H IA U AK A , ¥ K OM B ttAY ,
JT. Yort fo Jl'r/ifrr M/ JHfijf.
NORTHERN TRAVELLER
CONTAINING THE ROUTES
TO
N1
AUARA, QUEBEC, AND THE SPRINGS
WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL
SCENES, AND USEFUL HINTS
TO STRANGERS.
With Maps and Copperplates .
NEW-YORK:
WILDER & CAMPBELL,
No. 142 Broadway,
Soul kern District of JS'ew- York, ss
Be it Remembered, That on the 24th day of February?
A. D. 1825, in the forty-ninth year of the Inde-
(L. S.) pendence of the United States of America,
Wilder & Campbell, of the said district, have
deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right
whereof they claim as proprietors in the words following,
to wit: ‘‘The Northern Traveller; containing the
.Routes to Niagara, Quebec, and the Springs ; with de-
scriptions of the principal scenes, and useful hints to
strangers. With Maps and Copperplates.” In con-
formity to the Act of Congress of the United States, en-
titled “An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by
securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the
authors and proprietors of such copies, during the time
therein mentioned.” And also to an Act, entitled “ An
Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the
encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of
Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors
of 9uch copies, during the times therein mentioned, and
extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing,
engraving, and etching historical and other prints.”
JAMES DILL,
Clerk of the Southentf District ofNew-York.
PREFACE
The publishers of this work, being- convinced Uiat a
handsome and compendious Traveller's Guide is deman-
ded by the great increase of travelling on the northern
fashionable routes, have used their exertions to collect in
one volume all the information of most importance and
interest to such as travel for pleasure or health. The
routes and distances between all principal places will be
particularly stated, both in the book and the maps ; the
best inns will be mentioned, and such other hints and sug-
gestions as may be deemed of importance will not be
omitted.
The finest natural scenes on and near the routes will
be designated and described ; and the places which have
been rendered memorable by important historical events,
will be dwelt upon with sufficient minuteness to engage
the feelings, though with such brevity as not to be pro-
lix. The great watering places of Ballston, Saratoga,
and New-Lebanon will claim particular notice, as the
great central points from which most travellers arrange
their journeys.
The novelty of the mode of travelling adopted on the
Erie Canal, as well as the magnificence of the work itself,
and the interesting objects and scenes along its course, has
attracted vast numbers of travellers in that direction, a
large proportion of whom, during the pleasant seasons of
the year, are strangers of wealth and taste ; and there is
every probability that the* approaching seasons will see
them increase still further. Care has therefore been ta-
ken to collect the most recent accounts from that part of
the country, on the plan sketched above.
IV,
PREFACE.
Several valuable works relating 1 to different parts of
the regions comprised in this volume, have been published
at different periods; and to some of them the author has
been indebted for valuable information ; but there is
none which is calculated by itself to supply the place of
a complete Traveller’s Guide, for which the present work
is intended. Some are too prolix for the convenience of
a traveller ; others contain much other matter, or have
become antiquated by time ; and others are confined to a
few subjects. A list of these works will be given here-
after ; and all of them may be recommended for the par-
ticular departments to which they respectively refer.
It is intended in future editions of this work to embel-
lish it still further with prints of interesting scenes, and to
add such new maps and plans as may appear of most im-
portance. The changes of all kinds which take place on
the routes will also be carefully noticed, and new routes
will be described as far as they may merit the attention
of travellers.
NORTHERN TRAVELLER.
THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
As this is the point from which the traveller is suppo-
sed to be setting out, it is not considered necessary to at-
tempt a description of the city, nor of any of its places of
resort or public institutions. Those who wish to become
acquainted with them, are referred to u Stranger's Guide
to the City of New York,” by which they will be supplied
with all necessary information concerning the public
buildings, societies, institutions, customs, laws, &c. &c.
Hooker's map of the cityvriU be of essential use in finding
the way to distant places.
Before leaving this city, the stranger will find it judi-
cious to obtain a supply of such books and maps as will be
necessary on the route he intends to travel ; and the ad-
vantages which they will afford him can hardly be estima-
ted except by those who know their value by experience.
By directing him to the best roads and inns they will
contribute materially to his comfort ; and by the informa-
tion they contain, much expense is often avoided, so that
the purchase will often prove friendly to his purse as
well as to his time.
To those who intend to take the eastern tour, up Con-
necticut river to the White Hills, Winnipisiogee Lake
and Boston, the u Traveller’s Guide in New England”
may be mentioned, as well as Dr. Dwight’s Travels,
which last embraces all the eastern states, as well as
New York.
t>
THE NORTHERN
The following list of books and maps is given for those
who may wish for more details concerning this state and
Canada, than we are able to furnish in the present sum-
mary view.
BOOKS.
C. D. Colden’s History of the Five Nations.
Dr Dwight's Travels in the New-England States and
New- York.
Professor Silliman's Short Tour to Montreal and Que-
bec, in 18 mo.
Van Rensselaer's Geological Survey of the Canal
Route.
Hibernians’ Letters on the New-York Canal.
Fashionable Tour, or a trip to the Springs, Niagara
and Quebec.
Spafford's Gazetteer of the State of New-York.
Spafford's Pocket Guide to the Canal Route.
Spafford's New-York Pocket Book.
Yates and Moulton's History of New -York. &c. &e.
MAPS.
Eddy’s Map of the State of New-York.
Vance’s Map of the Western part of the same.
Goodrich's Map of the Hudson River, on rollers or in a
hook.
STEAM-BOATS TO ALBANY.
The following Steam-Boats ply between New-York
and Albany.
Richmond, j
Chancellor Livingston, \ large boats.
James Kent, )
Wm. Penn, Olive Branch, and two small rotary boats.
The Bristol, Henry Eckford, Constitution, Constella-
tion, and Chief Justice Marshall, are to run to Troy with
freight and passengers.
A boat is building for Peekskill.
There is a great difference in the charges of these boats,
bnt the accommodations travellers will find on board of
;ivenfortlioi*
this state ami
i present sum.
itions.
and States and
of the Canal
Canal.
$pvn«, Niagara
Sevf-Xork.
tl Route.
r*York,&e.t’
)rk.
f the same,
er, on rollers or iiu
iBANY.
etween^ew-York
y boats.
smallrotaiybo^
itution, Constella-
run to Troy with
res of these boa!*
fold on board d
TRAVELLER.
them arc generally good, except when they are too much
crowded with passengers. Strangers will generally pre-
fer the large ones, because they are furnished with an
upper deck, called the promenade, which is sheltered
from the sun by an awning, and affords a much more un-
interrupted prospect, a9 well as better air. As two or
three will go every day, and the traveller can choose
better for himself, it is unnecessary to make any further
suggestions, except that ladies will find the lower cabin
preferable to the upper, although they are apt to prefer
the latter before they have become acquainted with
it.
Cautions. If luggage is sent by a porter, ask him for
his number , so that if he is negligent or dishonest, he may
be reported at the police office. It is be3t to go to the
steam-boat ten or fifteen minutes before the time of de-
parture, to avoid the crowd which always collects at the
dock. A traveller is too often pressed upon by imper-
tinent fellows, who recommend their own vessels, and
urge him to take passage in them. The only way to
treat them is without reply. Such things ought never
to be permitted by the proprietors, although they are
rivals; neither ought they to allow the throngs of por-
ters, cartmen, &c. who rush in upon deck as soon as the
boats arrive, both here and at Albany, to the annoyance
of the passengers, and the exposure of their property.
All travellers shriuld remonstrate against so unreasonable
a practice ; and if any of the proprietors should see this
statement of the grievance, it is to be hoped that they
will be convinced of its justice, and the necessity of re-
formation, which would benefit themselves as well as
their passengers.
PASSAGE UP HUDSON RIVER.
On leaving New- York, the traveller finds himself in
the midst of a fine and varied scene. The Battery lies bc-
hind him, with^Govemor’s Island and Castle Williams
projecting beyond ; still more distant is Red Hook, and
then opens the passage called the Narrows, with Staten
Island on the right, leading to Sandy Hook and the Atlan-
THE NORTHERN
tic ocean, which is 30 miles from the city. On the west
side of the bay are Bedlow’s and Gibbet Islands, with
fortifications; the point at the mouth of the Hudson i>
Towles Hook, on which stands a small town in New-
Jersey called Jersey City; and the village of Hoboken
is seen a mile or more up the l iver. The hills of Wee-
haw ken appear beyond; as the boat moves rapidly on.
it passes the crowded line of buildings in Washington-
street, the State Prison , and the North Battery.
At Hoboken, under a ledge of rocks facing the river,
and about the distanceof 6 miles from the city, is the spot
where General Alexander Hamilton fell in a duel with
Col. Burr. A monument of white marble w as erected to
his memory on the place; but it has been removed Jwithin
a few years to Trinity Church yard. This is the common
duelling ground for combatants from the city, and ma-
ny lives have been lost on this fatal spot.
The Palis adoes, — a remarkable range of precipi-
ces of trap rock, which begin near this place, extend up
the river on the west side 20 miles, to Tappan, and
form a singular, and in many places an impassable bound-
ary. In some places an old red sand stone foundation is
seen appearing below ; but the great mass of the rocks
presents the mural precipices of the trap formation, and
rises from the height of 15 or 20 feet to 500 or 550.
The Lunatic Asylum is seen on the other side, about
a mile and a half beyond, and is a large building of hewn
stone, occupying a commanding situation.
Harlaem Heights are a short distance further.
They form an elevated ridge across Manhattan island, on
which a line of fortifications was thrown up during the
late war, quite over to the east river.
Fort Lee, 2 miles, on the west side of the river, is
situated on the brow of the Palisadoes , more than 300
feet above the river.
Fort Washington, 1 mile, nearly opposite.
Fort Independence, 2 miles, on the west side. Here
the Palisadoes are of still greater height*
Dobb’s Ferry, 10 miles. This is the best point to
stop, if the traveller intends to visit the Grave of Andre.
as the spot is only 2 1-2 miles distant, in Tappan. His
remains however, have been carried to England.
TRAVELLER.
0
• On tiie veil
t Islands, will*
tlie Huioa j»
town in New.
£e of Hoboken
e hills of Wee.
>ves rapidly oc.
n Washington.
tilery,
facing the river,
city, is the spot
in a duel with
e was erected to
removed'withk
lis is the common
the tit}, and mi.
it
range of preeijt-
b place, extend ap
, to Tappan, an;
mpassable bound
lone foundations
nass of the rock
ap formation, an;
1 500 or 550.
e other side, about
e building of hen
on.
distance further,
nhattan island, si
m up during &
e of the river, s
more than jtX 1
ipposite.
west side. R&
e best point te
Imo/Mn-
Tappan. Jfc
gland.
Tarrytown, 3$ miles. This is the place where Ma-
jor Andre was stopped, returning from his visit to Gen.
Arnold, and on his way to the British lines. The place
was then neutral ground, as the Americans and English
lay encamped above and below. The previous life of this
interesting young officer, together with the amiableness
of his disposition, the refinement of his education, and the
melancholy and ignominious fate to which he was brought,
by one of the unhappy concurrences too often produced
by war, spread a deep and universal sentiment of sympa-
thy throughout this countrf, which time will never ob-
literate, and which will be only perpetuated by our his-
tory.
For a detail of the circumstances connected with Major
Andre’s capture, the reader is referred to a brief history
of them, introduced in the account of West Point , a few
pages beyond.
The Entrance of the Highlands, is a short dis-
tance beyond this place, and 40 miles from New- York.
This is a region no less remarkable for the important
military events of which it has been the theatre, than for
the grandeur and nobleness of its natural scenery. In
pointing out the various positions as we pass along, we
shall give them all a notice, but endeavour to enlarge
only on those whose history demands a more particular
attention.
Stony Point. The little rough promontory on the
left, nearly a mile below the entrance of the Highlands,
was a fortified position during the American war. The
British took it from Gen. Wayne in 1778, but lost it
again the same year.
Vf.rpi.anck's Point, on the opposite side, was also
the site of a fort; hut is now ornamented with a hand-
some private mansion, and the rocks near the landing are
tastefully variegated with a lawn, an arbour, and many
fine trees.
FORT MONTGOMERY AND FORT CLINTON,
5 miles.
These forts were taken by Sir Henry Clinton, on the
Oth of October, 1777. His object was to oo-operate with
THE NORTHERN
Gen. Buigoyne, at that time closely watched bv Gen.
Cate. 5 near Saratoga, and to afford him an opportunity to
force his waj r to Hudson river, by effecting a diversion in
ins favour. For this purpose Sir H. Clinton had lell
Aew-'Y ork with 3 or 4,000 troops, embarked in the fleet
and landed at Verplank’s Point. The next morning a
detachment was sent to Stony Point, and marched round
m tue rear of these forts, then under the command of
Gen. Putnam, and garrisoned by 1000 continental troops,
part of whom were unfit for duty, and a small number of
militia.
Gen. Putnam, apprised of the landing made at Ver-
plank s Point, and supposing the object of the expedition
to be F ort Independence, had crossed the river, and made
preparations to oppose them. He did not discover their
real intentions until he heard the firing at forts Mont-
gomery and Clinton, which are near each other, and
were attacked at the same moment. Governor Clinton
however, and his brother, Gen. James Clinton, had arriv-
ed just before Lt. Col. Campbell, with 900 men, attacked
the first of the forts, and Sir Henry Clinton and Gene-
rals Vaughan and Tryon the other. The fighting began
between four and five o’clock in the afternoon, and lasted
till dark, when the Americans having lost about 250 meD,
the forts were surrendered; but all the garrison who
were able, about 450, effected their escape, with the gov-
ernor and his brother Gen. James Clinton. The British
afterwards crossed the river, and entered
Fort Independence, which is a little above. A
strong chain which had been stretched across the Hudson,
to prevent the passage of the enemies’ ships, was then
removed, and the British proceeding to West point, re-
moved the chain there also ; and a part of the fleet, under
Sir James Wallace, went up to Kingston, with General
d^fencHp Tfh 13 m ° 0PS# ^ lthou S h they found the village
defenceless, the officer ordered it to be burnt, on the 13th
Dla? G C - t0 fnr r th T™ Bn1 ?« P roceeded ™ further than that
place, foi the news of Burgoyne’s surrender being re-
™ved a few days afterwards, the fleet returned to New-
As the steam-boat proceeds, several points are ot#er-
TRAVELLER.
hatched bv (*•
an 0 Pporlunitrt
^ a diversion t
Clinton had W
arkedinthefltt:
e n axt morula* >
1( l marched rote
the command «
continental trooj*
a small numheref
iing made atVer-
■ of the expedites
he river, and mai
aot discover tk
wagatfartsMos-
&r each o&er, a!
Governor Clite
s Clinton, had arm-
hSOOmen, attack
Clinton and Geo*
The fighting begs
ftemoon, and laffi
; lost about 250m
1 the garrison rit
scape, with the *ur*
inton. The Brits
red
a little above. .1
1 across the Hok
es’ ships, was fa
to West point, rs
: of the fleet, node
iton, willi Geofli
f found the vili^
jurat, on the lit
further than tk
render heir? re-
eturnftl to .Yew-
oints are ohser-
J l
ved projecting into the river, some distance above ; and
West Point makes its appearance on the left hand, with
the rums of Fort Putnam elevated on a commanding
eminence, a little beyond, 598 feet above the water le”
vel. Of the latter, travellers have frequently remarked,
that it is the only object in the United States which de-
serves the name of “a ruin;'' but in the view of an
European probably its claim would not appear very sub-
stantial, as the elements have begun their devastations
upon it within thirty or forty years. It is, however, as
imposing m size as in position ; and the view it commands
over it3 wild and mountainous neighbourhood, as well as
its connection with our history, will render it worthy of a
visit. The large hewn stones used in its construction, it
is said, were taken from the shore at West Point, and
carried by men up that tiresome ascent. Durin^ the
war a fort stood on the opposite side of the river, called
Fort Constitution.
WEST POINT.
I his was a military position of great consequence in
the war. A battery was erected on the extremity of the
point just over the river, to command the channel, while
a strong iron chain was stretched across from the shoro
below, to the opposite side. This was taken up by the
Jinttsh, when they went up to Kingston. Just round
the point, near the margin of the water, is the cold spring
from winch the troops stationed there were supplied with
water. 1 r
Thk Military Academy of the United States,
is located at West Point ; and a more delightful situation
for such an institution could hardly have been selected.
It is designed for the instruction of young men destined
for the army ; and secondarily for maintaining the mili-
tary science in the country. The Academy was establish-
ed in 1802 by Gen. Williams, ami extends only to the
instruction of Cadets. The number of pupils is confined
to 250, and in choosing from the applicants, the sons of
12
THE NORTHERN
revolutionary officers are allowed the first claim, and
those children of officers of the last war, whose fathers
are dead, the next. It has been made a subject of com-
plaint, however, that too large a proportion of those ad-
mitted are the sons of wealthy parents not designed for
the army, while the poor are almost debarred from the
gratuitous advantages of such an education.
The level on which the buildings of the institution are
erected, is 188 feet above the river, though it has the ap-
pearance of having once formed a part of its bed. The
principal building is large and striking. The annual ex-
pense of the institution to the U. States is #1 15,000. The
sum paid for the education of a cadet is about .$330 per
ann. The library consists of a large and valuable collec-
tion of books on the various branches of military science,
which have been obtained with great assiduity and no
small expense from Europe.
One of the particular spots worthy of attention, is the
site of Col. Beverly Robinson’s mansion on the east side
of the river, which was made the head-quarters of the
several officers who were at different periods invested
with the command of this important part of the country.
It was resorted to at different times by most of our distin-
guished revolutionary men, and was the place where
Arnold was stationed when he so basely deserted his
country’s cause.
In September 1780, while the British held possession of
Hudson river up to the borders of the Highlands, and
Gen. Arnold was in command here, a correspondence was
carried on by him with the British officers on the subject
of surrendering his post into their hands. To brin» their
designs to a conclusion, it was determined that a mee ting
should be held. ^
Andre was sent under cover of the night from the sloop
of war Vulture, which was then lying in Haverstraw
Bay, to a place which had been appointed for the con-
lerence. A man by the name of Smith had been sent
on board by Arnold, under the pretence of negociating
about an honourable treaty with Great Britain, and he
accompanied Andre to the foot of a mountain called the
Long Clove, on the west side of the river. Here thev
TRAVELLER.
e fct claim, aj
Fa h whose lather,
a subject of co a .
,f tion of those ad-
s not designed | 5 j
lebarred fromfe
ition.
the institution m
,u gh it has the a.
t of its bed. T*
. The annual a-
is $115,000. TV
is about $30 pe
Qd valuable colk
of military scicot
it assiduity and s
y of attention, uth
isiouoa the east all
tesd-quar(er$ of I
nt periods invests
part of the countr
ymostofourdW
3 the place wta
basely deserted is
shheldpossessio:.
the Highlands, a!
correspondence n
Seers on thesubjer
ds. To bring tie
ned that a meeeng
ight from the sktf
ngin Haversd*
d ted lor the ex-
it had been x:
se of negodsts;
. Britain, and k
antaifl called tk
>er, Hereto
Id
loiind Gen. Arnold in a dark grove of evergreen trees,
according 1 to appointment: true to his word in this in-
stance, though false to his country.
The substance of the conversation held on that occa-
sion, may be imagined, as well as the different emotions
which must have agitated the parties. The neighbour-
ing scenery throws over the place a darkness and gloom
well accordant with the memory of that night, and the
melancholy events of which it was the precursor; and the
greater and far more extensive evils which it might have
occasioned, by placing this most important post in the
power of our enemies. So long was this interview in
coming to a close, that the day dawned about the time of
its termination, and the approaching light put it out of
the power of Major Andre to pass in safety the posts at
Verplank's and Stony Points. He was therefore obliged
to retire to Smith's house, and change his dress for a plain
disguise.
General Arnold had furnished him with a pass, under
the name of John Anderson ; and ou the following even-
ing he set out by land, accompanied by Smith as a guide.
They rode that night to Me Koy’s, after going eight or
nine miles ; and the next he spent at Pine’s Bridge over
Croton river. Here he parted with Smith, and proceed-
ed alone six miles, when, as he had passed the American
lines, and was approaching those of the British, he was
discovered by three men who (were concealed from him
behind a bank ; and one ot them suddenly stepping from
under a tree by the road side, seized his horse by the bri-
dle. Andre was put off his guard, either by a sense of
security, or surprise, and thoughtlessly demanded where
he was from. u From below,” replied the man ; meaning
from the British party. “So am I,” replied Andre ; and
he immediately informed him of his being a British offi-
cer, travelling on urgent business.
When he discovered that the strangers were New-
York militia-men, on a scout between the lines, he offer-
ed his watch as a ransom for his liberty ; but having
searched his clothes, they found proof of his designs,
aud refused to release him. They found in his boots, a
description of the works at West. Point, with returns of
14 THE NORTHERN
all the forces of the garrison, in the hand-writing oi Ar-
nold.
This happened on the 23d of September. A messen-
ger was immediately sent to General Washington, and
at Andre’s request, Lieut. Col. Jamieson sent to Arnold,
to inform him that Anderson was taken. The latter
messenger arrived first; and Arnold, as soon as he learnt
the truth, took the horse on which he had come, and
rushing down a very steep bank, -prang into a boat, and
ordered the rowers to take him on board thp V ulture.
As soon as Gen. Washington was informed of Andre’s
capture, he dispatched Col. Hamilton to Verplank’s
Point to stop him ; but he arrived too late, and Arnold
escaped onboard.
On the 29th of September a board of officers was ap-
pointed for the trial of Major Andre, and sentenced him
to suffer death as a spy. Objections were made to this
sentence, on the ground that Andre had been introduced
into the American camp under the passport of one of our
officers; but the delivery of Arnold being made the con-
dition of his release, and that being refused by the British,
he was kept in prison until the 2nd day of October, when
he was hung at the town of Tappan, where his body was
afterwards interred.
The feeling which this severe and melancholy event,
produced in the minds of our countrymen, was sincere,
deep, and permanent ; and those who acknowledged that
the sentence was just, and his fate in those circumstances
unavoidable, lamented the ignominious death of a man
of such a noble, interesting character, and one who had
risen to a distinguished station at an early age. His life
was published and widely circulated in the United States ;
and there is scarcely a child to be found at this day, who
has not mourned over the sorrowful tale of Major Andre.
A few years since the British government sent to this
country to obtain his remains, which were removed to
England and placed in the family vault of the then Prince
Regent. A cypress tree which grew over his grave w r as
likewise removed to the garden of the present king.
The roots ol this tree were found to have twined them-
selves about the skull.
id-writing
aW. A messes.
Washington, nj
on sent to Amoii
ken. The laotr
s soon as he leant
le had come,ai
ig into a boat, a
oanl the Vultmt
formed of Andrei
ton to Verplaak'i
io late, and Ami!
of officers wanp-
and sentenced ka
s were made tote
lad been introduce!
o/oneo/wr
eing made the con
used by the British
y of October, whei
vhere his body wi 1
melancholy event
ymen, was sincere
acknowledged that
those circumstances
ms death ol amac
r, and one who had
early age. lhslii
t the United States;
ad at this day, w
led' Major Anlie
ament sent to#
were removed to
of the then Pm#
rer his graved
be pres®! kis;
ye twined them*
TRAVELLER. L,
At leaving' West Point, the traveller will observe seve-
ral remarkably high mountains on both sides of the river,
for which he is referred to the map. Putnam’s Rock
was rolled from the top of Butter Hill, June 177b, by u
party of soldiers directed by General Putnam.
Newburgh. — This is a town of considerable size, 3
miles beyond the Highlands, with some handsome build-
ings. Here begins the Stage Road leading from the river
to Ithaca, at the head of Cayuga Lake, and communica-
ting by a steam-boat, with the great western turnpike at
Cayuga Bridge. For these places, see Index.
THE CATTSKILL MOUNTAINS.
As the traveller proceeds, he at length discovers the
distant ridge of the Cattskill mountains, which limit the
view in that direction for many miles, and forma grand
feature in the scene. Oh account of their great elevation
they seem less distant than they really are ; and although
they present so imposing an appearance when directly op-
posite, they nowhere approach nearer to the river than C
miles, and in some places retire 15 and even 20.
An excursion to the summit of these mountains is per-
formed by great numbers of travellers ; and indeed has
become so favourite an enterprise, that it may very pro-
perly be ranged among the principal objects in the great
tour which we are just commencing. The visit may be
accomplished in one day, though two or three may be
agreeably spent in examining at leisure the grand and
beautiful scenery of that romantic neighbourhood, par-
ticularly in observing the break of day and the retiring
ofthesun from that lofty height. There is a large and
commodious house of entertainment erected at the Pine
Orchard, one of the peaks of the mountain, about 3000
feet above the river, which is visible from the steam-boat,
and the ascent to it is performed without fatigue in a
stage coach, which goes and returns regularly twice a
day.
The place to land for this excursion is Cattskill.
where begins a turnpike road to Ithaca Taking the
Ftage coach here, for $1 you proceed towards the Pine Or-
1G
THE .NORTHERN
chard, passing a good inn at the mountain, (7 miles) and
then beginning the ascent, which is surmounted by a
winding road that affords much wild scenery and many
a glympse at the surrounding countiy. Five miles of
sucli travelling brings the visitor to
The Pine Orchard. This is a large and singular
plain, about a mile and a half long, and nearly a mile
broad, 3000 feet above the river, covered with a growth
of forest trees, and furnished with a house about 50 feet
square and two stories high, built for the accommoda-
tion of visitors. The view which it commands towards
the west and north is extensive and grand. The Hudson
is seen winding from afar through its verdant valleys, its
margin adorned with villages, and its surface enlivened
with vessels of various descriptions. Immediately be-
low is seen a region of uncultivated mountains, w^hich is
strikingly opposed by the charming aspect of the fer-
tility that reigns beyond, and presents all the variety
of hill and vale, town, hamlet and cottage.
The Pine Orchard is the resort of so much company
during the pleasant seasons of the year, that the attrac-
tions of its scenery are redoubled by the presence of
agreeable and refined society. Individuals of taste and
leisure, and still more, parties of travellers, will thus
often enjoy a gratification which is rarely to be found in
a place naturally so wild and difficult of access.
The South Mountain is a summit of greater eleva-
tion ^towards the south, from which the view is more ex-
tensive. It is 3,718 feet above the ocean.
The North Mountain, however, is the finest point
of view of all, being about 3804 feet higher than the
Ocean, and overlooking a large tract of countiy on the
north-west, which is not in sight from either of the
olliers. On the west side of the river is seen part of the
counties of Albany, Greene, Ulster and Orange ; and on
die cast, part of Putnam county, and all of Dutchess, Co-
lumbia and Rensselaer. The distant high land in the
cast belongs partly to Taughkannuc and Saddle moun-
tams, in Massachusetts, and perhaps partly to the Green
fountains in \ ermont. Lower down is discovered a
range of lulls in the western county of Connecticut The
tye embraces a tract of countiy about 100 miles in
TRAVELLER
n
length and 50 in breadth ; and a large part of it is sup-
posed by geologists to have formed the bed of a great
lake in some long past age, when the Hudson was
thrown back by the barrier presented at the Highlands,
before the present chasm had been cut for its passage.
The rich cultivation of Dutchess Comity, proverbially
fertile, will be dwelt on with great delight ; while the
numerous vessels continually skimming over the Hud-
son, may serve to remind the spectator of those vast and
productive regions which nature had made tributary
to other streams, but whose wealth has been diverted by
art into the same broad channel. Many of the vessel's
which navigate the Hudson are freighted with the^ pro-
ductions of Lake Erie ; and the stranger may perhaps
have au opportunity to see them gliding by to New-
York regardless of the wind, as steam boats are to be em-
ployed this season expressly for that purpose.
Nearly opposite is seen the old Livingston Manor,
which is one of the few great aristocratical estates existing
in this part of the country. It contains a tract of about
14,000 acres.
The Cascades. There is a singular and highly ro-
mantic scene which has been intentionally reserved for
the last. At the other side of the Pine Orchard are two
line cascades, which the visitor must not fail to see, even
if he should neglect to ascend the north or south summits.
A path leads through the woods to the cascades ; hut
there are two small Lakes from which the supply of wa-
ter is derived, which cannot be seen without divergingto
the right.
The Lakes lie very near each other and communi-
cate by a small stream. They are probably about a
quarter of a mile in circumference, each, and not very
remarkable for their appearance. The stream which
flows from the second lake runs to the western extremity
of the Pine Orchard, where the level terminates very ab-
ruptly at a high and shelving precipice, desending into a
tremendous gorge between ridges of gloomy mountains.
The whole scene is on a vast and imposing scale. The
gull is gloomy, and the steep ascents on both sides are en-
tirely clothed with forest*. Just at the feet of the spec-
B 2
18 THE NORTHERN'
tator the stream rushes along and springs from the rock,
in two beautiful cataracts, into the deep and narrow val-
ley below. The first fall is 175 feet, and the second 80,
both perpendicular, without a single protruding rock to
break the snow w#ite sheet.
A small building is erected on the left hand, where
refreshments may be obtained ; and on the i ight is a
steep path by which even ladies may descend in safety
to the foot of the falls. That is the tinest point of view,
and the whiteness and sparkling of the water are strongly
contracted against the darkness of the caverns behind
it, formed by two shelving rocks from which the stream
is successively precipitated. Pursuing the course of the
stream down the valley with the eye, it is seen rushing
tumultuously along over a steep and rocky channel,
winding between the bases of the mountains, until it
gradually sweeps away towards the south, and disap-
pears among the rude scenery that surrounds it.
On a fine summer day, the splendour of the scene is
greatly increased by the depth of the lights and shades,
Ss well as the forms and motion of the mists, which the
wind is continually bearing off from the water-falls; and
the brilliancy of the rainbows with which they are often
decked by the beams of the sun.
After gratifying his curiosity and taste with scenes like
these, the traveller will return to Cattskill, to take the
next Steam-boat ; and by making the necessary arrange-
ments, he can proceed up the river with very little delay.
THE CITY OF HUDSON, 5 1-2 miles.
This is one of the largest aud most important towns on
the river, and occupies a commanding eminence on the
eastern bank, with several ranges of large stores built
near the water’s level. On the brow of the ascent from
the water is a favourite promenade, from which a charm-
ing view is enjoyed of the river and the opposite Catts-
kill mountains. The western shore is variegated and
beautiful, and contains the village Ajf Athens.
If the traveller wishes to proceed' directly to Neic-Le-
bnnon Springs, this is the proper placa to leave the steam-
1 ?S from the rotk,
pand narrow Tt-
md the second %
protruding rockb
ileft hand,\rhtr
on the right is i
y descend in safe
finest point of m
water are strocr
he caverns bek
n which the stria
ig the course oft
e, it is seen rusk
and rocky chan*:
mountains, until
le south, and disep
iurrounds it.
dour of the scene!
? lights and shaii*
he mists, which ti
the water-feds;^
-hich they areafx
aste witli scenes &
attskill, to take i
e necessary arranf-
ith very little defe
, 5 1-2 miles,
important towns ^
Q 7 eminence on tir
flarge stores bff
of the ascent ft*
om which achat*
the opposite Cats
is variegated
Athens.
redly toJW*
o leave ties tea*
Coc y"t,
Cooymans
Batavia**, i
ill son
$cho^°’ Cr.
}& rr y
>///\_
thanh
Mi | j I
niJATKU rohr„ s „„.
Johnstown]
Kctlliook
I*. Ill tin chock
TRAVELLER.
ii>
boat ; us there is a direct road leading to that piuce, and
a stage coach goes twice a week. The distance is 28
miles, Hudson is 117* miles l’rom New-York, and 27 *
from Albany.
There are some fine country seats in this neighbour-
hood.
The Overslagh, 4 miles from Albauy, is a place
where the large steam-boats are obliged to stop when the
river is very low, because the water is much more shal-
low beyond.’ The small steam-boat Fire-Fly is then sent
down to take out the passengers and luggage ; and at
the hour of departure, comes down with the passengers
for New-York.
ALBANY, 145 miles from N. York.
Inns. Rockwell's Mansion House, in North Market-
street; Skinners do. Cruttendcn’s, do. on Capitol Hill;
Bamman’s, South Market-street, and Fobes’s, near the
Steam-Boat Wharf. The best houses in Albany are large
and well kept, and the stranger will find excellent ac-
commodations, provided the city is not too much filled by
the session of the legislature, or some other extraordinary
occurrence. The charges however are very high in this
city, and form a mighty contrast with the moderate de-
mands for food, lodging, & c. in the inns along the course
of the canal, and in the canal boats themselves.
Routes from Albany. Stage coaches run daily towards
all the four cardinal points ; and six or eight frequently
set off in the same direction. Indeed the number is often
much greater than this, when the lull crowd of travel-
lers is pressing towards the springs. Two or three steam-
boats go daily to New-York, small packet boats go on the
canal to the Junction, 8 1-2 miles, and a large and con-
venient one used to go every day to Schenectady, 28 1-2
miles, but it is uncertain whether it will be continued.
The circuit and delays occasioned by the locks,
make the passage consume a whole day. The freight
boats of the Erie and Ontario Transportation Company
are very numerous, and have been lately fitted up very
comfortably for passengers, and convey them at a less
20
THE NORTHERN
price than the regular packets, although their charge was
reduced hast October to 2 1-2 cents a mile — dinner 31
cents — breakfast 2*5— supper 25— lodging 12 1-2. Hoar
it will be hereafter, is not yet known.
For places on the various routes, see the index at the
end.
The Capitol , or Stale House, occupies a commanding
position, and contains the Assembly and Senate cham-
bers, the Supreme Court, County Courts, he. he. It is
115 feet in length, 90 in breadth, and 50 high. On the
opposite side of the river is Greenbush, famous for more
than a century as a cantonment; and the now deserted
lines of barracks are clearly seen from the State House.
This is the first point worthy of nytice, connected with the
colonial wars against Canada. At Greenbush, the troops
supplied in quotas by the eastern colonies, used to meet
those of New-York; and hence they proceeded under
commanders appointed by the British government,
against their enemies in the north.
Albany received a great impulse during the late war
with England, on account of its local position, but peace
brought with it a fatal stagnation of business, the effects
of which are still apparent in some parts of the city, al-
though the more natural and wholesome prosperity
which already begins to flow in through the canal, has
dope much to obliterate them.
The Farmers ’ and Mechanics' Bank, at the foot of State-
street, is a handsome building of white stone; and State-
street itself deserves to be mentioned, on account of its
remarkable breadth as well as steepness. The Museum
is in South Market-street. There is a cascade at the
distance of a mile and a half, on the south-western side
of the town, worthy of the labour of a walk to those
who are fond of wild and secluded scenes. The stran-
ger however, will want a guide or particular directions
to Wendell’s Falls.
LEBANON SPRINGS, 25 m. east from Albany.
i one of the great fashionable places of resort,
has a fine natural situation, a fertile soil, and is pla-
ced lit the midst of a fine amphitheatre of hills and
TRAVELLER.
2J
$1 their charge ti
a mile— dinner l
1-2. H«
see the index Hfc
ipies a commas
• and Senate efe*
courts, kc. kc. In
nd 50 high. fan
'Ush. iamonsforit
tnd the now de^
rom the State Hw
ce, connected withtfe
Greenbush, the trap
colonies, used tow
they proceeded w
British governs;
e during the la-eir
caJ position, bat
f business, theefe
b parts of (he citT.il
wholesome prosper
irough the canal, k
hatthefdotofstfc
bite stone: and Sot
;d, on accoantcrfi!
iness. The.MnseE
is a cascade at 'i
ie south-western sis
of a walk to th»
scenes. Thest®
articular direct
(from Albany
* places of resor
'e soil, and is fa
?atrr of hil h ad
mountains, the waters of the spring are abundant, and
much esteemed for bathing, always keeping the tempe-
rature of 72° Fahrenheit, although they cannot be sup-
posed to possess any mineral virtues, as may be inferred
from an examination of the following analysis given by
Dr. Meade, and quoted by Professor Siliiman : Two
quarts of the Lebanon water contain
Muriat of lime, 1 grain.
Muriat of Soda, 1 3-4
Sulphat of lime, 1 1-2
Carbonat of do. 3-4
Of Aeriform fluids.
N itrogen gas, 1 3 c ubic in .
Atmospheric air, 8 do.
5 grains. 21
The Lebanon water is therefore purer Ilian most natu-
ral waters, and purer than those in the vicinity, which
flow from the same hill. It resembles very much the
Buxton water in England, though it is not quite so warm ;
and the Bristol water is another example of tepid water
almost entirely without mineral qualities. Professor
Siliiman compares the scenery about Lebanon Springs
to that of Bath in England. It is however graduated
more on those principles of taste which habit cherishes
in an American, as it abounds far more in the deep hues
of the forest, and every where exhibits the signs of pro-
gressive improvement. Few places can be found in this
part of the country, where the views are so extensive
and grand, at the same time that they embrace so many
rich and swelling slopes, with so many a scene of neat,
beautiful, and productive husbandry.
Messrs. Kerr & Hull’s house at the springs, is very
large, commodious, and elegant; and during the past
season, accommodated 300 persons at one time, proba-
bly as many as any public house in the country. The
attendance and table will be found excellent, and Sara-
toga and Ballston waters may be obtained at the bar. It
stands dose by the spring, and is furnished with baths
supplied with the water. The old house has been put
in complete repair, and fitted up anew ; a very large ad-
dition was built to it in 1824, which attracted vast
/lumbers of visitors to the place in both the succeeding
seasons. The first house measures 90 feet, and the new
THE NORTHERN
one 130, 5 stories high. They stand in the form oi an
L, and a fine piazza runs along them both, measuring
220 feet. The place now vies with Ballston and barato-
ga; and has sometimes counted more visitors than either
of them. The stranger will here find the same amuse-
ment and gaiety growing up in the fashionable season,
and witness the same round of arrivals and emigrations,
with a similar decline as the leaves begin to clmnge; and
if not too much an admirer of nature to suffer the ap-
proach of ennui, he may perhaps, after too long a delay*
perceive in his own feelings something to remind him
no less of those favourite resorts of fashion and ease.
From the Springs to Hudson is 28 miles, and a stage
coach goes thither twice a week. The following is a
table of distances on the road to Boston.
Pittsfield, - - 9 m.
Dalton, - - - 6
Peru, - - - 7
Worthington, - 8
Chesterfield, - 9
* Northampton, 13
Hadley, - - 2
Belchcrtow'n, 9
Western, - - 7
Brookfield, - 7
Spencer, - - 7
Leicester, - - 6
Worcester, - 6
Framingham, 20
Weston, - - 5
Watertown, - 5
Boston. - - 10
135 miles.
The Shaker Village, a few r miles from the springs, is
an object of attention to most visitors. The village
itself presents a scene of great neatness and beauty, as
it is situated on a beautiful level, and laid out with the
utmost regularity. The fields are divided by right lines,
fenced w r ith the most substantial materials, and cultiva-
ted with great faithfulness and skill. It is a leading prin-
ciple with the society, to allow of no private property;
all the possessions of each person wno joins them, are
thrown into the common stock, and submitted at once to
their peculiar system of life and government. Celibacy
* Northampton is a beautiful town on Connecticut River, and
well worthy of a day’s delay at least. Mount Holyoke command^
the finest view in this part of the country, and is easily accessible.
TRAVELLER.
i in the torn cf«
n both, meastftt
Alston and
J visitors than «it
nd the saraean&
fashionable m
rals and emignhi
begin to change;*
frture to suffer lata
ifter too long a qui
‘ tiling to remind a
f fashion ande&se
28 miles, and i at
k. The following
oston.
Weld, • 1
icer, • • 1
:ester. • • o
■cester, • 6
ninghara. 20
ton, • • 5
jrtown. • 5
5D , - • 10
135miks
iles from the sprit?
visitors. Tb* ^
'atness and beaoty.£
and laid out trilih
divided by right ®
lateriais, andcaltm
|. It is a leading pm
no private propel
i who joins there. £■'
I submitted at ootf
remment.
a*** *25
**fr*3T
they insist upon as indispensable ; and they profess to
banish the love of wealth and ambition, as well as lux-
ury in all its degrees, front their territories.
So much has been lately published on their peculiar
doctrines, that few words need to be said here on the
subject. Not that their principles are very perfectly un-
derstood by the public ; on the contrary, few indeed can
be said to comprehend it, even among the society itself.
Indeed it may be doubted, whether two persons could
he found who would give the same representation of the
subject.
The founder of their sect was Ann Lee, who came from
England some years ago, and established a small “family”
as they call it, which has been succeeded by various
similar institutions in different parts of the country.
They regard that woman as nearly equal to the Saviour
of the world; and themselves as the only persons who
have received that spiritual light which is necessary to
understand and practice the duty of man, which is, to
renounce the pleasures of the world, and, by a life of
self denial, present a living testimony against error and
wickedness. Their dress is plain, and their worship
consists principally in a strange and disagreeable kind
of dancing, whence they have their name, accompanied
with a monotonous song.
Some of their most experienced and perfect members,
pretend to “ speak with tongues,” heal diseases with a
touch of the hand, and perform other miracles like the
apostles. They are generally supplied with members
in the children of poor parents, or the parents them-
selves, who may be desirous of securing a comfortable
living, and are not scrupulous in breaking the bonds of
nature, by considering relationship as well as matri-
monial union dissolved, which the rules of the society
strictly demand. Occasionally, however, they receive
more lucrative additions from an individual or family of
wealth.
They pay great attention to the raising of garden seeds
in most of their villages, as well as to several of the
neater branches of manufacture, and derive from both
a* very handsome income, by making sales at home and
*m distant parts of the country. Whoever has an oppor-
o 4 THE NORTHERN
tunity to see this singular people, will probably teel
^ratified with their neatness, industry, and economy,
but will probably leave the place with pity for some,
and suspicion ot others.
Geology. The tract of country between New-Lebannon
and Albany istransition. Bluish grey transition lime stone,
with veins of calcareous spar, abounds here in strata on
a great scale, with a considerable inclination. It is com-
pact, with a slaty structure. Grawacke abounds at in-
tervals; also transition slate, and a fine red sand stone.
At Grecnbush is a bed of uninflammable fossil coal, or
Anthrocite.
The Albany Basin. The northern and western canals
unite at the distance of 8 1-2 miles from Albany, and ter-
minate here. To afford room for boats to lie while dis-
charging or receiving their cargoes, a large basin has been
built in the Hudson, which extends more than half the
length of the city, and is one of the greatest works con-
nected with the canal. It is 4000 feet long.
The size of this basin, may afford the stranger some idea
of the extent of the benefits expected from the canal ;
and probably he will find cause to think them not over-
rated, when lie observes the number, size and lading ol
the boats which already avail themselvesof the convenience
and security of this construction. Here the traveller gets
the first view of objects with which he is afterwards to be-
come familiar, and if he is travelling this way for the first
time in a few years, he must look with surprise upon the
crowd of boats, and the hustle of industry. He may
look upon them also with additional interest; for they
will be hereafter presented to his view in many va-
rying forms, though still preserving the characteristic
aspect and impression, which distinguish the whole line
of internal improvements, to its very termination.
The route to Schenectady, by the canal, althoughso
much longer than the stage road, and so much obstructed
be frequent locks, is highly worthy of the traveller’s at-
tention, either in going or in returning ; for it will af-
ford him an opportunity of seeing the junction of the two
canals, the Cohoes Falls on the Mohawk, the locks by
which the rise of land is artificially surmounted, th*
TRAVELLER
will probably:*,
toy- and econw
vitb pity for «os
veen New-leb*
transition lime &
mds here in stna *
iclination. It'uw
’acke abound? Mi
a line red sand ill
nmable fossil emi'
iem and westerns
s from Albany, ate
r boats to lie wbif 4
*, a larsp basin hate
mds more than bH 3
the greatest w«b a
TOO feet long.
\J the stranger fMKi'
rpected from the «
to think them ot ^
iber, size and hi?
iselvesofthecooreBr-
HerethetraTeilerg.
h he L* afterward •'
ing this way for thee
with surprise apoo -
ot industry. H < 8
onal interest; fori'
tiis riew in manj 7
ring the characters'
inguisb the whole k
ry termination,
the canal, altho^'
jKlsonuichohstr.'
rofthe tnvelltni
imin^i/oritf'
ie junction of the
Iohawk, the loot-
i]y sunnotintei- -
26
aqueducts which bear the canal twice across the river,
the Wat Hoix rapid, and the gap through which the
canal passes on the northern side of the Mohawk.
The packet boats used to leave Albany for Schenectady
every day ; if they should have ceased running, travellers
may find very good accommodations in the boats of the
Ontario and Erie transportation Company, which are all
fitted up for passengers, and carry them at more moderate
prices. Other boats of various description go every day in
the same direction.
CANAL FROM ALBANY TO SCHENECTADY.
The boats start from the commencement of the canal,
which is at the north end of Albany, so that a carriage
will be necessary for the traveller and his luggage.
State Arsenal, 5 1-2 miles, at Gibbons’-Ville. The
advantages of this situation will be immediately per-
ceived, the vicinity to the Hudson, the road, and the ca-
nal, affording every convenience for the transportation
of arms and ammunition. This depository of arms fee.
is under the charge of Major Hoops.
TROY.
On the opposite side of the river, is a very handsome
town, with fine hills in the rear, the most prominent of
which has received the name of Mount Ida, to corres-
pond with the classic appellation of the place. There is a
good horse-ferry, which helps to renderthetown a great
thorough-fare during the travelling season. The Dam
and Basin at Troy form a great and expensive work, and
promise great benefit to the place, by diverting a part
of the business of the canal. For Stage road to Bos-
ton, see Index.
As I suppose the traveller personally unacquainted
with this part of the country, I may call his attention
both to the advantages and the disadvantages of this
mode of travelling. The opportunity forlooking around
on every side is much better enjoyed in a Canal boat,
than in a stage coach, or even a private carriage, al-
though it sometimes happens, that the road commands
THE NORTHERN
more extensive views than the canal. The immediate
scene from the latter, however, will usually be found
the most agreeable ; for a smooth sheet of water, with
level and often grassy banks, is a more pleasant sight
than a long stretch of a muddy or sandy highway. Be-
sides, it is always free from the inconveniences of dust,
which frequently render the roads in this part of country
extremely uncomfortable.
The Junction 8 1-2 miles from Albany, is where the
Northern and Western Canals meet and unite. To
this spot the canal has been of a greater width than
cither of the branches will be found to be. The
Northern canal runs to Whitehall on Lake George, with
locks, a distance of 63 1-2 miles, passing through Water-
ford, Half-moon, Stillwater, near Bemis’s Heights,
(14 miles from Waterford,) near the battle grounds of
General Burgoigne, Fort Hardy, where he surrendered,
Fort Miller, F ort Edward, and Fort Ann.
The Erie or Western Canal now’ reaches to Lockport;
and when completed, w ill run to Buffalo, on lake Erie,
a distance of 362 miles. It has 83 locks, which raise
and lower the wafer 688 feet in all. The principal points
where the most labour and expense have been required,
are the following :
The Basin at Albany, — the Dam and Basin at Troy, —
the Locks at the Cohoes Falls, — the two Aqueducts on
which the Canal twice crosses the Mohaw k,— the long
Stone Wall and Locks at Little Falls, together with the
beautiful Aqueduct for the Feeder at that place, — the
long wooden Pier or dam in the Onondaga Swamp, —
the great Embankment at Monroe, where for two miles
the boats pass 72 feet above the level,— the Aqueduct
over the Genesee at Rochester,— the 5 double combi-
ned Locks at Lockport, and the long Pier at Black
Rock.
The principal natural objects within its neighbour-
hood, worthy of the traveller’s attention, are the follow-
ing :
The Cohoes Falls,— Little Falls,— the Falls of Tren-
ton, 14 miles north-east of Utica,— the Lakes of Oneida,
Salina, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Canandaigua;
the three Falls of the Genesee River at Rochester and
Carthage ; Niagara, and the Lakes of Ontario and Erie-
TRAVELLER.
Amount of irasportation during the year 1824, on both
the canals, as estimated from authentic sources
112 tons of furs, prices varying, from 24
cents to $4 per lb. say, on an average
$1,60 $376,32000
121, 756 bbls. flour at $5, 25 639,21900
19. 884 barrels of beef and pork, averag-
ing per barrel $9,50 187,898 00
25, 895 barrels of pot and pearl-ash at $25 647, 375 00
128,674 bushels of wheat, at $1,12 144,114 88
30,376 bushels coarse grain at 45 cts 13,669 20
512, tons of gypsum at $4 2,048 00
340.884 gallons of wiskey at 26 cts. 88,629 84
8,295,610 feet of boards and plank viz.
5,530,407 feet boards at $10 per M. and 2,
754,203feet plank at $15 per M.
6,118 boxes of window glass at $3 per box 18,35400
1,127 bbls. linseed oil, at 70 cents per
gallon
5,425 barrels water line at $3 per bbl.
1,056 M. pipe, hhd. and bbl. staves av-
e rage d at $2 1 ,35 22,545 60
3,120 bbls. salt at $1,87 1-2 5,85000
4,092 cords of fire wood at $3,50 14,32200
96,782 11 A
25,244 80
16,275 00
$2,309,206 43 i
This, it will be recollected, is but the value of produce
brought dow n from the west and the north to Albany.
The value of the merchandise, sent back in return, we
know r not, nor is it material to our purpdse, as the produce
of the state, after all, is to be taken as the criterion of
our wealth. In the above list there are many articles
omitted, such as hops, butter, cheese, lard, wool, paper,
lumber, &c. which will swell the amount several hun-
dred thousand dollars. To transport ail this by land,
would cost a day’s work of 272,000 men and 2 m llions
of horses mare .
In the unfinished state of the canals, the amount of tolls
was, in 1822, $64,071 83 ; in 1823, $151 .099 46; in 1824,
$340,642 22. The canals will be completed in 1825, and
it is estimated that on the first of Jan. 1826, the canal debt
will amount to $7,602,092. The interest on this will be
$410,000, and $100,000 is estimated to be requisite for
2S
THE NORTHERN
repairs and superintendence, annually. For tlie first ten
years the canal tolls are estimated to average .$700,000;
the auction duties belonging to the canal fund, $250,000
and the salt duties $170,000. The income from the tolls
and funds of the canals will thus yield an annual surplus
revenue of $610,000 to be applied to the reduction of the
canal debt, which it is estimated will be paid ofl’in \Q years.
COHOES FALLS.
This is the great Cataract of the Mohawk River; and
a hasty walk along the bank will give him an opportu-
nity to view the scene from a near point. The height
of the fall is 78 feet. The banks are mere walls of strati-
fied rock, rough, and sometimes hollowed out beneath,
rising about 140 feet above the river for a great distance
below the falls. At first view the cataract appears
almost as regular as a mill-dam, but on a nearer ap-
proach the ledge of rocks over which the water is pre-
cipitated, is found extremely irregular and broken.
Many fine fish are caught at the bottom.
The tower Aqueduct , 2 1-2 miles. On account of the
difficulty of cutting the canal along this side of the river,
above this place, it was found easier to carry it over, as
there is a natural channel on the other side, which will
be seen with surprise. This aqueduct is 1 188 feet long,
and rests on 26 stone piers and abutments.
. 2 1-2 miles — the channel above men-
tioned.
Upper Aqueduct, 9 1-2 miles— 748 feet long, and rests
on lb piers.
Schenectady is one of the oldest settlements in the
state, having been occupied as a little frontier fortress
before the year 1665, when it was attacked by a party
ot French and Indians from Canada, and burnt, and
many of the inhabitants murdered. This party was
designed against the Five Nations; hut being much
SiTneXfy " g in thC they fell on
The appearance of the town is now fast improving.
It was remarkable, until within a very few years, for
the antique and foreign aspect of its buildings; and the
inconvenience of its streets, having retained in a sineu-
)ar degree the Dutch fashions in architecture, kc. As
l y- For the first ,
'average $7%
anal fund, liv. ,
neonu! from iheii/
M an annua] sir.
a the reduction ofi
Repaid off in
A
Mohawk River; a
1 give hiraanopfift
w point. Thekeb
re mere walk of &
lollowed out bee
ver for a great
the cataract appc?
on, but on aneaftfr
which the water bp
irregular and ia4
lottom.
s. On account m i
ig this side of tie m;
sier to carry it over i
i other side, which,
iductis 1188 feet k
utments
le channel above us
48 feet long, and rar
sst settlement* in
ittle frontier fortre
attacked by a put
ida, and burnt, ir
1. This party «
i; but being ie
winter, they feO«
iw fast improrir:
-ery few yean, ftf
buildings, and tk
tained in a si tp
iteclure, kc.
TW W RT.T.TW ft otx tin* KIR-Oi l'A?TAL .
TRAVELLER.
liie Canal has nothing to bestow upon Schenectady, ex-
cept the empty honours of a passing salute, the place
can never expect an extensive increase.
Union College js conspicuously situated a little out of
town. Two large stone buildings have been erected
several years, and if the original plan is ever completed,
the appearance of the institution will be remarkably
striking. In 1824 it had 234 students. Dr. Nottis president.
FROM SCHENECTADY TO UTICA.
By Iilc Canal , 91 1-2 miles.
3 miles, Rotterdam Flats,
8 - Flint Hill, in Florida,
10 - Fort Hunter on the right. Queen Ann’s cha-
pel, and the site of the Mohawk Fort, or
castle,
1 - Schokarric Creek, with the Dam and singu-
lar ferry for Canal boats,
4 1-2 Caughnawaga. Johnstown is 4 miles off to
the right,
7 3-4 Anthony’s Nose, (a high hill) and the great
cave. See plate second.
5 - Lock, No. 37, Canajoharie creek and village.
Regular carriages go hence to Cherry Val-
ley, Tuesdays and Fridays,
4 - Village of Fort Plain,
4 - Dam across the Mohawk, and Feeder,
3 1-2 East Canada Creek, on the opposite shore ot
the river,
2 * - Mohawk castle. Church for the Indians,
3 - Once the residence of Gen. Herkimer, who
was killed at Oriskany battle.
3 - Little Falls, Locks and village,
3 - German Flats,
3 - Lot kL No. 48. On the south side is an old
chdrch, once used as a place of defence;
also Fort Herkimer.
1 1-2 Herkimer village seen on the north side,
5 3-4 Lock, No. 53. Here begins the long level.
THE NORTHERN
30
which reaches to Salina, 60 1-2 miles,
without a lock,
19 3-4 Utica.
At Johnstown, on the road, are two line houses,
built of stone, standing at the distance of a mile from
each other. They were erected by Sir William John-
son and his family, as this tract of country was his
residence, and formed a part of his vast and valuable
estate. There was originally a third house, similarly
built and at the interval of another mile : but this
was consumed by fire. Col. Guy Johnson and Col.
John Johnson, (sons of Sir William,) inhabited the two
first, until the revolutionary war; when, having attach-
ed themselves to the British interest, they removed into
Canada, and their estates were confiscated. Col. John
afterwards came down with a party of French and In-
dians, attacked the town and made prisoners many of
his old friends and neighbours.
The third mansion was on the other side of the road,
and was
The Residence of Sir William Johnson,
for several of the last years of his life. This distinguish-
ed man, who makes so conspicuous a figure in the history
of the state about the time of the French war, was born
in Ireland in 1714, and in 1734 came to America, at the
solicitation of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren, who had ac-
quired a large estate here through his wife. Sir William
became well acquainted with the Indian language and
manners, and acquired a greater influence over them
than any other white man ever possessed. He rose
from the station of a private soldier to the rank of a
Genera , and commanded at Lake George in 1755,
although, as will hereafter be seen, the title which he
there received, was really merited by Gen. Lyman.
•Tidy 25, 17o9, he took fort Niagara, and in 1760 went to
join Gen. Amherst at Oswego, and assisted in the cap-
ture of Montreal. He died and was buried at his seat,
July 7, 1774, at the age of 60, very rich, in consequence
of the increased value of his extensive estate after the
J* rench war s
1
i
5m. ® 1*2 W
re two &ne boa*
ance of a mile
by Sir William^
of country wa; .
His vast and vak
bird house, m-
other mile: bat &
ay Johnson awiu
m,) inhabited
when, having,
est, they removed a
:onfiseated. ColJ«
arty oftFreick dk
vade prisoners but:
: other side offer*
IlLLlAM JoKWT,
life. This distispk
is a figure in the fer
French war, walr
une to America. Stir
■ Warren, who had ‘
bis wife. Sir fife
Indian language k
influence over tier
possessed. Hero?
fdier to the rank ^
be George ia 1$
!, the title whiej k
d by Gen. Lyr
and in 1760 wen
assisted in the®
; buried at
ah, in commit }•
've estate after ite
TRAVELLER. 31
UTICA.
This is the largest of all the towns in this state west of
Albany, its population being about 4,600. The style
of building is very handsome, and in some cases quite
elegant ; and the manners of the inhabitants corres-
pondently polished and intelligent. There are several
handsome Churches here, and many religious sects,
among which are enumerated a congregation of Roman
Catholics.
Hamilton College is situated in the village of Clin-
ton, 9 miles from Utica. It has about 100 students.
TRENTON FALLS.
This most interesting object is well worthy the atten-
tion of every person of taste, being justly considered
one of the finest natural scenes in this part of the coun-
fiy. It will be necessary to get a horse or carriage at
Utica, as no stage coach runs that way ; and to set off
in the morning, as the whole day is not too long for the
excursion. Particular directions should also be ob-
tained before setting out, as the nearest road is very
devious, and the countiy is but thinly populated. An
excellent inn is kept near the falls by Mr. Sherman,
an Englishman, who has a large collection of rare and
interesting petrifactions collected among the rocks,
well worthy of examination.
From his house you descend a long stair case down
the steep bank of the West Canada Creek, which has
cut a frightful chasm through a rocky range, in some
places 150 ft. deep, and is seen gliding swiftly by through
a declining channel below. The chasm continues tor
four miles, and presents the most interesting variety of
cascades and rapids, boiling pools and eddies which can,
easily be imagined. The passage or chasm betwecitf
the rocks is every where very narrow, and in some
places barely of sufficient breadth to permit the stream
to pass; while the rocks rise perpendicularly on each side,
or sometimes even project a considerable distance over
head, so that it has been often necessary to form
an artificial path by means of gun-powder. These pas-
32
THE NORTHERN
sages appear dangerous, but only require a little caution
and presence of mind to ensure the safety of the visitor,
• -■ strong iron chains are fixed into the rock to offer him
security. There are four principal cataracts between
the stair case by which you first descend^ and the usual
limit of an excursion, which is about a mile and a quar-
ter up the stream. The first of these you discover soon
after the first turning, and is about 40 feet high; with
the greatest fall towards the West. The top of the rock
on the right side is 150 feet high by line measurement,
the second is a regular fall, much tike a mill-dam, about
8 feet high; the third, a remarkably striking and beau-
tiful one, is 35 feet, and the fourth rather a succession of
cascades, but presenting many most agreeable varieties.
About a mile and a quarter from the house, is a small
building lately erected for the supply of refreshments.
A singular species ol tree is found in this neighbour-
hood, called the white cedar, with drooping branches,
which often grow to such a length as to descend far be-
low the root, instoopingtowards the water.
The rocks there are all a dark lime-stone, of a very
slaty structure, and contain astonishing quantities of
petrified marine shells and other animals of an antedilu-
vian date, such as Dilobites, Trilobites, be. be.
There are several other cataracts besides those already
mentioned, both above and below; and a stranger
might spend sometime here very agreeably in observing
them at leisure, and in catching the fine trout with which
the creek abounds. The house is commodious, and has
the reputation of furnishing one of the best tables in this
pari of the state. I
FROM UTICA TO SYRACUSE.
By the Canal , 63 3-4 miles.
Whitesborough, 4 m ij e s.
Oriskany village, 7 _
Rome, on the "right, g
Feeder from Wood Creek, and the old U. S.
Arsenal, ------ i _
Oneida Creek, - - . jq
Lock 54, end of the long level, - - 29 -
Syracuse. 3.4
IN
iqvurealiujec^
^ safety of the via r
'he rock to oils ij
>al cataracts b etve-.
lescend, and the ^
wut a mile and 4 ®
aese you discover*
>ut 44) feel hid; n
*• ThetopoftW *
ty fine measarear
1 like a mitUi»n
kably striking aiib
th rather a sotceswi
most agreeableTam>
■om the house, hast
^piy of ny#
found in this Mttka
with droopia* brace*
igth as to descend 6 rb
Is (he water,
t lime-stone, of 1 w
stonishing MMtitis ;
•animals of ananas
obkes,ke.fcc.
cts besides those to
jelow ; and a m
f agreeably in ofwa
he tine trout irith^f
b coraraodtoQU^
of the best tables if
mcusE.
4 miles.
. . 4 ait
. - 7 •
. . 8 •
old P. S.
. . 1 •
. . 14 -
, . 29 *
-W
TRAVELLER. 3$
Whitestown is one of the most beautiful villages in this
part of the state, as well as the oldest settlement. All
this tract of country was a perfect wilderness in 1785,
when Mr. White from Middletovvn in Connecticut firs
took up his abode here and lifted an axe against the
forest. The traveller may keep this in mind as he pur-
sues his journey, and the progress of civilization will
appear the most astonishing.
SIEGE OF FORT STANWIX.
On the road from Whitestown to Rome, is the spot
where Gen. Herkimer sat down under a tree, after re-
ceiving his mortal wound. In 1777 Gen. Burgoynescnt
between 15 and 1800 men, part salvages, under Baron
St. Leger, to go from Montreal, by Lake Ontario, to at-
tack Fort Stan wix ; and then to go down the Mohawk
to Albany. Early in August they arrived at Fort Stan-
tvix. Gen. Herkimer, commander of the militia of
Tryon county, was sent against them with 800 men.
His men insisted on going on, to meet a detachment
under SirJ. Johnson, sent out by St. Leger; hut at the
first shot they fled. A few remained and fought, and
Gen H. was killed. Congress voted a monument to his
memory, but it has never been erected. The Americans
lost 160 killed, and 240 wounded and prisoners. Two
miles below Fort Stanwixthe canal commences between
the Mohawk and Wood Creek ; so that Rome separates
the waters of the Hudson and the St. Lawrence.
Fort Stanwix is 60 or 80 rods N. E. of the centre of the
village of Rome. A deep ditch, three rows of palisades,
with a block-house in the middle. It was defended
against St. Leger, by Col. Ganzevoort. Lieut. Col.
V\ diet drove him off by a sortie, and plundered the
camp. He was intercepted on his return, but cut his
way through, and returned without loss of a man
When Sir J. Johnson returned from the battle with Gen.
Herkimer, the fortress was summoned, but refused to
surrender; and Col. Willett and Lieut. Stockton left the
fort to inform the people towards Albany of ifs situation.
They crept through the enemy’s camp, and got to Gen.
Schuyler’s head quarters at Stillwater. Gen. Arnold
34
THE NORTHERN
volunteered to relieve it. He frightened the besiegers
by means of two emissaries, an Indian and a white man.
who told such stories of the force of the Americans, that
they left their baggage and fled precipitately to Oneida
Lake.
Cherry Valley was attacked in the revolutionary
war by Captain Butler, who came down from Canada
with 600 men, intending to take the Fort. Being disap-
pointed in his undertaking, he fell .upon the village, and
murdered a great (lumber of the defenceless inhabitants.
Returning up the Mohawk, towards East Canada Creek
and Oneida Lake, the usual route in those times between
the Indian country and Canada, he fell on Fort Plain,
(now Canajoharie,) where he perpetrated similar atroci-
ties. He happened, however, to cross the Mohawk
beyond this place ; and while he was carelessly follow-
ing his troops at some distance, near the mouth of East
Canada Creek, he was overtaken by two Oneida Indians,
who immediately prepared to take his life. He used
many intreaties to spare him, but they yelled “Sherry
V alley , Sherry Valley !” and tomahawked him on the
spot.
ONEIDA CASTLE.
This is a village on the confines of a tract of reserved
land belonging to the Indians of the Oneida nation.
The principal residences of most of the Indians in this
part of the country were formerly fortified in a manner
coresponding with their ideas of warfare, and hence the
name of castle attached to this village, as well as to
several others we may have occasion to speak of further
on.
The Oneidas were one of the original Five Nations,
which form so conspicuous a figure in the history of this
state. The best and most interesting account of them
will be found in Colden’s history, to which valuable
work the curious reader is referred. They formerly re-
sided, says that author, on the shores of the St. Law-
rence, near where Montreal now stands; but being
driven from their country by the Arondiacks, a power-
ful and warlike nation, wandered towards the south
m
ripened the b*.
ndian andawbij
eoUhe American
precipitately to Oi
in the revofetj,
tame down ltodCq
^ the Fort. Beii «£
'fell upon thevBb ? ;
he defenceless i£
wards East Can& O
>ute in those tintsb
[ da, he fell on Forth
& perpetrated similar e
er, to cross the tti
e he was carelessly is
ce, near the mootin’:
ikenbytwoOneidilK
to lake his life, k
\, but (hey yelled ’j
tomahawked liiat
1ASTLE.
ifines of a trad of ref
ns of the Oneida *
Dost of the Indians':
ieriy fortified ii a*
}f warfare, andhec
lis village, as well
casion to speak ofi
ie original Firefe
nre in the history f
resting account rf*
orv, to which nk
Til. They (oratt
shores of the S-h
ow stands; to*
i Arondiacks, af»*
»d towards the s
TRAVELLER. 35
west, and settled along the Lakes of New- York, where
they now live. This occurred before the arrival of anv
Europeans in this part of the continent ; and when the
French came to Quebec, in 1(503, they held their pre-
sent abode. On the St. Lawrence they had been culti-
vators of the ground, but after their expulsion they
turned their attention to warlike deeds with so much
success that they finally triumphed over their enemies
the Arondiacks, and almost exterminated them. Their
power and influence, at the time of the settlement of
New-York and New-England, were extended far and
wide. They held the Delawares in subjection in Penn-
sylvania and Delaware ; the Cherokees in S. Carolina
sought their friendship ; and all the country between the
Hudson and Connecticut rivers was tributary to them.
I hey must have been at that time extremely numerous.
But since then their decrease has been great ; for besides
the losses they have sustained in wars, and the diseases
brought upon them by civilized vices, many of their
young men have left their native country to go and join
the tribes who still preserve some portion of their origi-
nal habits and independence. Some of the nations,
however, are said to be gradually increasing, under all
their disadvantages.
A mile east of Oneida Creek, and by the road side.is
the ancient
COUNCIL GROVE,
Where all the public business of the nation has been
formally years transacted. It is formed of 27 fine
butternut trees, which, in the summer season, from a
little distance, present a beautiful and regular mass of
verdure. If was carefully fenced in, until within a few
years, and kept clear of all brush, fallen lirhbs, and other
obstructions, but has now become a mere thoroughfare.
Towards the south east from this place is seen the
church a handsome building recently erected for the use
of t :c Indians by the Vestry of Trinity Church in New-
York, and suppbed hy them at present with a young
man successor to the Rev. Mr. Williams, for some years
pastor ot aa Indian congregation here, and now gone to
36
THE NORTHERN
Green Bay. Great numbers of the white persons from
the neighbourhood also attend service at this house, and
this union of people so different in habits, in one act of
worship, is a very interesting sight.
In the scattering village about half a mile beyond,
there are several decent and comfortable frame houses
inhabited by Indian families, whose habits have risento a
higher grade than most of the nation, although many ot
f them are gradually improving, by betaking themselves
to agriculture. A handsome school-house has been
erected at the same place, the frame of which was made
and raised under the direction of a young Indian, from
what he had learnt by watching the progress of the buil-
ders employed several years before on his brother’s
house hard by. This instance alone is more conclusive
of the Indian mental capacity for acquiring useful arts,
than all the reasoning to the contrary their enemies have
ever advanced.
The Oneida nation derived their name from a white
stone on a hill five miles southerly from this place, to
which they long paid a superstitious worship. The
word “Oneida” in their curious and wonderful language,
signifies a stone on a high hill Many of them were
idolaters until within a r short time ; but a few years ago
the nation renouncedtheir ancient superstitious rites, and
declared in favour of Christianity.
BROTHERTOWN AND NEW-STOCKBRIDGE
Are two villages a few miles south easertly from here,
situated on part of the old Oneida reservation, but granted
to some of their scattered Indian brethern from Pennsyl-
vania and New-England. New-Stockbridge is the pre-
sent habitation of the Stockbridge tribe, who came by
an invitation from the Oneidas some years ago. They had
Christian ministers among them long betore they re-
moved from Stockbridge in Massachusetts.
Many of them now reside at Green Bay, on land given
ihem by the Menominies, a nation w ith whom they are
on the most friendly terms; and are adopting to
a good extent the arts of civilized life. They have invi-
ted the Oneidas to join them : but as they and the Men-
RN
TRAVELLER.
37
e while persons u
■vice at this hoKej
n habits, in one jj
it.
it half a mile W-
nfortahle frame hi
ose habits havener
ation, although bit
by betaking to*-
school-house has >
rame of which ms a
of a young buSth
g the progress of tkh
before on hiiink
alone is more (ok£
for acquiring itoi
>ntrary their eueoitsx
d their name iron is
tiierly from this pUtt
lerstitious worskf
isandwondeniiliir*
l Many of to*
ime; but a few ytac =
ient superstitions to
nity.
EW-STOCIBR1W
i south easertlv troll
!a relation, to ? 1
mbretbem fromPe*
,v-Stockbridgeis i»
idge tribe, who m
ime years ago. TV?
a long before »:
ssacbusettf-
freenBay. ontoJ?
in with whom w
ominiesh have some old quarrels remaining unsettled,
it is doubtful whether they will accept of the propo-
sition.
The Brothertown Indians have been collected from
all the remnants of tribes in New-England and Long
Island, and practise comparatively few of the Indian
customs.
SYRACUSE.
This place is no less remarkable for the rapidity of
its growth, than for the peculiar advantages of its situa-
tion. The great Salt Spring is only a mile and a half distant,
and the water is brought in hollow logs to the salt vats,
in great abundance, and at a veiy trifling expense.
These vats will be seen at the western side of the village,
and are well worthy of a day’s delay, as well as the
works at Salina, Liverpool and Geddesburgh. The vats
are large pans made ot wood, three or four inches deep,
raised a little from the ground, and placed in long ranges,
with a very gradual descent, to permit the salt water to
flow slowly along from one end to the other. Each
range of vats is supplied by a hollow log placed perpen-
dicularly in the ground ; and the constant action ot the
sun evaporates the water, and leaves the salt to be de-
posited in small cubical crystals at the bottom. The
water is at first a little thick, but gradually deposits its
impurities ; and the lower vats always show a beautiful
white crust, like the purest snow.
Light wooden roois are kept ready to slide over the
vats when the weather requires it ; and the salt is taken
out once in tu^o or three days, to be deposited in the
store houses, which are built at regular distances.
Thence they are easily moved to the canal, and are
then ready for transportation to any part of the country.
It is scarcely three years since the town may be pro-
perly said to have been begun. In 1823 there were
about 100 houses, and the number was doubled in 1824.
In the autumn of the latter year the salt vats covered
60 acres, and about 140 acres more had been cleared
from the surrounding forest, for the purpose of extending
the works, under the direction of a company whose
3 $
THE NORTHERN
enterprize, seconded by the formation of the canal, is
likely to prove of great and permanent advantage to the
country as well as to themselves. Under the same en-
couraging prospects, the village has acquired its sudden
growth and importance ; large blocks ot stores have been
built on both sides of the canal, two or three large inns
and stage houses are ready for the accommodation of
travellers, and a handsome church has been nearly com-
pleted. Improvements are still going on rapidly, and
it is difficult to forctel where they will stop.
S ALINA
Is situated a mile and a half north from this place, and
should not be passed by unnoticed. A small but conve-
nient little packet boat is continually plying between
the two places, drawn by a single horse, and passes by
many salt manufactories, built and building on both
sides of the canal. The mode of evaporation generally
adopted here is that of boiling ; and a brief description
will convey a clear idea of the process. Each building
contains sixteen or eighteen large iron kettles, which are
placed in two rows, forming what is called “a block/’
They stand about three feet higher than the floor ; and *
under them is a large furnace, which is heated with
pine wood, and requires constant attention to keep the
water always boiling. The water is drawn from a large
reservoir at one end of the building, after having been
allowed to stand awhile and deposit the impurities it ,
has brought along with* it. A hollow log, with a pump
at one end, and furnished with openings against the
kettles, is the only machine used in filling them. The
first deposit made by the water after the boiling com-
mences, is a compound of several substances, and is
thrown away , under the name of “ Bittern but the
pure white salt, which soon after makes its appearance, is
carefully removed, and placed in a store-room just at
hand, ready for barrelling and the market.
As the number of manufactories of this description is
almost daily increasing,* it would be useless fo attemptan
estimate of the quantity of salt they produce altogether.
Separately however each yields abouts 40 bushels a day,
s.
traveller.
39
Aion of the canal i
lent advantage toi
Vnder the sanies
isacouired itssad^
chsotstoresWe^
too or three larjtia
the Accommodate!
'h has been nearly $*
'UWMBlilU
lywlstop.
orth from t&pki
ced. A small bate*
itinually plyinf berrp
tgle horse, aid pat
It and building « k
of evaporation jenai
;; and a brief d«$-
* process. Eadki
»e iron kettKwWt
bat is called VdM
gher than tbefioori
?, which is heaadn
at attention to bos
ter is drawn froiaiir
tiding, after Mffc
feposit Ae imparts
ollow log. withajB
:h openings a^
d in filling it® ®
after the
eral substances, stf
of ••Bittern;" ^
nates its appeal''
in a store-room f
e market-
5 of this descripo-
» useless fo
•yprtdnceaftop
outs-KHwl itW
and in 1824 the different buildings were suppposed to
amount to nearly forty.
There are two large manufactories here, where salt is
made in reservoirs of an immense size, and evaporated
hy hot air passing through them in large pipes. The
process is slow, but seems to promise well. The reser-
voir of the principal one contains no less than 40,000
gallons. The pipe is supplied with heat by a furnace be-
low, and the salt is formed in large loose masses, re-
sembling half-thawed ice. The process has the advan-
tage of not wasting heat in raising steam. The crystali-
zation also is different from that produced by the other
modes, at least in secondary forms.
The Village of Sauna is of considerable size and a
nouishing appearance, considering the shortness of the
time since it began to be built, and the serious obstacles
it has had to encounter in the unhealthiness of its situa-
tion. The extensive marshes which bound it on the
west are extremely unwholesome during the warmer
seasons of the year, and the whole neighbourhood is
more or less infected with the fever and ague : that terri-
ble scourge, which has retarded so much the settlement
of many parts of this western country. Since the marshes
have been partially cleared and drained, the disease has
been greatly diminished ; and it is hoped that time and
industry will reduce its ravages still further, if not en-
tirely eradicate it.
The branch canal which runs through this village, is
applied toother valuable purposes beside those of trans-
portation. A sluice which draws off a portion of the
water towards the marshes and the lake, is made to turn
several mill wheels in its course. A forcing pump raises
the water of the salt spring destined to supply the maim-
factories here and at Syracuse ; and a large open frame
building shows the spot from which all the kettles and
the pans of both those places derive their supplies : that
for the latter being elevated to the height of 70 feet, and
the pump being able to raise 120,000 gallons in 24 hours.
The Salt Spring itself will be viewed as a curiosity,
but in its present state presents no very remarkable ap-
pearance, as there is little commotion visible on the
surface, and the source would seem hy no means equal
to the*great draughts which are continually made upon
THE NORTHERN
The Lake will be seen at the distance of about a mile.
It is 6 miles long and two broad, and must recei ve a con-
siderable quantity of salt water from the draining ol the
marshes, as its banks are covered with saline plants.
The valley is surrounded by liine-stone hills with petri-
factions, and gypsum is found in great quantities.
“ The American Salt formation ” says Dr. Van Rensse-
laer in his ‘Essay,’ “extends over the continent from
the Alleganies to the Pacific, between 31° and 45^ N.
Lat. In this immense tract, rock-salt has been occa-
sionally found ; but its locality is more generally point-
ed out by lime springs.” The salt springs in this state
are in the counties of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, On-
tario, Niagara, Genesee, Tompkins, Wayne and Oneida,
but this is the most valuable on various accounts. Dur-
ing the year ending Aug. 1823, 606,463 bushels were
manufactured here. In 1800 there were only 42,754.
45 gallons of water make a bushel of salt. At Nan-
tucket 350 gallons of sea-water are required.
The following approximate analysis of the water of
this spring is given by Dr. Noyes of Hamilton College.
40 gallons, or 355 lbs. contain 56 lbs. of saline extract.
Pure Muriate of Soda, 51 lb. — oz.
Carb. Lime, coloured by oxyde of iron, — 6 1-2
Sulph. Lime, 3 4
Muriate Lime, 1 12 1-2
and probably muriate magnesia, and sulph. soda.
FROM SYRACUSE TO ROCHESTER.
As the traveller is supposed to go to Rochester by the
Canal, the description of places on the Turnpike is omit-
ted until we reach that part of the country on the return
from Buffalo.
By the Canal , 99 miles : Weed’s Basin 26 m. — a coach
to Geneva, 8 in. for 50 cents. 11 m. Montezuma Salt
Works. Here begin the Cayuga Marshes. The Canal
is borne across them on a pier constructed at a vast ex-
expense. 35 m. Palmyra. Coach to Canandaigua, 13
m. for 75 cents. 15. The Great Embarkmeut, 72 feet
high, extending 2 m.
Antiquities. In the towns of Onondaga, Camillas
and Pompey, are the remains of ancient towns and fort?,
TRAVELLER.
41
IN
ance of about a mi
id must receive ar*
omthe draining of i
id with saline pfo
•stone hills with $
great quantities,
s' says Dr. Van Ras
>ver the continental
ctween 31° and 45 j
ock-salt has been ora
is more generally y'r
salt springs in tbs $&
§a, Cayuga, Senea,ft
tins, Wayne andOsgb
i various arwtmti. Jt
!3, 606.453 bajR-rc
[here were only O
, bushel of sah. il5«
i are required.
! analysis of there*-:
jyes of Hamilton fife
1 56 lbs. of saline Atm .
51 lb.-f
e of iron, - <1
2 <
i n
ia, and solph. sods-
'0 ROCHESTER,
to go to Rochester -?•
on theTwipifa^
iie conntn* on tierer
ft Basin 26 ni.-a*
11 di, Moatewii
p Marshes. Tlief*
londnicted at
;|) to Cananda^
ft nbarkmeut. 2*
{ Onondaga, CaJ
,cient tom w *
of which a description will be found in Yates and Moul-
ton’s new history of the state, vol. 1 . p. 13. In Pompey
the form of a triangular enclosure is visible, with the re-
mains of something like circular or elliptical forts at the
corners, 8 miles apart, the whole including more than
500 acres. De Witt Clinton, the present Governor of
this state, in his memoir, read in 1817, before the Lit.
and Phil. Society, thinks the place was stormed on the
north line.
In Camillus is an elliptical fort on a high hill, three
acres in extent, with a covered way, 10 rods long, to a
spring on the west, and a gate towards the east. An-
other is on a less elevation half a mile off, and half as
large. Sculls, pottery, and bits of brick used to be
picked up in these places.
ROCHESTER,
Is one of the largest and most flourishing places in
tins part of the state, and has several good inns. It is
situated on the west side of the Genessee river, at the
upper falls, where it is crossed by the canal ; and is
consequently destined to be the place of receiving goods
passing up or down the river; and at the same tune en-
joys the finest advantages for water-mills of all kinds,
from the convenient and abundant supply obtained from
the falls.
Rtthester is considered next in. population to Utica.
The following statement of its growth and present con
ditioms copied from the Rochester Telegraph.
Rochester was first surveyed into lots in the year 1811
and the first settlement made in 1812. During the war
the increase was slow, and it W’as not until the latter
part of the year 1814, that any considerable addition
was made to the number of inhabitants. From that
period to the present, the increase has been constantly
* n September, 1P»18, the village contained
"l Al,g , Ust > 1820 ' 1502 ; in September.
J822, 3130, (which included labourers on the public
works; the permanet population at that time was esti-
mated at about 2700.) It now contains 4274 ; of which
D2
THE NORTHERN
42
1241 are children under 10 years of age, 373 between 10
and 15 years, and 648 boarders. The increase since
1822 is estimated at 1574. There are in the village 12
physicians, 25 lawyers, 39 merchants, 14 taverns, 5 drug-
gist stores, 42 groceries, 10 tailors shops, 14 shoe shops,
7 milliner shops, 2 bookstores, 3 hatter shops, 5 saddle
and harness makers’ shops, 4 goldsmith shops, 1 military
shop, 7 bakeries, 4 painters shops, 6 barber shops, 1 con-
fectionary, 1 toy shop, 5 tin and sheet iron shops, 1 1
cooper shops, 3 chair shops, 2 cabinet warehouses, 1
book bindery, 2 printing-offices, 3 gunsmith shops, 12
blacksmith shops, 1 coach-maker, 3 waggon-makers, 2
tobbacco factories, 1 looking-glass manufactory, 1 burr-
stone factory, 1 saddle-tree and hames factory, 1 comb
factory, lmorrocco-dresser’s, 4 tanneries, 3 plough facto-
ries, 1 fanning-mill factory, 1 wheelwright, 3 manufac-
tories of wooden pails and dishes, 2 stone-cutters, 2
machine makers’ shops, 1 mauu factory of edge tools, 1
last factory, 2 stone and earthern ware factories, 1 cot-
ton factory with 1400 spindles and 30 power looms, 6
flouring mills with 20 run of stones, 3 distilleries, 1 oil-
mill, 2 breweries, 5 carding machines and clothiers’
works, 8 saw-mills, 2 trip-hammers, 3 furnaces, 2 nail
factories, 1 paper-mill, 2 asheries, 2 scythe factories, 1
bath house, 8 store houses, 1 eye and ear infirmary, 1
bank, 6 meeting houses for Episcopalians, Presbyterians,
Methodists, Friends, and Catholics, a court-house, jail,
&c.
The Aqueduct over the Genessee is one of the finest
works on the course of the canal, and is no less remark-
able for its usefulness than for its architectural beauty
and strength. It is borne across the river’s channel, on
ten arches of hewn stone. The river dashes rapidly
along beneath, while boats, with goods and passengers,
glide safely by above.
A feeder enters the canal on the east side of the river,
where a sluice is also constructed for the supply of the
numerous manufactories built and building on the bank.
Another sluice is also dug on the west side, where many
other mills are also to be seen. The Basin is large and
convenient ; and the appearance of business which is
observed about it, sufficiently shows the importance the
place has already acquired The streets of the town
c» S? 3 befaf&j|
fhc increase aj
- in the vili^ ,.
H taverns, 5 ^
ops, 14 shoe
itter shops, 5 siK
ith shops, infer
barber shops, U
hcet iron shop,
binet warfe
* gunsmith shop.
3 wa^OHafe
manufactory. ]'k
iames factory, It*
ineries, 3 po^i»
leelwrighUniw
ies, 2 ttooMc*^
fattorv oftdfeta*
ware factor^ i u
ai 30 powerls*
ts, 3 distillers I *
ichines and dor
rs, 3 limiaeti h
, 2 scythe bin
and car iafev
paliu^fteslytBB
is, a court W*
lee is one of the f»
and is do less res’
arebitectoni to
,e river's chantf
river da : aes np
oodiandpastff
lastsideofthe**
ir thesappM-'
m'lding on lie- -
i side, where t'
e Basin is to ? 5 4
f Business
lieimpoM*;,
reels ot at--
TRAVELLER.
43
are handsomely and regularly laid out, and several of
them are very well built with store and dwelling-houses
of brick and stone, and well flagged on the side-walks.
Two fine churches are just completing on a small public
square near the court-house, which is itself a neat build-
ing of hewn stone. One of the churches belongs to the
Presbyterians, and the other to the Episcopalians; and
the style and size of both show the rapidity of the in-
crease of inhabitants while they reflect much credit on
the good habits of the people.
There are two falls in the river at Rochester : one
just above the aqueduct, and the other, about 90 feet,
half a mile below. There is also a third about two miles
down, at Carthage, which, with the truly impressive
scenery of the river banks, is well worthy of attention.
To vary the ride, I would recommend to the visitor to
go down on one side of the river, cross the bridge at
Carthage and return on the other.
Carthage. The fall here is very sudden, though not
in a single precipice. The descent is 70 feet in a few
yards. The cataract has evidently been retiring for
ages, as the deep gulf below the falls, with its high, per-
pendicular and ragged banks, is sufficient testimony;
and the seclusion of the place, the solemn and sublime
effect of the scenery, redoubled by the roaring of the
cataract, combine to render it one of the most imprest
sive scenes in this part of the country. The breadth
allowed for the river is barely sufficient for its passage,
being marked out by the tremendous precipices above,
and frequently much encroached upon by the heaps
of stones which crumbled away from their sides. The
precipices are perfect walls of secondary rocks pre-
senting their natural stratification, from the level of the
surrounding country, to be a depth of about two hundred
feet. Their brows are overhung with thick forest trees,
which in some places have been able to find a narrow
footing along the sides.
One of the boldest single fabrics that art has ever suo
cessfully attempted in this country, now shows a few
of its remains in this place. The two great piles of tim-
ber which stand opposite each other on the narrow level
where once the river flowed, are the abutments of a
bridge thrown over a few years ago. It was 300 feet in
44
THE NORTHERN
length, and 250 above the the water; but stood only a
short time, and then fell with a tremendous crash, by
its own weight. Fortunately no person was crossing it.
at the time— a lady and gentleman had just before pass-
ed, and safely reached the other side.
On account of the obstructions at the Falls, navigation
is entirely interrupted here ; and all the communication
between the banks of the Genesee, as well as the Canal,
and Lake Ontario is through Carthage. Merchandize is
raised up the bank, or lowered down, by means of an
inclined plane, very steep, where the descending weight
is made to raise a lighter one by its superior gravity.
ROAD FROM ROCHESTER TO NIAGARA Falls, 87
miles.
To Cartilage Falls - - 2
Parma - - - - 9
Clarkson - - - 7
Hartland - - - 14
(hence a waggon takes pass-
engers to Lockport, 7 m.)
Sandy Creek - -
Gaines - - - -
Oak orchard -
Cambria - - -
Lewiston - - -
Niagara Falls - -
7
8
7
11
15
7
The principal objects on this road are, the Ridge,
Lewiston on Niagara River and the Tuscarora village.
Niagara Village will be seen if you do not cross into
Canada at Lewiston : and Queenston if you do. Lock-
port may also be seen by leaving the stage road at Hart-
land 54 miles from Rochester, where a waggon awaits
the arrival of the coach, to take travellers to Lockport,
7 miles. It will be proper however to pay your pass-
age only to this place, if you determine to stop here.
The stage coach stops at Lewiston for the night.
Instead of going by land from Rochester, it may be
more convenient to take passage in the canal-boat to
Lockport ; and thence go to Hartland to meet the stage
coach.
The Ridge is a remarkable elevation, of little height,
and for the most part, very narrow, extending a great
part of the distance from Rochester to Lewiston. It
is often perfectly level for several miles, and affords an
admirable foundation for a road, and the stage road has
m consequence been laid along its top. The manner in
TRAVELLER.
45
tot stood oil
i clous erkt
iwas crosiisi!
just before {*.
Falk, uavi^ *
e command
well astheCast
;• Mercb&i
l by means ^
cfexenfia*!^
iperioraircy.’
UG AM Fails,?
rGttk • • 1
5 $
810 • • 15
srflib • • 7
d I* lise Bid*
’HEUB’-iHaa
io lift eras it
liymdo. U
sa^uniaBi*
f \ Towyin im
•tiers ;o Loapt’
WT"?
nine raiopa
rdwnigk
diesar.sap
aeanal**-
ItoaeetM
i,<# little h«f
mending*?®
(o LewisCOB.
and affords s
iesta^e roads
Xiemaniff'
which this singular elevation could have been made, has
excited the speculations of many curious observers of
nature, and been explained in different ways. Some have
imagined that the Ridge was at some long past period
the shore of Lake Ontario, and was thrown up by its
waves. The country between it and the lake is so level
as to render it very probable that the water has once
overflowed it ; but it is extremely difficult to understand
how the waves could have managed to barricade them-
selves out of a tract of country. It therefore seems more
rational to adopt another theory : that the lake w r as for-
merly still more extensive than is here supposed, and
overflowed the land some distance southward of this
place, when a current might easily have produced a
bar parallel to the shore, which when left dry might pre-
sent the form of the Ridge.
The progress of improvement along this part of the
road, is very rapid and flattering. The ground pre-
sents a slope on each side of the path, peculiarly well
adapted for home lots, gardens and orchards ; and the
frequency and facility of transportation gives the in-
habitants very manifest advantages. Some well built
and even very handsome houses will be observed, which
are still fcw T indeed, but show that a good style has actual-
ly been introduced.
The Tuscarora Reservation is an oblong tract of land
reaching within a mile of Lewiston. This nation of
Indians are particularly worthy the notice of the travel-
ler, on account of the advances they have made in the
arts, and habits of civilized life. They emigrated from
North Carolina near the beginning of the last centuaiy,
at an invitation from the Five Nations, and were admitted
on equal terms into their confederacy, which has since
received the name of the Six Nations. They have had a
clergyman settled among them for many years, and
Christianity has been voluntarily adopted by them.
Their village has a flourishing appearance, with some
handsome and well cultivated farms, and a house for
public worship. Strangers may here obtain mocussins
and other articles of Indian manufacture. There is a
stage coach which runs daily from Lew iston to Buffalo,
on each side of the river.
THE NORTHERN
4o
There is a ferry at Lewiston, which is about halt a
mile across ; but the current is strong on this side, and
the eddy sets up with such force on the other, that a
boat moves more than double that distance in going over.
The passage is not. dangerous, although the. water is
much agitated by counter currents and changing whirl-
pools; tor the ferrymen are taught by their experience
to manage the boat with care, and not only to take ad-
vantage of the currents, but to avoid all the rough places,
ripples and whirlpools. The banks here have an ap-
pearance very wild and striking; and the stranger im-
mediately notices the remains of former levels high up
the sides of the rocks, which prove, however incredible it
may at first appear, that the river once poured along at
the height of about two hundred feet above its present,
surface. Niagara is about seven miles further up the
stream ; so that the stranger will strain his eyes in vain
to discover from this place that great object of his wishes
HINTS TO THE TRAVELLER AT LEWISTON.
It will be the intention of many strangers who arrive
at this place, to devote several days to viewing the Falls
of Niagara, the battle grounds in the vicinity, and per-
haps in making short excursions in different directions.
To those who have leisure, such a course may well be re-
commended ; and it may be almost a matter of indiffer-
ence whether they first visit the American or the British
side. The public accommodations are excellent at both
places, and the river may be safely crossed at any hour
of the day, by a ferry, at the expence of about half a
dollar, including the transportation of luggage down
and up the steep banks. A stair case is erected near
the Falls, on the British as well a3 the American side,
to furnish a convenient mode of descending to the foot
of the cataract, where the charge is 25 cents for each
person* During the pleasant seasons of the year both
places are the resort of great throngs of visitors. Stage
coaches also pass up and down on both sides every day
at equal rates.
To such however as have but a short time to spend in
this neighbourhood, it maybe strongly recommended to
traveller.
ich is about ia
g on liiis sidf.i
in the other, ta
stance in goi^.
hough the v&,
and changio{it
by their eijwit
not only to tiki
iaUlheroughptr
ks here have c
and the stowi
former levels la.
, however rate's
once poured k
feet above its jb
a miles further r
strain hfcepin
eat object oAkik
ER AT OT?
ty stranjersikr
lystovieirajW
the vicinity, c
sin different fe
i course may
ost a matter oi ^
Unerican orthefc
isareeicflto j:
|y crossed at at; 5
pence of ato® 1
tion of to*
case is e^ !
as the American
lejcendingt?^
is 25 cents W-
sons of the yea'
igs of visitors- s
both sides
iiort timetosp^
,jyrecoJDDif i:: '
Al
crojs die river here and proceed directly to the British
ialls. The cataract on that side is higher, broader, moro
unbroken, and universally acknowledged by far the no-
blest part of the scene. The visitor may indeed see it from
the American side, but the view from Table Rock is the
noblest of all, and ought by no means to be neglected.
The finest view from tne level of the water below is also
afforded on the west side.
I HE 1 ALLS OF NIAGARA — -from the American side.
The Inn or Hotel is a large building, and very well
kept and commodious.
The height of the fall on this side is 160 feet perpendi-
cular, but somewhat broken in several places by the
projecting rocks. It extends 300 yards to a rock which
interrupts it on the brow of the precipice. A narrow
sheet appears beyond it, and then comes Goat Island,
with a mural precipice. Between this and the other
shore is the Grand Crescent, for which see a few pages
beyond. There is a bridge to the island, which com-
mands many fine views of the falls.
Queenston, on the Canada side of the river, is a small
town, uninteresting except so far as regards its natural
situation, and some martial events of which it has
been the theatre.
THE BATTLE OF QUEENSTON.
During the last war between the United States and
Great Britain, in 1812, while Col. Van Rensselaer was
stationed at Lewiston, he formed the bold design of
taking Queenston ; and in spite of the difficulty of as-
cending the steep banks, and the fortifications which
had been thrown up for its defence, before day light in
the morning of October 12th, he embarked his troops at
the ferry and passed silently over the river. As the ac-
cessible points on the coast were strictly watched, and
defended by batteries of some strength, the place select-
ed for the attack was the lofty and precipitous bank just
above. Two or three small batteries had been erected
4S
THE NORTHERN
on the the brow, the remains of which are suit visible ;
but this did not discourage the undertaking. 1 ne end-
ing was effected, and in spite of the difficulty of the as-
sent the heights were surmounted, and the_Americans
commenced a brisk action on the summit. Gen. Brock,
who was at a distance, hearing the guns hastened to the
spot; but under a tree near the precipice was killed by
a chance shot. The Americans remained in possession
of the heights a few hours, but were then obliged to
re-cross the river.
THE MONUMENT TO GENERAL BROCK,
Was raised by the British government in the year
1824. Its height is about 115 feet ; and the view from
the top is very fine and extensive, the base being
350 feet above the river. In clear weather the eye em-
braces not only the river below, and the towns of Lewis-
ton and Queenston, but that of Newark and fort Niaga-
ra, at the entrance of Lake Ontario, a vast level tract of
country covered with a uniform forest, and the horizon
formed by the distant lake itself.
The monument is built of a coarse grey lime stone, of
which the hill is formed, and contains some shells and
other organic remains. The old park for artillery and the
marks of various works, will be observed in different
parts of the heights. .
From Queenston to Niagara Falls is 7 miles, over a
level, sandy road. .
The Seat of Sir Peregrine Maitland is a handsome
edifice' near the road. It was once the residence of the
Duke of Richmond. . .
The Whirpool cannot be seen without leaving the
poad and going to the bank. A leisurely walk the whole
distance, near the river, may please the admirer of na-
ture ; as the high and rocky cliffs which forms the banks
on both sides present a continued succession of striking
scenes. .
Although the surface of the ground frequently indi-
cates the passage of water in some long past period, the
whole road is much elevated above the river, and owing
to this circumstance the traveller is often disappointed
OTALBM
vemment ia tin
;et ; andlhe vieia
asive, the ten
arweathertli€?f.
and the tows#
Newark aadfe.^
rio, a vast level tr
forest, and tie hf
arse grey lime d*
ntains some
arkforarierj*
e observed in »
^ is 7 mileN "
AlTLtfpi^
g the residenK *
n without IcaviE
sethe admir^ -
which forms tfi?*-
successioD or &
traveller.
49
;d not getting a sight of the cataract from a distance, as
it remains concealed by the banks, until he has approach-
ed very near. It frequently happens also, that the roar
of the cataract is not perceived before reaching the inn.
for the intervening bank intercepts the sound so much
in that direction, that the noise of the wheels has some-
times been sufficient ,to drown it entirely. Yet, strange as
it may appear, the inhabitants declare, that at the same
time it may very probably be heard on the shore of
Lake Ontario.
There are twolarge Inns or Hotels on the Canadian
side of the river, both situated as near the falls as could
be desired. That kept by Mr. Forsyth stands on what
ought strictly to be called the upper bank , for that ele-
vation appeal’s' to have once formed the river’s shore.
This is the larger house ; the galleries and windows in
the rear command a fine view of the cataract, although
not an entire one, and overlook the rapids and river
for several miles above. The other house is also com-
modious, and commands the same scene from a differ-
ent point of view.
THE BALLS OF NIAGARA — -from t/ic British side .
Following a foot-path through the pasture behind
Forsyth a, the stranger soon finds himself on the steep
brow of the second bank, and the mighty cataract of Nia-
gara suddenly opens beneath him. A path leads away
to the left, down the bank, to the verge of the cataract ;
and another to the right, which offers a drier walk, and
presents a more agreeable and varied scene.
surface of the rocks is so perfectly flat near
^ water descends so considerably over
the rapids just before it readies the precipice that it
seems a wonder that the place where you stand is not
overflown. Probably the water is restrained only by
the direction of the current, as a little lateral pressure
would be sufficient to flood the elevated level beside it,
where, there can be no question, the course of the river
once lay.
Fable Rock is a projection a few yards from the
cataract, which commands a fine view of this magni-
cent scene. Indeed it is usually considered the finest
E
6y THE NORTHERN
..oint of view. Tfie height of the full on this side is J74
teet perpendicular; an3 this height the vast sheet of
foam preserves unbroken, < ] u ' te n f 0 7 m lards Goat it
cent, a distance it is estimated of 700yaids. ^oat is
land divides the cataract, and just beyond it stand, an
isolated rock. The fall on the^ American side is neither
so high, so wide, nor so unbroken, 7 et j
with any thing else but the Crescent, would be regarded
with emotions of indescribable sublimity- The bread «.
is 900 feet, the height 160, and about twm thirds the dis-
tance to the bottom the sheet is broken by projecting
rocks. A bridge built from the American side connects
Goat Island and the main land, though ^visible from
this spot; and the inn on the same side, in Niagara, is
seen a little way from the river. . ,
It may be recommended to the traveller to \ lsit tins
place as often as he can, and to view it from every
neighbouring point ; as every change of light exhibits it
under a different and interesting aspect. The rainbows
arc to be seen from this side only in the afternoon ; but
at that time the clouds of mist, which are continually
rising from the gulf below, often present them in the ut-
most beauty. ,
Dr. Dwight gives the following estimates, m his tra-
vels, of the quantity of water which passes the cataract
of Niagara. The river at the ferry is 7 furlongs wide,
and on an average of feet deep. The current probably
run 6 miles an hour; but supposing it to be only b
miles, the quantity that passes the falls m an hour is
more than 85 millions of tons Avoirdupois ; if we sup-
pose it to be 6, it will be more than 102 millions; and
in a day would be 2400 millions of tons. The noise is
sometimes heard at York, 50 miles.
THE RAPIDS
be^in about half a mile above the cataract ; and, al-
though the breadth of the river might at first make
them appear of little importance, a nearer inspection
will convince the stranger of their actual size, and the
terrific danger of the passage. The inhabitants of the
neighbourhood regard it as certain death to get once in-
volved in them; and that not merely because all escape
n
61
a this side is i;
he vast sW t
the Grand Qs
i yards. Goii
iyonditstaaii
can side bd®
i yet. tied;?
woulibertjn
nity. Hkm
ittwotliiidsliii
•ohen by prow
ericao side toe
rough invisitei
side, ifl%
traveller la via;
i view it tun*
ngeot light tri&
sped. Itanifc
in theafienan:
which are cow
iresent thesi ina
estimates, ifc
ich passes the t*
irry is 7 fa&tf 1
The correntp
osing it to
the fells iafflh
roirdnpois;^
banlCB b®*
of tons. The#
be cataract; £
. might at
i a nearer #?-
r actual sift*
lie inhabits
death to
« # TRAVELLER. *
from the cataract would be hopeless, but because the
violent force of the water among? the rocks in the chan-
nel, would instantly dash the bones of a man in pieces.
* Instances are on record of persons being; carried clown by
the stream ; indeed there was an instance of two men
carried over last year ; but no one is known to have
ever survived. Indeed it is very rare that the bodies
are found ; as the depth of the gulf below the cataract,
and the tumultuous agitation of the eddies, whirlpools,
and counter currents, render it difficult for any thing
once sunk to rise again ; while the general course of the
water is so rapid, that it is soon hurried far down
the stream. The large logs which are brought down in
great numbers during the spring, bear sufficient testimo-
ny to these remarks. Wild ducks, geese, &c. are fre-
quently precipitated over the cataract, and generally
reappear either dead or with their legs or wings broken.
•Some say that water fowl avoid the place when able to
escape, but that the ice on the shores of the river above
often prevents them from obtaining food, and that they
are carried down from mere inability to fly ; while
others assert that they are sometimes seen voluntarily
riding among the rapids, and after descending half way
down the cataract, taking wing, and returning to repeat
their dangerous amusement.
The most sublime scene is presented to the observer
when he views the cataract from below ; and there he
may have an opportunity of going under the cataract. This
scene is represented in the frontispiece. To render
the descent practicable, a spiral staircase has been form-
ed a little way from Table Rock, supported by a tall
mast, and the stranger descends with security, because
his view is confined. On reaching the bottom, a rough
path among the rocks winds along at the foot of the
precipice, although the heaps of loose stones which have
fallen down, raise it to a considerable height above the
water. A large rock lies on the very brink of the river,
about 15 feet long and 8 feet thick, which you may climb
up by means of a ladder, and enjoy the best central view
of the falls any where to be found. This rock was for-
merly a part of the projection above, and fell about six
& THE KOHTHEKxV *jg
years ago, with a tremendous roar. It had been observed
by Mr. Forsyth to be in a very precarious situation, the
day before, and he had warned the strangers at his uouse
not to venture near it. A lady and gentleman, however, .
had been so bold as to take their stand upon it near
evening, to view the cataract ; and in the night they
heard the noise of its fall, which shook the house like an
earthquake. . .
In proceeding nearer to the sheet of falling water, the
path leads far under the excavated bank, winch in one
place forms a roof that overhangs about 40 leet. The
vast column of water continually pouring over the pre-
cipice, produces violent whirls in the •ciir ; and the spray
is driven out with such force, that no one can approach
to the edge of the cataract, or even stand a few moments
near it, without being drenched to the skin. It is also
very difficult to breathe there, so that persons with weak
lungs would act prudently to content themselves with a
distant view, and by no means to attempt to go under
the cataract. Those who are desirous of exploring this
tremendous cavern, should attend very carefully to their
steps, and not allow themselves to be agitated by the sight
or the spund of the cataract, or to be blinded by the
.strong driving showers in which they will be continually
involved; as a few steps would plunge them into the
terrible abyss which receives the falling river.
THE BURNING SPRING.
About half a mile above the falls, and within a few
feet of the rapids in Niagara river, is a remarkable Burn-
ing Spring. A house has been erected over it, into
which admission is obtained for a shilling. The water
which is warm turbid, and surcharged with sulphurated
hydrogen gas, rises in a barrel which has been placed in
the ground, and is constantly in a state of ebullition.
The barrel is covered, and the gas escapes only through
a copper tube. On bringing a candle within a little dis-
tance of it, the gas takes fire, and continues to burn with
a bright flame until blown out. By leaving the house
TRAVELLER.
53
had been obsga
rious situate,;
angers aUibjfc
enUeman,kif<
stand upcaiisj
l in the nigatfc
ok the house jfa
closed and the fire extinguished, the whole atmosphere
within explodes on entering with a candle.
While on the Canada side of the falls, the visitor may
vary his time very agreeably, by visiting the village oi
Chippewa and Lundy’s lane, in this vicinity, which du-
ring the late war with Great Britain, were the scenes of
two sharp contests.
of falling
hank, which ss
s about 40 feet I
pouring oTerth^
he -air; aultk
no one cana^n
n stand a few in
o the skin. Ill
that persons
tent themselTRt
o attempt to *>n
firous of expilifi
very carefuByi-
he agitated brii
to be blinded to
hey willbec®tB
plunge then £
falling river.
mo.
1L*, and within i 1
iiaremarhhkk
erected over i'
.billing- H»«
»ed with snip
eh Jus been ph*
i state of ebi**
escapes onljto
[le within a utt> -
intinues to b*®*
B; leaving th-
THE BATTLE OF CHIPPEWA.
In July 1814, the British and American armies being
near each other, Gen. R’pley ordered Gen ; Scott to make
an advance on Chippewa, on the 3d of July, with Capt.
Tonson’s division of artillery, and the enemy’s pickets
were soon forced to retire across the bridge. Gen. Rip-
ley came up in the afternoon and encamped with Gen.
Scott’s advance.
The stranger may be gratified by examining the field
of these operations, by going to Chippewa village,
about two miles above Forsyth’s. The American en-
campmentof J uly23rd, is in the rear of a tavern near the
road, about a mile beyond Chippewa. The following
description of the battle is from an account already pub-
lished.
“ On the morning of the 4th, the British Indians had
filled the woods contiguous to the American encampment,
and commenced firing at the pickets. Reconnoitering
parties from Chippewa were frequently observed during
the day along the river road ; and information was re-
ceived that reinforcements had arrived.
“ On the 5th, the same course was pursued. The In-
dians were discovered almost in the rear of the Ameri-
can camp. At this moment Gen. Porter arrived with
his volunteers and Indians. General Brown immediately
directedthem to enter the woods and effectually scour them.
Gens. Brow'n, Scott and Ripley, were at the wliite house,
in advance reconnoitering. Gen. Porter’s corps seemed
sweeping like a torrent every thing before them, until
they almost debouched from the woods opposite Chippe-
wa. In a momenta volley of musquetry convinced Gen,
Brown that the whole British force had crossed the Chip.
54
THE NORTHERN
r>pwa bridge, and that the action must become general,
fie o-ave immediate orders to Gen. Scott to advance, and
to Gen Ripley to be in readiness to support. In a few
minutes the - British line was discovered formed and
rapidly advancing— their right (the Royal Scots) upon
the woods, and their left (the prince regent £ on the
river, with the king's own for their reserve. Their ob-
iect was to gain the bridge across the creek m front of
the encampment, which if done, would have compelled
the Americans to retire. Gen. Brown fearing a flank
movement of the enemy through the woods on the left,
with a view to seize the American reserve of Artillery,
directed Gen. Ripley not to advance until he gave him
orders At the same time he rode to the first line with
his staff and an escort of 30 dragoons, in order to di-
rect the whole movements of the field, and animate the
troops by his presence. Meanwhile General Scott, un-
der a most tremendous fire from the enemy’s artillery,
crossed the bridge which the enemy had endeavoured to
gain, and formed his line. The British orders were to
o-i V e one volley at a distance, and immediately charge.
But such was the warmth of our musquetry that they
could not withstand it. At this moment General Brown
sent orders to Gen. Rifdey to make a movement through
the woods upon the enemy’s right flank. With the 21st
regiment he passed a ravine in his front, where the men
had to wade up to their chins, and advanced as rapidly as
possible. But before he commenced filing from the
woods into the open land under the enemy’s batteries,
they had been completely broken by the cool bravery and
discipline of Gen. Scott’s brigade, and precipitated them-
selves across the Chippewa bridge, which they broke
down on their retreat.”
Although the Americans were not able to cross the
Creek, the British thought proper to evacuate Chippe-
wa very precipitately, and to retreat towards Queens-
ton.
In this affair the British loss, in killed, wounded and
missing, was 514, and the American loss 328.
Nothing of importance occurred after this until the
25th of the same month, the date of
TRAVELLER.
55
t become g*i
>tt to advaac^
upporl. hib
>vered fonwi &
Royal Scots) *
ce regent's) oc t
reserve. Tbtci
he creek in frtet
raid have coije
rown fearing i fi
[he vfools on fob
reserve o( Arj
nee until begun
le to the first bt
1500ns, in orfsb,
: field, and aunt:
nile General SoctLi
a the enemy':
ifflyhadendar;®
e British order; va
nd immediate de
r nusqoetrjfci
noment GesenSfe
he a movement i!s
t fonk. Withlhei
kis front,
id advanced asn£
uenced filing h
■ the enemy's bfic
by the coed
and precipitate
»e, which they i*
* not able to a*
sr to evacuate Cs
.treat toward
i killed, wou^
in Ices 328.
d after
f
THE BATTLE OF BRIDGEWATER, OR
LUNDY’S LANE.
The principal scene of this hard-fought and bloody
action, is about a mile from the Falls of Niagara, at an ob-
scure road, called Lundy’s Lane. Since their retreat
from Chippewa, the enemy had received reinforcements
of troops from Lord Wellington’s army in Spain ; and on
the 25th of July encamped on a Hill, with the design of
attacking the American camp the next morning. At 6
in the evening Gen. Brown ordered Gen. Scott to ad-
vance and attack them, which was immediately done ;
and in conjunction with Gen. Ripley the attack was com-
menced in an hour. The British was much surprised at
seeing the approach of their enemy at this hour, not ha-
ving discovered them until they left the woods and began
to march across the open, level fields seen from Forsyth’s
Hotel, and about a quarter of a mile to the left. The
battle was kept up with great resolution on both sides,
until half past ten at night. The armies, it is said, were
within twenty yards of each other for two hours, and some
times so mingled together, that, in spite of a clear moon,
platoons were sometimes ordered by officers of the other
army.
The following letter, written by a surgeon of one of
the American regiments, the day after the engagement,
contains some interesting particulars:
u In the afternoon the enemy advanced towards Chip-
pewa with a powerful force. At 6 o’clock General Scott
was ordered to advance with his brigade and attack
them. He was soon reinforced by General Ripley’s
brigade ; they met the enemy below the falls. They
had selected their ground for the night, intending to at-
tack our camp before day-light. The action began just
before 7, and an uninterrupted stream of musketry con-
tinued till half past 8, when there was some cessation,
the British falling back. It soon began again with some
artillery, which, with slight interruptions, continued till
half past 10, when there was a charge, and a tremendous
stream of fire closed the conflict. Both armies fought
with a desperation bordering on madness ; neither would
yield the palm, but each retired a short distance, wearied
66
THE NORTHERN
out with fatigue. Such a constant and destructive fire
was never before sustained by American troops without
falling back.
“ The enemy had collected their whole force in the
peninsula, and were reinforced by troops from Lord Wel-
lington's army, just landed from Kingston. For two
hours the two’hostile lines were within 20 yards of each
other, and so frequently intermingled, that often an offi-
cer would order an enemy’s platoon. The moon shone
bright ; but pail of our men being dressed like the fcUen-
garlan regiment caused the deception. They frequently
charged, and were as often driven back. Our regiment,
under Colonel Miller, was ordered to storm the British
battery. We charged, and took every piece of the ene-
my’s cannon. We kept possession of the ground and
cannon untill 12 o’clock at night, when we all fell back
more than two miles. This was done to secure our camp,
•which might otherwise have been attacked in the rear.
Our horses being most of them killed, and there being no
ropes to the pieces, we got off but two or three. The
men were so excessively fatigued they could not drag
them. We lost one howitzer, the horses being on full
gallop toward the enemy to attack them, the riders were
shot off and the horses ran through the enemy’s line. We
lost one piece of cannon, which was too much advanced,
every man being shot that had charge of it, but two.
Several of our caissons were blown up by their rockets,
which did some injury, and deprived our cannon of am-
munition. The lines were so near that cannon could not
be used with advantage.”
The British lost in killed, wounded and prisoners 8 7$ ;
and the Americans 860.
GENERAL REMARKS.
There was perhaps no part of our frontier where the
war was regarded with so much dislike and dread as here.
Many of the inhabitants of this part of Canada were emi-
grant? from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
TRAVELLER.
^ troops^
rtiole force i\
aps from Lori*
^gstoo. For 3
bin 2Q yanfe of,
d, that oil® a;
&• Themooitt
ressed\ikethe&
m. Tbeyfreqm
sack. Ourrtr*
d to storm the fe
?ery piece oftks
in of the grail
whenwe allkSk
one to secure ras
n attacked in Ikn
led, and there tor
it twoor three. 1
! they could ust:
» horses beiaie:
[them, the riiar
the enemy Vtat 1
as too much adns
hai^e of it, het i
Tiupby theirroi
red oar camai
that cannon mi:
ed and prison
MS.
r frontier when '-
te and dreads
jf Canada were^
r and Pa*ji*
57
and a constant intercourse kept up across the river has
united the people on both sides like one people. Many
of the Militiamen who were here called into action by the
invasion of their territory, had friends and family relations
in the opposite army ; so that the contest was to them a
civil war in its effects, divested of all the impulse of
passion.
A little attention to the appearance and language of
the people and their various manners and customs, will
show that they are collected from many different regions,
and have amalgamated very imperfectly. At the close of
the Revolutionary war, the British government offered
great encouragement to settlers on this tract of country,
from whatever districts they might come. The situation
of the place necessarily excludes all distant intercourse
with other parts of the country ; and the original man-
ners have therefore remained with little alteration. There
are some Germans from Europe, and many from Penn-
sylvania, mingled with people from New-York and Ncw-
Jersey; and their descent is often apparent from their
conntenances and dialect, as well as the aspect of their
dwellings and farms. There is a village a little removed
from the high road, where little else but German is
spoken.
The Ferry across Niagara river is about half a mile
below the falls, and may be crossed at any hour in the
day, without danger, notwithstanding the rapidity of the
current. The descent from the bank is so steep, that it
has been necessary to build a stair-case.
As Niagara is a central point from which many excur-
sions may be made, as well as many courses taken by
different travellers, the following lists of places and dis-
tances on the two routes, will not be misplaced.
TO BUFFALO ON THE CANADA SIDE.
28 1-2 miles.
To Chippewa, 2 miles.
Waterloo, 16
(Over the ferry to Black Rock, 25 cents each passeger.)
.Buffalo. 2£
5 8
THE NORTHERN
TO BUFFALO ON THE AMERICAN SIDE.
30 1-2 miles.
Tonnewanta Creek, where the Canal passes, 11 miles.
Black Rock, RI
Buffalo, %h
TO FORT GEORGE,
14 miles.
Queenston, 7 | Fort George,
FROM NIAGARA TO MONTREAL. 392 miles
Lewiston, 7 m.
Fort Niagara, 7
Genesee river, 74
Great Sodus Bay, 35
Oswego River, 28
Jacket’s Harbour, 40
Cape Vincent, 20
Regular Packets run
Youngstown.
Morristown,
50
Ogdensburgh,
12
Gallop Islands,
5
Hamilton,
19
St. Regis,
35
La Chine,
53
Montreal.
7
between York, Niagara, and
Lake Ontario Steam-Boat from Niagara to
Sackett’s Harbour.
The periods when this boat sails must be enquired
for. It touches at Genesee river — passage $13— for-
ward cabin $8.
Black Rock is a pleasant village situated on the mar-
gin of Niagara river, a little way from its head, and op-
posite Squaw Island, at the mouth of Lake Erie. It was
burnt by the British during the war in 1814, buthas
since been rebuilt and encreased to a much greater
size. Congress, during their last session, voted a remu-
neration for losses on this frontier. Gen. Porter has a
fine house in this place. Black Rock long disputed with
Buffalo the privilege of having the Basin of the Canal
built in her harbour, and at last obtained it. A piei:,
about two miles in length was begun, to secure the
TRAVELLER.
59
RICAJi SID!
1 passes, Ui
10
21
iGE,
George,
boat 3 and vessels from the waves of the Lake, as well
as to raise the water for the supply of the canal to Ton-
newanta Creek; and was about three-fourths completed
in 1824. When the basin is finished, the place must
necessarily acquire great importance, as the produce
transported by the Lake, and the foreign goods returned
by the Canal, must here be reshipped if not landed and
stored. Both Black Rock and buffalo, however, will
probably carry on an extensive and profitable business,
as they both possess great advantages for such a com-
merce.
TREAL. 392 ik
istovn, J
ensburgh, !
lop Islands,
oilton, I
Regis, 1
ihine. S
itreal.
ji York, Ita
FROM NU&IUI
iBOl'R.
sails must be ew
er— passage $13-
re situated Oil Ik:
from its headax
i of Lake Erie. 1
war in 1814,^-
»d to a mud p
session, voted
r . Gen. Porterb
icklMjM'
ie Basin of
obtained it- L
begin, to
BUFFALO, 3 miles from Black Rock .
Inn.— The Eagle Tavern.
The situation of this village is remarkably convenient
and agreeable, occupying a long hill of a gentle ascent,
rising from the immediate vicinity of the Lake. The
principal street runs along the ridge of the hill, looking
out upon Lake Erie to the horizon, and is ornamented
with several fine blocks of brick stores and handsome
dwelling houses, together with several public buildings,
all erected since the burning of the village by the British
in 1814, as well as the buildings in the other streets,
wnich are fast increasing every year. A large piece of
ground has been left vacant in the middle of the town,
fora public square, where several important roads meet,
and which it is intended to ornament with public edi-
fices. A walk has also been laid out on the brow of the
hill towards the Lake. This is called the Terrace, and
affords a charming view upon the Lake, the harbour and
the Canal to Black Rock.
The harbour of Buffalo is singularly fitted by nature
for the junction of the two kinds of navigation which
are here brought together ; the entrance from the Lake
being sheltered by the point on which the light-house is
erected, and the two small rivers which here unite their
waters, affording every convenience for landing and
reshipping goods. The shores of these arc very bold,
. and they are connected by a natural channel, which
f serves the purposes of a basin, as well as of an easy com
tiO
THE NORTHERN
munication ; and as the canal to Black Rock commen*
ces close by it, the inland transportation begins without
more ado.
The Canal to Black Rock is dug near the shore of the
Lake. The first part of it is through a low, sandy level
where the excavations were much impeded by the water
which soaked through in great abundance. About half
a mile from Buffalo the workmen hit upon a bed of old
half decayed trees, which was dug into to the depth of
six feet, and extended about half a mile. Many branch-
es and logs w r ere discovered which preserved all the
grain of the wood, but the greater part was a black mass
of matter, which, on being dried, burned with great
readiness. In some places ashes and coals were found;
and some of the logs appeared to have been washed and
rolled by the water of the lake before they were buried.
Beyond this place is a bed of siiioious rock, which re-
quired much labour and expense in cutting and blasting
through it.
VOYAGE UP LAKE ERIE.
At Buffalo opens a very extensive route, for those who
are disposed to travel still farther westward. There is
little to be seen along either shore of the Lake, which
would reward a common traveller for the tedium of a
long ride over a country generally level, or for the in-
conveniences he would experience from the want of
public accommodations, and even the frequent absence
of settlements. The only mode of travelling therefore
is by water ; and great numbers of passengers pass every
season between this port and the principal towns on the
Lake, chiefly in the Steam-Boat Superior, Capt. R.
Bunker , which continually plies between this port and
Detroit, during those months of the year when the Lake
is navigable. It is of sufficient size to offer excellent ac-
commodations; the principal cabin being unusually
large and convenient, and the forward cabin being fit-
ted up for families removing westward. The price of a
passage to Detroit in the first is $15, and in the latter,
where nothing is supplied but ship room and access to'
the kitchen, half price. Another steam boat is to be
kck Rock com
alion begins wife
near the stored
gh a low, sao4 j >
impededbythen
undance. AW;
hit »pon abed#
ig into to the dtp
a mile. Manyfo
hie , preserved ai
t part was ablacij
ed, burned whs •
sand coals wen k
i have been wW<
►efore they were W
aliuwjrockjlifi
sc in cutting
KE ERIE.
five rente JortBfj:
er westward, lip
lore of the Late, i
Her for theteki
ally level, or for#
m from the rt
»n tlrefreqoeDtase
of Ifavellicg therd
f passengers pen
principal town? «
it Sm'RIOR, ty
between (ftfii
rc year when the b
B to offer eiceflai
abin being
inrard cabin be*’
[rard. Thepfl* 1 ’
Uo.and in theft
►room and#*
steam boatfc'^'
completed by the same company in 1825, to perform
the same voyage ; and an opposition boat is to run from
Black Rock, so that the facilities to travellers will be
still further encreased. The following are the stopping
places on the passage to Detroit, with their distances.
From Buffalo - - - - to Erie, - - - 90 miles.
„ Erie to Grand River, 75 „
,, Grand River - - to Cleaveland, - 30 „
„ Cleaveland - - - to Sandusky, - - 60 ,,
Sandusky - - - to Detroit, - - 75 ,,
Total 330
Green Bay, on Lake Huron, is interesting as a posi-
lion occupied by a military garrison, and the seat of a
large number of Indians, for whose improvement some
exertions have been recently made. The principal
tribe residing there is the Menominie, or Wild Rice
Indians, who are both numerous and powerful and
as yet uncivilized ; but they have recently received
an addition to their numbers by having been joined
by the remnant of the Stockbridge tribe, to whom
they have offered a share of their land. The latter are
civilized in such a degree as to have pretty good farms,
and to practice some of the mechanic arts, though they
principally depend on hunting and fishing, particularly
the latter, which is very important to them. There is
some danger of difficulty arising here however ; for the
Stockbridge Indians have sent an invitation to the Onei-
das, in the state of New-York, with whom, els has been
noticed before, they have resided on the most friendly
terms for many years, to go and live with them ; but as
this nation and the Menominies have long cherished an
ancient grudge, there is some fear of broils and blood-
shed, in case they should determine to accept of it.
Ancient Fortifications.
On Buffalo Creek, and towards Genesee River also, are
several large and interesting remnants of Ancient Forti-
fications ; but as they lie off the road, few travellers will
visit them. They appear to form part of a great chain
62
THE NORTHERN
of defensive works extending from the eastern partot
Lake Ontario, along that Lake and Erie, down the
Ohio and Missipppi rivers to Mexico. 1 his is the
opinion of Mr. Atwater, of Circleville, Ohio, who has
published some very interesting details, drawings &c.
connected with them, in his “ Archajologia Americana.
A line of old forts extends from Cataraugus Creek, oO m.
along the shore of Lake Erie, to the line of Pennsyl-
vania. They are on the borders of creeks and old bays,
although now from 2 to 5 miles distant from the Lake,
which is supposed to have retired that distance since
they were built. Another similar line is said to exist in
the rear of them, on another parallel elevation.
Much curiosity and speculation have been called forth
by these singular monuments of antiquity— Some regard
them as marks of a civilized people ; others as the works
of Indian tribes. Some traces of a tradition relating to
them are said to have been lately discovered.
Seneca Castle. The Seneca Nation possess a large
and valuable tract of land adjoining Buffalo on the east,
and they have two villages 3 and 5 miles on the road.
The Senecas are the westernmost tribe in the confedera-
cy of the Five Nations, and have always hel d a conspicu-
ous rank in their history. They were formerly consider-
ed the most numerous and powerful tribe, and preserved
this superiority until the fatal defeat they received from
Gen. Schuyler near Canandaigua, in 1778, since which
they have made a less conspicuous figure.
The residence of this nation after they fled from Cana-
da, before their enemies the Arondiacs, was principally
upon the shores of Seneca Lake, though their lands ex-
tended to Niagara River and north of Lake Erie, oi
which they long had the command. They are now re-
duced to a few hundred, some of them residing here and
some in other Indian villages further east. Besides the
land they possess, which is remarkable for its fertility,
the nation are in possession of a large sum in the
United States bank stock, the dividend for which they
receive annually.
The most remarkable persons of the Seneca nation
now living, is the famous Red Jacket, who inhabits a
small log house, in a very retired situation, about four
ie eastern p®?
Erie, dowiti
ico. This b |
>e, Ohio, w'loj
ails, drawing
ologia Ameriot
•augusCreetih
he line o( Pe»
creeks andoldW
tent trom tt?h
1 that distance#
line is said to eu
lei elevation
lave been ditto
itiquity— Soatrts
.e; otlirs as titu
a tradition^
discovered.
ng Buffalo onto*
id 5 miles oather*
tribe in the m
lwaysheldaw?
’ere formerly at*
fultribe, andffi?
'eat they rector
a, in 17/8, SDK R
us figure,
er they fledtromp
idiacs. wasprwf
,rth of lakft
id. Theyares>
hem residing bfli
her east. If;
rkableforiti^
al* f
idendior^*
traveller;
miles from Buffalo, and one mile north of the road
through the reservation. He has rendered himself con-
spicuous for many years by his eloquence, and formerly
possessed an extensive influence over his countrymen.
But he is now old and poor, and worse still, not too tem-
perate. He has always maintained a resolute opposition
to the introduction of the Christian religion among his
nation, and has recently succeeded in excluding all
ministers from entering the reservation. This was done
by the authority of the state under a regulation intended
to guard against the admission of ill disposed persons,
who are always found ready to impose upon the Indians,
get them in their power and endeavour, by fomenting
uneasiness, as well as by threats and promises, to induce
them to remove and leave their lands.
Billy is another very old man of the tribe, and of a
character very different from that of Red Jacket. He is
a good orator, but his real worth as well as hisinfluence,
depends on the more substantial qualities of a sincere
and consistent Christian. His example and the instruc-
turns for some time enjoyed in the nation, have pro-
duced great effects on a portion of the families. The
traveller will observe several farms under a degree of
cultivation, and may meet with individuals who con-
form pretty nearly to the English style of dress and have
introduced some of our customs into their houses. The
Ind^ ei * ^ em k° wever speak no language but
Stage Road from Buffalo to Canandaigua,
The first few miles of this road present very little inter-
est, 15 or20milesof it pass over an old causey of logs, and
the country for that distance is a forest, with hardly any
signs of inhabitants. The logs make the travelling rough
and disagreeable ; but as they are gradually covered
over vv ith earth, the difficulties are lessening every year.
To those who. are not accustomed to a country so new
and wild as this, a word or two may not be amiss on
the manner in which roads are first made in an Ameri-
can settlement. In thick forests, the surface of the
ground is covered to the depth of one or two feet, with
64 THE NORTHERN
the roots of trees, which are extremely difficult l °
moved, and are very dangerous for horses or oxc
pass over. A close layer of logs, although itself su huent-
iy rough, forms a much safer and more conven.ent path,
and is usually adopted with great ad vantage. ‘
another reason for it— the elevation ot the load above
the common surlace, secures it from being overffisM
by the water, which in the moist seasons of the year
would impede the travelling in low and marshy places.
When the logs decay, they are apt to form bad ruts and
holes, which should be filled with earth or gravel. In-
deed the usual practice is, as the road becomes more
travelled, and the inhabitants increase, to cover it all
with a thick bed of earth ; and roads thus formed are
proverbial for their excellence.
BATAVIA, 40 miles from Buffalo, is a very handsome
village, and contains the residence of Mr. Otto, the
Agent of the Holland-Land Company, as well as the
county buildings, and the house of Mr. Elliot, the fonn-
cr agent of the above mentioned company.
At LEROY, 10 miles, a number of curious stones
were discovered, in 1824, which were at first supposed
to be petrified Sea Turtles. They were found in the bed
of Allen’s creek about 200 yards north of the village
bridge, and usually weighed from one to three or tour
hundred pounds, although some have been picked up
in another place in the neighbourhood, not much
larger than a man’s hand. Several were found imbed-
ded in the lime stone rock through which the stream
has cut its way, lying horizontally, yet evidently of an
older formation. They consist of a dark coloured bitu-
minous lime stone, which readily splits in the middle,
and betrays a number of whitish crystalline veins tra-
versing each other nearly at right angles, and growing
thicker in the middle, and often containing a quantity
of yellow clay, or ochre, with a few holes filled with a
bituminous oily substance which flows out. Ihese
stones are certainly very curious specimens, but the
original theory is not likely to be received.
The Wadsworth Farm at Geneseo is so far and so
justly famed for its size andfertility and still more for the
admirable system of cultivation under which it is earned
f difficult to to
horses or out;
re convenieLt^
ivantage. Tta
aot trie void itt
jra being ovtrin
seasons of fftw
v and marshy («
ttoformb&ma
iwrthorgnwl
s road becomes i
iciease. to coveft
roads thuiforaK,
lalo.isaverybfr
lence of Mr.Ocst
jtnpany, as veil t
i of Mr. Elliot, ties
J company,
nber of cimota ft
were at firsts
y were found i «
jds north of Isr®
)Di one to th;
•These Springs are found in Bristol, Middlesex, and
Canandaigua.
The former are situated in a ravine on the west side
of Bristol Hollow, about half a mile from the North
Presbyterian Meeting House. The ravine is formed in
clay slate, and a small brook runs through it. The ga^
rises through fissures of the slate, from both the margin
and the bed of the brook. Where it rises through the
water, it is formed into bubbles, and flashes only when
the flame is applied ; but where it rises directly from the
rock, it burns with a steady and beautiful flame, which
continues until extinguished by storms, or by design.
The springs in Middlesex are situated frora'one to two
miles Southwesterly from the village ofRushville, along
a tract nearly a mile in length, partly at the bottom of
the valley called Federal Hollow, and partly at an ele-
vation of 40 or 50 feet on the South side of it.
The latter have been discovered within a few years,
in a field which had been long cleared, and are very nu-
merous. Their places are known by little hillocks of a
few feet in diameter, and a few inches high, formed of y
dark bituminous mould, which seems principally to have
been deposited by the gas, and through which it finds its
way to the surface, in one or more currents. These
currents of gas may be set on fire, and will burn with a
steady flame. In winter they form openings through
the snow, and being set on fire, exhibit the novel and in-
teresting phenomenon of a steady and lively flame in
contact with nothing but snow. In very cold weather
it is said, tubes of ice are formed round these currents of
gas, (probably from the freezing of the water contained
in it,) which sometimes rise to the height of two or three
feet, the gas issuing from their tops ; the whole when
lighted in a still evening, presenting an appearance even
more beautilul than the former.
Within a few days, the proprietors of this field have
put into operation a plan for applying the gas to econo-
mmal purposes. From a pit which was sunk in one of
the hillocks, the gas is conducted through bored logs,
to the kitchen ot the dwelling, and rises through an apei -
turc a litl le more than hall an inch in diameter, in the
door of a small cooking stove. When inflamed, the
6S THE NORTHERN
mixture of gas and common air in the slove firsl ex-
plodes. and then the stream burns steadily. 1 he heat
involved is considerable ; so that even tins small supply
s said to be sufficient for cooking. In another pait of
the room, a stream of the gas, from an orifice one eighth
of an inch in diameter, is kindled in the evenmg and af
fords the light of two or three candles. The novelty 01
the spectacle attracts a concourse of visitors so great,
that the proprietors have found it expedient to convert
their dwelling into a public inn. .
The springs in the town of Canandaigua are situated
on both sides of the lake, within three miles of the vil-
laze. They have not been particularly examined.
Experiments made with the gas seem to prove, that it
consists principally of a mixture of the light and heavy
carburetted hydrogen gases, the former having greatly
the preponderance ; and that it contains a small propor-
tion of carbonic acid gas. It seems also to hold a little
oily or bituminous matter in solut.on. It burns with a
lambent, yellowish flame, scarcely inclining 1° re “>
with small scintillations of a bright red at its base. It
has the odour of pit coal. It produces no smoke, bu
deposits, while burning, a small quantity of bituminous
lampblack. It is remarkable that the hillocks, through
which the gas rises, are totally destitute of vegetation.
Whether the gas is directly deleterious to vegetable life,
nr indirectly, by interrupting the contact of the > air of
the atmosphere, it is certain that no plant can sustain
life within the circle of its influence. .
It is well known that this gas is tound abundantly in
coalmines; and being accidently set on fire, (mixed a*
it is in those mines with the air of the atmosphere,) has
many times caused terrible and destructive explosions.
The writer cannot learn that it has ever been known to
be generated in the earth, except in the presence o
coal ; and hence the inference is strong, that it proceeds
from coal. If we add to this the fact, that there is n
substance in the earth, except coal and other vegetable
and animal remains, from which, by any known natu-
ral process, the elements of the gas could be obtained,
the proof almost amounts to demonstration, lueony
TRAVELLER.
a Ik stove be
steadily. IV i
en this small ^
In another
an orifice OBeeip
n the evening, ah
dies. Thews
e of visitors » p
l expedient tow
.nandaisnmsa
n three mife oii
cularly examiaet
is seem to proves
e of the light m
tie former tern
.contains tfflill*
seems also to bwi-
solution. Itbwisi
rarcely jnclaM
bright red ititib
produces do®£
H quantity of to
that the hillocks. 3
j destitute of wj#
eterioustovejp
the contact of tei
hat no plant ox *
s is founds
tly set on Nj
of the atmosphere
has ever been ^
cept in
is strong, that 't p*®
coal and otherk
**rlS
P ,noc5tration. *
GO
deposite which has been mentioned, may be considered
as a further proof of the correctness of the inference.
The Road betweeen Canandaigua and Geneva passes
over a singular trai t of country, the form of which wilt
not fail to be remarked by an observant traveller. The
distance is 26 miles ; and the ground gradually rises by
large natural terraces, or steps, for about half the distance,
and descends in the same manner on the other side to
Seneca Lake. These steps or terraces appear to have
been formed by those strong currents of water of which
geologists speak, which at some ancient period of the
world have evidently passed over many tracts of country
in different parts of the world. The ridges and channels
thus formed here stretch north and south, frequently to a
considerable distance, corresponding both in form and di-
rection with the numerous lakes which are found in this
part of the state. .Several ancient fortifications have
been traced here. From the middle ridge the view is
extensive ; but the surrounding country is of too uniform
a surface to present any remarkable variety of scenery.
The form adapts it peculiarly to agriculture, indeed, did
the soil but correspond in richness, the whole scene would
be peculiarly delightful in an agricultural point of view.
GENEVA.
This town occupies a charming situation at the head
of Seneca Lake, and for a mile along its western bank,
which rises to a considerable elevation above the surface,
and affords room for a broad and level street. The build-
ings in this village are remarkably neat and handsome.
It contains one of the most comfortable inns in the state,
kept by Mr. Lynch.
Seneca Lake,
is 35 miles long, and about 3 or 4 wide. Its depth is un-
usually great, and the water clear and very cold, to
which is referred the scarcity of fish. There is a re-
markable phenomenon long observed by those who re-
side near it, which has never been satisfactorily account-
ed for. The water has a regular rise and fall every seven
rears. This is perceptible along the shore? but more
THE NORTHERN
'll)
practically established in the experience ol the Imatmen,
who are accustomed to conduct boats through the Sene-
ca river, to the canal, as they formerly did to Oneida
.Lake, and down the Mohawk river.
The land on the borders of Seneca Lake is valuable
for many miles, and is inhabited by a mixed population
from New Jersey, Maryland, Sic. with a number of
English families. Towards the southern end of the
Lake, the soil changes for the worse ; but in a few years
the productions of these shores may be expected to form
a much more important figure than they do at present,
among the vast amount of transports that annually flow
down the great Canal.
A stage-coach runs from Geneva down the west side
of the lake, and then crosses to the head of Cayuga
Lake, to the village of Ithaca ; but the road is not inter-
esting, and the more agreeable mode of reaching that
village is by taking the steam-boat at Cayuga bridge 14
miles from Geneva, on the great mail route.
Caygua Lake is 40 miles in length, and generally
about 2 in breadth. Its water is shallow, the depth being
only a few feet. A fine bridge is built across it near tho
nothern end, where it is a mile wide.
The Steam Boat Experiment
Plies between Cayuga Bridge and Ithaca, at the head
of the lake, in such a manner as to meet the stage coaches
on the new route from Ithaca to New York, returning the
same days. It is small and frequently used to tow canal
boats on the lake ; but it is large enough to accommodate
a considerable number of passengers, and is frequently
crowded with parties from the neighbouring country, as
well #s travellers, as the excursion is one of the pleasant-
est that can be taken in this part of the state. It also
connects several important lines of stage-coaches, which
the traveller will do well to notice if he wishes to go to
Catskill, Ncwburg , New York or Nciv Jersey by the most
direct route. These routes will be more particularly
noticed on arriving at Ithaca.
traveller.
ice of theta*
5 through
eriy did to 0*i
aca Lake isvib
f a mixed pc^wt
• with a Luiit’
southern end tii
se; but iu a lew p»
yie e^ectf
in they do at pros
orts that animaihh
iva down the wtsi
0 the head a( ftp
rnt the road bioti
mode of rtac&ji
oat at Cayuga brife
1 mail route.
id length, aaigaE
i shallow, the ttfis
is buOt across
ride.
ExrERimr
and Ithaca, ati*
to meet thesis*
Vew York, retens
emly used to to* York.
* he first leads nearly m a direct line to the Hudson river
he thirTf PaSS I® Great Bend of the Delaware, and’
the third furnishes daily the shortest route to New York.
The Cascade.
This beautiful and romantic scene already snoken of
is about 3mi.es from the village, and should by ^means
» r Lt ,,Seen ; The . watel ' faU is one of the most pictures-
th * t CR r b ® ,m3 ° me w «st and south.
- lany of these have been found impracticable, and a lar-e
J-*S.
, 2 . THE northern
part of those which may ^her?of*»
lion, relate to regions removed ^ ln this
work of so local a chaxact ^ ave becn several ptens of
neighbourhood however ther improper to pass*
this description so recently
EK^ssfass&w-**
Canal from the Cayuga Lake to the Schuylkill River,
Which approaches very near each other.
The Draining of the Cayuga Marshes.
The following facts
made to the Legislature ihi/canai Board to survey
who had been apppw ^ y Jtwill he observed
'i 16 , re fwrJd°ohiect l proposed by this scheme : and
that a two fold object P V Navigation between
34SSOT asto rescue a large tract
1..J
reduction would be jud'Cious at this tim . shouldbe
Tn pffpet the proposed object, the suitace snouw w
, % feet at the head of Jack’s reefs ; above which
nUce the f river consists of long deep pools, separated
Ca few bars of diluvial matter. Of these bars, the
Principal are at the foot of the Cayuga Lake; ?t Martas
Lid/ (2 miles below), and at Muscpieto Pomt wh^
the descent of the surthce at a medial height ofthenver,
'■ or r™, ....
rauids it is evident that the current, issuing froma great
e/head will diminish in volume over the bar us the
velocity increases, and that the depression oftiesurface
will extend upwards to the next rapid ; and though tb
s
TRAVELLER.
73
carried into m
>ad thesptaru
Me book, h
been several |la
je improper to i
have V een so wd
not in every cart
wrtantisa
the Sdiuylfolifo
acb other,
j.yuga .MflrsJiei-
traded from tki
ary 1325, byfo.fo
he Canal
,ake. ltwiUbe«
Kjsed by this sche®
■e the navigation to
llastorescneato
y be rendered m#
ieneca river 2k'
L t would be destt
rdinarv floods otte
at the dispropoitwf
lontful, whether a?
«SSsf
*T£Ld*i
effect will successfully decrease as it extends, only mode-
rate excavations at those bars, will be required to obtain
the proposed reduction at the Cayuga Lake.
At Jack’s reefs the river is 160 yards wide, and descends
6 feet in 137 chains. The upper bar, about 80 rods in
length, consists chiefly of gravel and rounded stones, over
which the water falls 18 inches, into a pool from 5 to 7
feet deep, of nearly the same extent. Near the lower
end of this pool, the soft whitish limestone, which forms
the bed of tlie / river downwards for 2 miles, first appears ;
and may be easily excavated without blasting.
To discharge the river through these obstructions, it is
proposed to excavate a channel 30 yards wide, commenc-
ing where the surface is 6 feet lower than it is at the head
of the rapids, and operating upwards on a horizontal bot-
tom. The estimate for this work, including the bars
up the river is $125,000.
This estimate has not been made without much de-
liberation. In addition to the expense of constructing
coffer dams, arises the difficulty of disposing of the stuff
to be excavated ; for no part ought to be left on the pre-
sent bed of the river, to obstruct the discharge of floods,
or to embarrass any future attempts to enlarge the chan-
nel. A great part of this work must be done opposite to
high banks, and the distance to deep water, into which
it might be dropped, is very considerable.
At the 4th lock it is proposed to assume a new level,
and extend an independent canal from the guard gates
down the shore of the outlet, 2 miles 29 cliains, to De-
mont’s bridge : and thence either northwardly 4 miles to
the Erie canal, at Brockway’s point, or eastwardly 1 mile
and 20 chains, across the swamp to the Seneca river, pass
it on a wooden aqueduct, 28 rods long, near the lower
Cayuga bridge, and thence 5 miles to Montezuma. To
the reasons already given in favour of a canal, it is proper
to add, that the channel of the Seneca river is too irregu-
lar for the construction of a tow-path on its side, at any
moderate expense.
The eastern route would afford the most convenient
navigation, as boats might pass without the interruption
u
THE NORTHERN
of a lock from 1 mile east of Montezuma to Seneca fails ;
and the Seneca outlet would be an ample feeder. To
facilitate the communication with the Cayuga lake, it is
proposed to continue a side cut 1 mile and 68 chains, to
East Cayuga, where a lock of 10 feet lift would be pro-
per. Unless the surface of the Seneca river be lowered,
however, there would be scarcely sufficient water way
under the aqueduct.
The nothem route is calculated on a level 2 feet 8 inch-
es lower, and would also be fed from the Seneca outlet.
At Demont’s, a lock of 7 feet lift, and a tow-path down
the outlet, would be necessary to extend the navigation
to the Cayuga lake, and the bar at the mouth of the out-
let must be removed. On the south bank of the Canan-
daigua outlet, near Brockway’s Point, a lock of 8 feet
lift will be required, and another of 4 feet lift on the north
bank, to unite with the Erie canal ; for the want of water
way precludes the plan of a wooden aqueduct. The lifts
of all those locks are increased, on account of draining the
Cayuga marshes; and the calculations have been made
with a view to the unfavourable sites for the foundations.
The estimates for the Eastern Route are $71,125
Those for the Nothem, 44,185
The whole estimate from the canal at Seneca lake to
Brockway’s Point, (being the least expensive route,) is
.$89,948.
In relation to the marshes near the Seneca lake . To
reclaim these tracts, it will be necessary to lower the
surface of the lake 3 feet. The advantage would be si-
milar to that of draining the Cayuga marshes — a district
redeemed from desolation. The canal derives its value
from the commerce that floats on its waters ; and every
addition to the surplus products of the land, whether ob-
tained by reclaiming marshes, and expelling the voracious
birds that prey on the harvest, or by restoring health to
tye farmer, will encrease the revenue.
But it is to be regretted, that so important a work has
been delayed until mill seats have been improved, and
docks and wharves constructed for the. present level of the
l&ke, and the damages that w ould ensue to these prqprie-
Mrs, may probably be n subject of future enquiry.
rioSaea^
jple feeder. J,
lake,
and68thi>
lift wouldbep
river be In*,
itncient ntrr«
.levels feet &
i the Seneca pj
uhtow-ptii:?
Ltend the
he mouth tffc
i bank of theCa
ml alockrfJi
1 feet lift oo fa
for the want *n
aqueduct. fit:
xonntoffe
ion? have lea a
sforthefaaki
ate are fl.
i
nalatSewali
eipenarerca
theSmto'
^ssary to lows
'anta^e wooii >
i marshee-J^
ial derive! its*
: water?; oi*
ie laud, whed>?
peUinffthevcfts
restoring !»•
iportant a wil
beenimprovei;
present lerd-’
aetothespf
nreenq®?-
TRAVELLER.
AUBURN,
is another beautiful village, and merits the name it ha*
borrowed from Goldsmith’s charming poetry. It is un-
fortunately placed at some distance from Ovvasco Lake,
and therefore is deprived of the picturesque character
which it might have enjoyed. There are several hand-
some public buildings in this place, but the most impor-
tant is the
State Prison.
This institution having been for two or three years
managed by Mr. Lynds, on a system in some respects,
it is thought, new, and with remarkable success, merits
particular notice. The following statements are ex-
tracted from the Report made to the Legislature in Feb-
ruary, 1825, and furnish a comparative view of the pris-
ons at Auburn and New-York city.
“The Auburn prison was built in 1817, and cost pro-
bably $300,000 ; it is constructed upon the plan of a hol-
low square, enclosed by a wall of 2000 feet in extent,
being 500 feet on each side, and, for the most part, 35
feet in height. The north wing of the building differs
very much in its construction from any building of the
kind, and the use of which is conceived to be one of the
greatest improvements in prisons, and one of the best
aids to prison discipline, which has been any where
made. The workshops are built against the inside of
the outer wall, fronting towards the yard, from which
every shop is visible, forming a continued range of 940
feet. With such alterations as it may undergo, it can be
made to hold 1 100 convicts.
“The prison at New-York was begun in 1796, and is
believed to have cost $300,000. ‘ The whole of this
edifice, (say the committee,) is illy adapted to the pur-
poses intended ; and unless the state will authorize an
alteration of the interior, or will erect another upon a
more improved plan, we may look in vain for the re-
sults so anxiously anticipated by the friends of the peni-
tentiary system.’
“The expenditures at the Auburn prison are pro*
76
THE NORTHERN
nounced to have been neither wasteful nor improper.
The number of convicts in 1823, was 300 ; the gross ex-
pense of the prison $20,589, the earnings of the prison-
ers #9,807, net expense to the public #10,781, and net
expense for each convict during the year #34 78. The
gross expense of the prison at New-York for the year,
was #55,792, the earnings of the prisoners $33,316, the
number of convicts 608, the gross cost for each $91 67,
and the net cost #22 67. The finances of this prison, and
indeed of both, are in a progressive state of improvement.
Of the government , rules arid discipline of the tico pri-
sons, and the comparative efficacy of the respective systems
adopted in each. — In all these respects, a decided prefer-
ence is given to the prison at Auburn ; indeed from the
minute description given, a better governed institution
can scarcely be. 44 The correct discipline observed in this
prison (say the committee,) only requires to be seen, to
be duly appreciated. The conduct of the prisoners while
at their labour, and their quietness under the privations of
the prison, prove, that the discipline is complete and effec-
tive ; and the main cause of the order and decorum thus
observed, is, that in all matters of dicipline, there is but
one head or principal. The inspectors of this prison,
have resigned to the principal keeper, Mr. Lynds, the
discretionary power of directing and controling the dis-
cipline and punishment of the convicts, and the conduct,
deportment and duty of the assistant-keepers. This
measure of the inspectors is both wise and judicious, and
has produced throughout the establishment the most hap-
py results ; and the gentleman in whom this confidence
is placed, is in every respect worthy of it; for he is a man
eminently qualified for the station he occupies ; possesses
more than common talents and firmness as a disciplina-
rian; appears to devote his whole mind to the duties of
his office, and has a taste for order, neatness and regular-
ity, seldom surpassed.” The errors and evils of the New-
York prison are mentioned with such qualifying and mit-
igating circumstances, as exist in the fact that it was one
of the first establishments of the kind in America ; that it
was an experiment, attempted when the principles for the
government of such an institution, and the proper mode
TRAVELLER
'77
ill norinitofc
m\Z
eir 434 "i !i
fork for 1 kx
-oners pi
»t for eaueh^K
s of this pnsti
ite of improie*
>toi < 0 / iA«
lie Titptdmtji
Is, a decided p
m; Mb;
gorirned astse
iplfoeobamfc
iquircs t» be«
ofthepriwiCT
mderthe prmu
is complete ali
er and decora:
icipline, twe?
tors oftfcp
eper, Mr. Lyt-
d control^
island lie®
itifll-teeptr- !
se andjfe-
shmattkati
iom this £*&
of it; for he 211
‘occupies; p*
inessas a
indtotbeto
atness ant3ie>
Bderilsof^’
quality^*
{act that it wae e ,
in America;
lepnacip’^^-
d the pip**
of construction, were unknown, and when the state of the
public opinion was unfavourable to discipline or to judi-
cious punishment. The committee conclude, with a
series of illustrative examples of the evils in the manage-
ment of the prison, the paramount one of which is the
utter want of vigourous and effective discipline, and
the others of which are, that the restraint and labour are
too little, that the order is imperfect, and that the indul-
gences which are obtained for the prisoners, with and
without permission, are often utterly subversive of dis-
cipline, and inconsistent with a state of punishment.
Minute observations on the comparative labour of a
free person and a convict show that the latter does not
accomplish as much in a day as the former ; and that the
New- York prison, with no better employment than is
now provided, cannot pay much more than one half of
the cost of its support. In the year 1823, the balance
against the New York prison was $13,633; and that
against the Auburn prison $10,780. The committee state
that the kind of work proper for a state prison should
unite the following properties : That the demand should
be great, the material cheap, the trade easily learned,
a business which cannot be so conducted by machinery
as to reduce the wages too low, and a trade in which
hard work can be enforced and made the more profitable.
As a trade which fulfils these conditions the committee
recommend in relation to the New- York prison, the cut-
ting of stone for building ; and they present a series of
calculations in support of the position. — Under the gene-
ral head of economy, they also recommend in this prison,
savings in the annual expenditure, to the amount of
$6004, and an increase as regards the Auburn prison of
$623.
The pardoning power ought to be exercised with great
caution by the executive ; for perhaps no circumstance
has so much contributed to do away the terrors of pun-
ishment as the facilities afforded the worst part of our
species in obtaining a pardon. Many of these persons are
induced to continue their evil courses, from a calcula-
tion of the chances in their favour.— w If this system
must continue to operate, to the extent demonstrated bx
G2
78
THE NORTHERN
the foregoing tables, the reformation of offenders, or the
reduction of crimes, may in vain be expected ; for the
worst and most artful villains are generally most success-
ful in imposition, and who, through the pecuniary means
at their command, procured, perhaps, by their felonies,
are enabled to draw to their interest, such a3 are ready
on all occasions to exert their talents, ingenuity and in-
fluence, in favour of obtaining their pardon.”
The committee express their unanimous and decided
opinion, after a full exhibition of the advantages and
disadvantages of such a course, that a new state-prison
should be built, in some situation where an abundant
supply of stone proper to be wrought, may be had, and
on navigable water affording an easy water commu-
nication with the city of New-York.” The entire ex-
pense of building a prison of 800 cells, upon a marble
quarry, on the plan of the Auburn prison, is estimated at
,$62,571 20. The indispensable alterations to the old
prison are estimated at $ 10,000 ; the old prison, without
alterations, it is presumed would sell for $45,000 ; which
will leave a saving to the state, (aside from purchasing a
new site and transporting the convicts,) between the al-
teration of the old prison and what it may sell for, and
the building of a new prison, of $22,429 80.
The proposed alterations of the laws respecting the
date-prisons. — An act for that purpose.
Ancient Fortifications. There are some remains of
ancient fortifications in the vicinity of this place, as well
as in the neighbouring towns of Camillus, Onondaga and
Pompey.
If the traveller should wish to take the canal, a stage
coach goes every day to Weed’s Basin, 8 miles and car-
ries passengers for 50 cents, to meet the canal boats,
which pass at stated periods.
FROM AUBURN TO SYRACUSE,
By the Canal , 34 miles.
(Stage coach to Weed’s Basin,) 3 m>
Jordon Village, in Camillus township, 0
Canto#, &alf-wav village between Buffalo and
TRAVELLER.
79
'oft'eadet^
expected, kii
rally moa»a
e pecuniary*
, by their fea
such as art m
, m^eauitje,!
ardou”
aimousMdte
die advintip;
Uaeis^
inhere anibs
at may U biii
easy water «
s*.’ Theoty
ceik, ypcc ix
prison, is estsft
dteratiffis \A
he old prints
Ulor^W):r.
ide from pink
cts) betiai
X itmar.^ti
142980.
law rejpa^i
ese.
are some roa
of this place .* 1
oiHiis, Ocottk 1
ke tbecan^a*
sin, 8 mile iaii
^tlhccaalii
H 4 CU 5 &
1*.
Albany, 179 m. from the former and 183 from
the latter,) 6
Geddes Village, (with salt-works,) 12
Syracuse, 2
By the Hoad , 28 miles.
Skaneateles, 8 m. | Onondaga, 10 m,
Marcellus, 6 | Syracuse, 4
Syracuse. For a description of this place, as well
as of Satina t the Salt Spring, and Salt Manufactories , see
page 34.
Although the routes east of Syracuse, both by the Ca-
nal and by the road, are given in other places, and
although they may be traced on the maps, it may
perhaps be convenient to have them repeated in the
reversed order, for travellers going towards Albany.
FROM SYRACUSE TO UTICA.
By the Canal , 60 miles.
Manlius Landing, 9 in.
Chitteningo Creek, 8
(A curious 'petrified tree lies near this place a few
steps from the canal, which was found with
many of its branches.!
Canastota Village and Basin, 8
Oneida Creek, 5
Wood Creek, 13
Rome, 3
Oriskany Village, 8
Whitesborough, 3
Utica, 4
By the Road> 48 raile9.
Derne, 8
Manlius, 3
Sullivan, 9
Oneida Creek. 11
Vernon, R
30
THE NORTHERN
Westmoreland, £
New Hartford,
Utica, 4
For Utica, see page 31, for Trenton Falls, and for
Hamilton College, do.
Projected Canal. — A plan has been recently
formed for the construction of a canal from Utica down
the Unadilla river, to intersect the Susquehannah at some
point near the town of Bainbridge, in the county of Che-
nango.
FROM UTICA TO SCHENECTADY.
By the Canal , 79 1-2 miles.
Lock, No. 53, (end of the long level, which begins
westward at Salina, and extends to this place,
69 £ miles without a lock,) 9 m.
Bridge over the Mohawk, and Herkimer village. 5
Little Falls, .
(This place is worthy to detain the traveller for a
day, on account of the romantic scenery presented by
the lofty banks of the river in its passage through the
Cattsberg mountains. The aqueduct of the feeding
canal is a fine piece of work ; and some beautiful crys-
tals of quartz are found in the neighbourhood.)
Fall Hill, a mountain on the right, 518 feet high-
er than the canal, 712 above high water in
Hudson river, and about 145 above Lake Erie, 1
Old Mohawk Castle, 5
Fort Plain, 9 1-2
Canajoharrie, 4
(Stage coach hence to Cherry Valley Tuesday ana
Friday.)
Anthony’s Nose, o
(This scene is represented in Plate 2nd , from tins side.
The lofty bluff on the right is Anthony’s Nose, on the top
of which a remarkable Cavern opens, extending further
down than it has ever been explored. It contains several
large chamber?, and may perhaps penetrate to the level
TRAVELLER.
81
i
roxFiiu,*
has bean
ia\ from Ut»*
ittquehaButa
in the vmf>
lENECTADt
•2 mile.
si,vhichbe*2
ds to this pit
t>i the; can^i. In the plate the Mohawk is represented as
winding through the meadows, beyond which is the great
road to Albany, while on the right, next to the towpath of
the canal, is a country road running at the foot of the
mountain.)
Schoharie Creek, 1 1
(The Ferry established across the Schoharie creek
here, is on a very ingenious plan, and well worthy of
notice. A tine dam built a little below keeps the water
always at the same level ; and a wheel turned by a
horse in a building on the eastern bank, moves a rope
which is stretched double across, and to which the tow
rope of the boat is fastened. The horses are transported
in a ferry boat.)
Amsterdam village, (across the river,) 5
Flint Hill, 6
Rotterdam Hats, 8
Schenectady, 3
irkimer R oad to Albany, 15 j miles. Numerous coaches go
every day.
[in the tnT&
scenery Road to Ballston and Saratoga. Both these
itspa?ap~' roads offer the shortest and most expeditious communi-
ueduct on*; cation with the places to which they conduct, and if the
d some to-- traveller should be in pressing haste he should avail
^hbourkv himself of them.
To travellers of leisure and taste, however, the canal
high wife - boats are recommended to the Mohawk bridge, although
ore they are liable to many delays at the numerous locks
along this difficult but interesting part of the canal.
r Valley T»*
dtU ,i» s
Kjnfs Xose,os:
i Itcontef
penetrate to^'
FROM SCHENECTADY TO ALBANY.
By the Canal, 28$ miles.
Alexander's Bridge, (on the turnpike road to Al-
bany and Ballston,) 4i m.
Upper Aqueduct, (on which the canal crosses the
Mohawk,) \
The Youvg Engineer, a rock on the right, so cal-
THE NORTHERN
32 ■
led, where the cutting is the deepest on the
whole route, 32 feet deep,
Wat Hoix Gap, . . , , 5 1_ ~
(A natural channel through which the canal is led more
than 200 yards. The rocks are Grawacke slate. In the
river is the Wat Hoix Rapid, which the Indians called
the Evil Spirit, and sometimes the White Horse.
Lower Aqueduct, 1188 feet long, on which the ca-
nal crosses the Mohawk again, on 24 stone
abutments and piers. tosE
The four Locks, 8 feet each*
Cohoes Falls, 78 feet high, 4
The two Locks, 9 feet each, i
The three Locks, and the Cohoes Bridge over the
Mohawk, \
(Hence to Waterford, on the road to Ballston, Sarato-
ga, &c. is about a mile and a half, where stage coaches
are continually passing in the visiting season. By leav-
ing the boat here, or a little below, where the canal
meets the road, a seat may frequently be found in a pass-
ing coach, to Waterford or the Springs ; or, some may pre-
fer to take a boat on the Northern Canal, which is close
at hand. We shall take up the land route after giving
the few remaining objects on the way to Albary, and re-
ferring the reader to page 19 for a description of that
city.)
The Junction, where the Northern Canal, from
Lake Champlain, meets the Erie Canal, 1-2
West Troy, 1
(Here is a cluster of buildings about the basins where
the Troy boats lie. The dam across the Mohawk will
afford an easy communication between the canal and
Troy, which is seen on the opposite side. A good horse-
ferry-boat plies below.)
United States’ Arsenal, 1
The Manor House of Gen. Van Rensselaer, called
Rensselaer- Wyck, h
Albanv-
TRAVELLER.
S3
>est on the
Uiecanalkltii
wacke s'latE. fc
h thekaaaj
Vhite Hone,
which theft,
on 24 sto u
iridge oTcrtk
nadtoBaHst&ii
U, where stage a
siting season. 1 ]
>elow, where SB
ntlybeWin
rin«; or,K®5
m
land route sSh?
way lo Altai*
)r a descnpaai
srn Canal, ta
■ieCM
about thel*®’
iross the Hub*
letwecn the ®
te side. Aj*N
nsselier.etW
ROAD TO THE BATTLE GROUND AND THE
SPRINGS.
WATERFORD.
This village is situated on the west side of the Hudson,
across which the communication is convenient by means
of the first bridge we have seen o\er this river. Lan-
singburgh stands opposite, and is a place of consider-
able size, but wearing an aspect of gradual decay.
The streets of Waterford are wide, regular and hand-
somely built. Some of the private houses are re-
markable for their neatness. During the warm season
of the year, this place is a great thorough -fare, lying on
two roads to Albany, as well as in the way to both
Ballston and Saratoga Springs, Lake George, &.c. It is
21 1-2 miles to Ballston Springs, and 24 to Saratoga.
Borough, 8 1-2 miles. This is a little village.
Mechanicville, 1-4 mile. Here is a Cotton Manu-
factory and a Si age house.
Stillwater, 3 miles. This place takes its name from
the smoothness and quiet of the Hudson, which here
spreads out over a broad surface, and hardly shows any
appearance of a current.
This is the place to which Gen. Schuyler retreated at
the approach of Gen. Bu goyne, after removing all the
stores, driving away the cattle, and throwing all possible
obstacles in his way; and through this place Gen. Gates
who soon after succeeded him in the command, march-
ed up from Halfmoon to take position on Bemis’s
Heights. As we are thus approaching the field where
their two great armies met in battle, it will be proper to
indulge in a few reflections on the important results of
that contest, and to give a brief outline of the events
which preceded it.
In the first place, however, the reader is referred
to the maps, to observe the importance of the tract
of country which lies along the route we have just,
entered upon. From Canada to the head of Lake Cham-
plain iherc is an uninterrupted water communication,
by w hich troops and every thing necessary to an a my
may be transported with the utmost facility. A short
•and carriage reaches Lake George. Wood Creek
u
THE NORTHERN
at the South end of the former, is navigable in boats tc.
Fort Anne, which is only 9 m. distant from Fort Edward,
on Hudson river, whence the navigation is open to New
York. Here have consequently b^en the scenes of the
most important military operations which have ever been
carried on in the United Slates. The first battle within
this region, of which history gives any account, was
fought between th? French and the Five Nations of In-
dians soon after the settlement of Canada, when the lat-
ter first learnt the terrible effect of gun-powder, and be-
gan to flee from the approach of civilization. In the
numerous expeditions which at subsequent periods were
undertaken by the British against Canada, this route
was taken in the attack, and not unfrequently in the re-
treat. The important events of the war of 1755, were
almost confined to this region, and the revolution, and
the last war with England produced scenes which will
be touched upon in their places.
The first period to which we shall refer, is that of the
Revolution; and the first scene that of the battle of
Saratoga, or Bemis’s Heights, towards which we are
fast approaching.
u I could here” says Dr. Dwight, “almost forget that
Arnold became a traitor to his country, and satisfy ray-
self with recollecting, that to his invincible gallantry,
and that of the brave officers and soldiers whom he led,
my country was, under God, indebted in a prime de-
gree for her independence, and all its consequent bless-
ings. I should think that American, peculiarly an in*
habitant of New-England or New-York, little to be en-
vied, whose patriotism did not gain force upon the
heights of Stillwater, or the plains of Saratoga. These
scenes I have examined ; the former with solemnity and
awe, the latter with ardour and admiration, and both
with enthusiasm and rapture. Here 1 have remember-
ed; and here it was impossible not to remember, that
on this very spot a controversy w T as decided, upon which
hung the liberty and happiness of a nation destined one
day to fill a continent; and of its descendants, who will
probably hereafter outnumber the inhabitants of Eu-
rope.”
vigftbie ir 'oca
from Fort Efe
ion is open
0 the scenes j;
iiicb have evtra
ft first Mr,
any acconsd.;
Five Natiowi
ioada, vbems.
gun*powdtr,iK
civilization, ki
sequent periota
it Canada, ins
nfrequentlyiitk
hewirofflaSu
1 the revolution i
ed scenes which i
Mritkoi,
k of tie Mk
rank mb ire i
“almost for^tUt
Afy&ndsutisiyi
nvintible pUic
others whom kei
iebtedinapria
its consequent
in, peculiarly *
Fork, little tot*!
rain force Bps
of Saratoga, 'a
twith solemn!;!
imirttioo, d>
•el haye remer
it to rememk.;
decided, upon*-
nation destine
ijcendanu, wkj
inhabitants d»
TRAVELLER. gr»
BURGOYNE’S EXPEDITION.
Gen. Burgoyne was appointed Governor of Canada
in 1777, to succeed Sir Guy Carlton. He arrived at
Quebec in May, and reached Crown Point June 20th.
Gen. P illips was sent to Tici deroga with h British
rightwing; and t 1 e o tpostsandthe fort were success, ve-
ly abandoned by the Americans. T e news of the
evacuation of this place, was a most dishea, ening piece
of intelligence to the cou try. It had b en confidently
hoped that an effectual r sista ce would there be made
to a force which threat ned the libcrt of America ; or
at all events, tha a heroic stand would be made at that
important post, which had so loag been regarded as an
almost imp gnahle fortress.
The eal strength and importance of Ticondero-
ga, proves however o have been fatally overrated.
With an oversight w hich seems truly astonishing at the
present day, the neighbouring mountains had been left
enti ely unoccupied, although they r se at so short a
distance as comple ely to command the fort. General
Phillips was too skillful a soldier to overlook the advan-
tages of tli coun ry ; nd the rising sun of August 16th
showed his cannon on the summit of ‘Mourn Defiance,
ready to open their fire on t fortress below. Gen. St.
Clair saw that a I hope of m intainin _ his po ition was
entirely lost, and immediately commenced his retreat,
pursued at no great distance by Gen. Burgoyne. The
news of St. Clair’s retreat spread consternation through-
out the country. A powerful army containing 6000
regula troops, and a large h dy of Canadian militia and
Indians, had now passed the boundar of the country,
and having got this important r.ss into their possession,
found the way open before them to Hud on ri er, and
the force which had been collected to oppose their pro-
gress, all scattered and flying before hem.
The r ar u.jder Col. Warner was overtaken by Gen.
Frazer, and after an action forced to fly. Gen. Bur-
goyne pursued by water, and sent Lieut. Col. Hill on-
war , who met Col. Long a Battle Hill, and after suf-
fering much in an engagement of two hours, was rein-
forced by some Indians, who came up in time to save
THE NORTHERN-
36
him, and to induce the Americans to retreat. At Hub-
bardton the latter uSered severely, and lost their stores
at Skeenesborough, where Burgoyne stopped to make
arrangements for future operations. During his delay,
G n. Schuyier obstructed the channel of Wood Creek,
removed every thing valuable from the country, and
took the stores from Fort George to Fort Edward ^ send-
ing for regular troops, and calling for the militia, of
the neighbouring states, both which were supplied.
Gen. Arnold and Col. Morgan joined him with a • ody
of riflemen, and Gen. Lincoln with the New-England
militia; and he fell back to Saratoga and Stillwater.
BATTLE OF BENNINGTON.
While these preparations were making for a general
engagement, the buttle of Bennington occurred, which
must now be introduced to preserve the order of time.
Being in want of provisions, Gen. Burgoyne had des-
patched Lt. Col. Baum with his Hessians, to sieze the
public stores at Bennington. He was supported by Lt.
Col. Brechinan, who stopped at Baten Kill. Brig. Gen.
Stark with the New-Hampshire troops, joined by Col.
Warner, attacked Col. Baum at the Wallomsack river,
where they were encamped, July 16th, (1777,) and in
two hours forced their works, and completely defeated
them. Col. Warner began the attack on Col. Brechman,
wounded him mortally, and took him prisoner, and put
his troops to flight.
226 of the British troops were killed at the battle of
Bennington, or rather the battle of Hoosac , as it was
fought in that town. 700 Soldi rs were taken prisoners
and 36 officers.
To return to the principal scene of action. Gen.
Gates now received the command of the American
troops, wffiich had been gr. atly reinforced, and marching
them from the east side of Hudson river, opposite Half-
moon, to Still water, <>n the west side, took a position on
Bemis’s Heights, the scene of the important action soon
to be described.
TRAVELLER.
atrot M He-
1 lost tilery
stopped in gh.
During bis
1 of Wood Ci^
the country, *
ort Edward ;»
or the miliUi
‘h were apjfc
l him witii a «
i the New-Ew
l and StiliwiUr.
NGT05.
oakiog lor a pie
ton occurred, ik
e the order oi is
Europe twi
« tosieze
a supported by ',
o Kill. Brig- Ge
ops, joined hy C
Motaw
mwi)*
completely dels
konCoLBrecis
ai prisoner, aw
led at the ban-
f Hoosoc. as it T
fere taken pr®
]e of action. *
d of the Ai®
arced, wd wa-
iver, opposite*
e, tookapos^
iportautactix-
BEMIS’S HEIGHTS.
A ridge of elevated ground, beginning on the left,
about a quarter of a mi e from the river, and str telling
off towards the North west, offered great advantage
for the defence of the road.
Gen. Gates’ Camp
Was about half a mile from the road on the left, and
his quarters were in a house which is yet stand ng, al-
though very old. A bye road leads to the place ; and
the traveller, if he ,s able, will find limself repaid by
examining the old entrenchments, and afterwards pro-
ceeding a ong the heights, whic were occupied by the
American troops. He may s nd his carriage on to
Smith’s ta ern, about 3 mil s- on ihe main road. The
space between the river end the br<>w of the hill was
crossed by a deep entrenchment defended with artillery
and almost impracticable.
THE AMERICAN LINES,
3-4 of a mile long, were furnished with abreast work
of logs, (the hills being almost entir ly a forest,) and
the left was on a hill opposite the e emy’s right. From
the left almost to the c mrethe ground is evel, and was
partly cleared, yet much encumbered with fallen and
girdled tre ■*. An opening left of .e centre had a bat-
tery — thence a ravine ran to the right.
The Americans, as will be seen on a view of : he ground,
had drawn their line towards the river in such a man-
ner ;.s to pr sent the form of an Indian dear trap ; and
their armies could hardly hope to esca. e the toils with-
out some vigorous exertion. It will be recollected that
the expedition under Sir Hen y Clinton, who proceed-
ed up Hudson river to Kingston, wus intended to co-
operate with Gen. Burgoyne, but failed to produce the
effects intended.
$8 THE NORTHERN
THE BRITISH LINES
stretched from a hill opposite the American left, in a
straight line across the plain to the Hudson river. The
following account of their approach from Lake George is
from Gen. Wi kinsoa’s Memoirs.
“ General Burgoyne crossed the Hudson river the
13th and 14th of September, and advanced with great
circumspection on the 15th from Saratoga to Davocote,
where he halted to repair bridges in his front. The 16th
was employed on this labour, and in reconnoitering: on
the 17th he advanced a mile or two, resum d his march
on the 18th, and General Arnold was detached by Gene-
ral Gates, with 1600 men, to harrass him ; but after a
light skirmish, he returned without loss or effecting any
thing more than picking up a few stragglers : and the
enemy moved forward and encamped in two lines, about
two miles from General Gates ; his left on the river, and
his right extending at right angles to it, across the low
grounds about si x hundred yards, to a range of steep
and lofty heights occupied by his elite, having a ere k
or gulley in his front, made by a rivulet which issued
from a great ravine, formed by the hil.s^which ran in a
direction nearly parallel to the river, until within half &
mile of the American camp.
-
The Battle Ground.
The battles of the 19th of September and 7th of October
were fought near the same spot, and after a view of the
whole field, the visitor will find it very gratifying to pro-
ceed to the spot by following the American line- If
this is not convenient, he can pursue the road along the
river, up nearly to Smith’s tavern, which stands on the
road two or three miles up. The British right and
the American left, as was before remarked, approached
near each other and had a valley between them, in
which w s a cleared field, called Freeman’s Farm sur-
rounded by a forest. Having reached this spot the
visitor will be able to compre end in the most satisfac-
tory manner, the description of the battle of Sept. 19th,
as given by Gen. Wilkinson, after a brief introduction-
.mcrican left, 8
ludson river t,
romLakeGwr
Hudson rir&‘
dvanced witir
ratogn to Div*
his from. lb?; t
i reconnoiteri^:
j.resum dfe'sy
as detached bfe
ass him; bote
it loss or effect
sw stragglers:
ipedintwoliKiB
is left on the me?
« to it across tV
, to a wgc of'
i elite, baring i
iriruletMk
e fail s which ran
jr, until within b
0CJT-
her and 7th of Of
nd after aviewtf
rery gratifying tr?
e American 1»
me the roadak
which standi «'
be British rtf*
smarted, appr»"
.y between then
■reeman's^ <
■ached this Jfrt
in the most 0
battle of Sep
, brief iatroda^
TRAVELLER. sQ
Battle of Sept. 19th.
In the morning it was reported by Col. Colburn, who
was watching the enemy, that they were beginning to
ascend the hill towards the American left. Gen. Gates
sent Col. Morgan to oppose them, ind the firing began
about noon. The action extended, and in three hours
was general, and continued without interruption till
dark. The American troops engaged amounted to 3000,
the British to 3500. The follow ing account is from Gen.
Wilkinson.
“ This battle was perfectly accidental ; neither of the
generals meditated an attack at the time, and 1 ut for
Lieutenant Colonel ColburiTs report, it would not have
taken place ; Burgoyne’s movement being merely to
take ground on the heights in front of the great ravine,
to give his several corps their proper places in line, to
embrace our front and cover his transport, stores, pro-
visions and baggage, in the rear of his left ; and on our
side the defences of our camp being not half completed,
and reinforcements daily arriving, it was not General
Gates’ policy to court an action. The misconception of
the adverse chiefs put them on the defensive, and con-
lined them to he ground they casually occupied at the
beginning of the action, and prevented a single manoeu-
vre, during one of the longest, warmest, and most ob-
stinate battles fought in America. General Gates be-
lieved that his antagonist intended to attack him, and
circumstances appear d to justify the like conclusion on
the part of Burgoyne ; and as the thickness and depth
of the intervening wood concealed the position and
movements of either army from its adversary, sound
caution obliged the respective commanders to guard
every assailable point ; thus the flower of the British
army, the grenadiers and light infamry, one thousand
five hundred strong, were posted on an eminence to
cover ts right, and stood by th; ir arras, inactive specta-
tors of the conflict, until near sunset; while Gen. Gates
was obliged to keep his right wing on post, to prevent
the enemy from forcing that, flank, by the plain border-
ing on the river. Had either of the generals been pro-
perly apprised of the dispositions of bis antagonist, a se-
1 Vi
THE NORTHERN
WO
nous blow might have been struck on our left or the
enemy’s right ; but although nothing is more common,
it is as illiberal as it is unjust, to determine the merits of
military operations by events exclusively. Ii was not
without experience that the Romans erected temples to
Fortune. Later times might afford motives for edifices,
in which genius or wisdom won d have ;io votaries.
“The theatre of action was such, that although the
combatants changed ground a dozen times in the course
of the day, the contest terminated on the spot where it
began. This may be explained in a few words. The
British line was formed on an eminence in a thin pine
wood, having before it Freeman’s farm, an oblong field
stretching from the centre towards its right, the ground
in front sloping gently down :o the verg of this field,
which was bordered on the opposite side by a close
wood ; the sanguinary scene lay in the cleared ground,
between the eminence occupied by the enemy and the
wood just described ; the fire of our marksmen from this
wood was too deadly to be withstood by the enemy in
line, and when they ave way and broke, our men rush-
ing from their covert, pursued them to the eminence,
where, having their flanks protected, they rallied, and
charging in turn drove us b ck i ito the wood, from
whenc • a dreadful fire would again force them to fall
back ; and in this manner did the battle fluctuate, like
waves of a stormy e t, w r itli alternate advantage for four
hours, without one moment’s intermission. The British
artillery f 11 into our possession a* ever / charge, but we
could neither turn the piec s upon the enemy, nor bring
them off; the wood prevented the last, and the want of
a match the first, as the linstock was invariably arried
off, and the rapidity of the transitions did not allow us
time to provide one. The slaughter of this briga e of
artillerists was remarkable, the captain and thirty-six
m n being killed or wounded out of forty-eight. It
was truly a gallant conflict, in which d ath by familiarity
lost his terrors, and c ertainly a drawn battle, as night
alone terminated it ; the British array keeping its ground
in rear ol the field of action, and our corps, when they
r ould no longer distinguish objects, retiring to their own
♦-amp.”
TRAVELLER.
91
lift**
is more ^
‘Nine ihtrnei
«vely. In,,
erected teak*
notivesfore^
ive no votary.
>. that althotdi
i times in tin t|
on the spoti:?
a few words \
nence inatta
(arm.anobloifi
sits right tbfs
be verg oitbjfc
Osite side by id
in the cleared 0*
by the enemy x
it markiiD eolw’
ioodbyikm
bnie r oarmr
an to the eminei
id, they rallied.
1 .to the wood,c
im force them tf
‘battle flocto&i
ate advantage fai
siiision. Thefc
every charge. !r
the enemy, wfh
last, and the n
ras invariably c
ions did notato
er oi this brigii
aptain and toy
at of forty-efe
ih dathby
arm battle, as i
nykeepin?itjrs
oorcorpSi^'
retirinj to thrift
The interval between the two Battles.
This time, from Sept. 19th till Oct. 7th, was devoted
to strengthening theii fortifications, and by Gen. Gates to
collecting also large reinforcements of militia. Gen. Bur-
goyne is said to have planned an attack on the 20th and
21st of September, but fortunately delayed until the
Americans were in the best situation to oppose him.
Attacks on the British pickets took place almost every
night, and they were continually harrassed.
Battle of October 11th.
Gen. Wilkinson gives the following description of this
battle.
u On the afternoon of October 7th, the advanced guard
of the centre beat to arms; the alarm was repeated
throughout the line, and the troops repaired to their
alarm posts. I was at head quarters when this happen-
ed, and with the approbation of the General, mounted
my horse to inquire the cause; but on reaching the
guard where the beat commenced, I could obtain no
other satisfaction, but that some person had reported the
enemy to be advancing against our left. I proceeded
over open ground, and ascending a gentle acclivity in
front of the guard, I perceived about half a mile from
the line of our encampment, several columns of the ene-
my, 60 or 70 rods from me, entering a wheat field which
had not been cut, and was separated from me by a small
rivulet; and without my glass 1 could distinctly mark
their every movement. After entering the field tliev
displayed, formed the line, and set down in double ranks
with their arms between their legs. Foragers then pro-
ceeded to cut the wheat or standing straw, and I soon
after observed several officers, mounted on the top of a
cabin, from whence with their glasses they were endeav-
ouring to reconnoitre our left, which was concealed from
their view by intervening woods.
u Having satisfied myself, after fifteen minutes atten-
tive observation, that no attack was meditated, 1 return-
ed and reported to the General, who asked me what ap-
THE NORTHERN
peared to be the intentions of the enemy. 44 They aro
foraging and endeavouriag to reconnoitre your left ; and
I think, Sir, they offer you battle.” 44 What is the nature
of the ground, and what your opinion?” Their front is?
open, and their flanks rest on the woods, under cover of
which they may be attacked ; their right is skirted by a
lofty height. 1 would indulge them.” 44 Well then order
on Morgan to begin the game.” I waited on the Colonel,
whose corps was formed in front of our centre, and de-
livered the order ; he knew tire ground and enquired the
position of the enemy : they were formed across a new
cultivated field, their grenadiers with several field pieces
on the left, bordering on a wood and a small ravine form-
ed by the rivulet before alluded to ; their light inlantry
on the right, covered by a worm fence at the foot of the
hill before mentioned, thickly covered with wood ; their
centre composed of British and German battalions. Col.
Morgan, with his usual sagacity, proposed to make a cir-
cuit with his corps by our left, and under cover of the
wood to gain the height on the right of the enemy, and
from thence commence his attack, so soon as our fire should
be opened against their left; the plan was the best
which could be devised, and no doubt contributed essen-
tially to the prompt and decisive victory we gained.
• 4 This proposition was approved by the General, and
it was concerted that time should be allowed the Colonel
to make the proposed circuit and gain his station on the
enemy’s right before the attack should be made on their
left ; Poor’s brigade was ordered for his service, and the
attack was commenced in due season on the flank and
front of the Brit; h grenadiers, by the New Hampshire
and New York troops True to his purpose, Morgan at
this critical moment poured down like a torrent from the
hill, and attacked the right of the enemy in front and flank.
Dearborn at the moment, when the enemy’s light infantry
were attempting to change front, pressed forward with
ardour and delivered a close fire ; then leaped the fence,
shouted, charged and gallantly forced them to retire in
disorder ; yet headed by that intrepid soldier the Earl of
Balcarras they were immediately rallied and re-formed
behind a fence ia rear of their first position ; but being
TRAVELLER .
93
» youi\ch- c
Whatisthesj^
i?” Their its*
wls, under k-p;
•ight is skirted-t
! “WeUtim*
died on the
our ceutre, m\
ind end enquire:!!
formed acroeii
to several Ml ji
da small rarak
> ; their light iek
ience at the foot s».
>red with wood; i
rman battalions. I
ropcstd to maker,
nd under cover O'
fit of the emu
isoootsourUrea!
e plan was the
ibt contributed a
Aory we gained
IbytbeGeneri!
« allowed the C«
aiu his station «:
>qJJ be madeooc
r hi? service, u!‘.
jod on the fob
the .New Hujs
is parpoec, Morra
ke a torrectk*
any id front udfc
eaemy’s lijhtinss
iresed foriiri*
lien leaped the®
jedthem tore:*
id soldier the U
allied and re-li*
feeition;
how attacked with great audacity in front and flanks by su-
perior numbers, resistance became vain, and the whole line,
commanded by B irgoyri'' in person, gave way and made u
precipitate and disoidfrlyr treat to his camp, leaving two
12 and six six pounders on the field with the loss oi more
than 400 officers and men killed, wounded and captured,
and among them the flower of his officers, viz. Brigadier
General Frazer,* Major Ackland commanding the gre-
nadiers, Sir Francis Clark, his first aid-de-camp, Major
Williams, commanding oflicer of the artillery, Captain
Money, deputy quarter-master-general, and many others.
After delivering the order to General Poor and diiecting
him to the point of attack, I was peremptorily command-
ed to repair to the rear and order up Ten Broeck’s brigade
of York militia 3000 strong; I performed this service,
and regained the field of battle at the moment the enemy
had turned their back, fifty two minutes after the first
shot was fired. The ground which had been occupied
by the British grenadiers presented a scene of complicat-
ed horror and exultation. In the square space of twelve
or fifteen yards lay eighteen grenadiers in the agonies of
death, and three officers propt up against stumps of trees,
two of them mortally wounded, bleeding and almost
speechless ; what a spectacle for one whose bosom glow-
ed with philanthrophy, and how vehement the impulse,
which excites men of sensibility to seek such scenes of
barbarism !
I found the courageous Colonel Cilley a-straddle on a
brass twelve-pounder and exulting in the capture —
whilst a surgeon, a man of great worth, who was dress ing
one of the officers, raising his blood-besmeared hands in a
frenzy of patriotism, exclaimed, W'ilkinson, I have dip-
ped my hands in British blood. He received a sharp re-
buke for his brutality, and with the troops I pursued the
hard-pressed flying enemy, passing over killed and
wounded until 1 heard one exclaim, u protect me Sir,
against this boy.” Turning my eyes, it was my fortune
^General Frazer was shot in the meadow a little off the
road, just south of the Blacksmith’s shop. The spot is
on a cross road, and a little elevated.
THE NORTHERN
$4
to arrest the purpose of a lad thirteen or fourteen yeiri
old, in the act of taking aim at a wounded officer who
lay in the angle of a worm fence. Inquiring his rank, he
answered, “I had the honour to command the grena-
diers of course, I knew him to be Major Ackland, who
had been brought from the field to this place, on the back
of a Captain Shrjmpton of his own corps, under a heavy
fire, and was here deposited, to save the lives of both. I
dismounted, took lnm by the hand and expressed hopes
that he was not badly wounded ; “ not badly,” replied
this gallant officer and accomplished gentleman, “ but ve-
ry inconveniently, I am shot through both legs ; will
you, Sir, have the goodness to have me conveyed to your
camp ?” I directed my servant to alight, and we lifted
Ackland into his seat, and ordered him to be conducted
to head quarters. I then proceeded to the scene of re-
newed action, which embraced Burgoyne’s right flank
defence, and extending to his left, crossed a hollow co-
vered with wood, about 40 rods to the entrenchment of
the light infantry ; the roar of cannon and small arms at
this juncture was sublime, between the enemy, behind
their works, and our troops entirely exposed, or partially
sheltered by trees, stumps, or hollows, at various distan-
ces, not exceeding 120 yards. This right flank defence
of the enemy, occupied by the German corps of Brey-
man, consisted of a breast-work of rails piled horizontal-
ly between perpendicular pickets, driven into the earth,
enpolence to the rest of his line, and extended about 250
yards across an open field, and was coverd on the right
by a battery of two guns. The interval from the left to
the British light infantry was committed to the defence
of the provincialists, who occupied a couple of log cabins.
The Germans were encamped immediately behind the
rail breast-work, and the ground in front of it declinedin
a very gentle slope for about 120 yards, when it sunk
abruptly ; our troops had formed a line under this de-
clivity, and covered breast high were warmly engaged
with the Germans. From this position, about sunset, I
perceived Brigadier General Learned advancing towards
the enemy with his brigade, in open column, I think with
Colonel M. Jackson's regiment in front, as I saw Lieib
fer
i tin!
nait
twee
La
Lean
Ixti
I tad
lisa
J “8tU
I Erejii
I few
j Siec
' anAt
dei i
the s
IN'
j Tie
I ik?t
lid Hi
fc J
licet:
nth
Qa
I tyL
•a*
¥
TRAVELLER
® or famtajg
rounded ^nant Colonel Brooks, who commanded it, near the
nquiringldira; General when I rode up to him ; on saluting this brave
command old soldier, he inquired, where can I put in with most ad-
: Major Ackkr vantage?” I had particularly examined the ground be-
his place, on tvveen the left of the Germans and the light infantry, oc-
corps, undens cu P ie(1 b y the provincial is ts, from whence I had observ-
e the lives oftfi ed a slack fire *» * therefore recommended to General
land expreeik Learned to incline to his right, and attack at that point :
i«not badly,' he did so with £ reat gallantry ; the provmcialists aban-
edgenfleno,‘ , f do J led their position and fled ; the German flank was by
rough both k? • thls means uncovered; they were assaulted vigor ously,
ivemeconW overturned in five minutes, and retreated in disorder,
.to alight, ail i?; ~ avm S their S allant commander, Lieutenant-Colonel
red him to bed Breyman, dead on the field. By dislodging this corps*
ededto these© the whole British encampment was laid open to us ; but
extreme darkness of the night, the fatigue of the men.
'Dterril ^V: on the hill a little west of Smith’s. At his own re-
mmutteu .0 ttf - quest, he was buried in the great redoubt.
i a couple 0! v Oct. 8 th, frequent attacks were made on Gen. Balcarras'
ainediately k’- corps, and the British expected a general action.
xation, about ® commenced that night towards Lake George; but he
medadmciic^ Va ? P ur sued and intercepted so promptly, that he was
P column, lti* obb S c d to stop and take a position at Fishkill, near
V ' hir ^ he surrendered ten days after the battle. The
in front of it
JO yards, wh«*
a line undtr i
1 were warmly ©
GENERAL BURGOYNE’S RETREAT
to THE NORTHERN
place will be particularly noticed on the l : Excursion t<*
Saratoga Lake. . .
After perusing the foregoing descriptions ot those two
most important battles, the traveller will be ere atly in-
terested in learning that Smith’s inn to which he has be-
fore been directed, was at that period the
Quarters of Gen. Burgoyne.
The house now stands by the road side, but the place
where it then was is a spot at the foot of the hill and about
1200 yards from the river. Several ladies of distinction
were its inmates at the time when the British troops
were here, being the wives of some of his principal
officers. Among these were the Baroness lieidesel,
with her children, wife of Gen. keidesel, Lady Harriet
Ackland, wife of Major Ackland, commander of the
Britis i Grenadiers. The former published an account
of what she saw during this trying and dangerous contest,
• after her return to Europe. The house was converted
into a hospital during the second battle, and Gen. Fraz-
er died on the 8th of October in what is now the bar-
room. His grave is on the hill. The following is an ex-
tract from the interesting narative of the Baroness, v.
“ But seveie trials awaited us, and on the 7th of Oct.
our misfortunes began ; was at breakfast with my bus-
band, and heal’d that something was intended. On the
same day I expected Generals Burgoyne, Philips and
Frazer to dine wi h us. I saw a great movement among
the troops ; my husband told me, it was merely a recon-
noissance, which give me no concern as it often happen-
ed. I walked out of the house and met several Indians
.in their war dresses, with guns in .hei hands. When I
asked them where they were gom »i v cried out War!
War ! (meaning they were goin^ to battle.) This filled
me with apprehension, and i -catcely got home belore I
heard reports of cannon and musketry, which grew loud-
er by degrees, till at last the noise became excessive.
About 4 o’clock in the afternoon instead of the guests
whom I expected, General Frazer was brought on a litter
mortally wounded. The table which was already set,
was instantly removed, and a bed placed in its stead for
Q
S'
TRAVELLER.
l the
Options of tkr-
er will be
i to which W
iod the
HG0I5E.
iad side, bnt'itp
ot of the hill ait
al ladies otisic
fheo the Brittle
; some of his jnc
be Baroaess &b»
iveidesel, LadjBr
nd. commarde; 1
t published uk
jamjdiDgeroGsw
le Boose wwn!
tattle, and Get':
b mt 'umtlu
The following hi
e ot \be Baroness,
and on the »thd
breakfast with i
was intended
Bnrgoyte, Phity
greatmoTemeois
it was merely is
cernasitofteBte
nd met several
i t hei bands. ®
m i; veriedoc)
to battle.) Thai
: ce!j gothociebe-'
retry, which ^
i5e became e«*
instead ot
■was brought®!*
rbich wisaW*?;
placed infe»
97
the wounded General. I sat trembling in a corner; the
noise grew louder and the alarm increased ; the thought:
that ray husband might perhaps be brought in, wounded
in the same way, was terrible to me, and distressed me
exceedingly. General Frazer said to the surgeon, “ tell
me if my wound is mortal, do not fatter me.” The ball
had passed through his body, and unhappily for the
General, he had" eaten a very hearty breakfast, by
which the stomach was distended, and the ball, as
the surgeon said, had passed through it. I heard him
often exclaim with a sigh *• Oh fatal ambition ! Poor
General Burgoyne ! Oh my poor wife !” He was asked
if he had any request to make, to which he replied, that
“ If General Burgoyne would permit it, he should
LIKE TO BE BURIED AT 6 O’CLOCK IN THE EVENING ON THE
TOP OF A MOUNTAIN, IN A REDOUBT WHICH HAD BEEN BUILT
there ” I did not know which way to turn, all the
other rooms were full of sick. Towards evening I saw
my husband coming, then I forgot all my sorrows and
thanked God that he was spared to me. He ate in great
haste with me and his aid-de-camp behind the house.
We had been told that we had the advantage of the
enemy, but the sorrowful faces I beheld told a different
tale, and before my husband went away he took me one
side, and said every thing was going very bad, that l
must keep myself in readiness to leave the place but not
to mention it to any one. I made the pretence that I
would move the next morning into my new house, and
had every thing packed up ready.
“ Lady H. Ackland had a tent not far from our house,
in this she slept, and the rest of the day she was in the
camp. All of a sudden a man came to tell her that her
husband was mortally wounded and taken prisoner ; on
hearing this she became very miserable, we comforted
her by telling her, that the wound was only slight, and
at the same time advised her to go over to her husband,
to do which she would certainly obtain permission, and
then she could attend him herself ; she was a charming
woman and very fond of him. I spent much of the
night in comforting her, and then w ent again to my chil-
dren whom l had put to bed. I could not go to sleep, as I
had General Frazer and all the other wounded gentlemen
I
98
THE NORTHERN
in my room, and I was sadly afraid my children would
awake and by their crying disturb the dying man in his
last moments, who often addressed me and apologized
“for the trouble ke gave me” About 3 o’clock in the
morning I was told he could not hold out much longer ;
I had desired to be informed of the near approach of this
sad crisis, and 1 then wrapped up my children in their
olothes, and went with them into the room below.
About 8 o’clock in the morning ke died . After he was
laid out and his corpse w rapped up in a sheet, we came
again into the room, and had this sorrowful sight before
us the whole day, and to add to this melancholy scene,
almost every moment some officer of my acquaintance
was brought in wounded. The cannonade commenced
again ; a retreat was spoken of, but not the smallest mo-
tion was made towards it. About 4 o’clock in the after-
noon I saw the house which had just been built for me
in flames, and the enemy was now not far off. We knew
that General Burgoyne would not refuse the last request
of General Frazer, though by his acceding to it, an un-
necessary delay was occasioned, by which the inconve-
nience of the army was much increased. At 6 o’clock
the corpse was brought out, and we saw all the Generals
attend it to the mountain ; the chaplain, Mr. Brundell.
performed the funeral service, rendered unusually so-
lemn, and awful from its being accompanied by con-
stant peals from the enemy’s artillery. Many cannon
balls flew close by me, but I had my eyes directed to-
wards the mountain, where my husband, was standing,
amidst the fire of the enemy, and of course, I could not
think of my own danger.
“ General Gates afterwards said, that if he had known
it had been a funeral he would not have permitted it to
be fired on.”
Lady Harriet Ackland went to the American camp
after the action, to take care of her husband before the
surrender, and the Baroness Reidesel afterwards. They
were both received with the greatest kindness and deli-
cacy.
X
89
my children^
JiedyiMmi,,
i me and apo\o®
ut 3 o’clock ii|
>ld out much kn?
near approach^';
my children ife
«o the rooi y
u dwd. Afursn
pm a sheet, vtg
soreowtul stckii
•this mekanrjbohw
cer of rayac^ia
cannonade cogms
but not the ssaekf i
out 4 o’clock ink
id just been Wu:
iow not far off. It c
not refuse the hs«
bis acceding to fe. a
1, by which tie iw
increased. Ms
I we saw all the to
chaplain, Mr.fts
t rendered »'•
]g accompanied h
artillery. .Many a:
ladrayeyesdirwa
husband, was to
e compauvnoiesse
bfss
thof Aldnd^e’;, »
j i handsome grw
RING,
ft opposite AliWf
is part of the coir
> induced totm^a
(the deeroftkefe
i numbers as to*
i to the spot- h c
i- -
was almost ap
■evolutionary^'
•ecn Canada £
’ive Nations oil*
and were tof
s ,Uk*^
\api mW
to which such a residence must necessarily be exposed.
For some years the only place where visitors could find
shelter here, was in a log house, which continued for a
considerable time to be the only object of notice. The
Springs near the Sans Souci were subsequently discover-
ed, and have enjoyed their portion of celebrity. In 1817
four springs of different qualities w ere found near the
great manufactory built by Mr. Low. Their history is
worthy of attention, as it shows the singular changes
w'hich sometimes take place in this mysterious soil,
where springs occasionally appear, change places and
disappear, without any apparent cause. Some surprising
power is constantly at work somewhere beneath the sur-
face, which the wisest students of nature are unable to
explain or to comprehend. The branch of the Kayde-
rosseros brook which flows through the Spa Village, was
raised to an unusual height by a flood in the summer of
1817, which threw its current into a new channel fur-
ther towards the east than its former one. The old bed
was thus left dry ; and four springs were found rising
side by side, all of them within a space of about twenty
feet square, and all of qualities entirely different. One
resembled in some degree the old spring, but contained a
surplus of carbonic acid gas and sparkled like champaign:
the next contained much glauber salts, and was some-
what like the Congress Spring at Saratoga ; the third
xvas brine, like sea water ; and the fourth was as fresh as
rain. A platform was raised that covered them all, and
w’ooden tubes were sunk into the two first, which were
onlytwo or three feet apart, and for three or four seasons
they attracted all visitors, so much so that the old spring
was deserted. The first spring was peculiarly fine, and
the favourite of all ; but it at length began to lose its fla-
vour, gas and virtue. Fashion soon eyed itwith suspicion,
and the steps of the gay as well as the melancholy were
bent in another direction, so that these four won-
ders of the place were neglected and forgotten, and have
long contented themselves with joining in one current
of clear fresh water, to swell without tincturing the
stream of the Kayderosseros.
The old spring has fully regained its ancient reputa-
tion ; and as the tide of company was turned last season
from Saratoga back to Ballston, it is to be presumed that
youth and age will crowd as heretofore around its brink,
an.! pleasure as well as health will again be dispensed
at its fountain.
Qualities of the Waters.
New-Haven, April 27, 1824.
Dear Sir,
You request my opinion of the mineral waters at Ball-
ston Spa. They are in my view, very valuable, and I
can discern no serious reason why public opinion should
be less favourable to them now, than formerly. I be-
came acquainted with the old spring, near Mr. Aldridge’s
in consequence of using its waters uninterruptedly at the
fountain head, for a month, in the autumn of 1797 ; and
a residence of the same length of time, at Ballston Spa,
during the last summer, gave me an opportunity of re-
newing my acquaintance with the Old spring, and of
becoming familiar also with those more recently dis-
covered fountains, which have been opened and brought
into use. The old spring, appears substantially, as it did
in 1797, and is, I suppose, surpassed by no mineral foun-
tain in the world as a brisk, copious, slightly saline, and
strong chalybeate. The principal spring under the bath
house, while it is also a brisk chalybeate, is, besides in a
high degree saline, and is probably unrivalled as a natu-
ral combination of this class. Its cathartic properties
are strong and its tonic powers equally so. There is no
spring either at Ballston Spa or Saratoga springs which I
should prefer to this. I speak of my own experience — for
some persons, a brisk cathartic water, scarcely chaly-
beate at all, like the Congress spring, may be preferable.
The Congress spring is also, so tar as I am informed
without a rival, in its class — but it is scarcely proper to
call it a chalybeate, as it is so only in a slight degree.
There is no reason why the establishments at Saratoga
springs and at Ballston Spa should regard each other
with an unfriendly feeling. The accommodations of
both are too good to need praise from me, and the boun-
ty of the Creator has poured forth these fountains of
health, in the great valley (for I regard the springs of
Ballston Spa and Saratoga as parts of one great sys-
V
ire
sra
sk
riil
list
u
*
ll l
id:
Mia
W 3 5 w. jr. s- sr.
103
N
are around
again be di^
ATERS.
*», April 21,181
muenlwatensi
, very valuable s
y public opiiknik
, than formerly :
ring, near Mr. Afc
rsuninterrnpfck
he autumn of lit, i
of lime, at Baikor
meanopportmin:
b the Old spring x
those more fetoEhr
been opened dm
Lrssubstaiitiaii ; -,D£.
ised by do nadit
ious, slightly ski
[ial spring under it: ',
alybeate. is. best
ibly unrivalled fMj
Its cathartic pr^
quail/ so. Iwi
aratoga springs «
yown experience-
water, scarcely
in?, maybepwi®
) far aslant
it is scarcely pr*'
nly in a slight^?
jlishments at Ss®
ild regard each $
accommodatK*
rom me,andth^ ;i
rth these iou»
regard the 0
ul: of one ere# <:
TRAVELLER.
tem) with a profuse benevolence, unknown in any
other country. Nothing can exceed the variety, copi-
ousness and excellence of the springs at Saratoga —
but those of Bailston Spa are in no respect except that
of number and variety inferior to them, and I trust the
day is not distant, when a truly liberal feeling, will in
both villages, lead to mutual commendation, and an ami-
cable rivalry, in efforts to please and to accommodate
their guests; and the salutary effect will then, I am per-
suaded, soon be visible, in the increased number of visi-
tors, from every part of this great continent ; a number
more than sufficient to fill both villages, and fully to re-
ward the spirited and liberal proprietors of their respec-
tive public establishments.
With the best wishes for the prosperity of both places
I remain
Your Obt. Servt.
B. SILLIMAN.
The Lovers Leap is a precipice of 60 or 70 feet, which
overhangs the Kayderosseros, and overlooks a romantic
and secluded little valley, at the distance of about half a
mile from the springs. The road leads up the hill be-
yond Aldridge’s, and through a dark pine grove. A half
trodden path turns off at the right and conducts to the
precipice, which is a pleasant retreat in the heat of the day,
affording a fine shade and frequently a pleasant breeze, as
well as the view of a wild scene below, to which a steep
descent conducts on the left hand. Many cheerful par-
ties have visited this spot, many lonely and melancholy
footsteps ; it has drawn forth many enthusiastic remarks
on the beauties of nature, and it is said, some indifferent
poetry.
BALLSTON LAKE
is a pretty little sheet of water about 4 miles distant ;
but as Saratoga Lake is much larger, more accessible
and more beautiful, and is supplied xvith accommodations
for fishing' parties, it is more worthy of attention, and to
the description of it we refer the stranger. It is only six
n
104 THE NORTHERN
miles from Ballston Spa and the same distance from Sara-
toga.
There is a fine farm which may be seen m a south-
westerly direction, from Balls ton Springs, which from its
size and style of cultivation is worthy of the attention of
agiiculturists.
There is a Reading Room and Circulating Library
kept at the store of Mr. Comstock, and a hook is also
kept in which the names of visitors arriving at the princi-
pal houses are daily entered, for the information ofothen?.
REMARKS ON THE ROUTES.
At the Springs many a traveller has to arrange his
future journevs, either for business or pleasure, and as
Ballston and Saratoga are pre-eminently places of leis-
ure, if not of reflection , some general hints concerning
the different routes will not be misplaced.
NORTH. The roads to Lake George t Lake Cham-
plain, Montreal, &c. belonging more properly to Sara-
toga. will be given under that head.
EAST. The traveller is referred to the same place
also for the roads leading into New England.
SOUTH. Two or three Steam Boats leave Albany
for New-York every day, and as many arrive from that
city. Several others will also ply eve y week between
New-York and Troy. They all touch at numerous
points on the river, so that passengers can land vs here
they please. The newspapers will furnish all necessary
information concerning their periods of departure and
return, and coaches from the Springs so regulate their
time as to accommodate the traveller. The larger
boats are generally preferred, on account of the fine air
and prospect enjoyed from their upper decks; but they
are sometimes more crowded than the small ones, and
when the water in the river is low, some of them can
come up no higher than the Overslaugh, 4 miles below
Albany, to which place passengers arc taken down in
the little steam boat Fire-Fly.
There are three roads to Albany: by Waterford, by
Schenectady, and by a route between these two.
The first is much the pleasantest, and affords the best
travelling. From Waterford you may take either side
T2
Lbi
Fi
II
in
ml
lea i
ted
travi
Kt
I
N
TRAVELLER.
106
*
e distoiiccuo&a
y be seen ia a*
prints, a®
thy of the attest
id Circulating
od,anvhbwh)
TsajTi?in^aUbe]E
hcmiorattlicati.a
SE ROUTES
feller has to aw
sines or plasm, a
■eminently plam 4 ■
general hints m
misplaced.
lit Omit, Lh< &
o ore properly to:
01 the river. On the west side are the Cohoes Falls,
the remarkable “nine locks” on the Erie Canal, the
junction of the two Canals, ami route of the former
quite to Albany. On the east side the road passes over
a bridge to Lansingburgh, through Troy, and re-crosses
by a good and safe ferry.
For notices of these places and objects, see pages 25
and 26.
The second road, which goe? through Schenectady, is
rather circuitous, but will give the stranger an opportu-
nity of travelling 27 miles on the Erie Canal, along the
course of the Mohawk, and a sight of the various ob-
jects mentioned in pages 25 &c. A considerable part
of two days will be necessary on this route from Balls-
ton to Albany, but a little more than a single one will be
sufficient if he travels all the way in stage coaches, there
being a direct road from Schenectady to Albany.
WEST. The grand western route, through Utica, and
leading to Niagara and Lake Erie, has been already tra-
ced out with sufficient particularity for the use of most
travellers, and to that those readers are referred, who
intend to pursue that course after leaving the Springs.
The nearest point on that route is Schenectady, whence
the traveller may proceed up the Mohawk, either by the
stage road or in the canal boats. See page 28.
The third road is little travelled, and cannot be re-
commended.
SARATOGA SPRINGS
are 8 miles from Ballston Springs, and a public coach
passes between these two places every day — 50 cents for
a seat. The road is level and sandy, and if the weather
be dry the traveller will probably be incommoded with
dust, unless he rides in the morning or evening when
the ground is moist with the dew. Measures have been
taken to form a turnpike road, which it is hoped, will be
accomplished this season.
The village is quite concealed until you are within a
short distance, and then the clusters of frail board build-
n
106
THE NORTHERN
ings which spring up among the stumps of trees lately
felled in the skirts of the pine forest, show what an un-
natural surplus of population the place contains during
the brief period that fashion here maintains her court.
It may not be unseasonable to mention here the principal
houses in the order in which they were supposed to stand
on the list of gentility in 11124 : the United States Hotel,
510 per week, Congress Hall do. the Pavilion do. and
Union Hall .$8.
On reaching the brow of a hill which descends into
the village the street lies in full view, with all thp prin-
cipal houses. On the right is CoAgress Hall three stories
high with a row of 17 columns, rising from the ground
to the eaves ; opposite is Union Hall with a row of 10
similar columns; over which are seen the brick walls of
the United States Hotel ; and still beyond and on the
other side, the roof of the Pavilion. From this view the
village is represented in the accompanying print, which
was taken on the spot the last season.
On reaching the foot of the hill, the Congress Spring,
the glory, the existence of the place, is seen at a short
distance on the right, usually surrounded with a throng
of people.
Has generally enjoyed the highest favour among the
most fashionable visitors at Saratoga, on account of its
fine afTd imposing appearance, its contiguity to the
Spring, the number and size of its apartments, and the
style in which it is furnished and kept It is 196 feet long
on the street, with two wings of 60 feet running back,
and contains lodging for 150. The first floor in front is
divided into the following manner : a dining room at
the south end, capable of containing tables for all the
house can accommodate; next the dancing hall, about 80
, feet long, and last the ladies’ parlour. The price of board
is $10 per week.
Is a fine building of brick, three stories high, with a
colonade rising only to the second story. This house is
Congress Hall
The United States Hall
Ci
TRAVELLER.
107
excellently well kept, and is more substantially built
than any of the rest, which are of alight construction,
fit only for the mildest weather ; but it is deficient in
public rooms, in which particular Congress Hall so
much excells. It is also raised so high from the street
as not to be convenient of access, although many prefer
it on that very account.
The Pavilion.
This is a very good house for one of its size, and will
be found free from much of the bustle of the larger ones,
while the resort of company no less respectable and
genteel. Those who wish to drink often of the Flat
rock w'ater will prefer it, as that Spring is only a few'
steps from it nthe rear. There is also a shady little
wood not far beyond by the road side, on the w ay to the
Round Rock Spring.
UNION HALL
Is the resort of those who wish to have the most con-
venient access to the waters of the Congress Spring, or
to participate more moderately in the amusements of
the place, and to avoid the inconveniences of gaiety and
mirth, which those do not feel who mingle in the con-
tinued round of balls and dances which produce them
THE CONGRESS SPRING,
Which, as was before remarked, is the great source
from which this place derives its celebrity and its show
of wealth and importance, was discovered by Mr. Put-
nam. He built the first house near it for the accommo-
dation of invalids, which was subsequently enlarged to
the present Union Hall, now kept by his son. The Round
rock Spring, of which more particular notice will soon
be taken, was known before, having been discovered to
Sir William Johnson by an Indian, while the country
was yet a wilderness. The Congress Spring was long
concealed by the neighbouring brook which formerly
passed over it ; but its valuable qualities beiug discover-
THE NORTHERN
lOS
ed, it has attracted universal attention, and the benefits I
of its waters arc annually dispensed to thousands.
I R
THE FLAT ROCK SPRING,
I 3
Is near the upper end of the street, and in the rear of j ®
the Pavilion. In composition and qualities it bears 1 o
some resemblance to the Old Spring (it BalUton, but is | ^
far inferior. It is a calybeatc water, and the best of *1
the kind in the place. It is situated on the margin of j
the little valley in which all the springs are found, and ;
tbe Pavillion will be found a pleasant house to invalids
and others who wish to drink of it frequently. * I
J
THE ROUND ROCK SPRING. I »
This Spring is worthy of a visit merely as a natural J c
curiosity, the water, although for a time much celebra- i l
ted, and indeed the only attraction of which Saratoga a
could boast, having gone into disrepute, since the dis- j
covery of the sources already mentioned. It is a feeble r
chalybeate, with little taste and little effect. The water i
rises in a small lime-stone rock of a conical form, with a fa
circular hole in the middle, about five inches in diame-
ter. The rock is about five feet through at the base, and »
has evidently been produced by the layers of lime
deposited by the water. Many of the rocks in the a
neighbourhood contain a large quantity of lime, where '« »
the carbonic acid of the w^ater probably obtains the sup-
ply which it afterwards deposits here. The gradual ac- * :
cretion which is constantly going on here, is very appa* *
rent even to a hasty observer. That part of the rock
which is most exposed to the dripping of water taken out
in cups through the hole in the top, is always smooth
and even, while other parts are rough and broken. j
Fractures made by visitors are sometimes found half ob- i
literated by a recent coat of calcareous matter formed in j j,
this manner. A horizontal rock, apparently of similar ^
formation, extends for a considerable distance under the
surface of the ground ; and indeed it might be supposed! y
to reach to some of the springs which rise in different
places along the valley above.
TRAVELLER
109
iVion, and \u j
ed to thonait
\ SPRING,
fact, and inthem
a and qnalitkm'*
pri)ig al Balka.-
i water, and lb *
Mated on the ie
le springs aiek
pleasant bow la s .
lot it frequently.
ROCK SPRING.
a visit merdy Kii
rb for a time mud: »
ttraetion of wbhtt
ito disrepute. sa»«fc ‘
Iv mentioned. Ildfc
and little effect, Btf
ckot a conical ini
about five inches i*
ieettbrou?battktfe
cedby the lay* •
Muy'of the roct 4
ge quantity of Gw
ir probably obuiit
sits here- The grs® :
3 in? on here, is ]' : *
!r . That part® ^
the top, is^r 3
} are rough w*
e sometimes foa^
ilcareou>® 8ltefl . iy
apparently^,
Jcpble^^.
jsfftichn*'* 3
It is said that the Round Rock was discovered to Sir
William Johnson by an Indian, before which time it was
unknown to Whitemen. The water, according to com-
mon report, formerly flowed over the top, but has for
many years found its way below, through a crevice pro-
duced by a large forest tree which fell and cracked the
rock.
SARATOGA LAKE
An excursion to this beautiful piece of water, is one of
the most agreeable that can be made in any direction.
It is six miles distant, in a south-easterly direction, and
is frequently visited by parties from Ballston, as well as
Saratoga Springs, as a good house has been lately erected
on the shore, and furnished with every accommodation,
by Mr. Riley. Sailing and fishing on the Lake form the
amusements of the excursion.
The lake extends 9 miles in length, and is 3 in breadth.
The shores are bold and varied, gently descending with
a smooth slope to the margin or rising in rugged crags
from the water’s edge ; sometimes softened and beautifi-
ed by the hand of cultivation, and sometimes abandoned
to all their native wildness.
If the wind and weather are favourable, the visitor
may expect good sport in fishing ; and if not, he may
calculate on a dinner table well supplied by other and
more fortunate adve/iturers. There are also many kinds
of wild fowl, birds, Sz-c. in the neighbourhood, so that a
sportsman may find great amusement here.
The Battle Ground,
where General Burgoyne fought Gen. Gates and the
Americans in the autumn of 1777, lies at the distance of
5 or 6 miles, towards the east, and is described particular-
ly at page 85 and onward ; see page 112 for
Tht Field of Surrender, and Gen. Jhtrgoyne's last Camp .
Iv
a
1J0 THE NORTHERN'
Trout Fishing.
2 miles eastward from the Springs, is a Trout poua>
to which sportsmen frequently resort. Mr. Barhyle,
however, who keeps the house, never permits the fish to
be eaten any where else.
The remarks which have been made on the gaiety of
the two great watering places, are intended to apply
only when they are the fashionable resorts of those
throngs of visitors which every season appear at one or
both of them. The changes in fashion which lead all
the world sometimes to prefer one and sometimes the
other, and sometimes to divide their visits equally be-
tween them both, are of so unaccountable a nature, that
it is impossible for any one to divine them, or, with any
confidence to hazard a conjecture far into futurity.
Seven or eight years ago, Ballston was the general ren-
dezvous; but Saratoga soon afterwards drained it of its
company, and maintained its superiority in this parties
btr until near die close of the last season, (1824,) when
Bans Struct was filled to an overflow, and most of the
other houses at Ballston were crowded with visitors. If
therefore the remarks heretofore made, concerning: the
liveliness and gaiety of either of these places, should at
any time appear inapplicable, it may be rememb red
that they have been often true of both, and doubtless
will be so again. >•
The Reading R#om.
Here, us well as at Ballston, a Reading Room is kepi,
where strangers will find newspapers from different
parts of the country, and where they will be able to sap-
ply themselves with books of different descriptions, to
beguile their few leisure hours. The Reading Room is
ot the Book Store, a little beyond the United States
Hotel.
A List of Strangers will also be found at the -~ame
place, into which the arrivals and departures of visitors
are copied once a day, from the books of the four princi-
pal houses. If any one expects to meet a friend here,
or wishes to learn whether he has alre dy left Saratoga*
he has o.nlv to refer t* this list and Jock for his name
?
; g
2
fa
• 05
i «
1 u
!»
1 !
m *'•
5G.
wrags.isaTroHj
r resort. Mr.fe .
cover permits tin
m made on the ^
. are intended t ? t
lionabie resorts *1*
f season appear
in fabion wlni is
ferone andsowfe
’ide tbeir visits
mawoimti'bleaatr
to divine tbem.cf.ii
injector? far iirto
tellston thewr
i afterward? drained i
ib srrperiority m tbsjev
overflow, and vt'
e crowded widniif
:ofore made, coopt
er of these pltces.s
ble, it may be res??
true 0 / both, aodi
iyg Htosr.
m.aReadinfRwC;
newspapers froB*
eretbey will be*^'
of different descri^
nr?. The Readier^
beyond the
Iso be found at ®
; and departures
he books otibt^
ctstonee taj*
brrsalre dy ^* 5
indJooUorbi^
*-* TRAVELLER. m
THE BATTLE GROUND.
The defeat of General Burgoyne in the year 1777 took
place a tew miles east from the Springs. The two bat-
tles which he fought with the American army under
General Gates, are commonly Mended into one, and
called the Battle of Saratoga. To speak strictly, how-
ever, they should bear the name of Semis's Heights ,
where they actually took place; though the name of
Saratoga bears so fine a sound, that there seems on the
whole little to be gained by the change.
The field of battle having been already described, as
well as the bloodshed and the victories of those impor-
tant days, the visitor is referred to pages 85 and onwards
for an account which will aid him in tracing out the vari
ous positions and sites with distinctness and interest.
It is proper to remark, however, that from Saratoga
the visitor approaches the field in a different direction
from that assumed by the description above alluded to ;
and that Smith’9 inn, where he stops, is the identical
building in which Gen. Burgoyne had his quarters, and
which was then known as “ Swords’ House.” It was a
little in the rear of the British Lmes, as described in Bur-
goyne’s history of his campaign, and has suffered no
material alteration since, except by a removal from its
original situation.
After satisfying himself with an examination of this in-
teresting vicinity, referring, as above recommended, to
the description given some pages back, the traveller, if
going northward, will pass over the route by which
Gen. Burgoyne approached, and subsequently retreated
immediately after the battle of October 7th.
SCHUYLER’S VILLE,
fi miles from the battle ground. At this village is the
place where Gen. Burgoyne was forced to stop on his
retreat, on account of the flood 111 Fish Creek, the outlet
of Saratoga Lake; and at Fort Hardy, which then stood
on its banks, he surrendered to Gen. Gates on the 17thOct.
The traces of his camp are still very discernable, in era-
m
I HE NORTHERN
bankments, ditches, &c. and the house in which he had
his head quarters is also remaining, although in a very
dilapidated state.
THE BRITISH CAMP,
one mile from the Fishkill, and opposite the Batenkill
creek. From the hill where the British encamp- j.
ment was formed, which is about an extensive view may
be had back upon the route towards Bemis's Heights.
Gen. Burgoyne occupied the night of Oct. 8th and the
following day in getting to this place, although it is but
G miles, on account of the miserable state of the roads.
Here he was detained for several days by the swelling of ■
the waters of the creek ; and when he crossed the stream, <
he left his hospital, with 300 sick and wounded, who
were treated by Gen. Gates with every attention.
Here the further retreat was cut off ; for the Ameri-
cans were found in possession of the fords of the Hudson.
Gen. Burgoyne therefore took his last position ; and
Gen. Gates formed his camp behind, while Morgan took i ■
post on the west and north of the British, and Gen. Fel- |
lows, with 3000 men, was stationed on the opposite side
of the river. American troops were also in Fort Ed- '
ward, and on the high ground towards Lake George.
I 1
THE SURRENDER. I 1:
While remaining in this situation, the British were
continually exposed to the fire of their enemies, as well
as reduced by want of provisions. Six days passed thus ;
when, on the 17th of October, 1777, a convention was
signed, and the army being marched to the meadow
near Old Fort Hardy, piled their arms and surrendered
prisoners of war.
I ^
The House of Gen. Schuyler
stood on the spot now occupied by that of his son. It
was burnt by Burgoyne on his retreat ; notwithstanding
m
TRAVELLER.
113
hons^ iawhichuet ", which the British officers were afterwards received at
®S» although hu> his house in Albany, and treated with great kindness.
[ CAMP,
d opposite the&s
re the British es «
it an atemirer/i:
towards Bemis’?
tiight o( Octfi&tf
ns place, although n:
iserable state of tits
treraldajsbythesvai
when he crossed thes;
(00 sick and voosdei-
3 with every attem
mascot of; for lifts
] of the fords oftheEc '
wk his last poatki
behind, while Mors
f the British, and Ga
itioned ontheoppee
iops were also it ft!
d towards Lake Gw?
1E.VDJJR.
lituation, the Brito’
e of their eoeaies. ?
ins. Six days pasc:-
r, 1777, aconreato
marched to the sfl
,eir arms and J® 0 '
E5. ScHrutr. 4
3 d by that of ^
retreat
REMARKS ON THE ROUTES.
NORTH. Three great routes from the Springs to-
wards the north may be particularized, although they
run almost side by side, and all unite on arriving at
Lake Champlain. 1st. The fashionable route, to Cald-
well on Lake George. 2d. The Northerner Cham-
plain Canal. 3d. The road to Whitehall, the direct
route on the way to Montreal.
The jirst of these is usually travelled by strangers of
taste and leisure, as it conducts directly to the fine
scenery of Lake George, and the battle grounds m its
vicinity ; and passes near several other spots of high in-
terest for their historical associations. It is with a par-
ticular view to this route that the places soon to be men-
tioned will be arranged and described. Even if a jour-
ney to Montreal is intended, it can hardly be too urgent-
ly pressed upon the stranger to devote a leisure day or
two to Lake George on his way, as he will find himself
most amply rewarded, and can join the great route with
facility.
The second route , by the Northern Canal, may be met
near the battle ground at Bemis’s Heights, but it has
hitherto offered in this part no boat expressly for passen-
gers, although there is one between Fort Edward and
Whitehall, which meets the Champlain steam boat.
In fine weather, however, gentlemen may travel very
pleasantly for a few miles in the common freight boats.
The third route is the road to Whitehall, which is fur -
nished with public carriages from the Springs during the
warm season, and, like the Canal, passes near some of
the interesting places to be mentioned hereafter. From
Whitehall the traveller may proceed down Lake Cham-
plain in the steam boat, or by land in the mail-coach.
EAST. Travellers wishing to go to any part of the
country in this direction, may take their choice of seve-
ral routes. Lines of stage coaches run to Connecticut
River from Burlington. Middloburv, Castleton, ar,^
K2
U4
the northern
Granville, as well as from Troy and Albany, in various
directions — to Hanover, Brattlebnrough, Greenfield,
Northampton, Springfield, Hartford ; and there sub-
dividing into numerous ramifications, offer the means of >1
conveyance to every part of New England. The. : e 1
routes are more particularly described under the head
oi u Roads” in the Index.
To meet either of these routes it will bo necessary to i
proceed to some point north or south of the Springs, for
which public carriages are established in several direc-
tions from Saratoga and Ballston, concerning which ar-
rangements may be made at the bar of the house where
the stranger is lodged.
It is also important to mention, that two lines of coaches
run along the courses of Hudson River and Wood Creek,
one on each side ; and that the eastern one carries the *
mail through Castleton, Middlebury, Burlington, &c.
along the course ol Lake Champlain, though generally at
too great a distance to command a view of it. The coun-
try there is very fine, the villages beautiful and the sur-
face frequently mountainous. This road meets several
of the eastern roads ; but the traveller will probably pre-
fer to take the steam boat, as he can land at the most im-
portant point?.
The most interesting route that can be chosen by a man »
of taste, from the springs to Boston, is through Vermont to
the white mountains, and Winnipiseogee Lake in New # *
Hampshire. He may take what road he pleases to Con-
necticut River; and then proceeding to Bath on its eas- |
t^rn shore, pursue the course of the lower Ammonoosuc
River along an improving road to Ethan A. Crawfords
house among the White Mountains.
As lists of places and distances on the most important
routes are given in different places in this book, tNe travel-
ler is once more referred to the Index at the end oi' the
volume, for any further information he wishes to obtain
on this subject.
For the roads leading SOUTH and W T EST from the.
Springs, he is referred directly to Ballston, where those
routes arc particularly merit ioned and described.
If he has never visited the Battle Ground at Bcmids
Heights, or, as it is usually called, of Saratoga, it may be
TRAVELLER
ERX
and Albany, a ^ •
el»roogh, Gt^ '
Iford ; and then %
dion?, offer tht
NewEoglmd. i '
scribed under k'i
M »t will be necesr
south of tbety^
ablishedin nerenlii
toa, concerning t^,
ihebaroithehcafETi
ion, that twoliues « »
bon River aaiWwKa
the eastern one cvss»
Rebury, Bnriar*
amplaia, tboogh »»?l-
indavieiofit Ihv
la^es beautiful
, This road w&r
trareller will probuy 1
he can land at tfaens.
thatea&becbosflibyu
I'ton, i: through Vtmi ^
7nn^)iseog?ct Laie c v
hatroadhep!f«sat»'!i
'ceding toBithcobi *
of the lours .to’
d to EHml Cn rr
itiins.
ice on the nos iip
ices in this hook, t*
ie Index at thews*
utiofl he srishfi to &
fTHand WEST/*
p J jtnti describe-*
Mill Grmi^-'
lofSantM^'
1 15
recommended to him to take that interesting place in his
way, and to refer to pages 85 and 1 1 1 for the description of.
EXCURSION TO LAKE GEORGE.
This is by far the most delightful as well as fashionable
excursion which can be made from the springs in any di-
rection, as it abounds with some of the finest scenery in
the United States, as well as in numerous sites and ob-
jects intimately connected with the history of the country.
From the time of the earliest wars between the Bi dish
colonies and the French in Canada to that of 1756, the tract
over which our present route lies was the high road of
war. It was traversed by many a hostile expedition, in
which the splendor and power of European arms, mingled
with the fierce tactics of savage wanors : the ruins of
their fortresses are still to be traced in many places, and
tradition points to many a spot that has been sprinkled
with their blood. During the Revolution also, some of
the important events in our history took place in this
neighbourhood. The Battle of Saratoga and the defeat
of General Burgoyne has been already dwelt upon ; but
wc shall have to refer more than once to his expedition as
we pass other scenes with which the events of it are con-
nected.
The journey to Montreal maybe made by the way of
Lake George ; and to those who may prefer this route, it
may be mentioned, at this time, that the scene of Me.
Donnouglfs victory in the late war, lies on Lake Cham-
plain.
On leaving Saratoga for Lake George, the traveller
enters upon an extensive tract of the most uninteresting
country. All the way to Glenn’s Falls the road ires across
a pine plain almost without cultivation and inhabitants,
w here the wheels dr ig heavily through the sand, and the
view is confined on both sides by the forest. Far from
proving a tedious ride, however, it is often enlivened
with the presence of cheerful parties ; for the summer
is not the season nor this region the place for ennui, ex-
cept to those whom ill health or unhappinesshas unfitted
for the gay society which here abounds.
m THE NORTHERN
GLENN’S FALLS, IQ miles from Saratoga.
On arriving at this place the stranger is presented with
a wild and striking scene, which produces a more strong
and agreeable impresssion from its contrast with the
monotony of his journey. The Hudson River opens to
view, with a handsome little village on its banks, where
the water is prec pitated over a broken precipice form-
ing a descent of 40 feet, and which it overspreads with
a sheet of foam as white as snow. On both sides of the
river below, the banks are high, steep and rocky, cut
and worn away in a surprising manner by the long and in-
cessant operation of the current, which still rushes along
beneath, and continues its action u: on the hard channel.
The dark colour of the lime stone rocks adds by contrast
to the pure whiteness of the cataract; and the height of
the bridge which stretches across just above, gives the
scene a degree of terror by its appearance of insecurity.
A little below the falls is a rock of singular form and
appearance,- rising from the middle of the channel,
through which a cavern has been formed by the water,
opening upon the two opposite sides, as if rudely cut out
bythehandof man. Here as well as in other places
along the stream, the most singular appearance has been
given to the rocks by the force of the water, which pro-
duces even on the surface of the hardest stones, a rough
and undulated surface, resembling that of the agitated
fluid itself.
A feeder has been begun at Glenn’s Fall’s, to convey a
supply of water to Fort Edward.
[SANDY HILL, 3 miles eastward.
This village is pleasantly situated at the next fall in
the river below. The cascade is less remarkable as an
object of curiosity and interest, but is still worthy of at-
tention if the stranger have sufficient time at his disposal.
He will also find several other remarkable objects be-
low ; and if he should be on his return from Lake George,
and wishes to visit this part of the canal, the Field of
Surrender , or the Battle Ground . before reaching Sara-
traveller.
11T
ERN
tsfrom Saraiogt '
anger U presenter
produces a motta .
i its contrast wi;
Hudson River opa
lage on its basks r>
i broken precipices
Rich itoversprsi?-
w. On both 'iter
n$i. steep and web
manner by the lonjt#
nt, which s' ill re4»
ion u ; on the hard am
tone rocks adds by «c
cataract; and thektyj
cross just above, jh*
ts appearance of inn ¥
i rock of flKohriosi
ie middle ot the cha. •
been formed by the n
te sides, as if rudely *
is well as in others
ngular appearance hi : )
ce of the water,#}
the hardest stones. »*
tiling that of the 10
Glenn's Fall’s, to mi* ’
ard.
milts wliccrl
ituated at the ^
Ie is less reman*"*
t, but is still wort^*
ieienttinieath^®*
remarkable oop
return from lakf^
f the canai,
iltf
THE NORTHERN
a fort on Lake Ontario. He had heard that the English
had assembled alarge force under General Johnson, and
therefore directed his course towards Fort Edward.
He had landed however at South Bay, and was on
his march for Fort Edward, before he learned that
the great body of his enemies had gone on to Lake
Geoi\e ; and the Canadian portion of his troops being
struck with dread at the report that the Fort was well
supplied with cannon, objected toattaking it. He there-
fore changed his route, and proceeded to Lake George.
General Johnson was apprised of his approach in time
to dispatch Colonel Williams against him, who, with a
body of civilized troops, and a con iderable number of
Indians of the Five Nations, under the command of the
famous warrior Hendrick, encountered the French near
Rocky Brook, but in circumstances very unfavourable
to the former.
General Dieskau, on hearing of Colonel Williams's
design, drew up his troops in the form of a crescent,
with the horse towards the enemy, and the centre cross-
ing the road. The depth of the forest shade was a suffici-
ent concealment ; and Col. Williams had no warning of
BLOODY POND
iie»
j 7 fill
Jjjn
If"
'lie, u
In*
Um
the ambush until he had penetrated beyond its wings,
and was alarmed with a sudden and fatal fire from the
to.
Mi
takes'
war
stlres
Late
( At
front and both flanks. His men fought with desperation,
but courage and strength cannot avail against an invis-
ible foe. The battle was obstinate, and the slaughter
dreadful. Hendrick the warrior and orator — Hendrick
fell mortally w 7 ounded, by a shot in the back, from one
of the wings of the cresent, and died, lamenting that
death should not have met him in the lace, and be-
queathed to his memory more fully the honors of a
soldier.
Colonel Williams also fell while bravely leading on his
soldiers; and Colonel Whiting, who succeeded him in
the command, with the most admirable coolness and
bravery, collected the remains of the dispersed English,
and forcing his way through the enemy, retreated to
the main body at the head of Lake George.
31*1
Ikbl
J«a
is a small sheet of water at a little distance from the
road ; and derives its name from having been made the
Jd'kuht^ i
neralJobsot,!
rds Fort Efa
Bay, and is,
re he learnt: *
d gone on is’li
of his troops '*
it the ForUb»
taking it. Hrv .
:dedto LakeGa; ’
[his approach:
ust him, sbo,n
)n iderablt m
:rthe coiudil:
itered the Flash
ces very ank-ct^
of Colonel iQi
ie form of »e® •
f.andthecetSs;
est shade m i*
m bad no want
ted beyond itm
and fatal fire k
mgbt with desfrx
avail against nr
it, and the sic
and orator— Bee
in the back f ma r #
died, lane: titT-,
jn the face, *'•
ully the hoiwr;.
bravely leading "
]0 succeeded ti
lirable cooing -
he dispersed^
enemy, retiw#
! George.
3
e distanced'
rjojj been
TRAVELLER H JU>
great burying place of the soldiers, who fell in both ar-
mies during this bloody conflict-
LAKE GEORGE.
The village of Caldwell is the place at which the visi-
tor will stop to take a view of this charming lake, and
from which he will make his excursions across its beau-
tiful waters. The village stands at the south end of the
lake, and on its shore, commanding a fine view of the
neighbouring sheet of water and the mountains by which
it is almost enclosed. The inn to which strangers re-
sort occupies a spot peculiarly fitted to gratify the eye
of taste, as it overlooks the lake for several miles, and
the view is not interrupted by any neighbouring obsta-
cle. A more delightful place can hardly Vie found in the
United States, for the temporary residence of one who
takes delight in scenery of this description and loves to
recur to deeds long past, and to exploits great in them-
selves and important in their results, even to the present
day-
Lake George is 34 miles long, and its greatest breadth
4. At the south end it is only about one mile broad ;
and the greatest depth is 60 fathoms. The water is re-
makable for its purity — a fish or a stone may be seen at
the depth of 20 or 30 feet. It is undoubtedly supplied by
springs from below, as the water is coldest near the bot-
tom. It contains trout, bass and perch. There are deer
in the neighbouring forest. The outlet which leads to
Lake Champlain contains three large falls and rapids.
The lake never rises more than two feet.
“ The three best points of view are at Fort George, a
place north of Shelving Rock, 14 miles, and another at
Sabbath-day point, 21 miles, from the head of the Lake.
The last view is taken southward, the other two north-
ward.
This beautiful basin with its pure crystal water is
bounded by two ranges of mountains, which in some
places rising with a bold and hasty ascent from the water,
and in others descending with a graceful sweep from a
great height to abroad and level margin, furnish it with
a charming variety of scenery, which every change of
120
THE NORTHERN
weather; as well as every change of position presents in
new and countless beauties. The intermixture of culti-
vation with the wild scenes of nature is extremely agree-
able ; and the undulating surface of the well tilled farm
is often contrasted with the deep shade ot the native
forest, and the naked, weather beaten cliffs, where no
vegetation can dwell.
The Islands
are an important feature in the scenery of the Lakes.
They are yet unnumbered, and as different in their size
and varied in their appearance as countless for their
multitude. Some are bare and rocky, others invested
with verdure ; some rise from the water with a green
and gentle swell, others overhang it with a broken pre-
cipice. To a stranger who visits Lake George under a
clear sky, and sails upon its surface when the morning or
evening sun throws over it a slanting light, the place
seems one of the most mild and beautiful on earth ; but
if he should have an opportunity to witness the solem-
nity with which a storm approaches, and the fury with
which the elements often wage their war among these
wild and desolate mountains, it will seem to have lost
its originally character, and to present only the sublime
and the terrible aspects of uature.
The opposite print may afford some idea of this charm-
ing scenery ; but no exertion of art can produce anything
fit to be called a resemblance of such a noble exhibition
of the grand and beautiful features of creation.
Crystals are found in many of the islands ; but there is
one which has been particularly famous for yielding
them, as circumstances have formerly brought it more
under the observation of strangers. An acquatic excur-
sion among the islands and along the various points of
the shore, particularly if the weather be as fine as it often
is, may be recommended to every traveller of taste or
science, as well worthy his regard. The Geology and
botanyof the vicinity, the pleasures of shooting and fish-
ing, combined with the peculiar charms of the scene-
ry, which are redoubled by the different points of view-
all these are ready, to attract the mind that seeks mere
recreation, or to furnish the superior enjoyments ol sci-
ence and taste.
position^.,
ltermiuur*.'^;
‘ is extraneta
the well tilled
shade of
ireseatonly tki
such a noble
is of creation
he island?
a famoti' for
merly brough-
■5. Anacqoai'
r the variots pf
ierlieasfine^
travellerot^
i TheGe^
®s of shooting
charms of »**
cjijoyow '
TRAVELLER.
121
Geology.
Among the most inte esting minerals found here,
are the crystals of quatrz, dove-coloured marble, epidote,
feldspar, hematite, plumbago, &c. &tc. Magnetic iron is
found at Crown Point.
Fort George commands the finest view of the Lake
itself, overlookin it for an extent of fourteen miles, to-
gether with the Nort -West Bay, a range of mountains
for 25 miles, and six islands. .Vo nt Putnam, on the end
of the peninsula, s seen in the back ground, und shel-
ving «' oek projects into the lake from the eastern side.
The view from -Mutu-day Point is not equal to the
others ; but the two mountains known by the name of
Anthony’s nose and Rodgers’ Rock are prominent ob-
jects. The latter de ives its name from a Major Rogers,
who was attacked here by a party of Indians in the Re-
volutionary war. He escaped, with a small part of his
company, by passing secretly down a narrow valley on
the south side, about 150 yards from the precipice which
looks upon the lake, the Indians supposing he had fallen
from the rocks.
This beautiful Lake was first named Lake Sacrament
by the French, as it is said, either because the water was
used by the priests to supply their founts, or because its
purity rendered it peculiarly fit for that purpose. The
transparency of the water seems to add a richness to the
place.
There is hardly a region in the world where the din
and bustle of military operations would seem more en-
tirely opposed to the character and impression of the
natural scenery than at Lake George. The lofty amphi-
theatre of mountains which surround it, raise their heads
to a sublime elevation, as if to seclude the place from
the notice of the world, and to contain within its bounds
the calm enjoyments of the few who tread its romantic
shor s. But even in this far and still retreat, War has
often intruded with her thrilling trumpet and her flash-
ing steel ; and though the pure lake long since has lost
the hue of her crimson currents, the traces of her iron
footsteps will long remain upon the sloping margin.
Although Lake George, in ancient times, lay between
the hostile tribes of the Five Nations and the Arondi-
L
THE NORTHERN
acks, who waged long and bitter war before the country
• was ever visited by our European ancestors, tradition
has nothing to tell us of deeds of renown, which fancy
loves to suggest may have been performed on its waters.
The first martial scene which history rejates of this vici-
nity took place iu 1609, (the year before the discovery
of the North River by Henry Hudson,) when Monsieur
Champlain, in exploring the country, *met a party of
Iroquoise, or Indians oftne Five Nations, on the borders
of this lake, and put them to flight with the sound of
his fire arms, before that period unheard by those brave |
but simple w arriors.
Battle of Lake George.
In 1755, the year after the commencement of what
we call the “ Old French War” 3000 men were sent
out from France to Quebec, for the purpose of taking
Oswego Fort. This was sifuated at the mouth of Oswe-
go or Onondago river, and on the shore of Lake Ontario,
The position derived its consequencefrom circumstances
which no longer exist : The Indian trade from up the
w men no longer exist : ihe Indian trade from up the ( n
Lakes, the facility of communication with the Five Na-
tions through this place, and the peculiar nature of the
shores of Lake Ontario, which would not permit canoe
""vigationon the otherside. There the two great branch-
of Indian trade concentrated ; and the nation which
nav
es
held possession of the point must necessarily sway a
great influence oyer the Indians themselves : air advan-
tage frequently of still greater importance to Hie country.
Oswego Fort naturally became an object to both tie
French and the English at that time, and it formed a
prominent figure in the history of the w r ar. Being in
quiet possession of the little fortress at the commence-
ment of hostilities, its defence might doubtless have
been easily secured, had their operations been conduct-
ed with common prudence and energy. Unfortunately
Ihey were conducted in a very different manner ; and
whoever would see a clear and able history of the first
English expeditions in that war, and of the political par-
ty spirit which then ruled in this country and rendered
them w r orsethan ineffectual, is referred to li A Letter to
a Lard” written soon aflor.
fa
r
l: eight
men in a blanket, and it is said deterred Johnson from
ordering a pursuit, by saying he h ,.d a strong force near
at hand. Gen. Lym .n ur ed to follow up their victory;
but that was probably a sufficient reason for its being
refused by a superior officer, who looked upon his light
talents with jealousy, and, in spite of the advantage the
country had derived from his services, at a time when
they were peculiarly valuable, did not even mention the
name of Gen. Lyman in his account of the battle f —
Johnson was made a Baronet, and Lyman lingered out
a few years in poverty and disappointment, and died
without receiving even the notice of the British govern-
ment.
The English are said to have lost only 216 in killed
and 96 wounded. Gen. Dieskau estimated his own loss
at 1000 — tiie English called it much less. The rinci-
pal were a Maj. General, and M. de St. Pierre the com-
mander of the. Indians. The French lost their baggage
during the action, left two miles in their rear* it. being
attacked by Captains Folsoin a,.d Me Gnnies with about
100 New-York troops; who then lay in wait for the re-
treating French, and killed great numbers of them.
Gen Johnson might have taken Crown Point; but he
delayed so long, that the French advanced to Ticonde-
roga and there fortified themselves securely.
But the Battle of Lake George is not the only nor the
most sanguinary scene of former times which the travel
ler has to trace on this sadly interesting spot. The histo-
TRAVELLER.
125
Msownti._ r
>ad to waik\ i7
iGeaynm'i
idedby Capt
d upon the M
Pomeroy’- ajw
n he road to ^
is built H?*V
nd 1 -dians
1 were killed.
^aist a stumps
im put his Mr,
wing a pbtol I?
ed to the fort \ $
leterrcdJohnsfit
Uastron»faRi|
follow opti^Nsi
at reason forfe* .
0 looked upwS'^
e of the adw. ..
rvices, at a tin?.
d Dot even metayh
:oont of the ter*™
d Lyman lia^i
ippo-otm!, dh
1 of the Britfe
)st only 216 iiS •/
estimated hi»ow*
ich less. The s|_
le St. Pierretkrf
ach lost theirbe^
in their reaifite
Me Gnnies wiu &
lay in wait for if
umbers of lira
Crown Point: W .
dvanced to Ttf*
cktceti^
. lfcl»
ryof the'French War recites a melancholy tale of blood
shed here, only two years afterwards, in
THE CAPTURE AND MASSACRE OF FORT
WILLIAM HENRY.
* So different was the state of the country sixty years
ago, and so much in its infancy was the ail of war in
these wild regions, that a small work of earth thrown up
on this site and called Fort Wm. Henry was regarded as
a fortress of considerable strength and consequence. It
is indeed faroverlooked by the neighbouring high ground,
but probably the difficulty of dragging cannon over rocks
and hills covered with forests was then considered a
sufficient obstacle to its performance, and probably for
this reason Oswego fort was built in a similar situation
and left so till taken by the French.
In 1757 the Earl of Loudon, British commander in
.Chief in America, made an unsuccessful attempt by sea
against Louisburgh ; and before his return to New York
in August, Uk French from Ticonderoga under the Mar-
quis de Montcalm, had made three attacks on Fort Win
Henry. On the 1st of August they set out again, andland-
ed at Frenchman’s point. On the evening of the 2d they
crossed to the west side of Lake George, within two
miles of the fort, and the next morning sent in their sum-
mons. Col. Monroe defended himself resolutely for six
days, hoping relief from Col. W T ebb and his 6000 men at
Fort Edward ; but having waited in vain, and burst ten
of his, largest cannon, he was obliged to surrender, and
inarched out with the honours of war and an assurance
of being protected from the Indians in Montcalm’s army.
He had gone but a littc way however, when the sava-
ges fell upon his troops and butchered about 1500, men,
women and children. “ I was a little child,” says Dr.
Dwight, “when it took place, and distinctly remember
the strong emotions which it every where excited, and
which hitherto time has not been able to efface. From
that time to the present it has been ephatically known
by the appellation of the Massacre at Fort William
Henry.”
Gen. Webb’s conduct was most inhuman. Thepro-
L2
126
* yestj^
THE NORTHERN
vincial troops were kept under arms for one whole day
after the news of the siege arrived at Fort Edward, and i
Sir Wm. Johnson was very desirous to march with them,
to its relief; bnt Webb ordered them back to their quar-
ters, and sent a messenger to Col. Monroe advising him
to surrender. % 1
ATTACK ON FORT TICONDEROGA.
The south end of Lake George w as the scene of a
splendid embarkation on the 4th of July of the follow-
ing year, [1768,] when 10,000 provincial troops and 6 or
7000 regulars assembled at this place to proceed against
Ticonderoga.* 1035 boats were drawn p t<» the shore
one clear delightful summer morning, and were speedi-
ly filled with this powerful army, excepting only a small
body let with the baggage. Success was confidently
expected, and the appearance of the train was more like
that of a triumphal return from war. The boats were
decorated with gaudy streamers, and the oars moved to
martial music.
The traveller will follow their route in the steamboat
for which see beyond, page 129.
They landed at the north end of the lake on the fob ,
lowing morning, and were ordered to march on in four
columns. The obstructions of the forest how T ever, soon
broke their ranks ; when Lord Howe and his centre col-
umn falling in with the enemy’s advance guard, who
were on their retreat and bewildered, was attacked with
a sudden war whoop and immediately killed. The pro-
vincials w r ere accustomed to the woods, and drove back
their enemies, killing about 300, and taking 148 prison-
ers, and all returned to the landing. In the morning Col.
Bradstrcet took possession of the mill at the great falls on
the river, and the army were soon brought up to the
French lines, which were thrown up across the isthmus
and not finished. This intrenchment is still to be seen
intolerable preservation. It had two redoubts, and a
deep abattis, and is said to have been 8 *r 9 feet high,
* Lord Howe who accompanied this expedition was a young no-
bleman of amiable disposition and the most prepossessing maners,
find was almost idolized by the army, as well ns admired and loved
hr the country.
s
sforoneityJ
t FortEdwiiii
to march
aback to thee {*
•lonroe advffijj
BTOEMGl
e was the mii
oi July o( tie &■
ivincial troop? ja':
lacctoprofeedinr
drawn ftatk#
ruing, and were
, excepting o/iriij
icce?? was coni^l
: the train was
war. The boat! w
, and the oars ooaf
route in the stoM
of the lake mS$
•ed to nrtliMifl
he forest however
owe and hi? car
s advance gnir
ired. wajattackedr
itely killed. Tsr
roods, and drewfl
and taking II m
, intheaaffljj
niil at the greats
oo brought a?t*>
up across the i£
lent is still to
two redout 1 -
beenS tlto*
uHuim***
r (
TRAVELLER
127
though that scorns improbable. The attack was vigor-
ous and the defence obstinate. The battle continued
four hours, during which the English were repulsed three
times. A cannon or two on Mount Defiance would have
cleared the peninsula. The Highland regiment distin-
guished itself, and suffered severely. The English loss,
in all, was 1944, principally regulars ; the F rench very tri-
fling, although they are said not to have imagined the
defence possible. Their force is so differently stated
that it is not easy to decide whether it was 1200 or 6000.
Notwit standing his superiority of force, Abercrombie
shamefully ordered a retreat; and thus terminated the
operations of the year-
The scene presented to the stranger on this spot is
of a character strongly contrasted with the tumultuous
military deeds which have rendered it famous. The
neighbouring mountains, indeed, are almost as wild and
solitary as they were at that time; but the hand of cul-
tivation has been gradually levelling the forest that once
covered the valley, and taught the level fields the smile
of fertility and peace. The old embankment may still
be traced quite across the isthmus, and the visitor may
easily fancy he discovers points "where the attacks ol the
assailants were most furiously directed ; but no tradition,
it is believed has been found, to assist the imagination, bv
pointing out any particular spot as the scene of an indi-
vidual’s triumph or fail.
On entering the farm of Mr. William F. Pell of New
York, which includes the rest of the peninsula, the eye is
immediately struck with the regularity ot the ground,
which, for an extent of 640* acres, seems worthy to be
selected for a parade ; and every one must reflect with a
new interest on the deeds of arms which have been per-
formed on this beautiful plain. The stillness which
usually pervades the place, combined with the idea ol
seclusion and loneliness produced by the surrounding
mountains, naturally disposes the mind to a kind of ro-
mantic musing, which awakens at once the excitement,
and the ardour of battle, keeping out of sight all sober
reflections on the real merits of the cause, as "well as the
"waste of blood and the bitterness of private sufferings,
and throwing upon the scene the gaiety and brilliancy
of a tournament. There are few sites in our country
128
THE NORTHERN.
that can be compared with this for a combination of na-
tural and moral interest. It is true, that the deeds with
which it is connected cannot boast of the antiquity which
migles with Eupropean scenes; for their history is far
older than even our most reverend traditions ; but here we
contemplate the events of a past generation, among cir-
cumstances widely different," and when the interests of
that period, no less than the individuals themselves, have
long disappeared, and are revived only by the aid of
imagf ration.
But Ticonderoga is celebrated for other and more re-
cent events than those of the French war. At the com-
mencement of the revolution, this fortress, with that of
Crown Point, was surprised by Colonels Allen and Ar-
nold in May, 1775, and held by the United States until
taken by General Burgoyne in 1777.
Pile sketch which has been already given of his expedi-
tion need not be here repeated. Ticonderoga had been
considerably strengthened by new works, and the coun-
try placed great confidence in its strength, as well as in
the ability of General St. Clair, who was placed in
the command. The fortress was invested on the 1st and
2d of J uly. On the 4th the British had taken a post on
the summit of Mount Defiance, -which rises within 1400
yards of the peninsula, and so entirely commands it as
to render any further defence utterly hopeless. The
following night therefore, General St. Clair blew up the
lortress, evacuated Ticonderoga, and proceeded down
Lake George, leaving this key of the country in the
enemies’ hands, and spreading terror and dismay by his
precipitate retreat.
The last period of importance in the history of this
place, is the recovery of it by General Arnold, who took
it by surprise in October, 1777, after the defeat of Bur-
goyne. The fortress £till wears a formidable appearance,
having been built after the European fashion prevalent
in those days, and presenting a great display of massive
stone- work, from the foundation to the summit. The
elevation which it occupies is commanding when viewed
from the water, and the marks of fire which still remain
on the ruins, add to its venerable aspect. The subterra-
nean magazines are in good preservation, with store-
V-:
n
*ri
# , a
5r:
C
J &
\t
Of.
* combi^,.
e, that the ^
of the antiq^r**
TRAVELLER.
129
traditions:!
generation, ^
when the bts*
fed only hy th*e
Hot other u£u<
tench war. Atth
^ fortress wicittf
’ Colonels Alla, a::
r the United si;
1 1777.
[ready given c-fis;
■ Ticonderogals
new works, and di
Is strength, as vu
air. who was fhi
uinrestedontbr.
•itish had takes ije:’
, Vnich rises wiir*
entirely comnai i*. '
■ utterly hopefc ‘
raJ St. Clair bkitf
i, and procdel-",
of the counti/ ar-
Torand diaajlj. .
houses and kitchens, likewise underground. The cover-
ed ways and advanced works are also substantially built
of stone ; and the main building will be viewed as a cu-
riosity by those who are not familiar with large military
edifices. The south gate is in pretty good preservation,
and is that by wiiich Arnold entered when he surprised
the garrison.
On the shore below is an old stone stor 1 house. Across
the river is an inn; and those who are willing to undertake
the ascent of Mount Defiance will find there the re-
mains of the British liattery. The rocks on the penin-
sula are black limestone.
STEAM-BOAT ON LAKE GEORGE.
The steam-boat leaves Caldwell at 7 A. M. Tuesdays
♦and Saturdays, for Ticonderoga ; and returns on the same
days, leaving Ticonderoga at 2 P. M.
STEAM-BOAT ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN.
This boat leaves Whitehall Thursdays and Saturdays
at 2 P. M. for St. John’s, and stops at the following
places :
in the I
oeral Arnold, wiwa
iter the defeat if I
formidable apt # 3
*an fashion f? 1
reat display of®*
to the sum®' •
Banding whenTi#
(ire which
ipecl The^
serration, fi!^
Ticonderoga, - - -
24 m.
price $T 50
Crown Point, - - - -
15
u
1 00
Basin Harbour, - - -
12
u
0 50
Essex, ------
10
u
0 50
Burl burton, - - - -
14
t;
0 50
Port Kent,
16
u
0 50
Plattsburgh, - - - -
8
u
0 50
Chazy, ------
15
u
1 00
Champlain, Rouse’s Point,
12
c<
0 50
St. John’s in Lower Canada, 24
u
1 50
150
8 00
It leaves St. John's Mondays and Fridays, at 8 A. M.
REMARKS.
Although many travellers will proceed up lake Cham-
130
THE NORTHERN
plain from this place, anti pursue their journey to Mon-
treal, yet the greater portion will make this the north-
ern point of their journey, and return to the Springs.
For the convenience of both, we shall therefore first de- '
scribe the principal objects and scenes along the road to
Saratoga , following the circuit of the Hudson. After-
wards, (and a few pages beyond this place,) we shall be-
gin the route from Whitehall to Montreal , after a brief
sketch of the direct road from the river to the former of
these two places.
- V ?i2
in
!«r
Return from Lake George to the Springs.
*&.
Bloody Pond, 4 miles, where the soldiers were
thrown in, who were killed in the action between Gen.
Dieskau and Col. Williams. See page 118.
Rocky Brook, the place of that action.
Glenn’s Falls. 6 miles further. See page 116, *
The unvarying and uninteresting character of the
road from this place to Saratoga, spoken of already, may
plead as a second reason for choosing the route by the
river, which is rendered unusually interesting by passing
Baker’s Fall’s, Fort Edward, F ort Miller, and the field of ^
Gen. Burgoyne’s surrender, besides running for some
miles by the side of the Champlain Canal. It also pas-
ses near the canal cut for a feeder to this great Ca-
nal.
SANDY HILL. 3 miles.
The village of Sandy Hill has a thriving aspect
and contains some very good houses. Like almost aU
other places upon and near the canals, it already feels
some of the good effects of an increased demand for the
produce of the country, and a more extensive distribution
of the manufactures of distant parts ofthe United States
and of the world. See page 116.
•k
i?
BAKER’S FALLS
are worthy of particular attention, and are seen to great
advantage from some parts, of the bank. The whole
descent of the river at this place is about 75 feet, hut
TRAVELLER
131
!BN, f ^ *•
'1 make this fe t- , does not offer so imposing a spectacle at any point as
’ Glenn’s Falls. The finest view is from the bank below.
shall
*$EZl •' .FORT MILLER,
his place,}!^ This place is mentioned here, because it could not be
.%frtal,&iieji, conveniently introduced before. The village still retains
ie river to theft* the name of a fort erected on the west side of the river,
in former times'. It wa's a work of insignificant size,
situated on the bank of the river, and near
10E TO TEE fel
*here the sofei
MILLER’S FALLS.
theactioahme The accent 0 f the river here is rapid, and over a bro-
beep^elh ken channel. The falls were formerly considered im-
f that acticD. payable with safety, until General Putnam performed
father, ijeepsi * it while stationed at Fort Miller, in the French war.
eresting chanctot* Had danger and difficulty not been supposed to attend the
^spokeaofilrsh enterprise, Putnam would hardly have embarked in it.
choosing theKStt When his country commanded not his exertions, some
ally interestin’ degree of danger was necessary to stimulate his gigantic
ort Miller, aaiiai spirit ; ‘knd many a scene liker this bears a tradition of
besides runuBgM that hardy warrior, who would grapple with nature it-
iplain Canal. I;w self when she opposed his way, and whose life is destined
i feeder to to 3 * to be long the favourite model of old revolutionary
times, at the fire-sides of New-England. He is an
unique and consistent character — at the Horse-Neck pre-
„ Smiles. cipice,' in the cave of the wolf, at Bunker Hill, and in
thennidnight meeting with Prescott — he was Putnam
[ill has a tnrra ever y where,
houses. Lte* .
THE GREAT DAM.
orjtxtesa^-'^ Between Baker’s Falh and Fort Edward, a large and
parts ol the la expensive dam has been built across the river, and a
& canal cut along the bank to open a passage for boats.
The dam is 900 feet long.
ILLS
>a, and are sees :?.r , FORT EDWARD.
the baut ^
. a £. 0U j 75 'jjn This village was built in the neighbourhood of a fort
vaised during the war of 1755 for the defence of this
V62
THE NORTHERN
point of the river. It was first called Fort Lyman, after
General Lyman, of whom we have already had occasion
to make honourable mention at Lake George. This
spot was formerly called the First Carrying Place, being
the point where, in the expeditions against Canada, the
the troops, stores, &c. were landed and taken by land
to Wood Creek, a distance of 12 miles, where they were
again embarked. The boats which had served for the
transporlat’on iiom Albany, were frequently taken up
and transported m their turn, particularly the birch ca-
noes, which were provided in great numbers for the ex-
pedition undertaken in 1711.
[For some details concerning this expedition, see “the
Private Journal of the Rev. Mr. Buckingham .” This
little remnant of antiquity has been lately published in
New- York, with “ Madam Knight's Diary of a Journey
from Boston to New York in 1704.” They both contain
a picture of the country which contrasts most surprising-
ly with its present aspect.]
THE CHAMPLAIN CANAL
leaves the Hudson River at this place, following nearly
the course formerly taken to the Second Carrying
Place' at Fort Anne. Here passes the Stage Coach for
Whitehall.
There is a regular packet boat plying to that place on
the canal.
Below Fort Edward, the river is used as* a continua-
tion of the canal for 8 miles, to Miller’s falls, where a (lam
is built across to raise the water sufficiently for boats.
The remains of the Port are to be seen, and its size and
figure can be easily traced. It was once in imminent
danger of capture, by Gen. Dieskau, but preserved by
the unexpected circumstance of the panic which seized
many of his troops on the report that it was defended by
cannon. It was then the only bulwark and salvation of
the country from the evils of invasion. In 1777 it was
taken by Gen. Burgoyne, and just before that event, oc-
curred,
TRAVELLER
THE MURDER OF MISS MC. CREA.
IN
ledFonL^.^.
e already
Lake
Carrying PJ^l
^ apiwCuakt
d v ifid taken by*
miles, where tbn
licit had serred irt
rc fre^ucttiy ^
tolarlytlilK,
real numbers icrfe
: this expediter
Hr. Budwgk \
been lately pcila.
;w: ThejbM
i contrasts most sc '*
IN CANAL
is place, follows; i
a the u Send to
lasses the Stage Can.
if plying to that?*
r is used a$«a
ililler'sfaU-SW^t.
r sufficiently feta#
obeseen,andk*
was once to ua-
eskau, but pr^,
f the panic whicic-
[that it was
mlwarkand^f
•asioa. Inl< |,Jl
«t before that n*
139
This melancliolly tale is calculated to affect the fee-
lings with more deep and unmingled regret, than that of
any other of those hundreds and thousands of individu-
als who at different periods have stained these fatal re-
gions with their blood. It is not intended that the suf-
ferings of Miss Me Crea were unexampled, but that her
history and her fate have been published in detail, and
that the circumstances in which the country then was,
made it appear but the forerunner of unbounded atro-
cities.
Miss Me Crea lived in the village of Fort Edward. —
In the revolutionary war, a young man named Jones, to
whom she was betrothed, having attached himselt to the
English cause and joined their forces in Canada, was
invested with a captain’s command in Gen. Burgoyne’s
army. After the retreat of the Americans from the
Lake, and while the British were approaching, he sent
a party of Indians to Fort Edward to bring his intended
bride to him, that he might secure her safety. She was
very unwilling to leave her father’s house, and hesitated
some time before she consented to his request. She at
length however set out to join her lover, and proceed-
ed with her savage conductors on the road towards Fort
Anne. They had gone only half a mile when the Indi -
ans stopped to drink at a spring which still flows by the
way side ? and while here were met by another party
of Indians despatched to hasten them on. Those who
came last imagining that they had a right to undertake
the convoy of the lady, as well to receive the reward
which might be expected ou her safe arrival, attempted
to take her under their charge ; but the others, being
determined not to give her up alive, bound her to a
tree that is yet standing near the spring, and shot her
dead with their muskets. Locks of her hair were botne
to her lover, to prove that the Indians had performed
what they considered their duty to their employer.
This story rang through the country; and it was re-
ported that Gen* Burgoyne encouraged or at least per-
mitted the murder. In indignant terms he denied the
charge, and there appears no probability that he had
M
the least knowledge of it before it happened. He how-
ever was justly chargeable with a great offence against
humanity in bringing tribes of savages in his train, whose
barbarity he could never be sure of restraining if ever
so much inclined to do it. With many persons in all
parts of the country, the melancholy death of this un-
happy young lady, raised a lively sentiment of horror
against their enemies, and no doubt animated many a
heart with a fresh spirit of resistance.
Captain Jones, the unfortunate lover, is said to have
led a heart-broken life for a few years, and at length to
have fallen a victim to melancholy and self reproach.—
The impression of this event must havebeen permanent ;
for the circumstances would neither permit him to doubt
of her attachment, nor to forget that he was the cause of
her sufferings.
JOURNEY TO WHITEHALL.
Those who are going to Canada will of course go to
Whitehall and take the steam boat for Lake Champlain,
of which some useful information will be found on
page 136.
The first 12 miles are across the country by the Short'
est route to Wood Creek.
FORT ANNE.
This was called the Second Carrying Place, as we
have before remarked, the troops and stores being for-
merly re embarked, on the expeditions against Canada.
The canal of course has rendered this expensive operation
unnecessary; and goods are now transported between
Hudson River and Lake Champlain without difficulty
or exposure, and at a very light expense.
From Fort Anne to Whitehall, the canal follows the
course of Wood Creek, and the road runs for a consid-
erable part of the way along its bank.
WHITEHALL.
Twelve miles by the canal ; eleven miles by the road*
This village is situated at the extremity of East Bay,
:m arm^of Lake Champlain. The Steam Boat leaves
4 -
ii
n
hi
1
i
V
VL
k
ffis
happened.
great offeietM|
$$inhi$tain,ik
of restraining a «i»
i manypenoMij
holy death of % (
!y sentiment of
>abt animate: at
mce.
te lover, is aid
years, and atltia
oly and self reps*
st have been pemer
ther permit bimt* ar 4
L that he wastbecc
TRAVELLER. 135
here every Thursday and Saturday, for St. John's, on the
way to Montreal, and stops at the following places:
Ticonderoga, - - 24ra. price $1 50
[See page 126 tor a description
and history of this fortcss.]
Crown Point, 15 l
Basin Harbour, 12 - 50
Essex, 10 50
Burlington, 14 - 50
Port Kent, 16 50
Plattsbugh, 8 60
Chazy, 15 1
Champlain, (Rouse’s Point.) 12 - 50
St. John’s Lower Canada, 24 - 1 50
150
S 00
BTEHA1L
uda will of mi
oat for Lake Can
ation will be fat
be country by thi
!jrbwg PtiflJ
k and stores b®
dition* against Ce
thisexpecsiTeo^e
w transported br*
plain without ife
iiperrse-
, the canal
road runs font®
tank.
iwnflfleshy^?
[tremityof^*
e Steam Bos! I
Geology,
The rocks here are principally Stratified Gneiss. In
going up the lake they are succeeded by lime stone.
At Whitehall will be seen the hulks of the ships taken
by Commodore Me Donough from Captain Downey, on
Lake Champlain, during the late war with Great Britain.
Here was burnt, diming the revolutionary war the
flotilla collected for the attack of Montreal.
[The traveller may pursue his way along the course of
the lake by land, as there is a stage road. The country
is romantic, and the soil fertile and well cultivated ; but
the L^ke will hardly be seen at all, and the fatigue is of
course much greater than in the steam boat. The latter
mode must therefore be recommended for pleasure and
convenience; and the traveller may land at any of the
points mentioned in the list of the route.
Roads to Connecticut River.
There are roads with regular stage coaches establish-
ed upon them, running from Castleton and Burlington to
several points on Connecticut River, and either of them
may be taken on the route to Boston. Sec page 1 13. and
the Index.
136
THE NORTHERN
Castleton-
This is a small town, but contains a medical academy
of some importance.
is a considerable village, like many of the Vermont
towns, with a remarkable appearance of neatness and
beauty.]
TICONDEROGA, 24 miles from Whitehall.
See Page 126.
CROWN POINT, 15 miles from Ticonderoga .
The sight of this place, or even a glance at the situa-
tion on the map, is suficient to show its importance as a
military post, in those periods when the country be-
twen Albany and Montreal was a wilderness, and no
boundaries acknowledged between the two hostile peo-
ple by whom they were inhabited.
This spot, from its natural position, acquired a degree
of importance from the moment that the French began
their voyages of discovery and of depredation up the
Lakes. Indeed if history could refer to still earlier
times, and recount the military affairs of the Aborigines
before the arrival of Europeans, we should doubtless be
able to associate many more interesting circumstances
with this remarkable spot,
Crown Point was frequently occupied in the early
wars between the French and English as a place of
landing and embarkation, and consequently as a place
of temporary encampment and delay. In the old jour-,
nal of Mr. Buckingham, to which we have before refer-
red, it is mentioned as the principal point against which
the land expedition of 1711 was directed; but no regu-
lar fort was built on the spot until the year 1734 when
the French determined to strengthen it in proportion to
its importance.
Here General Dieskau remained some time before he
Rutland
ERX
TRAVELLER.
i 37
ins a medically
many of tbe Vcr t
arance of nuust*
i«/rom Mil »'
itfrmTimiap. .
mijjmikt
i show its inponr.
dj when the coo?'
pas a wildcnias
veen the two hose
fed.
asition, acquired i?
;ut that the Fiada
id of depredation a .
uld refer to si s*
p affairs of the Ah*
i, we should dotii ..
nteresting circaaic-
I occupied nth* #
d English as a fte
consequently as & ^ ,
delay. lathe*. 1
h we have before fi
ipaJ point again* 5 '
; directed;
, til the year 1® *
then it in prop"®
e d some time
proceeded against General Johnson in 1755. In 1759
Crown Point and Ticonderoga fell into the hands of the
English; and in 1775 both fortresses were surprized by
the Americans, at the commencement of the revolution-
ary w ar. Two years after they both fell into the hands
of General Burgoyne ; and soon afterwards wore sur-
prised and taken by Colonels Allen and Arnold.
Every one who has an opportunity to visit the ruins
of these fortresses, and the interesting scenery of the
neighbouring country, must feel a peculiar gratification
in tracing their history, and entering into the detail of the
various scenes which have taken place around them.
To such travellers it will be an agreeable piece of infor-
mation to state that a gentlemen of talent and research
has made a most valuable collection of original docu-
ments relating to the French and revolutionary wars in
this region, including field orders, surveys, &.c. together
with military maps and drawings, and facts collected
with great industry and zeal, as w^ell from other parts of
the country as on the spot. There is much reason to
hope that so valuable a collection of historical matter
will not be long in appearing to the w orld. The au-
thor is General Hoyt of Deerfield, Massachusetts, the
author of a very interesting work recently published;
the history of the Indian Wars on Connecticut River.
BASIN HARBOUR is 12 miles beyond.
ESSEX, 10 miles.
BURLINGTON. \4miles
This is a place of considerable size, and of a remarka-
bly interesting appearance. Situated on the shore of
Lake Champlain it enjoys many advantages from its
neighbourhood ; and is besides the seat of a College.
Here will be found very good inns, and stage coaches
travelling both East and South.
4 u
BURLINGTON COLLEGE
is an institution of considerable importance, and
contained ai large number of Students, when about two
years ago it w r as unfortunately burnt to the ground. A
plan has been already formed for reconstructing it on a
rather larger scale- The two wings are to be begun
, M2 *
THE NORTHERN
738
immediately, and the centre building will probably be
constructed soon afterwards, to contain the chapel, re*
citation rooms, &c.
The journey from Burlington to Connecticut River a-
bounds in some of the finest romantic scenery. It lies a-
long the course of Onion River, and for some distance
scarcely finds room to pass between the margin of the
stream and the perpendicular rocks through which it has
cut its way. The precipices rise on each side, and
sometimes present a terrific appearance, with their over-
hanging rocks and gloomy shades. It will add to the in-
terest of the scenery to recollect that the Indians used to
pass this way in their canoes in going to Connecticut
River for w r ar and for trade.
This is a direct road to the White Mountains.
Plattsburgh. This bay was the scene of Me DON-
NOUGH’S VICTORY over Captain Downey, the tro-
phies of which were pointed out at South Bay, in the
hulks of the English vessels captured on the occasion.
The forts are to be seen on the hill w hich overlooks the
bay and surrounding country for a great distance.
The next place where the Steam Boat stops is the
American Custom House.
Rouses’s Point.
There will be seen a large Fort on the west side of
the Sorel river which was built by the United States for
the protection of this important frontier position. Since
then the boundary between the two countries has been
laid on the 45th degree of north latitude, and the point
and the castle left in the Canadian territory.
Beyond this place, the traveller discovers nothing at-
tractive in the appearance of the country' for some dist-
ance, as it is but little raised above the level of the river,
and of course very wret.
Isle aux Non, 9 m. from Rouse’s Point.
Here General Schuyler remained in 1775, sick, while
Gen. Montgomery took St. John’s, Chambly, Montreal.
Sorel and Trois Rivieres.
RN
ling w\U pTObtij/
ontain the cW,
1 Connecticut
atic scenery, lilt
tod for somedstft
pen the margia c' ;
ks through whinit
ise on each & 3
arance.withtlttir^
s. H willaddtott;
t that the ladiaasi?
in going to Consec.
Trite Monnlairt
is the scene of M
aptain Downey,
out at South Btr.:
aptured on the m
‘ hiii which ovwkofc '
or a great distasee
earn Boat stops i>3,
ox House.
’out.
Fort on the wesss
by the United «
frontier position x
two countries^
i latitude, andtofl
[ian territory-
ter discovers noik
\t eountiyfef^ 1
,ve the level of to
n Rouse s ft® 1 -
red in 17ft
’ 5t chambly .»■
ei&c
TRAVELLER.
139
St. John’s, 11 m. beyond.
is a village where will be seen the first British post.
The long ranges of low buildings are barracks for sol-
diers. This is the termination of the journey by water ;
and stage coaches will be found in waiting to take the
passengers from the steam boat to Montreal by land.
The first part of the road is along the bank of the Sorel
river.
Everything the traveller now secs is calculated to re-
mind him that he has entered a country of different peo-
ple and different habits from those which prevail in the
United States. If he speaks French he will find it very
convenient, though by no means indispensable. Among
the population, is a large share of the descendents of the
old Freneh inhabitants, particularly in the country ; but.
there are villages peopled from “ the States,” and in
Montreal particularly most persons he meets will under-
stand English.
La Prairie, J2 m.
Here the coaches stop for the night.
Chambly
is the next town where is an old fort, taken by Gen.
Montgomery. Longueil. from this place is the first
view of Montreal. That city presents a close mass of
stone buildings, over which appear several church
towers covered with tin, which gives them a peculiar
brilliancy even at a great distance. The town extends
3 miles along the river, and 1 mile back, occupying the
rising bank and an elevation behind. The city is backed
by a mountain, 550 feet high ; and in front of it spreads
out the river St. Lawrence, more than two miles in
breadth, presenting a succession of rapids and numer-
ous islands of different sizes ; while the shore below is
ornamented with cultivated fields and the country seats
of many gentlemen.
140
THE NORTHERN
The Island of St. Helena, * ,
is seen to great advantage in crossing the river. It is
large and makes a conspicuous figure, rising beautifully
from the river. A fine building will be seen on the
southern side, which is that of the Marquis Longueil.
On the other side the road commands a fine view of
the city, which from an elevation presents a most strik-
ing appearance, with the broad expanse of water below
and the extensive plains which bound it on the south.
MONTREAL. ; 4* >
One of the principal streets in the city is the street of
St Paul, which runs parallel to the river at a little dis-
tance from it. Here will be seen a variety of shops and
stores, and a busy crowd continually passing along.
The street of Notre Dame is the next large street ruu-
ning parallel to this, and have the air of much more retire-
ment and gentility, being the^ residence of the wealth/
and fashionable. The other streets are generally narrow
and dark, except a few of the new ones. The whole
appearance of the city is substantial and permanent, the
houses being all built of stone, and presenting it is said,
the aspect of many places in Europe. There are many
quaint ornaments introduced upon the walls by means of-
paint, and to make a still greater variety, some are con-
structed of rough stone, and others covered with cement.
T he doors and windows are very generally guarded
with sheet iron, bars and grates, and nets of wire; and
the roofs arc secured against lire with tin.
History.
The neighbourhood of this place, according to tradi-
tion, was once the residence of the Five Nations of
Indians; and hence they were driven to the stale of
New York by their enemies the Arondiacks, who after*
wards occupied it themselyeg,. Jamies Cartier selected
the spot fora town about fi 335, and the building of it
was begun in 1640, under the name of St. Marie. Mont-
real continue;! *« the hands of the French after the cap-
TRAVELLER.
141
im
■ Helesa.
rossin* the ^ .
figure, rising
ng will be seen -
f the Mar^ ^ *
ornraandi akin :
ion presents i u , *
i expanse of wfc'/
1 hound it oiifesi
m.
is in the city is 4ft •
il to the river urn
seen a variety oi it:
continually passt
$ the next ta$&:
theairof mortar
li residence oi it< v.
tfectsareeeneraCjr
[he new ones. TVt '
stantiaUndpemr 1 -
je.and presentiejiit •
n Europe. TfcerfPJ;
upon tire wallshy^af
ater Tariefy. sear
(hers covered rf«
e very geueraUys?
es, and nets of *3
ire with tin.
IT.
place, accordics’f
e of the ^
»re driven tothess
ie Arondiacb. ww-*
jaquesCtfti^
/ and the huilciK^ «
me of St. Mw-
he french afterWT
lure of Quebec by Gen. Wolfe in 1759, and the next year
an unsuccessful expedition was undertaken from this
city for its recovery. In September Gen. Amherst made
his approach from Lake Ontario with more than 10,000
men; and having with wonderful skill, and good fortune
landed on the 6lh at La Chine, and being joined by Gen.
Haviland from Lake Champlain and Gen. Murry from
Quebec, entered Montreal on the 8th without opposition,
and thus completed the conquest of Canada.
FROM MONTREAL TO NIAGARA FALLS.
The Lake Ontario Steam Boat goes between Sachet's
Harbour and Niagara.
The whole route from Montreal to the cataract of Ni-
agara here follows. 392 miles.
La Chine,
7 m.
Here is a Canal .
St. Regis,
53
[See “ Caughnawaga Indians,
just beyond.]
Hamilton,
35
Gallop Islands,
19
Ogdensburgli,
5
Morris Town,
12
Cape Vincent,
50
Sackct’s Harbour,
20
Oswego River,
Great Sod us Bay,
40
28
Genesee River,
35
Fort Niagara,
74
Lewiston,
7(see page 45)
Niagara Falls,
7(seepage 47)
LAKE ONTARIO.
The following is an estimate of the quantity of water
contained in the Lakes Ontario and Erie.
Medium depth. Area Solid contents
sq. feet. in feet.
Ontario - 492 200,000 millions. 98 billions.
Erie - - 120 418 do 50 do
f
THE NORTHJERiN m
The Caughnawaga Indians, . J
Who in habit the village of St- Regis, were collected
there many years ago by the French priests, and adopt*
ed the habits enjoined by the Roman Catholic system.
They were formerly very serviceable to the French in
their frequent and blood excursions against the colonists
of New-England, not only acting as guides to their ex-
peditions, but attending them as warriors. The frontier
posts of New-Hampshire and Massachusetls suffered too
often and too severely from their attacks to endure them
with patience: and they consequently used all their ex-
ertions in the wars again t Canada. Times and circum-
stances are however since so materially altered, that the
descendants of those very Indians have neither motive
nor disposition to bloodshed.
Indian Longerity . — “ Within these last eight years/’
says the Canada Spectator, “ there have died in the vil-
lage of Cognawaga, ten Indians, each of them past an
hundred years of age. — Some days ago, the curate buri-
ed a woman aged 166. There is now living a squaw,
who has her descendants to the fifth generation : in oth-
er words the child has now living, her mother, grand-
mother, grandmother’s mother and grandmother’s grand
At the commencement of the Revolutionary war, the
congress issued an address to the inhabitants of Canada,
and troops were sent to take possession, of the country.
Col. Warner defeated Governor Carlton at Longueil.
and Montreal was occupied by Gen. Montgomery Nov.
35th 1775. After the unsuccessful attempt on Quebec,
and the death of that General, this city was evacuated
by the Americans.
Excursion to the Mountain.
I he Mountain of Montreal, rises a little behind the city,
to theheightot 550 feelandcommandsa view worthy the
attention of every traveller who has taste ami strength
enough to undertake a somewhat arduous ascent. In
going up, several fine seats will be observed, among
which that of the Hon. McGillivrav and the uufiuised
one of Mr. Mclavish, make a conspicuous figure. The
TRAVELLER.
HER>
^Indiass.
; l Regis. weru>
‘ tench priests, as^ti
Roman Catholic
-iceable to the Fr^
^ions against fttw,.,
mg as guides to %
as warriors. TWft %
Massachusetts gal*x
neir attacks to tafc'
isequently nsediKtk
anada. Tints®, *
> materially
ndians have oeithri
f
thin these last eighth
•‘there have died V;
(bans, each of tteti
le days ago, then*
ere is now linage
[he fifth geaeratica;.
living, her motber:
,er andgrandmotkr
the Revolatxm
) the inhabitants 01(4
possession, of the:,
rnor Carlton a; k
iy Gen. Mooigor
essful attempt safe'
f this city was ^
is Mocnt.uv j
■isesalittlehehifidv-
nmandsanew^
ho has tasted
ivhat arduous asre^
r ill be observed*
iivray and the eJ '
xmspkwwfii*
ua
river Bt. Lawrence is seen above and below for a dis-
tance of 40 or 50 miles, and the rapids and islands
which appear in great numbers, afford a very agreeable
life and variety to its surface. On both sides is an ex-
tensive fertile tract of level ground, and towards the
United States the view is remarkable fine, being inter
rupted by only a few eminences, such as the mountains
of Chambly, Belceil, &,c and reaching quite to the hori-
zon, except where it is bounded by the blue and distant
summits of some of the Green mountains and some in the
State of New York. The Ottawa, or Grand river funs
between the island of Montreal and the main.
The monument and Tomb of Mr. McTavish, are seen
near the summit of the mountain.
Note. Water. The Traveller should be on his guard
against the water of this vicinty. Those not accustbmed
to it usually experience very unpleasant effects from
the chemical salts it contains. It is said that boiling re
moves its unwholesome qualities.
Geology.
The level ground lies on a flat dark coloured fetid
lime rock, containing animal remains. Some distance up
the mountain it is succeeded by a kind of slate, with
veins of trap. Near the top is limestone slanting
strata, and above that hornblende with crystal of augitc.
Near the town is crystaline limestone, with animal re^
mains — very uncommon.
JOURNEY TO QUEBEC, 170 miles,
Cbambly, 15 miles.
St. John’s 12 miles .
Here the traveller takes a steam-boat for Quebec.
Isle Aux Noix.
Sorei. Village.
Here a fort was built in 1665 by Monsieur dc Tracy,
when meditating plans against thecolonie?.
144 THE NORTHERN
Trois Rivieres.
is hallway to Quebec. It contains about 2500 inhabi-
tants.
The Rapids of Richelieu
have something a little formidable in their appearance,
but the passage of the river at this place is performed
without danger.
CArE Rouge,
7 miles from Quebec. Here the banks of the St. Law-
rence begin to acquire a considerable elevation; ami
they continue to rise until they present the lofty preci-
pices of Quebec, which suddenly make their appearance
in front, though the city is almost concealed until the
traveller approaches very near.
Chaudiere River, I m. below.
From this place the view becomes more interesting.
Two old towers are seen on the bluff where Quebec is
situated, wrfjjich are 340 feet above the river.
Sjllery River, 4 m.
Near this was the place where the French from Mon-
treal and the British forces had a severe battle after
General Wolfe's capture of Quebec.
Wolfe’s Cove. This is the spot where General
Wolfe landed his troops in the night, in the year 1759;
and up these rocks they climbed to the heights above,
where they gained the battle which decided the fate ot
the city. The point of the promontory on which Que-
bec stands, is Cape Diamond, and on It is built the for-
tress of the city.
Point Levi is the high bluff seen opposite, on the south
east side of the river. A melancholy accident occurred
‘here last February, [1825.] A poor man, by the name
eif
if
01
T
.it!
nipt
JWI
sho
of
ap!
ar
, froi
itlc
villa
JMT
ate
is in
iCO.
I It
k
i It
!0H
in
TitAVELLEK.
146
UN
,ES.
115 about
'irhtlieu
le in their
this place b pot
COL
bebanksof tlielif
isideraWe ekat;
v present the Mhe
ily make tberappao
most conceal^ c
r, 1 m. below.
ecomft more iifes
the bluff wherein
love the rim.
£R, 4 Di-
re the Frenehii 1 -
iad a severe t& L
ebec.
he spot where w
night, o &
d to theh#J
rhich decided tbe>
■oatey®^}
J on it is
>n opposite-
:holy accident^
poor Baft
of llougon, inhabited with his family, a small hut built
of plank at the foot of the precipice. A huge mass of
snow which had accumulated on the height above, rolled
down with great force, taking the building in its way,
and entirely overwhelmed it, crushing to death several of
the inmates. The man, his wife and three children were
all destroyed. Those who escaped from immediate
death losing their lives by exposure to the severity of
the weather.
QUEBEC.
The Lower Town lies a little raised above the level
of the water, and runs round the rock, which rises so ab-
ruptly above, that nothing of the Upper Town can be
seen. The Bay is large and fine, bounded by bold
shores, which seem almost to enclose it. The island
of Orleans appears four miles down the river. While
approaching the city, on the left hand the spectator sees
a wide and beautiful extent of country, gently rising
from the shore ; charmingly varied with cultivated
fields and numerous country seats as well as towns and
villages, all as white as marble, accompanying the road
down the river, and pursuing the graceful bend of its
course. One of the principal objects which strike the
eye in the Upper Town, is the Castle of St. Louis, form-
erly a fortress but now a palace, where the Governor of
Quebec resides. It stands on the very edge of the preci-
pice high above, and overhangs the Lower Town with
its immense stone walls, 162 feet in length, 45 in breadth,
and five stories high.
The ascent to the upper town from this side is by tlic
Mountain street.
The entrance into the lower town is through the Pres-
cot Gate, which is of great size. The Barracks were
originally a Jesuits’ College, and like every thing else
to be seen has the aspect of a foreign country. The
Cathedral is Large and has a solemn and impressive ef-
fect. A plan has been formed for erecting a much more
magnificent one in its place, of much greater size and
beauty. Future editions of this work may furnish a des-
cription of it, if it is ever completed.
There are several agreeable excursions to be made
from Quebec, to which the following descriptions may
N
THE NORTHERN
H<5
serve as a key. The common vehicle used on such an
occasion, is the Canada Calash, which although of a
rude construction, drawn by a small horse and driven bv
a Frenchman, will be found more comfortable and ex-
peditious than its exterior would lead one to expect-
TIIE FALLS OE MONTMORENCY.
The road leads through the gate of St. John, and after lea-
\ ingthe buildings which crowd on either hand for some
distance beyond, entering a fine tract of land, beautiful-
ly cultivated. On the left of the road is seen a large
Nunnery.
Village of Beaupori- *
This extends for a great distance along the road and fa
handsome both in situation and appearance, and com-
mands a fine view of Quebec. The River Montmorency
is just beyond. You cross abridge to the other side, and
follow the course of the current. The stream itself is
not large, but within 300 yards of the SL Lawrence,
where it pours its water down a precipice, below two
immense walls of rock, the scenery assumes the most
rough and frowning aspect, while the island of Orleans,
lying in the St. Lawrence opposite its mouth, exhibits a
charming, verdant slope, embellished with the softest
beauties of cultivation and fertility. The contrast is de-
lightful. The rocks on both sides are composed of dark
coloured lime stone, based on masses of granite near the
Water’s edge ; and their sombre hue sets off the white-
ness of the foaming cascade. The river pours over a ra-
pid declivity just before it reaches the precipice, and
then make a descent of 240 feet down a broken preci-
pice. A broad semicircular basin lies below to receive
it, where it all subsides to silence and tranquility. A
handsome country house stands near the brow of the ca-
taract. You may approach near the falls, and the beau-
ty and sublimity of the scene are cncreased, by the noise
of the water, and the rainbows in the spray, which am
generally to be seen in a fine day.
TRAVELLER.
147
RK
hide used 04^
which al^.
ill horse anil irufj
e comfortable *4
lead oue to esjec.
tmorency
ofSUohn.jMg..
on either baadieri
i tract of land, ^
toe road 15 semi
sauporf-
ance along Iheraii
k! appearance,#'
The River Moatar
ideelothe others
ent. The stream :•
ds of the St. hr.
1 a precipice, fori
mtrjtomtry.
file the island 01!^
jsite hi mouth. &
belliihed vrhhikf
lily The coca?:
fes are comport
lasses of gruitrs?
> hoe set* off fct
he river pour? i«
aches the pop * 1
tdowD a brolrtf
io lie? below to w
nee and tran^
near the brow cti
the falls andtis:
encreaseAbytkt
n the spray. m
THE SAW MILT.S
are erected under the western bank. They are capable
of cutting a great quantity of timber, and are earned by
a stream of water brought away from above the falls—
They arc owned by Mr. Patterson, who has erected
piers in the St Lawrence for the security of great quanti-
ties of lumber brought to this place on enormous rafts
and intended principally for exportation to England.
BATTLE OF MONTMORENCY
When Gen. Wolfe came to operate against Quebec in
June 1759, he posted his army on the island of Orleans,
while the fleet blockaded the port. At the end of that
month Gen. Monckton was sent over to Point Levi,
and established himself there, whence he was able
to fire upon the city. Above the river Montmorency the.
landing was protected by the Marquis de Montcalm. —
Gen. Wolfe landed his troops at the mouth of the Mont-
morency during the night of July 31st, and erected a
battery on the precipice north east of the falls, the re-
mains of which are to be seen. The French were en-
trenched along the opposite bank ; and on the 31st of
July Gen. Wolfe sent his troops to ford the Montmoren-
cy below the falls, to storm their works. Some of Gen.
Monckton’s force from Point Levi in crossing with boats
got aground, and difficulty ensued ; but tnc landing
was made in the afternoon on the beach to the right
of the saw mills. They came however too late : for the
thirteen grenadier companies with 200 Americans, who
had landed before, refused to wait or to form as had
been intended in four columns, but marched tumultu-
ously round the rock, and rushed up hill in a mass to-
wards the French works, at some distance back from
the old redoubt on the point, which had been deserted.
A warm fire however was directed against them, which
cut down about 500 men, and they were obliged to re-
treat to the redoubt, whence they were ordered back to
the beach to form- The enterpirse was however inter-
rupted by a severe storm, and finally abandoned.
The British army afterwards went up the river in the
fleet, and the Marquis Bougainville was sent with 1500
W I
MS XIIE NORTHERN
men to •watch their movements. With wonderful skil
and good fortune however Gen. Wolfe succeeded in baf
fling their vigilance, as well as that of all the centinels
along the whole shore ; but the scone of the event with
which these movements was connected lies at a distance
from the place where we now are ; and it will be neces-
sary to return to Quebec and visit the Plains of Abra-
ham to retrace it with advantage.
THE CAPTURE OF QUEBEC.
At one o’clock in the night of September 12th 1769,
Gen. Wolfe quietly transported his troops from the fleet
into the boats, and cautiously passed down the river.—
He intended to land two or three miles above Cape Dia-
mond, and get possession of the heightsof Abraham. But
was drifted drown so rapidly that he passed the place with-
out discovering it, and then resolved to attempt a land-
ing at Wolfe’s Cove, just above the city. The shore is
bold, and the rocks so high and steep, that only a few
centinels were posted along the precipicesand the mar-
gin. This desperate enterprise however did not dis-
courage the leader or his troops, but an hour before day
break they had effected their landing, and commenced
the arduous ascent by a narrow, broken path, at the top
of which was stationed a captain’s guard. As fast as the
English reached the summit they formed on the level
plain.
At ten o'clock Montcalm arrived with his army, and a
battle was fought which decided the fate of Canada.
Montcalm stationed 1500 sharp shooters in front, but the
British coolly stood their ground till the French were
within 40 yards, when they opened their fire, and soon
afterwards terminated the engagement with their bayo-
nets. The place where the greatest carnage was made,
is near the walls of Quebec, where the English left was
closely engaged with the French right. The action
lasted two hours, and in it both chiefs received their mor-
tal wounds, Gen. Wolf was shot in two or three places
and lay near a small granite rock which is still pointed
out. When hardly any signs oflife remained, news was
brought that the day had declared for the British,
'Then,” said he “ I die content.’’
UN
With
olfe soecee^d c ;
lit of all tli?
iccne oftheevtair
lectedliesau^
e ; and ,t wiUbtae^
it the Pum & ^
' mm
i September 126 ; •
: hi? troops trootkt
passed dowotki*
it miles above Cat
sheigbisot Abratai
tthe passed tiiepltfi
’solved to aneofiii
c the city. Ther
and steep, that err
e precipicesacc'::-
se however & i>
bin an boa; &S
anding, and coaz
v. broken path, 2*:'
tin’s guard. As to
bey joined an to
red with hfeati
led the fate ct'Ct
shooters in frait it
d till the Frffli'
eneii their fre,to
rement with the®
atcst carnage nt
ere the Engii;!i^
ich right. Tat c
u'efc reeeiredtbi'J
>t in two or three?
i which is
'i/e remained. K r-f
fared for the **
TRAVELLER J49
lise Canadians themselves, have probably suffered
little by the change of masters. “ They have been al-
lowed the free practice of their customs, manners, and
rights; and the re is so little intermixture even at this
day,that but for the British uniform in the streets, and the
British ships in the harbour, a stranger might imagine
himself in the territories of his most Christian Majesty.
BATTLE OF SILLERY.
On the 28th April of the succeeding year, (1760,) the
French and English had a bloody action at Sillery, three
miles from the city. Monsieur Levi left Montreal with
the intention of taking Quebec, aad at that place was
met by Gen. Murray, who fought him with inferior num-
bers, and obliged him to retreat after losing 1000 men.
The French laid seige to Quebec, but an English squad-
ron arrived very opportunely, and the enemy returned
to Montreal.
ATTACK ON QUEBEC IN 1775.
Gen. Montgomery was sent against this important city
by the American Congress, soon after the commence-
ment of the Revolutionary War. Gen. Arnold joined
him, and was appointed to attempt the northern side of
the town, while Gen. Montgomery was to attack the
southern. On the appearance of the latter the enemy re-
treated ; and as he pursued, were wearied by passing
round Cape Diamond among the slippery rocks. When
he came near to the blockhouse he was obliged to delay
a short time before his men could come up ; and just
as he was rushing on with two hundred to storm it, two
or three Englishman returned and fired one of the guns,
which killed General Montgomery and two of his aids.
Thus the expedition was defeated, and the Americans
were finally obliged to retire.
In the year 1818 a vessel was sent to Quebec from
New-York, to remove the remains of Gen. Montgomery,
which were deposited in a vault in St. Paul’s Church in
that city, and a monument erected to his memorv.
N2
loU
THE NORTHERN
A line of fortification extends across the high grounds
above the town. It is nearly a mile in extent, and very
strong. A wall of solid masonry encircles the city, heavily
loaded down with cannon ; and all the defences of the
place are constructed on a solid and mighty plan, worthy
of a great European fortress.
THE CITADEL,
is at the southern end of the city on Cape Diamond,
and occupies the highest ground in all that part of the
peninsula, except the point called Ferguson’s Hou*e.
The highest of its batteries is named after General Brock.
The citadel is not accessible to 3trangers.
GENERAL REMARKS.
The size ands tuation of Quebec naturally render it
the great depot ot the commerce of Canada. Placed
on a noble river which forms a connection between
the ocean and a chain of vast, lakes, whole shores are
becoming peopled and cultivated, notwithstanding
the obstacles with which the channel is here and there
encumbered, it would seem at first view as calculated to
receive all the concentrated w ealth of many thousands
of miles ; and the rocky precipices with w r hich it is forti-
fied by nature, formed to secure it against the most despe-
rate attempts of a foe. But when itisrecollected thatthe
severity of the winter renders navigation entirely im-
practicable for several months in the year, and creates a
thousand difficulties along the coasts from which more
southern countries are exempt ; above all w'hen it is re-
collected that the communication lately effected be-
tween Lake Erie and Hudson River, opens a more safe
and convenient passage to the ocean, it cannot be longer
a matter of wonder that Quebec should exhibit so few
signs of improvement, and that its commerce should
be^rso small a proportion to its apparent resources.
Still however the trade between the St Lawrence and
England is extensive, as a view oi the harboar and its
vicinity will abundantly attest. The navigation be-
tween Quebec and Montreal is greatly assisted by the
m
icross the lu»api^
tile m extent, ^
circles thecitT.bn-
the defeoctsis
QdmightypUa,^
)&,
dtv on Cape Ba-
it in all that pen i;
died Fer^m< &
med after Geaenlie
itran^rs,
BMARK5.
lebec naturally m
m of Canada, ft
s a connection b
fakes, whole stat
ivated. nonaiikfs.
hanuel is here ano:
iretview'asakm
ealth of manytfcw
ees with which itr
ita^sinst themoSi?
i /tisrecolledeflffi
navigation
i the "year, and titt
:oasts from whiri :
above ail when h
ion lately eW»
iver, open? a 2iefi *
mitcanwt^
should exkM ar
t coinage s*
pparent reso8rce>
ithe SL Lawnsss
ol the harboJ^ ;
The naviptf '
TRAVELLKK. 151
steam boat employed in towing vessels in the river.
Three large schooners are devoted to the business. The
lumber annually exported, supplying the English Navy,
amounts to an immense sum ; and the trade with the In-
dians, employs a great capital and a great number ol*
persons.
A Canal to thf. Bay of Fundy
has been projected within a few months, by the Legisla-
ture of Canada. The route proposed is from Bay Verte,
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to the most convenient
point in the Bay of Fundy, which will open a direct com-
munication with New Brunswick.
A Steam Coasting Ship
has also been proposed, to run between Quebec and
Halifax, for freight and passengers, as well as for towing.
The coast is said to abound in numerous ship harbours,
and the various courses to be steered during the voyage,
as well as the current of the river, offer strong induce-
ments for adopting such a measure. It is said that a ship
of 500 tons would be necessary. It would cost 10 or
12000 pounds.
JOURNEY FROM QUEBEC TO MONTREAL, 170 m.
To repeat a list of the most remarkable places on this
route, in the order in which they will present them-
selves in going from Quebec, we begin with
Wolfe’s Cove
half a mile from the city, where Gen- Wolfe effected
his landing, as already described.
Sillep.y River,
near the place of the battle of Sillery.
Chaodiere River. 4 milesi
n
m 1HE NORTHER>
Cape Rouce 1 mile.
Beyond this the land loses its remarkable elevation
The Rapids of Richelieu, 7 miles.
Trois Rivieres.
Sorrel Village.
Isle aux Noix.
St. John’s.
The Lake Champlain Steam Boat goes from this place.
Chamblt.
Montreal.
LAKE CHAMPLAIN STEAM BOAT,
to Whitehall, 160 miles.
La Prarie
9
St. John’s
18
Isle aux Noix -
14
Windmill Point
12
Plattsburgh
17
Burlington
18
Crown Point
30
Ticonderoga
15
White Hall -
30
153
To Albany, on the side of the Hudson*
West Granville
11
East Granville
3
Hebron
9
Salem
8
TRAVELLER.
153
Cambridge
Pittstown
Lansingburgh
Troy
Albany
16
13
10
3
6
(see page 25)
(see page 19)
To Albany on the west side of the Hudson.
Fort Anne - —
Fort Edward - 12
Here a Stage passes to Saratoga
Springs.
Fort Miller (see page 11)
Sehuylersville (see page 2)
Fort Hardy (see page — )
British Lines (see page 7)
Passing Bcmis's Heights
Stillwater 5 1-2
Borough 3
Waterford 10
Mohawk bridge 1 (see page — )
The route down the Hudson River need not be recapi-
tulated, as the distances and places are marked on the
maps.
The White Mountains and Winnipiseogee Lake are
partially described for the conveinence of such as may
travel from the eastward to the Springs; and to those
who may not have it in their power to visit both these
places, one of them may be recommended as a journey
t hat will produce the highest satisfaction.
APPENDIX.
THE ERIE CANAL.
While the former part of this volume was in the pres?,
the canal Commissioners published their Annual Report,
to the Legislature of the State of New York, which com-
municates much information calculated to interest those
who travel in that part of the country.
The Completion and Opening of the whole Canal is ex-
pected to take place in September 1825.
That part of the Canal West of Brookport was not com-
pleted until the begining of September 1824, when the
water was let in, and boats began to ply as far west as
Lockport, at the foot of the Mountain Ridge. On© or
two breaches occurred in the embankment, w'hich occa-
sioned temporary delay ; but that part of the canal fully
gratified the expectations of the Commissioners in every
material point. The only supplies of water to be ob-
tained W est of Genesee River are furnished by the Ton-
awanta and Oak Orchard Creeks, and they proved ade-
quate to the purpose. The aqueduct of 38 culverts and
60 feet span on the part of the route, is substantially built
of stone.
The following extracts from the Commissioners’ Re-
port, we arrange under their respective heads.
Lockport.
41 The combined Locks at the brow of the inountaiu,
are nearly completed. This is a work of the first magni-
APPENDIX.
156
tude on the line, and one of the greatest of the kind in the ] *
world. The superior style in which it is executed — its j #'
situation at the brow of a perpendicular precipice of \ k
about 76 feet, overlooking a capacious natural basin, with ' ^
banks upon each side of an altitude of more than one ! sir
hundred feet, connected with the deep rock excavation, *
renders it one of the most interesting points on the Eri
the Tonawanta creek, are finished. The lift lock, located
in the side cut whicli connects the canal navigation with *
the Niagara river, is also completed : the guard lock on i»
the west side of the Tonawanta creek is ready for use, and
boats have been towed on twelve miles of the Tona.
wanta creek, and passed through the guard and lift locks «
into the Niagara river.” ... ^ ■ sp
[That part of the Canal from Tonawanta Creek by
Black Rock to Buffalo creek is partly finished, and will k
[The Harbour will probably be finished a9 early as
September. The Sloop Lock is almost fit for use, and &
the Dam from the Shore to Squaw Island is so far com- *
pleted as to prevent the water from passing over. The ^
embankment on Squaw Island is eight feet high, more to
than thirty feet broad at the base, and six at the top. 13
The commissioners consider it more secure than the ordi- l to
nary canal embankments. From the head of the island
to the temporary dam there is 4180 feet of pier, three- »
fourths of which is filled with brush and stone. From v -
the temporary dam to the first angle of the traverse pier, . *
there is 3314 feet ot pier filled in the same manner, and 9*
trenailed, but not finished. From this point, there is an 1 f :f
open space of 1000 feet, part of which will form the tra- 1
verse angle, stretching nearly at right angles with the *
stream. This, *with about 600 feet of mole or pier, put I £
canal.
Tonawanta Creek.
The towing path on the bank, and the dam acro?s 4
be completed early in the season.]
Black Rock.
X.
APPENDIX.
157
Teatcstoftkfefc!
toich it is extern
Tpendicolar pr^'.
icious natural ha»
titade of nwre cc
to deep rock ok
rating points oai;
Creek,
tank, and thedar>
ted. The lift kei j
s the canal niTkij'
npleted: thegwlk
ta creek is readykri
twelve miles cf II
ugh the guard aait
from TonafantiCi
is partly finished a
1SOD.]
Rock.
,bly be finished as
\ is almost fitfifL-.
Squaw Island
•from passing ww
d is eight feet if :
base, and sij at '^
more secure thui
■omthe head ot
s 4180 feet of
i brash and .'tee-
angle of the triw
in the same
rom this poin^'
which will fe»*
atrighta^te c
feetrfB**!*
down in 1023, will form the whole work. The materials
have been procured. The loss of the temporary dam, in
October last, is supposed by the Commissioners to have
been owing to its unfinished state. They pronounce it
strong enough to resist all the pressure to which it ever
can be exposed by the elevation of the surface within the
harbour. They seem however to have omitted in their
account to estimate the force of the waves of Lake Erie
in a westerly storm, and the still more irresistable effects
of the masses of ice, which are sometimes driven violently
against the shore. Time however, will soon show wheth-
er their conclusions are reasonable or not.]
There is a little less than six inches difference in the
vel of the water in Buffalo creek and the Black Rock
harbour.
The frost during the winter is found to produce most
injury when the canal is empty ; It is therefore intend-
ed to let the water remain in it until the opening of the
spring, when it is to be drawn off for repairs.
The banks leaked less during the past year then ever
before. The great Ironderjuot Embankment stood firm
and tight : The other embankment near it however
once showed some signs of weakness, and was strength-
ened, and is now considered quite safe.
Stone Facing.
The undulation produced by the passage boats, mate-
rially injures the banks, by constantly wearing away the
earth ; and it is recommended that they should be grad-
ually faced with stone throughout the whole length of
the canal. Ten or fifteen miles were secured in this man-
ner during the last season, and the advantages of it were
too evident to be neglected.
“ Boats which move but two, or two and a half miles
an hour, do but little injury to the banks ; but when the
velocity is encreased to four miles an hour, as it is the case
with packets, the accumulation of resistance and conse-
quent disturbance of the water, is very great. This ra-
pid motion of the packet boats creates an artificial wave,
by which the banks of the canal in many places are seri-
ouly injured. It would perhaps be deemed a public cala-
mity", to exclude from the use of the canals such boats as
O
APFKNUrX.
iob
are designed for the conveyance of passengers, or to pro.
hibit them from moving at a rate of more than two and a
half miles an hour. But with the present rates of toll
(6 cents a mile) they do not idemnify the state for the in-
jury which they occasion, and the toll upon them ought to
be considerably augmented. A freight boat with 30 tons
ot merchandize, navigating 200 miles of the canal pays
$184; whilst a packet, under the present rates, pays but
$12 for the same distance ; and the injury done by the
packet is probably one hundred times greater.”
[Note. The packets now pay2Q cents a mile.]
Canal Bridges.
“ The bridges which were built on the middle section
on the plan first adopted, have been mostly altered and
enlarged ; and the remainder will undergo the same al-
teration during the present winter. The want of great-
er height in all the bridges has been made the subject of
complaint with passengers in the packet boats ; andthey
are indeed considerably lower than when first construct-
ed, in consequence of the settling of the banks. It
was intended that there should have been not less than
eleven and a half feet space in all cases between the
bottom of the canal, and the underside of the string
pieces. This height allows of seven and a half feet
above the surface of the water, and affords room for
the passage of the largest boats. A greater elevation
would have greatly increased the expense of banking
and forming a road to ascend the bridges ; and would
also have added to the incon enience of the faimer
through whose grounds the canals have been construct-
ed and for whose accommodation the greatest part ot*
tnem have been built, and who is now obliged, in pass-
ing many of the bridges, to carry the ponderous and
bulky productions of his farm over high, narrow and
dangerous embankments. The insuperable difficulties,
which opposed the construction of these bridges at an
elevation sufficiently great to admit persons to pass un-
der them without danger or inconvenience, on the decks
of passage boats, produced suggestions at an early
period from various quarters, of building them on the
APPENDIX.
olmoreuanu^
hi preasotrate^'
mitythestateteuii
e toll upon t)**^
freight boat witl^
0 miles of the
represent rates, as
4 the injury i« r >
k! times greater;
!^«n!r anb,]
UDGEj.
built on the mida^
»e been mostly il&
r will undergo these
'inter. The wantdj
is been made tie st*
1 theparket boatsjr
r than when first ca
settling of tit
d have been noth,
in all cases beti*--
e underside of tie-
of seven andsk
ter, and affords na
a is. A greater er
1 the expense of is
the bridges: r di
i enience of the v
oals have been cog
ition the greats :
0 is now obl'gei
cany the poods® ;
1 over high, bo* 1
e insuperable d&c
n of these bridge ^
dmit persons topt
mrenience, on the*
iggestions at : -
if .building then 3*
15*>
moveable or retractile plan . The advantages of bridges
of this description are, that they can be so constructed
as to rest on the water, or at an elevation but little above
it ; and that they may be thrown across the canal and
returned again by the strength of one man. And when
not in use, they may be thrown out of the way. The
objections to them are, that when in the use and thrown
across the canal, they form a barrier which totally ob-
structs the passage of every boat. And although they
may be placed out of the way, it is not probable that
they always would be ; but would be often in a situation
to obstruct the navigation or to be broken to pieces by
the impingements of heavy boats. Bridges of this des-
cription may be Jvell adopted to canals over which few
bridges are wanted ; but we apprehend that they are al-
together inadmissible on the canals over which such a
multitude have been required as on the canals of this
state ; and through which such numbers of boats will
continually pass. Between Utica and Albany there are
nearly three hundred bridges; and of these, more than
eighty are between Utica and the Little Falls, averaging
four to every mile. These bridges must be used many
times every day, and had they been constructed on the
retractile plan, no boat could have passed on this part
of the canal, without experiencing the most vexatious
interruptions; and not less vexatious and intolerable
would be the inconvenience and labour which they
would impose upon the farmer, whose cows, horses, ox-
en, sheep, and other stock or property could never cross
the canal, neither could his children or his family pass
it, without the assistance of at least one able-bodied
man to move and remove the bridge every time it be-
came necessary to pass any of them over it.”
u In consequence of the difficulty and expense of
building an immoveable bridge across the canal at the
Oriskany hill, a retractile, floating bridge was built three
years ago, which was found, however, to be equally
inconvenient as the swivel bridge above mentioned,
and was in a short time was entirely knocked to pieces
by the boats.
APPENDIX
V
Hydrostatic Locks.
In order to prevent frauds in the collection of tolly
three of these works have been cons ructed ; — one at
Troy one at Utica, and one at Syracuse. They are
•commonly called :ceigi<-iodcs. The following minute
account of them may be interesting to those who ave
never seen them.
44 These hydrostatic locks are constructed with a
chamber sufficiently large to receive any boat used on
the canal. The chamber is on the same level with the
canal, and is filled from it y a paddle gate which is
fixed in a large gate. On a level below the chamber,
is a receptacle, into which, by a gate, the chamber can
be emptied, and from this, throug another gate, the
water can be discharged. The gates are made as a cu-
rate as possible, to prevent leakage ; and although they
cannot be made perfectly tight, yet if they are equally
so, the result wiJ be equally compensated by the gain at
the other.
44 When it is designated to ascertain the weight of a
loaded boat, the chamber is first filled by the opening of
the paddle gate, after which the large gate is opened,
the boat is removed from the canal into the chamber,
and the gates close behind it. The depth of the water
in the chamber is then carefully ascertained by a metallic
rod, graduated into feet, tenths, and .undredths of a
foot, and the cubic contents of the water, with the boat
flouting in it, is at once obtained from a table construct-
ed for the purpose, and adapted to the graduations of
the rod.
44 Suppose the column of water in the lock in which
the boat is afloat, is 85 feet long, 15 wide, and 4 feet
deep; then by multiplying the length, width, and depth
of this column into each other, its contents in cubic
feet are obtained. Thus, 85 -f- 15 -f 4=5100 cubic feet
of water including what is called the flotation bulk of
the boat, or in other words, including the contents of
the volume of water displaced by the boat. The water
i9 then drawn off into the receptacle, and the boa set-
tles down upon timbers, so arranged as to yield to its
, hape, by which it is supported, without being strained
i
45
pi
{e
r
ft
x
£
CD
as
di
8 *
n
x
U
A
k
dr
}■
ii
a
lC
i
a
be
1
)IX
APPENDIX.
Locks.
1 the collection
cn cons rocted-,-%
it Syracuse, h
The following a
esting to those at,
are constructed u
receive any boa] t
a the same level p
y a puddle giur:
level below fie ac
oy a gate, the ctet
throug another {£
fhe gates are
leakage; and alike
ght, yet it they 8“
y compensated by: :
:o ascertain the v
first filled by the (
i the large gate -
ie canal into the-
it. The depth oft
ally ascertained bit
intis, and ondrWi
of the water, lil
ined from a table (*
apted to the end*
1(51
or injured. The quantity of water drawn from the lock
is then ascertained by the graduated rod. Suppose the
water in the receptacle measures 30 feet long, 25 feet
■wide, and 5 feet deep : these multiplied into each other
as before, will produce 3750 cubic feet. It is a princi-
ple in hydrostatics, that every body which floats in wa-
ter, displaces a volume of this fluid, precisely equal in
weight to the floating body. It appears from the above,
that the water, with the loaded boat floating in it, con-
tained 5100 cubic feet, and that the same water, drawn
off and measured separately, contained 3750 cubic feet,
which subtracted from the preceding, will give 1350
cubic feet of water displaced by the loaded boat. And
as a cubic foot of fresh water weighs 1000 ounc s avoir-
dupois, or 62 1-2 pounds, it follows that 1350+62 1-2=
84375 is the weight of the loaded boat. This is to be
reduced to tons, and the weight of the empty boat pre-
viously ascertained in the same manner, is to be deduc-
ted, and the remainder will be the weight of the* cargo.
After an empty boat has been once weighed, she is num-
bered. and her weight is registered at the several hy-
drostatic locks.”
CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES.
, - 1 The proper adjustment of claims for damages, fre-
quently n valves an intricate examination into titles,
and other questions of considerable difficulty. The fol-
lowing among others have occurred, to wit : whether
it is proper to pay to the mortgagor or mortgagee, W'here
they both claim the damages ; to whom the damages
shall be paid which have been awarded on premises sold
on execution, and the statutory period oi redemption
not elapsed ; whether a payment to a widow, of a natu-
ral guardian of her children, who are infant heirs, is
proper.”
The experience of two or three years is necessary to
ascertain the actual damage to lands through which the
canal passes. F rom the great variety of soils, different
effects are produced, and it is sometimes a great while
before the full amount of damages is perceived. In
other cases as in those of leaks, which in two or thro
02
16ii
APPENDIX
years become perfectly dry, little injury is sustained. - til
When necessary, buildings have been removed, and the ciia
expense of removal and repairing paid by the state. pit
Some of the claims are very extravagant, though urged ees
with much pertinacity. Extensive back drains have for
been made during the last season; and much of the land to.
injured by leakage reclaimed. Many appraisements fee
have been made, and many more arr under consideration, t»k«
most of which will be disposed of in two or three toa
montlis. | pan
oft
average passage of boats. n;
con
41 The number of boats which have passed on the ca- oi
nal, below the junction, has been equal to an average of
40 per day, through the season ; between the junction
and Utica, on the Erie canal, 24 per day; and between
Utica and Rochester, 16 per day, including packet boats,
of which 4 run daily. the
It is ascertained that a boat can be passed through a bef
lock in five minutes ; and that allowing for all contingen- par
cies, one can be passed every eight minutes during the
twenty-four hours, making 180 each day. the
By doubling the locks, twice this number, to wit ; 360
can be passed daily, without much inconvenience at the ^
locks or elsewhere on the canals, provided they could j| r
move in regular order : lor allowing them to move in ^
equal numbers each way, and at the rate of 2 1^2 miles y
an hour, a boat leaving a lock at the time another is en- Tfaj
tering, will advance 106 rods in eight minutes, and will ^
meet another boat at an average of half that, distance,
or every 53 rods. Boats, and the horses towing them, Tl $
might meet at this distance without any material inter-
ruption or inconvenience; so that another towing path, ^
if the bridges, aqueducts, and other artificial works, and i
the sliding banks and perpendicular rocky precipices ^
along the Mohawk admitted of its construction, would a i
be wholly unnecessary. Two boats cannot pass each aci
other upon any of the aqueducts ; and the canals being m
but 40 feet wide on the surface, and 28 at the bottom, ei
and the boats 14 feet wide, only two can pass each other ^
APPENDIX.
J is
^reia^^
n? piidbyt&j:
back (has-
; and inueW&j
Many appraise
arr* under coti*p
sd of in two * j
i of boats.
:hhave pas&iotn
en equal to as ire?
on; between the*
4 perday;ai&
iy,inclDiliE»[ac£>
can be passed &
Jlowwjkirailoe
si^bt minutes >icr.
each day.
tins number, ton .
iuch inconvesrai
nals, profiled
jiriig lien to:?
it the rate of I'M
t the time anocar
eight minute, is :
re of half that is
[he horse towaf>
tout any «!»-
at another to«f*
her artificial wk»
icular rocky p®
r iticonf tracts 1
boats cannot pe *
r and thecurahK
, and 2S at tie •
jrocuptf**^
m
on the canal : so that only one ascending and one descen-
ding line of boats could be used, even if two towing
paths were constructed. Besides, it will always be ne-
cessary to use one side of the canal as a place of deposit,
for articles to be transported, and where boats may lie
to load or unload. When those who navigate the canal
find t n**cessar} to stop, in order to feed their horses, to
take in or discharge parts of their cargo, to repair their
-boats, to procure provisions or water, or for any other
purpose whatever, they must fasten the boat to one side
or the other of the canal, so that it may be out ol the
wav of passing boats : and it is not perceived how this
could be done if there were a towing path on each side,
of the canal.”
A PARALLEL CANAL.
« The great press of business on the eastern section of
the Erie canal, particularly in the spring and fall, will
before long exclude packet boats from the use of this
part of the line, unless double locks are made the whole
distance, and even then, the immense crowd of boats at
these periods, will produce great inconvenience and de-
lay. There are some places on the eastern section, par-
ticularly at the Little Falls, and at Yankee Hill, where
it would be almost impossible to construct double locks ;
and in several others, the expense would be very great.
And it is presumed that the experience of two or three
years more, will satisfy the public, that it will be proper
to commence the construction of another canal parallel
with the eastern section. This canal might be connected
with the present one, at the east end of the long level,
between nine and ten miles east of Utica ; from thence it.
might cross over to the north bank ot the Mohawk, and
be continued down on the north side of the river to
Alexander's Bridge, at the upper aqueduct, nearly four
miles below Schenectady, where it might be carried
across the river and continued on the south bank to tide
water. The whole of this line has never been carefully
examined and levelled, but the general appearance ot
the country is nearly as favorable for a canal as on the
m APPENDIX.
opposite side of the river. And a canal on the north
aide of the river would, by its southern exposure, always
have the advantage of being navigable some days earlier
in the spring, and later in the fall, than on tire south
side; although that advantage may appear trifling at
present, it will shortly be of very great importance. It
is found by experience, that the middle and western sec-
tions of the canal are open eight or ten days earlier in the
spring than the eastern section. The natural conse-
quence of this will be, that the western boats, pressing
forward with a view' to reach the market as early as pos-
sible, and return with merchandize for the interior, will
accumulate on the eastern part of the middle section in
such numbers, as literally to cover the canal for miles in
extent ; and will be detained on this part of the line for
several days, until the warmth of the atmosphere shall
have dissolved the frosts in those parts of the canal to
the eastward, which are shaded from the sun by the high
banks that rise on the south side of the Mohawk. In the
fall also, there will be a very great and growing press of
business, which two canals would very much facilitate.
If the transportation on the eastern section could be
equalized throughout the season, and a double set of
locks constructed, another canal would probably not be
necessary within fifteen or twenty years : but the vast
accumulation of business on the canal, in the spring and
tall months, beyond what it is in the summer, will ren-
der it proper, and perhaps indispensable, to make a par-
rallei canal on this section within a very few vears from
this time.”
CALCULATIONS.
The calculations relative to the Canal Fund, our read-
ers may have seen in the Report of the Commissioners
of that fund. In the present report, however, it is stated
as probable, that at the end of ten years, after paying the
canal debt, the canal will produce a revenue of more than
& million and a half. It may be more, but can hardlv
be less.
a canal oi ^
?able someday.
^ than on ik #
na y appear tub,
y?reat import
middle andawfe.,
>r ten days euiiei
u The naturdi
■western boats, iq
market as eartfn
iizeiortheintarii
tofthemxileifc
w the canal tea.
>n this part of Ik 3
i of the atmosptai
i» parts of tka
l from the suntjfc
e of the Mohawi ;*
real and growing ?
ild my much ti
astern section ca
on, anda droHu
il would probiSj:
enty years: bats
i canal in the sis
q the summer, f
mble, tombi;
aaraytewyasi
ns.
e Canal Fund, or *
rtof tbeCona**
urt, however, iu*
\ years, after jij#
> a revenue of»*
more, but ®W
APPENDIX. 165
'• The revenue from tolls is hereafter destined to a ra-
pid increase.”
“The country within the influence of the Champlain
canal begins to feel the beneficial effects of this great im-
provement, and will rapidly augment its population,
wealth, and resources. The tolls on this canal, the past
year, exceed the interest of the amount of its cost, and
tho^e tolls will probably be tripled within ten years from
this time.”
u On the completion of the Erie canal a vast increase
of revenue will commence. The immense countiy con-
tiguous to the great western lakes, is now only in an in-
cipient state of improvement. The boundless forests
have hardly begun to recede before the march of human
industry.
“The poulation of the United States doubles in 25
years; although many of the old settled parts continue
to be nearly stationary". This rapid accession to our
numbers is principally created by emigration, by the es-
tablishment of towns, and villages, and cities, in the
wilderness: and, after the connexion of the canal with
lake Erie, no part of the earth can offer stronger invita-
tion to the enterprising emigrant, than the west. A
temperate climate, and an uninterrupted chain of water
communication to the ocean, on whit h may be convey-
ed the productions of distant countries, and of other
Climes, in return tor the surplus growth of a prolific soil,
are among its peculiar advantages. An immense tide
of population will set to the west, and after overspread-
ing the extensive borders of our inland seas, it will throw
back upon our great commercial emporium, up-
on our inland cities, a correspondent reflux of
wealth and prosperity. The western part of this state,
and the regions still farther west, whose supplies and sur-
plus productions will traverse the Erie canal, contain
at this time a population which cannot be estimated at
less than a million. This population, possessing such
peculiar advantages, b >th by nature and art, will proba-
bly double every ten years, for the next thirty years;
fo that those who witnessed the commencement of the
Erie canal, may, at the termination of their period, see
the productions and supplies of eight millions of their fel-
low citizens floating upon its waters ”
36b
APPENDIX.
* ‘ Of the amount of tolls collected upon the Erie canal, *
the past year, (nearly three hundred thousand dollars) \
more than nineteen twentieths of the whole has been op
paid by citizens of this state.” a k\
‘‘The regions west of Buffalo, have hardly begun to of 1
pay their contributions for the use of the canal. Could Mg!
it have been connected with lake Erie two years ago, tun*
so as to have navigated to the extent which a know- ie
ledge of its utility, and the wants of the great communi* Mt
ty within its influence, would have required, the above no
amount of tolls, as we believe, would have been increas- adl
ed to five hundred thousand dollars. And if there is port*
within the sphere of its operation a population of one 4k
million, whose annual contribution in tolls, on its com- “
pletion and full fruition, would be half a million of dol- on
lars, there is no reason to believe th t the augmentation ioe
of tolls w 11 not thereafter keep pace with the increase of cou
population. On this suppos tion, the Erie canal alone, ing
will, at the expiration of ten years, give a revenue of a eat
million of dollars.” 1 "
AMOUNT OF BU9INESS WHICH CAN BE DONE ON ''Hie
“ The annual period of navigation at present, is about
220 days ; but if the same changes of climate are pro-
duced in our own country (and those changes appear to
be rapidly progressing,) by the cutting down of the for- In
ests, as have been produced in France, Germany, Italy tat:
and other countries, by the same process, our annual sea- flu
sons of navigation will ultimately be extended to 250 or uwi
275 days. Indeed, should our climate assimilate to loll
that of the western parts of the contin nt of Europe, in foe
like paralels of latitude, the yearly period of navigating loll
the Erie canal, would be yet longer. , One
During the time that the cat als have been in use, the
boats navigating them have been gradually increased in
size ; and nearly all those which have been last built
are of the capacity of from 35 to 40 tons ; and it is prob- F
able that after a few years more, they will, in descend- aaj
ing to tide water, generally carry 40 tons.”
"Tn the calculation which we are about to submit, it
THE CANAL.
tb
ted
APPENDIX.
167
dred thousand
of the whole 1^
, have hardly hq*
>6 of the canal, fo
ike Erie two ra^
extent whithib
ts of the great e^
lave required for
would have hee^
dollars. And it’s,
ation a populate *
bution in tofb,oth
d be halt a A i.
eveth t the wae
p pace with the an
ion.the Erie use
years, give a irk
riCH CAS BE 5BZ
INAL.
igalion at pn&A
langes of cliMW
id those changes;
le cutting downs'
d France. G«*d
ie process, oa’Cfl'
elybe extended!!?
nr climate
e contin nt offtf
arly period of u*
mger.
alsbave been w»
>n gradually i3Cff»
ichhave been 1*5’
>40 tons: audlty
(hey will, ink-
y 40 tons." ,
are about to.^
is assumed, that only the eastern half of the canal is to
be supplied with such an amount of transportation, as if
equally distributed through the season, would require
the passage of a boat every eight minutes, through two sets
of locks, and on the western half of the canal, every
eight minutes through a single set of locks. But the
time will arrive within fifty years when the number of
the people of this state, who will use the canal, will form
but an inconsiderable fraction of the whole number,
whose property will float upon it ; and when the nine
tenths of the produce and merchandise which is trans-
ported upon the canal will pay toll, if it is then charge-
able, for the se of the whole length of the line.”
“ It is found that the produce which reaches the Hud
son by the canals, amounts to about five times as many
ions, as the merchar dise, Etc. which is sent into the
country; and by this ratio, the descending boats carry-
ing 40 tons each, will return with a cargo of 8 tons
each.”
il The above premises will give the following result:
The amount of produce that would reach 7bn*.
the Hudson in one season, would be 1,584,000
And of merchandise sent to the west, 316,800
1 ,900,800
The Eric canal being 362 miles long, a toll of 1 1-2
cents per ton, per mile, on produce, and 3 cents per ton,
per mile, on merchandise, would produce the following
amount:
Toll
and Champlain ca
Tth and West, oaikj
, in 1824,
tons, cit:
MWi
mi
1121 tj
«v
h
Totals. #
5SP0RTATI05.
East, to Troy ad i:
!StTroy,in 1824
tOLsa
3$:
1611 *
’allow.
1251
59401
1325 r
361891
14581
28 720
7628 i.
28924
578
24286
mi?
78066
1951 91
142-552
168838'
oco 3 '
I3f 1
1281
Jji-
6823
!0
i6y
M Staves,
2205
0615 0 0
0
M Shingles,
6315
947 6 20
Cubic feet Timber,
241091
4304 6 2
0
Feet Boards and Plank,
35256514
52884 15 0
0
Passing East, 128452 9 0 3
Passing North and West, 28984 2 3 17
Total East, North and West, 157446 11 3 20
The increasing use of the canals will be perceived by
the following statement:
In 1820, the tolls on 94 miles of the Erie
canal were, $5,437
In 1821, on 94 miles, 23,000
In 1822, on 116 miles, 57,160
In 1823, on 160 miles, 105,037
In 1824, on 280 miles, 294,546,
34
00
39
35
62
The debt which has been incurred in constructing the
canals, including what will be required to complete the
work and pay the damages, will at the close of the pre-
sent year, amount to about 7,700,000, which will be
chargeable with an annual interest of about 420,000. In
reference to the payment of the interest and the extin-
guishment of the principal of this debt, the following
calculation is submitted.
The income of the canal fund during the year 1826,
by a very moderate computation, maybe estimated as
follows :
From the duties on salt, $145,000
" steam-boat tax 5,000
duties on sales at auction, 200,000
“ canal tolls, 500,000
Total, 850,000
. Considering the probable amount of expenditures
‘".repairs, improvements and superintendence which
will be necessary in 1825, and in 1826, it maybe esti-
mated that, for these purposes, there will be required,
tor each year thereafter, tor nine years the sum of
t . $100,000
Add the interest one year, 420,000
V
520,000
170
APPENDIX.
Which deducted from the receipts of 1826,
leaves an excess of 330,000 j
This yearly excess will be augmented by the avails of
the canal fund, but principally from the increasing Oi
amount of tolls, at an average of $75,000 a year, for the
next 9 years; and will, at the end of that period, rate 0
the annual income to $1,525000.
RATES OF TOLL,
i
ON THE ERIE AND CHAMPLAIN CANALS. ,
^ r . Cents. Mills- '
On salt manufactured m this state, per toil,
per mile, 0 6 Oi
On gypsum, the product of this state, per ton,
per mile, 0 6
On brick, sand, lime, stone un wrought, clay, C
earth, leached ashes, manure and iron ore,
per ton, per mile, o 5 P
On household furniture per ton, per mile, 1 o
On timber, squared and round, per 100 so- Pa
lid feet, per mile, j 0
On boards, plank and scantling reduced to
inch measure, and all siding lath, and o- cb
ther sawed stuff less than one inch thick, !»
per M feet, per mile, if conveyed in boats, 1 0
The same, if transmitted in rafts, per mile, 2 0
On shingles, if conveyed in boats, per M,
pev mile, q 2
The same, if transported by rafts, 0 4
On split posts and rails for fencing, per M,
per mile, 4 o
The same if transported in rafts, 8 0
On wood for fuel, (except such as may be
used in the manufacture of salt, which
shall be exempt from toll,) one cent per *
cord, per mile, if in boats, 10 ^
The same in rafts, 2 0 n
On staves and heading, for pipes, per M, per \ ;
mile, 10
On do. for hogsheads, per M, per mile, 0 7
ts of 18*26,
nientedbythes*^
}y theiaote
f$io,000ayaf,^
ind of that pci^,
COLL,
UttUiS CASH;,
Cnfcl
italc, perloa,
ll
i state, per toa,
fi
imughuchkT,
stal iron ore,
on, per mile,
d, per 100 so-
g reduced to
l lath, and o-
ne inch thick,
;yed in boats, .
fa, per mile, 1
oats, perM,
ring, per M,
* b '
i as may be
ait, which
oecent per ^
i
( perM,per
mile.
APPENDIX. 171
On do for barrels, or other vessels of less
size, 0 ft
On all staves and heading, if transported
by rafts, twice the above rates,
On boats made and used chiefly for the
transportation of property, per mile, 2 0
On boats used chiefly lor the transportation
of persons, excepting those which pass on
the junction canai, per mile, 20 0
On boats ofthe above description, which pass
on the junction canal, and which are not
connected with the regular lines of boats
for the transportation of passengers on the
Erie or Champlain canals, per mile, 50 0
On all articles not enumerated, which are
passing towards tide water, per ton, per,
mile, 1 6
On all articles not enumerated, passing from
tide water, per ton, per mile, 3 0
Passengers in freight boats, estimated at 150
lbs. each, per ton, per mile, 1 5
Passengers under 12 years old, in freight boats,
to be estimated at 75 lbs ea
Ordered that hereafter the above Rates of loU be
charged and collected on the Erie, Champlain and junc-
tion Canals.
STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER,
SAMUEL YOUNG,
HENRY SEYMOUR,
WILLIAM C. BOUCK,
March 17, 1825.
Canals in Great Britain.
There are in Great Britain and Ireland 103 canals, of
which 97 belong to England, 5 to Scotland, and one to
Ireland. In this number none are included which are
not more than 5 miles long. The total extent of these
canals is 2682 1-4 miles ; of which 2471 are in England,
149 3-4 in Scotland, and 69 1-2 in Ireland. Thirty mil-
m
APPENDIX.
■
lions sterling is the value of the cost. The stock of some
of these rose in a few years to 10 or 20 times its original
value. These various canals present 48 subterranean
passages, 40 of which have an extent of about 32 English
miles. None of these works, important as they are,
were projected prior to 1755. The patriotic and en-
lightened zeal, of the Duke of Bridgewater, and the tal-
ents of Brindley, gave the first decisive impulse to their
improvemements in 1759. There is now scarcely a point
of importance in England, that has not a water commu-
nication with every other
s.
* orSOtnts^
taHofabon&i^
important as tfe ;
( patriotic jy.
re is now scart
•huDoUnti
The Route from Boston
fo
WINNIPISEOGEE LAKE
and the
WHITE MOUNTAINS in ./Veto Hampshire.
Too much cannot be said to the traveller in favour of
this delightful region, if he 'ea man of taste, as all that
he especially loves in the varying face of nature is here
presented to view, by a country abounding with the
most sublime and interesting objects and scenes to be
found in the whole circuit of New England, scenes
which, while present to the eye, communicate the high-
est pleasure, and at parting leave a deep and permanent
impression on the mind which can never be forgotten.
It is the object of this book to point out the most agree-
able routes, and to make known channels of communi-
cation, which although every one is not apprised ot
them, may be found convenient and valuable; calculat-
ed to favour the pursuits of taste, and to gratify the
wishes of those who would meet at our great fashionable
watering places, whether in search of health or recrea-
tion or friends, among the gay crowds which annually
assemble there.
It is not within the plan of this first edition of ** The
Northern Traveller” to admit anything more than a
hasty sketch of places far removed from the principal
routes mentoned in the title-page. It is intended, how-
ever, at a future time, to make large additions to the
work, and to give a particular account of this part of
the country, which has been, not unappropriately,
named the Switzerland of the United States, by em-
bracing the journey up the Merrimack, as well as the
tour of Winnipiseogee Lake, the White Hills, &c. Ihe
following hints concerning the routes may be tound of
«ome advantage ; and the descriptions of the principal
P2
174
APPENDIX
objects seen from the Red Hill and Mount Washington
will be read with interest.
Stage Coaches run to Concord from Boston, ag well
as Portsmouth, and others from that place in various
other directions.
CONCORD, N. H.
Inns . — There are several good inns in this town, but
the principal and best arc the great stage houses nearly
opposite each other, and just south of the State House.
Concord is a flourishing place and the capital of New
Hampshire. If the traveller is going towards the White
Mountains, it is the only large town he will see for some
days. It stands principally on a single street, which is
of considerable length and convenient breadth, lined
with many large and respectable buildings, and running
parallel with the Merimack, which is at a short distance
on the east.
A direct water communication is kept up between this
river and Boston through the Middlesex canal, by means
of boats, which carry merchandize down for $5 a ton.
and bring it up for $ 7 .
QUARRY.
There is a large quarry of granite near Concord, which
affords stone almost as white as marble, probably the
finest building stone in the United States. If the stran-
ger has arrived at Concord from the north, he w’jll have
seen enough of the quality of the rocks to prevent him
from being surprised at the occurrence of so valuable a
quarry as that near the town, as he must have observed
the abundance of fine granite scattered over the country
in large boulders, or rolled rocks, and noticed the im-
portant uses to which it is applied. They may be tra-
ced along the road all the way from this place to the
neighbourhood of Connecticut river; and although the
stones differ in their texture from the finest grain to those
which contain chrystals of feldspar three or four inches
in length, they all resemble each other in the freedom
and justness of their fracture.
APPENDIX.
Ho
l
ind Mount Wi^
d from Boston i
m ^at place istt-
N. H.
od inns in this tor.
;rcat stage hoostn
mh of the Staiefi*
ce and the rapie s.
b going towards^*
i town be will wk,
>n a single street, r.
convenient brtfuia.
ble buildings, di
^rhicbbat asboitat
lion is kept up bet*
Middlesex canal,
mdize down for
IY.
anile near Coacoftt
as marble, probe -
y States. Iftkt
m the north, kri:
the rocks top^ra
;nrrence of sonff
is he must hare car
catteridovertheK
cks, and noticed
ilied. Tbeywj * 1
•from this
river; aodaittof
n the finest grain " :
;par three or for 4 '
i other in ^
U is not for a hasty traveller to intermeddle with con-
jectures; but it will doubtless lead to the discovery of ma-
ny interesting facts, when this tract of country is examin-
ed at leisure by men of science and research, and these
immense and numerous rocks traced back to the moun-
tains and peaks from which they have been formerly tom
away by some tremendous exertion of nature.
The quarry is two miles noith of Concord, A single
mass of rock occupied the workmen for several months
during the season of 1824.
The State House
occupies a conspicuous situation near the middle of the
town a little removed from the street, and surrounded
by a handsome stone wall enclosing an area. It is built
of hewn granite from the quarry, and is a neat edifice,
100 feet long, with a large hall on the first floor, and on
the second the Senate and Representatives' Cham! ers,
with the committee rooms, state offices, toe. toe. The
view from the top is extensive, but embraces a tract ot
country too little cultivated to be rich and too unvaried
to be picturesqe. At the northward are seen two or
three distinct peaks, which may serve as an earnest of the
magnificent scenery to be furnished to the traveller in
that direction.
The State Prison
is built at a short distance from the State House, and
bears a still greater appearance of solidity and strength.
There is an Academy of some consequence in Con-
cord, with several churches. No less than four news
papers are printed here, and gazettes from distant places
may be found at the inns. Farmer & Moore s Gazet-
teer of New Hampshire is the best companion for a trav-
eller in this state.
Roads.
Several lines of stage-coachess meet in this town three
times a week. Three go to Boston. one to Portsmouth,
APPENDIX.
H6
J
one to Plymouth, one to Haverhill, and one to Burling-
ton by the way of Windsor. Another line will probably
be established between this place and Conway, on the
road to the Notch in the Mountains , whence it is intended
to send another by the Notch to Bath on Connecticut
river.
There is a road on each side of the Lake towards
Conway, but that on the west is recommended — At all
event the traveller should spend a day at Center Har-
bour.
For some miles before reaching this place, the country
begins to assume the features of bold and mountain see-
nery. Even before arriving at the lake, the prospect is
varied with many of those noble elevations which rise to
such a height of grandeur and sublimity as the traveller
proceeds ; and the frequent glimpses afforded between
the sloping hills, over the beautiful lake below, by a hap-
py contrast encrease the effect. The number and diver-
sity of the islands with which the lake is spangled, will
be objects of particular admiration. They are countless
for multitude, and in size present all the gradations be-
tween a single rock, and a surface sufficient for several
extensive farms.
At CENTRE HARBOUR
There are two inns, at either of which the traveller may
lind himself comfortable, and where he will be amply re-
warded, if the weather be fine, by stopping at least a day
to make an excursion to the top of
RED MOUNTAIN.
this eminence may be about 1500 feet in height, and
is accessible for about two thirds of the way in a car-
nage or on horseback, though not without some difficul-
ty, on account of the steepness and roughness of the
road. Indeed the path is very rocky for half a mile or
more before reaching the base of the mountain, and the
hardy pedestrian will prefer to leave his horse at the
mam road, before turning off by the mill. The travel-
er should direct his course towards a little notch he will
■
&
fir
ill
I * 1
in
mi
be
V
• ac
nc
tb
ft
F.
IE
Til
r>
A
ft
fill
ni
ill
hi
V
ib
la
a
ft
&
r.
i
t
APPENDIX.
177
ide of the UK
is recommend
end a day at C«?'i
in? this place, h*
of bold and mo^v
at the lake, the p
)ble ekriti(*T |&5
d sublimity a theta
glimpses aWij
utiful lake below, ki
it. The numberaj
h the lake ii 5paj>
iration. Tneya?i«
resent all the *n*
trrfece safeto
see about three quarters of the distance up, where a cul-
tivated field and a fence are visible. F rom the house
situated there, he must turn towards the left, and follow u
path to the sumn^t.
An early visit is recommended, as the scene is much
improved by an oblique light, and the morning is on seve-
ral accounts to be preferred.
The following sketch of the scene was notedjlown on
he spot, and may be taken as generally correct.
View erom Red MoqsTAiff.
Worthy the eastern end of Squam Lake, and part of a
pond lying near it, with the range of the Sandwich
mountains behind, stretching off towards the east, with
numerous dark brown peaks, partly cultivated about
their bases, and enveloped above with forests, excepting
their summits, which are generally divested of vedure.
Far beyond these appear several loftier peaks, which
might be mistaken for the White Mountains, were they
visible from this point. An intermediate peak with
rocky precipices may be White-faced Mountain,
HARBOUR
•of which the tai
wherehe wiDbeaf
>, by stopping
jp of
NT AIN.
it 1500 feet iflfe
irds of the my ii‘
not without fOK»
ess and roqjiw 1
-rocky i<* hah D
of the Mounts**
o leave iiishos*
v the mill, ft*
3rd: a little Dflfeh
East North East,
t
The eye ranges up the spacious valley through which
lies the way to the White Mountains ; and the road
which is to conduct the traveller seems diminished to the
dimensions of a garden walk. Chocaway , or as it is fa-
miliarly called Corroway Peaky rises on the left ; while
the noble ridge of the O&sipee Mountains begins nearer at
hand on the right, and almost over-shadows the observer
with its enormous size. The sides of these mountains
show a beautiful display of farms, interspersed with wood
lots and dwellings, which in many places have encroach-
ed far up towards the summits, and in others pursue the
slope of the fertile uplands to the valley at their feet.
Numerous elevations appear at a greater distance, and
range themselves in lines to complete the perspective ot
a most magnificent vista, which finally closes at a ridge,
whose shade is reduced by its remoteness to the colour of
cloud. A prominent and remarkable mountain which a
1 7M
appenbixA
appeal's scarcely less distant, is called Pickwaket Moun-
tain, and rises by the Saco River, near the place where
Captain Lovell fought his well known battle with the
Indians ; and the fine valley between, is the country
passed over in that fatal expedition, both in the approach
and the retreat.
East.
The view abuts upon the Ossipee mountains, and no
variety is afforded till we turn to the
South South East, • ? -
In that direction, and farther to the right, the whole
surface of Winnipiseogee Lake lies charmingly spread out
to view, varied by numerous points and headlands,
and interspersed with beautiful islands which man de-
spairs to number. Several distant elevations appear, on
this side of which the sloping land just mentioned extends
for several miles along the shore, with a well cultivated
surface spotted in all directions with large barns and farm-
houses, to the very margin of the lake. There numerous
points run out far into the water, to complete the laby-
rinths formed by the islands. Gunstock mountain rises
one point East of South, just on the left of which opens
the entrance to Merry-meeting Bay. The elevated is-
lands on the right of that is Rattlesnake Island, named
Irorn the venomous reptiles with which it abounds; over
Ihis the distant land appears high. South bv West
rises a high hill resembling the Ossipee in the richness of
its slopes.
1 he South Jt' est and, West is agreeably varied with
wood lots and cleared fields, scattered over an undulated
surface, which extends for many miles, in some places
quite to the horizon, and in others to the broken bounda-
ry ot tall but distant mountains. In the South West ap-
pear two or three peaks, so far removed that they are al-
most lost m the blue of the sky. Nearly West are seen
several ridges of inferior magnitude, which approaching
as the eye slowly moves towards the left, at length come
near the lake, and disappear behind the neighbouring
mountains.
*
1 t
ST
jit
\
Ht
7*
i!tt
*1
1*
Ti
*
si
•tE
lie
U
to
to
Tb
w
k
30
CC
la
P
J 1
b
APPENDIX.
179
ftcbfei
ir ' ^ the 4 . w
li known batiif^
ier to the n$t,fc»
ke liescharmi^tTgfi
“ous points ud la:
itiful i-lanii wiikta
distant ekvatitoj b
^adjustments:
shore, with a weir
k with large buns n
: the lake. Ikes:
rater, tocomptew.
>. Gunstccki-w
it on the left of vie:'
(ting Bay. Theaern
s Rattlesnake Isati
nth which itatas
its high. Sooth b
leOssipeeinthesf
Long Pond may be distinguished by its shining surface
between the West and South, with several other little
sheets of water which lie in tranquility among the shelter
of the hills.
Winnipiseogee Lake is 19 miles in length, from Center
Harbour to Alton, at the south eastern extremity. Mer-
ry-meeting Bay lies beyond. Several of the islands arc
large and contain good farms and wealthy inhabitants,
although only two or three of them belong to any town,
or pay any taxes. Some of their names are Rattlesnake,
Cow, Bear, and Moon Island ; also Half-mile, One mile,
Two mile island, &c. Sic. None of them contain chur-
ches ; and although they have no school-houses, yet suffix
cient attention is paid to the rudiments of education, to
render the children intelligent.
SauAM Lake
lies West from Red Mountain; and like Winnipiseogee
Lake abounds not only in islands but in fish of the finest
vlescriptions. Fine trout are caught here in great abun-
dance, and of a size superior to those of the other lake.
The trout of Winnipiseogee Lake vary from one to four
pounds in weight, while those of Squam Lake are between
four and ten. They are sometimes caught of nearly
double that size; but that is very uncommon. The
trout fishery is chiefly carried on during the winter, when
great quantities are salted for the Boston Market. Perch
also abound very much in these waters, and are remarka-
bly fine.
I is agreeably net •
scattered o?er ta a*
Qanv mile, in s® *
heretotliekka'T
js. folk So#
r removed ihat #
nr. Nearly We^ r "
jtode, which
ds the left all#
behind the n#
Geolog y.
The sides of Red Mountain are covered with half de-
composed granite. (On the South Eastern side of the
lake a bed of porcelain clay has been dicovercd, which is
probably derived from a similar source.) The granite is
speckled with hornblende and black mica. No rocks to
be seen in Situ except near the summit, where they bear
a gentle dip towards the North, and are slightly tinged
with reddish quartz and feldspar.
180
APPENDIX.
"7
*
The hue of the shrubbery in autumn has given the
mountain its name. The summit is strewed with loose
lragments, and musquetoes and black flits often abound
there.
A few days may be spent at centre Harbour very a-
greeably, in making shooting aud fishing excursions in
the neighbourhood, or in sailing upon the Lake, which
abounds m the most interesting variety of scenes. On
P lace by water, at the distance of five miles
the White Mountains rise into view above the interme-
diate peaks, and continue in sight quite across the Lake.
A few deer are still found in some places in the neigh-
bourhood, but being protected by law, and stiU roor/bv
their scarcity, are very rarely taken. 1
. Centre Harbour to Conway, 18 miles. Stop at
Abbett s, which is a good private inn.
The journey from Centre Harbour to Conway is over
a fine but thinly populated country. At that place the
range of the White Mountains opens to view in the most
magnificent manner.
r o a d /rom Conway to the mountains
leads direetty to Bartlett; hut the raosttravelledas well
as the most agreeable route is hy the way of Fryebnrcr
where will be seen the beautiful tract of level country
hrough winch meanders the Saco river, and the great
Picktvaket Mountain which rises from its border,
that was the favourite residence of the once powerful
nation of Pickwaket Indians, and on the bank of
’ W89 fo , ugI,t a blood y battle between
hem and a company of troops from Macbachusetts, in
the year 1725, just a century ago.
it ?,',T , . gh Fr yebtirg passes the Portland mail road.
Bartlett is a comfortable villagesituated in a rich valley,
: L“‘l r ^’ ( v Where the . view ' 3 bounded on every side bv
IV Judi Hall rn °p nta,ns- The inn of the place is kept
b^. d “ d " p H . a *l; Pursuing still the course of the narrow
^ nJ’lTi". r® T'T nt of the Saco, the country is
found destitute of inhabitants, excepting only three or
tour poor families, tmtil arrivins at f 6 ’
“»>« HirW
ltd fishiinnin-
'g upootbeUt^
s variety of ^
w distance «( ^
^ view aboTe tin ^
j *®® e places iife,
* b J h»» aalstSfe
taken.
Coftiffljf. ISmiU ^
'ate inn.
iarbcur toCowy.-
»®>try. At that L*
MopenstoYifTnu;
'omj to (he ft
t the most travel -
is by the wayotfa
tiful tract oflere*
i Saco river, ani?;
h rises from it *
eoceof the oecor
k, and oo the k
a Woody battled
is from Macback
i$o.
the Portland fit i
^situated in a rid a
bounded on ev«Tf:
ie inn of the pbait
the course of tier
'the Saco, the cccr
excepting only !* 1
iff at
APPENDIX.
Crawford’s Farm,
l$i
Seven and a half miles south of the Notch. Here the.
traveller will be cheerfully and comfortably entertained,
although the bouse does not wear the sign of un inn.
This is the place from which visitors formerly began their
excursions to the summit of the mountains -. but the best
place is at Ethan A. Crawford?* farm, 12 miles beyond.
v Prospect Mountain, one of the five principal peaks,
presents itself to view a little before arriving atthefirst
Crawford’s, with its smooth rounded summit of brown
moss, rising several hundred feet ubo . v ® tb ®
vegetation, and offering an aspect which distingm. he-
these from the other elevations.
The Notch House
is situated in a secluded little valley, about 5 miles north
of Crawford’s, and is the only building seen m a distance
of 12 miles. It is however never inhabited during the
summer season, though open with 'tscheerlessshelter to.
all comers : in the winter a family occupies itoWff
fire lodgings and a little food prepared for the
lcrs and waggoners, who might otherwise perish for
%vant of the necessaries of life. • , .
The road rises with a stcen ascentfor a cons^emWe
distance before it reaches the Notch, and the traveller
observes two cataracts, one pouring down a preeipdomt
mountain, at a distance on the west side of the valley,
and the other, which is called
v The Flume,
rushing down on the right hand, and crossing the road
under a bridge. The scenery is sublime and impressive
beyond description.
The Notch
is so narrow as to allow only room enough fox ‘the Jgth
and the Saco, which is here a merebrook only four fee
: n breadth Two rocks stand at the side? of tin^ w-
APPENDIX.
18 -
rnarkable passage, one 12 and the other about 20 feet in
perpendicular height. A little meadow opens beyond,
aud after a ride of 4 1-2 miles, the traveller reaches a
comfortable house, just completed by Mr. E. A. Craw-
ford, where he will be received and entertained. The
next house is Roscbrook’s, t> miles beyond.
Crawford’s House
is the place where those who meditate the ascent of
Mount Washington, will stop for a day or more. The
master of the house will act as a guide, and is welt
qualified for the office, both by his intimate acquaint-
ance with the way, and the various kind attentions and
amusing anecdotes with which he knows how to re-
lieve the tediousness of the ascent. The best arrange-
ment is to set out in the afternoon, spend the night at the
weekwam or u Camp,” ascend the mountain early in the
morning to have the benefit of the view by sun-rise,
and return to Crawford’s before the ensuing evening.
The ascent of the mountain was formerly a most ar-
duous undertaking, and was very rarely performed,
though three ladies are enumerated among those who
gained the summit before the present facilities were af-
forded. The whole way lies through a perfect forest.
A loot-path lias been made by Mr. Crawford, which
however is impassable for a horse. The first seven miles
are over a surface comparatively level ; but the last two
miles and a quarter are up an ascent not differing much
from an angle of forty-five degrees. The streams of the
Ammonoosuc river, which are to be crossed seven times
add not n little to the inconveniences of the journey ;
but a comfortable bed, and a fire, (if the weather be
chill,) will be found very welcome at
The Camp,
0 3-4 miles from Crawford’s. Here provisions of differ-
ent kinds will be produced, and even cooked by a cheer-
ful lire, and if the travellers are sportsmen, andthe sea*
son is favourable, a dish of fine trout may soon be oh
X.
AVFENDrX.
other
Madow
the traveller inj
cteil by Mr. Ur.
d and entertain
dies beyoni
House
J meditate Ibegv
• fora day o? em.'
-t as a ^rdf. «!»
by hi? intinutf am
various kiaditteak?
icb he knows In?
ascent. The ter*
icon, spend the niff!
ndthemouRtaiierr
H of the view by &
ore the ensuing wa
in was knew m
as rery rarely pa.
merated amorist
e present fecit**
! throng a peris?
by Mr. Crawfcjr
rorse. Ibefat*#
reivlerel; buttkeit
B.i'Cent Dotfet
jrees. Tbeslr&i
itobecrossEdsemi
iveaiences ol fees-
i fire, (if the w»
roineat
IMP,
Hereprova^-
iCTCBcoflkeilbu-
re sportsmen,^''
e trout may scv--
m
Uiuf J from the romantic little stream which dashes by
within twenty yards of the encampment.
The ascent of Mount Washington begins just at hand,
and the most arduous exertion will be necessary to at-
tain the summit, which seems to fly before the strangci
when he deems it just attained, and to look down m de-
rision from a new amt more hopeless height. The hut
part of the way is through a thick forest ot heavy timbei ,
wliich is suddenly succeeded by a girdle of dwarf and
knarled fir-trees, which ending as suddenly as they began,
wive place to a kind of short bushes, and dually a thin
bed of moss, not half sufficient to conceal the immense
o-rauitc rocks which deform the surface. A lew stragglm,
spiders and several species of little flowering plants are.
the only objects that attract the attention under the
feet.
VIEW FROM TIIE SUMMIT.
In n clear atmosphere the view is sublime and almost
boundless. The finest part of it lies towards the «o»/A-
F.asl and South. Looking down the valley through
which the road has conducted us, a fine succe ^" " t
mountainous summits appears for many miles below,
while the bright surface of Winmpiseogee Lake, spread
out like a clear mirror,presents a charming object in the
distance, with its variegated shores an.l placid bosom.
Towards the south east also, the eye ranges over an
extent of surface which quite bewilders the mind.
Mountains, hills and vallics, farm-houses, villages and
towns, add their variety to the natural feature °' th,!
country ; and the ocean may be discovered at the hori-
zon with the help of a telescope, although the sharpest
-Hit perhaps has never been able to distinguish it wit -
o5t such assistance. In that direction Ues i ortland, the
' 'or^tlie north east is seen the valley of the Andnscog-
"■in river, which abounds in wild and romantic scenery,
and was the usual passage by which the Indians, »> then
hostUe incursions fVom Canada, used to approach the
— -
J34 APPENDIX,
eastern frontier settlements of Massachusetts and New-
Hampshire.
JVor/A, the country is more wild and uncultivated:
and
TVest, the nearer view is over a mountainous region
covered with a thick forest, through which only an oc-
casional opening is perceived, formed by the farms (or
clearings) of the hardy inhabitants. Beyond, the hills
are seen to rise from the opposite shore of Connecticut
ri ver, the surface of which is every where hidden from
view, and the summits rising higher and higher, termi-
nate in the ridges of the Green Mountains in Vermont.
Geology.
Loose fragments of granite are every where scattered
over the mountain, with some specimens of gneiss. The
granite is generally grey, and at first fine grained, but
grows coarser as we ascend and is occasionally sprin-
kled with small garnets. At the summit it frequently
contains a little black tourmaline, sometimes in cros-
sing crystals. On the summit also some of the granite is
tiuged with red, although much of it is coloured bright
green by lichens, dampened by the humidity of the clouds,
and interspersed with thick and soft grey moss. The
grain of the coarse granite is elongated; and what
strikes the visitor as very singular, is, that not a single
rock is to be found in its original place — every thin*
bears the mark of removal ; and this taken into view
with the precipice on the northern side seems to indicate,
that the summit of the mountain has fallen down and
disappeared.—
The best road west leads through Bethlehem to Bath.
X.
Mountain*
‘rou-h whkhc^ TE
iormedby tbeks
tant*. Beyccd, J.
>site shore of C«l^
wry where to^'.
higher and hi^, ^
& Mountains b¥q
&•
are every where a?
e specimens of *ift.
od at fint fine grazt
land is occasion.’;
tthe summit ittsr
maiine, sometime;:
also some of the r.
uch of it is colour*-.
' the humidity oft * i
and soft grey w
> is elongated; at*
pifer,is, that Ml it
rhinal place— err :
md this taken n2’
era side seems to k
ain has fallen k;
rough Belhtot:-
LIST OF
CANALS, ROADS, &C.
proposed since this work was put. to press, in those parts
of the country to which itreters.
CONEWANC.O CANAL-
At a meeting held at Conctvango on the 8th of Feb-
'’“Sced 3 That a anion of the waters of the Erie ca-
Jra f and rt.e waters of the Allegany River would be
highly advantageous to the state, and that no route pre-
sells fewer obstacles or greater facilities for canall.ng
than that from Buffalo to the Conewango
Resolved, That James M'Glashan, George A- *• Croat,
Thomas t' Palmer, JSathan i>la ar, Henry Day,
Znd cZiy, and Lew'is Ho, brook, be a committee o
correspond with other similar commit ees and to
take such other measures as may be by them deemen
advisuble for the accomplishment of the cnterprize.
CaTSKILL AND SCHOHARIE CaNAI..
At a meeting of the inhabitants of the town of Cat-
shill held at the Court House, on Monday o' Piling, •
21st day of February 1825, for the purpose ol takin
into consideration the propriety ot applying to ttae-
e Mature for an act, incorporating a company, w ith sut
St lanital to construct a Canal from the village of
CatskiU atong the valley of the CatskiU Creek, to its
head waters m the town of Middleburgh, in the county
of Scholiarrie ; and from thence the most eligible ro ito
to the Erie Canal —
Q2
I
APPENDIX.
„ Resolved, That an application be made to the Iegi*>.
Jafure for an act incorporating a committee for the pui-
poses herein mentioned, and that a memorial be drawn
np and circulated, to bring the subject before the Wp.
ature.
Buffalo and Glean Canal.
V plan was formed at Buffalo fora canal to the Olean.
Battenkill Canal.
. ' r tV n }^ nis of ^Chester, Vt. held a meeting on
the 9th April for the purpose of concerting measures for
opening a canal from the head waters of the Battenkill
whmh takes its rise in the town of Dorset, (north of
Manchester) to extend through Jackson, Washington
county, to Lansingburgh and Troy. The meeting ap-
pointed a committee to meet and confer with another
committee of the town of White Creek, Washington
county, on the 15th ult. The Manchester meetin-
was adjourned to the 22d. n
O.s-taeio and Erie Canal in Canada.
, H ° U f °f Assembly of Upper Canada have re-
Folved tosubscr.be 100,000 dollars towards making a
Canal from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.
Seventeen new Canal Routes
v!.^ W T V °^\ 0f ' vhich thc surveyes were authorised
bv the Legislature in 1 S 25 .
i t0 t * JR Chemung river, at or near
. °L N ® w .,y own ; ,I ' onl Syracuse in Onondago
7^’ 1° f Watso11 >n the county of Courtland,
and also from Chenango Point up the valley of the Chc-
nango nver, through the town of Norwich to thc Eric
Jr „ ’ ,.°™ Susquehannah river up the valley of
the Unadilla to the Er.e Canal ; from the Cayuga lake
to the Susquebannah rim, at or near the village of Os-
APPENDIX.
' 1ST
l
)n be made io
1 committee
al a memorial^
su V«b f fo^ : ,;
W CiSAL
> fora canal toliex
ClSAL.
>^ r i Vt. beldam^
of concerting
d waters of the
own of Dorset, fa
ogb Jackson, %
iTroy. The ner-
: and confer witi*
Wnte Creek. Wise
The Manchester ^
Jim 15 Cum
l Upper Canadi h
dollars towards e
; e Ontario.
aml Routes
urveyes were ate
•hemung river, t
Lake Ontario.
Chickopee Canal.
A meeting has been held in Boston on the subject ot
forming a canal from the the Chickopee river to some-
where in the vicinity of Boston, in order to connect the
Waters of the Connecticut with that harbour.
Canal between the Connecticut and Merrimac.
Another plan has been formed for the same object as
that last mentioned, but connected with a different tract
of country. It proposes to connect the Connecticut
with the Merrimac in New Hampshire, by a canal of
25 miles through Plymouth ; or by a canal of 12 miles
from Baker’s river a branch of the Merrimac, to the
Connecticut at Wentworth.
. V
The bill for a Canal between Cayuga Lake and Sent •
ca, River has passed the New York Legislature.
Improvement of the Navigation of
Connecticut River.
At a meeting held at Windsor by 215 delegates from
Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connec-
ticut, resolutions were adopted calculated to form and
carry into effect a plan to combine the interests of all
the canals and improvements through the valley of the
Connecticut, and to invest the property of all in a single
corporation, or corporations, to be established under the
authority of the several States, upon such principles as
shall secure the greatest benefit to the public, and a fair
remuneration to those concerned. Acommittee was ap-
pointed to aid such corporation or corporations as may
he organized, in procuring such rights and property as
may be advantageously combined in the proposed sys-
tem of improvement. Another committee was appoin-
ted to digest a plan of operations and to apply to the
Legislatures for charters, and grants of the necessary
power and privileges. A memorial to Congress was
also voted praying for aid in a system of improved navi-
gation through the valley of the Connecticut, to Lake
Memphremagog. Sundry resolutions were adopted,
stating the views of the convention ; and other commit-
tees, besides those above mentioned, were appointed,
for the purpose of carrying those views into execution.
Oswego River.
The New York Legislature have authorized the im-
provement of the navigation of Oswego River.
THE NEW YORK STATE ROAD.
A project for the construction of a great road through
the southern counties of New York, from the Hudson
river to Lake Eric, was submitted to a committee of
APPENDIX.
m
lort Legislate
& toww«
t River.
sor by 215 dele^ *
lassachiK^tts
calculated to fen
firabinc the inters-
property of aUb
>,tobe establi^hcdigr
ates, upon suchpre?
Befit to the public, a
terned. Acommite?
ition orcorporatixi:
; such rights and p
mbined in the ju^
other committee it :-
ratioas and toape :
md grants of thee?
memorial to fas
i a system of imp.'
of the Connector
resolutions were c
mention; andotka
mentioned, were 5*
those views into©
River.
re have authoriiti:
i of Oswego Bivef-
; STATE ROAD,
jonofapati^jj
tv York, fro® to-
nified to * v0t-
ihe House of Representatives at Albany, and from their
report the following extracts are selected for thu
work.
It is believed, that at least 50 tons a day, on an average,
are now transported into the interior, in the direction ol
the contemplated road, from a . single point on the Hud-
son river. And in the event of the completion ot this
road, it is calculated that this amount would be increas-
ed to 100 tons The price of transportation is, at least
20 cents a mile per ton, 60 dollars per ton for the whole
distance of the contemplated road. Allowing, however,
only 25 tons as the daily transportation each way, on
the ent re route of the road, and it produces the enor-
mous sum of 1,000,000 a year, for the single item ot
transportation. If an easy and safe sta e road was con-
constructed, free of tolls, it is estimated that the price
of transportation would be reduced at least 50 per cent;
thus showing a saving of $500,000 in the expenses ot
trasportation in a single year.
In his section of the state, to the distance ot nearly
one hundred miles fr«m the Hudson river, salt, Iron,
lime and gypsum, articles cumbrous and of the first ne-
cessity, are transported by land, to supply the wants ot
the interior country ; and added to the other domestic
products, lumber and ashes, (within this distance,) form
important items in the return lading. r x
From a careful and deliberate review of all the facts
and considerations, connected with this subject, the
committee are decidedly ot opinion, that the strongest
motives of policy, as well as of justice combine to re-
commend the proposed measure of constructing a state
road from the Hudson river to Lake Erie, to the favora-
ble consideration of the legislature.
The whole expense (a distance of about 300 miles,)
estimated a $500,000. The interest upon this sum
at 5 per cent, would be $ 5,000 per annum. The road
at a reasonable rate of toll, it is supposed might be
kept in good repair, and yield to the state an annual
revenue of 2 1-2 per cent, upon its cost. This would
leave a balance of 2 1-2 per cent, or $12,500 of the in-
terest annually to be provided for; together with trie
gradual extinguishment of the principal
iyo
APPENDIX.
To meet and provide for this, the committee would
propose an increase of the duty on sales at auction, of 1-2
per cent, which would yield an additional revenue of
about $75,000 per annum applicable to the purposes of
constructing the Great State Road,
This «um would, in the course of only 8 years, not only
pay the interest but extinguish the principal of the ne-
cessary loans for this purpose.
[The survey of this road has been authorized by the
vegfalatare*}
‘•the connitw
onsalpsataBctioj?
® additional
icahle to the rar.v
^oad. 1 W
* ofonlySycart.Bfr
1 foe prki^itjj.
STEAM-BOATS.
ARRANGEMENTS PUBLISHED IN APRIL tfiSU
From Albany \
For New- York, calling at the
intermediate placet* price #4.
DAILY.
" Old Line.” Large boats.
James Kent, (fast sailer.
Chancellor Livingston, and
Richmond.
One of these boats goes
every morning at 10 o’clock.
Olfice, corner of South-
Market and Lydius-streets.
( Prices proportional for
intermediate distances.)
From New- York
For Albany , calling at the
intermediate places, price $4.
DAILY.
“Old Line.”
James Kent,
Chancellor Livingston, and
Richmond.
One of these boats goes
every day except Sundays
at 5 P. M. and on Sunday s
at 10 A. M.
(Prices for intermediate
places in proportion to dist.
The boats belonging to thi3 Company are now in ex-
cellent order ; they all have copper boilers, and engines
on the low pressure system, and in order that travellers
may have perfect confidence in their safety, the captains
and engineers have positive instructions not to carry-
higher steam than they have always done heretofore.
Henry Eckford,
Small boat, high pressure,
and very fast. She carries
freight in connection with
the Canal Transportation,
and takes passengers at $3.
Goes Monday, Wednes-
day and Friday, at 7 o’clock
in the morning, and arrives
about OF M.
Henry Eckford.
Small boat, high pressure,
and very fast. Price $3.
Goes Tuesday, Thursday,
and Saturday, at 7 o'clock in
the morning, and reaches
Albany about 9 P. M.
Goes from the foot of Hec-
tor-street, North River.
Freight and passengers.
APPENDIX
192
From New- York.
To Troy, Daily, calling at
the intermediate places.
Chief Justice Marshall
Constellation, and
Constitution, large boats.
Go from the foot of Liber-
ty-street, North River.
From Troy,
For Nbw-York, Daily,
calling at the intermediate
places.
Chief Justice Marshall,/atf:
Constellation, and
Constitution, large boats.
RHODE ISLAND STEAM-BOAT LINE.
The Fulton, Captain Robert S. Bunker, will depart
for Providence on Wednesdays, at three o’clock, P. M.
and the Connecticut, Capt. Comstock, on Saturdays at
3 P. M.
From Providence.
The Connecticut will be despatched every Wednesday
at 3 o’clock, P. M. and the Fulton every Saturday, at the
same hour Coaches run in connection.
[Now a boat leaves >ew-York every Tuesday, Thurs-
day and Saturday at 3 o’clock, P. M. and one from
Providence on the same days and at the same hour.]
NEW-YORK AND BOSTON STEAM-BOAT LINE
via New London .
The new Steam Boat NEW-LONDON, goes to Neu-
London and Norwich every Tuesday and Saturday at 4
o’clock P. M.
A line of Stage coaches is established in connection
with it from N. London to Boston, through Providence,
and another from Norwich to Boston-
NEW YORK AND BOSTON STEAM BOAT LINE
via HARTFORD.
The New Steam Boat Oliver Ellsworth f Daniel Havens,
Master, leaves New York on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 4
P. M. ; leaves Hartford on Mondavs and Thursday?, at
HA,M.
IX-
APPENDIX^
193
From Tm t
or Nbw-Yorl
% at Ik
act*.
hief Justice Mar^i.
onsteliatioa, ai>]
oaatituiioi^hrRk
IM-BOAT LDI
v *rt S. Bunker, rip
lays, at three o’clod '
. Comstock, onto*
0V1DESCE.
iespatchedeveiyl'»
Fulton every Saicra:
connection.
•York every Tuesfej-
lock, P. M. udr.
lys and at the m:
m STEAM*
r London.
EW.LOYDON.jK>
p Tuesday anifSaai*
is established in c®
toston, through^
to Boston-
gf STEAM BOAIi?
FORD.
yfliiwfi.Dw*
Tuesdays and Fifa-
fonday? asd 1W
Stages will be in readiness on the arrival of the boat
at Hartford, to forward passengers to Boston, Vermont
and New Hampshire.
N. B. The Steam Boat Oliver Ellsworth, has a first rate
Engine, constructed upon the Bolton and Watt, or Low
Pressure principle ; and for convenience and safety, is
probably not surpassed by any Boat in this country.
NEW-HAVEN STEAM BOAT LINES.
The Providence Capt. Tomlinson, (small boat,) runs
between New-York and New -Haven, three times a
week, from Fulton Market Slip, East River.
Also*
Steam boat United States, Capt. John Brooks, jr.
will leave New-Haven, Monday, Wednesday, and
Friday evenings. Passengers are requested to be
on board at 8 o’clock. She will leave New-York, Tues-
day and Thursday mornings at 9 o’clock, and Saturday,
at 4 o’clock P. M. from the west side of Flymarket slip.
Stages will be in readiness on the arrival of the boat in
New-Haven to take passengers to Hartford, Providence
and Boston. The company having purchased the new
and elegam boat Hudson, she will shortly commence
forming a daily line for the season. Both boats are fitt-
ed with births and their accommodations are very exten-
sive and commodious. Fare $3.
BRIDGEPORT STEAM-BOAT.
The Steam Boat Gen. La Fayette, Capt. Joseph B.
French, will commence running, for the season, between
Bridgeport and New-York, on Monday the 2 1st inst.
She will leave Bridgeport on Monday, Wednesday and
Friday evenings at 7 o’clock, and New-York on Tues- *
day and Thursday at 10 o’clock in the morning; and oil
Saturday a 5 o’clock in the afternoon, from 0 e east
side of Fulton Slip. [UfTassage one dollar and seven -
i
APPENDIX.
m
ty-five cents — Breakfast, Dinner, and Supper, twent}*
live cents each.
N. B. The steam boat, in connexion with the packets,
will sail from Fulton slip and Peck slip every day in the
week, for Bridgeport, through the season.
PHILADELPHIA STEAM BOATS.
UNION LINE, for Philadelphia and Baltimore, at 11
o’clock, A. M.
By Steam Boats Thistle, Capt.C. Vanderbilt andTrenton,
Capt. A. Jenkins.
Via New Brunswick, Princetown, and Trenton, 25 miles
land Carriage.
The elegant Steam Boat Thistle will leave the wharf,
north side the battery, foot of Marketfield st. every day
(Sundays excepted) at 11 o’clock A. M. for New Bruns-
wick, where passengers will take post coaches to Tren-
ton, and lodge ; from thence take the steam boat Tren-
ton, and arrive at Philadelphia, at 10 o’clock, A. M.
in time to take the Baltimore Union Line steam boats
which leaves Philadelphia daily at 12 o’clock noon.
Fare through to Philadelphia, $3.
For seats, apply at York House, No. 5 Courtland-st.
2d office from Broadway ; and at the office, foot of
Marketfield st. ; or on board the steam boat Thistle.
ID 3 All goods, baggage, and specie, at the risk of the
owners thereof.
WM. B. JAQUES, Agent,
For Let son k Bayles, Proprietors .
EXCHANGE LINE FOR PHILADELPHIA,
Through in one day via New-Brunswick, Princeton
and Trenton, by the new and elegant steam boats Legis-
lature and Congress.
The Steam Boat Legislature will commence runniug.
from Pier No. 2 N. R. foot of Beaver Lane, on Saturday
morning, the 26th March at 6 o’clock for NewBrunswick.
where passengers will take the Exchange Line Coaches,
and proceed via Princeton to Trenton, there take the
APPENDIX.
exioa vft tW
ElMBOffi.
a and Bahii»f
■M.
nkins
^n,andTr!cbi,;. :
iage.
istle will lear?'f?
Marketfiddflf?
lock A. M.iorSfi;
take iheslfiD ai
'liia, at Wo'ctu
i Union Line ss
lyat 12o'c(ocii
ouse, No. oC«
ind at the ofcs
le iteain boat h
td specie, at ties'
LB.JAQUES. 1 ?
k Boyle, fo*
t philapelps.
iw-BranswiciftB
Jegant steuntot-
will
eaverlaiM^
dock for
Eschao 0 r e
rentoD- to *
195
steam boat Congress, Capt. Degrau, and arrive in Phila-
delphia the same afternoon.
The Coaches are new and comfortable, and the public
may rest assured of every attention and expedition.
For seats, apply at the corner of Broadway and Beaver
Lane, at the office 29 Washington street, or on board
the steam boat Legislature — For the proprietors.
N. DUNN.
LAKE ERIE STEAM BOAT
SUPERIOR, J. Sherman, Jun. Master ,
Will sail from Buffalo and Detroit on the following
days during the season :
From Buffalo it 9 A. M.
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
- - 20, 29, 1825.
- - 7, 16, 25,
- 4, 13, 21, 29,
- - 8, 16, 25,
- - 2, 10, 19, 27,
- - 5, 14, 23,
- - 1, 10, 19, 28,
From Detroit 4 P. M.
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
25,
3, 11, 20, 30.
8, 17, 25,
4, 12, 20, 29,
6, 15, 23, 31.
9, 19, ?7,
5, 14, 24,
1.
The Tripin November to depend on the state of the
weather. Passengers will be la.-ded and received ot
Erie, Grand River, Cleaveland and Sandusky, as usual,
nnles- prevented by stress of weather. If a trip should
be made to the Upper Lakes this season, due notice will
be given. The Boat is in complete order, and it is be-
lieved there will he no disappointment in the regular
sailing of the boat during the season, accidents excepted.
KENNEBEC STEAM-BOAT LINE,
FROM BOSTON TO EASTPORT.
EASTERN ROUTE.
The Patent, leaves Boston, Thursday, at 5 A. M.
and arrives at Portland, Thursday, at 8 o’clock P. M.
leaves Portland, Friday 5 A. M. and arrives at Bath
Friday, 11, A. M. The Waterville leaves Bath, Friday,
1 1*. M. and arrives at Augusta. Friday 7 P M. The
21
appendix.
iVH>
Maine leaves Bath, Saturday 1 P. M. and arrives at Bel-
fast, Sunday, 1, P. M. leaves Belfast, Sunday, 2 P. M.
and arrives at Eastport, 1 uesday, 6 A. M.
WESTERN ROUTE.
The Maine leaves Eastport, Wednesday, 8 A. M. and
arrives at Bath, Friday, 6, P- M. leaves Belfast, Thurs-
day. 6, P. M. and arrives at Bath, Friday, 5, P. M.
The Waterville leaves Augusta, Saturday, 5, A. M. and
arrives at Bath, Saturday 11, A. M. The Patent leaves
Bath, Saturday 1 P- M and arrives at Portland, Satur-
day, 7 P M. leaves Portland, Saturday, 8 P. M. and ar-
rives a Boston Sunday, 10, A. M.
The Waterville will leave bath for Augusta, Mondays,
Wednesdays and Fridays, at 1, P- M. and Augusta For
Bath, Tuesdays Thurdays and Saturdays, at 5 A. M. and
touch at Gardiner and Hallowed, to land and receive
passengers.
T e Maine will touch at Boothbay, Owlshead, Castine
and Lubec, to land and receive passengers.
The steam-boat Eagle, runs regularly from Eastport
to St. John ; and the Tomb-Thumb from Eastport to
Robbinstown and Calais. They will exchange passen-
gers with the Maine at i astport. •
A steam boot runs reg- larly from St John to Freder-
icton, in connection with the above line, which makes
the Steam Boat Line from Boston to i\ew Brunswick
complete once a week
The numerous Stage Coaches which branch off into
the country, from a most every point where the S earn
Boats touch, will be ready to receive passsengers on
their arrival.
As steam power has been introduced into this section
of the countiy at a very great expense, it is hoped the
public will duly appreciate the importance ot the same,
and render it that degree of patronage which will meet
the reasonable expectations of the proprietors.
FARE.
From Boston to Portland, - - - $5 00
Bath, ...» 6 00
Gardiner, Hallowell and Augusta 7 00
Boothbay, - - - ^ 5Q
APPENDIX
M.andaim^,
isl, Sunday, Un
5 A.M.
DTE.
ednesday. 8U I
i. leavesBtklc
lath, Friday, If!
Saturday, 5. Uc
k\. Tb Pates f
rives at Potte
Saturday, bP.SU
. M.
th for August lb
,P.M. and. tea.
Saturdays, atUi:
rell, to land anas
thbay.OwlsieiiiE
■e passengers
i regularly troiz
from k>‘*
?y will wte#
rt.
f from St Joi:'. '
above line, vi-
sion to )e" k 1
is whichbraiifi-
j point where*
receive pass-
. I|
well and
iy'.
Owlshead, - - 8 00
Belfast and Castine, - 9 00
Lubec and Eastport, - 11 00
From Belfast to Eastport, - 5 00
ERIE CANAL PAC KET BOATS.
The Packet Boats will be run the ensuing season be-
tween Schenectady and Lockport, by the Utica and
Schenectady Packet Boat Company, the Erie Canal
Navigation Company and the Western Passage Boot
Company in connection.
A boat will leave Schenectady, Utica, Weed’s Basin.
Rochester an d Lopkport, every evening, runningthrough
each way in four days.
It is the intention to arrive at Lockport sufficiently
early on the fourth day from Schenectady, to enable
passengers to reach Buffalo the same evening by the
stage.
Stages will be provided at all times to convey passen-
gers from Albany to Schenectady on the arrival o. tho
steam boats from New York — from Schenectady to Al-
bany on the arrival of the Packet Boats from Utica — be-
tween Buffalo and Lockport, and from Rochester, Weed’s
Basin, and all the principal villages on the canal, to
those on the stage roads off from it. — Utica, April 7,
1825.
N. B. Should the existing or future rates of toll per-
mit. and the public patronage authorize it, a rn rning
Line of boats will be run in the course of the season.
R2
routes,
FROM BOSTON TO ALBANY.
The first line passes through Springfield, and the dis-
tance is 168 miles.
Framingham, - - - 22
Worcester, - - - - 20
Leicester, - - - - 6
Spencer, - - - - 4
Brookfield, - - - - 6
Western - - - - 6
Palmer, ----- 7
Wilbraham, - 6
Springfield, (Phelps' inn)
10 (87)
Westfield, - - - - 9
Russel, ----- 3
Chester village, - -
Chester Manufactories,
Becket, - - - - -
Lee, ------
Stockbridge, - - -
West Stockbridge,
Canaan, - - - - -
Chatham, - - - -
Nassau, - - - - -
Schoodic, - - - -
Albany, - - - - -
4
6
7
11
o
5
8
6
4
5
6
The second line goes every day, through Northhamp-
ton and Lebanon Springs, 163 miles.
Framingham,
Westborough,
W orcester,
Leicester, -
Spencer,
Brookfield,
Western, -
Ware,
Belchertown,
Amherst, -
Hadley,
21
10
9
6
5
7
6
8
6
7 i
4
Northampton,
Chesterfield,
Worthington,
Peru,
Hinsdale, -
Pittsfield, -
Lebanon Springs 7
Brainard’s Bridge,
Union village,
Schoodic, -
Albany,
- 3
- 13
- 6
- 6
- 4
- 9
(137)
- 9
- 5
- 6
- 6
appendix.
199
The third line leaves Boston, Monday, Wednesday,
nnd Friday, and is three days on the road ; stopping at
Barre and Plainfield at night. The price is #5.
Cambridge,
Watertown,
Waltham,
Weston,
Lincoln,
Concord,
Sudbury,
Stow,
Bolton,
Lancaster,
Sterling,
Princeton,
Hubbard3ton,
Barry,
Petersham,
New- Salem,
Shutesbury,
Leverett,
Sunderland,
Bloody Brook,
; Conway,
Ashfield,
Plainfield,
Savoy,
Cheshire,
Lanesborough,
Hancock,
Stephentown,
Sandlake,
Troy,
Albany,
The fourth line passes through Greenfield, 90 miles.
The distance to Albany is 165 miles. It goes three times
a week.
The fifth line passes through Concord, (N. H.) and
Bellows Falls, (V rmont.) The following list contains
the distances and the principal inns on the way to Sara-
toga Springs.
Keene,
Surry,
Bellows F alls,
Chester,
Londonderry,
Peru,
Manchester,
Arlington,
White Creek.
Sparhnwk, 1
Miles,
Coolidge, & >
79 1-2
Harrington. S
Holbrook,
8 1-2
Robertson,
8
Leland,
13
Willard,
10
Tuthill,
8
Black,
12
Hill,
7
DttrhaTiK
14
200
APPENDIX-
Union Village,
a
Schuylersville,
Cleveland.
5
Springs,
12
185
Through Dorset and Salem to
Peru,
Tuthill,
128
Dorset,
Booth,
14
Salem,
Wells,
15
Union Village and Schulers v ill e, to the Springs,
29
186
Note. — The new road over the mountain, through
Londonderry and Peru to Manchester, is finely worked,
and the inhabitants, who have made it a free road, are
entitled to great praise. Indeed, all the way, it is a good
road, and /ree, from Keene, with the exception of three
gates. Taking into consideration the great saving of
distance, with comparatively few bad hills, and the easy
ascent of the mountian, no one can hesitate a moment in
the choice. If the traveller wishes to go through the
pleasent Tillage of Salem, he will there find one of the
best public houses in the country, and but one hill after
passing the Green mountain, worth mentioning,the whole
distance. Report hill has a gradual ascent two miles.
The road has then a gradual descent along the Batten
Kill, to the Hudson. In this case lie will leave the vil-
lage of Manchester at his left. In both routes the tra-
veller passes over the spot of ground where Burgoyne
surrendered. Chester, as at once appears by the map,
lies too far North. A new road from Bellows Falls,
through Grafton to Willard’s in Londonderry, is said to
be making. When completed the distance will beshort-
ened several miles.
From Boston to Lake Champlaix.
Theirs/ line of stage coaches runs through Brattle-
borough. (96 miles.) three times a week.
APPENDIX.
iSalmto
to tk Springs, j
the QOMtffi, (b
bester, ufei-t
made it atari:
UUtheway,tiu
tli the esccftwi
tioD the grot in
ir bad Mis, anil?
can hesitate a w
ishes to go te:
ill there fad t-.:
y, and but oa-
rth menlioniD'.'^
raJual ascent rot
descent itaffc*
se he fill lei*#
In both router
round where sc
ce appears by Ik*
)ad from BdSfl**
Londonderry, s*’
^ distance willfe'
e Csum^
i runs thro#
i week.
20 1
The second., through Walpole.
The third through Charlestown.
The fourth through Windsor.
From Boston to Haverhill.
A road, still further North than those just mentioned,
leads to Haverhill.
From Boston to Bath, N. H.
An uninterrupted communication between this City
and Bath, by the way of Concord and the Notch in the
White Mountains , is expected to be opened this season
(1825.) For this route seepage 137.
To Lancaster.
This route has hitherto been only occasionally passed
by the stage coach, on account of the unfrequency of
travelling.
DOWN CONNECTICUT RIVER.
Bath (N. H.)
Haverhill
Hanover
Norwich
White River Village
Hart land
Windsor
Wethersfield -
Charlestown
{to Albany 150 m. to
02 .)
Bellows’s Falls
Walpole
Brattleborough
Bernardston
Hreenfield
9
9
15
5
20
Deerfield - - 3
Bloody Brook *• 0
Hatfield - - 7
Northampton - 5
iringfield * - 20
Id * 10
Windsor - - 9
- Hartford - * 7
9 Wethersfield ■» 4$
Boston Middletown - - 10$
Durham - - 6
North Haven - 9
New Haven 8.
{Steam boats go hence to
New York. 75 miles.}
I
APPENDIX-
202
FROM NEW
HAVEN UP CONNECTICUT RlVEPv,
New Haven
Brattleborough
North Haven
-
9
W T alpole
20
Durham
-
9
Bellows’s Falls
5
Middletown
6
Charlestown
15
Wethersfield
101-2
Wethersfield -
9
Hartford
4 1-2
Windsor
Windsor
7
Hartland
Suffield
10
W bite River Village
9
Springfield -
10
Norwich
4
Northampton
20
Hanover
2
Hatfield
5
H averhill
Bloody Brook
7
Bath
Deerfield
6
(Here turns off the road to
Greenfield
3
the White mountains.)
Bernardston
From Utica to Buffalo.
New Hartford
4
Westmoreland
_
7
Vernon
6
Oneida Creek
6
Sullivan
11
Manlius
_
9
Derne
_
3
Onondaga
7
Marcell us
10
Skeneateles
6
Auburn
8
Cayuga lake
_
8
Waterloo
4
Geneva
6
Canandaigua
16
Bloomfield
.
8
Lima
9
Avon
9
Caledonia
9
Leroy
5
Stafford
_
4
Batavia
_
8
TonaTmnta Creek -
-
4
APPENDIX
2y;j
Murder Creek -
1U
Williamsville -
7
Buffalo -
19
202
From Canandaga to Rochester .
The Coaches go from Blossom’s Inn
at o’clock
. and arrive at Rochester about 8 in the evening.
From Lebanon Springs to Hudson .
Warner’s Pond - -
5
Canaan -
6
Chatham -
6
Ghent - ~ -
3
Hudson * - -
10
30
From Niagara Falls lo Rochester, 87 miles •
Lewiston -
7
Cambria •
15
Oak Orchard
11
Gaines -
7
Sandy Creek -
8
Hartland -
7
(Hence to Lockport 7 m. a
waggon takes passengers . )
Clarkson -
14
Parma - *
7
Carthage falls -
9
Rochester -
2
ALBANY, BALLSTON, AND SARATOGA MAIL
STAGE.
JVew arrangement— three times a week.
A stage will leave Albany every Monday, Wednesday
and Friday, at 7 o’clock, A. M. via Troy, Lansmgburgh
and Waterford tor Ballaston-Spa, and Saratoga Springs
APPEN’i>LV
Returning, willleave Saratoga Springs at 8 o’clock, and
BallstsomSpa, at half past 9 o’clock, A. M. on Tuesdays,
Thursdays and Saturdays.
For seats apply at Mr. Palmer’s Montgomery Hall,
South Market-street, Albany, and at the Post-offices at
Ballston-Spa, and Saratoga Springs-
ELIJAH CASTLE, Proprietor .
FROM NEW-YORK TO BUFFALO, BY THE WAY
OF ITHACA AND GENEVA.
This line leaves New-York everyday, Sundays ex-
cepted, and runs through Newark, Springfield, Bottle-
Hill, Moristown, Succasunny-Plains, Newton, Milliord
and Dundaff, three times a week by the way oi Chenan.
0*0 Point, and three time, a week by the way of Mont-
rose, to Owego, and from thence daily, by the way of
Ithaca and Qyid, to Geneva, where it intersects a daily
line to Canandaigua, Rochester, Buffalo, Lewiston, &c.
Returning leaves Geneva at the same times, and pursue
the same routes to New-York. At Mott’s, New Milford,
this line intersects the Newburgh line, which runs from
thence, three times a week, to Newburgh.
The importance of this line to the public will readily
he seen : It opens a direct communication between the
city of New-York and the western part of the State
through New-Jersey and the nothern section of Pennysl-
vania. At Newton, (N. J.) it intersects a line which has
recently been established from thatplace to Philadelphia,
three times a week. At Montrose, it intersects the line,
to Wilkesbarre, Harrisburgh, &c. At Chenango Point,
it intersects a line which runs north, through Greene,
Oxford, kc. to Utica, and intersects the Albany line
by Cooperstown and Cherry Valley, at Sherburne. At
Owego, it intersects a line which runs through Tioga
Point, Elmira, &c. to Bath.
From Buffalo to Erie Pa. Daily.
Stage coaches run daily from Buffalo to Erie, Penn.
Mst> a new line runs three times, a week-
rm$at&o'a<«,£ ;
K A. M.oaT&Bjr.
INDEX
*’s Mont -ointry ^
id at tiie Post-^t
igs-
'A5TLE,Pftjns
• XLO, BY THEI
) Gim
everyday, 5aa:
vark, SprinrfeJd,--
Plains, NewtM.lL
fk by the waywQi
;ek by the to iP
ince daily, faftkw
fhcre it inters® ii
»r, Mrio, Ur®.
iesamefe-:'
At Mott's, .Vi I’
rgh line, whicts'
» Newburgh,
to the public ds
mmuoicatioabet^
western part ® ‘
otliera section ctl'
jjte/?ectsaiiner:
that piareto Phii-'
ose.itinterseft’
sc. At Cbeaiu
north, throng-
alley,
ach'nuuM^
icPo-M-
Q Bofialo to£?> ^
t t a week
A.
Ackland, Major •
Ackland, Lady Harriet •
Albany • •
Andre’s Grave. • # •
Capture and Execution
Anthony’s Nose on Hudson River
Anthony’s Nose, on Erie Canal
Antiquities
Arnold’s treachery
Aqueduct, Lower . •
Upper •
at Little Falls .
at Rochester
Auburn
B.
Baker’s Falls . • •
Ballston Springs . •
Basin Harbour
Batavia .
Battles of Bemis’s Heights
Bennington
Bridgewater or Lundy’s Lane
Montmorency
Chippewa
Lake George
Quebec . • •
do. in 1775
Queenston •
Rocky Brook . •
Saratoga
Sillery
Ticonderoga •
Beauport • •
$*£
96. 97, & 98
. . 19
. 9
125
29
. 80
40, 61
12
. 28
. 28
. 80
42
. 75
„ 130
. 99
137
64
87
86
55
147
. . 63
122
. 148
. 149
47
117
91
. 149
126
, . 146
206
INDEX.
Bloody Pond
Bloomfield •
Books recommended
Borough
Boston • „ 1
Brock (Gen.) Death and Monument
Brothertown
Buffalo
Burlington •
Burgoyne, (Gen.) Expedition
Battle ground’ .
Quarters .
Retreat
Surrender
C.
118
65
6
83
198
48
36
59
137
85
88
96
95
112
Canals .
Champlain Canal
Erie do. • - ;
Canals Projected
To bay of Fimdy .
Canal Routes
From Albany to Schenectady, (map page 88.
Schenectady to Utica (map 30)
Utica to Syracuse (map 34)
Syracuse to Rochester (map 41)
Rochester to Lockport (map)
Lockport to Buffalo (map)
Auburn to Syracuse
Syracuse to Utica
Uti^a to Schenectady
Shenectady to Albany
Fort Edward to Whitehall
Canals in Great Britain
Canajoharie •
Canandaigua . ‘ a . . •
Cape Rouge ....
St. Vincent
Carthage •
Catskill
Catskill mountains. •
Caughnawaga .
Caughnawaga Indians . . «
Cayuga Marshes * • •
82, 133
24, 155
185
161
25
29
32
40
41
47, 59
78
79
81
134
171
96
29
11
35, 141
43
16
15
29
141
r*
\
NIDEX.
207
Center Harbour
Chambly
Chaudiere river,
Cherry Valley
Chippewa
Cleaveland
Clarkson
Cohoes Falls
Burlington
Hamilton
Concord, (N. H.)
Congress Hall
Spring
Conway
Crown Point
Colleges ,
D. ’
Dieskau, Gen.
Dobb’s.Ferry .
E-
East Canada Creek
Essex
F.
Falls, Bakers
Carthage . •
Glenns’
Miller’s
Montmorency
Niagara
Rochester
Trenton
Ithaca
at Catskill mountain
Flint Hill
Florida
Frazer, Gen. Death,
Grave
Forts Anne
Clinton
Crown Point
Edward
Herkimer
176
139 , 143
144
29 , 34
57
61
44
28
. 137
31
174
106
107
180
136
117 , 136
8
29
137
137
. 43 , 44
116
131
146
• 47, 49
43
31
70
17
29
29
96
95
134
9
136
131
29
iuSDES.
U08
Forts Hunter
s
*
29
Independence
k %
8
Lee
•
- S
Miller .
•
131
Mohawk’s
•* t
29
Montgomery
« f
9
Niagara •
* •
47
Oswego
# •
* 122
Plain
• #
. . 29
Stanwix,
•
33
Ticonderoga
.
.126
Washington
•
8
William Henry
• ♦
G.
• • 125
Gallop Islands
Gates s, Gen. Camp
• o
68 141
• •
87
Glenn’s Falls
« •
116
Genesee river
• •
41, 68, 64, 141
Meadows
64
Genesee
• *
. 64
Geneva
• •
69
German Flatts
• •
29
Grand river »
• •
. 61
Green Bay
• . 61
Great Sodus bay
h.
36, 141
Harlaem Heights
, ,
8
Hartland
. ,
44
Herkimer
General do.
, . 29
33
Highlands
,
9
Hoboken ,
*
. ' . 8
Hudson city
9 <
. 18
River.
I.
7
Indians, Caughnawagas
. 142
Menominies
, ,
61
Oneidas,
m
. 34
Senecas
t m
62
Tuscaroras
.
45
Island of St. Helena
140
Isle auxNoix,
9 ,
138
IxXDEX.
209
Ithaca
J.
Johnson, Sir William
Johnstown
Junction
L
Lachine
Lakes, Ballston
Cayuga
Canandaigua
Champlain
Erie . •
George
Excursion to do.
Ontario
Saratoga
Winnipiseogee
Laprairie
Lebanon Springs
Leroy
Lewiston
Little Tails
Lockport
Long Level
Lovell's Pond
Lundy’s Lane
M.
McCrca, Miss
McDonough’s Victory
Maitland, Sir Peregrine
Maps, Hudson River
Erie Canal . 88,
Niagara -
Lake George
Lakp Champlain
Montreal
Maps recommended
Massacre 41 Ft. William Henry
Mechanicvill^
Military Ayadem^
Miller’s Falls „ . , .
' S2
8 ,
30,34,
30
. 29, 30
26
. 58, 141
. 103
o 70
66
136
60
119
115
58, 141
109
. 176, 179
139
20
64
44 46
. 80, 29
44
. 29, 32
180
55
133
138
48
9, 15, 88, 110
66, 41, 47,76
47
116
136, 137
139
6
125
83
11
131
i
210 . INDEX.
Miller’s Fort
N
i31
Montmorency
146
Montreal
.
68, 140, 152
Morristown
« ,
60, 141
Mount Holyoke
N
22
Newburgh
. 13
New Lebanon Springs,
. 19, 20
New York city
. ■ •
5
Niagara Falls from American side
47
Canada side
49
Northampton
* 0.
22
Oak Orchard Creek
• *
44
Ogdensburgh
58, 141
Oneida Castle
34
Creek
• • ♦
32, 79
Indians
34
Oriskany
• • i
32
Oswego
• • •
58, 141
Overslaugh
• • #
P.
, «
Packet boats on the
Canals.
197
Palisadoes
8
Pine Orchard
16
Plattsburgh
138
Portland
Q.
. 195
Quebec
» «
. 145
Queenstown
R.
47
Rapids of Niagara
50
Richelieu,
. 144
Red Mountain,
176
Reidesel, Baroness,
86
Ridge Road,
Roads .
44
from Albany
• ♦ •
. 19
north,
• • •
152
east,
• » #
. 20, 113
west,
• • o
19
)
INDEX
2J1
from Auburn to Syracuse, . ; •
Boston to Albany,
to the Springs,
to Lake Champlain,
to White Mountains,
to Winnipiseogee Lake,
from Buffalo to Canandaigua,
from Lake George to the Springs,
from Niagara to Buffalo,
from Rochester to Niagara,
from Waterford to Saratoga Battle ground,
from Whitehall to Albany,
[See Routes and bteam boats.]
Rocester, •
Rocky Book,
Rome . •
Rotterdam Flats,
Round Rock, •
Rouse’s Point,
Routes.
from Albany to Ballston Springs, .
to Boston,
to Niagara,
to Lake George,
to Montreal,
to New Lebanon Springs,
to Saratoga Springs,
from Boston, &c. [67e page 198]
from Montreal to Niagara, . #
to Quebec,
from Quebec to Montreal „
Rutland, . ,
S.
TS
. 198
199
. 200
173
173
63
130
57
44
83
162
41
117
. 32
29
107
138
19, 25, 28,
20
19,82, 116
do 113
20
19, 25, 82
83
. 141
. 143
151
. 136
Sacketts Harbour,
St. John’s,
St. Regis,
Salina, •
Salt Springs, .
Salt Works,
Sandusky, . ♦
Sandy Creek, « ,
Sandy Hill, . .
40, 58, 141
. 139, 143, 152
. . 58, 141
38
39
37
61
44
• . 116; 130
212
INDEX.
Sans Souci, f ' - * 4
99
Saratoga,
105
Schenectady, . '
•
28
Schohhrrie Creek, .
.
29,81
Schuyler, Gen.
•
112
Schuylcrsvilie,
>
111
Shaker Village,
.
22
Sillery,
144
Skeneatelc?,
.
79
Sorel Village,
.
143
Sorel River,
139
Sp a, Ballston .
99
Saratoga,
* ’ *
105
Lebanon,
20
Steam Boats.
from "Albany to New York,
191
New York up the Hudson,
191
New York to Connecticut
192
New Yorkto Philadelphia
194
New York to Rhode Island,
192
on Cayuga Lake,
70
on Lake Champlain,
152
on Lake George, *
„
129
on Lake Ontario
58, 141
on Lake Erie
Springs.
60, 106
Ballston,
.
102
Burning,
i • •*
52, 66
New Lebanon,
20
Salt,
38, 79
Saratoga,
105
Squam Lake.
179
Stillwater,
Stony Point,
Syracuse,
83
T.
9
32, 37
Table Rock,
49
Tarrytown,
Trenton Falls,
.
9
31
Trois Rivieres.
*.
, 143
Troy,
t
25
Tuscnrora rnclmns.
-•
, 45
Utica,
Verplank T s Point
* V.
*w.
Wadsworth’s Farm,
Waterloo, (Canada,) .
Wat Hoi* Gap, - •
W sl Canada Creek, %
West Point, . . •
Whirlpool,
Whitehall, • . .
Wnite Mountains
Wlvtesborough, . •
Winoi; iseogee Lake, •
WoliVs Cove, * •
Wood Creek, near Lake Champlain.
near Rome, ,
3Q ; 31
♦ 9
• 64
57
* • 28
31
. * 11
. . 48
« 134
. . 173
32, 33
. 176. 179
. 144
134
• 32, 79
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fed as forth? coerr;
ven- possibly bjw*
ariety of sibjecu.
ssion ei hinds® .#
c. calculated few
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