gallinago) vii. 642, 
 
 pictus (Francolinus) vii. 125. 
 
 (Glandarius) iv. 481. 
 
 (Plectrophanes) iv. 257. 
 
 Piculus v. 17. 
 
 erassirostris v. 53. 
 
 herbarum v. 53. 
 
 bortorum v. 53. 
 
 minor v. 53. 
 
 pusillus v. 53. 
 
 Picus iii. 167. 
 
 v. 1, 17, 22, 67, 75, 101. 
 
 Picus algirus . . . 
 
 alpestris . . . 
 
 baskiriensis 
 
 brevirostris 
 
 cabanisi . . . 
 
 caniceps . . . 
 
 canus 
 
 cblorio . . . 
 
 cirris 
 
 cissa 
 
 crissoleucus , 
 
 cruentatus . 
 
 cynsedus . . . 
 
 — — damascensis 
 
 dorsalis . . . 
 
 feliciae .... 
 
 frondium . 
 
 v. 93. 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 v. 22, 23. 
 
 v. 95. 
 
 v. 95. 
 
 v. 95. 
 
 v. 39, 40. 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 v. 69, 70. 
 
 . . v. 35, 36, 37, 38. 
 
 v. 47. 
 
 v. 37. 
 
 v. 71. 
 
 v. 22, 27, 35, 36, 37. 
 v. 19. 
 
 Picus fuliginosus . . . . 
 
 gouldii 
 
 bimalayanus . . . . 
 
 himalayensis . . . . 
 
 birsutus 
 
 bortorum 
 
 iynx 
 
 jugurtha 
 
 kamtscbatcensis 
 
 kamtscbatkensis 
 
 kban 
 
 kisuki 
 
 ledouci 
 
 Picus leuconotus 
 
 v. 35. 
 
 v. 22,23,25. 
 
 v. 22. 
 
 v. 22. 
 
 v. 69. 
 
 v. 53. 
 
 v. 103. 
 
 v. 33. 
 
 v. 65. 
 
 v. 55, 58, 63. 
 
 ... v. 22, 35, 36, 37. 
 
 v. 6. 
 
 v. 53, 55, 63 
 
 .. v.21, 31, 39, 
 40, 41, 42, 45, 46. 
 
 Picus leucopterus v. 22. 
 
 leucopygus v. 69. 
 
 — — leucotos v. 39. 
 
 Picus lilfordi v. 41, 45, 46. 
 
 Picus luciani v. 22, 23. 
 
 lunatus v. 33. 
 
 Picus major iii. 154. 
 
 v. 1, 5, 7, 10, 17, 19, 21, 
 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,31, 34, 
 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 46, 
 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 58, 62. 
 
 Picus maj oroides v. 22. 
 
 mandarinus v. 22. 
 
 martius .... v. 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15. 
 
 viii. 198, 199. 
 
 mauritanus v. 33. 
 
 Picus medius v. 10, 21, 22, 
 
 27, 37, 42, 47, 48, 62. 
 
 vii. 287. 
 
 Picus meridionalis v. 47. 
 
 mesospilus v. 19. 
 
 Picus minor iii. 127, 380. 
 
 v. 5, 25, 26, 53, 55, 58, 
 61, 65, 66, 73, 78, 487. 
 
 vi. 100. 
 
 Picus montanus 
 
 norvegicus 
 
 Picus numidicus 
 
 Picus numidus 
 
 pinetorum 
 
 Picus pipra 
 
 Picus pityopicus . . . 
 
 polonicus 
 
 quercuum 
 
 roseiventris . . . 
 
 scindeanus 
 
 striolatus 
 
 Picus syriacus . . 
 
 Picus tridactylus . . . 
 
 uralensis 
 
 villosus 
 
 viridi-canus . . . 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 v. 95. 
 
 . . v. 22, 33, 34. 
 
 v. 33. 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 . . . v. 19,55, 58, 
 65, 66 . 
 
 v. 19. 
 
 v. 39. 
 
 v. 47. 
 
 v. 47. 
 
 v. 22. 
 
 v. 53. 
 
 v. 22, 35, 36, 37. 
 
 iii. 127. 
 
 v. 7, 69, 70. 
 
 v. 39. 
 
 v. 27, 
 
 .........a,. V. 95. 
 
 Picus viridis .... v. 7, 8, 9, 77, 80, 83, 87. 
 pilaris (Arceutbornis) ii. 41. 
 
 (Merula) ii- 41. 
 
 (Planesticus) ii- 41. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 41 . 
 
 pilaris (Turdus) ii. 41, 45, 
 
 61, 68, 95, 123, 124. 
 
 viii. 340. 
 
 pileata (Campicola) ii- 304. 
 
 (Curruca) ii- 421. 
 
 (Pyrrbula) iv. 101. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 191. 
 
 pileatum (Xema) viii. 357. 
 
 pileatus (Cbloirocepbalus) viii. 357. 
 
 (Cbroicocephalus) viii. 357 . 
 
 (Neophron) v. 394, 658. 
 
 pinetarius (Falco) vi. 31,81. 
 
 pinetorum (Accentor) iii. 39. 
 
 (Butalis) iii. 447. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 567. 
 
 (Cannabina) iv. 31. 
 
 (Chloris) iii. 567. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 3. 
 
 (Crucirostra) iv. 121, 127. 
 
 (Dandalus) ii. 329. 
 
 (Dendrocopus) v. 3. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 228. 
 
 (Gecinus) v. 77. 
 
 (Mecistura) iii. 67 
 
 (Merula) ii. 91. 
 
 (Nyctala) v. 319. 
 
 (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 87. 
 
 (Pbyllopneuste) ii. 485. 
 
 (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 (Rubecrda) ii. 329. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 175. 
 
 pinguescens (Emberiza) iv. 185. 
 
 Pinguinus viii. 555. 
 
 impennis viii. 563. 
 
 pica viii. 557. 
 
 torda viii. 557. 
 
 Pinicola iv. 95, 109, 119. 
 
 Pinicola americana iv. 111. 
 
 Pinicola enucleator . . iv. 109, 111. 
 
 Pinicola rubra iv. 111. 
 
 subbemacbalana iv. 115. 
 
 Pipastes iii. 283. 
 
 agilis iii. 309, 313. 
 
 arboreus iii. 309, 313. 
 
 iv. 200. 
 
 maculatus iii. 309, 313. 
 
 montanus iii. 309. 
 
 plumatus iii. 309. 
 
 pipiens (Antbus) iii. 331. 
 
 Pipodes v. 67. 
 
 tridactylus v. 69. 
 
 pipra (Picus) v. 19, 55, 58, 
 
 65, 66. 
 
76 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 pipra (Xylopicus) v. 65. 
 
 Pipripicus v. 17. 
 
 leuconotus v. 39. 
 
 medius v. 47. 
 
 — — minor v. 53. 
 
 uralensis v. 39. 
 
 pisanus (Coccyzus) y. 219. 
 
 (Cuculus) v. 219. 
 
 piscatrix (Aquila) yi. 139. 
 
 piscinarum (Calamoherpe) ii. 567. 
 
 pispoletta (Alauda) iv. 355. 
 
 pispoletta (Calandrella) . . iv. 343, 
 344, 347, 349, 352, 353, 
 355, 356, 357. 
 
 pispoletta (Calandritis) iv. 355. 
 
 pithyornis (Emberiza) iv. 208, 232. 
 
 pithyornus (Emberiza) iv. 207. 
 
 Pittidse iii. 363. 
 
 pityopicus (Picus) v. 19. 
 
 pityopsittaea (Loxia) .... iv. 128, 129, 135. 
 
 pityopsittaeus (Crucirostra) iv. 121. 
 
 pityopsittacus (Loxia) . . . . iv. 121. 
 
 pityornis (Buscarla) iv. 217. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 217. 
 
 Planesticus ii. 1. 
 
 atrogularis ii. 83. 
 
 fuscatus • • ii. 63. 
 
 obscurus ii. 71. 
 
 pilaris ii. 41. 
 
 — — ruficollis ii. 67. 
 
 Planetis viii. 253, 307. 
 
 guttatus viii. 307. 
 
 planga (Aquila) v. 491. 
 
 planiceps (Archibuteo) v. 471. 
 
 (Coecotbraustes) iii. 575. 
 
 (Hippolais) ii. 521. 
 
 (Machetes) viii. 87. 
 
 (Nyctala) v. 319. 
 
 (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 (Pandion) vi. 139. 
 
 (Pernis apivorus) vi. 3. 
 
 — — (Pyrrhocorax) iv. 445. 
 
 planifrons (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 planorum (Galerita cristata) iv. 286. 
 
 Platalea vi. 317. 
 
 Platalea ajaja vi. 325. 
 
 chlororhyneha vi. 324. 
 
 flavipes vi. 32 5. 
 
 Platalea leucorodia vi. 317, 
 
 319, 323, 324. 
 
 Platalea leucorodius vi. 319. 
 
 major vi. 324. 
 
 melanorhynchos vi. 324. 
 
 minor vi. 324. 
 
 nivea vi. 319. 
 
 pyrrbops vi. 319. 
 
 tenuirostris vi. 228, 323, 
 
 324. 
 
 vi. 317. 
 
 vi. 317, 319. 
 
 Platea leucopodius vi. 319. 
 
 Platea leucorodia . . vi. 317, 319. 
 
 Platypus vi. 549, 607, 615, 
 
 655, 675. 
 
 barrowii vi. 603. 
 
 faberi vi. 617 . 
 
 ferinus vi. 551. 
 
 fuligulus vi, 573. 
 
 fuscus vi. 657. 
 
 glacialis vi. 617. 
 
 histrionieus vi. 609. 
 
 leucocephalus vi. 677. 
 
 marilus vi. 565. 
 
 minutus vi. 609. 
 
 niger vi. 663. 
 
 perspicillata vi. 669. 
 
 rufinus vi. 559. 
 
 spectabilis vi. 643. 
 
 platyrhyncha (Limicola) . . vi. 340. 
 
 viii. i, 3. 
 
 platyrhyncha (Pelidna) viii. 3. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 3. 
 
 platyrhynchos (Melanitta) vi. 657. 
 
 (Nucifraga) iv. 451 . 
 
 (Oedemia) vi. 657. 
 
 (Phoenicopterus) vi. 343. 
 
 platyrhynchus (Clypeata) vi. 497. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 605. 
 
 platyrincha (Tringa) viii. 3. 
 
 platyrostris (Phalaropus) vii. 605. 
 
 platystoma (Curruca) ii. 503. 
 
 platyura (Atraphornis) iii. 14. 
 
 (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 platyuros (Bernicla) vi. 389. 
 
 • (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 platyurus (Anser) vi. 363. 
 
 (Brady pterus) ii. 643. 
 
 (Bradyptetus) ii. 639. 
 
 (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 Plautus viii. 355, 555. 
 
 glaucus viii. 433. 
 
 impennis viii. 563. 
 
 leucopterus viii. 439. 
 
 Plectrophanes iii. 615. 
 
 iv. 251, 257. 
 
 Plectrophanes borealis iv. 261 . 
 
 calcaratus iv. 253. 
 
 fringilloides iii. 617. 
 
 groenlandicus iv. 253. 
 
 hiemalis iv. 261. 
 
 Plectrophanes lapponicus iii. 266, 
 
 306. 
 
 iv. 253, 257. 
 
 Plectrophanes maccownii iv. 257. 
 
 melanomus iv. 257. 
 
 Plectrophanes nivalis . . iii. 620. 
 
 iv. 251, 257, 260, 261. 
 
 Plectrophanes ornatus iv. 257. 
 
 pictus iv. 257. 
 
 Plegadis vi. 333, 335, 340. 
 
 falcinellus .... vi. 333, 335, 
 
 336, 339. 
 
 Plegadis guarauna vi. 339. 
 
 ridgwayi vi. 339. 
 
 Plegadornis vi. 333. 
 
 falcinella vi. 335. 
 
 major vi. 335. 
 
 minor vi. 335. 
 
 pleschanka ((Enanthe) ii. 231. 
 
 plinii (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 Plotus levaillantii vi. 171, 228. 
 
 plumata (Alauda) iii. 309. 
 
 plumatus (Anthus) iii. 309, 
 
 (Pipastes) iii- 309. 
 
 plumbea (Anous) viii. 327 . 
 
 (Hydrochelidon) viii. 327, 332. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 327 . 
 
 plumbeitarsus (Phyllopneuste) .... ii. 507. 
 plumbeitarsus (Phylloscopus) 
 
 ii. 467, 507. 
 
 plumipes (Columba) vii. 11, 17, 21. 
 
 (Falco) v. 471. 
 
 Pluvialis vii. 399, 433, 453, 473, 
 
 505, 537. 
 
 apricarius vii. 435, 436. 
 
 aurea vii. 435. 
 
 fluviatihs vii. 491. 
 
 fulvus vii. 436, 443. 
 
 americanus vii. 436, 445. 
 
 longipes vii. 443, 444. 
 
 major vii. 401. 
 
 morinellus vii. 507 . 
 
 persica cristata vii. 539. 
 
 senegalensis armata vii. 539. 
 
 squatarola vii. 455. 
 
 taitensis vii. 443. 
 
 torquata vii. 497. 
 
 minor vii. 497. 
 
 varius vii. 455. 
 
 xanthocheilus vii. 443. 
 
 pluvialis (Charadrius) . . vii. 433, 
 435, 436, 437, 443, 445, 
 447, 449, 451, 453, 
 
 462, 633. 
 viii. 207. 
 
 Pluvianus vii. 519. 
 
 Pluvianus aegyptiacus vii. 521. 
 
 Pluvianus segyptius vii. 519, 521. 
 
 Pluvianus chlorocephalus vii. 521. 
 
 melanocephalus vii. 621. 
 
 Pnigohierax vi. 13, 64. 
 
 Podiceps viii. 627. 
 
 Podiceps affinis viii. 639. 
 
 albescens viii. 665. 
 
 ambiguus viii. 645. 
 
 arcticus viii. 645, 648. 
 
 Podiceps auritus . . viii. 635, 645, 
 
 648, 651, 652. 
 
 Plataleidse 
 
 Platea . . 
 
INDEX. 
 
 77 
 
 Podiceps australis viii. 629, 635, 
 
 bicornis viii. 645, 
 
 californicus viii, 649, 656. 
 
 canogularis viii, 639. 
 
 caspicus viii. 645. 
 
 cooperi viii. 639. 
 
 cornutus viii. 645, 
 
 Podiceps cristatus viii. 627, 
 
 629, 635, 642, 643, 644, 662. 
 
 fluviatilis .... viii. 635, 659, 
 
 663, 665. 
 
 griseigena viii. 633, 635, 
 
 639, 643. 
 
 Podiceps griseigena, var. holbolli . viii. 639. 
 
 gularis viii. 659. 
 
 habrycidus viii. 659. 
 
 hebricidus viii. 659. 
 
 hebridialis viii. 659. 
 
 bectori viii. 629, 635. 
 
 holbcelli viii. 641. 
 
 holbolli viii. 639. 
 
 longirostris viii. 639. 
 
 major viii. 643. 
 
 minor v. 210. 
 
 viii. 632, 659. 
 
 minutus viii. 659. 
 
 mitratus viii. 629. 
 
 nestor viii. 663. 
 
 nigricans viii. 645. 
 
 Podiceps nigricollis .... viii. 632, 
 648, 651, 652, 654, 656. 
 
 Podiceps noctivagus viii. 659, 665. 
 
 novse-hollandiae viii. 659. 
 
 obscurus viii. 645. 
 
 orientalis viii. 651. 
 
 pallidus viii. 659. 
 
 patagiatus viii. 629. 
 
 pelzelni viii. 665. 
 
 pbilippensis vii. 119. 
 
 viii. 659. 
 
 pygmaeus viii. 659. 
 
 recurvirostris viii. 651. 
 
 rostratus viii. 629. 
 
 rubricollis viii. 333, 639. 
 
 rufipectus viii. 663. 
 
 sclavus viii. 645. 
 
 subcristatus viii. 639. 
 
 tricolor viii. 659, 665. 
 
 widhalmi viii. 629. 
 
 podiceps (Ardetta) vi. 263. 
 
 Podicipitidae viii. 627. 
 
 Pcecila alpestris iii. 107. 
 
 assimilis iii. 107. 
 
 borealis iii. 107. 
 
 kamtschatkensis iii. 119. 
 
 lugens iii- 121. 
 
 lugubris iii. 121. 
 
 salicaria alpina iii. 107. 
 
 assimilis iii. 107. 
 
 Pcecila salicaria borealis iii. 107. 
 
 sibiricus iii. 125. 
 
 Pceeile iii. 77. 
 
 alpestris iii. 107. 
 
 ater . iii, 87. 
 
 baicalensis iii. 119. 
 
 borealis iii. 107, 
 
 communis iii. 99. 
 
 lugubris iii. 121. 
 
 palustris iii. 99, 107. 
 
 Poecilornis vi. 13. 
 
 cenchris vi. 125. 
 
 poensis (Strix) v, 237. 
 
 poiana (Falco) v. 449. 
 
 Poikilis iii. 77. 
 
 alpestris iii. 107. 
 
 borealis iii. 107. 
 
 lugubris iii. 121. 
 
 palustris iii. 99. 
 
 sibiricus iii. 125. 
 
 polaris (Mormon) viii. 599. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 575. 
 
 poliocoelia (Bombycipbora) iii. 429. 
 
 polioryncbos (Falco) vi. 3. 
 
 pollux (Saxicola) ii. 190. 
 
 polonicus (Parus) iii. 159. 
 
 (Pendulinus) iii. 159. 
 
 (Picus) v. 39. 
 
 poltaratskyi (Sturnus) iv. 419, 420. 
 
 polyglotta (Ficedula) ii. 517. 
 
 polyglotta (Hypolais) .... ii. 517, 
 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 529, 
 532, 536, 540, 543. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 polyglotta (Sylvia) ii. 517, 522. 
 
 polyglottus (Petrocossyphus) .... ii. 129. 
 
 Polymitra iv. 149. 
 
 striolata iv. 197. 
 
 Polypteryx v. 381. 
 
 cinereus v. 383. 
 
 Polysticta vi. 627, 654. 
 
 stelleri vi. 649. 
 
 polyzonoides (Accipiter) v. 638. 
 
 pomarhina (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 pomarhinus (Stercorarius) viii. 463. 
 
 pomarina (Aquila) v. 4-91, 
 
 492, 494, 498, 500, 
 501, 504. 
 
 pomarina (Cataractes) viii. 463. 
 
 (Catarracta) viii. 463. 
 
 (Clypeata) vi. 497. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 263. 
 
 (Sternula) viii. 279. 
 
 pomarinus (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 457 , 463. 
 
 pomatorbinus (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 pomatorhinus (Stercorarius) viii. 
 
 463, 466, 482. 
 
 Pomatorhynchus iii- 421. 
 
 tschagra iii. 423. 
 
 pomeranus (Enneoctonus) iii. 407. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 407. 
 
 pomerinus (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 Pontoaetus v. 543. 
 
 leucoryphos v. 545. 
 
 macei v. 545. 
 
 popetue (Chordeiles) iv. 625. 
 
 Porphyrio vii. 297, 303, 
 
 305, 308. 
 
 Porphyrio segyptiacus vii. 303. 
 
 Porphyrio alleni . . vii. 307, 308. 
 
 Porphyrio antiquorum vii. 299. 
 
 cseruleus vii. 297. 
 
 csesius vii. 299. 
 
 chloronotus vii. 303. 
 
 chlorynotus vii. 303. 
 
 erythropus vii. 303. 
 
 hyacinthinus .... vii. 299, 302, 303. 
 
 madagascariensis vii. 303, 304. 
 
 minutus vii. 307. 
 
 smaragdonotus .... vii. 301, 302, 303. 
 
 smaragdotus vii. 303. 
 
 Porphyrio smaragnotus vii. 303, 
 
 304, 306. 
 
 Porphyrio variegatus vii. 307, 308. 
 
 Porphyrio veterum vii. 297, 
 
 299, 301, 303, 304, 
 
 305, 306. 
 
 Porphyrio-Gallinula alleni vii. 307. 
 
 porphyrio (Fulica) vii. 299, 303. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 303, 307. 
 
 (Hydrionia) vii. 307. 
 
 (Hydrornia) vii. 307. 
 
 , var. (Gallinula) vii. 299. 
 
 Porzana vii. 265, 267, 289. 
 
 bailloni vii. 275, 283, 
 
 284, 287. 
 
 Porzana baillonii vii. 275. 
 
 Carolina vii. 265. 
 
 Porzana maruetta . . vii. 265, 267, 
 
 
 277, 280, 287, 315. 
 
 Porzana minuta . . . 
 
 vii. 283. 
 
 Porzana parva . 
 
 vii. 276, 277, 
 
 
 280, 283. 
 
 Porzana pygmaea . . 
 
 
 
 
 porzana (Crex) .... 
 
 vii. 267. 
 
 (Gallinula) . . 
 
 vii. 267. 
 
 (Ortvgometra) 
 
 
 (Rallus) 
 
 
 (Zapornia) .... 
 
 vii. 267. 
 
 Potamodus 
 
 . . . . ii. 609, 637, 639. 
 
 cettii 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 fluviatilis . . . 
 
 ii. 621. 
 
 orientalis 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 prasinopyga (Sylvia) 
 
 ii. 503. 
 
 pratensis (Alauda) . . 
 
 iii. 285, 335. 
 
 X 
 
78 
 
 INDEX 
 
 pratensis (Anthus) . . ii. 325, 616, 
 
 iii. 283, 285, 289, 291, 292, 
 293, 295, 299, 300, 301, 302, 
 306, 309, 310, 311, 320, 332. 
 
 iv. 259. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vii. 633. 
 
 pratensis (Calamoherpe) ii. 573. 
 
 pratensis (Crex) vii. 258, 
 
 289, 291. 
 
 pratensis (Leimoniptera) iii. 285. 
 
 (Spipola) iii. 285, 309. 
 
 japonicus (Anthus) iii. 331. 
 
 nubicus (Anthus) iii. 299. 
 
 Praticola rubicola ii. 263. 
 
 Pratincola ii. 185, 253, 271. 
 
 vii. 409. 
 
 Pratincola borbonica ii. 265, 266. 
 
 caprata v. 210. 
 
 ferrea 210. 
 
 fervida ii. 255. 
 
 glareola vii. 411. 
 
 Pratincola hemprichii .... ii. 265, 
 
 266, 269, 273. 
 Pratincola indica . . ii. 263, 264, 265, 269. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 insignis ii. 266. 
 
 leucura ii. 265, 266, 269. 
 
 moussieri ii. 301. 
 
 pastor ii. 265. 
 
 robusta ii. 265, 266. 
 
 Pratincola rubetra ii. 255, 
 
 257, 267. 
 
 iv. 226. 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 Pratincola rubetroides ii. 257, 259. 
 
 Pratincola rubicola . . ii. 193, 258, 
 263, 265, 266, 269, 273, 274. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Pratincola rubicola hemprichii .... ii. 273. 
 
 salax ii. 265. 
 
 senegalensis ii. 255. 
 
 sibylla ii. 265, 266. 
 
 torquata ii. 265, 265. 
 
 pratincola (Glareola) vii. 409, 
 
 411, 414, 416, 419, 420, 421. 
 
 viii. 154, 414. 
 
 pratincola (Hirundo) vii. 411. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237, 239. 
 
 (Trachelia) vii. 411. 
 
 Pratincolse ii. 275. 
 
 pratorum (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 (Circus) v. 423. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 255. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 423. 
 
 preglii (Hypolais) ii. 517. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 537. 
 
 Prinia iii. 1, 11, 16. 
 
 cysticola iii. 3. 
 
 cursitans iii. 3. 
 
 gracilis iii. 13. 
 
 lepida iii. 13. 
 
 subhimalayana iii. 3. 
 
 Prion caribbaeus viii. 548. 
 
 Procellaria vi. 149. 
 
 viii. 489, 503, 511, 533, 
 542, 543, 549. 
 
 Procellaria anglorum viii. 517. 
 
 anjinho viii. 552, 553. 
 
 borealis viii. 535. 
 
 brevirostris viii. 545. 
 
 bulloekii viii. 497. 
 
 bulweri viii. 552, 553. 
 
 bulwerii viii. 551. 
 
 cinerea viii. 513, 535. 
 
 columbina viii. 551, 552. 
 
 cristatus vi. 163. 
 
 diabolica viii. 545, 547. 
 
 fuliginosa viii. 523. 
 
 glacialis viii. 535. 
 
 graculus vi. 163. 
 
 gravis viii. 527. 
 
 grisea viii. 523, 524. 
 
 haesitata viii. 545. 
 
 hasita viii. 645. 
 
 hasitata viii. 545. 
 
 hiemalis viii. 535. 
 
 kuhli viii. 513. 
 
 leachii viii. 497, 498, 
 
 leucorhoa viii. 497. 
 
 Procellaria leucorrboa viii. 
 
 489, 497. 
 
 Procellaria lugubris viii. 491. 
 
 major . . . viii. 527. 
 
 melanonyx viii. 491. 
 
 melitensis viii. 491. 
 
 meridionalis viii. 545. 
 
 minor viii. 535. 
 
 nereis viii. 610. 
 
 oceanica viii. 505, 510. 
 
 Procellaria pelagica .... viii. 489, 
 
 491, 497, 505. 
 
 Procellaria pelecanus vi. 151. 
 
 puffinus viii. 513, 517. 
 
 rubritarsi viii. 545. 
 
 tethys viii. 494. 
 
 tristis viii. 523. 
 
 wilsoni viii. 505. 
 
 yelkouan viii. 51 7. 
 
 yelkuan viii. 517. 
 
 Procellariidce viii. 489. 
 
 procellosus (Larus) viii. 381. 
 
 Proetopus viii. 627. 
 
 Progne iii- 471. 
 
 purpurea iii. 471. 
 
 projer (Fringilla) iv. 163. 
 
 Propasser iv. 67. 
 
 rhodochrous iv. 20. 
 
 rubieillus iv. 69. 
 
 sordida iv. 75. 
 
 proregulus (Ficedula) ii- 469. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii- 469. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 409. 
 
 (Phylloscopus) .... ii- 468, 471, 472. 
 
 (Reguloi'des) . . ii. 469, 470, 473, 474. 
 
 (Regulus) ii- 507. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 469. 
 
 provincialis (Curruca) ii. 441. 
 
 (Malurus) ii. 441. 
 
 (Melizophilus) ii. 441, 448. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 441. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 441. 
 
 (Thamnodus) ii. 441. 
 
 Prunella iii. 27. 
 
 modularis iii. 39. 
 
 montanella iii. 35. 
 
 Psaroides iv. 421. 
 
 roseus iv. 423. 
 
 Pseudaetus v. 573. 
 
 bonelli v. 575. 
 
 pseudo-corone (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 Pseudoluscinia ii. 609. 
 
 fluviatilis ii. 621. 
 
 savii ii. 627. 
 
 pseudopityopsittacus (Crucirostra) . iv. 121. 
 pseudo-pyrrhuloides (Cynchramus) .... iv. 
 
 241. 
 
 pseudoralloides (Buphus) vi. 251. 
 
 Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus . . viii. 185. 
 
 psilodactyla (Strix) v. 357. 
 
 (Syrnia) v. 357. 
 
 Psithyroedus ii. 609, 611. 
 
 psittacea (Loxia) iv. 111. 
 
 Psophia vii. 367. 
 
 undulata vii. 391. 
 
 Pterochalinus vi. 1. 
 
 Pterocircus v. 413. 
 
 cinerascens v. 423. 
 
 pallidus v. 441. 
 
 Pterocles v. 628. 
 
 vii. 59, 73. 
 
 alchata vii. 59, 62, 63, 
 
 64, 67, 78. 
 
 Pterocles arenaria vii. 63. 
 
 Pterocles arenarius. ... vi. 49, 56. 
 
 vii. 61, 69, 70. 
 
 Pterocles caspius vii. 67, 69. 
 
 exustus vii. 59, 64, 534. 
 
 fasciatus j v . 200. 
 
 guttatus vi .56. 
 
 vii. 534. 
 
 senegallus vii. 59, 04. 
 
 setarius vi. 56. 
 
 vii. 67, 431. 
 
 Pteroclidae vii. 59. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 79 
 
 Pterodurus vii. 59. 
 
 alchata vii. 67. 
 
 Ptexocyanea circia vi. 513. 
 
 Pterodroma viii. 549. 
 
 bulweri viii. 551. 
 
 Ptilogonys iii. 427, 445. 
 
 ptilorhynchus (Pernis) vi. 8. 
 
 Ptnigohierax lanarius vi. 59. 
 
 Ptynx v, 269. 
 
 liturata v. 277. 
 
 uralensis v. 277. 
 
 Ptyonoprogne iii. 503. 
 
 pallida iii. 521 . 
 
 Puffinus viii. 511, 517, 543, 
 
 549, 553. 
 
 Puffinus amaurosoma viii. 523. 
 
 Puffinus anglorum viii. 413, 
 
 511, 513, 515, 517, 520, 
 
 528, 530, 531. 
 
 Puffinus axcticus viii. 517, 527. 
 
 baxolii viii. 517. 
 
 cinexeus viii. 513, 514, 523, 527. 
 
 columbinus viii. 551. 
 
 fuliginosus viii. 523. 
 
 Puffinus griseus viii. 523, 
 
 528, 529, 531. 
 
 kuhli viii. 513, 520, 
 
 528, 530, 531. 
 
 Puffinus kuhlii viii. 513. 
 
 l’herminieri viii. 545. 
 
 Puffinus major viii. 523, 524, 
 
 525, 527, 528, 530, 552. 
 Puffinus obscuxus .... viii. 511, 517, 520, 
 
 521, 527, 528, 552. 
 
 txistis viii. 523. 
 
 yelcuanus viii. 517. 
 
 yelkouan viii. 517. 
 
 puffinus (Nectxis) viii. 517. 
 
 (Piocellaxia) viii. 513, 517. 
 
 pugnax (Chacuxa) vii. 97. 
 
 pugnax (Machetes) viii. 85, 
 
 87, 199. 
 
 pugnax (PavonceUa) viii. 87. 
 
 (Philomachus) viii. 87. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 87. 
 
 (Txinga) viii. 87. 
 
 pulchella (Stxix) v. 329. 
 
 (Stxyx) v. 329. 
 
 pulehxata (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 pullata (Fulica) vii. 327. 
 
 pumila (Axdea) vi. 251. 
 
 pumilum (Glaucidium) v. 354. 
 
 punctata (Gallinula) vii. 267. 
 
 (Jynx) v. 103. 
 
 (Yunx toxquilla) v. 103, 
 
 punctatissima (Strix) v. 237, 240. 
 
 punctatus (Caprimulgus) iv. 621. 
 
 (Capximulgus europaeus) .... iv. 62] . 
 
 (Maexoihamphus) viii. 187. 
 
 punctatus (Pelecanus) vi. 181. 
 
 (Txoglodytes) .... iii. 219, 223, 229. 
 
 punctoxum (Caprimulgus euxopaeus) . . iv. 
 
 621. 
 
 punicus (Falco) vi. 47. 
 
 purpurascens (Axdea) vi. 217. 
 
 (Ardea cxistata) vi. 217. 
 
 purpurascens (Sturnus) . . iv. 409, 
 410, 413, 419, 420. 
 
 purpuxata (Ardea) vi. 217. 
 
 purpurea (Ardea) . . vi. 217, 254. 
 
 purpurea (Progne) iii. 471. 
 
 , var. manillensis (Ardea) .... vi. 217. 
 
 purpureus (Carpodacus) iv. 79. 
 
 (Quiscalus) vi. 147. 
 
 pusilla (Ardeola) vi. 259. 
 
 (Buscarla) iv. 235. 
 
 (Crex) vii. 283. 
 
 pusilla (Emberiza) iv. 195, 
 
 202 , 235. 
 
 pusilla (Fringilla) iii. 561. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 283. 
 
 (Hiaticula) vii. 491. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 (Metoponia) iii. 561. 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 283. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 29, 51. 
 
 (Pyrrbula) iii. 561. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 21. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 177. 
 
 (Strepsilas collaris) vii. 555. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237, 349. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 29, 45. 
 
 (Zapomia) vii. 283. 
 
 pygmsea (Gallinula) . . vii. 275, 283. 
 
 pusillum (Phalaridium) vii. 283. 
 
 pusillus (^Fgialites) vii. 491. 
 
 (Botaurus) vi. 259. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Cyncbramus) iv. 235. 
 
 (Ereunetes) viii. 18, 54. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 283. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 3, 59. 
 
 (Oraegithus) iii. 561. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 561. 
 
 (Piculus) v. 53. 
 
 (Rallus) vii. 275, 287. 
 
 pusillus (Serinus) .... iii. 547, 556, 
 
 561, 563. 
 
 Pycnonotidse iii. 351. 
 
 Pycnonotus iii. 351, 363. 
 
 Pycnonotus arsinoe .... iii. 351, 355, 358. 
 
 ashanteus iii. 353. 
 
 aurigaster iii. 361, 362. 
 
 Pycnonotus barbatus . . iii. 353, 
 
 355, 425. 
 
 capensis . . iii. 351, 353, 361. 
 
 Pycnonotus cbrysorrbaeus iii. 361. 
 
 gabonensis iii. 355. 
 
 Pycnonotus inomatus iii. 353. 
 
 nigricans iii. 357, 358, 361. 
 
 obscurus iii. 353. 
 
 valombrosse iii. 357 . 
 
 xantkopygius iii. 357. 
 
 Pycnonotus xanthopygus .... iii. 
 
 355, 357, 358, 362. 
 
 Pyctes vii. 91. 
 
 chukor vii. 97. 
 
 Pyctorhis iii. 47. 
 
 Pygaxgus v. 413, 415. 
 
 dispar v. 431. 
 
 hinnularia v. 551. 
 
 pygaxgus (Aquila) v. 563. 
 
 (Circus) v. 423, 431. 
 
 (Falco) v. 431, 533, 551. 
 
 (Strigiceps) v. 431. 
 
 pygmaea (iEgialitis) vii. 491. 
 
 (Crex) vii. 275. 
 
 (Erolia) viii. 59. 
 
 (Gallinago) vii. 642. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 275. 
 
 (Gallinula pusilla) vii. 275, 
 
 283. 
 
 (Limicola) viii. 3. 
 
 (Ortygometra) vii. 275 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 55. 
 
 (Porzana) vii. 275. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 59. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 177. 
 
 (Strix) v. 349, 352. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 21, 59. 
 
 (Zaporina) vii. 275. 
 
 pygmseus (Budytes) iii. 261. 
 
 (Carbo) vi. 173. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 (Graculus) vi. 173. 
 
 (Haliseus) vi. 173. 
 
 (Halieus) vi. 169, 173. 
 
 (Hydrocorax) vi. 173. 
 
 (Microcarbo) vi. 173. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 3, 59. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 173. 
 
 pygmseus (Phalacroeorax) .... vi. 
 
 170, 171, 173, 175, 176. 
 
 pygmseus (Podiceps) viii. 659. 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 55. 
 
 pygmea (Tringa) viii. 3. 
 
 Pygopodes viii. 607. 
 
 pyrenaica (Bonasia) .... vii. 67. 
 
 pyrenaicus (Colymbus) viii. 659. 
 
 Pyrenestes iii. 611. 
 
 lacteus iii. 611. 
 
 Pyrgita iii. 583, 605. 
 
 segyptiaca iii. 593. 
 
 arcuata iii. 593. 
 
 brachyrhynchos . . . iii. 587. 
 
 cahirina iii. 5g 7. 
 
 campestris iii. 597. 
 
80 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pvrgita castaneus iii. 587. 
 
 castanotus iii. 587. 
 
 cisalpina iii. 585. 
 
 domestica iii. 587. 
 
 liispanica iii. 593. 
 
 hispaniolensis iii. 593. 
 
 intercedens iii. 587. 
 
 italica iii. 585. 
 
 melanorhynchus iii. 587. 
 
 minor iii. 587. 
 
 montana iii. 597. 
 
 orientalis iii. 593. 
 
 pagorum iii. 587. 
 
 pectoralis iii. 587. 
 
 petronia iii. 607. 
 
 rupestris iii. 607. 
 
 rustica iii. 587. 
 
 salicaria iii. 593. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 597. 
 
 simplex iii. 603. 
 
 valida iii. 587. 
 
 pyroeeplialus (Regulus) ii. 459. 
 
 Pyrophthalma ii. 375, 439. 
 
 melanoeepliala ii. 401. 
 
 mystacea ii. 407. 
 
 sarda ii. 447. 
 
 pyropterus (Coecyzus) v. 227. 
 
 Pyrrhocorax iv. 435, 445. 
 
 alpinus .... iv. 396, 440, 441, 
 
 442, 443, 445, 446. 
 Pyrrhocorax alpinus, var. digitata . iv. 445. 
 
 Pyrrhocorax graculus .... iv. 435, 
 437, 446, 447, 448. 
 
 Pyrrhocorax montanus iv. 445. 
 
 planiceps iv. 445. 
 
 pyrrhocorax iv. 445. 
 
 rupestris iv. 437. 
 
 pyrrhocorax (Corvus) iv. 445. 
 
 — — (Frigilus) iv. 445. 
 
 (Gracula) iv. 437. 
 
 (Pyrrhocorax) iv. 415. 
 
 pyrrhops (Platalea) vi. 319. 
 
 pyrrhorrhoa (Gallinula) vii. 316. 
 
 Pyrrhula iii. 47, 547, 583. 
 
 iv. 67, 83, 95, 101, 109. 
 
 Pyrrhula aurantiaca iv. 99. 
 
 Candida iv. 101. 
 
 eassinii iv. 100. 
 
 caucasica iv. 69. 
 
 cineracea iv. 98, 99, 100, 107. 
 
 coecinea iv. 97, 99, 107. 
 
 enucleator iv. 111. 
 
 erythaca iv. 100. 
 
 erythrina iv. 75, 78. 
 
 erythrocephala iv. 99. 
 
 Pyrrhula europsea .... iv. 95, 97, 
 98, 99, lOl, 103, 107. 
 
 Pyrrhula germanica iv. 101. 
 
 githaginea iii. 292. 
 
 iv. 85. 
 
 Pyrrhula griseiventris iv. 99. 
 
 hamburgensis iii. 597. 
 
 Pyrrhula major . . iv. 97, 99, 100. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 murina .... iv. 99, 100, 107. 
 
 PyTrhula nigra iv. 101. 
 
 nipalensis iv. 99. 
 
 orientalis iv. 99. 
 
 payraudaei iv. 85. 
 
 peregrina iv. 101. 
 
 pileata iv. 101. 
 
 pusilla iii. 561. 
 
 rubicilla iv. 97, 99. 
 
 v. 304. 
 
 rufa iv. 101. 
 
 serinus iii. 549, 
 
 sinaica iv. 73, 78, 85. 
 
 synoica iv. 73. 
 
 vulgaris iii. 213. 
 
 iv. 101, 107. 
 
 pyrrhula (Fringilla) iv. 97, 101. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 97, 99, 101. 
 
 Pyrrhulauda nigriceps iv. 336. 
 
 Pyrrhulinota iv. 67. 
 
 rosaecolor iv. 75. 
 
 rosea iv. 75. 
 
 roseata iv. 75. 
 
 pyrrhulinus (Schceniclus) . iv. 241. 
 
 pyrrhuloides (Cynchramus) , . iv, 241, 249. 
 
 pyrrhuloides (Emberiza) . iv. 246, 
 
 247, 249. 
 
 pyrrhuloides (Schcenicola) iv. 249. 
 
 quadricolor (Larus) viii. 395. 
 
 quercuum (Picus) v. 47. 
 
 Querquedula . . vi. 467, 485, 505, 
 
 526, 529. 
 
 Querquedula acuta vi. 531. 
 
 angustirostris vi. 479. 
 
 carolinensis vi. 508. 
 
 caudacuta vi. 531. 
 
 Querquedula circia vi. 505, 
 
 513, 518. 
 
 crecca vi. 507. 
 
 Querquedula creccoides vi. 507. 
 
 falcaria vi. 525. 
 
 Querquedula falcata .... vi. 525, 
 
 formosa vi. 521, 523. 
 
 Querquedula glaucopteros vi. 513. 
 
 glocitans vi. 521. 
 
 scapular is vi. 513. 
 
 strepera vi. 487. 
 
 subcrecca vi. 507. 
 
 querquedula (Anas) vi. 513, 517. 
 
 &c. (Anas) vi. 609. 
 
 carolinensis (Anas) vi. 589. 
 
 ferroensis (Anas) vi. 617. 
 
 ludoviciana (Anas) vi. 589. 
 
 Quiscalus purpureus vi. 147. 
 
 raalteni (Anthus) iii. 322. 
 
 radama (Falco) vi. 103, 107. 
 
 raddei (Megaloperdix) vii. 241. 
 
 raii (Locustella) ii. 617. 
 
 (Merganser) vi. 685. 
 
 raii (Motacilla) iii. 248, 263, 
 
 264, 265, 275, 277. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 raii (Totanus) viii. 165. 
 
 Rallidae vii. 255. 
 
 ralloides (Ardea). . . . vi. 251, 262. 
 
 ralloides (Ardeola) vi. 251. 
 
 (Buphus) vi. 251. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 251. 
 
 et minuta (Ardea) .... vi. 251, 259. 
 
 Rallus .... vii. 255, 265, 289, 311. 
 
 aquaticus . vii. 255, 257, 261. 
 
 Rallus aquaticus minor vii. 267. 
 
 bailloni vii. 275. 
 
 cserulescens vii. 258, 261. 
 
 chloropus vii. 313. 
 
 crex vii. 291. 
 
 fulieula vii. 267. 
 
 fuscilateralis vii. 257. 
 
 genistarum vii. 291. 
 
 germanicus vii. 257. 
 
 indicus vii. 257, 261. 
 
 japonicus vii. 261, 262. 
 
 maruetta vii. 267. 
 
 minor vii. 257. 
 
 minutus vii. 275. 
 
 mixtus vii. 283. 
 
 ortygometra vii. 291. 
 
 parvus vii. 278, 283, 287. 
 
 peyrousei '. vii. 283. 
 
 porzana vii. 267. 
 
 pusillus vii. 275, 287. 
 
 sericeus vii. 257. 
 
 rama (Hypolais) ii. 538, 539, 542, 
 
 543, 562. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 541. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 541. 
 
 randonii (Galerida) iv. 301. 
 
 (Megalophonus) iv. 301, 302. 
 
 ranivorus (Circus) v. 444. 
 
 rapax (Aquila) . . v. 513, 514, 515. 
 
 rapax (Falco) v. 513. 
 
 raptor (Aquila) v. 513. 
 
 rayi (Budytes) iii. 277. 
 
 (Locustella) ii. 611. 
 
 (Motacilla flava) iii. 277. 
 
 , var. flavifrons (Budytes) iii. 277. 
 
 reboudia (Alauda) iv. 310. 
 
 (Calandrella) . . iv. 343, 349, 351, 352. 
 
 (Calandritis) iv. 349. 
 
 reclamator (Cossypha) ii. 345. 
 
 Recurvirosta vii. 575. 
 
 Recurvirostra americana .... vii. 578, 582. 
 Recurvirostra avocetta . . vii. 575, 
 
 577 . 
 
INDEX. 
 
 81 
 
 Recurvirostra europsea vii. 577. 
 
 fissipes vii. 577. 
 
 belebi vii. 577. 
 
 helevi vii. 577. 
 
 sinensis vii. 577. 
 
 recurvirostra (Limosa) viii. 195. 
 
 recurvirostris (Podiceps) viii. 651. 
 
 reevesii (Phasianus) vii. 87. 
 
 (Phoenicura) ii. 305. 
 
 regalis (Accipiter) v. 643. 
 
 (Accipiter milvus) v. 643. 
 
 (Falco) v. 533. 
 
 (Milvus) v. 10, 487, 643. 
 
 vi. 11, 160. 
 
 regia (Aquila) v. 533. 
 
 Reguloides ii. 467, 473, 474, 475. 
 
 modestus ii. 469. 
 
 occipitalis ii. 473, 474, 475. 
 
 proregulus .... ii. 469, 470, 473, 474. 
 
 superciliosa ii. 470. 
 
 superciliosus . . ii. 470, 473, 474, 475. 
 
 reguloides (Phyllopn e uste) ii. 469. 
 
 Regulus ii. 451, 456, 457, 466, 467. 
 
 Regulus P ii. 465. 
 
 aureo-eapillus ii. 453. 
 
 auricapillus ii. 453. 
 
 brachyrhynchos ii. 459. 
 
 chrysocephalus ii. 453. 
 
 Regulus cristatus . . ii. 451, 453, 
 459, 461, 464, 465, 466. 
 
 iii. 95. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Regulus crococephalus ii. 453. 
 
 flavicapillus ii. 453. 
 
 bimalayensis ii. 451, 453, 466. 
 
 bippolais ii. 485. 
 
 Regulus ignicapillus .... ii. 455, 
 458, 459, 460, 465, 466. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Regulus inomatus ii. 469. 
 
 japonicus ii. 451, 453. 
 
 Regulus maderensis ii. 453, 
 
 462, 464, 465, 466. 
 
 Regulus modestus ii. 469, 470. 
 
 mystaceus ii. 459. 
 
 nilsonii ii. 459. 
 
 proregulus ii. 507 . 
 
 pyrocephalus ii. 459. 
 
 satrapa ii. 451, 466. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 453. 
 
 surinamensis ii. 466. 
 
 tristis ii- 477 . 
 
 trocbilus ii. 491. 
 
 vulgaris ii. 453. 
 
 regulus (JSsalon) vi. 83. 
 
 (Ammomanes) iv. 335, 336. 
 
 (Annomanes) iv. 335. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 83. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 453. 
 
 regulus (Sylvia) ii. 453, 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 219. 
 
 reinhardti (Lagopus) vii. 180. 
 
 reinhardtii (Anthus) iii. 331. 
 
 (Lagopus) vii. 175. 
 
 remigialis (Telephonus) iii. 424. 
 
 resplendens (Vanellus). vii. 543. 
 
 Rhamphocor^s iv. 381. 
 
 clot-bey iv. 383. 
 
 Rhamphocorys iv. 381. 
 
 clot-bey iv. 381, 383. 
 
 Rhantistes viii. 533, 535. 
 
 rbenana (Ardea) vi. 207. 
 
 Rbinocorax iv. 521. 
 
 rhodocbrous (Propasser) iv. 20. 
 
 Rbodopecbys iv. 83. 
 
 phoenicoptera iv. 91. 
 
 rhodoptera (Fringilla) iv. 91. 
 
 rbodopterus (Oarpodacus) iv. 91. 
 
 Rhodostethia viii. 341. 
 
 rosea viii. 341, 343. 
 
 Rhodostethia roseus viii. 343. 
 
 rossi viii. 343. 
 
 Rhondella ii. 327. 
 
 rubecula ii. 329. 
 
 Rhyaeophilus viii. 125, 143. 
 
 Rhynchaspis vi. 495. 
 
 clypeata vi. 497. 
 
 rhynchomega (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 richardi (Agrodromas) iii. 325. 
 
 richardi (Anthus) .... iii. 283, 306, 
 
 307, 322, 325. 
 v. 210. 
 
 richardi (Corydalla) iii. 325. 
 
 richardsoni (Cataractes) viii. 471. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 345. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 471, 
 
 (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 (Stercorarius) . viii. 471, 474. 
 
 ridgwayi (Plegadis) vi. 339. 
 
 ridibunda (Larus gavia) viii. 357. 
 
 phoenicopos (Gavia) viii. 369. 
 
 ridibundum (Xema) viii. 357. 
 
 ridibundus (Chroicocephalus) .... viii. 357. 
 
 (Chroocephalus) viii. 357. 
 
 (Gavia) viii. 357. 
 
 ridibundus (Larus) viii. 275, 
 
 356, 357, 365, 366, 367, 
 378, 379, 388, 391. 
 
 ridibundus (Xema) s . viii. 357. 
 
 riga (Larus) viii. 447. 
 
 ringvia (Catarractes) viii. 567. 
 
 (Lomvia) viii. 567. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 567. 
 
 riocouri (Cecropis) iii. 473. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 473, 475, 477. 
 
 riparia (Aquila) v. 521. 
 
 riparia (Cotile) .... iii. 503, 505. 
 (Cotyle) . . iii. 491, 505, 507. 
 
 riparia (Hirundo) iii. 488, 505. 
 
 riparius (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 risoria (Columba) vii. 51. 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 51. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 295. 
 
 (Streptopelia) vii. 51. 
 
 risorius (Turtur) .... vii. 51, 52. 
 
 Rissa viii. 355, 445. 
 
 Rissa borealis viii. 447. 
 
 brachyrhynchus viii. 447. 
 
 brevirostris viii. 445. 
 
 brunnichii viii. 447. 
 
 cinerea viii. 447. 
 
 gregaria viii. 447. 
 
 kotzebui viii. 447. 
 
 minor viii. 447. 
 
 nivea viii. 381. 
 
 niveus viii. 447. 
 
 Rissa tridactyla viii. 440, 
 
 445, 447. 
 
 rissa (Laroides) viii. 447. 
 
 (Larus) vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 447. 
 
 rivalis (Motacilla) iii. 251. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 135. 
 
 robusta (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 (Pratincola) ii. 265, 206. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 robustus (Glandarius) iv. 481. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 79. 
 
 rochii (Cuculus) v. 199, 203. 
 
 rodgersi (Fulmarus) viii. 539. 
 
 rosaceus (Anthus) iii. 303. 
 
 rossecolor (Pyrrhulinota) iv. 75. 
 
 rosea (Acredula) .... iii. 63, 68, 
 
 69, 70, 73, 74. 
 
 rosea (Boscis) iv. 423. 
 
 (Coceothraustes) iv. 75. 
 
 (Erythrospiza) iv. 75. 
 
 (Gracula) iv. 423. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 75. 
 
 (Mecistura) iii. 63. 
 
 (Merula) iv. 423. 
 
 (Pyrrhulinota) iv. 75. 
 
 rosea (Rhodostethia) .... viii. 341, 
 
 343. 
 
 rosea (Rossia) viii. 343. 
 
 roseata (Pyrrhulinota) iv. 75. 
 
 roseilia (Sitta) v. 6. 
 
 roseipes (Anser albifrons) vi. 375. 
 
 roseiventris (Picus) v. 47. 
 
 rosenbergi (Strix) v. 240. 
 
 rosenbergii (Strix) v. 238. 
 
 roseus (Acridotheres) iv. 423. 
 
 (Oarpodacus) iv. 67. 
 
 (Htemorrhous) iv. 75. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 893. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 343, 389. 
 
 (Nomadites) iv. 423. 
 
 y 
 
82 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 roseus (Parus) iii. 63. 
 
 roseus (Pastor) iv. 421, 
 
 423, 428. 
 
 roseus (Pecuarius) iv. 423. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 193. 
 
 roseus (Phoenicopterus) . . vi. 341, 
 
 343, 348, 349. 
 
 roseus (Psaroides) iv. 423. 
 
 (Rhodostethia) v iii . 343. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 423-. 
 
 (Thremmaphilus) iv. 423. 
 
 (Turdus) iv. 423. 
 
 rossi (Rhodostethia) viii. 343. 
 
 Rossia viii. 341. 
 
 rosea viii. 343. 
 
 rossii (Anser) vi. 410, 411. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 343, 345. 
 
 rostrata (Saxieola) ii. 187. 
 
 rostratus (Podiceps) viii. 629. 
 
 Rubecula ii. 327. ! 
 
 familiaris ii. 329. 
 
 foliorum ii. 329. 
 
 pinetorum ii. 329. 
 
 rubecula ii. 329. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 329. 
 
 rubecula (Curruca) ii. 329. 
 
 (Dandalus) ii. 329. 
 
 rubecula (Erithacus) ii. 309, 
 
 327, 329. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 rubecula (Erythaca) ii. 329, 333. 
 
 (Erythacus) v. 208. 
 
 (Eicedula) ii. 329. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 329. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 329. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 465. 
 
 (Rhondella) ii. 329. 
 
 (Rubecula) ii. 329. 
 
 (Saxieola) ii. 255. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 329. 
 
 iv. 227. 
 
 rubeculoides (Saxieola) iii. 465. 
 
 rubens (Anas) vi. 497. 
 
 (Antbus) iii. 331. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 51. 
 
 ruber (Milvus) v. 643. 
 
 (Phoenicopterus) vi. 343, 349. 
 
 rubescens (Calamodyta) ii. 633. 
 
 (Locustella) ii. 633, 634. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 407. 
 
 Eubetra ii. 253. 
 
 iii. 445. 
 
 anglicana iii. 453. 
 
 major ii. 255. 
 
 senegalensis ii. 255. 
 
 rubetra (Curruca) ii. 255. 
 
 (Fruticicola) ii. 255. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 255. 
 
 ((Enanthe) ii. 255. 
 
 rubetra (Pratincola) .... ii. 255, 
 
 257 , 267 . 
 iv. 226. 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 rubetra (Saxieola) ii. 253, 255, 302. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 255. 
 
 rubetroides (Pratincola) ii. 257, 259. 
 
 rubicilla (Loxia) iv. 69. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 97, 99. 
 
 v. 304. 
 
 rubicillus (Carpodacus) . . iv. 69. 
 
 (Propasser) iv. 69. 
 
 rubicola (Curruca) ii. 263. 
 
 (Fruticicola) ii. 263. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 263, 273. 
 
 ((Enanthe) ii. 263. 
 
 rubicola (Pratincola) .... ii. 193, 
 258, 263, 265, 266, 
 269, 273, 274. 
 v. 210. 
 
 rubicola (Saxieola). . ii. 263, 273, 302, 351. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii- 263. 
 
 hemprichii (Pratincola) . . . . ii. 273. 
 
 rubidus (Accentor) iii. 40, 42. 
 
 (Calidris) viii. 101. 
 
 (Charadrius) viii. 101. 
 
 (Phoenicopterus) vi. 349. 
 
 rubiginosa (Aedon) ii. 547 . 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 547. 
 
 rubiginosus (Turdus) ii. 547 . 
 
 rubra (Alauda) iii. 331. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 103. 
 
 (Pinicola) iv. 111. 
 
 barbarica (Perdix) vii. 111. 
 
 Candida (Perdix) vii. 103. 
 
 communis (Caccabis) vii. 103. 
 
 intercedens (Perdix) vii. 103. 
 
 major (Passer linaria) iv. 31. 
 
 minor (Passer linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 pallida (Perdix) vii. 103. 
 
 varia (Perdix) vii. 103. 
 
 rubricapilla (Curruca) ii. 421, 422. 
 
 rubrieapillus (Mergus) vi. 685. 
 
 rubrieollis (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 333, 639. 
 
 rubrifasciata (Crucirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 129. 
 
 rubrifrons (Erythrothorax) iv. 75. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 561. 
 
 rubritarsi (Procellaria) viii. 545. 
 
 rubriventer (Aquila) v. 575. 
 
 rubriventris (Gelastes) ........ viii. 389. 
 
 rubro (Mergus gutture) viii. 621. 
 
 rudis (Alcedo) v. 125. 
 
 rudis (Ceryle). . . . v. 116, 123, 125, 
 
 136, 137. 
 
 rudis (Ispida) v. 125. 
 
 rueppelli (Argya) iii. 23. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 231. 
 
 rueppelli (Sylvia). . . . ii. 417, 418. 
 
 rufa (Alauda) iii. 331. 
 
 iv. 38. 
 
 (Anas) vi. 551. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 217, 335. 
 
 rufa (Caccabis) vii. 91, 103, 
 
 111, 113. 
 
 rufa (Fedoa) viii. 203. 
 
 (Eicedula) ii. 485. 
 
 (Ficedula vitiflora) .... ii. 203, 207. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 199, 203, 208. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 377. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 103, 111. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 485, 
 
 (Phyllopseuste) ii. 485. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 101. 
 
 rufa (Saxieola) . . ii. 190, 204, 206, 
 207, 211, 212, 213, 217. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 rufa (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 rufa (Sylvia) .... ii. 375, 377, 485. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 rufa (Sylvicola) ii. 458. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 97. 
 
 (Tring-a) viii. 77. 
 
 (Trochilus) ii. 485. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 203, 207. 
 
 et lotharingica (Motacilla) . . ii. 485. 
 
 rufescens (Acanthis) iv. 47. 
 
 (Actitis) viii. 111. 
 
 (Actiturus) viii. 111. 
 
 (^Egiothus) iv. 37, 47. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 303, 369, 373. 
 
 (Anthus) ii. 551. 
 
 iii. 317. 
 
 (Callichen) vi. 559. 
 
 (Corydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 113. 
 
 (Ficedula vitiflora) .... ii. 203, 208. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 37. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 (Linacanthis) iv. 47. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37, 39, 40, 47. 
 
 rufescens (Linota) .... iv. 39, 40, 
 
 43, 44, 47, 48, 65. 
 
 rufescens (Luseiniopsis luscinioides) ii. 627. 
 
 (Melanocorypha) iv. 361, 362. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 243, 245. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 129. 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 55. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 605. 
 
 (Phileremos) iv. 387. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 183. 
 
 (Strix) v. 279. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 203. 
 
 (Syrnium) v. 271. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 87, 111, 115. 
 
 (Tringoides) viii. 111. 
 
 rufescens (Tryngites) viii. 109, 111, 
 rufescens (Turtur) vii. 55. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 83 
 
 Rufibrenta vi. 387. 
 
 ruficollis vi. 403. 
 
 ruficapilla (Curruca) ii. 421. 
 
 ruficapillus (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 ruficaudus (Lanius) iii. 413. 
 
 ruficeps (2Egialitis) vii. 483. 
 
 (Alauda arvensis) iv. 373. 
 
 (Callichen) vi. 559. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii. 7. 
 
 (Lanius) iii 407. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 225. 
 
 ruficollis (Anas) vi. 403, 551. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 403. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 299. 
 
 ruficollis (Bernicla) vi. 401, 
 
 403, 406. 
 
 (Caprimulgus) iv. 633. 
 
 ruficollis (Cisticola) iii. 6. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 533, 534. 
 
 (Erythrosterna parva) iii. 465. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 407. 
 
 (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 (Phalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 (Planesticus) ii. 67. 
 
 (Rufibrenta) vi. 403. 
 
 ruficollis (Turdus) ii. 59, 61, 
 
 65, 67, 69, 86. 
 ruficollis brachyurus (Caprimulgus) . . iv. 
 
 633. 
 
 latirostris (Caprimulgus) .... iv. 633. 
 
 maerourus (Caprimulgus) . . iv. 633. 
 
 ruficristata (Ardea) vi. 245, 248. 
 
 (Bubulcus) vi. 245. 
 
 rufidorsalis (Certhia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 587. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 103. 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 39. 
 
 megarbyncbus (Passer) .... iii. 587. 
 
 mierorhynbus (Passer) iii. 587. 
 
 rufigularis (Antbus) .... iii. 299, 300, 305. 
 
 (Erytbrosterna parva) iii. 465. 
 
 , var. of pratensis ? (Anthus) iii. 300. 
 
 rufilata (Ianthia) ii. 355. 
 
 (Nemura) ii. 355, 359. 
 
 rufilatus (Nemura) ii. 355. 
 
 rufina (Anas) vi. 559. 
 
 (Aythya) vi. 559. 
 
 (Branta) vi. 559, 563. 
 
 rufina (Fuligula) vi. 402, 
 
 559, 563. 
 
 rufina (Mergoides) vi. 559. 
 
 (Netta) vi. 559. 
 
 rufinus (Buteo) v. 457, 463, 466. 
 
 (Callichen) vi. 559. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 475. 
 
 (Ealco) v. 463. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 559. 
 
 rufipectoralis (Cinclus) ii. 167. 
 
 rufipectus (Podiceps) viii. 663. 
 
 rufipennis (Scops) v. 334. 
 
 rufipes (Falco) vi. 93. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Pannycbistes) vi. 93. 
 
 (Tinnunculus) vi. 93. 
 
 rufitorquatus (Caprimulgus) iv. 633. 
 
 rufitorquis (Caprimulgus) iv. 633. 
 
 rufiventer (Buteo) v. 457. 
 
 rufiventris ((Enanthe) ii. 289. 
 
 rufiventris (Ruticilla) . . ii, 289, 
 
 291. 
 
 rufogularis (Antbus) iii. 299, 303. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 621. 
 
 (Muscicapa) iii. 465. 
 
 rufonuehalis (Aquila) v. 491, 494. 
 
 ruf'ula (Cecropis) iii. 487. 
 
 (Corydalla) iii. 307. 
 
 rufula (Hirundo) .... ii. 349, 415. 
 
 iii. 185, 487, 488, 489, 
 490, 491, 515, 518. 
 
 iv. 595. 
 
 rufula (Lillia) 
 
 rufulus (Turdus) 
 
 rufus (Accipiter circus) 
 
 (Antbus) 
 
 (Asilus) 
 
 (Buteo) 
 
 (Circus) 
 
 (Crymophilus) . . . 
 
 (Cuculus) 
 
 (Enneoctonus) . . , 
 
 (Falcinellus) . . . . 
 
 (Falco) 
 
 (Lanius) 
 
 (Numenius) . . . . 
 
 (Phalaropus) . . . 
 
 (Pboneus) 
 
 (Phylloscopus) . . 
 
 (Tetrao) 
 
 (Totanus) 
 
 rupellii (Sylvia) 
 
 rupestris (Antbus) , . . 
 
 iii. 487. 
 
 ii. 71. 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 iii. 317. 
 
 ii. 485. 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 viii. 333. 
 
 vii. 605. 
 
 . . . . v. 199, 200. 
 
 iii. 407. 
 
 vi. 336. 
 
 v. 415. 
 
 , ... iii. 403, 420. 
 
 viii. 245. 
 
 vii. 605. 
 
 iii. 407. 
 
 ii. 485. 
 
 vii. 93, 103, 111. 
 
 viii. 211. 
 
 ii. 417. 
 
 iii. 303, 325, 337, 
 
 338, 343, 347. 
 
 (Biblis) iii. 513. 
 
 (Bonasia) vii. 193. 
 
 (Chelidon) iii. 495, 513. 
 
 (Chelidon urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 167. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 11, 18. 
 
 rupestris (Cotile) . . iii. 503, 513. 
 
 (Cotyle) . . iii. 184, 491, 513, 
 
 516, 517, 518, 521, 522, 
 
 iv. 416. 
 
 rupestris (Hirundo) iii. 513, 514. 
 
 rupestris (Lagopus) vii. 157, 
 
 159, 160, 162, 163, 
 175, 180, 181. 
 
 rupestris (Perdix) vii. 93. 
 
 (Petronia) iii. 607. 
 
 rupestris (Pyrgita) iii- 607. 
 
 (Pyrrhocorax) iv. 437. 
 
 (Scops) v- 329. 
 
 (Sitta) iii- 183. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 157, 175, 205. 
 
 rupicola (Caccabis) vii. 97. 
 
 (Columba) vi. 49. 
 
 vii. 45. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii- 513. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii- 263. 
 
 (Sitta) iii- 176. 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 45, 47, 48. 
 
 rupicolae-formis (Tinnunculus). . . . vi. 115. 
 
 rupicolus (Falco) vi. 132. 
 
 (Tinnunculus) v. 665. 
 
 vi. 115. 
 
 ruppelli (Curruca) ii- 417. 
 
 v. 188. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii- 348. 
 
 ruscicola (Sylvia) ii- 401. 
 
 russata (Ardea) ii- 304. 
 
 vi. 245, 247. 
 
 (Ardeola) vi. 245, 253, 254. 
 
 (Egretta) vi. 245. 
 
 (Gallinago) vii. 650. 
 
 (Herodias) vi. 245. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 642. 
 
 russatus (Buphus) vi. 245. 
 
 (Erodius) vi. 245- 
 
 russelti (Corydalla) iii. 325. 
 
 russicus (Mystacinus) iii. 49. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 49. 
 
 rustica (Anas) vi. 589. 
 
 (Cecropis) iii. 477. 
 
 (Cisticola) iii. 7. 
 
 rustica (Emberiza) . . iv. 229, 232. 
 
 (Hirundo) iii. 471, 473, 
 
 474, 475, 477, 478, 479, 
 480, 483, 488, 490, 491, 
 493, 495, 498, 515, 518. 
 
 v. 161, 210. 
 
 vi. 78. 
 viii. 502. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 507, 509, 
 
 510, 511, 517, 519, 520. 
 v. 210, 222, 223. 
 
 rustica (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 orientalis (Hirundo) . . iii. 474, 477. 
 
 , var. orientalis (Hirundo) .... iii. 473. 
 
 , var. savignyi (Hirundo) .... iii. 473. 
 
 Rusticola vii. 613, 631. 
 
 europaea vii. 615. 
 
 svlvestris vii. 615. 
 
 vulgaris vii. 615. 
 
 rusticola (Scolopax) .... vii. 613, 
 
 615. 
 
 rusticula (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 rusticus (Corvus) iv. 509. 
 
 (Cynchramus) iv, 229. 
 
84 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 rusticus (Hypocentor) iv. 229. 
 
 rutacilla (Ficedula) ii. 277. 
 
 (Phoenicura) ii. 277. 
 
 Ruticilla ii. 185, 275, 309, 
 
 349, 350. 
 
 Ruticilla arborea ii. 277. 
 
 atra ii. 293. 
 
 atrata ii. 289, 293. 
 
 aurorea ii. 305, 357. 
 
 cairii ii. 293, 296. 
 
 eyanecula ii. 317. 
 
 Ruticilla erythrogastra . ii. 305. 
 
 Ruticilla erytbroprocta ii. 289, 290, 
 
 292. 
 
 gibraltariensis ii. 293. 
 
 grandis ii. 305. 
 
 hortensis ii. 277. 
 
 indica ii. 289. 
 
 Ruticilla mesoleuca. .ii. 285, 286. 
 Ruticilla montana ii. 203. 
 
 Ruticilla moussieri .... ii. 301, 
 
 302, 303, 304. 
 
 Ruticilla nipalensis ii. 289. 
 
 pectoralis . . ii. 277. 
 
 phoenicura ii. 277, 287, 291, 
 
 302, 303. 
 
 phoenicuroides ii. 289, 292. 
 
 Ruticilla phcenicurus .... ii. 275, 
 277, 285, 287, 297, 301. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 rufiventris .... ii. 289, 291. 
 
 Ruticilla sexnirufa ii. 289, 290, 292. 
 
 sylvestris ii 277. 
 
 tithys ii. 302, 304. 
 
 Ruticilla titys ii. 275, 279, 
 
 293, 296. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Ruticilla tricolor ii. 305. 
 
 vigorsi ii. 305. 
 
 Ruticillae ii. 302. 
 
 Ruticillinee ii. 135. 
 
 rutila (Anas) vi. 401. 
 
 (Casarca) v. 527. 
 
 vi. 461. 
 
 (Tadoma) vi. 461. 
 
 (Vulpanser) vi. 461 . 
 
 rutilans (Enneoctonus) iii. 407. 
 
 (Lanius) iii. 407, 408. 
 
 rutilus (Lanius) iii. 407. 
 
 sabinei (Larus) . 
 
 (Scolopax) . 
 
 (Telmatias) . 
 
 sabini (Ascolopax) 
 
 (Enalius) . . . 
 
 (Gallinago) . 
 
 (Gavia) . . . 
 
 (Larus) . . . 
 
 (Scolopax) . 
 
 (Xema) 
 
 viii. 337. 
 vii. 641. 
 vii. 642. 
 vii. 641. 
 vii. 641. 
 
 vii. 641. 
 
 viii. 337. 
 viii. 337. 
 vii. 641. 
 
 viii. 335, 337, 
 
 sabinii (Scolopax) 
 
 
 sabinii (Xema) .... 
 
 . . . . viii. 337. 
 
 sacer (Falco) vi. 15, 18, 19, 52, 
 
 59 
 
 , 61, 63, 64, 65. 
 
 sacer, var. (Falco) 
 
 
 (Gennaia) 
 
 
 sacra (Ibis) 
 
 
 saebyensis (Parus) 
 
 iii. 143. 
 
 saharae (Emberiza) .... 
 
 iv. 198, 199, 214. 
 
 st. cuthberti (Somateria) 
 
 
 saker (Ilierofalco) 
 
 
 sakhalina (Scolopax) . . . 
 
 
 sala (Alauda) 
 
 . ... iv. 312,313. 
 
 salax (Pratincola) 
 
 
 Saiicaria 
 
 ii. 515, 545, 557, 
 
 
 603, 609, 637. 
 
 
 iii. 1. 
 
 aquatica 
 
 
 arundinacea 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 brunniceps 
 
 
 caligata 
 
 ii. 541. 
 
 capistrata 
 
 ii. 559. 
 
 p.firtJnnla 
 
 ii 633 
 
 cetti 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 cisticola 
 
 
 elaeica 
 
 ii. 537. 
 
 elaica 
 
 ii. 528. 
 
 familiaris 
 
 
 iiuviatilis 
 
 ii. 621. 
 
 galactodes 
 
 ii. 547, 553, 554. 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 ii. 617. 
 
 languida 
 
 ii. 535. 
 
 locustella 
 
 ... ii. 611, 614. 
 
 locustella, var. lanceolata. ... ii. 617. 
 
 luscinioides 
 
 ii. 627. 
 
 magnirostris 
 
 ii. 561. 
 
 melanopogon 
 
 ii. 605. 
 
 olivetorum 
 
 ii. 527. 
 
 pallida 
 
 ii. 537. 
 
 palustris 
 
 ... ii. 561, 573. 
 
 phragmitis 
 
 ii. 597. 
 
 sericea 
 
 ii. 639. 
 
 stentorea 
 
 ii. 585. 
 
 turdina 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 turdoides 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 saiicaria (Calamoherpe) . . 
 
 ii. 573. 
 
 (Hippolais) 
 
 ... ii. 517, 521. 
 
 (Iduna) 
 
 ... ii. 541, 559. 
 
 (Motacilla) 
 
 ... ii. 429, 541. 
 
 (Musipeta) 
 
 ii. 591. 
 
 (Pyrgita) 
 
 iii. 593. 
 
 saiicaria (Sylvia) . . 
 
 ii. 375, 429, 
 
 
 591. 
 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 saiicaria (Telmatias) 
 
 
 alpina (Poecila) 
 
 iii. 107. 
 
 assimilis (Poecila) . . . 
 
 iii. 107. 
 
 borealis (Poecila) . . . 
 
 iii. 107. 
 
 Salicariae 
 
 iii. 14. 
 
 salicarius (Acrocepkalus) 
 
 
 salicarius (Calamodus) ii. 501. 
 
 (Parus) iii, 99. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 593. 
 
 v. 619. 
 
 saliceti (Lagopus) vii. 177. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 165. 
 
 scoticus (Tetrao) vii. 165. 
 
 salicicola (Fringilla) iii. 593. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 593. 
 
 iv. 352. 
 
 salina (Saxicola) ii. 215. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 32, 33. 
 
 saltator (Saxicola) . . . . ; .... ii. 199, 240. 
 
 saltatrix (Saxicola) ii. 199. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 199. 
 
 salvini (Certhilauda) iv. 275. 
 
 sancti-johannis (Archibuteo) . . v. 473, 489. 
 
 sandvicensis (Asio) v. 257. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 301. 
 
 sandwichensis (Strix) v. 257. 
 
 sanguinea (Erythrospiza) . iv. 83, 
 
 91, 92. 
 
 sanguinea (Fringilla) iv. 91. 
 
 (Montifringilla) iv. 91. 
 
 santodactylos (Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 saqer (Falco) vi. 59. 
 
 Sarciophorus bilobus vii. 530. 
 
 sarda (Curruca) ii. 447. 
 
 (Dumeticola) ii. 447. 
 
 (Melizophilus) ii. 447. 
 
 (Pyrophthalma) ii. 447. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 447. 
 
 sardus (Melizophilus) .... ii. 439, 
 
 443, 447, 449. 
 
 satrapa (Regulus) ii. 451, 466. 
 
 saturatior (Halcyon) v. 133, 135. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 263. 
 
 saularis (Copsychus) v. 210. 
 
 savanna (Passerculus) iv. 194. 
 
 savignii (Hirundo) .... iii. 473, 
 474, 475, 478, 479, 480, 
 482, 485. 
 
 savignii (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 savignyi (Blepharomerops) v. 165. 
 
 (Cecropis) iii. 473. 
 
 (Merops) v. 165. 
 
 (Turtur) vii. 55. 
 
 savii (Locustella) ii. 627. 
 
 (Lusciniola) ii. 627. 
 
 (Lusciniopsis) ii. 627. 
 
 (Pseudo-luscinia) ii. 627. 
 
 saxatilis (Caccabis) .... vii. 93, 
 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 106. 
 
 saxatilis (Columba) vii. 11, 23. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 617. 
 
 saxatilis (Monticola) .... ii. 122, 
 127, 129, 134, 146. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 saxatilis (Perdix) vii. 93. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 85 
 
 saxatilis (Petrocichla) ii. 129. 
 
 (Petrocincla) ii. 129, 135, 350. 
 
 (Petrocossyphus) . . ii. 129, 146, 149. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 183. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 129. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 129. 
 
 iv. 189. 
 
 Saxicola ii. 127, 185, 188, 
 
 191, 253, 271, 275, 309, 322, 
 345, 349, 350. 
 
 iii. 445. 
 
 iv. 273. 
 
 Saxicola albicans ii. 191, 240. 
 
 albicilla ii. 211. 
 
 albigularis ii. 347, 349, 350. 
 
 albomarginata ii. 215, 218. 
 
 albonigra ii. 189. 
 
 ampbileuca ii. 203. 
 
 araotti ii- 189. 
 
 atniori ii. 189. 
 
 atricollis ii. 231. 
 
 atrigularis ii. 215. 
 
 atrogularis ii. 215. 
 
 aurita ii. 203, 208, 248, 302. 
 
 iii. 185. 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 aurita, var. libyca ii. 203. 
 
 bifasciata ii. 190. 
 
 bottse ii. 191. 
 
 cachinnans ii. 247 . 
 
 capistrata .... ii. 185, 231, 235, 240. 
 
 castor ii. 190. 
 
 chrysopygia ii. 191, 229. 
 
 cinerea ii. 190. 
 
 crampes ii. 255. 
 
 cursoria ii. 243. 
 
 Saxicola deserti .... ii. 185, 190, 
 212, 215, 218, 233, 536. 
 
 Saxicola diluta ii- 190. 
 
 Saxicola erythraea. ... ii. 185, 190, 
 
 219, 233. 
 
 Saxicola erythropygia . ... ii. 227, 228, 229. 
 
 eurymelsena ii. 211. 
 
 finscbii ii. 219, 220. 
 
 fruticeti ii- 263. 
 
 galtoni ii. 191. 
 
 gracilis ii- 239. 
 
 griseicep3 ii- 189. 
 
 gutturalis ii. 215, 218. 
 
 balopbila ii. 219, 220, 221. 
 
 hemprichii ii. 273. 
 
 bendersoni ii. 211. 
 
 beuglini ii- 191. 
 
 bomocbroa ii. 215, 2^,8. 
 
 Saxicola isabellina . . ii. 188, 191, 
 194, 195, 199, 215, 218, 240. 
 Saxicola leucocepbala . . ii. 243, 244, 245. 
 Saxicola leucomela . . ii. 185, 189, 
 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 249. 
 
 Saxicola leucomelaena ii. 189. 
 
 Saxicola leucopyga . . ii. 189, 221, 
 243, 247, 248, 249. 
 
 Saxicola leucopygia ii. 240, 244, 
 
 245, 248. 
 
 leucorboa ii. 187. 
 
 Saxicola lpucura .... ii. 185, 189, 
 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 302. 
 
 Saxicola leucuroides ii. 243, 244. 
 
 leucurus ii. 247. 
 
 bbanotica ii. 187, 219. 
 
 lugens ii. 216, 219, 231, 232. 
 
 lugubris ii. 188. 
 
 maura ii. 263. 
 
 media ii. 263. 
 
 Saxicola melanoleuca .... ii. 190, 
 193, 207, 208, 209, 210, 
 211, 216, 217, 220. 
 
 Saxicola melanura ii. 349. 
 
 Saxicola moesta ii. 188, 227, 229. 
 
 monacha ii. 189, 218, 
 
 239, 240. 
 
 Saxicola montana ...... ii. 129, 185, 215. 
 
 monticola ii. 189. 
 
 Saxicola morio . . ii. 189, 232, 233, 
 
 235, 236. 
 
 cenanthe .... ii. 185, 187, 189, 
 
 193, 194, 201, 202, 205, 
 209, 210, 217, 221, 302. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Saxicola cenanthe alpestris ii. 187. 
 
 cinerea ii. 187. 
 
 crassirostris ii. 1 87. 
 
 grisea ii. 187. 
 
 macrorhynchos ii. 187. 
 
 maritima ii. 187. 
 
 melanoptera ii. 187. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 187. 
 
 oenanthoides ii. 187. 
 
 olivastra ii. 199. 
 
 opistboleuca ii. 189, 248. 
 
 pallida ii. 215, 218, 240. 
 
 iv. 275. 
 
 Saxicola philothamna . . ii. 223, 
 
 225, 228, 229, 240, 241 . 
 
 Saxicola phoenicurus ii. 277. 
 
 picata ii. 189. 
 
 pileata ii. 191. 
 
 pol’.ux ii. 190. 
 
 pratorum ii. 255. 
 
 rostrata ii. 187. 
 
 rubecula ii. 255. 
 
 rubeculoides iii. 465. 
 
 rubetra ii. 253, 255, 302. 
 
 rubicola ii. 263, 273, 302, 351. 
 
 Saxicola rufa .... ii. 190, 204, 206, 
 207, 211, 212, 213, 217. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Saxicola ruficeps ii. 225 - 
 
 salina ii. 215. 
 
 saltator ii. 199, 240. 
 
 saltatrix ii. 199. 
 
 saturatior ii. 263. 
 
 sehlegeli ii. 191. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 255. 
 
 sinuata ii. 191. 
 
 squalida ii. 199. 
 
 Saxicola stapazina . . ii. 190, 193, 
 203, 206, 207, 208, 211, 
 215, 216, 248, 302. 
 
 iii. 185. 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 Saxicola strapazina ii. 199. 
 
 suecica ii. 311, 317. 
 
 syenitica ii. 243. 
 
 - — - talas ii. 211, 235. 
 
 tithys ii. 293. 
 
 tytis ii. 263. 
 
 urbicola ii. 263. 
 
 vittata ii. 189. 
 
 xanthomelaena ii. 211. 
 
 Saxicola xanthoprymna . . ii. 190, 
 
 227, 229. 
 
 Saxicohe ii. 253, 259, 270, 275, 302. 
 
 Saxicolinae ii. 185. 
 
 Saxilauda iv. 359. 
 
 tartarica iv. 377. 
 
 saxorum (Petronia) iii. 607. 
 
 scalenura (Oettia) ii. 639, 641. 
 
 scandiaca (Anas) vi. 578. 
 
 scandiaca (Nyctea) . . v. 285, 287. 
 
 vi. 393. 
 
 scandiaca (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 scandiacus (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 scandianus (Bubo) v. 287. 
 
 scandulaca (Certhia) iii. 195. 
 
 scapularis (Anas) vi. 513. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 603. 
 
 (Oorvus) iv. 561. 
 
 (Grylle) viii. 581. 
 
 (Querquedula) vi. 513. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 581. 
 
 scapulatus (Corvus) vi. 62. 
 
 schaehraman (Tadorna) vi. 451. 
 
 schillingii (Sylochelidon) viii. 289. 
 
 scbimperi (Oolumba) vii. 11, 15, 16. 
 
 scbinzii (Pelidna) viii. 15, 21. 
 
 (Tringa) .... viii. 15, 17, 18, 19, 24. 
 
 schisticeps (Budytes) 
 
 . . . iii. 
 
 261. 
 
 Sehizognathse 
 
 .... vii. 1 . 
 
 scbleepii (Lestris) 
 
 . . viii. 
 
 471. 
 
 sehlegeli (Actitis) 
 
 . . viii. 
 
 127. 
 
 (Saxicola) 
 
 ... ii. 
 
 191. 
 
 seboenihanus (Calamoberpe) . . . 
 
 ... ii. 
 
 597. 
 
 (Caricicola) 
 
 . . ii. 
 
 597. 
 
 Schoeniclus 
 
 . . . . V 
 
 iii. 9. 
 
 alpinaus, var. americanus. . . . viii. 21. 
 
 Z 
 
86 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Schoeniclus minutus viii. 29. 
 
 pyrrhulinus iv. 241. 
 
 subarquatus viii. 59. 
 
 schoeniclus (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 schoeniclus (Emberiza) . . iv. 198, 
 220, 241, 246, 250, 259. 
 
 v. 210 . 
 
 schoeniclus, var. (Emberiza) ...... iv. 241. 
 
 , var. minor (Emberiza) .... iv. 235. 
 
 Schoenicola iv. 149. 
 
 arundinacea iv. 241. 
 
 intermedia iv. 241. 
 
 phyrrhuloides iv. 249. 
 
 schoenicola (Oysticola) iii. 3. 
 
 schcenobsenus (Acrocephalus) 
 
 ii. 511, 597, 605, 607. 
 
 v. 210 . 
 
 schcenobsenus (Calamodyta) . . ii. 591, 597. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 597. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 591. 
 
 schoenobanus (Sylvia) ii. 597. 
 
 schumavensis (Strix) v. 278. 
 
 scindeanus (Picus) v. 22. 
 
 scita (Calamoherpe) ii. 541. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 541. 
 
 sclavonica (Emberiza) . . iv. 217, 218, 219. 
 
 sclavonicus (Falco) v. 471. 
 
 (Passer) iv. 219. 
 
 sclavus (Podiceps) viii. 645. 
 
 scolopacea (Limosa) viii. 187. 
 
 scolopaceus (Macrorhamphus) , . viii. 187, 
 
 191. 
 
 Seolopacidse vii. 575. 
 
 viii. 12. 
 
 scolopacina (Motacilla) iii. 195. 
 
 scolopacinus (Gallinago) vii. 641. 
 
 Scolopax . . vii. 255, 613, 615, 629. 
 
 viii. 9, 33, 125, 185, 
 193, 201, 219. 
 
 Scolopax segocephala viii. 211. 
 
 africana viii. 59. 
 
 arquata viii. 243. 
 
 avosetta vii. 577. 
 
 belgiea viii. 211 . 
 
 -• borealis viii. 221 . 
 
 brehmi vii. 641. 
 
 brehmii vii. 641, 650. 
 
 calidris viii. 157. 
 
 canescens viii. 173. 
 
 cantabrigiensis viii. 165. 
 
 capensis vii. 649. 
 
 cinerea viii. 195. 
 
 ccelestis vii. 641, 643. 
 
 curonica viii. 165. 
 
 dethardingii viii. 59, 
 
 frenata vii. 649. 
 
 fusca viii. 165. 
 
 gallinago vii. 641, 648. 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 gallinago anglicana viii. 21. 
 
 Scolopax gallinago minor 
 
 gallinaria 
 
 gallinula ........ 
 
 grisea . . 
 
 indicus 
 
 j avensis 
 
 lapponica 
 
 leucophsea 
 
 leucurus 
 
 limosa 
 
 — madagascariensis . 
 major 
 
 media 
 
 natans 
 
 nigra 
 
 noveboraeensis . . . 
 
 obscura 
 
 orientalis 
 
 palustris 
 
 paykullii 
 
 peregrina 
 
 phaeopus 
 
 pica 
 
 pinetorum 
 
 platyura 
 
 pusilla 
 
 pygmaea .......... 
 
 russata 
 
 Scolopax rusticola 
 
 vii. 653. 
 
 . . . vii. 641, 643. 
 
 vii. 653. 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 viii. 187. 
 
 vii. 615. 
 
 . . vii. 648, 649. 
 
 viii. 203. 
 
 . , . viii. 187, 203. 
 
 vii. 631. 
 
 viii. 211 . 
 
 viii. 243. 
 
 vii. 615, 631, 649. 
 
 viii. 199. 
 
 , . , . vii. 631, 641. 
 
 viii. 165. 
 
 viii. 165. 
 
 viii. 187. 
 
 vii. 257. 
 
 vii. 615. 
 
 vii. 631. 
 
 viii. 187. 
 
 vii. 641. 
 
 . . . viii. 227, 245. 
 
 vii. 567. 
 
 vii. 615. 
 
 vii. 615. 
 
 viii. 21 . 
 
 viii. 59. 
 
 vii. 642. 
 
 vii. 613, 
 
 615. 
 
 Scolopax rusticula vii. 615. 
 
 sabinei vii. 641. 
 
 sabini vii. 641. 
 
 sabinii vii. 650. 
 
 sakhalina vii. 641. 
 
 scoparia vii. 615. 
 
 solitaria vii. 631. 
 
 stenura vii. 635. 
 
 subarquata viii. 59. 
 
 sumatrana viii. 195. 
 
 sylvestris vii. 615. 
 
 terek viii. 195. 
 
 torquata • • • vii. 615. 
 
 totanus viii. 165, 1/3. 
 
 scolopax (Charadrius) vii. 401. 
 
 scolopax (CEdicnemus) . - vii. 399, 
 
 401 , 407. 
 
 scoparia (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 Scops v - 327. 
 
 vii. 335. 
 
 Scops aldrovandi 
 
 asio 
 
 bakkamcena 
 
 brucii 
 
 capensis . . . 
 
 carniolica . . 
 
 ephialtes . . 
 
 europseus. . 
 
 . ... v. 329. 
 . . . . v. 329. 
 . ... v. 334. 
 v. 334, 335. 
 v. 333, 334. 
 . . . . v. 329. 
 . ... v. 329. 
 . ... v. 329. 
 
 Scops giu v. 
 
 327, 329, 333, 
 
 
 334, 335. 
 
 Scops japonicus 
 
 v. 334. 
 
 kamtschatchensis . 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 longipennis 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 malayanus 
 
 v. 334, 335. 
 
 minor 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 minuta 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 pennatus . : 
 
 v. 333, 334. 
 
 pygmaea 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 rufescens 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 rufipennis 
 
 
 rapes tris 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 senegalensis 
 
 
 stictonotus 
 
 
 vera 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 virgo 
 
 vii. 358. 
 
 zorca 
 
 ..... .v. 329. 
 
 scops (Asio) 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 (Bubo) 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 (Ephialtes) 
 
 v. 329, 363. 
 
 (Otus) 
 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 . v. 329, 331, 353. 
 
 Scotaeus guttatus 
 
 vi. 270. 
 
 nycticorax 
 
 .... vi. 269, 270. 
 
 scotata (Emberiza) . . . . 
 
 iv. 218. 
 
 Scotiaptex 
 
 
 uralensis 
 
 
 seotica (Lagopus bonasa) 
 
 
 scoticus Lagopus) 
 
 
 165, 184. 
 
 scoticus (Tetrao) vii. 165. 
 
 (Tetrao saliceti) vii. 165. 
 
 Scotophilus Ti 617 . 
 
 scriba (Otoe oris) iv. 395, 401. 
 
 (Phileremos) iv. 395. 
 
 scriptus (Elanus) v . 666. 
 
 scutelliplantares (Oscines) iv. 273. 
 
 seebobmi (Anthus) iii. 295. 
 
 vii. 469. 
 
 segetum (Alauda) i v . 307. 
 
 (Anas) v i. 363. 
 
 segetum (Anser) vi. 359, 363, 
 
 367, 369, 373. 
 
 segetum, var. serrirostris (Anser) . . vi. 363. 
 
 seleucis (Turdus) iv. 423. 
 
 selysii (Emberiza) iv. 223, 228. 
 
 semipalmata (Heteropoda) viii. 56. 
 
 semipalmatus (zEgialites) viii. 18. 
 
 (Pseudoscolopax) viii, 135 . 
 
 (Tetanus) viii. 125. 
 
 semirufa (Cisticola) jy 7 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 289, 290, 292. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii, 289. 
 
 semitorquata (Melanocorypha) iv. 865 368 
 
 senegalensis (Alauda) i v _ 235 
 
 (Alauda cristata) i v 285 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 (Charadrius) v ii_ 539 
 
 (Columba) vii. 55. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 87 
 
 senegalensis (Galerida) iv. 286. 
 
 (Halcyon) v. 131. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 255. 
 
 (Mycteria) vii. 535. 
 
 (GCdicnemus) vii. 406, 407. 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 55. 
 
 (Pratincola) ii. 255. 
 
 (Rubetra) ii. 255. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Stema) viii. 263. 
 
 senegalensis (Turtur) .... vii. 49, 
 
 50, 55, 57. 
 
 senegalensis (Upupa) v. 179, 180. 
 
 arm at a (Pluvialis) vii. 539. 
 
 senegallus (Falco) v. 513. 
 
 (Pterocles) vii. 59, 64. 
 
 sepiaria (Alauda) iii. 285, 309. 
 
 (Cnrruca) iii. 39. 
 
 sepiarius (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 septemstriata (Fringillaria) iv. 214. 
 
 septentrionalis (yEgialitis) vii. 497. 
 
 (Apternus) v. 69. 
 
 (Bubo) v. 339. 
 
 (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Carduelis) iii. 527. 
 
 (Ceppbus) viii. 621. 
 
 (Certhia) iii. 195. 
 
 (Cbelidon urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 (Cbloris) iii. 567. 
 
 (Cinclus) ii. 177, 180. 
 
 septentrionalis (Colymbus). . viii. 
 
 616, 617, 618, 621. 
 
 septentrionalis (Corydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 383. 
 
 (Cynphramus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Dandalus) ii. 329. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 171. 
 
 (Eudytes) viii. 621. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 15, 
 
 (Glandarius) iv. 481. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 (Miliaria) iv. 163. 
 
 (Monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 233. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 (Pyrgita) iii. 597. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 (Rubecula) ii. 329. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 255. 
 
 (Saxicola cenantbe) ii. 187, 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 169. 
 
 (Stagnicola) vii. 313. 
 
 (Sturnus) . iv. 405. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 (Vitiflora) ii. 187. 
 
 sylvestris (Anser) vi. 375. 
 
 sericea (Calamoberpe) ii. 639. 
 
 (Cettia) ii. 639. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 639. 
 
 sericea (Philomela) ii. 639. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509, 511. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 639. 
 
 (Sitta) ? iii. 169. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 639. 
 
 sericeus (Rallus) vii. 257. 
 
 Serinus iii. 533, 547. 
 
 iv. 83. 
 
 Serinus aurifrons ii. 350. 
 
 iii. 552, 555, 556, 561. 
 
 Serinus canarius . . iii. 552, 557. 
 canonicus .... iii. 555, 556. 
 
 Serinus chloris iii. 567. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 flavescens iii. 549. 
 
 githagineus iv. 85. 
 
 Serinus hortulanus ’. iii. 537, 
 
 538, 547, 549, 555, 557. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Serinus bortulorum iii. 549. 
 
 islandicus iii. 549. 
 
 luteolus iii. 549. 
 
 meridionalis iii. 549, 556. 
 
 orientals iii. 549. 
 
 Serinus pusillus .... iii. 547, 556, 
 
 561, 563. 
 
 Serinus spinus iii. 541. 
 
 syriacus iii. 556. 
 
 serinus (Citrinella) iii. 535. 
 
 (Crithagra) iii. 549. 
 
 (Dryospiza) iii. 549. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 549. 
 
 (Loxia) iii. 549. 
 
 (Passer) iii. 549. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iii. 549. 
 
 canarius (Passer) iii. 557. 
 
 italicus (Passer) iii. 535. 
 
 serranus (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 serrata (Haliplana) viii. 307. 
 
 (Merganser) vi. 693. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 307. 
 
 serrator (Merganser) vi. 693. 
 
 serrator (Mergus). . . . vi. 401. 652, 
 
 653, 687, 689, 
 
 693, 702. 
 viii. 431. 
 
 serratus (Mergus) vi. 693. 
 
 setarius (Pterocles) vi. 56. 
 
 vii. 67, 431. 
 
 sexsetacea (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 seyffertitzii (Turdus) . ii. 71. 
 
 sbarpei (Gecinus) v. 93, 94, 97. 
 
 sharpii (Gecinus) v. 89. 
 
 sharpii (Turtur) vii. 49, 50. 
 
 siberica (Tanagra) iv. 377. 
 
 sibilans (Sylvia) ii. 497. 
 
 Sibilatrix ii. 467, 497, 609. 
 
 locustella ii. 611. 
 
 sibilatrix (Motacilla) ii. 497, 
 
 sibilatrix (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 474, 
 
 497, 499, 503, 506, 512, 513. 
 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 sibilatrix (Sylvia) ii. 497. 
 
 (Sylvicola) ii- 497. 
 
 sibillatrix (Asilus) ii- 497. 
 
 (Currnca) ii- 497. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 497. 
 
 sibilus (Cygnus) vi. 419. 
 
 sibirica (Alauda) iv. 373. 
 
 (Calandrella) iv. 373. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 228. 
 
 (Limicola) viii. 1, 4, 6. 
 
 sibirica (Melanocorypha) iv. 373. 
 
 sibirica (Phileremos) iv. 373. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 169. 
 
 sibiricus (^Egiothus) iv. 52. 
 
 (Bubo) v. 339, 340, 344, 346. 
 
 (Calamophilus) iii. 50. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 507. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 471. 
 
 (Cycloselys) ii. 87. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 83. 
 
 (Morinellus) vii. 507. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 110,125,126,127,128,129. 
 
 (Poeeila) iii. 125. 
 
 (Poikilis) iii. 125. 
 
 sibiricus (Turdus) ii. 87. 
 
 sibiricus, forma major (Parus) .... iii. 128. 
 
 , forma typica (Parus) iii. 129. 
 
 Sibrella iii. 58. 
 
 sibylla (Pratincola) ii. 265, 266. 
 
 silvestris (Passer) iii. 607. 
 
 similis (Hydrochelidon) viii. 315. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 315. 
 
 simillima (Euspiza) iv. 151. 
 
 simillimus (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 Simorhynchus viii. 193. 
 
 simplex (Corospiza) iii. 603. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii. 603. 
 
 (Hiaticula) vii. 491. 
 
 (Loxia) iii. 603. 
 
 simplex (Passer) iii. 603. 
 
 simplex (Pyrgita) iii. 603. 
 
 sinaica (Caccabis) vii. 98. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 97. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 73, 78, 85. 
 
 sinaicus (Carpodacus) iv. 73. 
 
 sinaitica (Chacura) vii. 97. 
 
 (Erythrospiza) iv. 73. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 73. 
 
 sinaiticus (Bucanetes) iv. 73. 
 
 sinaiticus (Carpodacus) . . iv. 73. 
 
 sindiana (Alcedo) v. 113, 117. 
 
 sinensis (Anthus) iii. 307, 328. 
 
 (Ardetta) vi. 260, 264. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 532, 534. 
 
 (Corydalla) iii. 325. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 490. 
 
 (Graculus) ................ vi. 151 
 
88 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 sinensis (Hydrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pelecanus) vi. 151. 
 
 (Phalaerocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 (Recurvirostra) vii. 577. ' 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 282. 
 
 (Turdusj ii. 95. 
 
 sinuata (Saxicola) ii. 191. 
 
 sinuatus (Corvus) iv. 532. 
 
 Sipbia leucomelanura ii. 358, 475. 
 
 Sitta iii. 167, 205. 
 
 Sitta aculeata iii. 177. 
 
 advena iii. 169. 
 
 affinis iii. 175. 
 
 asiatiea iii. 169. 
 
 Sitta csesia .... iii. 171, 172, 175, 
 176, 177, 179, 184, 186, 187, 189. 
 
 Sitta canadensis iii. 176, 177. 
 
 carolinensis iii. 176, 177. 
 
 casbmirensis iii. 176, 179. 
 
 castaneiventris iii. 176. 
 
 cinnamomeoventris iii. 176. 
 
 Sitta europaea iii. 167, 169, 
 
 170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179, 
 181, 184, 186, 189. 
 
 Sitta europaea typica iii. 179. 
 
 europaea uralensis iii. 179. 
 
 foliorum iii. 175. 
 
 himalayana iii. 179. 
 
 himalayensis iii. 176. 
 
 Sitta krueperi iii. 177, 185, 
 
 189, 190. 
 
 Sitta leucopsis iii. 176. 
 
 neglecta iii. 176. 
 
 Sitta neumayeri. iii. 176, 183, 185. 
 
 Sitta pinetorum iii. 175. 
 
 pusilla iii. 177. 
 
 pygmaea iii. 177 . 
 
 roseilia v. 6. 
 
 rufescens iii. 183. 
 
 rupestris iii. 183. 
 
 rupicola iii. 176. 
 
 saxatilis iii. 183. 
 
 septentrionalis iii. 169. 
 
 sericea iii. 169. 
 
 sibirica iii. 169. 
 
 suecica iii. 169. 
 
 syriaca iii. 176, 183. 
 
 vii. 15. 
 
 tephronota .' iii. 176. 
 
 uralensis iii. 169, 170. 
 
 villosa iii- 177. 
 
 Sittidae iii. 167. 
 
 skua (Bupbagus) viii- 457. 
 
 (Cataracta) viii. 457 . 
 
 (Catarractes) viii. 457. 
 
 (Catharacta) viii. 457. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 457. 
 
 smaragdonotus (Porphyrio) vii. 301, 
 
 302, 303. 
 
 smaragdotus (Porpbyrio) vii. 303. 
 
 smaragnotus (Porphyrio) .... vii. 
 
 303, 304, 306. 
 
 smirillus (Falco) vi. 83. 
 
 smitbi (Caprimulgus) iv. 624. 
 
 smitbsonianus (Larus) viii. 400, 
 
 401, 405. 
 
 smyrnensis (Alcedo) v. 133. 
 
 (Dacelo) v. 133. 
 
 (Entomobia) v. 133. 
 
 — — (Entomotbera) v. 133. 
 
 smyrnensis (Halcyon) .... v. 116, 
 
 128, 131, 133, 134, 135, 150. 
 
 smyrnensis (Ispida) v. 133. 
 
 solitaria (Pbyllopneuste) ii. 485. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 631. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 139. 
 
 solitarius (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Petrocossypbus) ii. 141, 149, 
 
 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 162. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 125. 
 
 (Turdus) '. ii. 139, 150. 
 
 iv. 405. 
 
 sologniensis (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 soloniensis (Ardea) vi. 259. 
 
 (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 Somateria iv. 548. 
 
 vi. 627, 641, 654. 
 
 Somateria altensteini vi. 643. 
 
 borealis vi. 629. 
 
 danica vi. 629. 
 
 dresseri vi. 642. 
 
 faeroeensis vi. 629. 
 
 islandica vi. 629. 
 
 leisleri vi. 629. 
 
 megarbyncbos vi. 643. 
 
 megauros vi. 629. 
 
 Somateria mollissima .... vi. 184, 
 627, 629, 632, 642, 643, 
 644, 647, 652. 
 
 Somateria norwegica vi. 629. 
 
 planifrons vi. 629. 
 
 platyurus vi. 629. 
 
 st. cutkberti vi. 629. 
 
 Somateria spectabilis .... vi. 631, 
 
 643. 
 
 stelleri vi. 627, 649. 
 
 Somateria thulensis vi. 629. 
 
 sordida (Propasser) iv. 75. 
 
 sparrmanni (Anas) vi. 531. 
 
 Sparverius v. 585. 
 
 sparverius (Tinnunculus) vi. 592. 
 
 sparveroides (Cuculus) v. 204. 
 
 (Ilierocoecyx) v. 204. 
 
 Sparvius v. 597. 
 
 nisus v. 599. 
 
 palumbarius v. 587. 
 
 Spatbulea vi. 495. 
 
 clypeata vi. 497. 
 
 Spatula vi. 495 
 
 clypeata vi. 495, 497. 
 
 spectabilis (Anas) vi. 643. 
 
 (Fuligula) vi. 643. 
 
 (Platypus) vi. 643. 
 
 spectabilis (Somateria) . . vi. 631, 
 
 643. 
 
 speculifera (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 speculigera (Muscicapa) iii. 453. 
 
 (Otomela) iii. 416. 
 
 speculigerus (Lanius) iii. 415. 
 
 Spermolegus iii. 27, 35. 
 
 spermologos (Monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 (Monedula nigra) iv. 523. 
 
 spermologus (Corvus) iv. 523, 527. 
 
 spbaeriuros (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 Sphenoeacus iii. 47, 60. 
 
 Spbenura iii. 19. 
 
 squamiceps iii. 23. 
 
 sphenurus (Accipiter) v. 633, 638. 
 
 spilogaster (Spizaetus) v. 579. 
 
 spilonotus (Circus) v. 420. 
 
 Spilura japonica vii. 642. 
 
 Spina iv. 149, 229. 
 
 spinicauda (Hirundo) iv. 613. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 471. 
 
 spinicaudus (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
 spinitorques (Lanius) iii. 399. 
 
 spinoletta (Alauda) iii. 335. 
 
 (Alauda campestris) iii. 335. 
 
 spinoletta (Anthus) . . iii. 302, 303, 
 320, 331, 335, 337, 338, 
 339, 343, 344, 347. 
 
 * v. 210. 
 
 spinosus (Cbaradrius) vii. 539. 
 
 spinosus (Hoplopterus) . . vii. 522, 
 529, 537, 539, 540. 
 
 Spinus iii. 525, 533. 
 
 iv. 29. 
 
 alnorum iii. 541. 
 
 betularum iii. 541. 
 
 carduelis iii, 527. 
 
 citrinella iii. 535. 
 
 citrineEus iii. 535. 
 
 linaria iv. 37. 
 
 medius iii. 541. 
 
 miliarius iv. 163. 
 
 obscurus iii. 541, 
 
 -* viridis iii. 541. 
 
 spinus (Acantbis) iii, 541. 
 
 (Carduelis) iii. 541. 
 
 spinus (Chrysomitris) . . iii. 533, 
 
 541. 
 
 spinus (Emberiza) ...... iii. 541. 
 
 (FringiUa) iii. 541. 
 
 (Linaria) iii. 541. 
 
 (Serinus) iii. 541. 
 
 Spipola iii. 283. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 89 
 
 Spipola agrestis Hi. 309. 
 
 obscura iii. 343. 
 
 pratensis iii. 285, 309. 
 
 spipola (Motacilla) iii. 309. 
 
 spiza (Passer) iv. 3. 
 
 Spizaetos orientalis y. 569. 
 
 Spizaetus v. 479, 573. 
 
 grandis v. 575. 
 
 milvoides v. 481. 
 
 spilogaster v. 579. 
 
 Spizinae iv. 155. 
 
 splendens (Cory thus) iv. 111. 
 
 ■ (Corythus enucleator) iv. 111. 
 
 (Strix) v. 237. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 spodiogena (Fringilla) .... iv. 6, 
 
 9, 13. 
 
 spodiogenys (Fringilla) iv. 13. 
 
 Spodiospina iv. 149, 159. 
 
 squaiotta (Ardea) vi. 251. 
 
 squalida (Saxicola) ii. 199. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 111. 
 
 squamatus (Turdus) ii. 77. 
 
 squamiceps (Argya) .... iii. 19, 21, 
 
 22, 23. 
 
 squamiceps (Crateropus) iii. 23. 
 
 (Malurus) iii. 23. 
 
 (Sphenura) iii. 23. 
 
 Squatarola vii. 453. 
 
 Squatarola cinerea vii. 455. 
 
 grisea vii. 455. 
 
 Squatarola helvetica .... vii. 449, 
 453, 455, 462, 465. 
 
 viii. 39. 
 
 Squatarola megarbyncbus vii. 455. 
 
 melanogaster vii. 455. 
 
 rhynchomega vii. 455. 
 
 squatarola vii. 455. 
 
 varia vii. 455. 
 
 wilsoni vii. 455. 
 
 squatarola (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 455. 
 
 (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 455. 
 
 (Vanellus) vii. 455. 
 
 stabulorum (Cecropis) iii. 477. 
 
 stagnatilis (Aerocephalus) ii. 621. 
 
 (Actitis) viii. 127. 
 
 (Anthus) iii* 285. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 579. 
 
 (Cynchramus) iv. 241. 
 
 (Philolimnos) vii. 653. 
 
 (Telmatias) vii. 641. 
 
 stagnatilis (Totanus) viii. 151, 154. 
 
 Stagnieola vii. 311. 
 
 chloropus ' vii. 313. 
 
 meridionalis vii. 316. 
 
 minor. vii. 313. 
 
 parvifrons vii. 313. 
 
 Stagnieola septentrionalis vii. 313. 
 
 stapazina (Motacilla) ii. 203. 
 
 (CEnanthe) ii. 207. 
 
 stapazina (Saxicola ) : ii. 190, 
 
 193, 203, 206, 207, 208, 211, 
 215, 216, 248, 302. 
 
 iii. 185. 
 v. 210, 211. 
 
 stapazina (Sylvia) ii. 203, 207. 
 
 (Yitiflora) ii. 207. 
 
 Stama vii. 129. 
 
 cinerea vii. 131. 
 
 perdix vii. 131 . 
 
 Steganopodes vi. 149. 
 
 Steganopus wilsoni vii. 595. 
 
 Stellaria dispar vi. 649. 
 
 stellaris (Ardea) vi. 281. 
 
 stellaris (Botanrus) vi. 279, 
 
 281, 292, 293. 
 
 stellaris (Butor) vi. 281. 
 
 (Gallinula) vii. 275. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 281. 
 
 , var. (Ardea) vi. 289. 
 
 capensis (Ardea) vi. 281. 
 
 stellatus (Cepphus) viii. 621. 
 
 (Colymbus) viii. 621. 
 
 (Merganser) vi. 699. 
 
 stelleri (Anas) vi. 649, 652, 653. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 649. 
 
 (Eniconetta) vi. 649. 
 
 (Harelda) vi. 649. 
 
 (Heniconetta) vi. 649. 
 
 (Macropus) vi. 649. 
 
 (Polysticta) vi. 649. 
 
 stelleri (Somateria) . vi. 627, 649. 
 
 Stelleria vi. 627, 654. 
 
 stentorea (Calamoherpe) ii. 585. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 585. 
 
 (Saliearia) ii. 585. 
 
 stentoreus (Aerocephalus) .... ii. 
 
 570, 582, 585. 
 
 stenura (Gallinago) vii. 646. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 635. 
 
 Stercorariinas viii. 455. 
 
 Stercorarius viii. 455, 471. 
 
 Stercorarius antarcticus .... viii. 458, 462. 
 
 asiaticus viii. 471. 
 
 buffoni viii. 481. 
 
 Stercorarius catarrhactes . . viii. 
 
 457, 460. 
 
 Stercorarius cephus viii. 481. 
 
 cepphus viii. 471, 481. 
 
 Stercorarius crepidatus .... viii. 
 
 471, 482. 
 
 Stercorarius longicaudatus viii. 481, 
 
 longicaudus viii. 481. 
 
 Stercorarius parasiticus .... viii. 
 
 455, 471, 481. 
 
 Stercorarius pomarhinus viii. 463. 
 
 pomarinus viii. 457, 463. 
 
 Stercorarius pomatorhinus . . viii. 
 
 463, 466, 482. 
 Stercorarius richardsoni .... viii. 471, 474. 
 
 spinicauda viii. 471. 
 
 striatus viii. 463, 471. 
 
 tephras viii. 471. 
 
 stercorarius (Vultur) v. 391. 
 
 Sterna iv. 548. 
 
 viii. 253, 265, 313, 339. 
 
 Sterna acuflavida viii. 301. 
 
 affinis viii. 285, 295. 
 
 africana viii. 301. 
 
 ansestheta viii. 312. 
 
 Sterna anglica viii. 275, 276, 
 
 295, 299, 300, 414. 
 
 Sterna antarctica viii. 279. 
 
 antillarum viii. 282. 
 
 arabica viii. 285. 
 
 aranea viii. 295. 
 
 arctica viii. 197, 255, 259, 271. 
 
 argentacea viii. 255. 
 
 argentata viii. 255. 
 
 bengalensis viii. 285. 
 
 bergii viii. 286. 
 
 bicuspis viii. 273. 
 
 blasii viii. 263. 
 
 boysii viii. 301. 
 
 brachypus : . . . viii. 255, 259. 
 
 brachytarsa viii. 255. 
 
 canescens viii. 301. 
 
 Sterna cantiaca .... viii. 275, 286, 
 
 299, 301. 
 
 caspia viii. 289. 
 
 Sterna caspica viii. 289. 
 
 cayana viii. 268. 
 
 chelidon viii. 263. 
 
 columbina viii. 301. 
 
 delamottei viii. 315. 
 
 Sterna dougalli .... viii. 263, 273. 
 
 Sterna douglasi viii. 273. 
 
 fissipes viii. 321, 327. 
 
 Sterna fluviatilis .... viii. 257, 258, 
 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 268, 
 270, 275, 414, 415, 478. 
 
 Sterna forsteri viii. 332. 
 
 fosteri viii. 268. 
 
 Sterna fuliginosa viii. 307, 
 
 309, 312. 
 
 Sterna gouldi viii. 307. 
 
 gracilis viii. 273, 276. 
 
 grisea viii. 315. 
 
 guttata viii. 307. 
 
 Sterna hirundo .... viii. 254, 255, 
 257, 261, 263, 268, 270, 
 338, 378, 379, 478. 
 Sterna hybrida viii. 315. 
 
 2 a 
 
90 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sterna infuscata . , 
 
 innotata . . . 
 
 javanica . . . , 
 
 leucopareia , 
 
 leucoptera . . 
 
 luctuosa . . . 
 
 macdougalli . 
 
 macrodactyla 
 
 macroptera . . 
 
 viii. 307. 
 
 viii. 315. 
 
 viii. 315. 
 
 viii. 315. 
 
 ... viii. 315, 321. 
 
 viii. 307. 
 
 viii. 273. 
 
 viii. 265. 
 
 viii. 263, 264, 265, 
 
 267, 272. 
 
 maerotarsa viii. 295. 
 
 macrura .... viii. 255, 256, 265, 352. 
 
 major viii. 289. 
 
 marina viii. 255, 263. 
 
 Sterna media viii. 285. 
 
 Sterna megarbyncbos viii. 289. 
 
 melanotis viii. 289. 
 
 metopoleucos viii. 279. 
 
 minor viii. 279. 
 
 Sterna minuta .... viii. 268, 279, 
 
 282, 283, 392, 414. 
 
 Sterna nsevia 
 
 nigra 
 
 nitzscbii 
 
 obscura 
 
 paradisea 
 
 plumbea 
 
 po'marina 
 
 xisoria 
 
 sandvicensis 
 
 senegalensis 
 
 serrata 
 
 similis 
 
 sinensis 
 
 stolida 
 
 stubberica 
 
 superciliaris 
 
 surinamensis . . . 
 
 tenuirostris 
 
 tscbegrava 
 
 velox 
 
 wilsoni 
 
 wilsonii 
 
 Sterninae 
 
 Si ernula 
 
 danica 
 
 fissipes 
 
 korustes 
 
 minuta . 
 
 pomarina 
 
 Sterparola 
 
 conspicillata . . . 
 
 subalpina 
 
 stewarti (Emberiza) . . 
 stictonotus (Scops) . . . 
 stoliczkse (Cettia) . . . 
 
 (Turtur) 
 
 stolida (Eudromias) . . 
 
 (Sterna) 
 
 Stoparola conspicillata 
 
 viii. 327. 
 
 viii. 268, 319, 327. 
 
 viii. 255. 
 
 viii. 327. 
 
 . . . . viii. 255, 273. 
 
 viii. 327. 
 
 viii. 263. 
 
 viii. 295. 
 
 viii. 301. 
 
 viii. 263. 
 
 viii. 307. 
 
 viii. 315, 
 
 viii. 282. 
 
 viii. 309. 
 
 viii. 301. 
 
 viii. 282. 
 
 ........ viii. 327. 
 
 viii. 273. 
 
 viii. 289. 
 
 .... viii. 285, 292. 
 
 . . . . viii. 263, 268. 
 
 viii. 268. 
 
 viii. 253. 
 
 viii. 253. 
 
 viii. 279. 
 
 viii. 279. 
 
 ........ viii. 273. 
 
 viii. 279. 
 
 viii. 279. 
 
 ii. 375. 
 
 ii. 393. 
 
 ii. 389. 
 
 iv. 200, 208. 
 
 v. 334. 
 
 ii. 639, 641. 
 
 vii. 51, 52. 
 
 vii. 507. 
 
 viii. 309. 
 
 ii. 393. 
 
 Stoparola deserti 
 
 stracbeyi (Emberiza) 
 strapazina (Motaeilla) 
 
 (Saxicola) 
 
 strenuus (Nisaetus). . . 
 
 (Sylocbelidon) , 
 
 strepera (Anas) 
 
 (Calamodyta) . . . 
 
 (Cliaulelasmus) . 
 
 (Chaulodus) . . . 
 
 (Ktinorbyncbus) 
 
 (Querquedula) . 
 
 (Sylvia) 
 
 ii. 397. 
 
 ... iv. 207, 210. 
 
 ii. 199. 
 
 ii. 199. 
 
 v. 575. 
 
 viii. 289. 
 
 vi. 487, 489, 518. 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 vi. 487. 
 
 vi. 487. 
 
 vi. 487. 
 
 vi. 487. 
 
 ii. 567. 
 
 streperus (Acrocephalus) ii. 567, 
 
 569, 570, 573, 
 574, 576, 577. 
 v. 210. 
 
 (Chaulelasmus) .... vi. 485, 
 
 487. 
 
 strepitans (Locustella) ii. 621. 
 
 (Lusciniopsis fluviatilis) .... ii. 621. 
 
 Strepsilas vii. 553. 
 
 Strepsilas borealis vii. 555. 
 
 collaris : .... vii. 555. 
 
 borealis vii. 555. 
 
 littoralis vii. 555. 
 
 minor vii. 555. 
 
 pusilla vii. 555. 
 
 — vulgaris vii. 555. 
 
 Strepsilas interpres .... vii. 477, 
 
 553, 555. 
 viii. 478. 
 
 Strepsilas littoralis vii. 555. 
 
 melanocephalus vii. 553, 563. 
 
 minor vii. 555. 
 
 Streptopelia vii. 37. 
 
 risoria vii. 51. 
 
 streptophora (Muscicapa) iii. 459. 
 
 streubeli (Cypselus) iv. 591. 
 
 striata (Corydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 — (Margaroperdix) vi. 107. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 591. 
 
 (Torquilla) v. 103. 
 
 striata (Tringa) .... viii. 69, 157. 
 
 striata (Uria minor) viii. 581. 
 
 striatus (Colymbus) viii. 621. 
 
 (Lestris) viii. 463. 
 
 (Phileremos) iv. 387. 
 
 (Stercorarius) viii. 463, 471. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 157. 
 
 (Tringa totanus) viii. 157. 
 
 stridens (Corvus) iv. 491. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 495, 496. 
 
 Stridula flammea v. 237. 
 
 stridula (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 (Ulula) v. 271. 
 
 stridulum (Svrnium) . . v. 271. 
 
 stridulus (Aluco) v. 271. 
 
 Striges v. 235. 
 
 Strigiceps v. 413 
 
 Strigiceps cineraceus v. 423. 
 
 cinerascens v. 423. 
 
 cinereus v. 431. 
 
 cyaneus v. 431. 
 
 desertorum v. 441. 
 
 elegans . . v. 423. 
 
 mgripenms 
 
 v. 431. 
 
 pallens v. 431. 
 
 pallidus v. 441. 
 
 pratorum v. 423. 
 
 pygargus v. 431. 
 
 swainsopi v. 441. 
 
 strigiceps (Faleo) v. 431. 
 
 Strigidse v. 235, 293, 350. 
 
 striolata (Emberiza) iv. 87, 
 
 197, 198, 199, 202. 
 
 striolata (Fringilla) iv. 197. 
 
 (Fringillaria) iv. 197, 209. 
 
 (Polymitra) iv. 197. 
 
 striolatus (Picus) v. 53. 
 
 Strix v. 235, 249, 269, 271, 
 
 285, 299, 317, 327, 337, 
 347, 355. 
 
 Strix acadica v. 349. 
 
 adspersa v. 237. 
 
 affinis v. 238. 
 
 africana v. 237. 
 
 alba v. 237. 
 
 albifrons v. 319. 
 
 aluco v. 237, 271, 350. 
 
 americana v. 237. 
 
 arctica v. 257, 287 . 
 
 austriaca v. 271. 
 
 bakkamana v. 237. 
 
 barbata v. 281. 
 
 bracbyotus v. 257. 
 
 bracbyura v. 257. 
 
 bubo v. 287, 339. 
 
 bubo, yar. albus v. 287. 
 
 , var. atheniensis v. 339. 
 
 canadensis v. 309. 
 
 Candida v. 287. 
 
 caparocb v. 309. 
 
 capensis v. 265. 
 
 capite aurito v, 287 r . 
 
 carniolica ...... v. 329. 
 
 caspia - v. 257. 
 
 cinerea v. 295. 
 
 corpore albido v. 287. 
 
 — — dasypus v. 319. 
 
 delicatula v. 239, 240. 
 
 delicatulus v. 237. 
 
 erminea v. 287. 
 
 Strix flammea v. 235, 237, 
 
 239, 240, 244, 487. 
 
 vi. 11. 
 
 Strix flammea adspersa v. 237. 
 
 americana v. 237. 
 
 var. delicatula v. 238. 
 
 , var. furcata v. 238. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 91 
 
 Strix flammea, var. guatemalae .... v. 238. 
 
 guttata v. 237. 
 
 , var. javanica. v. 238. 
 
 obscura v. 237. 
 
 — — , var. perlata v. 238. 
 
 , var. pratincola y. 238. 
 
 — vulgaris v. 237. 
 
 forsteri v. 237. 
 
 freti hudsonis y. 309. 
 
 frontalis y. 319, 323. 
 
 fuliginosa v. 284. 
 
 funerea v. 301, 309, 312. 
 
 furcata v. 237, 240, 292. 
 
 giu v. 329. 
 
 glaucops v. 237, 240. 
 
 guatemalae v. 240. 
 
 guttata v. 237. 
 
 hudsonia v. 309. 
 
 hudsoniea v. 312. 
 
 indica v. 238. 
 
 insularis v. 238, 240. 
 
 javaniea y. 237, 240. 
 
 kirchhoffii y. 237. 
 
 laponica v. 281. 
 
 lapponiea v. 281, 283. 
 
 litturata v. 277. 
 
 liturata y. 277. 
 
 lulu y. 237. 
 
 macrocepliala v. 277. 
 
 maeroura v. 277. 
 
 maculata v. 237. 
 
 margaritata v. 237. 
 
 microphthalmos v. 281, 284. 
 
 nilotica v. 367. 
 
 nisoria v. 301, 351. 
 
 nivea y. 287. 
 
 noctua v. 357, 367. 
 
 major y. 257. 
 
 — meridionalis y. 367. 
 
 novae -hollandiae v. 240. 
 
 nudipes v. 357. 
 
 numida v. 367. 
 
 nyctea v. 287, 351. 
 
 otus .‘ v. 251. 
 
 palustris v. 257. 
 
 paradoxa v. 237. 
 
 passerina v. 349, 353, 367. 
 
 perlata v. 237, 240. 
 
 persica v. 367. 
 
 pharaonis v. 367. 
 
 poensis v. 237. 
 
 pratincola v. 237, 239, 240. 
 
 psilodactyla v. 357. 
 
 pulchella v. 329. 
 
 punctatissima v. 237, 240. 
 
 pusilla v. 237, 349. 
 
 pygmaeft v. 349, 352. 
 
 rosenbergi v. 240. 
 
 rosenbergii v. 238. 
 
 rufa v. 271. 
 
 Strix rufescens 
 
 v. 279. 
 
 sandwiebensis 
 
 
 scandiaca 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 scbumavensis 
 
 v. 278. 
 
 scops 
 
 v. 329, 331, 353. 
 
 sologniensis 
 
 v. 271. 
 
 soloniensis 
 
 v. 271. 
 
 splendens 
 
 v. 237. 
 
 stridula 
 
 v. 271. 
 
 sylvatica 
 
 v. 271. 
 
 sylvestris 
 
 v. 271. 
 
 tengmalmi 
 
 v. 312, 319, 351. 
 
 tripennis 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 turcomana 
 
 v. 339. 
 
 ulula 
 
 v. 271, 301, 312. 
 
 uralensis 
 
 v. 277, 301, 307. 
 
 wapacutbu 
 
 v. 287. 
 
 zorca 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 Strobilophaga 
 
 . iv. 67, 109, 111. 
 
 caucasica 
 
 iv. 69. 
 
 enucleator 
 
 iv. 111. 
 
 strophiatus (Archibuteo) 
 
 
 Struthus 
 
 iv. 1. 
 
 coelebs 
 
 iv. 3. 
 
 montifringilla 
 
 
 Stryx 
 
 v. 299,327. 
 
 accipitrina 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 segolius 
 
 v. 257. 
 
 barbata 
 
 v. 281. 
 
 doliata 
 
 v. 301. 
 
 pulchella 
 
 v. 329. 
 
 stubberica (Sterna) 
 
 viii. 301. 
 
 stulta (Fringilla) 
 
 iii. 607. 
 
 stulta (Petronia) . . . 
 
 . iii. 605, 607, 
 
 
 612, 613. 
 
 stultus (Passer) 
 
 iii. 607. 
 
 Sturnidae 
 
 iii. 373. 
 
 
 iv. 403. 
 
 Sturnopastor contra . . . . 
 
 iv. 428. 
 
 Sturnus 
 
 
 
 iii. 27, 363. 
 
 
 iv. 403, 421. 
 
 Sturnus asiaticus 
 
 
 cinclus 
 
 ii. 167, 177. 
 
 collaris 
 
 
 ■ domesticus 
 
 
 europaeus 
 
 
 faroensis 
 
 . . . . , , , iy 405 
 
 guttatus 
 
 
 hollandiae 
 
 
 indicus 
 
 
 longirostris 
 
 
 moritanus 
 
 iii. 29. 
 
 nitens iv. 405, 409, 410, 413, 
 
 
 415, 417. 
 
 poltaratskyi 
 
 .... iv. 419, 420. 
 
 Sturnus purpurascens . ... iv. 409, 
 
 410, 
 
 413, 419, 420. 
 
 Sturnus roseus 
 
 iv. 423. 
 
 septentrionalis . . . . 
 
 
 Sturnus solitarius iv. 405. 
 
 splendens iv. 405. 
 
 sylvestris iv. 405. 
 
 tenuirostris iv. 405. 
 
 Sturnus unicolor .... iv. 408, 409, 
 
 415, 416, 419. 
 
 Sturnus varius iv. 405. 
 
 Sturnus vulgaris . . iv. 403, 405, 
 410, 413, 415, 416, 
 417, 419, 420. 
 
 vi. II. 
 
 Sturnus vulgaris unicolor iv. 415. 
 
 subalpina (Ourruca) ii. 389. 
 
 (Sterparola) ii. 389. 
 
 subalpina (Sylvia). . ii. 375, 389, 
 
 391. 
 
 subalpinus (Accentor) iii. 29. 
 
 (Tetrao) vii. 214. 
 
 subarcuata (Tringa) viii. 59. 
 
 subarquata (Corydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 59. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 59. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 59. 
 
 subarquata (Tringa). . viii. 21, 25, 
 
 59, 66. 
 
 subarquatus (Ancylocbilus) viii. 59. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 317. 
 
 (Schcenielus) viii. 59. 
 
 subboschas (Anas) vi. 469. 
 
 subbuteo Falco) . . vi. 11, 69, 72 , 
 73, 74, 81, 97, 110. 
 
 subbuteo major (Falco) vi. 81. 
 
 — — (Hypotriorcbis) vi. 69. 
 
 subcalandra (Melanocorypha) .... iv. 365, 
 
 367. 
 
 subcormoranus (Carbo) vi. 151. 
 
 (Pbalacrocorax) vi. 151. 
 
 subcornix (Corvus) iv. 543. 
 
 subcorone (Corvus) iv. 531. 
 
 (Corvus corone) iv. 531. 
 
 subcrecca (Querquedula) yi. 507. 
 
 subcristatus (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 (Podiceps) viii. 639. 
 
 subfurcatus (Cypselus) iv. 591, 592, 
 
 593. 
 
 subbemacbalana (Pinicola) iv. 115. 
 
 subbemalayana (Ticbodroma) .... iii. 207. 
 
 subhimalayana (Prinia) iii. 3 . 
 
 subispida (Alcedo) v. 113. 
 
 sublagopus (Falco) v. 471. 
 
 subleucoptera (Hvdrochelidon . . viii. 321. 
 subleucopterus (Laroides) . . . . . . viii. 439. 
 
 subnaevia (Aquila) v. 491, 
 
 subpbragmitis (Caricicola) . . , . ... ii. 597. 
 
 subpilaris (Turdus) ii. 41. 
 
 subpityopsittacus (Crucirostra) iv. 121 . 
 
 subroseus (Larus) viii. 389. 
 
 subruficollis (Tringa) viii. 111. 
 
 subrufinus (Callichen) vi. 559 , 
 
92 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 subsignata (Locustella) ii. 617. 
 
 substriata (Aquila) v. 513. 
 
 subten*anea (Anas) vi. 565, 
 
 subtypicus (Accipiter) v. 615. 
 
 suckleyi (Larus) viii. 385. 
 
 suecica (Curruca) ii. 317. 
 
 suecica (Cyanecula) ii. 311, 
 
 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 
 319, 320, 322, 323, 356, 511. 
 
 v. 210. 
 vii. 633. 
 
 suecica (Erythacus) ii. 317. 
 
 (Ficedula) ii. 317. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 311, 317. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 317. 
 
 (Plioenicura) ii. 317. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 311, 317. 
 
 (Sitta) iii. 169. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii, 317. 
 
 suecioides (Calliope) ii. 317. 
 
 (Cyanecula) ii. 317. 
 
 Sula vi. 179, 182, 187. 
 
 Sula alba vi. 181. 
 
 amerieana vi. 181. 
 
 Sula bassana. . . . vi. 179, 181, 187. 
 
 Sula capensis vi. 184. 
 
 lefevri vi. 181. 
 
 major vi. 181. 
 
 melanura vi. 184. 
 
 sulphurea (Motacilla) . . iii. 251, 252, 278. 
 
 (Pallenura) iii. 251. 
 
 sumatrana (Scolopax) viii. 195. 
 
 superaliaris (Circus) v. 441. 
 
 superciliaris (Budytes) iii- 261. 
 
 — — (Curruca) ii- 383. 
 
 (CEdicnemus) vii. 407. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 282. 
 
 superciliosa (Motacilla) ii. 469, 470. 
 
 (Phyllobasileus) ii. 470. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii- 470. 
 
 (Reguloides) ii. 470. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii- 469, 470. 
 
 superciliosus (Merops) ...... v. 165, 168. 
 
 (Phyllobasileus) ii- 469. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii- 470. 
 
 superciliosus (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 
 
 467, 469, 470, 472, 473, 
 483, 508, 514. 
 
 superciliosus (Reguloides) ii. 470, 
 
 473, 474, 475. 
 
 suratensis (Columba) vii. 55. 
 
 surinamensis (Hydrochelidon). . . . viii. 327 . 
 
 (Pelodes) viii. 327. 
 
 (Regulus) ii< 466. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 327. 
 
 Sumia. . v. 269, 285, 299, 347, 355. 
 
 Surnia borealis "V. 309. 
 
 canadensis v. 309. 
 
 Surnia funerea v. 309. 
 
 Sumia lapponica v. 281. 
 
 noctua v. 357. 
 
 nyctea v. 287. 
 
 passerina v. 349. 
 
 Surnia ulula v. 299, 301, 309, 311. 
 
 Surnia uralensis v. 277. 
 
 Suthora iii. 47. 
 
 Suya iii. 11. 
 
 gracilis iii. 13. 
 
 lepida iii. 13. 
 
 svarbag (Lomvia) viii. 575. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 575, 578. 
 
 swainsoni (Circus) . . v. 428, 441, 
 
 442, 445. 
 
 swainsoni (Strigiceps) v. 441. 
 
 (Turdus) ii- 1. 
 
 swainsonii (Circus) .■ v. 441. 
 
 sybilatrix (Ficedula) ii. 497. 
 
 syenitica (Saxicola) ii- 243. 
 
 sykesii (Circus) v. 415. 
 
 Sylbeocyclus viii. 627. 
 
 europseus viii. 659. 
 
 minor viii. 659. 
 
 tricolor viii. 659. 
 
 Sylochelidon viii. 253. 
 
 baithica viii. 289. 
 
 caspia viii. 289. 
 
 melanotis viii. 289. 
 
 schillingii viii. 289. 
 
 strenuus viii. 289. 
 
 sylvana (Heterura) v. 210. 
 
 sylvatica (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 sylvatica (Turnix) . vii. 247, 249. 
 
 sylvaticus (Tetrao) vii. 249. 
 
 (Turnix) vii. 249. 
 
 sylvestris (Anser) vi. 355, 363. 
 
 (Anser septentrionalis) vi. 375. 
 
 (Bonasa) vii. 193. 
 
 (Bonasia) vii. 193. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 (Emberiza) iv. 171. 
 
 (Ficedula curruca) ii. 597. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 233. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 131. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii- 485. 
 
 (Rusticola) vii. 615. 
 
 (Ruticilla) ii. 277. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 (Strix) v. 271. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii- 485. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 143. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 219. 
 
 Sylvia ii. 1, 127, 185, 253, 275, 309, 
 327, 361, 375, 439, 451, 467, 
 515, 545, 557, 603, 609, 637. 
 
 iii. 1, 11, 27, 217, 283, 445, 604. 
 
 iv. 238. 
 
 Sylvia abietina . 
 
 sedonia 
 
 affinis 
 
 agricola . . . 
 
 albicans . . . 
 
 albicollis . . . 
 
 angusticauda 
 
 aquatica . , . 
 
 arundinacea 
 
 ii. 485. 
 
 ii. 429. 
 
 ii. 377, 383, 386, 567. 
 
 ii. 559. 
 
 ii. 503. 
 
 ii. 203. 
 
 ii. 491. 
 
 ii. 591. 
 
 . . . ii. 561, 562, 567. 
 
 Sylvia atricapilla .... ii. 375, 414, 
 415, 421, 424, 514. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Sylvia atrogularis ii. 83. 
 
 bifasciata* * ii. 469. 
 
 bonelli ii- 503. 
 
 bonellii ii. 605. 
 
 bowmani .... ii. 401, 402, 407, 409. 
 
 brevirostris ii. 485. 
 
 caerulignla ii. 317. 
 
 cairii ii. 299. 
 
 caligata ii. 541. 
 
 campylonyx ii. 293. 
 
 capistrata ii. 417. 
 
 cariceti ii. 591. 
 
 certhiola ii. 633. 
 
 cetti . . ii. 639. 
 
 cettii ii. 628. 
 
 cineraria ii. 377. 
 
 cinerea ii. 377, 408. 
 
 iii. 214. 
 
 iv. 79. 
 
 cistieola iii. 3. 
 
 collybita ii. 485. 
 
 Sylvia conspicillata ii. 390, 
 
 393, 394, 397, 398, 403. 
 
 Sylvia coronata ii. 507. 
 
 crassirostris ii. 411, 414. 
 
 Sylvia curruca ii. 383, 511. 
 
 V. 210. 
 
 Sylvia curruca 
 
 cyanea 
 
 cyanecula 
 
 cyanura 
 
 dartfordiensis 
 
 Sylvia deserticola 
 Sylvia dumetorum . . . . 
 
 elaica 
 
 erythrogastra . . . . 
 
 eversmanni 
 
 familiaris 
 
 ferruginea 
 
 ficedula 
 
 fitis 
 
 flavescens 
 
 flaviventri3 
 
 fluviatilis 
 
 fruticeti 
 
 galactodes 
 
 ii. 383. 
 
 ii. 317. 
 
 . . . ii. 311, 317. 
 
 ii. 355. 
 
 ii. 441. 
 
 ii. 397, 398. 
 
 ii. 383. 
 
 ii. 537. 
 
 ii. 305. 
 
 ii. 509. 
 
 ii. 553. 
 
 ii. 441. 
 
 iii. 453. 
 
 ii. 491. 
 
 ii. 509. 
 
 ii. 491. 
 
 ii. 621. 
 
 ii. 377. 
 
 ii. 349, 351, 547. 
 iii. 420. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 93 
 
 Sylvia garrula ii. 383, 449. 
 
 gracilis iii. 13. 
 
 grisea ii. 411. 
 
 hippolais ii. 485, 521, 522, 524. 
 
 iii. 410. 
 
 hortensis ii. 375, 429. 
 
 hypolais ii. 523. 
 
 icterina ii. 491, 521. 
 
 icterops ii. 393. 
 
 ignicapilla ii. 459. 
 
 iliaca ii. 35. 
 
 jerdoni ii. 411, 414. 
 
 lanceolata ii. 617. 
 
 leucomela ii. 231. 
 
 leucopogon ii. 389. 
 
 locustella ii. 611. 
 
 loquax ii. 485. 
 
 luscinia ii. 363. 
 
 luscinioides ii. 627, 629. 
 
 maeulata iii. 317. 
 
 magnirostris ii. 561. 
 
 massiliensis iii. 317. 
 
 maura ii. 263. 
 
 melandiros ii. 417 . 
 
 Sylvia melanocephala .... ii. 375, 
 395, 399, 400, 401, 402, 407, 
 408, 409, 413, 424, 426, 449. 
 
 Sylvia melanocepliala minor ii. 401, 
 
 407, 408. 
 
 melanopogon ii. 605. 
 
 Sylvia melanothorax ii. 399, 402. 
 
 Sylvia melodia ii. 491. 
 
 merala ii- 91. 
 
 mesoleuca ii. 285. 
 
 minima ii- 386, 
 
 minnta ii. 383. 
 
 modularis iii- 39. 
 
 Sylvia momus ii. 407, 408. 
 
 Sylvia montana ii- 561. 
 
 montanella iii- 35. 
 
 muscipeta ii- 263. 
 
 musica u- 19. 
 
 mystacea ii- 391, 407, 408. 
 
 nana ii- 397 . 
 
 nattereri ii- 603. 
 
 nigricapilla ii- 407. 
 
 Sylvia nisoria ii. 375, 
 
 435, 528, 623. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Sylvia obscura ii. 521, 524. 
 
 ochrogenion ii. 401. 
 
 cenantbe ii- 187. 
 
 — — olivetorum ii- 527. 
 
 iii. 420. 
 
 Sylvia orphea ii. 348, 375, 
 
 411, 528. 
 v. 202, 210. 
 
 Sylvia paludicola ii- 591. 
 
 palustm ii. 573. 
 
 passer ina. . ii- 348, -349, 387, 389, 403. 
 
 Sylvia philomela ii- 369. 
 
 pboenicurus ii. 277. 
 
 iii. 127. 
 
 phragmitis ii. 597. 
 
 pilaris ii. 41. 
 
 polyglotta ii. 517, 522. 
 
 prasinopyga ii. 503. 
 
 preglii ii. 537. 
 
 proregulus ii. 469. 
 
 provincial^ ii. 441. 
 
 rama ii. 541. 
 
 regulus ii. 453. 
 
 rubeeula ii. 329. 
 
 iv. 227. 
 
 rubescens ii. 407. 
 
 rubetra. ii. 255. 
 
 rubicola ii. 263. 
 
 rubiginosa ii. 547. 
 
 Sylvia rueppelli .... ii. 417, 418. 
 rufa ii. 375, 377, 485. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Sylvia rufescens ii. 203. 
 
 rupellii ii. 417. 
 
 riippelli ii. 348. 
 
 ruscicola ii. 401. 
 
 Sylvia salicaria ii. 375, 
 
 429, 591. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Sylvia sarda ii. 447. 
 
 saxatilis ii. 129. 
 
 scboenobaenus ii. 591. 
 
 schoenobanus ii. 597. 
 
 scita ii. 541. 
 
 semirufa ii. 289. 
 
 sericea ii- 639. 
 
 sibilans ii. 497. 
 
 sibilatrix: ii- 497 . 
 
 solitaria ii. 139. 
 
 stapazina ii. 203, 207. 
 
 strepera ii. 567 . 
 
 striata ii. 591. 
 
 Sylvia subalpina ii. 375, 
 
 389, 391. 
 
 Sylvia suecica ii. 317. 
 
 superciliosa ii. 469, 470. 
 
 sylvestris ii- 485. 
 
 sylvicola ii- 497 . 
 
 sylviella ii- 383. 
 
 tamaricis ii- 491. 
 
 textrix iii- 13. 
 
 tites ii- 293. 
 
 titbys ii- 293. 
 
 torquata ii. 113. 
 
 trochilus ii. 477, 491. 
 
 iii. 127. 
 
 troglodytes iii. 219, 229, 
 
 tscbecantschia ii. 263. 
 
 turdoides ii. 579. 
 
 undata. ii- 441. 
 
 viscivora ii. 3. 
 
 Sylvia wolfii ii. 311. 
 
 sylvia (Curruca) ii- 377. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 377, 383. 
 
 Sylvise iii- 44. 
 
 Sylvicola ii. 467. 
 
 rufa ii- 485. 
 
 sibilatrix ii. 497. 
 
 trocbilus ii. 491. 
 
 sylvicola (Phyllopneuste) ii. 497. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 497. 
 
 sylvicultrix (Phylloscopus) ii. 509. 
 
 sylviella (Ourruca) ii. 383. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 383. 
 
 Sylviidse ii. 165, 510. 
 
 Sylviinse ii- 309. 
 
 synaica (Perdix) vii. 97 . 
 
 syngenicos (Numenius) .... viii. 237, 241. 
 
 synoica (Caccabis) vii. 97. 
 
 (Carpodacus) iv. 73. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iv. 73. 
 
 syriaca (Campethera) v. 35. 
 
 (Fringilla) iii- 55 6. 
 
 (Sitta) iii- 176, 183. 
 
 vii. 15. 
 
 syriacus (Dendrocoptes) v. 35. 
 
 syriacus (Picus) v. 22, 35, 
 
 36, 37. 
 
 syriacus (Serinus) iii. 556. 
 
 syrmatophora (Egretta) vi. 231. 
 
 syrmatopborus (Herodias) . . . . vi. 231, 235. 
 
 Symia funerea v. 309. 
 
 nyctea v. 287. 
 
 psilodactyla. v. 357. 
 
 Syrnium v. 269, 285, 317. 
 
 Syrnium sedium v. 271. 
 
 Syrnium aluco v. 269, 271, 
 
 272, 273, 280. 
 
 Syrnium cinereum v. 281, 284.. 
 
 cinereum, var. lapponicum. . . . v. 281. 
 
 fuscescens v. 278. 
 
 Syrnium lapponicum .... v. 281. 
 
 Syrnium macrocephalum v. 277. 
 
 micropbtbalmum v. 281. 
 
 nyctea v. 287. 
 
 rufescens v. 271. 
 
 stridulum 271. 
 
 tengmalmi 319. 
 
 ululans v. 271. 
 
 Syrnium uralense v. 277. 
 
 Syrrhaptes vii. 73, 75, 
 
 80, 82. 
 
 Syrrbaptes beteroclita vii. 75. 
 
 pallasii vii. 75. 
 
 Syrrhaptes paradoxus vii. 73, 
 
 75, 81. 
 
 tacbardus (Buteo) v. 457. 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 (Falco) vi. 3. 
 
 (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 2 b 
 
94 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Taehybaptus 
 
 capensis 
 
 gularis 
 
 minor 
 
 philippensis 
 
 Tachydromus 
 
 europseus 
 
 gallicus 
 
 tachydromus (Hemipodius) 
 
 viii, 627, 659. 
 
 . . . . viii. 659. 
 
 , . . viii. 659. 
 . . . viii. 659. 
 . . . viii. 659. 
 vii. 423, 425. 
 , . . . vii. 425. 
 .... vii. 425. 
 .... vii. 249. 
 
 Tadorna vi. 407, 4-49. 
 
 Tadorna bellonii vi. 451. 
 
 belonii vi. 451. 
 
 Tadorna casarca vi. 461. 
 
 cornuta vi. 449, 451. 
 
 Tadorna familiaris vi. 451. 
 
 gibbera vi. 451. 
 
 littoralis vi. 451. 
 
 maritima vi. 451. 
 
 nivea vi. 413. 
 
 rutila vi. 461. 
 
 schaehraman vi. 451. 
 
 vulpanser vi. 451. 
 
 tadorna (Anas) vi. 451. 
 
 (Vulpanser) vi. 451. 
 
 taenioptera (Crucirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 (Loxia) iv. 141. 
 
 taeniurus (Glandarius) iv. 481. 
 
 tabapisi (Fiingillaria) iv. 214. 
 
 tabitiensis (Numenius) viii. 245. 
 
 taitensis (Cbaradrius) vii. 443. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 443. 
 
 taivanus (Budytes) iii. 280. 
 
 (Garrulus) iv. 492. 
 
 talas (Saxicola) ii. 211, 235. 
 
 tamaricis (Sylvia) ii. 491. 
 
 Tanagra iv. 149. 
 
 melanictera iv. 151. 
 
 siberica iv. 377. 
 
 Tantalides vi. 333. 
 
 falcinellus vi. 335. 
 
 Tantalus vi. 205, 333. 
 
 castaneus vi. 335. 
 
 falcinellus vi. 335. 
 
 ibis vi. 245, 250. 
 
 igneus vi. 335. 
 
 mexicanus vi. 335, 339. 
 
 niger vi. 335. 
 
 viridis vi. 335. 
 
 tanypterus (Falco) vi. 51, 54. 
 
 tarda (Otis) vi. 312. 
 
 vii. 367, 369, 376, 380. 
 
 tartarica (Alauda) iv. 378, 379. 
 
 (Melanocorypha) iv. 377. 
 
 (Saxilauda) iv. 377. 
 
 tartaricus (Cbaradrius) vii. 507. 
 
 (Heteroclitus) vii. 75. 
 
 tatarica (Alauda) iv. 377, 378. 
 
 tauricus (Tetraogallus) .... vii. 241, 242. 
 
 tayazaquira (Ardea) vi. 269. 
 
 tectorum (Cbelidon) iii. 495. 
 
 tectorum (Cbelidon urbica) iii- 495. 
 
 Telephonus iii. 421, 424. 
 
 Telepbonus ancbietse iii. 424. 
 
 cucullatus iii- 425. 
 
 Telephonus erythropterus iii. 421, 
 
 423. 
 
 Telepbonus longirostris iii- 424. 
 
 minutus iii. 424. 
 
 remigialis iii- 424. 
 
 tscbagra iii. 423, 425. 
 
 telepbonus (Cuculus) v. 199. 
 
 Telmatias vii. 629. 
 
 braebyptera vii. 631. 
 
 bracbypus vii. 641 . 
 
 brebmii vii. 641. 
 
 faeroeensis vii. 641. 
 
 gallinago vii. 631, 641. 
 
 gallinula vii. 653. 
 
 lacustris vii. 641. 
 
 major vii. 631. 
 
 nisoria vii. 631. 
 
 peregrina vii. 641 . 
 
 petenyi vii. 641. 
 
 robusta vii. 641. 
 
 sabinei vii. 642. 
 
 salicaria vii. 641. 
 
 septentrionalis vii. 641. 
 
 stagnatilis vii. 641. 
 
 uliginosa vii. 631. 
 
 Telopborus hi. 421. 
 
 cucullatus hi. 423. 
 
 temmincki (Accentor) iii. 35, 36, 37 . 
 
 temmincki (Tringa) viii. 29, 
 
 32, 33, 45. 
 
 temminckii (Anser) vi. 383, 
 
 (Leimoneites) viii. 45. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 45. 
 
 (Tringa) .... viii. 32, 35, 36, 45, 197 . 
 
 temporalis (Locustella) ii. 633. 
 
 tenera (Peristera) vii. 39. 
 
 teneriffse (Parus) .... iii. 132, 133, 
 
 139, 140. 
 
 tengmalmi (TEgolius) v. 319. 
 
 — — (Athene) v. 319. 
 
 (Noctua) v. 319. 
 
 tengmalmi (Nyctala) . v. 317, 319. 
 
 tengmalmi (Nyctale) v. 319. 
 
 (Strix) v. 312, 319, 351. 
 
 (Syrnium) v. 319. 
 
 tenuirostris (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 (Anthus) iii- 285. 
 
 (Calamoberpe) ii. 611. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 534, 543. 
 
 (Cuculus) ii- 161. 
 
 (Galerita cristata) iv. 286. 
 
 (Larus) viii. 389. 
 
 (Locustella vera) ii. 611. 
 
 tenuirostris (Numenius) . viii. 231, 
 237, 238, 239, 240, 
 241, 245, 247. 
 
 tenuirostris (Platalea) . . vi. 228, 323, 324. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 273. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 (Tbalassidroma) viii. 491. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 151. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii- 219. 
 
 tepbras (Stercorarius) viii. 471. 
 
 tephronota (Acredula) .... iii. 68, 
 
 69, 75. 
 
 tephronota (Sitta) iii. 176. 
 
 tepbronotus (Orites) iii. 75. 
 
 (Parus) iii- 75. 
 
 terek (Limicola) viii. 195. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 195. 
 
 (Scolopax) viii. 195. 
 
 terekensis (Fedoa) viii. 195. 
 
 Terekia viii. 193. 
 
 • cinerea viii. 193, 195. 
 
 Terekia javanica viii. 195. 
 
 terrestris (Cisticola) iii. 3. 
 
 (Drymoica) iii. 3. 
 
 testacea (Alauda) iv. 341, 344. 
 
 tethys (Phoenicura) ii. 293. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 494. 
 
 Tetrao .... vii. 59, 73, 91, 121, 129, 
 
 141, 155, 191, 201, 203, 
 209, 235, 247. 
 
 Tetrao alcbata vii. 67. 
 
 alpinus vii. 157. 
 
 andalusicus vii. 249. 
 
 arenaria vii. 61. 
 
 • arenarius vii. 61. 
 
 betulinus vii. 193. 
 
 bonasia vii. 193. 
 
 canus vii. 193, 196. 
 
 caspius vii. 241. 
 
 caucasica vii. 237. 
 
 chata vii. 67. 
 
 coturnix vii. 143. 
 
 crassirostris vii. 223. 
 
 damascenus vii. 131. 
 
 derbianus vii. 205. 
 
 ericeus vii. 205. 
 
 fasciatus vii. 61. 
 
 francolinus vii. 123. 
 
 gibraltaricus vii. 249. 
 
 islandicus vii. 175. 
 
 islandorum vii. 175. 
 
 juniperorum vii. 205. 
 
 lagopides vii. 213. 
 
 lagopodi-tetricides .... vii. 213, 215. 
 
 lagopoides vii. 213, 215. 
 
 lagopus vii. 175. 
 
 lagopus, var vii. 165. 
 
 maculatus vii. 223. 
 
 major vii. 223. 
 
 Tetrao mlokosiewiczi . . vii. 21 9. 
 
 Tetrao montanus vii. 131, 157. 
 
 mutus vii. 157, 175. 
 
 paradoxa vii. 75. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 95 
 
 Tetrao perdix ...... 
 
 peregrinua . . . 
 
 petrosus 
 
 rufa 
 
 rufus 
 
 rupestris 
 
 saliceti 
 
 saliceti scoticus 
 
 scoticus 
 
 subalpinus 
 
 sylvaticus 
 
 vii. 131. 
 
 vii. 205. 
 
 vii. 111. 
 
 vii. 97. 
 
 vii. 93, 103, 111. 
 vii. 157, 175, 205. 
 
 vii. 165. 
 
 vii. 165. 
 
 vii. 165. 
 
 vii. 214. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 Tetrao tetrix . . vii. 205, 213, 214, 
 215, 219, 220, 232, 233. 
 
 Tetrao urogallides vii. 232. 
 
 urogalloides vii. 228, 232. 
 
 urogallotetricides vii. 232. 
 
 urogallo-tetrix vii. 233. 
 
 Tetrao urogallus .... vii. 197, 203, 
 213, 214, 223, 227, 
 228, 232, 233. 
 Tetrao urogallus crassirostris .... vii. 223. 
 
 tetrao (Otis) vii. 383. 
 
 Tetraogallus v. 539. 
 
 vii. 220, 235. 
 Tetraogallus altaicus vii. 235, 238. 
 
 Tetraogallus caspius vii. 235, 
 
 237, 238, 241, 242, 244. 
 
 caucasicus .... vii. 235, 237, 
 
 238, 241, 242, 244. 
 
 Tetraogallus ch allay i vii. 241. 
 
 challayii vii. 242. 
 
 himalayensis .... vii. 235, 238, 242. 
 
 tauricus vii. 241, 242. 
 
 tibetanus vii. 235. 
 
 Tetraonidae vii. 155. 
 
 Tetrastes bonasia vii. 193. 
 
 Tetrax vii. 367. 
 
 campestris vii. 383. 
 
 tetrax (Otis) vii. 383* 
 
 tetrici-albus (Lagopus) vii. 209, 215. 
 
 tetrix (Lyrurus) vii. 205, 
 
 tetrix (Tetrao) vii. 205, 213, 
 
 214, 215, 219, 220, 232, 233. 
 
 tetrix (Urogallus) vii. 205. 
 
 textrix (Sylvia) iii- 13. 
 
 teydea (Fringilla) iv. 25. 
 
 Thalasssea viii. 253, 273. 
 
 Tbalasseus viii. 253. 
 
 acuflavidus viii. 301. 
 
 affinis viii. 285. 
 
 anglica viii. 295. 
 
 — — bengalensis viii. 285, 391. 
 
 candicans viii. 301. 
 
 canescens viii. 301. 
 
 cantiacus viii. 301, 391. 
 
 caspia * . • • viii. 289. 
 
 mascuriensis viii. 285. 
 
 Pauli de Wiirtemberg viii. 301. 
 
 Thalasseus torresii viii. 285. 
 
 Thalassidroma .... viii. 489, 503, 
 
 511, 542, 549. 
 
 Thalassidroma albifasciata viii. 491. 
 
 anglorum viii. 517. 
 
 bullockii viii. 497. 
 
 bulweri viii. 551, 552. 
 
 leachi viii. 552. 
 
 leachii viii. 497 . 
 
 leucogaster viii. 506. 
 
 Thalassidroma leucorrhoa . viii. 
 
 497. 
 
 Thalassidroma melanogaster .... viii. 494. 
 
 melitensis viii. 491. 
 
 minor viii. 491. 
 
 oceauica viii. 505. 
 
 Thalassidroma pelagica viii. 491, 
 493, 500, 501, 502. 
 
 Thalassidroma tenuirostris viii. 491, 
 
 wilsoni viii. 505. 
 
 Thalassipora viii. 253. 
 
 infuscata viii. 307. 
 
 Thalassites melanotis viii. 289. 
 
 Thamnobia ii. 349, 545. 
 
 Thamnodus ii, 439. 
 
 provincialis ii. 441. 
 
 Tharrhaleus iii. 27. 
 
 modularis iii. 39. 
 
 thebaica (Cotyle) iii. 521. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 407. 
 
 (Fringilla) iv. 85. 
 
 theclse (Galerita) iv. 289, 297. 
 
 theklae (Galerita) iv. 286, 289, 290. 
 
 major (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 minor (Galerita) iv. 286. 
 
 thermophilus (Anthus) . . iii. 299, 306, 307. 
 
 thibetanus (Corvus) iv. 532. 
 
 Thinotretes iv. 273, 275. 
 
 Thremmaphilus iv. 421. 
 
 roseus iv. 423. 
 
 Threnetria ii. 609. 
 
 fluviatilis ii. 621. 
 
 thulensis (Somateria) vi. 629. 
 
 thuliaca (Lestris) viii. 471. 
 
 thytis (Lusciola) ii. 293. 
 
 tibetana (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 tibetanus (Oorvus) iv. 567, 571. 
 
 (Tetraogallus) vii. 235. 
 
 Tichodroma iii. 205. 
 
 Tichodroma europsea iii. 207. 
 
 Tichodroma muraria .... iii. 205, 
 
 207, 209. 
 
 Tichodroma nepalensis iii. 207. 
 
 phcenicoptera iii. 207. 
 
 subhemalayana iii. 207. 
 
 Tichornis vi. 13. 
 
 cenchris vi. 125. 
 
 tigrinus (Falco) v. 587. 
 
 Timeliidse iii. 47. 
 
 tingitanus (Corvus) . . iv. 533, 536, 
 538, 541, 563, 571. 
 
 tingitanus (Passer) iii- 587. 
 
 tinnuncula (Cerchneis) vi. 113. 
 
 tinnuncularius (Falco) vi. 125, 134. 
 
 tinnunculoides (Falco) . . vi. 125, 128, 134. 
 
 Tinnunculus alaudarius iv. 200. 
 
 vi. 113, 116, 117. 
 
 alaudarius, var. japonicus .. vi. 114. 
 
 cenchris vi. 120, 125, 131. 
 
 japonicus vi. 115. 
 
 rufipes vi. 93. 
 
 rupicolae-formis vi. 115, 
 
 rupicolus v. 665. 
 
 vi. 115. 
 
 sparverius vi. 592. 
 
 vespertinus vi. 93. 
 
 tinnunculus (zEgypius) vi. 113. 
 
 (Cerchneis) vi. 131. 
 
 tinnunculus (Falco) .... vi. 97, 99, 
 113, 117, 118, 119, 128, 
 129, 133, 134. 
 
 tintillon (Fringilla) iv. 9, 
 
 10, 13, 14. 
 
 tintinnabulans (Cisticola) iii. 3. 
 
 tintinnabulum (Calamanthella) .... iii. 3. 
 
 tites (Sylvia) ii. 293. 
 
 tithys (Erythacus) ii. 293. 
 
 (Lusciola) ii. 293. 
 
 (Kuticilla) ii. 302, 304. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 293. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 293. 
 
 titys (Ruticilla) ii. 275, 279, 
 
 293, 296. 
 v. 210 . 
 
 Tolmaetus v. 573. 
 
 bonelli v. 575. 
 
 Torda viii. 555. 
 
 tor da (Alca) vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 555, 557, 559. 
 
 torda (Pinguinus) viii. 557. 
 
 (Utamania) viii. 557. 
 
 torquata (Anas) vi. 403. 
 
 (Bemicla) vi. 389. 
 
 (Clangula) vi. 609. 
 
 (Columba) vii. 3. 
 
 (Corvus monedula) iv. 523. 
 
 (Glareola) vii. 253, 411. 
 
 (Hiaticula) vii. 497. 
 
 (Melanocorypha) . . iv. 361, 362, 363. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 113. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 497. 
 
 (Pratincola) ii. 265, 266. 
 
 (Scolopax) vii. 615. 
 
 (Sylvia)- ii. 113. 
 
 &e. (Anas) vi. 609. 
 
 minor (Pluvialis) vii. 497 . 
 
 torquatus (Accipiter falco) 431. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 389. 
 
96 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 torquatus (Apiaster bengaleneis) . . v, 171. 
 (Apiaster madagascariensis) . y. 171. 
 
 (Caprimulgus) iv. 633. 
 
 (Ceppbus) viii. 609. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 497. 
 
 (Columba turtur) yii. 51. 
 
 (Colymbus) yiii. 609. 
 
 (Copsicbus) ii. 113. 
 
 (Histrionieus) vi. 609, 613. 
 
 (Larus) yiii. 447. 
 
 (Merops) y. 171, 172, 174. 
 
 (Palumbus) vii. 3. 
 
 (Tringa cinclus) yiii. 21. 
 
 torquatus (Turdus) ii. 95, 108, 
 
 113, 118, 124. 
 y. 210. 
 
 Torquilla v. 101, 103. 
 
 striata v. 103. 
 
 torquilla (Jynx) .... v. 101, 103. 
 
 torquilla (Yunx) y. 9, 103. 
 
 arborea (Yunx) y. 103. 
 
 longirostris (Yunx) v. 103. 
 
 major (Yunx) v. 103. 
 
 minor (Yunx) v. 103. 
 
 punctata (Yunx) v. 103. 
 
 torra (Herodias) vi. 231, 237. 
 
 torresii (Thalasseus) yiii. 285. 
 
 Totanus vii. 636. 
 
 yiii. 9, 85, 117, 125, 185, 
 193, 198, 199, 201. 
 
 Totanus segoeepbalus viii. 211. 
 
 affinis viii. 143. 
 
 ater viii. 165. 
 
 bartramia viii. 119. 
 
 Totanus calidris iv. 474. 
 
 viii. 157, 169, 172, 182, 199. 
 
 canescens viii. 173. 
 
 Totanus cbloropus viii. 173. 
 
 ferrugineus viii. 203. 
 
 fistulans viii. 173. 
 
 flavipes viii. 125, 153. 
 
 Totanus fuscus vii. 592. 
 
 viii. 126, 163, 165, 
 172, 199. 
 
 glareola iv. 463. 
 
 vii. 458. 
 
 yiii. 143, 144, 154, 
 181, 198, 199. 
 
 Totanus glareoloides viii. 143. 
 
 glottis viii. 153, 154, 
 
 155, 173, 199. 
 
 glottoides yiii. 173. 
 
 grsecus viii. 157 . 
 
 grallatoris viii. 143. 
 
 griseus viii. 173. 
 
 guinetta viii. 127. 
 
 Totanus hypoleucos viii. 127. 
 
 Totanus hypoleucus viii. 193, 198. 
 
 indica viii. 87 . 
 
 Totanus javanicus 
 
 .... viii. 195. 
 
 kublii 
 
 . . . . viii. 143. 
 
 leucopbseus 
 
 .... viii. 203. 
 
 leucourus 
 
 . . . . viii. 135. 
 
 leucurus 
 
 . . . . viii. 135. 
 
 limosa 
 
 .... viii. 211. 
 
 littoralis 
 
 .... viii. 157. 
 
 macularius 
 
 viii. 125, 132. 
 
 maculatus 
 
 .... viii. 165. 
 
 maritimus 
 
 yiii. 69. 
 
 melanopygius 
 
 . . . . viii. 119. 
 
 meridionalis 
 
 .... viii. 157. 
 
 natans 
 
 .... yiii. 165. 
 
 noveboracensis 
 
 .... viii. 187. 
 
 Totanus ochropus . . . 
 
 . . . viii. 125, 
 
 135, 144, 154, 198, 199. 
 
 Totanus palustris 
 
 . . . . viii. 143. 
 
 pugnax 
 
 
 raii 
 
 .... yiii. 165. 
 
 rival is 
 
 .... viii. 135. 
 
 rufus 
 
 .... viii. 211. 
 
 -semipalmatus 
 
 .... viii. 125. 
 
 solitarius 
 
 .... viii. 125. 
 
 Totanus stagnatilis . . 
 
 . . viii. 151, 
 
 
 154. 
 
 Totanus striatus 
 
 . . . . viii. 157. 
 
 sylvestris 
 
 . . . . yiii. 143. 
 
 tenuirostris 
 
 .... viii. 151. 
 
 variegatus 
 
 . . . . viii. 119. 
 
 totanus (Limosa) 
 
 . . . . viii. 173. 
 
 (Scolopax) 
 
 viii. 165, 173. 
 
 (Tringa) 
 
 .... viii. 165. 
 
 cinereus (Tringa) 
 
 yiii. 87. 
 
 nsevius (Tringa) 
 
 . . . . yiii. 157. 
 
 striatus (Tringa) 
 
 .... viii. 157. 
 
 Tracbelia 
 
 
 pratincola 
 
 
 Tracbelonetta 
 
 
 acuta 
 
 
 trencalos (Vultur) 
 
 v. 373. 
 
 triborbyncha (Alauda) 
 
 
 
 312, 315. 
 
 triborbyncbus (Alauda) 
 
 iv. 307. 
 
 Tricbopicus kamtcbatkensis . 
 
 v. 65. 
 
 tricolor (Podiceps) 
 
 viii. 659, 665. 
 
 (Ruticilla) 
 
 ii. 305. 
 
 (Sylbeocyclus) 
 
 , . . . viii. 659. 
 
 tridactyla (Gavia) 
 
 . . . . viii. 447. 
 
 tridactyla (Rissa) 
 
 . . . viii. 440, 
 
 
 445, 447. 
 
 tridactyla (Trynga) 
 
 . , . . viii. 101. 
 
 Tridactylia 
 
 
 camtscbatcensis 
 
 v. 69. 
 
 birsuta 
 
 
 tridactylus (Apternus) 
 
 v. 69. 
 
 (Dendrocopus) 
 
 
 (Dryobates) 
 
 
 (Laroides) 
 
 . . . . yiii. 447. 
 
 (Larus) 
 
 yiii. 447, 452. 
 
 tridactylus (Picoides) . 
 
 . v. 67, 69. 
 
 tridactylus (Picus) iii. 127. 
 
 y. 7, 69, 70. 
 
 (Pipodes) v. 69. 
 
 , var. kotzebui (Larus) .... viii. 447. 
 
 trifasciata (Crucirostra) iv. 141. 
 
 Tringa .... vii. 453, 460, 477, 525, 
 
 543, 553, 595, 636. 
 yiii. 1, 9, 64, 65, 85, 99, 109, 
 
 114, 117, 125, 199. 
 
 Tringa yiii. 135. 
 
 albescens .... yiii. 32, 33, 34, 35, 39. 
 
 Tringa alpina yiii. 21, 199. 
 
 Tringa alpina, var. americana .... viii. 21. 
 
 atra viii. 165. 
 
 aurita viii. 133. 
 
 australis yiii. 32, 77. 
 
 bairdii viii. 16, 18. 
 
 bartramia viii. 119. 
 
 bewickii viii. 90. 
 
 bonapartii viii. 15, 18. 
 
 calidris yiii. 77. 
 
 calidris &c viii. 101. 
 
 calidris grisea yiii. 77. 
 
 calidris naevia yiii. 77. 
 
 campestris viii. 15, 16, 51. 
 
 canadensis viii. 69. 
 
 cancellata yiii. 115. 
 
 canuta yiii. 207. 
 
 Tringa canutus yiii. 9, §4, 
 
 77, 183. 
 
 Tringa cbinensis viii. 21, 59. 
 
 cinclus yiii. 21, 35, 64, 138. 
 
 var. chinensis yiii. 21. 
 
 dominicensis yiii. 11. 
 
 minor yiii. 21. 
 
 torquatus yiii. 21. 
 
 r- cinerea viii. 77. 
 
 crassirostris viii. 81. 
 
 dominicensis yiii. 11. 
 
 dorsalis viii. 15. 
 
 elorioides viii. 3. 
 
 equestris viii. 87. 
 
 fasciata vii. 527. 
 
 ferruginea viii. 77. 
 
 fulicaria vii. 605. 
 
 fusca vii. 597. 
 
 Tringa fuscicollis viii. 15, 16, 
 
 32, 51, 53. 
 
 Tringa gambetta viii. 157. 
 
 glaeialis vii. 605. 
 
 glareola viii. 143. 
 
 grallatoris viii. 143. 
 
 gregaria viii. 203. 
 
 grenovicensis viii, 87. 
 
 grisea viii. 77. 
 
 guinetta viii. 127. 
 
 helvetica vii, 455. 
 
 budsonica vii. 555. 
 
 byperborea vii. 597, 599. 
 
 bypoleucos viii. 127, 133, 
 
INDEX 
 
 97 
 
 Tringa interpres vii. 555. 
 
 islandica viii. 59, 77. 
 
 keptusclika vii. 527. 
 
 littoralis viii. 69. 
 
 littorea viii. 87. 
 
 lobata vii. 597, 599, 605. 
 
 lomatina viii. 77. 
 
 longicauda viii. 119. 
 
 longipes viii. 165. 
 
 Tringa maculata .... viii. II, 12. 
 
 Tringa maritima vii. 558. 
 
 viii. 69, 199. 
 
 Tringa minuta vii. 477. 
 
 viii. 6, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 
 39, 47, 48, 52, 53, 
 65, 154. 
 
 minutilla .... viii. 13, 16, 32, 
 
 33, 51, 52, 53, 56. 
 
 Tringa morinella vii. 555. 
 
 nsevia viii. 77. 
 
 nana viii. 51. 
 
 nigricans viii. 69. 
 
 oabuensis vii. 555. 
 
 ocbropus viii. 135. 
 
 ocropbus, var. glareola .... viii. 143. 
 
 pacifica viii. 133. 
 
 parvirostris viii. 114, 115. 
 
 pectoralis viii. 11. 
 
 platyrbyncha viii. 3. 
 
 platyrincha viii. 3. 
 
 pugnax viii. 87. 
 
 pusilla viii. 29, 45, 51. 
 
 pygmsea viii. 21, 59. 
 
 pygmea viii. 3. 
 
 rufa viii. 77. 
 
 rufescens viii. 87, 111, 115. 
 
 salina viii. 32, 33. 
 
 scbinzii viii. 15, 17, 18. 
 
 squalida viii. 111. 
 
 squatarola vii. 455. 
 
 Tringa striata viii. 69, 157. 
 
 Tringa subarcuata viii. 59. 
 
 Tringa subarquata viii. 21, 
 
 25,' 59, 66. 
 
 Tringa subruficollis viii. 111. 
 
 Tringa temmincki viii.29,32,33, 45. 
 
 Tringa temminckii viii. 32, 35, 36, 
 
 45, 197. 
 
 totanus viii. 165. 
 
 cinereus viii. 87. 
 
 naevius viii. 157. 
 
 striatus viii. 157. 
 
 vanellus vii. 545. 
 
 varia vii. 455. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 variabilia viii. 21. 
 
 wilsoni viii. 51. 
 
 -wilsonii viii. 32. 
 
 Tringoides viii. 117, 125. 
 
 Tringoides bartramius. viii. 119. 
 
 hypoleuca viii. 127. 
 
 rufescens viii. 111. 
 
 tringoides (Calidris) viii. 101. 
 
 Triorcbes vi. 137. 
 
 fluvialis vi. 139. 
 
 Triorcbis v. 469. 
 
 tripennis (Strix) v. 257. 
 
 tristis (Abrornis) ii. 477. 
 
 (Acridotheres) iv. 428. 
 
 (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 477. 
 
 (Phyllopseuste) ii. 477. 
 
 tristis (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 477, 
 
 483, 488, 514. 
 vii. 469. 
 
 tristis (Procell aria) viii. 523. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 523. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 477. 
 
 tristrami (Emberiza) iv. 207. 
 
 tristriatus (Francolinus) vii. 123. 
 
 tritici (Calamoherpe) ii. 597. 
 
 (Caricicola) ii. 597. 
 
 trivialis (Alauda) iii. 309. 
 
 trivialis (Anthus) .... iii. 283, 290, 
 
 291, 309. 
 v. 210. 
 
 trivialis (Dendroanthus) iii. 309. 
 
 trocaz (Columba) vii. 3, 31, 
 
 33, 34, 35. 
 
 trocaz (Trocaza) vii. 33, 34. 
 
 Trocaza vii. 1. 
 
 bouvryi vii. 33, 34. 
 
 laurivora vii. 31. 
 
 trocaz vii. 33, 34. 
 
 Trocbilus ii. 467. 
 
 medius ii. 491. 
 
 minor ii. 485. 
 
 rufa ii. 485. 
 
 trochilus (Asilus) ii. 491. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 483. 
 
 (Ficedula) ii. 491. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 491. 
 
 (Phyllopneuste) ii. 491, 539. 
 
 (Phyllopseuste) ii. 491. 
 
 trochilus (Phylloscopus) . . ii. 467, 
 476, 488, 491, 493, 494, 495, 
 496, 499, 511, 512, 514. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 trochilus (Regulus) ii. 491. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 477, 491. 
 
 iii. 127. 
 
 (Sylvicola) ii. 491. 
 
 Troglodytes iii. 217, 219. 
 
 Troglodytes aedon iii. 217, 229. 
 
 alascensis iii. 222, 223. 
 
 Troglodytes borealis .... iii. 221, 
 
 227, 229. 
 
 Troglodytes communis iii. 219. 
 
 Troglodytes domestieus iii. 219. 
 
 europaeus iii. 155, 219, 229. 
 
 europea iii. 219. 
 
 formosus iii. 223. 
 
 fumigatus iii. 220, 222. 
 
 hyemalis iii. 223. 
 
 naumanni iii. 219. 
 
 nipalensis iii. 222, 
 
 Troglodytes parvuius .... iii. 217, 
 219, 223, 229, 230. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 Troglodytes punctatus . . iii. 219, 223, 229. 
 
 regulus iii. 219. 
 
 sylvestris iii. 219. 
 
 tenuirostris iii. 219. 
 
 troglodytes iii. 219. 
 
 vulgaris iii. 219. 
 
 troglodytes (Anorthura) iii. 219. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 219. 
 
 (Sylvia) iii. 219, 229. 
 
 (Troglodytes) iii. 219. 
 
 Troglodytidae ii. 165. 
 
 iii. 217. 
 
 troile (Alca) viii. 567, 578. 
 
 troile (Oolymbus) viii. 567. 
 
 (Lomvia) viii. 567. 
 
 (TJria) vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 559, 567. 
 
 leucophthalmos (Uria) .... viii. 567. 
 
 troille (Catarractes) viii. 567. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 575. 
 
 trowbridgii (Pelionetta) vi. 669. 
 
 truncorum (Merula) ii. 91. 
 
 Trynga arquatella viii. 69. 
 
 falcinella viii. 59. 
 
 guinetta viii. 127, 151. 
 
 leucoptera viii. 127. 
 
 littorea viii. 143. 
 
 tridactyla viii. 101. 
 
 Tryngites viii. 109. 
 
 rufescens viii. 109, 111. 
 
 Tryngoides viii. 109. 
 
 Trypanocorax iv. 521, 551. 
 
 tschagra (Lanius) iii. 423. 
 
 (Pomatorhynchus) , . . iii. 423. 
 
 (Telephonus) iii. 423, 425. 
 
 tschecantschia (Motacilla) . . . . ii. 263. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 263. 
 
 Tschecantschiki ii. 263. 
 
 tschegrava (Sterna) viii. 289. 
 
 tschutschensis (Motacilla) iii. 251. 
 
 Tubinares viii. 489. 
 
 tunetanus (Accipiter falco) . . . , vi. 47. 
 
 tunstalli (Emberiza) iv. 185. 
 
 turcomana (Strix) v. 339. 
 
 Turdidae ii. 
 
 iii. 19. 
 
 turdina (Salicaria) ii. 579. 
 
 Turdinae ii p 
 
 turdoides (Acrocephalus) .... ii 579 
 
 2 c 
 
98 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 turdoides (Arundinaceus) ii. 579. 
 
 (Calamoherpe) ii. 579. 
 
 (Philomela) ii. 369. 
 
 (Salicaria) ii. 579. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 579. 
 
 Turdus ii. 1, 2, 31, 95, 127, 
 
 149, 185, 339, 545, 557. 
 
 iii. 19, 351, 363, 421. 
 
 iv. 403, 421. 
 
 Turdus albiceps ii. 100. 
 
 albocinctus ii. 95. 
 
 arboreus ii. 3. 
 
 arundinaceus ii. 579. 
 
 arundinaceus, var il. 547. 
 
 Turdus atrigularis ii. 83, 
 
 85, 86. 
 
 Turdus atrocyaneus ii. 87. 
 
 atrogularis ii. 83. 
 
 aureus ii. 77. 
 
 aurigaster iii. 361 . 
 
 auritus ii. 86. 
 
 auroreus ii. 87. 
 
 azureus ii. 139. 
 
 barbatus iii. 353. 
 
 bechsteinii ii. 83, 87. 
 
 betularum ii. 35. 
 
 boulboul ii. 95. 
 
 calliope ii. 341. 
 
 camtschatkensis ii. 341. 
 
 capensis iii. 361. 
 
 castaneus ii. 95. 
 
 certbiola ii. 633. 
 
 cinelus ii. 167. 
 
 cyanus ii. 139. 
 
 dactylopterus ii. 94, 100, 101. 
 
 daulias ii. 74, 101. 
 
 dauma ii. 77, 81, 82. 
 
 davidianus ii. 71. 
 
 Turdus dubius . . ii, 59, 60, 61, 62, 
 63, 65, 68, 71, 85, 86. 
 
 Turdus eremita ii. 150, 157. 
 
 erythropterus ii. 150. 
 
 erythrurus ii. 67. 
 
 eunomus ii. 63. 
 
 fulvus iii. 21. 
 
 fuscatus ii. 59, 61, 63, 65, 68. 
 
 v. 6. 
 
 fuscilateralis ii. 41. 
 
 gouldii ii. 95. 
 
 gracilis ii. 35. 
 
 gularis ii. 167. 
 
 bodgsoni ii. 3, 7. 
 
 horsfieldi ii. 81. 
 
 hyemalis ii. 68 . 
 
 Turdus iliacus .... ii. 35, 51, 95, 
 
 124, 511. 
 iv. 475. 
 
 Turdus imbricatus ii. 81. 
 
 infuscatus ii. 95, 
 
 Turdus iodurus . . 
 
 javanicus. . . 
 
 junco 
 
 juniper orum 
 
 kinnisii . . . . 
 
 leueocillus . 
 
 leucurus , . . 
 
 lunulatus . . 
 
 major 
 
 manilla . . . 
 
 manillensis . 
 
 mauvis . . . . 
 
 ii. 81. 
 
 ii. 71, 95. 
 
 ii. 579. 
 
 ii. 41. 
 
 ii. 95. 
 
 ii. 87. 
 
 ii. 247. 
 
 . . ii. 77, 78, 81. 
 
 ii. 3. 
 
 , . . . ii. 149, 150. 
 ii. 150, 156, 157. 
 ......... u. 35, 
 
 Turdus merula ii. 29, 33, 51, 
 
 91, 95, 99, 124, 146. 
 
 iii. 426. 
 
 v. 208, 210 . 
 
 Turdus merula &c iii. 361. 
 
 , var. montana ii. 99. 
 
 , var. syriaca ii. 100 . 
 
 migratorius ii. 1 . 
 
 minor ii. 19, 351. 
 
 modestus ii. 71. 
 
 Turdus musicus .... ii. 19, 23, 30, 
 
 39, 41, 86 , 97, 124. 
 
 y. 210. 
 
 viii. 140. 
 
 Turdus mutabilis ii. 87. 
 
 mystacinus ii. 86 . 
 
 Turdus naumanni ii. 59, 60, 
 
 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 86 . 
 
 Turdus naumannii ii. 59, 63, 85. 
 
 nigropileus ii. 95. 
 
 nilgiriensis ii. 81. 
 
 Turdus obscurus ii. 71, 74. 
 
 Turdus olivaceus ii. 95, 149. 
 
 oriolus iii. 365. 
 
 pallens ii. 71. 
 
 pallidus ii. 71, 74. 
 
 philomelos ii. 19. 
 
 Turdus pilaris ii. 41, 45, 61, 
 
 68 , 95, 123, 124. 
 
 viii. 340. 
 
 Turdus roseus iv. 423. 
 
 rubiginosus ii. 547. 
 
 Turdus ruficollis. . . . ii. 59, 61, 65, 
 
 67, 69, 86 . 
 
 Turdus ruful us ii. 71. 
 
 saxatilis ii. 129. 
 
 iv. 189. 
 
 seleucis iv. 423. 
 
 serranus ii. 95. 
 
 seyffertitzii ii. 71. 
 
 Turdus sibiricus ii. 87. 
 
 Turdus simillimus ii. 95. 
 
 sinensis ii. 95. 
 
 solitarius ii. 139, 150. 
 
 , iv. 405. 
 
 squamatus ii. 77. 
 
 Turdus subpilaris ii. 41. 
 
 swainsoni ii. 1 . 
 
 Turdus torquatus ii. 95, 108, 
 
 113, 118, 124. 
 
 v. 210 . 
 
 Turdus unicolor ii. 95. 
 
 Turdus varius ii. 77, 81, 82. 
 
 Turdus verneri ii. 71. 
 
 vinetorum ii. 35. 
 
 Turdus viscivorus .... ii. 2, 3, 7, 
 
 48, 50, 51, 80, 124. 
 
 Turdus whitei 
 
 Tumieidse 
 
 Turnix 
 
 Turnix africanus . . . 
 
 albigularis . . . , 
 
 andalusica 
 
 dussumieri . . . , 
 
 gibraltarica . . . , 
 
 gibraltarius . . . . 
 
 Turnix sylvatica 
 Turnix sylvaticus . . . . 
 turricola (Columba) . . 
 turrium (Cypselus) . 
 
 (Ovpselus apus) 
 
 (Monedula) . . . 
 
 Turtur 
 
 Turtur, sp. P 
 
 auritus 
 
 cambayensis . . , 
 
 communis . . . . , 
 
 decipiens 
 
 douraca 
 
 gelastes 
 
 intereedens 
 
 iv. 463. 
 
 ii. 77, 78. 
 
 vii. 247. 
 
 . vii. 247, 253. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 vii. 250. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 . vii, 247, 249. 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 vii. 11, 14. 
 
 iv. 583. 
 
 iv. 583. 
 
 iv. 523. 
 
 vii. 37. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 iv. 593. 
 
 vii. 39, 48, 49, 50. 
 
 v. 582. 
 
 vii. 55. 
 
 vii. 37. 
 
 vii. 52, 54. 
 
 vii. 51. 
 
 vii. 45. 
 
 vii. 51. 
 
 Turtur isabellinus . . vii. 49, 54. 
 
 Turtur meena . . . vii. 45, 47, 48, 52. 
 
 migratorius vii. 39 . 
 
 Turtur orientalis .... vii. 45, 48. 
 
 Turtur pygmseus vii. 55. 
 
 Turtur risorius vii. 51, 52. 
 
 Turtur rufescens vii. 55. 
 
 rupicola vii. 45, 47, 48. 
 
 savignyi vii. 55 . 
 
 Turtur senegalensis . . vii. 49, 50, 
 
 55, 57. 
 
 Turtur sharpii vii. 49 ^ 50 . 
 
 stoliczkae vii. 51, 52. 
 
 turturoides vii. 49 . 
 
 vitticollis vii. 45 . 
 
 Turtur vulgaris . . vii. 37, 39, 42, 
 
 45, 49. 
 
 turtur (Columba) vii. 39 . 
 
 (Peristera) vii. 39. 
 
 lusitanus (Columba) vii. 39 . 
 
INDEX. 
 
 99 
 
 turtur torquatus (Columba) vii. 51. 
 
 turturoides (Turtur) vii. 49. 
 
 typica (Sitta europsea) iii. 179. 
 
 tytis (Saxicola) ii. 263. 
 
 tytleri (Hirundo) iii. 479, 480. 
 
 — - (Phylloseopus) ii. 474. 
 
 ulicicola (Ficedula) ii. 441. 
 
 uliginosa (Telmatias) vii. 631. 
 
 ultramarinus (Cyanistes) iii. 139. 
 
 (Parus) iii, 85, 139. 
 
 Ulula v. 235, 249, 269, 317. 
 
 aluco v. 271. 
 
 barbata v. 281. 
 
 brachyotus v. 257. 
 
 cinerea v. 281. 
 
 flammea v. 237. 
 
 funerea v. 319. 
 
 lapponica v. 281. 
 
 litturata v. 277. 
 
 stridula v. 271. 
 
 uralensis v. 277. 
 
 ulula (Asio) v. 257. 
 
 (Strix) v. 271, 301, 312. 
 
 nlula (Surma) v. 299, 301, 
 
 309, 311. 
 
 ululans (Symium) v. 271. 
 
 umbellus (Bonasa) .... vii. 191, 199, 202. 
 
 (Bonasia) vii. 211. 
 
 umbrinus (Circus) v. 415, 419. 
 
 (Corax) iv. 577. 
 
 (Corone) iv. 577. 
 
 umbrinus (Corvus) iv. 533, 
 
 536, 541, 547, 559, 560, 
 561, 571, 575, 577. 
 
 undata (Alauda) iv. 285. 
 
 (Curruca) ii. 435. 
 
 (Galerita) iv. 285. 
 
 (Melizopbilus) ii. 441. 
 
 (Motacilla) ii. 441. 
 
 (Nisoria) ii. 435. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 441. 
 
 undatus (Adophoneus) ii. 435. 
 
 undatus (Melizophilus) . . ii. 439, 
 
 441, 448. 
 v. 210. 
 
 Undina 
 
 leucocephala 
 
 mersa 
 
 undulata (Curruca) 
 
 (Eupodotis) 
 
 (Houbara) 
 
 undulata (Otis) 
 
 undulata (Psopbia) 
 
 undulatus (Adopboneus) 
 uniclavus (Gallinago) . . , 
 
 unicolor (Aquila) 
 
 (Columba) 
 
 vi. 675. 
 
 vi. 677. 
 
 vi. 677. 
 
 ii. 435. 
 
 .. vii. 391, 395. 
 
 vii. 391. 
 
 vii. 391, 392, 
 395, 396, 397. 
 
 vii. 391. 
 
 ii. 435. 
 
 vii. 641. 
 
 v. 499. 
 
 vii. 11. 
 
 unicolor (Cypselus) iv. 584, 
 
 598, 599, 601. 
 
 unicolor (Haliaetus) v. 545. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 95. 
 
 unicolor (Sturnus) . . iv. 408, 409, 
 
 415, 416, 419. 
 
 unicolor (Sturnus vulgaris) iv. 415. 
 
 (Turdus) ii. 95. 
 
 (Uria) viii. 575, 586. 
 
 unwini (Cygnus) vi. 419. 
 
 upcheri (Hippolais) ii. 535. 
 
 (Hypolais) ii. 350. 
 
 Upupa iii. 167. 
 
 iv. 273. 
 
 v. 177, 180, 182. 
 
 Upupa africana v. 182, 183, 184. 
 
 alaudipes iv. 273. 
 
 bifasciata v. 179. 
 
 bracbyrbyncbos v. 179. 
 
 ceylonensis v. 183, 184. 
 
 decorata v. 180, 182, 184. 
 
 Upupa epops v. 9, 177, 179, 
 
 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 
 193, 194. 
 
 vi. 109. 
 
 Upupa exilis 
 
 indica 
 
 longirostris 
 
 macrorbyncbos . . . 
 
 macubgera 
 
 major 
 
 marginata 
 
 minor 
 
 monolopbos 
 
 nigripennis 
 
 senegalensis 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 Upupidae 
 
 uralense (Symium) 
 
 uralensis (Picus) 
 
 (Pipripicus) 
 
 (Ptynx) 
 
 (Scotiaptex) 
 
 (Sitta) 
 
 (Sitta europsea) . . . . 
 
 (Strix) 
 
 (Surnia) 
 
 (Ulula) 
 
 urbica (Chelidon) . 
 
 urbica (Hirundo) 
 
 v. 179. 
 
 v. 179, 183, 184. 
 v. 180, 183, 184. 
 
 v. 179. 
 
 v. 179. 
 
 v. 179, 180, 181. 
 v. 180, 183, 184. 
 .... v. 180, 182. 
 
 v. 180. 
 
 . . . . v. 180, 184. 
 . . . . v. 179, 180. 
 
 v. 179. 
 
 v. 177. 
 
 v. 277. 
 
 v. 39. 
 
 v. 39. 
 
 v. 277. 
 
 v. 277. 
 
 , . . . iii. 169, 170. 
 
 iii. 179. 
 
 v. 277, 301, 307. 
 
 v. 277. 
 
 v. 277. 
 
 iii. 493, 495. 
 iii. 488, 490, 491. 
 
 495, 515, 517. 
 
 vi. 78. 
 
 Candida (Hirundo) iii. 495. 
 
 fenestrarum (Cbelidon) .... iii. 495. 
 
 latirostris (Chelidon) iii. 495. 
 
 pallida (Hirundo) iii. 495. 
 
 rupestris (Chelidon) iii. 495. 
 
 septentrionalis (Chelidon) . . iii. 495. 
 
 tectorum (Cbelidon) iii. 495. 
 
 urbica varia (Hirundo) in. 495. 
 
 vulgaris (Cbelidon) iii- 495. 
 
 urbicola (Saxicola) ii- 263. 
 
 Uria viii. 555, 567, 579, 589. 
 
 Uria alga viii. 567. 
 
 alle viii. 591. 
 
 arctica viii. 581. 
 
 arra viii. 575, 578. 
 
 briinnichii viii. 575, 578. 
 
 carbo viii. 5/9, 586. 
 
 columba viii. 579, 586. 
 
 faroensis viii. 581. 
 
 francsii viii. 575. 
 
 glacialis viii. 587 . 
 
 groenlandica viii. 581. 
 
 Uria grylle vi. 184, 652. 
 
 viii. 579, 581, 583, 584, 
 585, 586, 587, 588. 
 
 Uria grylle mandtii viii. 587. 
 
 bringvia viii. 567. 
 
 intermedia viii. 567 . 
 
 laerimans viii. 567 . 
 
 lacteola viii. 581. 
 
 leucophthalmos viii. 567 . 
 
 leucopsis viii. 567 . 
 
 leucoptera viii. 581. 
 
 lomvia viii. 567, 575. 
 
 Uriamandti .... viii. 579, 583, 584, 
 585, 586, 587, 588. 
 
 Uria mandtii viii. 587. 
 
 meisneri viii. 581. 
 
 minor viii. 567 , 581 , 591 . 
 
 nigra viii. 581. 
 
 striata viii. 581. 
 
 motzfeldi viii. 586. 
 
 nivea viii. 581. 
 
 norwegica viii. 567. 
 
 polaris viii. 575. 
 
 ringvia viii. 567. 
 
 scapularis viii. 581. 
 
 svarbag viii. 575, 578. 
 
 troile vi. 184. 
 
 viii. 559, 567. 
 
 leucophthalmos viii. 567. 
 
 troille viii. 575. 
 
 unicolor viii. 575, 586. 
 
 ruinator (Colymbus) viii. 629. 
 
 urogallides (Tetrao) vii. 232. 
 
 urogalloides (Tetrao) vii. 228, 232. 
 
 urogallotetricides (Tetrao) vii. 232. 
 
 urogallo-tetrix (Tetro) vii. 233. 
 
 Urogallus vii. 203. 
 
 maculatus vii. 223. 
 
 minor vii. 205. 
 
 tetrix vii. 205. 
 
 urogallus (Tetrao) vii. 197, 
 
 203, 213, 214, 223, 227, 
 228, 232, 233. 
 urogallus crassirostris (Tetrao) . . vii. 223. 
 
100 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 uropygialis (Drymoica) iii. 3. 
 
 (Limosa) viii. 206, 213. 
 
 (Numenius) .... viii. 227, 232, 245. 
 
 Utamania viii. 555. 
 
 pica viii. 557. 
 
 torda viii. 577. 
 
 vaillantii (Chloropicus) v. 93. 
 
 vaillantii (Gecinus) v. 93. 
 
 vaillantii (Ixos) iii. 357. 
 
 valida (Pyrgita) iii. 587. 
 
 validissimus (Corvus) iv. 534. 
 
 validus (Corvus) iv. 534. 
 
 vallombrosae (Ixos) iii. 357. 
 
 valombrosse (Pycnonotus) iii. 357. 
 
 Vanellus vii. 453, 525, 537, 
 
 543, 545. 
 
 Vanellus segyptius vii. 545. 
 
 bicornis vii. 545. 
 
 eayennensis vii. 543. 
 
 coronatus vii. 527. 
 
 — — cristatus vii. 461, 462, 530, 
 
 545, 552. 
 
 bicornis vii. 545. 
 
 communis vii. 545. 
 
 crispus vii. 545. 
 
 fiavipes vii. 531. 
 
 gavia vii. 545. 
 
 grallarius vii. 531. 
 
 gregarius vii. 527, 540. 
 
 helveticus vii. 455. 
 
 keptuschka vii. 527. 
 
 leucurus vii. 531, 532. 
 
 melanogaster vii. 455. 
 
 melasomus vii. 539. 
 
 occcidentalis vii. 543. 
 
 pallidus vii. 527. 
 
 resplendens vii. 543. 
 
 squatarola vii. 455. 
 
 villotsei vii. 531. 
 
 Vanellus vulgaris vii. 543, 
 
 545, 552. 
 
 vanellus (Charadrius) vii. 545. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 545. 
 
 candidus (Charadrius) vii. 545. 
 
 pallidus (Charadrius) vii. 545. 
 
 varius (Charadrius) vii. 545. 
 
 varia (2Erolia) viii. 59. 
 
 (Ceryle) v. 125. 
 
 (Hirundo urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 (Oreocincla ii. 77. 
 
 (Perdix rubra) vii. 103. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 (Tringa) vii. 455. 
 
 japonica (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 viii. 21. 
 
 variabilis (Accipiter) v. 431. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 431 . 
 
 vi. 3. 
 
 variabilis (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 21. 
 
 (Pelidna) viii. 21. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 21. 
 
 variegata (Aquila) v. 513. 
 
 (Ardea) vi. 217. 
 
 (Erolia) viii. 59. 
 
 variegatus (Circus) v. 415. 
 
 (Ealco) v. 449. 
 
 (Picoides) v. 69. 
 
 (Porphyrio) vii. 307, 308. 
 
 (Totanus) viii. 119. 
 
 varius (Accipiter circus) v. 587. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 455. 
 
 (Charadrius vanellus) vii. 545. 
 
 (Numenius mexicanus) .... vi. 335. 
 
 (Phasianus) vii. 85. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 455. 
 
 (Sturnus) iv. 405. 
 
 varius (Turdus) .... ii. 77, 81, 82. 
 
 velox (Sterna) viii. 285, 292. 
 
 velvetina (CEdemia) vi. 661. 
 
 ventralis (Charadrius) vii. 527. 
 
 vera (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 anthirostris (Locustella) .... ii. 611. 
 
 fruticeti (Locustella) ii. 611. 
 
 major (Locustella) ii. 611. 
 
 tenuirostris (Locustella) .... ii. 611. 
 
 verany (Ardea) vi. 245. 
 
 verdati (Hypolais) ii. 537. 
 
 vereda (2Egialitis) vii. 480, 505. 
 
 vermieulatus (CEdicnemus) . . vii. 406, 407. 
 
 verna (Ficedula motacilla) iii. 261. 
 
 verneri (Turdus) ii. 71. 
 
 versicolor (Falco) v. 449, 451. 
 
 (Phasianus vii. 87. 
 
 verus (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 vesparum (Pernis) vi. 3. 
 
 (Pemis apivorus) vi. 3. 
 
 vespertinus (Cerchneis) vi. 93. 
 
 (Erythropus) vi. 93, 97, 131. 
 
 vespertinus (Falco) vi. 13, 
 
 93, 94. 
 
 vespertinus (Tinnunculus) vi. 93. 
 
 veterum (Noetua) v. 367. 
 
 veterum (Porphyrio) .... vii. 297, 
 
 299, 301, 303, 
 304, 305, 306. 
 
 meridionalis (Noetua) v. 367. 
 
 viarum (Galerida) iv. 285. 
 
 victorise (Erodius) vi. 231. 
 
 vidali (Curruca) ii. 411. 
 
 vidua (Motacilla) iii. 241. 
 
 Viduinee iii. 47. 
 
 vierthaleri (Corydalla) iii. 317. 
 
 vigil (Lanius) iii. 393. 
 
 vigorsi (Ruticilla) ii. 305. 
 
 vigorsii (Glottis) viii. 173. 
 
 villosa (Sitta) iii. 177. 
 
 villosus (Picus) v. 27. 
 
 villotagi (Vanellus) vii. 531. 
 
 vinago (Columba) vii. 23, 
 
 vindhiana (Aquila) v. 516, 571. 
 
 vinetorum (Turdus) ii. 35. 
 
 violacea (Petrocincla) ii. 150. 
 
 violaceus (Corvus) iv. 535. 
 
 (Parus) iii. 139, 140. 
 
 Yiralva viii. 253, 313. 
 
 affinis viii. 295. 
 
 anglica viii. 295. 
 
 aranea viii. 295. 
 
 indica viii. 315. 
 
 leucopareia viii. 315. 
 
 leucoptera viii. 321. 
 
 nigra viii. 327. 
 
 virescens (Anthus) iii. 285. 
 
 (Gecinus) v. 77. 
 
 virgatus (Accipiter) v. 628. 
 
 (Numenius) viii. 243. 
 
 virginiana (Alauda) iv. 387. 
 
 virginianus (Charadrius) .... vii. 436, 443, 
 
 445. 
 
 (Ortyx) vii. 141. 
 
 virginicus (Charadrius) .... vii. 436, 437, 
 443, 444, 445,' 447, 448. 
 
 virgo (Anthropoides) vii. 344, 353. 
 
 (Ardea) vii. 353. 
 
 virgo (Grus) vii. 342, 353, 
 
 355, 356. 
 
 virgo (Scops) vii. 353. 
 
 viridanus (Phylloscopus) .... ii. 468, 472, 
 
 507, 508. 
 
 viridi-canus (Picus) v. 95. 
 
 viridis (Brachylophus) v. 77. 
 
 (Budytes) iii. 265. 
 
 iv. 236. 
 
 (Chloropicus) v. 77. 
 
 viridis (Gecinus). . . . v. 26, 49, 75, 
 77, 79, 89, 90, 94, 97, 98, 99. 
 
 (Merops). ... v. 160, 171, 175. 
 
 (Motacilla) iii. 249, 250, 
 
 263, 265, 266, 269, 274, 
 275, 276, 296, 297. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 viridis (Numenius) vi. 335. 
 
 (Picus) v. 7, 8, 9, 77, 80, 83, 87. 
 
 (Spinus) iii. 641. 
 
 (Tantalus) vi. 335. 
 
 viridissimus (Merops) v. 171, 172. 
 
 (Phlothrus) v. 171. 
 
 viridula (Curruca) ii. 491. 
 
 viscivora (Merula) ii. 3. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 3. 
 
 viscivorus (Ixocossyphus) ii. 3. 
 
 viscivorus (Turdus) ii. 2, 3, 7, 
 
 48, 50, 51, 80, 124. 
 
 iv. 463. 
 
 Vitiflora ii. 185, 187. 
 
 iii. 283. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 101 
 
 Vitiflora assimilis ii. 203. 
 
 aurita ii. 203. 
 
 cinerea ii, 187. 
 
 grisea ii. 187. 
 
 leucomela ii. 231. 
 
 leucopyga ii, 243. 
 
 leucura ii. 247. 
 
 leucuros ii. 243, 247. 
 
 maculata iii. 317. 
 
 — — major ii. 187. 
 
 massiliensis iii. 317. 
 
 oenanthe ii. 187. 
 
 paradoxa ii. 207. 
 
 rufa ii. 203, 207. 
 
 saltatrix ii. 199. 
 
 septentrionalis ii. 187. 
 
 stapazina ii. 207. 
 
 vitiflora (Motacilla) ii. 187. 
 
 rufa (Ficedula) ii. 203, 207. 
 
 rufescens (Ficedula) .... ii. 203, 208. 
 
 vitis (Fringilla) iv. 37. 
 
 vittata (Aquila) v. 499. 
 
 (Saxicola) ii. 189. 
 
 vitticollis (Turtur) vii. 45. 
 
 major (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 minor (Columba) vii. 45. 
 
 vociferans (Merula) ii. 113. 
 
 vociferus (Buteo) v. 663. 
 
 (Corvus) iv. 567. 
 
 (Falco) v. 663. 
 
 volitans (Cisticola) iii. 6, 7. 
 
 vulgaris (Alauda) iv. 307. 
 
 (Anser) vi. 355. 
 
 (Arenaria) viii. 101. 
 
 vulgaris (Buteo) .... v. 447, 449, 
 451, 452, 454, 457, 458, 459, 
 461, 477, 493, 649. 
 
 vi. 11. 
 
 vulgaris (Caprimulgus) iv. 621. 
 
 (Cataractes) viii. 457. 
 
 (Cbelidon urbica) iii. 495. 
 
 ^(Clangula) vi. 595. 
 
 vulgaris (Coccothraustes) iii. 573, 
 
 575. 
 
 iv. 21. 
 
 v. 210. 
 
 vulgaris (Colymbus) viii. 639. 
 
 (Coturnix) vii. 143, 251. 
 
 (Cypselus) iv. 583. 
 
 (Cypselus apus) iv. 583. 
 
 vulgaris (Francolinus) . . vii. 121, 
 
 123. 
 
 vulgaris (Galerita cristata) iv. 286. 
 
 (Grus) vii. 337. 
 
 (Gyps) v. 373. 
 
 (Himantopus) vii. 587. 
 
 (Lagopus) iv. 265. 
 
 vii. 157. 
 
 (Linaria) iv. 37. 
 
 (Merula) ii. 91. 
 
 vulgaris (Milvus) v. 643. 
 
 (Nycticorax) vi. 269. 
 
 (Otus) v. 251. 
 
 (Perdix) vii. 131. 
 
 (Pbalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 (Pica) iv. 509. 
 
 (Pyrrhula) iii. 213. 
 
 iv. 101, 107. 
 
 (Regulus) ii. 453. 
 
 (Rusticola) vii. 615. 
 
 (Strepsilas collaris) vii. 555. 
 
 (Strix flammea) v. 237. 
 
 vulgaris (Sturnus). . iv. 403, 405, 
 410, 413, 415, 416, 417, 
 
 419, 420. 
 vi. 11. 
 
 vulgaris (Troglodytes) iii. 219. 
 
 vulgaris (Turtur) .... vii. 37, 39, 
 
 42, 45, 49. 
 
 vulgaris (Upupa) v. 179. 
 
 vulgaris (Vanellus) vii. 543, 
 
 545, 552. 
 
 vulgaris (Vultur) v. 373, 383. 
 
 vulgaris, var. capensis (Buteo) .... v. 457. 
 
 , var. etrusca (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 japonica (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 japonicus (Coccotbraustes) . . iii. 575. 
 
 , var. obscura (Buteo) v. 449. 
 
 unicolor (Sturnus) iv. 415. 
 
 Yulpanser vi. 449„ 
 
 rutila vi. 461. 
 
 tadorna vi. 451. 
 
 vulpanser (Tadorna) vi. 451. 
 
 vulpinus (Buteo) v. 457. 
 
 Vultur v. 371, 381, 389, 
 
 399, 543. 
 
 Vultur segyptius v. 373, 391. 
 
 albicollis v. 373. 
 
 albiulla v. 551. 
 
 albus v. 391. 
 
 alimocb v. 391. 
 
 alpinus v. 401. 
 
 arrianus v. 383. 
 
 aureus v. 401. 
 
 barbatus v. 401. 
 
 calvus v. 547. 
 
 castaneus v. 373. 
 
 cbassefiente v. 373. 
 
 chincou v. 383. 
 
 cinereus v. 376, 380, 383. 
 
 fulvus v. 373, 385, 394, 
 
 405, 411. 
 
 occidentals . . v. 373, 376, 380. 
 
 orientals v. 373, 380. 
 
 fuscus v. 391. 
 
 imperialis v. 383. 
 
 kolbii v. 373. 
 
 leucocepbalos v. 391. 
 
 leucocepbalus v. 373, 401. 
 
 meleagris v. 391. 
 
 Vultur monachus .... v. 374, 375, 
 
 380, 381, 383. 
 
 vii. 388. 
 
 Vultur niger v. 383, 401. 
 
 percnopterus v. 373, 391. 
 
 , var. capensis v. 391. 
 
 persicus v. 373. 
 
 stercorarius v. 391. 
 
 trencalos v. 373. 
 
 vulgaris v. 373, 383. 
 
 Vulturidae v. 371. 
 
 vulturina (Aquila) v. 513. 
 
 vulturinus (Corvus) v. 395. 
 
 Wagellus viii. 533. 
 
 wagleri (Cbaradrius) vii. 527. 
 
 wapacutbu (Nyctea) v. 287. 
 
 (Strix) v. 287. 
 
 wattersi (Alauda) iv. 312, 313. 
 
 wbitei (Turdus) ii. 77, 78, 
 
 wbiteii (Oreocincla) ii. 77. 
 
 wbitelyi (Chelidon) iii. 498. 
 
 widhalmi (Podiceps) viii. 629. 
 
 wiedii (Aquilastur) v. 575. 
 
 (Aquila) v. 675. 
 
 williamsii (Pbalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 wilsoni (Actodromas) viii. 61. 
 
 (Cbaradrius) vii. 458. 
 
 (Gallinago) vii. 643, 647. 
 
 (Oceanites) viii. 505. 
 
 (Procellaria) viii. 505. 
 
 (Squatarola) vii. 455. 
 
 (Steganopus) vii. 595. 
 
 (Sterna) viii. 263, 268. 
 
 (Tbalassidroma) viii. 505. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 51. 
 
 wilsonii (Sterna) viii. 268. 
 
 (Tringa) viii. 32. 
 
 wodzickii (Locustella) ii. 621. 
 
 wolfi (Cyanecula) .... ii. 309, 311, 
 314, 315, 319, 320. 
 
 wolfii (Cyanecula) ii. 311. 
 
 (Sylvia) ii. 311. 
 
 Xantbocepbalus icterocepbalus . . viii. 332. 
 xantbocbeilus (Cbaradrius) . . vii. 443, 444. 
 
 (Pluvialis) vii. 443. 
 
 xantbodactyla (Ardea) vi. 239. 
 
 xantbomelsena (Saxicola) ii. 211. 
 
 xantbonyx (Falco) vi. 125. 
 
 xantbopoda (Ardea) vi. 243. 
 
 xanthoprymna (Saxicola) ii. 190, 
 
 227, 229. 
 
 xantbopygius (Ixos) iii. 357. 
 
 (Ixus) iii. 357. 
 
 (Pycnonotus) iii. 357. 
 
 xantbopygos (Ixos) iii. 357. 
 
 xanthopygus (Pycnonotus) iii. 355, 
 
 357, 358, 362. 
 xantborbinus (Cygnus) vi. 433. 
 
 2 d 
 
102 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Xantbornis 
 
 . ... iv. 149. 
 
 caucasicus 
 
 . . . . iv. 151. 
 
 xantboscbistos (Motacilla) . . 
 
 . . . . iii. 251. 
 
 Xema viii. 
 
 335, 355. 
 
 Xema caniceps 
 
 . . . viii. 366. 
 
 capistratum 
 
 . . . viii. 357. 
 
 capistratus 
 
 . . . viii. 357. 
 
 collaris 
 
 . . . viii. 337. 
 
 furcatum 
 
 . . . viii. 335. 
 
 gelastes 
 
 . . . viii. 389. 
 
 genei 
 
 . . . viii. 389. 
 
 icbtbyaetus 
 
 . . . viii. 369. 
 
 lambruscbinii 
 
 . . . viii. 389. 
 
 melanocepbalon 
 
 . . . viii. 365. 
 
 melanocephalus 
 
 . . . viii. 365. 
 
 minutum 
 
 . . . viii. 373. 
 
 pileatum 
 
 . . . viii. 357 e 
 
 ridibundum 
 
 . . . viii. 357. 
 
 ridibundus 
 
 . . . viii. 357. 
 
 sabini 
 
 viii. 335, 337. 
 
 Xema sabinii 
 
 . viii. 337. 
 
 Xenus viii. 193. 
 
 cinereus viii. 195. 
 
 Xylocopus v. 17. 
 
 minor v. 53. 
 
 Xylopicus kamtscliatcensis v. 65. 
 
 pipra v. 65. 
 
 yarrellii (Motdcilla) iii. 239, 242. 
 
 yelcuanus (Puffinus) viii. 517. 
 
 yelkouan (Procellaria) viii. 517. 
 
 (Puffinus) viii. 517. 
 
 yelkuan (Procellaria) viii. 517. 
 
 yeltoniensis (Alauda) iv. 377. 
 
 yeltoniensis (Melanocorypha) 
 
 iv. 377. 
 
 yperboreus (Phalaropus) vii. 597. 
 
 ypsilopborus (Coturnix) vii. 143. 
 
 Yunx v. 101. 
 
 — - japonica v. 103. 
 
 torquilla v. 9, 103. 
 
 arborea v. 103. 
 
 Yunx torquilla longirostris v. 103 
 
 major v. 103. 
 
 minor v. 103. 
 
 punctata v. 103. 
 
 Zaporina vii. 265. 
 
 minuta vii. 283. 
 
 pygmasa vii. 275. 
 
 Zapornia vii. 265. 
 
 marmorata vii. 267. 
 
 minuta vii. 283. 
 
 porzana vii. 267. 
 
 pusilla vii. 283. 
 
 zonatus (^Egialites) vii. 491. 
 
 (Charadrius) vii. 491. 
 
 zonorhynchus (Larus) viii. 385. 
 
 zorca (Epbialtes) v. 329. 
 
 (Scops) v. 329. 
 
 (Strix) v. 329. 
 
 zygodactyli (Coccyges) v. 197. 
 
 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
HENRY EELES DRESSER 
 1838-1915 
 
 Dresser was born on May 9, 1838, at Thirsk, in 
 Yorkshire, where his grandfather had founded the 
 Thirsk Bank, and died at Cannes on November 28, 1915. 
 In 1870 he started business in London in the metal 
 trade, but he continued to travel extensively through- 
 out the whole of his life, and from the time when he 
 was at school in Germany he began to collect eggs and 
 bird-skins systematically* He belonged to the old 
 order of systematic ornithologists who did not be- 
 lieve in subspecies or trinomials. All he wrote, 
 however, was marked by a thorough and a rigid 
 acouraoy of description and attention to detail, and 
 he took speoial pains to get his illustrations 
 executed and reproduced in the most perfect manner 
 possible, so that his monographs and the "Birds of 
 Europe" were as monuments of ornithological litera- 
 ture. The works here represented comprise the 
 Coraoiidae , or family of the Rollers, 1893; the 
 Meropidas , or family of the Bee-Eaters, 1884-86; and 
 Vol.II of the *Birds of Europe", 1871-90.