3430. Healths Improvement: or, Rules comprizing and discovering the Nature, Method, and Manner of Preparing all sorts of Food used in this Nation. Written by... Thomas Muffett. Corrected and enlarged by Christopher Bennet. sm. 4°. Lond., pr. by I’. Newcomb for S. Thomson, 1655. With MS. notes from the memoir in Aikin (no. 6572), &c. = FROM THE LIBRARY OF SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Barr. OXFORD ow sr ego oak. rahe 1 1h ew wort ay yeh " wo otige, ancl mee | Lob tece tle Cop, pte pels pth te acta for £9 ? fw Birks Karpraeg” — Porn ee hethn pifher eo. Lee D he vin ie a ot oe = gute, ~~ ae Cnr, lou ot Lvvrv & a Chee teint of bln Oe ee puecttoter LC Oervahing frvrHo o. ray me eS Ja. ee Jr7 at gsi iaay See wey wasn ems OT) ig He earin Tay Ale Liman Co wre oe wi Ae | UALG , ee. —e a fr , a hy edit, Ly AP (havfeect-Z— | SLs, « eG wriferyt, Orbieour lon, Peagemnngs ptm * i ee << ———-.— -— --- =P Oe * ee hal tami am Se et nal A oY ay Pe ~ aki ee yee YN Seema eae wu it imprimatur, e- FRANCIS Paujeaw ,¢Prefiden Batpuinus Hamey, | Georece Enr. } °Cen Epmunp WILson. | forse Curistopn. Benner | ‘ ' = - = : ‘ a es wie WY oldiibee shades a aS 5 aS 4 Healths Improvement: Comprizing and Difcovering | The Nature, Method, and Manner of Preparing all forts of oe Ge & . f. Ufed in this NATION. | Written by that ever Famous THOMAS ‘MUFFETT, 3 Doctor in PHY SICK: Corrected and Enlarged BY CHRISTOPHER BEN NET, Dodor in Phyfick, and Fellow of the | Colledg of Phyfitians in London. | | LONDON, a. Printed by Tho: Newcomb for Samuel Thomfon, at the fignof the white Horse in Pauls Churchyard » 165 5 eee CER pO Ae an Arie es SS eee ee ee ee ee ee eee tt 2 ¥ senognn: seeeses. To the Keader, 2 etm @@ |s not an itch to be in print, Bike, but my Profefsion to pezs@e keep men alive, and when goneto recoverand revive them, that hath induced me tothis undertaking, Blame me not therefore for ufing means to raife our Author out of the duft; and long oblivion,wherein he was buri- ed: listrue, his own relations and their interefts much follicited my help; but the merits of the man were my greateft motives , and his Old Fame moft quickned me toreftore | him Serioufly,upon perufal, | found fo much Life and Pulfe in his dead: W orks,that it had not been charity in Cin x A Mae UL Sy RY a i aa = cer ra = (hese ad = ane o> ges so eee a The Epifile to the ‘Reader. » in meto let him dye outright, {pe- cially when tis for the worlds good and your ( Healths: Improvement. ) This isall,only 1fit may be any ad- vantage to have my Judgement, tis a Piece for my palate, not likely to dif-relifhanyswhere fo much plea- fure is interlarded with our profit, [ may fafely fay,upon this fubject I know none that hath done better; and were f latina, Apicius,or Alexan- drinus, with all the reft of Dietétick writers now alive, they would cer- tainly own, and highly value this Difcourfe. Accept then kindly his endevors, that ftrives to do you good both in publick and private, Farewell, ae Chr Bennet, A a tet ae o> 4 . - ,. = Cth Llndnd In citn ain Ge Gap Gs The Table: | CHAP. I. I. Hat Diet ss. VV 2.Whowere the Authors of it. 3. What good it bringeth. Chap.2. 1 How many forts of Déstohere be. 2. Wherein Diet confifteth materially, * 3» Wherein Diet confifteth formally. 2 Chap.3. and 4. Of Aire. 1. How it to bechefen, 12 2. How it ts to be prepared. 20 3. How it # to be wfed. 20 Chap.5. of Meat, and the differcuces thereof,in Kind, Subjlance, Temperature and T afte. ty SD Chap.6 of Meats. . How they differ in Preparation, Age and Sex. 4t Chap.7. 1 How many forts of flefh there be. 2. Whether flefh or fifo were firft eaten. of, and-wht» ther of them i the pure/t and beft nowrilbmsents-...50 Chap.8. Of the flefh of tame Beafts,. 58 Chap.9. Of the Flefh of wild Beafts,or Venifon: 71 Chap. 10, Of the Flefh of tame Birds. 719 Chap.11, Of the Flefh of wild Foul, abiding and feeding ) Q chiefly spon the Land. 9 . Chap, MYM) 0: re Sa eae aOR OMA LTA ce WR a . _ The Table. Chap. 12. Of the flefh of wild F oul, abiding and fceding chiefly upon the waters. | 106 Chap. 13. Of the Inwards and outwards both of Beats ana Birds, “IO Chap.14. Of Milk, 11g Chap.15. Of Butter,Cream,Curds,Cheefe and Whey, 128 Chap.16. Of Egs and Blood. 134 Chap.17. Of Fifh generally, andthe difference thereof, 14! Chap. 18. Of Sea-fifh. 147 Chap.19. Of frefh-water fifh. 175 Chap.20. of {ach living Creatures and Meats, as be neither Flefh nor Fifh,aua yet. give cood nourifhment to the Body, homy.4q2- 190 Chap.21. uf Frustand the differences thereof. 194 Chap 22. 6fall orchard Fruit. 195 Chap. 23. of {uch Fruits of the Garden, as are nonrifh- tng. : | 21° Chap.24. of [uch Fruits of the Field,as are wbiibing. 231 Chap.25. ofthe Variety, Excellency, Making and Hide ufe of Bread. 235 Chap.26. of SaltSnear and Spice. Bas Chap.27. of the necellary ule and abufe of Sawees, and whereon they confilt. ) “ES53 Chap. 28. ¢f variety of Meats, that it ts pecelfary and convenient, | “2258 Chap. 30. of the quantity of Meats. TS ® Chap. 31. of the quality of Meats. PAP-2-7 GF Chap. 32. Of the Time, Order and Manner of Eating. | nS ? 289 see CHAP. et << ~_ > —_—- wre —_ — CMAP, 4. t. What Diet ts, 23. Who were the authors of it. 3. What good it brangeth. A Tet is defined by very learned Scholars, anex- siefius lit. 2:18 act order in Labour, Meat, Drink, Sleep, 'heor. med. jafon Praic and Venery. For they are thought tobe iy +. diet. Pythagoras his pentangle or five- fquard fir Hippee:tib des. gure, wherein (as Hépocrates faith of mans P<. body) there be feveral confluences and con- eurrences; yet but one general Sympathy through all. Ne- verthelefs Labor was appointed for moft to invite meat‘and. drink: they to drawon fleep., for the eafe of our labours: and all four, to perfit generation, whichis not onely ¢ffewdi Ariftot. lip ge fed femper ef[endi caufa, not onely the canfe of being but. of 20-2im, ever being ; for indeed after we are dead in our felves, we- recover in our poftericy another life. But in.chis-Treatife I de- | : : Behe Gal.cap-2. lik, fine Diet more particularly (as itis ufually taken boch-by the 11, Comm, vulgar and alfo the beft Phyfitians) to-be an orderly.and due 4ippor. de courfe obferved in the ufe of bodily nourifhments, for che pre=-avicer lib. fervation recovery or continuance of the health of mankind..Top-3.cap.-. . e : : All P 7°. ; Which how and when it was. firft invented. and by whom), Out life ts: ]f | B col ton mene a> Clon, a A Ya ADS URL ‘ ‘ ii y What Diet 7. collected, neither Cardan, nor Scaliger,nor Vir il, nor Moz- ties, tor Bie fits, not FafonPratenfis; not Pfellas, nor aay | Hib. deprifc. (fr my fudgemenc ).have more. truély declared, then Hip jpmed. poerates himfelf; avouching that Neceflity was the mothefy dnd Réafon the father:of Diet. F or when ficknéls ¢rept inte the world, and menmgave the faine meats to fick folks which they did to the healthful, they perceived then to be {o-tae ‘from recovery , that they rather wax'd worfe and worfe. Hereupon being enforced to alter either the kind or the pre- paration,or the quantity,or the quality and order of nourifh- ments: they knew by diligent obfervation what was fitteft for every difeafe, for-every fexe, age, and, complexion, and — ) accordingly committed them tomemory, orfet them down Lib.defol: in writing.P/utarch thinks that we firft learned this knowledg oe of brute Beafts. For Pigeons and Cocks before they fight, will eate ftore (if they can get it) of cummin feed to lengthen their breath : and Nightingales eate fpiders to prevent {top- : pings; .and Lioris having furfeiced on flefh, abftaine from all meat til it be digefted’ So the Marlin raught tender perfons firft co keep wari their feet, the Storkes to remedy coftive- nefs of body by theufe of glifters , the Hedghogp’ to avoid walking in windy feafons,the little Birds to bathe in Summer, the Flies and Bees to keep homein Winter. “For there is id doubt but the natures of men were in fotmer ages fo fron: : that they did eate and digeft every thing asit grew. Neither | were Mills, Boulters; Ovens, and artificial preparations from fr the’beginning butas fickiiefs of the body ‘encteaed; fo the mind devifed remedies, teaching mén ‘how to thrafh’and i grind corne, to make bread, to boil; roaft, and bake® meat : . to give thinne and liquid meats to weak ftomaeks)’ and of 6 . fer cates to them that be ftrong, after the-example of every i“ Bird; who firft foftneth and boileth the meacin theirmawes} | before they give it ‘to their young Ones,’ neither thduld ‘we marvail hereac; For as ignorant Sailets ‘( whote'etrours'and " imper- i) oe " i \ u a oF a hi \ a a H , ’ eG a RY i‘ ers imperfe Cons Ao.man. could.perceive ia a.ealm fea)in a tem- peft do follow eyery mans advife:: So the examples of Birds and Beafts did teachfick.men. wifdome, when throughdelf- ignorance. they loft-che,light of nature, and knew not what was.good for themfelves... But leave. we Plutarchs conceit, and let usferchthe javention.of Diet fromamore worthy teacher, yea from.the-worthieft of all other, God himfelf. Foxcan wejmagine that. he taught our. forefathers (having finned) how to cloath'their bedies; and not how, and when, and. wherewith to.feed.them: Hethat taught 4 de/ how to diet-theep, would he leave him unskilful how to diet himfelfe or hidCain.the jart of tilling the grougd,and not, the know- Jedge how to wle-the grain. thereofie Knew Phyficians. in Jacobs time how.to conferve dead -bodies, and, wanted they ‘knowledge to-preferve the living: . Wherefore how foolifh- ly foever fome afcribethe invention of Dierto Apollo, B/cu- lapis sand that-many-elde, Ofires, of to Hippesrates, Galen, or Afclepiades; yer let this, reft-immoyeable,that it{pringeth . fronafan,eldertime,then that'any heathenifh Chronicle is. a- a blé.torecord she;author! thereof, Hor-if the multitude of ippoc. de- busials be an-argument of illdiet ;.andcontrariwile long life vet. med. anargumentot good ;it-muftnageds,follow, that before the Univeral loud: this noble :knowledge of diet,wasnot hid fromthe firtt Patriarcks,-butas perfitly perceived as it.was- spractifed. “For till.after the,Floud,.men ufually lived.co.eight chunids ediy ears; fome to:nine, many to/feven,aad none (for Gen.s. — weshave heard-orread) dyedia-nataral death. before vei Meh BOOT) S¥b op AORTA fo erovisits shseia ‘Now if anyoman fhall object, thatthe-wery.name of, Diet. sismot, mentioned “before the Floud,, atid that. therefore the othing irfelf wasnovinwle:s Ll candhape-hipano better anfwer when from thé-monslhaftippociates: Names,arethe Daugh- erect Lerivafimensibut thingsthe Sens iof natiredoothat afloon as men begarrtosfecd, odo wash yia GRRE eH HIE wile wD 2 ome .- ~- Ty Gen,§0. v.27 oe an = _ = et ee : ’ f | | | { —— a a Prov.27. | Eccl. 28. lib. de arte, Hippoc. de | priic, med. What Diet 7. dome how much, how often and of what'to feed. For-we muft not imagine, though they hadias it were Oftriches fto- macks, and Giants firength, (infomuch that Eamech in his wound could cruth inté peices the mightieftchampion of our age) that therefore they ‘neglected’ preparation ot pro- portion. in' the ule of nourithments ; nay reafon it felt will conclude, that as one fhooe did'not fit every mans foot, nor children and young men fedalike in thofe dayes; fo every man’ knew owas taught his peculiar diet, moft- proper healthful and convenient for his owne eftate.. “Wherefore. as many diffeafes are’ recovered with our Phyficians,, but none without Phyfick : fo albeit there lived.no dietary Phyfitians before the Floud’( if Ifhould grane fo much ) yet no man can deny; that through feeding or fatting, drinking or thirft- ing, cae this thing or refufingthat, they preferved thei life-oile (as I may termit) for many ages, which in this fur- feiting and riotous age is commonly’ confumed in lefs then one. But fome men will further objec againft me. . What Sir? may diet prolong a mans life¢*why then throughdiet we may prove immiortal, or‘at the leaft live aslong as Adams did. Whereunto I anfwer,; that albeit immortality is:denied upon the earth‘to mortal men, yet fo-rmuch life is prolonged by 2 good diet;by how much diffeafes thereby are-efchewed. For as Solomon faith, to whonvis’pain'of the belly; and'gri- pings, and rednefs of eyes, and'want of health? even to thofe that keep no meafure,but en hunt after wine;and rife up earely to drink ftrong drinke. Some'in Hippocrates time, fee- ing Do obfervers of Phyfick to'dye affoon as they which ufed no phyfick, conéeived prefently no otherwile.of Phyfi- cians, them as of Kings ina ftage “play , carrying golden crownes , and {ceprers, and: fwords , commanding ‘for the time whole Empires, but indeed void of an-borne Majefty in them felvés,and-of outward: abillicy fie for fo high a caling. So now in owe daies the name-of Diet=feems but a fcare- Crow crowté the unwifer fore 5 who think it.beft diet, to keep no diet at all faying(as Wid -S onemers faid-to Sit Fohn Rainsford) drink Wine and’hivethe-gout, drink. no. Wane and have it | too. ‘Whichin effefewhatds ic-elfe; then with the Sicilians achen.tib.r. © toereét a Temple'roriot’s or with-the Barbarians to praife aaa farfeiting? or wich Wifes drunken companions toopen Aco- scan. lus his boctle.all ac. once? whereby their Ship was fo far from Homer, O- proceeding; that all art and.prayers, yea and all the Gods (in oe a’manner)were not able to keep it above,the wacers.. Letme _ laugt (Grid Demoeritas) at mens follieswho.diet their horfes, FT y Crnee fheep, cattel, yeatheir capons, and geefe,.and-yetthemfelves } keep no‘diet.. They: forefee by: porkine of raven, flying of kites, role of frogs, and: bathing of ducks, when tc willraines yet furfeiting dayly théy-cannot forefeetheis own cruise be vicised, ysds" eh Danis REbie, + Fo the like purpofe fingeth a Freach Poec. Situ veux winre [ainement.. Aye pour toy teh penfement : 34 ~ One detoncheval falconou chien, Quand autre chofe lenr vintique bien. | TfficknefS thou wilt long awardy: > « ‘Have of thy felf that dueregardy . Which to-their falcons,Steeds, or Hoands ‘Men bear, when ficknefs them furrounds, And ‘truely-well might the one laugh, and the other fing at fuch follies. For albeit an exquifire chin-diet (called of i Tonbert as the inch-diet, wherein we eat by drams, and drink Lib.de vulgs I by fpoonfuls): more. perplexeth the: mind-then: cureth the ‘°% ¥ body, engendring.ajealoufie overevery,meac, fafpition,on every quantity, dread, fear ;and)terrourover every proportion (beceaving the head of quietaels, she heart of fecusicy, ane oe aE) te ao ee What Diet: the ftomack-confequently, of good concoétion) yet the full diet as itis anore ufual, fo isicineffec no lefls dangerous. Wouldiyou fee the difcommodities of excefs¢why then ima, Wy Cicofat.con:, gine you faw Verres rouling before break: of day in his own } Ver. Plunin, Yomits;Dyonifias belching up.afoure and, unpleafant breach, Don polyp hemus Lteipt of wit and memory, Cleomenes King of | Odyif. Lacedemonia playine after his drunkennels at cherry pit with Pou Children, Elpenor (Ulifes his ‘companion ) breaking his J metam, neck-downe the ftairesy Annins racked withthe Sciatica, i Miutide fil. pr. Rigdus the wreltler dead of an apoplexie, Anacreon fo.una- [) Pos ibiden,” ble coGwallomahyemoredrink that he ,was fivangled, witha IN) xiohil: in vie Qtapes kernel, ¥7bius.Gre[pus dying atthe ftool, anold Eng: | tellio. lifh- Knight dying, a¢the Clamberpot. . On the otherfide _ ____willit pleafe you 'to-mark the.commodities of diet, and.mo- | _ “dag d¢ derate nourifhing ¢ Then behold Timotheus,whobeing con- | tinually fick through dayly furfetting, came once. to Platoes Table, where he fed (as the company did) and drank mode- rately. The next morning he cryed out with this. admirati- on: ‘O {weet Plato, {weet Plato, how-trucly.fweet are “* thy fuppers,which make us.to fleep.and awake fo {weetly ¢ “* How able am'] now.to allexerciles,, being-enft, fo,.unable “to the leaft labour?) No marvel Timothy: for as the Sun cannot warn us when Clouds be between: So excel either fetters or divides the: minds, facultiess: “How carefulisithe mind alwaies to preferve life? yet many adrunkard finksun- der water, becaufe reafon. cannot teach him the arc-of {wim- ing, the inward fences being choaked with abundance of | fi.de pier. Clatamy vapouts. Divine Hippoorate (whom, 1 .can never. fufficiently name nor honour ), compareth diet moft: fitly, to a Potrers wheele, going neither forward nor, backward, but ¢asthe world ic felt, moveth) equally round smoiftning that which igtoo drysdrying up chatiwhich is too moift,reftoring erue flefhif: it be decaid, abating proudiflefla Coyabftinence) # it be too much, neither: drawing todmauch’ upward -nor : _ down- ddéwnward’ (as peevith Sawyers dot) sieither clapping on'too -yethe had by nature but a weak head, infomuch that he eve with the imprudent: but ‘embrace it as the leader to perfic What Diet is: oer ¥ much nor too little Sail(like'unskilfullMariners) but giving (like.a wife Steward)every oi his allowance by seometrical proportionsthat the whole houfeholdand family may be kept in health: Sucha fteward was’ /clepiades,who cured by onely | Diet infinite difeafess: Such an one was Galen, that famous {| ipoa te ae Phyfitian, who being three or four times fick before he was vi&rat. i twenty eightyears old,looked afterwards more ftrictly to- lis ” a diet; in fuch fort that-a hundred years following he was ne- Sip-nr'us in ver fick but once, and died onely through want of radical ‘et G+ moifture. Such an one finally was Hippocrates, who lived till he was a hundred andnine years old, (or.at. the leaft till he | was fourfcore and five) without any memorable ficknefs, and = ine. fl pds Vitae, | wore a night cap. Wherefore let us neither with the impu- dent , call diet afrivolous knowledge, or a curious fcience a] Bt | a health, (which as the wife man faith) isabove gold , and a Siracid. cap.3. found body above allriches. The Romans once banifhed %: ">: Phyfitians out of Reme, under pretence that phyfick druggs weakened the peoples ftomacks: and Gooks, for corruprmg and enforcing appetites with ftrange fawces and feafonings:: and Perfumers, and-Anointers,jand Bathe-mafters, becaufe they did rather mollifte and effeminante theRomans mindes, then any whit profit or helptheir bodies. Yet they retained Gato, thechief diecift-of thac time, sandalbthem that were able (without phyfick) coprevent or cure difeales : efteeming diet (asit issindeed )ito befo honeftypleafant, and profitable afcience; -thatsevem maliceic felf cannot but commend it} and her enemies areforced to retaine it. ‘Thus muchor ra ther: too muchpinethe commendation. of Diet; for which fone Spartane cenfob would feverelyspumifh me, as Antalaz- dés didthe Orator that prais’d Herenles; whom no w.feman ever difcommended. For bowfoever idle ‘heads have wr thefe x ; a are q ME EY 74 te) eee aed ee ee — jl How many forts of Diets there be. shefe addle proverbs. 1. Dieted bodies are but bridges te Phy- ficians mindes. 2. We fhall ive sill we dye in defpight of Di- et. 3. Every diffeafe will have his courfe. 4. More Rubarb and lefs Dict,&c. Yet the wileft manand King-of all others, hath eftablifhed it .tpon fuch grounds,, as neither can nor fhall ever be fhaken with all cheir malice, } CHAP. II. i , 1. How many forts of Diet there be. - | 2. Wherein Diet confifteth warersally. -- 3- Wherein Diet conftSteth fornrall ly bi R I. a. Here be efpecially three forts of Diets; a fult Ph ‘kinase of Diet Diet, a moderate Diet, and 4 thin Dier. The _ there be. firft increafeth flefh, {pirits, and humors, the fecond repaireth i) ae onely them that were loft, and the third leffeneth them all Eta 6. iné. foratime, to prefervelife. Full Diet is proper unto them | Epid. which be young .growing. ftrong,lufty,and able chrough their “ om-4-in 6 good conftitution to endure much exercife. Moderate Diet a, PPid is fitteft for perfons of a middle health, whofe eftate of body Te com in aph.4. isneither perfetly ftrongnor over-weak. Thin Dietsare lib.t. néver to be ufed, efpecially in the ftri@eft kind, but where violent difeafes.( caufed either of fulnefs or corruption) have the preheminence wherein how much the body wanteth fafheient food, fo much the ficknefS wanteth his tyranni- eal vigour. : | Thematrer of 2. The matter of Diet, is neither iron‘nor fteel , nor fil- pet Bacon Vers Ror-coral, nor peatl, no rior golditfelf; from which | fibsdereeord. Worthy fimples, albeit moft rare and effe@ual fuftenances be | feed. acid. drawn (as our own Counerymab'of alforher, moft learned- > eet How many forts of Diets there be. 9 dy proveth) to ftrengthen our body , and to thicken ott t4- dical moifturé, whiclris foon confimed-(like a fine fpirit of wine) when it iS too thin and fubtile': yerneither liave they, neither can they have a‘hourifhing power , “becaufe our natu- ral heat will Be tired’before ft can'convert their oyle into our oyle, their fubftanceitito our fubftance, be ic never fo cun: ningly and finely exalted. ‘Furthermore , if ic be true (which Hippocrates and reafon telleth us) that as contraries are ex- BETO — by ‘contraries, {6 like is fuftained by hislike: How “*'*" hould the liquors of gold, pearl, and precious ftones (which the Chymifts have named Immortal effences)nourifh or aug- ment our mortal fubftance +. “Nay; doth rot that fooneft re- aon ig ftore decayed fleth (as mills, géllie; ftrong broaths, and YOUNGS ¢:4: i lamb, whichSooneft corrupreth, if it be not prefently eaten ¢ Isnot 4 young fhite more nourifhifig (yet ic keeps not iong fweet) then a peacock that will not corrupt nor putrifiein a See whole year, no not in thirty years (faith Kiranides) though ir OY" be buriéd inthe ground ? yet as a candles end of an inch ‘Yong being fetincold water; “burneth twice'as long as ano- theroutof water; notbecaufe water notirifheth the fame, which by nature it quencheth, nor becaufé ir encreafeth the ‘tallow, which‘admits no water, but by moiftning che cir- cumfuent aire, and thickning the tallow, whereby the flames neither {6 light nor lively as ir would be otherwifes ‘inlike fort, the fubftances, powders and liquors of the thities aforetiid, may-pethaps hinder the {peedy {pending of natw- ral heat; by outward-cooling of fiery fpirits, inward’ thick nine of tooliquid moiftures, hardning or condenfaring: of flaggy parts ;. but their durablenef& and ‘iminoreality (if they be unmortal) are fufficient proof that they are ao nourifh- ments for corruptible nen. “ But they are pure effences, Piadr. dea i “and therefore: {uitable to our radical moifture, which thie quila cal Mi- **beft Phydicians derive from'a: ftart-like fubfance. Alas, ‘bel Tox. J > com,in’Parae & the _ pure fools! what deéyou.vaunt,and bragof purity, when de vietong. | ) i] : a f Is ry 4! Q f a rs i) BE f I it H a i " ie] | fo. Bonus Ter. 1ac. in Margar. Rhilof. |) Galide alim, , py fac. . Hi | a. A a if 4 yi 4 \ ‘F a4 EE Libideaer, loc.& aq, ‘i 2 + 24 ’ 4 ps ce 5 ar by — — How wany. forts of Diet there be. the pureft things do leaft nourifh? for had not the dire, water, and earth, certain impurities, how fhould men, beafts; birds, fifhs.and plants continue? for the finer theaire, the lefs it nou- rifhes,the clearer the water, the lefS it farneth,the fimpler. the- sround,the lef it fuccoureth:yea were we in anait({uch as the element ofaireit felfis defined to be)void of invifible: feeds, and thofe impalpable. fubftances or refekens that are fome- times defcried by the Sun-beams ; our fpirits fhould find no more fuftenance by it, then adry man drink in.an empty hogfhead. ~ And though we fee:Pikes to-live a great while in-Cifterns with clear water alone , -yet were’ that. water fo pure as the element it felf, they. would clean confume for want. of nourifhment.. The like may be faid of plants growing ina dry, crumbling, faplefs and unming- led earth, wherein we fhould fee them quickly far from forouting , that for want of their reftorrative moifture they would come to withering. Wherefore I-conclude, Nei- ther Oriental ftones for their clearnefs , nor pearlsfor their goodlinefs, nor coral for. his temperating of bloud , «nor sold for his firmnefs, nor liquor of gold for- his purity, nor the quinteflences of them all for their immortality, areito be counted nourifhments, or the mattersof Diet. Obje& not the Oftrich his confuming of ftoneand mettals, to prove that therefore they may nourifh. man; no more then the duck, nightingale, or ftork, to prove that toads, adders and {piders are nourtfhing meats: For our nourifhment (pro- perly taken) is that nature or fubftance, which encreafeth or foftereth our body , by being converted into our fubftance. ‘Now for as much as our bodies (like the bodies.of all fenfi- ble and living creatures elfe) confift of a treble.fubftance, - namely, aerial Spirits, liquid humors, and confirmed parts : it is therefore neceffary it fhould have a treble nourifhment anfwerable to the fame, which Hippocrates truly affirmeth tobe Air, Meat, and Liquors. eet How many forts of Dict there be. a Meat is amore grofs and corporeal [ubflance, takes cither et Nets from vegetables in the earth ,.or creatures Living upoen the vais be meat: earth, or living everor fometimes in the water , whereby the vide fupra: groffer part of our body & preferved-liquors are thin and li- te cal quid nourifhment , ferving as a fled to convey meat to every Avot lib.de ’ member, and converted mofteafilyinto humors. hift.mir. A- Now whereas P/iay nameth fome which never eat meat, ae and Apollonius and Athenaus , other which never drank pa they are but few and particular perfons (yea perhaps the fons of Devils.) « which cannot: overthrow the general rule and courfe of nature. Itisipoffible to God (as the Devil truly objected ). to-make ‘ftones as‘nourifhing as bread to feed men with locafts)a moft fretting, burning, and {Calding ver-’ min). as he.did -Fobn Baptift+, to-give us ftones inftead of bread. andito-give us-{corpions when we ask eges: yet u- fually herdoth not tranfgrefs the courfe of ‘nacure, by which, as. by his bayliff; he rules the world: fo that when any man lived without meat or drink (as Mofes and Elias did forty daies) itis tacher toibe counted 4 miraculous working , then tobe imputed: tothe Rreng th of nature, sic : + hb. z.de rer. * ¥as, . | ui i )Hb.2.de ta, + aX gay = v Yea aa ae ey , a a 5 7 a OBES Ls es Lela oe Rt ees Ca ee LES Le We - CHAP. PETS Of At RB. 1. How it: tobe chofen. yap S Hippocrates {aid of Meats, Like Food-, like tim, fieth: fomay t juftly fay: of the-aire, : eke, Vd aire, like {pirits , for hencecomethit thaty ly B® in pure, clear, and temperate.aire, our (pi=3 SO4Z>OGa © zits areas jocund, pleafant, active, and reas) dy as butterflies in Summer; but in thick, dark, cloudy, and unfeafonable weather, they aredul, drowfie, idle, andas heavy as lead , working neither perfeGtly what.they ought, nor chearfully what they would, W itty Carday: fuppofeth a like refemblance to be betwixt our bodies, andthe aire,.:as: there is betwixt the fonl.and heaven: So that as they encline: the foul, fo the airé altereth the body every ways) !let-the. aire be cloudy, how can the body be warm? Let itbehots! how can that be cold? let it be chilled with: froft.or | nowy: our Skin (yea our inwards themfelves) begin to fhiver ¢- + ow: ftaggers the head, and how prefently finks the heart, at the fmelofa damp, or the infenfible fenfe of :deadly and fubtile fpirits, carried from the ugh-trees of Ta/xs,:or the hole of aCokatrice, or the breathing of Afpes, or the dens of Dra- gons, or the carcafes of dead Serpents, wherewith the aire is not fo foon infected, as the hearts and brains of men, whereunto itis carried... Galen faith, That the inhabitants of the Paleftitie lake are ever fickly , their -cactle: unfound; and their Counttey barren; through the brimfton< and pitchy vapor afcending from thence over‘all che Countrey, wt fuch fort chat birds flying over it, or beafts drinking of it, defuddenly.dies And:verily no-bird bateth that Lake , nor WOO the Yi Z Of Aire, and bow to be chofem: the Lakes of Avernum, Lucrine, or Padua like ufito. jes no frogs and ferpents can lefS live in Ireland, foxes. in Crete,. ftages in Africa, hares in Ithaca, and fithes in warm watery, then che heart of man can abide'impure {mels , or live long: in health with infected airs; which if they do not alwaies corrupt men, yet they fhew-their force , and exercife their power over cattle, hearbs, grafs, corn, fruits, and waters,. a great while after poy(oning us(as it were)at a fecond draught, Luctetjib.se. whift we feed of infected things , and (as Eclipfes are wont todo) {pitting out their venomwhen they are almoft forgot- ten. Sicélis recorded:to be feldom void of the Plague: and the dwellers of Sardinia quitted their Country. oftentimes. for the fame caufe. . But how could it be otherwife, when: the wind blows there moft commonly out of Africa, the mother of :all;venomous and filthy beafts? Is not Middle- borough; Roterdam , Delf , and divers other Cities in Zea- landand Holland ; ftinched every dry Autumn with infinice fwatms of dead frogs, purrifying the aire worfe then carrion ¢ Romealfo was greatly annoyed with agues and peftilence, till eee his.councel their common fewers were monthly \cleanfed, their privy.vaults yearly emptied., and. their {orl and offal daily carried forth into the fields, where- by receiving the benefit of {weet aire and health both at once, no marvel (as Mr. Ajax his Father hath well, noted) though the Skavenger and Gun-farmer, that 4, Stercutius and Claacina were honoured as Gods. And verily had that worthy Author lived amongft thofe. Romans , as he liveth in this unchanktul and wicked age,wherein (to {peak with # ip: pocrates) wdmsirantur fatus , calumniantur plerique , antens- gunt pauci:) no doubt ere thisthe had been very: highly ex; alted, dnd ftoodin fomefolemn Capitol , betwixt Stercutius and Cloacina., as agree doth upon.Ludd-Gate betwixt his two fons: ForIaflure yow (and lerus:not bur give. the Devil his right) he hachtruely., plainly, and per! nelly ies 83 We Lib.aier veveci SF oe PoE 1A Of Aire, and bow'to be chofen. ee down fuch an art of Privy-making, that if we would put ft in practice, “many a”houte fhould be thouche in London te have never @ Privy, which now fmels all over of nothing elfe: Neither is the aire only infected with venemous winds and vapeurs, finks, fewers, kennels, charnel hoafes, moors, or common leftals (as in great Camps and Cities) nor only with privy vaults; bue alfo Bée/ews maketh mention, that a houfe in Spaén feated'among many elder trees (wherewithall the grounds were headged) caft every man out of it (like Se- j#s horfe) either dead or difeafed, till {uch time as he caufed | them tobe rootedup, and fo made ‘it both -wholfome. and }y Plin- 1.13.c.:- habitable to che dwellers. Furthermore it isrecorded, That ii as the aire in Cypras cureth any ulcers of the lungs, fo the air of Sardinia vnakes and enlargeth them: And as the aire © Of Anticyra helpeth madnefs, fo contrariwife the aire of Tha- [# (efpecially in ahor and dry fummer ) ‘broaght almoft all the inhabitants intoa lunacy. which’no doubt hapned upon thefe caufes , ‘That Cyprus aboundeth in Cypres and Firr- trees, Sardinza in Alom and Copper Mines, Axticyra is re+ pleniflied with true Hellebors , and 7a/ws 1s full of deadly vi Ughes, «which either killa man , or make him mad, when 1 hi thefavor infects himrfully , as/it doch in fuch hot and ‘dry m | f Plorinvica, Countries. ~'? he sire may be aho'infeG@ed with thefmoa 7 Dios incpit of*Charcole newly kindled, whereof Quintus Catulds died WY Nepotiani. or with the {mel of new morter, which killed Sowimiauns the Emperor in his bed » or with the fauf of a candle: where with many have been ftrangled sor with theaire ota pan of 4 coles throughly, kindled, by which as: Amylins- peor ftudi- jy) Hiercn-Mer-- ed'in the City of Parma ‘he eet fell down dead. By i ee Ore: the fmell ofa fuf of a candle, many . become ‘leprous and oi women mifcarry of children. What light ‘is beft’to ftudy aa oyle, wax, deats fuer, and tallows s:the very finel of s cuteth headach , and. of fom¢ Aowres drunkennels, Yeu ¥ i i 7 s¢ «t o) 7 eeuse et Vl. ait . ; es ad bie k* ; oh i. ae th a) ts Taata eye &*t ryrhS. eer eee | ae if yy} hp DE ithe wb AP | Cob A Aaa 2 Nedb rela rs ‘ ; ; SH haha led! ¥ AAS” Owe er Pak SPS VME ~- é .s = 4 : : ' " 7% ws e¢ _thirft: of the lungs and heart , .which no drink can fo well Of Aire, and how to be chofen. 15. The fineli ofa wantlowf may’ kil’ a'child in the mothers womb :: the:very finel of Phyfick cureth many.) °o% ohn“ Firft therefore in the eletiion or choice ‘of aire , obferve this, that it be pure and void of infection : for pure aire is to the heart, as. balnvto the finews,yea it is both mear,drink,. exercife , and Phyfick to the whole body.’ Mear, whilftic is eafily converted into fpirits: Drink, whilft it allayeth the quench; exercife, whilft it movech humorsimmoveable o- therwife of their own nature; medicine or Phyfick, ’ whilft it helpeth to thruft forth excrements, which would elfe har- den or putrifie within our bodies; the vapors whereof would fo'fhake rhe bulwark of life, and defile the rivers of blood if. fuing from the liver, that we fhould not live long in health; if happily: we lived ar all. Sin | Next to purity of aire, we muft chufe that a!(o which ws temperate. _.For natural heat is not preferved faith Galén, but of aite moderately cold: “And Ariffotle faith, That | Countries and Cities, and houfes, which by interpofition of . ae hils onthe North fide be feldom cooled, ate fubjeCtto-mor=' |-de loc,aer. 85 tality, and many difeafes, Yetmutti¢not be fohot as toz7 polite V diflolvefpirits , procure thirft , and abundant feat» to the . hindring of urine, and decaying of ftrengeh and appetite : But (as-I faid before) of a middle temper , becaufe as nature. isthe mother, fo mediocrity is the preferver of every thing, Gal.a.dr.tu fam 9 Who fees not adry Summer peeleth, and adry winter rivel- , eth the skin ¢-and that contrariwife, an over-moift aire puf- = it up with humors,and engendreth rheumes in the whole body? ., i | Thirdly hat aire is beft which moft (eafonable : Name- ly, warmand moiftin the Spring , -hot and dry in Summer, cooling and dry in Autumn ; cold: and moift'in Winter: ... ssn which feafons falling out'contrarily ) 4S fometimes they doe iors aa. 2 (efpecially in Iflands) infinite and unavoidable difeafes en- Hippoc.de i) boc.aer & aq. Of Aires unt bow'to be ehofen. Fue'thereupon. Foi if the {pting-aire be cold and dry through abundance of Northeaft winds, dry inflammations: of the eys, tiot urines;fluxes-of bloud by nofe and bowels,and moft dangerous catarrhs:to old:perfons, follow upon it. If Sums mer be cold anddgy through the like winds, lool for all kinds of agues, headaches, coughs,and confamptions: Con- trariwife if it be too hoe and dry, fuppreffion of urine «and womens courfes, together with exceeding bleeding at the nofe isto be feared. “If Amtumn be fulloF Southern and warm blafts, the nexe Winter attend all rheumatick and monft difeafes. If Winter on the contrary be cold and dry, which naturally fhould becold and moift, long agues , humorak aches , coughs and plurifies are to be expected; uniefs the next Spring be of a moift difpofition. Qi TIN STN Again, confider alfo, how any houfe ot City-is:fituared, forthe aire is qualified accordingly. Namely: if they be ee Southeaft , South, and Southweft ; and be hindred romall Northern blaftsby oppofition of hils,they have nei+ ther fweec water, nor wholfome aire, but there womenate fubject to fluxes.and mifcasriages , children: to, convulfions and fhortnef$ of breath, mento bloudy fluxes:;\ feourings, and Hemoerrhoids,and fuch like. Bue-Cities,; Countries, or houfes, ficuated, clean contrary:, towards the North-wefk, North, and North-Eaft,, and defended from all: Southern sult and blafts, albeit the people there are commonly more {trong and dry. ,, yet are they fubject: through fuppreflion. of excrements, unto headaches , fharpplurifies:, coughs, exul-’ ceration.of thelungs, phlegmatick collections, ruprure of ins ward veins , andred eyes. Likewife in thofe Countries , young boyes. are fubject to: fivelling of the codds , young girls.to the-navel-ruptusei, mem to thedifeafes above nam- ed, Women: to; want: andfcar city: of their natural terms., to hard labours, ruptures and:coavulfions, and to confump- sions after childbeach . Batherly: Bowns(e(pecially inclining f t@ * = ee aor ae eC‘ *- Ch * ss as a he eS SS os SSE Se OSS SS a — ~~ s > — “more temperately hot and cold; ‘Secondly becaufe all | chief or full feat Eaftward, are very wholfome for three - (Thirdly, becaufe cold winds are commonly as uthers to ', thatthe inhabitants are much troubled with hoarfeneé ; bounding in-menftrualbandmighty. pollution’ , their‘olt? # D Of Aire, and-bow-t0 be chofen. ry, tothe fouth ) and houfes are more -wholefome then the wefterly for many caufes: firft bécaufe-the aire isthere waters and fptings running chat-way , are moft clear fra- grant pleafant and wholefome,refembling as it were a dain- ty pring, and verily:-womem there conceive quickly and Hippoc. loco bring forth eafily : children prove large , well coloured citato. and lively: men healthful {trong and able to any ex- ercife, But Weftern cities and houfes, barren, clean, of Eaftern gufts,have ever both troubled waters and unwhole- fome winds, which mingled with the waters obfcure their clearnefs, and maketh the inhabitants weak, heavy, and ill coloured, hoarce-voiced,dull witted,and wanting(as if they were entring the houfe of death )) quicknefS and vigour. DutAvicen of all others declares this moft at large, who ) fhewing the boldnefS and goodnefS of aire by the fituati- Lib..Fen.: | on,defcribes them in thefe words, Houfes having their 4ftu. q scautes:: Firft, becaufe the Sun rifing upon them, purgeth ent timely, ‘Secondly, becaufe it ftayes not there long to diffolve fpirits, but turneth weftward after noon, the Sunrifing, by which all’ corruption is killed, that ei+ ther was in the aire or lay en the ground, Wefterne places are wort fitnated:: Firft, becaufe the Sun beftowes not his maiden head and kingly heat upon them, but a hor and {corching flame, neither actenuating nor drying their aire, but filling it full.of fogs and mifts.. Whereupon it falls out, rheumes, meafilsspocks, and peftilence. . Southern ‘eats’ ‘are commonly fubjeétto catarhs, fluxes of thebelly, hea-. vinefs, want of appetitey ‘hemoroids , inflamation of eyes; and their women conctive hatdly-and mifcarry eafily, 2 men i Lea. H 4 i A a Ae ras he 2 sei . x RAYS Wane re. Gee mM Say ee The beft Aire Of Aire, and bow'tabe chofen. men are fubje&. to palfies, trembling apoplextes and:all humoral difeafes,their children to cramps and the falling e- vil: their young men to continual putrified agues, and all kind of rebellious fevours. In Nothren countryes.through the drinefs, coldnefs, and fharpnels of the wind ; women do hardly conceive , and dangeroufly bring forth:, or if they be well delivered, yet commonly through want of milk they are not able to nurfe their children. Their young men die of confumptions, their old men and.children of cruel cramps. . They which dwell upon the cops of hills (where every wind blows from under the Sun) are forthe moft part found, ftrong, nimble, long-lived and fit for la- bour. Contrariwife the valley people (fo feated that no wind blows upon: them ) are ever heavy fpirited, dulland fickly : for as.a fire of green wood dieth unles.che fame. be {cattered with continual blowing ; and asa ftanding water: corrupteth in.a little {pace:fo an idle aire rouled about with no winds foon putrifieth, becaufe hisdiffimilar parts be not feparated by winowing,as.the chaffe is. from the wheat. But the beft fituation of a houfe or city, is upon the flaunt of a fouthweft hill (like to this of Ludlow, wherein-we {ojourne fora time)neither fully barred of the Eaft, North, and Southern winds, clear, and free from the mifts of begs and fens, purified from the ftinck.of common. Sinks, Vaults. and Leftals, as alfo from the unwholefome brea- things of Caves,Colepits,& Copper,or Brimftone- mines: not fo cold as to ftupifie members, not fo hotas to burn the-skin, not fo moift as to fivell us with rheumes, nor fo dry as to. parch up our natural moifture : not to much.nor tovariable (as upon;the top of -hills) not folittle;. nor too. ftanding, as inlow Vallies: neither {melling: of nothing, as in barren Countries,nor felling of bad.things, as in the Kens: but fragrant without a di(cerning of {inell, and fweeref of all in an, wakaown fveetselS. For howloever Of Aire, and how to be.chofen. fome men dream, that the {mell of the fpice-trees in Ara- bia felix make the neighbour inhabitants: both healthful of bodyand found of mind (which F will not deny, if you-compare’ them with the borderers “of the Paleftine lake.)"’ Neverthelefs as Tu//y fatch‘of women, They {mel beft which (mell of nothing, {o verily the aire that {mells of nothing is beft tonourifh us in health,though otherwile in fome ficknefS a perfumed aire is beft, and alfo to expel a loathfome ftinck, or ( like to the neighing of Apoloes horfes) to roufe up‘dull and fleepy fenfes.- In which refpeé Tam of Ariftotles opinion,that {weet fmels were appointed to be in flowers, fruits, barks, roots, fields, and meddowes, not onely for delight, but alfo for medicin, _ Neverthelefs. as the taftles water makes the’beft broach, fo the {melling aire givesthe pureft (TI willnot fay the ftrongeft) nourifh- ment to our fpirits. In P/starchs time men were grown to this wantonefs., that every morning ‘and night they -pertumedinot only their-apparrel and gloves, but alfo their ‘bodies with tweet ointments, made of moft coftly {pices : buyinewith'greancharges,what thall I fay ¢ an idlea need- les, awomanly pieafure? “nay verily ‘an unnatural ‘and more then bruitifh. Horevery beaft lovethhisiown’ mate ‘only for her own fmel(whatfoeveritbe)but‘fome men love not their meat, nor drink,nor the aire; nor their wifes’ nor themielvésjuniefs they fmel,or rather ftinck of fweet coftly anc fortéine fumes which being'taken without caufe, do the headimore hurt then being taken upon caufe-they do it goo. \\ hérefore vif thy brain be*temperate and not tdo moift, cold, Ordull, e(chew a ftrong finelling aire \(fach as comes from walflowers, ftock-gillyAowers, pincks, roles, Hiacynths, mead fweet, honyfackles, jafimin, Narciffus, musk, amber civet,andfuch like) contenting thy elf with thefimpleft aire, whichfor found complexions is fimply belt. Orif for recreation and pleaftrefake thou defirelt it Mes Se 3 D 2 {ome - we ig Twice, Pee ay yh eae Be a ‘ ‘ y usy hue et SU er eR Ey ERR ye wh ON eb et ty pt 2 i" Sane be aod es Of Aire, and how tobeprepared. fome time, let it not be of afull.or ftrong fent: but mingled a with fweer-and foure (as violets with Time)-and breathing Th rather‘a fharpe then‘ay fulfome fweetnefs, And thus mach Ih | of the choice of aires ; Now come we tothe preparation | and ufeof thems rs CHAP! III a OF AIRE. Hi i 1. How itis to be prepared. | a oe G Anew (that Goat-bearded God) the firft time thar Plurde ur. ex, Sever he faw fire, would: needs kifSit and embrace it in hoft.cap. pis. armes, notwithftanding that Prometheus forewarn'd him of coming too nigh: for he knew. well. enough the nature of fire to be fuch, that as in certain diftances, times, and quantities 1¢ may be well endured, fo. in others it is harmful and exceeding dangerous. The like may I fay:of . heat, cold, moifture, and. drinefS. of the aire: which ip the firft or fecond-ftep towards them may and do preferve ) life, butthe nearer you come to their extremities, the Bl __- nearer.are youtodeath: So that either you will be burne | ha with Satyrus, or frozen to. death with Philoftratus , ox ‘fl dryed.up for lack of moifture with Darizs Souldiers when | _ they could. get nowater,; or dye asthe inhabitants: of the 1 lakes.in Egypt do. with too much moifture. Wherefore Jet every one confider-his owne ftrength and conftitution of body ; for fome like to.new wax, are diffolved with the leaft heatandfrozen with, the-leaft cold: others. wick A | Z Sala- ie Of Aire; and bow tobe prepared. a1 Saldmanders think nothing hot enough; others: like to filk worms ean abide no cold, others»with Smiths: and Woodéocks'can abide tho frofts which even the fifhes cheinfelves'can hardly colerace. So likewife dry confticu- tions laugh and fing with the Thrufh when: rain approach- eth: when others of the contrary complexion do mourr and lament with the Plouver, becaufe it isfo wet. Which being fo, I fhall’‘no doubt deferve well of every man in teaching him fo to prepare the aire, that fometimes abroad, but alwayes at home it may be tempered (according as he moft needeth) and purified from all infection. Concern- ing the tempering of aire ia our honfes : is it too hot and dry?then coul it by {prinkling of Vinegar and Rofe water, by ftrewing the floure with green flags, rufhes, newly ga- thered, {reed leaves:, water-lilly leaves, Violet leaves and fach like; ftickalfo frefh boughes of willow, fallow, po- plar, and afhe (for they are the beft of ail) in every cor- nef, ‘Ts i€t66 cold and moift? amend it by fires.of clear and dry wood 5 and’ ftrew the room'and windows with ‘herbs of a ftrong fmellas mints, penniroial cammomil,balm,nep, rile, rofemary and fage. “Is it'too thick and mifty ? ‘then prur. de 16: attenuate-and clear it in your chamber firft by burning of & Ofir. pine-rofin (as the Egyptians were wont to-do) then ‘pre- fently by burning in a hot fire-fhovel fome ftrong white- wine vinegar. Put their chiefeft perfame ofall other called Kuphis “The great temper, was made of fixteen fimples : namely, wine, ‘hony, raifins of the fun, cipres, pine-rofin, mirrhe, the fweer ruth, calamus aromaticus, “{pike-nard, cinamon, berriesiof the great and little juniper; lignuma> loes faffron, figtrée buds, and cardamoms: to which com Se pofition in Gelens time Democrates added Bdelinm and ao vee the feed of agnus caftas, andthe Phyficitns in. Plwtarchs time the roots of Calamint. Ir were needlels to write how wonderfally Apotlo,I mieanoncneW Apolo Rrineiy Ale sani’ ° yePy hee PO RATE 7 hi ey - Plur. de Ifi, & Ofir. Avic.Fen.2, Trad.3. Tradt.de. trochifc, Of Aires and how to be prepared. of Vercelles (for fo like a proud Irakian he callech his owne work) commend the famein his third beam; or how Piy- tarchand Avicen extolit. above all others, in that it-not onely bringeth any aire ‘toa good temper; but alfo clean- feth the fame of unclean fpitits, openeth it when tt is clow- dy, attenuateth it whenit-is too thick, refinech ‘it when it is full of dregey mixtures, and confequently difpellech me- lancholy from the head; fear andill vapours from the heare, procuring natural and quiet fleep,and therefore not unwor- thily confecrated to the Gods. . Now as the Egyptzans burnt rofin inthe: morning, and their Kuphi towards noon, fo albeit the fun.fet, when-many heavy vapours lye in the aire,the Ancients were not to burn mirrheand juniper: which difperfe thofe heavy vapours, leaving in the houfea rectified dire, quickning the fenfes, and correcting thofe melancholickfumes chat pervert judgements Wherefore the Fgyptians callimirrhe, Ba/, and Juniper Dolech the pu- rifiers of the aire; and curers:of madnefs. Whereat lee no man wonder’, fith the-very noife of bells, guns, and ‘Frumpets,breaketh the clouds,and cleanferh the aire: yea Mutick itfelf, cureththe brain of madnefs,.andthe -heart of melancholy, as many learned.and credible Authors have affirmed. Much more-then may it be tempered, and alter- ed to the good or hurt .of ‘ourinward, parts by {mells. and perfumes, whereby'not onely'a meeraire (asin Sounds) ‘ts. Carried tothe inward parts, but alfo invifible feeds and fubftances qualified with 'variety of divers things. For who knoweth not thatthe {mell of Opium, bringeth on fleep, drowlinefs, and finking-of the fpirits’ conerariwife the the {mell of Wine, -and: ftrong vinegar out of a narrow mouth dglafs, awaketh the heavieft headied man, if pof- fibly he can: be awaked.. Furthermore becaufe ftincking f{mells:(unlefs: one by little and. lictle:be accuftomed to thei, as our dungfarmers, and:kengeltakers are inLon- don: Of Aire, and bow, ‘ obe prepared. 23. don and as a wench did eat Napellus, a moft cruel poys fon, ordinarily as a. meat ) are both noyfom to the head , and hurtful to the lungs. heart, and, ftomack; in fuch fort, that they whichlive ina ftinking houfe; are feldom healthy : It fhall be good, where the.caufe cannot wholly be removed, tocorrect the accidentin this forr, with fweet waters, fweet perfumes , fweet pomanders, and felling unto fweet fragrant things. Tfabella Cortefa, that dainty Lady. of Jtaly, comb’d her hair, and fprinkled her gown. every morning with this fweet water following, whereby the aire circumftue Spare wad ent was. fo perfumed, that wherefoever {fhe ftood, no cakes againft ie ftinch could be difcerned... Take of Orenge flower water, !™*ls. water of Violets, water of the musk-geranium , andthe muskrofe, mater of red and damask roles, of each 4 pints powder of excellent [weet orris , two ownces powder of Storax Calamite, Benj oine, and Indian mood of rofes., of cach half an ounce, Civetadram andahalf.. Mingle all together and. let them fland in Balneo three daies. Then: after the water wtbroughly cold, filtreit out with a fine filtre, and keep it toyour ufe ina glafsveryclofe opt. (Marinellws maketh another not: much. inferior unto this, whereof this isthe defcription.. Take 4-pottle of damask-rofe-water, Benjoin, Storax calamite,cloves, ana wood of Aloes, of each az ounce, ambre-grice ana civet of cach. fcruple :. boil them together in Balneoina glafs very wel flopt, for 24,hours [paces filtre it-out when tt ts cold, 1nd having hang’d fiftecu grains of muskinvit tied in a clofe cloth, fet it five daies inthe fun, and keeps st to.your nf. rH Thefe waters arecoftly , but verily exceeding good ; neverthelefs fith menof mean fortune are likewife to be preferved, I appoint for them thefe perfumed cakes, and: Jor the poorer fort, a lef coftly perfume, Take of one a : | j nn” aa n a ye Lae | <4) é ey er ae | : SRR EAA a a SC Of Aire, and how to be prepared. Join fix: drams, wood of aloes four drams, florax calamite four drams, {weet orrté two drams, musk a fcruple, white {ugar candy three ounces, beat them into fine powder, and with red-rofe water, work them into a [tiff pafte, where- on make a fort of littlecakes no biccer nor thicker then a threepence, dry themin a cold fhadowy place, and then put thens up very clofe into a glafs, and take out one or two, or a5 many as youpleafe, and burn them upon quick coles, The poorer fort may make them fire-cloves, far better then you fhall find anyae the Apothecaries, after this Receit. Take of good Olbanum halfe a pound, Storax Cala- mitean ounce anda balfe, Ladanum halfe au ounce, coles of Iuniper wood 2 drams, make alt into fine powder, and then with 2 drams of gum Tragacanth mingled with rofe-water , and macerated three daies together , and an ounce of Storax liquida , form the pafte like great cloves, or [ugar-loves, or birds, or in what form on if and ary them in an oven when the bread hath been drawn, kindle one of thefe at the top, and [et it in any room, and it will make it exceeding weet. But forafmuch as no aire is fo dangerous as that’ which is infected with peftilent influences, let us confider how, and in what fore that of all other is to be corre&ted. Hip- pocrates (for ought we read of) when his own Countrey, and the City of cAthens were grievoufly furprifed of the Plague, ufedno other remedies to cure or preferve the reft, chen by making of great fires in each {treet, and in every houfe , efpecially in the night time, to purifie the aire; whereby the Citizensor Athens being delivered from fo dangerousan enemy, ereéted to Hippocrates an Soranus in vie 2Mage of beaten Gold’, andhonoured him alive as if he ta Hipp. . had been a God. And verily, as running water, likea broome, cleanfeth the earth, fo fire likea Lion , eateth wp the pollutionsof the aire, no le{S then it confameth the 4 Of Aite, and Bow to be cheer. 95 the droffie metals.’ “So that ‘cleanlinef and good fires, cannot but either extinguifh or leffen any infeGtion: whereuntoif we alfoadd the ule of 6thet outward corre- Ctors and perfumers of the aire, no doubt it will be much, if not wholly amended.’ ‘The Peftilence (2s I have no- oe ted to my grief in mine own houfe).taketh fome firft is fe cane with a great chilnefS and fhaking, others witha hot {weae in the time of and i fainting: In fome_placé ic taineth moft in Pence. . Winter, others it néver annoyeth butin Summer. The fitit fort are to cotted& the air about them with good fires, and burning of Lignum Aloes, Ebony, Cinamon bark,Saffaphtas, and Juniper, which (as cacatthiolus re- ome oe cordeth ift his’ Herbal) retaineth his fent and fabftance a °°" “*P-*: hundrediyedts.”’ "Batn’alfo the pils of Oringes, Citrons, and Demons aad’ Myrrh and Rofen; and the poorer fort may perfume theit chambers with Baies, Rofemary, and Broom it felf. | Make alf avaporous perfume in this fort's’ Take of Mattick and Frankincenfe , Of, each.an ounce, Citron pils,Calamint roots, Herb- erafsidried, and Cloves, ofeach three dram make all into a grofs pow. der, and boil it gently in a perfuming pot with {pike- water and white wine. The fecond fort ¢ I mean fuch asare fick of the Plague in Summer , ot are the firft t2- ken witha diffolving heat) fhould rather burn fweet Ci- pres, Lignum Rhodium , Sanders, fprigs of Tamarisk, Gum tragacanth , Elemi, Cherri-tree gum , and alittle Camphire. Likewifé their vaporing perfumes. fhould be of red-rofe-léaves , Lignum Rhodium , and Sanders, with rofe-warer and Vinegar boil’d together, So that ° according to the kindof taking , and the feafonof. the year, is the air to be correéted in the time of peftilence, and not alike at all times with one perfume, ite Marn . filius Ficinns fo diligently obfer eH: hat he blamerp, ti>-4¢ Pefie, many Phyficians for their general preferring of this or : a . | : that Of Aire, and how to be prepared. that mafticatory : fome extolling the chewing of face as one goes abroad, others the chewing of Setwall roots, others of Elecampana, Cloves, Angelica, or Citron pils; which indeed are beft ina cold feafon; but in the hot time of the year and a hot Plague, the chewing of Coriander fee ds prepared, grains, Sanders, and the pulpe of Oringes, Lemons, Citrons, or Pearmains, is far to be preferred before them. The like may be faid of {weet Pomanders {trong of, musk, civet, ambre, and ftorax; which are no doubt good correctors of the peftilent aire; but.yet in hot fea- fons and peftilences,nothing fo good as the fmel of a Le- mon fticke with lignum Rhodium inftead of cloves , and inwardly ftuffed with a {ponge throughly foaked in vine- gar of red-rofes and violets. But here a great queftion arifeth , whether fweer finels correct the peftilent aire, or rather be as a guide to bring it the fooner intoour hearts’ To determin which que- ftion,! call all the dwellers in Bucklers berry in London to give their fentence - which only ftreet (by -reafon that it is wholly replenifhed with Phyfick, Drugs, and Spice- ry , and was.daily perfumed in the time of the plague with pounding of: Spices, melting of gums, and making perfumes for others ) efcaped that great plague brought from Newhaven, whereof there died fo many, that {carce any houfe was left unvifited, Of variety and change of Aire. Hitherto of the correcting and tempering of diftem- . pered and infected aire 5 which being clean and purified, may yet through ignorance or wilfulnefS be abufed: For as Satyrus would needs kifs the glowing cole,and children delight to pur their fingers in the candle, © fome know not howto ufe thisgeneral nourifhment., . whichis nos given (as all other nourifhments be) unto one particular man Of Aire, and how tobe chofen. — ee man or Country, but equally and univerfally unto all. Now there be two forts of aire , as every man knoweth; the one open and wide unto all men, ‘the other private, fhut within the compafs of a houfe or chamber: that per- mitted to any man whichis in health; this proper to ver many and fickly perfons , who receiving but the leat blaft of the outward aire upon a fuddain , fall into great extremities, and make the recidival ficknels to be worfe thenthe former. Many, and amongft them, my Lord Rich his brother, can juttifie this , who almoft recovered of the {mall pox, looked but out ofa cafement, and pre- “ fently was ftriken with death. So ‘likewife one Har- wooa of Suffolk, arich Clothier, coming fuddenly in an extream froft from avery hot fire intothe cold aire, his blood was prefently fo corrupted , thathe became a lea- per; whichis an ordinary caufe of the fame difeafe in high Germany, as Paracel{us and ‘many other writers have truely noted. Again, fome men tie themfelves {o Lib.de lepra. to one aire, thatif they go but a mile from home (like to frefh-water foldiers) they are prefently fick: others are fo delighted with variety , that no one aire or Country can contain them: of which humor was U4 gefilaus, Phosion, Diogenes, Cato, yea and Socrates himfelf, who .... ‘ ; s 4iian. 7, de fometimes lay abroad in the fields , fometimes at home, ¥ :hif. fometimes travailed one Country , and fometimes ano- Plus.in vira. ther, that being accuftomed to all airs, they might (if §7°5°". | neceflity ferved) the ‘better abide all. Furthermore in Piut.in vita. long difeafes, itis not the worft, but the’beft phyfick to Ren change airs; which few can endure that are tied incon- ; rat” eS ceit or by cuftom only to one, and therefore that (ofboth fantaftical humors )-is the moft dangerous. Befides this, the time of goingabroad in the open aire js to’ be confi- dered; forfome go out early before the dew be off, and the fun up, whichis very unwholfom, others alfo walk | E2 at - x 3) t pchh , 7 ; ui Of Aire, and how tobe chofens at night after the dew falling , which is as perilous: for Hil | the dew to mans body is as ruft unto iron, in fo much that i it blafteth the face and maketh it {cabby (efpecially in i fome months) if a mando wath himfelf with it. Further- more fome men delight to travel in tempefts. and winds , which the very hedghog reproveth, and the beafts of the He field efchue by feeking coverture: for ftrong and vio- ai Lane eee a BAL YS RAPA ny Kt . i oy iP sing Abs Vi lent winds , be (as. Cardam cals them) the whales of the i Lib.to.de rer, aire ,towling clouds and meteors where and whether they Var. lift, beating down trees , houfes, and caftles, yea fhaking FH otherwhiles the earths foundation. Novwasfome goe a- Mit | broad too. much, fo.others with over-fearfulnef take the " open aire too little, fitting at home like cramb’d Ca- ponsinaclofe room, and not daring ina manner to be- hold thelight ; better icwere by degrees to go abroad, then with {uch certainty of danger to ftay at homes yet fothatacalm, mild, and temperate day be chofen, left Li we make more hafte outward then good fpeed , and be- . wail the alteration of aire through decreafé of health. For as contrariety of meats make tumults and rebellions in our ftomacks,fo contrary changes of aire upon the fud- | den., maketh dangerous combats in-our bodies: Yea ! though a fenny aire be thick and loathfome, yer fudden- | _ ly to godwel upon the high mountains in a clear aire, 1s a pofting to death rather then a courfe to life , and albeic t Southern Country be pregnant of corruption (for all iH trees lofe their leaves firft on the Southfide , and. on the Southfide houfes decay fooneft , and the Southfide of corn isfooneft blafted , and malt lying in the Southfide of a Garner, is firft..tainted with weevels) yet fuddenly Gardan:libue, tO depart: to a Northern foil, where the North wind de varceeric:8, chiefly bloweth, is to leave the Sea to be-frozen in ice, and bringeth imminent, peril, if not hafty death tothe Patient , yea to chem that areotherwife found of body : wherefore Of Meat, and the difference thereof, &c. 29 wherefore ufe the open aire in his due time, feafon; quan- tity, and order; elfe fhalt thou be offended with that nourifhment, which fimply of all other ts moft neceffary : for as this invifible milk (for fo Severinus cals the aire) in time, feafon, and quantity, nourifheth thefe lower, and | perhaps the upper bodies: fo being taken out of time, thie. and longer, and lefler then we fhould, it is both the child, the mother, and the nurfe of infinite mifchiefs. —— CHAP. V. 1. Of Meat, andthe differences thereof , in Kind, Subftance, Temperature ,. gua Taste. | Diprrpofing now to treat of Meats, I will be keep this method. Firft I will thew A their differences : then the particular natures of every one of them - Laft of all in what variety , quantity , and order they are to be eaten. Their differences be efpecially feavenin number; Kind, Subftance, Tem- perature, Tafte, Preparation, Ageand Sex. | 1. Concerning the firft, It is either of vegitable Sete SR things only by ordination, or of fenfible creatures by per- there te. miffion. For whilft Adam and his..wife were in Paradife, he had commiffion to eat only of the fruit of the Garden; being caft thence , he was enjoyned to till the ground , and fed in the fweat of his brows upon worts,corn, pulfe and roots; butas for flefh, howbeic many beafts were fain for {acrifices and apparrel, yet none was eaten of 3 BOER : a 1 oa iu ae eis me yee RY OAS) ny A ia er eld ’ iY Saeed Of Meats and the difference thereof. men 2240. years after the creation ; even till God himfelf permitted Noah and his family to feed of every fenfible thing that moved and lived, as wellas of fruits and greem hearbs. Eufeb libt.de Nay the Indian Philofophers,called Brachmanes.did ne- pizpar-evang vera great while after the floud tafte of any fenfible crea- asta “ ture: and though Nimred the great hunter flew many : beafts, yet flefh was even then untafted of the sabiloni- ans (and many hundred years after) faith Herodotus. And verily till God would have it fo, who dared to touch with his lips the remnant of adead carcafS ° or to fer the pray of a wolfe, and the meat of a falcon upon his table ? who I fay durft feed upon thofe members which lately did fee, Plut.deef.carm ZO, bleat, lowe, feel, and move? Nay tell me, can civil and humane eyes yet abide the flaughter of an innocent beaft, the cutting of his throat, the mauling him on the head, the flaying of his skin, the quartring and difmem- bring of his joints, the fprinkling of blood, the ripping up of ‘his veins, the enduring of ill favours, the hearing of heavy fighs, fobs, and grones, the paffionate {trugling and panting for life, which only hard-hearted Butchers can en- dure'to fee? Is not the earth fufficient to give us meat, but that we mutt alforend up the bowels of beafts, birds, and fifhes ¢ yes truly there is enough in the earth to give us meat, yea verily and choife of meats, needing either none or No great preparation, which we may take without fear, and cut down without trembling; which alfo we ma mingle a hundred waies to delight our tafte, and feed on fafely to fillour bellies. NevyertheleS we muft not ima- gine, that God either idely or rahly permitted fleth and fh to be eaten of mankind , but that either he did it for caufes known to himfelf, or for {pecial favours fhewed to Symp.8.cap.2, US. Plutarch writeth that hens €ges in Egypt do hatch themfelves in the warm fun, and that-wilde connies breed every Lid. primo. Of Meat andthe difference thereof. every month: fothat albeit by theirrites of*religion the Egyptians were forbidden to eat eggs, or to kill for meat any living creature, yet neceffity caufed them to eat both, left their corn fhould be devoured both in feed and blade,, or they forced to do nothing elfe but to bury young rab- bets and to fquatheggs; perhaps upon forefight of the like inconvenience, God appointed men to eat flefh and fifh: leaft happily overflowing the earth by dayly increafe, there would fcarce be any food left for man, and man fhould not be able to rule his fubjects. But the chiefeft thing whichhe aimed at in the permiffion, was (in my judgement) the healch and prefervation of our lives: for as before the floud men were of ftronger conftitution, and vegitable fruits grew void of fuperfluous moifture: fo'by the floud thefe were endued with weaker nourifhment, and men made more fubjeét to violent difeafes and infir- mities.- Whereupon it was requifite or rather neceffary, fuch meat to be appointed for humane nourifhment , as was in fubftance and effence moft like our own, and might with left lofs and labour of natural heat be converted and tranfubftantiated into our flefh. And truely whofoever fhall.with the Adaanites refufe that Diet, which God and nature hath appointed, either becaufe they think they fhould not, or becaufe they would not feed upon living creatures: I dare boldly avouch they are religious with- out knowledge, and timerous without occafion ;, yea (un- lefS naturally they abhor fifh and flefh, as fome men may ) they fhorten their owne lives and do violence to nature. ~ —- How meats differ in [ubftances. 2. Touching the difference of meats in fubftance: fome ase of chin and light fubftance, engendring pure thin and fine blood, fit for fine complexions , idle citizens, tender = per 3 t beer ye i k at hes Res ' y RY ¥ R A rytk eas Y ; ee yt , a Sa a, Of Meat, and the difference thereof, 8c. 2 eg) dif- perfons, and fuch as are upon recovery out of fome great Bs de ficknefs + as chiken peepers, rabbet fuckers, young phea- enchy.et. 1. de fants, partridge, heath-poulfe, godwits, all {mall birds be- ac.alim. ing young, all little fifhes of the river, the wings and li- vers of hens, cockchickens and patridges, eggs warm out of the hens belly,¢éc. Others are more grofs, tough, and ~ hard, agreeing chiefly to country perfons and hard labou- ye. vers: butfecondarily to all that be ftrong of nature, given te by trade or ufe to much exercife, and: accuftomed to feed upon them : as poudred beife, bacon , goofe, fwan, falt- fith, ling, tunnis, falt famon, cucumbers, turneps, beans, hard peaze, hard cheefe, brown and rye bread, gc. But meats of a middle fubftance are generally the beft,& moft Galsdealim, ProPetly to becalled meats; engendring neither too fine lae. nor too grofs blood , agreeing ina manner with all ages, « times, and complexions, neither binding nor loofning the body neither ftreagchening nor weakning the ftomack,nef- therprocuring nor hindring urine or {weat,caufing no alte- ration in coldnefs,heat,drynefs,or moifture; finally neither adding to the body by overnourifhing, nor detracting from it by extenuating, but preferving it in fuch eftate as they found it, reftoring dayly as much as dayly decayed, and nothing or very little more. Of which fort may be recken- ed young beife, mutton, veal, kid, lamb, pig, hen, capon, turkye, houfe-doves, conny, fodden lettice, skirrets. ale monds, rayfins, oc. How meats differ in temperature and dijlemperature, 3. As there is a certain temperature and diftempera- ture of our bodies, fo likewife is there in meats ; that tem- perate bodies fhould feed of their likes , and diftempered of their contraries. Wherefore God hath appointed fome meats hot onely in the Grft degree, de. } Hot Of Meats, andihe differences thereof, Ce. 33 Hot Meats. | Lamb, pork, pig, gofling, partridge, quail, thrafh., frurgian, mullet, bafe, oifters, cockles » cream, butter, figs, fuger, raifins, {weet apples,ripe pomegranates, new haffel- nuts,new almonds, a[paragas, borrage, bur-rootes, skirrst- roots, white thiftle roots, hop buds, parfeneps, wheat and. rice. Others hotin the fecond degree,as Hare,roe-buck,turky, peacok, pigeon, duck, turtle pickled oifters,anchoves,honny, ripe mulberies, new walnuts, pickled olives, preferved Ca pars, pifticks, dates, cheftunts, artichokes, carots, potadots , perfly, and radifh roots, erynge roots; mutmegs and faffron, - Some hot in the third degree, as (callops, mints, tara- gon,onions leeks, Alifanders, old walnuts ,cinamon, gin- ger,cloves,and pepper. Some are hor in the fourth degree, as skalliows, garlick, and ramfies. Now whereas all meats hot further then the fecond degree, arereckoned by Phyfitians to be rather medicin then meat : I allow their judgement, for the moft fort of men;but not generally in all. For in Scythia & fome parts of Per/ia,as alfo in Scotland & Wales,many mensbo- dies and ftomachs are fo full of cold and raw fleagme, that leeks,onyons, watercrefles, and garlick 1s made a nourifh- ment unto them,which would gripe, fret, & blifter tempe- yate ftomacks. The like reafon may be given, why Adders are commonly eaten of the people called Ophiophagi, and venemous fpiders.of many in Egypt. Yea, my delf have | known a young Maide, of an-exceeding moift and cold complexion, whofe meat for two'years was chiefly pepper, wherewith another would have been confumed, though the was nourifhed: for it is hot in the third, and dry in the fourth degree. ! | “Gold Meats. , Of cold Meats, God hath likewife appointed fome of F the ; eT ERPS FQ RAR ELE SA ee a ee es Ped ee 2 oe y ae a eee be be : oe a yp A a } ey, if 34 a ; Of Meats, amd the differences thereof, Cre. the firft degree , as Cow- flefh, ftcer-flefh, conmy, rabbet, young hedghogs , Eeles, tumps, olafes, frefh tunny, frefh sprats, frefh berrings, curds, and all forts of pomptons, millions, cherries, Rrawberries,peaches, [ome applespesrs, uinces, medlars, cervices : spinache, fuccory,forrel, Zo6fe- hosiennabhaai solewoorts, peaXe and beans. Others cold in the fecond degree, as tench, pike, fhrimps, crabs, creviffes, mew cheefe, prunes, damfius, apricots, and moft forts of plums, lettice, endif, citrons, oringes , lem- mons, gourds, and cucumbers, Whatloever exceedeth this degree in coldnef can never be turned into our nourifh- ment, howfoever fome one body by a proper Sympathy or long ufage(as Dotter Randal did)may digeftand nourillt himfelf with poppy medicins. Moift Meats. Meats moift in the firft degree, are thefe and fuch like: Wild bores lamprey, barble, cramb, [hrimps, creviffe, pine- apple-keruels, new filbirds, [weet almonds, dates, a{para- ews, {pinache, borrage, hop buds,carrets,turneps and french peaxe. Meats moift in the fecond degree : Hedgeback, turky, young piceon, young ducks, young quailes., frefh fiurgeon, lump; olaffe, tunny, tench, eele, frefb oifters, ruen-cheefe. Meats moift in the third degree are onely frefh pork, and young pigs. 7 Dry Meats. > Neither hath nature omitted to provide dry Meats for them, who bynatute or ficknefs are overmoiftned: where- of fome ate dry. onely in the firft degree, as peacock, heathiock,the dorry,and all frefh fifb lightly poudred: firaw- berries, foure fruit, medlers, fennel, artichokes colewarrts, radaifh, fc affron, and cheefecurds throughly preffed. Others in the fecond_in degree, as Oxe-beife, venifon, z oe? : e,. Of Meats, aud the differences thereof, eve. 35 hare, conny, partridge, turtle, thrufh, black-birds; mullets, crabs, perwinekles; cockles, bonny, cinamon, nutmegs, gin- ger; galanga, peares, quinces, foure-pomegranats, pickled olives, pifticks, cheffauts , fuccory, forrel, perfly, onyons, leeks, lemons, citrons, beans and rice. Others in the third degree, as flefh and fifh long falted, frock fib, old cheefe, poudred capers, cervifjes, mints, gar- lick, ramfies, (callions, water-creffes, cloves and cinamon. Others in the fourth degree, as pepper, and all things by mifcookery over- peppered. Temperate Meats. Temperate meats are fuch,as hardly can be difcerned to be either hot, cold, dry,or moift, orif they can yet do, they never exceed, yeatcarfly attain the firft degree. Of which fort,a young pullet, 4 crowing cockrel, 4 grown ca- pon, foles and perches, fine wheat, new laid eggs (eate white and all)being potcht,and all {mall birds being young, are to be accounted. | How Meats differ in tafte. 4. Being now come to the fourth difference of meats, which confifteth in Tafte, it is neceflary to fhew how ma- ny kinds of tafts be found in nourifhments ; whereof fome be abominable to certain perfons, though good and plea- fant in nature; Others contrarily defired and liked,though naturally not appointed for meat, whichif you calla fym- pathetical and antipathetical tafte, or an in borne talting yess of pecu- or diftafting, it will not be amifs: for though the words liar and extra. feem ftrangeand hard at the firft,yet time and wearing will TREE make them eafyand common. What is more unpleafant | to’ moft mens natures, then the tafte of humane flefh ¢ yetnot onelyfome women with child have longed for ic, but alfo the whole nation of Cawibals account it the {weet- | eft meat of all others. Iris alforecorded that Neroes.great ¢ oo. i ae gourdman,thought no meat pleafant but raw flefh, Fermt-cone. ri See us ii ~ i ae " x CY aay b ABs “Te Me YE ee aay EY # geoly, a — DT LEME: Lee Te a a a ee a MBAS MT ~ 36 Of Meats, and the differences thereof, ere, Sabel.lib.io. ¢ Salencius loved the Sea:horfes fo exceedingly, that he cap. 16. dayly dived for them amongft the Crocodiles of Né- lws, ventring his life to fave his longing. P/ato thought Laert.lib.6. ie Mecenas coveted the Ath Naucl.de greg. that Olives had the beft tafte. 3. pontif. - of Affes foals, whereby the whole race of Affes had been Gaugen.lib. 3. , : a a hiftor. extinguifhed, but that hedied ina good hour. The Ger. mans once(and now the Zartars) reckon horfeflefh for the fweeteft and beft meats, even as our Welfhmen efteem of Cheefe, Lancafhire men of egg pies, and Devonfhire men Vergil ;.Georg Of a brown whitepot. What need I write of Achilles who in his nonage living with Chiron, defired moft to feed up- on Lions livers¢or of the Yaxdales, who long after Foxes; or the Zygantes in _4frica , that covet Monkies and Apes, no lefs then the Carmanians love Tortefles, the Welt Africans Lifards, the Egyptians Gralshoppers, the Candneans Serpents, the Cerficans and Maltanifts young Eel. hb. 28 cap. 5. A.L. Merodo. lib.4 “mdb. 6.cap. rg ee Whelps, the Romans and Phryzians timber-worms, the ’ _tap.2. pi. Allmans Mites and Magots of Cheefe, and fuch filthy | er ; War. meats. Yea (if Herodotus an Sabellicus write a truth)theBs Sabel. ex He- danes defire to feed on Lice, whicha Mufcovite abhors to rodot. lib, 6. Pe 4 : kill, leaft unnaturally or unwittingly he might flay his own fieth and blood. It were ftrange to believe (yet Fernelius Lib.4.cap.3. Writes it fora truth) how a noble man of Frawsce founda Patholog- —_s greater {weetnes in quick-lime,then in any meat befide,re_ frefhing his ftomack and hurting no inward part with the ws... €ontinaal ufe thereof. Others feed greedily upon rags of rrincavella 5 lib.s.cap., de WOOllen‘cloth and wall-morter: and Awatus Lufitanus re- aes mrembreth a certain young maid of twelve years of age, ores, 2. Whodid eate ufually ftones, earth, fand, chalke, wooll,cor- ren and flox; efteeming their tafte and fubftance better lib.gecap: hift. then of the fineftand tendreft Partridge. Marcellus Do+ tab natws {aw a girle fo longing after Lifards and Neants, that ‘fhe would hunt after the one in gardens, and after the o- ther in houfes with a bough in’ her band, as a Cat would ) | hunt iii ° ea Of M:atr,an {the differences thereof, Cre. 27 hunt a moufe, and eat them without hurt. A/bertus Mag- nus (as Celins reporteth) faw another wench in Collen but C%!.!-1 t.e-t2, ; a . ant.led. three years old, hunting as diligently after all forts of fpi- ders,iwith which meat fhe was not only much delighted , but alfo exceedingly nourifhed. Yea Doétor Oethaus : is obfery. telleth a ftory ofa certain Parmer in the County of Hirf- proptiacum. berg,that feedeth chiefly upon potfheards finely beaten , batling no lefS with them then Marriners do with eating bisket. And foachimus Camerarins ( my dear and inepittad learned friend) reporteth that a certain girl of Norimberg toann-Scheng. did eatup her own hair, and as muchas elfewhere fhe could get ; neither conld fhe be perfwaded by parents or friends, to think ic an unpleafane or an unwholfom meat. Contrariwife Petrws Aponenfis loathed milk: The In- !o.Mat.a¢rad, habitants of the new fithing Land abhor Oyle; many ¢P:4¢aPPeut men cannot abide the tafte of Cheefe, others of flefly, o!1us,!,20.¢.7 others of fith, others of all forts of fruit, and that Barti- rs ie mew Marnta his father was almoft dead of hares flefh in a oon : : , Senne it is not unknown to Phyficians. Nay. — ome are naturally (orby imagination) fo perverted, that chey cannot abide the fight of many meats, and muchlefS the faft. What Souldier knoweth not rhat a roafted Pigg will affright Captain Swan more then the fight of twenty Spaniards? What Lawyer hathnot heard of Mr. Tanfiels conceit, who is feared as much withadead Duck, as Philip of Spaix was with a living Drake ¢ 1 will not tell what Phyfician abhorreth ‘the fight of Lampres, and the tafte of hot Venifon, though he love cold; nor remember 2 Gentleman who cannot abide the tafte of a rab ber, fince he was once (by a.train). beguiled wich a young cat. Si er Nay (which was more) all meat was of an-abominable tafte to Heliogabulus , af 1t were not far ferche and very dearly bought; evenas fome liquorifl mouthes fan Ris ‘ in oe Cite me - bid <$ “~ ~ Cranz. de reb. liruan,. Gal.4.de fac. {inp.cap.7. Ifaacde univ. dict. Gal.4.de fimp. fac.c:io,& f. e- juidem c,25. a ane a} m4 RA 2 LN ae OSS I Pe KC Of Meats, and the differences thereof , Ones drink without fugar , nor Sinardus hot ftomack could break wine without frow; which dainty and foolifh conceit, though it picks a quarrel with God and reafon (after the nice finenefs of Courtly dames, that abhor the beft meat which is brought in an earthen difh) and maketh ulcers as it were in found ftomacks; yet that there isa natural liking and difliking of meats . and confequently of the taftesof meats, both the examples of men and women forenamed do juftly prove, and even Spaniels and Hounds themfelves (I mean of the truer kind) by re- fafing of Venifon and wild-fowl in the.coldbloud, can fufficiently demonftrate. Meats of ordinary taftes. Now let us come to the ordinary taftes of meats,which are efpecially feveninnumber;, Sweet, Bitter, Sharp, Sowre, Fatty, Salt, and Flafh. Sweet Meats. Sweet Meats agree well with nature , for they are ofva temperate heat, and therefore fitteft tor nourifhment; they delight the ftomack ard liver, fatten the body, en- creafe natural heat, fill the veins, digeft eafily, foften that which is too hard, and thicken that which ts too: liquid; but if they be over-fweetand gluctifh, they foon turn ins tocholer, ftop the liver, puff up lungsand{pleen, fwell the ftomack , andcaufe oftentimes moft {harp and cruel fevers, Bitter Meats. If any thing be very bitter (as afparagus, hop-fprouts, andbroom-buds) they cannot much nourifh either man or beaft, unlefs they have firft been boiled or infufed in many waters: for otherwife they may engender (as they doy fome cholerick humors, burning bloud, - killing worms , Opening obftructions , and)mundifying unclean paflages of the body; but their nourifhment they give | - - }! Of Meats,an 1 the differences thereof, Ge. 39 is either little or nothing , and that only derived to fome fpecial part. Sharp Meats. Sharp Meats (as ontons, skallions, leeks, garlick, ra- difh, muftardfeed, creffes, and hot fpices) dry the body exceedingly , being alfo hurtful to, the eyes and liver , drawing down humors, fending up vapors, inflaming the bloud, fretting the guts, and extenuating the whole bo- “Nc? im dy: Wherefore we mutt either tafte them as they are, ae or not feed upon them till their fharpnefs be delaid with wafhings, infufions, oilings, and intermixtions. of {weet things. Soure Meats. Soure meats (as forrel, lemons, oringes, citrons, foure Gal,de fac. a- fruit, and all things ftrong of vinegar and verjuice) albeit ee: naturally they offend finewy parts, weaken concoction, cool natural heat, make the body lean, and haften old age; yet they pleafure and profit us many waies, in Cut- Gal.2.ce reg, ting phlegm, opening obftructions, cleanfing impurities, — bridling choler, refifting putrifaction, extinguilhing 4 aces, fuperfuous heat, ftaying loathfomnels of ftomack, and problemarum.. procuring appetite: But if they be foure without fharp- nefs (as arofted quince, a warden , cervifes , medlars, and fuch like) then they furthermore ftrengthen the {to- nic inuni- mack , bind and corroborate the liver, ftay fluxes, heal. verf.Diac. ulcers, and give an indifferent nourifhient to them that eat them. f Salt Meats. Saltifbnefs is thought to bean unnatural tafte, becaufe ic is found innoliving thing. For the very fifhes are: freth; {0 likewife is all flefh, and every fruit, and all herbs which grow not where the fea. may wafhupon them. Wherefore howfoever fale hath the termrof divinity in Homer, and. Plato calleth it Fupiters minion, and the A- Womerr:Thiad.. thenians. riato in Timd AN SIRES es a Sen Pes 4a uM pbnelss eA BY ere} : e rn BD Cc tee ot} Re 5 yt + es . — S _— . a i Of Meats, and the differences thereof , Ome. Athenians have built one Temple to Neptaneand Ceres (becaufe even the fineft cakes be unwholfom and unplea- fant if chey be not feafoned with falc) yet I hold it to be true, that falc meats (in that they are falc) nourifh little or nothing ; but rather accidentally in procuring appe- tite, ftrengthening the ftomack, and giving 1ta touch of extraordinary heat , as I will more perfectly prove when [treat of fawces. For falt meats (efpecially if they be ¢ hot of fale) engender cholor , dry up natural moiftures , enflame blood , ftop the veins, gather together vifcous and crude humors, harden the ftone, make fharpnefs of urine, and caufe leannefS; which I {peak of the acciden- tal falt wherewith we eat all meats, and not of that in- born falt which is in all things. F at Méats. Fattinefs is fenfibly found not only in flefh and fifh, of every fort, but alfo in olives, coco’s, almonds, nuts, pifticks , and infinite fruits and herbs that give nourith- ment: Yeainferpents, fhails, frogs, and timber-worms itis tobe found; as though nature had implanted it in e- very thing which is or may be eaten of mankind. And verily as too much fattinefs of meats glutteth the fto- mack, decayeth appetite, caufeth belchings, loathings, aac de Univ: yomitings, and {courings, choaketh the pores, digeftech & partic. dizr. hardly , and nourifheth fparingly foif it be too lean and dry on the contrary fide (fora mean is beft of all) x is far worfe , and nourifheth the body no more thena piece of unbuttered ftockfith. Unfavory or anrelifhed Meats: F lafhinefs or infippidity(which fome call a maukith or fenfelefs tafte) rafting juft of nothing (as inwater, the white of an egg, mellons, pumpions, and pears, apples, berries, and plums of noreli(h) is of notafte, buta de- privation or want of all other taftes befides ; which be iC How Meats differ in preparation, @ve. j dinany thing that isdry (asin {pices) or in things ail taoih rs fith, fleth, or fruit) it alwaies argu eth an ordinary weaknefs in nourifhment, howfoever ex- traordinarily (I will not fay unnaturally) if may ftrongly nourifh fome. Avice faith cruly in his Canons, Quod faptt, nutrit: That which relifheth , nourifhech : yet not fo, but chat unfavory things nourifh likewife, though not abundantly nor f{peedily : for what is more unfavory then frefh water, wherewith many fithes are only nou- rifhed ¢ what fo void of relifhasthe white of an ego? yet is it to aguith perfons more nourifhing then the yeolk; yea and ftockfifh will engender as good humors in 3 rheu- matick perfon, as the bett pigg or veal that can be brought him. a | CHAP. VI. ; Of Mears. | How they differ in preparaiicn, ageand fex. He preparation of meats is threefold, One before the killing or dreffing of them , another in the killing or drefling and the third after both. Of which art T imoch;- Mo wis i dts Rhedius wrote eleven books in verfe, - and Numenius Heracletus (Scholler to Dieuches thar 4t Lib,2: | learned Phyfician) and Pitayeus Paredus and Hegemon Suen Lr es, Thafius compiled alfo divers Treatifes of that argument ; which either the teeth of time, or ftomack of envy having confumed, ! mutt write of this argument accor- ding to mine own knowledg and collections, ia ~ Whether PL 0 Ale OR RAL 7 | i : i How Meats. differ in preparation,@ve. Whether an iron Ladle hinders’Peas and: Rice from feething ? Whether roaft meat be beft, and beft tafted; larded, barded, {corch’d or bafted¢ Beafts killed at one blow are tendereft and moft wholfom. Why all broath isbefthot , albdrink beft cold. Some fifhy, eth, and fruits never good but cold fome never good:when they are cold ;. and.yet we havevall but one inftrumentot tafting. Of fatting of Meats. Lean meatasit isunwholfom, foit feemed alfounfa- vory in ancient times; info much that @: Curtius be ing fewer at Cefarstable, feeing adifhiof lean birds to be fet at the table , was not afraid to hurl them out atthe window. Alfothe Priefts of J/rael, yea the Heathen Priefts alfo of Rome and Egypt touched no lean flefh , Plut.in que. becaule it ts imperfeét till it be far, fitter to feed hawks nei. and vultures, then either to be eaten of men, or confum- ed in facrifice to holy ufes. Hereupon came a trial how to fatten flefh and fifh (yea fnails and torteffes, as Macrobius Sat:3.c:13- writeth) by feeding them with filling and forced meats s Suetsin vi; Clting not only livers and garbage into fithponds, butalfo Augoti: their flaves to teed their pikes(as did Vidius Pollio)and to make them more fat and fiveet then ordinary. Hence alfo _ came it that {wine were fatned with whey and figes, and Plin:1.2.c. gx; that Servilins Rullus, devifed how to make brawn, and that the Aigyptians invented the fatting of geefe, becaufe Diod:l:1 c: 6: Itwaseverone wifh at their Kings table. Amongft the Romans it was a queftion, who firft taught the art of fat- ning geele; fomeimputing it to Scipio AMeteus . others to Marcus Seftius, but without contradiftion, Marcus CAufidins Lucro taught firft how to cram and fatten cee peacocks , gaining by it threefcore thoufand fefterries a which amounteth to 3000000 /.of ourmony.Cranes an {wans were fatted in Rome with ox-bloud, milk, oatmeal, Azlecfcarn: barley, curds and chaulk mingled (to ule Plutarch’s — Gal.J.4.antig, Lec, ~~. How Meats difftr in preparation, Oc. 43 phrafe) intoamonftrous meat, wherewithall they were cram’d in dark places, or elfe their eyes were fticched up, by-which means their flefli proved both tenderer, {weeter, whiter, and alfo (as icis fuppofed) far wholfomer. Hens, capons, and cockrels, and tinches were fatned by them of Delia, with bread fteep’d in milk ; and feeding ina dark and narrow- place, that want of {cope andlight, might caufe thentto fleep and fic much, which of it felf procu- reth fatnefS. In Yarro’s time men did not only fatten Varro!:3 rer. conies in clappers, but alfo hares, and made them (of a‘ melancholick) a moft white.and pleafant meat, according tothat of Martial , Inter aves princeps pinguis (mej udice) turdus, Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus. Amongft the feathered knights, fat thrulhes do excel, Among ft: four-footed (quires, the hare deferves the bel, But here a queftion may be moved, W hether this pen- ning up of birds , and want of exercife , and depriving them of light, and cramming them fo often with ftrange meat, makes not their flefh as unwholfom to us as wel as fat? To which I anfwer,that to crambCapons,or any bitd, and to deprive them.of alllight , tsill forthem and us too: for though their body be puffed up, yet their flefh is not natural and wholfom ; witnefS their fmall difco- loured and rotten livers. whereasHens andCapons feeding themi{elves in an open and clean place with good corn, have large, ruddy and firm livers. So great is the diver- fitie betwixt acramm’d, I may fay aftrangled, and cap- tive Capon , and’ betwixt a gentleman Capon feeding himfelf far withoug art. Wherefore the beft facninz ofall fowl; is firft to.feed them with good meat (for like 3 G2 food, A iil aia ee hed : 44 How Meats differ in preparation, Cre. food, like flefh.) Secondly ; to give it them not conti- nually as crammers do, forcing one gobbet after another till they be fully gorg’d, butas often as they themfelves defire ic, that nature be not urged above her ftrength ; not ina coope or clofe roome , for then the aire and them(elves will fmell of their own dung, but in acleane houfe {pacious enough for their little exercife; not in a dark place, or fticching up their eyes , for thaewill caufe them to be timerous, or ever fleepy ; both which aree- nemies to their bodies, and confequently toours : for e- very man knows that fear marreth concoétion,and fleepi- nefs bereaving us of exercife, hindreth digeftion. » Yea young Pigeons whilft they are in the neft (be they never Avic:fenii:' {9 fat) are reckoned but an unwholfom meat; but when tatti12: they follow and fly alittle after che dam , then are they of great and good nourifhment. The like may be faid of the fatting of beafts , for they are not to be ftied or ftall- ed fo.clofe chat they cannot ftirr, but to have fufficient room for to walk in, as well as to feedin, that they may be wholfom as well as fat, and not corrupt our bodies with their own corruption. So likewife fth kept in great ponds where they may rove at pleafure, are better chen fuch as be mewed in a narrow and hallow ditch; which not only we fhall find by inward digeftion , but alfo by outward tafting ; yea look what difference there is be- twixt tame and wild Conies, betwixt Deer fed by hand, and Deer fatning themfelvesin the Chale and Copfes, the like fhall you perceive betwixt forced farne& » and fatnefs gotten by natural and good diet. Another thing alfo is to be obferved before the killing of any beaft or bird; namely, how to make it tenderer if it be too old, and how tomake it of the beft rellith: pe- trocles affirmed, that a Lion being fhewed toa {trong Bull three or four hours before he be killed; caufeth his fe(h to- be rey. €% rd 17 y YE yah Se La we hee How Meats differ in preparation, Ke. 45 be as tender as the flefh of a Steer: fear diffolving his hardeft parts and making his very heart to become pulpy- Perhaps upon the like reafon we ule to bait our Bulls be- fore we kill'them : for their blood is otherwife fo hard that none can digeft it in the flefh, but afterwards it is fo far from being poifonable, that it becometh tender and nou- rifhing food. Perhaps alfo for this caufe old Cocks are courfed with little wands from one another, or elfe forced to fighe with their betters before they are killed. Perhaps alfo for thefe caules , fomuch filthy dung is brought from common leftals into great gardens, namely to caufe roots and herbs to be fatter and tenderer then they would be : which intent I do not difallow, onely I wifh that no other foil were ufed , then what proceeded from the earth or from brute beafts. Concerning the manner of killing, it is divers in divers Countries. The Grecians ftrangled their Swine, and did eat them with their blood. The Ro- mans thruft them through the body with a fpit red-hoe, whereby death enfuing without cooling and voiding of blood, the flefh feemed far more fweet and tenders Butif pre ti, dee a fow were ready to farrow, they trampled upon her bel- cara, ly, bruifing her pigs, and the kernells.of her dugs with the milk and blood ot once, eating them for the moft delicate meat,as fome delight in the brufe or pudding of the Deer. Plutarch alfo avoucheth; that Sheep kill’d by Wolves, sim.2.quzt o. Birds by Hawkes, Geefe by Foxes , Hares or Deer by Greyhounds, eate much {weeter, kindlier, and tenderer, then if they be killed fuddainly by fleight or violence. Yea I have heard of a Lady in Exeland,, chat leta {core of Par- tridges be brought unto her, fome killed by the Hawkes, others at the foot of Dogs, others-by men, fhe will difcern. that which the Hawke killed at fowce from: all the reft, having tafted but one morfel. | : Futhermore-as there isa reafon of cutting SORE: OL 'Plut.z Simrof. guart, fo, How Meats differ in preparation, &c. for timber (namely in the prime of the Moon, or abou* the laft-quarter ) and:afpecial good feafon of moulding bread, and laying of Jeavens (this before thefull of the Moon, that in the:fullit felf} fo there is likewile afeafon to kill Béatts Birds and fifhes , and to eate the fruits of ardens andOrchards. For experience teacheth that Hens are beft in January, eggs in February, Lamb, Kid, Pige- ofisand Veal in March, herbs in April, Cockles in May, Bucks and Salmon in June, July, and Auguft, Gurnards in September, Oifters in all Months in whofe name an R. is found, Pork, Bacon,and Cabbage in frofty weather, ge, Nay farther it’s to be confidered, whether a Deer be ftricken ftone dead at a blow, though he be in feafon, -or fuffered to dye languifhing upon his burt, for his skinbe it never fo well dreft, will foon fhed his haire and wax worm-eaten if it languifh, whereas as otherwife it will hardly corrupt at allin a long-feafon: wherefore. no other réafon can be given, then that by the one way natural heat is inwardly reftrained, and’ by the other way of killing out wardly expired. Solikewife there are feafons for gather ing of fruit, herbs, floures, feeds, and roots, which whofoe- ver obferved not carefully and diligently , he may feeth bones: for flefh and (to fpeake more properly) ftalks for lettice. For all'things have their feveral times, and there is a feafon for each purpofe under heaven. A time to plant, and atime to pluck up; atime to kill, and a time to pre- ferve. “The laft preparation is after the killing of fenfible creatures, or the gathering of the which are onely ve- getable : all which preparations are divided into five principal actions, garbelling, boiling, rofting, baking, and frying. Garbelling is a taking away of all things fromany — creatures, which are counted either hurtful or unneceflary: as the flaying of Beafts, pulling, and fealing of fouls, gar- baging of all things that have corraption in their bellies , Vv - a’ How Meats differ in preparation, &c. 47 voiding of p:ths} cores; rinds, and ftones in roots; apples, and plums,¢c. For albeit the firft cooks were fo un+ Macrob-3 fat, skilful, that they roafted Oxen skin and all, yet reafon af ter taught them to reject the outwards, as they had upon juft caufe emptied the inwards. Theorther four»preparati- ons are fo neceflary, as that all things in a manner are fub- je@ to them, Whatis raw flefh tillit be prepared, but an imperfect lump ? for itis neither the beaft it was, nor the meat it fhould be, till boiling, roafting, bakeing, or broil- ing, hath madeit firto be eatenof men. Dzocles being asked whether were the beft fith, a Pikeor a‘Conger: that faith he,if it’befodden -thisif- it be broild; but none 4 4.5 735, ¢. better then another if they were raw: onely Oitters of all cap.<. fith ate good raw (yet he was no Coward that firft venter- | edon them), being called of Atheneus the Prologue !i-+--P. 3+ of feaft; becaufe ever (as we ufe them ): they were eaten formoft.. Other fifh being eaten rdw, is harder of digefti- on then raw beife.:, for Diegenes died with eating of raw Laertius. fith, and Wolmer (our Exglé{h Pandereus’) digefting iron glafs and oifter fhells, by eating araw Eele was overmiafte- red. . Nay the /é#hyophags themfélves feeding only on fith, do firft either roaft them in the Stn; or prepare them with fire before they eat them; having ftomacks far hotter then ours ,,.and ‘confequently more proper to digeft them JAS for raw fleth (befides Butchers,Cooks, Poulterers;Slaugh- ter men , and: Canibals.). who dare almoft ‘touch*ic? with their fingers? much lefS dare any grind itowith their ceeth, no not that Egyptian; who was Werees gourman. Suet i Nee: Now as Galemfaithof Chefnuts, that being roaftedin !it, 4 de.tac. embers, they ate, fiveet and drying, being fodden in broth fmp!-med.cap they are fweet. and moiftning ; being roaftedswitl their °* *° husk they eate delicatelysbeing roafted without their husk they eate. ranck and fourithj being fodden without their huske they prove unlavoury: fo may fay of all other , , meats E Bei} | Pai fre ahh 4 in! id. at ee hi eh ; ee Bah ti 7 A ate 9 oy) i ad: p RR Ue a 2) be Hie im! gual ; | t ie He iM ‘} U bi 'Lib.1.de. fac. ‘fimp- - How Meats differ in preparation, Gre. meats whatfoever, that according to the kind of preparati- on, they either keep relinquith or alter their propriety. If hereupon you aske me what meats is beft boild, and what roafted I anfwer that flafhy meats & naturally moift fhould be dreft wich adry heat (as in vaking, broiling, frying, and rofting) and meats naturally exceeding in drinefs and firm- ne{s fhould ever be boyléd. Temperate meats may be u- fed any way, fo they be not abufed by mifcookery, which even Diocles knew many years ago, faying (as before I no- ted outof Athenaus) that a Pike is beft when he is boild, and a conger when he is broild, becaufe that is a firm and folid fith, this of a moift foft and eely fubftance. But for- afmuch as in my particular difcourfes of feverall meats, I purpofe to touch their beft preparing, I will farceafe to {peak any more generally of the drefling of meats, either before they are bereaved of life, or in or after their death: onely this ] conclude, that who feeth nota great difference betwixt meats kill’d in feafon, and out of feafon, betwixt raw meat and parpoild,betwixt fri’d meats and bak’t meats, fpiced and unfpiced, falt and freth, betwixt a{paragus once watht and twice watht, betwixt cabbages ‘once and twice fod, cc. is in my judgement deprived of his wits, or elfe over -wedded to his will. For who is ignorant that cabba- ges once fod loofen the belly, but twice fod ( I mean in (e- veral waters ) procure moft dangerous and great coftive- nefs *, who knoweth not (as Galen affirmeth ) that Afpa- ragus often wathed isa good nourifhment, but otherwife fo bitter that it wholly purgeth @ what ftomack of any fach dulnefs, that being overmoift it confeffes not amend. ment after the ufe of {piced, falted, baked, anddry rofted meats ; and contrariwife complaineth of hurt by frefh liquid fodden and unfavory meats 2. The difference of meats in age asd fex, 6 Laft of all meats differ in age and fex, for the Pa 0 ns a a nas How Meats differ in preparation, re. of fucklings is moifteft, moft flippery excremental and vif- cous; theflefh of old beaftsare tough, lean, hard, dry, and melancholick: Wainelings lef, hard, and dry then _ the one, and withall more firm, temperate, and nourifhing then the other. But generally they are beft for moft com- plexions, when they are almoft come to their full growth both, in height, length, and bignefS: for then as their temper is beft fo likewife their fubftance is moft propor- tionable to our natural moifture, which is neither fo hard that it is unchangeable, nor fo thin and liquid that it is over eafily difolved. Concerning the difference of meats in fex, the males of beafts, fifh,and foul are more ftrong, dry, and heavy of digeftion, the females fweeter, moifter, and ~ and eafier co be concocted : but gelt beafts, kerned foules, and barren fifth, are counted of a middle and better nature then thems as an Oxe amongtt beafts, a Capon amongtt birds, a Pike wounded in the belly can well teftifie, who therefore being unable to conceive again, fatten abundant- ly, (as experience eae Dees in our London fifhponds) and becometh a moft delicate meat. Now are, we come to the particular natures of every meat, and firftto them which are called by the name of Fleth, | CHAP 4g RSE ee eee. Te es ee ey a nee Pee Lee ee F aa ; vt ) a ae? fi BE kite Lica aN Bi aR Ty BRE vt GEER Wiad fa RAMEE Paseerg aces ame SESS Bt TGP s f ; Me 30 _ ing upon the ground.. | ae 5 Pa How many forts of Flefb there be. CHAP, VIL 1, How many forts of fle/o there be. 4 2. Whether flefb or filb were firft eaten of, and whether of thew is the pureft and be St nonriflment. firft to treat of flefh, which was one of the laft foods appointed unto mankind by the voice of God. For (as before I touched) till2240 years after the floud, we read of no flefh eaten or permitted to be eatenof any man. Neither indeed was itneedful whilfthearbs, fruits, ] T will feem ftrange perhaps unto fome, that they begin and grain,were void of that putrifying moifture, whereto ever fince the floud they arefubjeét, and whilft mens fto- macks were fo ftrong and perfit, chat ina manner no meat could overthrow them: aud verily were the Sun of fuch power with us, asitisin Southern Countries. towards the A.quator, to ripen our fruits throughly, and to take them as it were upon the Tree; no doubt being freed from their crudities and {uperfluous moifture, they would give as good nourifhment unto us (and perhaps far better) then any flefh. But now our complexions waxing weaker and weaker through abundance of fin and riot, and our climate being unapt for wholefome and much nourifhing fruits, let us give God thangs for ftoring us with flefh above all other Nations, making our Shambles the wonder of Europe,yea verily rather of the whole world. Now all the flefh we lave is taken either from beafts, or birds, or things creep- The | How many forts of Flefb there be. 51 The difference of flefh. Of the firft fort fome are tame, as the Bull, comoxe, and calfe;the ram, ewe, weather, and lamb, the he-goat, fhe- goat, geled goat, and kid, the bore, fowe, hog, and pig: Others wild, 2s Venifon, red and fallaw wild bore, rocbacks, hares, connies, hedg-hogs, and [qnirrels, Amongft tame Birds thefe are moft familiar unto us: Cock, hen, capon, chicken, turky, peacock, goofe, guiny- hens, duck, and pigeon: amongft wild foul fome keep and feed chiefly upon the land; as By/fard, crane, beronfhaws, byttors, ftork, Pheafant, Heathcock, partridge, plover, lap- wing, cuckoe, pye, crows, woodcocks, rails,red fhanks, gluts, waod[nites , Godwits, (mirings turtles, floekdoves, rock- doves, ringdoves, jayes; wood peckers , fromechatters , thrufhes, eereesCidey eee blackbirds, flares, quailes, and all forts of little birds, as [parrows, reed [parrows, larks, bulfinches, goldfinches, thiftlefinches, citron-finches, bram- blings, linnets, nightingales, buntings, wagtailes, robin- redbreafts wrens, witrolles, fiskins, oxeys creepers, titmife, titlings, [wallow, and martlets. Others live in or upon the water,, 45 Swan, Bergander, Barnicle, wildgecfe, wilds duck, Teal, widgin, fly-duck, fhovelars, cormorant, curtucs, gulls black-gulls feamewes, cootes, water railes, [ea-pies, pufins,plovers,fhell drakes, moor-cocks; and moorchens ,dob- chicks,Water Crows kingsfifhers,water-[nites . Of creeping things I know none but the fnail in our Country , which fome efteem not-only fora meat, but alfo for ameat very reftorative. And thus muchof the kinds of flefh. Now let us come (for recreations ke) to the comparifon betwixt Flefh and Fith; which of them is the more ancient, pure, and wholefome meat for mans body ; whereat perhaps both Butchers and Fith whether flefh or mongers will be much pleafed,» and perhaps no lefs of fi) be the more fended: but I will write what I have read, and leave “7m rer a pho!fome meat, H 2 the i M4 a Bt a iy t cn i [ ae ——— ——— a -- ’ ; / “ ~ _ - ana nae 7 ~ = = = ee ~ ay Bald in poflil- lam Carchufi- anorum, 7.Polychron. _ edif they had had flefh.,. bur he would have fed the peo- 4 7 Tht * Whether F lefb ov Fifb were firfi eaten, Mc. the determination to others that can better judge. Whether flefh or fifh be the more anctent, pure , and wholfom meat. The Charter-Monks tothe preferring of fith before fiefh, ufe efpecially thefe arguments: Firft, That Chrift did feed moft upon it; for we never read but once that he did eat flefh ; but that he did often eat fith itis proved by many places, namely, Mat. 15. Luc. 5.9. Mar. 6. 8. Fohn 6. Furthermore he reftrained by name ao kind - of fifh from the J/raelites, but divers kinds of flefh; which fheweth that fifh is the cleaner, purer, and more holy meat: for the action of Chrift fhould be our in- {truction, and his works our imitation. Thus much faid Baldwin Arch-Bifhop of Canterbury , of whom Ratnul- pares writeth this ftory.. When Baldwin was chofen Arch-Bifhop of Canterbury, he {ware that from the time of his enftallment, tohis dying day , he would never eat fleth. : whereby his body fo decayed , that he fell intoa confumption : Anoldwoman meeting himon the wa as he was carried inan open Horfelitter , called him liar to his face: whereof being reproved by fome of his fol- lowers, Why (faid fhe) do you rebuke me ¢ doth he not lie, for faying that he never ate flefh fince his enftallment, when his face fheweth that he furpaffed the favages in eating his own flefh: For indeed by fuperftitious ob- ferving of hisvow, he became.an anatomie, andlivedas . a cypher amongft men. | | But to anfwer the Carthufians arguments, | fay this s That Chrift in the places of Scripture cited before, ask- ed his Difciples what meat they had ? and they an{wer- ed, Nonebuta few loaves and a few fithes: wherewith he fatisfied himfelf and his Difciples , and above five thonfand perfonsat one time: Neither is it to be doubt- ple Whether Flefb or Fifb were firft eaten, Ove. plewiththat : For it was his property (which every man ought to follow) to eat wich thankfgiving of that which was fet before him, were it flefh or fith ; as no doubt he did at the marriage in Canan , in LaZarushishoufe, and the houfe of Zacheus , andat the feaft of the pafleover , which albeit ( for ought we read) he did but once cele- brate, yet reafon and Religion teacheth us, that accor- ding to the commandment of God, he did every year ce- lebrate it before, fince the time of his childhood; elfe the Jews would have accufed him as a tran(grefler of the Law 5 and by juftice have cut him off from amongft the people: but’as he fubmitted himfelf to circumcifion (being then one of the Sacraments of the Church) fo queftionlefS after thie years of difcretion, he did yearly eat of the pafcal lamb (for he came not to break any Law given by Mofes, but to fulfillic) which cannot be fewer then five or fix and twenty times at the leaft. As for the other argument taken from the reftraining of cer- tain beafts and birds by name, and that no fith by name is there forbidden: Saving Ba/dwin his graces reverence, it isa very lie : For when God generally forbiddeth the Ifraelites to eat of any fifh , that wanteth either fins (as Lev.it, v.9,10. the Poulpe, Periwinkles, Lobfters, and Crabs) or fcales (asthe Eele, Lamprey, Plaife, Turbot, and Conger, ¢c.) doth he not exprefly forbid them to eat of Poulps, Pe- riwinkles, Lobfters, Crabs, Eeles, Lampres, Plaife, Tur- bot, and Conger, and a hundred fifh more wanting either {cales or fins ¢ Fifh is therefore no purer meat then flefh; neither can a Carthufian eata Sole (¢ being a meat for- bidden the //raelites ) with a founder coafcience then a piece of Bief or Swines fleth. Finally, where he faith that the actions of Chrift fhould be our inftruction, and his works our imitation: Why do notthofe fifhy Friars eat fiefh every Maundy ~_ ¥ 53 Exod,12-24. —_ ———_+ oe sky ~- = = ee Ri 6 ae + es Sr a eae —= =— - RFU" st ~~ Se SS Ee . 7 Pi 7 a - a Pe e+ = oo -S* -— ae te ill ut | if e \ i ; 4 u ML . Wy . 3 a , j ‘ yeh ; aA ey wy MY SSS el How mnay forts of : le(b there be, day, fich Chrift himfelf didfo, whom we ought to imi tate ¢ But let thefe alone to the conformity of their Church injunétion,, remembring alfo with St. Paul, to : Epift.ad Ti abftain from no meats which God hath created for out ree P: # ite and health. oe It is recorded by St. Ferom in his Epiftles, hac Sene- Hieronym: in c4. upona foolith conceit abftained fo long from fleth, and B pitt. fed only upon fruit and fifh ( infected perhaps with the leaven of the Egyptian Priefts) thatwhen upon Neroes commandment he was to bleed to death, there did not {pring from him adrop of bloud. The like is written of Marul. lib. $e. Genovefe, the holy Maid of Paris, who (like the mae Egyptian Prophetefs) abftained wholly from flefh , be- caufe it is the mother of luft: fhe would eat no milk, Polydor Verg Decaufe itis white bloud; fhe would eat noeges, be- lib:3.cap.de caufe they are nothing but liquid flefh: Thus pining ‘eranvent. and confuming her body both againft nature and godli- nefs, fhe lived im afoolifherror, thinking flefh more ready to inflame luft , then fruit or fith, the contrary whereof is proved by the Iflanders, Groenlanders , O- Plin hb.7,caP rites , andother Nations; who feeding-upon nothing Diod.lib. ;. but -fith (for no beaft nor fruit can live there for cold) yea ap.3. Herod. having noother bread then is made of dried Stockfith oe grinded into powder , are neverthelefS both exceeding lecherous , and alfo their women very fruitfull. Yea Venus the mother of Juft and lechery is faid to have Cic.3.denat.’ fprung frem the fome of fifh ; and to have been born in mire: the Sea, becaufe nothing is more availeable to engender luft, then the — of certain fifhes and {ea-plants which I had rather in this la{civious age to conceal from pofte- rity, then to {pecifie them unto my Countrymen, as the Grecians and Arabians have done to theirs. What Nar tion more lafciviousthen the fenny Egyptians, and the Paronians ? yet theit meat was only fh, yea they fed their Tow many forts of Fle/b there be. their horfes with them, as Herodotus writeth. — Alfo: in Heb.2. the Ifle of Rhodes, the Mother-feat of a {trong and Wat- like Nation , the people heretofore fed chiefly of fifh, abhorring with fuch a kind of deteftation from flefh, that 1.Jib.x. de they called the eaters of it favages and bellies. And ve- "*"". rily if a ftrong, lufty, and Warlike Nation {prang from the eaters. of fifhalone, why fhouldwedeny , that fifh is as much provoking to venery, as any flefh. Sothen, J having fully proved that flefh is as lawfull, as pure, and as holy a meat as fith ; Now letus try which of them ts the more ancient and beft nourifhment Did we but mark (faith Platarch) the greafie fowlne fs of Butchers, the bloudy fingers of Cooks, and the {mell of every beafts puddings and offal: we muft needs con- fefs, that firft every thing was eaten before flefh, which lib. de eficara, even ftill we naturally abhor to fee whilftit is in killing, and few touch without loathing whenit is killed. The Indian Philofophers. called Brachmanes, being at length induced to feed upon living creatures, killed fith for their fuftenance , but. abhorred from flefh. And though ruteb 1. de the Babylonians delighted. much after Nimreds example, prap. cv. in hunting and killing of wildbeafts, yet (as Heredo- tws reporteth) they abftained from fleth, and lived whol- ag Ce ly upon fruit and fifth. | or anfwer of which Objections, I oppofe to the Babylonians, Abraham and the holy Scriptures which making mention of a Calf dreft and eaten in Abrahams houfe , before ever any mention is made of eating of fifh; itis very probable that flefh was foremoft, after the general permiffion to eat both. To the Indian So- Gen.8.v.s. phifters I oppofe Pythagoras and hisSchollars,who being perfwaded at the length to eat of certain beafts and 9" %-¥-3: birds, utterly yet abftained from eating of flefh, perhaps upon thefe.caufes. Firft becaufe inis acruel and ee Gel lib.cap. &. Plot.& Symp. gueft. 8. Whether Flefb or F ifb were firfE esten, Cre. like thing, to kill thofe creatures which annot poffibly hurc the inhabitants of the earth. “Seconrdly, what ne- ceflitv is thereto ufethem, Nature having replenifhed the earth with fruit, herbs, grain, beafts allo, and birds of allforts ?. Thirdly , Had fith been eaten irft; no doubt it had been ficfheaten of the Iflanders and Sea-border- ers; but neither'the inhabitants of Hellejpost , nor the Hlanders of Phaacnm, nor the Wooeis of Penelope (bringing all manner of dainties to their feafts) are ever read in Homer to have brought or eaten fifh, | No nor Ulyfes his companions are recorded to have made theit Sea-provifion of fifth, but of flefh, fruit, Ale, and meal; neither ufed they any hook to catch fifh withall, cill they were almoft famifhed for want of victual’ (as you may" read at large in Homer his Uly(fes) which isa manifeft ar- gument, That fifh was not ufed (or at theleaft not eaten of) till men were unfurnifhed ot other meits. Laft of all, whereas Plutarch objeGtethhow loathfom a thing it is tofee Butchers and Cooks (prinkled with bloud in killing and dreffing flefh. 1 anfwer him, That che fight is not fo loathfom to nature, butto nicenefs and conceit. For what God permits to be eaten , nature permits to drefs and kill; neither rebelle:h fhe more at the death of anOx, then at the cutting down of hay or corn. Nay furthermore, fith all was mace for mans ule, and man for God, fhe giveth us liberty to kill all things that may make for the maintenance of our life, or pre- fervation and reftoring of our health. Hippocrates moft wittily having fhewed , thac fome men are deceit- ful by nature , and that therefore nature viught them the art of making Dice (the inftruments of deceit) he thew- eth confequently , that becanfe nature is provident for mens health, therefore the hath likewife invented the arts of building, plaiftering, weavin g and tillase: wherefore (to Whether Fle’ or Fifb were ferft eaten, Ore. S79 (to imitate and urge Hippocrates argument) if nature have provided flefh and fith (chat a fubftantial chis a more light nourifhment for our bodies ) how fquemifh foever weare to fee them killed , yet it is no unnatural thin to feeit, no not todo it our felves. Concerning the laft queftion Whether flefh or fithbe the becter nourifhment; I cannot anfwer better then 2s Galen did, being asked thelike queftion of wine and water. For as wine is beft for one man, and water for an- other; fo likewile flefh is moft nourifhing to fome con. {tirutions, and fith toothers. Timoshie was young, buc yetfickly and weak ftomacked, his youth required wa- ter, but his ficknefs wine, wherefore Pal. like a good Phyfician ; advited him to drink no longer water , but a rian s.¥. 22 Little wine for his ftomacks fake, and his often infirmi-" ” * ties. “So likewile Severws the Emperor being fick at York, of ahot gout, his Phyficians forbad him all flefh,e- pecially of the fronger forr; but he retufing their coun- Sts Aurel. cel, nourifhed his difeafe with forbidden meats, and foon died. Contrariwife Seneca was forbidden by Serenus the Phyfician to eat any more of fifh, being too too wa- Hieron in Bp. trifha nourifhment for his weak body ; which whilft he refuled co do and forbare to eat flefh, his bloud was all | turned toa gellied water. So then in re{peé of particu- ,' Ta perfons, neither fleth nor fith be of better nourifh- ment, but both alike: yet generally fleth engendreth the better, purer, and more perfe@ bloud (as the very co- lour and face of men which ufe either of them apart , doth perfectly declare;) and confequently for found men, it is and ought co be accounted the beft fuftenance. bs - CHAP, it ea, Neh ee ‘et. Pat Yoo CArd he ra pet oy Bee : lem Pa. P . i. . 3 de fac, alim. «2, Valcthaf. Pifa- nellus l.de efc, & porul. Gal.z de alim. fac. 7 CHAP. VITT. 1. Of the Flefb of tame Beafts. VEAL, ereeing with allages, times, and temperatures, Calves are either Sucklings or Wainlings : The firft areof eafier digeftion, making good bloud, and dri- ving choler from theheart: So lew is the Wain- lings, bur fomewhat harder, either of them agree with hot and dry perfons, howfoever it is dreft, but to flagey and moift ftomacks, Veal is unwholfomunlefs it be dry roafted; for roafted meats give drie nourifhment, and boil’d meats moift,as Galew writeth. The Italians are fo in love with Veal, that they call Veal siedam, thatis to fay, their little life: as though it gave not only nourifh- ment, but alfo life to their dry bodies: which albeit! confefs to betrue, by reafon neither their Calves flefh, nor their ownbodies , be fo moift as curs, yet. imour Country it falls out otherwife through abundance, of moifture ; fo that howfoever found bedies do. well. di- seft it, yet languifhing and weak ftomacks find it too fli- my, and can hardly overcome it: Did wenot kill chem fo foon as commonly we do, namely, before they be fal- lyamonthold, they would give the more found and wholfome nourifhment; for till they be five or fix weeks. old, their flefh is but a gelly hardened ; afterwards itis firm fieth,void of fuperfluous moifture, and moft tempe- rate of conftitution. Likewife in the choice of Veal, the Bull Calf is thought the fweeter and better fleth, whereas Ce Flefh is of a temperate conftitution, 4- Ofshe Flefb of tame BeaSts. 59 whet eds 'in-all-other beafts (for the moft part) the female is preferred. | BEEF. Lib. de cib, ox-beef, the older itis after his full.growth,the worfe >>”. © ai it is, ¢ngendring (as Galem dreamed'of all beef) quattane 3 de alim. fac: agues, leprofies; fcabs »cankers, dropfies, ftoppings of the ¢4p.t. ete and liver, &c, butwhilft iris young’, or growing orwards in flefh and:fatneS, it is of all meats by nature, complexion , andcuftome , moft nourifhing unto En- glifh bodies; which may'eafily appear in the diffecence of their ftrength, and clean making’, which feed chiefly uponmit , and betwixt them that:are accuftomed to finer meats. Chufe we therefore the youngeft; facteft, and beft grown Ox, having awhile firft been exercifed in wain or plough to difpeihis foggie moifture; and I dare under take, that for found men, and thofe that labour or uf exercife, there is nota better meat ‘under the Sun for an Englith mans f0-that it be alfo corned with falt before it be roafted, or welland:fufficiently poudred befote it be fod: forfois it cleanféd from much impurity, and made alfomore favory tothe ftomach: buciif it be over falted) poudred,or dried(as commonly it happeneth in Ship pro- vilion and rich Farmers houfes, that keep beefe a whole twelve-month till they eat it) itis tough; hard, heavy, and of ill nourifhment, requiring rather the ftomach of a- nother Hercules who is {aid to. have fed chiefly of Bulls athen.tib; ”. Heth) then of ani ordinary-and common ploughman, apt Wherefore howfoever we may tafteof it to bring on fisac.4.de a appetite, let it bebut a touch and go: for being eaten niv.dieta. c.7. much and often, it will heat and corrupt our blood, dry up our bodies; choke the mefiraical veins ~ and bring forth many dangerous inward and: outward griefs. The macrob.3. fue Romans when they firft vencured to drefean Oxe ( fear- cap 13. ing :belike-whac event might follow the eating of an un- | I 2 known 6 tit 3. Dealim. fac. eft 2: & tem- pcram. of the.F lefb of tame Beafts. known meat ) roafted the Oxelall at once,. and ftuft his belly with all forts of fweet hearbs, and good flefh that the feafon yeelded, making no {mall pudding in his belly, which the peoplecalled Equm Trojanum,theTrejanhor{e: becaufe it contained no fewer kindsofmeats then that did Soldiers ; but had they known the wholefomnef$ of the meat, . and our manner of dreffing , they needed not to have mingled fo many antidotes , and to have corrupted rather then corrected fo good a nourifhment. Cow Biefe. Cowbiefe is fuppofed by the Jré/e people, and: alfo by the Normans in France to be beft of all: neither do they account fo much of Oxen; either becaufe they think the unperfic creatures, or rather (as I take it) be- caufe they know not how:to ufe and diet them inthe gelding. But were they as skilfulin ehat point, as alf in the killing and drefling of Oxen, aswas’ Promethéws no doubt they would make higher eftimation of one Oxe, then of all the fat Cowes in Ceres ftall, Neverthelefs I deny not, yeal affirm with Galen that afac and young Heifer, kept upa while with dry meat, will prove a convenient temperate and good nourifh- ment, efpecially ifit be kil’d after the French fafhion, as I faw the Norman butchers kill chem in our Camp, whilft Ilay there in €amp with that flower of Chivalry the Earl of Effex. When the Cow is ftrook down with the axe, prefently they lay her upon her back, and make:a hole about the navel, as big as to receive a fwans quill, through which the butcher blowes wind fo long, rill che whole skin fwell round about like a bladder, in fuch fort that the beaft feems of a double bigneis ; then whilft one holdeth the quill clofe and‘ bloweth continually, twoor three others beat the Cow as hard as they can with cud- gilsround about: which beating never brufeth the flefh (for -_ Of the flefh of tame Beafts- € for windis ever betwixt itand theskin ) but maketh both the hide to prove better Leather,and the flefh to eat better and tenderer then otherwife it would. Ball Beife. Bull Beife, unlefsit be very young,is utterly unwhole- fome and hard of digeftion, yea almoft invincible. Of how hard and bindin 2 nature Bulls blood is, may appear by the place where they are. killed: for it glafeth the eround and maketh it of a ftony hardnefs. To prevent which mifchief either Bulls in old time were torne by Li- ons, or hunted by men, or baited to death by dogs as we ufe them: to the intent that violent heat and motion might attenuate their blood, refolve their hardnefs, and make their flefh fofter in digeftion. Bulls flefh oer thus prepared, ftrong ftomachs may receive fome goo thereby, though to weak,. yea to temperate ftomachs it will prove hurtful. 3 Lambs Fle[h. Galen, Halyabbas , and Ifaac, condemn Lambs flefh for an over phlegmatick-and moift meat: breeding ill nourifhment, and throughexceffive watrifhnefS flipping out of the ftomach before it be half concocted, in cold ftomacks it turns all to flime,in 2 hot ftomack it corrupts into-choler, inaged perfons, it turns to froth and flegm , inayoung perfon and temperate, it turnsto no whole- fomenourifhment ; becaufe it is of fo flafhy and moifta nature: all which I will confefs. to be true in fucking Lambs who thenearer they: are killed to their birth day the worfe they ares but when they are once: weaned , and have fed halfa year upon: fhort and tender grafs , I think that of all other fieth iris fimply che beft, as I will prove by divine and humane reafon. For asin the new Teftament, the Lords Supper materially confifteth of two fuch things, as there cannot be any drink or meat de- viledi 61 ae ‘| Pa ad he in >... — — \ a 0k ; | : ' ; i i errs in fuch fort that had not the eating of them been reftrained by a fevere law, the whole race of Sheep Czl.lib.28. would have decayed amongft them. Upon the like rea- cap.2.A b. fon Valens the Emperour made a law that no Veal thould Diod.tibx, De&aten;, which was counted in old time.a princely meat 100, 10.1. . . : ° ° J sip. 6. (for alwaies it was one difh at the Kings table in E Ly pts though they. never had but two) howfoever through God his fingular bleffing ic is an ordinary. meat amongtt usin mean houfeholds. The beft way to prepare Lambs fleth is {ufficient roafting, for boyling makes it. too flefhy and phlegmatick, and by over-rofting the fweetnels thereof is foon dried up. Yeaall Mutton ( contrary to the nature of Pork, Pig, and Veal) thould rather be too raw then too much roafted ; according as the French men find by experience, Who {lath.and cut a gigeot of Mut ton uponthe fpit, and with the bloody juice thereof(tem- pered fi #5 \ HY ys 3 eRe et \ i’ \ ye: eng ite ot y ihe: . te PB x x Of the Flefh of tame Beafts 63 pered with crums of bread and a little fale) recover weak ftomacks and perfons confumed. Wherefore howfoever fome naturally abhor it (as my honeft friend Sigmor Ro- - mane) and {trong ftomacks prove better with harder meat; yet without all queftion,a Lamb chofen and dreft in manner aforefaid, is for moft mena very temperate nourifhing and wholefome meat, agreeing with all ages, times, regions and complexions. w4rnoldus Freitagi- rae de Ver ws inhis natural hiftery, faith that the hinder quarters of vece. a Lamb being drawn with rofemary and garlick firft fteeptin milk, and moderately rofted at the fire, is ameat moft acceptable to the tafte, and alfo profitable to moift {tomacks, for which itis elfe commonly thought to be hurtful. Alfo he affureth, thar Lambs: fleth being. well beaten witha cudgel before it is roafted , eateth much better and is far wholefomer : which I leave to be judg- ed. by the Cooks experience. Mutton. Mutton is fo generally commended of all Phyficians, if why sutton it benot too old, chat itis forbidden tono perfons,be they ks on /¢ fick or found. The beft Mutton is not above four years ee old, or rather not much above three;. that which is ta- ken, from a. fhort hilly and dry feeding ,, is. more fweet fhort and’ wholefome,. then that which. is. eithet fed in ranck grounds, or with peafe-ftraw (as.we perceive. by the tafte) great fat and ranck fed fheep, fuch.as. Somet- fet fhireand Linconfhire fendeth up to Lendon, are no- thing fo fhort nor pleafant in eating, as the Norfolk, Wilcthire, and Welth. Mutton , which being very young are beft rofted, the elder fort are not ill being fodden with buglofs, borrage, and perfly roots, Now if fome fhall here object, that gelding and {pading be unnatural aétions; and that Eunuchsare fubjeé& to more difeates then perfect men: inferring thereupon.areafon or likeli- 2 -_ ' ' | ‘ i ' 4 ' 7 iz } i } “ - —_ ee tn gee « _— n = Ste a — ape ing eee TR eee ea = i Ae —— eS : P 7 ° ee — = Re =o os = eo So are = oa ed - = i ro a if} , i aa ian a ed ahs Nutt Crt ’ B. \ FL c 1) «WN e , ; \ r Py Ly P WH \ - - —— ~ po -- > 4 — ————- SS n acne aaa ; ee meY, SSS SSS 54 ny ¥ i? 4 Of the Flefb of tame BeaSts. hood, that che like may bealfo in all gelded ware (and lib. 3.dealim, Confequently in Muttons) contrary to that which Galen fac. capt, lib.1. de la. maifou fu- fiigue. ade, viel sat. hath affirmed; I willdeny ail their poficions upon good grounds. For even nature hath deprived fome things of that which gelderscut away ; and that Eunuchs are freed from many difeafes (as Gouts, Baldnefs Leprofies)where- unto other men are fubject, experience in all ages truely avoucheth. Laft of all, icis generally confeffed of all skilful Shepherds, (and namely by Charles Steven and Fobn Liebanlt) that Ewes and Rams are fubjeé to far more maladies then Muttons;requiring greater coft,care, skill, and providence to maintain them in health, “ Rams flefh and Ewes flefb. As for Rams flefh and Ewes flefh (that being too hot and dry, this too excremental and foon corrupted)I com- mend neither of them, efpecially in this Country of ours, where there is (God bethanked) fuch choice of whole- fome Wethers, Kid and Goat. As Lambs flefh is lighter and moifter then other Mut- ton,fo is Kid more light and moift then Goats flefh : bee caule ( aswHippocrates reafoneth ) it is lefs bloody, and the blood which it hath is very moift, liquid, and fine, The black and red Kids are better thea the white: and the younger they are (fo they be above a fortnight old) the more wholefome and nourifhing they are efteemed, Their flefh is foon and quickly digefted, of excellent nourifhment, and reftorative after a great fickne&S: efpe- cially for young perfons and hot ftomacks, but naught for them which are old & phlegmatick.It is better rofted then fod, and the hinder parts are to be prefered becaufe they are dryer and lef§ excremental. They are tempe- rately hot and moift, whilft they are under fix weeks ace for afterwards they grow to fuch heat and latcivioufnefs, that _— —_~_ fa ==. fe ss re oc > _¢-». . Piges flefh by long and x bad'cuftome is fo generally AD Pea Fizt ) K 7 Of the Flefb of tame Beafis that (before they are wained) they will after chey havé fuckt, cover their own dam; after they are once wained, their flefh may be fit for ftrong labouring men , which would not fo well brooka tender fuckling, but for the moft part of men it is unwholefome and of bad juice. ‘The 0'd He-goat is fuitable to an old Ram, fave that itis more tough, hard,and unpleafant;his flefh is not to be eaten, till he hath’been baited like a Bull to death, and when he is dead you muft beat the flefhin the skin, after the French fafhion of beating a Cow. The She-goat being young, is lef$ hurtful; but an old She-goat is worfe and of a more fharp.and corrupt juice : rather provoking venery and fharpnefs of feed (as alfo the Male doth) then nourifhing the body. A’ gelded Goat was unknown unto ancient Phyficians, but queftionlefs it is the beft next to fucking Kid; for itismore moift through abundance of fat, and alfo of more temperate heat becaufe it wanteth ftones; in which I certainly believe a more violent heat to be placed, they inany part befide : yea whereas the liver draweth onely from the ftomack and guts by the meferaical veines, and the heart only from thelungs and liver,and the brain from all three, the ftones have a heat which draweth feed from the whole body, yea from the bones and griftles, as Hip- pocrates writeth and reafon collecteth. Furthermore the tollerable finell which a gelded goar ‘ ‘ o Oi hath, fheweth that his flefh is far fveeter: but He-goats and She-goats are fo ranck, that a Fencer of Thebes feed- ing much of them, no man could endure his Gvear, Alf ‘the chief Prieft of Rome did never {> much as touch them faith Plutarch, becaufe they are fubje@ to the fal- ling ficknels,letcherous in lifejand odious in finell. Pie, Sowe, Bore, and Hoge. defired > ee ~ Haly ab, 5. theor. Lib, de genit. Ather. lib 9, cap.24. i2 Qreft Rom — en re , sas Pipe ia PAVE NT BES Ps i ty a Pa q Ls ee ' 66 Of the Flefh of tame Beafts. defired and commended, that it is credibly(though falfly), nih "4 efteeméd for 4 nourifhing and excellent good meat : In- ie the be deed itis fiveet, lufcious, and pleafant to wantons, and os earneftly defired of diftempered ftomacks : but it is the mother of many mifchiefs, and was the bane of mine own Mother. A fucking Piggs fleth is the moifteft fleth fimply ofall other, engendring Crudities, Palfies,Agues, Gal 3 deahm. Gowts, Apoplextes and the ftone: weakning the me- i mory (for it is moiftin the third degree) procuring fluxés of the belly, and engendring moft vifcous, flafhy and.cor. rupt humours. Their flefh is hardly digefted of a weak ftomack, and their learher-coat not eafily of a ftrong. The younger they are,the worfe they are : yet fome ven- lur.lib. de ef, TUTE Upon them (yeacovet them) ere they be eight days carn, old,yea the Romans delicacy was fuch, that they thought them dainty meat being taken blood and all out of the Sowes belly ere the was ready to farrow., eating them after a little bruifing in the blood, no les greedily chen fome do the pudding of a bruifed Deer. We do wellin roafting our Piggs ata blazing fire,{prinkling themwith falt on the outhide: bur if we ftuft. their bellies witha good deal of falt as wellas age, and did eat them with new fage, and vinegar and falt, they would be lef offen- five. The Danes } remember (when I was.at E Lfenare) draw them with garlick as.che French men.do with lard: which is no ill correéter of their fliminefS and vifcous humour. The Bore- Pig is not preferred before the Sows Pig? becaufe it is ftrong and ranck, uih@.eg1.in, Bores flefli (I mean of the tame Bore)is.never good Pen. &Bacc!. but whenit is brawn’d , which though Pliny avoucheth to be firftinvenred by Servillus Rullws > yet by Plantus it feemeth to be amore: ancient meat, The beft way of brawning a Boreis this of all other, which I learned firft of Sir Themes George, and faw practifed: Wi? fi. 1 { i +i 4 ba 4¥ : ai wit 4 : 7 f b ae 1% i} Lae: ' ; girs | a : AL i i" i HH , : t ‘ i ty! : it ’ ‘S)i t - to ~~ ' -Ofthe Fle/b of tame Beasts. 67 practifed afterwards togood purpofe, Shut up 4 young Bore (ofa year and a half old) ina litrle room about har- veft time, feeding him with nothing but fiveet whey,and ‘giving him every morning clean ftraw to lye upon, but lay itnot thick. Sobefore Chriftmas he will be fuffict- ently brawned with continual lying, and prove exceed- ing fat, wholefome and fiwveet; as for the common way of brawning Bores, by ftying them up in fo clofe a room thac they cannot turn themfelves round about , and whereby they are forced*alwaies to lye on their bellies, it is moc*worthy the imitation: for they feed in pain, lye in paine, and fleep in pain: neither fhall you ever find their flefh fo red, their far fo white, nor their liver fo found, «as being brawned otherwife accordingly, as is before reherfed. .After he is. brawned for your turn, chruft a knife into:one of his flanks, and let him run with it till he dye : others gently bait him wich muzledDoggs. The Roman Cooks thruft.a hot Iron into his fide, and then run him-to death; thinking thereby that his flefh waxed tenderer and his brawn firmer. Sows Flefh is reckoned of Ifaac., toengender good Dé dietpat- blood, to nourifh plentifully , yea to be reftorative ific ~ be young. Butan old Sow breedeth ill jaice, is hardly concocted , and begetteth moft vifcous humors, The Heliopol:tanes abftained from Sows flefh of all others : Firft, becaufe contrary to the nature and courfe of allo- ther beafts) fhe admits the Bore not in the full, but in the wane of the Moon. Secondly they demand, How can: Phit.t. de tfid. her flefh be wholfom , whofe milk being drunk , filleth our bodies fullof leprofie. fcurf, cetters and {cabs ? Yea a fow is one of the moft-filchy creatures in. the world ; her belly is never void of fcurf, her throat of kerncly impofthumes, her brain fo heavy and moift,that the can- not look up to-heaven s or ratherthe dare aor, being the?" sf mp- ; K 2 roorer Via alr VR) Fa? SS on Of the Flefb of rame Besfis. rootér up’, and fotnad an inhabitant of the earth. Ne verthele(s Iam of Zjaacsmind, thata young Sow kept long from the Bore. fweetly dieted with roots, corn, and whey, and kept from filthy feeding and wallowing, may be made good and:olerable meat for {trong ftomacks, after it hath been powdered and well rofted. Perk and Bacon. | ‘Now concerning Pork and Hogs fle[h, made of afpaded Ni Sow, ora Hogg gelded, verily let us: fay thereof (a i T heow {aid of all forts of fwine) if it be not good fot ‘5? heat, wherefore isit good ¢ his cry is moft odious and i harth; his fmel loathfom , his very fhape detefted : at home he is ravening,in the field rooring,and every where filchy foul , unhappy, and unprofitable. All which hurts he recompenceth in this only one, that of all other beatts 3.de alim. fac. (if Galen benot deteived) he moft nourifheth: efpeci- big id c.43. ally if he feed abroid upon fweet grafs, good maft and nay roots; for that whichis penn’d up-and fed at home with taps drappings, kicchin offal, foure grains, and all mannef of draffe, cannot se wholfom. In Plies time they Piin.da.c.ss. were fo far from fatting them sith fuch refufe, that(con- fidering they wereto be eaten of themfelves) men ufu- ally fated their hogs with milk and figgs. But fith chat courfe is more chargeable then neceflary for Englifhmen, either let their hoggs feed themfelves fat abroad with gtafs and maft, orat home with only {weet whey , and a little grounded corn , then which they cannot have a more {weet meat. Furthermore, to ule Galexs encomium or phrafe of a | hogg (whereby you may fivear he was no Jew, nor Lo pus no good Phyfician) howfoever nothing tefs refem- bleth aman, thenaHogy inhis outwards, yet inwardly no creature refembleth him more: For the colour and fubftance of his flehh, the fhape, figure, connexion, fu- | {penfion, - i} ‘ ' » 7 } ame ; oa ae r id “ a x} thi ta i ur Piut.s Of the fic [h of tawie Beafts. fpenfion, proportion, and fituation of his entrails, differ little or nothing from mans body: and befides that@when he is of ajuft-grouth)his temper is alfo moft like to ours. Thus much out of Galen for the praie of Pork, whom dibeit Reatdus Columbus, and Vefalius do oppugne in their Anatomies: concerning the likelihood of a mans anda hogés entrails, yet none hitterto denyed Pork to be aa temperate meat , being comed and rofted , of fodden after it hath been well powdered. Neverthelefs, (to yield mine own opinion) | efteemit (by Galens leave) a very queafie meat, howfoever it be prepared, atid to have init felf alwaies, flatuofum chacuchynicum cy febri. le quid, Forif youeavivfrefh, it isa dangerous as frefh Sprats to anaguifh ftomack: if yoweat itcorned, yetis it of grofs juice, and {peedy corruption, unlefs by mu” ftard and forrel fawee it be corrected: If it be fodden and powdered, green-fawce made of forrel, is to be eaten with ic,both tocool the fiery nature of the falr, and alfo to qualifiethe mualignity of the flefh ic felf: [fit be filted and nade into Bacon, how hard is it to be digefted in moft mens ftomacks, either boiledor fryed ¢ Yeathe Caretanes of Spain (whom Strabe witethto bethe bett makers of Sawfages and falt meats in the whole: world) and the Normans in France (whofeBacon flicches: and: jambons Varro extolleth) could never fodry Bacon; or L.3,de orb fire. mike Pork into fuchwholfom Sawfazes 5 feafoned: with. ©.2-de re ruft. Pepper, Salt, and Sage, but tliat it needed adraughe of Wine more then ordinary to macerate and digeft it in the ftomack. It isrecorded that Le» the tenth, Pope of #Rome, loved Porkfo-exceedinglv, chat he beftowed a- bove two thoufand crowns a year in Sawlages, mingling P.lov.in vita the brawnes of Peacocks, with Porks flefh, Pepper, and ‘*"-*: other Spices, which were afterwards called Leoni inct- fia, Leo bis Sawfages, But when Hadrian the fixth his fucceflor Le TERETE EIEN PRES VA Hat RPA Ree a WEA: 28) VLR! Pees Lee Bann Be i y; 70 Of the Flefo of wild Beafts. fucceflor perufed the accounts,and found above ten thou- fand Ducats fpent by his predeceflor in that one meae, he detefted him (faith fovéws) as much dead , as he ho- noured hin whilfthe was alive. | Finally, noBrawn, Pork or Bacon, fhould be eaten without Wine, according cothat old Verfe made in Sa- lern School (which fome no lefS account of then the Schol.ale.s, Heathen did of polo his Oracles) ; ad i} ttt } | ‘ # . Bit H : / ~~ | 7 fi ‘ = : +), : : $) ' : | . nt > 7 ee AY ae A. aa t wu : hie ? 0 cS Pi a ek aa iS Eft caro porcina fine vine pejor ovina Si tribuss vina, tune eft cibus Cr medicina, TA ba As Mutton tough, Pork without Wine am | Is not efteem’d fo good : me ily But if that: Wine be drunk thereon , "Tis Phyfick both and Food. Or if Wine be fcarce, drink after fuch meats, a good draught of your ftrongeft beer well {pic’d with Ginger ; and then labour it out (as Ploughmen do) for eafe after erofs meats is very dangerous; but ftrong labour-ovet- cometh all things. : | As for the entrails of Foes’, and efpecially the Harfe- Pkin.1, 28 c.9 net (which Publius Syrus preterred before all meats) 1 find them to be {topping , and of bad nourifhment; yet che Livers of i counted nourifhing, but their Lungs are watrith and very phlegmatick. | 8 : > ‘2 CHAP. - se = = —= S- = -- CHAP. IX. 4 Of the Flefb of Wild Beafts, or Venifon. Wild Bore, and Wild Sow. OF Venifon, Hippocrates moft commendeth the fieth of aWild Sew, becaufeitisnot only an eX- Lib.2. de vide cellent nourifhing and ftrengthening meat , bur alfo me- ™ dicinable to keep us from coltiffnefs. Reafon_ teacheth us that it is farr above tame Pork or Swines flefh: Firlt, becaufe it feeds more pufely , fecondly , becaufe it hath not meat brought to hand , but gets’ it by travail , and hath choice of Diet to feed whereonit lifteth. . Thirdly, it 1s not penn’d up (as commonly our Swine be) inalittle Clofeand ftinking Stie, but cnjoyeth the benefit of a clear aire, which clarifieth bloud, as much as-any meat can. augmentit. Itisarare meat in England, and found only (as | have been enformed) in my Lord Latimers Woods, who took great pleafure in hunting them , and made alfo wild Buls of tame ones, as our fore-Fathers (more wile- ly) made tame of wild.. -If they be young, far, fully grown, and taken in: chafo, in the Winter time (prefently after mait is fallen) they are unfit for few mens {tomacks, being thus: prepared as I have feen them dreft in Hizh-Germany, _ Firft, after the fiefh is throughly cold,parboil it in Rhenifh Wine, where- inripe Juniper berries were fodden : them having taken it out and fliced it, feafon every flice or cut thereof with: Pepper, Salt, Cloves, Mace, Ginger, and Nutmegs ,, of each a fufficient quantity, laft of all make it in. pafte,. | with: Z) EL XA AANA te (Ll Ae re Of the Flefb of Wild Beasts, wich good ftore of feet butter and it will prove a moft excellent meat to be eaten cold. wild Calves are common in Wales upon the Mountains: A whence one was brought this laft Chriftmas to Ludlow vt Cattle, where I did eat of it rofted and bak’d; and by a cafte I find it more firm and dry. and by the effects of di- ! i geftion, more wholfom and paflable then our ordinary Gt Veal. iit , Red and Fallow Deer. Mil iid Now concerning Deers Flefh , which J/aac in his old A Wii age fo much longed for; fome imagin itto bethe work ie meat of allothers , and fome conceive it to be che beft. 72 A ah a # oh Si Aa i tA } e Be Raye ~ AL Te COR, NY A Oh Sr ae n er kg! au i. a Laks i se > Galew numbreth icamongft hard, meclancholique , afd aces. | grots Meats, comparing , yea almoft. preferring Afles flefh beforeic, afcribing alfo unto it ill concoétion , ill nourifhment, {toppings , and quartane Feavers. Roger hid Lderetard, 24¢on thinks it one of the beft meats , if it be fo young Boe that we can digeft it:For, faith he (Quod din fem:tip[um, | hia alios illud din confervare poteft) tha: which long liveth ay by its own nature,maketh alfoothers to live long. But by his leave,we may then feed betrer upon Ravens then Capons, for thefe never live above feaven yeares, anda Raven li- veth to nine hundred yeares, if Virgil be not deceived. Plutarch thinketh Deeran unwholfom meat, becaufe it isof a cold and melancholick conftitution. And how L.queft.nat. proveth he that? forfoorh r. becaufe he is fearful - econd- ly becaufeifhe were of ahot complexion (as the wilde Bore is) his teares would be fweer, as his bes but. the teares of a Deere (and efpecially of a Stagg) are falt: ergo, he is of a cold and dry conftitution. But- Empedocles was of founder opinion, who afcribeth all teares. to the wor- king of heat: for asmilke yieldeth whey by ftitring, chui- ning atid preffing,fo any violent paffion(be it joy or greife, “anger or pitty) churneth the blood, ftirreth the humo an Of the Flefb of wild Beasts. 73 and preffech the braia, wherupon teares (the whéyith part of them all) muft needs enfue. Furthermore they afe thought tobe unwholfom;becaule Bucks and Staggs feed Pler-de fol. much upon firakes + yea as an AfS is toa Lions mouth ,*"™ or hony to Bears, or Beesto Martlets, fo are Serpents . to thema moft defired meat ; whereupon the Greczans callthem «Ass, Serpent catchers. Might I bea fufh- cient Arbitrator bétiveéh two fo Leatned men , I would determine the truth tobe on either fide: For indeed young Venifon , whilft it is fucking, is very reftorative ; neither do I think old Z/aa¢ in his declining age to have Gen. as. delightéd ‘mofe in it in refpect af tafte, chen in refpect of wholfomnefS and goodnets. Alfo a gelded Deer is neither too dy, nor toocold, but of a temperate con- ftitutien , and fo void of fuperfluous or excrementitious humors, that his horns never grow again after he is gelt, Which Aréfotle, and all Philofophers impute to fuperfiuity of heat and moifture. Nay young Bucks and Does, Hinds and Stages (whilft they are in feafon) ate a whol- fom and delicate meat , breeding nobad juice of them- felvés, yet bearing often the faults of bad’‘Cooks (which know not how to dref$ nor ufe them aright) but more eften the deferved reproaches of gteedy Gourmands, that cannot moderately ufe the good creatures of God 5 either eating Venifon when they fhould not. or more liberally and ufually then they thould. The Jtaléans alfo Pifanel.de efes have this opinion of Venifon, that eaten in the morning, “porul. it prolongeth life ,-but eaten towards night , it hafteneth death. Contrariwife old Venifon indeed is dry, and perhaps too cold likewife; full of grofs, clammy, and in- corrigible humors: So that the fame meat may be whol- fom at fome age, in fome times,and for fome certain com- plexions, which otherwife in contrary circumftances is sawholfom: yet is it neyer fo pretious as that aman Oe Boe ae a ee fhould - a ra ane an td iy i ei ee ae A e A tA Of the Flefb of Wild Beasts. fhould venture his lite to getit by ftealth, as many doe, — and have done in Noble mens Parks, yea perhapsin their lit.6.de verer’ Princes Forrefts and chief Chafes. . Cardan afirmeth ik ; a a a FON that Bucks and Does have no Galls in their bodies, which is rather a figne of good temperature and lightnefs, thea ofany dull, dry, or heavy meat. This one ching only] willadd ; That Keepers of Parks, or at the leaft their fervants and young children, have, upon my knowledge, fed all the year long of little meat elfe , and yet remains ed as ftrong, healthfull; and active, as any perfons could be. Finally , admit Deer be dry; doth not butter 2 mend them? Suppofe they be cold; doth. not pepper and falt, and baking , give them fufficient heat? Thus, howloever it failleth out, they are either by preparation «which none can deny) or by nature (as I verily believe) a'goodnourifhment, fo that they be chofen in their due feafon, juft age, and moderately fed upon : Neither have we any reafon from their unwholfomnefS. to difpark out Parks, or to cat down Forrefts provided for their face cour; nay rather we ought to cherifh them. for the mait- tenance of Hunting, whereunto if young Gentlemen were addicted , as their Fathers were heretofore (they would be more ready (whereof Hunting is a refemblance) to Watlike purpofes.and exploits, Koebuck and Capreot. But of all Venifon Roebuck and Capreol bareth away the bell; for whereas the forenamed beafts are difcredi- ted for their erofnefs of blood, the Capreol his blood is exceeding fine, through his fwift running, and continual frisking and leaping from place to place , whereby his pores. are ever opened, andall bad humours confumed by exercife, fo chat the very {mell of his fleth is not hea vy nor fulfome (as.in other, Deer) but fragrant, quick and delightiul; neither hath his. fichh the ordinary tafte of ' -Venifon,, lt. = = cS —— Of the flefh of wild Beafts. Venifon, but a peculiar and more pleafant tafte: neither lyeth itheavy upon any ftomack, but is digefted as foon 7 as Kid ;: curing alfo (as J/a4c writeth) the falling ficknefs, In diat univ. colick, dropfie, and abundance of fleam colleéted tn any part. It is permitted to all indifferent ftomacks, and for- bidden onely. to Children, colerick confticucions , lean and confumed bodies,fhrunck finews, and burning agues. The Alpes are full of them in high Germany, and fome of our mountains of Wades are not without them. They are good roafted, fodden, or bakedas red Deer ; but you need not to pepper or fale them half fo much, for their fiefh'(even when they are old)is-eafily digefted,anu {carce needeth a cup of wine (which other Venifon neceflari- ly requireth) to haften their conco¢tion. Furthermore, where all kinds of other Venifon are not good but at cer- tain feafons, yet the Capreol isnever out of feafon : be- ing alike wholefome in Sommer and Winter, and alike toothfome, as the borderers of the Alpes do beft know, and our owne Country men might perceive if they made trial. Hares. Hares or Leverets (the beloved meat.of Alexander Lampridius, Severus) taken in hunting, roafted with frefh lard, and eaten with Venifon fawce, cannot offend a reafonable ftomack. © Galen faith that the fleth of a Hare prevents Gal. de vid. atten. fatnefs, caufeth fleep,and cleanfeth the blood: ‘how be it 3 dealim. fac. in another place he faith, that it breedeth grofs blood and much in réqueft amongft the Romans’, who fatned ab young Hares in clappers,as we do Connies, finding them fo dieted to bea delicate and wholefome meat: tame Hl Hares fo prepared are good at all times but wild Hares are Maa beft and fatteftin the hardeft tine of Winter. Certain He A; | it is,that much eating of Hares flefh procureth leannefs ; Ki becaufe it is very diuretical, and commonfence teacheth, that a man piffing much cannot be-fat, becaufe the whey- -ifh part of ‘blood (called of Hippocrates ceosiic soma the fled of sourifhment) is fooner expelled then that itcan carry nourifhment throughout the body. The neitherGer- bai mans hang their Hares fix or feven -daies in 'the cold and . fhadowy aire before they flay or drefs them : whereby ih they prove exceeding tender, though a night or two if nights hanging were fufficient. We do ufually boibthe - foreparts in broth, and roft only the hinder parts: and not without reafon; for asin Kid and Lamb ‘the hinder parts are drieft; and therefore we feeth them, the fore- ‘parts over-moift and therefore we roaft them: forcontra- wife a Hare is drieft before, and moifteft behind. ~~ Marthioles, ‘Now concerning fuch Medicins, as Matthiolus a- as age. voucheth to be taken from a Hares harfenet, ‘from his “skin, gall, kidneys, bones, ftones, haire, bloodjand dung; I think it impertinent to the treatife of “Diet; which -fheweth not how to give Medicines butto ufe nourifh- “ments. . ; Connies. | Itis not to be thought ftrange thae Hippocrases: and ‘Galen, and all the Grecians wrote fo little of Connies , Le which - SS —- a> == = Of the Fle/b of wild Beafts. which with us, above all other Nations is fo common a meat. For as Jthaca never bred, nor foftered them,. fo in all Grece they hardly lived. Here(thanks be to God) they are plentiful, in fuch fore thac 4/dorne Chafe afford- eth above a hundred thoufand couple a year, to the bene- fitof good houfe-keeping , and the poors maintenance. Rabbet fuckers are beft in March, agreeing as well with old melancholick dry, and weak ftomacks, as difagreeing with ftrong and moift complexions. A Midfomer Rab- bets flefh is lefs moift and more. nourifhing ; .but a Mi- chaelmas or Winter Rabbet is of firm, wholefome, tem- perate,and moft laudable flefh : beft roafted,becaufe their nourifhing juice is {oon foked out with the leaft feeth- ing, making good broth and bad meat. Chufe the Fe- male before the Male, the fac before the lean, and both from out.achalky ground and a _fwweet laire. Hedghoges. When! confidered how cleanly the, Hedghogg feed- eth,namely upon Cows milk(ifhe.can come by,it) or up- on fruitand maft;, I faw no reafon_to difcontinue this meat any longer upon fome fantaftical diflike, fith books, nature and experience hathcommended ir untous. For as Martial made Hares flefh, the daintieft_difh of the Ro- mans, fo in Hippecrates time the Hedghogg was not of leaftaccount among the Grecians ; which he commend- eth for an excellent nourifhment, were it not fomerhing _too moift and diuretical. Nay (as fome affirm) it nourifh- eth plentifully, procureth appetite and fleep , ftrength- neth Travailers, preferveth Women with child from mif- carrying,diffolyeth knots and kernelly tumours, helps the Lepry, Confumptian, Palfy, Dropfie, Stone, and Con- -vulfion; onely.it is forbidden unto Melancholick and Flegmatick perfons, and fuch as are vexed with Piles or Hemorhoids, | Squirrels ‘7 Strib. lib. g. 2 de vidt rat. Jas. Prat. Jo, Necker. Syntax, 3. Plin.lib.8.c.43 Nauclerus. Virg.3.Georg, Guagnimus. libs2. de geft. Emanu. Athen, lib.to. cap. t. 2 de vidt. rat. lib.2, de. alim, fac.cap.t. Of the Fle/b of wild Beafts Squirrels. Squirrels are much troubled with two difeafes, Choler and the Falling-ficknef&S ;_ yet their hinder parts are indif- ferent good, whilft they are young , fried with parfly and butter: but being no ufual nor warrantable good meat, let me skip with them and over: them to another tree; for it istime to write of the winged nation, which promife us a fecond courfe of more dainty, I will not a of more wholefome meats. Neither fhall any difcoutle of Affes fleth (which Maecenas fo highly loved, that all Traly was too little to find him Affes enough)nor of horle flefh ( for longing after which Gregory the third excom- municated the Germans) nor of Foxes flefh ( which the Vandales eat for reftorative ) nor of Lions flefh ( whete- with _4chilles was dieted in his pupillage) nor of Beares flefh (which the Mofcovite calls his great veni/on) not of Apes flefh though it moft refembleth a man (which the Zygantes in Africa highly efteam & eat of in their fo- lemn feafts) nor of Lyfards, Tortefles, or any other four footed beafts: nor of mans flefh, albeit the Canibals praife it above all other(as Oforius writeth) and Cambletes King of Lydia having eaten of his own wife, {aid he was forry to have been ignorant fo long of fo good a dith. As for the flefh alfo of young puppies (commended of Hép- pocrates & afterwards of Galen ) howfoever in the Ifles of Corfica & Alalta they are {till efteemed as good meat,yet Cardax faith in his divers hiftory,that they made the.peo- ple like to doggs, that is to fay,cruel,ftout,rafh,bould,and nimble. Wherefore leaping over rhefe infolent and bad meats, which neither ufe nor reafon hath confirmed. I now to come treat of Birds and fowl, and then of fifh,and the fruits of the earth, and waters according to my firft divifion. | | CHAP. of the Fle/b of tame Birds: CHAP. to, Of the Flefb of tame Birds. Hat the Flefh of tame foul nourifheth more then F wild foul, Z/aac the. Phyfitian proveth by three arguments. Firft, becaufe they are more ufually eaten of, and fo by cuftom (a fecond nature) made more agreeable to our ftomacks. Secondly,where al other Birds fly from us, and are not gotten without coft and travel : nature hath caufed tameBirds to converfe with us,and to offer themfelves(as it were) to be killed at our pleafure - which verily fhe would never have. done, had they been. ofa {mall ora bad nourifhment. Thirdly, wild foul (for the moft part) efpecially fuch as flye far tor. a little meat, and truft more to their wings then their feet,chough they are more light in digeftion, becaufe they are of amore {pirituous & aiery fubftance, yet they are not of foabun-: dant nourifhment as tame houfhold Birds, which feed not at randome of what they canget; but of good corne, fuch as men.themfelves eate, and therefore moft. fit to nourifh man. ) Now ofall kind of fowl, remember that the youngeft is tendereft and lighteft ; old Birds flefh is heavieft, but: they which are proceeding: to their full growth are moft nourifhing ; for ungrown Birds (and much more neft- Jers) give but a weak thin and gelly-like fubftance, old Birds are tough and dry; thofe which are almoft fully grown are of a more flefhy and firm nature. Furthermore all Birds feeding themfelves abroad fat. with wholefome meat, are of better nourifhment then: fuch as be cram’d in a coop or little houfe : for as prifo- io | ners 79 S. partic, Diat.. Aa | ‘ ‘ { i ‘ Hele eet. rt MAE, be I Mee ALY NS hee: a nS b ; Fy bi Of the Flefb of tame Beafts. neys (mellof the Gaol, fo do they of cheir own dung. And thus much generally of birds: Now letus come to every particular. Pulli Gallenacei. Chickens (faith UA vicen) arefo pure and fine a meat, that they engender no excrements in our bodies , having in themfélves no illaudable fubftance: Wherefore Caius Pifanel.de eles Famids béing fick of a burning feaver which had almoft Sawhex _confamed all his fleth , was advifed by his Phyficians to eat of moother meat then Chickens: whereby he reco- vered his confumption; and the eleventh year after the fecond Carthaginian Wats , made a Law , that nothin butChickens or young Pullets féd in the Camp fhould brought tohim at his meals. The young Cockrels ate counted the beft in this kind, being of all flefh the moft commendable, nourifhing ftrongly augmenting feed, and siiesh, Cork ftirring up luft: For which purpofe Bole/laus Duke ot us.in firuanim Selefia did eat thirreen Cock-chickens ata meal; where of he died without having his purpofe fulfilled , becaule he knew not how to ufe fo wholfom a creature. We doénot amifS in Zg/and to eat fodden Chickens and Bacon together, for if they were eaten firft, and Bacon after, they would overfoon be digefted, and if they were eaten after Bacon, they would be corruptéd: but Platina lib.6. they are beft being rofted, becaufe they are a moift meat, cap.t6. h Sorrel and Sugar, or witha 2can. & Fen. 3.U6E. Bucinus lib; 6, an if they be fawced wit capg: little Butter and Grape-Verjuice, they ate a moft cempe- rate meat fot weak ftomacks (as Platina and Bactnus fet down) forno man I think is fo foolifh as to commend them to Ploughmen and Befomers. White Chickens » are found by experience to be hardeft of digefton, as Gil- bert our Ba urea reat while fince: Yet Gri#- neriis ahs them for Hectick perfons, becaufe the} are coldeft and moifteft of complexion. They ar : | belt. of ibe Plefb of tame Fowl, 31 belt in Samer, as:conteariwife Pallets and Hens be beft in Winters Cock-chickens are beft before they crow lowd , Hen-chickens before the cock offerech to tread them, - | Gall;, » Cocks Flofh, the more old it is, the le® it nourifheth ; but if they be young, and kept from their Hens, and di- ons amy eted with white bread and milk, or wheat fteept in milk. “~ they recover men-out of Confumptions , and Heétick feverssand then their ftones,livers,and loyns,are of excel- lent good nourifhment : being fodden they are nothing worth, for their goodnef is allinthe-broth: as for their flefh , itis good for nothing but to:dry and bind the fto- mack. Galen faith, thatas the broth of a Hen bindeth 1.x via. atten. the body , and the fleth loofneth the fame; fo contrari- wife the broth of a Cock loofneth, amd the fle(h bindeth. They of the gameare: efteemed'moft wholfom s called of the Romans, Medici galli, Cocks of Phyfick, becaufe the Phyficians moft commended them: Amongtt which, if I fhould prefer the x entifh kind for bigne(s and fweet- nefs, I {uppofe no injury to bedone to any Shire of Eng- land. Chufe the youngeft (as faid) for nourifhment: Rhaf.23.Cont, for if once he be two years old , his Aeth waxeth brack - ey ibang ith, cough, and hard of digeftion , fitter tobe fodden ‘in Hal vassichotl broth for the loofhing of the belly, thenany way tobe dreffed for encreafe of nourifhment. | Gallina. | Hens are beft before they have ever laid. and yet are full. of eggs; they alfo are beft in Fanuary , and cold months , becaufe long reft and fleep if the long nights makes them then fatteft. 1 heir Ae(h is very temperate Flluch. c.2.1 3 (whilft they are young) of good juice,and large nourifh- ment, ftrengthening natural heat, :engendring “good blood, tharpning a dull appetite, Te the eyfight , f2u- Of the Flefb of tame F owl. nourithing the brain and feed, and agreeing with all ages and complexions; for they are neither fo hot as to turn ‘ato choler, nor fo coldasto turninto fleagm, nor fo dry as to be converted into melancholie (and yet Rhafis ‘ia imagineth them to have afecret property of breeding I i the Gout and Hemorrhoids) but turn’ wholly, or for the Wer moft part into blood, making a lively colour in the face, Nh and quickning both the eyefight and every fenfe. Pullets R'ial.24. Con, flefh (faith Avicen)helpeth the wit,cleareth the voice, and it iu encreafeth the feed, whichis amanifeft argument that it ee ey nourifheth greatly, which alfo Galen confirmeth by ma- ny other arguments; but that argument of encreafing feed is the chiefeft of all, feed being the fuperfluity ora- bundance of nourifament. Hens flefh is fweereft, when they arenot too much fed, but dig out their meat with their heels inaclean flour; for exercife confumeth the faperfluous moifture, which elfe cannot but make them more unpleafant. Neverthelefs the Delians ufed to fat them with bread fteepe in milk,and Platina, 4picins, and Stendelius thew many waies to fatten them ; but the bett e way is to let them fac themfelves with pure corne cafta te bi tid monet chaff, that by exercife of their legs in fhuffling and 3 de fac alim. | i vy Pindib.yo.ca {Craping, they may make their flefh to eat better, and LW ii) prove more wholefome ; and yet by your leave (Mr. Ai Poulter) the facteft Hen or Capon is not wholefomett, but that which is of a middle tatnefs; for asin a man too much fatnefs is both.a caule of difeafes, and a difeafe it felf, {6 falleth ic-out in their bodies; which how can they be wholefome meat unto others, when they aredi- feafed in themfelves? | _ Of a black Hen the broath is whiteft, and of a black Goat the milk is pureft; the moft part of Hens and Staves ae {curvy and leprous, t= Of the Fle/b of tame Fowl, C API. | Capons of fevenoreight months age., fatned.ia.2a o- pen air, ona clean flour with pure meat, are preferred by all Phyfitians(old or modern,Greeks or Latins)before all meats. And to fay the truth, what difh can any Cooks-fhop afford,that can be compared with aboild or roftedCapon which helpeth appetite, openeth the breft, cleareth the voice, fatneth leanmen, nourifheth all. men, reftoreth fickmen, hurteth none but the idle, caftech pleafantly, di- gefteth eafily which is alfo more folid then the flefh of Puilets, moretender then Cocks, more familiar to our mature then Phefants or Partridges,, not;fo dry as a Cock to be flowly digefted,not fo moift.as a chicken,to be foon corrupted; but equally affected and tempered in all qua- lities, engendring much blood and yet unoffenfive,engen- dring much feed without uonatural fharpnefS or heat: fi- nally the flefh of Capons is fo mild, temperate, and nou- 33 rifhing, that Faventinus fears not to make it the ground cap. de phehic of his reftorative electuary ; yea Aloifins Mundella think- Dialog.3, eth him to be defperately confumed,whom Capon-gellies and .cullifes cannot recover. Concerning the preparation of them,Lcommend them roatted for moift {tomacks , but beeing boild wich fiveet marrow in white broth, they are of {peedier, thoughnot of ftronger nourifhment. Now if a Capon. be fo wholefome.ameat; why fhould we not alfo: by fticching up fome-veins, or-fearing them intheloins, try whether we may not likewife make Hen-capenets? which the Ita- lians practife to good purpofe, and make them exceeding fat; but yet in Pzfanels judgment they eat too moifts One lib.Creophag. word more of the Etymology of aCapon; which fome derive fromthe Englith-by aa Irony, Capos. becaufe he hath not his cap on : others from the tralian, Capone that isto fay, qua pone, ferithither, -becauleit isan seinen 2 fh J Hee Keer | Of the F lefb of tame Fowl. libynat.hiftor: difh; but I like. Frétagiws his Etimologie beft of. all , Caponem ditimus quaft caput omnium: We call ita Capon faichhe in the Latin, becaufe it is Caput omninm, the head * or chief of all other meats. And thus much of a Capon, whofe excellencies had the heralds known when Dr. Ca- pon bought his arms of them, -I fee no reafon why they thould have preferred into his Scutchions three Cocks, all being nothing equivalent to one Capon. Galli Africani. Meleacrides. Turkies, though they be very hardly brought up, and require great coft for their feeding, yet their flefhis moft dainty and worthy’ a Princes Table’ They’ were firt A a brought from Numidia into Turky and thence to Europe, ea whereupon they were called Turkies. There are fome SLE which lately brought hither certain checkred Hensand Cocks out of new Guiny, {poted white and black likea Barbers apron ; whofe flefh is like to the flefh of Turkies, & both of them like the flefh of our hens & cockchickens, but that they be two parts hotter and moifter then ours; The youngett, fatted in the fields or at the barn door, kil- led alfo in Winter rather then in Sommer, and hangeda day and night before they be dreft,are wholefomeft to be eaten and of beft nourifhment. Their flefh recovereth . ftrength, nourifheth plentifully, kindleth Inft, apreeth with every perfon and complexion, faving fuch as be of too hot a temper,or enclined torhumes or gouts ; it mutt be throughly roafted, and if ivbe fticked fulbof clovesin the roufting, or when it is to be baked ( which are'the two beft waies to cook a Turky ) it will foke up the wa- tiiihnefs, and make 1t-of fpeedier-digeftion, . e | dR PAFONES,. Peacocks are(as. Poets fain) the beloved Birds of Juno: which none durtt killinold time, for fear of thet jealous and revengetul Goddefles. difpleafure, Ainong the Ro-— ~ + , ee Of the felb of tame Fowl. & 5 mans Quintus Hortenfius was the firft that ever brought “acrob 3. fat. them tothe table; whofe commendation made them fo “?’’3° defired, that within a while a Peacocks egg was fold for ten pieces of filver, and his kacrfas for twenty times as much. Afterwards Warcus Lurco feeing that old and Pli.l. 10, ¢.20,. lean Peacocks grew to fuch a rate, he began to cram them far whilft they were young, and gained thereby ina fhort time fix thoufand Sefterties. Leothe tenth (that noble Epicurean Pope) made their p, ,) lov.in vie brawnes into Saufages, allowing therefore every year ma- ta Leon. x, ny hundred Ducats. Ic is ftrange chat. S. 4 a/fia writes | de civit. Dei. of Peacocks flefhnamely that ina twelve month. it cor- rupteth not after it is dreft: Nay Kiranides avoucheth , that a Peacocks ffefh will not putrifie in thirty years, but: remaineth then as found and fweet as if ic had been new killed; which whether it proceed of the toughnefS and fi- newy confticution, or the feeding upon Serpents (as fome imagine) [will not now determin: this lonely obferve, that being once above a year old, their flefh is very hard, tough , and melancholick, requiring a ftrong ftomack, much wine, and afterwards great exercife to overcome it. It is very ill for them that are molefted with the Hemor- rhoids, and fuchas live flothfully. | Concerning their preparation, Galen appointeth thenr cal.> de alim: tohang upon a hook fifteen daies, but Haliabbas twile fe fifteembefore they are dreft. The Icalians after they are °° 7*°**"e™ drawn, ftuff their bodies fullof nettles (which foftneth the hardeft cheefebeins laid amongft them ; and then they either bury-itinfand, or hang it in’'a cold dry place, with great weight at his: heels; and fo within a fornight it becomes very tender. Plutarch reports out of hiscountti- p,,,, doiigs 93: ments expeririencs,thatan oldCock,or an old Peacock or queftio, any hard Acth. hanging but one night on a fig-tree,waxeth very tenders by morning’: others'afcribe as much to the’ | shan ging Ae ee wal 86 Of the Flefb of tame Fowl. hanging of themupona brafen hook, which I permitto trial, and wifh both as true in effect, as the reafons. why they fhould be fo arelearnedly difputed. As for young Peacocks, fedat home, with wholefome and pure meat (as bread corn and curds) no doubt they are very good meat, yeelding not onely a tafte extraordinarily ftrange and pleafant, but alfo giving good nourifhment: the olde¢ fort is beft roafted with lard; the youger without lard, both fhould be well fowced in pure wine; for without Hg it they are unwholefome. Aiba Anferes. ae enchym.g ., G4/e# commendeth nothing in a Goofe befide the Gi- 1%) Caroch. —- blets, Stomack, and Liver, fodden in broth : which whe- Nh! ide.efe.& po: ther Scipio Metellus,or Marcus Seftius firtt noted, Pifanel- 4 lus durft not decide; but had he been as converfant in, Pliny, as he might have been, he fhould haveread; that a queftion was moved ia Rome,who did firft fatten geele: Plin.l 10.22 fome.imputing it to tie and fome to Seftius. But Mef= | [alinus Cotta without all controverfie was the firft, that Py ever taught how to drefs and ule their Giblets. | Biod.is.ca.6 _ Neverthelefs fich the Kings of Egypt feed ufually but ie on two difhes, Geefe and Veal ; either cuftome hath made tii them a harmlefs meat, or elfe they are not fo hard, hot, bil aguilh , andmelancholick a meat as fome fuppofe them. Tt i | Jas.Prarat. hb. Falon Pratenfis faith , that the Jews: have fo hard a | Diet. fleth, fo foul.askin, {0 loathfomea favour, and fo crooks | ed conditions, becafe they eat fo. many .Geek. ; Indeed eh in qucft: chewr exceeding, watchfulnefs , moody. difpofition, and blacknels of flefh., argue amelancholick conftitutions ve yet being taken whilft they.are young, gieen featheredy | and well farted with wholefome meat,, and eaten with () Mee Gore fiwce to corestcheis malignty (if any maligniy Nae! reraft, can remain after fuch.dieting) no, doubt their Aefh is.as nourifhing as it is pleafant.and fweet. But. of all othera young = eS — 2 oF Of the Flefo of tame F owl. young ftuble goofe feeding it felf fat in wheaten fields, is the beft ofall; being neither of too moift nor too dry a. flefh, but a middle conftitution. If any Goofe be eaten: above four months old, it is badly digefted without Gar- lick fauce,exercifeand ftrong drink, Fritagiws, in his Creophagia, having fet down that young Geefe are ovete moift, and old Geefe very aguifh, appointeh them to be both corrected in this fort. Before they be killed make them to receive the {moke of Borax down into their bo- dies three or four times together; then ftuff them with {pices and {weet hearbs, and toft them throughly ; which isa very good way to corre& their fuperfluous moiftures bur nothing available for their aguifhnefs. $7: Savanarolaimaketh Geefe of avery hot conftirution,. In hort.fan. Albertus maketh them very cold; their flefhis hard to ~ digeft, and yet more moift (faith Galen) then of any wa- ter-foul befices: buttheir natural feeding fhews them to be hot and dry, as Savanarola writeth ; for they drink: infinitely often, delight to bein the coldeft waters, and — feed moft gladly upon Lettice, Endiff, Purcelane, Trifoil, Ducks meat and Sowthiftle.. They are fo tame and ob- fequious to chem that ufually feed and dieted them, that. (if Pliwy faith truch) they were driven (like fheep) from: Brabant and Picardy to Rome on foot; but I fear me whilft he did fo ¢xceflively commend their obedience, he did euriuitev, play the very Goofe himfelf, Cygni.. Swans flefh was betiddaa the Jewes, becaufe by them the Hieroglyphical Sages did defcribe hypocrifies for as Swans have the whiteft feathers and the ‘blackeft fleth of all birds, fo the heart of Hypocrites is contrary to their outward appearance. Sothatnot for the badne(S of their flefh, but for re- fembling of wicked mens minds they were forbidden : Sor. Lege Davi- dem Chytr. in defcripr. Ruthie, Of the Flefb of tame Fow!, for being young they are not the worft of meats ; “Hay if they be kept in alittle pound, and well fed with Cotn, their Alefh will not onely aleer the blacknefS, but alfobe freed of the unwholefomnels , Being thus ufed, they: are appointed to be the firft difh at the Emperour of cMofcoviehis table , and alfo much efteemed in Eaft- Friezland. | AG Neverthelefs I deny not but that naturally they are unwholefome, for their flefh is hard and black; and all fleth the blacker ‘it is, the heavier it is, the ‘whiter the lib. volatilem. Gal.3 dealiir. fac. Gal. de comp: in fec. gen. \ Vfaac.in partic. dizt. — Rhaf.2. de a lighter; andthe more red the more enclining toheavie aefs,the lefs red the more enclining to lightnefs and eafi- nefs of digeftion: which being once written for a gene ral rule, needs not (I hope) hereafter to be repeated. Anates. | Tame Ducks teed filthly, upon froggs, toades, mud, water{piders,and all manner of venemous and foul things: Wherefore it is not untruly faid of Ge/ner, that the beft part of a Duck are his feathers , for his flefh is hotter then of any tame fowl, and withall roomoift; hard, grok, of flow digeftion, and very. excremental;. yea furthers more,fo.acuith, that once or twice it brought Galen him- felf into a fever,while hedefired to try the operation ofit. Neverthelefs young Ducklings fed with grinded malt and.cheefe curds, drinking nothing. but milk (or chalk- | water) wax both white; fat,and foft in flefh, giving much good nourifhment, clearing the colour of ones face, a mending hoarfnefs of throats, encreafing feed, and dit pelling wind: \ wherein we may fee, that art and dietcan — make that wholfome, which rature of it felfhath made hurcful. ) dls” Pipiones.. Columba, 1a Tame Pigeons are Of two forts, the one great and ve- ty tame, breeding monthly, Kept and fed continually at home: — Of the flefb of t sme Fowl. home: the other fed never at home but in Cadlock timeand the dead of Winter, when they can get no meat abroad, breeding onely but twice a year, namely at the firft and later feed-time. They are of a very hot com- plexion, anddry when they are old; but. whilft they are young they are hotand moift;the wilder fort is moft wholefome, being killed after it hath fown awhile up and down the Dove-houfe, for then they give a purer juice, by reafon that their foggy moifture is leflened by exercife; alfo they muft be let blood to death under the wing, which though Dr.Heéfor aflumed to himfelfas his own invention, yet it is of nolefs antiquity then Plinies writings. Being thus newly killed and forthwith rofted at a blafing fire, their flefh engendreth great ftore of blood, recalling heat unto weak perfons, clenfing the kidneys, quickly reftoring decayed {pirics, efpecially in phlegmatick and aged perfons, for whom they are moft proper. In Galens time (faith RAafis) they onely plucke off their heads and caft them away; but bleeding under the wing is fat better, and maketh their flefh more cold and whiter; in fo much that Ga/emis not afraid, to com- mend them to perfons fick of agues. Nay the Italians do.as ufually give them inagues, as we do Chickens. Pigeons of the firft flight are counted better, becaufe the latter flight is after they have eaten cadlocks,which mak- eth themmneither to eat fo fweet, nor to prove fo white and wholefome: when they cannot be had,home Pigeons (I mean of the greater fort ) are to be taken, and to be ufed in the like manner. N | | CHAP, 89 Rhafcom.in emhmne 4 api AvevZ.t theilir. Q, "> Anam digo aa my ¥ ae yank Nvé a ws A Dae ‘a a iy be qe} a oi a | a es VF iW Of the Flefh of Wild-Fowl, CFA P.. XI, Of the flefb of wild fowl, abiding and feeding chiefly upon the Land, Here is no fimall difference of Land fowl, according ye the meat they feed on, and the place they live in, for the purer their meat, the better meat they are them- felves; they that feed upon flefh or garbage, are not fo wholefome as they that feed upon good corn, bents, or wholefome feeds ; lefs wholefome are they which feed upon worms and fifh on the Seafhore, or rivers banks; but worft of all other,they that feed upon Serpents, Spi- ders and Venemous beafts : which no doubt may prove very medicinable to cure difeafes, but they cannot prove nourifhing (keeping their natural diet) to reftore flefh. Concerning the place wherein they live and feed, itis certain that high and dry Countries have the wholefom- eft Birds : for they which fic in low and moift places, are ef no fiveet nor wholefome complexion. Furthermore, their manner of taking alters their flefh; fora Partridge taken in flight, ora Larke dared witha Hawke, is worth ten taken with nets, {pringes, and tram- mels; the reafon whereof is already fec dowa in my Chapter of Preparation. Finally look what Bird is whiteft flefhe, that Bird is e2- fieft to be digefted:what Bird is reddeft of fleth, is ftrong- eft of nourifhment : whatfoever is black of fle(h, is hea- vy to be digefted and of flow nourifhment; yea much the heavier and flower, by how much his:skin and flefh appeareth blacker. This fhall {affice to be general- ly fpoken of land fowl, yea of all fowl: now let us de- {cend Feeding uponthe Land. gt fcend to their particulars, beginning with birds of greater volume. Tarde. Biftards or Buftards (fo called for their flow pace and heavy flying) or as the Scots cerm them, Gufestards, that is to fay, Slow Geefe, feed upon flefh, Livers, and young -\ vs Lambs out of fowing-time, and in harveft time, then they feed upon pure corn: Inthe Summer towards the ripening of corn, I have feen half a dozen of themlie in a Wheat-field fatting themfelves (asa Deer will doe) with eafe and eating; whereupon they grow fometimes to fuch abignefs, that one of them weigheth almoft Ge‘n.3.de fourteen pounds. Now as they are ofan extraordinary “Y'” bulk, fo likewife are they of rare nourifhment to indiffe- rent ftrong ftomacks, rellifhing finely, reftoring bloud and feed, offending no part of the body, but ftrengthen- ing all. Chufe the youngeftand fatteft about 4Uhalon- tide ( for chen are they beft) and diet hima day or two with alittle white bread, or rather keep him altogether fafting that he may {cour away his ordure ; then let him bleed to death in the neck-veins, and having hanged three or four daies in acool place out of the Moon-fhine, either roft itor bake ir as youdo.a Turkie, and it will prove both a dainty and wholfome meat, Grues. Cranes breed (as old Dr. Turner writ unto Gefner)not only inthe Northern Countrys amongft the Nation of Dwarfs, butalfoin our Exglifh Fens. Plixy faith, that in Jtaly they feed much upon Grapes; but wich.us they feed chiefly upon corn, and fenny feeds, or bents, Theo- dofius efteemeth them of acold temperature, but all the Arabians judge them to be hot and dry : Gertain it is that they are of themfelves hard, tough, grofs, finewy, and engendring melancholique bloud, unfit tor found N 2 mens Gefn.3.de avib. eet. Jy ) Mia oe ve oe CRAP As mF wae i a AE Nes staan Ree 4 y a i Of the F lefh of Wila- Fowl, mens tables (ufually to be eaten of) and much more un. meet for them that be fick; yet being young, killed hanged rwo or three daies by the heels , eaten with hot galencine , and drowned in Sack, itis permitted unto indifferent ftomacks. | In Plutarch’s time Cranes were counted a dainty and good meat, fat- tedafterthis manner: Firft, they fticched up their eyes, and fed them inthe dark with wholf{om mixtures of corn, milk , and feeds to make them white; tender, and plea- fant of tafte: A day before they were killed, they tem- pered their meat with the juice of that herb , or with a good quantity of that feed whereof they would have their fleth efpecially to relifh; were it Mints, Bafil Ttme, Rofemary, Commin, Coriander Fennel-feed, of Which courfeif we likewife obferved in the cramming of Capons, and fatning of our houthold birds , without queftion they would tafte far more deli- with a gofhawk, an Annis-feed : Ciconia, Afterie, Ardeole, Storks, Bittors, and Herons, neither do breed, nor can breed any good nourifhment, feeding chiefly upon litele fifhes, frogs, and worms: yea the Stork delightech in newts, water-{nakes, aiders, and {l>eworms; but‘ex- cept it be almoft famifhed ) it will not venture upona Bpiftad Gefn. 109d, as Cafparus Heldelinus writeth. It was my chance in my firft travel into-Germany., to meet one Godfrey Achtius (chief Phyfitian of CAgquif= grane) a Francfort Mart, whole Triacle was there fold, and efteemed better then the Triacle of eaice, wheres into he put noc the flefh-nor the fale of L de theriac. the flefh ofa Her > Adders but omhaw, fed along time with: nothing but fuch Adders as Galen-wifheth US to chufe. his conceit was not ills -and if w England, it cannot be amifs Verily e practifed the like in sconfidering that the fubtileft ‘put. Feedino upon the Land. 93 part of the Adder is (no doubt) as it were fublimed and imbibed into the Storks body and flefh: Wherefore howfoever:we ufe fuch birds for Phyfick ,- yet let us not feed upon them as upon meats , left we take poyfon in- ftead of nourifhment. Nay even all the Heronthaws, (namely the black,white,criel-Heronfhaw, and the mire- dromble) though feeding {omewhat better then the Byt- tor or Stork; are but of a fifhy and ftrong favour, un- lefs they be very young, and fcarce able to “Aly + yea they are not dangerlefs being green: rofted , but procure the Arsa'd.devil. pilesand finarting hemerrhoids s; ofallof them , chufe “°" the youngeft and fateft , for they, may be eaten, fo with much fpice, fale, or onions, and. being throughly fteept in. a draught of old Wine. Furthermore , if they be dreft without their skins, they rellifh far better, accor. ding to the French and the bett fathion , who alfo ttuff them fullof feet herbs , anddraw them with fine-and fall lard. Phafiana.. Phe fants are of fo excellent a conftitution , as wellfor fubftance as temperature, that from them as from a centre, Phyficians do judge the complexion of every foul , being of a. middle conftitution betwixt a brown Hen anda. Partridge (or as Pifanellas will have it, betwixe ?¢ * & pot a Capon and a Partr idg) neither fo moift.as the firft, nox fo dry as the fecond , but exceeding both.in tafte ; tem- ’ perature and soodnels. Galen, Rhajis, ANvicen, “Asiehs Gal.s-de alim. rho, Arnaldus de Villa nova. Trallean, andall. Writers eens Aphs do prefer a Phelant for the foundeft and beft meat of all ether; and the Frenchmen think a Phefant to be called Fai-fan, becaufe it maketha found man, Neverthelefs Savanarola willeth men not to eat.them often in health, that when ficknefs cometh they may do them the more good. They are beft in Winter , ane the young ones are. FRO CR LAaTh \ ey ed oar Arn eee vee oe We NPE Pee 94 De efc. & po rul, Gal 3 de alim. fac. De vidt.aticn. ee Of the F lef of Wild Fowl, are fitteft for weak ftomacks ; the old ones. are to hang three or four daies by the heels, and then being dreft , they will eat tender. In He ick Fevers, and upon te- coveries froma long or violent ficknefs , no meat fo wholfom as Phefant-pouts ; but to ftrong ftomacks itis inconvenienteft, efpecially to Ploughmen and fabourers, who eating of Phefants, fall fuddenly into ficknefs, and fhortnefs of breath , as PsfaneAus hath wittily (and pers haps truely) noted. Attagenes Myrica. Heath-Cocks whilft they are young , are little inferi- or to.a Phefant, very well relifhing, and being of good digeftion, when they wax old, all their flefh proves black, faving the brawn next their breft-bone, whichis ever white, tender, firm, and wholfome. Perdices, Partridges have a temperate heat; but encline to dri- nefs in the fecond degree; they feed upon Snails,Chick weed, tops of Leeks, and all manner of good and whol: fome corn; they are never fubject to pips, nor any rhu- matick difeafes , which maketh them to live till they be almoft twenty years old: But beware of old Partridges, for they are as dangerous as old Beef; being young and tender, they agree exceeding well with cold, weak, wa- trith, and pale bodies, drying up a moift ftomack, {ireng- thening the retentive power, eafily curning into pure bloud, fatning the body, and encreafing luft. They muft not be eaten (faith Galen) being newly killed , but hang awhile in the cold aire: And the wings and breft of a Partridg (as alfo of all birds, fave a Woodcock, trufting to their flight) are better then the legs and thighs : Nay the legs and thighs of Partridges are thought by Sethi, to have an extraordinary weaknefs in them,caufing them to goas if their.back or ride-bone were parted in funder, | where- Feeding upon the Laad. whereupon perhaps they had their name , and were cal- led Part-ridges. Chufe them that are young and far, killed with the Hawk at fowce , or elfe at foot after a long flight. Their broath is good for a weak ftomack , for the jaundies, anda tainted liver. If you feeth them in Capon-broth with marrow, eggs, and bread, a Pana- do made of that broth is exceeding nourifhing , being eaten next ones heart. But if you would have a ftreng- thening broth indeed, then feeth them in broth where- in chines of Mutton have firft boiled : Rofted Partridg is beft for moft ftomacks, ifit be not too dry rofted ; for then it is rather. Phyfick to ftay a loofnefs , then fit meat to nourifh or reftore flefh. ‘They are beft at the end of Harveft, before they have either troad or hid. Ralle terreftres. Railes of the land (for there is alfo a water-Rail, which the Venetians efteem fo highly ) deferve to be placed next the Partriag, for their flefh is as {weet as their feed- ing good, and they arenot without caufe preferred to Noble mens Tables. Gallinagines 8 Rufticula. Woodcocks and Sustes are fo light of digeftion, and fo good in temperature , that they agree with moft mens ftomacks, efpecially at their firft coming in, orrather amonethafter when they have refted themfelves after their long flight from beyond the Seas, and are fac through eafe and good. feeding upon fat worms, and fnails, lying in trees. Avicen and Albertus dreamed _ that Woodcocks and Snites fed upon feeds; whereas indeed no bird witha long piked, crooked; and narrow bill can pick them up: but where they perceive aworms hole (as 1 have feen Snites todo) there they thruft in their Bill as far as they can, andif the worm lie deep, they blowin fuch a breath or blaftof wind, that the worms 95 96 oe L:rei ruftic: 1: €:90: . ‘ ; : h) + 2 4 er 2a kes wed) a bgt / | | Of the Flefb of Wild Fowl, worms come out for fear as in an Earthquake. If worms fail, then they pick fnails outof their fhels, and likewife devour them. Towards their. going out, either of them. wax drier and worfe rellifhing.... Woodcocks require the ftronger ftomack, Snites the weaker; both are of laudable nous rifhment, but chiefly the Snite. There is a, kind of Wood-Snite in Devoenfhire , greater then the common Snite, which never comes into fhallows nor {prings of water: Andin Holland lremember Snites never living out of fprings, as great almoft as our Woodcocks, cals led Herren-Schnepfs, becaufe they are in comparifon the - Lords or chief of Snites , or that they are onely fit for Lords Tables, which Gefner therefore alfo termeth by the name of Rufficula regalis. Petricole Livia Columbe \Palumbes Turtures. Wild- Doves be efpecially four in number, Rack-Deves, Stock-Doves, Ring- Doves, and Tartledov 5s. Rock doves breed upon Rocks by the Sea-fide. but never fat from Corny Downs , whether’in Seed and Harveft- tume they fly for meat, living all the year’ befides upon Maft and Ivy-berries. The other three forts of Doves feed.alfo upon Corn, Matt, Hawes, Juniper-berries, fvy- berries, Hurtle-berries , and Holly-berries when they are ripe. Marcus Cato tatted young Ring-doves with Bean-meal made into pafte with new milk : and Didy- mius, Turtledoves with bread fteept in Wine» which way they are made of excellent tafte and nouri(hment. though alfo undieted they are good, being under half ; yearsage. Avicen (contrary almoft.to the opinions of | | all a Feeding upon the Land, 97 all other Writers) commendeth the flefh of Turtles a- Fen.3 dodt.1g bove all other , as being of a good nourifhment , eafily “""*" digefted, quickning wit and memory , encreafing feed, and ftrengthening both ftomack and guts exceeding well, © But 7/4ac reproveth that opinion , unlefs it be be diat partic underftood only of young Turtles, or fuch as have been fed and fatted in the houfe by art , with moift and cool- ing nourifhments: For otherwife (as he truly avoucheth) all manner of Wild-doves are fo hot, hard, and dry, thac they cannot prove of any indifferent nourifhiment. Coturnices. Quails have gotten an illname ever fince Pliny accul- ed them for eating of Hemlocksand Bear-foot; by rea- plint.10.c. 23 fon whereof they breed cramps, trembling of the heart Avicentten, 14 and finews ; yeathough Hercules loved them above all *°"" other meats, info much that Jo/aus fetcht himout Of @ Arhen.t.o.c {wound when he was cruelly wounded by Typox, with 15. the fmell of a Quail, yet with mucheating of them he fell into the falling-evil, which ever fince hath been termed Hercules’s fcknes, Avicenthinketh that they. bring cramps not onely by feeding on Helleborus and °°" Hemlocks, but alfo from a natural inborn property. 1.1 Epift.s. Monardus writeth thus of them; Iallow not the flefh of Quails neither in the Spring nor Winter, not becaufe the ancient Fathers of Phyfick do condemn them; but becaufe reafonisagainftthem. For inthe Spring and Summer time they are too dry, engendring rather me- lancholy then bloud: In Autumn and Winter they are toomoift; yea though they be fat, yetare they of {mall nourifhment, caifing loathing of ftomack, and corrupti- on of meat. Baptifta Fiera, Amatus Lufitanus, yea Avicen, Rhafis, Haac and Galen are of the fame judge- ment; only Arnoldes.de Villa nova in his Commentary upon the Sa/era School, affirmeth them in fome Coun- O tries ~t th teers ae ° ee at — = ) t = ~ : eee = ae ~~. Te Re) lear 98 ME uporifi: Namsy r:y33t: he aed | y A ia of the Flefb of Wild-Fowl cries tobe of fine fubftance, good juice, and eafie dige- ftion: Nay, Kéiranides faith that their broth clenfeth the kidneys , and their flefh nourifheth indifferently well, Were I here to give my cenfure , I would be of either fide , and yet defend the truth likewile; for I nothing doubt but Quails flefhis bad (as Ducks flefh is) of its own nature, and heavy tobe digefted ; neverthelefs be. ing taken young before they have eaten of unwholfome weeds, and fatted with pure Wheat, Hemp-feed, Cori. ander-feed and Milk (or Chalk-water inftead of Milk) I make no queftion that their flefh is laudable, and may be counted a good and dainty meat. And here by the way let us marvel at one thing, That Quails are generally forbidden becaufe their flefh engen- dreth the falling evil , and yet Galen commendeth thei brains (the principal feat of that great evil) as an Antidote againft the fame. What need I write that when the J|- raelites loathed Manna, Quails were fent them as:the beft and daintieft meat of all other ¢ And if fome cutr ous Paraphraft would therefore fay it was the worft , be- caufe whilft the flefh was in their mouthes , many thow- fands of them fell in the Wildernefs! Weanfwer, That it was not through the badnefs of the food , but the naughtinefs of their lufting andtempting God. “<< Plaviales, Plovers feed upon no folid meat , and therefore being new. have noneed of drawing, their mear is chiefly the {com or excrements of worms lying about their holes, or of worms themfelves; yet are they of a very {weet, delicate, and fine flefh, being taken when they are fat in Winter-time , and the gray Plover is fo highly efteem- ed, that this Proverb is raifed of a curious and malecon- rented ftomacks 4 gray Plover cannot pleafe him. Yet to fome the green Plover feemeth more nourithing, —_ Feeding upon the Land. 99 to others the Lapwing, which indeed is favory aad light of digeftion, but nothing comparable to Plovers. Cuculi. Cuckoes fleth, whilft icisaneftler , is by Perot highly +,39- aeavit: extolled, but when onceitcomestofeedit felf, irisil = rellifhing, hot, andleprous. Gef#er asketh , How any Lib:3.de avib: man dare be fo foolifh or venturous as to eat of a Cuckoe, whofe much fpitting argueth a corrupt and ex- cremental flefh; yet by experience we find the young ones to be good meat, yea Pliny and Arzffotle preferre them for fweetnefs above moft birds: And albeit the old ones feed filthily upon Dorrs, Beetels, and veno- mous fpiders , yet the young one are fed by the Titling, (their fofter-dam) with gnats, flies, and red-worms, ha- ving no venomous nor bad quality. Fedo. Godwits are known tobea fenny fowl, living with worms about Rivers banks, and nothing fweet or whol- fom, till they have been fatted at home with pure corns but a fat Godwit is fo fine and light ameat, that Noble- men (yea and Merchants too by your leave) {tick not to buy them at four nobles a dozen. Lincolafhire afford- eth great plenty of them,elfewhere they are rare in Eng- land wherefoever I have travailed, Erythopodes cy Glottides. Redfhanks alfo and Glwts feedinthe Fens upon red- feeds, bents, and worms, and are of no bad tafte, nor e- vil nourifhment, Ochropodes.: Smirings live in watrifh Copfes with worms, and are a fine and delicate meat... © » a | Pici. Pyes or Hagegi(fes feed upon fieh, eggs, worms and ants; ‘their flefh is very bard and loathfome, ualefs hey = — Os | : rj ee Vid ; ay vt * Of the Flefb of Wila-F owl, | be very young, and then are they only the meat of po. verty (Lm RARE a RIE VINEE NS DY) Fe) i Rie. / ; Kee Gracull. Fayes feed upon akorns , beech-maft and worms, and never came into the number of good nourifhments, be. caufe they have themfelves, and procure unto others the falling-evil. Pici Martii. Cal.J.28c.2, Wood-Peckers are fufpected of the like malignity, anriq.lect. though they feed upon timber-worms, the moft dainty difh, and moft highly efteemed amongft the Romans and Phrygians. Orioli. Witwels are of excellent good nourifhment, feeding upon bees, flies, fnails, cherries, plums, and all mannet of good fruit. Arquatula terrefires, 7 Stonechatters feed as they do, and are of a very good tafte and juice. I{pida. The Kings-fifher feedeth moft upon water-worms, and little fifhes , andis of a bad rellifh , and worfe nou- rifhment. Coccothrauftes. The Clotbird (called (ométimes a Smatch, or an Ar- ling) isas big almoft asa Thrufh, feeding chiefly upon cherries, and cherry-kernels. Nucifraga. The Nope feedeth upon maft, nuts,and cherreis, Sétta. : Soalfo doth the little Pyot, which we calla Nutjob- er. | ~ oe | Upupe. f Epiftad Gein, “70MPés Werenot thought by Dr. Tarver to be found , | Mh ee a Feeding upon the Land. vor in England, yet I faw Mr. Serjeant Goodrons killof them in Charingdon Park, when he did very skilfully and hap- pily cure my Lord of Pembroke at Ivychurch, they feed upon hurtle-berries, and worms, but delight to feed moft upon graves , and mans Cung , and ftinking foile , wherefore they deferve to be counted very unwholfom. Turai & Turdele Anglicana. Thrufhes and Naviffes feed moft upon hawes , floes, mifle.berries , and privot-berries ; which being lean, €al.l. é.anciq, deferve (as Quintus Curtius ufed them at Ce{ars Table)“ to be flung out at the windows; but being young, fat, and in feafon, and by cunning drawing ridof their gall, they deferve the nourifhing in Lucullus Cages, and to be Pita bucus - commended by Phyficians to Pompey's Tableforamoft — wholfom meat. | Turdi Exetics, Feldefares areof the likefeed, and give (almoft) as good nourifhment, yeabetrer , when Juniper-berries be ripe , for then all their flefh is perfumed with the {cent thereof. | Merule. Blackbirds are preferred by Baptift Fierafarre before Thrufhes, Throftels or Feldefares, as being nothing fo ftrong, hot, nor bitter; 7razamus commendeth all alike. Their-feed is on little grafhoppers, worms, hurtle-ber- ries, juniper-berries, ivy-berries, bay-berries and hawes; they arefufpeéted to bea melancholick meat, becaufe they be never found but alone and folitary , whereupon the Latines call them Merulas, that is to fay, Solitarians. Sturns. | Stares-flefh is dry and fanery , and good againft ally ¢ ae tn.tan, poyfon, if Kiranides be not miftaken. Gale inone L.3 dealim: place compares them for.goodnefs, with Partridg, T hruth '°: and Blackbirds ; in another place he difpraifech. them > | , muc Lid.de avibs "Moncdula. u i Wd ; ; Of the Fle/b of wild Fowl. much for their ill juce, hard digeftion, and bad nourifh. ment ; which neverthelefs are both true, that being un- derftood of young Stares, fed with wholefom meat, this of old ftares, who delight to feed of unwholefom meat as well as wholefome, namely hemlocks, dwale, and fuch ke. Amongeft this treatife of the greater force of Land: birds, Thad almoft forgotten Owles, Rookes, Crowes, and Cadeftes. Noctuz. Concerning Owles, when they be once old, they feed upon Mice; Frogs, Grafhoppers and all kind of flefh. Rabbi Mofes in his Aphorifms faith, that the fleth of young Owles is dainty and good,ftrengthening the mind and diverting ‘melancholie and madnefS- yea I haye heard certain noble men and gentlemen avouch, that nd young Cuckoe or Partridge is a finer meat. Corvi Lecuminales, Rooks cannot be ill meat when they are young, fot they feed chiefly upon pure corn;but their skin is tough, black, and bitter. Corvus. The'carrion ‘Crow is generally condemned, and wor- thily defpifed of allmen: As alfo the Cadeffe or feat- daw, which is not more unhappy in conditions, then bad of nourifhment. Now weare come totreat of fmall Birds of the land, which we will divide according to the order of the Al- phabet : having firft admonifhed you, that no fmall Birds muft be overmuch fodden,or dry roafted : for then their nourifhing moifture is foon taken out ; neither are they to be given to ftrong ftomacks, left they be con- verted into choler,whenelfe they would wholly turn into good blood. Finally, young Birds muft not hang long before they be drefled.; for they. are of an airy fub- | fiance Of the fiefh of wild Fowl. 103 ftance which will foonbe evapourated. But let us confider every one particularly in his place.« , Montifringille, Bramblings are a kind of {mall Birds, feeding chiefly upon feeds, floes, and hawthorne kernels. Rubetre. Buntings feed chiefly upon little worms. Pyrrhacia. Bulfinches feed not onely upon little worms, but alfo upon hempfeed , and the blofloms of peare-plums and apple-trees, Citrinella. Citrinels or ftraw-coloured Finges, be very fmall Birds, feeding chiefly of white and black poppy feed, buvefpecially of the wild-poppy called Red-weed, Certhia. Creepers feem tobeakind of Titmife, living upon the worms which engender in and betwixt the barks of ‘Trees. ; | , Fringile. Finches: for the moft part live upon feeds, efpecially the Goldfinch, which refufeth toeat of any thing elfe. acanthis. Acanthis \Atlantica, So alfo doth the Casarie Finch or fiskin, yet the Bullfinch in hunger feeds upon fmall- worms; -and the Greenfinch upon horfedung, and nuts in frofty weather. cross, Alanda. Larkes areof three forts: Field Larks, Wood Larks, and Heath Larks. The firft fort feeds upon corn feeds and worms. ‘The fecond. chiefly upon worms. The thirdupon worms and heath feed. Some of each fort are high crefted like alapwing, others uncrefted which are counted the more wholefom. Their temperament ishot and dry in the fecond degree, unlefs they. be young ni i Of the Flefb of Wild- Fowl. 4nd fac, and then they fcarce exceed the firft degrees Gas len and Rhafis write, that as cheir broth loofeneth, fo their flefh bindeth the belly, Linaria. Linnets feed chiefly upon flax feed: but for aneed they eat alfo the feed of hemp and thiftles. 3 A podes. poe. | (Martinets are either fmooth or hairy legg d: for net- ther of chem have perfect feet,but {tumps inftead of feet, Baptifta Fiera in his treatife of Birds exclaimeth again them, and calleth them beggers meat: engendring moft hot and feverous blood; fitter to be eaten as a medicin to quicken eyefightand memory, then as a wholefome or nourifhing meat; bur being taken when they are new fiede’d, experience warranceth them a dainty and good meat, except they be over roafted. Lufcinis, Nightingales 48 Martial faid,are nothing worth when their breath is departed; for as they feed filthily inthe fields upon fpiders and ants, fo their flefh is unwhole- fome at the table. Pari majores. Oxeys or great Titmife, feed (as ordinary Titmife do) upon caterpillers, bloffoms of Trees, bark worms and flies ; buttheir flefhis unwholefome. Rubecule. Robin-red-brefts feed upon bees, flies,gnats, walnuts, nuts, and-crums of bread; and are efteemed a light and 900d meat. oe ) Pafferes. | __ Sparrows of the houfe, feed commonly on the belt Corn. They are hot and dty almoftin the third degree: engendring hot and aguifh blood. The beft are the youngelt, fatteft, and wildeft. Trailianus cont ia a rs Feeding upon the Land. 105 leane Sparrows only to fuch as are fick of the Tympanie: and youngCock-fparrows flefh(as wellas their {tones and brains) to fuch as be cold of nature, and unable to Venus fports.Halyabbas willeth fuch men to mince young cock- 5. Theor.¢.222 parrows with egs and onions, and to eat them ina gally- mawfry: which perhaps you may find a better medicin, then Dr. Za/ius his bottle, that is {aid to have coft ewenty troptodyez pounda pint; but thered and hedg Sparrows feed ill,and . are both unwholefome. Hirundines. Swallows (be they either houle Swallows o¢ banck Swallows) are of the nature and operation of Martlets, buc that chey are efteemed the hotterof both. Curruca. The Titling, Cucknel,or anfortunate Nurfe (for the Cuckoe ever lays his egg in the Titlings neft)feeds upon gnats, flies, and worms; itis a very hot bird, coming in and going out with the Nightingale, bur of a delicate tafte Pari. Titmife are of divers fhapes with us in England: fome be long,others.be very fhort taild:fome have black heads, fome blew, fome green, fomeplain, and fome copped : all of them feed but ill,and nourifh worfe. Motacille. Wagtailes live upon flies, worms, and fat earth, being no bad meat whilft they are young, unlefs fome becaufe their tail is ever trembling, fhall therefore divine char they are ill for the fhaking Palfey. Regult. Wrens feed finely,& fometimes fill rhemfelvs fo full of little flies, that their bellies are like toburft.. Their flefh being falred cureth Strangullions and the ftone not con- firmed; but no man ever wrote that they give good vis P Gal- oe s PAS eaey Ae AE ee ; {aM TRAE SEA BI. A | : ae) eee Oty Se rE - ; / ae — | Yulpanieres. the winter time being fat, they are counted wholefome: roots of other waterplants, Of the Flefb of Wild-F owl ‘Galgnll. ae Yellow Hammers féed (as the moft part’ oF Me ‘Of feeds’ and grain’; namely, the feeds of white and ‘red rofes, poppy, burs, thfftles, fuccory and endiff,cec. In dt other times they are lean andalfo bitter, SS CHAP. XII. Of the fle of wild F owl, abiding and feeding chiefly upon the waters, p | 'Cyeni Sylveftres. —_ (YF ‘all water fowl, the wild Swan is the bigceft and “A faireft in ‘outward thew: but (4s Ihid Of tatne Swans) it refembleth a hypocrite, for his fleth is black, melancholick, and hard of digeftion, though not fo hard as the came, by reafon of his much flying. ee way Anferes [ylveftres. ae Wild Geefe are for the fame reafon better then'tame, for their high and long flicht breedeth tendernefs.of bo- dy, and expelleth many grofs and heavy vapors; ‘but’of all other the Bergander ts the beft and lichteft | — | A nates fere, | Wild Ducks feed chiefly upon‘a green natrow-leaved rafs(called therefore Ducks graf by Cre(centius) which teth upon the waters in moors, ponds, and plafhes all win- ter long: but they eat likewife theleaves, feeds, and SOF other’ waterplants, and alfo: worms, {pawns of es and frogs; young fedge, far’ mud), warerf iders,and all yenemousand foul things. they are no tele techerbc | ; then — | Feeding upon the Land.. 107 then Cock-Sparrows, who asby often treading, they kill themfelves and live not till they be:two years old3fo wild Drakes by often treading kill their Hens, ) Anates muf{caria. | ‘Butthereisa kind of wilde Duck, called Anas mifca- ria becaufe it eats nothing but flies : which is of as whol- fome and good nourifhment,.as the other is-bad and hea: vy of digeftion. ) | Brante. _Baraicles both breed unnaturally ‘by: corruption; and tafte very unfavoury. Poor men eat them; rich men hate them, and wife meni reje@ them when they have other meat. . } ' Querguedulz. _ » Leales and: Widgins feed alike uporl worms; herbs, roots and feeds;commonly. they are very fac:and {weet of tafte, much to be efteemed.above wild-Ducks or Geefe, yetfulpected of ill juice by many Authots. al a Batt) Totani. | Nia Pool-Snites live wholly upon fith, and therefore have a {trong and uncouth rellith. 1 i ti onerl Merganferes. _Shell-drakes, or the Ducks of Italy, are 6f moft plea- fant tafte, feeding purely themfelves, and us as ftrongly, fometimesthey wax fo tae,that their feathers being pul’d id de ace off, their,body hath weighed twelve pound weighes °° Me ia . Urinatrices. Divers feed moft upon reeds and reed roots,and cad- dis-worms breeding, in them. boi8 _ Scarboides. Such likewife.is the Dobchicks foods but! ivis:of 2: {trong fmell, and fatter and: tenderer then the moft part of fowls-that be clove-footed. = eine ba P 2, FE utis Of the Flef of Wild-Fowl, Fulice. ; , Coots feed wpon reeds, mud, grafs, little fnails, and fall fithes, chey are ofa ftrong and muddy favour, beft in Autumne, but never wholefome. Hit | Nigrita. Ny), —-Bofeades, Moor- cocks and Moor-hens, as alfo Pocards, be of the ee | like nature with Coots; fave chat a fat Pocard is count- a ed a dainty, though not a wholefome meat. 3 = Baie Pict marini. Sl) CE pift'adGefe. Sea-pies as Dr. Cajws writeth , refemble other Pies | | incolour, but they have whole feet like water fowl; they feed upon fpawn, frogs, and frie of fifh, and are but ofa bad tafte. Hi Mergi. i Cormorants, be they gray or black, feed moftof fifth and frogs, but efpecially of Hels; and rellifh badly. Arguata. © Curlnes feed sihichesrichs upon cockles , creniffes, Hisn mufcles, and perwinkles; which maketh them to have Hee no ill cafte, and to becounted reftorative amongft the if French, if they be far. Gulones albi c Cinerei. White Galls, Gray-Gulls, and Black.Gulls (commonly Phalaerocora- termed by the name of Plungers and Water-Crows) sees are rejected of every manasa fithy meat; neverthelels being fed at home with new curds and good corsttill they be fat, you fhall feldome tafte of a lighter or better meat.. ' Pufina Britannica. __ Puffins being Birds and no Birds , that is to fay Birds in fhew and fifh in fubftance, or ( as one may juftly call them) feathered fithes, are of ill tafte and worfe digetti- on; how dainty fo ever they feemto ftrange appetites, and are permitted by Popesto.be eaten in Lent. — Erysbree er Feeding upon the water. Erythropodes.* Redlings or Water-Redlhancks feed as Water-railes do, and be of the like nourifhment. Ralle aquatica. Water-rails ave preferredin Italy before Thruthes or Quails, they feed upon water-fnails and warer-flies, and the worms breeding in the roots of reeds: They be very {weet and pleafant of tafte, giving alfo a fine and whole- fome nourifhment. : Lari. Sea-mews and Sea-cobs feed upon garbage and fith, thought thereforean unclean and bad meat; but being fatted (as Gulls ufe to be) they alter their ilk nature, and become good. | Plates. | Shovelars feed moft commonly upon the Sea coaft up- on cockles and Shell-fith, being taken home and dieted with new garbage and good meat, they are nothing infe- riour to fatted Gulls. CHAP 109 Ala mala, Coxa noxa , Crura dara, bium., Collum bo. nem. a V8 i Inwards and Ontwards CHAP. XIE Of the Inwards and Outwards Loth of Beafts and. Birds: WO Hyavne hitherto’ {poken of the Flefli of Beafts and Fowls, itremaineth now to {peak of thofe parts which arenot properly flefh,, but either of another, ora Cropium du- mingled nature: Namely-, their, Fat, Marrowy:Brains, Lungs, Livers, Tripes, Stomacks, &c. together with - their Eyes, Ears, Nofes, Peer, Pinions, Tails, Ramps, Udders , Stones, and Skins: whereof I ‘will write in order. ; | | Fat of Bealts, as it was forbidden the J/raclites> by ‘God himfelf, for fome caufe unto himfelf beft ‘known: fothere be many reafons to perfwade us not toeat of the fame: For it takes away appetite, gluts the ftomack, hardly digefteth, turneth wholly to excrements, and de- cayeth the retentive powers , efpecially if it be the fat of greater Beafts, or the greater fort of Birds: For the fat of Rabet-fuckers , and little Birds, and {mall Chickens , is not difcommendable , becaufe it is foon anu lightly overcome of an indifferent ftomack. Of fat Beafts and Birds notwithftanding , the lean is fweeteft (fo they benot exceeding fat through cramming, but upon their own feeding) by reafon thatit is bafted and. fuppled with the oylinefs thereof , and made both ten- der and of good relith. Wherefore let fome commend — lard and fat bruis never fo much, and flap it up as greedi- ly as they lift , yet they willreward us in the end with , many - of Beafts and Birds, many difentes. unlefs their ftomacks be exceeding ftrong and good.” , rh Marrow. | ' Marrow isthe fineft part. or (as it were) the fweat of fat, fecretly conveyed into bones : Sweet, unétuous , and pleafanc of tafte ; nourifhing them whofe bodies be dry, and ftomacks able to “digeft it. . Iris fod ufually with Capons; Cockrels, and Hens in anourifhing white broth, and alfo dainty pies be made chereof:, but I have known many men to have furfeited of them, and vhere- fore I darénot generally allow of Marrow. Of all Mar- rows, I find the Marrow of a, Deer eafieft to, digeft, next ofa young Mutton, “and Beef Marrow to be: the heavi- eft. ‘The Marrow of a Goat is very offenfive , and the Marrow of Lambs or Calves are not good, becaufe they are crude, bloudy, and imperfect for want of age. _. The Eeyptiens thoughtit a capital offence to “eat the Head of any thing, for the Brains-fake , wherein. they thought the foul of every living thing to be chiefly pla- ced, And P/utarch faith, chat many things were thought delicate in his time, which no man before defired or dar- ed to tafte; asthe Brazns of Birds“and Beafts. How abject a thing Brains were in‘old time, it appeareth in Ulyfes{cofting of Agamemnon, comparing him with a Calves Brain, as with a moft abje@ and vile thing, which’ al] men. caft away. - Andverily Brains for the moft part are exceeding’ phleg matick, of grofs juice, hard paffage, flow concoétion, great heavinefs, and fo offenfive to the ftomack, that being eaten laft, or with any fat meat,they trouble the fame exceedingly,and procure:yomit: where- fore ‘we doe well to eat the brains of Calves, Lambs. Kids, and Pigs, at the beginning of Dinner ot Supper ,. for were’ they eaten laft (through their umétuous and fu-- -perfluous: rit Macr.3.Satur, lib.cap. 37s Aveuz. 1.8: 2. Theifir, Gal.4. Eupor. Gal de comp. in (e&.loc. Piocl.in 7:fap. Cop. Of the Inwards and Outwards perfluous moifture) we fhould bring up all. Likewile] commend the tofting of Piges brains at the fire ( being the moifteft of all other) the thorough rofting of Hares brains and Rabbets brains; and the mingling of fage, falr, pepper, and Vinegar with Calves brains. | Concerning the brains of Birds, none are abfolutely commendable, but of fuch fowl as be*of a temperate con{ticution, as Cocks, Chickens, Capons, Pullets, Par- tridg and Phefant. Alfo the brains of rofted Wood- cocks, and Snites, and Blackbirds, and all {mall birds are counted wholfom ;*but the brains of great birds, and water-fowl, and Pigeons , and all forts of Wild-doves, are counted by the old and learned Arabians very dange- rous : Only Quails brains are commended by Galen, a gainft the falling -ficknefS, and Cranes brains againft the Hemorrhoids, | Tongues. “ The Tongnes of Beafts ine to be wholly of aflefhy fubftance: Which if we deny not becaufe it is full of mufcles, yet verily the flefh thereof is more fpongy and oily then of any flefh befides. e£fop and Thales called Tongues the beft and the worft part of the body; but asan Affes bones make the fweeteft Regal-pipes of all others , though the living Affe be leaft mufical; fo let the living Tongues of any Beafts be never fo bad, yer they are without comparifon the fweeteft meat of ali others, when they are dead and dreft: For the Tongues of Beafts are foft, temperate, light, moift and {pongy, never faulty of themfelves,but marred oftentimes by mifcooke- y: As for Birds Tongues, they are generally exceeding ry, hard, and griftly (Parots tongues excepted) neither eats at ~ ree (but becaufe a curious and sus 100! Would have it fo) why Heliocabulus Chints both of Birds and’ Beafts. Chine-Marrow. ‘ Pith- Marrow , running all along from the hinder. brain (whereot no doubt it is a portion ) to the end of the back-bone or chine of beafts , is no doubt much harder and drier “then the brain itfelf, efpecially towards the further end of the back, which drinefs makes it lefS - loathfom to the ftomack then brains are; yea further- more it ftrengtheneth that body which is able to con- coctit. Many are of opinion that Cawdles made ftrong with the pith of a Steer, and yolks ot new-laid eggs, de by a fecret property. reftore nature, and recover the weaknefS of loyns caufed by venery. Montagnana ma- kerh a fingular confection of divers martows to that pur- pofe, which I will not fet down in Englifh, left wantons be too bold to, follow their follies. Hearts. Hearts of all a creatures, whilft life endureth, : are moft active and effectual to many purpofes 5. but af: At ter death there is no part of lefs ufe,nor lefs nourifhment. ~ 3 de alim. Yea they are harder of digeftion then any entrail, con- * cocted with no fmall difficulry, though chofen from the youngeft and tendereft fore of fowlsor beats: Yer if any do overcome them, they give no weak nor bad nou- rifhment, Lungs. Lungs of beafts are fofter then the heart , liver, kid- tase. Jud.de neys and fpleens; eafier therefore of conco¢tion,though Pi tdies, ” of a more phlegmatick and froathy fubftancer. ' Tacuinus commendeth them greatly.to young men fick of hor agues, becaufe they both temper their hot and.dry dif- pofition , as alfo for that they be light , and foon conco- cted.. But he faith, that therefore they are ill for ftrong and labouring men, whom {0 light a meat cannot fuffici- —— mee ently aourifh, but is more likely to putrifie in their fto- alba wi UGH | Q- } macks, ao u Fi ; ¥i4 Inwards and Outwards : NA macks. The Lungs of Foxésare no wholfome meat,but eat ga alm. -arher medicin to fore lungs. = i! ; Livers. Livers of allbeafts give but grofs nourifhment ; and. are hardly concoéted, and of flow paflage 5 unlefs itbe of facklings, or of young fivine fed with pure meat. The Livers of tame fowl, as Hens, Capons, chickens, duck. lings and geefe, fated with wholfom and’ white meat, . | pleafe the tafte, clear theeye-fight, agree with the fto- ee ita mack, and encreafe bloud. Cranes Livers fod inthe ei ae broth of cicers affwage the pain of the back and kidneys, bra but they ate of afmall andbad nourifhment. The Lie véers of Larks and Snites are vety fweet and reftorative, ag alfo of a Woodcock, which hath of all other birds (or proportion of his body) the greateft Liver. Tripes. Stomacks, Pasnches, and Guts of Beafts, are far harder in fubftance then their lefh, requiring much timeere PR they canbe concoéed , deferving fcarce the name ot Hie meat, beaufe they give fo little nourifhment,and fo much excrement. Yea all tripes and chitterlings made of eldet lidb Wits beafts (be they oxen, fivine, or deer) though accidéen- tally through foweing they procure appetite, yet natural- i ich ly they are foul and unwholfom meat, engendring fcabs, Nii | CPM ats. » . (nt itches, and leprofies, and other filthy difeafes like them. a. felves. Yet the tafte of tripes did feem fo delicate tothe ay Plot.de el = Romans, that they often killed oxen for the tripes fake, ie carn. not caring what became of the flefhs till fuch time as their licentious appetite was bridled by banifhment if any fhould attempt thelikeagain. But the maws or eyzards of Hens, Capons, Chickens, and Geefe efpeci- ally, are both tender and pulpy, and are fuppofed extra ordinarily to corroborate the ftomack. So likewife the guts of Larks , Woodcocks, and-Snites, give no bat : Ee od nowifhment, tee both of Beafts and Birds. nourifhment , being. prefeatlyroafted affoon as the birds be caken. Miits. Spleens of beafts give. an unpleafant tafte and a worfe nourifhment: and.no marvel, for if livers, being the fountains of blood, be of hard.and unwholefom juice, how can fpleens (the finks and fpounges ‘of the liver) prove wholefome meat? Onely fuch a hoggs fpleenis commended, which hath fed long upon Tamarisk,wher- by all grofS , foure, and melancholick humours have 115 been confumed.in ic, Paracel{us isthe firft chat ever }.de Magifter. commended an Oxes {pleen, as available to haften the courfes of women. | Kidneys of beafts (for birds have none, the Bat ex- cepted, which alfovhath brefts and giveth milk) beof a middle temper betwixt: flefh and kernels, of hard con- coétion and ill juice. efpecially in the greater forts of beafts; alwaies keeping a fmackof that which -pafleth through them, and being too ftrong for moft ftomackss the kidneys of fucking Lambs, Calves , Piggs, and Kids, are the tendereft. and the beft, but when. they have left fucking they are all too raack. Kernels and Sweet-breads , Kernels of Beafts, efpecially fiach as, lye about the Pli,l.10,.¢.6n. throat and breaft of fucking Calves, Kids and Lambs, Oil sdnal te area very good meatbeing well digefted, drawing neer cap.6, to the nourighment. of flefh ; bur if they be not well di- gefted, they breed raw and fegmatick humours. Our Countrymen dowell. firft to roaft and then.to boil the fweet-bread of beafis , for shereby all fuperfluous moifture is confumed. Kernels. of fowls lye chiefly a- bout the rump omeither fide thereof, andare (as many take it) very reftorative, | , "2 Sr EERE Rete © 2 hard of digeftion. Of the Iawards and Outwards The Matrix. The matrix of beafts, yea of a barren Doe fo highly efteemed, is but a finewy and hard fubftance, flow of digeftion and little nourifhment. Eyes. : Eyes of young beafts and young birds are not un- wholefome, being feparated from their skins, fat, ‘balls, and humours ; for then nothing remaineth but a fweet tender and mufculous flefh, which is very eafie of digeftion. Ears,Snonts and Lips. : The Ears, Snoutsand Lips of beafts being bloudlefsan ofa finewy nature, are more watrifh, vifcous, and fleg- matick, then that they may be commended for any good or indifferent nourifhment. Pinions and F eet. The Pinions of birds, and the feet of beafts are of like difpofition ; yet the pinions of geefe, hens, capons, and chickens are of good nourifhment: and fo are the feet of young hogs, pigs, Lambs and Calves; yea alfoatender Cow-heel is counted reftorative; and Heliogabalus the Emperour amoneft his moft dainty and laftful’ difhes made Pies of Cocks-combs,Cock-ftones, Nightingales tongues, and Camels heels, as Lampridius writeth. Ga- fen alfo for men fick of agues boil’d Piggs-pettitoes in barly water, whereby eich was bettered by the other: the Ptifan making them the more tender, & they make- ing the Ptifan more noutifhing and agreeable to the ftomack. That fodden Geefe feet were reftorative, Mef- Plin Ub 10: falinus Cotta by trial found out, if Pliny may be credi- ted. The Tails or Rumps of Beatts are counted by cet- tain unskilful Phyficians,yea of Dr. /sac him(elf, to be Firft, becaufe they are fo far diftant fom the fountain. of heat. Secondly becaufe a — both of Birds and Beafts: moft of a finewy.conftitution; to which if a thirdhad been added, that they are butcovers of aclofe-ftool, perhaps is arguments would have been of fome indiffe-. rent weight: For indeed the farther any part is from _ the heart, itis fedand nonrifhed with the! more. fine and temperate blood; alfo the extremities or ends of finews are of {trong wholefome and good nourifhment; but as for the Tails and Rumps of Beafts, it is indiffe- rently mingled of flefh,finews and fat; fo chat the very Anatomy of them fhews them to be a meat agreeable to all ftomacks ; and verily whofoever hath eatenof a _pye made onely of Mutton Rumps, cannot but confefs _At alight wholefom and good nourifhment. The Ramps of Birdsare correfpondent, having kernels inftead- of Meth; but when they are too fat, they overclog and _ Cloy the ftomack. | Udders, The Udders of milch beafts. (as Kine; Ewes, Does, and She-goats) are a laudable tafte , and better then Tripes, becaufe they are of a moré flefhy nature. Lean. Udders muft be fod tender in fat broth; fat Udders. may be fodalone; each of them need firft a little corn- ing with falr, being naturally of 4 flegmatick and moift fubftance. Stowmes. The Stones of a Bore work marvails (faith Pi/famellws) Aib.efe.& porn.. in decayed bodies, ftirring up luft through abundance of feed, gathered by iuperfluous and ranck nourith- ment. Indeed when Bucksand Stags are ready for the rut,their {tones and pifels are taken for the like purpofe: as for the ftones of young Cocks, Pheafants, Drakes, Partridges, and Sparrows, it were a world to write how highly they are efteemed. Averrhois thinks that the ftones of a young Cock, being kept long in good feed- | | gece mg 117 _a — Se te oy en, ek, F ae AAT AYAANG jibe Bd Oe iu an ie. le ; i ; 1 if — 4 7 i) ras ( 7 it ii , : - ova a i t - ‘ 7 7 ea =, g : : 4 MM = . |) (Ue Hed ae «=< ~~ WE | et ae 7 ! t ad oF a ’ te 7 y 18 Capi vaccius ra linet Inwards and Ontwards,@-c. ing and feparated fromhis Hens, do every day add much flefh unto our bodies, as the {tones themfelvesare in weight. Avices as much efteemeth Cock-fparrowes ftones,or rather more. But the Paduan Doétors (bur efpecially Doétor Calves-head) giveth that faculty te the {tones of Pheafants and Partridges above all o- thers. | Skin, The Skins of Beafts, yea of aroafted Pig is fo far from nourifhing, that it can hardly be well digefted ofa trong ftomack. Some Birds are fodden or roafted without their skins, becaufe they are black and bitter (as Rooks, Dawes, Cootes, and Moor-hens) and how- foever others are fpared, yet the skin of no Bird turneth to nourifhment, but rather to ill humours-or filthy ex- crements. Nay the veryskin of an egg, of a nut, an almond, a prune, a raifen, or a corrin, and generally ofall fruit, is fo far from nourifhing, that ic cometh out of the ftrongeft mans body (either whole or broken) as it went in. | Of MILK. CHAP. XIII. ‘ Of Milk. Orafnmuch as childrens ftomacks, and old mens bo- dies, and confumed mens natures be fo weak, that not onely all flefh and fith, but alfo the fruits of the earth are burdenfome to their tender and weak bowels : God tendring the growing of the one, the prefervation of the other, and the reftoring of the third, hath there- foreappointed Milk; which the youngeft child, the wearieft old man, and fuch as ficknef$ hath confumed may eafily digeft. If we would define or defcribe what Milk is, it feemeth to be nothing but white blood, or- rather the abundant part of blood, whited in the breafts of fuch creatures as are ordained by nature to give fuck; appointed properly for children and fucking little ones, - butaccidentally for allmen, fick either of confaming difeafes or old age. ‘Fhat womens Milk is fitreft for young children, it may eafily be proved by the courfe _ of nature, which converteth the faperfluity of blood in a woman bearing her child within her to the brefts, forno otherpurpofe, then that fhe fhould nourifh her own babe. For truly nothing is fo unperfect,defetuous, naked, deformed, and filthy asa man, when he is newly born into the world through a ftraite and ourftreatched paflage , defiled with blood, replenifhed with corrupti- on, more like toa flain then a living creature, whom no body would vouchfafe to take up and look on, much tefs to wath, kifs, and'embrace it,had not nature infpired an inward love in the mother towards her own, and in fuch as be the mothers friends. | ; pul ) Hence 1t9 ¥20 Ovid. in few. aMOTe Of MILK. Hence it cometh that mothers yet hot & fweating with eravail, trembling ftill for their many aad extream throws, forget not their new-born Babes, but {mile up- on them in their greareft weaknefs,heaping labour upon labour, changing the nights trouble wich the dayes un- quietnefs; fuffering it to tafte no other milk, then that wherewith in their bellies ic was maintained.’ This doth a kind and natural mother (if fhe be of a found and in- different ftrong conftitution ) for her child; and thus, did Ewe, Sara, Rebecca, and Rachel; yeaall women which truely loved their children, and were bothable and willing to feed their own. There be many reafons, _ why mothers fhould be afraid to commit their children: to {tarage women. Firft becaufe no Milk can be fo na- tural unto them as their own. Secondly becaufe it is to be feared, left their children may draw ill qualities from their Nurfes both of body and mind, -as it fell out in Jv- piter, whom whilft his Mether committed to egs (Olens daughter and Paws wife) to be nurfed by her, the Country woman living only upon goats milk, could not but be of a ftrong lafcivious nature, which left fuch an impreiion in the child, that growing once to the age of a ftripling, he was in love with every fair wench, lay with his own Sifter, forced his own Neices, left no fair woman unaflaulted,if either bygold,or entreary,or craft, and transforming himfelf he could obtain her love. Nay when he was fullof womens company,he loved boys and abufed himfelf unnaturally in companying with beatts. The like alfo is recorded of Aegysthws,who being fed ina Shepheards Cottage only with goats Milk, waxed chere- upon fo goatifh and lecherous, that he defiled not onely Agamemnons bed, but alfo neighed(in a manner)at eve- ry mans wife. Neverthele(s if the Mothers weaknefS be fach that . Of MILK. less fhe cannot, or her frowardnefs fach; that fhe will not nurfe her own Child; then another muft be taken’ fu- table to the Childs conftitution: for a fine and dainty Child requireth a Nurfe like to it felf, and the Child of {trong and clownifh Parents, muft have a Nurfe of 2 {trong and clownifh Diet. Foras Lambs fucking fhe: goats bear courfe wool, and Kids fucking Ewes bear foft hair, fo fine Children degenerate by er ols womans milk, Jofing or le(ning that excellency of nature, wit, and complexion, which from their Parents they firft obtain- ed. Neither is womens Milk beft onely for young and tender infants, but alfo for men‘and women of riper years, fallen by age or by ficknefs into compofitions. Beft I mean in the way of nourifhment, for otherwife ~ Affes Milk is beft, for fome Cowes, Milk and for others 5:2fts milk. Goats milk;;becaufe the one cleanfes, the other loofens, and the third ftrengtheneth more thenthe reft.Goatsms:lk is alfo better for weak ftomacks, becaufe they feed on _ boughs more then grafs. Sheeps-milk is {weeter, thicker and more nourifhing, yet lefs agreeable to the ftomack, becaufe it is fatter. Cows-milk 1s moft medicinable, be- _caufe with us it loofeneth the body,though in Arcadia it ftayeth the belly, and cureth confumptions better then Plin.1 6.c. 30. any other milk. Finally che milk ofany beaft chewing the cud (as Goats,Sheep,and Kine)is very ill for rhumes, - murs,coughes, fevers, headache, {toppings and inflama- tions of any inward part;for foreeyes alfo,and thaking of finews. 4vicen faith that their Milk is hurefull co young men,becaufe they are cholerick, to fore eyes,headaches, agues,and rhumes,becau(e it is full of vapors: to convul- fions and cramps,by reafon of repletion: to refolution or palfies,by over moiftning;to the ftone and,obftrudti- ons, becaufe the cheefy part of it is very grofs. Of Beafts not chewing the Cud, Camels milk is the a Ricci fweeteft 4 de fac. fimp Cap.17. — Of MILK. fveeteft and chinelt of all other’, Mares milk the next, and Affes milk of a middle temper: not fo thin,but that icnourifheth much; nor fo thick, as that eafily ic will curdle. All milk is thinneft in the Spring, and thickeft in Sommer, becaufe then the wheyith part is refolved by fweat; ‘and all meats then obtain a dryer faculty. Sienes of the beft Milk. There be four wayes in women and beafts to know the moft nourifhing and fubftantial milk : namely by the colour, fmell, confiftence,and tafte. For the beft milk is of a peatl.colout, neither blue, cranfparent, nor gray, but white clear and confufed; the confiftence of itis neither thin nor thick, hanging like a row of pearls up- on ones nail (if it be milked on it)’ not overhaftily min ningof. In tafte it isnot foure, bitter, falt, fweet,fharp, nor ftrong, but fweet yet not in excefS,and pleafant aftet an extraordinary kind of pleafantnefs: yet Galen af firmeth, that if milk could be tafted when it is firft con- cocted in the veins and breafts, it would feem fweetet then hony it felf, The fmell ltkewife of it ts pure and fragrant, though 7 proper to it felf, and void of loathfomne’s. | Caufes of good Milk, . A\fo it is much material to the goodnefs of milk, to have fpeciall regard to rhe Diet of thofe creatures whofe milk weufe, or chufe for oar children. Galen reporteth that a friends child of his, having loft his good Nutle by an untimely death, was put out to another: who in time of dearth being forced to feed chiefly upon fruit, and roots, and Acorne bread, infected her child (as fhe — her felf was infected) with much grevious and filehy fcabs. And TI pray you what elfe is the canfe, that many children nurfed in the Country are (6 fubje4 to frets, fharpnefS of urine and'the ftone: but that their Nurfes | _ woful experience, dayly.proveth) infecteth moft found Of MILK. | 123 for the moft part eat rye bread ftrong. of the leavei, and hard cheefe, and drink nothing but muddy and new Ale? It is alfo recorded, that.a young man fick of a _Confumption,ufed the milk of a goat to his great good, fo long as it fedin his own field, but afterward feeding inanother field where ftore of Scammony grew,and fome.wild fpourge, he fell into a deadly {cowring and felt no nourifhment. : Furthermore care is tobe taken of their health, that giveusmilk; for as an unclean and pocky nurfe (which andlively children ; to likewife a. clean found and health- ful nurfe recovereth a fickly and impotent child. Nay (which is more) no man can juftlydoubr, that.a childs mindis anfwerable to his nurfes milk and manners; for what made Jupiter and Aegyfius. fo lecherous, but that eae they were chiefly fed with goats milk? What made “""“* Romulus and Polyphemus {o cruel, but that they were Syl. poet.l. 14 nurfed by She-wolves . What made Pelias ( Tyrus and Actian.lib.12. Neptunes fon) fo bruitifh, but chache was nurfed by an ***:"*. _ unhappy mare? Is it any marvelalfo, that Giles the ~ Abbor(as the Saint-regifter writeth) continued fo long Maru!us, lib: ~' thelove of a folitary life in woods and deferts, shen * °?:? three years together he fuckta Doe?. What made Dr. Cajus inhis laft fickne(s fo peevith and fo full of fretsat Cambridge, when hefuckt one woman (whom? {pare toname) froward of-conditions and of bad diet; and contrariwife fo quiet and well, when he fuckt another of contrary difpofition: verily the diverfity of their milks and.conditions, which being contrary onesto the ~ other, wrought aifo im him: thar fuckedithem contrary: - Now having fhewed what milk is beft; and how to be chefens let us confider howit is to be taken and — eri) R 2 . Ol Or) ee a | 124 Jo.Mat.aGrad. c.de appese. Athen,'.2.c.2 Guagninus 1 Tart. € rh.lb,. 38. Cap. 2. A.L. sib. de fan. tu. plin bea t-e gt: j Mh AR a eC LL A ON Of MILK. of ws. Firft therefore if any naturally loath it (as Pe- trus Apenenfis did fromtheday of his birth’) 1¢cannoe poffibly give him any good nourifhment, but perhaps very much hurtin offending nature. If contrariwife any with Philinus love nothing elfe, or with the poor BiXo- nians can get no other meat, or with the Tartarzans and Arabians.feed moft often and willingly on milk: lec them all remember thefe three leflons. How Milk is to be eaten and ufed, in tim: of health, Firft that they. drink or eat the milk of no horned beaft unfodden, for fo will it noreafily curdle nor engen- der wind: bute Womens milk, Affes milk, and Mares milk, need no other fire to prepare it, for it will never curdle into any hard fubftance. Secondly to-be fure that milk fhall not curdle, feafon it with falc, fuger, or hony, and neither drink any wine or foure thing uponit, nor mingle it with other meats, but eat it upon an empty ftomack, and faft an hour after it. Thirdly exercife not prefently upon it,neitherfleep upon any milk taken from beafts chewing the cud, and when you have eaten it wafh.your recth clean, for there is no greater enemy — unto them then milk it felf, which therefore nature hath chiefly ordained for chem, who never had or have lofttheir teeth. Andtruely (as Marcilius Ficinus no- teth) Milk is not to be ufed of young men, who have found teeth given them for ftronger meat,but of fuch as either have none at all, or very few and weak ones; or though they have ftrong teeth,want ability and ftrength to fet chema grinding: as itfalleth out in chem: that: are falleninto Fever Hecticks. Wherefore when Poppea wife to Domitius Nero carried 500: fhe Affes'(fhod with gold) continually about with her, tobath her body in their milk onceaweek, and to drink of it every “day, co. make her skin clear. and fmooth without wrinckles: ee r " , : re Ey yb e a oi 7 7 n © . —- / : ae Ny, | Of MILK. A Fes the lefe itracher a monument of her pride, then amemo- rial of her wifdome; for nature taught her a better meat, though Art could not appoint hera finer Bath. If the had taken it (asthe C4rcadians do Cow-milk)in'the ptin.t2s 37% {pring time onely, fora month or fix weeks together once in the morning, to cleanfe and purge the body of bad humours, it had been good and warrantable by phy- fick - but to ufe it continually in health-could not lefs _corrupther, then Goats milk did my Lady Penruddock, of whofe cruel and terrible end,caufed by the left worms of all other, perpetually engendred betwixe the skin and the flefh, throwzh fuperfluiry of nourifliment arifing from the long continuance of Goats milk; I will not here reherfe, it being freflr enough in their memories. that be ft knew her 8¢ moft loved her. The like may] fay of Cow milk fo generally uféd of us, that being now and then taken of found men(not fubjeét nor diftempered with hot difeafes\it nourifheth plentifully,encreafeth the brain, fatneth the body, reftoreth flefh, affwageth fharp- nefs-of urine, giveth the face a lively and good colour,en+ creafeth luft,keepeth the body foluble, ceafeth extream: ~ coughing, and openeth the breft; as for children and old men-they may ule it dayly without offence, yea ra- ther for their good and great benefit. | What Milk is beft'in fickne{s and con{umptions. Concerning them that be fick, There are tew difeales to which milk is not offenftve being inwardly taken,ex- cept the Confumptions-of the folid parts-called Maraf- mus, the Confumption of fleth, called atrophia, and the Confumption of the lungs and breathing parts call- ed Phthifis. For recovery of the firft; Cammels milk is. preferred before all others, becaufe it is-moft moift and thin. The fecond fort is beft recovered by fucking milk from‘a womans breft, as moft familiar to our livers and. Of MI LK. blood, needing.no preparation (for at is onely blood dif- coloured) but onely application unto the fefh. The chuling of 4go0d Nurfé. 9. The Nurfemuft be young, clear of skin, of a kind- ly fmell, pure. complexion,good te mperature, wholefom and moderat diet, nauch fleep, little anger, neither toot. dlenor too toiling,no wine bibber,no eater of hot {pices, no ordinary wanton, and void of all difeafes; fucha nurfe is fooner withed for then foundsyet fuch a‘oneis to be chofen either for found children or fick Perfons, left drawing corruption in fo fine a meat as milk is, our con fumptions be encreafed fo much the more,by how much poifon given with drink is more dangerous. Affes milk. | The third fort of Confumptions ,, wherein the fleth accidentally decayeth through exulceration of the lungs and breathing parts, is efpecially to be cured by Afles milk; for whichCammels milk is unfit, becaufeitis too. thin and moifts as alfo womans milk, becaule it wholly nourifheth and nothing, cleanfeth;, . whereas Affes milk is both meat and medicin, cleanfing and nou- rifhing alike, not fo thin as to hinder expectoration, not {o thick as to caufe condenfation of the matter putrified, but being ofa middle temper. and confiftence; and con- fequently moft.proper for that difeafe. Neither areall ~ Affes of alike goodnefS; for a young Affes milk is of the thinneftjan old Affes milk istoo thick and dry, but one of a middle age is beft for that purpofe. .Having gotten fuch a one, every morning (four or five hours be- fore you ule her milk) {hut her from her foal, and curry hey well and clean; left her skin growing fcurvy and foul ill vapours be augmented inwardly for want of expiratt- on, then feed her with grinded mali Seavey ed, ines atte. a | leo Of MILK. led with alittle fweet fennel feed , anifeed, or carraway feed, which fhe will eat with great pleafure, and digeft into a fweetand wholefome blood: an hour after-that , ‘milk her as neer the patient as conveniently you can, that he may drink her milk ere the air hath altered it, for if it be once cold it is never wholefome; this is to be ~ done twife a day, morning and evening upon an empty ftomach, neither eating nor drinking ought after it for two hours; you may fiveeten it alfo with fugar-candy, - fugar of rofes, or fine maiden hony ) and it will be the more effetual. Affoon as the Af is milked, turn her and her foal into fine leaze, wherein ftore of Cowslaps, Trifoil,Cingfoil, Elecampana, Burnet Filipendala, Mead- ranfy, Horfetail, Plantain, Lambs-tongue, Scabioule, and Lung-wort groweth. In winter feed her with the fweereft hay growing in the fineft and beft meddows If Affes milk cannot be convemently obtained for the Eung-confumption,; nor womens milk for the Liver - confumption before fpecified, ufe the milk of a meetly _ young reddifh and found Cow, feeding in the like leaze or upon the fweeteft hay: ‘but beware (as commionly fools do not) that -you feed them not with new and much lefs with foure grains; for it maketh their milk ftrong,windy, and unwholefome , efpecially for fach as be weak and much confumed; likewife remember to rub and ftroke down your Cow every morning, and her milk will be both -fweeterand more nourifhing. Thus “muchof Milk, what itis, how it is made; for whom and for what difeafes it is convenient, how it is to be prepa- red and ufed, how many kinds thereof are wholefome for mans body, what milk is fitreft for found men, and what for them that be fick - fo there refteth no more butto wonder at Plintes credulity , who as conftantly (upon hear-fay) avoucheth, mares feeding neer rhe river: aes Affaces o- ray. Cae Qe eee ae” ee es a Toy " tc oF » / : i ee | ert or aoe oe AIRE OPT TN 1h) Oe ee mR ae NY, f y ate — = ™ an “ 7 \) : i . O Hf Butter, Bream, ae | : i Plin‘.2.¢.67. Affaces in Pontus to give all black Milk; as Cardan te- Carelib-t: — porteth blew fnows to be common near the Straits of e rer.var. 33 CMageliane. CHAP. XV. Of Butter, Cream, Curds,Cheefs, and Whey. Goats) do confift of three fubftances ; Cream, Curds and Whey. Of Cream. : The firft(beinge compared to the reft)is hot and unGu- ous; the fecond flegmatick and vifcous ; The third of a middle nature. Again there be two forts of Cream; one natural called the flour of raw milk, gathered of the milk without fire, after ic hath ftood in a cold place: the other called the flour or cream of fodden milk, or clouted Cream ; gathered from it after ic hath been thickned upon a foft fire. Raw cream how fweet foever itfeemeth to wanton ftomacks, yet it weakneth con- coétion, hindereth retention, and is' more hard of di- | geftion thenany milk. Sodden and boild cream (fuch as we ufe in Tarts, Fools and Cuftards) is lefS offenfive to the ftomach, and of better nourifhment; yet we do ill in eating it laft, when the lightnefs and unétuofity of it fheweth that ic ought to be earen firft. _ Butter. _ Butter(not undefervedly termed the Flemmins Tri- acle) is by labouring and churming made of both forts of cream; fo that asmilk is nothing but blood ewile | | con- eee ead (ee 0 Se] ; shulend MH ad T He milks of horned beafts (as Cows, Ewesand i ft vy S coe ’ = : 7 5 Ss ne i : i ae ih, & 2 7 concocted, fo Butter is nothing but Cream twice laboured. — P/iny {heweth the true making of it, which I need not to repeat, becaule itnothing , or very little Lib.28.ceg. differeth from ours: Only I wonder with him, chat Africa, and other Barbarous Countreys efteem it-a Gentlemans difh , when here and in Holland, and inall the Northern Regions, it is the chief food of the poor- erfort. For go fromthe elevation of 52 to 8 .-of the North pole, you fhall every where find fuck ftore of good butter, as no where the like, no notin Parma nor Placentia, nor Helland it {elf , whence fo much Butter Olausl. 13. and Cheefe is difperfed through the whole world. In ‘fept.gent. Iceland they make fuch a quantity , that having neither earthen. Veflels nor.Cask enough to keep it in, ‘they make Chefts of Firr, thirty or forty foot long, and five foot fquare, filling them yearly with falt butter, which they bury in the ground till they have occafion to ufe it. ; - Butter ts hot and moift, of grofsnourifhment, foft- ning rather then corroborating the ftomack , haftning meat into the belly before itbe concoéted ,. rhumatick, and eafily converted into oily fumes, which greatly an- noy both throat and head. It is ill for the ftomack- rhume . and all fluxes either of bloud-humotrs or feed ; and in truth it is racher to be ufed as Sawce and Phy- fick, then asmeattofeed upon. It is beft at break- faft, tollerable in the beginning of dinner; but at fup- per no way good , becaute ichindreth fleep , and fend- eth up unpleafant vapours to anoy the brain, according to the old Proverb , Butter Goldin.the morning, Sil- ver at noon, and Lead at nicht. Iris alfobeft for chil- dren whilft they are growing, and for old men when they are declining, but very unwholfom betwixt © ‘y thofe two ages, becaufe through the heat of young fto- eas . | . S Ke macks, « aoe Bea, — - = F306 Of Butter, Cream, macks . itis forthwith converted into choler. ‘Weak ftomacks are to efchue all fac, oily,and buttered meats, efpecially when they fwimin butter ; for naturally but- ter fwimerch aloft, and ¢onfequently hindreth the ‘fto- macksclofing, whereby concoétion is foreflowed, and many ill accidents produced to the whole body. The Dutchmen havea by-Verfe amongft them to this effec: Eat Butter firft, and eat it laft , And live till a hundred years be paft. And Paracel[us inhis Book de T artaro, thinketh the Netherlanders to be more ‘free of the ftone then other Nations, becaufe their chiefeft food is butter; wherein the filly Alchymift was nor alittle miftaken , for no people in the world are more fubject to that difeafe , as the number and excellency of ftone-cutiers in that Country may plainly‘prove. And ifbutter be lefsof- fenfive, and more nourifhing to them then better meat, jt is to be imputed either to anatural affection untoit, infufed (as it were) with their parents feed . or elfe to a long cuftom, which is (as before I noted) another m- ture. Andverily their natural love unto chat meat of all others, appeareth in this : for thac as Englith people, when the Bride comes from Church , are. wont to caf wheat upon herhead, and the Grecians to anoint the piutJ.28.c 9. d0ore-pofts with fat lard’; fo when their Brides and Biidegrooms return homeward from Church | one pfe- fents them ‘as prefaging plenty and abundance of all good things) witha pot of butter, which they efteem the foundation (though a flippery foundation) of theit lives.” The fatceft butter is made of fheeps milk , the {trongeft 7 a —- |) ae — a as lO _ = ; Pe fs i , , o ae > Curds, Cheefe, and Whey. | 13 ftrongeft of goatsmilk, buethe beftand'moftof Gows milk , which caufed it of the Grecians'to be called Bae tyros. - \t-wete tedious and impertinent to thew how ~ many and neceflary ufes it hath in Surgery and Phyfick, confidering thar here we are only to deftribe(as we have done) what nourifhment it giveth , not what it worketh againft difeates. ) Of Curds and Cheefe. As there hath mention been made of two forts of Cream, fo now alfo' } muft write of two forts of Cards, the one frefh, without faleor runnet, the other mingled with the one or both; Now if the Butter be at Market when the Curds or Cheefe is preft at home’, ‘then are they boctrutterly unwholfom, clamming the ftomack, ftopping the veins'and paflages , fpeedily breeding the ftone, and many mi(chiefs; but if they be equally ming- Jed with the burteri(h part, then the Cheefe made there- - of is wholfom, unlefs age or ill-houfewifery' hath made it bad : For new, fiweet, and frefh Cheefe, nourifheth plentifully, middle-aged Cheefe noutifheth’ ftrongly, butold and dry Cheefe hurteth dangerdufly + for'ie ftayeth fiege,ftoppeth the Liver, engendereth choler melancholy, and the ftone, lieth lone in'the ftomack undigefted, procureth thirft, maketh aftinking breath, ¢ se alim fic. and afcurvy skin: Whereupon Galen and Tfaac have lla-de diac.pr, very wellnoted , That as we may feed liberally of ruin | heefe,and more liberally of frefh Cheefe: fo we are not to tafte any further ofold and hard Cheefe,then to clofe up the mouth of our ftomacks after ‘mest. Concerning the differences of Cheefe in ‘fub- ftance : Good Cheefe is neither too foft ror too hard, too clofe, nor yet fpongy, too clammy, nor yet crumb- ling,too falt,nor yet unfavory,too dry nor yet weeping, pleafandly, ‘not ftrongly {melling , eafily melting in the IOS S 2 mouth Of MILK. mouth, and never burning asit is tofted at the fire. Likes wife Cheefe made of Ews milk is fooneft digefted, that of Cowes milk is more nourifhing , but Cheefe made of Goats milk is moft nourifhing of all, being eaten whilft ic is new and foft , forit quickly waxethary , earthly, and crumbling. The Weftern Gotis, to pte- vent the drynefs of Cheefe, make them fo big, that two firong men with leavers can {carce move one of them, which alfo caufeth the Parmi/ans tobe fo big, and alfo them of Placentia, which Bernardinus Scaccus i his ’ Annals of Trent, preferreth before the Parmifans : Bur was not that agreat Cheefe think yon, wherewith Zo- : roafter lived in the Wildernefs twenty years together, tin-l11-¢.42 without any other meat ¢ or rather was it not moft cunningly made or. preferved, when at twenty years end it did eat, as foft asatthe firft day?) Which though fome dothink impoffible , yet the Parmifan of Italy will proveittrue, by age waxing mellower and fofter, and more pleafant of tafte , digefting whatfoever went before ic, yetitfelf not heavy of digeftion. Our.E/fex Cheele being well handled, would in my judgement come next unto it, efpecially 1f Goats were as plentiful there as fheep, that there might be a proportion betwixt the three milks., without which it ts folly to- attempt the like. Now whereas the Placentians. and Parmians add Affes milk, and Mares milk, and alfo Camels: milk (when.they can get ir) to the making of their Cheefe, it is not for the. Curds fake. (becaufe they yield no hard Curd) but for the burterifh part that is.taken out of them : for indeed the butter made of them is moft thin, liquid, moift and penetrating, whereby fuch a fup- pleing is procured, that their Cheefes dorather ripen — then dry with long lying. ‘The Irishmen, like to Plémies Barbarians, have not | yet L:2. Trid.duf Pin, lac 4! Of MILK. ‘yet fo much witas tomake Cheefe of Milk; and our © Welfhmen want cunnning to make it well. French ¢Cheele in Plénies time tafted like a medicine; but ‘now the Angelots of Normandyare counted reftora- co. ‘tive; which many of our Gentlewomen (and efpect- ‘ally a Niece of mine own)have fo well counterfeited, “that they excell cheir firft- pattern. Spazw hath for- egotten the art of Cheefe making; and Portugal makes ‘them but indifferently well, rhough fometimes the beft ‘in the world were madeat Cuna_ near to Cape Vincent, _*where they alfo made Cheefes of 1000/, weight “apiece. | Ths for our Country Cheefes. Banbury and Chefhire yields the moft , and arebeft, to which the Hadand Cheefes might be juftly compared, if their makers could but foberly put in fale. As for Butter mik and Whey, Ileave them to my Treatife of drinks , becaufe they are of athinner fub- ftance , than that conveniently and properly they may be numbred and accounted amongft Meats. Nowa word or two of Eggs, and then to our variable and no. lefs profitable Difcourle of Fifhes. CHAP, 133 Plin. Lane, 42 Plin.loco citas Strab.l.2¢ Plinsl.b4,¢.422 Lge pa Rg RR INP SAL BRE be ee ar ep - ” — CT a | CHAP. X’VE Of EGGS and BLOUD. Plin.l.g.c:13- S the Oonians live only of Eggs and Oatmeal, fo eso athe Agyptians for a great while durft not eat Eggs, pee “ab 3 becaufe they are unperiect or liquid flefh; neither did ~* they eata long time any Milk , becaufe it 1s but difco. loured bloud: Certain Grecians abftained from them, Alex.Aphr.1,2 becaufe they refemble alittle world; for the fhell of problem.84- them is like the earth, cold and dry; the white is like to water, cold and moift., the fome or froth in. the white, refembleth aire , whichis warm; and moift; the yolk agreeth with the fire, which is hot and dry. But to.0- mit fuch frivolousreafons ; let us not doubt but.an Egg is a lawfull and wholfom meat, tempered {fo excellently well by natureitfelf, chat icmuftneeds be accounted one of the beft nourifhments,being eaten white and all; For they which eat only the yolk (as many, do in a cone ceit to nourifh more plentifully ) fallinto many hot and dangerous difeafes,unlefs they have a very cold liver,and é1% watrifh bloud. Contrariwife the whites of Eggsare fo 1.29 cap. 3. : eae cold, that fpongy wood being thoroughly overlaid with chem, will hardly,or not at all be burnt in a glowing fire. Both being taken together , do fo qualifie one another, that generally they agree with all ftomacks, or at the leaft offend none, if we chufe them that be beft , and prepare them well after they be chofen. Now all Eggs being potential creatures, no doubt but they are of like fabftance and temper with that which in time they {hall be made. Wherefore as the flefh of Pheafants, Part- ridges, Of Eggs and Blood. 135° ridges, and Hensbe of beft juice, temper, quality, nou. rifhment and digeftion, fo likewiie their Eges are whol- fomeft of allothers. Contrariwife,as the Greek Pro- verb faith, Like Crow, like Ege. Neither can we ima- sine how any Eeg fhould be wholfom, proceeding ftom 4n unwholfom or diftempered creature. Wherefore we condemn (inthe way of comparifon) all Eggs of Tur- kies, Peacocks, Geefe, Ducks, and all water-fowl, pre- ferring Hens Egs before all other , becaufe they area moft ufual, familiar, and temperate meat. What kind of Eges be beft. Inthe choice of good Eogs obferve thefe leflons Firft, That they be rather Pullets Eggs then laid by an old Hen. ‘Secondly, That they be not felf begotten, but got- ten by the Cock upon the Hen. Thirdly, That they benew, white, andlonz: For fuch Eggs nourifh plentifally and quickly, clear the Scho! Salem. voice and breaft, ftrengthen the ftomack, recovermen: ike oe out of confumptions, and encreafe nature fo much, that , incontinuance of time they make uswantons. They nourith quickly,becaufe they are nothing butliquidflefh:,, - 1 41 They nourifh much, ‘becaufe their heat and moiftare=ts “ proportionable unto otirs': “They are wholfomeft im the mofning, becaufe they are then neweft. “They:are beftin winter, becaufe Hens are then fatteft, ftrongeft,. and belt relithed; they-are worft in fummer, becaufe _ Hens feed then upon flies, ffiails, cadlocks, and many ill. ' weeds, which rather fcoures then nourifhes their bodies: "They are beft being eaten alone, becauife being mingled | With other meat, they corrupt in the ftomack, filling | gmliny mens faces fullof pimples,morphues,and freckles. | ‘Theyareill for young children (efpecially being often / eaten) for that their hot bodies turn them into over-hot Bene oe nouifhment, ~ ,=—= ee ma” = 2 —_—_—_ re cet, Athen.}.2.¢.7. Avicenna & Albertus, 4.Ad Almans. 12/ae meth. med. Of Eggs ana Blond. yourithment, whence itch, fcabs, inflammations, and corruptions do arife. They are alfo as bad for old men, becaufe they are hardly digefted of a cold ftomack fit. reft they are for cemmperate young perfons, and fuch as are contumed without any notable fever. Concerning the nature of other Birds Eggs, befides Hens. Epenatus extolleth Peacocks Eggs before all other, and then the Eggs of Berganders , and laftly of Phefints, Partridges, and Turkies, whofe judgement I would have throughly confuted , had not daily ex erl- ence, and Antonius Gaius his arguments done it alred- dy. And verily whofoever will tafte other eggs then which daily we ufe, (hall find none void ofa {trong favour and bad relith, faving the eggs of Phefants, Partridges, erganders , Oftriches ,. Turkies , Ducks and Geele, though the three laft named be bad enough. ‘Yetit Ducks eggs be hatched undera Hen, they eat more fweetly, and Goofe eggs alfo hatched under them, are thought by Simeon Sethi no unwholfom meat. Pigeons eggs are exceeding hot, and ofill tafte, hardly hardning by long feething. The eggs of Sparrows encreafélutt, ftrengthen the heart, and nourifh abundantly : As for the eges of other birds, great and {mall, howfoever they are eaten (as Rhafis faith) in the way of medicine, yet they give either none orno good nourifhment. But Hens eggs are fo temperate and nourifhing , that Galen himfelf in certain continual fevers, gave them ufually to his Patients'to reftore {pirits, : and not without reaton, being of fo fine a fubftance, and freed in a manner from. all hurtfulnefs; for they moiften usin fever Heéticks, they nourifh us in confumptions, they ftrengthen usm fluxes, they bridle fharp humors when they gripe us, reftore fpirits in weaknefs of heart ; they fpeedily pals froma clean ftomack., neither are they forbidden in 2. ftrait sa Of Eggs and Bleod. | 137 ftrait and thin diet, did they not nourifh overfoon. Ge/ - ner fheweth a good reafon, why new white and long lib 2-de avibs eggs be the beft of allother. Firft, becaufe new egos are ever full, but old eggs lofe every day fomewhat of their fubftance, and in the end waxing addle ftink like urine, whereupon they were called of the Latins Ova uring. Secondly, the whiteft eggs have the paleft yolks, and moft thin, fine, little bloody ftrings fwiming upon them. Thirdly, the longefteggs are commonly cock-eggs, and therefore of better nourifhment. Some eggs arealmoft all yolk and no white, yeafome have two yolksia them, others have ina manner noyolk at all; or (at the moft) nothing proportionable: the former fort poeta moft , the other are fitteft for hot fto- macks. — The drefsing of Egcs. Concerning the preparation of them, a rare'egg any way dreft is lighteft of digeftion, a hard’ egg is moft re- bellious, an egg betwixt both is of ftrongeft nourifh- ment. Braf[avola reporteth 2 Monk to have been made fo coftiff with hard eggs, that no art was available to ive him onftool. Furthermore all hard eggs, efpecial- iy hardened by frying , get from the firea fmoky and hot nature, and from the frying-panand burnt butter a maligne quality, not onely as offenffive to the ftomack as rotten eggs, but alfo fending up bad vapours to the brain and heart. Eggs. potcht into water or verjuceare fitteft tor hot complexions, or men diftempered with agues ; fodden rare inthe fhell they are fooneftcon- verted into. blood; but being rare-roafted in embers they make chickeft and ftrongeft blood, and are fic- teft for weak, cold and watrifl:ftomachs.: Thus’ much ake of Birds eg seyvhich in alittle quantity nourifh: much , 12@:1. cap. 8. and are calletaFicinus, the quintefcence of flefh ; oe Lid. defaniiu. ) T caule eh Pifanel de efc. & porul, lifym. 2:qua, 3- Of Eggs and Blood. canfe they yeild fo fpeedy and. fine nourifhment. Now it refteth to. difcourfe fomething of TForteffes eges, which be not poifonable, nor hurcful @s the eggs of Snakes, Lizards, and Chameleons) but very fitto nourifh men in hotagues, when all birds eggs may be fy{pected of inflaming theblood; for they are ofa more flegmatick nature, tempering hot humouts, procuring fleep to the watchful, moifture to the dryed perfon; and in{piring as it were-a fecond life, to fuch as feem defpe- rately confumedof hot fevers Sir Wil, Pe/ham( that wot- thy, & valiantKnight)kept-them in his gardenat the Mi- nories by, the Tower of Loxdon; where: L wondred much at. the beaft and more at her eggs: ofor contrary tothe nature of hens eggs, the moft {potted were the beft, and the hardeft of fhell the beft likewife; and they are worft when they.areneweft, beft when they are three months. old. _Latt.of alljas touching that queftion made by Plutack, and difpured of him more wittily then wifely. of either fide, Whether the Hen orthe Ege be firftin nature, 1 omit it 2s afoolifh and fuperfluous doubt, fith common fence and reafon telleth us, thatthe perfecter creatures were firft made, and the:whole is‘more ancient then that which is gotten of the whole. Of Blood. Blood being the charet-man or coacher of life, was exprefly forbidden the J/raelites, though it were but the blood of beafts, partly becaufe they were naturally given to be revengeful and cruel hearted, partly alfo becaufe no blood is much nourifhing out of the body, albeit in the body it is the onely matter of truenourifh- Coal liber 3.cip. Ment :: Néverthelefsthe Laconians black broth,fo high+ a AL, -. ly commicnded of Dionyfius was made,o£ -kidds blood q fodden with water, vinegar -and falts°}..0tne Bi falta of Meine | Scythia Of Eges and Blood. 139 Scythia make portage of horfes blood: & milk,accotint- Virsil. 3.Geo. ing'it their beft and {trongeft meat. Alf ine-#gira Bulls 78" blood is fo far from being poifonable (as ittsin all other places) that itis held both delicate and reftorative; fo likewife isthe blood of a Mare that was never covered ; for it fhe once have taken horfe her bloud is dangerous. Drufws the ‘Tribune purpofing to accufe Quiatus Capio 11 o3.cap, 9, of giving him poifon, drank Goats blood:a good while | before, whereby he waxed fo pale andcolourlefs, that many indeed fufpected him to have been poifoned by Cepio: whereby itis manifeft, that bloud hath been a very ancient nourifhment;, and not lately devifed by our country pudding writes, or curious fawce makers, as Iafon Pratemfis and other foolifh dietifts have imagined. Nay (which is more) not onely the blood of beafts hath’ been given formeat, but alfo the blood of men and ftriplings hatch been drunk for. a reftorative ;. yeain Rome (the feat and’ nurfe ‘of all inhumanity) “Phyficians did prefcribe- their patients. the blood of ‘Wreftlers, caufing them to fuck it-warm breathing and {pinning outof their veins, drawing into their corrupt bodies a found mans life,and fucking that In with-both lips, which adogg is not fuffered to lick with his tongue; yea they were not afhamed to prefcribethem a meat made of mans marrow and infants brains.. The Grecians afterwards were as bold and impious as the Romans, tafting of eve+ ry inward and outward part of mans body, not leaving the nails unprofecuted. But of all other f wonder moft Xt CMarfilius Ficinus, amoft famous Scholer andac+Marl Fic. de. counted for a good Catholick, who hath thus writeeny p90” = ofthe ufe of mansibload: No doubt (faithyheythe milky = of a young and found woman is very reftorative for old men, but the liquor of sans blood is far better’; which old women-witchies knowing robe truesthey get young iS | 2 children > Avic.l. rdcec.2 lin.) 28.ca.1. Of Egas and Bloud. children unto them, and prick or woundthem, and fuck their blood to preferve their own health and life. And why may not then old men(I pray you) fora need; fuck likewife the blood of a young man or maid, whichis merry, lu(ty, found, and willing to {pare fome of his fu- perfluous blood for another mans life?wherefore I advife them to fuck an ounce or two of blood, fafting, out of the veine of the leftarm, ata little orifice, towards the full of che moon, drinking prefently upon it fome wine and fugar,¢c. Whichthoughhe protefteth himfelf to have uttered as a great fecret‘though the Prince of Abo- aly writas much before in his Old-mans diet)and to be as lawfulas itis helpfal in Phyficks practife: yet by his leave I dare again proteft and prove the contrary ; forit isunlawful to gaze upon a mans carcafe, and is it lawful to eat or drink his blood? what remedy call you that, which is more favage and abominable then the grief it felf? what law, what reafon,nay what conjeéture found out this canibals diet? well, let it proceed fromthe C4- mericans and Barbarians : nay, trom the Greciaass, that were counted civil.. Let Democritus dream and com- ment, that fome difeafes are beft cured with anointing the blood of ftrangers and malefactors, others with the blood of our friends and kinsfelks, let iletus cure fore eyes with mens galls, 4rtemon the falling ficknefs with dead mens fculls: Azthews convulfions with pills made of deadmens brains; 4pollomiws bad gums with dead mens teeth;but far be it from any humane orChri- ftian heart (brag we of this foolifh invention never fo. much) to fuck away one anothers life in the blood of young men, wherein Charles the 9 King of France be- ing but outwardly bathed for his leprofie,died therefore and for other his cruel maffacres a moft bloody-death: wherefore let us-content our felyes. with the blood of geele, Of Fifb generally, Gre. 1AI geele,fwans,hoggs.and fheep in our fawce and puddings, which yet are but a grofs and fulfome nourifhment, un- lefs they meet witha ftrong and good ftomack. I I ne - ee _—eOoOoOor CHAP. XVII. Of Fifb generally, and the difference thereof. A S amongft Poets there is fome called the Co- ryphzeus , or Captain-poet , fo fareth it likewife among{t meats. Some prefering fruit as being moft an- Pif.de efc & cient, cleanly, natural, and needing either none or very Poul. Jitele preparation. Cthers extoll flefh, as moft futable to ©°™-cels. 1.3 flefhy creatures,and giving moft and beft nourifhment. Butthe fineft feeders and dainty bellies did not delight ptur.4.tymp: in fleth with Hercules, or in fruit with Plsto and Arce- 14 4- filaus, but with Numa and Philocrates in variety of fiths which Nama made a law, that no fifh without fcales nor without finns fhould be eaten of the people, whereupon I may juftly colleé& and gather, that he was not igno- rant of ueles law. Alfo (according to the vain dream of Gregory the great Bifhop of Rome,and the author of the €arthnfianorder he put more holines in fifth then in fleth,. falfly imagining flefh to be a greater motive to luft and lafcivioufnels, then the ufe of fifh; which frivolous con- ceit is before fufficiently confuted in the feventh Chap- ter,and needeth not to be fhaken again in this place. Now: I will not deny,that fith is a wholefome meat, if fuch fifh, could be alwaies gotten.as may fufficiently nourifh the body; but nowa daies it fo falleth out through iniquity of times, or want of providence, or that our Sea-coaft and Rivers are more batren of fith’ then. hacpoetons ; [ae =e Sh Se Lev.if.v.9.19.. Of Fifb generally, thatin the Spring time, when we ought to feed on thie pureft and moft wholefome nourifhment, our blood js not cleanfed but corrupted with filehy fifh, I mean ialt- herrings, red-herrings, fprats, Haberdin, and greenfifh; which are not amifs for Sailersand Ploughmen , but yet moft hurtful and dangerous for other perfons. Gatw Queen of Syria made a Law, that no meal fhould pafs ee through the year, without fifh: which if it wereas ¢i95.antiq.le&. firmly made and executed in Exglanzd, no doubt much flefh would be fpared , and Navigation and fifher men maintained through the land: neither fhould we need to imitate Gregery the Lent-maker, perfwading mento eat only fith at that time, when itis moft out of feafon, moft hardly gotten , and moft hurtfull to the bodiesof moft men. Alfo in high Germany there is both fifh and fiefh continually fet upon the table, that every mans ap- petite,humour and complexion, may have that whichis firteft forit: in’ which Country though no Lent be ob- ferved(exceptof a fewCatholicks)yet isthere abundance of flefh, allthe year long, reftraint being onely made in Spring time of killing that whichis young. : Differences of Fith in kind. lib.z2.nat hit, Concerning the kinds of Fifhes, Pliny maketh a hun cap.11, dred threefcore and feventeen feveral forts of them; whereof fome being never feen nor known of in our ‘Country,it were but folly torepeat them. As for them which we have and feed on in England, they are either fcaled; as Sturgian , (almon, cratlings, fbuins, carps, breams, bafe, mullet, barbel, pike, luce, perch, ruffs, ber- vines, {prats, pilchers,roch, fhads, dorry,eudein, and wm- bers 5 orthell das fcallopes,oifters, mufttes, cockles peri winckles', or crafted over, as crabs, lobiters, crevifes ; forimps; or neither {calld, thell'd,nor crafted: as Tunn), hing, cod, hake, haberdine, waddock, feal, conger, lam- | preyes, —. and the difference thereof. preyes, lamperns, ecles, plai fe, turbut, flounder; skate, therncback, maides; (ole, curs, gildpoles, [melts, cuttles, fleeves, ponts;degfilh, poulps, yards, mackrels, troutes, tenches, cooks, whitings, gournards , and rochets: To which alfo we may add, Sticklebacks and minoes, and [pirlings, and anchevaes, becaufe they are alfo neither. {caled, crufted, nordefended with fhells, As forthe goodne[s or badnefs of fifh, it is leffened or encreafed upon three caufes; the place they live , inthe meat they feed on, and their.manner of dreffing or pre- paration,: Concerning the firft, fome live in’ the Sea, fomein Rivers, fome in Ponds, fume in Fenny -creeks mdmeers. -) Difference of Fifh in ve(pect of place: _ $¢a-fifh as it is of all other the fweeteft, fo likewi(e- the leaft hurtfull; for albeic they are of a thicker and’ more flefhy fubftance, yet their flefh is moft light’ and eafie of concoétion, infomuch that Zevo and Crato (two notable: Phyfians in Plutarcks time) commended them 143° é : i J , i ef¥ . * above all other to their fick patients,and not without de- * 7,0"? fert, for as the Sea-aire is pureft of all other; becaufe-.~ it is moft toffed and purified with winds, (6 the water thereot is moft laboured’, atid *nourifheth for us the wholefomeft and lighteft meat; lighteft, becaufeconti= “nual exercife confumeth the Sea-fithes fuperfluities ; wholefomeft, becaufe the fale water (like to buck-lye} wafheth away their inward filth and uncleanefS,. OF Sea fith thofe are beft, which live not ina calm and’ muddy Sea, toffed neither with tides nor windes 5-for there the wax nought forwant of exercife; but they which live Gal-3.de alim, in aworking Sea, whofe next continent is clean, gravel. ly; fanay, or rocky, rumning towards the North-eaft’ »muft needs be of a pure and wholefome neurifh- meat, le{S.moift.and clammy then the others, eafier alfo = 9 Ne SS ee ee ge 144 Plin fib.7.c. 2, & libi16.ca, 3. Phin 4.3 1.ca 2. Plin 1 23.ca 2. (be hitb tee Sp ad) Of Fifh generally, of concoction, fooner turn’d into blood, and every w fitrer for mans body. This isthe caufe why the Orite and Northern-people live zs wel with fith alone,as wedo here with fuch variety of fleth ; even I fay the goodnels, lightnefs, and wholefomnefs of their fith, which isnot brought unto us till ic be either fo ftincking or fale, that all their goodnefs is gone or dryed up. River-Fifh likewife are moft wholefome and light, when they fwim in rocky ,fandy, or gravel’d Rivers, runs ing Northward or Eaftward, and the higher they.fwim up, the better they are : Contrariwife,thofe which abide in flow, fhort, and muddy Rivers, are not onely of an excremental and corrupt juice, but alfo of a bad fimell and ill cafte. Pond-fifh is foon fatted through abundance of meat and want ofexercife; but they are nothing fo fiveetas River-fifh, unlefs they have been kept in fome Riverto fcoure themfelves , efpecially when they live in little ftanding ponds, not fed with continual fprings, nor te- frefhed from fome River or Sea with frefh water. Fenny-fifh ofall other is moft flimy, excremental, un- Gvory, laft digefted,and fooneft corrupted , havingnel- ther free aire, nor {weet water, nor good food to help or better themfelves ; fuch are the fifth of that lake in Armenia, where all the fith be black and deadly : and al- beit our Englifh meers be not fo bad, yet verily their fith is bad enough, efpecially to ftomachs of other Conntries, unacquainted with fuch muddy and unwhol- fome meats. Differences of Fifh inve{pect of their feeding. Concerning the meats which fifhes feedon - {ome feed upon fale and faltifh mud (as neer Leptis in Africa, and in Eubea,and about Dyrrhachium) which maketh their fieth as falc as brine, and aleogether unwholefome for - mot i —— Ol OO. xs e i ne t= =-— -¢ oR | and the difference thereof moft ftomacks2:;Orhers: upon. bitter weeds androots, which.maketh them as bitter as gall, of which though ‘we have none in our Seas or Rivers, yet inthe Ifland of Plin.L.32.c. 2. of Pene and Cla omence they are very conamon: Alfo (if Pliny may be credited)abouc Cephalenia, Anipelos,Pares and the Delian tocks; filh are not. only of a fweet tafte, but alfo of an aromatical {mell : whether itis by eating of {weet roots. ot devouring of amber and ambre-grice. ‘Some alfo feed:and fat themfelves neer to the common- fewers,fincks,chanels.and draughtsiof great Cities; whofe chiefeft meat is.either carrion ordung ; whereas indeed the proper meat for fith, is either flies, frogs, grafhop- pers, young fry and fpawne, and chiefly certain wholfom roots, herbs, and weeds, growing in the bottomvor fides Plin.ti.32.c.2. of Seas and Rivers. Cefar,.Crafus, and Curivs fed them withlivers.and flefh; fo alfo did the Hieropolitans in Penus lake. In Champagny they fed them with bread; yea Vidius Pollio fed them with his coademned Slaves, to make them the more fat-and pleafant in tafte. Buc neither they that are-fed:with: men, nor with garbage or carrion nor with citty-filth, nor with any thing we can devife, are fo truely fweet, wholfome, and pleafant, as they which in-good Seas and Rivers feed themfelves,en- joying borh the benefic) of frefh airey agreeable water, and meat cor refpondenr to their own natute; Difference of Fifh in ref{pect of preparation. Concerning their difference of goodne{s in preparati- on: I muft needs agree with Diocles) who being asked, whether were the better filb, a Pike-ora Conger 5 Vhat (faid he) fodden, and:this broild ; {hewing us: thereby, thar‘all flagey, flimy, and moift -fith, (as Eeles,;Congers, Lampreys, Oifters, Cockles, Muftles., and Scallopes } - are beft broild, rofted; or bake; burall other fith of'g fit fubftance and drier conftitution is rather to be fod. vf den - 45 Suetin vita Severie Achen. 1.2 ¢ 3. Hh toh - thy / iM iit i anil | ; "1 oy) Ta Te ny | A 7 ne 7 eh ; ! Day | iH ‘i me hy YT he 4. : : Noi sol +) | si | a ; | a4 ; i eed ] YN A ees: , ae Falk ; Set ’ - i t a3 oe Of F ifb generally, ve. den, as the moft part of fith beforenamed. Laft of all, we are to confider what: filly we fhould chiefly choofe; namely the beft grown, the fatteft, and the newetft. Howto chufe the beft Fifb. The beft grown, fheweth that itis healthy and hath not been fick, which made Ph:loxenus the Poet at Dis- wifius table, to requeft him to fend for Ai/culapins Prieft to cure the little barblesthat were ferved in ac the lower Mefs, where hefac. Jf a fith be fac, itis ever young: if it be newit is ever fweet, if it be fed'in muddy or filthy water, keep it not till chenext day, for it foon corrupteth but ifitbetaken out of clean feed- ing, it will keep the longer. Rules ta beobferved inthe eating of fifh. Soddin fifhor broild fith, is prefently to be eaten hot; for being kept cold after it but one day (unlefs it beco- vered with wine pickle or vinegar) it is corrupted by the aire in fuch*fort, that fometimes (like to poifon-full mufhroms) it ftrangleth the eaters: alfo fifth coming out ofa pan is not to be covered witha platter, left theva pour congeled in the platter drop down again upon'the fifth; whereby that fith which might elfe have nourifh ed: will either caufe vomiting or fcouring, or elfe°cor- kupt within the veins. Finally, whofoever intendeth to eat a fifh dinner, let him not heat his body firft with exercife, leaft the juice of his meat(being too foon drawn by the liver) corrupt the whole mafsof blood; and let no fifth be fodden or eaten without falt,pepper, wine, onions, or hot fpices; for all fifh ( compared with flefh ) is cold and moitt, of little nourifhment, engendring watrifh and thinn blood, And ifany fhall think that becaufe Crabs,Skate, Coc- kes and Oifters procure luft, therefore they are likewife | ob i —_—[].——. *—- = a —— eo =_— —_ eae att — f= Fs Ar : ° titeis reftored: I could with that the old manner 0 Of SEA-FISH. of great nourifhment. The arcument is denied for though they: blow up ‘the body with wine, and make good ftore of fharp nature , which’ tickleth and incit- eth us to venety; yet that feed isunfruitful, and that luft wanteth fufficiency , becaufe it cometh not from plenty of natural feed, but fromvan itching quality of that which isiunnatural.. Thus much generally of fifth , inithe way ofia Prefaceis now let us fpeak particularly of every fith eaten, or ‘taken by us in this Ifland. » “CHAP, XVII Of SEA-FISH. Ea:fifh, may be called that fort of fith, which chiefly liveth, feedeth, breedeth, and is taken in falc water ; of which I will write according to the letters of the Al- phabet, chat every man may readily find our the fithes name, whofe nature or goodnefs he defires to know of. | Encraficholi. Anchovaes are but the Sea-minoes of Provence and - Sardinia , which being poudred with falt, wine-vinegar and origanum, and foput up into little batrels,are carried into all Greece, and there efteemed for a moft dainty meat. Jt feemeth that the people of thofe hot Coun- tries are very often diftempered and diftafted of their meat’; wherefore to’ recover their appetite they feed upon Anchovaes , or rather tafte one or two of them; whereby notonely to them, but alfo to us pa ar- relling a 147 Of SEA-FISH. relling them up with origanum, fale and and wine-vinegar were obferved;, but now they tafte onely of falt, and are nothing fo pleafant as’ they were wont to be: ‘The are fi:teft for ftomachs opprefled with fleam, for they will cut,ripen, and digeft it, and warm ‘the ftomack ex- ceeding well; they areof little nourifliment, but light enough if they were not fo over-falted; they “are beft dreit with oil, vinegar, pepper, and dryed origanum,/and - they muft be freed from theit outward skin & the ridge- [B] Lib.32.cap. 7. bone & be wafht in wine, before they be laid in the difh, Variate. Alburni marini. Bleaks of the Sea, or Sea-bleaks, called of Dr Cajw Variate, or Sea-cameleons (becaufe they are never ot one colour, but change with every light and objeé, like to changeable filk) are asfound, firm and wholefome as any Carp, there be great plenty of them in our Sou- thern Seas, betwixt Rye and Exceter, and they are beft fodden, becaufe they are fo fine and fo firm a meat. Abramides marina. Breams of the Sea, be of a white-and folid fabftance, good juice, moft ealie digeftion and good nouriflment. Pifeis Capellanus. Afellus medius, — | Cod-fifh is a great Sea-whiting, called alfo a Keeling or Melwel; of a tender flefh, but not fully fo dry and firmas the. Whiting is : Codshave abladder inthem full of eggs or fpawne, which the Notthern _ men»call the kelk,and efteem it avery dainty meat,they have alfo athick and gluifh fubftance at the end of their ftomach called afowne, more pleafant in eating then: good of nourifhment;, for the'tougheft fith-glue is made of that. Of all parts of the freth Cod, the head, lips, and - palate is preferred, being a very light though a flimy meat _- Pectines. Pectunculi, . | Cocks and Cocktes:are commended by Scribonius Lar gus for ftrength y ipe the ftomack, Pliny faith they aa __ a careers ie 2 Sie =? - (hese : Sh a a > ra ~ - - See ee nen ee SR Ss ee is ae: SS Fea pe ee ‘ , : > —- a ™ SS vie Se = er ee ea wee —- oe : > ° > Ake oe te ee St = Sug oe - Se c <= ° oS ee : : Ps fi a _ = ee ert * Ot (i CK] Of SEU-FISH. Herting wellwatred or qualified in’ warm mille they afte not ill after they are brdild, but yet they give: fone ora bad ndurifhment ; faving to’ Ploughmen, Sai- ters) Souldiers; Mariners, or labouting perfons, to whom eros and heavy meats are moft familiar and conveni- ent. oi Rhiwocerotes, Acts. Horne-beaks are evet lean (as fome think) becafe they are ever fighting ,-yéet.aré\ they good and tender, whe- cher they ‘be eaten frefh or poudred. Highly be they commended of Alexander Benedictus in the plague time, becaufe tal‘humouts: they breed'no. unwholefome or excremen- 3 Leucifed mareni. Favelings or Sea-darts axe plentiful in the Vemectan eulfand all the Adviatique Sea, where having taken the ‘young ones; they falt chem and fend them to Gaaftanti- nople in infinite number for Aychovaes; the greater fort they fry and boilat home, being of a very {weet and foft fiefh. CmMiluus marinus. ye >.> Reelings differ nothing but in name from Cod. \T Sea- Kite, called of Pliny. Hirundo volans, the flying Swallow, refembleth much the flying Herrings fo plen- — tifulabout the Wefl-Indies, which finding nor proper meat within the waters, 'flieth after gnats and muskitoes ~like-a fallow. Sir Francis Drake (whom _thankfal -poftericy will worthily efteem)did firft thew me erie of them dead,and I think he was one of the firft of our Na- tion; that did ever ear chem; ‘they are of a good tafte, tender flefh, but fomewhat aguith after che mature of freth Herrings. ; EE Sie cov Afetus: soon ~ 2A Ling perhaps looks for great extolling, being i J = SS SS == =- ~ =S S|: Se a - when'the Doe comes in; alfo in the wane of the noon = x Of SEAPISH. igs ed the beefe of the Sea, and ftanding every fith dayy(as This afellos a cold fypporter) at my Lord Maiors tables yerisiemo: alfoby July thine’ but a long Cod + “twhereof ‘the greater fifedis Cal fac. a elacies led Orgatié Ling, and the other Coiling becaule'irisno ‘endred fock- longer then'a‘Cod, and yet hath the tafte of Ling: whilft en hee it is new it is called green-fith when it is falted itis called unto the Affe, Ling, perhaps of lying, becaufe the longer it lyeth: their x e , they themfelves prove flafhy and unpleafant in‘taftes As:the 4 neq: River Lobfter or Creviflé feemeth (as Doréomfaid)tobe made onely for weak ftomatks;" fol think: thefe-are_or- dained onely for the ftronger fort: for I have known ‘ many weak perfons venture on them to their :greathurc, 4s contrariwife found ftomacks do well digeft them < - Pliny faith,that inthe Norch-welt Judian Seas there: be jin «.cap.z Lobfters takén of two yards lengths | whereof we have hone, or if we had, yet can ‘they ‘not be fo wholelome, for the leaft is tendreft,and the middle fifed is beft flefhe, as for the great ones:they be oldand tough, Sewillcaufe © forrow enoych before they be well concoéted.» They come into feafon with the Buck, and go out of feafon they - } i ah ‘Be at EPs mM a! a Ye i M i Ht a ——— a ee Of SEA-FISH. they are little worth, and beft towards: and .in the full; clove-vinegar and gilly flour-vinegar 1s their beft fawce, and if 'you butter them jafter they are well fodden.with ftore of vinegar and pepper, they will give a {trong nou- rifhment to'an indifferentftomack ; when their {pawne lies greateft intheir head, then are they in prime; bur when dll their fpawn is out,thenis their {pawn good, and they->wax bad... yet | Ons ; Luci. Ms . Luces are properly. called Pikes ofthe Sea; fo.rare in Spaine, that they are never feen. But our Englith Seas, efpeciallywhich wath the, Southern thore ,, have, {tore of them whichare large fatand.good.; Mr Hxzy of. Cook- feld fent me once a Luce out of Saffex a yard and a half long, which being prefented by me to the Mitror of Chivalry (the Lord WiHoughby of Erefby) was. thought, dnd truly thought a moft dainty. filh ,. for it eateth more “weet, tender; and-crifper then out river Pikes,and may be eaten of aguifh perfons; weak ftomacks, and womed in child-bed. - Their feed is chiefly. upon young fry, and fpawnes of fifh::, and by continual fwimming (whereunte they are forced by -beating of the {urges ) they become tenderer then our ‘freth wanes Pikes, though not fo far. Orbes. Lamps are of twoforts, the one as round almoftasa bowle;the other refembling the fillets of a Calfe ;. either of themis deformed, fhapelefsand ugly., fo, that_my Maides-once at. Ip/wich were. afraid to touch it, being fiayed they refemblea foft and gellied fubftance, where- upon the Hollanders.call them Szot-fifbess 1 liked not their fubftance, tafte, nor qualities,.for they were (@s they are written of)a curde,raw, and fleagmatick meat, much like toa ‘Fhorne-back half fodden, they are belt being boiled and pickled like Sturgian,and fo eaten cold. YF Scone = Pn —— Ss _—=F.L - — eee = Sn —_—SsS «Ss i le. = 7 = if eet ; : . Of SEA-FISH. Ry jp aekdot Scombri. . ~ geting: [mM] _. Mackrels were in old time.in fuch requeft, that two " gallons of their pickle (called the pickle of good fel- Plis.t. 31.0.2. Jows) was fold for a thoufand pieces of filver; bur time | and experience defcribed them to be of a thick, clammy and fuffocating fubftance, offenfive to the brain, head, and breft, though pleafant in tafte, and acceptable to the ftomach: Certain it isthat they caufe-droufinefSin the rol. de vik; beft ftomacks,and apoplexies,or palftes,or lethargies, or 204 com. in dulnefs (at the leaft) of fenfe and finews to them-that be ae weak, Tralianus rightly advifech all perfons fick of fleag- matick difeales, and of ftoppings, to beware of Mack- rels as a moft. dangerous meat; albeit their liver helpeck the jaundies, being: fod in vinegar, and: their flefh fod in vinegar. cureth, the. fuffocation of the matrix: they are beft being fod in wine-vinegar with mints, parfly, rofe- mary, and time, andif afterwards they be kept in pickle, made of, Khennifh.wine, ginger, pepper, and dill, they prove avery dainty-and:no unwholefome meat; they are FAA\i anus. -worft of all-buttered.- Fhe French. men lay. Southern- wood upon 2 gridiron, & them upon the Sourhernwood, and fo broilthem bothupon-the fire, bafting them well with wine and butter, and {0 ferve them in with.vinegar,, pepper and butter,as hotascan.be; by which way no doubt their malignicy is much leflened, and their good- nefs no lefSencrealed. od} S¥i2 dot. | : Rajola. ; \ .. Maides are as little and tender Skates, feeding chief upon flefh, livers, and {pawne, of fifh, whereas other. fifk bring forth eggs, which are.in time converted into their pasate fhape ; onely. Maides,Skate and .Thorne-back ring forth cheir'young.ones without eggs, after the kind of propagation of beafts:, they, are very nourifhing and of goad juice, fit, fos. weals omacks, and fuch rise 138 : EL Se a thro bh: >; ord ; rs8 Of SEA. FISH: | through wantonef fpoiled themfelves and robbed fa- cure. Boil them in wine water and fale, with a {prig of rofemary, and chen eat them’ with vinegar, pepper, and fweet burter. } VIM Muagiles marini. Italice Cephalo, Sea-Mullets differ little or nothing in fhape fron Barbels, faving that they are’ very little or nothing beard- ed, and thofe that have beards, have them onély’on the neither lip. : , | There is {tore of them in the mouth of the riverof Plin.l.o.cap.8. Usk, and perhaps as many as at Lateran in Province, They are fofwift, chat they often outfwim: the: lighteht Ships; which argueth them to be‘ofa light and aeiréal fubftance: It is ftrange what is written of this fifh: Plin..32-c. 7. namely’ that it fhould hurt Venus game,yea hae the broth of it, or the wine wherein it is foddea fhould make aman unable to get, and a womaa unable to concéive L.de Venereis. children. Nay furthermore Terpfides avouch eth, that a little of that broth being mingled with: hens meat, maketh them barren though never fo well trodden of the Cock; whereupon he fich, The Poets have confeerated the Sea-Mullets to Diawa, as being the procurer and ees of chafticy ; which if it betrue ‘as 1-can ‘hard: y think iris) then farewell Paracel/us his cabaliftical con clufion, or rather the follies of Avice and many CAra bians, which give the ftones, brains, and combs, of moft lafcivious birds (as Cocks, Phefants,Partridges, Drakes and Sparrows) to ftir up luft and'encteafe feed > for the Sea-Mullet’is fo lsfcivious, that a thowfand Females {wim after one Male 4s foon as they have {pawned, and the Males ikewife ftrive as much ifthey have not choice ‘of Females ea whereas in 4 taanner all kind of fifh, fpawne but’ once a ‘yeary'they come {like to fwine among beafts) thrice a year ac the leaft, yer.are they Of SEA-FISH: rs9. (as men fay, and as many have written fince) abaters of courage, extinguifhers of feed, and charmes asit were sgainft conception: NeverthelefS fitch their flefh 1S ptin.gsc.13 wholefome, white, {weer and tender; and they feed clean and good, I dare boldly aver themto be much nourifhing, being firft well foddenin wine, fale, and water, and then-either fowced like Gurnard, or kept in gelly like'a Tench, or eaten hot with vinegar and pep- per. Of the eggs and blood of this fith mixed with fale (which muft not be omitted in this difcourfe) is alfo made that which the Italians call Botargo,. fromthe Greek words & Teena OF falted eges. wl aie solve ion sq pityevChama, Aacdito | ni WMaffels werenever in credit, but amongit the poorer fort, till lately the lilly-whice Muffel was found out a- bout Romers-wwall, as we fail beswixe Flefbing and Ber- een-np-Xom, where indeed in the heat of Sommer, they are commonly and much eaten without any offence’ to: the head _ liver or ftomach:yea my felf(whom once twen- ty Muffels had almoft poifoned at Cambridge, and who: dave feen fharp, filthy, and crueldifeafes follow ‘the eat- ing of Englifh Moffels)did fillany-felf with chofe Muffels ofthe Low Country, bemg never! awhit: diftempered withny bold adventure. Drortomfaicthartheleaft, |... Miaflelsbe ever beft, becaufe chey are whitelt; fofteft, ~“* °°" "™ ‘and fooneft digefted, but the great ones give.a fttonger ‘and latpernourifhment; ches red ones are very dange- rous; yellow ones are fiulpected, but the white ones:are wholefome andmuch commended, fave ‘unto hot aad diftempered ftomacks’: they’ are cbeft fodden ir the ‘water out of which: they were taken; + which: being mot obtained , feeth»itheny im water cand alt 5)-and.a little ftrong Ale and Vinegar: ‘broild Muffels encreafe heat and draught ;. fryed Maflels.do:ealily corcupt in st | our 160. kb.38.¢. 9. Of ‘SEA-FISH. our bodies, :and turn to-a bad juice. : If they be keptin the like pickle, as lately is devifed by Serjeant, Goodrons to keep Oifters:in Cmadeiof fea water, wine, vinegars bayleaves, mints, peppers ginger, and :cinamon) [durft warrant themas wholefome,and queftionlefs more plea fant then the Oifter. As for horfe-muflels' they deferve not the remembrance, fith neither experience, cuftome, nor reafon approveth them-a wholefome meat ; may: as Pliny faith, Salem virufqne refipinat, they tafte brackih and ftrong; having-a hidden poifon within their flefh; yet have Lfeen them ordinarily fold in Venice, which mak- eth me think that fome Sea and River may have whole- fome ones of that kind, though ours be neither whole- fome nor pleafant of tafte. They are-exceedingbige in Spaine and the Welt Indies ; » but the gréeareft that ever Lreadof, is that which faba recordeth in his volumes Plin.1. 32-¢. T-writento Cajns(Auguftss fon) being asbig in compalsas CN] ‘three pecks, | Monache. oy) Bese Nanfifbes were not feen in England till Sir Francis Drakeand Mr Caundifh brought them: (no man knows eout of what Seas) cleaving to the keels of their happy Veflels.1t is:a kind of thell-fith not winding like a Peti- winckle; nor opening his fhell (as Oifters, Muffels, and Cockles do) but creeping out of his craggy cabine, like afea-{nail, but that (as I faid) his hole goeth trait inward and windeth»not : the face of itis very white, the head is covered as it: were with 4 black vail, like the Nuns of Saint Bridgets order; whereof I fuppofe ic took the name. It feedeth upon fweet mud fticking upon Ships fides whilft they lye at Anchor, and is as wholefome and delicate a meat as any Periwinckle. nidd. See ati Woe FUG Oftree. Pk 4 i Oifters do juftly deferve a full treatice, being focom- mon. 7 _—_———_ a Of SEA-FISH. mon, and whichall fo wholefome a meat; they differ in colour, fubftance, and bignefS; but the bet are thick, little and round fheld, not flippery nor flaggy through abundance of a gellied humour, but fhort, firm,and thick of flefh, rifeing up round like a womans breaft, being:in amanner all belly, andno fins, or at the moft having very fhort fins, of a green colour, and lifted about as with a purpleshaire, which will make them indeed to 161 be juftly called Calliblephara, that is to fay, The fair eye Plin.[.32,ca.6- lidded Oifters, fachare our Walfleet and Colchefter Oifters 5 whofe good rellith, fubftance, and wholefome- ne{s, far exceedeth the Oiftersof sk, Pool, Southamp- pave ennai, Rye, or any other Port or Haven in Eng- and, | : Thus much concerning the body of Oifters, now fomewhat concerning their. bignels ; Aléxander with his (Friends and Phyfitians wondred to find Oifters:in Plin.1.32.ca.6. the India {eas a footlong. And in ¥linies»timne they marvelled at an Oifter, which might~be divided into three morfels, calling it therefore Tridacnon by a pecus liar name: but I dare and do truly affirm, that at my. eld- eft Brothers marriage, at Aldham hall in Effex, I did fee ~ aPelden Oifter divided into eight good morfels, whofe fhell was nothing lefs thenthat of slexanders , but as the Greek Proverb faith, Goodwe/s is not tied to great- nefs, but ereatne{s to goodne(s, wherefore fith the lir- tle round Oifters be commonly :beft rellifhed, and lef - fulfome, let them be of the greateft account, efpecially ‘tobe eaten raw., which of all other is thought to be thebeft way. Galen faith that they arefomewhat heavy pe cit, bon. x. of digeftion, and engender feagm ; but ashe knew not mal. face. the goodnefs of Englifh beete (when he condemned the ule of all Ox-flefh) fo had he tryed the goodnefs of our Su + world, ~~ -Oifters, which Pliny maketh the fecond beft of the Loco citato,; 163 Of SE A-FISH. world, no doubt he would have given Oifters a better cenfure. That they ate wholefome and to be defired of every man, this may be no finall reafon , that Calmoft) every man loves them, Irem whereas no flefh or other fith is or can be dangerlefs being eatenraw, raw Oifters are never offenfive to any indifferent ftomack. Nay fur- thermore they fettle a wayward appetite and confirma weak ftomack, and give good nourifhment to decayed members, either through their owne goodnefs, or that they are fo much defired. Finally if they were an ill and heavy meat, ‘why were they appointed to be eaten firft’ .whichisno new cu- ftome brought in by fome late Phyfitian: for one ask- Athen.l 403: ing Dronseas (who livedlong before Atheneus and Ma- Mag 3-fat.c.13 crabgye time) whether he liked beft, the Feaft of athens or Chalcis ? 1 like, [aid be, the Athenians Prologue better then the Chalcidians , for they began their feafts with Oifters,and thefe with hony.cakes : which argueth them to have been ever held for a meat of light digefti- on, elfe had they not alwaies been eaten in the firth place. Itis great pitty of the lofs of Afel/ius the Sabins book written Dialogue-wi/e betwixt the Fig-finch, the Thrufh and the Oifters, wherein upon juft grounds he Susin vita Tit. £0 preferred them before the Birds, that Tzberins Cafar rewarded him with a thoufand pound Sterling. The fatteft Oifters are taken in fale water at the mouth of Rivers, but the wholefomeft and lighteft are: in the main a upon fhelfs and rocks; which alfo procure urine and Trallianus. ftools , and are helps to cure the chollick and dropfy, if they be eaten raw, for fodden Oifters bind che Gal.5.de.fa.tu belly, ftop urine, and encreafe the collick. How dange- fous itis to drink fmall drink upon Oifters it appeareth Gregr.hift.9- by Andronicus the elder, who having made a great Din- ner of Oifters, drank cold water upon them, whereupon ; — Of SEA-FISH. he died, being not able to overcome them. And truly as Oifters do ‘hardly corrupt of themfelves; fo if cold drink follow them they concoé as hardly: wherefore (efpecially having eaten many )drink either wine or fome flrong and hot beerafter them, for fear of a mifchiefe. Little Oifters are beft raw, great Oifters fhould be ftued with wine, onions, pepper, and butter, of roafted with vinegar, pepper, and butter, or bak’t with onions, pep- per,andbutter,or pickled with white-wine-vinegor,their owne water, bayes, mints, and hot fpices ; for of ail wayes they are worft fod, unlefs you feeth them in that fea water from whence they were brought. ~All Oifters are dahgeours whilft they be full of milk, which commonly is betwixt May and Augult. Raw Ol- fters are beft in cold weather, when the ftomach is hot- teft, namely from September to April:albeit the Italians dare not venture ona raw Oifter at any time, but broil them in the fhell with their water, the juice of an o- renge, pepper, and oil; which way I mutt needs con- fefSiteates daintily. Pickled Oifters may be eaten at all times, and to my tafte and judgement they are more commendable, chiefly to cold, weak, windy, diftafted Li>.32.cap.6. ftomachs, then any way elfe prepared. I wonder whe- ther it be true or nowhichI have heard of , and Pliny feemeth alfo to affirm, That Oifters may be keprall the year long covered in {now, and fo be eaten in Sommer ae cold ascan be; which if itprove anfwverable to. the likelihood J conceive of it, I will cry out with P/iny in the Ame Chapter, Quanti quanti es luxuria, qua [am- wa montiim cx maris ima commifces ? How great and powerful w riot, which maketh the higheft covering of Seneca in ep. mountains, and the lowelt creatures of the {eas to meet tovether’ Yetitisrecorded that Apiciws the Roman, kept Oifters fo long {weet (were s¢ in fhow, pickle, or brine) 164 Of SEA-F ISH. brine) that he fent them from thence fweet and good to the Emperour Traja#,warring againft the Parthians. Cochlea marina. [Py Perwinckles or Whelks,are nothing but fea-fnails, feed-. ing upon the fineft mud of the fhore and the beft weeds, they are very*nourifhing and reftorative,being fod at the fea-fide in their own fea water:the whiteft flefht are ever beft & tendereft,8c they which are taken in clean.creeks eat plealant, but they which are gathered upon muddy fhores eat very ftrongly and offend the eyefight., They Gal.8.de comp are beft in winter and in the f{pring: for a ftomack and mec.fec.lcce fiver refolved as it were and difpofefled of ftrength. 4- APICI7+CA"* picivs warneth us to pick away the covering of their holes, for itis a moft unwholefome thing, being nothing but a colleétion of all heir flime hardned with feething, The beft way to prepare them-for found perfons. isto feeth them in their owne fea-water, or elfe-in river water with fale and vinegar ;° But for weak and confumed per- fons Apiciws willeth them (in the Book and Chaptet a- forefaid) to.be thus dreft,; take firft the skin from.their holes, and lay them for a day or two covered in fale and milk; the third day lay them onely in new milk, then feech themin-milk nll they be dead, or fry chemin a pan with butter and fale . __ Pafferes.. Plaife (called the fea-fparrows, becaufe they are brown above and white.beneath) are of good, wholefome and finenourifhment. Arnsoldus de vila nova writeth: thus of them. Of all fea-fith Rochets and Gurnards are to be preferred; for their flefh is firm,and their fubftance pureft-of.all other. Next.unto them Plaife and Solesare to be numbred, being eaten in time;forif either of them be once ftale,there is no flefh more carrion-like nor more troublefome. tothe belly of man: the beft Plaife, have = | black- Of SEA-FISH. blackeft fpots,as the beft:flounders reddeft, & the thick- er, is moft commended, .and fuch as are taken upon the Eaftern coft,as Rye, Sandwich, and Dover; could we have ftore arall times of fuch wholefome fith,at any-reafonable rate, Jackalent would-be acock-horfe all the yearlong, and butchers meat wouldgo a begging. reg Alau{# minores. Pilchers differ not only in age(as fome dream)but even in fubftance andiformirom Herrings ; for their flefhis firmer, and. fuller, sand their body rounder, neither are they of fo aguifh|amopération ;: they.are beft broildhav- ing lien a day in falt,and eaten with.butcer fale, & pepper. Porctmarint. POvEIG: o Rorpelfes; Turfions,or fea- hogs are of :thenature of fwine.never good rill they be fat, contrary to the difpoft- on of Tunnies, whofe flefh is ever beft when they,are leaneft;it isan unfavory meat,engéndring many fuperflu- ous humours, augmenting-fleagm, and troubling no lefs anindifferent ftomach ; then they trouble the, water a- gainit a cempelt; yet many Ladies and,/Gentlemeén-dove it exceedingly , bak’t like venifon; yeal knew.agreat Gentle-woman (in Warwick lane) once lend for a pafty of it given froma Courtier)when the prifoners of Newgate had refufed the fellow of it out of the: Beggers. basket. Thus like lips like lettice, and that which ts: moft mens bane,may be fitteft to delight and nouri(h others.. f Pol pi.. Poulps are hard of dige lions naught howfoever they; ~ be dreft,as Platimathinketh,. Bur fith Ayppocrates com*yrit.s.de morb. mendeth them to women in childbed. I dare not,abfo-mul. . lutely difwade the eating.of them; efpecially fith Dz- _ philus, Paulus, -Agineta, and ~Atius commend, them likewife, faying that they, nourlh much 5 and, excef- fively provoke. luft. ...Indeed: if;,any would a mss as ee teh of ve. 166 Of SEA.FISH. Lac.in vit.Dio. ive pulpjto. anger others and to kill himfelf,as Diogenes did (though fome ‘fay that he died of a raw cow-heel, others: that he ftiffeld himfelf in his: cloke ) no doube he:(hall-find it a dangerous morfel; but being well:fod- den in:falt watercand wine; and fweet:herbs, it is as dainty and far more wholefomer then a Mackrel. Awates mar int. Paffins, whom I may call the feathered fithes, are accounted even by the ‘holy fatherhood of Cardinals to be no ‘flefh but rather fifth i: whofe »Catholique cenfure Twill not hete oppugne, though I have juft reafon forit, becaufe I will notiencreafe the Popes Coffers; which no doubt would be filled, ifevery Puffin eater boughta pardon, upon trueand certain knowledge that a Puffin were fAlefh? albeit perhaps if his Holinefs would faythat athoulder: of Muton were fith ;: they either would not or could not think it flefh. Aranet marini, | Auawiners (for fo the Scots and Northen: Englith termthem). are very fubtile and crafty fithes, but utter ly unwholefome ‘for indifferent {tomachs, though the poorer fort of the Orcadians eat them for hunger. Rubelliones. Rochets (or rather Rougets, becaufe they-are fo red) differ from Gurnards’ and Curs, in that they are redder byagreat deal, and alfo lefler; they are of the like flefh and goodnels, yet better fryed with onions, but- ter, and vinegar, then fodden , becaufe they are folitele, that feething would foke out’ their beft nourifhing fub- {tance. . Peffines veneris. Scallopes are-called venus Cockles, either becaule the was borne in ofe of ‘thei; or becaufe fie loved’ them Lib 32.cap.11 Aboveall other meats: Ply extolleth the Scallops of , Alex- SS — Fe —- Ce , Of SEA-FISH. 167 Alex andriain Egypt, but now the moft and beft-be in. Spaine by Compoftella; whether many lecherous men: and women refort, toeat Scallops ‘for the! kindling of luft and encreafe of nature, under the name of a Pilgrti- mage to Saint fumes his fhrine: The whireftare beft, and leaft hor, all of them epcreafe' luft, provoke much urine, and nourith ftrongly. Selfey and Purbeck have gotten them credit ‘for them and for Cockles, above all the Cofts of England; they are beft being broild with. their owne water, vinegar, pepper, and butter, but fod- - den they are held to be unwholefome: 10" *- | ! 'Phecav valid 637 ge LS 4 ~ Seales flefh is counted as hard 6£digeftion 5 as'it is erofs of fabftance, efpecially being old; wherefore I leave it to Mariners and-Sailers, for' whofe ftomachs it- is ficteft, and who know’ the beft) way how-to ‘prepare! it | MOUUI Triches\ Clapes. | Shads have a tender’ and -pleafant flefla; but: in'fome- months they are {0 full of bones, thar the danger in eat- ing them leffheth thepleafure’s they ‘nourifh plentifal- ly, efpecially the Severn thid which in my judgeméne’ is void of that vifcous humour, whereby other fhads (no lefS then Mackrels)enforce fleepinefs to the eater. They are beft in May, Junie,and July, for chen they are full of flefh and freeft of bones.’ } f10 91s Yous AON! ' iSi Squille. ore Tol OF TOR ine Shrimps are of two forts 5 the one crookbacked, the other ftraitbacked: the firft fort isicalled’of French men Caramots de la {ante healthful: fhrimps; becaufe they recover fick and confumed perfonss of all other). 1, o. css: they are moft nimble, witty,:and’skipping;' andof ‘beft™ juice. Shrimps were of great requeft amongft the Ro- ~ mans) and brought inasa principal difhin Yenns > me ~ ~ << “So Plin.}i.cec.$ 1. Of SEA-F ISH. The beft. way of preparing them for healthful perfons, is. to boil them infea or fale water, with a little vinegar, » but for fickand’confumed bodies drefs them after this fort : firft wath them clean in barly water, then unfcale them whilft they are alive, and feeth them in chicken broth; fo are they:as much (or rather, more) reftorative as the beft'crabs and crévifles moft- highly commended by Phyfitians..Futhermore-they are unfcaled, to.vent the windinefS which isin them, being fodden with their {cales; whereof luft and difpofition to venery might arife, but no better nor founder nourifhaent. ) There isa great kind of Shrimps , which are called Prawzes in Englifhjand Crangones by Rondeletius high- ly prized.in heétick fevers and confumptions; but the crook-backt Shrimp far furpafleth them for that pure pofe,as being-of a fweerer.tafte and more temperate Com. ititution. Squatinge Skate is skin’d like a File, of the fame nature witha Thorneback,bue pleafanter, more tender,and more ayail- able to {tir upletchery'; ic. is fo neer, 2; Thormeback in: fhape, that they often couple and engender. together, Lingwlace Solees Soles-or Tongue fifhes, are counted the Partridges of the fea, and the fitteft meatof all other for fick: folks, for they are of a good fmell, a pleafantsafte, neither of. too hard nor too foft a flefh, engendring neither too thick nor toe thin blood; of eafte concoction, leaving noneor few excrementsafter they bedige(ted. Platina:tried them (as we do) with perfly, butter, and verjuce, and fawced , themwithburterand juce of orenges,but for fick perfons. they:are beft. fodden in water, -butter;-and,verjuce with. alirtlefalc; itisa fifh, impatient of winter, -and) there- fore then ic lurketh in deep holes, -but.in fummer.it fporteth ‘Z albeit they know them not, then home.bred and famils- _. notthename of any wholefome nourifhment, or rather Of SEA-FISH. — 169 fporteth it felf abroad, and offerech ic {elf to be feen when itis moft feafonable. | Chalcides. Sprats need no defcription, being one of Jack-a-lents principle pages : They fmell well being new and frefh, refembling therein the river-finele , but their flefh is -quezy,corruptible,and aguifh, efpecially if they light on a weak ftomach s ‘they are worft being fmoked or fried, indifferent fodden, and beft broild. Chalcides majores. Spurlings are but broad Sprats, taken chieAy upon our Northern coaft ; which being dreft and pickled as Anchovaes be i Provence, rather oo them then © come behind them in tafte and goodnefs. Were Eng- lif men asinduftrious as I could with, we fhould fel them deerer to the French and Italians, then their Anchovaes arefoldtous; for Ihave feen fome prepared by Dr. Turner, which far exceeded theirs: but ftrange things areever beft liked, according to that faying of Galen, | Peregrina, que ignorant, magis celebrant mortalts , quan quod natiwhm eff quedgue effe preclarum norunt. com sepia, 9 Mortal men (faith he) do more extoll forreign things, . E18 noreifon for it. 472 (totle faith, that another long Plin.l.32 ca: filh likea Lamprey called. myrus isthe Sire; which Li. | cinius Macer oppugneth, affirming conftantly that he hath found Lampreys upon the land engendring with Serpents, and that Fifher-men counterfetting the Ser pents hi, can call them out of the water and take them at pleafure. They are beft (ifever good) in Marchand April; for thenare they fo fat, that they have in a man- ner no back bone at all: towards Summer they wax harder,and then have they a manifeft bone, but theit 9 flefh is confumed: Seeth or bake them thoroughly, for 9 other wife they are of hard and very dangerous digeftion. Old men, gowty men, andaguifh perfons, and wholoe- ver is troubled in the finews or finewy parts, fhould thus the eating of themno lefs, then as if they were Serpents indeed. The Italians drefs them atter this fort; fir plin.l.32.ca,2. they beat them on the tail witha wand (where cheirlife is thought tolye) till they be almoft dead; then they gace their mouth with a whole Nutmeg, and ftop every oilet-hole with a clove , afterwards they caft them into oil and malmfie boiling together, cafting in after them fome crumbs of bread,a few almonds blanche and minc- ed; whereby their malignity is corrected and their flefh bertered. Cajus Hercius was the firft chat ever hem’d them in ponds, where they multiplied and profpered in fuch fort, that at Ce/far the Dictators triumphal fuppers, hegave | | him fix thoufand Lampreys for each fupper; he fedthem | Plin.i.9.ca.s5 with the liver, and blood of beafts: buc Vidins Polio(a — Roman Knight, andone of Augw/fws minions) fed his Lampreys with his flaves carcaffes; not becaule bealts Plin. Lo. c.23. Were not fuficient to feed them, but that he took a pe | ure Of Frefb-water Fifb. (ure to fee a thoufand Lampreys fucking aleogether like horfe-leeches upon one man. Concerning our Englith preparationof them, a cer- ‘tain friend.of mine gave me this Receit of bakeing and dreffing Lamprsys; namely firft to pouder them (after parboiling)-with fale, time,origanum, then either to broil them as Spitchcocks, or to bake them with wine, pep- per, nutmegs, mace, cloves, ginger and good ftore of butter. The litle ones. called Lampronsare beft broild, but the great ones called Lampreys are beft baked. Ot all our Englith. Lampreys, the Severn-dweller is moft worthily commended, for itis whiter, purer, fweeter, and fatter, and of Jefs malignity thenany. other. ; Leche. ~ -Loches, meat (asthe Greek word importeth) for wo- men in child-bed, are very lightand of excellent nou- rifhment; they havea flefh like liver, and ared {pleen, which are moft delicate in tafte, andas wholefomein. operation. A pus Cobite, Gt{neri. Aliniata Caij. Phexini Belloni}, Minoes, fo called either for their littlenefs, or (as Dr. Cajus imagined) becaufe their fins be of fo lively ared asif they were cied with the true Cinnabre-lake called Minium: They are le( then Loches, feeding uponno- thing, but lickirg one another. Gener thinks them to engender. of thewaft feed of Gudgins , others that they engender of themfelves. out of unknown matter; yet "certain it is that they are ever full of fpawn, which fhould argue a nacural copulation of them with fome litrlefifh: or other: theyare a moft delicate and light meat (their gall being warily voided without breaking ). either fried. or fodden: | pallets of the River be of like goodaefs with the Sea- gas ee Mullets,. . _— (M3, 84 Athen.|..¢ 3. Of Frefb water Fipb. Mullets, though not fully of fo fine and pure fubftance, Philoxenus the Poet, fupping atthe lower mefs in Djo- nifins Court; took fuddenly a little teane Mullecour of the dith, and fer hisear to the mouth of it. where dt Diony fies langhing,and asking him what newes?marry (quoth he) he'tells me of fome ftrange newes in the Ri. ver, whereof none (as he'faich) can more fully enform me then yonder great Mulletin the upper dith: {o/for his pleafant jefthe got the greater ; ‘and withall gives us to note, that unlefs a Mullet be large and fat; it is'buta frivolous difh, making a great fhew'on the Table, but little nourifhing, how-they are beft to be dreft, is alrea- dy f{pecified when' I wrote of Breams, Vetule Olaffes; or rather O/d wives (becaufe of their mump- ing and foure countenance) are as dainty and wholefome of fubftance, as they are large in body ; it was my chance 'to buy one about ‘Putay,as I'came from Mr. Secretary Hippoc.2. de rat. vid. Gal.3.de al.fa. Walfingham his houfe about ten years fince- 7 -whiehT caufed to be boild with falc, wine, and vinegar ; and a'lit- tle'thime; and J proteft that I never did eat a more white firm, dainty and wholefome fith. | Perce. Perches area moft wholefome fifh, firm, tender, white, and nourifhing. 4ufoniues calleth them delicias menf{a'the delight of ‘feafts, preferring them before Pikes, Roches, Miullets and allother'fith, Eobanws Heffus in his poetit cal Dietary terme th them thé River-partridges. Diacles the Phyfitian writ a juft volumn in the praife of Perches, and Hippocrates and Gales moft highly ‘extoll'them. They are ever infeafon, fave in March and April, when they {pawne. As the oldeft and greateft Bele is ever beft, fo contrariwife the middle Perch and Pike is ever moft'wholefome. Seeth them inwine-vinegar, — : an Of Frefb-water Fifh. and falts and then either,eat them hot, or cover them in wine-vinegar to be eaten cold: for fo they both coola diftempered feverous ftomach; and give alfo much nou- ridiment toa weak body. ! Lupi. : Pikes or River-wolves are greatly commended by > °Gefner anddivers learned: Authors for a wholefom meat, permitted, yea enjoined to fick perfons and women in child bed; yet-verily to fpeak like a Lawyer, I cannot perceive quo warranto , for if fenney or muddy-ri- _-vered fifhes be unwholefome, the Pike is not fo good as _. Authors make him, living moft naturally and willingly in fuch places where he may fat himfelf with froggs and filth. Futhermore when a Pike is big and full grown, is not his fleth rather to be counted hard,then firm; indeed T will not deny but a Pike of a middle fife, fed in gra- velly ponds with frefh livers of beafts, fodden crifp in wine-vinegarand fweet-herbs, is of no bad nourifhment _for any-man, but fitteft for hot chollerick ftomachs and young perfons. Macrobius writeth,that the beft Pike is taken ina clear River betwixt two bridges; but I never - faw them fat in any clear River, and therefore I fufpect _ their goodneis. | ) * © Certain it is that old great Pikes are very hard,tough, _- andill to digeft : young ones(called Jacks) are contra- . riwife to watrifh and moift. Chufe therefore one of a _ middle growth, for it is moft likely to nourifh us beft. i - The Germans having fplic them along the back, thruft i kalh their tails into their mouths, and then fry them a little with fweet butter, then they take chem out of the frying pan, and boi! them (as long as one would feeth an egg) with wine, water, vinezar, and fale, gallopping on the _ fire, and aft of all having — it-over with the com 188 3. fat. cap. 16. CR eae 7 oe ‘ pows — i ead 4 “a . eb ee, \ as « 4 > ' 1G RA tS i a Yo aAm oe ad Sw . : * wer as as === fe t uM mw, lt e | » We ‘ | ? — Ee ik — =," hd : = Lea = wd SS es I Sa = — <4 = 186 Of Frefb- water Fifp. powder of cloves, cinamon and ginger, they ferve it to the Table. Rutili. Roches, or Roch fithes (called fo of Saint Roch that Legendary -&{culapins and giver of health) are efteem- edand thought uncapable of any difeafe, according to the old Proverb, 4s found as a Roch. Hence have men collected, thar the flefh of them: is light, found, and wholefome- which verily is not to be denied, being fod- den likea Bream: they are full of bones, which maketh chem the lefs regarded, though wifemen know well enough, that rofes are rofes, albeit theis tree be dange- rous and full of thornes. Cernua Aspredines. Ruffs or Ruggelsare not much unlike to Perches,tor the soodnefs of their flefh,though their skin be rougher: the beft live in Gandy places, where they wax exceeding fit and fweet, drefs them as you do perches: fome:take them for the Bafe; and verily by Ge/wers defcription they difagree as much as nothing. Salmones. Salmons are of a fatty, tender, fhort,and fweet leh, quickly filling the ftomach and foon glutting. Gefwer commendeth them that go fardeft up into trefh Rivers, accounting them worft which are taken neareft the Sea; ~ which] find to be true in the difference ;-betwixt the Salmons of upper Severn (betwixt Shrewsbury and Beawdly) and the Salmons taken betwixt Gloce/fer and Briftowe. Neverthele{s if they go too high up the River, they wax leaner for want of fufficient ndurifhment, as manifeftly appeareth(which I my fel have feen) inthe Salmon of the Rhine taken at Risgfielden beyond Bafei, and at Oppenheim sbovethe City of Atents. Salmons come in and go out withthe Buck, for towards Winter | they ~~ a _ . 7 we rill a , ate LSE MeN Ne Ve re m ba ——e ee ee ieee é i? oe ae. = Fr rr a 4 aes eas iy ae Pe \ Of F refb- water Fifbe they wax kipper, full of kernels under their throate like a meafeld hogg, and lofe both their rednefS of fleth, and alfo the pleafure of taft which elfeit giveth: they are to be fodden wholly in wine, or wholly in water ; foc - itthey be fodden in both, they prove tough and unplea- fant: itis beft co feeth them in wine vinegar and falt, or elfe parboile them onely in water, being cut into cer- tain pieces, and having ftickt thofe pieces full of cloves, broil them upon a gridiron, and baft them with butter, and ferve themin with fawce made of vinegar , cina- mon and fugar. Some have pickled Salmons Sturgian is ufed, and find it to be as dainty, and no lels wholefom; but fale Salmon lofetha double goodnefS, the one of a good tafte, the other of a good nourifhment. Hot Salmon is counted unwholefome in England, and ful- pected asa leprous meat, without all reafon; for if it be fodden in wine, and_afterwards well {piced,there is no danger of any fuch accident. As for Salmon peales (which indeed are nothing but Sea.Trouts) howfoever they. be highly commended of the Weftern and Welch people, yet are they never enough commended, being a more light,wholefom, and well tafted meat then the Salmon icfelf... | | Salmuncult. Shuins {eem unto me akind of Salmon, whereof plenty «< taken in the River running by Cardiff caftle: but ic furpaffeth the Salmon asmuch in goodnels,as itis fi urpafl- ed by him in length and greatnels;boil it In wine vineg:£ falc, and {weet herbs, and you (hall find it a delicate and wholefome fifh. | | Violacee, Epelani Rondelett}. - smelits ave fo called, becaule they fmell fo fweet, yea if youdraw the mand then dry them ina fhadowy place, (being feafonably taken ) oy ftill cetain.a fmell as ic 3 7 ee weie ae ee : Es Pete. : 183 Of Frefb-water Fifh, were of violets. Their flefh is of the fineft, lighteft, fofteft and beft juce of all other fifh; their excellenc isin winter, and whenfoever they are full of {pawne, Weftern {melts have the greateft commendation for their greatnefs and goodnefs. Void the gall cleanly and - then ufe the livers, guts, bellies, and fat for great refto- ratives. The beft are taken by Kew and Brainford with- in eight miles of London, and at Weftcheffer. Seeth them in hot boiling water and fale, and take them our 4s foon as they are fodden; for lying long in the water they will wax flagey: their fawce is butter and: verjuce mingled with alittle grofs pepper; butif you fry them in butter, eat them with the juice of civil-orenges ; for that is their beft fawce. | T ratte, Trouts are {o great in Northumberland, that they feem thicker then Salmons, and are therefore called Bull- trouts; there are efpecially two forts of them, Red- trouts refembling little frefh-water Salmons, and there- fore termed Salmon-trouts; and Gray-trouts or Skurffs, which keep not in the chanel of Bournes or Rivers , but lurk like the Alderlings under the roots of great Alders; they are both avery pleafant and good meat for found perfons: but they are fouly miftaken which prefer them in agues before Perches, (whofe fleth is tender, friable, light, of gbod juice, and fpeedy concoétion) when they are in no one thing comparable unto them : they are beft being fodden like a Bream and eaten hot, for being eaten Cold they lofe much of their grace and more of their goodnefs, Tince, Tenches 2xe naturally fuch friends ‘to Pikes, that pitty'it is they fhould be feparared’. yet fithI have followed the- order of the Alphabet, 1 could not but eda | divide + ag -Z ‘| Of Frefb-water Fifb. 4189 divide them in name though they agree in nature. Old writers hardly vouchfafe to:mention them, becaufe they were onely efteemed as beggers meat; the very feeling and fmell of them, fhew, thata Tench is but a muddy and flimy fifh. dbertusliving 1252 yeats after Chriff, was the firft that ever wrote of the nature of the Tench. His fleth is topping, flimy, vifcous , and very unwhole- fome ;. and (as Alexander Benedictus writeth) of a moft unclean and damnable nourifhment. Axtosius GaXins faith, thaca fried Tench is a fecret poifon: and Eremem- ' ber that Dr. Cajws (whofe learning I reverence) was wont to call Tenches good plaifters, but bad nourifhers. For indeed being outwardly laid to the foles of ones feet, they oftentimes draw away the ague; but inward- ly taken they engender palfies., {top the lungs, putrifie in the ftomach, and bring 2 man that much eats them to infinite difeafes, they are very hard of digeftion, bur- denfome tothe ftomach, encreafing flimy nourifhment, | and breeding palfies, and appoplexies in the head: From May to November they are very dangerous; after- wards, hot cholerick and labouring men may be refrefh- ed by them, but none elfe: they are worft being fried, beft being kept in gelly,made ftrong of wine and {pices. | Umbra. | Ss Umbers havea dry and whitith fleth, like the flefh of gray-trouts, being of the like fubftance , quality and goodnels, and needing no other preparation. The belly of itis preferred before the other parts, and is whole- fomeft in the Dog daies. Pifanellus ith that it is called Umbra m Latin, because it fwimmeth in the river like a fhaddow; and he commendeth it exceedingly for young an sie and hot ftomacks, as that.alfo it-isfoon conco@ed and encregfeth feed. . CHAP, P ~ > « , “ a . —4 “ oy: ad a hy % ae . Fen i i y : ric! =! pte Mh a . _ = et a reyes? OF we ar - Caan lt. i Ac Of fuch living Creatures and Meats, as be nei- ther Flefb nor F ifh, and yet give good nou- rifbmeni t: the body. Cochele terrefires. Nails are little efteemed of us in Exgland, but in RK Barbarie, Spaine, and Italy they are eaten as a molt dainty, wholefome, nourifhing, and reftoring meat. Let us beware when, and in what fort, we ufe them; for plin.8,c.3¢, theyare naught whilft they feed, but towards winter having fcoured themfelves from all excrements, and batled themfelves fat with fleep, then are they whole- fomeft : alfo if they feed in woods or in gardens fullot Phyfick-hearbs, they are ftrong both of fmell and tatte and dangerous to eat of. They defire of all other hetbs to feed of daffadills and afphodils ; but then they are ‘not fo good, 4s thofe that feed upon other herbs and fruits, but efpecially upon Dew-berries. In Cales and Spain they feed chiefly upon orenge flouers, which makes ‘them very pleafant in eating. In the Iflandsot | Plin Joc citare“@4jorcaand CMrworca , they never come out of their “eaves, but live by fucking one anothers fhell, hanging together like a glufter of grapes; which no doubt are of apurer fubftance then ours, that fuckand feed upon all herbs. Fulvius Hilpinus not long before the civil | ae sswar betwixt Cefar and Pompey, made in his garden ek NEN Aeveral {nail-parks (as I may call them ) keeping evety kind by themfelves; there might one find the white {nails of Reate, the gray and great {nails of 7Lyricum ; the fruitful fails of Africa, and the Solitan{nails,mof | tH Ss famous er — Per Of fuch Meats as ave neither F lefo nor Fifd. famous and excellent of all others: which he fuffered not to feed upon what they lifted, bac made certain papp with fweer wine, hony, and flour, whereby they were fed-fo fat, and became fo wholfome, fweet, and de- __ licate, that they were highly efteemed, being fold every __ difhfull for Fourfcore Quadrants. But fith no man is in hope to gain fo much by that Occupation, they which _ muft needs ufe them, may chufe them in this fort: Firft, let them choofe them of middle fize, feeding all Som- mer time in hilly places upon wholefome Herbs. Se- | _ condly, let them not eat them cill September be palt, for ahi _ by that time they are thoroughly:purged of all Excre- Ht ments. Alfo, they are unfic for weak, cold and moift Ye. Complexions, becaufe they themfelves are cold in the firft degree, and moift in the fecond. — They are beft Piane! de etc. ~~ for hot ftomacks, cholerick conftitutions, thirfty di- moet » — ftemperatures,’ watchful brains, and‘men treubled with _ Uleers of the lungs, andfree from all {toppings and in- flammationsof the Kidneys. Pliay wills them to. be firft parboyl’d in warm Water with fweet Herbs, and _then to be broyl d upon the Coles, andto be eaten ever a inan oddnumber: but if youdrefs them as 4 picius | appoints Periwinckles to bedreft (which I before de- ies - feribedin the Treatife of Periwinckles)they will prove.a:°’prs cap. 18: Ah . light, wholfome and good nourifhment. ei . Tejtudines. a fr Torti(fes are likewife no-ufuall Meat amongft us: yet Aes becaufe I fee no reufon but thaeR tot may bring them in, } and make them as familiar unto us as Turkies are, 1 will write fomething of their choice, ufe, hurtfulnefs, corre- Gion and degrees of Temperature. Choofe: ever the ereateft, fulleft of Eggs, livelieft eyed, and farted at home with the beft meat. Their flefh nourifhes plenti- fully, and recovers men.out of Confumptions.. - Yet is a | 3 it Plin. 1.30:¢.6; Plin. 1.8+¢, 209, Athen I. 2.¢.3. Plint lib. 22. €2p. 24. @ x, Ib. 28. Cap.27% A-L. Of fuch living Creatures and Meats, it flowly digefted of weak flomacks, engendering thick and phiegmatick blood, and making the eaters fleepy and floathfull. Wherefore. feeth him thoroughly im many Waters with fweer Herbs and hot Spices ; -elpecté ally for that it is no lefs-cold then Snailes, and fully as moift, agreeing only at {uch times of the year, and fot fuch kinde of: perfons as Snails be thought convenient for. Rameé. Frogs are of hard concoction, troublefome:to the ftomack, breeding much phlegme, and giving no found yearathet.a bad juice: Yet Water-frogs are beft, of the bigger fort, and both bred and taken in adry feafon. Their hinder parts and Livers (which be two in each) are the beft to be eaten; and being throughly fodd) in oyle, falt-water and Vinegar, and eaten with fawce made of fweet Herbs; Onions and Scallions, they.are no bad meat for cholerick young men,though for old and phleg- matick perfons they be wholly unprofitable. They are moift in the firft degree ; and cold.in the fecond, and therefore to be corrected with hot and drying famples. Mel: Honey and Bread. was a great Meat. with Pythagoras and his Scholars, and counted a fufficient food for a tem- perate life. For Bread ftrengthens the body, and Hony both nourifhes much, and alfo cleanfeth away fuperflu- ities, Polio Romulus being asked by Auguftus the Emperor,how he lived fo long! By nourifhing (faichhe) — my inwards with Honey, and my outward parts with oyle. The like anfwer likewife made Democritus, be- ing demanded the like queftion. Furthermore, itis fo generall a Meat thoroughall Ra/sia, that the Children eat it on their bread every morning, as ours do Butter to their breakfaft + with whom, and with Old men, it ‘ ‘ - £ ee i ne . & fr _ agreeth e g Pe ae ae Pra Oe or i + Pye GEPERSO VIE ' 4 - as are neither F'lefb nor F ifo. 193 agreeth exceeding well, clenfing their breafts, opening their pipes, warming their ftomachs, refitting putrifaati- on, procuring folublenefs and urine, and engendring {weet and commendable blood: but young men(whofe moiiture is lefs then childrens through harpnefS of heat, and whofe ftomachs are hotter then old inens) by much eating’ of hony inflame their blood , encreafe choler, bloody fluxes, wind, and obftruétions , together with a continual loathing of meat and a difpofition to vomit:ho- ny-cakes were wont to be'a great difh in old times at the end of-bankets , as ginger-bread is with us; which cuftome © acrobius and Gellius have juftly reproveds Macr.2.fat.c.g. becaufe {weet things being laft eaten, open the mouth of S¢!.1-43.0. 11. the ftomach, which after meat fhould be clofed, and as it were fealed up to help conco¢tion: Wherefore Pifanellus de efc.k potul. doth very well,’ in prefcribing us to eat ‘fugar-rofac or fome foure fruits after hony , to prevent the engen- dring of cholerin the ftomach, and to help the fame ? _ -whilft it concoéteth. Raw hony is never good, NELE= what bony is eft - fore clarifie ir throughly at the fire {and chufe the | whiteft pureft, cleareft; moft gliftering and thickeft, for they are notes of the beft hony: alfo let it be hony that ran and was never prefled out of the combs, and of young Bees rather then old, feeding upon thime, rofe- mary, flowers, and fuch fweet and wholefome herbs. Then may you boldly give it as meat to young chil- dren, to cold and moift complexions, and to rhumatick old men, efpecially in Northern Countries,and cald cli mates, and in the winter feafon. as CHAP, feeven, E) SAE VE eee ee ML rr) Be SEN 7} ot CHAP. XXL Of Fruit and the differences thereof. N Ow-we arecome to the laft courfe, which in anci- ent and more healthful ages was the firft and onely, whilft mens hands wereneither polluted with the blood of Beafts, nor {melt of the moft unwholefome fentof — fifh. This kind of meat is commended (like the Hebrew tongue) for three principal reafons , astiquity, parity, and fufficiency; for it was more ancient then either flefh or filh by two thoufand years; it is fo pure of it felf that irnever defiles the hand nor needeth any great drel- fing: and that itis fufficient to maintain us long in life, not onely the hiftory of the firft twelve Patriarches, but alfo whole nations living at this day in Jndza, Africa, A- fia, and fome parts of Europe do fufficiently declare, ~ feeding wholly or principally of frait; whereof I find” three.chiefor efpecial kinds.namely Orchard-fruit grow- ing upon trees: Garden-fruit srowing upon fhrubs, herbsand roots: and Féeld-fruit .cencluded under t name of Grane. ie Te kos 195 -CHAP. XXIL. Of all Orchard F ritit. Prana. Armeniaca chry{omela. bs A cei oa are plums diffembled undera peachescoat, =f Ay .. £ \good only and commendable for cheir taft and fta- Plin. frsic.iz. _ grant {mell, their flefh quickly corrupting and degene-_. ating into choler and wheyifh excrements, engendring peftilent agues, {topping the liver and {pleen, breeding ill juice, and giving-either none or very weaknourith- ment: yet ate they medicinable and wholefome for fome perfons, for they provoke urine, quench thirft : andfirup = made of the infufion of dried Abricocks , qualifies the burning heat and rage of fevers: They areleaft hurciul to the fromach, and moft comfortable tothe: brainand heart, which be fweet kerneld, big and fragrant, grow- ing behind a Kitchin-chimny (as they do. at Barn- elms)and fo thoroughly ripened by the Sun, that they will eafily part from their ftone, They are beft before meat, and fitteft for hot ftomachs; but let not women eat many of them and let them alfo remember to drown them well in Sack or Canary wine. Galem'preferreth 3 4. stim, fac. Abticocks before Peaches, becanfe they are not fo'foon © corrupted: whereas common éxperience fheweth the contrary ; foras Abricocks are fooneft ripe , fo of all other ftone fruit they fooneft corrupt in a mans fto- mach. LIE FLOP Ge s ‘ ~~ 198 Of all Orchard Fruit, | vingraphers, Melomachia, the Apple-fight, but cruel fluxes furprifed the Army upon this, and many dyed of intolerable gripings. oxyacanthea, Spine acide. rBl Berberies preferved, are a great refrefhing to hot fto- machs and aguifh perfons, and being kept in pickle they ferve for fallets and the garnifhing of meat; but they are of very little nourifhment themfelves, or rather ofnone’atall, though by a pleafant fharpnefs they edge an appetite. Prants-Sylvefiris regins. Bullicés likewile (both white, fpeckled and black) are of the like nature, being ftued, bake, roafted, or prefecy- ed: fitter tobe eaten laft to clofe up the upper mouth of the ftomach, then firft to ftop the neither mouth, unlefS it be:in fluxes. Sorbi. | rCcy Cervifes (like to Medlers)are then truely ripe, when they are rotten; if you would chufe. the belt, chule the biggeft, moft poulpy, and voideft offtones. They are cold inthe firft ne and dry in the third, giving lit- tle nourifhmentsbut ftaying fluxes, preventing drunke ennefS, ftrengthening the ftomach, and making a {weet breath; their great aftringency fheweth that they are to be eaten laft,for otherwife they wil bind the body, burden Lib vs.cap.21,the ftomach, and engender very grols humours. Plimy maketh four kind of Cerviffes, one as round as an Ap- ple, another’ bottled like.aPeare, the,third ovale made like anegg. The Apple-cervifeis moft {weet, fragrant, and nourifhing, the other of amoft winytaft, the fourth ‘kindof Cerviffe is avery little one, called the Torment: Cervits: allowed for nothing but thar it ceafech the tor- ments of bloody fluxes. a Cherries were neither broughe into /ta/y nor ‘i ng an ee age Tae aT ag aes. tee abide the carriage. a fs - c« - te of all Orchard’ F ruit. ; land till Lucius Lucullus returned from his victory Plin.l.1s-c.25, againft Mithridates , whereof there are chiefly four forts amongft us. | | Juliana. Fulians which are very red,foft, and poulpy, never good but under ithe Tree; for they rot in carrfagea little way. . | > Aproniana, A pronians, which are red,round, and harder, and cam | Dyracina. -Duracines orin French Cewrs;or heart-Cherries,be- caufe they.aremadedike a heaxt, which-are the firmeft of allother.. . 5 | Attiana. ~The blackeftiofallbbbe ‘called ~A4c#ians,; becaule they were brought from Adfivmapromontoty of Epire. In England we have :alfo feen white Cherries growing, wherein the artificial choler marred the good>nature and afte of them; wherefore will not commend them for wholefomnefs, but-fhewotheirrarenefs. Concerning theirufes, let usiemember: thus:much:; that the Cocurs or French‘Cherries:are »moft cordrall,, the commonand pulpy Cherries moft nourifhing, :the- lack Cherries kernel is thebeft meat, -but his flefh un- wwholefome and loathfometothe ftomach, Furthermore our common:Cherries being ripe and eaten from the Tree in a dewy morning, loofen the belly : when contrariwife Cocurs and red foure Cherries bind the fame , beingof amore dry and aftringent fa- culty. All Cherries (faving them which are black) flake thirft, cool moderately, and procure appetite. Sweet snd ripe Cherries fhould be eaten formoft , others are : ns uy ; r . a ee - ead $0: lib. 15. ¢ 22. Of all Orchard Fruit. tobe eaten laft, either -fcalded or baked, or ‘made into cart ftuff, or preferved-with fagar; onrather driedaftes the German manner ; which they keep all: the: year long to quench thirft in agues, t@ cool challer, to ftir up appetite, to unfur the tongue and) rellifh the mouth, to {tay puking, vomiting, and all kindof fluxes,’ Cafranee nuces. | Cheftnuts are fo difconmmended of Galen in his book of Thin Diet, that they fhould be little-efteemed:, had not latter ages better confidered of their nature.» Pliny thought (and Fallow his: reafon) that ic could not bea vile meat, -whichnature had hidden withfuch wonderful and artificial covers or husks: Divus Tiberius having been in Sardinza, or rather (as I take it) at Sarda in Li- dia, brought from thence fome cheftauts, and fer them in Italy,whence no doubt they were derived into France and.England. It is queftioned by fome, whetherraw Cheftnuts may not engender lice.But the French Cheft- nut is bigger, tenderer, andar fweeter then ours; where- of there are two kinds, the ne of alight-and reddifh colour fitteft to beroafted, the other réfembling a dark bay, enclining to ablackith brown (called Coé#ive of Pliny) becaufe they are beft fodden. Of all Cheftnuts chufe the biggeft, fulleft, browneft and roundeft , and let them be three months oldat the leaft before you eat them: Ifyou eattoo many they breed head-ache} col- licks and coftiffne {S, but feed moderately upon themin the midft of meals, and they nourifh without offence. They are dry in the fecond degree, and almoft as hot as dry; but feething remits a little of each, as roafting addeth fomewhat to either quality. They are beft in Winter, agreeing with moift complexions 5 and fuch as are not {ubject to foppings of the breftand liver, | Mala ey rer Se ge ee rw 1c ° ‘ 3 ; ‘i i] it FE Of all Orchard Fruit. cee | CUAla medica c> Citria. ae _» 'Citroxs, wete not known in: Homers time td Be any meat : onely ‘the'pills thereofivere burnt with Cedar- plin-lr3 cat. wood in Temples, when. they facrificed’ to’ Apolo :. as thinking the fume of it a {pecial prefervative againft the Plague: Neither is the juice of them fince commended, but to refift’poifon, td qualifie humours putrified with- in the body, to make a fiveet breach, to cure hot burning », -8gues, and to care the longing of women With child =. for which yet the feeds ‘aye thought moft medicinable. Ne- verthelefs I am fureas ripe’ Citrons ih'sp aire do noutitla Spaniards, {0 preferved Citrons’ may “no fefs ndurifh us; confidering that theiréorrofive' ualiry isalterédby {ugar, and their. coldnefS made temperate thorough perboiling. aon ‘Prina Damafcena, 9 —' 9" | Damfins, which were fir brought from the ‘mouiit of Damafeus itt Syria) drew Hof gunna Se ale of all others, giving ‘moderaraowrithment iit hot Ww acher; to young cholletick and: dry’ ftomachs.*'The’mott now- rifhing be fully ripe (weet plhinp. and thin-skinn’d, Our cuftome’ is very.’bad to eat ripe Plams “laft “when their fweernefS and lightnels perfwades a8 tb 24e them fore moft» Ripe Damfins eaten whilft the'déw is upon chem, ‘are more medicinable then meat ;: but being eaten‘at’the beginning of Dinner ‘or Supper, ‘they are more ‘meat then mediciny and give’ an indifferent '{uftenancé to an indifferent {tomach\elpecially when they ate preferved. Damfins not fully ripe, had need 'to be boiled’or prefery- ed, to correct their cold and crudenature; but-as they are fit'forhot ftomachs and aguifh perfons,: fo Rohe at all are. good for ‘them that be “old? or cold, of watrifh and phlegmatick of conftitution/® 01 9") yc Dou! ees a The like may be (aid of Damafe: prunes:>‘broucht ‘out Of Syria, Spaineand Italy, a are fweer, baae ee 5 OG | an i. & 201 in.[.23-Ca-6. . : ai «* Pin, 1.13. €a.4. Pin, lib. is. Of all Orchard Fruit, and pleafant being ftued. or fodden, when contrariwife the French Pruen is harth. and foure, fitter,to cool men in. agues and to edg diftafted ftomachs,then to-be offered any man.in the way of meat. Daltili. Pates are. wlually put into.ftued broaths,minced-pies, and reftorative cullices,, as though they. were: of very great and wholefome.nourifhment. Certainit is that they fat much.and encreafe-blood; but fuch blood as.eas fily.turneth,intohot.choler., 4/exanders Souldierswere killed with new.Dates:;, which tafte. fo pleafanely, thar only danger, makes a.man farceafe to eat-them. Theibeft Dates grow. by Fericho in Femry, thenext by Adexam driain Egypt, but-the Dates,of, Barbary, and: Spaine have long writhled bodies. without fubftance : Chufe them which areripe.and not rotten, firm and not worm- eaten, fwe.t.and notaftringent,and at thedeatt ayearold afrer the gathering, for,fuch are belt for a cold, Liver fits te{tto move.the Belly-and to. help, the, cough , whereas: new, Dates bind; exceflively ,ftop-the liver, ftomach,veins, ana lnBs or iRei he guts,breed headach, hurt therteech, and, make Jictle ulcers,.to arifein: the mouth: yearipe Dates lighting upon.a bad-ftomachdo, eaflyiputrifiejens: eendering malign agues, & ftufiing the body-with«crude: humours, whereupon great. froppings, encreafe: bothof {pleen,and liver, They,-are, Hot, in,the fecond degree, and moift in, the firft., never. good when they -areieaten: alone, or, without fugar,which hindreth their {peedy cor. ruption. . ) Prentfing, Heracieotice, Pontica cr Avellanenucess Filverds.and Hafelayts, coming firft.out-of Pomtas, and tranflaced by the Romans. into our Countrey, are; found, err enen nourifh, the brain, to, healiold coughes, being,-eatea. withihony;, andto. ftay chumes if shey al = : a re ’ 7 af . at f ” he a PTE ’ eT: A , . Of all Orchard Fruit. 203 be'tofted. Alfo being peeld whilft they ate green; and laida while in water,andeaten afterwards with fugar or falt. at the end of meat,they give a laudible nourifhment, encreafing feed, tempering blood, and making it ofa ood confiftence. Chule ever che longeft, ripeft, and thinneft fhel’d, fulleft of meat, and freeft from {pot or worms alfo eat them whilft they are new, if you pur. pofe-to nourifhomuch , for afterwards they wax more oily and lefs nourifliag : they are beft towards: Winter, and fitter for ftrong and able ftomachs, becaufe they ea- fily overturn weak {tomachs and procure headache. | Ficus Crof st. Figs are the fweeveft fruitot the bittereft tree in the world; for neither leafe, nor bud,nor bark, nor wood, Put. 5-Symp- not body, nor root, nor‘any part of it is {weet befides the fruit: may the very athes of afig-tree, is as fharp and bitter.as any foot, yet figs themfelves are fo fweet, Plint.iz. ca. 1: that onely for love of them the Freach men firft invad- | ed Italy, and inhabited a great part ofit many years ; yea . Mofchus Antimolus the Sophifter having once tafted Alex-1.3.ca ir: them, he hated all other meats during his life; and P/- tofo affected them, that he was called girswn@ she Fig- Athen.l7z.caa lover, nay he loved them fo much, that he died oflice, engendered of corrupt blood which the Figs made; alfo Pompejus Colwmua Cardinal and Viceroy of Naples , died fuddenly inthe arms of Aujten Nyphas that fa- Psu Jov-invirs mous Philofopher , with eating toomany figs, whee Figs are dangerons without wine, but wholefome with it. Wherefore lecall men beware of them,as So/e- won bids us take heed of coo much hony, left our fweee meat bring fourefawce, and pleafure be puniflied with “too late repentance. They ate feldome eaten of us green from the tree;and of outlandith figs Jet Diofcorides com- mead Ris (cines nnelyes) yellow figs, Atheneus his blue ha | Dd2 Figs 204. Of all Orchard Fruits ‘Riggs, and: Pratenfts his Marifcas, or’ Fig dates; yetin my judgement. the round, fhort, and thick barrelid Figs (having a thin skin, and afirm fubftance, with fewdeeds inothem)ate ofall other the beft, though not che {weets Lib.13.cap.182eft, which ] nothihg ‘doubtto be Calleftruthia Galent, and thofe delicate figs of Livia Pompeia which Pliny writes of, ' The feed of Figs nourifheth no more. then a ftone, their skin hardly digefteth, onely their pulppy fudft ance eiveth much; though novery wholefome:nor good nous rifhment. Chufe the fotteft, roundeft, neweft, found: eft, thickeft, and ripeft.; and.as you drink wine upon cold and-moift fruits, fo: drink;ifmall.¢rink, or fuck the foure juice of Orenges, Pomegranards; Le- mons, oreCitrons after Figs: thus being taken they augment fat, clear the countenance ,. provoke venery, quench thirft, refift-venom,purge the kidneys of gravel, and nourifh more then‘any Tree-fruit, whatfoever., But if you would ripen acold, or cleanfe your pipes, yorclear your voice, itis beft to eat them with ripe Almonds, or co drink them with barly water:old age is moft offended by them,and fuch as have ftopt livers,or be of a bad and corrupt complexion. Oils... senicn Piftacta, or Pfittacia _ _«\Fiflicks, or rather Pi/ficks (alluding to the Syrian Daa £9: word) are Nuts growing inthe knob ofthe syrianor Egyptian Turpentine.tree, being {co much more whole- -fomie., good: and: nourifhing,. by how: much they are more fweet,odorifreous,full, big and green: They nou- rifh plentifully,open the liver,clenfe the breaft,{trength- -en. the ftomach and kidneys, {tay fluxes and vomitings, fatten the body ,ftir up luft, and refift poifon. .They-are wholefome both before and after meat, being eaten with -old-pippins, or fugat-rofers. _ 64 228] | cos Chil- ; : pulp, and ver y : v fy . AS, ‘ — Of all Orchard Fruit. ‘Children and hot complexions muft not ufe them, for ‘they enflame their thin blood, and caufe giddinefs: but even Galen (who difcommends them’ more then ‘he needed) ‘alloweth them in Winter for cold. fleagma- tickand weak ftomachs. Jfaac faich, that they are hot and dry in the econddegree, whereof indeed they want very little. a0'r ot Uve. | 4 ~ Grapes differtwo wayes efpecially.in fubftance and taft. Inrefpect of fubftance, they are either flethy, which are fitteft for meat, or winy and thinn, which are ficteft to drink, being made into wine. Inrefpect of tafte, {weet Grapes fatten and nourifh moft; being of hotteft confti- tution,and fpeedieft concoction, yet they fwell the fto- mach, engender thirft, andloofen thebody.' Soure and harfh Grapes are cold in operation, hardly digefted, of litele nourifhment, griping and yet ‘binding the belly; and therefore fitter to be tafted of as fawce,’ then‘ to be eaten as meat. 7 The Germans hang up clufters of ripe Grapes (fuffer- ing them not to touch onéanother) upon lines “ina cold Gallery, or rather in their Bed-chambers; which’ being @ried nourith much, and yetneither fivell che ftomach nor caufeloofiefs: in heat of:agues one fuch Grape or two at the moft do more refrefh the mouth, -and reftore che tate, then fix ownces of conferve of' cold Berbe+ — -'yes. | Hafelnuts are already written of in our Treatife of Filbirds, Mala Tinta: fore - Innitings are the firft’ kind of Apples which. ‘are fooneftripe , coming inand going out with the Month of June; of alittle round and light fubftance, » tender fracrantfinell; » fent.at shat time.to:cool 205 2 de dixt.part, choler, . nade caamiecias oe i ery Shy BEN wie Th ee oa EAs Man OP Ae . WP ' A Ee H ; — : —n 206 Of all Orchard F ruit. choler, flack thirft, and reftore fpirits decayed with heat of Summer; it giveth fufficient,though no great nor {trong nourifhment,being fitter for young and hot com- pledtions, then them which are weakaed with phlegm, Cornt, Kornils or Corneols are of a very aftringent and binding tafte, fit to nourifh weak ftomachs that can keep nothing, or weak guts that void allthings. For found men they are not good, but eaten in fmall quanti- ty after meat, becaufe they firmly feal up the ftomach, and aceidentally help concoétition, Tart ftuff or Mar- malade may be made of them:-to that purpofe, wherein no doubt they,excel qninces Egleutius berries be of the like fubftance and nature. CMalum Limoninm, Lemmons approach neer unto Citrons: and Lames are engendred of themboth. Their poulp is cold and dry in the third degree, their peel hot and dry in the fecond, and their feed temperate. If you eat the juice alone, ic caufeth gripings, leannefs and crudities; butif you eat the peel with the pulp (as nature feemeth there- fore to have united them) the heat of the one correéteth the rawnefs of the other, and not onely. the ftomach but alfo the heart is comforted by them both. They of Na- Tifanel. de efc, P4eS and Genoa flice the beft and foureft Lemons and Ci- & porul. trons very.thinn, and having caft on fale and rofewater, ufe them as a general fawce to all flefh and fihh. by which preparation an appetite is procured, their wine well tafted , and their kidneys: fcowred, | But forafmuch as we live in acolder climate, it is beft totake theripeft fore of Lemmons, and to {teep. their flices, peel and all in wine, fagar and cinamon upon the warm coals, aad then to eat them alone, or with our meat. Let old and confumed perfons beware of them: for ss m st ¥ SEN ae ee ee, 4 oS S| aA A inte Ne ania e iS SURES BRS eA MR He > a ‘ AY} i fee ann H SS Se SS 4 ¢ i * lad aa eae i hoe Ae ee oe eA = ae Te ; Liew ! With at Mie ik | iti ail 1 { Io) ato) MERLE itt a ee Lbs Nh | be eas mh dle b © si ij Wi : hi BS iy iagt S : d —e A { 1 ifs} acer 2 PMNS) Bi SPOR eth Se Hee TBE | ot) alee ‘ % arn) | H ; t ee ; Of all Orchard Fruit. q07 for they will fpend' their fpirits wich abundance’ of urinié;,. and alfo overthrow their natural hear, which is rather to be quickned and reftored with wine, then quenched or quelled with fo great a.cooler. ) Mefpila. Medlers were not feen in Italy whilft Catolived, but now in England there be too many. Concerning the fruit.it felf, icismever good till it be rotten ;. wherein the bus-meddlers of our age may alfo worthily be com- pared to them: the great ones (called Setania). have moft’pulp, the'little ones lefS, but more fine’ and fra- grant: thefe alfo do more comfort and bind the fto- mach, though the great ones excell them in plenty of sourifiment’: either’ fort is to be-eaten’ laft , becanfe they-are ofan heavy and ‘afttingent nature; burdenfom to the ftomach, and engendering grofs‘humours,if they be’ eaten: firit: | Plind. 19:¢.205 - Mora. Mulberies being black and Fat (which is’a figne’of their fill ripenefs) are hot in the firft degree, and moift in the fecond’; fitteft to be eaten before'meat; becaufe rhey- eafily‘ pafS from-out the ftomach to the guts, draw= ing the other meat along ‘with'themfelyes: "they pleafe’ the ftomach, procure lofnefs of body and urine, nourifhr found and clean bodies; though they corrupt’ in unclean’ - ffomachs ; alfo they fmoothen the-harfhnefs’ of the, oes thtoate. quench thirft, delay choler, and caufeno great, por.ex Avicen. but yet a natural appetiteto meat. They fhould “be ga- na fixio & Ifa, thered‘before Sun-rifing, and given onely (as I faid)ro“”"“*° dean {tomachs and before meat; for they will elfe cor- ruptand fwell usup, and drive us.perhaps into fome pu-" erified fever. They are ficteft'in Summer for young men, - and fiichas abound withblood-andcholer, _* Yaripe Malberies (whichis difcerned by their yer" Bip gts $ n yaa ae he MESES WOES a NON | i —— ~ or ¢ 20% ade alim, fac. Laert.in Plut. Vif, Of all Orchard Fruit. nefS and rednefs) may be good to make medicins for ulcered throats and fluxes of the belly, but they deferye not the names of nourifhments, When Mulberies cannot be gotten, Blackberries or Dewberries may fupply their room, to which. Galep alcribeth thedike vertues. This one thing let us note, omitted of all Herbarifts of our latter. ages. that albeit 4 Mulbery Tree be called in Greek and Latin Morus that is to fay, 4 fool;yet her wifdome excelleth all other Trees in my judgement, becaufe it never budeth rill all fharp weather be clean gone, and then {predeth out her leayes moreinaday, thenall other Trees did in thirty before. Olive, | dA Olives (the defired falade of divine P/atoe) are an ufu- al difh at moft mens Tables, though none of them grow in England. Wild Olives are better, then thofe which are fet in City Orchards ; which the very Birdsrdo know in Italy, more coveting the wilder fort. We have three forts of them brought into ourCountrey,Spanith-olives, Ttalian- olives, and Olives of Provence. The firft fort is the biggeft, but yet the worft, being too yellow, too foft, and too fullof.oil: che Italian Olive is almoftas big, but more firm of flefh, and pleafanter through re- taining his natural greenifhnefs. The Province.Olives are lefs then either, fomethingsbitterer. alfo and more leather like skind, yet. berter forthe ftomach then the Spa- nifh, though nothing neer the Italian or Bononian Olive in fleth, tafte, or goodnefs : There alfo their pickles is made of water, falt, ind {weet fennel, which giveth them a greater grace, and. maketh them lefs heavy unto weak {tomachs: Seis ae et kk | All Olives, (even the beft)-are -but of flow and little gourithment ; f{erving efpecially to provoke appetite, co cleanie the ftomach of phlegm, to fwengthen the | guts, ee Of all Orchard Fruit. euts., and to: cure loathing of meat. It were good te take them out of ‘their fle pickle -( which énfameth blood) and to lay them a while in vinegar before we eat ~~ them, to corre& their heat, and make them more agree- __ able tothe ftomach. They are beft in the midft of meat _ witha French falad; for being firft eaten, they lye hea- vy in the ftomach, and being laft eaten, they offend the head with their brackifhvand fale vapours, which hinder fleep and encreafe thirft. Malum Aurantium. Orenges are brought hither of three kinds, fome ex- ceeding fweet, others foure, and the third fort unfavory, or of norellifh. The firft fort are fweet and temperate- ly hot, of indifferent nourifhment, good for {toppings of the breft, rhumes and melancholy. Very foure Orenges are extreamly cold, making thin and watrith blood, and gtiping the belly; but right Civil-orengeshave a pleafane verdure betwixt fweet and foures whofejuice and flefh preferved, caufe a good appetite, bridle choler, quench ~_ thirft, yet neither cool nor dry in any excefs. As for un- — favory Orenges, they neither nourifh nor ferve to any ood ule; but lie heavy in the ftomach, ftirring up wind _ aad breeding obftructions in the belly: being eaten with | - fugar and cinamon, civil-orenges give a pretty nourifh- _. ment to aguifh perfons, whofe ftomachs can digeft no {trong meats; and alfo their pills preferved do fomewhat nourifh, efpecially if they be not fpoiled of the white part which is moft nourifhing, as the outward rind con- trariwife is moft medicinable; chufe the heavieft, ripeft, and beft coloured,and thofe that tafte pleafantly betwixt * fweet and foure. | Mala Per fica. Climate may alter natures; For Colwmella and divers be- Bac Se SoS meee fore Rl wee? : mt OR nr ° & a) 20 9 : * Peaches thew manifeftly how change of earth and. : Namie An iy am ~ eh ome CSS ag RS = r ‘ Pa , - [deoas NR eRe VEN. Meee Sie it ae a eR i ee aa iiseaiers: +. Ye H SRE A Sa : 4 F ) rt Sere Wes HM ha \ F FR arginine AN Soe aE : = - — See —— = Pah nw ~ heed 7 - Si ; y “=a & —s “ as” Se ey ON ie = ——— 5 = — —s a i FSi mee St) hh aie i— 7 Mth) = ; ’ iF Vare na ; 4 ert il ¢ Hg ih ary Sh alc ae rah < ys in} } | | r i } ty 2déalim. fac. Of all Orchard Fruit. fore Plindes time have recorded, that in Perfie (from whence they were brought into Europe ) peaches are a deadly poifon ; but with us the fmell of aripe, tender, nd fragrant peach comforteth the heare, and their meat not onely caufeth appetite, maketh a {weet breath and cooleth choler, but alfo eafily digefteth and giveth good noutifhment. J never faw greater ftore of good peaches chen in Suitzerland, where the poor men fat themfelves and their hoggs with them exceedingly when they are ‘nfeafon. All Peaches are. to. be quartered, and laid in firong wine before they are eaten. Ripe Peaches accor-: ding to Galens rule muft be eaten in the beginning of meals, becaufe they are a moift and flippery fruit, but. hardand unripe Peaches are beft at the end of meat (if ever they are good at all) yea though they be candied or preferyed; yet Peaches mutt be fparingly eaten, for many are dangerous , and killed Theognoftus that fine Scholer,fo much lamented in the Greek Epigrams, Four eood morfels, Peaches, Figs,Melons, and Champignos. Pyrd. pears be of infinite kindes, becaufe men by graffing divers Pears together have made of them infinite mix- tures. The Norwich-pear, and St. a. Amerinum, Thomas-Pear are moft durable 2.Signinum. ; a: Venereum < | and very good; the Sasd-pear Is 4.Cruftuminum firm and alfo nourifhing , the Laay- 5 Force pear is too watrith, though beautiful sapere 7 | in colour: The Katherin-pear ss > Anipilt eens fimply beft and beft relifhed :. The Musk-pear is very cordial , “The Long-tail hath a good verdure, The P#ff-pear is full of wind: The Bell-pear is very fappy : The Tanckara- pear is fomewhat bitterifh and noifome to the ftomach. ‘But leaving their infinite differences of fhape,colour,and time Stars Pe eam Of all Orchard Fruit. time, let us onely write of their differences in tafte, which: is chiefly to be regarded. All fiveet Pears be moft nourifhing, cleanfing the breft of Phleagm, com- forting the ftomach, and leaft binding. Soure and harfh Pears are exceeding hurtfulto the ftomach and fi- newy parts; unfavory Pears breed illjuice, and bitter Pears nourifh nothing atall: If awell rellifhed: Pear be alfo endued witha fragrant fmell (asthe Katherin Pear, Violet, Poppering ,. Sugar-Pear, Musk-pear-and fuch r _ jike) they are to be preferred before all others. Concerning the preparation of Pears, they are worft raw, and their skinn is moft unwholefome ; - without wine they are counted poifon, efpecially be- ing largely taken asa meat. - They are beft being eaten laft, as contrariwife Apples for the moft pare are firft tobe eaten becaufe they arerather of a loof- ning then an aftringent nature. Theyare beft baked, ‘ib.de-la. maié then roafted ; but dryed Pears ( in Harry Stevens". judgement) furpafs all for ftrong nourifhment. The are temperate in heat and cold, but dry in the fecond de- _gtee:which cauferh them to ceafe fluxes and vomits , to repel vapours, and ftrengthen the ftomach, Prana, @ Plums grow here in fuch variety, that to name them onely were a tedious work. The moft pulppy, feet, pleafant and nourifhing be thefe. Pear-plums, Vi- olet-plums,Pe{cod- plums ous Ladies: plums ,Wheatplums, Mawdlins,and Damfins whereof we have already{poken. The leaft nourifhing (though fome of them tafte not unpleafantly, efpecially the Chriftian-plum) are Bullices,Chriftians , Prunellaes,Skegs and Horfeplums, © All Plums baked, ftued, or preferved with fu- gar do more plentifullynourifh, becaufe much of their fharpnefs, watrifhnefs,and rawnef§ isthereby corrected. . Ee2 Alwates Schol.fal.c. 39. Qty a he S12 Of all Orchard F ruit, Alwaies remember to eat the fweeteft fort before, and the foureft:forts of Plums after meat, leaft unorder- ly eating caufe that to be blamed, which was good and wholefome in his due place. Here J have occafion to fpeak of the pafte of Genoa made of fragrantiand fine ripe Plums; which no doubt is not onely: cordial, but alfo reftorative to fuch ftomachs, as through extremities of agues have loft their ftrength. Mala Puntca. Pomegranads when they are {weet and thorough ripe, loofen phlegm, help the {tomach, breft, and cough, en- Gal.l. 8. impl. creafe venery, provoke urine, loofen the belly, moilten the fpiritual parts, and give indifferent ftore of good nourifhment : they are beft in Winter for old memand phlegmatick conftitutions. Gal ex.Diofe, Soure Pomegranads hurt a cold ftomach,ftraiten the lib.x cap. 127. breft, hinder expectoration, ftop the liver, offend both teeth. and gums, cool exceffively, ftay all humoral fluxes, yet provoke urine moft plentifully ; and therefore they are more prefcribed.in agues then the fweet ones, as alfo to cholerick young men fubject tofcowrings. Paulus Aizineta afirmeth, foure Pomegranads to. bind onely found mens bodies, but not fuch as be fick. Howfoe- ver itis, fith the ones goodnels refifteth the others hurt- fulnefS, it isbeft to mingle both their juices for fuch as be aguifh or weak, andfeverally toufe them for the frong according as occafion ferveth. | : Malacotonea cr Cydonia. | Quinces are of two forts; an Apple-quince called malum cotoneum, and a Pear-quince called of Diofco- rides Struthium bothof them were firft broughe from Cyden,acaftle in Candy, whereupon they are common- ly called mala Cydenta, we account moft of the latter fort,but the cotton and dewny Quince made like an Ap- ple: J a aS Sar —ae Sed ee ae ming ad oe xz So —_ = - =~ —— ~ = _—— — = 2 So ~~. mers = is - ve ~ a =a a ‘i Si ae = —- . = tk “. en ~. =e es a eae —_ en ™ - 3 aw = ad aragen eee 7 eae en - a os inn - - “re : = abe = = —oaed ioe “4 ——————— ———— ie a = > = ee = kena es ae fc na = I= Ee —_ ~ ues: L er ee x = Seer ee x : = ss = = ee oe = 5 eee = r , . afl pains of che guts and moderate nourifment, no fruit Of all Orchard Fruit. ple, is moft commended of the Grecian and Latin wri- ters. Of eicher of them chule the moft clear,eran{parant,, thin-skind, ungravelly , downy, beft fmelling, and moft furrowed as it were with long ftreaks; for the very fcent of fuch is comfortable , and though their raw flefh be as hard as raw beefe unto weak ftomachs, yet being roafted, or baked, or made into Marmalade, or cunning- ly preferved, they give a wholefome and good nourifh- ment, and make the body foluble being eaten laft ac meat; for if you eat them firft, they clyng the ftomach, caufe exceeding coftiffnefS,and hinder digeftion,as Galen 3 de alum. fac: ‘fufficiently tried in’ Protas the Orator.. They are cold in “P+*? the firft degree, and dry almoft in the fecond: agreeing with all ages, times, and complexions, where juft occa- fion is given to ufe them. | Uva palfe. Raifins are of the fame temperature with the Grapes which they are made of, being alfo as divers in tafte, fub- ftance and quality, as they be. That Noah was the firft planter of Vines, Chriftians know better out of the Bi- ble, then any Poet or heathen writer could ever aim at ; but who firft devifed the drying of Raifins in the Sun, or the preffing them into frailes, it isneither fet down by Pliny nor any other Author that Ihave read. Onely this I finde by reafon and experience, that the greateft, fatteft, fveeteft, longeft and bleweft Raifins of the Sun are ever beft; nourifhing fufficiently, moderately clen- fing, very well temperating ill humours, mitigating all . paines, and engendring very pure and good blood; yea the African Phyfitians that lived in Ga’ens time did’. de alin. fac: with one voice and confent proteft thus muchof them, that for opening the breft, ftomach and lungs; for cleanfing the blood, kidneys, and bladder, for ceafing -* * i$. 214 Lib, §eCap-4. Lib.2.de alim. fac.cap 9. Plin.).15.C-15. Mac.3 fat.c.18 Plin.lib.23.c.8 Pif.de efcul. & potul. Of all Orchard Fruit. isto be compared unto Raifins. Matthiolws in his Com- mentaries upon Diofcorides faith that Raifins of the Sun being either voided of their kernels or growing without kernels, loofen the belly, help hoarfenefs,and both nou- rith and cleanfe the liver : contrariwife being eaten with the ftones or kernels, they work rather.a contrary ope- ration. That Grapes nourifh much, we may fee (faith Galen) by Vintage labourers, who come lean to the vineyard, but return as fatas Hogs. Much moredo Ra- fins of the Sun andother Raifins nourifh our bodies, and are therefore to be accounted for no bad meats. Pyra volema Plinti]. Wardens or Palme-pears fo called, becaufe one of them will fill the palm ofa hand, were firft brought into credit by Livia Pompeja, they are very hurtful and al- moft indigeftible being eaten raw or green; but towards Winter they are very wholefome fora weak ftomach, being ftued , bakt, or roafted, and to be preferred for nourifhment before all fruit; engendring (efpecial- ly when they are fweet and red) moft wholefome juice; {trengthening concoction, repelling vapours from the head,and comforting the weak and decayed fpirits:would to God every hedge were as full of them as they are of wild Pears and Crabs, that both poor and rich might have a competent nourifhment when fifh and flefh can hardly be gotten. ) Tuglandes. Wallnuts or Iupiters acorns (for fo the Greeks and La- tins called them)are fufficientlynourifhing whilft they are green, but when they once wax fo dry that they hardly peel,they are more medicinable then nourifhing : either of them engender the coughand caufe headache; but if you peel new Walnuts and wafh them in wine and fale, they are leaft offenfive to the ftomach, and yet more | poe a nouri{hing Of all Orchard Fruit. nourifhing if¢you eat them with fugar. Old Walnuts are hot in the third degree, and dry in the fecond; new Walnuts are moft temperate in each refpect , agreeing with old men and phlegmatick perfons, being eaten at the end of the Fall and the beginning of winter. Cw P.. XXIL. OF fach Fruits of the Garden as are nouri[bing. A Atichokes grew fometimes onely in the Ifle of S- f & cit ; and fince my remembrance they were fo dain- ty in Exgland, that ufually they were fold for crownes 4 peice : now induftry and skill hath made them fo com- mon, that the pooreft man is pofleffed of Princes dainties. Fulins Capitolinus in the life of Pertinax, and Pliny like- wife in the rg book of his natural Hiftory, reports Ar- tichokes to have been of fuch eftimation in Carthage and Cerduba, that there were fold as many Artichokes - mone year, as came to fix thoufand Sefterties, which maketh thirty thoufand pound Sterling. The firft fprouts of Artichoke-leavs being fod in good broth with butter, p04 1:5. Par do not onely nourifh, but alfo mightily ftir up luft of the body both in men and women: the young heads of them eaten raw with pepper and falrdo the like; but the great heads being once come to perfection, howfoever they are counted windy & hard of digeftion,fuming upto the — head.and burdenfom to the ftomach:yet certainitis that they are of great nourifhment being well prepared.Some Gal. 2,de alim: _ boilthem in fat poudred-beefe broth till they be tender, fac. and then eat them with vinegar,pepper,fugar, butter, and fat, Others having parboiled themia little,cake the pulpy Sa ee : | part «oom, * Q15 - i p j th i Dodon. lib. 2. bift. pl, , . y } Of fuch Fruits cf the Garden part in the bottome, and with feet. Marrow, Verjuice; Pepper, Sugar, and Goofeberries, make moft excellent and reftorative Pies. The Italians broil them ona Grid- iron, fetting their bottoms downward, and pouring on alittle fweet oil upon every leaf afloon.as they open with the heat, and as that foakes in, they put in a little’ more :. for if much fhould be poured in at once, they would {mel of the fmoak , by reafon that the oil would arop into the fire. This way the Artichoke ts leaft windy, and (if it be eaten with Sugar, Butter, and the juice of an Orenge) moft pleafant likes wife. They are hot in twodegrees, and dry in one; and therefore fitteft for cold, aged perfons, and complexi- ons. Remember that raw Artichokes are to be eaten towards the end of meals, but the other at the beginning or in the midft. 4 [paracus. Afparagus was in old time a meat for fach Empe- rours as fulius Cefar ; nowevery boord is ferved with them. They muft be prefently gathered when their heads bow downwards,and being fodden in two or three waters (to ridd them of bitternefs)_ they are to be boiled in mutton broth till they be tender, which is done ina trice. The greateft and tendereft ftalked are ever beft, and few or no kind of herbs nourifh more, being {poiled of their bitternefs andeaten hot. Galen doubteth of their active quality , but yet experience fheweth them to be temperately moift, and not to exceed in heat the firft degree, } Ballocks-grafs, or Satyrium (whereof there be five principal kinds) isonly nourifhing in the full, heavy and Aappy toot ; for the other is of clean contrary dilpofi- tion. -Someeat them being boiled in Goats milke and Sugar. Others candy them , or keep them in Syrup: any : - aoe ae rs : | as are nourifbing. | 7 any way they encreafe bodily luft ftrengthen the liver, A help the parts: of conception, reftore them which are en and give plentiful nourifhment in heétick Fevors.. | Mora rubi. | Bramble-berries, or Black-berries , be they of the greater or the lefs kind, are cemperately warm, and fuf- ficiently nourifhing to:a weak {tomach. How the poor live upon them, daily experience fheweth; yet being ~ mucheaten they bind the body, and engender fuch pus _ trified humors asbeget both {Cabs andlice. Borrago. Bugleffa. Sirfium. Borrage, Buglofs and Langdebeif, are of lo great a temperature in all qualities, that they are not only commended for fpecial Cordials being fteeped ia'Wine, or made into Conferves ; bur alfo their flowers, ‘herbs, i and roots are efteemed reftorative , nourifhing weak e; | bodies fufficiently, and ftrengthening the parts of nou- | rifhment more then meanly,being fodden in broths cul. ) lifes, or gellies. Perfonate radix. rc. Burr-roots, (I mean of the Clot-burr, called aevce7yv | bythe Greeks ) whylft they are young and tender, in - | the month of Apri/,are very wholefome and nourifhing, | being eatenlike a young green Artichoke with pepper | -andfalt. The Frenchmen and Italians firft found them | out: fince which time they are more common amongft us, through the means of them which have travelled in- — “4 to ftrange Countries, , ~~ : | Braffica. oS Coleworts be of divers forts, but the moft nourifhing of allis your white-leafed Cabbage: (as big as agreat Plin. - loaf) called Braffica Tritiana, and that which the Ttali- ans calleth Casi flores : —— Pompey, that it = . was Alex] 5. ci24, Plin-li9.¢.d, Galen. Of fuch, Fruits of the Garden wastermed Braffica Pompetana. Either of them muft firft gently be fodden in fair water, then again fteeped all:night in warm milk; afterwards feeth them with fae marrow or in fat brues, and they are very nourifhing without offence. Otherwife all Coleworts engender grofs and melancholique bloud. Choofe ever the whi- teftand tendereft leafed , for they are of the fineft and beft nourifhment. The Aigyptians eat Cabbage firft to prevent drunkennefs. Danci hortenfes. Carot reots , are very temperate in heat and drinef, of an aromatical and fpice-like tafte, warming the in- ward parts, and giving great nourifhment to indifferent ftomachs, being fodden in fat and flefhy broth, or elfe buttered. The yellower the root, the more fweet,ten- der, and aromatical is the Carot: and the beft grow ima black, foft and ripe though not ina forced earth. Anpguria Citreli. Citruls, (fo much beloved of ‘Téberius the Emperor) are of like temperature with Melons and Pompions (of whom hereafter) nourifhing hot ftomachs very well be- ing boiled with good flefh or fweet milk, Cacumeres. Melopepones. Cucumbers growing in hot grounds and well ripened with the Sun, are neither moift nor cold in the fecond degree. They agree well with hot ftomachs being eaten with vineger, falt, oil, and pepper > but if you boil them (whilft they are young) with white-wine, vervin, dill, and falt liquor, they are not of abad: nourifhment (as Galen took them) but engender good humors, and fettle avery cold and weak ftomach: as by much. praétice oe. long experience I have proved in divers’ per- a Schenoprafa ; .’ Pent 4 a on : > an it <- " Bs al — a as are nourifbing. - eth ie Schenoprafa. Cives, or Rufh-leeks be almoft as hot as Leeks them- felves. Some eat them raw in Salads, but then they -nourifh not. If you boil them twice or thrice in water, they lofe their over-hot and drying nature, and give no bad nourifhment to cold ftomachs. : Glandes terreftres Dodonai. Earthnuts grow muchon Richmond H cath and Coome ‘Park, as alfo befide Bath as you travel to Bréffol, They are beftin May. In Holland and Brabant they are eaten (as the roots of Turneps and Parfneps) boiled in fiefh- broth, which correéteth their binding quality, and maketh them of good and wholefome nourifh- | Bulbocaftanes. Earth-chefnuts are far bigger then Earthnuts, and the flowers of them are white where the others be red. About Bath there is.great plenty of them, and they. are of like nourifhment and ufe with the Earchnuts. Intubum [ativum latifolium. ) Endive ( efpecially that which hath the longeft, Jargeft, fofteft, and whiteft leaves) isof good nourifh- ment to hot ftomachs, not-only cooling butalfo en- creafing bloud; if it be fodd in white broth till it be tender : but ifyou eat it raw in falads (as it is moft com- B monly ufed) then it only cooleth and lyeth heavy in the ftomach, becaufe-it is not freed from its cru. ditiess | Vacinia palufirias | Fen-berries grow not only in Holland in low and moift places, butalfo (if I have not forgottenit) in the Ifle of Eli. They are of like temperand faculty. with, our whortles, but, fomewhat more aftringent. Being | eaten raw or ftewed with ingaty they are wholefome. . . | = meat an | 130 Of fuch. Frints of the Garden meat in hot burning fevers, unto which either fluxes of humors or {pending of fpirits are. annexed. Likewife they quench thirft no lefS then Ribes, andthe red or outlandifh Goofeberrie. Mora Rubi Tdei. | Trambois, or Rafpis areof complexion like the Black berty and Dewberry, but novof fo aftringent nor dry- ing quality. Furthermore they are more fragrant to the Nofe and more pleafant in-tafte, and of far better now- rifhment to hot ftomachs. for cold ftomachs cannot con- vert them iInto-any good juice. A llinm Garlick was fo odious or hurtful to Horace thathe makes it more venemous then Hemlocks, Adders Horat.l.3.eped Dloud, CMedea’s cups, yea then the polfon of Neffus Suidas. the Centaure which killed Hercules. Contrariwife the Thracians eat it every morning to breakfaft, and carry icwith them in jwarfare as their chiefeft mear, Whereat we need not marvel, confidering the coldnef of their Country and their: phlegmatick conftitution. Let us rather wonder at the Spaniard, who eats it‘more (being a hot Nation’) then our labouring men do’ here in Exgland. Whereby we may fee how preparation bezetteth in every ching another nature: for the Thr2- clans eat it raw- becaufe of their extreme coldnefS; bur the Spaniard fodden firft in many waters , or elferofted under the embers in awet paper, whereby itis’ made fiveetand pleafant, and hath loft more then halfo¢ his heat anddrynefs. Thus is Garlick medicine and meat : medicine ifit be'eaten raw, but meat and nourifhment being rofted under the embers, or ftickt like lard in fat meat, or boiled in many waters, broths, or milks. By which way’ alfo his fuming and diuretical quality is much” corrected... Yet beware left you eat too. much of. as are nourifbing. of it,Jeft it engender’ little worms in your flefh, :as it’ did in Arnulphus the Emperor, PitcoF tbe died. Itis very dangerous to young children , fine women , and. hot young men; unlefS the’ headdy, hot and biting quality thereof be extinguifhed by the forefaid means. © | Cucurbita. Gourds eatenraw and unprepared, are avery un- wholefome food, as Galen faith, exceedingly cooling, charging, and loading the ftomach, and engendering cruditiesand wind. - But being boiled, baked, orfryed with butrer, it lofeth his hurtfulnefs, and giveth good nourifhment to indifferent ftomachs... The feed of it being husked and boiled in new ‘milke is. counted: very reftorative in-hectick fevers. | Groffule: Uve crifpe. Goofeberries being thorough ripe are as nourifhing a8 fweer, and of the like temper, not only encreafing: flefh, but alfo farting the body.. They fhould be eaten firft and not laft, becaufé’ they are fo light a fruit.» When they are almoft'ripe they are reftorative being made in-- to Codiniack, or baked in Tarts. Soure Goofeberries nourifh nothing, ferving rather for fawce to pleafe ones tafte, thento augment fiefh, 9 * Grofule tran{marine. _ _ Red Goofeberries or baftard-Corinths, commonly called Ribes of Apothecaries, and taken of Dodonews for the Bears-berry of Galen; 1s almoft’ of the like Na- hib. 7. dé med: ture with Goofeberries, but more cold, dry, and aftrin-tec.loc. gent by one degree, becaufe they never wax {weet in’ our Country. They are very cordial and cooling in Agues, being eaten either in Conferve, or Codiniack; yea nourifhing alfo to hot ftomachs. | | Lupularii af[paragi: Hop-/hootes are of the fame nature with — : nourifh- : 22 2 Of (uch Fruits.of the Garden Mourifhing not alittle’ being: prepared in the like fore (which is before defcribed) though rather cleanfing and {Couring of theirown nature, Alliaria, Sack by the hedge; asiv is not-much ufed in Medip cines, fo it was heretofore \avery ancient and common meat , being therefore called Sawce alone. Country mendo boil it and-eat itin ftead of Garlick, being no lefS ftrengthened and nourithed by it then the, Perfian children were with Town-creffes. I allowit not for indifferent ftomachs, unlefs it have been fteept in divers warm waters, and then be eaten (as Garlick maybe eaten) moderately: for it ishotanddry more then in the third degree. Porra. Lecks are efteemed fo wholefome and nourifhing in our Country, that few thinke any. good Pottage can be made without them. That they engender bloud no author denies ; but they fay itis. grols, hot, and evil bloud.. NeverthelefS. if they, be firft fodden in milke, and then ufed-in meat, they are unclothed of all bad qualities, and become friendly to the ftomach, and nou- polemon lib. rifhing tothe liver. The Grecians made fuchreckon- tetas ing of Leeks, as our. Welfh men do; yea he ever fate uppermoft at. spollo’s feaft that brought thither the ereateft headed, Leek... Some impute that to his mo- ther Latena her longing for Leeks whilft the was with child of Apello. Others fay that Apollo did fo high'y efteem.them, .becaufe they engender much bloud and feed, whereby mankind is much encreafed: which opi- nion | likebeft of, hearing and feeing fuch fruitfulnefs in Wales, that few or none be found barren, and many fruitful before their time. * bejny so oep Porrum as are nouri/bing. : 223 _ Porrum fectivum Palladii. | The unfet Leek or Maiden-leek is not fo hot 2s the -Knopped ones 5 becaufe his fuming quality is diminifh- ed by often cutting. - Lactuca. Lettie is not more ufually then profitably eaten of us in Summer; yea Galen did never eat of any other Garden herb fave this (for ought we read) whereby he delayed the heat of his {tomach in youth, eating it for- _ _ -Moft, and flept foundly and quietly in age, eating it latt. _ |eis better fodden then raw, efpecially for weak’ fto- machs : and if any will eat it raw.corre@ ic with mingling alittle Tarragon and Fennel withit’ The young loaft. Lettice is fimply beft, but you muft not wath it, for then itlofeth its beft and moft nourifhing vertue that lieth upon the outmoft skin - only pluck away the leavés ) growing near the ground, till you come to the cabbage | ofthe Lettice, and itis enough. Longufe ‘of Lettice | caufeth barrennefS, cooleth luft; dulleth the eyefight, | weakeneth thebody, and quencheth natutal heat in the | | ftomach: but moderately and duly taken of hot natures, | dtencreafeth bloud, feed, and milk; ftayethall fluxes of : ! 2 de alim. fac. : : , 2 * - ated tal ti nrg la ier Ce Le ee ee ee eee ee ee eel a - . an a ae — es eG a eR ny ~ alle eet - a a - _ ae - nature, bringeth on fleep and coolechthe heat of Urine. The middle and thickeft part of the leaf being boiled - and preferved in Syrup (as Endiffand Succory is done | beyond-fea) giveagreat nourifhment to: weak perfons | _ 1ewly_ recovered.of hot Agues. ‘The Romans did eat ___ Lettice laft toprovoke fleep : wear it firtt toprovoke : appetite. Sothat Martials queftion is fully anfwered® ee — — * = — om a ar — - — ition ona ow Claudere que conas Lattuce folebat avorunt, Dic mihi, cur nofiras incipit illa Dapes ? When. elder times did feed:on Lettice lat, _ Why ts it now the firft meat that wetaft?’ .o . - Melones <2. “ + ghee = a : > Of fuch Fruits of the Garden Melones ch Pepones. Melons and. Pompions ace nor fo cold nor moift as Cucumbers. . Growing ina horground and thorough- ly ripened with hor anddry we.ther, they give much nourifhment, efpecially bemg baked with good flcth or {weet milke, ot baked with {weer apples butter and fennel -{eed. ) Melopepones. Musk-melons are neither fo moift nor cold as the ordinary fort,engendring far better bloud,and defcend- ing more f{peedily into the belly. They will hardly profper in our Country,unlefs they are fet in a very fat; hot, and dry ground, having the benefit of Sun-fhine all the year long. ..-fafon Mainus (a moft famous Ci- viltan) fo loved a Musk-melon, that he faid to one of Pe n.fac.li>.4. his friends, Were 1 in Paradife.as Adam was, and this Ticin bift. Fruit forbidden me, Verily, Ifearme, I fhould leave Paradife to tafte of a Musk-melon. Neverthelefs let not the pleafant {mell or tafte of them draw any man to eat Cifpinianus. too much of them, for they caft 4 lbertus fecundws the Cromerus, Platina. Emperor into a deadly flux; Sophia Queen of Poland into. a numb’d Palfie,and Paulus fecundus the Pope into amortal Apoplexy. All Melons, Pompions, and Cu- cumbers, aré not prefently to. be eaten out of the ground (though they be-fully ripe)but rathera week after for with delay they prove lefs moift, andalfo lefs cold. As for our great Garden Pompions and Melons they may tarry in.awarm Kitchin til) towards Chrift- ma{s before they be eaten, to be more dryed from their watrifhnefs, and freed from crudities. a. Napt. Navews, elpecially Napus fativus, called in Englifh Navew genile, nourithfomething lefs then Turneps, otherwife they are of like operation. They are beft fodden as are nenrifbing. ) fodden in pouldred Beef broth, or elfe with fat Mutton, - Or pouldred Pork. Cepa. Onions are very hot and dryes neverthelefs being tofted or boiled in fat broch or milke,they become tem- perate and nourifhing, leaving their hot and fharp nature in the brothor embers. The Pricfts. of Agypt abhor- courfe of other things.) they encreafe moft when the Moon decreafeth. Secondly, becaufe they nourifh too much, and procure luft, which religious men, of all o- ther perfons, ought to refrain, The greater, whiter, longer, fweeter, thinner-skinned, and fuller of juice they _ be (fuch are St. Thomas Onions) the more they nou- rifh, and excelin goodnefs : but if they be very: red, dry, round, light, and fowrifh, they are not fo.commen- dable. Raw Onions be likeraw Garlick, and raw Leeks (that isto fay, of great malignity, hurting both head, eyes, andftomach, enflaming blood, and engen- dering both grofs and.corrupt humors) but fodden in milke, and then eaten Sallad-wife with {weet oil, vine- gar, and {ugar (as we ule them in Lent). they are burt- ful rono perfons nor complexions. See A pinm hortenfe. | Parley nowifheth moft in the root; for if- you choofe young roots and, fhift them out of-two or three warm waters, they lofe their medicinable faculty of opening and cleanfing, and become as fweet, yea almoft as nourifhing as a Carot.being fodden in fat broth made with good ficth. .The like may I fay of Alifander buds may be ufed (as Nettles are) in Spring-time pottage | G g | to red them of all herbs’; firft becaufe (contrary to the grande Hide Ofiride, y ; . Dodon. lib. ¢. whichis nothing butthe Parfley of Alexandria) being hift.p\au:. dreft or prepared in the like manner: otherwife they Of fuch Fruits of the Garden: co cleanfe bloud, but they will give no laudable or ra- ther no nourifhment at all. Portulaca. Par (lane is wiually eaten green in fallades, as Lettice likewife. But being fodden in wine it is of good now- rifhment in the Summer time unto hot ftomachs, which ate able to overcome it. Radices Sifari Indic. Potads-roots are now fo common and known among us, that evin the husbandman buyes them to pleafe his wife. They nour fh mightily, being either fodd, baked) or rofted. The neweft and heavielt be of beft worth ; engendring much flefh, bloud, and feed, but withallen- creafing wind and luft. Clefiws thinks them to. be In- dian Skirrets, and verily in tafte and operation they re- femble them nota little. : | | Radicula fativa. Radifh roots of the Garden (for they are beft) are e+ ther long and white without, or round like a Turnep, and very black skinned, called the Italian Radith, Mott men eat them before meat to procure appetite, andhelp digeftion. But did they know (and yet they feel it) wht ranck belchings Radifhes make, how hardly they are digefted, how thcy burn bloud, and engender lice, caufe leanne{s, rot the teeth, weaken eye- fight, and cor- rupt the whole mafs of nourifhment, I thinke they would be more remperate and {paring of them; yet wereo pri- zed amongit the Grecians, thatat 4pollo's feaft when. Turneps were ferved in tinn.difbes,. and Beets. in filver, yet Radifh roots were not ferved but in golden difhes. Notwithftanding, fith by nature they provoke vomit- | ing, how-can they be nour ifh‘neg ? anlefs it be to fuch ruftical ftomachs as are offended with nothing ; andto whom refty Bacon is more agreeable then young and tender been prefesved:in fyrupeor candied with ginger, encrea- | | G g 2 4 < - ; b » mm ‘ ia : a - as are nouri bing. tender peal Neverthele(s fich only the heat and biting of radifh, are the chiefeft caufe why it nourifh little or nothing(as Galen faith) nodoubt if by fteeping in warm 3 dealin fac. milk, or boiling in fat broth thofe qualities beremoved, it would prave the lefs medicinable & more nourifhing, Rapi Silveftris radix. Rampions or wild Rapes, of nature not unlike to Turneps, eaten raw with vinegar and falt, do not onely {tir up anappetite to meat, but alfo are meat and neu- rifhment of themfelves.. In high Germany they are much eaten, andnow. our Nation knows them indiffe- rently well; and begin to ufethem. | Radix Alii urfini. Ramfeys are of like vertue and power with Garlick, and seth to be prepared, or elfechey give neither much nor.any good nourifhment. | Rape. Rapes or Turneps, fodden in fat broth, or roafted with butter and fugar put into the midft thereof, nou- rifh plentifully, being moderately taken, for if they be undigefted through excefs, they ftir upwindinefs, and many fuperfluous humours in the body. The Bohemians have Turneps as. red outwardly as blood, which I did eat of in Pragwe,and found them a moft delicate meat 5 yea they are counted fo reftorative and dainty, that the Em- perour himfelf nurfeth them in his: Garden. » Roafted Turneps are forfiveet and delicate, that Mavins, Curd pilin ig ¢, 15. as refufed much:-gold, offered him by the Samnites, ra- ther then toleave his Turnepin the Embers. | | Radices Evingti marint. Sea holly roots -axe-of temperate heat and cold, bus fomewhat of too dry a nature ; yet prove they moit enough to give plentiful nourifhment, after they have fing adr. Of {uch Fruits of the Garden -fink,blood,feedjand luft and reftoring fuch as by lechery have been much confamed. Radices Sifari. Skirret-roots were fo {weet & delicate in ancient times, that Tiberius Cafar, caufed the Inhabitants of Gelduba (a certain fignory upon the Rhine) to pay him tribute at Plin,}.19.ca.¢.Romein Skirret-roots; bringing them weekly thither —& potul, whnilft they were in feafon. They havea long ftring or pith within them, which being taken away beforethey are thorough fod,maketh them eat exceeding {weet;ufu- ally they~are boild till they be tender, and then eaten cold with vinegar, oiland pepper; but if they be roaft- ed four or five together in a wet paper under embers (as one \ould roaft a Potado) or ftrain’d into cart-ftuff, and fo baked with fugar, butter and rofewater, they are far more pleafant and of ftronger nourifhment, agreeing with all complexions, fexes and ages, being alfo of a mild heatanda temperate moifture. Did we know all the ftrength and vertues of them, they would be much nourifhed in our Gardens, and equally. efteemed with any Potado root.. | | Cepa Afcalonites. Skallions are a kind of little Onions, brought firft trom A/calon a Town of Jewry, very hot anddry, yea hotter and drier by one degree then any Onions. Cold {tomachs and barren weaklings may fafely eat themraw to procure appetite and luft; bucthey are not nourifh: ing to indifferent ftomachs till they have- been perboild in new milk... Some correc them, by mincing them {mall, and fteeping thema good while in warm water, Pifancl.de.elc. afterwards they eat them with vinegar oil and fale, after ‘the Italian fafhion. | 290 Spinachia, GOR ». Spinache being boiled foft. and:chen-eaten with bue= - as are nonrifoing. ter > ofmall:currens and fagar heat together upon.a chafing difh, giveth no bad nor little nourifhment to-dr ed bodies, and is onely hurtful to fuch.as be over-phleg- matick. | Fragula.: | © Strawberries of the garden,be they white,ted,or green (but the red are beft) being once come to their fullripe- nefs in. a warm Summer,and growing ina warm ground, are to a young hot.ftomach both meat and. medicine. Medicin to coolhis choler & exceffive heat, meat by his temperate and agreeable moifture, fit\at that time of the year to be converted into blood 5 efpecially being eaten raw with wine and fugar, orelfe made into. tart {tuff and fo baked: -howfoever they be prepared, letevery man take heed by medchiér Duke of Brunfwick how he eat- ethtoo much of them, whois recorded to’ have barft afunder at Roftock with (urfeitingupon them. Cran, lib.g. cap.9. Hift. Vandal. | ——- Radix [pire albe. Thiftle-roots (I mean of the white chiftle when it firft fpringeth) are exceeding reftorative and nourifhing, -be- ing fodden in white. ftued broth, or elfe baked in Tarts, or in Pies like Artichoks: few men would think fo good " meat to lye hidden in fo bafe and abjectan herb, had not trialand cookery found out the vertue of it. | Rape rotunde. Turneps (in commendation whereof Mofchio the Grecian wrote a large volumn) are nothing but round Rapes, whereof heretofore we writ in this Chapter. Naflureta aquatica. Water-creffes and Town-creffes nourith raw and cold - ftomachs very well: but for hot or indifferent ftomachs they areof a contrary nature. Xemophon faith, that the »cyrope. Perfians children going to School, carry nothing ye , : them. ‘Of fuch F ruitsof the Garden, Qe. them to eatand drink; but'Grefles in:the-ofie hand and Bread in the other, >and anearthem crufe at their girdle to take up water in: whereby we may perceive that they agree well with moift natures, and fuch as: are ac- _cuftomed to drink water: Otherwife no doubt they nourifh nothing:y; but rather over -heac and: burn the As for Anife, Blives, Blood-wort, Broom-buds, Ca pars, Calamint, Clary, Dill, Fennel, Galangal, Hifope, Marigolds, Muftard-feed, Mints, Nettles, Oraché, Patience, Primrofes, Rofemary, Saffron, Sage; Sams phire,Savory,Tamarisk, Tanf{y, Tarragon, Time, Violets and Wormwoed : howfoever they are ufed fometimes in broths, pottage; farrings, fawces, falads and tanfies ¢ yet no nourifhment us gotten: by them , or at the leaft fo litele; that theyneed:not,nor ought not tobe count ed:amongft-nourifments: ©. r E ~ ; J a ES OE ee t a s &. :2 i. Ft 5 : . - , “@ f, 1 aa < $F ina reg Pe ce- hE : ‘ : —1ea . 2%“ #7 : oe : : o = Jes a . 3 . 4 L +4 : ? : € ~ . » ‘ : - Ps £7 .-» & ; — 5.3 7 g : . 5 ea 2 - i¢ y - iy 2 ‘ aru + oreer* . . ; ; ae oi fe 2 7 ! : - Err et. i = : - 7 : ; ee fe : . z ' f re 11. 7¢ { : i 7: rr “ - . tre : ee . | Pn TEES . 23t | CHAP. XXIV, Of fuck Fruits of the Field, as are nonri (hing. T He chief fruits of the field are Wheate, Rye, Rice, Barly, Oates, Beanes,Chiches, Peafe and Lentils. nee Triticum. Wheate is divided into divers kinds by Pliny, Cols- ! mela, Dodgnens, Penaand Lobelius, tt thall be fuffici- | ent ‘fot us to defcribe the forts of this Country, which are efpecially two :- The one’red called Rebus by Co- ! tamella, and the other very white and neg Siligo,. whereof ts made our pureft mancher. Being made into: I Furmity and fodden with milkand fngar, or artificially | madeinto bread 5° Wheate noutifheth exceeding much Diofl.2.c. 78: and ftrongly: che hirdeft, “ chickeft, heavieft; cleaneft, Me ae brighteft‘and growing ima fac foil, is ever to be chofens — for fach Wheate. (in Diofcorides and Galens judgement) is moft nourifhing, en ee pov | Secale, ee ‘ Rye feemeth tobe nothing but a wild kind of wheate, ‘meet for Labourers, Servants anid Workmen, but -hea- _ ‘vy of digeftion.to indifferent ftomachs. | Orixa. Rite ts a moft ftrong and reftorative meat, dif{commen- dable onely in thatic is over-binding, very wholefome pottage is made thereof with new milk, fugar, cinamon, mace and nutmegs: whofe aftringency if any man fear, let him foke the Rice one night before in fweet Whey, and afterwards boil irin new milk with fugar, butter, cloves and ‘nutmegs, leaving out cinamon-and mace, “Thus fhall the body be nourifhed, coftivenefS prevent- ‘ed, and narure much ftrengthened and encreafed: * 3 Herae- —, ~." * 232 lib. de ajim. fac.cap.9 lib, 6.cap. 20, de rer. Vat Plur.in.Nat. Queft. 5 de alim. fac. ©. Cap-1 4. Of fuch Fruits of the Field Hordeum, | . | Barly ued any way in bread, ‘drink or broth, is ever cooling (faith Galem)and engendreth but a thin and weak juice. Before we ufe it in brochs or Prifan, it fhould be clean hulld, and wafhed in many waters. The decoétion of Barly in chicken-broth 5, {trained withafew blaunche almonds, and fweetned with fugar, and rofewater,is a ve- ry covenient meat for found men, but more’ for them which are fick and abhor flefh. | Cardan faith that. Gales maketh mention of a. kind of Barly in Greece, growing without a husk, and hulld by mature; which place he never citeth becaufe .he was miftaken; for through all Gales 1 could never find ‘any fuch thing, though of purpofe I fearched for it very diligently. The beft Barly is the biggeft and yelloweft without, and fulleft, clofeftand heavieft within; itis never to be ufed in meat till it behalf a year old, be- caufe lying caufeth it to ripen better, and to be alfo far ‘lefS windy. Being made into Malt by a {weet fire and good cunning, it is the foundation of our Englifh wine, which being as well made as it is at Nottingam, proveth. meat drink and cloth to the poorer fort. -Parched Barly or Malt is hotand dry, but otherwife it is temperately cooling and lefs drying. . That Wheate and. Rye is. far more nourifhing then Barly. Plwtarch would thence prove, becaufe they are half a year longer in the earth, and are ofa more thick, fappy, and firm fubftance.. But Rice (being counted and called by Tragus German Bar. ly) difarmeth that reafon, whichis not fowed till March and yet is ofas great or rather greater nourifhment. AVERE, iti , Oates termed by Galen the Affes and, Horfes proven- der, are of the like nature with Barly, but more, aftrin- gent, efpécially being old and thorough dry. Had Ga- re | len confefled that Oates and Oatmeal are not onely meat _ rifbment. Chufe the largeft, heavieft, fweeteft, fullett hardly find any grain or Kosa of comparable nourifh- as are nourifbing. | lenfeenthe.Oaten cakes. of the North; the Janocks of Lancathire,and the Grues of Chethire, he would have 233 for beafts; but alfo for tall; fair and {trong men and wo- men of all callings and complexions : but we pardon the Grecians delicacy, orelfeafcribe it to the badnefs of their foile,which could bring forth no Oates fit for nou- and blackeft to make your Oatmeal groats of, for they are leaft windy and moft..nourifhing, WOcs. sek 2 Fabe. : | Beans were. firft a field fruit , howfoever (to make them more fappy) they have lately been fet and kept in gardens. Pythagoras forbad his Scholers to eat of them (efpecially coming once to be great and black-taild) be- caufe they hinder fleep and procure watchfulnefs (for which caufe they were given to Iudges as they fate down in judgement) or elfe in fleep caufe fearful and troublefome dreams, as you may read in Tullivs fecond book of Divination; wherefore howfoever Camathe- rus (Immanuel Commeneaus his Secretary) ventured for them, or men now affect them in thefe dayes ; affuredly they area very hurtful meat, unlefs they be eaten very young, and fod in fat broth, and afterwards (being freed of their husk ) be eaten in the beginning or midft of meal, buttered throughly and fufficiently fprinkled with erofs pepper and falt, then will they nourifh much, and too too much encreafe feed tolufty wantons. | Ciceres. | Chiches of England are very hard and unwholefome, but in Italy and France there is a kind of rea Chich, yeelding a fiveet, fine and nourifhing flour : whereof thick pap or pottage being made with fugar, you shall Suidas. Nicetas 1.3. de reb, Immanuel | ment Athe. 1. 4-cel 8. Of fuch Fruits of the Field,ec. ment;as my moft honourable good Lord the Lord Wil- lowghby of Eresby,in his moft'dangerous confumption did well teftifie. Perhaps this broth-was that, for a mefs whereof E fan fold his birth-right ; for no pulfe but thi maketh a red pottage. } Pifa. Peafe are not fully fo windy as Beans, and alfo of better nourifhment, becaufe they are lefs abfterfive. French-peafe, Hafty peafe, and Gray-peafe, be the ten- dereft and fweeteft ofallothers; for the common field. peafe or green-peafe is too hard of digeftion for indiffe- rent ftomachs. ‘Take the’ youngeft , and feech them thoroughly, butter them plentifully, and feafon them well with fale and pepper; fo will they prove a light meat, and give convenient nourifhment in Summer time. Lentes. Lentiles were {o prized in CA thenaus time, that one wrote a whole treatife in their commendation; and Dj- ezenes commended them above all meats to his Scho- lers, becanfe they have a peculiar vertue to quicken the wit. Let us (for fhame) not difcontinue any longer this wholefome nourifhment, but rather ftrive to find out fome preparation, whereby they may be reftored to their former or greater goodnefs. | ae a ee aieineiite ei erie tele CHAP. 4 : ' oc CHA BP. XXV, Of the Variety, Excellercy, Making, and true ufe of Bread, | . The dignity and nece[sity of Bread. Read is a food fo neceffary to the life of man, that whereas: many meats be loathed naturally, of fome perfons, yet we. never faw, read, nor heard of any man that naturally hated bread. The reafons whereof} take tobe thefe, Firft becaufe itis che ftaff oflife, without which all other meats wouldeither quickly putrifie in our ftomachs , or fooner pafs thorough them then they fhould, whereupon crudities, belly-worms and fluxes. do arife co fuch children or perfons, as either, eat noné or coo little Bread, | pies _ Again, Neither flefh,fruit nor fifth are good at all fea- fons, for all complexions, for all times, for all conftitu- tions and ages of men; but Bread is never out of fea- fon, difagreeing with no ficknels, age, or complexion, and therefore. truely. called the ‘companion of life. No child fo young but he hath Bread, or the’ matter of Bread in his pap: no man fo weak, but he eats it in-his broth, or. fucks.it ouc of his drink. It neither enflam- eth the cholerick, norcooleth the phlegmatick , nor over-moiftneth the fanguin,nor drieth the melancholick. Furthermore it is to be admired (faith Péiitarchy’ that pic. Symp. 7. Bread doth. of all other things beft nourifh and ftreng- then both man and beaft ; infomuch that witha little Bread they are enabled for a whole dayes journey, when with. twife.as much ,meat.they would have: faitited. Wherefore it was not — threatning, when God . 7 236 Of the Variety, Excellency, Making he would break the ftaffof bread; without which our meat giveth no ftrength (as I faid before) but either cor- rupteth in the ftomach, or is converted to flimy~erudi- ties; we may alfo remember, that ofall compound meats it is the firft of all mentioned in the Scripture, namely in the third of Gemefis; where God threatneth Adam that in the fiweat of his browes he fhould eat his bread. Again in the Lotds Prayer we ask for all bodily nourifh- ment iu the name of Bread, becaufe Bread may be juft ly called_the meat of meats, as without whom there is no good nor fubftantial nourifhment. ‘The Italians have a Proverb, That all troubles are eafie with bread,and no pleafure pleafant without Bread . Signifying thereby, our lives to confift more in Bread, then in any other meat whatfoever, To conclude, when Chrift would defcribe himfelf unto us whilft he lived, and leave a memorial unto us of him- felf after death: his wifdome found no Hieroglyphi- cal chara@ter wherein better to exprefS himfelf (the on- ly nourifher and feeder of all mankind)then by the fight, taking and eating of Bread : fo that I may boldly prefer it aboveall nourifhment, being duely and rightly uled, as agreeing withall times, ages, and conftitutions of men, either fick or found ; which cannot’be verified of any one nourifhment befides, Upon which and fome other things, arofe thefe quefti- ‘ons and fayings, Whether eating’ of crufts of Bread , and ‘finews ot flefh, make aman ftrong ¢ ) Whether Afhes be Phyfick, and motldy Bread ‘lear the eyefight? Mony and Bread never brought plague. » Bread and Cheefé be the two sargets againtt ace Piri! Stltahetis Wott S FOmenw IT SIGtS II eRe =. and true ufe of Bread, 237 The Authors and Inventers of Bread. Who was the firft Authour or Inventer of making Bréad, I will not rake upon me to determine. Pliny af- lib.7.cap. 56. cribethit to Ceres ; whofeeing what hurt came to men by eating of Acorns, devifed a means how to pound Corn into Meal, and then.to work, form and bake it into loaves and cakes. Paufanias .afcribeth It to in Arcad. Arcas; Inpitery and Califtoes fons But without. all queftion Adam knew it firtt, whofoever was the fitft that made ics yea fich ic is the ftrengthner of life, no doubtas he and his fon knew how to fow Cora, forhey were not ignorant or unpraaifed in the chiefe ufe thereof. The differences of Bread. = Concerning the differences of Bread, fome are taken. from the meats we eat; for the Romans had panem Oftrearium, which they onely did eat with Oifters. They Plin.1,18.c.123 had alfo theirdainty Bread, made with hony;:fpice and flour : they had alfoa hafty cake, called panis [peuticus learned firft in Greece; Jikewife their bread differed in baking, fome being baked upon the hearth,others broild it upon gridirons, others fried: it like pancakes, others baked it in ovens, others fod it infeamike fritters 5..0- thers boild it inwater like cimnels, being called panes agquatict ; which-the Parthians raughtthems= | But the chiefe differences are in. the variety of mat- ter, whereof they confift, and the variety of goodnels; which I will declare invorder. Some Countries (where. Corn was either never fown at all, or being fowed can- not profper) make bread offuch: things made.into: meal as their foil:yeeldeth. The Orite, Green landers. and. pjin.i.7:cap.2. North: Icelanders make it. of dried fillh,,, which. being Diod.lib.3.c.3. thorough dried in the Sun, they beat it firft. with hama'*rodrl?> mers, then pound it with peltils, and form cakes.with. ’ REE 238 2 lid. de get. Emanuel. Herodor 11,2, Diod. lib. 3.0.3 Plin.|. 2. ¢.42. Alex. ab. Alex. lib 3.c. 11.ex, Plinio. Suet, in vita. Tul.ce, Lac. in dial. de merc-cond Laer.in.vita. log. Athen.lib.y, Dion)ds.3. Of the Varrety, Excellency, Making water, which they: toft at their fires, made onely of great fifhes bones (for they have no: wood ) and eat it inftead of Bread , "yet live they well, andlook well, and enjoy pleafures (faith Hector Boethius inhis Scottifh Hiftory) aboundiag in children, ftrength and contentment,though not in wealth. ‘The Brafilians. make Biead‘ of the,roor of a/herbreffembling Purcelane, and of the barks.of trees as Oferzus writeth ; whom I may believe, becaufe Ihave eaten‘of the fame Bread, brought home by Sir Francis ‘Drake, -'The moft part of Egyptians make Bread of Icotus feed; :refembling poppy : but. they which dwelliby the River A/tupas made it of dried roots beaten to pouder, which they formed like a Tileftone, and baked it hardin. the Sun... Like Bread made the Thracians.of Tribulus or water-nut roots, and the Ara- bians of Dates. ‘But the beft is made of Graine, which the Romans for'6o0' years after their City was buile, had not yerdearned: and was not ‘afterwards’ publikely practifed by bakers; till the Perfian wars. As for wheaten breadit was fo'rare in Cafars time, that none knew how to make ‘ic fave his own Baker. » And again white’ manchet was fo hard to come by in the Grecian Courts,’ that Lacian protefted a man could: never get enough of it, nonotin-his dream, Spiced Bread-was more ancient ; for Déogines loved -it above all meats, and Hippocrates and Plato make mention of it. Brown- bread was ufed in Phitoxenus his age and long before; who having eatcn -upoall the White-bread at the So- phifts table, otie fet him a great browns loaf on the table, on whom he beftowed this jeft: Ho la! not-too much, not too much good fellow, leaft it be night too (oon: Thus much of the ancient making of Bread s now let! us:cons and true ufe of Bread. 239 The ufual mattter of Bread, Firft, whereof Bread is made in our daies, Secondly how it is made, Thirdly when,and in what order, Fourth- ly in what quantity it is to be eaten. Touching the firft: Bread is ufually made of Rye, Barly, Oates, Miffellin or pure Wheate. Rye-breadis Gal-de ali. fac. cold andof hard concoétion, breeding wind and gripings eae par- in the belly, engendring grofs humours, being as un- — ve wholefome for indifferent ftomachs, as it agreeth with {tong bodies and labourious perfons; yet openeth it, and cureth the hemorrhoids. | Barly Bread is little or nothing better, being tough Averrh.s. Col. and heavy of digeftion, choking the fmall veins, engen- ab att dring crudities, and ftuffing the ftomach. —*-* Oaten- bread is very light being well made, more fcowring then noutifhing if the Oat-meal be new, and too much binding ifit be old. Howbeit Oates. in Greece are recorded to be fo temperate, that they nei- ther ftir nor ftay the belly. Mifflin or Munckcorn-bread , made of Rye and 6,1 delat Wheate together, is efteémed bettet or worfé, accord- ingly as it is mingled more with this or that grain, But of all other Wheaten-bread is generally the beft for all tomachs, yet of fo topping aniture , if it be too fine. becaufe it isof beft temper, and agreeth with all . natures and complexions | Things tobe obferved in the well making of Bread. Concerning the well making whereof, we mutt have ereat choice and care. 1. Ofthe Wheateit felf, 2. Of the Meal. 3. Of the Water. 4. Of the Salt.’ 5. Of the Leven. 6. Of the Dough or Paft. 7. Of the Moulding. 8. Of the Oven. 9. Of the baking. All which circumftances I moft willingly profecute to the fal, becaufe as Bread is the beft nourifhment of all = ) eing Of the Variety, Excellency, Making being well made, foisit fimply the worft being marred in the all handling. 1. Conceraing the Wheate, it muft be thorough ripe ere it is gathered, two months old ere it be thrafhed,and amonthor two old after that . (atthe leaft). ere it be erinded. Chufe ever the yelloweft without,and {mooth- eft, growing in ahot and fat foil, hard, white and full within, clean thrafht and winowed , then clean watht and dryed, afterwards grofly grinded (for that makes the beft flour) in a Mill wherein the grind-ftones are of French Marble, or fome other clofe or hard ftone. 2. The Meal muft neither be fo finely grinded (asI faid) leaft the bran mingle withit, nor too grofly, leaf you lofe much flour, but moderately grofs, that the Bran may be eafily feparated, and the fine Flour not hardly boulted. You muft not prefently mould up your meal after grinding, left it prove too hot; nor keep it too long left it prove fufty and breed worms, or be o- therwife tainted with long lying. Likewife though the beft manchet (called panis Siligineus of Pliny) be made of the fineft flour pafied through a very fine boulter, yet. that Bread whichis made of courfer Meal (called .cuvéavess of the Grecians) is of lighter digeftion and of ftronger nourifhment. 3:T he Water mutt be pure,from a clear River or Spring: not too hot leaft the Dough cling, nor too cold Jeaft it crumble, but lukewarm. 4. The Sa't mutt be very white, finely beaten , not - much nor too little, but to give an indifferent {ea- oning. | 5. The Leaven mut be made of pure Wheate, it muft not be too old leaft it prove too foure, nor too new ‘leaft it work to no purpofe, nor too much in quantity, lealt the Bread receive not a digefting buta frettin g qua- licy | and irieufe of Bread, lity... Where by the way note, that loaves made of pure Wheaten- meal require both more. leaven and ‘more labouring, and more baking, then either courfe cheate, or then Bread mingled of meal and grudgins... In Exg- land our fineft Manchet is made without Leaven, which maketh Cheate Breadto be the lighterof both, and al- {othe more wkolefome;, for unleavened £read is good for no. man. 6. The Dowh-of white Bread muft-be. throughly Gar.1.de. atin ewrought, and ike manner of moulding mutt be firft with '.cap.?. ~ ftrong kneading,then, with rouling to and fro, and laft of all with wheeling or turning it round about, that it may fit the clofer,afterwards cut it flightly in the midft round about, and give it a flit or two thorough from the top to the bottome witha {mall knife,to give a vent eve- Ty way to the inward moifture whilft it is in baking. 7. The Loaves fhould neither be too great nor’ too little: for as little Loaves nourifh leaftyfo if the Loaves be too great, the Bread is {carce thoroughly baked in the midft: wherefore the Francklins Bread of England is counted moft nourifhing, being ofa middle fife between Gentlemens Houles or little Manchets, and the great Loaves ufed in Yeomens houfes. : 8. The Oven mutt be proportionable to the quanti- ty of Bread, heated every where alike, and by degrees , not too hotat the firft, left the outfide be burnt and the in-fide clammy; nor too cold, left the Bread prove fad — and heavy in our {tomachs. 9. Laft of all Concerning the baking, it mu mot {tay too long ia the Oven, leaft it prove crufty, dry and » cholerique; nor too littlea while, for fear it be clammy and of ill nouriihment,. fitter to cram Capons and Poul- try, then to begiven to fick or found men. Bread being thus made, {trengtheneth the ftomachyand 4 carri- O41 7 » a 242 Of the Variety, Excellency, Making carrieth truly with itthe ftaffofnourifhment. Lupiters Pritfts (called F lamines Diales) were forbidden’ to eat either Meal or Leaven by themfelves, yet might they eat of leavenedBread and none other. The reafon whereof is alledged by Plutarch. They might eat no Meal becaufe itisan imperfeétand raw nourifhment; being neither Wheate which it was, nor Bread which it fhould be; for Meal hath loft (which it had) the form of Grain, and wanteth (which it is to have)the formof Bread. They might eat no Leaven, becaule Leaven is the Mother and Daughter of corruption , fouring all if it be too much, and diftafting all if it be roo little: but when a juft pro- portion is kept betwixt them both, Leaven corrects the Meals imperfeétion , and Meal refifteth Leavens cor- ruption, making together a well rellifhed miafs (called Bread) which is juftly termed the ftaff of life. | Saar a As for Bunns made with Eggs and Spices, as alfo for wa Meer, Sugar-cakes, Wafers, Simnels and Cracknels, and all mont. other kind ofdelicious ftuff,wherein no Leaven cometh; T will not deny them a medicinable ufe for fome bodies, but ifthey be ufually and much eaten, they rather help to cortupt then to nourifh our bodies. Of the age of Bread. Fouching the age of Bread, As the Egyptians Bread made of Lotus feed is never either good or light tillit be Plin li.2.c20, hot; fo contrariwife all Bread made of Grain is never good till it be fully cold. Hot Bread is exceeding dan- Gal.t.deal.fe, Getous {wimming ia the ftomach, procuring thirft, moft: hardly digefting, and filling the body fullof wind. Nei- ther yet muft it be too old and dry, for then it nourifh- eth nothing, dryeth up the body, encreafech coftifinefs, Haly abbas 9- and very hardly paffeth from out the ftomach. Eheor, _ Of the nfe of Bread. Laft ofall, Concerning the ufe of Bread, it confifteth in. ii>.Qvx. Ror. Avic.can. 2. and true ufe of Bread. in the-quality, quantity, and timely. taking of it.’ The, inmoft.ccumbs of: bread are moft nourifhing, and fitteft for hot and cholerick perfons , contrariwife the crumbs next the cruft are fitceft for phlegmatick: difpofitions, unto whom fometimes we allow the cruft icfelf, or elfe the crumbs ‘tofted.at; the fire, Leavened Bread) is alfo ~ moft convenient for weak ftomachs, becaufe it is foon- eft digefted, but if it betoo much Leavened, it anoieth themas much in gripings of the belly and fpleen-fwel- lings. | Itis queftioned: by fome, Whether Children fhould -eatmuch Bread without Meat, aut contra. Now Bread (fo it be notnewer then one day) is mott nourfhing, but old Bread (as I faid before) is moft dry- ing. ° x Concerning the quantity of Bread, we are to un- derftand: that as Drink is neceflary to haften meat out of the ftomach when it is conco¢ted,fo Bread is as need. full _to hang it up, and ftay it in the ftomach till itbe concoéted. For if we eat flefh, fifh or fruit without Bread, ic will either return upward (asic fateth in Dogs) or beget crudities and worms (as it hapneth to greedy Children) or turn to moft cruel fluxes, as it falleth out inthe Time of Vintage, and at the gathering of Fruit, - when many Grapes,or Apples, or Plums be eaten with- out Bread. NevertheleSover-much Bread isas hurtful, yeathe | furfeiting of it is more dangerous then of any meat. For fleth fruit or fifh, being immoderately taken, are quickly corrupted into a thin fubftance, which nature may eafi- ly avoid , but the firfet of Bread is incorrigible,remain- ing fodry, hard, andtough in the ftomach, that it will neither be voided upward, nor downward without great 243 difficulty, refifting the operation of any medicine, ftop- — | Ti 2 ping 244 Of the Variety Excellency, Making, ve. ping the veins, and dawbing as it were the bowels: (o= therwile fenfible enough, and ready tobe ftirred with the leaft Phyfick) witha flimy and vifcous morter: Eat therefore no more then to make a convenient mixture ef meat and drink; for as there muft be a fufficient quan- tity of fand:to combine lime and water together,not too little (left the morter be too liquid) nor’ too much (left itbe tough) but a certain proportion ‘to ‘be aimed at by the Plaifterer: fo a due quantity of Bread maketh a perfect mals of nouri(hment, which elfe being too liquid would turn to crudities by paffing over-timely into the guts, or being too thick would either putrifie at length; or at the leaft wax burdenfom to the ftomach and choke the veins. | Note alfo this, that the more liquid and moift your meats are, fo much the more Bread is requi- ted: but the more ‘dry and folid they are, the more Drinkis:to be taken and the lefS Bread. How and when Laft of all, to (peak (omewhat of the time, and order Bread is to be Caleiie to be obferved in the eating of Bread : Howfoever An- toninus that holy Emperour of Rome, did make his breakfaft onely of dry Bread, and then prefented him~ : . 7. felf coail fuiters till dinner time: we muft conceive Sueton.in Vira ; Saad 3 Anton pit. firft that he was Rhumatick through his night-watch- Cxl | 27. Soe. anig. kc, ings and great ftudying, Secondly,that he was oldand fubject to. the Dropfie : otherwife he was foolifh: to pretcribe himfelf thar Diet, or his Phyficians mad that perfwaded himto it. For as firft lime, and then fand are mingled with water, fo firft Meat. then Bread thould be eaten together, and afterward drink thould be poured -onlike water to mingle themboth. Socrates {aid truly, that fome fools do ufe Bread as Meat, and fome ufe Meat as Bread. For fome will break their fat with Bread, which commonly is dangerous: others will eat at Dinner a little. Meat and too much Bread, which is almoft. «Of Salt, Sugar, and Spice. almoft’ as unwholefome : others will end their Meals with drink and meat, when reafon and experience fhe w- eth, thatthe upper mouth of our ftomach is beft clofed up with Bread and drynefS, in the fealing and clofing wp whereof perfeétnels of conceétion doth greatly con- ult, Cyrus the greater, being asked dayly by his Stuard, cal.lib.9 cap, what he fhould provide for his. Supper, never gave him 13.A0L other anfwer then this, Onely Bread: fhewing us there- by, that as our breakfaft muft be of the moifteft meats, and_our Dinners moderately. mingled with drinels and moifture ; fo our Suppers fhould. be either onely of of Bread, or at the moft of meats, asdry as Bread; ef. pecially in thefe Iflands and moift Countries, fo fubject. to rhumes.and fuperfluous moiftures, | ET) SS CHAP. XXVIL Of Salt, Sugar, and Spice. poo was a fect of Philofophers called Elpiffici,p commending Hope fo highly above all vertues, that quaft.4. they termed it the fawce of life; as without which our life were either none at all, or elfe very loathfom tedious and unfavory. May I notin like manner (ay the like.of Salt, to which Homer giveth the title of Divinity, and Plato callethit Pupiters Minion? for tell me to what. meat (be it feth, fifh or fruit) or to what broth Saitis not required, either to preferve feafon or rellifh the fame ? Nay bread the very ftaffand ftrength of our faftenance, is it not unwholefom,heavy and uatoothfom. without ut.4.Sympos Hom.f, Iliad> Plat. in Time. i 245 << z a 2 ~ oe é Sa 5 — 3 = hl Kh 246 lib. Quaft. Dar Quett.s. ~ ete TN Of Salty Sugar, Spice. fome without ‘Salt 7’ Whereforé'in the fine Temple Neptune and Ceres ever {tood’ together) becaufe no Grain is good: unfalted, beit’ never fo well fpiced or fugared, or. otherwifé ‘artificially handled. Befides this, the famous "Warriders invold time, accuftomed to hard and {paring Diet, howfoever voluntarily they ef{chewed ‘fleth and fifh as ‘meats too delicate for Soul- diers ftomachs , living onely tpon bread, onions lecks, garlick, town-creffes and roots , yet they did éat Salt with every ‘thing , as’ without the which nothing ‘was ceemed wholefome. And truly what is fleth but a peece of carrion and an‘unfavory carcafs, till Sale quickens graces and prefervesit, infufing thorough out it (asit were) another foul # what is fifh but an unrellifhed froth of the water, before Salt correteth the flathinefs there- of, and addeth firmnefs ? yea milke, cheefe, butter, eggs, tree-fruic, garden fruit, field-fruir, finally all things ordained and given for nourifhment, are either altogether unwholefome without Salt, or at the leaft not fo wholefome as otherwife they would be. Pistarch moveth a queftion in his Natural Difputati- ons, why Salt fhould be fo much efteemed, when beafts and fruits give a rellith of others taftes,but none of Salt? For many meats are fatty of chemfelves, - Olives are bit- terifh, aad many fruits are fweet, many foure, divers ee fome fharpe, and fome harfh ; but noneare falt of their own nature: what fhould be gathered of this? that the ufe of falc is unnaturall or unwholefome ¢ nothing lefS. It is enough for nature to give us meat, and elfewhere to give us wherewith to feafon them. And truly fich Sale may either be found or made inall Countries, what needed fiuit,feth, or fifh to have that tafte within them, which out watdly was to be had at mans pleafure. | Now Of Salt, Sugar, Spices Now if any thall obje@ unto me the Egyptian Priefts, abftaining wholly from Salt(even in their bread & eggs) becaufe it engendereth Heat and ftirreth up luft : Or A- pollonius (Herephilus his Scholer) who by his Phyfici- ans counfel abftained wholly from any thing wherein Sale was, becaufe he was very lean, and grew tobe ex. ceeding fac by eating hony-fops and fugared Panadoes : 7 ‘ 2 247 Herot. lib. 2. Plat.in gu-nat’ I will anfwer chem many wayes, and perhaps fafficient- . ly. | Firft, thatlong cuftome is afecond nature, and that it had been dangerous for the Egyptian Priefts to have eaten! Salt, which even from thew infancy they never tafted. | Again, whereas it was faid, thatthey abftained from it for fear of luft; no doubt they did wifely init; for of all other things it is very effectaal to ftir up/ex#s whom Poets fain therefore to. have been breed in the Salt Sea. And experience teacheth, that Micelying. in Hoyes la- den from Rochel with Salt , breed thrice fafter there, -. then if they were laden with other Merchandize, Huntf- men likewife and Shepherds feeing a flownefs of luft in their Dogs and Cattle, feedthem with Salt meats to. haften coupling ; and what maketh’ Doves and Goats fo lufty and lacivious, but that they defire to feed upon. falt things? Finally remember, that lechery (in Latin) is not idlely,or at adventure termed Salaritas,S alsifhne/s 5 for every man knows that the falcer our humours be, the more proneand inclinable we are to lechery: Asmani- feftly appeareth in Lazar's, whofe blood being over fale, caufeth a continual tickling and defire of vencry,though: _ for want of good nourifhment they perform little. ‘Wherefore whofoever’ coveteth to be freed of that defire withthe Egyprian Priefts (which is. an unnatural thing to covet) lecthem altogether abftaine from Salt in 248 Of Salt, Sugar, Spice. inevery thing; burt look how mu ch they gain in impo- rency thatway ,fo much they lofe of health another way, For as (heep feeding in fale Marthes never dye of the rotand be never barren, but -contrariwife are rotted as well as fatted infreth paftures : fo likewife whofoever moderately -ufeth Salt fhall be freed of putrifa@ion and {toppings,and live long in health(nodiforder being elfe- where committed ) when ‘they which holly: abftain from it both in bread and meat, fhall fall into many di- feafes and grievous accidents, as did UA pollonius bim- felf for all his fatnef$, andas it hapnedto Dr. Pen ; who after he had abftained certain years from Salt, fell into divers ftoppings, cruel vomitings, intolerable head- ache and ftrange migrams, whereby his memory andall inward and outward fenfes were much weakned. Remember here, That I faid whofoever moderately #[eth Salt, for as wholly to refufe it caufeth many incon- veniencies, fo-to abufe the fame in excefs is no lef dan- gerous, engendring choler, drying up natural moifture, entlaming blood, ftopping the veins, hardning the ftone, gathering together vifcous and crude humours, making fharpnefs of urine, confuming the feth and fat of our bodies, breeding falacity and the colt evil, bringing finally upon us {cabs, itch, skurfe, cankers; gangrena’s and foul leproufies. They, which are cold, fat,watrith and phleg- matick, may feed more plentifully on falt and falt-meats then other perfons: but cholerick and melancholick com- plexions muft ufe ir more {paringly,and fangu‘neans mutt take no more of it, then lightly to rellifh their unfavory meat... . Our Wiches in Chefhire afford {0 good Salt (through God's fingular Providence and mercy rowandg us) chat I ain eafed of a great labour in the wing the» differences of falt. Onely thus much Leave to be noted, that Bay-fale 1S we Of Salt, Sugar, and Spice. isbeft to make brine of, buvour white fale is’ ficreftito be eaten at table. Finally: fich'not onely we in England, but alfo allother Nations, yea the old Romans and Gre- cians (as Pliny and Ehé lixe we read of Ptolemy in Platina, and of Secra>tib.de opt. civ. ses in Tuliies Tufcwlanes, who walked ever before Meat mile or two, to bay: himrthisfawceiof hunget Anachar-piur de fab vid fis was. wont to fay, that dry. ground is the belt Deine ~ ~ I & 25'4 Of the neceSary ufe and abufe of Sawces, skin hardned with exercife the beft garment, and natu- ral hunger the beft fawce: which addition of this word natural cleareth the queftion ; for over-much hunger tafteth nothing better then overmuch faciety, the one loathing good things becaufe of fulnefS, the other com- mending bad things becaufe of emptinefs, As for Salt, the fecond fawce of the Ancients, I have already enough commended it in the former Chapter : neverthelefs it isnot fufficient, nay it is not conveniefit for all ftomachs,For even old times afforded two fawces, Salt and Vinegar,the one for hot {tomachs, che other far cold, knowing well: €nough that appetites are hot pros cured.in all menalike, becaufe want of appetite ariferh from divers fountains, lib.de tuen.fan - Plutarch -xaileth mightily againft fawces and feafon- nings, avouching: them to. be needlefs to healhful: per- fons, and-unprofitable to the fick,becaufe they never eat but when they are/hunigry, and. thefe ought not to-be made hungry, left they opprefs nature by eating too much. But,J.deny both his arguments; for as many found: men ablior divers things in their health roafted, which they: love fodden;, fo likewife they love fome things feafoned: after one fathion;:‘whith -feafoned or fawced -after ~~ fafhion. they cannot. abide, ‘no though they be urged untoic by great hunger. 3 — deataitats be fick, iialottver devant ti thac ndficly man fhould be allured to-meat by delightful and pleafant fawces, feemeth as froward and: cfaritalticalds he that.would, never whet his Knife, Andtell me! pray you,why hath nature brought forth fuch variety of herbs, . roots, ‘fruits; fpices.and juices fit for norhing bic fawtes, bur'thac by chenrthe found fhould.bewefrefhed, and the fickmen allured to feed: upon meat?/fdr-whom an over- ftraiteabftinenceis as dangerous, as fulnefs and fatiety is IACONVENIENC. All and whereon they confift, All which I write, not to tickle the Epicures ‘of our age, who to thefurther craming of their filthy corps; make curious fawces for every meat; or to force ap- petite daily where no exercife is ufed: for as Morris-dan- cers at Burials make no fport, but rather give caufe of further lamenting ; fo appetites continually forced weaken a difeafed ftomach, either. making men fora time to eat more then they fhould, or elfe afterwards bereaving them of all appetite. Socrates compared the Plut-de far.ews over-curious féafoning of meat, and thefe Epicurean: fawce-makers to common Courtifans curioufly painted and fumptuoufly adorned, before they entertain their lovers; whereby they ftir up new. luft imwithered ftocks, and make even the gray-headed fpend and confume themfelves. Even fo (faithhe)thefenew found fawces, what are they but Whores to edge our appetite, making us.to feaft when we fhouldfaft, or at leaft'to. feed more then nature willech ? Alfo herefembleth them to:tick- ling under the fides and arm-pits, which: caufeth nota true & hearryjbue rathera coavulfive and hurtful laugh- ter; doing no more good:to penfive: perfons, then hard {cratching is profitable to.a fcald head, wherein yet it de- lightethto-his owmhurt. There isa notable Hyftory writeen of Alexander and Plur.de ft; Queen u4ds, whopurpofing to:prefent the Conque- ?!** rour with her beft jewels, fent: him two of her beft: fawce-mikers, to feafon:and'drefshis meat, commend- ing their skill exceedingly imher Letters: But dlexan- der having bountifully rewarded them’for their travail, returned them with this meflage, that he had along time entertained rwofor that pur pofe, which made him better fawce ro his mear,thenany-other could make in hisjudg- ment; namely, Nycfoperia Night-marching, who ‘ever got him a ftomach to his Dinaer, and Oligariftia — | dining . 255 _ ant Of the neceffary ufe and abufe of Sawces, dining, whoever procured hima ftomach to his Sup- per. Shewing thereby that exercife before Dinner and Supperare the beft. fawce-makers, becaufe they bring forth hunger, svhich tafte:h(yea which caufeth us alfo to digeft) all chings. | And. verily for, ftrong and able perfons, what need we prefcribe more fawees then exefcifeand hunger: Ne- verthelefs. becaufe many mens trade of life,and eftate of health is uch, hac either they cannot exercife themfelves abroad, or elfeare not able thorugh weaknefS to do itat home (whereupon want of appetite and want of digefti- on, the onely founders of fawces muft enfue) it will nor beamifS ro fer down fome fimples, which may be the matter of fawces for both thofe inconveniencies, The moft ufual and beft fimples whereof Sawces are made, Ifthe ftomach want appetite, by reafon of cold arid taw humours -farring the fame, and dulling the fenfe of feeling in the mouth thereof.’ | Hot Sawees. ea Make fawce ot. Dill, fennel, mints, origanum, parfly, dryed gilli-flowers, galinga, muftard feed, garlick, oni- ons, leeks, juniper-berries, fage, time, varvein, betony, falt, cinamon, ginger, mace, Cloves, nutmegs, pepper, pills of citrons, limons and orenges, grains, cubebs, and fuch like, mingle fome one,two,or threeiof them toge-. ther, accordingas occafion moft requireth, withwine or v.negar, {trong of rofemary or gilly- flowers. Reve! Cold Sawees- Contrariwife wanteth your ftomach appetite, through abundance.oficholer;or aduft and putrified phlegmeshen ® reftore it with fawces made of forrel, lettice, fpinache purfelane, or faunders > mingled with vinegar, verjuice. cider, alegar, .or water it felf, or with the pulp of ron sé! apples, currens and fuch like, : rs a. - Fi atone : Sak Sil amas Bias 4 As and whereon they conjift. As fordigeftion, it waxeth flow’ and weak, either becaufe the ftomach is too cold, or becaufe the meat is of bad digeftion which is put into ic, : - | Sawces for'flow digeftion. Cold ftomachs muft be quickned with fawees’ hot of {pice; and meats hard of digeftion muft be helped with’ hot things: therfore I commend the ufe of muftard with biefe, and all kind of falted flefh and fifth; and oni- on-faw with Duck, Widgin, Teal; and all water Foul, falt and pepper with Venifon, and galinga fawce with the flefh of Cygnets; and garlick or onions boild in milk witha ftuble Goofe; fugar and muftard' with red Deer, Crane, Shovelar and Buftard. Sawces for temperate Meats. ‘But fortemperate Meats and fpeedy of digeftion (as Pork, Mutton, Lamb, Veal, Kid, Hen, Capon, Puller, Chicken, Rabbet, Partridge, Pheafant,¢>c.). we mult likewife devife temperate fawces: as muftard and green-: fawce for Pork,, verjuice and faltfor Mutton 5 the juice of Orenges or Limons with wine, falt and fugar for Ca- pons, Pheafants and Partridges; water and pepper for, Woodcocks ; vinegar and butter,or,the gravet of roaft- ed meat with Rabbets, Pigeons or Chickens); for. if their fawces fhould be either too.cold,.or too hor, fuch, meats would foon corrupt in our ftomachs, being other- _ wife moft nourifhing of their own nature. As for the juft quantity and proportion of every thing belonging unto fawees and pickles, albeit. 4 picéus took great painspy; 257 n. 115.8. & therein, writing whole volums of that argument, yet ib 9.nac hit. few of thofe fawces agreed with moft mens natures, and fome of them perhaps _( if we might perufe thofe books) were grounded upon little or no reafon ; wherefore t leave the direéting of them to particular Cooks; who by experience can beft aime at every mans appetite, and oe ee ae know ‘.” i \ 58 Of variety of Meats, know alfo fufficiently how to correc that flefh by Arti- ficial preparation and appropriated fawce, which nature hath made queazy or heavy to indifferent ftomachs. Some have put the queftion, Whether there be any fawce but appetite ¢ or whether itbe good to ufe faw- Cese LL II te CHAP. XXVIII, en ee Of Variety of Meats,that it is wece [ary and cons wenient. P Hilo amoft excellent Phyfician having invited Phi- linus to Supper, entertained him with all kind of fowl, fifh and fruit, killing alfo as many beafts, as if he had purpofed to celebrate an Hecatombe : Bat his elo- quent gueft (for he was counted the beft Councellor at the Bar of Athens) either to reprove his Friend, or to try his Oratory, accufed him atthe Table of a double trefpats, the one againft himfelf,the other againft nature. Again himfelf, becaufe he allured him to furfet by vari- ety of difhes: againft nature, becaufe nature teacheth __ _, US to feed butupon meat, and yet Philo himfelf did Mip.in Lore jur feed wpon many. But tell me Phitinus (for Tama Phy- fitian likewife, ‘and’ fworne to defend my Teachers no. lefs then my Parents)how is it an unnatural thing to feed ObjetHions a-- upon many difhes ? Mary (faith he) nature teacheth us — variety! eq feed upon that which will make us to remain longeft fo inlife and health,wherefore if we would feed as beafts do. upon fome one thing, we fhould outlive chem; whereas now through our variety of difhes they outlive us. _ Again; do not you Phyfitians (being bur Natures Mi- ‘it oer | (nifters that it neceffary and convenient, nifters) diffwade men in agues from diverfity of meats, bringing unto them only fome onedifh ofa Chicken or Rabbet fimply roafted orboiled, neither {melling nor tafting of any mixtare, nor marred, or infeéted with va- riety of fawces¢ Furthermore doth not the’ Diars Art inftruct us, no colour to keep folong in cloth or filk, as that which is made by one fimple? Aind is not the fweet- eft oil marred by mingling, which being kepr alone by it felf would be ever fragrant ? even (0 fareth it likewile in meats, for any one meat of an indifferent confticution will be eafily concocted, when many ftrive fo one with another, whether of them fhallgo out formoft into the guts, that one ftayeth too long and is corrupted, whilft the other is not half changed. And tell me PAilo,why fhould it not be in meats as it is.in wines ? “doth not variety of wines make bad diftri- bution, and caufe drunkennefs fooner then if we kept to one wine? no doubtit doth; elfe had the Law costra Akenias been frivolous and vaine, precifely forbidding Vintners and Waiters at the Table to mixe one wine with another. Muficians likewife by tuning all their inftruments into one harmony, plainly thew what hurt cometh by inequality and change of things. Socrates was wont to fay (whom the great Oracle of Apollo hath crowned for the wifeft Grecian) that variety of meats is like a common houfe of Courtifans, which with variety of faces, trickings and dreffings rather empty then fill up Venus Treafury, kindling rather a flame to confume out luft, then giving a gentle heat to conferve our lives. Wherefore when the jars of crowders fhall be thought good mufick and mingled wines allowed for wholefom- nefs, and-whorifhallurements taken for prefervers of life, then will I alfo confefS variety of difhes to be tol- ierable, and that one man atonce may tafte and feed ‘ | Li2 ' , fafely - 259 & 260 Of Variety of Meats, fately of many. difhes., In the mean time let me ftill commend the old Romans, who judged as ill of com- Cxl.lib.9 cape mon Feafters, as of them which erected a bawdy-houle: a and give me leave to imitate Plato, who at a great feaft fed on nothing but Olives, thinking one dith moft wholefome where many are. Other Objections againft Variety of Meats. Thus much [aid Philinus againft Philo, as Plutarch writeth: whole Arguments I will then anfwer in order, when I have firft given a further ftrength to his afferti- on, by other proofs and authorities that him(elf perhaps did never dream of, namely thefe. . Czllib.7. cap. — Rogatianws a noble Senator of Rome, having {pent arm a muchemony in Phyfick to no.good purpofe, fed-atrer- wards (by bis Friends advice) never but upon one difh: whereby he was quit of his grief for many years.E picurus alfo placing all felicity in health and pleafure, fed. but {pa- Alex. ab Alex. ringly and fimply upon. one difh; were it roots, apples, 4b.3 cap-41- Deares, plums or puls-pottadge (for he never eat. fith nor fleth) alfo he did eate but one kind of Bread, and never drank but one fortof drink, were it wine or water. Je Corrozetus d.wysnsanws Pontanus being asked, why he never fed but alist. & fa. “pon one difh: I abftaine (fiid he) from. many meats, Bemor. ; ‘ that many, nay that all Phyfitians. may .abftaine:from me. A Cook in Lacon being bidden by his Mafter to drefs Plu. in Lac, mit apeece of fleth ; he asked of him Cheefe and Oile ae, to make the fawce, to whom his Mafter anfwered: away fool, away; if] had eiher Cheefe or Oile, what needed Ito have boughta peece of flefh’ whereby we perceive that in old times men fed onely upon one difh, thinking it folly to kill hunger with. many meats, when it may be killed with one. ; | Epaminondas aMMo being invited to a friends houle, | feeing that it i necefjary and convenient. Bt Aceing their variety-of dithes, departed with thefe Aout- Pur in apo. ing fpeeches,: Iwill not trouble thee , for I.fee thou art °™ facrificing to the Gods, not making a dinner to thy friend. And yetthe tables of the ancient Gods (being but. indeed. Divels) had no great. variety upon them:: For when the Athenians did celebrate the great feftivals achen.t.g.c.z. of. Cajfor and Pollux, their difhes. were onely thefe, . Cheefe, Mace,Qlives and Leeks, afterwards when Solon (to imitate. Agamemnens examplein Homer ) added a Spice-cake, he. was rather counted a giver of ill prefi- dents.to men, then any whitthe more bountiful tothe Plintsg.c. 4, Gods. _ Higa, t The like may we fay of the Romans, who. offered firft to their-Gods no.fleth nor fifh, but.a little Orchard and Garden-fruit , and of the Egyptians whilft the Sab.l. 8. fuppl Muameluks ruled over them; and. of the Curtbaginé- tov.l, 33- hift. ans, whofe famous..quaternal Feaft confifted onelyof four difhes ,, Dry-figs ,, Ripe-dates 5 green-leeks , and _four-milk. Nay tocome nearer to our owne felves, the Scots (our fellow-Iflanders and northern-country= 24 Beth jn men)beginning the morning witha flender breaktaft, did hittor, scor,. in old times faft till Supper,, feeding,.then but. onely of | one difh,. ufing generally fo. temperate diet, .thac nor Judges and Kings, but Philofophers and Phy fitians feem- ed to have given them precepts. ' what need I remem- | ber, That Mo/chas Antimolus the great Sophitter lived a1ex.ab. Alex. all his life time onely with figs, Stz/po only. with garlick,}'o-3.capya1, Saint Genovefue the holy maide of Pars five and thirty oo — years onely with Beanes,and Zorea/fer (that filverhead- Pin tars.ce>. ed Neftor ) twenty years inthe wildernefs onely with: Cheefe ? or that. the Kings of Egypt fed never upon. a svc, more meats, then either. Veal or Goflings *. whereby we may underftand that with one difh men lived along. and healthful life, and chat variety of difeafes fprang 7 : ve ' abn Of variety of Meats, firft from confufion and variety of meats. It is written Alex. ab Alex. of the Romans, that whilft their ereateft: feafts had but NDS cP. 21+ three difhes, the people were found, healthful and fober; but when Auga/rws the Emperor brought in three more, and permitted the Romans to have three in their houfes, and fix in their temiple-featts, his riot is faid to have cor- rupted Rome and brought in Phyfick. Alfo whilft the Plin 1,8.ca.g0, 2a¢onians had little difhes and little tables, fo that they could neither have many guefts, nor much meat at their board, thrift, wealth and health embraced one another : afterwards all went to ruine when variety of dithes were admitted their boards enlarged, and after-courfes int valer Max. duced by the Jonjans. The people of Litwania were } very frugal, laborious and healthful faith Aimeas Sylvi- 2com.in Pap, #5, till Switrig¢alws made them exceed by his owneex- ample, who had no fewer then a hundred and thirty difhes ata meal: whereupon his owne life, and the hap- py eftate of his fubjeéts was foon fhorened. - What fhould ftand upon the Romans riot in Antoninus Geta, Read. | Commoedus ( Adrians Son) Vitelliws and Heliog abulus, Plin.1 8 ca.$7. their dominions and times of’ governing the Empire ? aa o- when Doftinite, timber-worms and {hails were feryed Czllib.8 ca.7. for dainties ;_ when the livers of great fithes, the brains fe oe of Phefants and young Peacocks, the kernels of Lam- Gees preys (brought by flyboats and light-horfemen out of Spain to Rome) when infinite numbers of nit htingales tongues, the brawnes of ‘Kings-fithers, Pheafants- Combs, Peacocks-Gizards | and Wrens-livers , were made altogether into one Pie: when finally three cour- fes came daily to Geta this boord, and as many difhes at each courfe as there be letters in the Alphabet: But what followed ? Marry infinite difeafes,and infinit Phy- fitians ; whereof fome were fo ignorant that they tor. mented the people worfe then ficknefs; in {uch fore thac that rt is necefsary and convenient. that Galen, Herophilas, Erafifiratus , and divers Greek Phyficians were fent for to recover them, languifhing and confumed almoft with fevers, whereinto through excefs and variety of meats they were juftly fallen. So likewife fellic out with the I{raelites, who in the -wildernefS longed firft for the fith of Egype, then for cucumbers, pompions, leeks, garlick and onions. Then being fed with Manna from heaven, they loached it be- caufe ic was but one meat. Laft of all Quailes came-down, yet were they never fatisfied with one meat were it ne- ver fo good, coveting ftill change and variety were it:ne- ver fo bad : wherein both they and we fhew plainly from what root we are firft (prung. For when our firft Parents might eat ofall trees and fruits in Paradife, yer the thew, lure and defire of variety made them touch and tafte the unbidden fruit. After the floud when flefh, fifhand fruit were permitted to be indifferently eaten, and blood and fat onely forbidden yet we gather up the blood and fat of beaftsto make us puddings, and abftain not (for recovery of confumptions)to fuck the hot leapingand vi- tal blood out of one anothers veins. Neither are we contented to feed: (as wife men fbould do) upon whole- fome meats, but we miagle with them venifon of wild bears, the fiefh of fcabby Cuckoes, the fpawne of Whales, Sturgians and Tunnies,and other very loathfom things, onely for varieties fake and delight of change. _ Licinius though he fed upon many difhes, yet he muft endhis meals with a. Lamprey-pye. Lucius never fupt without Oifters, nor Sergius without a Dorry + where- upon they were juftly nicked by thefe names, Licinius Lamprey, Sergins Dorry, and Lacius Oifterman. Thus im-borne impiety engrafted by propagation fiom Adam and Eve, hath made us to lofe the defire of unity in all things; coveting variety of meats —_ 163 264 Of Variety of Meats, and women, yea of Gods.and religion ; ‘néver contented with what is given forour good, But defirous of that which we {natch fot our own hurr. An apology for variety of meats, anfwering the former objections. Hitherto I have fpoken much ‘from Philious owneé mouth, and more from mine ownin his behalf, to op- pugne the variety of meats :' now read’ pray you with the like patience, How thall defend Philo again{t Phi- linus, and prove apparently that variety of meats is both at boagd,and in our ftomachs, moft agreeable to narure, and confequently beneficial to mainrain‘as in health. Firft therefore Philinas‘abufed: our-eais:; in faying that all beafts feed onely upon fome oné kind of meat: For Enpolides his goats,yeaand oursto,'feed upon time, mints, hyfope, heath, ivy,oken buds, beech, afh,mullen, chervil and ‘tamarisk, and many other herbs differing no lefs in tafte, finell, fubftance,;-and'vertaeone from ano- ther. What Shepheard is ignorant, that his flock feed- eth upon filipendula, daiffes, moufeare, cowflaps, lambs- tongue, milk-wore, Saxiftage and little mullen ¢ yet. work they: no worfe effe@ in their ftomachs, then if they had onely been fed with gtals; what fhould I {peak of the Oftrich, which devoureth iron and pap toge- ther, and refufeth no meat, unlef§ men had al an O- {triches. ftomach? QOnely let: him {erve to difprove Philinus avouching all beafts and birds to tyé them- {elves as it were to one meat, and not to eat at once of’ divers nourifhments. Secondly where it was affirmed, that brate beafls and birds outlive men, becaufe they are of afimpler diet; I mutt pardon Philiausbeing a heathen; and ignorant of the Scriptures: wherein 2ethufalem and divers Patti- ar kes are regiftred to have lived longer, then any beaft or that it 1s necefSary and convenient. or bird whatfoever,called fitly of Homer by the name of Mortals, as upon whom more rots, murrens, aches, di-Iliad.1. feafes and plagues do light, then ufually happen unto men. Nay go to your Raven and Stag, thofe longett- livers of allthe unreafonable breathers ; feeds not the Raven upon all fleth , eats not the Stag of all herbs, boughs and maft that comes inhis way ¢ ye feedeth he not fome times upon Snakes and Adders ? Thirdly, the Phyfitians giving of fimple meats to. aguifh perfons, proveth no more that variety is not good for moft men, then that becaufe Therfites can hardly carry his fingle {peare, therefore Agamemnon fhall not put on his compleat armour. Fourthly, the fedition and tumults foolifhly feared, and rafhly prefupppofed to be in meats of divers kinds, afilicting the ftomach either at the time of conco@tion or digeftion, that reafon of all other is'moft unreafona- ble. For who would or can imagine, | that Man the Epi- - tome or Abftract of the whole world, in whom fome- thing of every thing (to {peak Platonically and yet tru- ly) is placed and inferted, could live ever, or long in health without variety of meats? Hippocrates feeing - fuch variety of fimples rooted, fprouted and quickned upon the earth, gathereth thereupon very truly and learnedly, that there lye hidden in the earth all kinds of taftes, fmells, liquors, and heats, and that itis not (as fome imagine) a dry and cold duft, void of all raft, hear and moifture. | Much more then may I juftly avouch, that many meats may and do beft agree with moft mens ftomachs, in whofe bodies not onely firm flefh, but alfo thin-blood, fweet phlegm, bitter gall, and fourifh melancholy is. neceffary to be preferved : :wherefore let hot meats, cold meats, moift meats, dry meats, bitter, meats, fale M m. meats, 266 ° x ? a Lib. @o¢ ¢u= Sty. Of variety of Meats, meats, light meats and heavy meats be mingled together in an indifferent ftomach (fo that they be well prepa red, orderly taken, and no error committed in time, meafure and quantity) no fedicion or tumule will arife,na not fo much asif the ftomach had taken but one meat ; for. (according to that Oeconomical diftribution of Em- pedocles) Sweet firaitwaies will it [elf to [weet apply, Sharp runs to fharpe, with gall doth bitter lye, Hot drinks and meats to fiery parts afcend, Wihilft cold and moift te watry members tend. An no marvel, confidering that natural heat (likea good) Stuard) diffolveth the mafs into a creamy fub- ftance, running thorough all himfelf, chat he may give unto all their due nourifhment. Wherefore fith this little world of ours was created full of variety , why fhould we tye our ftomachs onely to fruit, fifh, or fleth, when God inhis goodnefS hath given us all of them? Nay furthermore, fith man can digeft more forts of meats, ftones and mettles (being rightly prepared) then either the Goat,Raven,or Oftrich,why fhould his power be bridled by any unnatural Edié&t , proceeding rather from the brain of a fenflefS head,then from the deep and mature judgment of any Phyfitian? for fence teacheth us, that moftcompound bodies muft feéd upon divers meats, and that not variety but fatiety, not quality but quantity, not fimple taking, but unorderly taking of them, (out of time, out of feafon, and out of their due place and proportion) caufech that diffention and tumult. in our bellies, whence all. manner of diflikings or difcon- tentments arife, and at which (to ufesHippocrates his words) CAKETU, TET TO, WTS oduteru Aolas, Natnre dijtract- that it 4 neceffary and convenient, diflratted, troubled and (as it were) gnafheth her. teeth, As for that Simile of Diars,. andthe other of Sweet- oil, and the third of Mufick; they are all more childifh, then worthy of an anfwer. For fimple colours, (as white and black) are not the pureit, for thenthe skies fhould bear them;yea the pureft jewels give moft variety of colours.and lights in their own kind. And whereas cloth died with fome one fimple keepeth longeft his colour in PAilinws opinion, itis little material if it were true;confidering meat is not given to dye our bodies, but to be transformed into our fub- ftance: | Again, though a fweet oil keepeth beft his fcent and perfection whilft itis unmingled, yet that difproveth not theneceffity of mixtures, for whofe fake fimples were no lefs created, then Confonants and. Vowels ap- pointed to bring forth fyllables :. wherefore I laugh whilft others praife and extol,Guevarracs folly who like another Erafi/tratus (whom he Apithly followeth in Guevarra in many points) complaineth of compound medicins, re- b's Epittles. ducing all kind of agues to be cured with a plain Pte/az, athin Cucumber milke, anda little water and oil ming- ledtogether. Foolifh Bifhop I deride thy ignorance, becaufe thou deferveft not to be pitied deriding others. Go to the little Bee, thougreat Idiote s and tell me if thou canft number, out of how many flowers. hony is: made. Hony I fay, the fweeteft meat, and beft medicin of all others, yea the very quintefence (as-J/aac the Ne- fome and good vegitables.. Can.that imperfect. Crea- ture perfedtly convert fo many divers juices into one foveraign meat, and may notman (the perfecteft crea- ture of all othet's) do the like in his ftomach, when he feedeth of many good and wholefome dithes:’ As for | Mm 2 Socrae | 267 Ifaac. Belg. lib. g ‘ de gtinr, mell. therlander writeth)and refined marrow of infinite whol. ¢(tenx., 268 Cz\.lib.6. ant. led. Of Variety of Meats, Socrates his comparifon (whom 4 pollo himfelt cerm- ed the Prince of Sages)I anfwer thus, What though variety be to the ftomach, as choife of fair womenin a Weak mans eye, caufing more ftrong an appetite then reafon or nature would? By the fame argument we might as well reprove cleanlinefs in hand- ling, skill in feafoning, and handfominefs or neatnefs in ferving inour meats; becaufe when thefe concur we feed more largely,which ifit be a fault,let PAilinus here- after eat bread made of. meal which was never boult- ed; and parfneps and raddifh never wafht nor {craped; let him eat of boil’d meat that. was never fcum’d, and of dry , lean birds (fuch as Q. Curtiws threw out at the window) never bafted, and of bitter Feldefares never drawn. But I (and all wife men with me) will confider , that as honefty and delight may be matcht toge- ther, fo cleanlinefS and variety is no hindrance to a good ftomach or good digeftion, but rather an help and friend to both. Nay it fareth with our ftomachs ‘as it doth with Sailers; who can eafily pull in the fheec when they have too much wind, but cannot enlarge it whea they have too little: for fo likewife it is a {mall labour or cunning to kill appetite by onely feeing and feeding upon one difh, but to revive it being extinguifhed, orto fharpen it being dulled, requireth no litcle art, and con- fiftech chiefly in variety and well dreffing of meats. Item to anfwer in a word, the law contra Allenias ; { grant the thing, but I deny the equity: for what greater reafon have we to mingle wine and water (which was never forbidden but at drunken feafts) then to min- ele a tart wine with a pleafant, atemperate wine with a ‘hot Sack, and a fcowrer (when occafion perfwadeth) with Alegant or a harfh binder’ therefore to return Philj- that it is neceffary and convenient. Philinus his owne Sword into h's own bofome: as.it is notunlawfull (by the law of reafon and nature) nay as itis neceffary and expedient to mingle wines for fome perfons: fo variety of meats taken orderly at one meal, are lawful, neceflary and expedient. Moreover (to beat him again with his own Similes) 1 confef allinftruments of mufick to be tuned tooneHar- mony:but being fo tuned, if the Muficians play ever(like the Cuckoe) but one Song, will not the ear and head be wearied and offended¢nay will they not in time be both fick? Can the eye fee atonce many objects, the ears hear many inftruments playingtogether ;8( P 4ilinus)fhal not the ftomach as well concoét, keep and digeft for the bo- dy many meats¢ but when reafon faileth , chou: haft almoft daunted Pi/o with inartificial arguments , drawn from antiquity, examples, cuftomes, and fanci- - ons of Senators. | Now if by the like arguments I confirm Variety, I doubt not but like a Scholler I may cry quittance; but if furrhermore I confute thy Authorities, as being either falfified or unaptly applied, thou fhalt live in my debe till the next Audit. Wherefore to begin with Rogatianus,albeit for many years he was delivered of the goutyet Celius avoucheth not that he was perfe@tly cured.: And Epicwrus though he fed but upon one difh at a meal, yet perhaps at every meal he fedon afeveraldifh. Pontanus alfo was aweak and fickly man, to whom I confefs many difhes (efpeci- ally being of contrary kinds or qualities) are not to be permitted. Neither doth the Gentlemans anfwer in Lacon prove more the ufe then of one difh. at.a. meal, then his Cooks demand inferreth the ufe and mingling of many meats. But if bythe few difhes upon the Al- ters of heathen Gods , thouthinkeft to prove that men at 269 270 Hect. Boeth. Ig. Scot. hift. Alex. 1,3.c.11. Of variety of Meats, at home feed onely upon one meat, thou art. ‘much de- ceived, for hereafter I will plainly demonftrate chat they fed on many. As for the old Scotith cuftome, fuppofe it were true; yet furelam, that fince King vérthars dayes who’ lived years before Chrift, their owne _Chronicler recordeth them to have uled great variety of difhes... That Mofchus Antimolus lived onely with figs, itis no great marvel when he hated fromhis Cra- Athen.l.10.¢.4 del all other meat. ' Sti/po alfo fed onely on garlick, be- Miarul, lib. ¥. decad.1. caufe his poverty was fuch that he could buy nothing elfe. As for Genovefue the holy made of Pars 5: albeit I fufpect Murulus for acommon lier, yethe: faith, that her feeding fo long upon one difh confumed her body, and that upon the Bifhops licence fhe was enforced to Blin.l.11.c.42-eat milkin Lent. Zorea/fer was no doubt a moft learn- Woumab. rs. ed Philofopher, who if he lived twenty years in the Wildernefs onely with one Cheefe, no doubt it was. fome great Cheefe like to’ Parmifan, full of variety , and not made of one but many milks. As for the »mon- ftrous riot of the Jonians, Lituanians, and latter Ro- mans, drawn from the example and imitation of thofe wicked Princes and Emperours: I deteft and abhor it as much as Philinus, a{cribing unto exceffive variety as many mifchiefs of body and mind ; as temperate varie ty brings profit, health, refrefhings and pleafures to them both. The ewes murmuring dothas little pleafe me; for though’ nature told them that one meat could’ not conveniently nourifh every man, efpecially fach as were accuftomed fourty years together in Egypt to feed di- verfly ; yet when every man felt that one meat fentby God, did miraculonfly preferve man, woman: and child, agreeing with alliages, times, perfons and complexions, shey ought to have been contented; being as perfitly : i243 nou- he that zt is necefsary and convenient. nourifhed with one difh, as any of us.can be with many. Laft of all, chat example of Adamand Eve is moft violently wwrefted againft variety: , whereas rather: it is an argument againft unity: for fuppofe they had at once ‘tafted of all fruits in the garden, coul 4 they have been fick upon it? no verily , but the tafting.of one alone (I mean the forbidden one) was the parent and author of all difeafes: wherefore the variety of whole- fome meats fetdown by Phyfitians: are not offentive, when one difh forbidden may prove dangerous: as I could prove by many reafons, did not experience clear ic with her fun-fhine. | Now to anfiver examples alfowith examples ; though _the Kings of Egypthadno great variety of difhes; yet that they ever fed on two atthe leaft, Diodorus Siculus Lib 1.c.6. reports. And if the old Romans fed nortsdiverfly, why Alex 1.s. c.2r. had they ufually three difhes at theirtable? ~The: Perf- ans though they had but few meats , yet they:abounded in Salades:and Junckets. » The: old Grecians ‘contrari- wife, ufed much meat and few Junckets - yea I read that Plato himfelf when Socrates and Menippus. fapped Gell.l.13.c.11 with him, had fix feveral difhes avhis'table:(figs; peafon, beans,whortleberries , roafted beech-nuts, and waters in the end co clofe up their ftomachs) whereof they all fed, faving that Menippus fet afide the wafercakes with his hand, faying ; that a fweer aftercourfe makes a ftinking breath: Another time I read, that P/atofer before his loving friends and fellow. Citizens olives, herb-falades, divers kinds of flefhand fith, and laft of allnew Cheefes whereby any wifemnan may gather, that the ancients fed upon many difhes of oppofite kindes , and gratified their ftomachs (which every mans ftomach coveteth)- with variety‘of meats. As for our owne Nation (for whom: chiefly I write this Treasile). Heffor Boethins a 1.9 scorhitts voucheth, 271 272 tb. 2. hiftor. Of Variety of Meats, avoucheth, that Englifh men from before King Arthurs dayes, were accuftomed to feed much and very di- verfly. And Pas/ws Iovins writeththus. The whole na- tien of Englifh men delight ftill (as ever they did hereto- fore) in feafting and making of good chear, eating much meat ana of many forts, prolonging their fittings with mufick and mérryments, and afterwards {perting them- felvesin fet dances. Wherefore fith we are naturally defirous of man meats, and have ftomachs above all other Nations, able to digeft them; and cuftome alfo hath confirmed our variety of difhes ( which cannot even in bad things be fuddenly altered without a mifchiefe) 1 perfwade ftrong and indifferent ftomachs to continue their ufed Diet, feeding orderly and foberly of divers meats. Divers 1 fay, but not toomany s for I like not (Dubias.Canas) the doubtful feafts of Cardinal Wolfey, not the Abbot of Glaftenburies Diet (who were ferved with fo many forts of dainties that one might ftagger and doubt where firft to begin his dinner) nor the ancient tables of Lon- don, where (as Diegenes {aid of Maronia) every Citi- zens houfe {in.amanner) was a cooks fhop, till plenty of mouths made penury of provifion, and dearth of Corne and Victuals lately taught them fobriety. Laft of all where the Proverb faith, That many difhes make many difeafes, it hurteth not our pofition and de- fence of variety : for not diverfity but multitude offen- deth our ftomachs, that i to [ay,more diverfity of meats then. they. can well abide : accordingly as much meat hurteth not concoétion , but that which is overmuch taken in-too- great a quantity, whereof we are now to dit courfe inthe next Chapter. As for variety of meats in the time of ficknefs , let ushear what Gale faith. Diverfity of meats are as ne- ceflary Of the quantity df Meats. ceffary in ficknes (ifit be a compound ficknefs) as vari- ety of medicins, For a hot liver requireth a cooling ‘meat, and a cold ftomach that whichishot: andif a mixt difeafe have made a mixed diftemperature in any part, there divers and compounds meats be of neceffity required. Otherwife many meats (e(pe cially of contra- ry kind, fubftance and quality) are oft hurtful and tu- multuous. Com.in 1. de viét. rat. in ac. cap 3. & 3.de wict.rat. in ac.cap.35. & primo in Eund: cap, 18. where- by wemay eafily perce.ve, that variety of meatsis per- mitted:fometimes to the fick, yea though it’ be joined with contrariety of kinds... eee CHAP. XXX Ofthe quantity of Meats. ope faying of the wifeman, Eate not too much hony, fheweth unto us; thac even the moft wholefome and nourifhing meat of all other will prove dangerous and hurtful co our heal:h, if it be nor bberly and mea- furably eaten. Temperancy being not onely the car- ver,but alfo the commander at our tables. We find likewife feveral fayines recorded ;. as, That we muft eat by reafonand not by appetite; That ftraight- girding, makes little eating ; That in time of Famine, though we defire moft, fatiety is moft perillous; T sat inrainy weather lictle meat, little drink, and muchexer- cife within doores is beft, That melancholy perfons eat much, Cholerick drink much, Phelgmatick fleep much; Great Livers, great Eaters, that a lean Woman, isa Tavern of blood, That they which eate little, are ‘> ec ne- 373 3 = c os SS ee 274 Of she quantity of meats, never good Travailers, The Spaniard eats, the German. drinks, and the Englifh exceeds in both. | el A ‘ er i , " 7 te ’ ie & EAM Tes ES woe ee ee eee En ——_— => i Temperance what it t. — — ey er = ee. —— — But would you know what Temperancy is? It is a vertue, timely, moderately and) comely’ u- fing thofe things, which be truely neceffary and: natu- ral. For fome things be both neceflary and natural without which we cannot live,as Meat and Drink;others natural bucmot neceflary, without ufe of .which many of us may live, andlive in health, as \Yenus game: others neceflary but not natural, as ftrong exercifes for fome bodies: others neither natural nor neceflary, as over- curious Cookery, making fine meat of a whetftone, and quelque-chofes of unfavory,nay of badand unwholefome meat. There betwovices equally oppofite to this ver- tue; Surfeiting, when a man eateth more then either his ftomach can hold or his ftrength digeft; and Self- pining, when we eate lefs then our nature craveth and is able to overcome. | pil The firft. of them (namely furfeiting and-excefs ) though it be avice of all other moft' hurtful to the body and confequently noifome to the mind, yet we read that whole nations, and Emperors, and Potentates have both efteemed, and honoured and rewarded it fora’ yertue. Athen.l.1.¢, 1. For the Séedlians dedicated a Temple to Gluttony; aad ‘An Accan, A¥#feophanes writeth thus of the Barbarians, 7 ih a mS BN 9 { 7 fi i ; ny | i ‘aa Wy mt nie Fi Hie ; a We i a ‘ ee i} ; qt 1 ; | : : ' iit tH } Tt : | ‘AN a i} 7 | HH : Ht Mi : } . ie . | } i rit - 1B} He ra ni ' \* { oy TH att Thai ta ML Hee } ‘ i" At Tite es Ra i ‘ay y aha e yy UN git a hs AF | ‘ H \ | ale TE ap}: OME ea a ee i { Pe ehh | a Re at | } a ' ain "be ey Hei ea ‘is i 1 fyply it rae a at y Bilis) Pe Le ie Py ae be 5 We ll ay. WMA hy 7 Tay | Shi a is v EY } / My wy wi tye Ai L] fe f Pa 0 a VY Hy Re i Wea’ , Pay gy) me 3 ame ht: id a ar} ‘ : ; i | ; c ’ 9 ss Or BasBaeos yc vdpa's HVE lee cede , % 4 cy a ~ T3s WAcisen JSuyauwwes rolaoeyeiy's 1G PREY Them ontly mew Barbarians think,> 0 > That san devoure oft meatanddrink) - © 00° vi: F aboole 10 frisve F &2: Le | Of & Of the quantity of Meats, ae Of this crue was Maximinus the Emperour, who (like our old Abby-lubbers ) did eat till he fweat 5 yea l.é.c-ro. en. >. Sabellicus affirmeth, that his one dayes fweat gathered up in goblets, did amount to the meafure of fix Sexta- vies. Claudius Cafar and Vitellius the Emperour were Cel ib. 13, ¢. like unto him,eating commonly fo much,that they were 2. 4- |. forced once or twice ina meal to go out and vomit; and then returned tothe table again, giving afrefh charge toa forelorn® ftomach. And though ) cuz 7c\élih em delns yoloo An over-yeelding lenethneth the grief jy: But timely permifsion maketh it brief. - As for Pemperancy ( which I cah neverenough re- verence or commend): would to: God: it were as well practifed of every:particular many as ies neceflarily re- quired to bein Phyfitians. Firft that by long life they may (with Galewand Hippocrates) get perfection in that art which they profefs: whereas now many Phyficians are buried undera Doétors name, ‘before they ever taft - ed of Hy¢ea her cup, or faluted Panacea a fanoft. Second: ly if they by furfeicing or fafting hurt their owne bo- dies; how fhall their doétrine be followed by ‘their ‘Pati- ent, when itis broken and croffed by themfelves 2: : Hippoc, The: mde Perfians are recordedtohave ever fed fo Xcnoph.s. Px: temperately, that to {pic or blow their ‘nofe,-was both execrable and punifhable amongft them: “Likewife they (as alfothe Romans)permitredanyman togive him thar yawneda blowon the ear; becaufe png andifnive]-. ing and yawning,ate only:the fruits of fulnefs oridlenels: Much more (houldJearned: Phyfitians: moderate them- felves, who give laws to others; and not rafhly ran into! that excefs, whicheven thefavage Scytbiam'and Perfians: everabhorreds 1° | » Ivis alfo recorded of the 'Spansfh Women, that acer- Athen.].2.c.2s f : tain girdle is kept-offome two:footlong in every Town, which if any womans belly exceeds an compals (unlefs 280 Of the quantity of Meats. it be by child-going ). they are counted deteftable and infamous: Let:it be therefore a’ greater fhame for us Phyfitians, by ill example to purchafe our owne difcre- dit, and alfo to leflen our ‘skill | and fhorten our lives Cic.a:Tufe, 2S much as lieth inour owne power : for Theophraftus ic.3. Tufe, ‘ x4 falfly accufed nature, in that the gave long lite to Ra- vens and Crows(whom it little profited) and butafhort time to men, andthe fhorteft of all to S rudents, whom reafon would have'to live long for the mutual benefit oné ofanother, and the publick good of the Common- weal, More juftly he might have accufedmen and Stu- dents themfelves, for abridging their natural dayes by furfeiting and drunkenne(s; chambring: and wantonnefs, excefs andriot; confidering that nature ever moft pre- fervech and tendereth the moft worthy creature, did it not deftroy and ruinate it felf. Timotheus having fupped with Plato, and eaten (con- trary to his cuftome) very moderately, flept very quié- lythac night, finding neither cholick to awake him, nor belchings in the morning to angoy him; wherefore afloonas he awaked,;he brake forth into this exclamati- -on, with a loude voice + How fweer, how fweet are Pla- ’ warfil. Fic, de 20s DUPPErS; Which makesus inthenight'timetoflep,) Sanic.ftud.cu. tad in the motning to breathe fo fiveetly! Yea but (fome will fay )how hall we know when we have eaten enough? At whom Democritus would have laughed a month to- gether, ind perhaps have! rcturtied them, this -anfwers Fools and: Ictotes that: you ire, know. you when your’ Horfe and your Hawke and your Dog hith enough, and are youlgnorant what meafure to allow your felvesewho: will urge his Horfe to eat roo much, or cramhis Hawke: cillthe be onergorged,.orzfedd bis Hound till his rail leave. waving? anddhall (man the meafurer of Heaven: and £arthybe: ignorant haw in Diettomeafure the big : nels Of the quantity df Meats. fignes or ftrength of his own ftomach ? knowsehe by — fignes when they-are over filled, and‘is he ignorant of the fignes of repletion in him(elf 2: namely of fatiety, loathing, drowfinefs, ftiffnefS, weaknefS, wearine(s, hea- vinefs and belching ? Doth not everyman know, that Enough confifteth not in filling the paunch,but in take- ing fufficient to maintain nature, whict no'doubt is fatis- Pluc.4 fympos fied with alittle, as Solon faid at the wifemens featt,Swr#- Cloath your mum,imo divinumbonum eft nullovefci alémento, proxi-(elf warmly, mum vero cy naturale yuod a minim. I is( faid Solon) and feed {pa- ringly. the greateft., yea the divinet good thing of all other, Velti te caico toeatno meat: andthe nextuntothatand moft natural © M2g'2 poco ws, tofeed as {paringly as may be, But can you not prefcribe one certain meafure or quantity fit for all men ¢ no verily, for coprefcribe to all men (or to one man at all times)one certain quantity of meat, were to makea coat for the Moon: which if ei- ther Fupster her Father, or Latona her Mother could have done, they would long ere this: with fome robe or other have covered her inconftant -body , encreafing or decreafing every moment. And verily Hippocrates 4'p.de.ver.me hath truly written. The quantity of meats ought not to be appointed by weight , number nor meafure, but by fence and ability of our ftomachs : for {ome cannot dizeft much, others are offended at a little, others are not fa- tisfied till their-maw be filled, others have toomuch when it half filleds - a y It were ftrange to recite, what great ftore of meat fome have eaten and others daily doveat without offence; Ariftotlein his Politicks,calleth the Fencers and Wraft- lers Diet of his time aVayisscparyiay, 4 BCC effary G oarman- dife; becaufe through abundance of exercife. (which confumeth {pirits and humours ) they were entorced to seth Rha A: Hairy Adon crdiedl - i ‘° Ria 4 if a * A 2 , 7 + Aaa eatin AE) AQ os 233 Of the quantity of meats, lib: t. cap-6- . eat both muchrand often. Nay Cornelins Gemma affirm- Colmoctit. eth, thathe faw whilft he lived an aged woman , which from her infancy fed in exceffive meafure; eating fome- thing continually every hour, befides her ordinary meals of breakfaft, dinner.and fupper, which were of an incre- dible quantity: In the end dying with abundance-of fat and flefh (for thecaul-of her belly weighed twenty pounds) they perceived all this to come froma peculiar and{pecial cemperature,called of theGrecians iftouyxegaa: for her liver was greater, and heavier then allthe reft of her bowels laid cogether ; exceedingred, and fwelling with {tote of blood :and wind. S#rius and Bruyrinus , Sur.com.rer; and Scheugkius tell of many others, who lived long in Brolixe ce health though they fed exceffively, having as itwere re cid. cap.s. an Oftriches ftomach joined witha Dogs appetite. vepeng' lib. On the contrary fide, fome thay as well live with hun- | ger and long abftinence a great while,according as I have Hip lib.dees, read in many Authors, Hippocrates thinketh, that if a man abftain from meat and drink {even dayes, he can- not efcape death ; yeawhen fome afterwards were per- ‘fwaded.to eat, their meat never paffed. thorough them, becaufe the hungry gut (called j¢/#”4m inteftinum) was Piin).1.c.64 DY abftinence clung together. But P/imy faw the: con- Athen.1.2.Dip trary,and Tive#s Aunt lived two months together with- ace ail out meat or drink. Albertus, Alexander Benediétusjand lib.12 cap. 11 Jacobus Sylvinsywrite yet of more ftrange and incredible Jac.fyl-Con'l. abftinence both of men and women; which truely I contra famcm., : | would have regiftred amongft the lies of the golden Le- Iowb dec.t.[a= gend, and the-Abbot of Ursbere his Chronicles, had not radcx,2. William Rondeletins and honeft Ioubertus written the like of a French gentlewoman, living almoft three years without any fuftenance of meat, bread, broth’or drinks who afterwards was married and conceived a child,which fe:-brougth well forth and happily alive: By all which exam- Of the quantity of Meats, 283 amples we may eafily. gacher;how abfurd the fafhion and cuftome was before Platsrchs time:when every man did Plur.2. Symp. not carve for himfelf, but was carved unto by another ; - and that (after the Colledge fafhion ) foequally, that none had more or lefs then his fellows:which order how- foever it pleafed Hagias the Sophifter, becaufe feafts in Greek are:called Divifions, and the Matters of feafts Great Dividers, and Servants Carvers; and «ara and Lachefis(being the Goddefles of feaftings ) were called fo of equality of divifion; and that peace is maintained where equality is: kept, and that’ i4gamemmnons Souldi- ers (as Homer teftifieth in fundry. places) had every one alike meafure and weightof victuals: ‘yet (by his leave) neither is humanity therein obferved, nor geometrical proportion kept, nor nature imitated. For tell me, what humanity can we callir, to: give aman lefs then his ftomach wanteth ?. what geometrical proportion is that, which giveth as much to:the half-full;,asthe emp- ~ | ty veflel ¢ and how dare we preicribe one quantity - toall, when mens ftomachs be asdivers in quantity of | receitand ability of concoction, as their faces be differ- | ing in appearance? fo that itis too little for one which - js too much for another , and no certain meafure, nor | number, nor weight is to be prefcribed to any man : but | every one to feed according as his ftomach is able to con. f coét,which(to ule Hippocrates his phrafe)though it have; 4. gigiat. no ears, yet hath it intelligence to beg his own, and wil- | dome to difcern when it hath enough; willing us not to eat till we have an appetite, nor to eat fo long till we have none. This rule Gales obferving (amongft many other ) he was feldome fick, and lived (as Sspontinus writeth) 140 years. Alfo let us remember, that in youth, health and win- ter we may feed more plentifully, as alfo after exercife Oo 2 and -~ oA) 28.4 Of the quantity of Meats. and at our own own ordinary table:. But when: we are at great feafts, or forced to eat upon ftrange meats (be they never fo finely dreffed) let jealoufy be our-carver , Suet. invira. after the example of 4aguftws Cafar, and alfo of Plato: AUB. ving WHO at great feats fed-onely on fome known difh.I have © ere. fi ita . . Diog, read fomewhere,when they of Thafis invited Alexander to a feaft, that he fed well upon their fat mutton & beife, and gave away the forced difhes and curious Quelqchofes not to his own Countrimen and Souldiers, but to his captives and flaves : faying, That he would rather they were all dead, then that any of his owne by furfeiting uponany unknown meat fhould be never fo little fick. And thus much of the juft quantity of meats 5 which Phyfitians may aim at by long experience, prefcribiag a full Diet to them that be found and ftrong, and accu- {tomed to much feeding,a moderate diet to them that be indifferent, and.athin diet to fuch »weaklings and fick perfons as require neither much nor often feeding, LE PEELE FOOLED IIIS ELE LEE POTION AO a fe a Ye NI capris eigunen titi edstiastairtiaeraniasiniapedtan CHAP. CHAP. XXXHU, Of the: quality of Meuts. alen com. in f and ficknefs, beware what kind of meat he moft apn. fo.tib «. commonly ufeth; for like food like flefh, like meat like nourifhment. © Te (And therefore we find that fome have’ Quails fto- machs, and may eat poyfon: A Woman by cuftome drank the juice of Hemlocks ufually. Gal. lib. 3. fimpl. medic.cap.18. Ada Maid fed ufually (by cuftome)up- on Napellus Spiders, and other poyfons, Czlius lib.A.L. , r1.cap.18. Mithridates the younger ufed continually a counterpoyfon made of poyfons,in fomuchthat when, he would have poyfoned himfelf(being by his fon Phar- naces vilany betrayed to Lacullus )he could not do it, and therefore killed himfelf by the help. of a Frenchman, Plin. lib.23.cap.9- J All which cautions are particularly fer down by Hippo- crates and Galen,though{catteringly and by peices in fe- Silien ake a veral places, that I need Ge | | Ippocrates and Galen bids every man both in health yobs fal Di. not add to his own words; which cap. 10, LE have aphoriftically fet down in thefe fentences follow- ing, becaufe no man ever did the like. 1. Let every man take heed,what quality his meat is‘ofs G41 com in for cuftome-begetteth another nature, and the whole aph. so. lib. +. conftitution-of body may be changed by Diet. Gal.com.in ap, : * 4. 12.1.1. 8 come 2. We fhould take thofe kinds of meats which are beft ge fal.dizt.c.7 for our own particular bodys, for our own particular age, & com-s- in 6. remperature,diftemperature & complexion. For as every cP, cis com, ‘ : =e aph.gelib. 3s: particular member of the body is nourifhed with a feveral % qualified fe: Of the quality of Meats. juice: fo laboirers andidle perfons, children and ftri- plings, old mei and young men, cold and hot bodies , phlegmatick aad cholerick complexions mutt have di- vers Diets. Gal.com.in 3. Young, fot, ftrong and labouring mens ftomachs aph.18.1ib.2. may feed of meats,giving both an hard and a grofs juice, (as beife, bacon, poudred-flefh and fith,hard cheefe, rye- bread and harc egs,¢"c.) which may nourifh flowly, and be concocted ly degrees; for if they thould eat things of light nourifhment. (as veal, lamb, capons, chickens, poacht-egs, partridges, pheafants or plovers,¢c), either their meat wold be too foon digefted, or elfe wholy Gal.com.2. de converted intocholer. Contrariwife milk is fitteft for ae young childrea,tender fleth for them that are growing, | and liquid meais for fuch as be fick of fharpe difeates, Furthermor? if any mans bowels or body be too dry, a moult diet of fuppings, and boild meats yeelds hima remedy, but 1 it be too moift, all his meats and diet muft tend to dinefs, 4.de fic. fimp. 4. Sweet meats are vnfit for young children and Cap:7- young men, and hot ftomachs ; for they corrupt chil- drens teeth, aad turn moft into cholec in young mens ftomachs, butthey are good for old men and cold com- plexions; yea tony it felf agreeth with them. 4. de fimplfac. 5. Bittermeats engender choler and burn blood, giv- ime ree ing, NO genera nourifbment to. the whole , howfoevet | they be accepnble to fome one part. | Gal.dealim. 6. Sharp {pices (which I have particularly named be- facsl Kea ult: fore in the fifth Chapter of this Book) are moft unfit for tender bodies , whofe fubftance is ealily melted and en- flamed, howfoever ftrong men may eat them with grofs meats. Gal2.de vid. 7-Soure mects and fharp togerher(as limons, orenges, farinac. _citrons and vinegar) offend-cold ftomachs and finewy parts : Of the quality of Mats, 287 parts: but if they be cold and aftringeat (as forrel, quin- ces, cerviffes and medlers) they are nor fo offenfive, nay they-are profitable toall ftomachsbeing eaten aft, unlefs the body be fabjeé to fluxes. 8. Meats overfalted how dangerows they are, infla- Gat.g de fac. mations, leprofies, fharpnefS of uring, and great ob- #im-& 3.de ftructions hapning to: fuchas ufe them much,do fuffici- ene ently declare, agreeing with none bat ftrong bodies, as Sailers, Souldiers, and husbandmes, accuftomed to Gal.com.in ap. hard labour and much toiling. 18.lib.a. g. Fatty, meats are not good but for cold and dry Gal s.deal.f: ftomachs.; for in fayguine and cholerisk ftomacks they are foon corrupted, in phlegmatick ftemacks they pro- cure loofnefS and hinder retention >’ Oty they are fit for men naturally melancholick, giving 'o them a kindly warmth , and alfo amoft convenient and proper moi- “ure. . 10. All meats fhould be given veryhot to cold and Sal. com. in raw ftomachs; but cold meats to cold ftomactis are ve- *P™3-1i6.3: ry hurtful. Pétyllus had fo cold a Stomich ( faith Suidas) that he made afheath for his tongue, ti {wallow down his pottage [calding hot : and Eunapius r@orteth the like of Prowrefius the Sophifter; yea I my [df have known a Shrop{hire gentleman of the like quality. 11. When.any man is fick or difiempered, let his G4) com is meats be of contrary quallity to his dieafe: for health aph.3 1.3. it felfis buta kind of temper gotten and preferved by a convenient mixture of contrarieties.. Now in what degree moft particular meats be hot, cola and dry or moift, [uf ficiently declaredabove inthe fifth Chapter, where I have largely fet downthe arr of ° meat both in kind, fubfiance, temper atuie ana taftwhere- unto I refer you. | : 12% Above all things take heed ;hat. you eat not: | through: Ifa.de univerf, & parti.dizca. eH 9§ 7 Of the quality of Meats. ; through hunger of a meat, which either naturally or acci+ | Galcom.in dentally you loath for as the pleafing meat is beft con- aph.38-lib.2- coed (yea though it be fomewhat of the worht kind) fo meats loathed, turn into wind, belchings, vomitings and cruel gripings, becaufe the fteamch doth not affee Gal.com.4.de them. But what meat is fitteft,and moft agreeable'to vict fat. in. 4 every mans taft,humour and nature; rather proper expe- eee rience doth teach us, then. any mans. judgement can di- rect us. af 13 Letaftrong and good ftomach taft of all things, Hava. . but not feed upon them asnourifhments ; yea,it is good in health to taft every thing, leaft we refufe that in fick- nefs which perhaps we fhall have moft caufe to feed on: _ it hapued to Titus the E mperour whole over-nice feea- ee "ing and bathing haftned his death, CHAP. XXXL. Of the Time, Order and Manner of Eatizg. Thenaus in his Feaft of Sages faith, that the old mea: weil Grecians lived very temperately; but yet he faith chewed ishalf that ufually they made'three mealsa day,one early in che ti ah morning, another atnoon, and the thirdatnight. The much at meat: firft was called dzpanzua, becaufe it was-nothing buta fop \“7°" ne of bread foked in alittle wines. The fecond was called Reel at desoy, becaufe it was made of home-bread things, which are thought to give the beft and ftrongeft nourifhment. The laft wascalled by two names,) evo fignifying a late eating, and srr becaufe it required careand.coft, In Plotarchs time Breakfaft was called yei2; becaule they did only taft and go.’ Dinner was termed #5 ¥yNov, 2 being a noon-meal.. Supper was called oi, for that it was not private (as Breakfaft and Dinner). but either common amongft neighbours, or at leaft with all their own houfehold. How Beavers called procenia,and fleep- drinks called prohypnia and metacenia came up , none _ have yet thoroughly determined, though here amongft labourers, and in Germany amongft gentlemen they are ordinarily put in practife. | | Breakfafts are fit for all men in ftinking houfes or clofe Cities, asalfo in'the time of peftilence, and before you vifit the fick ; for empty veins draw deepeft , and what they firft receive(be it good or bad)with that they clenfe _ or infeét the blood. Contrariwife where, the air is pure clear and wholefome, it is beft to faft till dinner, unlefs you be either of growing: years or of a cholerick fto- mach, for then you muft not in any cafe be long fafting. Dinners and Sa genernily neceflary and con- p venient ' Of the Times, Order and Manner of Eating. venient for all ages, times-of the year, and all complexi- ons;efpecially in thefenorthern parts of the world, where inward heat being multiplyed by outward coldnefs, our radical moifture would be foon confumed, if it were not reftored by a double meal at the leaft. Whether Dinner or Supper [hould be largeft. Now whether at Dinner or Supper we may feed more plentifully; is'a great queftion amongft Phyfiti- ans; either becaufe they affirm too generally oneither . fide , or becaufe: they were ignorant of diftinGions: lib.2.para-c.21 Some. are jut of Leonard Fuchfiue his opinion, that our Supper fhould be the larger of both, for: thefe rea- fons. Firft, becaufe as we may eat more in Winter then in Sommer, our inwards being then hotteft, througli re- percuflion of heat by external coldnefss fo the night lib. 6.epi.lec ¢ refembling winter (as Htp pocrates noteth) noreafon but & raphor. ys. that then we fhould feed moft. Secondly we may then feed more largely becaufe fleep enfueth, with whom blood, heat and fpirits return more inward to the belly, Hip.6-ep-ec.s. bowels, ftomach and all parts of concoétion, then when xaph.29. by light exercifeor mufing they are diftracted upward, downeward, and outward to other parts. Again, look what exercife is tothe joints and mufcles, that 1 fleep tothe bowels: that istofay, look how labor and exercife doth warm:the one, fodoth fleep and quiet- ta.de ca.fym, nels warm ithe-other. | Galew likewile writeth thus; whilfta man fleepeth: all motive and fenfible: faculties feem to be idle;but natural powers are then moft ative; concocting meat not onely better in the ftomachand euts, butalfoin the veins and whole habit of the body. ib.t.cap.97, Paulus Aegmmetais ofthe fame judgement, writing thus. Sleep.is a ceafing or reft of animal faculties, proceed- ing from the moiftning of ourbrain with a fweer. and profitable humour ; which whofoever taketh in due or- : der 290 Hip.ibid.ap.!ro Of the Times, Order and Manner of Exting. dersquantity and time,he receiveth thereby many fingu- _ jar commodities; namely good concoétion of meat ,- and digeftion of humours, and ability to labour eafilyand chearfully after digeftion : where he addeth this rea=~ fon of better concoétion in fleep out of Hippocrates. wit, éep.com, éuigavios trenyeeds, C6. He that is broad waking 1s hotceft 4 aph.12. outwardly ; bue he that foundly fleepeth is hottett inw ardly. Now if any fhall object, that no fleepcan be whole- fome or found after fupper,becaufe it is taken upon a full gorge. Tanfwer him thus, Phyfitians writenot to idi- otes and fools, but to men of fence and reafon,; whom — common fence may teach, that they are not: (like fwine and beafts) firftto fill their bellies, and then’ prefently to fleep upon it, but to fit or walk eafily after {upper for an hour or more; to fertle their meat to the bottome of their ftomach, that it may prove lefS vaporous to the head, and be fooner concoéted lying nearer the liver. Furthermore when I faid, that we fhould feed more _ largely at Supper then at Dinner, I meant nothing lefs then to counfel men to gorg themfelves up to the top of their gullet; but to advife them of both their meals to make Supper the larger , for the reafons alledged, and for infinite reafons befides which I could fet down. For whom large, or [paring Sxppers be moft convenient. Neverthelefs I do not fo generally fet this down, as thatit is beft for all perfons, but forthem ‘onely which be found and in health: for ifany be troubled with great headache, or rhumes, or nightly torments of any part, their Supper ought tobe very little, flender and dry,and alfo to be taken very timely in the evening, that na- ture being freedall night time of other offices, may on- ly artend concoétion of the difeafes caule. - Laft ofall, I except alfo them which have long been Pp 2 accuftomed 192 Of tke Times, Order and Manner of Eating, accuftomed to fmall Suppers and long Dinners; becanfe Hip.2.aph.so. the imitation of a long cuftome (though it be evill) breedeth no common or: petty danger. Laurence Teu- Dec.1 parad.®. bert in his eigth Paradox written to Camufius the King of France his Secretary wonderfully ftriveth to oppugne this opinion ; but profitting no more with his head and hands, then the moufe in the car-barrel doth with her feet; for whenhehath done all that he can, he onely proveth that better digeftion is in the day time, and not better concoction, as hereafter (upon fome other occa- fion) J will plainly demonftrate to the learned. How often «man fhould feed ina day. Furthermore I would not in like manner have any man think, that I prefcribe two or three meals, and neither more nor lefs to all perfons : for Children may feed much and often; old menlittle and often: where Plutein Gryll. by the way note this out of Plutarch, that old age is not ever to be ftinted by years, but by decay and lof of natural ftrength. For in fome Nothern Countries(and he nameth ours) few men are old at half a hundred years, when the Z- thiopians and Southern people are old at thirty. They are long young and lufty, becaufe much feeding refto- reth decay of moifture,and outward coldnefS preventeth the lofs of in-borne heat. Thefe contrariwife are foon old, becaufe outward heat draweth out their: inward moifture., which fhould be the maintainer and food of their heat natural, Alfol permit unto true labourers and workmen to feed often.(yea four or five times 2 day if their work be ground- work or very toilfome)becaufe continual {pend- ing of humours and fpirits, challenge an often reftoring of the like by meat anddrink, » | Finally whofoever by fome natural and peculiar tem- - 3 perature, — EEE —S > Of the Times, Order and Manner of Eating, 293 perature, or elfe upon any ficknefs, is enforced to eat of- ten; it were againft art, reafon and nature to number and ftint his meals. Claudius Cafar had fo gnawing afto- mach, that he could eac at all hours, And Aulus Vitelliw’, suet. in vita (even at his Gods fervice and facrifice) could hardly re- claudii &vicel. frain from fnatching the meal and oil out of the Priefts hand: yeahe baitedat every Village as he rid upon the way,and fwept clean the Amery in every Inn. Contra- riwife fome either by nature or cuftome eat but once a day, others onely twice, and fome thrice: as you may read in Bemevenius, Ferdinandus Mena and Bartholome- eae ws Anulus , and as 1 my felf can alfo witnefS by divers of (:°3. Mena.de our own Countrymen, if I purpofed or thought it need- med.feb,c.s t. fullto produce their names. The like may I fay of fet “arch Af 10 hours, to dine or fup in; for albeit I-could ever lle. cae and think it generaliy wholefomeft, to dine before the higheft of the Sun, and to fup 7. or 8. hours after din- ner; yet if any be accuftomed with Auguftus Cafar, ta Sucinvit-Au. eat onely then and as often as he ishungry I forbid him not to difcontinue his own courfe, albeit I rather impute it to a foolifh ufe, then to any inward prefcripe or moti- onofnature. Cetus therefore not unwittily termethlib.s.c.3.A.L. Courtiers. by the name of Antipodes s for as it is day with them when it is night with us, fo. Courtiers and Princes eat when all others fleep; and again (perverting the order of nature , and fetting as it were the Sun to School) fleep out the fweeteft part of theday, wherein. others eat and work. | Concerning the manner of eating , itis notalike in cg1,1.7 ¢,y,. all Countries. Ihe Jews, Grecians and old Romans didia.c. eat lying and declining to their right fight... Onely the Illyrians far boule upright as we do now, »with a woman laced (after the new Hans fafhion) betwixtevery man. Majini{[a did moft commonly eat and walk,yet fomtime ach .10.c.1y.. | ~ hie | 2:94 —Of the Times, Order and Manner of Eating. Feonr.1.4.€3- he did alfo eat ftanding , and fometimes leaning after the Roman guife, buchenever fat at his meat: becaufe he thought eating tobe one of the flighteft fervices tobe donof men, upon which they fhould neither ftand, lye nor fitlong. For mine ownpart, I prefcribe no other manner of eating, then we have recieved and kept by long tradition. Neverthelefs that declining towards the right fide was the beft manner of pofition in feeding, 1oaec.43-¥-23+ the example of Chrift and his Apoftles do fufficiently prove, who(when they had choice of rites and manners) _ obferved ever that which was moft wholefome, feemly _and natural. Now how long we fhould fit at Dinner and Supper, though it be not fet down: precifely by Phyfitians, yet generally we may forbid too long or too fhort a time. Switrigalus Duke of Eit#ania néver far fewer then fix hours at Dinner, and'as many at Supper: from whom I chink the cuftome of long fitting was derived to Den- mark; for there ] remember I fat with Frederic King of Denmark , and that moft honorable Pere¢ine Lord Willoughby of Eresby (when he carried the Order of the Garter)’ 7..0r 8. hours together at one meal. Others feed quickly and rife {peedily ; but neither of thofe courfes be allowable: for as too long fitting caufeth dulnels of fpirics, and hindereth the full defcent of meat to the depth of our ftomachs ; fo too fpeedy rifing caufeth’an overhafty fetling, and maketh italfo to pals out before it be well concoéted. | To conclude, miace or chaw your meat finely, eat leifurely, {wallow advifedly , and fit upright with your body for aa hours fpace or lefS, for longer fitting is not requrfite forthe body (howfoever fome affectir) nay itis'rather hurtful unlefs it be confirmed by long cuftome, or made more tollerable by reafon of fome pat. time f " PEAS tek eek time; game, or difcourfe to refrefh the mind, But of all Of the Times, Order and Manner of Eating. 9 ¢ long fitrersat the table, farewel Hugutio Fagiolanie, lib. deremed. who (as Petrarch reporretit) loft both the Cry of ‘Pifa ™ fore. and Lwkes at one Dinner’, becaufe he woul not ‘arife (though a true Alarm was given) to repel ‘he enemy, tillhis dinner were fully ended, ‘which ufwally was pro- tracted two or three hours. | | 3 Laft ofall; Concerning the order of taking of Meats, The firft courfe in old times was called frigida menfa, the cold fervice ; becaufe nothing but Oiftess, Lettice, Spinache, cold falades; ‘cold water and cold fawces' were then fet on the tables: which order was clean altered in Plutarchs time, for they began theit meals with wine hot pottage, black or peppered broth, and hor meat, ending them with Lettice and Purcelane (as Galen did) to fupprefs vapoursand procure fleep; whica example is diligently to be followed of cold ftomachs, as the o- ther is to be imitated of them. which are over hot. Likewife that the moft nourifhing meat is firft to be > Plut,. 8. fympe eaten, that ancicnt Proverb ratifieth 46 ov ad mala s Cxl liq.7.capy. from the eg to the Apples; wherefore I utterly miflike *7:4: “ our Englifh cuftome, where Pheafant, Partridge and Plover are laft ferved, and meats of hard conc»&ion and lefS good nourifhment fent before them. As for fruit (if it be not aftringent, as tart apples, pears, foue-plums, quinces, medlers, cervifes, cornels, wardens, our pom- granates, and all meats made of them)it fhoull be eaten laft. ) Contrariwifeall fweet and moitft fruit (as rige melons, gourds, cucumbers, pompions, old and {weet apples, {weet pomegranates, fweet orenges) and all thngs either fatty, light, liquid and thin of fubftance, and eafie of concoétion, fhould be firft eaten, unlels we befubject to great fluxes of the belly, or cholerick difpofitions of ar mach,, oo : Se. - . aN i) ee cae ees 8 z ae ae oS. == = as Ss —: > . 29 Af the Times, Order and Manner of Eating. mach, and then'the contrary courfe is moft warrantable, For if flippery,and light meats went formoft into hot ftomachs, they would either be burnt before the grof- fer were concocted, or at the leaft, caufe all to flip down- wards over-foon} by making the lower mouth of the {tomach too too flippery. And verily I think that this is the beft reafon,, wherewithall to maintain out Englith cuftome, in eating biefe and-mutton formoft before foul and fifth; unlefS the reafon drawn from ufe and cultome may feem more forcible, - Finally let me add one thing more, and then an-end ~ of this treatife.; namely that if our breakfatt be of liz. quid and fupping meats, our dinner moift and of boiled meats, and our fapper chiefly of roafted meats, a very good order is obferved therein, agreeable both to arr and the natures of moft men. et ee EE ETE oe en ree: 7 7 , ar arte sae > ‘ ’ : : rt ” ~« * A Hl , < +o f $ ao . 4 n B i 5 a 7. ‘ , oe o De 4 > ay _* : ae * . “ ( ie ™ é . x Rar nim ee <> ar a Png a, : > ~s9* ne tte ee ee oe Nt get te mene So em ate tee pe ae ee win ; arn So, é 4 epi ag Sedge, ot oy - OS . Me rE ne Oe + et et ee gs eae a % 3h. * er a a Chast pe phi et Rn et ay Sycae ee rain ~ - J / ee , —_ Og a ee oe ere ge $n ar rt ee Grete ie x = oe d scar a a Te x woe ? tg 5 EP * 7 s . 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