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T H E 
 
 i 
 
 American Gazetteer. 
 
 CON TA I N JNG 
 
 A diftin& Account of all the Parts 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEW WORLD: 
 
 their 
 
 Situation, Climate, Soil, Produce, Former 
 and Prefent Condition ; 
 
 Commodities, Manufactures, and Commerce. 
 Together with 
 
 An accurate Account of the Cities, Towns, Ports, Bays, 
 Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Pafles, and Fortifications. 
 
 The whole intended to exhibit 
 
 The Prefent State of Things in that Part of the Globe, and the 
 Views and Interefis of the feveral Powers who hate Poflcfiions 
 in AMERICA. 
 
 Illuftrated with proper MAPS. 
 
 IN THREE VOLUMES. 
 
 V O L. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for A. Millar, and J. & R. Tonson, 
 in the Strand. 1762. 
 

 
I 
 
 [ "i J 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 T H E amazing progrcfs made in the'dif- 
 ferent branches of literature, during the 
 
 nF .t, ° U a 3I ] centur ! es » bas been productive 
 of the moft valuable difcoveries; and the revi- 
 val of the arts and fciences proved a very for* 
 t unate aera to fociety. Navigation, if the lit- 
 t e of it then known delerves the name, was 
 generally left to men of mean education, and 
 barbarous difpofitions, till the beginning of the 
 fifteenth century ; when feveral ingenious men 
 applied themlelves to improve tha't noble and 
 uleful art, which then began to be patronifed 
 and encouraged by feveral princes. 
 
 Nor were thefe endeavours long without 
 their proper efFeas ; the Portuguefe difeover- 
 cd a paflage to the Eaftlndies, round the Cape 
 of Gooo Hope, and by that means became 
 matters of the rich commerce of the Eaftern 
 parts of the world. This ufeful difeovery, ani- 
 mated both the men of genius, and the enter- 
 priling feamen of that age; the former labour- 
 ed median tly to improve the ufeful branches 
 of fcience, and the latter to carry their /pe- 
 culations into a&ual pradice. The ufe of the 
 compafs lately introduced, was now thoroughly 
 A 2 under* 
 
[ iv ] 
 
 underftood, fo that mariners were no longer 
 afraid of failing out of fight of land, or of find- 
 ing the port they were bound to, without 
 keeping along the coaft. This at cnce fhortened 
 their voyage," and gave them opportunities of 
 making obfervations and difcoveries ; which 
 would otherwife, perhaps, never have been 
 known. 
 
 Furnifhed with fuch a guide, they boldly 
 ventured to fail on the pathlefs ocean, and 
 make confiderable excuriions from the Euro- 
 pean continent, in hopes of difcovering new 
 countries, and opening new branches of com- 
 merce. Various expeditions were undertaken, 
 and feveral places, particularly the Canary and 
 Azore iflands, difcovered. Even thofe that 
 proved abortive, furnifhed obfervations of the 
 greateft ufe to fucceeding navigators ; and it 
 was generally thought, that one of thefe voy- 
 ages furnifhed Columbus with the firft hint 
 of thofe amazing difcoveries he afterwards 
 made. A Spanifh pilot fleering from a port 
 in the Weft of Ireland, was driven at a pro- 
 digious rate to the weft ward, by a violent tem- 
 peft, which lafted fourteen days, during which 
 time he faw, or at leaft fancied he faw, fe- 
 veral iflands at a great diftance. He did not 
 however think proper to vifit them, but made 
 all the obfervations in his power, during his 
 return ; and having afterwards met with a 
 kind reception in the houfe of Columbus, 
 gave him, in his laft moments, the papers 
 and charts relating to this fortunate dif- 
 covery. 
 
 Whether this pilot mentioned the iflands he 
 had^feen, or the fpirit for difcoveries that then 
 
 pre- 
 
f V] 
 
 prevailed induced men to think what they 
 wiflied to be true, cannot now be known : but 
 
 nJv n e j tai ' f ru that a notion a ' mofl univerfallv 
 p evaded, I hat a great part of the terreftrial 
 
 globe was und i (covered . Indeed the writing 
 o the antients abound both with pofitive a*f- 
 lertions, and romantic ftories, relating to 
 countries unknown; which might tend to 
 propagate the above notion, and gain it credit 
 in difterents parts of Europe. 
 
 :n P, f 0 ’ two ? f his dialogues, mentions the 
 •band of Atlantis, and a defeription of it in 
 Greek verfe is (till extant. Ariftotie tells us, 
 that the Carthaginians difcovered beyond the 
 ztraics of Gibraltar, a certain ifland, large in 
 extent, its foil remarkably fertile, and full of 
 navigable rivers. This ifland, according to 
 the fame author, lay at the diftance of feme 
 days fail from the continent ; but was, it feems, 
 uninhabited. The fn ft difeoverers fettled there ; 
 but the Carthaginians, by an odd (broke of 
 policy, would not fuffer any of their pecole 
 to retire thither for the future, and even obli- 
 ged thofe who were already fettled to return, 
 cut Diodorus Siculus gives a more probable 
 account of this affair. He fays, that the Ty- 
 rians would have planted a colony there, had 
 not the Carthaginians oppofed it, being un- 
 willing to fuffer their citizens to tranfport them- 
 felves thither, left it (hould prove prejudicial 
 to their own affairs, as a trading people : and 
 at the fame time, they were defirous of re- 
 fer ving this ifland as an afylum, to which they 
 might at any time retreat, if oppreffed by in- 
 tolerable misfortunes. Whether this ifland 
 was the largeft of the Canaries, as has been 
 A 3 gene- 
 
[ vi ] 
 
 generally fuppofed, is not worth enquiry ; it is 
 fufficient for our purpofe, that the notion 
 which prevailed of there being fuch an ifland, 
 engaged the attention of feveral princes, and 
 increafed the defne that then remaikably pre- 
 vailed, of making difeoveries. 
 
 But however ftrongly the notion of there 
 being lands to the weftward might prevail, 
 none undertook to verify the truth of it, till 
 Chriftopher Columbus appeared, who began, 
 and perfefied his difeoveries, in a fhort inter- 
 val of time. This famous navigator was a 
 native of Genoa, but his family was unknown, 
 even to his fon Don Fernando. He was from 
 his youth addi&ed to the ftudy of navigation, 
 and wa9 foon confidered as one of the greateft 
 feamen of the age, having vifited moft parts 
 of the known world, and made the moft ufeful 
 obfervations on the winds, currents, & c. when- 
 ever he came. 
 
 Being firmly perfuaded that there was ano- 
 ther continent to the weft, or at leaft that he 
 fhouid by fleering to the weftward, reach the 
 eaftern fliore of the Indies ; he applied to the 
 (late of Genoa for aftiftance, to carry his 
 projeft into execution, but had the mortifica- 
 tion to fee his propofals not only reje<fted, but 
 ridiculed. Fired with the ungrateful returns 
 he met with from his countrymen, he deter- 
 mined to propofe his fcheme to fome foreign 
 potentate, not doubting but the advantages 
 that muft accrue from fuch difeoveries would 
 be a fufficient inducement for any prince to 
 liften to his propofals. 
 
 Full of this idea, he applied to the court of 
 France, but again found himfelf difappointed. 
 
 He 
 
r,'it it 
 notion 
 ifiand, 
 
 and 
 bly pre- 
 
 of there 
 prevail, 
 ' it, till 
 began, 
 :t inter- 
 • was a 
 known, 
 as from 
 igation, 
 greateft 
 ift parts 
 ft ufeful 
 where- 
 as ano- 
 that he 
 ach the 
 to the 
 irry his 
 iortifica- 
 L ed, hat 
 returns 
 deter- 
 foreign 
 antages 
 would 
 nee to 
 
 ourt of 
 oin ted. 
 
 He 
 
 [ vii ] 
 
 He next offered his fervice to the king of Por - 
 tugal, in whofe dominions he had for feveral 
 years refided, and urged his requeft fo warmly, 
 that commiflioners were appointed to treat 
 with him. But he found that every objeftion, 
 which either ignorance or envy could invent^ 
 was prepofed, and urged with the mod delu- 
 five air of coolnefs, temper, and wifdom. 
 They even propofed objeftions which they 
 knew had no manner of foundation, in order 
 to provoke him to difeover all he knew, that 
 they might deprive him both of the honour 
 and advantage resulting from the difeovery. 
 
 Incenfed at fuch ungenerous ufage, he left 
 the court of Portugal; and having fully in- 
 ftrufted his brother Bartholomew in his in- 
 tended proj eft, lent him into England, with 
 direftions to apply himfelf to Henry VII. 
 who was confidertd as one of the wifeft mo- 
 narchs in Europe ; flattering himfelf, that a 
 prince of fuch penetration would gladly em- 
 brace a propofal fo marwfeftly tending to pro- 
 mote his own intereft ; and in the mean 
 time, made preparations for going himfelf into 
 Spain, on the fame account. 
 
 Bartholomew Columbus embarked imme- 
 diately for England ; but was unfortunately ta- 
 ken by pyrates, who dripped him of every 
 thing. In this deplorable condition he arrived 
 in England; and to augment his misfortunes, 
 wasTcized with a violent fever. He had in- 
 deed the good fortune to recover, but w r as 
 obliged to fpend fome time, in making maps 
 aud felling them, before he was in a condi- 
 tion or putting himfelf in an equipage pro- 
 per for addrefling himfelf to the king. ° Henry 
 A 4 was 
 
f viii ] 
 
 was rather a prudent fteward, and careful 
 manager of a kingdom, than a prince who 
 is ambitious of enriching his dominions, by 
 great and bold attempts : it is therefore no 
 wonder that his propofals Ihould meet with 
 a cold reception, or that fuch a prince fliouhi 
 decline engaging in a great, but problematical 
 defign. Though his fon tells us, that Bar- 
 tholomew a&ually entered into an agreement 
 with king Henry, in the name, and on the be- 
 half of his brother, feveral years before his 
 contract with their catholic inajefties wa3 
 ligned. 
 
 In the mean time Columbus applied to the 
 court of Spain, and continued his follicitatr- 
 cns for feveral years, notwithftanding he met 
 with repeated difappointments. At laft, queen 
 lfabella, a princefs famous for her wifdom and 
 courage,' agreed with him on his own terms, 
 which were very confiderable, and fuch as 
 (hewed the great confidence he had of fuc- 
 ceeding in his attempt. This agreement was 
 figned foon after the taking the city of Gra- 
 nada from the Moors, whereby they were to- 
 tally driven out of Spain, part of which they 
 had pofleffed feven hundred and feventy years ; 
 fo that two of the mofl fortunate events which 
 ever happened to theSpanifh monarchy, namely, 
 the expulilon of the Moors, and the difeo- 
 very of the Indies, happened in the fame 
 year. 
 
 Columbus was furnifhed with three carvels, 
 and a hundred and twenty men, at Palas de 
 Maguere. Martin Pinfon was pilot of one, 
 Francis Pinfon of another, and Ditus Pinfon 
 of the third, all three brothers ; and failed on 
 
 the 
 
careful 
 ce who 
 )n$, by 
 fore no 
 icet with 
 ce (hould 
 lematical 
 hat Bar- 
 greement 
 n the be* 
 efore his 
 lies was 
 
 i to the 
 allicitati- 
 g he met 
 ft, queen 
 [com and 
 m terms, 
 fuch as 
 I of fuc* 
 lent was 
 of Gra- 
 were to* 
 rich they 
 ity years; 
 its which 
 nameh') 
 ie diicc* 
 :he to 
 
 carved, 
 x jlas dc 
 of one, 
 Pin/on 
 
 tiled on 
 the 
 
 f ix ] 
 
 the 3d of Auguft 1492. They made the U land 
 
 °I f S? m , era » °" e of the Canaries, where they 
 re/reihed ; and afterwards flood to the weft- 
 ward. He had no guide but his own genius, 
 nor any thing to comfort and appeafe his com- 
 panions, difcou raged and mutinous, with the 
 length and hopelefthefs of the voyage, but 
 fome indications which he drew from the cafual 
 appearances of birds, and floating fea-weeds, 
 n P. ^ them little to be depended upon, but 
 
 Which this wife commander, well acquainted 
 with the human heart, always knew how to 
 turn to the beft advantage. In this expedition, 
 the variation of the compafs was firft obferved, 
 and made a great impreffion on the pilots of 
 Columbus; indeed a difeovery of this kind, 
 made in an unknown ocean, far from the trafts 
 ot ail former navigators, was fufficient to ftrike 
 a terror into the moft undaunted breaft; for 
 nature ltfelf feemed altered, and the only 
 guide they had left, appeared to be on the 
 point of forfaking them. But even here, the 
 amazing prefence of mind, for which Colum- 
 bus was fo very remarkable, did not forfake 
 him: he pretended to give a phyfical reafon 
 for this amazing phaenomenon, which, though 
 far from fattsfying himfelf, had fufficient piau- 
 fibihty for leflening the terror of his mariners. 
 
 His genius was indeed fo fertile in expedients, 
 
 that he turned every occurrence to his advan- 
 tage : but ufe rendered them at laft ineffec- 
 tual; his crew infilled on his returning, with 
 Jotid and infolent fpeeches; and even' talked 
 of throwing him overboard. Even his own 
 invention, and almoft his hopes, were near ex- 
 haultcd, when the only thing that could ap- 
 A 5 peafe 
 
[ X ] 
 
 peafe them happened, the difcovery of land, 
 after a tedious voyage of thirty three days, du- 
 ring which time they had feen nothing but the 
 
 Tea and fky. . 
 
 They landed on an ifland called Guinaya, 
 one o; the Lucaios or Bahama iflands, remark- 
 able for nothing but this event. Columbus, 
 after thanking God for his fucccfs, formally 
 took poffeffion of the ifland, in the name of 
 their Catholic majefties, by ere&ing a crofs 
 upon the fhore ; great multitudes of the inha- 
 bitants looking on unconcerned, at a cere- 
 mony intended to deprive them of their natu- 
 ral liberty. The flay of the Spaniards here 
 however was but fiiort ; the extreme poverty 
 of the, people, convinced them that this was 
 not the Indies they fought. He therefore di- 
 rected his courfe to the fouthward, and after 
 fome difficulty difeovered the ifland of Hifpa- 
 niola, fituated in a good climate, and abound- 
 ing in commodious harbours, inhabited by a 
 humane and hofpitable people, and, what 
 Teemed to crown the whole, abounding in gold. 
 Thefe circumftances determined Columbus to 
 make this ifland the center of his defigns, to 
 plant a colony in it, and to bring things into 
 fome fettled order, before he proceeded on fur- 
 ther difeoveries. But in order to carry thefe 
 fchemes into execution, it was necefiary for 
 him to return into Spain, and equip himfeif 
 with a proper force. He had now collected 
 a fufficient quantity of gold, to place the merit 
 of his difeoveries in an advantageous point 
 cf light, and, at the fame time, feleCted fuch 
 a number of curiofities of various kinds, as 
 could not fail of working powerfully on the 
 
 minds 
 
[ *' ] 
 
 minds of a gazing multitude ; and therefore 
 made preparations for his departure; but 
 thought proper to build a fort, and leave 
 thirty-eight of his men, charging them to be 
 very careful to preferve the friendfhip of the 
 Indians. 
 
 On his return homewards, he touched at 
 feveral iflands to the fouthward, and difcovered 
 the Caribbces, of the barbarity of whofe inha- 
 bitants he hid heard terrible accounts in Hif- 
 paniola. He had before landed upon Cuba, 
 in his pafTage to the Bahamas. So that in this 
 firft voyage, he gained a general knowledge of 
 all the iflands, which lie in fuch vaft num- 
 bers in that great fea which divides N. and 
 S. America. But hitherto he neither knew 
 nor fufpe&ed any continent between him 
 and China; this was difcovered in his laft 
 voyage. 
 
 He arrived in Europe, after being abfent 
 above fix months, and was driven by°a great 
 ftorm into the harbour of Lifbon. He did 
 not however confider this as a misfortune, as 
 he flattered himfelf with having, by this ac- 
 cident, an opportunity of convincing the court 
 of Lifbon, of the error they had been guilty 
 of in rejecting his propofals; and that he fhould 
 now triumph over his enemies. Nor was he 
 niiftaken ; the Portuguefe beheld with envy 
 the fuccefs that had attended him ; efpecially 
 when. they a&ually faw the advantages they 
 had flighted, in the hands of another. 
 
 Having taken in the refrefnments he wanted, 
 he failed from Lifbon to Barcelona, which he 
 afterwards entered in a kind of triumph, be- 
 ing every where followed by prodigious crouds 
 A 6 of 
 
[ xii ] 
 
 of people, who flocked from all parts, to fee 
 him. It was indeed a pleafing, and at the w 
 fame time a triumph furnilhed by innocence : 
 he had not deftroyed, but difcovered nations. 
 The Americans he had brought with him, 
 drtffed in their country manner ; the animals, 
 and various curiofities he had collected in the 
 new world, exhibited a fight at once curious 
 and delightful. The admiral himfelf clofed 
 the proceffion, and was received by the king 
 and queen with the greateft marks of regard. 
 
 A chair was prepared for him, in which he 
 fat, and gave, in the prefence of the whole 
 court, a full and circumftantial account of all 
 his difeoveries, with that folemn gravity fa 
 agreeable to the tafte of the Spaniards. 
 
 But thefe honours were far fiom fatisfying 
 Columbus, a fecond voyage engaged his whole 
 attention ; and the fuccefs of the firft having 
 removed every difficulty, he was foon furnifhed 
 with feventeen fail of fhips, loaded with ne- 
 ceffaries for making fettiements, and having on 
 board fifteen hundred men, feme of them de- 
 fended from the beft families in Spain. With 
 this fleet he failed on his fecond voyage on 
 the 2cth of September 1493. h ,s arrival 
 at Hifpaniola, he found the fort that he had 
 built, totally demoliflied, and every one of his 
 people flain. They had, it feems, quarrelled 
 among themfelves, and al fo with the natives, 
 who taking the advantage of fuch unnatu- 
 ral divifions, fell upon them, drove them into 
 different parts of the ifland, and there put them 
 to death. 
 
 This was a mortifying ftroke to Columbus ; 
 but he knew that this was not a time to make a 
 
 flri£t 
 
r xiii ] 
 
 ftrift enquiry into the caufes of this tragical 
 a£hon : the only method of retrieving his af- 
 fairs, was to take more effectual meafures for 
 the future. Accordingly he pitched on a more 
 advantageous ftation on the N. E. part of the 
 ifland, tor fettling his colony, where he ere&ed 
 a fortification, and built a town, which he called 
 Ifabella, in honour of the queen his royal pa- 
 
 Perhaps there never was a man better quali- 
 fied for the great defigns he undertook, than 
 Chriltopher C.oIumbus$ but the gravity of his 
 behaviour, and the fevere difcipline he main- 
 tained, raifed him enemies among a muti- 
 nous and licentious fct of men, who had flattered 
 themfelves that gold was to be found fo plen- 
 tifully in the Indies, that nothing more was 
 neceilary to acquire an ample fortune, than 
 making a voyage thither. 
 
 It is therefore no wonder that fuch perfons, 
 on finding their miftake, fliould grow muti- 
 nous through difappointment. Nor was this 
 the only danger he had to fear; he had fuf- 
 ficient reafons to think, that the Indians were 
 not well affedied to their new guefts, and that 
 they would endeavour to cut them all off, 
 while divifions and parties reigned amon^ 
 themfelves. But he wifely provided againft 
 both ; he quelled the former, by adting in the 
 moftrefolute and efiedual manner; and pre- 
 vented the latter, by fhewing the Americans 
 what they had to fear, in cafe they oppofed 
 his defigns, and at the fame time negle&ed 
 nothing that might tend to gain their af- 
 fections. 
 
 But 
 
J 
 
 [ xiv ] 
 
 But while Columbus was thus exerting all 
 hfs faculties, to reduce this wealthy ifland, 
 and lay the foundation of the Spanifh gran- 
 deur in America, his enemies were trying 
 every art to ruin his intereft in Spain. Some 
 who had been the principal leaders in the mu- 
 tiny, returned to Spain, while he was failed 
 from the ifland to make difeoveries ; and in 
 order to juftify their own conduct, and gra- 
 tify their malice, accufed the admiral of neg- 
 ating the colony, and deceiving their ma- 
 jefties and the adventurers, with faife hopes 
 of gold, from a country, which produced very 
 little either of that, "or any other valuable 
 commodity. Nor were thefe complaints def- 
 titute of effefl, an officer was fent from Spain 
 to in(pe& his a&ions. And Columbus foon 
 found that to flay longer in the Indies, under 
 fuch difgrac.eful circumftances, would be la- 
 bouring to no manner of purpofe. Ke there- 
 fore determined to return to Spain, where his 
 prefence was abfolutely necefiary, to fupport 
 his intereft. Jde however exerted his little 
 remains of authority to fettle every thing, be- 
 fore his departure, in fuch a manner, as to 
 prevent tnofe difoiders, which had hitherto 
 been the fruitful parent of all the misfortunes 
 that had been known in the colony. 
 
 Before we proceed further, it may not be 
 amifs to obferve, that when Columbus firft dif- 
 covered America, it had neither horfes, oxen, 
 Iheep, nor fwine : and that eight of the latter, 
 with a fmall number of horned cattle brought 
 over by Columbus, was the whole flock which 
 fupplied a country, which at prefent abounds 
 much more in thefe animals, than any other 
 
 part 
 
j*g all 
 ifland, 
 gran- 
 trying 
 Some 
 he mu- 
 s failed 
 and in 
 id gra- 
 >f ntg- 
 :ir ma- 
 : hopes 
 ed very 
 aluable 
 its dcf- 
 i Spain 
 is foon 
 , under 
 be la* 
 there* 
 >cre his 
 fupport 
 s little 
 )g, lx- 
 as to 
 ntberto 
 ortunes 
 
 aot he 
 
 rftdif- 
 
 oxen, 
 
 latter, 
 
 ought 
 
 jehich 
 
 Ounds 
 
 other 
 
 part 
 
 [xv ] 
 
 part of the known world, notwithflanding 
 it has been a conftant pradice for above a 
 century, to kill vaft numbers of oxen meiely 
 for their hides and tallow. 
 
 As foon as Columbus appeared in Spain, 
 all the accufations and prejudices againft him 
 vanifhed. He had taken care to bring fueh 
 teftimonies of his fidelity and good behaviour, 
 as flopped the mouth of envy ; and the large 
 quantities of gold and pearls he produced, 
 abundantly refuted all that had been artfully 
 propagated, with regard to the poverty of the 
 Indies. But though his enemies were filenced, 
 they were not fubdued : they faw it was in 
 vain to oppofe him openly, and therefore de- 
 termined to make their attacks in fecret : they 
 dared not difobey the orders of his ma'efty • 
 but they found means to retard their execu- 
 tion. So that the admiral had the mortifica- 
 tion of experiencing a thoufand delays and dif- 
 appojntnic-nts before he was able to fail,* though 
 on a difeovery of the laid importance to the 
 Spanifh nation. 
 
 The firft land he made in this voyage, was 
 the iflai.d of Trinidada, on thecoaft of Terra 
 Firma ; and afterwards touched at feveral places 
 on the continent, where he traded with the 
 inhabitants, who appeared to have gold and 
 pearl in tolerable plenty. , 
 
 During this voyage the admiral fuffered fuch 
 prodigious fatigues, that his brother, who was 
 left at Hifpaniola, hardly knew him at his re- 
 turn. Nor was he likely to enjoy more re- 
 pofe at land, than before at fea. He found 
 the colony divided into two parties, a rebel- 
 lion having broke out focn after his departure 
 
 for 
 
[ *vi ] 
 
 for Spain, which caufed an entire reparation. 
 The rebels had appointed one Francis Roldan 
 for their chief, and gained over the Indians to 
 their party, by pretending to be the aflertors 
 of their liberty. In this ftate of things, Co- 
 lumbus knew it would be in vain to endea- 
 vour to bring the mutineers to reafon by vio- 
 lent methods, and therefore determined to 
 break their force, and render their formidable 
 union abortive, by fomenting divifions amqng 
 themfelves. In order to this, he publifhed a 
 free pardon to all who fliould voluntarily re- 
 turn to their duty, and at the fame time inti- 
 mated, that all who were defirous of leaving 
 the ifland, might go to Spain in the {hips that 
 brought the laft fuccours. This had the de- 
 fired effedl ; many returned to their duty, and 
 the chiefs themfelves offered to enter into a 
 negotiation with him. He readily confented, 
 granted them all they defired, and even made 
 Roldan, their principal, chief judge of the 
 ifland, by which the whole party was reduced 
 to obedience, Roldan having condemned and 
 executed feveral of the rebels, for refufing to 
 fubmit to the admiral’s authority : A pro- 
 
 ceeding which inevitably broke off all connec- 
 tion between the head and body of the rebels, 
 without the admiral’s being charged with any 
 part of the feverity. 
 
 But though Columbus had by his great fa- 
 gacity quelled a dangerous rebellion, and re- 
 ared peace and tranquillity in the ifland of 
 Hifpaniola, his enemies in Spain continued 
 their malicious perfection's, and being joined 
 by fome of the late rebels, who returned in 
 the fleet from America, preferred new com- 
 plaints 
 
paration. 
 s Roldan 
 dians to 
 afiertors 
 Co- 
 to endea* 
 i by vio- 
 mined to 
 brmidabie 
 ins amqr.a 
 'ubliflieda 
 ntarily re* 
 time inti- 
 )f leaving 
 Ihips that 
 d the de- 
 duty, and 
 ;er into a 
 confented, 
 ven made 
 je of the 
 s reduced 
 mned and 
 fufing to 
 A pro- 
 11 connec- 
 ;be rebel.', 
 with aw 
 
 great fa- 
 , and re- 
 ifland of 
 ontinued 
 g joined 
 irned in 
 w cora- 
 
 [ .] 
 
 plaints againft him to thekin g; alledging tha* 
 he was doing every thing in his power to gain 
 the friendfhip of the Indians, and making 
 himfelf popular among that people, in order 
 to fet up for himfelf, and deprive the Spanifh 
 nation of the advantages that might accrue 
 from thefe difcoveries. Thefe clamours arofe 
 to fuch a height in Spain, that the king and 
 queen were obliged to fend a judge, with au- 
 thority to enquire into the admiral’s co:;du< 3 :. 
 This man, who was deflitute of every virtue, 
 and whole extreme indigence induced him to 
 undertake the office, began by feizing on the 
 admiral’s effe< 3 s, and fending him and his bro- 
 thers, loaded with irons, into Spain. 
 
 The court, on his arrival, were (hocked at 
 the difgrace of their admiral, difavowed the 
 proceedings of their governor, and highly 
 blamed his conduct. They acquitted him of 
 every charge, and proinifed him ample reftitu- 
 tion for all the injuries he had fufiered in Hif- 
 paniola. So that he was foon prevailed upon 
 to undertake a fourth voyage, being very de- 
 firous of arriving at the Eaft Indies, by a wef- 
 tern courfe, and returning by the Cape of 
 Good Hope, to furround the globe. 
 
 With this defign he failed on his fourth 
 voyage, in the month of May 1502. But 
 knowing that his (hips were not fit for fo long 
 a voyage, he intended to put in at Hifpaniola, 
 and there exchange them for fuch as were 
 more properly adapted for his defign. In this 
 however he was difappointed, the governor 
 not permitting him to enter the harbour ; 
 though this unparalleled refufal did not hinder 
 him from doing every thing in his power to 
 
 promote 
 
f xviii ] 
 
 promote the inter eft of his majefty. Experience, 
 and careful obfcrvations on the nature of the air, 
 feafons, meteors, rains and winds, had ena- 
 bled him to make fagacious prognoftications 
 of any remaikable change ; and being per- 
 fuaded that a great hurricane was approach- 
 ing, he fent the governor notice of it, defi- 
 ring t at a fleet then ready to fail for Spain 
 might be detained a few days. But this re- 
 queft was ridiculed, and the fhips failed im- 
 mediately from Hifpaniola. 
 
 In the mean time Columbus drew his little 
 fleet as near the fhore as poffible, and in the 
 night one of the moft terrible hurricanes ever 
 known in that part of the world came on. 
 The. fleet, confiding of twenty (hips, which 
 had failed contrary to his requeft, differed the 
 punifhment due to their temerity, four only 
 efcaping, while the other fixteen perifhed. 
 And what was ftill more remarkable, the fhip 
 that contained all the treafure that could be 
 refeued from the wreck of the admiral's for- 
 tune, was among the former, and the bafe 
 governor who had fent Columbus to Spain in 
 fo ignominious a manner, on board one of the 
 latter. But the fmall fleet of Columbus dif- 
 fered very little damage ; providence, on this 
 occafion, interpofing in a very remarkable 
 manner, in the defence of injured inno- 
 cence. 
 
 As foon as the ftorm was over, Columbus 
 left Hifpaniola, and proceeded on his dedgn of 
 making fuither difeoveries ; and after a diffi- 
 cult paflage reached the coaft of Terra Firma, 
 foiling along the fhore to the ifthmus of Da- 
 rien, where he hoped to have found a paf- 
 
 fage 
 
cperience, 
 of the air, 
 had ena- 
 ofoticns 
 being per. 
 approach- 
 )f it, dcfi- 
 
 ! for SpJn 
 it this re- 
 i failed in- 
 
 v his little 
 and in the 
 ricanes erer 
 came on, 
 ips, which 
 ‘uffered the 
 , four only 
 i perifbed. 
 ?, the flip 
 t could he 
 niral’s for- 
 d the bale 
 to Spain is 
 , one of the 
 umbus fuf‘ 
 tee, on this 
 
 remarkable 
 :red nufr 
 
 Columk! 
 s deign of 
 :er a diS* 
 ra Fif®*> 
 is of D 2 ; 
 nd a H* 
 
 [ xix ] 
 
 fage into the South Sea. In this he W3$ dis- 
 appointed ; but at the fame time convinced,, 
 that the continent was of much greater value 
 than the iflands, as it abounded in gold, and 
 the inhabitants far more civilized than any 
 he had before feen. This voyage was how- 
 ever the moft unfortunate Columbus ever 
 knew ; he was obliged to put in at the iftand 
 of Jamaica, which he difeovered in the fecond 
 voyage, and his fhips being incapable of re- 
 pairs, he might have fpent his life in this 
 exile, had not a private man at Hifpaniola, 
 from a real eftcem for his merit, fitted out a 
 fnip for his relief, after the governor had re- 
 fufed him afiiftance. 
 
 On his arrival at Hifpaniola, he found the 
 colony filled with new dilputes and diforders; 
 hut being unwilling to engage any more in af- 
 fairs of this kind, he haftened every thing for 
 his departure for Spain, where he at laft arri- 
 ved, after fuffering the greatefl hard fhips and 
 diftrefs. He found the queen, his great pa- 
 tronefs, was dead, and the king, who was of 
 a clofe and diilembling difpofition, the only 
 perfon he could apply to for the reward he 
 had been fo often promifed for his labours. 
 But it was always deferred on frivolous pre- 
 tences, till death put a period to all his toils 
 and vexations. He was buried with the utmoft 
 magnificence. But the admiral himfelf, in or- 
 der to perpetuate the memory of his ill treat- 
 ment, had, before his death, given orders for 
 putting the irons he had worn, into his coffin. 
 
 But though Columbus was undoubtedly the 
 firft, he was not the only perfon that made dif- 
 
 coverics 
 
f XX J 
 
 coveries in the new world. Henry VII. em- 
 ployed John Cabot, a bold and cnterprizing 
 Venetian, to attempt fomething of the lame 
 kind. Cabot failed from Briftol in the month 
 of June 1497, anc * difcovered the ifland of 
 Newfoundland. From thence he flood over 
 to the continent, and coafted a’lalomg the coal! 
 of N. America, from Nova Scotia to Florida ; 
 talcing pofleflion of it in the name of the Bri* 
 tifli monarch. 
 
 In the year 1598, Americus Vefputius, a 
 Florentine, having procured a Spanilh corn- 
 million, together with the charts of Colum- 
 bus, failed to the Weft Indies, and vifited the 
 continent of America ; though it is uncertain 
 whether he made any difcoveries. But being 
 a man of addrefs and great confidence, as well 
 as an able feaman and excellent geographer, 
 he found a method of arrogating to himfelf 
 the firft difeovery of the continent of America, 
 and called it by his own name, which it has 
 ever fince retained, though no body doubts of 
 its being difcovered by Columbus. 
 
 Peter Alvarez Capralis, admiral of a fleet 
 belonging to Fmanuel king of Portugal, fleer- 
 ing for the Faft Indies in the year 15QO, was 
 by a ftorm driven on the coaft of Brafil, which 
 he firft difcovered, and which has fince proved 
 of fuch. infinite benefit to that crown. Hence 
 it feems to follow, that if Columbus had not 
 gone exprefsly in fearch of the new world 
 eight years before, it- would have been dif- 
 covered by chance by this Portuguefe ad- 
 miral. 0 
 
 It is not our intention to purfue the difeo- 
 very of America any further here, intending 
 
 to 
 

 ry VII. tT- 
 
 enterpriiinj 
 of the Iasi 
 
 0 the me 
 ■he ifland i 
 ie flood o* 
 on> the cod 
 
 1 to Floriii; 
 eof the It 
 
 Vefputias, a 
 'pamlh coat- 
 of Colur.- 
 d vifited the 
 is uncertaii 
 But bei«: 
 ice, as wti 
 geographer, 
 j to bimiei 
 of America, 
 vhich itte 
 ly doubts oi 
 
 I of a fe 
 :uga), ib 
 r 1500 , o 
 'dil, wfc 
 mce proud 
 rn. Hess 
 is had at 
 new wf : 
 
 ■ been & 
 iguefe ad - 
 
 the dif«* 
 intend 
 to 
 
 [ xxi ] 
 
 to give the particulars relating to the difeo- 
 very of each refpe&ive part, under its proper 
 article, in the following work : but it will be 
 neceflary to fay fomething ot this large part 
 of the world in general, before we come to 
 treat of the feveral empires, kingdoms, pro- 
 vince's,' &c. of which it is compofed. 
 
 The extent of the new world is fo prodi- 
 gious, that we have not hitherto been able to 
 afeertain its boundaries, elpecially towards the 
 N. the vaft tracts of ice and fnow, together 
 with the violent winds which blow from the 
 N. W. rendering all the attempts that have 
 been hitherto made for that purpofe abortive. 
 On the fouthern and weftern fides, they are 
 difeovered ; but the prodigious winds, fnows, 
 and piercing cold, that prevail in the fouthern 
 ocean, render the navigation of thofe parts 
 very difficult. 
 
 A country of fuch vaft extent, not only 
 on each fide of the equator, but alfo extend- 
 ing fo very far beyond each of the tropics, 
 muft confequently be fuppofed to have as 
 great a variety of foils, as it hath of climates : 
 But, if we except the mod fouthern and nor- 
 thern parts, which are here, as every where 
 elfe, naturally cold and barren, the reft may 
 be confidered as an immenfe treafury of na- 
 ture, producing moft of the fruits, grains, 
 plants, trees, metals, minerals, &c. found in 
 the other quarters of the globe; and many 
 of them in much greater perfection, befides a 
 prodigious variety of others, known only in 
 this country. The mines of gold and filver 
 feem abfolutely inexhauftible ; for notwirh- 
 ftanding the amazing quantity, that has during 
 
 3 the 
 
I 
 
 y 
 
 v y 
 
 [ xxii ] 
 
 the two lafl centuries been fent into Europe 
 and Afia, they do not appear to be the leaft 
 impoveriftied. 
 
 But gold and illver are far from being the 
 only valuable commodities that this country 
 produces ; diamonds, pearls, amethyfts, eme- 
 ralds, and other gems, are found in fuch quan- 
 tities, that their value is now inconfiderable, 
 in companion of what it was before the dif- 
 coveryof this quarter of the globe. To thefe 
 we may add, a vaft variety of other commo- 
 dities, which, though of lefs price, are far 
 more valuable and ufeful. Of this kind, are 
 the conftant and plentiful fuppli s of cochi- 
 neal, indigo, anatto, logwood, brafil, fugar, 
 rum, pimento, cacao, cotton, tobacco, hides, 
 ambergrife, balfam of Tolu, and Peru, jefuits- 
 bark, mechoacan, faffafras, farfaparilla, cafiia, 
 tamarinds, and a great variety of other drugs, 
 which, before the difeovery of America, were 
 cither unknown to us, or purchafed at an 
 extravagant price from Alia or Africa. 
 
 The rivers of this country are allowed to 
 be by far the laigeft in the world, both with 
 regard to their breadth, depth, and aftonifh- 
 ing length of their courfc. Thus the river 
 St. Laurence in N. America, runs near 1500 
 miles, and is above 90 in breadth at its mouth; 
 and that of the Amazons, inS. America, which 
 riles in Peru, runs through feveral large king-’ 
 doms, and after a courfe of 1100 leagues, 
 falls into the northern ocean between Brafil 
 and Guaina, and rolls with fuch force, and 
 difembogues fuch a prodigious quantity of 
 water, that it forms a frefh-water fea feveral 
 miles diftant from its mouth. 
 
 Nor 
 
t into Earopt 
 > be the It* 
 
 om bein»& 
 t this cous-i 
 methyfts, ensr- 
 I in fuch qujs- 
 inconidentt 
 lefore the fi 
 be. TotW 
 other coramo* 
 price, are la 
 this kind, w 
 li s of cod:- 
 MI, iugar. 
 bac co, hides. 
 Peru v jefuits* 
 piffle cafiia, 
 
 >{ other drugs, 
 iraerica, wen 
 chafed at 22 
 frica. 
 
 ; allowed ii 
 1, both witi 
 and aftoniii- 
 ms the rins 
 ns near 15a 
 at its mi 
 lenca, whic 
 1 large fe 
 :co leagues 
 
 ween fc 
 force, d 
 [uantity d 
 
 fu fad 
 Nor 
 
 
 [ xxiii J 
 
 Nor are its rivers more remarkable than its 
 mountains, which are of fuch furprifing height 
 and prodigious extent, that nothing of the 
 
 kmd m any otner part of the globe can be 
 compa.ed with them. The Andes, for i n - 
 ftance, extend from the ifthmus of Darien 
 to the ftraits of MageWen, being near 3 coo 
 miles. At the fame time their height is fuch 
 that even in the breaches where they are crof- 
 fed, the pallengers are feveral days in per- 
 forming the journey, and fuffer extremely 
 from the excelfive cold, even when they crofs 
 them in the burning zone. 1 
 
 Tnis prodigious trail of land is now di- 
 vided between feveral powers of Europe. The 
 Spamarns have much the largeft (hare, and 
 mdeed much more than they 6 have been able 
 to people. Their prepoftetous conduit when 
 they firft fubdued America, almoft depopu- 
 lated it, and gave the natives fo horrid an idea 
 of their new mailers, that the greaccft part of 
 
 "°/r^l Caped ’ R f tOth0 mountains and 
 forefts of that extenuve country, where their 
 defeendants Hill continue, and often fally out 
 on their tyrannical mailers, making fLere 
 reprisals for the injuries they formerly buffered. 
 By this means, feveral vail provinces are almoft 
 deftitutc of inhabitants, and fome of the 
 r.cheft countries in the world continue un- 
 cultivated. The other European nations have 
 contented themfclves with making advantage- 
 ous settlements in thofe parts, without endfa- 
 vouring to fubdue and reduce the inhabitants 
 to a flavifh obedience. Nay it has been the 
 
 UiTland P r a * Ce 0t theEn g ,ifl >» to purchafe 
 the land they occupy of the inhabitants : and 
 
 2 i 
 
[ xxiv ] 
 
 by this wife method of proceeding, they made 
 the Americans their friends, till therrench, 
 by their falfe infinuations, prevailed on many 
 of the Indians to abandon the Englifh, and 
 cut off numbers of the inhabitants of our 
 back fettlements, who never injured them. 
 
 This ungenerous method of proceeding, and 
 the daily encroachments they made on the Eng- 
 lifh territories, gave occalion to the prefent 
 w ar , in which we have been fo fuccefsful, as 
 to deprive them of all the country they pof- 
 feffed in N. America, except their fettlements 
 on the Mifliffiippi, and the ifland of Marti- 
 nico. But as fome of thefe conquefts were 
 made after the articles under which they are 
 defcribed were printed, the reader, it is hoped, 
 will overlook any expreffions, which may tend 
 to indicate that they belong to the f rench. 
 Guadaloupe is an inftance of this kind, the ac- 
 count of which was printed before the ifland 
 was taken. 
 
 We fhall conclude this introdu&ion with 
 obferving, that the greateft care has been ta- 
 ken to render the American Gazetteer as com- 
 plete as the great variety it contains would 
 admit of. And as the accounts that have hi- 
 therto appeared of the Spanifh fettlements 
 were very erroneous and imperfect, the au- 
 thors have had recourfe to Spanifh writers, 
 from whom the principal articles relating to 
 thefe parts of America are extracted, and 
 will, it is hoped, give the reader fatisfac- 
 tion. 
 
1 ) they mi 
 the Freni 
 ed on mam 
 Englifb, aui' 
 tants of k 
 red them, 
 oceeding, & 
 ? on the Euf 
 
 0 the preiei 
 fuccefsfu!, 1 
 itry they pof- 
 ir fettlcim: 
 nd of Marti- 
 nquefls wen 
 ich they an 
 it is hopec 
 ch may ten. 
 the Y rends 
 kind, the ac 
 re the ifc 
 
 duSion ff’ 
 has been & 
 ;teer as cos 
 ntains w» 
 ihathavtk 
 h fettleuc 
 r<3, the a 
 [iilh wiiie 
 
 1 relating • 
 
 traM # 
 der fati& 
 
 T HI 
 
 T H F, 
 
 American Gazetteer* 
 
 A C A 
 
 BERCORN, a village or fmall towrt 
 
 ro 6 ' 3 ’ about thirteer » miles N. 
 W. of Savannah, fituated on the river 
 
 oavannah. 
 
 Acadia, the name of a province in North 
 America, generally called by the Englifh, Nova 
 Scotia, or New Scotland. See Nova Scotia. 
 
 Acapulco, a large city, near the S. E. cor- 
 ner of New Spain, in North America, fitua- 
 ted on a bay of the South Sea, about 210 miles 
 S. E. of Mexico, of which it is the chief port 
 on this fea, and, indeed, the principal mart 
 on the whole coaft. ft is allowed to be an ex- 
 cellent harbour, far fuperior to any on the coaft, 
 bcmg fpacious, and fo fafe that feveral hundred 
 lhips may ride in it, without the hazard of da- 
 maging one another. The mouth of the har- 
 bour is defended by a low ifland, about a mile 
 and a half long, and half a mile broad, leaving 
 a wide, and deep channel at each end, where 
 lhips may fafely go in and out, without the ad- 
 Vot ' L B vantage 
 
A C A 
 
 vantage of the winds. They niiift indeed enter 
 with the fea-wind, and go out with a land-wind; 
 but thefe feldom or never fail to fucceed each 
 other in their proper feafon day and night. 1 he 
 weftermoft channel is the narroweft, but io deep, 
 that there is no anchoring; and the Manila 
 (hips pafs in that way: but thofe from Lima en- 
 ter through the S. W. channel. This har- 
 bour runs N. about three miles; then grow- 
 ing very narrow, turns fhort to the W. and 
 runs about a mile farther, where it terminates. 
 The town ftands on the N. W. fide, at the 
 mouth of this narrow paflage, dole by the fea; 
 and at the end of the town is a plat-form 
 mounted with guns. Oppofite to the town on 
 the E. fide is a high ftrong cattle, faid to have 
 forty guns of a very large fize. Ships common- 
 ly ride near the bottom of the harbour, under the 
 command both of the cattle and plat-form. 
 
 The commerce of this place with Peru is 
 not, a? many writers have miftaken, confined 
 only to the annual fhip from Lima; for at all 
 other feafons of the year, except that wherein 
 the Acapulco fhip arrives, the trade is open; 
 and fhips from Peru come hither frequently to 
 fell their own commodities, and carry back thofe 
 of Mexico ; but becaufe the great importance of 
 this place is owing to the annual fhips of Lima 
 and Manila. 
 
 About the end of the fifteenth century, and the 
 beginning of the fixteenth, the difeovery of new 
 countries, with new branches of commerce, was 
 the reigning pattion of feveral European princes. 
 But thofe who engaged moft deeply, and for- 
 tunately in thefe purfuits, were the kings of 
 Spain and Portugal ; the firft of thefe difeover- 
 
A C A 
 
 ed the immenle and opulent continent of Ame- 
 r.ca, and its adjacent iflands ; while the other 
 by doubhng the Cape of Good Hope, opened to 
 his fleets a paffage to the fouthern coaft of Afia 
 ufually called the Eaft Indies, and by his fettle- 
 ments in that pa it of the globe became pofl'tfl'ed 
 of many of the manufatfures and natural pro- 
 dudtons with which it abounded, and which for 
 fome ages had been the wonder and deliohtof the 
 
 and Pnr f me | n ‘‘T 6 ’ thefe two nations of Spain 
 nd Portugal, who were thus profecuting the 
 fame views, though in different quarters of the 
 world extremely jexlour 2feS„he, 
 
 and became apprehenfive of mutual encroach’ 
 ments. And therefore, to quiet their JealouS' 
 and o enable them with more tranquillity to pur- 
 fue the propagation of the catholic faith, i n thefe 
 d.ftant countries they having both of them S 
 d.ftingu.fhed marks of their zeal for their mefher 
 church by their butchery, of innocent Pagans ) 
 pope Alexander VI. granted to the Spa 2 
 crown the property and dominion of all thc£ 
 places, either already dilcovered, or that fliould 
 be difeoveted an hundred leagues to the weft- 
 ward of the Azores ; leaving all the unknown 
 countries to the eaft ward o°f this limit" tod," 
 induftry and future difquition of the Portuguefe - 
 and tins boundary being afterwards removed two 
 hundred and fifty leagues more to the weftward 
 by the agreement of both nations, it was imagined 
 that by this regulation all the feeds of future 
 contefls would be fuppieffed. For the Sol 
 mards, prefumed, that the Portuguefe would bo 
 hereby prevented from meddling with their co- 
 lomes in America j while the Portuguefe Am. 
 
 " 2 pofed 
 
A C A 
 
 pofcci that their Eaft Indian fettlements, and par- 
 ticularly the Spice* iflands, were fecured from any 
 future attempts of the Spanifli nation. 
 
 But it feems the holy father’s infallibility had 
 at this time deferred him ; and for want of being 
 more converfant in geography, had not forefeen 
 that the Spaniards, by pufhing their difeoveries 
 to the W. and the Portuguefe to the E. might 
 at laft, meet each other, and be again embroil- 
 ed; as it a&ually happened within a few yean 
 afterwards. For Frederick Magellan, who was 
 an officer in the king of Portugal’s fervice, hav- 
 ing received fome difguft from that court, either 
 by the defalcation of his pay, or that his parts as 
 he conceived were too cheaply confidered, he 
 entered into the fervice of the king of Spain, and 
 being a man of ability, was defirous of fina- 
 lizing his talents by fome enterprize, which 
 might vex his former mafters, and teach them 
 to eftimate his worth by the greatnefs of the mif- 
 chief he did them : this being the moft natural 
 and obvious principle of all fugitives, and more 
 cfpecially of thofe, who, being really men of ca- 
 pacity, have quitted their country by reafon of the 
 imail account that has been made of them. 
 Magellan in purfuance of thefe vindictive views, 
 knowing that the Portuguefe confidered the pof- 
 feffion of their Spice-iflands as the moft impor- 
 tant acquificions in the Eaft Indies, refolved to 
 inftigate the court of Spain to an enterprize, 
 which, by ftill purfuing their difeoveries, would 
 entitle them to interfere both in the property and 
 commerce of thofe renowned portuguefe fettle- 
 ments ; and the king of Spain, approving this 
 proje£I, Magellan in 1519, fet fail from the 
 port of Sevil, in order to execute his defrgns. He 
 
its, and pr. 
 red from uj 
 m. 
 
 fallibility h/ 
 want of bcfc? 
 1 not forefc 
 iir dibvefie 
 ;be E. migiK 
 gain embroil- 
 \ a few yean 
 an, whowa 
 femce, to- 
 court, eittor 
 this parrsas 
 ifidered, k 
 f Spain, and 
 m o( ftgn* 
 rizc, whici 
 teach them 
 of the i* 
 noil natjra) 
 i, and men 
 men ofca- 
 eafon oflfe 
 z of them, 
 ielive views, 
 red the |rf 
 lofl imp 
 refoived to 
 cnterpnzA 
 ries, v®* 
 ropeitjr ad 
 raefe fettk- 
 irovi'ig i- !i 
 ! from M 
 
 XD 
 
 A C A 
 
 had with him a confiderable force, confiding" 
 of five (hips, with two hundred and thirty-four 
 men, with which he flood for the coaft of 
 South America ; and ranging along-fhore, he, at 
 !aft, towards the end of October 1520, had the 
 good fortune to difeover thofe ftreights, now 
 called from him the Streights of Magellan, 
 which opened him a paflage into the Pacific 
 ocean. And this firft part of his fcheme being 
 thus happily accompli(hed, he, after fomc flay 
 on the coaft of Peru, fet fail again to the weft- 
 ward, with a view of falling in with the Spice- 
 ifiands. In this extenfive run, he firft difeover- 
 ed the Ladrones, or Marian Ifiands $ and conti « 
 nuing on his courfe, he at length reached the 
 Philippine iflands, which are the moft eaftern 
 part of all Afia, where, venturing on (hore in an 
 hoftile manner, he was (lain in a fkirmifh by the 
 Indians. 
 
 By the death of Magellan the original projedl 
 of fecuring fome of the Spicc-iflands was defeat- 
 ed ; for thofe who were left in command after 
 him contented themfelves with ranging thro* 
 them, and purchafmg fome fpices from the na- 
 tives ; after which they returned home by the 
 Cape of Good Hope, being the firft (hips 
 which ever had failed round the world, and 
 thereby demonftrated the reality of its being of a 
 fpherical figure. But though Spain did not 
 hereby acquire the property of any of the Spice- 
 Hland$, yet the diicovery made in this expedi- 
 tion of the Phillippine iflands was thought too 
 confiderable to be negleded ; for thefe were not 
 far from them, being well fituated for the Chinefe 
 trade, and for the commerce of other parts of 
 India ; and therefore a communication was foon 
 B 3 eftablifhedj 
 
A C A 
 
 rftabitftied, and carefully fupportcd between thofe 
 i fluids and the Spanifh colonies on the coaft of 
 Peru : fo that the city Manila, which was built 
 on the ifland of Luconia, the chief of the 
 Philippines, foon became the mart of all IndiaH 
 commodities,^ which were bought up by the in- 
 habitants, and were annually fent to the South 
 Seas, to be there vended on their account; and the 
 return of this commerce to Manila being chiefly 
 made in filver, the place by degrees grew ex» 
 tremely opulent, and confiderable, while its 
 trade fo far encreafed as to engage the attention 
 ol the court of Spain, and to be frequently con* 
 trolled and regulated by royal edidls. 
 
 In the infancy of this trade it was carried on 
 from the port of Callao to the city Manila, in 
 which voyage the trade-wind continually fa- 
 voured them ; fo that not with (landing thefe 
 places were diftant between three and four thou- 
 sand leagues, yet the voyage was often made in 
 little more than two months : but then the re- 
 turn from Manila was extremely troublefome 
 and tedious, and is faid fometimes to have taken 
 them up above twelve months, which if they 
 pretended to ply up within the limits of the trade- 
 wind, is not at all to be wondered at; and it is 
 certain that, in their firft voyages, they were fo 
 imprudent or unfkillul as to attempt this courfe. 
 However that route was foon laid afide by the 
 advice of a jefuit, who perfuaded them to fleer to 
 the northward, till they got clear of the trade- 
 wind ; and then, by the favour of the weflerly 
 winds, which generally prevail in high latitudes, 
 to flretch away for the coaft of California. 
 
 1 his has been the pra&ice for at leaft one hun- 
 dred and fixty years pad; for Sir Thomas 
 
 Ca vend ifli 
 
:twetntWf 
 
 
 the coaftc: 
 eh was bu: : 
 -hief of t« 
 of all Inf« 
 up by thej- 
 to the Scsi 
 
 ountjandii 
 
 being chid' 
 ses grew a. 
 e, whiles 
 the attendee 
 quenflj cm- 
 
 as carried «! 
 r Manila, a 
 Mindly ft- 
 anting thefe 
 nd four thca- 
 fen mad: a 
 then there- 
 troubled 
 > have tab 
 lich if they 
 )f the trade* 
 it; and it 9 
 iey were fi 
 this cod 
 fide by the 
 i to fleer D 
 the tra^ 
 je wefe‘i 
 i latitA 
 California 
 onehun- 
 
 T hoflw 
 
 A C A 
 
 Cavendi/h, in 1586, engaged off the S. end of 
 California a veffel bound from Manila to the 
 American coaft. And it was in compliance with 
 this new plan of navigation, and to fhorten the 
 run both backwards and forwards, that the 
 flaple of this commerce to and from Manila 
 was removed from Callao on the coaft of Peru 
 to Acapulco on the coaft of Mexico,, where 
 it continues fixed at this time. 
 
 Such was the commencement, and fuch were 
 the early regulations of this commerce; but its 
 prefent condition being a more interefting fub- 
 jeeft, we beg leave to dwell longer on this head, 
 and to be indulged in a more particular narra- 
 tion, beginning with a defeription of the ifiand 
 of Luconia, and the port and bay of Manila. 
 
 The ifiand of Luconia, though fituated in the 
 latitude of 15 0 . N. is efteemed to be in gene- 
 ral extremely healthy, and the water found 
 there is faid to be the beft in the world. It 
 produces all the fruits of the warm countries, 
 and abounds in a moft excellent breed of horfes, 
 fuppofed to be carried thither firft from Spain. 
 It is very well fituated for the Indian and Chi- 
 ne fe trade ; the bay and port of Manila, which 
 lie on its weftern fide, are perhaps the moft re- 
 markable in the whole world ; the bay beinp a 
 large circular bafon near ten leagues in diameter, 
 and great part of it entirely land-locked. On the 
 E. fide of this bay ftands the city of Manila, 
 which is very large and populous, and which at 
 the beginning of the laft war was only an open 
 place, its principal defence being a fmall fort, 
 which was in a great meafure furrounded on 
 every fide by houfes ; but they have lately made 
 considerable additions to its fortifications. The 
 B 4 port 
 
a e a 
 
 port belonging to the city is called Cabite,. and 
 lies near two leagues to the fouthward ; and in 
 this pert all the fhips employed in the Acapulco 
 trade are ufually Rationed. 
 
 The city of Manila itfelf is in a very healthy 
 iituation, is well watered, and in the neighbour- 
 hood of a very fruitful and plentiful country : but 
 as the principal bufinefs of this place is its trade to 
 Acapulco, it lies under fome disadvantage, from 
 the difficulty there is in getting to fea, to the 
 eaftward ; for the paflage is among iflands, and 
 tnrough channels, where the Spaniards fpen'd 
 much time, and are often in danger. 
 
 T'he trade carried on from this place to China, 
 and different parts of India, is principally for 
 wch commodities as are intended to fupply the 
 kingdoms of Mexico and Peru, which cctnfift in 
 ipices, all forts of Chinefe fdks and manufac- 
 tures, filkftockings, of which, it is faid, no lefs 
 than 50,000 pair are ihipped on board the annual 
 fnip. Vaft quantities of Indian fluffs, callicoes, 
 chintz, which are much worn in America, toge- 
 ther with other minuter articles, as goldfmith’s 
 work, &c. which is principally done at the city 
 of Manila by the Chinefe, there being fettled as 
 fervants, manufacturers, or brokers, at lcaft 
 twenty thoufand of that nation. All thefe dif- 
 ferent commodities are collected at Manila, 
 thence to be tranfported annually, in one or more 
 ihips, to the port of Acapulco in the kingdom of 
 Mexico. But this trade to Acapulco is not laid 
 open to all the inhabitants of Manila; but is 
 confined to very particular regulations, fome- 
 what analagous to thofe by which the trade of 
 the regifter-ihips from Cadiz to the Weft Indies 
 is reftrained. The fhips employed herein are 
 
 found 
 
I Cabite, a 
 ward; aajj; 
 the Acapub 
 
 a very heal:- 
 theneignb 
 ul country; i« 
 e is its trail; 
 I vantage, fc 
 ; to fea, toti* 
 ng iHands, & 
 wiards ipd 
 er. 
 
 lace to Coin; 
 irincipalfy fa 
 to fuppl/ the 
 hich confift in 
 ani mnuSac* 
 is faid, no lei 
 oardtheanri 
 ufis, callicw, 
 America, top- 
 as goldlmici 
 one at thecr 
 jeing fettled* 
 ulcers, at k 
 All thefe : 
 
 :d at M&- 
 in one or dc 
 he kingdon: 
 ilcoisnotfc 
 anila ; h 1 
 .tions, fo 
 the traded 
 
 mi& 
 
 d herein ^ 
 w 
 
 A C A 
 
 found by the king of Spain, who pays the officer* 
 and crew ; the tonnage is divided into a certain 
 number of bales, all of the fame fize. Thefe 
 are diftributed among the convents of Manila, 
 but principally to the jefuits, as a donation for 
 the fupport of their million for the propagation 
 of the catholic faith. Thofe convents have 
 hereby a right to embark fuch a quantity of 
 goods on board the Manila (hips as the tonnage 
 of their bales amount to ; or, if they chufe not 
 to be concerned in trade themfelves, they have 
 the power of felling the privilege to others ; and 
 as the merchants to whom they grant their 
 (hares are often unprovided with a flock, it is 
 ufual for the convents to lend them confiderable 
 fums of money on bottomry. 
 
 1 he trade is, by the royal edi&s, limited to 
 a certain value, which the annual charges ought 
 not to exceed. Some Spanifh manuferipts men- 
 tion this limitation to be 600, oco dollars : but 
 doubtlefs the cargoe exceeds that Aim ; and the 
 return cannot be greatly (hort of three millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 It is fufficiently obvious, that the greateft part 
 of the treafure, returned from Acapulco to Ma- 
 nila, does not remain in that place, but is again 
 difperfed into different parts of India. As all 
 European nations have generally efteemed it good 
 policy to keep their American fettlements in an 
 immediate dependence on their mother-country, 
 without permitting them to carry on dire&ly any 
 gainful traffic with other powers, thefe confide- 
 rations have occafioned many remcnftrances to be 
 prefented to the court of Spain againft the Indian 
 trade, allowed to the kingdoms of Peru and Mexi- 
 co* it having been urged, that the filk manufac- 
 B 5 tures 
 
A C A 
 
 turesof Valencia and other parts of Spain arehere- 
 by greatly prejudiced, and the linens carried from 
 Cadiz are much injured in their fale, fince the 
 Chinefe filks, coming almoft direftly to Acapul- 
 ca, can be afforded much cheaper there than any 
 European manufa&ure of equal goodnefs ; and 
 the cottons from the Coromandel coaft make 
 the European linens almoft ufelefs : fo that the 
 Manila trade renders both Mexico and Peru lefs 
 dependent upon Spain fora fupply of their necef- 
 fjties than they ought to be ; and exhaufts thefe 
 countries of confiderable quantities of filver, the 
 greateft part of which, were this trade prohibit- 
 ed, would center in Spain, either in payment for 
 Spanifh commodities, or in gains to the Spanifh 
 merchants ; whereas now the only advantage 
 2 rifing from it is the enriching the jefuits, and 
 a few particular perfons beftdes, at the other 
 extremity of the world. Thefe arguments 
 fo far influenced I>. Jofeph Patinho, who was 
 then^prime-minifter, but no friend to the jefuits, 
 that about 1725, he had refolved to abolifh th’13 
 trade, and to have permitted no Indian commo- 
 dities to be introduced into any of the Spanifh 
 ports in the W eft Indies, but what were carried 
 thither in the regifter-fhips from Europe. But 
 the powerful intrigues of the jefuits prevented 
 this regulation from taking place. 
 
 This trade from Manila to Acapulco and back 
 again, is ufually carried on in one, or at mod in 
 twoannual fhips, which fei fail from Manila about 
 July, and arrive at Acapulco, in December, Ja- 
 nuary, or February following; and having there 
 difpofed of their efFe&s, return for Manila fome 
 time in March, where they generally arrive in 
 June; fo that the whole voyage takes up very 
 
 near 
 
A C A 
 
 Spain arefc. 
 is carried fra 
 hie, fmcet 
 Sly toAap' 
 there than p 
 goodnefsit 
 lei coall oi:t 
 >fs: fothatst 
 ) and Peru 
 of their Dttj 
 1 exhaufti tha 
 es of fib er, a 
 trade prohibit 
 in payment : 
 to the Span 1 
 lly advanu. 
 icjete, an 
 , at the othi 
 At arguraes; 
 nho, who n 
 d to the jet’its 
 to aboil ih 
 ndiaacoma: 
 }f the Sp^ 
 at were cars 
 Europe, fc 
 fuits p reveK 
 
 pulco and bac 
 , or at nci 
 i Manila 
 December, J> 
 I having tl® 
 ■ Manila fc 
 rail; arrive 
 ;ak es up*J 
 a 
 
 near an entire year. For *this reafon, though 
 there is often no more than one fhip employed at 
 a time, yet there is one always ready for the fea, 
 when the other arrives ; and therefore the Com- 
 merce at Manila are provided v* ith three or four 
 flout (hips, that, in cafe of any accident, the trade 
 may not be fufpended. The larged of thefe 
 (hips is little lets than one of our fir d rate men 
 of war, and indeed (he mud be of an enormous 
 fize ; for it is known that when fhe was employ- 
 ed with other (hips from the fame port to cruife 
 for our China trade, (he had no lefs than twelve 
 hundred men on board. Their other (hips* 
 though far inferior in wealth to this, areyetdout, 
 large veflels, of the burden of twelve hundred 
 tons, and upwards, and generally carry from 
 three hundred and fifty to fix hundred hands, 
 paflengers included, with fifty guns. As thefe 
 are all king’s (hips, commiflioned and paid by 
 him, one of the captains is ufually filled the ge- 
 neral, and who carries the royal dandard of 
 Spain at the maintop-gallant-mad head. 
 
 And to give a more circumdantial detail, the 
 fhip, having received her cargo on board, and fit- 
 ted for fea, generally weighs from Cabite about 
 the middle of July, taking the advantages of the 
 vvedern monfoon, which then fets in to carry 
 them to fea. As the voyage is ufually fix 
 months, the fhip deeply laden with goods, and 
 crowded with people, it may appear wonderful 
 how they can well be fupplied with a dock of 
 fre(h water for fo long a time •> and indeed their 
 method is fingular. They have no other re- 
 courfe but to the goodnefs of heaven for this fup- 
 ply; fo (hould it not rain they mud all inevitably 
 pcrifti. They meet with the rains between the 
 B 6 latitude 
 
AC A 
 
 latitude of 30 and 40°. N. and to fave it, 
 fpread mats doping againft the gunwale of the 
 fhip^he lower edges of which mats reft on a 
 large] pi it bamboe, into which the water drains; 
 and by this is conveyed into jars, as by a trough, 
 for in the South-feas the Spaniards ufe jars and not 
 cafks. Thefe jars are not only flowed thick be- 
 tween decks, but hung in the (hrouds and ftays, 
 fo as to exhibit at a diftance a very odd appear- 
 ance. This manner of fupply, cafual as it feems, 
 is never known to fail them; fo that it is common, 
 when their voyage is a little longer than ufual, to 
 fill all their water jars a fecond time. This 
 voyage, being of much longer continuance than 
 any other navigation, occafions an inveterate 
 fcurvy among the crew, and one caufe of the 
 duration of this voyage is the ignorance as well 
 as indolence, with the unneceflary caution of the 
 Spanifh Tailors, and concern for fo rich a prize ; 
 for they feldom or never fet the main-fail in the 
 night, and often He to unneceffarily : fo that they 
 are more apprehenfive of too ftrong a gale, 
 though favourable, than of the ftcknefs and mor- 
 tality ever attending fo long a voyage, which 
 might be contracted by altering their courfe, and 
 fleering at firft N. E. and by N. into the latitude 
 of 40°, or 45 0 . in part of which courfe they 
 would be greatly aflifted by the trade- winds, and 
 alfo meet in the higher latitudes with fteadier 
 and brifkcr wefterly winds than in 30 degrees 
 of latitude. Nor is this a matter of tpeculation; 
 for a French {hip, in 1721, by purfuing this 
 courfe, ran from the coafl of China to the val- 
 ley of Vanderas on the coaft of Mexico, in 49 
 days. 
 
 x 
 
 To 
 
A C A 
 
 i to fave if, 
 iwale of th: 
 its reft on? 
 vater drain?; 
 byatroi^, 
 e jars and Et 
 ved thicks 
 ids and fe, 
 odd appci?. 
 il as it fern 
 t is common, 
 tan ufual,tj 
 itne. This 
 nuance than 
 f inveterate 
 aufe of the 
 nee as wed 
 lutMcfthe 
 ■ich a prize; 
 n-fail in the 
 fo thatthey 
 ing a gait, 
 efsandmet* 
 'age, whid 
 courfe, as: 
 ithe latitude 
 i courfe til? 
 -winds, »: 
 ith fteafe 
 30 degree 
 ipeculaticr; 
 jj-fuing this 
 to the va!- 
 :ico, infl 
 
 To 
 
 To proceed : the Manila (hip having flood fo 
 far to the northward as to meet a wefterly wind, 
 ftretches away nearly in the fame latitude of 
 30, for the coaft of California, and when fhc 
 has run into the longitude of 96 degrees from 
 Cape Efpiritu Santo, the failors meet with a 
 plant floating in the fea, which the Spaniards 
 call Porra, a fpecies offea-leek. On the fight of 
 this, they confider themfelves fufficiently near 
 the Californian fhore, and immediately ftand to 
 the fouthward. They rely ffe much onthefirft 
 difeovery of this plant, that the whole fhip’s com- 
 pany fing Te Deum, looking on the difficulties 
 and hazards of the voyage at an end ; and they 
 conftantly corredl their longitude thereby, with- 
 out any attention to the fight of land. After 
 falling in with thefe figns, as they call them, 
 they fleer to the S. without endeavouring to 
 fall in with the coafl, till they have run into a 
 lower latitude; for as there are many iflands, and 
 fome fhoals along the coafls of California, the 
 extreme caution of the Spanifh navigators makes 
 them over apprehenlive of being engaged with 
 the land. However, when they draw near to it3 
 fouthem extremity, they venture to hale in, 
 both for the fake of making cape St. Lucas, to 
 afeertain their reckoning, and alfo to receive in- 
 telligence from the Indian inhabitants, whether 
 or no there are any enemies on the coafl; and if 
 the captain finds from them that he has nothing 
 to fear, he is dire&ed to proceed for Cape St. 
 Lucas, and thence to Cape Coricntes ; after 
 which he is to coaft it along for the port of 
 Acapulco. 
 
 The mod ufual time for the arrival of the 
 galleon at Acapulco is towards the middle of 
 
 January: 
 
A C A 
 
 January : but this navigation is fo uncertain, 
 that file fometimes gets in a month fooner, and 
 at other times has been detained at Tea longer. 
 The port of Acapulco is by much the fccureft 
 and fineft in all the northern parts of the Pacific 
 ocean, being a bafon furrounded by very high 
 mountains ; but the town is a mod wretched 
 place, and extremely unhealthy; for the air about 
 it is fo pent up by the hills, that it has fcarcely 
 any circulation. The place is befides deftitute 
 of frefh water, and fo inconvenient, that except 
 at the time of the mart, while the Manila (hip is 
 in the port, the town is almoft deferted. 
 
 When the galleon arrives in this port, (he is 
 generally moored on its weftern fide, and her 
 cargo is delivered with all expedition ; and now 
 the town of Acapulco, from almoft a folitude, is 
 immediately thronged with merchants from all 
 parts of the kingdom of Mexico. The cargo 
 being landed and difpofed of, the filverand the 
 goods intended for Manila are taken on board, to- 
 gether with provifions and water, and the fhip 
 prepares to put to fea with the utmoft expedition. 
 There is indeed no time loft ; for it is an exprefs 
 order to the captain to be out of the port of 
 Acapulco on his return before the firft day of 
 April. 
 
 Having mentioned the goods intended for 
 Manila, I muft obferve, that the principal re- 
 turn is always made in ftlver ; and confequently 
 the reft of the cargo is but of little account, the 
 other articles being cochineal, and a few fweet- 
 meats, the produce of the American fettlements, 
 together with fome European millinery ware for 
 the women at Manila, and fome Spanifti wines, 
 fuch as tent and (herry, which are intended for 
 
 the 
 
o unctrt i; 
 i fooner, u| 
 it fea longr. 
 t the fecurtH 
 of the Paciik 
 by very t; 
 noft wretch; 
 r the air abet 
 it has farce; 
 rfides ddliti* 
 it, that exc:: 
 Manila (hip 's 
 M 
 
 sport , (heii 
 idf, and bet 
 n } and now 
 a folitude, is 
 ai\to from all 
 The carge 
 filver and thf 
 on board, to- 
 and the 
 iftexpediticc. 
 
 : is an expat 
 t the port : 
 ie fiift day: 
 
 intended ft 
 principal® 
 confequtf 
 
 account, 6 
 a few fweet 
 ifettlemeD& 
 iery warefo 
 
 ml h wine:- 
 
 intended 
 
 it 
 
 A C A 
 
 the ufe of their priefts in the adminiftration of 
 the facrament. 
 
 This difference in the cargo of the fhip to 
 and from Manila occafions a very remarkable 
 variety in the manner of equipping the fhip for 
 thefe two different voyages. For the galleon, 
 when (he fets fail from Manila being deeply laden 
 with a variety of bulky goods, fhe has not the 
 conveniency of mounting her lower tire of guns, 
 but carries them in her hold, till fhe draws near 
 Cape St. Lucas, and is apprehenfive of an enemy. 
 Her hands too are as few as is confident with the 
 fafety of the fhip, that fhe may not be encumber- 
 ed with the ftowage of provifions. But on her 
 return from Acapulco, as her cargo lies in lefs 
 room, her lower tire is, or ought to be always 
 mounted before fhe leaves the port ; and her 
 crew is augmented with a fuppty of Tailors, and 
 with one or two companies of foot, which are 
 intended to reinforce the garrifon of Manila. 
 And there being befides many merchants who 
 take their paffage to Manila on board the gal- 
 leon, her whole number of hands, on her re- 
 turn, is ufually little fhort of fix hundred, all 
 which are eafily provided for by reafon of the 
 fmall ftowage neceffary for the filver. 
 
 The galleon being thus fitted for her return, 
 the captain, onleaving the port ofAcapulco, fteers 
 for the latitude of 13 0 , or 14 0 . and runs on that 
 parallel, till fhe gets fight of Guam, one of the 
 Ladrones. In this run the captain is particularly 
 inftru&ed to be very careful of the fhoals of St. 
 Bartholomew, and of the ifland of Gafparico. 
 He is alfo told, that, to prevent his pafting the 
 Ladrones in the dark, there are orders given 
 ftr fires to be lighted up through aH the month 
 
 of 
 
A C A 
 
 of June on the higheft part of Guam and Rota, 
 and kept in tilJ the morning. 
 
 At Guam there is a fmall Spanifh garrifon, 
 purpofely intended to fecure that place for the re- 
 frefhment of the galleon, and to yield her all 
 the artlftance in their power; but (he is not to 
 make a long flay here, and then fleers away to 
 cape Efpiritu Santo on the ifiand of Samal. 
 Here the captain is again ordered to look out for 
 fignals; and he is told that centinels will be ported 
 not only on that Cape, but in other necefiary 
 places. Thefe centinels are inftru&cd to make 
 a fire, on difeovery of the (hip. If after this firft 
 fire is extinguifhed, he perceives that four more 
 are lighted up again, he is thence to conclude 
 that there are enemies on the coaft; and on this 
 he is to endeavour immediately to fpeak with 
 the centinel, in order to know the force and 
 the ftation they cruife in. He is then to get into 
 fome port, left he’fhould be perceived by the ene- 
 my, or in cafe of being obferved, he is to land his 
 treafure, and to take fome of his artillery on 
 fhore for its defence, not neglefling to fend fre- 
 quent and particular accounts of what partes to 
 the city of Manila. But if after the firft fire 
 made on fhore, he obferves that there are two 
 others made, he then concludes there is no dan- 
 ger, and is to make the heft of his way to the port 
 of Cabite; which is the 'port to the city of Manila, 
 and the conftant ftation for all the (hips employed 
 in this commerce to Acapulco. 
 
 This city has high mountains on the eaft fide, 
 and is very unhealthy from the end of November, 
 till the end of May, during which time they 
 have no rain ; and it is fo hot here in January* 
 when the fair begins, that the merchants are 
 
 obliged 
 
ACC 
 
 obliged to do all the bufmefs they can In the 
 morning. When the fair is over, the porters, 
 who generally earn three pieces of eight per 
 day, make a funeral, as it were, for one of their 
 fellows, whom they carry about on a bier, and 
 pretend to bewail his death, becaufe their harveft 
 is over. Now every body leaves the place but a 
 few blacks and mulattoes. 
 
 The Caftellan, or chief-juftice here, has 
 twenty-thoufand pieces of eight per annum, 
 and the comptroller and other officers little lefs 
 than that fum. And the curate, though al- 
 lowed but a hundred and eighty pieces of eight, 
 makes his place worth fourteen thoufand, by the 
 burial-fees of ftrangers who die here, or oil 
 board the fhips in the harbour, for which he 
 fometimes demands a thoufand pieces of eight, 
 *1 here is an hofpital here maintained by deduc- 
 tions from the pay of the foldiers, and the alms of 
 the merchants. There are four mountains, 
 which appear above the harbour, the loweft of 
 which is next to the fea, the higheft farther with - 
 in land, and S. E. of that lies a volcano. On 
 thefc mountains there are deer, rabbits, and 
 abundance of wild fowl of feveral forts. With- 
 in a league to the E. of Acapulco is Port Mar^ 
 quis, a very good harbour, where the (hips 
 from Peru generally run in contraband goods. 
 Lat. 17. 26. N. Long. 102. 29. W. 
 
 Accomak, a county of Virginia retaining its 
 Indian name. It is the largeft county in that 
 colony, containing 200,923 acres of land ; but 
 not fo populous as leveral others, and has only 
 one parifh called alfo Accomak. Several rivers 
 rife in this county, particularly the Cliflonoflca. 
 
 Acouez* 
 
ALB 
 
 Acouez, a favage nation of Indians inhabit- 
 ing fome parts of Canada. 
 
 Afuera, one of the iflands of Juan Fernan- 
 des, on the South-Sea coaft: in the kingdom of 
 Chili ; the longitude of this ifiand is 30 20. 
 
 W. from the meridian of Callao, about 400 
 leagues to the N. of Cape Horn. This coaft 
 fwarms with fea- lions or wolves. See Fer- 
 nando. 
 
 Albany, a county in the province of New- 
 York, containing a vaft quantity of fine low 
 land. Its principal commodities are wheat, 
 peafe, and pine boards. The winters in this 
 county are commonly fevere; and Hudfon’s river 
 freezes fo hard an hundred miles to the fouthward 
 of Albany, as to bear fleds loaded with heavy 
 burdens. The great quantities of fnow that 
 commonly fall here are very ferviceable to the 
 farmers, not only in proteding their grain from 
 the froft, but in facilitating the tranfportation of 
 their boards, and other produce, to the banks 
 of the river againft the enfuing fpring. 
 
 Albany, the capital of a county of its own 
 name, in the province of New York, 15O miles 
 from that city. It is the place of treaty between 
 our governors and the Indians dependent on the 
 Britifh crown. It confifts of about 350 houfes, 
 built of brick in the Dutch tafte. It is £overned 
 by a mayor, recorder, fix aldermen, ~ and as 
 rnany aftiftants ; was incorporated by colonel 
 Dongan, has a city-hall, and a fort, compofed 
 of a fquare with four baftions. The greateft 
 part is fortified only by palifadoes, and in fome 
 places by fmall cannon, planted in block-houfes. 
 It has alfo a fheriff, town-clerk, chamberlain, 
 clerk of the markets, conftables, and a marfhal. 
 
 The 
 

 Jiansintfc 
 
 JuanFcmar 
 te kingdom; 
 id is jo Q .r 
 ao, about £ 
 i. This col 
 s. Sec Fa 
 
 ince of Net 
 y of line lot 
 s are when 
 inters in ib 
 fudfon’s rite 
 he Touthwar; 
 i with fieavj 
 ! (now that 
 iccable to the 
 rir grain froo 
 nfportatiwic 
 to the basis 
 
 ng * r 
 itjr of its ox 
 
 ■k, 15O m:'e 
 
 reaty betw 
 
 endent on: 
 
 jt 350 hoai: 
 
 It is govern 
 
 men, and: 
 
 d by cofc 
 
 art, comp 
 
 The gre^- 
 
 and in it# 
 
 block-hot 1 ^ 
 
 chamberfc 
 
 id a matfc 
 
 A M A 
 
 1 he fur- trade at Ofwego is of great advantage 
 to this place. Lat. 43. 10. N. Long. 44. 29. W? 
 
 Albany, a Britilh fortrefs, fituated on a 
 river of the fame name, emptying itfelf into 
 Hudfon’s bay. Lat. 53. 10. N. Long. 83. 20. W. 
 
 ^ Albemarle, the moll northern part of North 
 Carolina. See Carolina. 
 
 ALGONquiNS, a favage nation, inhabiting 
 part of Canada; generally at war with the Ira- 
 quois. 
 
 Alkansas, a favage nation in New France; 
 fituated in 33 °. N. latitude, on the weft fide of 
 the river Miftiftippi. 
 
 All Saint’s Bay, a captainfhip in Brafil, 
 fo called from a large bay of that name, and 
 bounded on the N. by the Ria Real ; on the 
 S. by that of Las Ilheos ; on the E. by the 1 
 ocean ; and on the W. by three unconquered 
 nations of Indians. It is reckoned one of the 
 richeft and moll fertile captainfhips in all Brafil, 
 producing abundance of cotton, and vaft quan- 
 tities of fugar. With regard to the bay itfelf, 
 it is about two leagues and a half over, inter- 
 fperfed with a number of fmall, but pleafant 
 ifiands, and is of prodigious advantage to the 
 whole country. It has feveral cities and towns, 
 particularly St. Salvador, which is its capital. 
 Sec Salvador. The bay of All-Saints lies in the 
 lat. 12. 3. S. Long. 40. 10. W. 
 
 Amazons, a vaft river in the province of 
 Quito, in South America. It has its fources in 
 the country of Maynas, at Lauricocha, in the 
 Andes ; and to fupply its prodigious waters, 
 moftof the provinces of Peru, with feveral tor- 
 rents from the Cordilleras, largely contribute; 
 feveral of the rivers flowing from thefe fources 
 
 being 
 
A M A 
 
 being equal to large rivers. The mouth of this 
 river, where it fails into the ocean near Cape 
 Nord, is fo enormous, that it is between fixty 
 and feventy miles broad. Its principal fource is 
 in Lauricocha, where it forms a lake; then makes 
 feveral windings of 200 leagues extent, till it 
 comes tojaen de Bracamoras : from whence it 
 traverfes through a vaft extent of country, till it 
 difembogues itfclf into the fea, running in the 
 whole, from its fource to the ocean, noo leagues, 
 or 3300 miles; crofling, from W. to E. the 
 fouth continent of America. * The effe£t of the 
 tides are perceived at about 200 leagues dif- 
 tance from the fea. It begins to be navigable 
 at Jaen, and was named Amazons, from the re- 
 port of Francis d’Orillana, who faid he faw 
 ai med women on its banks. The ancient name 
 of the river is Maragnone, and its rapidity, in fome 
 places, is aftonifhing ; the current having been 
 found, by obfervations, to fet at the rate of 12 
 leagues, or 36 miles an hour. The breadth and 
 depth of this river, or rather refervoir of lakes, 
 rivers, and torrents, is anfwerable to its amazing 
 length. The iflands in it are infinite in num- 
 ber, forming a great variety of {freights, coafts, &c. 
 on, and near which, inhabit different nations of 
 Indians. Orellana was deputed in 1516, to pe- 
 netrate into the courfes of this river, which he 
 did with an armed (hip, and fought feveral na- 
 tions of Indiaus, till he came to that place where 
 he faw the armed women, who with bows and 
 arrows oppofed his paffage. Below Borja, and 
 for 4 or 500 leagues down the river, a flint, peb- 
 ble, or ftone, is a greater curiofity than a dia- 
 mond ; the people here having not even the idea 
 of a ffone. It is furprifing, when they came to 
 * ■ . * Borja* 
 
mouth of fr 
 :an near fy 
 between [r 
 ncipal foBT! 
 ke; thenna; 
 s extent, ;1 
 from where 
 country, t 
 running in: 
 ), i ioo lew 
 W. to £’i 
 he effeSc:': 
 do league i 
 to be ffinf 
 is, from tb’ 
 io /aid be i 
 : ancient a 
 aridity, ink 
 nt having fc 
 the rated; 
 "hebreadtha 
 rvoir off® 
 
 : to its anu^ 
 finite in * 
 jhiy»W 
 rent natioe 
 n 1516, to? 
 iver, 
 
 ;ht feftnls 
 iat placer* 
 with bow*a 
 1 w Bop? 25 
 r, a flint> ff 
 y than 
 even the ^ 
 
 AND 
 
 Borja, to fee them picking them up eagerly, 
 and loading themfelves with immenfe pebbles, 
 which they confider as the greateft curiofities. 
 
 Amotape, a town near Tumbez, lying near 
 the (hore of the South Seas, in the empire of Peru. 
 It is an appendix to the parifli of Tumbez, belong- 
 ing to its lieutenancy. Thehoufes are few, and 
 built of wood like thofe of Tumbez; but near it is 
 a river of fine water, which occafions all the adja- 
 cent country to be cultivated and improved; fo 
 that here arc to be found plenty of the feveral 
 grains, efculent vegetables and fruits, natural 
 to a hot climate. Lat. 4 0 . ic'. 4?" S. Lon<*. 
 77. 26. W. 
 
 Amp ar aes, a jurifdidion under the arch- 
 bifhop of Plata, eaftward of that city, in the 
 empire of Peru, in South America. It abounds 
 in grain, and numerous droves of cattle, which 
 conftitute the chief parts of its commerce. 
 
 Amsterdam, New, a place in North Ame- 
 rica, firft difeovered by Hudfon, and fettled by 
 the Dutch. It lies on the bay and liver for- 
 merly called Mantratte ; it is now in the hands 
 of the Englifh, under the name of New York. 
 See York, New. 
 
 Anco, a town in South America of fmall note, 
 lying three leagues from the city of Guamanga. 
 
 Andaguavlas, a jurifdidion in South-Ame- 
 rica, in the empire of Peru, fubjed to the arch- 
 bilhop of Lima; lying E. and by S. of the 
 city of Guamanga. It abounds in fugar-planta- 
 tions, grain of mod forts, and fruits. 
 
 Andastes, a favage nation in Canada, bor- 
 dering on Virginia, in North America. 
 
 Angaraes, a jurifdidion in South America, 
 ia the empire of Peru, fubjed to the archbifhop 
 
 OJ 
 
A N G 
 
 of Lima, 20 leagues W. N. W. of the city of 
 Guamanga. It abounds in wheat, maize, and 
 other grains and fruits, befidc vaft droves of ail 
 kind of cattle for labour or fuftenance. 
 
 Angelos, a province of Mexico, lying on both 
 the North and South Seas, having that part of the 
 former, which is called the gulf of Mexico, on 
 the E. the province of Guafcaca on the S. E. 
 the Pacific ocean on the S. the province of 
 Mexico proper on the W. and that of Penuco on 
 the N. W. From one fea to the other, it is 
 ioo leagues, about 80 where broad eft, which is 
 along the gulf of Mexico, and 25 upon the 
 South-Sea coafh Its foil, climate, and produdl, 
 are much the fame with Mexico Proper. On 
 the W. fide, there is a chain of mountains for 
 the fpace of 18 leagues, very well cultivated; 
 and likewife a great ridge of mountains on 
 the N. the neighbourhood of which fubjedts it 
 to (hocking tempers, horrid hurricanes, and fre- 
 quent inundations of the river Zahnal, which is 
 fo great as to endanger houfes on the tops of 
 eminences ; yet this is allowed to be the moft po- 
 pulous country in all America, which is partly 
 afcribed to its having been originally an ally to 
 Coitez, in the conquefl: of Mexico, who ob- 
 tained a grant of the emperor Charles V. then 
 alfo king of Spain, by which it is to this day ex- 
 empt from all fervice or duty whatfoever to 
 that crown ; and only pays the king of Spain an 
 handful of maize per head, as an acknowledg- 
 ment, which inconfiderable parcels were faid, 
 almofi: 40 years ago, to make up 1 3,000 bufhels ; 
 for it produces fo much of that Indian corn* 
 that from thence it had the name of TJafcala, i. e. 
 the land of bread, By this means the towns and 
 
 viL 
 
of the 6 
 
 maiz?,: 
 k droves i\ 
 ance. 
 
 o, lying ooj 
 ;thatpartC' ; : 
 )f Mexico, 
 a on tbei: 
 ic province . 
 tof Ptnucn 
 he other, i 
 M, whies 
 25 upon s 
 andprodir 
 Proper, 0 
 lounrains fe 
 1 cultivated 
 Mains « 
 ch fubjeSs 
 anes, and fi? 
 nal, whichi 
 1 the tops! 
 the moijfr 
 ich is par.; 
 II; an aDfi 
 :o, who » 
 tries V, & 
 ithi$daj& 
 latfoever : 
 
 ■ of Spain r 
 acknowlec: 
 
 5 were fe 
 jeobufc' 
 ndi an cfl 
 lafak 11 - 
 tm^ 
 
 AND 
 
 villages (Warm with Indians ; a quite different 
 people from their neighbours, who arc grown 
 quite ftupid, from the long continuance of the 
 flavery and oppreffion to which they have been 
 fubjed ; whereas thefe are a fpirited people, hav- 
 ing as much fire and alacrity as is natural to a free 
 people. They fpeak the Spanifh tongue, and 
 fcarce any other ; are perfe&Iy reconciled to the 
 Spanifh cuftoms, and grateful for the counte- 
 nance and deference (hewed to them above their 
 fellow provinces. It was anciently governed by 
 kings, till civil wars arifing in it, the people 
 formed themfelves into an ariftocracy of many 
 princes, to get rid of one. They divided the 
 towns into different diftritfs, each of which 
 named one of their chiefs to refidein the court of 
 Tlafcala, where they formed a fenate, whofe rc- 
 folutions were a law to the whole. Under this 
 form of government, they maintained themfelves 
 again ft the bifhops of Mexico; and continued 
 their ariftocracy till their reception of the Spa- 
 niards, under Cortez. 
 
 Angelo, port of, is an harbour on the South- 
 Sea coaft, in the middle, between St. Pedro, and 
 Capolita ; a broad open bay, with good ancho- 
 rage, but bad landing; and the Spaniards rec- 
 kon it as good a harbour as Guatulis, 
 
 Andes, called alfo the Cordillera dc Ios An- 
 des, or great chain of Andes, a prodigious chain 
 of mountains in South America, extending itfelf 
 in a continued feries from N. to S. upwards 
 of 3000 miles in length, and 120 in breadth, 
 with an amazing heighth, exceeding by far the 
 Teneriffe, or Azores. This chain extends it- 
 fclf from the ftreights of Magellan, quite north- 
 ward to the farthennpjft end of the province of 
 
 Chi© 
 
A K G 
 
 Chio in Peru. The Andes commonly form 
 two ridges as they run, the one higher and bar- 
 ren, covered with fnow ; the other fruitful m 
 woods, groves, &e. the latter abounds with Pe- 
 rcies, or wild hogs; and fheep, called Guana- 
 cos, refembling in {hape a camel, but of a 
 (mailer fize, whofe hair for foftnels, lincnels, 
 and colour, is preferred to ftlk. The Andes 
 have 1 6 volcanos : thefe mountains are paiiablc 
 only in fummer, and require three or fourdamo 
 reach the top of any one of the higheit. I he 
 frightful precipices, dreadful bottoms, deep afeents, 
 thundering water-falls, and amazing cataradls, 
 are more eafily conceived than deferibed. It is 
 believed that the bowels of thefe vaft mountains 
 contain hidden (lores of gold, filver, and other 
 mines ; the firft of which are fuppofed to be in- 
 duftrioufly concealed by the natives. 
 
 Angra de los Reyes, a town in the cap- 
 tainfhip of Rio de Janeiro, in Brafil, South 
 America, fubjeft to the Portugucfc, about 36 
 miles from Rio de Janeiro. It is fit u ate on the 
 coaft upon a fmall bay, from whence it has its 
 name, being in Englifh King’s Bay. It has 
 two churches, a monaftery, and a fmall guard- 
 houfe, of about a fcore of foldiers, and its chief 
 produce is fifh. Lat. 22. 28. S. Long. 4.1. 10. W, 
 
 Anguilla, or Snake Ifland, fo called from 
 its windings, and irregular form, being 10 leagues 
 in length, and three in breadth. It is the moll 
 northerly of all the Caribbee iflands, pofiefled by 
 the Eifglifh and may eafily be feen from St. 
 Martin’s, which is about 18 leagues to the E. 
 the country is woody, ‘but perfedlly level. It 
 abounds with tame cattle fince it was (locked by 
 the Europeans, of which, before their coming, 
 
itnonly fa 
 
 her and t 
 er fruiifsl: 
 mds with?; 
 :allcd Gjb 
 el, but of 
 efs, finer: 
 The Ana 
 is are paih 
 3r four dap 
 bigheft. T: 
 ,topafcr. 
 'ng cataraft, 
 cribed. lti 
 ft mountain: 
 r, and ctftc 
 ofedtobein 
 
 5 . 
 
 rn in the a: 
 Bni 3 , 8®" 
 eft, about j 
 i fituateoni 
 nee it bi 
 Bay. k ;; 
 i Email gr 
 
 ig.41. It;' 
 
 b call:! B 
 
 ting 10 It® 
 It is the k 
 is, po0- 
 feen fo®j 
 ues to the- 
 Sly l £V£ k 
 
 is flockd 
 heir coif - 
 
 ANA 
 
 was to be found only the oppufium. The Eng- 
 lifh fettled herein 1650, in a fruitful foil, where 
 they cultivated tobacco, planted corn, and bred 
 cattle, for which purpofe they brought a fleck 
 with them ; but were, as they are now, very 
 poor, being faid to have degenerated into the moft 
 lazy creatures in the univerfe. Some have re. 
 moved hither from Barbadocs, and others of the 
 Englifh Caribbee iflands. They live here with- 
 out religion or government; and fubfift moflly 
 by farming, planting Indian corn, and other 
 kinds of hufbandry, but plant very little fu^ar. 
 This poor ifland has been frequently pillaged by 
 the French. The number of militia fome years 
 ago was not more than fourfeore, and yet they 
 repulfed a body of French in 1745, to the num- * 
 berof 1000, who made a defeent, and marched 
 up to a breaftwork ; but were fo w'ell received by 
 this handful, that they w T ere obliged to retire with 
 the lofs of 150 men, befidcs colours and fire 
 arms. Lat. 18. 1 5. N. Lons. 63. 2. VV, 
 Anatolis, the chief town of the county of 
 Anne-Arundel in Maryland. It was formerly 
 called Severn, and by an aft of the aflembly, 
 1694, was made a port-town; and a collector, 
 and naval officer w-ere ordered to reftde here, at 
 which time it was called Anapolis. The county- 
 court was removed to this place, a church was 
 built within the port, which was made a paiifh, 
 and, in the year 1699, the port of Anapolis was 
 made the chief feat of juftice, within this pro- 
 vince, for holding aflemblies and provincial 
 courts; and all writs, pleas, and procefs, return- 
 able to the provincial court, or to the court of 
 chancery, were made returnable to Anapolis. 
 
 1 he aflembly palled an a£t for founding a free- 
 V ^- *• ^ fchoo\, 
 
, railed Kin* William’s School, and or- 
 
 Sfothil .0 ba arafled here under hi, p.o* 
 
 li;t cr e , and the archbifhop to be their chancellor. 
 Tr^ftees were alfo appointed under the names of 
 vr.Hors truftees, governors, vifitors of the tree- 
 3 » of M^llnd. Sut the cMs of .hi, 
 oood bill are not yet very vifible. 1 he county- 
 court for orphans is kept there the .econd ^uelday 
 in September, November, January, March, 
 and Mav. The records of the county of Anne- 
 Aurundel are removed to this town, which now 
 confifts of about 40 houfes, not having flourtflied 
 according to expectation; and while planters and 
 merchants affect to live feparately here, as they 
 tk> in Virginia, there is little profpeft of there be- 
 ing any flourifliing town in the province. Lat. 
 
 39. 25. N. Long. 78. 10. W. 
 
 Anapolis-Royal, a town and bay 11. No- 
 va Scotia, belonging to the Englifh ; called roit- 
 Royal by the French* when M. de Points came 
 over from St. Croife with a French colony, 1605. 
 It had the name of Anapolis, in honour of queen 
 
 U nau 1 7 — - y. 
 
 Anne, in whofe reign it was taken by the bng 
 Uh, under colonel Nicholfon. Father Charle- 
 
 voix fays this harbour is of difficult entrance, 
 befides the great fogs here ; fo that only one fhip 
 can pafs in or out at a time, and that with the 
 created precaution, the fhip being obliged to go 
 ftemmoft, bv rcalon of the ftrong currents and 
 tides here. This difficulty excepted, nature has 
 fcarce omitted one thing to render it the find 
 harbour in the world. It is two leagues m 
 length, and one in breadth, having a (mail 
 ifiand, called Goat Ifiand, almoflinthe middle 
 of the bafon, which is faid to be large enough to 
 contain all the (hips in America. Its depth of 
 
 water 
 
iool, arii. 
 ider his pr 
 :ir cbudi 
 ; the oama 
 irsof fat 
 effects of i 
 Thcctct 
 rcoodTei 
 uary, Mr 
 lunty of k 
 n, M? 
 
 < piaoeni 
 
 hcfe T a5ti 
 ftafdwc 1 
 tivinci t 
 
 h ; caWJ 
 dePoiifia 
 i colony, i’ ; 
 ionour of ff 
 enbyfet 
 Father ft 
 (cult 
 at only ip 
 
 id that rr 
 
 ng curr-- 
 itcd, n£ ; 
 ier it * ! 
 two W 
 having J 
 fin the 
 it# eon? 
 hit? 
 
 ANA 
 
 water is no where lefs than four or five fathom • 
 it being fix or feven on one fide the ifland, and 
 on the other 16 or 18. The bottom is every 
 where very good 5 and (hips may be fecurc in it 
 from all winds. When the French pofllffed it 
 they often brought thei. fifhing-vefiels hither: but 
 that trade is prevented by our poffeffing the im- 
 portant place of Cape-Breton. 
 
 The town is not large, but has fome very 
 handfome buildings ; though the generality are 
 hut twoftor.es high. The old fortifications were 
 deni 0I1 /bed by the Englilh, and new ones erec- 
 ted, with lines, and four baftions- large and well 
 laced, with a deep dry moat, a covered wav 
 and counterfcarp, a half moon, and outworks, 
 detached from the body of the place; fo that it 
 is in little danger from an attack. There are al- 
 fo feveral batteries of guns to the fea, fo difpofed 
 as to keep oft an enemy ; nor can it eafily be at- 
 tacked but by a bombardment. This ftrone 
 town is reckoned a barrier to the colonies o New 
 England, and is of great fervice to prevent the 
 r rench joining with the Eaftern Indians, either 
 by land, or fea. 
 
 At the bottom of the bafon is a point of land 
 Separating two rivers, where the tide riles 10 or 
 J 2 feet ; and on each fide are pleafant meadows, 
 which in Ipring and autumn are covered with all 
 forts of frefh water fowl. The place fubfifts by 
 the traffic of (kins, which the lavages brine 
 down m exchange for European goods. It hat 
 alio a pretty good trade in lumber and fifh. The 
 governor refides here with a garrifon, which com- 
 monly conhfts , of 500 Englilh. In queen Anne’s 
 war, while this place was in the hands of the 
 b rench. Port- Royal was the Dunkirk of this part 
 
 • C 2 of 
 
A N T; 
 
 of this part of the world; continually harbouring 
 fleets of privateers, and French cruizers, to the 
 ruin of the fifheries, and all foreign trade of the 
 northern colonies. Lat. 45 - *<>. N - Long. 64. 
 
 t w 
 
 3 ‘ Anticosti, an ifland in the mouth of the ri- 
 ver St. Laurence. It is fubjedl to the French, 
 but barren. Lat. 50. 30. N. Long. 64. 16. W 
 
 Antigua, or Antego, one of theCaribbee 
 iflands in the Weft Indies, fituated to the eaft- 
 ward of Nevis, and St. Kits. It is almoft cir- 
 cular • being about fix leagues in diameter, and 
 near 60 miles in circumference. It is more noted 
 for good harbours than all the Enghfii iflands in 
 thefe feas ; yet fo encoinpafl'ed with rocks, that 
 it is of dangerous accefs in many parts of it, ei- 
 pecially to thofe unacquainted with the iecret 
 channels between thofe rocks ; a ledge ying all 
 a )on<i the north fide of it, near two miles Iroin 
 the Sore ; but there are feveral places and chan- 
 nels to go in between thefe rocks, with fkilful and 
 experienced pilots. It has fix remarkable har- 
 bours. 1. Five ifland harbour on the weft fide 
 of the ifland, fo called from five final! iflands 
 that lie to the weft of it. 2. St. John s harbour, 
 due north from the former, is a fort of double 
 harbour, the beft and moft ufed in tne ifland. 
 There is a Tandy bar acrofs the mouth of it, whicn 
 runs from the N. point of the entrance, where 
 
 the fort ftands, ftretching. S. W. to the oppofite 
 
 point. On this bar there are hut two fathom and 
 half water, and but two in the N. point. Be- 
 fides the fort at the mouth of St. John’s river, 
 which is mounted with 14 cannon, there are fe- 
 ven other batteries. 3 ' Nonfuch harbour, a 
 fpacious bay at the E. end of the harbour ; on 
 
 the 
 
fMxjlD 
 izers, ton 
 trade of : 
 !. L®*.; 
 
 nth of k 
 the Frr 
 i\,iW 
 tbeCji' 
 to the g 
 s aimer, 
 a meter, , 
 s more: 
 ,fn ib 
 i rocks, : 
 irtsofi 
 
 :h the* 
 
 edge Irk 
 '0 rate 
 $ andcs 
 
 ithtf* 
 
 larkasln 
 the ^ 
 
 final! i* 
 
 tfsl* 
 
 irt of & 
 u the - 
 ofit, r - 
 ince, # 
 the of 
 ifathop 
 point. * 
 )hns^ 
 here*" 
 
 jarboti'i 
 
 A N T 
 
 the N. fide ef the harbour it is foul and rocky. 
 4, Wilioughbay bay, two leagues S. E> from 
 the laft harbour, has a wide mouth near a league 
 over; hu: there is a fand or fhoal which almoft 
 blocks ir up, from whence another point, called 
 Sandy Point, with an ifland in itftretchcs oft*. Be- 
 tween thefe, however, is a good ertrance, and 
 very good riding in every part of it. 5. Englifh 
 harbour. And 6. Falmouth harbour to the S. 
 VV. At the bottom of Falmouth harbour, 
 lies Falmouth town, defended by fort Charles, 
 and Monk’s Hill fort, which has a magazine of 
 above 400 mufkets, Soo bayonets, and is rnount- 
 ted with 30 pieces of ordnance. 
 
 T he climate is hotter than Barbadocs, and 
 like that fubje& to hurricanes. The foil is fandy, 
 woody, and without one brook, there being few 
 fprings in the ifland ; fo that it is often diftrefitd 
 for want of water. Its produ&s are much the 
 fame with that of the other Caribbee iflands; but 
 at firft their fugars were fo black, that our fugar- 
 bakers (hipped it off* for Holland and Hamburgh; 
 where it was fold for 16 s. per hundred, when 
 other Mufcavado fugars fetched 19 r. But the 
 planters having now learned the ait of claying 
 it, they excel in their fugars. The ifland contains 
 about 70,000 acres, and produces 16000 hocf- 
 heads of fugar, one year with another, but does 
 not make half fo much rum in proportion to its 
 fugar, though both may be improved by due 
 encouragement. They do not plant much tobac- 
 co, though what they do is very good ; the wild 
 cinnamon grows in their low lands, or favanna 
 woods. It abounds in venifon, black cattle, 
 fowls, and moft of the animals in common with 
 the other iflandsi The number of inhabitants 
 C 3 are 
 
ANT 
 
 are computed (English, whites, and negroes, 
 included) at about "34,000. It was difcovered 
 much about the fame time with St. Kits, under 
 Sir Thomas Warner, in 1623; and fome Eng- 
 Ufa families fettled in it in 1636. The firft 
 grant of it from the crown appears to have 
 been from Charles IJ. about 1663, to William 
 lord Willoughby of Parham ; and a colony was 
 planted in 1666. It was furprifed by the French 
 in the fame year, and furrentlered to them. It 
 made no figure in commerce, till colonel 
 Chriftopher Codrington, lieutenant-governor of 
 Barbadoes, came and fettled here in 1690. 
 There happened a moft dreadful hurricane here 
 in 1707, that did vaft damage to this ifland and 
 Nevis, more than to any of the Caribbecs. In 
 October 1736, was the plot of Court, Tom- 
 bay, and Hercules, three Indians, who had con- 
 veyed gunpowder under the ball-room, where 
 the governor was to give a ball ; but it was hap- 
 pily difeovered, and they were all executed. 
 I, at. 17. 30. N. L?ng. 62. 10. W. 
 
 Antilles, a clutter of iflands in the Weft 
 Indies, diftinguifhed into great and fmall. The 
 Antilles lie from 18 to 24 degrees, north latitude ; 
 are diftinguifhed into windward and leeward 
 iflands, and lie in form of a bow, ftretching 
 from the coaft of Florida, north, to that of 
 Brafil, fouth; the moft remarkable of them are 
 Cuba, Jamaica, Hifpaniola, or Domingo, and 
 Porto-Rico. See each under its proper article. 
 
 Antonio de Cabo, St. a town in the Bra- 
 fils, in South America, near Cape St. Auguftin, 
 fubjedf to the* Portuguefe, where they make a 
 confulerabie quantity of fugar. Lat. 8. 34. S. 
 long. 35. 22. W. 
 
 Apa- 
 
i n^. 
 iifcoyd 
 fits, i': 
 forced 
 Thcfi 
 
 m tob 
 to Wfe 
 
 ColoilJTi 
 
 ’the F;cc 
 ) them i 
 till cob 
 govcrnc: : 
 
 1 in it f 
 r/cane i,c 
 ilLnda 
 bbecs. i 
 rt, Ton 
 oMo» 
 0D1) ffc 
 it was b 
 I execi: 
 
 i the W 
 tall. Ts 
 thlatife 
 id led-' 
 , ftrctca 
 (0 tbit I 
 r the®2 
 ingOt # 
 rarddt 
 n the b 
 AugA 
 
 A R E 
 
 Atalachian Mountain's, an extcnfive 
 chain of mountains, running parallel with the 
 Atlantic ocean, and about 150 miles diftantfrom 
 it. The French pretend that this chain is the 
 weflern boundary of our American colonics; but 
 without the lead foundation. 
 
 Apelachya, the name of a town and har- 
 bour in Florida, 30 leagues eaft of Penlacola, 
 and the fame weft from the river Del Spiritu 
 Santo, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, at 
 the N. W. end of* the peninfula of Florida; ca 
 both Tides of it live the feveral nations called the 
 Apalachian Indians. 
 
 Apolo-bamba, a jurifdiflion confiding of 
 miflionaries belonging to the Francifcans, fubjedt 
 to the bifhop of Cufco; 60 leagues from that 
 city, lying in South America and the empire of 
 Peru. Thefe confift of feven towns of Indians, 
 newly converted. To protect thefe from the in- 
 fults of their idolatrous brethren, and to give 
 credit to the miflionaries, there is kept here a 
 militia, under a major-general, formed by the 
 inhabitants of thefe towns and villages. 
 
 Arequipa, a city in South America, and 
 empire of Peru; founded by Don Francifco Pi- 
 zarro, in 1539. It ftands in the valley of Qiiil- 
 ca, about 20 leagues diftant from the fea. It is 
 one of the largeft cities in Peru, governed by a 
 corregidor and alcaldes: it has been* four times 
 laid in ruins by earthquakes. It is very populous, 
 and well built at prefent, moftly inhabited by 
 Spaniards. The air is very temperate, the 
 foil fertile in paftures and cattle, abounding in 
 corn and fruits. It has a bilhopric in Lima; 
 and has a college of jefuits, a convent, a femi- 
 C 4, nary. 
 
 / 
 
A R R 
 
 nsr/, and two nurferies. Lat. 17. 5. N. Long. 
 
 73- s- w * . ; ">jm 
 
 Arica, a jurifdi£Tton in the bifhopric of Are- 
 quipa, in South America, and empire of Peru; 
 extending along the Tea coaft of the South Sea. 
 It is very barren, producing only agi, or Guinea 
 pepper ; from which alone it drives a vaft trade, 
 as may eafily be imagined from the great con- 
 fumption of it in all thefe parts of America; 
 for by computation, the annual produce amounts 
 to no lefs than 60,000 dollars a year. It alfo 
 produces, in fome parts, very large olives, of 
 which they make oil and pickles. 
 
 Arica, a town and port in the province of Los 
 Charcas, in the kingdom of Peru ; being the poit- 
 town to mod of the mines in that country. It is 
 a place of vaft trade, and very populous ; feldom 
 without a good deal of (hipping. It is but 
 badly fortified, and lias been much injured by 
 earthquakes, which has alfo hurt its trade. No 
 rain ever falls here ; the houfes are therefore 
 without wroofs, and they look on the outfide as a 
 place in ruins. Their chief trade is agi, or 
 Guinea pepper, which the Spaniards planted, 
 and of which they fell to the value of 80,000 
 crowns: the valley of Arica is famous for little 
 clfe. Lat. 18. 20. N. Long. 70. 20. W. 
 
 Arraciffe, a port-town in Brafil, in South 
 America, in the captainfhip of Pernambuco; it 
 is efteemed the ftrongeft in all Brafil. The port 
 confifts of a fuburb, in which are fome large 
 houfes, and repolitories for (lores ; and is built 
 upon a narrow paftage, with a caftle to defend 
 the entrance. Notwithftanding which, Janies 
 Lancafter found means to enter the harbour, in 
 x 595 > with feven En&lifli veflels, and made 
 
 himfclf 
 
N.Lfct 
 
 iricoffe 
 re of Pc. 
 South i 
 , orGt: 
 i vaft tic 
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 f Amcr: 
 ice amor 
 2F. Iti 
 e olive?,. 
 
 nceoflc 
 5 the poe- 
 try. hi 
 i] felloe 
 It is k 
 injured k 
 lade. >' 
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 W. 
 
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 mbuccj.' 
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 erne te 
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 b,Jj»* 
 
 rbouf, * 
 nd ni- ;: 
 (lie- 
 
 ASS 
 
 himfelf mafter of the town and caftle, where he 
 continued a month, and came away richly laden 
 with plunder; but fince that time, the Portu- 
 guefe have rendered it inaccefiible to all enemies. 
 Lat. 8. 20. S. Long. 36. 10. W. 
 
 Artleburgh, a town in the county of Bris- 
 tol, in New England. It is remarkable for its 
 great increafe of inhabitants, houfes, and trade, 
 within a few years } being fome time fince, an 
 obfeure village. 
 
 Armouchiquois, a wild nation of Indians 
 in Canada, in North America. 
 
 Aruba, a little ifland in the Weft Indies, 
 belonging to the Dutch ; from whence they 
 bring provifions for their garrifons and negroes. 
 It is one of the little Antilles. Lat. 12. 30* N. 
 Long. 69. 30. W. 
 
 Asangaro, a jurifdiilion under thebl/hopof 
 Cufco, in South America, and empire of Peru, 
 50 leagues from that city ; it breeds numbers of 
 cattle. In fome parts of it to the N. E. are 
 fome filver mines ; and it produces papas-, qoi- 
 noas, and canaguas. Of the two laft they make 
 chicha, as others do from maize. 
 
 Assiniboils, a favage nation of Indians, in- 
 habiting the forefts of Canada. 
 
 Assempoli, a vaft lake in Canada, in North 
 America, abounding with whales; and is f up - 
 pofed to communicate with the Northern Sea. 
 
 Assinois, a favage nation of Indians, inha- 
 biting the forefts of Canada. 
 
 Assumption, a city in the empire of Peru. 
 
 It ftands on the eaftern banks of a river of it* 
 own name, a little above the place where the 
 Picolmago falls into it; having Villa Rica on the 
 north, and La Plate on the fouth. It was built 
 C 5 by 
 
A V E 
 
 by the Spaniards, in 1538; and is remarkable 
 for its healthy fituation, as well as for the 
 number of its inhabitants ; having, befides fe- 
 v:ral hundred Spanifh families, a vail number 
 of the Maftizos and Mulattos. ^ he territory 
 about it is rich and fruitful, producing plenty and 
 variety both of native and exotic fruits. The 
 Spaniards who refide here are the flower of the 
 gentry who fettled in this place, when the dregs 
 of their countrymen were tranfplanted to other 
 parts. The air is here fo temperate, that the 
 trees and earth are cloathed with a continued ver- 
 dure; and it is fo luxuriant in fruits, all forts of 
 cattle, and the other neceflaries and luxuries of 
 life, as to be equalled by no other part of America. 
 The town lies about 50 leagues above the con- 
 fluence of the Paragua and Parana ; where the 
 former begins to be called Rio de la Plata. Near 
 the city is a lake, noted for having in the middle 
 of it a rock, which (hoots itfelf up to a prodi- 
 gious height like an obelifk. Lat. 24* 1 / • S. 
 
 Long. 59. 35 - w - . , . 
 
 Attacama, a town, province, and juni- 
 
 di£lion in the empire of Peru, 120 leagues from 
 la Plata ; fertile, and remarkable for the filh 
 called Tolo, with which it carries on a great 
 trade with the inland provinces. 1 his province 
 divides the kingdom of Peru from that of Chili. 
 
 Avancay, a jurifdidtion fubjedl to the 
 bifhop of Cufco, and lies four leagues N. E. of 
 that city. It abounds in fugar canes, fruits, and 
 corn. 
 
 Aves, one of the Carribee iflands, fituated 
 near Marigalante, in the Weft Indies. It is called 
 Aves, or Bird Iftand, from the innumerable quan- 
 tity of birds which refide here, and lay their eggs 
 in the fand. Augus- 
 
Augustin St. a city in Florida, in North 
 America, fituated on the eaftern coaft of the 
 Peninfula, wafhed by the Atlantic ocean, about 
 So leagues from the mouth of the*gulph of 
 Florida, or channel of Bahama, and 47 from 
 the town and river of Savannah. It is built along 
 the fhore, at the bottom of a hill, in an oblong 
 fquare, divided into four ftreets. Near it is the 
 church and monaftery of the order of St. Auguf- 
 tin. The caftle is called St. John’s Fort, built of 
 foft (lone, has four bullions, a courtin 60 yards 
 long, a parapet nine feet thick, and a rampart 20 
 feet high, cafemated, arched, and borrb- proof. 
 There are 50 pieces of cannon, 16 of which are 
 brafs, and fome are 24 pounders ; it has a co- 
 vered way, and the town is entrenched with 10 
 faliant angles. In 1586, Sir Francis Drake took 
 it; and in 1665, it was plundered by captain Davis 
 the buccaneer. The Englilh and Indians of 
 Carolina attacked it again in 1702, under 
 colonel Moore, who abandoned it after three 
 months fiege, and plundering and burning the 
 country, leaving the fliips and (lores to the ene- 
 my, on the fight of fome Spanilh cruifers ; and 
 marched back to Charles-town, 300 miles by 
 land. General Oglethorp was the laft who be- 
 fieged it, in 1740; he bombarded both the town 
 anc! caftle, but was obliged to raife the fiege. 
 This town, as well as Georgia, is within die 
 lrmits of South Carolina ; though unjuftly kept 
 from us by the Spaniards. Lat. 8. 30. N. 
 Long. 81. 10. Weft. 
 
 Augustine, St. a cape in Brafil, on the 
 Atlanlic-ocean, 300 miles N. E. of the bay of 
 All-Souls. Lat. 8. 30. N. Long. 35. 8. W. 
 
 A yennis, a nation of wild Indians, inhabiting 
 art of Florida. Ayma- 
 
BAH 
 
 Aymaraes, a jurifdi&ion in the emp re of 
 Peru, in South America ; fubjed to the bilhop 
 of Cufco, 40 leagues S. W. of that city. It 
 abounds in iugars, cattle, corn, and mines- of 
 gold and ftlver, which are, for the raoft part 
 neglected, as it is but thinly inhabited. 
 
 BAH 
 
 B ABAHOYO, a village and cuftom-houfe, 
 being the landing place in the river of Gua- 
 gaquil, from that city. Here the merchandizes 
 from Peru, and Terra Firma, and their refpeflive 
 provinces, are landed. 
 
 Baez a, the chief town of thediftri&of Qrnxos, 
 in the province of Quito, in the empire of Peru, 
 in South America, and the refidence of a gover- 
 nor ; about 50 miles from Quito, fouthward. 
 It was built by Don Rameiro d’Avilos, in 1559. 
 Their chief manufacture is fpinning and weav- 
 ing cotton. Lat. 01. 05. S. Long. 78. 10. W. 
 
 Baffins Bay, a gulph in North America, 
 fo called from one Baffin, who difcovered it in 
 1662, in his attempt to find a north weft paf- 
 fage into the South Sea. This bay runs from 
 Cape Farewel into Weft Greenland ; and lies 
 between the parallels of 60. and 80. deg. N. Lat. 
 It abounds with whales, efpecially the upper 
 part of it. 
 
 Bahama, the name of a clufler, and alfo 
 of the chief of the Bahama iflands; lying in 
 Lat. 26. 45. N. and between 78. and 81. W. 
 Long, in the Weft Indies > about 15 or 20 
 
 leagues. 
 
leagues from the coaft of Florida, and about 
 io weft from the illand of Lucaya ; from which 
 thefe iflands are alfo called Lucaya iflands ; 
 from this Lucaya, it is divided by a dangerous, 
 though broad channel. It is about 13 leagues 
 long, and eight broad. It is very fruitful, the 
 air ferene, watered with multitudes of fprings 
 and brooks. It produced great quantity of 
 faflafras, farfaparilla red-wood, which were 
 all deftroyed by the Spaniards. Its chief produce 
 now is Indian wheat, fowls, and a particular 
 kind of rabbits ; they have other proviiions from 
 Carolina. Their chief commerce is aflifting, 
 with provifions, fhips which are driven in here 
 by boifterous winds. On the north lies the 
 great fand bank, called the Bahama Bank, 
 which extends itfelf northward 60 miles. The 
 ftreight of Bahama lies between the coaft of 
 Florida, and the Lucaya. The Spanifti (hips 
 are forced to wait an opportunity to pafs this 
 ftreight, from the Havanna homeward ; and 
 the ftreight is 16 leagues broad, and 45 Jong; 
 which fhews of what importance the Bahama 
 iflands aFe to England ; ^nd what advantage the 
 Spaniards might make of them againft us in 
 time of war; but they have been ftrangely ne- 
 gledfed. The Bahama Iflands are reckoned 4 
 or 500, fmall and great, but moll of them 
 only dangerous rocks. 
 
 Baldivia, or rather Valdivia, a port 
 town on the river of its name, in the kingdom 
 of Chi-li, 195 miles from Conception, on the 
 South Sea coaft; built by Peter Valdivia, who 
 gave it his name, in 1552. There are many 
 gold mines here; and the Spaniards haveeredted 
 ieveral ftrong forts, and leflcr batteries, to de- 
 fend 
 
BAR 
 
 4 
 
 fend its entrance, as it is fuppofed to be the key 
 of the South Seas. It is enclofed with wails 
 built of earth, and defended by 12 pieces of can- 
 non, which are 16 pounders. To the entrance 
 of the harb#ur, there are at leaf! 100 pieces of 
 cannon on each fide. The whites of Peru and 
 Chili, banifhed for their crimes, are fent hither to 
 fupport it. The Dutch made themfelves matters 
 of it, in 164.3; but were obliged to abandon it, 
 leaving all their cannon, 30 or 40 pieces, bag- 
 gage, and {lores ; on advice that fuccours were ar- 
 riving to oppofe them from Peru. The vice- 
 roy lends 30,000 crowns a year, to fupport the 
 garrifon. There are great rains here, during fix 
 months in the winter. Lat. 40. 5. N. Long. 
 80. 15. W. 
 
 Baltimore, a county the moft northern in the 
 province of Maryland, in North America, on the 
 W. fide of the bay of Chcfapeek, reaching to the 
 bottom of it : its chief town is aifo called Balti- 
 more. The houfes are ftraggling; fo that the town- 
 fhip is rather a fcattered village, or parifh. This 
 county is called from lord Baltimore of Ireland, 
 1631, to whom it was granted by king Charles I. 
 Its capital lies in N. Lat. 40. 50. and 77. 5. W. 
 Long. 
 
 Bantry, or Braintree, a little town, 
 with a free-fchool, in the county of Suffolk, in 
 New England. 
 
 Barbadoes, one of the Carribbee ittands, 
 and next to Jamaica for importance, in the 
 Weft Indies; about 25 miles long, and 14 
 broad, fuppofed to contain about 107,000 
 acres, or 140 fquare miles. It lies 20 leagues 
 call from St. Vincent, which may be feen from 
 it on a clear day ; 25 from St. Lucia, 28 from 
 
 Mar- 
 
Martinico, 60 from Trinidad, 80 from Cape 
 de Salinas, and 100 from St. Chriftopher’s : it is 
 ufually ranked among the windward divifion of 
 the Carribbees, being a day or two’s fail from 
 Surinam, the Dutch colony. It was the firft dis- 
 covered of any of thefe iflands ; and is there- 
 fore ftilcd, Mother of the Sugar Colonies. In 
 the year 1625, when the Englifh firft landed 
 here, they found it abfolutely defolate: it had 
 not the appearance of having been peopled, 
 even by the moft barbarous Indians. There 
 was no kind of beaft, either of pafture or 
 of prey ; neither fruit, herb, nor root, for 
 fupporting the life of man. Yet, as this cli- 
 mate was good, and the foil appeared fertile, 
 fome gentlemen, of fmall fortunes in England, 
 became adventurers. But the firft planters had 
 all the difficulties, of clearing away the obftruft- 
 ing woods, and almoft impenetrable forefts, that 
 lay in their way. But by degrees, things were 
 mollified by patience and perfeverance. Some of 
 the trees yielded fuftic for the dyers; cotton and 
 indigo, agreed well with the foil; and tobacco, 
 about that time, began to be fafhionable in Eng- 
 land. Yet after all, the court took little notice 
 of this infant colony; fending over a very unwor- 
 thy, and unfaithful favourite, the earl of Carlifle, 
 who, by his difiervices, rather nipped, than af- 
 fifted its growth. However, as this ifiand had 
 the hardieft breeding, and the moft laborious in- 
 fancy of any of our fettlcments, fo it was far 
 ftronger in its ltamina, grew with greater fpeed, 
 and that to an height, which if not evident, could 
 fcarcely be believed. About 20 years after its 
 firft fettlement, in 1650, it contained upwards 
 
 of 
 
BAR 
 
 ©f 50,000 whites, of all fexes and ages, and a 
 much greater number of blacks, and Indian 
 Haves. The former they bought, the latter they 
 acquired by means not at all to their honour; 
 for they feized thofe unhappy men, without any 
 pretence whatfoever, in the neighbouring illands, 
 and carried them into flavery : a practice, which 
 has rendered the Carribbee Indians irreconcilable 
 to us ever fince. This fmall ifland, peopled by 
 above ico,oco fouls, was not half cultivated. A 
 little before 1645, the y learned the art of making 
 fugar ; and in a fhort time, by the means of this 
 improvement, grew every day furprifingly opu- 
 lent and numerous. About this time,°the go- 
 vernment of England, which was then in the 
 hands of Cromwell, confined the trade of Bar- 
 badoes to the mother-country ; which before was 
 managed altogether by the Dutch. Several 
 of the royal party had fled hither and from this 
 ifland, king Charles Ii. eredled 13 baronets, 
 fome of whom were worth jo,ooo/. a year ; and 
 no one lefs than a thoufand. In 1676, there ap- 
 peared no great encreafe of their whites ; but a 
 vifible one in their negroes, who are now up- 
 wards of 100,000. 1 hey then employed 400 
 
 fail of fhips, of 150 tons, one with another, in 
 their trade, and their annual exports in fugar, in- 
 digo, ginger, cotton, &c. amounted to 360,000/. 
 their circulating cafh at home was 2co,ooo/. 
 It is probable, that Holland itfelf, or perhaps, 
 the heft inhabited pans of China, were never 
 peopled to the fame proportion ; nor have they, 
 either of them, land of the fame dimenfions which 
 produces any thing like the fame profits ; ex- 
 cepting that whereon large cities are built. The 
 plague made great havock here, in 1692 ; which, 
 
 with 
 
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 litters 
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 tm 
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 nine 
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 fM 
 
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 BAR 
 
 with our perpetual quarrels, and fruitlefs French, 
 expeditions, reduced the number of whites to 
 25,000, and the negroes to 8o,ooo. It {hips 
 30,000 hogfheads of lugar, to the value of 
 300,000 /. befidcs rum, molafles, cotton, gin- 
 ger, and cloves. An immenfe produce for 
 an ifland, containing little more than 170,000 
 acres of land ; fo that by the rife of fugars, 
 the returns of this ifland are little lefs than they 
 were in its nioft flourilhing times. It can raife 
 5000 men of its own militia, and has gene- 
 rally a regiment of regular troops, though not 
 very complete. It is fortified by nature all 
 along the windward fhore, by the rocks and 
 fhoals; fo as to be nearly inacceflable : on the 
 leeward fide, it has good harbours; but the 
 whole coaft is protected by a good line, of feve- 
 ral miles in length, and feveral forts to defend 
 it at the mod material places. They fupport their 
 own eftablifhment, which is very confiderable, 
 with great credit. The governor's place alone, 
 being worth, at lead, 6coo /. a year and other 
 officers have very valuable incomes. The cler- 
 gy are well provided for, who arc of the church 
 of England, which is the religion edablifhed 
 here; there being very few difienters. There 
 appears here beftde fomething more of order, 
 decency, and a fettled people, than in any other 
 colony in the Wed Indies. They have a col- 
 lege founded here, by colonel Codrington. 
 Bridgetown is the capital of the ifland, which 
 has been very much injured by the late fire. 
 The country of Barbadoes has a very luxuriant 
 and beautiful appearance ; fwelling here and 
 there into gently rifing hills, which, with the 
 verdure of the fugar canes, the bloom and fra- 
 grance 
 
BAR 
 
 grance of the orange, lemon, lime, and citron 
 trees, a number of elegant and uieful plants, 
 and the houfes of the Venters thick Town all 
 along the country, form a delightful feene. 
 Its products are, betides what is mentioned, the 
 palm, tamarind, fig, aloes, bananas, cedar, 
 maftick, cocoa-tree, and cacao, the laft makes 
 chocolate* and alfo papas, guavas, palmettoes, 
 &c. Lat. 13. 5. N. Long. 59. 32. W. For 
 the trade carried on to Barbadoes, and other fu- 
 gar ifiands, the manner of planting the fugar- 
 cane, making fiigar, rum, &c. fee the article 
 Jamaica. 
 
 Barbuda, or Barbouthas, an ifland, one 
 of the Carribbees, 35 miles north of Antigua * 
 53 N. E. from St. Chriftopher’s. Jt is low * 
 land, but fertile, and was planted by the Eng- 
 lifh as early as any of the Leeward Iflands, ex- 
 cept St. Chriftopher’s * but they were fo difturbed 
 by the Carribbeans from Dominica, who gene- 
 rally invaded them twice a year, in the night 
 time, that they were often forced to defert it. 
 At length their numbers in the other iflands in- 
 creafing, and that of the favages decreafing, 
 they repoflefled it * fo that in a few years it had 
 1200 inhabitants. It is fubjed to the Codring- 
 ton family, who maintain a great number of ne- 
 groes here. It abounds in black cattle, fheep, 
 kids, fowl, the breeding of which is the chief 
 employment of the inhabitants, who make great 
 profit of their fale to the other iflands ; and the 
 Englifh here live after the manner of our Eng- 
 lifh farmers, in the way of dealing, buying, 
 fattening, and fending to market. The ifland 
 produces citrons, pomegranates, oranges, rai- 
 (6ns, India figs, maize, peafe, cocoa nuts, and 
 
 fonie 
 
B A R 
 
 inJ (t 
 
 Afm 
 
 fowiii 
 
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 lallOii 
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 •riWs 
 
 decree 
 
 yeanith 
 
 hete 
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 ittle, fe 
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 inakri’ 
 Is; rf ’ 1 
 jf ouri 
 lEj M 
 
 the* 
 >ng*» - 
 
 1 illlOj : 
 
 fqmc tobacco ; and feveral rare and valuable 
 woods, herbs, roots, and drugs ; as Brafil 
 wood, ebony, caffia, cinnamon, pine apples, 
 cotton, pepper, ginger, indigo, potatoes, and 
 the fenfitive plant. Here are large and dange- 
 gerous (erpents. Tome however are not venemous, 
 and deflroy other vermin, as rats, toads, and 
 frogs. Here is more (hipping than at Nevis, 
 and it is better planted than that ifland is to the 
 louth weft. Lat. 18. 5. N. Long. 63. 3. W. 
 
 Barbe, St. a town of Mexico, in New 
 Bifcay, in the neighbourhood of which are very 
 rich (liver mines. It lies 500 miles N. W. of 
 the city of Mexico. Lat. 26. 10. N. Long, 
 no. 5. W. 
 
 Barnstable, a town, county, and bay, 
 in New England. At the north end of the bay, 
 where this town is fituated, lies Cape Cod, 
 Lat. 41. 5. N. Long. W. 72. 6. W. 
 
 Barnwell, a fort 20 miles to the N. W. 
 of New Bern, in the county of Craven, in 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Bartholomew, St. one of the Carribbee 
 iflands, 25 miles N. of St. Chriftopher’s, and 30 
 N. E. of Saba- It is reckoned five leagues in 
 circumference, but has little ground fit for ma- 
 nuring. It produces tobacco, cafiava, and 
 abounds with woods. The trees molt in eftcem 
 are, 1. The foap, or aloes-tree. 2. The cale- 
 back. 3. The canapia, the gum extracted from 
 which is reckoned an excellent cathartic. 4. 
 The parotar.e, whofe boughs grow downward, 
 taking root again, and form a kind of bulwark 
 and (trong fence in time of attack. All along 
 fhore, are thofe kind of trees called the Sea- 
 Trecs, whole boughs are wonderfully plait <d 
 
B E A 
 
 toother, and look as if they were glazed. Oil 
 the fhore are alio found the fea-ftar and the fca- 
 apple. Here is an infinite variety of birds, and 
 a peculiar kind of lime-ftone, which they export 
 to the adjacent ifiands. They depend on the 
 ikies for water, which they keep in cifterns. It 
 now belongs to the Englifh who took it, in 1746* 
 from the French the conqucft being made by 
 two Englifh privateers from Antigua. It is of 
 the more importance to us, as it was a neft of 
 privateers who harrafled our (hipping, having at 
 one time 50 of our merchant-fhips in the har- 
 bour. There is alfo the lignum vitae, and iron- 
 wood here in great plenty. Lat. 18. 6. N. 
 Long. 62. 15. W. 
 
 Bassetkrre. See St. Christopher’s and 
 
 Guardaloupe. 
 
 Bastimentos, iflands near the ifthmus of 
 Darien, and fomewhat weftward of the Sam- 
 balloes-iflands, at the mouth of the bay of 
 Nombre de Dios, very near the (hore ; famous 
 for admiral Hofier’s lying before them with a 
 Brittifh fquadron feme years ago. Lat. 9. 10. 
 N. Long. 83. 15. W. 
 
 Bathtown, a fmall place in the county of 
 Craven, in North Carolina, lying on the northern 
 bank of the river Pantego. Lat. 35. 30. N. 
 Long. 76. 10. W. 
 
 Beaufort, a town in the county of Gran- 
 ville, in South Carolina, fituated on theifiandof 
 Port Royal, 30 miles from Purryfburgh, and 
 45 from Charles-town to the S. W. It has a 
 good fort, but is not fo well fortified as it fhould 
 be, lying fo near SpaniQi Florida ; and is faid to 
 be demanded by the Spaniards, as a part of 
 their territories. It is exoe£ted however from its 
 
 har- 
 
B E R 
 
 harbour, and fituation, that it will become the 
 capital of South Carolina, as it is already the 
 ftation of the Britifh fquadron in thofe leas. 
 
 Bedford, a fmall town in the county of 
 Weft Chefter, and province of New York. See 
 West Chester county. 
 
 Bekia, or Boquia, a fmall ifland among 
 the Carribbees, 55 miles to the N. E. of Gra- 
 nada, and 65 leagues from Barbadoes. It has 
 a fafe harbour from all winds, but no frefti wa- 
 ter; and is therefore only frequented by the inha- 
 bitants of St. Vincent, who came hither to fifli 
 for tortoife. The foil produces wild cotton- 
 trees, and plenty of water-melons. 
 
 Bergen, a town and county on Hudfon’s 
 river, in New Jerfey, over againft New York, 
 and was the firft planted of any of this trad ; 
 mortly inhabited by Dutch. See New York. 
 
 Berkley, the name both of a town and 
 county in South Carolina, lying to the N. of 
 Colleton county, nearCowper and Afhley rivers : 
 on the N. is a little river called Bowall-river, 
 which with a creek forms an ifland ; and oft the 
 coaft are feveral iflands called Hunting-iflands, 
 and Sillwent’s-ifland. Between the latter and 
 Bowall-river is a ridge of hills, called the Sand- 
 hills. The river Wando waters the N. W. 
 parts of this county, and runs into Cowper-river, 
 both uniting their ftreams with Afhley-river at 
 Charles-town. 
 
 Bermudas, a clufter of fmall iflands a con- 
 fiderable diftance from the continent : hither re- 
 tired feveral of the parliament party after the re- 
 ftoration ; and Waller the poet has given a very 
 pretty poem on them, it being the place of 
 his flight. They are not altogether 20, coo 
 
 acres 
 
B E R 
 
 seres, very difficult of accefs, being, as Waller 
 exprefles it, walled with rocks. T he air is ex- 
 tremely pleafant ; and its fine fituation invited 
 the great Berkley, bifhop of Cloyne, to follicit 
 queen Anne for founding an univerfity here; the 
 plan of which that great genius had excellently 
 well modelled ; but the queen was diverted from 
 this project by the parties of her minifters. The 
 chief bufinefs here is building (loops, and other 
 lmall craft, for the trade between North Ame- 
 rica and the Weft Indies. They fend nothing 
 to England; though formerly, when the Bermu- 
 das hats were brought into fafhion by the bilhop, 
 they got a good deal of caQi from England. The 
 hats were very elegant, made of the leaves of 
 palmettoes ; but the trade and the fafhion went 
 together. The foil is nc*o letted, and their beft 
 production is cedar, with fome white-ftone, 
 which they fend to the Weft Indies. Their 
 whites are about 5000, and the blacks bred here 
 are the heft in America, and as ufeful as the 
 whites in navigation. The people of Bermu- 
 das are poor but healthy, contented and very 
 chearful. It is well adapted to the cultiva- 
 tion of vines, and might be worth while even 
 for the legiflature to encourage luch an improve- 
 ment. They are called Summer-iftands, not 
 from their pleafant or warm fituation, but fom 
 Sir John Sommers, who was fhipwreckcd here; 
 and was the fecond after John Bermudas, in 
 1503, that improved the difeovery of them. 
 The number of this clufter is computed to be 
 about 400. They are diftant from the land’s- 
 end 1500 leagues; from the Madeiras J200, 
 from Hilpanioia 400, and 300 from Cape Hat- 
 
 taras 
 
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 B I S 
 
 taras in Carolina ; which laft is the ncareft land 
 to them. Lai. 32. 30. N. Long. 65. 10. W. 
 
 Bern, New, a imall town in the county of 
 Craven, in South Carolina, lying on the fouthern 
 bank, of the river Pamticoe, or Pantego. Lat. 
 35. 7. N. Long. 76. 20. W. 
 
 Bethlehem, a village in the county of 
 Orange, in the province of New York; very 
 fruitful in pafture, and makes large quantities of 
 excellent butter. 
 
 Biobio, a river in Chili, the largcft in that 
 kingdom. It enters the South Sea in Lat. 37. S. 
 running through veins of gold, and fields of 
 farfaparilla. It is the boundary between the 
 Spaniards and feveral Indian nations their ene- 
 mies, which obliges the former to keep ftrong 
 garrifons there. 
 
 Biru, a town ten leagues from Truxillo, in 
 the South Seas, inhabited by about fourfeore In- 
 dians, Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Mcfiizos; it 
 is very fertile in mod of the necefiaries of lifow 
 The country is watered by the means of canals 
 cut fiom the river, and fo conveyed to great dif- 
 tances, as at Fruxillo. Lat. 8°. 24. 59". S. 
 Long. 69. 17. W. 
 
 Blanco, an ifland in South America, 35 
 leagues from Terra Ferma, and N. of Margari- 
 ta- ifland, in the province of New Andalufia. It 
 is a flat, even, low, uninhabited ifland, dry and 
 healthy, inoft of it favannas of long grafs, with 
 fome trees of lignum vitae. It has plenty of 
 guanoes. Lat. 12. 5. N. Long. 64. 6. W. 
 
 Biscay, a province of Mexico, abounding 
 in (liver mines. It is bounded on the N. by N. 
 Mexico, and on the W. by Florida. 
 
 Bona- 
 
Bonaire, an ifland on the coaft of V enizuela, 
 in the kingdom of Terra Firms, in South Ame- 
 rica, and empire of Peru. It lies about 20 
 leagues from the continent, and belongs to the 
 Dutch. It is about 18 leagues in compafs, has 
 a o-ood bay and road on the S. W. fide, near the 
 middle of the ifland. Ships that come from the 
 eaftward make in clofe to fhore, and let go an- 
 chor in 60 fathom deep water, within half a 
 cable’s length of the fhore ; but muft make faft 
 a-fhorc, for fear of the land winds in the night 
 driving her to fea. The town lies about half a 
 mile from the fliore, within land. A governor 
 refides here, who is a deputy to the governor of 
 Curacoa. There are only a few houfes, and 
 about a dozen foldiers, who do little or no duty, 
 as there is no fort, with five or fix Indian fami- 
 lies, who are hufbandmen, and plant maize and 
 Indian corn, fome yams and potatoes. 1 here is 
 a great plenty of cattle here, particularly goats, 
 which they fend to Curacoa, faked every year. 
 There is a fait pond here, where the Dutch 
 come in for fait. Lat. 12. 10. W. Long. 68. 
 20. W. 
 
 Bonaviste, a bay on the E. fide of the 
 ifland of Newfoundland, where the Englifh 
 have a fettlement. 
 
 Bonaventure, a port- town, fituated at the 
 bottom of a deep bay, in the diflridt of Popay- 
 an, in Terra Firma, South America. It is in- 
 habited by a few Spaniards, who receive the 
 merchandizes brought from New Spain, and 
 fend them to Popayan, and other towns in that 
 province. The harbour is difficult to find with- 
 out a pilot, as it is as were hid ; the roads by land 
 from this fort to the city of Cali in New Gra- 
 6 nada, 
 
eiti 
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 BOS 
 
 nada is not to be travelled by beads of burden ; 
 fo that travellers, with their baggage, are carried’ 
 on the backs ot Indians in a chair, with which 
 weight they crofs rivers and mountains, being 
 entire (laves to the Spaniards, who thus fubfti- 
 tute them in the room of horfes and mules. It 
 is poorly defended, and yet is the daple for the 
 cities of Cali, Popapan, Santa Fe, and the 
 fouthern parts of Terra Firma. Lat. i. -?o. N 
 Long. 50. 10. W. 
 
 Boston, a very noted and opulent trading 
 town, the metropolis of New England, in North 
 America, in the county of Suffolk. It is the larged 
 city of all the Britifh empire in America ; and was 
 built the latter end of the year 1630, by a part of 
 the colony which removed hither from Charles- 
 I own, and (lands upon a peninfula of about 
 four miles circumference, at the very bottom of 
 Madachufet s-bay, about eight miles from the 
 S. of it. It is the mod advantageou/ly (Ituated 
 for trade of any place in North America; on the 
 N. fide are a dozen fmall iflands, called the 
 Brewfters, one of which is called Nettle’s-ifland. 
 I he only fafe way for entrance into the harbour is 
 by a channel fo narrow, as well as full of iflands, 
 that three (hips can fcarce pafs in a-breaft; but 
 there are proper marks to guide them into the fair 
 way; and within the harbour there is room enouoh 
 for 500 (hips to lie at anchor in a good depth 'of 
 water, where they are< covered by the cannon of 
 a regular and very drong fortrefs. At the bot- 
 tom of the bay is a very noble pier, near 2000 
 feet in length, along which on the N. fide ex- 
 tends a row of ware-houfes. The head of this 
 pier joins the principal dreet in the town, which 
 is, like mod of the others, fpacious and well 
 
 y ot. I. D built: 
 
BOS 
 
 built- the town has a very fine and I linking ap- 
 pearance at entering, as it lies at the very bot- 
 tom of the bay, like an amphitheatre. It has 
 a town-houfe, where the courts meet, and the 
 exchange is kept, large, and of a tolerable tafte 
 of architeaure. Round the exchange are a 
 areat number of well furnifhed bookfellers (hops, 
 which find employment for five printing-preffes. 
 1'here are here ten churches, and it contains 
 about 5000 houfes, and at leaft 30,000 inhabi- 
 tants. That we may be enabled to form fome 
 judgment of the wealth of this city, we muft 
 obferve that from Chriftmas 1 7 47 » t0 thrift- 
 mas 1748, 500 veflels cleared out from this 
 port only for a foreign trade, and 430 were en- 
 tered inwards ; to lay nothing of coafting and 
 filhing veflels, both of which are numerous to 
 an uncommon degree, and not lefs than 1000. 
 Indeed the trade of New England is great, as it 
 fupplies a vaft quantity of goods from within it- 
 felf ; but is yet greater, as the people in this 
 country are in a manner the carriers for all the 
 colonies in North America and the Weft In- 
 dies ; and even tor fome parts of Europe. They 
 may be in this refped confidered the Hollanders 
 of America. The home commodities are prin- 
 cipally marts and yards, for which they con- 
 t raft largely with the royal navy ; alfo pitch, tar, 
 and turpentine; rtaves, lumber, and boards; 
 all forts of provifions, beef, pork, butter, and 
 cheefe, in vaft quantities ; horfes, and live cat- 
 tle ; Indian corn and peafe ; cyder, apples, 
 hemp, and flax. Their peltry or fur-trade is 
 not b confiderable. They have a noble cod 
 rtfhery upon their coaft, which finds employ- 
 - ment for a vaft number of their people : they 
 
 are 
 
BOS 
 
 are enabled by this branch to export annually 
 above 30,000 quintals of choice cod-filh to 
 
 the Britilh illands ’ Great Britain 
 the Mediterranean, &c. and about 2^ 000 
 quintals of the refufe fort to the Welt Indi-s for 
 the negroes. * 
 
 T he great quantity of fpirits which they 
 diltil in Bofton from the molafi'es received in 
 return from the Weft Indies, is as furprifmg as 
 the cheap rate they vend it at, which is unde- 
 two (hillings a gallon. With this they fupply a ]_ 
 rnoft all the consumption of our coloiiies in 
 North America, the Indian trade there, the vaft 
 demands of their own, and the Newfoundland 
 .nhery, and in a great meafure thofe of the Afri- 
 can trade. But they are more famous for -he 
 quantity and chcapnefs than excellency of their 
 rum. I hey are almoft the only one of our co 
 Jon.es, which nearly fupply themfelves with 
 woollen and linen manufadures. Their wool- 
 len cloths are ftrong, dole, but coarfe and 
 ftubborn. As to their linens, that manufadure 
 was brought from the N. of Ireland by fome 
 prefbyterian artificers, driven thence by the feve- 
 rity of their landlords, or rather the mailer 
 workmen and employers ; and from an affinit- 
 of religious fentiments they chofe New Eat 
 land for their retreat. As they brought wuh 
 them a fund of riches in their /kill of the linen 
 manufadures, they met with very large encou 
 ragement, and exercife their trade to the great 
 advantage of the colony. At prefent they make 
 very great quantities, and of a very good kind • 
 their principallettlement is in a town, which in 
 compliment to them, is called Londonderry 
 1 hus does the rigour and avarice of a few em- 
 ® 2 ployers 
 
BOS 
 
 Covers very often lay the foundation of the ruin 
 of a ftaple commodity, by driving the mine of 
 wealth to feek refuge in a foreign country ; and 
 hence it is from the fame feverity that Naples, 
 and other Rates of Italy, the St,nJs c antons, &c 
 arc flocked with looms and Irifh artificers, to 
 ‘the great lofs of the mother-country, Great 
 
 ^Hats are made in New England, and which, in 
 a clandeftine way, find vent in all the other colo- 
 n : es The letting up thefe manufactures has 
 been in a great matter necefTary to them ; for as 
 they have not been properly encouraged in lome 
 Se commodity by which they might commu- 
 nicate with Great Britain ; being cut oft from 
 all other refources, they muft have either aban- 
 d the country, or have found means of cm- 
 Xtl thS own Ml .nd induiby .o draw out 
 P f it the neceffaries of life. The fame necef- 
 f ltV together with their being poffeffed of mate- 
 iffi fof building and mending fh.ps, has made 
 them the carriers for the other colonies. 
 
 This laft article is one of the moft confidence 
 v Vi Rodon or the other fea-port towns m 
 New EngLd carry on. Ships are fomet.mes 
 buiU here upon commiffion, and frequently the 
 Wnrs 0 f t he country have them conftru&d 
 "non their own account ; then loading them wu 
 the produce of their country, naval ftores ’ fi ^’ 
 and Woil principally, they (end them out upon 
 ftradin-r- voyage to Spain, Portugal, or the Me- 
 diterranean ; where, having difpofed of their car- 
 tro they make what advantage they can by 
 freight, until fuch time as they can fell the vef- 
 fel herfelf to advantage ; which they feldom 
 to do, receiving the value of the veffel, as well 
 
as the freight of the goods, which from time to 
 time they carried, and of the firfl home-cargo in 
 bills of exchange upon London; for as they 
 have no commodity to return for the value of 
 above 100,000/. which they take in various forts 
 of goods from England, (except what naval 
 ftores they have) they are obliged to keep thj 
 balance fomewhat even by this circuitous com- 
 merce; which though not carried on with 
 Great Britain, nor with Britifh vefl'els, yet cen- 
 ters in its profits, where all the money made by 
 all the colonies mud center at laift, namely in 
 London. There was a report made by way 
 of complaint to the Iegifiature of this circuitous, 
 though to them neceftary, commerce. It was 
 defired that the exportation of lumber, &c. to 
 the French colonies, and the importation of fu- 
 gars, molafles, &c. from thence might be ftopt. 
 On the other hand, the northern colonies com- 
 plained that they were not poflefied of any ma- 
 nufactures, or ftaple commodity ; and being cut 
 off from this circuitous commerce, they could 
 not purchafe fo many articles of luxury from 
 Great Britain. The Iegifiature took a middle 
 courfe : they did not prohibit their exporting 
 lumber, &c. to the French colonies, but laid the 
 imports from thence, as fugars, molafles, &c. 
 under a confiderable duty ; for they wifely fore- 
 faw that the French would have reiource to their 
 own colonies for lumber, by which the Rofton- 
 men would be cut oif from fo valuable a branch 
 of trade and navigation ; and that the latter be - 
 ing driven to fuch (freights, might have been 
 alfo driven to feme extremes, which arc not 
 to be avoided when neceflity over- rules; and in 
 fact the trade of Bofton is cleat Iv on a decline. 
 
 D 3 This 
 
thi3 colony of New England is very valuable to 
 our common interefts, even fuppofe it fcnt us 
 nothing, nor took any thing from us, as it is the 
 grand barrier of all the reft ; and as it is the prin- 
 cipal magazine which fupplies our Weft Indies. 
 
 By confidering the ftate of (hip-building, the 
 principal branch of Bofton, we (hall vifibly per- 
 ceive a great decline in that article, which muft 
 affedi her intimately in all others. In the year 
 1738, they built at Bofton 41 topfail veflels, bur- 
 then in all 6324 tons. In 1 743 they built 30 ; in 
 1746, but 20; and in 1749, but 15; making 
 in the whole only 2450 tons; — an aftonithing 
 decline in about 10 years. How it has been 
 iince we are not informed; but fure feme enquiry 
 (hould be fet on foot to fee if by any ill-judged 
 fchemes, or by any mifgovernment, this great 
 miichief has happened. 
 
 There is a light-houfe erefled on a rock for the 
 (hipping, and four companies of militia, with 
 500 foldiers, and good fortifications on any ap- 
 proach, which in fuch cafe may be provided 
 with 10,000 effective men in Bofton. The go- 
 vernment is directed by a governor, a general 
 court, and afiembly, to which this city fends 
 four members. The independent religion is the 
 moft numerous, as the profeflors are laid to be 
 14,000; and out of 10 places of wor(hip, fix 
 are for this profeftiOB. Lat. 46. 26. N. Long. 
 71. 4. W. 
 
 Brazil, the name of a large kingdom in 
 South America, belonging to the Portuguefe- 
 
 The name of Brazil was given to this coun- 
 try, becaufe it was obferved to abound with a 
 wood of that name. It extends all along a tradl 
 
ih 
 
 fat 
 
 it 83 
 
 bep 
 
 lit 
 
 y 
 
 %• 
 
 dia: 
 
 tkjs 
 Is, b 
 tfst 
 
 makq 
 
 fliib 
 
 ike 
 
 nquir 
 
 fff 
 
 . 
 
 ia,if 
 
 aw? 
 
 pro® 
 
 Tb 
 
 iff* 
 
 ityfc 
 
 onisS 
 
 idtJ> 
 
 fc 
 . I; 
 
 gdoE • 
 judc* 
 lis cctf* 
 
 BRA 
 
 of fine fea-coaft upon the Atlantic ocean up- 
 wards of 2000 miles, between the river of Ama- 
 zons on the N. and that of La Plata on the S. 
 To the northward the climate is uncertain, hot, 
 boifterous, and unwholefome. The country 
 both there, and even in more temperate parts, 
 is annually overflowed. Rut to the fouthward, 
 beyond the tropic of Capricorn, and indeed a 
 good way within it, there is no part of the 
 world that enjoys a more ferene and wholefomc 
 air ; refrefhed with the foft breezes of the ocean 
 on one hand, and the cool breath of the moun- 
 tains on the other. Hither fevcral aged people 
 from Portugal retire for their health, and pro- 
 trail their lives to a long and eafy age. 
 
 In general, the foil is extremely fruitful, and 
 was found very fufficient for the comfortable fub- 
 fi fiance of the inhabitants, until the mines of 
 gold and diamonds were difeovered. Thefe, with 
 the fugar- plantations, occupy fo many hands, 
 that agriculture lies neglected ; and, in confe- 
 quence, Brazil depends upon Europe for its daily 
 bread. 
 
 The chief commodities which this country 
 yields for a foreign maikct are, fugar, tobacco, 
 hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, ballam of capi\i, 
 and Brazil-wood. The Jaft article, as it in a 
 more particular manner belongs to this country, 
 to which it gives its name, and which products 
 it in the greatefl perfection, it is not amifs to al- 
 low a little room to the defeription of it. 
 
 This tiee generally flourifhes in rocky and bar- 
 ren grounds, in which it grows to a great height, 
 and confiderable thicknefs. Put a man who 
 judges of the quantity of timber by the thick- 
 neftof the tree, will he much deceived; for up- 
 D 4 on 
 
BRA 
 
 on flipping off the bark, which makes a very 
 large part of the plant, he will find from a tree 
 as thick as his body, a log no more in compafs 
 than his leg. This tree is generally crooked, 
 knotty like the hawthorn, with long branches, 
 and a fmooth green leaf, hard, dry, and brittle. 
 Thrice a year^ bunches of fmall flowers {hoot 
 out at the extremities of the branches, and be- 
 tween the leaves. Thefe flowers are of a bright 
 red, and of a ftrong aromatic, refrefhing fmell. 
 The wood of this tree is of a red colour, hard 
 and dry. It is ufed chiefly in dying red, but not 
 a red of the beft kind ; and it has fome place in 
 medicine as a ftomachic and reftringent. 
 
 The trade of Brazil is very great, and it in- 
 creafes every year. Nor is this a wonder, fince 
 they have opportunities of fupplying themfelves 
 with fiavesfor their feveral works, at a much ca- 
 fier and cheaper rate than any other European 
 power, which has fettlements in America ; for 
 they are the only European nation which has 
 taken the pains to eftablifh colonies in Africa. 
 Thofe of the Portuguefe are very confiderable 
 both for their extent and the number of their 
 inhabitants ; and of courfe they have advantages 
 in that trade which no other nation can have. 
 For befides their large eftablifhment on the 
 weflern fhore of Africa, they claim the whole 
 coaff of Zanguebar on the eaftern fide, which in 
 part they poflefs ; befides feveral other large ter- 
 ritories, both on the coaft and in the country; 
 where feveral numerous nations acknowledge 
 themfelves their dependents, or fubjedls. This 
 is not only of great advantage to them, as it in- 
 creafes their {hipping and Teamen, and ftreng- 
 thens their commercial reputation, but as it 
 
 * leavqs 
 
Witt 
 
 omitjs 
 
 incoj^i 
 
 fcrocti 
 
 >ln4 
 
 andfo 
 
 ftnfc 
 
 s,aih 
 
 of air^ 
 
 lingU 
 
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 fd, rax 
 
 neplxt: 
 
 n. 
 
 and it 
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 Mb 
 
 arcuchc 
 :r Europe: 
 
 whicia 
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 ber of t 
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 wfc 
 
 rr large- 
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 indite 
 
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 krf 
 
 BRA 
 
 leaves them a large field for their Have trade ; 
 without which, they could hardly ever fupply, 
 upon any tolerable terms, their fettlements in 
 Brazil, which carry off fuch numbers by the fe- 
 verity of the works, and the unwholefomenefa 
 of fome part of the climate ; nor could they 
 otherwife extend their plantations, and open fo 
 many new mines as they do to a degree which 
 is aftonifhing. 
 
 I own I have often been furprifed, that our 
 African traders fhould chufe fo contracted an 
 objeCf for their fiave-trade, which extends to 
 little more than fome part of the Gold-Coaft, to 
 Sierra Leone, and Gambia, and fome other in- 
 conliderable ports ; by which they have depre- 
 ciated their own commodities, and raifed the 
 price of flaves within thefe few years above 30 
 per cent. Nor is it to be wondered, as in the 
 traCi in which they trade, they have many rivals ; 
 the people are grown too expert by the conftant 
 habit of European commerce, and the flaves in 
 that part are in good meafure exhaufted : where- 
 as, if fome of our veflels paflecl the Cape of 
 Good-Hope, and tiied what might be done in 
 Madagafcar, or on thofe coafts which indeed 
 the Portuguefe claim, but do not nor cannot 
 hold, there is no doubt but that they would find 
 the greater expence and length of time in paf- 
 fing the Cape, or the charge of licences which 
 might be procured from the Eaftlndia company, 
 amply compenfated. Our African trade might 
 then be confiderably enlarged, our own manu- 
 factures extended, and our colonies fupplied at 
 an eafier rate than they are at prefent, or are 
 likely to be for the future, whilft we confine our- 
 felves to two or three places which we exhauft, 
 D 5 and 
 
 1 
 
BRA 
 
 and where we (hall find the market dearer every 
 <Jav The Portuguefe from thefe fettlements, 
 and this extenfive range, draw every year into 
 Brazil between 40 and 50,006 flaves. On this 
 trade all their other depends ; and therefore they 
 take great care to have it well fupplied : for 
 which purpofe the fituation of Brazil, nearer the 
 coaft of Africa than any other part of America 
 is very convenient ; and it co-operates with the 
 great advantages they derive from having colonies 
 
 in both places. . 
 
 Hence it is principally that Brazil is the 
 richeft, mod flourifhing, and mod growing 
 eftablifhment in all America. Their export of 
 fugar within 40 years is grown much greater 
 than it was, though anciently it made aimed the 
 whole of their exportable produce, and they 
 were without rivals in the trade. It is finer in 
 kind than what any of ours, the I* rench, or Spa- 
 nifh fugar- plantations fend us. Their tobacco too 
 is remarkably good, though not raifed in fo large 
 a quantity as in our colonies. Fhe northern and 
 fouthern part of Brazil abounds in horned cattle ; 
 thefe are hunted for their hides, of which no lefs 
 than 20,000 are lent annually into Europe. 
 
 The Portuguefe were a confiderable time pof- 
 feflfed of their American empire before they dif- 
 covered the treafures of gold and diamonds, 
 which fince have made it fo confiderable. Af- 
 ter the expulfion of the Dutch, the colony re- 
 mained without much attention from the court 
 of Portugal ; until in 1680, a minifter of great 
 fagacity advifed the then monarch to turn his 
 thoughts to fo valuable and confiderable a part 
 of h!~s territories. He reprefented to him, that 
 the climate in the bay of All-Saints, where the 
 
 capital 
 
BRA 
 
 capital flood, was of fuch a nature as to deaden 
 the activity and induftry of the people ; but that 
 the northern and fouthern extremities of Brazil, 
 in a more temperate climate, invited them to 
 the cultivation of the country. The advice was 
 taken. But becaufe it was found that the inlo- 
 lence and tyranny of the native Portuguese al 
 ways excited the hatred of the native Brazilian®* 
 and confequently obftrudled the fettlements, they 
 were refolved to people the countries, which 
 were now the objeft of their care, with thofe 
 who are called Meftizos ; that is a race fprung 
 from a mixture of Europeans and Indians, who 
 they judged would behave better ; and who, on 
 account of their connexion in blood, would be 
 more acceptable to the Brazilians on the borders, 
 who were not yet reduced. T o complete this 
 deftgn, they veiled the government in the hands 
 of priefts, who adled each as governor in his 
 own parifh or diftridl : and they had the pru- 
 dence to chufe with great care fuch men as were 
 proper for the work. The confequence of thefe 
 wife regulations was foon apparent; for, without 
 noife or force, in 1 5 years they not only fettled 
 the fea-coaft, but drawing in vaft numbers of 
 the natives, they fpread themfelves above 100 
 miles more to the weftward than the Portuguefe 
 fettlements had ever before extended; they 
 opened feveral mines, which improved the reve- 
 nues ; the planters were eafy, and leveral of the 
 priefts made no inconfiderable fortunes. 
 
 The fame of thefe new mines drew together 
 a number of defperadoes and adventurers of all 
 rations and colour; who, not agreeing with the 
 moderate and Ample manners of the inhabitants 
 of the new fettlements, nor readily fubrnitting 
 D 6 to 
 
BRA 
 
 to any order or reftraint elfewhere, retired into 
 a mountainous part of the country, but fertile 
 enough, and rich in gold ; where, by the accei- 
 fion of others in their own circumftances, they 
 foon became a formidable and independent body, 
 and for a long time defended the privileges they 
 had affumed with good courage and policy. 
 They were termed Paulifts, from the town and 
 diftrift called St. Paul, which was their head- 
 quarters. But as this odd common-wealth grew 
 up in fo unaccountable a manner, fo it perilhed 
 in a manner altogether unknown in this part of 
 the world. It is now heard of no longer. The 
 king of Portugal is in full pofleflion of the whole 
 country; and the mines are worked by his fub- 
 jefls and their (laves, paying him a fifth. Thefe 
 mines have poured almoft as much gold into 
 Kurope as Spanilh America has of filver. 
 
 ‘ Not many years after the difcovery of the 
 gold mines, Brazil, which for a century had 
 been given up as a place incapable of yielding 
 the metals for which America was chiefly valued, 
 was now found to produce diamonds too; but at 
 firft of fo unpromifing a nature, that the work- 
 ing of the mines was forbidden by the court of 
 Portugal, left, without making any compenfation 
 by their number, they might depreciate the trade 
 which was carried on in thefe (tones from Goa. 
 But in fpite of this prohibition, a number were 
 from time to time fmuggled from Brazil, and 
 feme too of fuch great weight, high luftre, and 
 tranfpr rency, that thevyielded very little to the 
 fineft brought from India. The court now per- 
 ceived the importance of the trade; and accord- 
 ingly refolved to permit it, but under fuch reftric- 
 tions as might be fuf&ciently beneficial to the 
 
 crown 
 
B R I 
 
 di» crown and fubjefts; and at the fame time pre-- 
 
 isfis ferve-the jewels in that fcarcity which make the 
 
 principal part of their value. In 1740* the dia- 
 mond-mines were farmed at 138,000 crufadoes, 
 ttkfc, or about 26,000 /. fterling annually, with a pro- 
 
 pi* hibition againft employing more than 600 Haves 
 
 pot. at a time in the works. It is probable that this 
 
 me regulation is not very ftriflly complied with, the 
 
 rfc. quantity of diamonds being much increafed, and 
 
 their value of courfe funkfince that time. It is true, 
 that diamonds of the firft rank are nearly as dear 
 
 Portugal, of a fize and weight almoft beyond 
 the bounds of credibility; for it was faid to 
 weigh 1600 carats, or 6,700 grains, and confe- 
 quently muft be worth feveral millions. 
 
 Brentford, a town in New England, in 
 the county of New Haven ; conftderable for its 
 iron-works. 
 
 Bridgetown, the metropolis of Barbadoes 
 in ihe Weft Indies, lying in the S. W. part of 
 the ifland, and in the pariflr of St. Michael’s. 
 It is fituate on the innermoft part of Carlifle-bay, 
 which is large enough to contain 500 fhips, be- 
 ing a league and half in breadth, and a league in 
 depth. The neighbouring grounds being low 
 flats were often overflowed by the fpring-tides, 
 and are moft of them fince drained. The town 
 lies at the entrance of St. George’s-valley, which 
 runs feveral miles into the country. It has about 
 1200 houfes moftly brick, very elegant, and is 
 
 splits as ever. None of the diamonds of Brazil have 
 
 . IV fo high a luftre as the firft rate of Golonda; and 
 
 ; air; they have generally fomething of a dufky yel- 
 
 iisliij. lowifh caft ; but they have been found of a pro- 
 
 Tkli digious fize. Some years ago we had an account 
 
 4 into in the news-papers of one fent to the king of 
 
 faid 
 
B R I 
 
 (aid : to be the fineft and largeft in all the Carrib- 
 bee-iflands. The ftreets are broad, the houfes 
 high, and there is here alio a C-heapfide, where 
 the rents are as dear as thofe in London. Here 
 are commodious wharfs for loading and unload- 
 ing goods, with fome forts and cables for its de- 
 fence ; but the town is fubjerSt to hurricanes. As 
 the wind generally blows from the E. or N. E. 
 the E. part of the town is called windward, and 
 the W. part leeward. The royal citadel, called 
 St. Anne’s-fort, coft the country 30,000/. On 
 the E. fide of the town is a fmall fort of eight 
 guns, where the magazines of powder and ftores 
 are kept by a ftrong guard. The number of 
 militia for this town and St. Michael’s precinft 
 is 1200 men, who are called the royal regiment 
 of foot-guards. This is the feat of the gover- 
 nor, council, aflembly, and court of chancery. 
 About a mile from town to the N. E. the go- 
 nernor has a fine houfe built by the aflembly, 
 called Pilgrims: though the governor’s ufual 
 
 refidence was at Fontabel. The other forts arc 
 to the W. James’s-fort, near Stuart’s-wharf, 
 of 18 guns: Willoughby’s of 20 guns: three 
 batteries between this and Needham’s-fort of 20 
 guns. The church is as large as many of our 
 cathedrals, has a noble organ, and a ring of 
 bells, with a curious clock. Here are large and 
 elegant taverns, eating- houfes, &c. with a pofl- 
 houle ; and packet-boats have been eftablilhed 
 here lately to carry letters to and from this place 
 monthly. Lat. 13. 5. N. Long. 59. 2. W. 
 See Barbadoes. 
 
 Bridlington. See Burlington. 
 
 Bristol, a county and town in New Eng- 
 land, The capital is remarkable for the king of 
 5 Spain’s 
 
Spain’s having a palace in it, and being killed 
 there ; and alfo for Crown the poet’s begging it 
 of Charles II. Lat. 43. 10. N. Long. 74. 
 15. VV. 
 
 Bristol, the chief town of the county of 
 Bucks in Pcnfylvania, about 20 miles from Phi- 
 ladelphia. It ftandsonthe river Delaware, op- 
 pofite Burlington in Weft-New- Jerfey. It has 
 not above 100 houfes; but is noted for its mills of 
 feveral forts. Lat. 40. 45* N. Long. 75. 10. W. 
 
 Britain, Little, a village in the county 
 of Orange, in the province of New York, 
 North America, very fruitful in pafture, and 
 breeds great numbers of cattle. 
 
 Britain, New, called alfo Terra de La- 
 brador and Efkemaux, a diftri&of North Ame- 
 rica, bounded by Hudfon’s-Bay on the N. and 
 W. by Canada and the river of St. Laurence on 
 the S. and by the Atlantic ocean on the E. 
 It is fubjeCt to Great-Britain j but produces only 
 Ikins and furrs. 
 
 Brookhaven, a town in North America, in 
 the province of New York and county of Suf- 
 folk in Long-Ifland. See Long-Island. 
 
 Buckingham, the moft northern county in 
 the province of Penfylvania, about 20 miles 
 from Philadelphia. This as well as the other 
 counties of this province are moftly fituated upon 
 creeks. It borders on Canada. 
 
 Buenos Ayres, a bifhoprick and govern- 
 ment under the jurisdiction of the audience of 
 Charcas, in South America and empire of Peru. 
 It begins S. E. of that province, and extends to 
 all the countries under the temporal government 
 of the fame name ; weft ward it extends to T ucu- 
 manaj and terminates on Paraguay $ and is 
 
 bouuded 
 
s 
 
 B U E 
 
 bounded on the S. by the land of Magellan. Its 
 countries are watered by the great river of Plate, 
 and were difcovered by Juan Diaz de Solis, who 
 loft his life by the treachery of the Indians. It 
 is bounded towards the S. by the lands of Ma- 
 gellan, and its capital is called Nueftra Senora 
 de Buenos Ayres, founded 1535 by Don Pedro 
 de Mendoza. Cattle abound here in fuch a 
 manner, that horfes are no other coft to the 
 owner than the trouble of taking them. Flefti 
 provifions are fo cheap and good here that they 
 are given gratis with the hide, which is the only 
 value attributed to the bead. A horfe was fold 
 here for a dollar ; and a beaft chofen out of a 
 herd of 4 or 500 for four rials. This trade in 
 hides is the grand branch of commerce at Buenos 
 Ayres ; a finer country for its fertility in all kind 
 of game, chiefly fifh, cannot be conceived. 
 
 The city of Buenos-Ayres is 77 leagues from 
 Cape Santa Maria, which lies on the N. coaft, 
 near the entrance of the river of Plate. The 
 city is built near Cape Blanco, on the S. fide of 
 Rio de la Plata, 50 miles from the mouth of 
 that river, and is called Buenos Ayres from its 
 fine air. The cathedral is a fpacious and elegant 
 ftruflure. The chapter is compofed of the 
 bifhop, dean, archdeacon, and two canons. 
 Here are feveral convents, and a royal chapel in 
 the caftle, where the governor refides. The 
 principal fquare is very large, and built near the 
 little river. Like moft towns fituated on rivers, 
 its breadth is not proportioned to its length. The 
 front anfwering to the fquare is the caftle where 
 the governor conftantly refides, and with the 
 other forts has 1000 regular troops. The 
 houfes formerly of mud. walls, thatched with 
 
 ftraw 
 
h 
 
 Pin, 
 
 «iwb 
 
 IDS, t 
 
 rffe 
 i Sew 
 b Mb 
 
 Ui 
 : to it 
 
 Fid 
 batfe 
 the ci 
 iv 2 s 10k 
 Ut of i 
 trade in 
 Buenos 
 all kind 
 d. 
 
 desfro® 
 tf.coi, 
 c. ft 
 S.fiuect' 
 souths 
 from 3 
 leleps 
 .oft 
 canoes 
 :hapda 
 
 s. ft 
 
 neaitti 
 n rivers, 
 
 h. ft 
 
 le wte 
 nth & 
 ft 
 :d wii 
 
 BUE 
 
 flraw and very low, are now much improved ; fomc 
 being of chalk, and others of brick, having one 
 ftory befides the ground- floor, and moft of them 
 tiled. The number of houfes are about 4000, 
 There is a fmall church at the farther end of the 
 city for the Indians. With regard to the oecono- 
 mical government and magiftracy, it correfponds 
 with the other places in South America under 
 the Spanifh jurifdi&ion. The climate here is 
 very little different from that of Spain : there are 
 indeed violent tempefts of winds and rains, ac- 
 companied with dreadful thunders and lightnings, 
 as fill the inhabitants, though ufed to them, 
 with terror and confternation ; but in fummer 
 the exceflive heats are mitigated by gentle 
 breezes, which conftantly begin at eight or nine 
 in the morning. The city is furrounded by a 
 fpacious and pleafant country, free from any ob- 
 ffrudlion to the fight: and from thofe delightful 
 plains, the inhabitants are furnifficd with fuch 
 a plenty of cattle, that there is no place in the 
 nniverfe where meat is better, or cheaper, as 
 has been obferved above. The fartheft bay to 
 the E. is cal ed Maldonade, nine leagues from 
 Cape Santa Maria ; the other bay is called 
 Montebideo, from a mountain w'hich overlooks 
 it about 20 leagues from the cape. Within the 
 government of Buenos Ayres are three other ci- 
 ties, Santa Fe, LasConcntas, and Monte Video. 
 Part of the towns of the millions of Paraguay 
 belong to the diocefe of Buenos ^\yres ; thofi? 
 which formerly belonged to the government of 
 Paraguay having been feparated from it. The ec- 
 clefiaftical government prevails here, the mif- 
 fionaries being abfolute mafters of the natives of 
 thefe Paraguayan provinces^ will not permit the 
 
 natives 
 
B U E 
 
 natives to come nearer Buenos Ayres than feven 
 or eight miles ; and for the fame reafon will not 
 permit any of the Spaniards to fettle within their 
 millions, which extend above 600 miles up the 
 river : they alfo prohibit merchants who trade 
 hither to ftay longer than two or three days. It 
 is faid that thefe precautions are ufed by the je- 
 fuits to conceal their vaft wealth from the cu- 
 riofity of the Spanifh monarchy, through the 
 means of the prying laity, in a country which 
 abounds in gold, and of being witneffes of their 
 luxury and corruption. It is faid they train the 
 native Indians to the ufe of arms, and can bring 
 40,000 horfe into the field, befide foot. 
 
 The commerce of Buenos Ayres is very ex- 
 tcnfive, and indeed fuch a commerce as no other 
 port in the Spanifh Weft Indies can boaft ; for 
 hither come from the moft diftant provinces in 
 the Spanifh empire, the moft valuable commo- 
 dities in order to be exchanged for Europeon 
 goods ; fuch are Vigogma wool from Peru, 
 copper from Coquimbo, gold from Chili, and 
 filver from Potofi. From the towns of Co- 
 rlentes and Paraguay, the former 250, the 
 latter 500 leagues from Buenos Ayres, are 
 brought hither the fineft tobacco, fugars, cot- 
 ton, thread, yellow wax, and cotton-cloth,, 
 moft of which is ufed at Buenos Ayres by the 
 flaves and other domefticks ; and from Para- 
 guay, the herb fo called and fo highly valued, be- 
 ing a kind of tea drank all over South America 
 by the better fort, which one branch is com- 
 puted to amount to a million of pieces of eight 
 annually, all paid in goods, no money being al- 
 lowed to pafs here. Thefe goods are moftly 
 European, and confiftin knives, guns, feiflars 
 
Itlfel 
 
 wilttt 
 
 fata 
 
 fbotnii 
 
 days, i 
 
 iyfc 
 
 i tb 
 
 ori 4 
 0 
 
 try vise* 
 ?sof thr 
 ' train & 
 canto 
 
 very « 
 no cthc 
 lOiftj fc 
 evince? ' 
 
 ; con® 
 Europe: 
 did te 
 Chill; U 
 Is Ot & 
 25C? > 
 \jTCS, 2 
 
 r*f 
 
 ittonv" 
 
 i’resb 
 
 fomfc 
 vaW" 
 Mi*® 
 i ij ^ 
 eseftf 
 y to. 71 ’ 
 ire & : 
 
 *** 
 
 ii 
 
 B U E 
 
 ribbands, tafFaties, filk ftockings, Englifh hats, 
 Englifh bays and coarfe cloth : all thefe mer- 
 chandizes are carried through this vaft extent of 
 country, in little waggons, though between Co- 
 rientes and this place there are no lefs than fix 
 great rivers, in parting which the cattle 2re train- 
 ed to fwim, and the goods are parted over in 
 floats. The commerce between Peru and Bue- 
 nos Ayres is chiefly for cattle and mules. Such 
 as are concerned in the former, go flirt to the 
 governor, and afk his leave to drive a herd of 
 cattle into Peru, which is never refufed when 
 backed by a prefent of fome tboufand pieces 
 of eight. The next thing is to take 30 or 
 40,000 wild cows out of the king’s paftures, 
 which is performed by perfons who foliow that 
 bufinefs for a livelihood, and w'ho deliver thefe 
 creatures at about three pieces of eight per head, 
 about 1 5 {hillings. At that rate 30,000 cattle 
 may come to near ioo,cco pieces of eight, and 
 at market they may poflibly bring about 300,000 
 pieces. The commerce of mules is carried on 
 by faftors, which are fent by the merchants of 
 Peru, who obtain the governor’s licenfe by a 
 confiderable prefent; and then addrefs themfelves 
 to the natives and inhabitants, fpecifying the 
 number and times when they (hall be delivered. 
 At the appointed times they receive thefe marks, 
 and ftamp them with a hot iron on the fhoulders, 
 being from that time to be maintained at their 
 expence. Thefe coft about three or four pieces 
 of eight each, and are driven by pretty quick 
 journies to Salta, about two thirds of the way to 
 Potofi. There they winter, and are fatted with 
 great care. When they are in full flefh they carry 
 them to Potofi, where they are fold for from fe- 
 
 ven 
 
> fill/ 
 
 m 
 
 ■III 4 
 
 
 vcn to nine pieces of eight per head; but luch as 
 are carried to Peru or farther, bring 40 or 50 
 pieces eight, and fometimes come to ico.^ The 
 trade carried on between this place and Europe 
 fhould be only by the rcgifter-fhips from Spain, 
 but befides this there is carried a contraband 
 trade to England and Spain ; but there is ano- 
 ther with the Portuguefe, who poflefs the op- 
 pofite fhore of Rio de la Plata by means of 
 little vefTels under cover, of fending, their own 
 commodities, but really European goods. Lat. 
 35. 10. S. Long. 75. 50. W. 
 
 Bulls, Bay of, or Baroul-Bay, a noted 
 bay in Newfoundland, a little to the fouthward 
 of St. John’s-Harbour on the E. of that iflaud. 
 Lat. 47. 50. N. Long. 50. 10. W. 
 
 Burlington, the capital of Weft Jerfey. 
 It is fituated on an ifland in the middle of Dela- 
 ware-river, oppofite to Philadelphia. The town 
 is laid out into fpacious ftreets, and here the 
 courts and aflemblies of Weft Jerfey were held. 
 It is directed by a governor, a council, and af- 
 fembly, was begun to be planted with the other 
 towns from 1688, and continued improving till 
 1702, and from thence till now. Its fituation 
 on the river, and contiguity to creeks and bays, 
 has naturally inclined the inhabitants to fiflieries. 
 The country abounds in all forts of grain, pro- 
 vifions, particularly flour, pork, and great quan- 
 tities of white peafe, which they fell to the mer- 
 chants of New York, who export them to the 
 Sugar-Itlands. They have alfo trade in furs, 
 whalebone, oil, pitch, tar. This town formerly 
 gave name to a county. It has a town-houfe, a 
 handfome market-place, two good bridges over 
 
 the 
 
CAL 
 
 the river, one called London-Bridge, the other 
 York-Bridge. But the courts of aflembly, & c. 
 and that of the governors is in the town of Eli- 
 zabeth, in the county of EfTex, which is by 
 that the mod confiderable town in the two pro- 
 vinces. It carries on a brifk trade by its eafy 
 communication with Philadelphia, through the 
 river Selem, which falls into the bay of Dela- 
 ware. Lat. 40. 40. N. Long. 74. 10. W. 
 
 CAL 
 
 C ACHIMAYO, a large river in the em- 
 pire of Peru, falling into the ocean within 
 two leagues of La Plata. 
 
 Calc aylares, a jurifdi&ion in South Ame- 
 rica, and empire of Peru, fubjeft to the bifhop 
 of Cufco, about four leagues W. of that city. 
 Exuberant in all kinds of grain and fruits ; but 
 its fugars are greatly leflened from 60 or 80,000 
 arobas to lefs than 30,000 * but the commodity is 
 offuch an excellent kind, that without any other 
 preparation than that of the country, it is equal 
 in colour, hardnefs, and other qualities to the 
 refined fugars of Europe. 
 
 California, a peninfula in the Pacific 
 ocean in North America, wafhed on the E. by 
 a gulf of the fame name, and on the W. by the 
 Pacific ocean, or great South-Sea, lying within 
 the three capes or limits of Cape San Lucas, 
 the river Colorado, and Cape Blanco de San Se- 
 
 baftian, 
 
CAL 
 
 baftian, which laft is its fartheft limit on its 
 weftern coaft which has come to our know- 
 ledge. The gulf which wafhes it on the E. 
 called the Gulf of California, is an an arm of 
 the Pacific ocean, intercepted between Cape 
 Corientes on one fide, and Cape St. Lucas on 
 the other ; that is between the coaft of New 
 Spain on the N. E. and that of California on the 
 W. The length of California is about 300 
 leagues ; in breadth it bears no proportion, not 
 being more than 40 leagues acrofs, or from fea 
 to fea. The air is dry and hot to a great degree ; 
 the earth is in general barren, rugged, wild, 
 every where over-run with mountains, rocks, 
 and fands, with little water, confequently not 
 adapted to agriculture, planting, or grazing. 
 There are however fome level, wide, and fruit- 
 ful tra&s of ground to the W. of the river Co- 
 lorado in 35 0 . N. latitude, plenty of water, de- 
 lightful woods, and fine paftures, which is not 
 to be Paid of the peninfula taken in general for 
 the greateft part is not known to us, being un- 
 conquered and poftefled by the wild Californians 
 and Savages. What we know is moftly from the 
 miflion, called the Cabaceras and villages under 
 the vifitation, near the coafts. In this peninfula 
 are now found all kinds of domeftic animals, 
 commonly ufed in Spain and Mexico, tranfported 
 thither from Spain ; but here are two fpecies of 
 creatures for hunting, which are not known in 
 Old or New Spain. The firft is an animal 
 which the Californians call the Taye; it is as 
 large as a yearling calf, gieatly refembling it in 
 figure, excepting its head, which is like that of 
 a deer, the horns very thick refembling thofe of 
 a ram, its hoof is very large, round, and cloven. 
 
CAL 
 
 ■ tail 
 'bn. 
 i fct 
 i inn i 
 BlC? 
 Lucas ^ 
 of fa 
 iaoafc 
 wye 
 
 tioDjM 
 fromfc 
 titan; 
 :J, will 
 , rock, 
 itlf nc 
 grazing 
 jAfnii- 
 river Co- 
 rater, k 
 chisK 
 leraljfe 
 beings* 
 ilife 
 y front 
 tgcssA 
 ipeniw 
 : aninii- 
 ranfpcrte: 
 fpc«< 
 known; 
 
 10 It® 
 
 ; it B B 
 
 Ung ^ 11 
 rc toff 
 jtbofeff 
 icbfa 
 fe 
 
 like that of an ox, its fkin fpotted like the deer, 
 with a fhort tail \ the flefti is very palaiable, and, 
 to fome tafles, exquifite. The other (pecics dif- 
 fer very little from a (heep, but larger, well co- 
 vered with excellent wool, the flefh agreeable, 
 and they run wild. There are very large bears, 
 fomething like the buffalo, about the fize of a 
 fleer, but fhaped and horned like a flag, with 
 very long hair, a foot at leafl, its tail a yard long, 
 and half a yard in breadth, and the feet cloven 
 like thofe of an ox. Here are vaft numbers of a 
 fpecies of beavers, and poifonous creatures, fuch 
 as vipers, elfts, fcorpions, tarantulas, &c. There 
 is an infinite variety of birds,. as turtle-doves, he- 
 rons, quails, pheafants, geefe, ducks, and pi. 
 geons. Birds of prey as vultures, ofiiphrages, 
 horn-owls, falcons, hawks, crows, ravens, &c. 
 The finging-birds are here too, fuch as the lark, 
 nightingale, &c. There are great numbers of 
 gulls who live on pilchards, and are remarkable for 
 their fize, being equal to a very large goofe, with 
 monflrous craws, in which they carry their prey 
 to their young. If one of thefe gulls be fick or 
 maimed, the others bring it food and lay it be- 
 fore him, efpecially pilchards. As to timber, the 
 land near Cape San Lucas is level, fertile, and 
 more woody than any other part. Among the 
 plants the principal is the pitahay a, a kind of beech , 
 the fruit of which forms the greatefl harvefl for 
 the poor Indians. It differs from all other trees, 
 having no leaves, but a fruit like the horfe-chef- 
 nut. There are very good red junas, figs, and 
 plumbs ; the plumb-tree, inflead of gum and re- 
 fin, exudates a fragrant incenfe. The natives 
 live moflly by hunting or filhing. It is natural to 
 fijppofe that there are fevcral rich mines in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
CAL 
 
 fornia. Of filh there is an infinite variety and 
 plenty, and very large whales. I he abundance 
 of pearls of exceeding luftre has rendered Cali- 
 fornia famous all over the world , and now ex- 
 tenfive pearl-fifheries are carried on along its 
 coafts, from which thofe concerned raife large 
 fortunes in a fhort time. 
 
 The chara&eridicks of the Californians are 
 ftupidity and infenfibility, want of knowledge 
 and reflexion, a total indocility, exceflive doth, 
 pufillanimity, love of trifles, uninventive, in- 
 tractable, obdinate, and cruel. It is not eafy 
 for an European to conceive any adequate idea 
 of a Californian; nor is there among thofe who 
 wear the human form a fet of more infcnfible 
 people, except the Hottentots. They live 
 ■wild in forefts, wandering in fearch of game, 
 like the other wild beads of the country, having 
 as far as appears to us neither laws military-or 
 political, nor any outward forms of worlhip; 
 for in the mod unfrequented corners of the globe 
 there is not a nation fo dupid, of fuch con- 
 trafted ideas, and fo weak both in body and 
 mind as thofe wretched people. Their under- 
 ftanding comprehends little more than what they 
 fee ; abdraCt ideas, much lefs a chain of rea- 
 foning, being far beyond their power ; fo that 
 they fcarce improve their fird ideas, and thefe 
 are in general falfe; or at lead inadiquate. It is 
 in vain to reprefent to them any future advantage 
 or dangers that will refult from doing or refrain- 
 ing from this or that particular immediately 
 prefent; the relation of means and ends, being 
 beyond the dretch of their faculties, nor have they 
 the lead notion of purfuing fuch intentions as 
 will procure them fome fome future good, or 
 
CAL 
 
 guard tbemfelvcs againd evils : their infenfibility 
 w.th regard to corporal objetds which lie before 
 them, being fo great, fo inveterate, and fo in- 
 vincible, that it may eafily be perceived, what 
 fentiments they mud have of future rewards and 
 punifhments. They have only a few faint glim- 
 merings of the moral virtues, and vices; /o that 
 fome tilings appear good and others evil, without 
 any reflection, and though they enjoyed the na- 
 tural light of reafon, and that divine grace 
 which was given to all without didinCtion; yet 
 the former was fo weak, and the latter fo little 
 attended to, that profit and pleafure, appetite and 
 fenfuality, without any regard to decency, feem 
 to be the foie motives of all their actions : their 
 will is proportionate to their faculties ; their pat- 
 rons moving in a mod contracted .and narrow 
 Iphere. Ambition they have, arid would rather 
 be fuppofed ftrong than brave; the objects of 
 ambition with us, as honour, fame, reputation, 
 titles, pods, or didinCtions of fuperiority, are 
 abfolutely unknown to them ; fo that this pow- 
 erful fpting of atdion, the caule of fo much 
 feeming good and evil in the world, has no in- 
 fluence here. The mod that is obferved in 
 them is fome fenfibility of emulation; to fie 
 their companions praifed or rewarded feems to 
 awaken them, and is indeed the only thing 
 which has. force enough to dimulate them, or 
 roufe them from the fupine doth and infatuation 
 in which they are almod irretrievably funk. 
 They are equally free from ayarice; that de- 
 Aructive paflion among them is unknown. The 
 utmod extent of their deftres is to get the prefent 
 day’s food without much faiigue, taking little care 
 for that of the enluing day. As for" furniture. 
 Von. 1. li ' lt 
 
Ill 
 
 
 
 
 confifts only in their inftrumcnts, mean 
 they are for hunting, fifhing, or fighting. They 
 have neither ftated habitations, fields, nor divi- 
 lion of land; neither fowing, or rearing cattle; 
 having no knowledge of any diftinclion ot 
 rights, than firft to gather, and firft pollefs 
 the fpontaneous produdlions of the earth. This 
 difpofition of mind, as if gives them up to 
 an amazing languor, and latitude, their lives 
 fleeting away in a perpetual inadlivity and ab- 
 horrence of any labour ; fo it likewife induces 
 them to be attradled by the firfl otjeft, which 
 their own fancy, or the perfuafion of another 
 places before them, and at the fame time renders 
 them prone to change and to vary from their firft 
 refolutions with the fame facility. They look 
 with indifference on any kindnefs done them. 
 They have no notion of an obligation. The 
 brutes feem to have fome ; the Californians ac- 
 tually have none. Their hatred and revenge are 
 excited by the flighted caufes; but they are as 
 eafilv appeafed, even without gaining fatisfadtion, 
 efpecially if they meet with oppofition. Their 
 rancour and fury laft no longer than while they 
 meet with ,no refiftance : the leaft thing daunts 
 them; and, when once they begin to yield, their 
 fear will make them ftoop to the bafeft indignities. 
 As on the contrary, by obtaining any advan- 
 tage they fwell in a moft inordinate pride. 
 In a word they may be compared to children in 
 whom the unfolding.of reafon is not completed. 
 They may indeed be called a nation who never 
 arrived, at manhood. Their predominant paf- 
 fion is fuitable to fitch a difpofition, in which 
 they make fo little ufe of reafon : I mean a vio- 
 lent fondnefa of trifles, all kinds of diverfion, 
 2 plea* 
 
Mflll 
 
 Wife. 
 
 (QBir, 
 
 &Ui' 
 
 Ufc 
 n cps 
 Kir U 
 urifr 
 sinks 
 5, ilia 
 
 faiKHki 
 cfd« 
 heir Si 
 ley loci 
 ic them. 
 IL Tfc 
 mians ac- 
 rapst 
 Severs ii 
 
 mk 
 o, Tcs 
 rifle to 
 njte 
 ieli, arr 
 flfeik 
 nyaca 
 ire p 
 bilta 1 
 
 Mp' 
 riioix 1 * 
 runt p 
 in 
 :an 
 
 divert 
 
 * 
 
 CAL 
 
 pleafure, feftivals, games, in which they brotilhly 
 walle their miferable days. But however, they 
 are not tainted with vices common among us ; 
 they have no inebriating liquors ; on festivals 
 indeed they intoxicate themfelves with tobacco, 
 which grows wild. They are ftrangers to theft, 
 and are cruel only to their enemies ; for they are 
 eafily perfusded either to good or ill, which to 
 them is quite indifferent. The government of 
 the Californians cannot be fuppofed to exceed the 
 fltort limits of their capacity j there being among 
 them no right, diftindtion, no divifion of lands^ 
 and confequently no fucceflion to immoveables, 
 nor any other claim to pati imonial right ; nor on 
 the other hand any complaints of illegal intru- 
 fton. Every nation or language confifts of fe- 
 veral rancherias, more or lefs in number, accord- 
 ing to the fertility of the foil, and each ranche- 
 r's of one or more families united by confan- 
 guinity. They have no chiefs or fuperiors to 
 whom they pay obedience; and the natural 
 obedience from fons to fathers is extinguifhed; 
 when the former grow up, every family is go- 
 verned according to its own fancy. There were 
 indeed fome among them who pretending to 
 forcerv, but who were no better than paltry 
 jugglers, w’ere poffeffed of fome kind of autho- 
 rity ; but this lafted no longer than duiing the 
 feftival, ficknefs, or other incident which excited 
 their fear to fuperftition. However, in fome of 
 the rancherias, the Spanifli miflionaries found 
 one two or more who gave orders for gathering 
 the produdls of the earth ; dire&ed the fifferies, 
 or prefultd in warlike expeditions in cafe of a 
 breach with another flrange rancheria or nation. 
 This dignity was not obtained by blood, defcenrl 
 E 2 age 
 
CAL 
 
 a tre, fuffragc/or .formal eleaiqrr.it flowed from 
 neceflity, which render it natural with a tacit 
 confent, that he who appeared brave, expert, 
 artful, or eloquent, thould in confequence of luch 
 uncommon endowments rile to the command; 
 but even fuch authority was limited by the fancy 
 of thofe, who, without knowing why or how he 
 commanded, tacitly fubmittcd. This leader or 
 cafllque conduaed them to the rorefls and fea- 
 confts in queft of food ; fent or received the mef- . 
 fa^es, and anfwers to and from the adjacent 
 flares ; fpirited them up to the revenge of inju- 
 ries, whether feigned, or real, and thus headed 
 them in their fearvh for food, or expeditions in 
 -their wars, ravages, and depredations : in ail 
 other inftances, every perfon was mailer < f Ins 
 own liberty. The drefe throughout the whole 
 peninfula was entiiely uniform; for the males, 
 whether children, or adults, went entue.y na- 
 ked. But in this naked fimilanty there was 
 Pome diversity in the ornaments ; fome decora- 
 ted their heads with firings of pearl mund in 
 oyfiers, with thofe they braided their hair, inter- 
 weaving final 1 feathers. Thofe of Loretto wore 
 round their waift a decent gudle, and on tneir 
 forehead a curious fillet ot net- work, with fomc 
 wrought figures of nakar, and fomeiimes with 
 frrall fruits'like beads, adorning their arms with 
 the fame in the manner of bracelets. The Co- 
 chines wore round their heads a kmd of turban of 
 nakar, adorned with mother of pearl. 1 robabiy 
 this occafioped the error gf Sir b rancis Drake, 
 who fuppofed thefe to be kings, that offered him 
 the crown and feepter. The women m lome 
 parts go naked as the men, though in genera 
 they now wear petticoats from a kind of pa m, 
 1 whofe 
 
whofe leaves being beaten gives a filament or 
 thread, which they make them of, and alfo 
 a fhort cloke or mantle round their (houlders. 
 They cover their heads with net-work adorned 
 with nakar and pearl ; and fome wear pearl-neck- 
 laces, with the ttones of fruits, final! fediie, and 
 bits of (hells. Some of them wear a (hort petti- 
 coat, which only covers the waitt to the knee; 
 others make coverings for the waitt: only, being 
 naked every where elfe, made of the threads of 
 mefcal, and in want of that with thefkihsof heads 
 killed by their hufbands. Their chief fettival, is 
 that of the dittributing thefe (kins to the women 
 for the enfuing year’s clothin?, accompanied by 
 the jugglers, with vociferation, frantic dances, 
 and inebriation by tobacco. They live in the 
 fame date of nature as to their huts, being only 
 •formed by the jun&ion of tree*, and in dimmer 
 among rocks and caverns to watch their prey. 
 They have no furniture of any fort, but what a 
 ■man may carry on his back; a light boat, a dart, a 
 difh, a bowl, a bone which they ufe as an awl, 
 a little piece of touch-wood for making their 
 fire, pita nets to hold their fruits and feeds for 
 their eating ; another like a bag, fattened to their 
 (boulders in which they carry their children, and 
 lattly their bow and arrow. The furniture is 
 carried by the women, the men carrying the boat, 
 bows, arrows, fpears, &c. The boat is made 
 of the bark of trees, They excel the Europeans 
 in making all kind of net- work, though they 
 have none of our conveniencies. Plurality in 
 wives is common among them but adultery not; 
 as no one will take a woman who is the propeity 
 of another. If little or nothing of relis o i 
 was to be found in Califor nin, they were however 
 E 3 q^ite 
 
CAL 
 
 fluite grangers to idolatry ; they'neither worfhiped 
 the creatures nor the Creator, having neither 
 places of worfhip, nor idols, ufing neither 
 p^aver, vows, or any other mark of know- 
 in/a God. This in the general; but there were 
 fome fpeculative tenets found among feveral na- 
 tions of the Calfornians; for they had fome idea 
 of the Unity and faint traces of the Trinity, 
 funpofed to have been taught them by tradition 
 from chriftian anceftors ; they had a notion of 
 the eternal generation of the logos, and other 
 articles of the chriftian religion, though mixed 
 with a thoufand abfurdities. The fouthern Indians 
 are faid to have believed, * That there is in hea- 
 ‘ ven a lord, or great power, called Niparaya, 
 
 * who made the earth, and the fea, gives food 
 « t0 all creatures, created the trees, with every 
 i thing we fee, and can do whatever he pleafes. 
 
 * That we cannot fee him, becaufe he has no 
 « body. This Niparaya has a wife, called 
 4 Anayicoyondi ; though he makes noufeof her, 
 4 as having no body, yet he has by her three 
 4 foils in fome other llrange manner. Of thefe 
 4 one is Quayayp Man, and Anayicoyondi was 
 ‘ delivered of him in the mountains of Acaragui. 
 
 4 Quayayp has been with them, and taught 
 4 them. He was very powerful, and had a 
 1 great number of men ; for he went into the 
 4 earth, and brought people from thence. At 
 
 * length the Indians through hatred killed him, 
 ‘ and at the fame time put a wreathe of thorns 
 c about his head ; he is dead to this day, but re- 
 4 mains very beautiful and without any corrup- 
 ‘ tion : blood is continually running from him, 
 4 he dees not fpcak as being dead ; but he has a 
 4 tecolatc, or owl, which fpeaks for him. 1 here 
 
 * are 
 

 lOlty 
 g ncias 
 IgKifa 
 of b. 
 them® 
 foenh 
 I tab 
 }c Tran, 
 kvte 
 iDCtb; 
 and tt 
 ►ugh ns 
 icrnlca 
 rcisb 
 INips 
 gives » 
 wiih^r 
 :rheplaa 
 fe khi 
 life, A . 
 toAci'^ 
 
 If ier 
 ' Of® 
 
 coffloi® 
 
 jfta? 
 
 am! mf 
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 »Dt «&# 
 
 hence. 4 
 killed & 
 ic of ^ 
 fay, fe* 
 jnycon? 
 from fe 
 itkfe 1 
 lioi' 
 
 ‘CJ 
 
 CAL 
 
 1 are more inhabitants in heaven than in earth ; 
 4 and formerly there were great wars above : 
 4 that a perfon of eminent power* culled Wae, 
 1 or by fome Xuparan, rofe up ag4inft the fu- 
 
 * preme lord Niparaya, and being joined by nu- 
 4 merous adherents dared to ftand a battle with 
 4 him, but was totally defeated by Niparaya, 
 
 * who immediately deprived Xuparan of all his 
 
 * power, his fine pitahayas, and his other pro- 
 4 vifions* turned him out of heaven, and con- 
 4 fined him and his followers in a vaft cave under 
 4 the earth, and created the whales in the Teas 
 4 to be as guards, that thev (hould not leave their 
 4 place of punifhment. Xhat the fupreme lord 
 4 Nipayraya does not love that people fhould 
 4 fight ; and that thofe who die by a fpear or ar- 
 
 * row do not go to heaven. But on the con- 
 trary Wae Tuperan wifhes, that all people 
 4 were continually fighting, becaufe all who are 
 4 killed in battle go to his cave.* Xhere are two 
 parties among the Indians, one Tiding with Ni- 
 paraya, who are a difereet people, readily 
 liftening to information ; and the other party 
 Tiding with Wae Xuperan, who believe that the 
 fiats are fliining pieces of metal ; thefe are nu- 
 merous and pretend to forcery, or juggling ; 
 they believe that the moon was created by Cucu- 
 numia ; the ftars by Purutabui, and the like 
 monftrous notions. It is now about two cen- 
 turies fince the coaft of California has been vi- 
 fited by Europeans; the inhabitants of Mexico 
 from the weftern coaft of New Spain have fre- 
 quented the gulf of California to fifh for pearls ; 
 and others have arrived at the weftern coafts by 
 the way of the South-Sea. Xhere might there- 
 fore, among. a great number of accidents, as (bip- 
 
 £ 4 wrecks 
 
CAL 
 
 wrecks or others, fome perfon or perfons of the 
 chriftian religion have been thrown among them, 
 and infufed* the principles which they have 
 fo odly mixed and confafed by corruption. Sir 
 Francis Drake put his pilot Morera a-fhore at 
 Cape Mendozino, for having rai fed a mutiny in 
 the (hip; and fo lately as the year 1741, the Ruf- 
 fians were obliged to leave part of a fhip s com- 
 pany on fhore on the fame coafl of America ; 
 which gives room for fimilar accidents. They 
 hive another great feftival, namely the time of 
 gathering the pit ah ay as, or fruits, celebrated with 
 inad and frantic rejoicings, which laft three 
 d ays, and are as the vintages and harvefts of 
 the Europeans, the funds of their natural fup- 
 port. Their edues or p’iefts were thofe who 
 pretended to forcery, by impofing on their credu- 
 lity, that they had convention with fpirits or 
 demons. This feigned commerce gained them 
 creat authority with thefe Indians. Thefe im- 
 poftors, called alfo the Hechircros, having ac- 
 quired the knowledge of the particular virtue of 
 herbs and plants, praclifed cures. 1 hey applied 
 a tube of a hard black (lone, called the cbacuaco 
 to the part afte&ed, through which they blew 
 or fucked, and fometimes applied through them 
 the cimmaron, or wild tobacco ; and it was not 
 difficult for thefe to praflice a thoufand deceits on 
 the poor credulous Indians. 1 hefe have no 
 where, however, fo great authority, as at the 
 feftivals which they direct and prefttle over; to 
 'Which end they drefs themfelves in ftrange ha- 
 bits, confiding of a long cloak, made of human 
 hair, having their heads adorned with a very 
 high plumage compofed of the feathers of hawks, 
 and holding a monftrous fan, formed of the 
 
CAL 
 
 larger feathers. Sometimes they cover their 
 heads with the tails of deers, and the Cochines 
 add two firings of the hoofs, one as a chain 
 round the necks, and the other as a girdle • 
 they daub their bodies with various colours, 
 f hey then open the feftival with fuckino- the 
 chacuaco, till aimofi drunk with the fmokc^ and 
 begin their vociferations, pretending to have 
 tablets wuh devices left them by their fpirits, 
 which figures they teach the boys of Loretto, 
 the people all the while, eating and drinking till 
 intoxicated with the wild tobacco, and Ifter 
 proceed, to. the greateft indecencies, the two 
 texes mingling indiferiminately, as if determined 
 to violate every principal of fhame and tno- 
 defiy. 
 
 Callao, a fea-port town in the kingdom of 
 1 eru, being the port or harbour of Lima, and is 
 Situated two leagues from that city. It extends 
 along the fea-coaft; fo that it is much longer 
 than it ,s broad. On the N. fide runs the river 
 which waters Lima, on which fide is a fmall 
 fuburb bulk only of reeds. There is another on 
 the^. fide; they are both called Pitipizti, and in- 
 hajited by Indians. To the E, are large and ex- 
 tenfive plains, adorned with beautiful orchard- 
 watered by canals cut from the river. The town 
 is budt on a low flat point of land. It was for- 
 tihtd in the reign of Philip IV. with an inclo- 
 lure, flanked by ten baftions on the land fide 
 and by fomc redans, and plain bafiions on the 
 edge of the fea, where there are four batteries 
 to command the port and road, which is the 
 greateft, fineft, and fafeft in all the South- 
 bea. There is anchorage eveiy where in every 
 dep.h of water, on an olive coloured coze, 
 k 5 with- 
 
CAL 
 
 Without danger of rocks or fhoals, except one, 
 which is three cables length from the fhoie, 
 about the middle of the ifland of St. Laurence, 
 oppofite to La Galatea. The little .(land of 
 Callao lies juft before the town. In the open- 
 ina between thofe two iflands, there are two fmall 
 j (lands, or rather rocks; there js alfo a third ve^ 
 
 low, but half a league out at fea, S. S. E. from 
 the N. W. point of the ifland of St. Laurence, 
 The king maintains here fome Spanifh foot, wi 
 a few marines, befides which are the town 
 militia, which have no pay. Part of 
 cations were in bad repair in 1713, m which 
 there were five breaches, and the fea daily ruins- 
 the wall fince the ftone-key was built, which 
 (tops the S. W. furf, and thereby occafion a 
 return of the fea which faps the wall of the 
 town. The curtins are at top but nine feet 
 thick, two and a half of earth, » much of 
 hanouette and three of ftone and mortar. 
 The reft of the thicknefs is of unburnt bricks 
 with a little ftone wall within. The rampart 
 of the baftions has five fathoms of earth, laid 
 with unequal planks to ferve for a plat-form for 
 the cannon, the whole of mafonry, a 
 built ; every baftion is vaulted and has a maga 
 7.ine of powder, &c. for the fervice of the ar- 
 tillery, that is mounted on it. There are gene- 
 rally three or four pieces of brafr cannon always 
 mounted on each of them ; ^enty of which 
 fhould be the complement of 12, 16, and 1 24 
 pounders. Among thefe pieces are ten culver ns 
 from 1 7 to 1 8 feet long ; whereof there are eight 
 mounted to fire on the road, which are ; find to 
 carry near two leagues. Belides the artil ery 0 
 the rampart, there are nine field-pieces, mounted. 
 
CAM 
 
 and ready for fervice. There are alfo i2a brafs 
 guns of feveral fizes, defigned for the king’s (hips. 
 
 The level of the town is not above nine or ten 
 feet higher than the high-water mark, which 
 does not rife and fall above four or five feet. 
 However, it fometimes exceeds; fo that it over- 
 flows the out-fkirts of the town, and it is to be 
 feared, it may fometime or other deftroy ir. 
 The place is very troublefome, for duft is not to- 
 lerable even in a village. Near the fea fide is the 
 governor’s houfe and the viceroys palace, which 
 take up two fides of a fquare; the parifh church 
 makes the third ; and a battery of three pieces, 
 of cannon form the fourth. The corps de 
 guarde and the hall for arms are near the vice- 
 roy’s palace. In the fame ftreet on the N. fide 
 are the ware-houfes for the merchants, which 
 the Spanifii (hips bring from Chili, Peru, and 
 Mexico. The number of inhabitants are about 
 500. I he churches are built of canes inter- 
 woven, and covered with clay, or painted white. 
 There are five monafieries and an hofpitaL 
 Lat. 12. 14. S. Long. 76. 22. W. 
 
 Calvert, a county in the province of Ma- 
 ryland in North America, bordering on Charles 
 County in the fame province, from which it is 
 divided by the river Palufcent, as alfo from. 
 Prince George’s County. The capital of this 
 county is called Calvcrton; and lies in lat. 30* 
 47. N. Long. 76. 30. W. 
 
 Cam an a, a jurifdi&ion in South America 
 and empire of Peru, very extenfive, but full of 
 deferts, under the bifhop of Arequipa, fome 
 difiance from the South-Sea coafh Eaftward it 
 extends to the borders of the Cordillera ; abounds 
 in grain, fruits, and fome filver mines. 
 
 Cam- 
 
CAM 
 
 Cambridge, the chief town of the county 
 of Middlefex in New England, in North Ame- 
 rica; Hands on the N. branch of Charles-River, 
 rear’ Charles-Town, feven miles N. W. of 
 Bofton. It has feveral fine houfes and good 
 ftreets. It changed its old name of Newton for 
 that of Cambridge, on account of the univer- 
 fity called Harvard College, which confifts of 
 two fpacious colleges built of brick, one called 
 Harvard College, and the other Stoughton Hall, 
 the chief projedtors and endowers thereof. It 
 was projected in 1630, and was at firft no more 
 than a fchola illuftris, or academical free-fchool, 
 till May 1650, when it was incorporated by a 
 charter from the government of Maflachufet’s 
 colony ; fo that by donations from feveral 
 learned patrons, namely, archbifhop Ufher, Sir 
 John Maynard, Sir Kenelm Digby, Mr. Baxter, 
 and Mr. Theophilus Gale, fellow of Magdalen 
 College. There were before the accefiion of 
 queen Anne above 4000 books of the moft va- 
 luable authors. The college confifts of a prefi- 
 dent, five fellows, and a treafurer. ^ There was 
 an additional college eredted for the Indians, but 
 being found impradlicable in its intention has 
 been* turned into a printing-houfe. Lat. 42. 
 5. N. Long. 71. 11. W. 
 
 Campeachy, a town in the audience of Old 
 Mexico, or New Spain, and province of Juca- 
 tan in South America, fituated on the bay of 
 Campeachy near the fliore. Its houfes are well 
 built of ftone : when taken by the Spaniards, it 
 was a large town of 300® houfes, and had 
 eonfiderable monuments both of art and induf- 
 try. There is a good dock and fort, with a go- 
 vernor and garrilon which commands both the 
 
 town 
 
town and harbour. TheEnglifh in 1659 {form- 
 ed, and took it only with finall arms, and a fc- 
 cond time by furprize in 1678. The port is 
 large, but (hallow. It was a dated market for 
 logwood, of which great quantities grow in the 
 neighbourhood, before the Englifh landed there, 
 and cut it at the ifthmus, which they entered at 
 Triefta Ifland, near the bottom of the hay, 40 
 leagues S. W. from Campeachy. The chief 
 manufacture is cotton cloth. Lat. 20. 40. N. 
 Long. 91. 50. W. 
 
 Canada, or New France, a colony in 
 North America, belonging to the French. The 
 limits of this large country are varioufly fixed by 
 the geographers, feme extending them quite 
 from Florida to the northern boundaries of 
 America, or from 33 to 63 degrees N. la- 
 titude ; though Canada, properly fo called, and 
 diftirtguifhed, is only a fmall province of this 
 whole trad, and feated on the S. and E. of the 
 river St. Laurence, and E. of its mouth. Others 
 bound it on the N. by the land called Labrador, 
 or New Brittany; on the E. by the northern fea 
 and New England, &c. on the S. by Florida, 
 and on the W. by New Mexico, and the un- 
 known tra&s N. of it. According to which, it 
 will extend itfelf from the 25th to the 53d degree 
 of N. latitude, and from 76 to 93 of W. longi- 
 tude : but its greateft extent is commonly taken 
 from S. W. to N. E. that is, from the province 
 of Padoau, in New Spain, to Cape Charles, 
 near the bay of St. Laurence* which is reckoned 
 near 900 leagues. Baron Hontan makes it to 
 reach only from 39 to 65 degrees cf latitude ; 
 that is, from the S. fide of the lake Erie to the 
 N. fide of Hudfon's Bay, i,nd in longitude from 
 
 the 
 
CAN 
 
 the river Mifiiflippi to Cape Raze in Newfound- 
 land ; but it is plain from the more recent fur- 
 veys, publifhed by Monf. Beilin, that the pro- 
 vince of Louifiana is, by this French geogra- 
 pher, made to reach farther by a great many de- 
 grees weftward, than the river abovementioned ; 
 though, how far the French think proper to 
 extend it, no one can decide ; but they are lure 
 always to take elbow room enough, notwith- 
 ftanding they may happen, in this part of the 
 world, to encroach a few hundred leagues now 
 and then upon the Englifh, whom they would 
 gladly extirpate from all North America. 
 
 As its extent is fo great both in length and 
 breadth, its temperature, climate, foil, &c. 
 cannot but vary accordingly : all that part 
 which is inhabited by the French, and which 
 rs moftly along the banks of the great river St. 
 Laurence is, generally fpeaking, exceflive cold 
 in winter, though hot in fummer, as mod of 
 thofe American trails commonly are, which do 
 not lie too far to the northward. The reft of 
 the country, as far as it is known, is interfered 
 with large woods, lakes, and rivers, which 
 render it ftill colder; it has, however, no in- 
 confiderable quantity of fertile lands, which, by 
 experience, are found capable of producing corn, 
 barley, rye, and other grain, grapes, and fruit, 
 and, indeed, almoft every thing that grows in 
 France; but its chief product is tobacco, which 
 it yields in large quantities. 
 
 There is likewife plenty of ftags, elks, bears,, 
 foxes, martins, wild cats, and other wild crea- 
 tures in the woods, beftdes wild fowl and other 
 game. The fouthern parts, in particular, breed 
 great numbers of wild bulls, deer of afmall fize, 
 
 divers 
 
CAN 
 
 divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c. a 
 great variety of other animals both wild and tame. 
 
 6 The meadow grounds, which are well wa- 
 tered, yield excellent grafs, and breed great 
 cjuantities of large and lmall cattle 5 and, where 
 the arable land'is well manured, it produce* 
 large and rich crops. The mountains abound 
 with coal mines, and fome, we are told, of 
 filver, and other metals, though we do not learn 
 that any great advantage is yet made thereof. 
 The marfliy grounds, which are likewife very 
 extenfive, fwarm with otters, beavers, and other 
 amphibious creatures ; and the rivers and lakes 
 with fifh of all forts. 
 
 The lakes here are both large and numerous ; 
 the principal of which are thofe of £rie, Ma- 
 chigan, Hufon, Superior, Frontenac, or Opta- 
 via, NapyfingjTemifcaming, befides others of a 
 fmaller ftze; but the largeft of them is that 
 which they name Superior, or Upper Lake ; 
 which is fituate the fartheft N. and is reckoned 
 above 100 leagues in length, and about 70 
 where broadeft, and hath fevera! conftderable 
 illands in it; the chief whereof are the Royal 
 Iflc, Philipeau, Pont Cartrain, Maurepas, St. 
 Anne, St. Ignatius, the Tonerre, or Thunder 
 jfland, and a large number of fmaller ones, ef- 
 pecially near the coafts. 
 
 The whole country abounds with very large 
 rivers, which it is endlefs to enter into a detail 
 of; the two principal are thofe of St. Lau- 
 rence, and the MilMippi. The former of 
 which abounds with no lefs variety than plenty of 
 fine fifh, and receives feveral conftderable rivers 
 in its courfe. T he entrance into the bay of 
 St. Laurence lies between Cape de Reteg, on 
 
CAN 
 
 ihe- ifland ©f Newfoundland, and the N. cape In 
 that called the Royal Ifland, or more commonly 
 Cape Breton. That of the Mifliflippi, which 
 runs through the greatefl part of the province 
 of Louifiana from N. to S. is called by the 
 French the river of St. Louis, and by the na- 
 tives Mifchifpi, Mifliflippi, and Mcfchagamifii, 
 on account of the vaft tra& of ground which it 
 overflows at certain feafons ; and by the Spa- 
 niards alfo called La Palifada from the prodi- 
 gious quantities of timber which they fend down 
 upon it in floats to the fea. It is navigable above 
 450 leagues up from its mouth. The fpring- 
 head of this river is not yet fatisfa£iorily known 5 
 but it is certain, that it difeharges itfelf into the 
 gulf of Mexico by two branches, which form an 
 ifland of confiderable length. 
 
 Canada, in its largeft fenfe, is divided into 
 caftern and weflern, the former of which is 
 commonly known by the name of Canada, or 
 New France; and the latter which is of later 
 difeovery, Louifiana, in honour of the late 
 Lewis XIV. See Louisiana. The capital of 
 Canada, properly fo called, is Quebec, which 
 fee. 
 
 CanaH Atan, or great Canar, a village in 
 the dependence of the city of Cuenca, under 
 the jurifdiftion of the province of Quito in 
 South America, in the Torrid Zone. It is re- 
 markable for the riches concealed in the adjacent 
 /nountains. 
 
 Canas, or Tinta, a jurifdi&ion in the em- 
 pire of Peru, in South America, fubjedl to the 
 bifhep of Cufco, 18 leagues from that city; 
 The Cordillera divides it into two parts, Canas, 
 and Canches, the former abounds in corn and 
 
 fruits, 
 
fruits, and the latter in cattle. In the meadows 
 are fed no lefs than 30,000 mules, brought hi- 
 ther from Tucuma to pafture. Here is held a 
 great fair, which brings a large refort of dealers 
 for tbefe creatures. In Canas alfo is the fa- 
 mous fdver mine called Condonoma. 
 
 Catches, a jurifdidlion in the empire of 
 Peru, fubjeiSl to the bifliop of Cufco, 18 leagues 
 from that city. 
 
 Canette, a city in the kingdom of Peru, 
 and the capital of the jurif'didfion of its name?, 
 which produces vaft quantities of wheat, maize, 
 and fugar* canes. It lies fix leagues from Lima, 
 and is fubjedt to the archbifhop of Lima. Lat. 
 12. 14. S. Long. 75. 38. W. . 
 
 Cananea, a fmall oblong ifland in the cap- 
 tainfhip of St. Vincent in Brafil, in South Ame- 
 rica, belonging to the Portuguefe ; fpreading it- 
 felf like a crefccnt before the coaft over- again# 
 the fmall bay formed by the mouth of the river 
 Ararapiza, on the S. fide of which ft. nds the 
 town of Cananea to guard the entrance of the 
 hay. It is a fmall place, and has little, trade. 
 This illand lies about 37 leagues from St. Vin- 
 cent. Lat. 25. 10. S. Long. 47. 12. W. 
 
 Canso, an ifland in Nova Scotia, in North 
 America, in which there is a very good harbour 
 three leagues deep, and in it are feveral fmall 
 iflunds. It forms two bays of fafe anchorage. 
 On the continent near it, is a river, culled Sal- 
 mon-river on account of the great quantity of 
 that fifh taken and cured here: it is believed to 
 be the beft fifhery in the world of that fort. The 
 town cf Canfo was burnt in 1744 b)’ the French 
 from Cape Breton ; but fince our acquifition of 
 Cape Breton in 1758 we arc under little appre- 
 
 henfacrv 
 
CAP 
 
 henfion of the like danger. Lat. 44. 10. N. 
 Long. 60. 12. W. 
 
 Canta, a town and jurifdiSion under the 
 archbifhop of Lima, in the viceroyal cy of Peru, 
 five leagues N. N. E. of Lima. It is celebrated 
 for excellent papas, which meet with a good 
 market at Lima. There are innumerable flocks 
 of fheep, the paftures being rich and prodigioufly 
 extenfive. Lat. 11. 48. N. Long. 75. 43'. W. 
 
 Cape Breton, a very confiderable ifland, in 
 the gulf of St. Laurence, in North America, 
 belonging to the Englifh. It was taken the laft 
 war by admiral Warren and colonel Pcpperell, 
 and the prefent war in 1758 by admiral Bof- 
 cawen, and colonel Amherft. The fireight of 
 ‘Franfac, which feparates it from Nova Scotia, is 
 not more than a league in breadth, and is about 
 20 leagues from Newfoundland, with which it 
 forms the entrance into the Gulf of St. Lau- 
 rence. This ifland properly belongs to the divi- 
 sion of Acadia or Nova Scotia, and was the 
 only part which was ceded by treaty to the Eng- 
 lifh. It is about 140 miles in length, full of 
 mountains and lakes, and interfered by a vaft 
 number of creeks and bays, nearly meeting each 
 other upon every fide, which Teems very much 
 to refemble the coaft and inland parts of moft 
 northern countries, fuch as Scotland, Ireland, 
 Denmark, and Sweden have fuch (bores, and 
 infular lakes. The foil is fufficiently fruitful, 
 and in every part abounds with timber fit for aH 
 ufes. In the mountains are coal-pits, and on- 
 the (bores one of the moft fruitful fifheries in the 
 world, with excellent flax and hemp. It abounds 
 in all maimer of pafture, and in all forts of 
 cattle and poultry. The harbours are all open 
 
 to 
 

 id. 
 nder tie 
 
 ofPem, 
 
 m 
 
 1 igd 
 Me fa 
 ofeu 
 
 :iU,ii 
 Ando, 
 ;n theSa 
 Pcppert., 
 lira! Ei 
 freight j 
 S cotia,! 
 liute 
 iwkicii 
 SlU 
 ottefc 
 J was st 
 )kk 
 ik>K* 
 
 1 byai i 
 
 veiy® 3 
 rts W 
 
 bores, ^ 
 |y fniii 
 rfitlbfi 
 s, and » 
 •ries in ^ 
 r raiwfl^ 
 forts o\ 
 alloptn 
 ft 
 
 CAR 
 
 to the E. going round to the fouthwnrd for the 
 fpace of 50 leagues, beginning with Port Dau- 
 phin to Port Thouloufe, which near the entrance 
 of the {freight of Franfac, at the iffue of which 
 you meet immediately with Port Thouloufe, 
 which lies between a kind of gulf called Little 
 St. Peter, and the ifles of St. Peter. The bay 
 of Gabaron, the entrance of which is about 
 20 leagues from St. Peter’s ifles, is two leagues 
 deep, one broad, and affords good anchorage. 
 It is fltuatc from 46. to 47. N. lat. and from 
 59. to 60. W. long. See the article Louis- 
 bourg. 
 
 Caraccas, the metropolis of the pro- 
 vince of Venezuelan, and of all Terra Firma, 
 on the N. fide of the Iflhmus of Darien, 
 56 miles N. of St. Jago de Leon. It lies fome 
 diftance in the land ; and the Dutch carry on a 
 profitable trade here with the Spaniards ; and 
 the latter have fortified it to feaward, upon emi- 
 nences all round, and good breaft-works in the 
 vallies. The Dutch carry thither all forts of 
 European goods, efpecially linen, making vaft 
 returns, efpecially in filver and cocoa. They 
 trade to it a little from Jamaica; but as it is at 
 fccond hand it cannot be fo profitable, as a di- 
 re& trade from Europe would be. The cocoa- 
 tree grows here in abundance, and is their chief 
 wealth. The tree has a trunk of about a foot 
 and a half thick, and from feven to eight feet 
 high, the branches large and fpreading like an 
 oak, the nuts are enclofed in cods as large as 
 both a man’s fifts put together. There may be 
 commonly 20 or 30 of thefe cods on a tree, 
 which are about half an inch thick, brittle, and 
 harder than the rind of a lemon. They neither 
 
 ripen* 
 
C A R 
 
 rrpcn, nor are gathered at once, hut take up a 
 month, Tome ripening before others. When 
 gathered they are laid in fcveral heaps to fweat, 
 and then burning the (hell with their hands, they 
 extra& the nut, whieh are the only fubftance 
 they'contain, having no pith about them. They 
 lie clofe Sowed in rows like the grains of maize, 
 there are generally ioo nuts in a cod, which are 
 big or fmall in proportion to the fize of the cod ; 
 they are then dried in the fun, they will keep, 
 and even fait water will not hurt them. There 
 are from 500, to icoo or 2oco in a walk, or 
 cocoa plantation. Thefe nuts are parted for 
 money, and are ufed as fuch in the bay of Cam- 
 peachy. Lat. 10. 12. N. Lon?. 67. 10. W. 
 
 Car ANGA?, a province and jurifdiflion under 
 the archbifhop of Plata, and 70 leagues W. of 
 that city, in the empire of Peru, very barren 
 in corn, grain, &c. but abounding in cattle. 
 Here are a great many filver mines conftantly 
 worked, among which that called Tureo, and 
 bv the miners, Machacado is very remarkable. 
 The fibres of the filver forming an admirable in- 
 termixture with the ftone in which they are con- 
 tained : mines of this kind are generally the 
 
 richeft. 'JThere are others in this province 
 equally remarkable, _ard found in the barren 
 Tandy deferts, where they find, by digging only, 
 detached lumps of filver, not mixed with any ore 
 or ftone. Thefe lumps are called papas, be- 
 caufe taken out of the ground as that root is ; to 
 account for this formation of thefe mafles of 
 filver in a barren and moveable fand, entirely 
 remote from any mine or ore is doubtlefs very 
 difficult. Admitting the continual reduifion of 
 metals, which the matrices of gold and filvor 
 
 fern 
 
5. % 
 
 > to fa, 
 
 f mi 
 ieir>. h 
 S^of 0522, 
 
 i tlidr. 
 of M; 
 
 ' will be, 
 in, h 
 i wA,t 
 paffcis 
 17 of Ci> 
 
 m 
 
 Sion un^ 
 gKsW.5 
 KIT to 
 r h to 
 SCOtJW 
 Toi^r; 
 remits 
 
 «djf* 
 
 is [W» 
 ths to 
 
 iif* 
 
 pip^ 
 root ; ; ; - 
 » Btffc* 
 
 JAM. 
 
 kfanv 
 
 usJflwf 
 
 fan 
 
 CAR 
 
 fee-m to prove, and the very mines, long for- 
 faken, join to corroborate this opinion, we may 
 venture to form an hypothefis, and infer, that 
 the primordial matter of filver is firft fluid, and 
 2fter acquiring a certain degree of pcrfe&icn, 
 fome parts of it are filtrated, through the pores 
 of the fand, till flopping in a place proper for 
 fixation, they there form a fc lid congeries of fil- 
 ver. This phenomenon may alfo be more Am- 
 ply accounted tor from the fubterraneous fires, 
 io common in thefe climates, by which a decree 
 of heat is communicated fuflicient to melt any 
 metals, and keep them in a degree of ftfion. 
 And hence a portion of filver, thus melted, ne- 
 cefldrily fpreadsand introduces itfelf, through the 
 larger pores of the earth, continuing to expand 
 itfelf, till being beyond the influence of the heat 
 it fines and condenfes. Thefe papas, or lumps 
 of filver, are of a different compofition from 
 thofe found in the mines, having thb appearance 
 of melted filver, which farther proves that they 
 are thus formed by fufion and heat. Tbcle 
 lumps have weighed from 50 to 150 marks, be- 
 ing a Paris foot in length. 
 
 Car av ag A, a river in South America, and 
 empire of Peru, famous for its golden lands, 
 
 Carribeee Islands, a duller of iflands in 
 the Atlantic ocean, fo called from the original 
 inhabitants being laid, though veiy unjuflly, to 
 be cannibals. T he chief of thefe iflands are St. 
 Cruz, Sombuco, Anguilla, St. Martin, St. 
 Bartholomew, Barbuda, Satia, Kutlatia, St* 
 Chriftophers, Nevis, Antigua, Montferrat, Guar- 
 daloupe, Defiada, Maragalame, Dominico, Mar- 
 tinico, St. Vincent, Barbadoes, and Granada. 
 See each under its proper article. 
 
CAR 
 
 Carlos, a town of Varagua in New Spain* 
 fituated 45 miles S. W. of Sairta Fe. It ftancis 
 on a large bay, before the mouth of which aid 
 a number of fmall iflands, entirely defert, the 
 natives having been fent to work in the mines, 
 by the Spaniards. Lat. 7. 40. N. Long. 82. 
 *0. W. 
 
 Carolina, part of that vaft traft of land 
 formerly called Florida, bounded on the N. by 
 Virginia, on the S. by Florida proper, on the 
 W. by Louifiana, and on the E. by the Atlantic 
 ocean. It is now divided into North and South 
 Carolina. The coaft of North America was all 
 called Virginia. The province properly fo called, 
 with Maryland and the Carolinas, was known 
 by the name of South Virginia. By the Spa- 
 niards it was confidered as part of Florida* 
 which country they would have to extend from 
 New Mexico to the Atlantic ocean. They firft 
 difeovered this large country ; and by their inhu- 
 manity to the natives, loft it. Thefe vaft tracls 
 lay ncgle&ed till the reign of Charles IX. whofe 
 celebrated proteftant patron and admiral, Cha- 
 tillon, procured two veflels to be fitted out for 
 difeoveries on that extenfive coaft, which brought 
 a good report; and, encouraged by his firft fuccefs, 
 he obtained the fitting out fix {hips more with as 
 many hundred men, to begin a colony there, 
 who built a fort called Charles-fort, and called 
 the whole country Carolina from the king their 
 mafter ; but were put to the fword by the Spa- 
 niards, who not fatisfied with reducing them, 
 maflacred them after having granted them quar- 
 ter. The French quitted their defign, not fee- 
 ing the advantages rcfulting from giving Ame- 
 rica to thgir pioteftants as we did to our quakers 
 

jianJt 
 
 'fiaur* T- Ortun’ 
 
 
 Chio*i t 
 
 V'k’ tawdry of /As Cfiertirfees 
 *\i?r/ifrrut7r<tf firm'd to theJJifs - 
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 ^ i2 “?' h4 ryai Surrcnilenrd fa Trento 
 
 <tf /fc.rf/tu/ut/er /~ 2 y to die Cro/r/t 
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 j 
 
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 JArffi/iaoei 
 
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 i _A y r/rrtraly 
 
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 / 0 0 ^fft/fah barter rso 
 
 *nu7it u 
 
 nr etc. 
 
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 j&ffifkfy. 
 
 rnehvd . 
 
 VojBh>yJ-’ 
 
 ^VjCPcdro 
 
 1 The S<ndhe?viT*r(rvdicei (ire lively 
 to become o/yreat cenicipuenee' 
 of/ice the /fount*/ and eneour ay een. 
 ya /on ly t/ie Societi/ of. Art iff id Co 
 •merer tv the Tridiyo erf it/ ra/iS/lh 
 n used her c - 
 
 
 }/ v tfw CarointMM 
 
 W-L^e 
 
 4 £fac k Cortecr^S^ 
 
 MAr f 
 
 'A,? province s oj 
 
 ORTH * SoXTTtt 
 CAKOI^I^ a ' 
 rvi> fiTA_.Jt FLORIDA 
 
 Florida ia ToficAl ly die S/fiainatls 
 die only fiorlTorrn eo J iduyudenc 
 a very email Tonn andthe fort 
 notable to reiat a otey carry don' 
 with any coni {derails /rrrrce . 
 
 \Fhrricla. 2* ■ 
 
 'Jj/itili St,r 6 ±Mlt. 
 
 frerrr londtm 
 
 /ty ILmuritud? 
 
 WE 
 
 f T & 7* 
 
CAR 
 
 and di [Tenters, as a place of refuge, who then 
 would (till be French fubje&s, though not of the 
 eftablifhed religion, as ours are well affected to 
 the crown though of different principles in mat- 
 ters of worfhip. The Spaniards no more than 
 the French paid any attention to this fne coun- 
 try, and left it to the enterprifing Englilh, who, 
 in Sir Walter Rawleigh’s time, projected fet- 
 tlements there ; yet through fome unaccountable 
 caprice it was not till the reign of Charles II. 
 that we entertained any formal notions of fettling 
 that country in 1663. In that year, the Jordl 
 Clarendon, Albemarle, Craven, Berkelv*, Afh- 
 ley, afterwards Shaftfbury, Sir George Carteret, 
 Sir William Berkeley, and Sir George Colleton, 
 from all which the different counties, rivers, 
 towns, &c. were called, obtained a charter 
 for the property and jurifdiction of that country 
 from the 31ft degree of N. latitude to the 36th, 
 and being inverted with full power to fettle, and 
 govern the country, they had a model of a con- 
 llitution framed, and a body of fundamental 
 laws compiled by the famous philofophcr Mr. 
 Lock: on this plan the proprietors flood in the 
 place of the king, gave their afiem or negative 
 to all laws, appointed all officers, and bertowed 
 all titles of dignity. In his turn one always ac- 
 ted for the reft. In the province they appointed 
 two other branches, in a good meafure analagous 
 to the legiflature in England. They made three 
 ranks, or rather dalles of nobility. The lowed 
 was compofed of thofe whom they called Barons, 
 and to whom they made grants of 12000 acres 
 of land. The next order had 24000 acres, or 
 two baronies with the title of Cafignes, an- 
 Iwering to our earls. The third had two caf- 
 
CAR 
 
 Tignefliips or 48000 acres, and were called 
 Landgraves, analagous to dukes. This body 
 formed the upper-houfe, whofe lands were not 
 alienable by parcels : the lower-houfe was formed 
 of reprefentatives from the feveral towns and coun- 
 ties. But the whole was not called, as in the 
 ocher plantation, an afiembly, but a parliament. 
 They began their firft fettlement between the two 
 navigable rivers, called Afhley and Cowper, and 
 laid the foundation of the capital city called 
 Charles-town in honour of king Charles. They 
 expended about 12000/. in the firfl fettlement; 
 and obferving what advantages other colonies 
 derived from opening an harbour for refugees of 
 all perfuafions, they by doing fo brought over a 
 great number of diilenters, over whom the then 
 government held a more fevere hand than was 
 confident with the rules of true policy. Thefe 
 however wife appointments were in a manner 
 fruftrated by the difputes between the churchmen 
 and diflenters, and alfo by violent oppreflions 
 over the Indians, which caufed two deftruc- 
 tive wars with them, in which they conquered 
 thofe natives, as far as to the Apulachian moun- 
 tains. The province then by an a & of parlia- 
 ment in England was redemanded, and put un- 
 
 'der the protection of the crown; except the 
 eighth part of the earl of Granville which he 
 referved, the other proprietors accepting of 
 about 24000/. Carolina was fince divided into 
 two diitin6t governments, South, and North 
 Carolina in 1728; and in a little time a firm 
 peace was concluded between the Englilh, and 
 the neighbouring Indians, the Cheroques, and 
 the Catanbas, and fince that time it has began 
 to advance with an attonifliing rapidity. This is 
 
del 
 
 sWv 
 
 feed 
 
 ufe 
 
 w 
 
 ifcu 
 
 W,i:< 
 tjcfel 
 i, Hq 
 
 demeiE 
 
 Cofc 
 i/gees oi 
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 tec 
 km 
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 i nrar 
 terete 
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 dfc 
 
 DC in 
 
 f* 
 
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 , fa 
 
 K 
 
 Car 
 
 c he only one of our provinces on the continent 
 that is fubjedi to hurricanes. Oranges, olives, 
 and immenle quantity of plants and beautiful 
 flowering fhrubs, and flowers flourifh here. The 
 country where we have not cleared it is in a 
 manner one foreft of all kind of trees. But irs 
 chief produce, the beavers of Carolina, are dc- 
 ftroyed here, as they are in Canada and elfe- 
 where, by the encouragement the Indians re- 
 ceived to kill them. As the land abounds with na- 
 tural manure, or nitre, fo it needs no cultivation 
 »n this refpeef, and what is flrange, indigo in its 
 worfl lands grows to a great advantage : there is 
 alfo good profit got by their turpentine, pitch 
 and tar, obtained from their pines and other pic- 
 coterebintlnans : alfo great quantities of Indian 
 corn and peafe, and the low lands anfwerwith rice 
 very well. Carolina is all an even plain for So 
 miles from the fea, and fcarce a pebble is to be 
 met with. Their ground does not anfwer fo 
 well for wheat, which they are fupplied with 
 from New York and PenfvJvania, in exchange for 
 their fine rice in which they are unrivalled. 
 1 he trade of Carolina, befides the lumber 
 provifions, and the like, which it yields in coni’ 
 mon with the reft of North America, has three 
 great ftaple commodities, indigo, rice, and the 
 produce of the pine, turpentine, tar, and pitch. 
 Indigo and rice, South Carolina has to herfelf - 
 and taking in North Carolina, the two yield more 
 pitch and tar than all the reft of our colonies 
 Rice formed once the ftaple of this province - 
 this makes the greateft part of the food of all 
 ranks of people in the fouthern parts of this new 
 wor.d. In the northern it is not fo much in re- 
 quest ; and this one branch is computed to be 
 
 0L ' L F worth 
 
T 
 
 C A R 
 
 jurorth 150,000/. a year. The indigo is the 
 great attention, to which we (hall pay due regard 
 under the article Charles-town, the capital. 
 There are in the two provinces which compofe 
 Carolina ten navigable rivers, and innumerable 
 /mailer ones ; all which, though fwarming with 
 filh, abound with troublefome catara&s, which 
 impede navigation. There are but few good 
 harbours, the one is Cape Fear. North Ca- 
 rolina is not fo wealthy as South, but it has more 
 white people. Edenton was the capital of North 
 Carolina, but it is now only a village ; therefore 
 a more commodious harbour is proje&ing fur- 
 ther S. on the river Neus. Carolina is fituate 
 etweenthe 31ft and 46th degrees.of N. latitude; 
 and extends 400 miles in length. Its breadth 
 to the Indian nations is about 300. For the trade 
 of Carolina, and the manner of making indigo, 
 fee the article Charles-town. 
 
 Carnero, a cape in the South Sea near Santa 
 Maria, in the kingdom of Chili. Lat. 1. 35. S. 
 
 Lon*. 77. m W. 
 
 Carthagena, a large and famous city of 
 South America, the capital of a province of the 
 fame name, in the Terra Firma. The bay and 
 the country round Carthagena, antiently called 
 Calamari, weredifcovered in 1702, by Rodengo 
 de Baftidas, but the conqueft thereof by feveral 
 fuccecding adventurers met with more rehftance 
 than was expedled. 
 
 The Indians, being naturally a warlike people, 
 •the very women (hared in defending the country. 
 Their ufual arms were bows and arrows, the 
 points of which they poifoned with the juice of 
 certain herbs, whence the flighted wounds were 
 mortal. Gregorio Hernandez de Oviedo being, 
 
 x Jlke 
 
CAR 
 
 like feveral of his predeceflors, baffled in repeated 
 attempts, the conqueft of the place, the peo- 
 pling of the city, and reducing it into a colony 
 and government was happily completed by Don 
 Pedro de Heredia in 1583. 
 
 From feveral natural advantages, particularly 
 that of its fine fituation, it was raifed into an 
 epifcopal fee. Thefe advantages foon excited 
 the envy of foreigners, particularly the French, 
 who invaded it under the conduft of a Corfican 
 pilot in 1544. The fecond invader was Sir 
 rrancis Drake, who after pillaging it, fet it on 
 fire ; but it was happily refcued from the flames 
 by a ranfom of 120,000 ducats paid him by the 
 neighbouring colonies. It was invaded and pil- 
 laged a third time by the French, under Monf. de 
 Pomtis in 1597. 
 
 The city is fituated on a fandy ifland, which, 
 forming a narrow pa/Tage on the S. W. opens a 
 communication with that part called Tierra 
 Bomba ; as far as Bocca Chica on the N. fide 
 the land is fo narrow, that before the wall was 
 begun the dilfance from fca to fea was only qo 
 todes, but afterwards the land enlarging by 
 ineans of the wall, it forms another ifland on 
 this fide, and the whole city is, excepting thefe 
 two places, which are very narrow, entirely fur- 
 rounded with water. Eaftward it communi- 
 cates by means of a wooden bridge, with a laro-e 
 fuburb, called Hexemani, built on another 
 ! and, which communicates with the continent 
 by another wooden bridge. 
 
 1 he fortifications both of the city and fuburbs 
 are conftrufted in the modern manner, and lined 
 with freeftone. 
 
 F 2 
 
 The 
 
u 
 
 CAR 
 
 The earn fon in time of peace confifts of ten 
 
 companies of regulars, each containing, 77 men, 
 officers included, befides feveral companies of 
 militia. The whole city and fuburbs are com- 
 manded by the caftle of St. Lazaro, which lies on 
 the fide of Hexemani on an eminence ; from 
 whence and other adjoining hills, we have an 
 .enchanting view of the county and coaft, to an 
 
 immenfe diftance. ...... . 
 
 The city and fuburbs are well laid out, the 
 
 flreets being ftrait, broad, uniform, and well 
 oaved The houfes are moflly built of none, 
 and have but one ftory. AH the churches and 
 convents are of a proper archite&ure but there 
 appears fomething of poverty in the ornamental 
 nart and fome want what even decency might 
 require. The orders which have convents at 
 Carthagena, are thofe of St. Francs in the fub- 
 urbs, St. Dominica, St. Auguftm, La Mercad, 
 alto the Jacobins, and Recolkas. There is a 
 college of Jefuits, and an hofpital of San Juan 
 de Dios. The nunneries are thofe of St. Clara, 
 
 and St. Therefa. . , , , 
 
 Carthagena, together with its fuburbs ,s 
 equal to a city of the third rank m Europe. It .3 
 well peopled, though mod of us inhabitants are 
 defended from the Indian tribes. As no mines 
 are worked here, moft of the money feen in 
 this part is fent from Santa V e, and Quito, to 
 .pay the falaries of the governor, officers, and 
 
 ^ The governor refides in -the city, which till 
 •the year 17-10, was independent ot the mihtary 
 )n civil affairs >,. »PP“' f “ 
 the audience of Santa Fe; and a viceroy of Santa 
 J5c being that year created, under the tiue^oi 
 
viceroy of New Granada, the government of 
 Carthagena became fubjedl to him alfo in mili- 
 tary affairs. The firft viceroy was lieutenant 
 general Don Sebaflian de Efclava, the fame who 
 defended Carthagena againft the powerful inva- 
 fton of the Englifh in 1741, when after a long 
 fiege, they were forced to retire. 
 
 Carthagena has alfo a biflhop, whofe fpiritual 
 jurifdidion is of the fame extent with the mili- 
 tary and civil government. The chapter is com- 
 posed of the bifhop and prebends. Here is alfo a 
 court of inquifition*, whofe power is very ex- 
 tenfive. 
 
 Befides thefe tribunals, the police and admini- 
 ftration of juftice in the city is under a fecular ma~ 
 giftracy, confiding of regidores, from whom every 
 year are chofen two alcaldes. There is alfo an 
 office of revenue under an accotaptant and trea- 
 furer, where the taxes and monies belonging to 
 the king are received, and proper iflues directed. 
 There is alfo a perfon of the law, with the title 
 of Auditor de la Gente de Guerra, who deter- 
 mines precedes." 
 
 Carthagena bay is one of the beff in this 
 country. It extends two leagues and a half 
 from N. to S. and has fafe anchorage, though 
 the many (hallows at the entrance make a care- 
 ful fteerage neceflary. The entrance into the 
 bay was through the narrow (height of Bocca 
 Chica, or little mouth, which fince the inva- 
 fion of the Englifh has been (hut up, and a 
 more commodious one opened and fortified. 
 Towards Bocca Chica, and two leagues and a 
 half diftant feawards, is a fhoal of gravel and 
 coarfe fand; on many parts of which there is not 
 above a foot and a half of water, 
 
 F 3 
 
 The 
 
CAR 
 
 The bay abounds with great variety of fi{R^ 
 the moft common are the (had and the turtle ; 
 but it is alfo infefted with a great number of 
 lharks. In this bay the galleons from Spain wait 
 for the arrival of the Peru fleet at Panama, and 
 on the fir 11 advice of this, they fail away for 
 Porto Bello ; but at the end of the fair held at 
 that town, return into this bay, and after victual- 
 ing put to fea again immediately. During their 
 abfence, the bay is very little frequented. The 
 country veftels, which are only a few bilanders 
 and felluccas, flay no longer than to careen and 
 fit out for fea. 
 
 The climate is very hot. From May to 
 November, which is the winter here, there is 
 almoft a continual fucceflion of thunder, rain, 
 andtempefls; fo that the ftreets have the appear- 
 ance of rivers, and the country of an ocean ; 
 from this, otherwfel- Blocking inconvenience, 
 they fave water in ffervoirs, as the wells fupply 
 them only with a tBck, brackifh fort not fit to 
 drink. From Decdftber to April is here the 
 fummer, in which tl»e is fo invariable a conti- 
 nuation of excefiive“eat, that perforation is 
 profufe to a degree of wafte ; whence the com- 
 plexions of the inhabitants are fo wan and livid, 
 that one would imagine them but newly re- 
 covered from a violent fit of fickncfs. et 
 they enjoy a good Bate of health, and live even 
 to 80 and upwards. The Angularity of the 
 climate occaflons diftempers peculiar to the place: 
 the moft (hocking is the fever, attended with the 
 black vomit, which moftly affeCts ftrangers, and 
 rages among the feamen ; it lafts about three or 
 four days, in which time the patient either re- 
 covers 
 
covers or dies, as it is very acute, and on rcco* 
 very is never troubled with it again. 
 
 Another diftemper peculiar to the inhabitants 
 is the mal cie fan lazaro, or leprofy, which is- 
 common anti contagious; nor is the itch and 
 harpes lefs frequent, or communicative, and 
 it is dangerous to attempt the cure when it has 
 once gained ground ; in its firrt ftage they anoint 
 with a kind of earth called Maquimaqui. The 
 culebulla, or little fnake, is particular to this cli- 
 mate, which caufes a round inflamed tumour, 
 which often terminates in a mortification. 
 Spafms and convulfions are very common here, 
 and frequently prove mortal. The principal 
 trees for fize are the caobo, or acajou, the cedar, 
 the maria, and the balfam-tree. Of the firft 
 arc made the canoes and champagnes ufed for 
 fifhing, and for the coaft and river trade. The 
 reddifh cedar is preferable to the whitifh. The 
 maria and balfam-trees, bcfides the ufefulnefs of 
 their timber, which, like the others, arc compaft, 
 fragrant, and finely grained, dirtil thofe admira- 
 ble bahams called Maria-oil and balfam of Tolu, 
 from an adjacent village, where it is found irt 
 the greateft quantities, Here are alfo the tama- 
 rind, medlar, fapote, papayo, guabo, canno 
 fiftolo, orcnflia, palm, and manzanillo: moft of 
 them producing a palatable, wholefome fruit,- 
 with a durable and variegated wood. The man- 
 zanillo is remarkable as its fruits are pcifonous, 
 the antidote common- oil, but the wood is varie- 
 gated like marble. It is dangerous even to lay un- 
 der this tree, as from its droppings the body is 
 fwelled, which is only cured by repeated ointments 
 and cooling draughts. The Very hearts themfelve* 
 avoid the tree by inftinft, and never approach ir. 
 
 F 4 The 
 
GAR 
 
 The palm-trees are of four fpecies,. the firft 
 produce cocoa, the fecond dates, the third called 
 Palma Real, a very difagreeable fruit, lefs than 
 the date; and the fourth, called Corozo, a fruit 
 larger than the, date of exquifite tafte, and 
 greatly ufed in making cooling and wholfome 
 draughts. Palm- wine is extracted from the 
 four, which ferments for five or fix days, and 
 is then applied to ufe ; it is of a whitifli colour* 
 very rich, racy, and inebriating, but cooling, and 
 is the favourite liquor of the Indians and negroes. 
 
 The guiacum, and ebony-trees, are equally 
 common here; their hardnefs almoft equal to 
 iron : the fenfitive plant is found in great plenty. 
 The bejuco, or bind-weed, here bears a fruit cal- 
 led habilia, or bean, very bitter, but one of the 
 moft effeftual antidotes againft the bites of vipers 
 and ferpents ; perfons who frequent the woods 
 always eat of this valuable habilia, and then are 
 no way apprehenfive from the bite though ever 
 fo venomous. 
 
 The only tame animals here are the cow 
 and the hog ; the fleflh of the latter is faid to 
 exceed the befl in Europe, while that of the former 
 is dry and unpalatable, as they cannot fatten 
 through the excefiive heats. Poultry, pigeons, 
 partridges, and geefe, are very good, and in great 
 plenty. There are alfo great quantities of deer, 
 rabbits, and wild boars, called fajones. The ti- 
 gers make great havock among the creatures, 
 Here are foxes, armadillos, or fcaly lizards, ardil- 
 las, fquirrels, and an innumerable variety of 
 monkeys. 
 
 The bat is here very remarkable; for the peo- 
 ple on account of the heat are obliged to leave 
 their windows open, all night, at which the 
 
 bats 
 
C A R 
 
 bats get in and open the veins of any part that is 
 naked, fo that from the orifice the blood flows 
 in fuch quantities, that their fleep has often 
 proved their paflage to eternity. Snakes, vipers, 
 centipes, and all other poifonous reptiles, arc 
 here as common as in other parts. 
 
 Barley, wheat, and other efculent grains, are 
 little known. Maize, and rice of which they 
 make their hollo or bread, abounds even to excels. 
 The beft fort of bollo is kneaded with milk. 
 Among the negroes the caffava bread is moft 
 common; it is made of the roots of yuca, yames, 
 and moniatos, the upper fkin of which they 
 flrip off, and grate the infide into water. There 
 is great plenty of camotes, in tafte like Malaga 
 potatoes, ufed both as pickles, and roots with 
 the meat. Plantations of fugar-canes abound to 
 fuch a degree, as greatly to lower the price of 
 honey, and a great part of the juice of thefe 
 canes is diftilled into fpirits: thefe grow fo quick 
 as to be cut twice a year. Great numbers of 
 cotton trees grow here, thofe which are planted 
 and cultivated are reckoned the beft; the cotton 
 of both is fpun, and made into feveral forts of 
 fluffs, which are worn by the negroes. 
 
 Thecacao tr.es, from which chocolate is made, « 
 excel here, and the chocolate is more efteemed 
 than that of other countries; efpecially the cho- 
 colate of the Magdalena, which is highly valued ; 
 and by way of diftindion in preference to that of 
 the Carraccas, is fold by millares, whereas theCa- * 
 racca chocolate is fold by the bufliel, weighing 
 iio lb. but that of Ma^acaybo weighs only 
 96 lb. This is the moft valuable treafure which 
 nature could have beftowed on this country. 
 Among the fruits, which refemble thofe cf Spain, 
 
 F 5 are 
 
CAR 
 
 are the melons, water-melons, called patillas,. 
 crapes, oranges, medlars, and dates ; the grapes 
 Ire not equal to thofe of Spam, but the medlars 
 far exceed them. The fruits peculiar to the 
 country are the pine-apple, which from its beauty, 
 fmell, and tafie, is filled by way of preference, 
 the queen of fruits ; the papapayas, guanabanas, 
 cuayabas, fapotes, mameis, plantanos, cocos, 
 tnd many others. The common length of the 
 pine-apple is ufually from five to feven inches, 
 and the diameter near its bafis three or four. 
 
 The other moft common fruits are the bana- 
 nas, of which bread is often made, the platan 
 nos, and the dominicos, which are preferable in 
 tafte. The guineos are very palatable, but very 
 hot and not reckoned fowholefome, and the na- 
 tives ufe water to drink after them; but the Tai- 
 lors, who ufe brandy almoft with every thing, 
 foon bring on difeafes and fudden death by tins 
 intemperature. Lemons are fcarce : ; but that 
 defect is remedied by a luxuriance of limes, cal- 
 led here, futiles, the juice of which the inhabi- 
 tants of Carthagena apply in all their cookeries, 
 and often fqueeze them into the water wherein 
 they boil their meats, or fteep the flefh in the 
 mice, from which preparation the flelh is fooner 
 ready and more delicious. As grapes, almonds, 
 and olives, are not natural here, the country is 
 deftitute of wine, oil, and raifins, with which 
 it is fupplied from Europe ; whence thefe articles 
 are exceflive dear, and often above purchafe; 
 and this want fometimes occafions epidemical 
 diforders among thofe who are ufed to wine, as 
 being deprived of the ufe of it, they frequently 
 iofe their digeftive faculty. 
 
CAR 
 
 The want of oil is fupplied by hogs-lard, and 
 inftead of lamps they ufe tallow candles, fo they 
 want oil only for their falads. Among the no^ 
 bility and better fort, their moft luxurious difh is 
 the agi-aco, which confifts of poflc fried, birds 
 of feveral kinds, plantanes, maize pafte, and 
 feafonings made of pimento or agi. 
 
 The bay of Carthagena is the firft place in 
 America at which the galleons are allowed to 
 touch, and hence it eftjoys the firft fruits of 
 commerce by the" public fales made there, 
 Thofe fales, though not accompanied with all 
 the form? obferved at Porto Bello fair, are yet 
 very confiderabJe ; for the traders of Santa Fe, 
 Popayan, and Quito, lay out not only therr 
 whole ftock, but alfo the monies entrufled to 
 them by commiflions for feveral forts of goods, 
 and thofe fpecies of provifions, which are moftly 
 wanted in their refpe&ive countries. The two 
 provinces of Santa Fe and Popayan have no 
 other way of fupplying themfelves with thofe 
 provifions but from Carthagena. Their traders 
 bring gold and filver. in fpecie, ingots, and duft, 
 and alfo emeralds ; as, befides the filver mines- 
 worked at Santa Fe, and which daily encrenfe 
 by frefti difeoveries, there are others, which 
 yield the fineft emeralds : but the value of thofe 
 gems being now fallen in Europe, and partiar- 
 larly in Spain, the trade of them, formerly fo 
 confiderable, is now greatly leflened, and confe- 
 quently the reward of finding them. All thefe 
 mines producegreat quantities of gold, which is 
 carried to Coco, and there pays one fifth to the 
 king. 'I his little fair at Carthagena occafions a 
 great quantity of fhops to be opened, and filled 
 with all kinds of merchandize, the profit partly 
 F 6 rdult- 
 
CAR 
 
 refulting to Spaniards, who come in the galleons* 
 and areeither recommended to, or are in part- 
 nerfhip with the Cargadores, or traders, who 
 bring European goods, and partly to thofe al- 
 ready fettled in the city. The Cargadores fur- 
 nidi the former with goods, though to no great 
 value, in order to gain their cuftom : and the 
 latter, as perfons whom they have already ex- 
 perienced as good and honeft dealers, and both 
 in proportion to the quicknefs of their fale. 
 This is a time of univerfal profit, to fome by 
 letting lodgings and {hops, to fome by the increafe 
 of their refpe&ive trades, and to others by the 
 labour of their negro flaves, whofe pay alfo is 
 proportionally incrcafed, as they do more work 
 in this bufy time; nor is it uncommon for thefe 
 ialt, from this brifknefs of trade to purchafe their 
 freedoms and fet up for themfelves. By the in- 
 creafe of ftrangers fometimes to one half of the 
 uftral number of people the confumption, and 
 confequently the price of provifions and other ar- 
 ticles of life, advances ; from which thofe who 
 brin^ them to market make great advantages. 
 
 This commercial tumult lafts only while the 
 galleons continue in the bay, to which hurry the 
 tempo muerto, or dead time, fucceeds. The 
 fmall trade carried on during this calm feafon, 
 confifts of a few bilanders from La Trinidad* 
 the Havannah, and St. Domingo, bringing 
 Jeaf-tobacco, fnuff, fugars ; and returning with 
 Magdalena cacao, or chocolate, earthern-ware, 
 rice, and other goods wanted in thofe iliands ; 
 and even of thefe fmall veflels one is fcarcely 
 feen for two or three months together. The 
 fame may be laid of thofe which go from Gar- 
 th agma to Nicaragua, Vera Cruz, Honduras, 
 
and other parts, but the mod frequent trips ar£ 
 made to Porto Bello, Chagre, or Santa Martha. 
 And the reafon why this commerce is not 
 carried on more brifkly is, becaufe that mod of 
 thofe places are naturally provided with the fame 
 kind of provifions, and are under no neceffity of 
 trafficking with each other. Another branch of 
 the commerce of this place during the tempo 
 muerto is carried on with the towns and villages 
 of its own jurifdicfion; from whence are brought 
 all kinds of neceffaries, as maize, rice, live hogs, 
 cotton, tobacco, plantanes, birds, caflava, fu- 
 gar, honey, and cacao, mod of which is 
 brought in canoes, and champanas, a fort of 
 boats very proper for rivers : the former a kind 
 of coafters, the other moftly for rivers, as thofe 
 of Magdalena, Sinu, and others. Their re- 
 turns confift moftly of goods for apparel, with 
 which the {hops furnifh themfelves from the gal- 
 leons, or from prizes taken by the king's frigates, 
 or privateers. No eatable pays any duty to the 
 king, and every perfon may in his own houfe 
 kill any number of pigs he thinks he fhall fell 
 that day, no falted pork being eat here, and the 
 exceffive heat foon corrupts it. All imports from 
 Spain, as brandy, wine, oil, almonds, raifins, 
 pay a duty, and are afterwards fold, without any 
 farther charge, except what is paid by retailers 
 as a tax for their (hop, or ftall. Befides thefe 
 goods, which keep alive this {lender inland com- 
 merce, here is an office for the affiento of negroes, 
 whither they are brought, and as it were kept 
 for pledges, till fuch perfons, as want them on 
 their eftates come to pui chafe them; negroes be- 
 i»g generally employed in hufoandry, and other 
 
 labo- 
 
CAT 
 
 laborious country works. This indeed giv<*s 
 fome life to the trade of Carthagena, though it 
 is no weighty article. The produce of the royal 
 revenues in this city, being not fufRcient to pay 
 and fupport the governor, garrifon, and a great 
 number of other officers, the deficiency is re- 
 mitted from the treafares of Santa Fe, and 
 Quito, under the name of Situado, together 
 with fuch monies as are requifite for keeping up 
 the fortifications, furnifhing the artillery, and 
 other expences neceffary for the* defence of the 
 place and its forts. Lat. io. 26. N. Long. 77. 
 22. W. 
 
 Cartago, the capital of Cofta Rica in 
 New Spain, fituated ten leagues from the N. 
 and 17 leagues from the South Sea, having a 
 port in each. It was formerly in a much more 
 fiourifhing ftate than at prefent ; feveral rich 
 merchants refide here, who carry on a great 
 trade to Panama, Porto Bello, Carthagena, 
 and the Havannah. It had alfo a governor, and 
 was the fee of a bifhop ; but at prefent it is 
 only a mean place, has very few inhabitants, 
 and hardly any trade. Lat. 9. 15. N. Long. 
 83. 16. W. 
 
 Castro Virreyna, a iurifdi&ion in South 
 America, and kingdom of Peru, fubjedl to the 
 archbifhop of Lima, remarkable for a valuable 
 wool from the fheep called vicunna. Thefe 
 were wild, and arealmoft exterminated by hunt- 
 ing, on account of their wool. AH kinds of 
 corn, grain, and fruits are here in plenty. 
 
 Catherine, St. a fmall ifiand in the cap- 
 tainfhip of St. Vincent in Brafil, belonging to 
 the Portuguefe, 47 leagues S. of the ifiand Cana- 
 da,- It is about 25 miles from N. to S. inhabited 
 
 by 
 
^ St'S ' 
 M't 
 : iknjj 
 its top 
 ®iip 
 ttjistt. 
 
 i Ft, al 
 i tO’iij 
 
 [ «K! 
 
 iHsv,a 
 
 tncttm 
 
 % 
 
 Hie i in 
 n the N, 
 having i 
 most 
 seial lid 
 on a gs. 
 Jarthagcci 
 r ernor, aol 
 refect it is 
 li atantJ, 
 
 i k{. 
 
 m \n Sosd 
 
 bjeStofe 
 
 t a idi 
 
 na, Tes 
 
 [cdkyh* 
 
 ill W< 
 
 enty. 
 
 ink? 
 
 doff 5 
 
 U& 
 
 i'\0 
 
 CAT 
 
 by Indians under the Poituguefe, and friends tar 
 them againft their enemies, the natives of BrafiL 
 Lat. 27. 10. S. Long. 47. 15. W. 
 
 Cavallo, a fea-port town in the province of 
 Venezula on the Terra Firma, or Ifthmus of 
 Darien, 25 miles N. E. of St. Jago de Leo n* 
 It was attacked the laft war by commodore 
 Knowles, but without any fuccefs. Lat, ic* 
 15. N. Long. 68. 12. W. 
 
 Caxamarqua, a jurifdi&ion in the diocefe 
 of the bifhop of Truxillo in the kingdom of 
 Peru, South America, lying between the two 
 Cordilleros of the Andes ; it produces plenty of 
 all kinds of grain, fruits, and efculent vegeta- 
 bles, alfo cattle, fheep, and efpecially hogs, of 
 which they fend vaft numbers to the vallies, who 
 fatten them with maize, and drive a eonfiderable 
 trade at Chincay, Lima, Truxillo, &c. Here 
 the Indians weave cotton for fhip’s fails, bed 
 curtains, quilts, &c. Here are alfo fome filver 
 mines, but of little confequenec. 
 
 Caxamarquila, a fmall jurifdi&ion in the 
 empire of Peru, in the bifhopric of Truxillo. 
 
 Caxatambo, a jurifdiftion in the archbifhop- 
 ric of Lima, in the empire of Peru, South Ame- 
 rica ; it begins 35 leagues N. E. from Lima. 
 There are here very fine filver mines, and it 
 abounds with herds and flocks, wheat, barley* 
 maize, and great numbers of Indians are em- 
 ployed in making bayes, and other coarfe fluffs. 
 
 Cayanwro, a mountain in South America, 
 one of the Cordilleras, fituated in the province 
 of Quito, near the middle of the Torrid Zone, 
 but is continually covered with ice, and fnow. 
 
 Cayanne, an ifland belonging to the French 
 in the Atlantic ocean, at the mouth of the rivet 
 
 Cayanno. 
 
CAY 
 
 Cavanne in Guiana, a province of South Ame- 
 rica. The land near the fhores of the ifland 
 is low ; but within the land, there are fine moun- 
 tains and hills, very proper for fettlements. On 
 one of the points of the ifland is a fort, conve- 
 niently fituated on a rifing ground ; but in want 
 of frefh water, having none but what they fave 
 in citterns. There is a good anchoring juft at 
 the port, where above ioo fiiips may ride very 
 fecurely ; and on each fide of the point of land 
 on which the fort ftands, boats may come up 
 without any danger, clofe to the fhore. The 
 ifland is about 17 leagues in compafs, produces 
 excellent pafture for cattle, and is well watered 
 with rivulets and ftreams from the adjacent hills, 
 not only good to drink, but very proper to turn 
 fugar-mills. The French, who fettled here about 
 the year 1635, built the fort firft, which they 
 called St. Louis. Near this is a village of about 
 200 houfes inhabited by the foldiers of the gar- 
 rifon, and all forts of tradefmen. Here are feve- 
 ral warchoufes, and a fugar-mill worked by 
 oxen. The whole number of the inhabitants is 
 about 350 French, and 50 negroes. To the 
 N. E. of the fort, and about four leagues from 
 the laft mentioned village is another called Ar- 
 mire, fituated on a rifing ground ; the lower 
 part cf which is jnhabited by 60 Jews, and 25 
 negroes. In the*upper part, or top of the emi- 
 nence, where ftands a chapel and water-mill for 
 fu^ar, live 60 French, and 25 negroes. Befides 
 thofe, are feveral other plantations of French 
 Scattered up and down the ifland. And as they 
 would willingly extend themfelves on the main, 
 they have eredfced a redoubt planted with three 
 pieces of cannon on one fide of the river, and 
 
feiai 
 fine oioig. 
 nems, ft 
 fot, coQve* 
 feting 
 tatlejfo 
 •oriEgjii 
 i2y:iie?c] 
 
 ointoflaa 
 
 ray cwr i; 
 Oicre. T* 
 &, proiot: 
 rf rates 
 |icentfci, 
 p to tan 
 Itaute 
 Aifcr 
 lajeofato 
 i or the gc- 
 [ere are it* 
 untied k 
 Mm i 
 s. To tie 
 rain 
 
 fiittWi 
 i; tkete 
 [ew, 4? 
 p of fc® 
 iWterJk 
 roes. Ei 
 3S of W 
 
 :QjitW 
 
 eJ 
 
 the 
 
 0 
 
 C H A 
 
 in order to defend the entrance to it they have 
 erefted a garrifon of 20 foldiers. Farther in land 
 they have another fort called Sinarary, ferving 
 them inftead of an advanced poft, where is kept a 
 garrifon of 80 French. Lat. 5* 10. N. Long- 
 53. 14. W. 
 
 Cayloma, a jurifditSHon under the bifhop of 
 Arequipa, 32 leagues E. of that city in South. 
 America, and empire of Peru, famous for the 
 filver mines in the mountains of Cayloma. T he 
 mines are very rich here, though for a long time 
 worked. There is an office here for receiving 
 the king’s fifths, and vending the quick-filver 
 ufed in feparating the metal from the ore. The 
 country is extremely cold and barren. 
 
 Chacapoyas, a jurifdi&hn under the bifhop 
 of JTruxillo in South America, and empire of 
 Peru. The Indians make a great variety of cot- 
 tons and tapeffry here, which for the livelinefs of 
 the colours and neatnefs of the work deferve at- 
 tention. They alfo make abundance of cotton, 
 fail-cloths, &c. It lies without the Cordilleras. 
 
 Chagre, a river in South America, and em- 
 pire of Peru. It was formerly called Lagortas 
 from the number of alligators in it ; has its 
 fource in the mountains near Cruces, and its 
 mouth in the North-Sea, in lat. 9. N. Its en- 
 trance is defended by a fort, built on a fteep rock 
 on the E. fide near the fea-fhore. This fort has 
 a commandant, and lieutenant, and the garrifon 
 it draughted from Panama, to which you go by 
 this river, landing at Cruces, about five leagues 
 from Panama, and from thence one travels by 
 land to that city. Oppofite to Fort Chagre is 
 the royal cuftom-houfe, where an account is 
 taken of all goods going up the river. Here it is 
 
 broad- 
 
Broadeft, being 120 toifes over; whereas, 
 Cruces, where it begins to be navigable, it is only 
 20 toifes wide: from the town of Chagre to the 
 mouth of the river is 21 miles, or feven leagues, 
 and the bearing N. W. wefterly; but the dif- 
 tance meafured by the windings is 43 miles. 
 There is at Cruces an alcalde, who lives at the 
 cuftom-houfe, and takes an account of all goods 
 on the river. 
 
 Champlain, a lake on the N. borders of 
 New York in North America, and on the W. 
 of Canada, where the French have built feveral 
 forts, and in a manner expelled us from 
 the N. parts of this country. They have even 
 fell on the frontier of New York, and com- 
 mitted feveral unjuftifiable hoftilities in time of 
 peace. Lat. 44. 10. N. Long. 73. 10. W. 
 
 Chancay, the capital of its own jurifdidfion 
 in the South-Seas, diftant from Guara 14 leagues, 
 and fituated on the road from Truxillo to Lima. 
 The town contains about 300 houfes and feveral 
 Indian huts. It is very populous for its extent, 
 and boafts of many Spanifh families of diftfn- 
 guifhed rank among them. Here is a parifh- 
 church and a Francifcan convent. The corre- 
 gidor re fades here. The country is very fertile, 
 and is watered bv canals cut from the river PafTa- 
 mayo, the ufual way of watering lands in thefe 
 places, which runs about a league and a half to 
 the fouthward of the town. The country round 
 is every where fcrwed with maize for the purpofe 
 of fattening hogs, in which article a very con- 
 faderable trade is carried on with the city of 
 Lima. Lat. 11. 10. S. Long. 77. 49. W. 
 
 Charcas, a province of South America, in 
 thediocefe of Cufco, empire of Peru, and jurif- 
 
 di&ioiv. 
 
tfi&ion of Lampa, reaching as far as Buenos 
 Ayres, and bordering on Chili. It is a very ex- 
 tenfive country, but full of deferts and impene- 
 trable forefis. Thefe vaft tradls contain the 
 diocefles of one archbifhop, and of five bifhops* 
 his fuffragans, that of La Plata being the me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 Charles-cape, a promontory of North 
 America, mentioned by captain Thomas James 
 in the account of his voyage, publifhed in 1633, 
 for finding the N. W. paflage to the Weft Indies. 
 The difiance between the meridian of which 
 and the weftern part of California, he fays will 
 be found to be about 500 leagues in J*at. 66. 
 where, continues he, the meridians incline very 
 much together. About this cape the variation of 
 the needle is 29 degrees to the W. from which 
 may be drawn a probable argument, fays the 
 captain, that much land lies to the weftward. 
 Lat. 66. 00. N. Long. 87. 22. W. 
 
 Charles-town, the metropolis of South 
 Carolina, and indeed the only valuable town in 
 this or North Carolina, both the provinces is 
 one of the firft in North America, for fize, 
 beauty, and traffick. It is fituated on a neck of 
 land between two navigable rivers, Afhley and 
 Cowper ; but' moftly on the latter, having a 
 creek on the N. fide and another on the S. 
 The town is regularly built, and pretty ftrongly 
 fortified, both by nature and art. It has "fix 
 bafiions and a line all round it. Towards Cow- 
 per river are Blake’s-baftion, Granville’s- baf- 
 tion, a half- moon, and Craven’s-baftion : on 
 the S. creek are the palifadoes and Afhley’s- 
 baftion : on the N. a line : and facing Afhley- 
 river, are Colliton-baftion and Johnfon’s covered 
 
 half 
 
C H A 
 
 half-moon, with a draw-bridge in the line and 
 another in the half- moon ; Carteret-baftion is the 
 next to it. Befides thefe regular works, another 
 fort has been ereCted upon a point of land at the 
 mouth of Afhley- river, which commands the 
 channel fo well, that fhips cannot eafily pafs it. 
 But in Harris’s cohesion of voyages we are told, 
 that the baftions, palifadoes,and foffe next the land 
 having been much damaged by a hurricane, and 
 reckoned to be of too great an extent to be de- 
 fended by the inhabitants, governor Nicholfon 
 caufed them to be demoliflied ; but thofe near 
 the water (till fubfifly and are in good repair. 
 This place is a market-town, and to it the 
 whole produdh of the province is brought for 
 fale. Neither is its trade inconfiderable ; for it 
 deals near 1000 miles into the continent. How- 
 ever, it has the great difadvantage of a bar which 
 admits no (hips above 200 tons. But this bar, 
 fays the aforefaid author, has 16 feet water at 
 low tide; and after a (hip has got clofe up to the 
 town, there is good riding. And the harbour is 
 defended by a fort, called Johnfon’s-fort, and ' 
 about 20 guns in it, which range level with the 
 furface of t^he water. Afhley-river, fays he, is 
 navigable for (hips 20 miles above the town; 
 and for boats and pettyangers, or large canoes, 
 near 40. Cowper-river is not practicable for 
 fhips fo far ; but for boats and pettyangers much 
 further. ^ • 
 
 The fituation of Charles-town is very inviting, 
 and the country about it agreable and fruitful. 
 The highways are extremely delightful, efpe- 
 cially that called Broad-way, which for three or 
 four miles makes a road and walk fo charmingly 
 
 green v 
 

 flaaljfc 
 Bnaaii 
 cafljpbt 
 i weired 
 nextfcki 
 irricm^a 
 at tolled 
 or Nicko’i: 
 tf thole m 
 tood/cpix, 
 i to it (lit 
 brought (or 
 A‘j fcti 
 A How- 
 I ate wiki 
 But this ba 
 feet water: 
 loiuptob 
 he kiwi 
 Wort, d 
 yt&nAfc 
 t^tei 
 ,ve it wr 
 ■ large a* 
 prafiWk® 
 tyanjes ® 2 
 
 svetf’^i 
 
 eligbtful 
 
 ickfate* 
 
 facial 
 
 jets:? 
 
 C H A 
 
 green, that no art could make fo pleafing a fight 
 for the whole year. 
 
 The ftreets are well laid out, the houfes large, 
 fome of brick, but more of timber and gene- 
 rally faflied, and let at exceflive rents. The 
 church is fpacious, and executed in a very ele- 
 gant tafte, exceeding every thing of that kind in 
 North America, having three ifles, an organ, 
 and a gallery quite round. There are meeting- 
 houfes for the feveral denominations of difienters; 
 among which the French proteftants have a 
 church in the main ftreet. ' It contains about 
 800 houfes, is the feat of the governor, and the 
 place where the general affembly and court of 
 judicature are held, the public offices kept, and 
 the bufinefs of the province tranfa&ed. Here 
 the rich people have handfome equipages ; the 
 merchants are opulent and well bred ; the peo- 
 ple are thriving and extenfive, in drefs and life ; 
 fo that every thing confpires to make this town 
 the politeft, as it is one of the richeft in America. 
 In this town is a publick library which owes its 
 rife to Dr. Thomas Bray, as do moft of the 
 American libraries, havingzealoufty follicited con- 
 tributions in England for that purpofe. The heft 
 harbour of Carolina is far to the S. on the borders 
 of Georgia, called Port-royal. This might give a 
 capacious and lafe reception to the largeft fleets 
 of the greateft bulk and burden ; yet the town 
 which is called Beaufort, on Port-royal harbour, 
 is not as yet confiderable, but it bids fair for be- 
 coming the firft trading town in this part of Ame- 
 rica. The import trade of South Carolina from 
 Great Britain and the Weft Indies, is the fame 
 4 n all refpedts with that of the reft of the other 
 
 colo- 
 
C H A 
 
 •Colonies, and is very large- Their -trade with 
 the Indians is in a very flourifhmg condition. Its 
 exports, are, as follow. 
 
 Exported from Charles-town only in 1741. 
 
 .Rice, - - - 4 1 >957 barre ’. s * 
 
 Indigo, - - - 100,000 pounds. 
 
 Deer-fkins, - - 3 °° b< * s ‘ , 
 
 Pitch, - - - 10,750 barrels. 
 
 Tar, - 2063 ditto. 
 
 ' Turpentine, - - 759 barrels. 
 
 Beef, pork, &c. not particularized. 
 
 In the year 1754 ; 23 years diftant. 
 
 Rice, - - - 104,682 barrels. 
 
 Indigo, 
 Deer-fkins, 
 
 Pitch, 
 
 Tar, 
 
 Turpentine, 
 
 Beef, - - 
 
 Pork, 
 
 Indian corn, 
 Peafe, 
 
 Tanned leather. 
 Raw hides, - - 
 Shingles, 
 
 Slaves, 
 
 Lumber, 
 
 - , 
 
 216,924 pounds. 
 
 460 hds. 
 
 1 14 bundles, 
 508 loofe. 
 51,869 barrels. 
 2,943 ditto. 
 
 759 d ltt0 - 
 416 ditto. 
 1,560 ditto. 
 16,428 bufh. 
 9,612 ditto. 
 4,196 hides. 
 1200 
 - 1,114,000 N p . 
 206,000 ditto. 
 ^595,000 feet. 
 
 Befides a great number of live cattle, horfes, 
 ■cedar, cyprefs, and walnut-plank, bees-wax, 
 myrtle, fome raw filk and cotton. North Ca- 
 rolina, reputed one of the leaft flourifhmg of our 
 

 C H A 
 
 Settlements, and which certainly lay under great 
 diladvantages, yet is now greatly improved within 
 a few years. The following may be a fample. 
 
 Exported from all parts of North Carolina 
 in 1753. 
 
 Tar, - 61,528 barrels. 
 
 Pitch, - - - 14,055 ditto. 
 
 Turpentine, - - 10,429 ditto. 
 
 Staves, - - - 762,330 N°. 
 
 Shingles, - - 2,500,000 ditto. 
 
 Lumber, - - 2,000,647 ^ eet * 
 
 India corn, - * - 61,580 bufhels. 
 
 Peafe, - 10,000 ditto. 
 
 Tobacco, - - - 100 hds. 
 
 Tanned leather, - 1000 hund. wt. 
 
 Deer (kins in all ways, 30,000 
 
 Befides a confiderable quantity of wheat, rice, 
 bifeuit, potatoes, bees-wax, tallow-candles, 
 bacon, hogs-lard, cotton, and a vaft: deal of 
 fquared timber of walnut, and cedar, with 
 hoops and heading of all forts. Of late they 
 raife indigo, which is exported from South Caro- 
 lina. They raife much more tobacco than is fet 
 down ; but as it is produced on the frontiers of 
 Virginia, fo from thence it is exported. They ex- 
 port alfo a confiderable quantity of beaver, racoon, 
 fox, minx, and wild cats-fkins, and in every 
 {hip a good deal of live cattle, befides what they 
 vend in Virginia. What cotton and filk both 
 the Carolinas fend us is excellent, and calls 
 aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in 
 a place fo well adapted to raife both. In 1756, 
 it is faid that 500,000 lb. of indigo were railed 
 there, though it was fcarce expelled 3 which 
 
 {hews 
 
C H A 
 
 {hews how that valuable commodity may be 
 m\ farther improved to the immenfe profit of the 
 mother-country, if properly encouraged. 
 
 A full detail of the feveral large branches of 
 its trade, namely rice, indigo, pitch, tar, and 
 turpentine, is as follows. , „ . c 
 
 Rice anciently formed by ltfelf the ftaple of 
 this province; this wholefome grain makes a 
 ereat part of the food of all ranks of people in 
 the fouthern parts of the world ; in the northern 
 It L not fo much in requeft. Whilft the rigour 
 of the aft of navigation obliged them to fend all 
 their rice direftly to England, to be re-fh.pped 
 for the markets of Spain and Portugal, the 
 charges incident to this regulation lay fo heavy 
 upon the trade, that the cultivation of rice, 
 cfpecially in time of war, when thefe charges 
 came high upon the planter, was neglefted ; 
 but now the legiflature has relaxed the law 
 in this refpeft, and permits the Carolinians 
 to fend their rice direftly to any place to the 
 fouthward of Cape Fimfterre. This prudent 
 indulgence has again revived the rice trade ; and 
 though they have gone largely, and with great 
 fpirit into the profitable article of indigo, it has 
 not diverted their attention from the cultivation 
 of rice : they raife now above double the quan- 
 tity of what they raifed fome years ago ; and this 
 branch alone of their commerce is, attheloweit 
 eftimation, worth 150,000/. annually. 
 
 Indigo is a dye made from a plant of the fame 
 name, "which probaWy was fo called from In- 
 dia, where it was firft cultivated, and from 
 whence we had for a confiderable time the whole 
 of what we confumed in Europe. T his plant is 
 very like the fern when grown, and when y 0U "S 
 
C H A 
 
 hardly diftmguifhable from lucern-grafs; |» s I eave , 
 in general are pennated,and terminated byafrogle 
 lobe; the flowers con lift of five petals, rid are of 
 the papilionaceous kind, the uppcrmofl petal being 
 larger and rounder than there/!, and lightly fur- 
 rowed on the fide ; but the lower ones are^hort 
 and end in a point; in the middle of the flower 
 is fituated the ftile, which afterwards becomes a 
 pod, containing the feeds. 
 
 They cultivate three forts of indigo in Caro- 
 Ima wh.ch require the fame variety of (oils 
 
 Ftrft, the french, or Hi , 
 ftnking a long tap root, v . 
 deep rich foil; and therefore, though m 
 lent fort, it is notfo much cultivated in * n a- 
 ritime parts of Carolina, which are gei t »r;dly 
 fandy; but no part of the world is more to 
 produce it m perfea.on than the fame countr 
 I OO miles backwards; it is negledled too on 
 
 zfa r sErbS ard ^ bears a win - * 
 
 more tall and vigorous plant, is raifcd in greater 
 quant.t.es from the fame compafs of gro.md is 
 content with the worft foils in the country, and 
 is therefore more cultivated than the firft fort 
 though inferior in the quality of its dye * 
 
 The third fort is the wild indigo, which is in- 
 digenous here; this, as it is a native of the 
 country, anlwers the purpofes of the planter the 
 bell of all, with regard to the hardinefs of the 
 plant, the eafinefs of the culture, and the ouan 
 tity of the produce. Of the quality there hfome 
 difpute, not yet fettled amongft the planters 
 them.elvcs ; nor can they as yet di/tin-flly tell 
 
 ^ whe- 
 
C H A 
 
 whether they are to attribute the faults of their 
 JS to the nature of the plant, to the feafons, 
 which have much iufluence upon it, or to iome 
 defeat in the manufacture. . 
 
 The time of planting the indigo is generally 
 after the firft rains fucceeding the vernal equinox: 
 the feed is fowed in fmall ftraight trenches, about 
 t 8 or 20 inches afunder ; when it is at its height, 
 it is generally 18 inches tall. It is fit for cutting, 
 if all things anfwer well, in the beginning of 
 Tulv Towards the end of Auguft a fecond 
 cutting is obtained ; and if they have a mild 
 autumn, there is a third cutting at Michaelmas ; 
 the indiao land mud be weeded every day, and 
 the plants cleanfed from worms, and the plan- 
 tation attended with the greateft care and dili- 
 gence. About 25 negroes may manage a planta- 
 tion of 50 acres, and complete the manufacture 
 of the dru<r, befides providing their own necef- 
 fary fubfiftance, and that of the planter’s family. 
 Each acre yields, if the land be very good, 60 
 or 70 lb. of indigo ; at a medium the produce is 
 to lb When the plant is beginning to bloflom 
 it is ’fit for cutting; and when cut, great care 
 omht to be taken to bring it to the fteeper, 
 without preSing or (halting it, as a great part of 
 the beauty of the indigo depends upon the fine 
 farina which adheres to the leaves of this plant. 
 
 The apparatus for making indigo is pretty 
 confiderable, though not very expensive; ter 
 befides a pump, the whole confifts only of vats 
 and tubs of cyprefs-wood, common and cheap 
 in this country. The indigo when cut is firft 
 hid in a vat about 12 or 14 feet long, and tour 
 deep, to the height of about 14 inches, to ma- 
 cerate and dig#. Then this veffel, which is 
 
called the fteeper, is filled with water; the 
 whole having lain from about 12 to 16 hours 
 according to the weather, begins to ferment’ 
 /well, rife, and grow fenfibly warm; at this 
 time fpars of wood are run acrofs to prevent 
 us fifing too much, and a pin is then fet to mark 
 the highelt point of its afeent ; when it falls be- 
 low this mark, they judge that the fermentation 
 has attained its due pitch, and begins to abate, 
 this diredts the manager to open a cock, znd let 
 , the water into another vat, which is called 
 the beater; the grofs matter that remains in the 
 nrlt vat, is carried off to manure the ground, for 
 which purpole it is excellent, and new cuttings 
 are put in as long as the harveft of this weed 
 continues. 
 
 f hC W , at f r ’ Wrongly impregnated with 
 the particles of the indigo, has run into the fe- 
 cond vat or beater, they attend with a fort of 
 bottomlefs buckets, with long handles, to work 
 and agitate it ; which they do inceffantly, until it 
 heats, froths ferments, and rifes above the rim of 
 the veffel which contains it. To allay this vioTer 
 
 fC k“l nta n° n ’. °J- ! S thrown as the froth rifes, 
 which inftantly finks it. When this beating has 
 
 mrtTfi r f0r r 2 K , 3 °’ ° r 35 minutes, according 
 to the ftate of the weather (lor in cool weather it 
 requires the longeft continued beating) a fmall 
 muddy gram begins to be formed ; the falls and 
 other particles of the plant united and diffolved 
 before with the water, are now reunited, and 
 begin to granulate. 
 
 To dilcoyer • theft particles the better, when 
 the liquor is lufficiently beaten, they take up 
 fome from time to time on a plate or in a <dafs. 
 hen it appears in a proper condition they throw 
 G 2 in 
 
C H A 
 
 irvfomc lime-water from an adjacent veffel.g^- 
 ffv ffirring the whole, which wonderfully facilities 
 the operation ; the indigo granulates more fully, 
 the liquor affumes a purplifh colour, and the wnole 
 is troubled and muddy. It is now fuffered to fettle; 
 then the clearer part islet to run off into another 
 fuccefiion of veffels, from whence the water is 
 conveyed away as faftas it clears at the top, until 
 nothing remains but a thick mud, which is put 
 into bags of coarfe linen. Thefe are hung up 
 and left for fome time, until the moifture is en- 
 tirely drained of. To finifli the drying, this mud 
 is turned out of the bags, and worked upon 
 boards of feme porous timber with a wooden 
 fpatula. It is frequently expofed to the morning 
 and evening fun, but for a fhort time only ; and 
 then it is put into boxes or frames, which is ca - 
 led the curing, expofed again to the fun in the 
 fame cautious manner, until with great labour 
 and attention the operation is nnifhed, and the 
 valuable drug, called indigo, fitted for the mar- 
 ket The ereateft fkill and care is required in 
 every part of the procefs, or there may be great 
 danger of ruining the whole ; the water mull 
 not be fuffered to remain too fhort or too long a 
 time, either in the fteeper or beater: the beating 
 itfelf muft be nicely managed, fo as not to ex- 
 ceed or fall fhort ; and in the curing, the exadt 
 medium between too much or too little drying is 
 not eafily attained. Nothing but experience can 
 make the overfeer fkilful in thefe matters. 
 
 There are two methods of trying the goodnefs 
 of indigo, by fire and by water ; if it fwims it is 
 good, if it finks it is naught, the heavier the 
 worfe ; yet, if it wholly diffolves in water, it is 
 good. Another way of proving it is, by the 
 
C H A 
 
 fiery ordeal ; if it entirely burns away it is good, 
 the adulterations remain entire and unconfumed. 
 . There is perhaps no branch of manufadfure, 
 ,n which fo large profits may be made upon fo 
 moderate a fund as that of indigo; and there is 
 no country in which this manufacture can be 
 carried on to fuch an advantage as in Carolina, 
 where the climate is healthy, provifions plentiful 
 and cheap, and every thing neceffary for that 
 buhnefs had with the greateft eafe. To do 
 juflice to the Carolinians, they have not ne- 
 glected thefe advantages ; and if they continue 
 to improve them with the fame fpirit in which 
 they have begun, and attend diligently to the 
 quality of their goods, they muft naturally and 
 neceflarily come to fupply the whole confump- 
 tion of the world with this commodity, and 
 confequently make their country the richeft, as 
 it is the pleafanteft and moil fertile part of the 
 Britifh dominions. 
 
 In all^ parts of Carolina, but efpeciaJIy in 
 iSorth Carolina, they make great quantities of 
 turpentine, tar, and pitch. They are all the pro- 
 duce of the pine. The turpentine is drawn {im- 
 ply from incifions made in the tree; and thofe 
 from as great an height as a man can reach with 
 an hatchet ; thefe incifions meet at the bottom 
 of the tree in a point, from which they pour 
 their contents into a veflel placed to receive 
 them. There is nothing further in this procefs. 
 but tar requires a more confiderable apparatus 
 and greater trouble. They prepare a circular 
 floor of clay, declining a little towards the cen- 
 ter; from this is laid a pipe of wood, the tipper 
 part of Which is even with the floor, and reaches 
 10 feet without the circumference $ under the 
 G 3 end 
 
C H A 
 
 end the earth is dug away, and barrels placed to 
 receive the tar as it runs. Upon the floor is 
 built up a large pile of pine- wood fplit in pieces, 
 and furrounded with a wall of earth, leaving 
 only a final 1 aperture at the top, where the fire is 
 firft kindled. When the fire begins to burn, 
 they cover this opening likewife, to confine the 
 fire from flaming out, and to leave only fufficient 
 heat to force the tar downwards to the floor. 
 They temper the heat as they pleafe, by run- 
 ning a ftick through the wall of clay, and giving it 
 air. Pitch is made by boiling tar in large iron 
 kettles fet in furnaces, or burning it in round 
 clay holes made in the earth. The greateft 
 quantity of pitch and tar is made in North Ca- 
 rolina. Lat. 32. 35 - S- Long. 79. 10. W 
 Charles-tovvn, in the county of Middle- 
 fex, in New England, in North America, is 
 fuuated on Charles-river : it is as populous and 
 well built as Cambridge, in the fame province, 
 but a much more trading town. It takes up all 
 the fpace between Miftick-river, and Charles- 
 river, which laft feparates it from Bofton, as the 
 Thames does London from Southwark, and is 
 dependent upon, and in fome fenfe a part of it, 
 as the latter is of the metropolis of Great Britain. 
 It has a ferry over the river ; fo that there is 
 hardly any need of a bridge, except in winter, 
 when the ice will neither bear nor admit of a 
 boat. The profits of the ferry belong to Har- 
 vard-college, in the neighbouring town of Cam- 
 brid<”*. Though the river is much broader above 
 the 'town, it is not wider at the ferry than the 
 Thames between London and Southwark. It 
 is nearly half as large as Bofton, and is capable 
 of being made as ftrong, it Handing as that does, 
 ° upon 
 
C H A 
 
 upon a peninfula. It is both a market and 
 county-town, has a good large church, a market 
 place in a handfome Iquare by the river fide, 
 Applied with all necefiary provifions both of flefh 
 and fifii, and two long flreets leading down to 
 it, which are both fair and regular. The river 
 is navigable, and runs feveral miles up the coun- 
 try. Lat. 42. ic. N. Long. 71. 15. W. 
 
 Charles-town, the only town on the 
 ifland of Nevis, one of the Caribbees, in Ame- 
 rica. In it are large houfes and well furnifhed 
 (hops, and is defended by Charles-fort. Here 
 their market is kept every funday from fun-rife 
 till nine o clock in the forenoon, when the ne- 
 groes bring to it Indian com, yams, garden-fluffs 
 of all forts, &c. Iron-wood and lignum vitae are 
 purchafed by the planters of this Tfiand, as well 
 as thofe of St. Chriftopher’s from the iflands of 
 Defcada, St. Bartholomew, Santa Cruz, in or- 
 der to ferve as pofls for their fugar-houfes, mills, 
 &c. In the parifh of St. John, on the S. fide of 
 Charles-town isa large fpotof fulphureousground, 
 at the upper end of a deep chafm in the earth, 
 commonly called Sulphur-gut, which is fo hot as 
 to be felt through the foies of one’s fhoes. At the 
 foot of the declivity, on the fame fide of this 
 town, is a fmall hot river, called the Bath, fup- 
 pofed to proceed from the laid gut, which is not 
 above three quarters of a mile" higher up in the 
 country. Its courle is at leafl for half a mile, 
 and afterwards lofes itfelf in the fands of the 
 fea. At a particular part of it, towards the fea- 
 fide, a perfon may fet one foot in a fpring that is 
 extremely cold, and the other at the fame time 
 in another that is as hot. The water of Black- 
 rock-pond, about a quarter of a mile N. from 
 4 Charles- 
 
C H A 
 
 Charles- town, is milk warm, owing to the mix- 
 ture of thofe hot and cold fprings : yet it yields 
 excellent fiiTi , particularly fine eels, (liver- fifh, 
 which has a bright deep body eight inches long, 
 and taftes like a whiting: alfo (lim-guts, as 
 having a head too large for the fize of its body, 
 which is from 10 to 22 inches long, and in taftc 
 and colour like a gudgeon. 
 
 A prodigious piece of Nevis* mountain falling 
 down in a late earthquake left a large vacuity, 
 which is {fill to be feen. The altitude of this moun- 
 tain, taken by a quadrant from Charles-town bay, 
 is faid to be a mile and a half perpendicular, and 
 from the faid bay to the top four miles. The 
 declivity from this mountain to the town is very 
 fteep half-way, but afterwards eafy enough. 
 The hill, here called Saddle-hill, as appearing at 
 the top like a faddle, is higher than Skiddaw-hill 
 in Cumberland, in the North of England. See 
 Nevis. Lat. 16. 55. N. Long. 62. 42. W. 
 
 Charleton-island, or Charles-island, 
 is fituated on the eaftern-fhore of Labrador, in that 
 part of North America called New South Wales, 
 its foil confifts of a white, dry fand, covered 
 over with a white mofs, abounding with juni- 
 per, and fpruce-trees, though not very large. 
 This ifle yields a beautiful profpecl in fpring to 
 thofe that are near it, after a voyage of three or 
 four months in the moft uncomfortable feas on 
 the globe, and that by reafon of the vaft moun- 
 tain of ice in HudfonVbav and (heights. They 
 are rocks petrified by the intenfenefs of the con- 
 tinual froft; fo that fhould a (hip happen to 
 (hike againft thefe, it is as inevitably da(hed to 
 pieces as if it ran full upon a real rock. The 
 whole ifland, fpread with trees and branches, ex- 
 hibits, 
 
>flie to, 
 'et it jift 
 filve/itj 
 ncfel^ 
 
 )f its 1 ft, 
 and in tit 
 
 itain fc 
 rgevacft, 
 rfthismoujv 
 tMwraty 
 Ha/, and 
 ik Tht 
 wnis very 
 y enough. 
 
 m* 
 
 UMl 
 
 igland. is 
 Mil 
 SM 51 AKS, 
 i(Jor,ink 
 a tiVik 
 1, covered 
 
 ^p 
 very lap 
 
 i in fprina » 
 e of iJsreetf 
 table foot 
 c vail BBCfl’ 
 ghts. TV 
 j of ik» 
 p hap* 
 blvdiit' 
 rock. T* 
 i[2nc^ s ‘ 
 
 ft 
 
 CHE 
 
 hibits, as it were, a beautiful green tuft. The 
 air even at the bottom of the bay, though 
 in 51 degrees, a latitude nearer the fun than 
 London, is exceflively cold for nine months, 
 and the other three very hot, except on the 
 blowing of a N. W. wind. The foil on the E. 
 nde, as well as the W. bears all kind of grain : 
 and fome fruits, fuch as goofe- berries, ftraw- 
 berries, and dew-berries, grow about Rupert’s- 
 river. Lat. 52. 30. N. Long. 82°. W. 
 
 Chayanta, a jurifdiaion in South America 
 and empire of Peru, under the archbifhop of 
 Plata, 50 leagues from the city of La Plata. 
 I his country is famous for its gold and filver 
 mines. The latter are ftill worked to great ad- 
 vantage. 0 
 
 C he p°or, a fmall Spanifli town on the 
 itthmus of Darien, and Terra Firma, in South 
 Amenca ; fituated on a river of the fame name, 
 within fix leagues of the fea, in going from 
 which this town ftands on the left hand. The 
 country about it is champain, with feveral fmall 
 hills cl oath ed with woods ; but the largeft part is 
 iavannas. The mouth of the river Chepo is 
 oppofite to the ifland of Chepelio. It rifes out 
 of the mountains near the N. fide of the Ifthmus • 
 and being pent up on the S. fide by the moun- 
 tains, bends its.courfe to the weftward between 
 both j till finding a paflage to the S. W it 
 makes a kind of half-circle ; and, its ftre’am 
 being fwelled confiderably, runs with a rapid mo- 
 tion into the fea, feven leagues to the weftward 
 of 1 anama. This river is very deep, and about 
 a quarter of a mile broad ; but its mouth is 
 choaked up with fand ; fo that (hips of burthen 
 cannot enter, though barks may. On the S 
 
 G 5 fide 
 
 
C H I 
 
 fide of this river is a woodland for many '^g n « 
 together. Lat. 10.42. N. Long. 77 ; 5 °. W. 
 
 Chera, a river near Colan, in the province 
 of Quito, in the kingdom of Peru, in America, 
 running to Amotage; from whence Paita has ns 
 
 frclh water. . „ . , . 
 
 Cherokees, River of, a river of Florida, in 
 
 America, taking its name from a powerful nation, 
 among whom it has its principal fources. It 
 comes from the S. E. and its heads are in the 
 mountains which feparates this country from 
 Carolina, and is the great road of the traders 
 from thence to the Miffiffippi and intermediate 
 places Forty leagues above the Chicazas, tins 
 river forms the four following iilands, which are 
 very beautiful, namely, Tahogale, Kaktck, Co- 
 chali, andTaly, with a different nation mha- 
 
 b ‘ Cheasapeake, a large bay, along which 
 both the provinces of Virginia and Maryland are 
 f, mated. It begins at Cape Henry and Cape 
 Charles on the S. and runs up 180 miles to the 
 N. It is 18 miles broad at the mouth, and 
 almoft feven or eight miles over to the bottom of 
 it. Into it fall feveral large navigable rivers 
 from the weftern fhore, and a few fmaller 
 ftreams from the pcninfula, which divides the bay 
 
 from the ocean. . .. 6 
 
 Chiametan, a province in the audience of 
 Guadalajara, or kingdom of New Galicia in 
 New Spain, in America, fituated under the 
 Tropick of Cancer; one half in the 1 emperate 
 and the other in the Torrid Zone, lying along 
 the South-Sea on the W. bounded by Zacatecas 
 on the N. E. by Culiacan on the N. W. and by 
 Zalifco and Guadalajara on the S. and b. t. « is 
 
C H I 
 
 about 37 leagues either way from N. to S. or 
 from E. to W, Is a fruitful foil, yielding great 
 quantities of wax and honey, befides filver- 
 mines. The river of St. J ago, which, accord- 
 ing to our maps, comes from the lake of Guada- 
 lajara, empties itfelf here into the fea. It is one 
 of the principal rivers on this coaft, being half 
 a mile broad at the mouth, but much broader 
 farther up, where three or four rivers meet toge- 
 ther. At ebb the water is io feet deep on the 
 bar. The chief town in this province is St. Se- 
 baftian. 
 
 Chiapa, an inland province in New Spain, 
 or Old Mexico, in the audience of Guatimala, in 
 South America ; it is bounded by Tabafco on the 
 N. by Jucatan on the N. E. by Soconufco on the 
 S. E. and by Vera Paz on the E. It is 85 leagues 
 from E. to W. and about 30 where narroweft, but 
 then fome parts are near 100. It abounds with 
 great woods of pine, cyprefs, cedar, oak, wal- 
 nut, wood-vines, rofin-trees, aromatic gums, 
 balfams, and liquid-amber, tacamahaca, copal, 
 and others, that yield pure and fovereign bal- 
 fams: alfo with corn, pears, apples, quinces, 
 cocoa, cotton, and wild cochineal, with all 
 kitchen herbs and falads; which, being once 
 fowed, laft for feveral years. Here they have 
 achiotte, which the natives mix with their choco- 
 late to give it a bright colour ; likewife coleworts, 
 or cabbage-trees, fo large that birds build in them; 
 and yet they are fweet and tender. Here arc 
 moft forts of wild and tame fowls, and very 
 beautiful parrots ; alfo a bird called toto, fmallcr 
 than a pigeon, with green feathers, which the 
 Indians take for its fine tail, but let it go again 
 after they pulled its feathers out s it being held a 
 G 6 capital 
 
C H 1 
 
 capital crime by their law to kill it. It abounds 
 with cattle of all forts : fheep, goats, and 
 fwinc from Spain, having multiplied here fur- 
 prifim-ly ; efpccially a breed ot fine horfes, fo 
 valuable, that they fend their colts to Mexico, 
 though 500 miles off. Beafts of prey, as lions, 
 leopards, tygers, &c. are here in abundance, 
 with foxes, rabbits, and wild hogs. In this 
 province alfo is plenty of fnakes, particularly in 
 the hilly parts, fome of which are 20 feet long, 
 others are of a curious red colour, and ftreaked 
 with white and black, which the natives wear 
 about their necks. Here are two principal 
 towns called Chiapa ; which fee. I he Chiapele 
 are of a fair complexion, courteous, great 
 mailers of mufic, painting, and mechanics, and 
 obedient to their fuperiors. Its principal river is 
 that of Chiapa, which running from the N. 
 crofs the country of the Quelenes, at laft falls 
 into the fea at Tabafco. It is in (hort well wa- 
 tered} and, by means of the aforefaid river they 
 carry on a pretty brifk trade with the neighbour- 
 ing provinces, efpecially in cochineal, and filkj 
 in' which laft commodity the Indians employ 
 their wives for making handkerchiefs of ail co- 
 lours, which are bought up by the Spaniards 
 and fent home. Though the Spaniards reckon 
 this one of the pooreft countries belonging to 
 them in America, as having no mines or fand ot 
 gold, nor any harbour on the South-Sea, yet is 
 larger than moll provinces, and inferior to 
 none but Guatimaia. Befides, it is a place of 
 great importance to the Spaniards, becaufe the 
 ftrength of all their empire in America depends 
 on it°; and into it is an eafy entrance by the river 
 Tabafco, Puerto Real, and its vicinity to Jucatan. 
 
 4 Chia- 
 
C H I 
 
 Chiapa, the name of two towns in the above 
 province of the fame names in America ; the one 
 is fometimes called Cividad Real, or the Royal- 
 city, and the other Chiapa de los Indos, inhabited 
 by Spaniards. Cividad Real lies ico leagues 
 N.W.from Guatimala, is a bifhop’s fee, and°the 
 leat of the judicial courts. It is a very delight- 
 ful place, iituated on a plain, and lurrounded 
 with mountains, and almoft in the middle be- 
 twixt the North and South-Seas. The bifhop’s 
 revenue is 8coo ducats a year, and the cathedral 
 is a beautiful ftrudlure. Here are fome monaf- 
 teries; but the place is neither populous nor 
 rich. Its chief trade is in cocoa, cotton, wool, 
 fugar, cochineal, and pedlar’s fmall-wares. The 
 friars are the principal merchants here for Euro- 
 pean goods, and the richeft men both in town 
 and country. The Spanilh gentry in this place 
 are become a proverb on account of their fan- 
 taftical pride, ignorance, and poverty ; for they 
 all claim defcentfrom Spanilh dukes, who were 
 the firft conquerors, as they pretend, of this coun- 
 try.^ Lat. 1 7°. N. Long. 96. 40. W. 
 
 Chiapa, the other town in the above province 
 of the fame name, is diftinguilhed from that 
 called Cividad Real, by the appellation of 
 Chiapa de los Indos, that is, as belonging to the 
 Indians. It is the largcft they have in this coun- 
 try, lies in a valley near the river Tabafco, 
 which abounds with filh, and is about 12 leagues 
 diftant from the former to the N. W. Bartho- 
 lomew de las Cafas bilhop of Chiapa, having 
 complained to the court of Madrid of the cruelties 
 of the Spaniards here, procured the people great 
 privileges, and an exemption from flavery. This 
 is a very large and rich place, with many cloifters 
 
 and 
 
C H I 
 
 and churches in it : and no town has fo many 
 dons of Indian blood as this Chiapa. On the 
 river they have feveral boats in which they often 
 a& fea-fights and lieges. In the town are fre- 
 quent bull-baitings, horfe-races, Spanifli-dances, 
 mufick and plays. And when they have a mind 
 for a feaft, they think nothing too much to 
 fpend on the friars, &c. In the neighbourhood 
 are feveral farms well flocked with cattle, and 
 fome fugar-plantations. The days here are fo 
 hot, that both the friars and Indians wear towels 
 about their necks, in order to wipe off the conti- 
 nual fweat ; but the evenings are cool, and fpent 
 in walks and gardens near the river-fide. Wheat 
 is brought here from the Spanifh Chiapa, and of 
 it they make hard-bifcuit. Thefe the poorer 
 fort of Spaniards and Indians carry about, in or- 
 der to exchange them for cotton, wool, and 
 other little things they want. 
 
 Chilca, a town io leagues from Lima, in 
 the'jurifdi&ion of Canette, and viceroyalty of 
 Peru, in South America, is celebrated for its 
 excellent falt-petre, of which gun-powder is 
 made in the metropolis. It abounds with plenty 
 of filh, fruits, pulfe, and poultry, in which a very 
 confiderable trade is carried on at Lima. Lat. 
 12. 31. S. Long. 76. 5. W. 
 
 Chili, a vaft kingdom in South America, 
 governed by the prefident of the audience of 
 Santiago, who is captain-general of the whole 
 kingdom. It extends from the frontiers of Peru 
 to the ftreights of Magellan; the intermediate 
 fpace between them, or extent of Chili, being 
 1,590 miles, or 530 leagues. It lies between 
 the 25th and 45th degree, 30 min. S. lat. and be- 
 tween the 65th and the 73d degrees, 20 min. W. 
 
C H I 
 
 >• Os^e 
 'tyii 
 wnaijfc 
 wOnhacc^ 
 
 » mud* 
 ghboatoo: 
 
 cattle, ui 
 
 here reij 
 wtafcjid 
 ff the cent- 
 i mi ipe 
 f. Win t 
 pa, a oJof 
 k poorer 
 out/vuor- 
 «w\) uvl 
 
 m Lima, is 
 ceroyatty « 
 •ated for b 
 •poWer i 
 with plenty 
 Ufom 
 iota. U 
 
 th Amda 
 audience <( 
 if therii 
 tien of Pa 
 internet 
 Chili, s®| 
 bbnifl 
 
 , lar.aniie* 
 20103*^ 
 
 te ; ' 
 
 long. Eaftward fome parts of it terminate on 
 the frontiers of Paraguay, though fome defeats 
 intervene, and other parts confine on the go- 
 vernment of Buenos Ayres ; though between 
 thefe are the Pampas, or vaft level plains. Its 
 W. boundary is the great South- Sea, extending 
 from 2 7 0 . S. which is the latitude of Copiapo, 
 to 53°. 30'. being 26°. 30'. in extent : namely, 
 that part which is inhabited by Spaniards, is 
 from Copiapo to the ifland of Chiloe the fou- 
 thern extremity, of which is in 34 °. of S. lati- 
 tude, and its extent from W. to E. is the dif- 
 tance between the Cordillera, and the South- Sea, 
 that is about 30 leagues. 
 
 Chili was firft difeovered by Don Diego Alma- 
 gro, in the year 1535 ; when after unfpeakable 
 difficulties in pafling the Andes mountains, and 
 the lofs of feveral lives in his progrefs, he came 
 to the Promocas, a nation dwelling near the ri- 
 ver Maul, who bravely oppofed him, and killed 
 abundance of his men, but were at laft forced to 
 give way to his horfe and fire arms. But he re- 
 turned from thence to Peru, in 1537, ,n order to 
 take pofleffion of Cufco, by virtue of the king's 
 patent, which he received here from a meflenger 
 fent on purpofe with it. This put a flop to the 
 Spanifb conqucfts in Chili at that time. 
 
 The next Spanifh general who entered ChiK 
 was Don Pedro Valdivia ; having firft obtained 
 leave, in 1539, from Francifco Pizarro, and the 
 viceroy of Peru, to purfue the conqueft of this 
 country. After a whole year’s preparation he fet 
 out thither in 1540, with a confiderable army of 
 Spaniards and Indians. After the lofs of a great 
 many men by hunger and cold in his march, thi- 
 ther, as his pcedecelifor had done, he arrived at laft 
 
 ia 
 
C H I 
 
 in the valley of Copiapo. The firft oppofition he 
 met with was at Quillota; but the Indians were not 
 able to hinder his progrefs. He advanced as far 
 as St. Jago, where he founded the town of that 
 name, and built a fort there. After he began to 
 work on the gold-mines of Quillota, where he 
 ere&ed another fort to defend his workmen, who 
 procured him great (lore of gold. Uponthis he fent 
 for more afiiftance from Peru, to the governor of 
 which he at the fame time remitted a large fum of 
 gold; and the latter fent Paftone with troops to 
 his afliftance, which came very feafonably ; for 
 Valdivia had hardly men enough left to defend his 
 forts. But this reinforcement enabled him to pur- 
 fue his conquefts a little farther, especially 
 againft the Promocas. However, Valdivia was 
 himfelf, after a bloody battle with the Indians, 
 taken prifoner, and killed by them. Upon his 
 death the governor of Peru fent his fon Garcia 
 Hurtado de Mendoza to take upon him the go- 
 vcrment of Chili ; where, after over-powering 
 the Indians in a very bloody engagement in the 
 valley of Arauco, and committing unheard-of 
 cruelties, he returned to Peru. However, to 
 mention no more, after various viciflitudes on 
 both fides, about the year 1690, the Chilefe made 
 their laft treaty of peace with the Spaniards; 
 by which, on the one hand, they acknowledged 
 the king of Spain for their lawful fovereign, 
 and on the other, he granted them to live peace- 
 ably according to their own manner, and their 
 own laws. 
 
 The Spaniards throughout the whole province 
 of Chili are not accounted above 20,000 men 
 capable of bearing arms. Of nieflizoes, mu- 
 lattoes, negroes, &c. there may be between jo 
 
 and 
 
fake 
 
 ced ash; 
 
 of tha* 
 iefenio 
 : Wife 
 
 ttfe 
 jowernwof 
 argefumot 
 k troops a 
 Mabl? ; {or 
 Mils 
 limtopur- 
 elpeciA 
 liivims 
 teUiM, 
 \Iponlk 
 fon Garci 
 bimthego* 
 eppowrio; 
 niffit in & 
 iwAttrJ-of 
 owew, to 
 ifateoi 
 Jfltfetttci 
 icSp» 
 icknowfe 
 ill to 
 tolivep 
 er, 
 
 holcprovi'K? 
 20,000 0 
 life® 8 * 
 rk»!° 
 
 and 
 
 C H I 
 
 and 80,000. But the bulk of the inhabitants 
 are Indians, fome of which are ftyled free, and 
 others fubjedted. 
 
 They can neither read nor write ; and yet 
 they have a peculiar way of regiftering events, 
 and keeping accounts of things committed to 
 their charge. This they do by firings of diffe- 
 rent fizes, on which are made knots of feveral 
 colours : thefe knots they call quipos. 
 
 Though this country lies fo near the Torrid 
 Zone, yet the air is very temperate in fummer. 
 But in fome parts of Chili the weather is fo cold 
 in winter that few parts of Europe are colder, 
 which proceeds principally from the neighbouring 
 high Cordillera mountains that fend out very 
 ftiarpand piercing winds- the fea-coaft therefore 
 is much more temperate and mild, but then it is 
 much moreexpofed to vehement ftorms than the 
 inland parts. This country is free from lightening: 
 for though thunder is fometimes heard, it is at a 
 great diftance up in the mountains: neither does 
 any hail fall in fpring or fummer. This country 
 is alfo free from poifonous creatures, nor are 
 there in this country any mifchievous animals, 
 except fome lions of a fmall kind, which fome- 
 times attack the fheep or goats ; but they fly 
 from men. 
 
 The fruits of Europe take very well in Chili, 
 fuch as pears, apricocks, figs, peaches, quincer, 
 &c. which bear prodigioufly. But what ex- 
 ceeds all the reft for bearing is the apple of all 
 kinds, and of thefe here are furprifing orchards. 
 Fruit is feldom fold here, every body being free 
 to ftep into a garden, or orchard, and eat what 
 they pi cafe ; the ftraw- berries only, which they 
 call frutilla, are fold. Thefe grow as large as 
 
 pears, 
 
C H I 
 
 psars, and ave commonly red, though in the 
 territory of Conception, fome of them are white 
 and yellow. 
 
 The plains, eminences, and valleys, and in 
 fhort the whole country of Chili to the fmalleft 
 portion of ground, is an object of admiration: 
 every particle of earth in this amazing fertility 
 feems transformed to feed. The country round 
 Santiago, as it is not inferior in pleafantnefs and 
 fertility to that of Conception, fo in like man- 
 ner from the great affinity between the cli- 
 mates, its products are nearly the fame. Ac- 
 cordingly, fome fanners wholly apply themfelves 
 to corn ; others to fattening cattle ; fome con- 
 fine themfelves to the breeding of horfes, and 
 others to the culture of vines and fruit-trees. 
 The firft find their account in plentiful harvefts 
 of wheat, barley, and particularly hemp, which 
 thrives here furprifingly, and furpafies that of 
 any other part of this country. The fecond, by 
 their large flaughters, have great quantities of 
 tallow, grafla, charqui, and fole-leather tanned. 
 Of the goat-fkins is made Cordovan-leather; and 
 fome tallow is alfo procured from thofe creatures. 
 Wines are made here of feveral forts ; and 
 though not fo excellent as thofe of Conception, 
 they are very palatable, and of a good body : 
 brandy is alfo diftilled from them. Thefe are 
 the principal articles of the a£live commerce of 
 -this kingdom with Peru, which it fupplies with 
 wheat, tallow, and cordage. And by the moft 
 careful eftimate, the quantity of wheat fent an- 
 nually from Santiago to Callao, amounts to 
 140,000 tanegas, each weighing 156 pounds: 
 about 8000 quintals of cordage ; and between 
 l6 and 20, coo quintals of tallow: befides fcle- 
 
 leather, 
 
^»fte 
 
 kaolin 
 > Wasiltl 
 aloiiritoi; 
 
 wing fertilin 
 ountry foairi 
 ifmkti 
 in like mi:- 
 f een the A 
 ?ik Ac- 
 | ythea&k 
 lom: con- 
 horfes, and 
 I imit-trees, 
 Altai 
 kmp) vfakk 
 palfc ik d 
 'he Mb 
 quanti:ie$ i 
 tier tuiri 
 Uer, and 
 afecrcw 
 
 l fats; ti 
 i Concept 
 a good boi) 
 n. Thefe« 
 
 ; com®^ » 
 tfuppfc^' 
 id by these 
 whatfe** 
 
 ) 5 araoan f i 
 
 r I56 PO^* 
 
 • andb ^ 5 
 •; befifc^* 
 
 C H I 
 
 leather, nuts, filberts, figs, pears, and apples, 
 grafTa, charqui, and neats-tongues ; the three 
 laft being no inconfiderable articles. 
 
 I he more northern parts of the kingdom, as 
 Coquimbo, produce alfo olives, the oil of which 
 is preferable to that of many parts in Peru : but 
 being a natural commodity of that kingdom, 
 and confequently not an article of exportation, 
 is confirmed at home. The country about San- 
 tiago likewife produces very good olives ; but in 
 no great quantity, the genius of the inhabitants 
 not having hitherto led them to make any large 
 plantations of thefe trees. 
 
 Befides the commerce carried on with Peru 
 in provifions, we muft alfo mention that of 
 metals; this kingdom of Chili abounding in 
 mines of all kinds, but principally in thofe of gold 
 and copper, which we (hall briefly confider. 
 The moft famous gold-mine known here is cal- 
 led Petorca, and lies in a country E. of San- 
 tiago. This gold was formerly in high repute, 
 and found in great plenty : but now, on account 
 of a whitifh tinge, the value of it is confider- 
 ably diminifhed. This mine, for the length of 
 time it has been worked, is equal to the moft ce- 
 lebrated in Peru. 
 
 In the country of Yapel, which is fituated in 
 the fame quarter, but farther to the northward 
 along the Cordilleras, are likewife rich gold- 
 mines, and the metal 23 carats fine. In the 
 year 1710, in the mountains of Lumpanqui 
 near the Cordilleras, were difeovered feveral 
 mines of gold, filver, copper, lead, tin, and 
 iron : and the gold between 21 and 22 carats 
 fine : but the working of it very difficult and la- 
 borious, by reafon of the hardnefs of the ftone, 
 
 where. 
 
C H I 
 
 where, according to the miner’s phrafe, i the 
 4 metal arms.’ This inconvenience, however, 
 does not occur in the mountain Llaoin, where 
 the ftone is foft, and not lefs rich in metal, and 
 equal in finenefs to the former. Befides thefe, 
 there are other gold-mines worked with fuccefs at 
 Tiltil, near Santiago. Between Quillota and 
 Valparaifo, in a part called Ligua is a very rich 
 gold-mine, and the metal of it greatly efteemed. 
 Coquimbo, Capiapo, and Guafco, have alfo 
 gold-mines ; and the metal found in the two 
 laft is by way of pre-eminence called oro capote, 
 being the moft valuable of any hitherto dif- 
 covered. Another kind of mines of the fame 
 metal has alfo been found in this kingdom; but 
 thefe were hardly opened, and raifed the hopes of 
 the undertakers with fome rich fpecimens, be- 
 fore they were exhaufted. Mines of this kind 
 are very common, as well as another kind cal- 
 led Lavaderos, namely, pits dug in the angles of 
 trenches formed by rain, in which gold is ima- 
 gined to be ; and in order to difcover the metal, 
 a ftream of water is turned through it, and the 
 earth brifkly agitated, that the gold may be car- 
 ried down with the current, and fo depofited in 
 the pits. Moft of thefe Lavaderos are between 
 Valparaifo and Los Pennuelas, and about a 
 league from the former. Some of them are alfo 
 found at Yapel, on the frontiers of the wild In- 
 dians, and near Conception. Thefe, together 
 with the others known in this kingdom, yield 
 gold-duft : fometimes indeed lumps of gold of a 
 confiderable magnitude are found : and princi- 
 pally from the hopes of difeovering thefe many 
 have been animated to work the mines. 
 
 All 
 
C H I 
 
 All the gold thus colledied in Chili is bought 
 up in the country, and fent to Lima in order' to 
 be coined, as they have no mint in Chili. And 
 by the accounts conflantJy talc.cn, it amounts, 
 one year with another, to 600,000 dollars: 
 but that which is clandeftinely fent by way of 
 the Cordilleras is faid to be nearly 400,000. 
 Confequently the whole mull be at leaft 
 10,000,000. . In the counties of Coquimboand 
 (juafeo, mines of all kinds of metals are fo very 
 common, that the whole earth feerns entirely 
 compofed of minerals. And it is here that 
 thofe of copper are worked ; and from them all 
 1 eru and the kingdom of Chili are furnilhed 
 " ith that metal. Lut though this copper ex- 
 ceeds every thing of the kind hitherto known, 
 the mines are worked with great caution, and no 
 more metal extracted than is fufficient to an- 
 fwer the ufual demand : and other mines, 
 though known to be equally rich, are left un- 
 touched. 
 
 In exchange for the grain, fruits, provilions, 
 and metals, which Chili fends to Peru, it re- 
 ceives iron, cloth, and linen, made at Quito, 
 hats, and bays, though not many of the latter’ 
 there being manufactures of the fame kind in 
 Chili, fugar, cacao, fweet- meats, pickles, to- 
 bacco, oil, earthen-ware, and all kinds of Eu- 
 ropean goods. A fmall commerce is alfo car- 
 ried on between the kingdom of Chili, Para- 
 guay, and Buenos Ayres, of which the laft is 
 the ftaple. The products of Paraguay, which 
 indeed confift only in the Paraguay-herb and 
 wax, are carried thither, from which they are for- 
 warded to Chili, from whence the herb is exported 
 to Peru. Large quantities of tallow are alfo 
 
 fent 
 
C H I 
 
 fent to Mendoza for making foap. In exchange 
 for thefe commodities, Chili fends to Buenos 
 Ayres linen and wollen fluffs ; fome of which 
 are imported from Peru, and others manufaftured 
 in the country; alfo ponchos, fugar, fnuff, 
 wine, and brandy : the two laft articles the tra- 
 ders principally buy at San Juan, as moll con- 
 venient for tranfportation. During the afliento 
 for negroes, they are ufually brought from Chili 
 to the factory at Buenos Ayres, the way of 
 Peru being attended with great inconveniencies ; 
 as in their journey from Panama, they take an 
 opportunity of concealing themfelves among the 
 farm-houfes. So that, what with great expencc, 
 and the numbers that die during their long route, 
 through the variety of climates, their purchafe 
 muft confequently be very high. 
 
 The home commerce of Chili, or that car- 
 ried on within itfelf, principally confifts in the 
 provifions fent to Valdivia, to the amount of 
 10,000 dollars, which, as the deduced part of 
 its remittance, are fent from Lima to St. Jago 
 for that purpofe. Valdivia furnifhes the reft of 
 the places with cedar. Chiloe purchafes Irom 
 the other parts brandy, wine, honey, fugar, 
 the Paraguay-herb, fait, and Guinea-pepper ; 
 and returns to Valparaifo and Conception fe- 
 veral kinds of fine wood, with which the iflaud 
 abounds ; alfo woollen fluffs of the country ma- 
 nufacture, made into ponchos, clokes, quilts, 
 and the like; together with hams, which, from 
 the particular delicacy of the flavour, are in great 
 requeft even in Peru ; and dried pilchards, the 
 bay and coaft of that ifland being the only places 
 in the South* Sea where thefe fifli are caught. 
 
 Coqtutn- 
 
C H I 
 
 Coquimbo fends fome copper to Valparaifo ■ 
 for though all the parts of the Cordilleras, to- 
 wards Santiago and Conception, abound with 
 
 nil i? C j l ^ at meta '> an< ^ particularly a place 
 called Payen, where feveral were formerly work- 
 ec, and where malTes of 50 or 100 quintals of 
 pure copper have been found : yet as thefe mines 
 are now no longer worked, the whole country 
 is under a neceffity of receiving their copper 
 from the Coquimbo and Guafco mines; fendino- 
 thither in exchange Cordovan-leather, and foap 
 made at Mendoza ; from whence it is carried to 
 Santiago, and thence again fold to different parts 
 or the kingdom. 
 
 Having thus confidered the trade of Chili in 
 both particulars, we (hall next proceed to men- 
 tion that which is carried on with the wild In- 
 dians: and this conftfts in felling them hard- 
 ware, as bits, fpurs, and edge-tools ; alfo toys, 
 and fome wine : all which is done by barter, 
 bor though the countries they inhabit are not 
 deltitute of gold, the Indians cannot be pre- 
 vailed upon to open the mines : fo that the re- 
 turns confift in ponchos, horned-cattle, horfes of 
 their own breeding, and Indian children of both 
 fexes, which are fold even by their own parents 
 for fuch trifles. And this particular kind of tra- 
 iick they call refcatar, or ranfomino-. But r.o 
 Spaniard of any character will be concerned in 
 fuch barbarous exchanges, being carried on only 
 by the Guafos, and the meanefl clafs of Spaniards 
 fettled in Chili. Thefe boldly venture into the 
 parts inhabited by the Indians, and addrefs 
 themfelves to the heads of the feveral families. 
 
 I he Indians of Arauco and thofe parts are 
 not governed by Caziques, or Caracas, like thofe 
 
 of 
 
\D 
 
 C H I 
 
 of Peru, the only fubordination known among 
 being with regard to age; fo that the oldeft 
 perfon of the family is refpe&ed as its governor. 
 The Spaniard begins his negotiation with offer- 
 ing the chief of the family a cup of his wine. 
 After this he difplays his wares, that the Indian 
 may make choice of what pleafes him belt; 
 mentioning at the fame time the return he ex- 
 pects. If "they agree, the Spaniard makes him a 
 prefent of a little wine : and the Indian chief in- 
 forms the community, that they are at liberty to 
 trade with that Spaniard as his friend. Relying 
 on this protection, the Spaniard goes from hut 
 to hut, recommending himfelf at firft by giving 
 the head of every family a tafte of his wine. 
 After this they enter upon bufinefs ; and the In- 
 dian having taken what he wanted, the trader 
 goes away without receiving any equivalent at 
 that time ; and vifits the other huts as they 
 lie difperfed all over the country, till he has dif- 
 pofed of his ftock. He then returns to the cot- 
 tage of the chief, calling on his cuftomers in his 
 way, and acquainting them that he is on his re- 
 turn home. Upon this fummons, not one of 
 them fails of bringing him to the chief’s hut 
 whatever had been agreed on. Here they take 
 their leave of him, with all the appearance of a 
 fincere friend fhip : and the chief even orders 
 fome Indians to efcort him to the frontiers, and 
 aflift him in driving the cattle he has received in 
 exchange for his goods. 
 
 Formerly, and even till the year 1724* thefe 
 traders carried large quantities of wine, of which, 
 as well as of all inebriating liquors, the In- 
 dians are immoderately fond. But the ill con- 
 fequences of this trade, through the intempe- 
 rate 
 
C H I 
 
 sete ufe of fpirituous liquors, fuch as tumults 
 and wars begun without any other declaration 
 than the mafl'acre of the Spaniards of all ranks 
 who fell into their hands, and even the traders 
 in their country, this branch of trade has been 
 fupprefl'ed; and no more wine allowed to be 
 carried into the Indian territories, than what 
 'hall be judged neceflary to give the mailers of 
 families a cup by way of compliment, and a 
 very fmall quantity for trading. The happy ef- 
 fects of this prohibition are felt on both Tides • 
 the Spaniards live in fafety, and the Indians in 
 peace and tranquility. The natives are very 
 fair dealers, never receding from what ha? been 
 agreed on, and are very punflual in their pay- 
 ments. It is indeed furprifing that a whole peo- 
 ple, who are almoft flrangers to government, 
 and ravage in their manners, Ihould, amidft the 
 uncontrouled gratification of the mod enormous 
 vices, have fo delicate a fenfe of jullice, as to ob- 
 ferve it in the moft irreproachable manner in 
 their dealings. 
 
 All the Indians of Auraco, Tucapel, and 
 others inhabiting the more fouthern parts of the 
 banks of the river Biobio, and alfo thofe who 
 live near the Cordilleras, have hitherto eluded all 
 attempts made for reducing them under the Spa- 
 mfh government. For in this boundlefs coun- 
 try, as it may be called, when ftrongly pufhed 
 they abandon their huts, and retire into the moft 
 diftant parts of the kingdom, where being joined 
 by other nations, they return in fuch numbers, 
 that all refiftance would be temerity j and again 
 
 ° f their formcr habitations. 
 
 J hus Chih has always been expofed to their in- 
 
 Vol 3 "/ lf a vcl 7 few only Ihould call for a 
 H war 
 
_ T _ 7 
 
 C H I 
 
 war a*ainft the Spaniards, the flame immediately 
 fpreads, and their meafures are taken with fuch 
 fecrecy, that the firft declaration of it is the mur- 
 der of thofe who happen to be among them, 
 and the ravages of the neighbouring villages. 
 Their firft ftep, when a war has been agreed on, 
 is to give notice to the nations for aflembling : 
 and this they call correa la fletcha, ‘ to fhoot 
 « the dart,’ the fummons being fent from village 
 to village, with the utmoft filence and rapidity. 
 In thefe notices, they fpecify the very night when 
 the irruption is to be made: and though advice 
 of it is fent to the Indians who refide in the Spa- 
 nilh territories, of it nothing tranfpires. Nor is 
 there a fingle inftance among all the Indians 
 that have been taken up on fufpicion, that one 
 ever made any difcovery. And as no great ar- 
 maments are neceflary in this kind of war, their 
 deligns continue impenetrable till the terrible 
 execution withdraws the veil. 
 
 The Indians of the feveral nations being af- 
 fembled, a general is chofen with the title of 
 Toqui. And when the night fixed on for exe- 
 cuting their defigns arrives, the Indians who live 
 among the Spaniards rife and maflacre them. 
 After which they divide themfelves into fmall 
 parties, and deftroy their feats, farm-houfes, and 
 villages, murdering all without the lead regard 
 to youth or age. I hefe parties afterwards unite; 
 and in a body* attack the largeft fcttlements of the 
 Spaniards, befiege the forts, and commit every 
 kind of hoftility : and their vaft numbers, rather 
 than any difcipline, have enabled them on feve- 
 ral occafions, to carry on their enterprises with 
 fuccefs, notwithftanding all the meafures taken 
 by the Spanifli governors to prevent them. For 
 
 though 
 
C H I 
 
 though multitudes of them fall on thefe occafions,' 
 their army continually receives larger reinforce- 
 ments. If at any time the Spaniards gain the 
 fuperiority, the Indians retire to the diftance of 
 feveral leagues, where, after concealing them- 
 felves a few days, they fuddenly fall on a diffe- 
 rent part from that where they were encamped 
 endeavouring to carry the place by a fudden 
 affault, unlefs the commandant’s vigilance has 
 provided again!! any hidden furprife : when, by 
 the advantage of the Spanifh difcipline, they are 
 generally repulfed with great flaughter. 
 
 The firft advances towards a treaty of peace 
 with thefe Indians are generally made by the 
 Spaniards: and as foon as the propofals arc 
 agreed to, a congrefs is held, at which the go- 
 vernor, major-general of Chili, and the princi- 
 pal officers, the biftiop of Conception, and other 
 perfons of eminence, affift. On the part of the 
 Indians, the toqui, or generaliffimo, and the 
 captains of his army, as reprefentatives of the 
 communities, repair to the congrefs. The lafl 
 inroad made by thefe favage enemies was in the 
 year 1720, during the government of Don Ga- 
 briel Cano, lieutenant-general of the Spanifh 
 forces, who managed the war again!! them with 
 fuch vigour and addrefs, that they were obliged 
 to fol licit a peace : and their preliminaries were 
 fo fubmiffive, that at a congrefs held in 1724, 
 the peace was concluded, whereby they were 
 left in poffeffion of all the country S. of the ri- 
 ver Boibio ; and the capitanes of Paz were fup- 
 prefled. I hefe were Spaniards refiding in the 
 villages of the converted Indians ; and by their 
 exa£tions had been the principal caufc of the 
 revolt. 
 
 H 2 
 
 Befides 
 
C H I 
 
 Befides the congrefles held with thefe Indian; 
 for concluding a treaty of peace, others are 
 held on the arrival of a new preftdent ; and the 
 fame ceremonies obferved in both. So that ail 
 account of the one will be fufficient to give a juft 
 idea of the other. 
 
 On the holding of a congrefs, the prefident 
 fends notice to the frontier Indians of the day 
 and place, whither he repairs with pompoufly 
 attended : and on the part of the Indians, 
 the heads of their feveral communities And 
 both, for the greater fplendor of the interview, 
 are accompanied by an efcort, confining of 
 a certain number previoufly agreed on. The 
 prefident and his company lodge in tents, and 
 the Indians encamp at a ('mail diftance. The 
 elders, or chiefs of the neighbouring nations pay 
 the firft vifit to the prefident, who receives them 
 ygi*y courteoufly } drinlcs their healths in tv me, 
 and he himfelf gives them the glafs to do the 
 like. This politenefs, with which they are 
 highly pleafed, is fucceeded by a prefent of 
 knives, fciflars, and different forts of toys, on 
 which they place the greateft value. The treaty 
 of peace is then brought on the carpet, and the 
 manner of ohferving the feveral articles is (ettled. 
 After which they return to their camp ; and the 
 prefident returns the vifit, carrying with him a 
 quantity of wine fufficient for a moderate regale. 
 
 Now all the chiefs of the communities who 
 were not prefent at the firft vifit, go in a body 
 to pay their refpe&s to the prefident. At the 
 rifing of the congrefs, the prefident makes each 
 a fmall prefent of wine, which tye Indians libe- 
 rally return in calves, oxen, horfes, and fowls. 
 1 , After 
 
C H I 
 
 After tbefe reciprocal tokens of friendship, both 
 parties return to their refpective habitations. 
 
 In order to gain more effectually the hearts of 
 thefe Indians, who, though in our efteem 
 wretchedly poor, conceal the moft ftubborn 
 pride, which can only befoftened by compliments 
 and favours, it is a maxim with the prefidents to 
 admit to their table thofe who are apparently of 
 the beft difpofitions ; and during the three or 
 four days of the congrefs, neglects no means of 
 ingratiating himfelf with the whole body. On 
 thefe occafions a kind of fair is held at both 
 camps, great numbers of Spaniards repairing 
 thither with fuch goods as they know will pleafe 
 the Indians, who alfo come with their ponchos, 
 and cattle. Both parties deal by exchange ; and 
 never fail of felling their whole flocks, and of 
 ©bferving in their dealings the moft ex ad candor 
 and regularity, as a fpecimen in which all future 
 commerce is to be conduced. 
 
 Though thefe Indians have fhewn fuch a de- 
 termined averfion againft fubmitting to the Spa- 
 mfh monarchs, their behaviour has been very 
 different towards the million arics, whom they 
 voluntarily permitted to come among them: and 
 many have even (hewn the greateffjoy at being 
 baptized. But it is extremely difficult to prevad 
 on them to quit their free manner of livino ; 
 which, being productive of vice and favagenefs, 
 prepoflelTes the mind againft the precepts of the 
 chnftian religion. Before the war of the year 
 1 723, the miffionaries, by their indefatigable zeal, 
 had formed fcveral villages, hoping by that 
 means to induce their converts to practife the 
 doctrines of the chriftian faith. Thefe villages 
 were called St. Chriftopher, Santa Fc, Santa 
 H 3 Juana, 
 
C H I 
 
 Juana, St. Pedro, and La Mocha, all of them 
 being under the infpc&ion of the Jefuits. The 
 chaptains alfo of the forts on the frontiers had an 
 additional falary for inftiu<3ing a certain number 
 of Indians. But upon that generaL infurre&ion, 
 their innate favagenefs returned, all thefe neo- 
 phytes abandoned the miffionares and joined 
 their countrymen. On the re-eflablifhment of 
 the peace, they again folicited the miffionaries to 
 come among them : and fome communities 
 
 have been fince formed. But they are far fhort 
 of their former promifing fiate, it being very 
 difficult to bring even this fmall number to em- 
 brace a focial life. 
 
 Amidft all the fanguinary rage of thefe In- 
 dians in their hoftilities againft the Spaniards, 
 thev generally fpare the white women, carrying 
 them to their huts, and ufingthem as their own. 
 And hence it is, that many Indians of thofe na- 
 tions have the complexion of the Spaniards born 
 in that country. In time of peace many of them 
 come into the Spanifti territories, hiring them- 
 felves for a certain time to work at the farm- 
 houfes : and at the expiration of the term they 
 return home, after laying out their wages in the 
 purchafe of fuch goods as are valued in their 
 country. All of them, both men and women, 
 wear the poncho and manta, which they weave 
 of wool. And though it cannot be called pro- 
 perly a drefs, is abundantly fufficient for decency : 
 whereas the Indians, who are at a greater diftance 
 from the Spanifh frontiers, as thofe inhabiting 
 the countries S. of Valdivia and the Chonos, 
 who live on the continent near Chiloe, ule no 
 fort of apparel. The Indians of Arauco, Tu- 
 capel, and other tribes near the river Biobio, 
 
C H I 
 
 oliffli 
 
 s. Tk 
 ■shadan 
 i number 
 w&m, 
 h&m 
 
 nd joined 
 bent of 
 onariei to 
 nmunitiet 
 tfarloit 
 rijj very 
 Mom- 
 
 oelek* 
 
 unp{ 
 toon 
 : tkofem- 
 liar&to 
 
 :fce farm- 
 eimtey 
 qpi i 
 sd in their 
 odfoua, 
 they weiti 
 called p 
 artatf. 
 tterfc 
 
 • iniiafei 
 ic QkW 
 
 loe> 
 
 auco, fc 
 icr 
 
 tie 
 
 take great delight in riding; and their armies 
 have fome bodies of horfe. Their weapons are 
 large fpears, javelins, and other inftruments of 
 that kind, in the ufe of which they are very 
 dexterous. 
 
 Wine is made in Chili in large quantities, par- 
 ticularly that of the mufcadel-grape, which is a 
 very good and generous fort. There are alfo 
 very rich paftures for fattening oxen, goats, and 
 fheep. They melt the tallow into a kind of 
 lard called grafla. Slaughtering the oxen here is 
 a kind of fport or diverfion $ and this is performed 
 by people on horfeback called Guefos, with a 
 fpear for hamftringing the beaft, after which 
 they purfue and difpatch it. Among the fruits 
 produced here are cherries and ftrawberries, 
 which are uncommonly large and rich. The 
 mufcadel wine of this place exceeds any made in 
 Spain. Chili is celebrated for its horfes, which 
 are large, ftrong, and fpirited. An herb grows 
 here called the panque, with which they tan 
 their leather. Here are valuable mines, parti- 
 cularly quarries of lapis lazuli, and load-ftone ; 
 and though there are feveral mines of gold and 
 copper in Chili, the inhabitants negledf to work 
 them fufhciently, being contented with the 
 great plenty of all the nece/Taries of life with 
 which nature has bleft this country. 
 
 Chiloe, a confiderable ifland of Chili, in 
 South America ; is fituated between 42 and 44 
 degrees of S. lat. being about 50 leagues, or 
 150 miles in length, and 7 leagues, or 21 miles 
 in breadth. The S. part of it is divided from 
 the continent by a narrow fea, and the continent 
 there forms a bay. The coaft is very fub- 
 je<2 to florms, efpecially in March ; for then 
 
C H O 
 
 the winter begins, and people cannot put to 
 till fummer returns ; the N. winds are not 
 fo furious. The Spaniards have in this ifland 
 only a little fort, called Chacao, always ill 
 provided with warlike (lores. The town of 
 Caftro (lands between two brooks, with a fmall 
 caftle which commands the harbour. The town 
 has neither walls nor ramparts, and the houfes 
 lie (cattered up and down. This ifland produces 
 all neceflary provifions, excepting wine ; and 
 quantities of ambergris are found. About this 
 ifland are 40 more which all take their names 
 from it. 
 
 Chilloas, a jurifdidion in the bifhopric of 
 Truxillo, in South America. See Llulla. 
 
 Chilques, a jurifdi&ion of South America, 
 in the empire of Peru, fubje£l to the bifhop 
 of Cufco, eight leagues diftant from that city to 
 the S. E. Its commerce conflfts in woollen ma- 
 nufactures, grain of all kinds, befides vaft num- 
 bers of cows, (heep, &c. 
 
 Chimbo, a jurifdi&ion in the province of 
 Zinto, in South America, in the Torrid Zone. 
 The capital of this jurifdiCtion is alfo called by 
 the fame name. 
 
 Chimborazo, a large mountain in the pro- 
 vince of Quito, nearly under the line ; being in 
 1 °. 41'. 40". S. lat. yet its tops are covered with 
 ice and fnow, and the country adjacent pierced 
 with intolerable cold from the frigorific particles 
 blown from it. 
 
 Chocope, a town in the jurifdiflion of 
 Truxillo, in South America, and empire of 
 Peru. It is fituated 14 leagues from St. Pedro 
 fouthward. It conflfts of betwixt 80 and 100 
 houfes i and the inhabitants of about 60 or 
 
 70 
 
CHU 
 
 7 ° families, chiefly Spaniards, with lornc of 
 
 rain that fell in 1726, which lafted 40 nights, 
 beginning conftantly at four or five in the even- 
 mg, and ceafing at the fame hour the next 
 morning, which laid moft of the houfes in ruins. 
 
 7 °' 46 * 40 '- S. Long. 76. 20. W. 
 
 1 ^ HUCUIT0 ? or Titi Caca, a prodigious 
 lake near Paria, in South America, and empire 
 of Peru, into which a great number of rivers 
 empty themfelvcs. It abounds in fifli, which 
 they dry, fait, and with it carry on a beneficial 
 trade to the other provinces, having in exchange 
 either money or brandy, wines, and meal. All 
 the mountains of this province abound in filver- 
 mmes, but are little worked, and fome are to- 
 ta y neglected. This lake is in circumference 
 »o leagues, or 240 Englifh miles, in fome parts 
 80 fathoms deep j yet the water cannot be drank 
 as it is fo very turbid. It is faid the antient 
 Yncas, on the conqueft of Peru by the Spa- 
 niards, threw into this lake all their riches of gold 
 , f‘! V f r - lt abounds with flags and rufhes, 
 of which Capac Vupanchi the fifth Ynca built a 
 bridge, which ftill remains, for tranfportin* his 
 army to the other fide. Into this lake was 
 among other riches, thrown the famous chain 
 of gold by Ynca Huana Capac, the value of 
 which was immcnfe. 
 
 the other cafts, but not above 25 Indian families. 
 It has a church built of brick, both large and 
 decent. The people here tell you of a continual 
 
 CmjMEi Vilcas, a jurifdiflion fubjedt to the 
 bilhop of Cufco, in South America, and empire 
 of Peru, about 40 leagues from that city ; it pro- 
 duces corn, fruits, large paftures for cattle, and 
 
 tn innc a ^1,1 J f!l J 
 
 Chur- 
 
C H U 
 
 Churchill-river, a large ftream in Kew 
 
 South Wales, one of the northern countries m 
 America; at the mouth of which the Hudfon’s- 
 bav company have a fort and fettlement. It lies 
 iii about lat. 59 0 . N. and long. 95 Q . W. The 
 trade here is increafing, being at too great a dif- 
 t.ince from the Frenchfor them to interfere with it. 
 In the year 1742 it amounted to 20,000 beaver- 
 Ikins, when about 100 upland Indians came 
 hither in their canoes to trade ; and about 200 
 northern Indians brought their furs and fkins up- 
 on fledges. Some of them came down the river 
 of Seals, 15 leagues fouthward of Churchill, in 
 their canoes, and brought their furs from thence 
 by land. To the northward of Churchill are no 
 beavers, no fuch ponds or woods being there as 
 thofe animals chufe to live in, or feed upon : but 
 
 they have great’numbers of martens, foxes, bears, 
 rein-deer, buffaloes, and other beads cloathed with 
 rich furs. The country is moflly rocky and co- 
 vered with white mofs, upon which the rein deer, 
 or cariboux, feed ; as alfo the moofe, buffaloes, 
 and- other deer. Here is a great deal of fmall 
 wood of the fpruce, or firr kind, near the old 
 fadfory. But the wood improves as it is farther 
 up the river from the bay, where they have juni- 
 per, birch, and poplar. And more foutherly 
 the timber is large, and they have there a great 
 variety of trees. They labour under great in- 
 conveniencies at the company’s new fort, which 
 Handing on a rock without fhelter, clofe by the 
 Ihore, and furrounded with fnow and ice for 
 eight months of the year, is expofed to all the 
 wTnds and ftorms that blow. Here is no conve- 
 niency for grafs, hay, or gardening: and yet 
 they had four or five horfes, and a bull with two 
 
 cows 
 
earning 
 ■ countfjBia 
 
 toe Hodfev 
 mem life 
 iU Ik 
 oo grcaujf. 
 iterfcffi: 
 0 ,coo 
 tndians m 
 id about 2cc 
 and fc up. 
 lowDtkeriTsr 
 
 from thence 
 chill ere no 
 ng there aj 
 upotr.k 
 fans, tan, 
 ckMiiiii 
 rocky and co- 
 therein detr, 
 fe, buffioc, 
 
 y oi u 
 
 war the old 
 fluMw 
 bqtocj®' 
 
 note (bother 
 tiatif 
 jnief 
 
 ;W lost, ifr 
 clofe by s 
 w anl^s 
 ofed to ^ 
 rc isno^ 
 iningt d}' 
 
 3 bull fi» IW 
 (0«5 
 
 C I N 
 
 cows near the fa&ory, for feeding of which they 
 were obliged in winter to bring their hay from a 
 marfliy bottom fome miles up the river. It is 
 faid that there is a communication between the 
 rivers of Churchill and Nelfon, at a great dif- 
 tance within land ; or a very fhort land -carriage 
 between them. For the Indians who trade here, 
 tell the Englilh what chiefs with their followers 
 go down to Nelfon, or Albany rivers. 
 
 Ciacica, a jurifdi&ion in South America, 
 and empire of Peru, fubjeft to the archbilhop of 
 Plata; it lies 90 leagues diftant from that city; 
 abounding in cocho, cattle, and fome filver- 
 mines. 
 
 Cinaloa, a province in the audience of 
 Guadalaxara, in Old Mexico, or New Spain, in 
 America ; it the moft northern in the audience, 
 and ftretches out the fartheft to the W. It has 
 the gulph of California on the W. the province 
 of Culiacan on the S. and the kingdom of New 
 Mexico on the N. and E. From the S. E. to 
 the N. E. it is about 100 leagues ; and not 
 above 40 where broadeft. On the E. fide it is 
 bounded by a ridge of high craggy mountains, 
 called Tepecfuan, 30 or 40 leagues from the 
 fea; from which run feveral fmall rivers, whofe 
 banks are inhabited by the natives for the fake of 
 fi fhing. The air is ferene and healthy; and befides 
 pafiures, abounds with cattle of all kind, the 
 foil bears all forts of fruit and grain, particularly 
 Indian wheat, as alfo cotton, with the manu- 
 facture of which the natives cloath thcmfelves 
 after the Mexican fafhion, both fexes wearing 
 very long hair. They are a tall, lufty, and. 
 warlike people, formerly ufing bows and poi- 
 H 6 foned 
 
COB 
 
 foned arrows, with clubs of hard wood, and 
 buckles of a red wood. The Spaniards found a 
 great deal of difficulty in fubduing them. 
 
 Circumcision cape, is fituated to the E. 
 of Belgia Auftralis, lat. 54. 10. S. long. 10. 
 25. E. This is the molt wefterly promontory 
 of a land difcovered by the French in the year 
 1739 ; and this is all we know of it. 
 
 Cividad Real, or Royal City, in the 
 province of Chiapa, and audience of Guatema- 
 la, in New Spam, or Old Mexico, ia leagues 
 N. W. from the town of Guatimala. It is a 
 bifhoprick, and feat of the courts of juftice. 
 It lies in a plain between the North and South- 
 Seas ; inhabited by Spaniards and a few Indians. 
 See Chiapa. 
 
 Clarendon, a county of Carolina, in 
 North America, to the N. of Santee-river. In 
 this county is the famous Cape Fear, at the 
 mouth of the faid river. A colony from Barba- 
 does formerly fettled hereabouts. See Caro- 
 lina. The Indians in this neighbourhood are 
 reckoned the moft barbarous in all the province. 
 In this county is WateFev-mer, or Winyann, 
 about 25 leagues diftant from Afhley-river, be- 
 ing capacious enough to receive large vefiels j 
 but inferior to Port-royal ; nor is it-yet inhabited. 
 Between this and Clarendon-river is another 
 fmall one, called Wingen-river, and a little fet- 
 tlement which has the name of Charles-town, 
 and is but thinly inhabited. In the maps we 
 find a town here called Brunfwick-town on the 
 fea-coaft, in lat. 34. 3. but we meet with no ac- 
 count of it any where. 
 
 Cohan. See Vera PA2f. 
 
 Core- 
 
Cobeza, or Cobija, a village in the au- 
 dience of Los Charcas, and the kingdom of 
 Peru, in South America ; containing about 50 
 houfes inhabited by Indians, and covered with 
 feals-fkins. The foil here being barren, they 
 generally live upon fifli, fome Indian wheat, and 
 papas, brought them from the town of Ataca- 
 ma in exchange for their fi(h. In the village is 
 only one little rivulet of water, fomewhat brac- 
 kidi ; and but four palm and two fig-trees, which 
 may ferve as a land- mark to the watering-place. 
 They have no grafs at all for cattle \ fo that they 
 are obliged to fend their fheep to a plain near 
 the top of the mountain, where they .find 
 pafture for them to fubfift on. This port being 
 deditute of every thing, has never been fre- 
 quented by any but French ; who, in order to in- 
 duce merchants to come to them, have fought 
 the neared places to the mines, and the mod 
 remote from the king’s offices, for facilitating 
 the trade, and tranfporting of plate and commo- 
 dities. This port however lies the neared to 
 Lipes, where are filvcr- mines, and alfo to Po- 
 toll, which yet is above 100 leagues didant) and 
 that through a defert country. 
 
 Cobham-isle, mentioned by captain Mid- 
 dleton in the journal of his voyage for finding 
 a N. E. paffage. Its two extremities bear N. 
 by E. and E. by N. lying in lat. 63. and long, 
 from Churchill 3. 40. E. which he takes to be 
 the fame which Fox called Brook Cobham. 
 
 Cochabamba, a province and jurifdi<dion in 
 South America, and empire of Peru, 50 leagues 
 from Plata, and 56 from Potofi. Its capital of 
 the fame name is one of the riched, larged, and 
 mod populous in the empire of Peru, as it is the 
 
 gra- 
 
COL 
 
 canary of the archbiflioprick of Plata, and in 
 fame fpots filver mines have been difcovered. 
 
 Cockle-island, lying off the N. W. cape 
 of New Guiney, in the fouthern, or antartick 
 countries, and which the Dutch call Cape Mabo, 
 is a fmall woody ifland, near which were found 
 fuch a large fort of cockles, that the fifh in one 
 of them is faid to fuffice feven or eight men ; and 
 is very good and wholfome. And for this reafon 
 Dampier called the ifland Cockle-ifland. The 
 fame fort of cockles are found near Celebes, 
 the {hell of fome of the largeft weighing 781b. 
 Cockle-ifland abounds alfo with pigeons. 
 
 Cohanzy, a river of Weft Jerfey, in Ame- 
 rica, and though fmall, is yet deep and naviga- 
 ble for fmall craft. On it is a town of the fame 
 name 10 or 12 miles up the river, containing 
 about 80 families, who follow the fishery. 
 
 Colan, a little town four leagues from Paita, 
 and which fupplies it with water ; fituated near the 
 South-Sea coaft of America. It is inhabited by 
 Indians, who are all fifhermen. They go out to 
 fea, and fifh on bark-logs, or balzas which are 
 made of feveral round logs of wood in the form of 
 a raft ; and are very different, according to the ufe 
 they are defigned for, or the humour of the people 
 that make them, or the materials of which they 
 are compofed. If they are made for fifhing, 
 then they are only three or four logs of light 
 wood, feven or eight feet long, placed by the 
 fide of each other, pinned faft together with 
 wooden pins, and bound hard with withies. 
 The logs are fo placed, that the middlemoft 
 are longer than thofe by the fides, efpecially at 
 the head, or fore- part, which gradually grow 
 narrower into an angle, the better to cut 
 
the water. Others are made to carry goods. 
 The bottom of thefe is made of 20 or 30 great 
 trees, about 20, 30, or 40 feet long, fattened 
 like the other, and lhaped in the fame manner. 
 On the top of thefe they place another fhortcr 
 row of trees acrofs, pinned faft to each other, 
 and to the undermoll row. This double row of 
 planks makes the bottom of the float, and is of 
 a confiderable breadth. From this bottom the 
 raft is railed to about 10 feet higher, with rows 
 of polls, fometimes fet upright, and fupporting 
 a floor or two : the loweft ferving for a cellar : 
 there they lay great Hones for ballall, and then 
 jars of frelh water clofed up, and whatever may 
 bear being wet. 7 he fecond llory is for the fez- 
 men and their neceflaries. Above this fecond 
 flory the goods are flowed to what height they 
 pleafe, ufually about eight or ten feet, and kept 
 together by poles fet upright quite round ; only 
 there is a little place abaft for the fleerfman, (for 
 they have a large rudder) and afore for the fire- 
 hearth, in order to drefs their victuals, elpecially 
 when they make long voyages, as from Lima to 
 Truxillo, Guayaquil, or Panama ; which lail 
 voyage is 5 or 600 leagues. In the midll of all, 
 among the goods, rifes a mad, to which a laroe 
 fail is fattened, as in our Well-country barges 
 on the river Thames. They always go before 
 the wind, being unable to ply againll it: and 
 therefore fit only for thefe feas, where the wind 
 is always in a manner the fame, not varying 
 above a point or two all the way from Lima, 
 till fuch time as they come into the bay of Pa- 
 nama ; and even there they meet with no great 
 leas ; but fometimes northerly winds : and then 
 they lower their fails and drive before it, waiting 
 
 for 
 
COL 
 
 for a change. Thefe rafts carry 60 or 70 tons of 
 goods and upwards. Their cargo is ufually wine, 
 oil, fugar, Quito cloth, foap, goats-fkins d ref- 
 fed, &c. The float is ufually managed by three 
 or four men, who being unable to return with it 
 againft the trade-winds, when they come to Pa- 
 nama difpofe of the goods and veflel together, 
 getting a paflage back in fome (hip or boat bound 
 to the port they came from : and there they 
 make a new bark-log for their next cargo. The 
 fmaller fort of bark-logs above-defcribed, which 
 lie flat on the water, and are ufed in flfhing, or 
 carrying water to fhips, or the like, half a ton, 
 or a ton at a time, are more manageable than 
 the other, though thefe have marts and fails too. 
 With thefe the Indians go out at night by the 
 help of the land-wind, which is feldom wanting 
 on this coaft, and return back again in the day- 
 time with the fea-wind. 
 
 Colima, a large and rich town of Me- 
 choacan, and New Spain, in America, fitua- 
 ted on the South-Sea, near the borders of Xa- 
 lifco, and in the moft pleafant and fruitful 
 valley in all Mexico, producing cocoa, caflia, 
 and other things of value, befides fome gold. 
 Dampier takes notice of a volcano near it, 
 with two (harp peaks, from which fmoke and 
 flame ifiue continually. In the neighbourhood 
 grows the famous plant oleacazan, which is rec- 
 koned a catholicon for reftoring decayed ftrength, 
 and a fpecific againft all forts of poifon. The 
 natives apply the leaves to the part affe&ed, and 
 judge of the fuccefs of the operation by their 
 fticking or falling off. 
 
 Colleton, a county of Carolina, in North 
 America. It is fituated to the N. of Granville- 
 
 county, 
 
Otonsof 
 
 ins dret 
 
 Hitkit 
 Be to ft 
 together, 
 wt bound 
 fee tliej 
 ;o. Tie 
 :i, which 
 
 % Of 
 
 hm, 
 \lethM 
 ft too, 
 b| tte 
 mi\^ 
 kiiy 
 
 of Me- 
 ra, fa- 
 's of Xa- 
 I fruitful 
 t,cafc, 
 me pH. 
 
 0 rcir if, 
 moke d 
 hbotirW 
 lichisrec- 
 
 d ftrcn^ 
 bn, ft 
 
 cWsI 
 
 1 |y tiff 
 
 in Not* 
 Srarf* 
 Off?) 
 
 COM 
 
 county, and watered by the river Stono, which 
 is joined by a cut to Wadmoolaw-river. The 
 N. E. part is full of Indian fettlements: and the 
 Stono, and other rivers form an ifland, called 
 Boone’s-ifland, a little below Charles-town, 
 which is well planted and inhabited. The chief 
 rivers in this county are North-Ediftow, and 
 South-Ediftow. For two or three miles up the 
 latter, the plantations are thick on both fides; and 
 they continue for three or four miles higher on 
 the N. fide ; and there the river branching out, 
 meets with North-Ediflow-river. This county 
 is reckoned to have 200 freeholders who vote for 
 afTembly-men, and fend two members. Within 
 this precindl is one epifcopal church. 
 
 Collerado, a river in the moft northern 
 part of California. See California. 
 
 Compostella, the moft confiderable city, 
 though not the capital of the province of Xalif- 
 co, and audience of Guadelaxara, in New Spain. 
 It is fituated near the South-Sea, about 30 miles 
 N. of it. This is a rich town, and has feveral 
 mines of filver at St. Pecaque, in its neighbour- 
 hood, where the Spaniards keep many hundred 
 flaves at work in them. But the city is in a bad 
 fituation, the foil being fo barren, that there is 
 no pafture for cattle, nor the neceflary materials 
 for building houfes: and the air is fo hot and 
 moift, that it breeds feveral infedis. The Spa- 
 niards built Compoftella in 1531, and made it a 
 a bilhop’s fee : but becaufe of its bad air, it was 
 transfeired to Guadalaxara. The Spaniards are 
 not very numerous throughout this whole au- 
 dience, except in the two cities of Guadalaxara 
 and Compoflella. The Meftizo’s indeed make 
 a confiderable figure both in regard of number 
 
 and 
 
CON 
 
 and eftate. But the bulk of the people are the 
 natives, who in general are well treated here, as 
 being braver and more polite than any of their 
 countrymen, and well affe&ed to the Spaniards, 
 efpecially their priefts, though far from being 
 fuch flaves to them as in other parts of New 
 Spain. Lat. 21. 4. N. Long. 107. o. W. 
 
 Cona, an ifland near the coaft of New An- 
 dalufia, on the Terra Firma, in America. 
 
 Conception, by the Indians called Penco, 
 a city in the kingdom- of Chili, in South Ame- 
 rica, fituated on the edge of the fea at the bottom 
 of a bay of the fame name. It lies in 37 °. S. 
 lat. and 78 ?. 41'. 30". W. long. It was feve- 
 ral times deftroyed by the powerful confederacy 
 of the Indians, and as many times repaired. In 
 1730 it was deftroyed by an earthquake, and 
 fince that rebuilt. It is under the audience and 
 jurifdidtion of Santiago, and is governed by a 
 corregidore. 
 
 The inhabitants of this city are a regular 
 militia, trained to arms from their childhood, 
 and muft be always ready on the firft alarm, for 
 fear of the fudden, or unexpected incurfions of 
 the Indians : therefore the prefident of Chili 
 takes care to have the forts and magazines in 
 good order to repel any invafions. It is go- 
 verned, like other cities, by a corregidore, and 
 alcaldes, and has moft of the ufual courts of 
 juftice, with other places. 
 
 The inhabitants, and even the women, excel 
 in horfemanfhip ; they are very dextrous in ma- 
 naging the lance and noofe, and it is rare to fee 
 them mifs their aim, though at full fpeed with 
 the noofe, which they throw 40 or 50 yards, 
 and fo alter the object of their diverfion, or re- 
 venge. 
 
!«4e 
 here, a 
 of ihdr 
 
 Sffidi, 
 
 toniW 
 
 o. W. 
 
 New An* 
 iria 
 
 riPwco, 
 JouthAaie- 
 tick ton 
 wj/U 
 [was fore- 
 onfeJeracjf 
 wired. In 
 ^ 2&i 
 iUc:eo«Ju 
 «rmcd bye 
 
 e a tfsiik 
 cMW, 
 alarm, for 
 wafajot 
 at oi W 
 la^aiiKS 2 
 It is jo- 
 ?gi(3ore, d 
 aF courts « 
 
 omen, ac 
 [troias tu cia* 
 
 is rare to ^ 
 
 Jlfpri * 3 
 
 or jojA 
 
 At** 
 
 «* 
 
 CON 
 
 venge. This noofe is made of thongs made of 
 cow-hide, thefe they twift with oil, till rendered 
 fupple and pliant to command ; and fo ftrong 
 when twifted that they will hold a wild bull, 
 which would break a halter of hemp of twice the 
 thicknefs. With one of thefe a Spaniard pulled a 
 perfon out of a boat at a confiderable diftance 
 from the fhore. The country may be called 
 a granery, abounding with fuch vaft quantities 
 of wheat, that fix arobas, and fix pounds will 
 fell for no more than eight or ten rials. An ar- 
 roba is 25 lb. 
 
 The town is open on all fidcs, and commanded 
 by five eminences ; among which that of the 
 hermitage advances almoft to the middle, and 
 overlooks it all. It has no other defence than 
 a low battery, on the edge of the fea : and this 
 commands orily the anchoring place before the 
 town, which is a good quarter of a league from 
 it to the N. W. Befidcs, as this battery is not 
 large, it is in a bad condition; one half of it 
 without any plat-form, and but indifferently 
 built with rubbifh. The cannon are in no bet- 
 ter condition. At the entrance into the court be- 
 longing to the ordo, or judge, who commonly 
 fupplies the place of a governor, they have two 
 four-pounders mounted near the corps-de-garde, 
 which makes up the left wing of the court. Nor 
 is this want of fortifications I’upplied by men and 
 able officers. 
 
 The incurfions of the Indians have occafioned 
 the removing of the royal court of chancery 
 which was ettablifhed at Conception, in 1567, 
 to the city of St. Jago. And fince the Indians 
 have pofTefled themfelves of Imperial, the city of 
 Conception has become the fee of a bifliop, who 
 
 is 
 
 
CON 
 
 Ts fuffragan to the archbifhop of Lima, the capi- 
 tal of Peru. 
 
 Conception has on the E. high mountains, 
 from which ifliie two little rivers, running through 
 the town ; on the N. it has the entrance of the 
 bay ; on the W. the bay itfelf ; and the river 
 Biobio on the S. The flrtets, like thofe of all 
 the towns in this new world arc built by a 
 line. Mod of the houfes are of earth, in the 
 form of oblong fquares : they are but one ftory 
 high, and covered with pantiles. They are 
 large, but ill furnifhed ; each houfe has a garden 
 belonging to it, well furnifhed with all forts of 
 fruit-trees, which produce fuch a prodigious 
 quantity of fruit, that they are obliged to thin 
 them, otherwife the branches would break, nor 
 could the fruit come to maturity. In this city 
 are fix very famous monafteries ; but moft of the 
 monks are very ignorant, except the Jefuits, 
 who here, as every where elfe, take care of the 
 education of youth. 
 
 Towards the middle of the town is a large 
 fquare, on the S. fide of which {lands the parifh 
 church, which is very large, but withal very 
 mean. On the E. fide flood the bifhop s pa- 
 lace ; on the two other fides are fhops, whither 
 the women go in the night to buy iuch necef- 
 faries as they want for their families, it being 
 contrary to the cuflom of this country for wo- 
 men of any charadter to go abroad in the day- 
 time. 
 
 Conception, a bay not far from the city of 
 the fame name, in the kingdom of Chili, in 
 South America, near which is found, within four 
 leagues of the fea-coaft, a bed of fhells, of 
 which they make lime by calcining them. 
 
 Con- 
 

 CON 
 
 Conception, a river, which running through 
 the city of the fame name, empties itfelf into 
 Conception- bay, in South America, and king- 
 dom of Chili. 6 
 
 Conchucos, a jurifdi&ion in the empire 
 of Peru, in South America, under the arch- 
 bifhop of Lima ; it begins 40 leagues N. N. E. 
 of the metropolis, and runs along the center of 
 the Cordiilara. . It produces fruits, grains, and 
 affords extenfive pafture for cattle of all kinds. 
 Several branches of the woolen manufa£Iury arc 
 carried on here, which conftitute its greateft 
 commerce with the other provinces. 
 
 Condesuyos de Arequipa, a jurifdiiflion 
 under the bifhop of Arequipa, 30 leagues N. of 
 that city. Here is bred the wild cochineal : the 
 Indians carry on great trade with this; they grind 
 it, and mix it with a quantity of violet-maize, 
 four ounces of the former to 12 ounces of the 
 latter, of which they form cakes of four ounces 
 each, and fell it for a dollar per pound. Thefe 
 cakes thev call magnos. This place abounds alfo 
 with gold and filver mines, which, however, 
 are not fo carefully worked as formerly. 
 
 Connecticut, a county, or colony in Nevp 
 England, in North America, (comprehending 
 New Haven, though deemed a county) bound- 
 ed on the W. by New York and Hudfon’s-river • 
 divided from Long- iiland by an arm of the fea 
 southward ; it has Rhode-ifland, with part of 
 Maflachufet’s colony on the E. and the refidue 
 of Maffachufet on the N. The Conneflicut- 
 nver, which is one of the largeft and beft in 
 New England, runs through the heart of it 
 dividing itfelf into different parts, and is navi’- 
 gablc above 40 miles for Ihips of burthen, and 
 
 many 
 
c’rrr*/*“»;d,S SZ! - n d 
 
 ?t° s herethat they produce fo great a quan- 
 
 r of f ^ssisz 
 
 people here is, befide filheries, that of timber * 
 felUng, or cutting timber for knee-timber, plank 
 
 & £ 
 
 folarge ZfaS 
 
 for fi ft rates. The great floats of th.s timber 
 
 £o“; Sn this ,f»e, have eery much tm- 
 nroved their navigation. Several forts of metals 
 Save been found" here, as lead, iron, copper. 
 The iron mines are ftill worked, and greatly 1m- 
 1 a K.IT the attempts to raife a flock for work- 
 coppt, have failed. This colony is 
 
 • ° thriving ftate, populous, and increafing, con- 
 in a thriving ’ P“£ pe0 ple ; notwithftanding 
 
 deftroyed. See Boston. Lat. 4 i- I0 ‘ N ' 
 
 L °Con 7 nest?gucune, a fettlement, a little to 
 , XT f Aihanv in the county of that name, 
 idS^lSdo? Schenedlauy , .. .he Mo- 
 h.«”.-rim, which . Me lower 
 
 * SapoII 0 o/en^ tain' the bift.op.ick of 
 c, r a „ 0 or Chili Proper, m South America. 
 
 I Sf S n dor ' T E # mS' hare 
 
COQ^ 
 
 the number of Spaniards has occafioned an order 
 tor dividing the lands, by virtue of which they 
 take from the poor Indians not only their lands, 
 but their horfes alfo, which the chief magiftrates 
 tell to the new-comers for the advantage of the 
 kings officers, under colour of making more eafy 
 the (ettlements of thofe who improve the mines. 
 
 Lhrectly above the town are gold mines, and 
 others at two or three leagues didance, whence 
 they bring the ore on mules to the mills which 
 are within the town ; and thefe are worked with 
 Hammers and pounders. 
 
 Befides the gold mines here, about Copiapo are 
 everal mines of iron, brafs, tin, and lead, which 
 
 fi n0t WO j k ; T h ?y have alfo Iar g e quantities 
 load- done, and lapis lazuli, which the people of 
 the country do not know to be of any value. 
 I hefe mines are 1 4 or 15 leagues from Copiapo, 
 at a place where are alfo feveral of lead. On the 
 high mountains of the Cordillera, 40 leases 
 
 k i) ‘ u from . the P ort > are mines of the fined°ful- 
 phur that can be : it is taken pure from a vein two 
 feet wide, without requiring to be cleanfed, and 
 is worth three pieces of eight a quintal, or hun- 
 dred weight, at the port, from whence it is carried 
 to Lima. In fhort all the country is full of mines 
 of fal gem, for which reafon frefh water is very 
 fcarce. Salt-petre is no lefs plentiful, it bein£ 
 found in the vale an inch thick on the ground” 
 Between Copiapo and Coquimbo is no town or 
 village, only three or four farms. Nor is there 
 any inland town of note in the diocefe of St 
 J ago, except the capital of that name. Lat' 
 25. 10. S. Long. 75. 14. W. 
 
 Coquimbo, a town of St. Ja<ro, 0 r Chili 
 Proper, in South America, is fituated at the 
 
 lower 
 
c o CL 
 
 lower part of the vale, bearing the fame name, 
 a little^ way from the fea, on a gently rifrng 
 
 ^ The river of Coquimbo gives name to an 
 agreeable valley, through which it rolls into the 
 A The bay at the mouth of it is a very fine 
 on;, and fhips lie there very fafely, as well as 
 commodioufly, though the coaft is rocky ; but 
 fome iflands fo effectually keep oft the winds, 
 that there is no fort of hazard in lying as ^lofeto 
 them as poffible. The town iscommonly called 
 Coquimbo, but the name of it is properly La 
 Serana, from the delicioufnefs of the climate, 
 the fky here being continually ferene and P le ** 
 fant. It lies 260 miles N. of St. Jago, and boafts 
 of one of the fineft fixations in the univerfe. 
 The few ftreets it has are ftrait, and well 
 
 out; there is a reafonable pk.nyofvvater though 
 
 the river of Coquimbo is generalty fordab e 
 
 Every houfe has a large garden J lled 
 cranges.'olives, &c. A continual verdure ragn 
 here without ftorms, without Piling heat, or 
 any cold that is inconvenient. The foil is fruit- 
 ful, and all the country about it abounds with the 
 neceflaries of life, .fpomll, com »,nc a»J 
 oil exquifite in their kind, and excelliveiy 
 cheap ; drere is the fame plenty of cattle, tame 
 and wild fowl ; and in the adjacent valley, there 
 is fo plentiful a breed of horfes, that one which 
 would coft 30 or 40/. in England may be had 
 here for half as many (hillings. A ter all this, , the 
 town of La Serena is not a very beautiful phee ; 
 there are indeed five or fix convents, which make 
 a tolerable appearance, but except the gover- 
 nor's, all the houfes in the town are mere cab- 
 bins, and the people who inhabit them, * 
 
, c ° <*. 
 
 enough from being at their cafe, I mean In the 
 Spanifh fenfe of the word, that is, they are not 
 rich. I here are no mines of gold in this neigh- 
 ourhood, and though jhere are many of cop- 
 per, yet they are little wrought. We muft not 
 however imagine that they are altogether deflitutc 
 of rich commodities, for, in the winter feafon, 
 when the rams are violent, all the little brooks 
 bnng down gold, of which, if they had hands 
 enough, a great profit might be made ; but all 
 the inhabitants not exceeding 12 or 1500 per- 
 ions at moff, they do not get much. The trade 
 of fh.s place con fids in fending four or five /hips 
 yearly to Lima, laden with flower, wine,- and 
 other prcvihons; in return for which they receive 
 all forts of European goods, which are tranf- 
 ported from hence into other parts of Chili. 
 / his place has been often plundered, formerly, 
 •by our buccaneers. The Spaniards have now 
 fecured it effectually ; but they have rendered Tt 
 1° poor, that it is not worth plundering. 
 
 i he winters here are warm, and the /harp N 
 wmds never blow. The heat of the dimmer is 
 always tempered with refrefhing winds, which 
 come to moderate the heat abou°t noon: fo that 
 all the year is no other than a happy union of 
 au umn and fprmg for the production at once 
 both of flowers and fruit. The flreets are all 
 exa&ly in a fira.ght line from one end to the 
 other, like St. Jago from E. to W. and from N. 
 o S. I he fquares they form are alfo of the 
 
 J rr[‘° n r’ T, Uh a tivulet runni «g through 
 each, but the fm all number of the inhabitants, 
 
 the mulnefsof the flreets, which are not paved 
 an. the meannefs of the heufes, made ofmud- 
 
 W VoW thatchetJ ’ make ic ,ook on, y like a 
 * plain. 
 
COQ. 
 
 •- lain and the ftreets like the walks in gardens- 
 ? (hovt they are fet round with fig, orange, 
 which yield an arable 
 
 *" The moll ccnfiderable part of the town is 
 taken up by two fquares and fix rnonaiteries, 
 
 without Reckoning the pariflvchurch, and the 
 
 chapel of St. Agnes. Formerly there was a 
 church at St. Lucy, on an eminence of the fame 
 name, which runs out in a point to the middle 
 of the town, and commands it, by realon of the 
 lownefs of thehoufes, which have only a ground 
 i oor All the quarter of St. Lucy was once m- 
 hab ted, but f.nce the Englifc, and other priva- 
 teers have plundered and burnt the town it has 
 _. nt heen rebuilt, any more than the S. past. 
 
 The difcovery of the mines of Lopiapo, and 
 t he vexa^ns "of the chief -if rates 
 contribute towards unpeopling of it. ^elides 
 the corn above-mentioned which they fend to 
 
 I ima they alfo fupply St. Jago with much wine 
 .Lima, tn 7 , ^' he beft alol1g t h e coafh 
 
 Thcfc' together with fomc few hide, .sl ow, 
 
 * j j’* are all the trade of a place, 
 
 wife re* the inhabitants are poor by reafonof their 
 flothfulnefs, and the few Indtans they have 
 
 fC ThSper-mines here are alfo very common 
 . 1 , leagues N. E. from Coquimbo ; and 
 
 SSSSSpKss 
 
 \ “ th*t it is true, than of earthen-ware, 
 
 Sfflvi. The jefuits have another ^ine^ve 
 leagues N. from the city, on Mount Cer V 
 de, or Green-hill, which is high, and fhaped 
 
 7 
 
COR 
 
 Sjt tolhe^port! ' ha ' “ 
 
 trJ.'f P °F t ° f Co< 3 uimbo being no place of 
 
 above ?h Lu , rOP T Commodities > of which not 
 bove value of 12, or 15,000 pieces of eight 
 
 can b e fold in a year, the French fhips refort 
 
 brandv °'A f °u P rovifl °™> wine, and 
 
 at Vaf' T hC bC f her u ‘ S fomewhat better than 
 at Valpara.fo, and much about the fame 
 
 eight or ten pieces of eight at leaf}, {fore are 
 
 partndges , but they are in/ipid. O n the ££ 
 
 hand, the turtle-doves are very delicious 5 and 
 
 here is abundance of ducks in a little pool near 
 
 the port. I he fifliery is plentiful enough in the 
 
 bay, yielding plenty of mullets pezerayes, fo £ 
 
 and a very delicious filh without bones, called’ 
 
 tcflbn, and peculiar to this coaft. But there is 
 
 offoc 0 ks. Cart “ ,g ° f n£lS ’ bCCaUfe tHe fil0re is 
 
 Cordillera, a chain of very large moun- 
 tains in America, which run from N. to S from 
 the province of Quito in Peru, quite to the 
 (freights 0 Magd^n, being above 1000 leagues 
 
 T l°°? milcs - They are accounted 
 
 the highell mountains in the world: they are 
 generally 40 eagues broad, intermixed ^ith 
 abundance of habitable vallies. Thefe moun- 
 tains form two ridges, the lowermoft of which is 
 covered with woods and groves ; but the higheit 
 are barren on account of the exceffive coldand 
 W on them The afeent to them begins « 
 the very foore of thefea; but that which! L. 
 perly called the mountains requires three or four 
 days journey to the top of them, where one can- 
 not ee the country below for clouds, though the 
 fky over-head is clear and bright, and the fun 
 
 * 1 ftines 
 
COR 
 
 (Vines with admirable beauty. In this chain of 
 mountains are 16 volcanos, winch fomet.mee 
 break out with dreadful effects. 
 
 The Cordillera mountains are paffabVe only m 
 fummer, or the beginning of winter. I here are 
 ^precipices and deep mo. at the Mo of 
 the narrow paffes, which jjj* 
 
 '-VI r'Slenc. "aM fo W th.Toa'dt, 
 
 Shem.a.naone't head. The afc.n.s 
 a j°f, pn ts are fo deep, that they are difficult 
 aIld Inn foot- but the irkfomenefs of the way 
 is alleviated by beautiful cafcades, which the wa- 
 , , ,11 ./forms from the rocks and moun- 
 tCr "nainfome of the vallics the water 
 tains , an , . . { . re ( em bling; artificial 
 
 fp,l»R"f fpriogs are 
 
 *>"' .“fo™ placet arc hot fp.ingt, good 
 very cool. In ^omc pw 0ver ^ Hver Mcn . 
 
 againfl ^any ii P^' of roc ks, from the 
 
 doza is a n pieces of ftone re _ 
 
 r U KV M, w hich S con,eal like ificles, as the 
 fembhng fait, whicn cong bridge is 
 
 water drops from cms to *> 
 
 o r b«al»“ OU >5ca. this it another bridge called the 
 
 '“i^S^^S^Soable 
 ti,ert, .he cSa^S 
 
 'to 6, thcTiver' of Coqoimbo, Acongagua, Mav- 
 to, the tiver o nt o thls a, St. 
 
COT 
 
 tiiefe livers run from E. to W. and emptv 
 themfelves into the South-Seas. Thole which 
 run from the oppofite part of the Cordellera to- 
 wards the North-Sea are not fo well known, be- 
 caufe thofe parts are lefs inhabited : the moft re- 
 markable of them are thole of St. John, and 
 Mendogas, which are very large rivers, and 
 empty themfelves into the famous Jake of Gua- 
 nacacbe. 
 
 Cordova, de la nueva Andalucia, 3 
 city in South America, and kingdom of Peru, 
 fubjedf to the jurifdi£fion of Charcas, 80 leagues 
 S. of Santiago del Eftero. Here is the epilco- 
 pal church of Tucum n, with fome monafteries, 
 befides a convent of Jefuits. It is very fruitful in 
 grain, fruits, honey, and wax, cotton, and fu- 
 gars, with luxuriant paftures for mules, who are 
 inconceivably numerous in this part, which alfo 
 abounds with falt-pits. It is fituated on a marfhy, 
 though rich and fertile ground, and drives a con- 
 Jiderable trade in the above-mentioned commo- 
 dities with Peru, it lying on the road to Buenos 
 Ayres. The inhabitants are Spaniards, amount- 
 ing to about 300, who are alfo employed in til- 
 ling the ground, and manufadturing of cotton- 
 cloth, which they fend to Potofi. Lat. 31. 30. S 
 Long. 63. 30. W. •O’* 
 
 Corientes, Los, a fmall city within the 
 government of Buenos Ayres, in South America 
 and empire of Peru, was built, by the Spaniards 
 on the confluence of the Parana and Paraguay 
 80 leagues higher than Santa Fe, on the r!o de 
 i a riata. 
 
 Cotar am no, a jurifdi&ion in South America 
 and empire of Peru, fubjedl to the bifhop ofCufco* 
 and hes 20 leagues S. W. of that city. It pro! 
 
 ^ 3 duces 
 
COT 
 
 duces plenty of all kinds of grain, and fruits, 
 abounds in cattle, and formerly had feveral rich 
 mines, but at prefent they have greatly declined, 
 and thofe now worked almoft exhaufted. 
 
 Coro. See Venezula. 
 
 Costa Rica, a province of New Spain, in 
 America. Jt fignifies the rich coaft, and is fo 
 c..lled from its rich mines of gold and filvei ; 
 thofe of Tinfigal being preferred by the Spaniards 
 to the mines of Potofi ; but otherwil'e it is 
 mountainous and barren. It is bounded by Ve- 
 laguas province on the S E. and that of Nica- 
 ragua on the N. E. It reaches from the North 
 io^the South-Sea, about 90 leagues from E. 
 to W. and is 50 where broadeft from N. to S. 
 It has much the fame produ£lions as its neigh- 
 bouring provinces. The foil in fome parts is 
 good, and it produces cocoa. On the North - 
 Sea it has two large convenient bays, the moll 
 wefterly called St, Jerom*s j and that near the 
 frontiers of Veraguas, called Caribaco; and on 
 the South-Sea it has feveral bays, capes, and 
 convenient places for anchorage. 
 
 Cotopaxi, a large volcano near Lataacunga,^ 
 an afliento, or dependence in the province ot 
 Ouito, in South America. It lies nearly under 
 the line, yet the tops of it is generally covered 
 with ice and fnow. It firft ihewed itfelf in 
 * 753 ’ w ^ en Sebaftian de Belacazar firft entered 
 thefe countries, which eruption proved favour- 
 able to his enterprize, as it coincided with a 
 predidlion of the Indian priefts, that the country 
 fhould be invaded on the burfting of this Vol- 
 cano, and accordingly it fell out, for before 
 jccq he had fubdued all the country. 
 
 Court- 
 
Courtlant, a manor in the county of Weft 
 Chefter, and province of New York, in Noitn 
 America; it fends a member to the general af- 
 fembly. See West Chester. 
 
 Cowetta, a town of Georgia, in North 
 America, to which general Oglethorp had tra- 
 velled, and is not lets than 5C0 miles from Fie- 
 d erica. It belongs to the Creek Indians. And 
 here the (aid general conferred not only with. the 
 chiefs of all the tribes of this nation ; but alfo 
 with the deputies of the Co&aws and Ckicke- 
 faws, who lie between theEnglifh and French fet - 
 tlements, and made a new treaty with the natives 
 of the lower creeks more ample than the former 
 ones. Lat. 30. 20 N. Long. 90. 10. W. 
 
 Cows-island. See Vache. 
 
 Crabs-isle, or Boriquen, an ifland fituat- 
 ed on the S. fide of St. Domingo. It had the 
 former name from the buccaneers, as abounding 
 with all kinds of that fhell-fifb. It is a fine large 
 ifland, in which are both hills and vallies, 
 planted with oranges and citrons, and the Enc . 
 lifh fettled on it in the year 1718 ; but is now 
 quite defert: for the Spaniards not liking fuch 
 neighbours, furprifed and took the place in 172c, 
 and carried off the women and children to Porto 
 Rico and St. Domingo. Lat. 18. 10. N. Long. 
 70. 10. W. 
 
 Craven, a large county in the province of 
 Carolina, in North America, lying along the 
 banks of the rivu Congaree, or Santee, which 
 feparates South and North Carolina. See Ca- 
 rolina. ^ It is pretty well inhabited by Englifh 
 and French proteftants. In this county is Sewee- 
 river, where fome families from New' England 
 fettled. In 1706, the Fench landed here* but 
 I 4 were 
 
V 
 
 CUB 
 
 were vi^oroufly oppofed by this little colony, who 
 beat off the invaders, having forced them Iff 
 h ave many of their companions dead behind 
 them. In' this county are no towns, only two 
 Ports on the fouthern bank of Santec-river ; the 
 one, called Sheniningh-fort, is about 45 miles 
 above the mouth of the river ; the other called 
 Congarec, an Englifh fort, which ftands 65 miles 
 above the former. 
 
 Creek, or Yaitmacraw, Indians, a peo- 
 ple of Georgia, in North America, allies of the 
 Englifh, whofe king Tomo-chichi, with his 
 oueen and fon, came over to England with ge- 
 neral Oglethorpe, in the year 1734. There 
 are nations both of the Upper and Lower- 
 Creeks, a country lo called from its being inter- 
 fered with rivers, and extending from the liver 
 Savannah to the lakes of Florida, the Cherokee s« 
 mountains, and the river Coufia. 
 
 Crown-point, a Tort built by the rrencrij 
 in the province of New York. See New Y ORK. 
 
 Cruz, Santa, de la Sierra, a govern- 
 
 mentand generalfhip,allbajurifdidion and bimop- 
 
 rick under the bifhop of Charchas, 9 ° leagues 
 E. of Plata, in the empire of Peru. 
 
 Cuba, the moft confiderable ifland of the 
 Great Antilles, and, to fay the truth, is one of 
 the fineft in the univerfe. . 
 
 It lies flretched out from W . to E. having 
 Florida and Lucayos on the N. Hifpantola on 
 the W. Jamaica, and the fouthern continent, 
 on the S. and the gulf of Mexico on i the t. It 
 lies between 19 0 . 30'. and 23 °. of N. latitude, 
 and between 74°- and 87 °. of W. long. Herrera 
 fays, that it is 230 leagues in length, and ui the 
 broadefl part, which is toward the ifland 01 
 
 Hil- 
 
CUR 
 
 Hifpaniola, 40 leagues; in the narrowed a. 
 bout 12. 
 
 It lies within theTropick of Cancer, and is 
 by far the mod temperate and pleafant of all the 
 Antilles. 7 he Europeans, who are generally 
 troubled with the heat of thefe parts, confefs 
 themfelves agreeably refrefhed by the cooling 
 winds, which are morning and evening through- 
 out the ifland. 
 
 As to the foil, it differs pretty muc^ in the 
 feveral parts of the ifland. All the weftern part 
 of the country is plain, and if it were properly 
 cultivated, might be fruitful, though it mud 
 be owned that much cannot be faid of it on that 
 head. I he eaftern part is exceedingly moun- 
 tainous, and from thence there runsa chain of hills 
 almod through the whole ifland ; but the farther 
 L , • y° u 8° they are the lefs rough and barren, 
 from thefe hills there run down to the N. and S. 
 many rivers, and amongft them fome pretty con- 
 fiderable ones, which, befidcs their beftowinf 
 verdure and coolnefs as they pa fs, are full of fiflj 
 and thofe very large and good. The created 
 inconveniency in Cuba is its being over-grown 
 with woods, which, whatever the Spaniards 
 may pretend, mud be owing to their own lazi- 
 nefs, and nothing elfe j for, as they admit the 
 country was well peopled when firft difeovered 
 it mud neceffarily have been lefs thick with trees! 
 Amongft thefe, however, there are fome very 
 valuable, particularly cedars of an enormous fize, 
 and other forts of odoriferous wood. Birds there 
 arc of all kinds, more than in any other of the 
 lilands: and the Spaniards at their firft landing 
 having fuftered fome black cattle to flray into 
 the woods, they by degrees turned wild, and 
 ^ 5 have 
 
CUB 
 
 have furnifhed the ifland with fuch a breed as 
 make now the principal part of its riches. 
 Many fine fat beads are left to rot on the ground, 
 though great numbers are killed purely for the 
 hides 5 which are fent into Spain, and in _™ e 
 flauolitcr of them negroes are employed. 1 ne 
 flefh, cut into pieces, is dried in the fun, and 
 is ufed as provifion for fhipping. We have before 
 obferved that its rivers abound with tun, to 
 which we mull now add, that they abound alio 
 with a creature terrible alike to fifh, bead, and 
 men, viz. the aligator. It is thought there are 
 more of this fpecies here than in any part of the 
 known world. Moft writers confound this crea- 
 ture with the crocodile, and indeed the Spaniards 
 have but one name, viz. caymanes, to exprets 
 both ; vet it is certain that there is a difference, 
 and amongft other particulars, in theie. 1 he 
 leas of a crocodile are longer than thole of the 
 aligator; his flefh is not mufky, as the other is ; 
 the knots on the back are thicker, higher, and 
 firmer ; but the plained and moft dtlcemabie 
 difference, and which indeed difeovers itfelf at 
 firft fight, is this, that the crocodile carries his 
 tail cocked and crooked, with the tip turning 
 back, like a bow, whereas the aligator drags his 
 
 on the ground. 
 
 This iftand was difeovered by the famous 
 Chriftopher Columbus, who had but a very flight 
 view of it, which yet was fatal to the natives, 
 for they having prefented him with gold, fome 
 pieces of which he carried into Spam, it occa- 
 fioned an immediate refolution to fettle in it. 
 This was performed in 1511, by John Velal- 
 quez, who tranfported hither about 500 foot, 
 and 80 horfe. He was a haughty, cruel, 
 
 me 
 
h 
 
 te. 
 
 mi, , 
 
 r the 
 Q the ' 
 
 TV 
 
 0. 21X1 
 
 before 
 A, to 
 nidi 
 
 1, vi 
 mire 
 oik 
 crea- 
 nbrtis 
 ajiA 
 m, 
 
 .Tie 
 eoftfc 
 xtherb; 
 ier, and 
 trwfc 
 itfclht 
 ntshis 
 tunt®S 
 injto 
 
 : fatnotf 
 
 t B 0 t 
 
 ii l® ! 
 
 itofl* 
 tk is i 
 
 ItoH 
 
 ft?* 1 ’ 
 
 CUB 
 
 inexorable man, and the treatment the poor 
 people met with from him, was fuch as we want 
 both room and will to relate. The worthy 
 bifhop of Chiapa, who was an eye-witnefs of 
 his barbarity, hath publifhed it to the world, 
 and computed, that by thefe horrid feverities, 
 near 5,000,000 of people were deftroyed. Later 
 writers, inftead of fpeaking tenderly of this 
 matter, and making fome amends to their me- 
 mory, do all that is in their power to give this 
 horrid proceedings the air of juftice, by repre- 
 senting the Indians as-the moft bafe and wicked 
 nation that ever lived. Herrera tells us, that 
 they were a very good fort of people, and well 
 tempered. They had, fays he, princes and 
 towns of 2 or 300 houfes, with fevers! families 
 in each of them, as was ufual in Hifpaniola. 
 i hey had no religion, as having ,no temples, 
 idols, or facrifices ; but they had the phyhcians, 
 or conjuring priefls, as in Hifpanibla, who, it was 
 thought, had communication with the devil, and 
 their queftions anfwered by him. They fafted 
 three or four months to obtain that favour^ catino- 
 nothing but the juice of herbs, and when reduced 
 to extreme weaknefs, they were worthy of that 
 helliln apparition j and to be informed whether 
 the fc a Tons of the year would be favourable, or 
 otherwife; what children would be born ; whe- 
 ther thofe born would live, and fuch like quef- 
 tions. Thefe were their oracles ; and thefe con- 
 jurers they called Behiques, who led the people 
 into many fuperftitions and fopperies, curing tl*e 
 lick by blowing on them, and fuch other exte- 
 rior actions, mumbling fome words betwixt their 
 teeth. Thefe people of Cuba knew that heaven 
 ‘and earth, and other things had been created 
 
 1 6 2nd 
 
CUB 
 
 and faid, they had fome information concerning 
 the flood, and that the world had been deftroyed 
 by water, from three perfons that came three feve- 
 ral ways ; they were men of about 70 years of age, 
 and faid that an old man, knowing that the deluge 
 was to come, built a great Ihip, and wentintoit 
 with his family, and abundance of animals; that 
 he fent out a crow, which did not return, flaying 
 to feed on the dead bodies, and afterwards re- 
 turned with a green branch, with other particu- 
 lars, as far as Noahs fon’s covering him when 
 drunk, and the other fcoffing at it ; adding, that 
 the Indians defcended from the latter, and there- 
 fore had no coats nor cloaks; but that the Spa- 
 niards, defending from the other that covered 
 him, were therefore cloathed, and had horfes. 
 
 The true reafon, in all probability, why the 
 Spaniards deftroyed, with fo little pity, fo vaft a 
 number of innocent- people, was a covetous de- 
 fire of poflefling the whole ifland, and all its real 
 and fuppofed riches ; for at this time they fancied 
 that the parts of the ifland poflefitd by the na- 
 tives were exceffively rich in gold, of which, 
 while they fuffercd them to live, the Spaniards 
 did really receive a very large fhare. But fince 
 the extirpation of tlic Indians, there has been 
 very little, and at prefent there is fcarce any gold 
 at all found ; which fome confider as a judg- 
 ment on the Spaniards for their cruelty, for my 
 part, I think the matter eaftly unriddled. The 
 gold, I fuppofe, was taken out of the rivers, 
 which required not only a great deal of time and 
 patience, but many hands, and a perfedt know- 
 ledge of the places where it was to be found. 
 This accounts for the loftng that precious metal 
 
 with 
 
CUB 
 
 with the people, and (hews how weak a point 
 of policy this dodlrine of extirpation really is. 
 
 This ifland has great conveniences both for 
 making of fait, and catching of fi(h, which arc 
 principally barbel and (had.. It has mules, plenty 
 of horfes, fheep, wild boars, hogs, and cattle 
 of a larger and better breed than any other part 
 of America ; wild and tame fowl, parrots, par- 
 tridges with blue heads, and large tortoifes, 
 whofe feet are reckoned a fpecific for the Jeprofy. 
 There is no place where not only the rivers as 
 before mentioned, but the feas abound more 
 with aligators, as well as the fmall iflands on the 
 coaft palled Caymans, the Spanifli name for 
 crocodile. Their fhores alfo abound with fea- 
 fowl, partiqdarly a fort of cranes which are 
 white, when young, and of various colours 
 when old. Here are quarries of flints, and 
 fountains of bitumen, which is ufed in calking 
 fhips inftead of pitch, as well as in medicinal 
 compofitions. 
 
 Abundance of tobacco, both in leaf and fmifF, 
 is exported hence to New Spain, Cofta Rica, 
 and the South Sea, befides what is (hipped 
 for Old Spain, &c. in Europe. Another of its 
 trading commodities is Campeachy-wood, which 
 the merchants of this ifland import from the bay 
 of that name, and Honduras ; and put on board 
 the flota for Spain, together with their hides and 
 tobacco. Upon the whole it is a pleafant ifland. 
 
 However, from the depopulation of Cuba in 
 the manner before-mentioned, the improvements 
 on it are not fo general, nor fo good in their na- 
 ture and tendency, as in our iflands. Here are 
 more churches than farms, more priefts than 
 planters, and more lazy bigots than ufeful la- 
 bourers. 
 
CUE 
 
 labourers. And to this it is owing, that fo large 
 an ifland, with a luxuriant foil, befides food 
 for its inhabitants, which is more eafily produced 
 and obtained here than perhaps in any other part 
 of the world, here being forefts with plenty of 
 venifon, befides the cattle above-mentioned, 
 does not produce for exportation, including even 
 their hides and tallow, tobacco, and fnuff, &c. 
 near the value of our little ifland of Antigua. 
 
 The city of St. Jago de Cuba is the moft an- 
 cient in the ifland, and is, generally fpeaking, 
 efteemed the capital, though now the governor 
 refides at the Havana, and only fuch of the Spa- 
 niards as have ellates on the ifland, and are con- 
 tented with their pofieflions without meddling 
 much in trade, inhabit this place, which has a 
 declining afpedf, and preferves only the ruins of 
 its former greatnefs. Yet even this city has a 
 noble, fafe, and commodious port, inferior to 
 the Havana only in its fituation, that being on 
 the N. W. fide of the ifland, towards the chan- 
 nel of Bahama, whereas St. Jago de Cuba lies 
 on the N. E. and commands the windward 
 paflage. 
 
 Cuenca, or Bamba, a city and conflderable 
 jurifdi£tion in the province of Quito, and em- 
 pire of Peru, in South America, under the 
 Torrid Zone, lying in 2°. 53'. 49". S. lat. This 
 town is computed to contain about 20, or 30,000 
 people ; and the weaving of bays, cottons, &c. 
 is carried on by the women, the men here being 
 averfe to all kind of labour, and prone to all 
 manner of profligacy. See Quito. It is fituat- 
 ed on the river Curaray, or Saint-Jago: which, 
 after many windings from W . to E. falls at Jail 
 into the river of the Amazons. The town 
 
 (lands 
 
C U L 
 
 {lands at the foot of the Cordillera mountains, 
 and inhabited by Spaniards who are governed bv 
 a corregidore. Here are two convents, one of 
 Dominican friars *, and the other of Francifcans. 
 It lies about 170 miles S. of Quito. 
 
 Culiacan, a province of Guadalaxara, in the 
 audience, or kingdom of New Galicia, in Old 
 Mexico, or New Spain, in America. It has 
 the province of Cinaloa on the N. New Bifcay 
 and the Zacatacas on the E. Chiametlan on the 
 S. and the gulph of California on the W. Its 
 length, according to Moll, is 60 leagues, and 
 breadth 50. The Sanfons make its length 270 
 miles. It abounds with all forts of fruit. When 
 this country was firft difeovered by the Spaniards, 
 they found houfes here built after a ftrange man- 
 ner, and full of ferpents hiding at fuch as came 
 near. Thcfe were often worfhipped by the na- 
 tives, who alledgcd that the devil frequently ap- 
 peared to them in that fhape. The great river 
 La Sal in this country is well inhabited on each 
 fide. According to Dampier it is a fait lake, 
 or bay, in which is good riding at anchor, 
 though it has a narrow entrance, and runs 12 
 leagues E. and parallel with the fhore. Here ate 
 feveral Spanifh farms and falt-ponds about it ; and 
 fi.e leagues from it are two rich mines, worked 
 by flaves belonging to the citizens of Compoftel- 
 la . Here alfo is another great river, whofe banks 
 are full of woods and paftures. Gazman, who 
 firft difeovered, or at leaft fubdued this part of the 
 country, called it Mugeres, or the Women’s-ri- 
 ver, as he faw a great number of women here ; 
 which gave occafion to the fable of Amazons 
 living in this country. On this river he built a 
 
 town 
 
CUM 
 
 town, to which he gave the name of St. Michad ; 
 which fee. 
 
 Cum an a, or Com an a, the capital of New 
 Andalufia, a province of Terra Firma, in North 
 America. It fometimes gives its name to the 
 province. The Spaniards built this city in 
 1520, and it is defended by a ftrong caftle. 
 This town, fays Dampier, ftands near the 
 mouth of a great lake, or branch of the fea, 
 called Laguna de Venezuela; about which are 
 feveral rich towns ; but its mouth is fo fhallow, 
 that no (hips of burthen can enter it. He adds, 
 that the privateers were once repulfed at Cumana, 
 without daring to attempt it any more, being 
 the only place in the North-Seas they had in 
 vain attempted. It isfituated three leagues S. of 
 the North-Sea, and to the S. W. of Margaretta- 
 ifland. Lat. 9. 55. N. Long. 65. 3. W. 
 
 Cumberland, Bay of, in the moft nor- 
 thern countries of America, divides the country 
 called North-main into two pats-. Its mouth 
 lies under the polar circle, and runs to the N. W. 
 and is thought to communicate with Baffin’s- 
 bay on the N. In the cod of Cumberland-bay 
 are feveral fmall iflands, called Cumberland- 
 iflands. None but the Englilh, as Martiniere 
 obferves, call that bay Cumberland-bay ; andde 
 Lille does not mention it. 
 
 Cumberland, Island of, in Georgia, in 
 North America, is about 20 miles S. of the 
 town of Frederica. On it are the two forts 
 called William and St. Andrews. The former, 
 which is at its S. end, and commands the inlet of 
 Amelia-found, is ftrongly pallifadoed and defend- 
 ed by eight pieces of cannon. Barracks are 
 built h$re for 220 men, befides ftore-houfes. 
 
 Within 
 
CUR 
 
 Within the pallifadoes are fine fprings of water, 
 and a timber-houfe, with large magazines under 
 it frr ammunition and provifions. 
 
 Cumberaland-harbour, in the S. E. part 
 ©f the ifland of Cuba, one of the great Antilles, 
 in America, was formerly called Walthenam. 
 But admiral Vernon, and general Wentworth, 
 who arrived here with a fquadron in July 1741, 
 made an encampment on fhore, where they 
 built a fort, giving it the prefent name, in honour 
 of the duke of Cumberland. It is one of the 
 fineft harbours in the Weft Indies, capable of 
 Sheltering any number of fhips from hurricanes : 
 it lies in a wholefome country, abounding with 
 cattle and provifions, and a fine frefh-water ri- 
 ver, which the admiral called Augufta, and is na- 
 vigable for feveral leagues. This harbour is 
 about 20 leagues E. from St. Jago de Cuba, with 
 thick woods moftly all the way to it. Here the 
 Englifh forces having flayed till almcft the end of 
 November following, were, by reafon of the 
 ficknefs among them, extremely diminifhed, and 
 being obliged to quit the ifland, were carried 
 back to Jamaica. Lat. 20. 30. N. Long. 76. 
 50. W. 
 
 Curacao, Curassow, or, according to 
 captain Dampicr, Querisao, one of the little 
 Antillcs-iflands in the Atlantic ocean, in Ame- 
 rica: it is the only ifland of importance which 
 the Dutch poflefs in the Weft Indies. The 
 northmoft point of this ifland lies about 25 
 leagues from the main, orTerra Firma, near Cape 
 Roman, ft is about five leagues in length, and 
 between nine or ten in circuit. On the S. lide near 
 the W. extremity is a good harbour, called Santa 
 Barbara, but its principal one is about three 
 
 leagues 
 
c u s 
 
 leagues from the S. E. end, on the N. fide of it, 
 where the Dutch have a very good town and 
 ftrong fort. Ships bound in thither muft be fure 
 to keep clofe to the mouth of the harbour, and 
 have a rope ready to fend one end a-fhore to the 
 fort : for there is no anchoring at the entrance of 
 the harbour; but being once got in, it is a very 
 fecure port, either to careen, or lie fafe. At the 
 E. end are two hills; one of them much higher 
 than the other, and fteepeft towards the N. fide. 
 The reft of the ifiand is pretty level, where fome 
 merchants have ere&ed fugar- works, and which 
 formerly was all pafture-land for cattle. Here 
 are alfo fome plantations of potatoes and yams; 
 and they have ftill great numbers of cattle on the 
 ifiand. But it is not fo much efteemed for its 
 produce, as its fituation for trade with the Spanifh 
 continent; for the Dutch fmuggle confiderably 
 with the fettJements of that nation on the Terra 
 Firma. Formerly the harbour was never with- 
 out (hips from Carthagena and Porto Bello, 
 which ufed to buy of the Dutch about 1000, or 
 1500 negroes at a time, befides great quantities 
 of European commodities. But of late that 
 trade has fallen into the hands of the Englifh at 
 Jamaica. Yet ftill the Dutch have a vaft trade 
 all over the Weft Indies, fending from Holland 
 fhips of good force which are laden with Euro- 
 pean goods, whereby they make very profitable 
 returns. Lat. 1 1. 56. N. Long. 68. 20. W. 
 
 Cusco, a city in the empire of Los Reyes, 
 the moll ancient in the kingdom of Peru, in 
 South America, it being cotemporary with the 
 vaft empire of the Yncas. It was founded by 
 the firft Ynca Mango as the feat and capital of 
 his empire. Don Erancifco Pizarro entered and 
 
 took 
 
CVS 
 
 took poffeflion of it in the name of Charles V' 
 emperor of Germany, and king of Spain, in 
 1534. When the Spaniards landed here they 
 were furprifed at the largenefs and Iplendor of 
 the city, but chiefly at the magnificence of the 
 temple of the fun, called Curiachanah, which 
 contained immenfe riches, the walls and deling 
 being covered with gold. Ynca Mancha be- 
 fieged it, and laid great part of it in afhes, but 
 without diflodging Pizarro. On a mountain 
 contiguous to the N. part of the city are the 
 ruins of a famous fort built by the Yncas. It 
 is remarkable for the monftrous dimenfions of 
 the ftones, which are of fuch an amazing bulk, 
 that it is difficult to imagine how the ftrength of 
 men, unaflifted by machines, could have brought 
 them thither from the quarries ; one of thefe 
 huge ftones is ftill lying on the ground, and 
 feems not to have been applied to its intended 
 ufe : it is of fuch an enormous mafs as to aftonifh 
 not only the fight, but the conception, by what 
 poftible art it could be brought thither. This 
 itruCiure was once famous for its immenfe riches. 
 The city of Cufco is nearly equal to that of 
 Lima. The houfes are elegant and fpacious, 
 moftly of ftone 3 the mouldings of all the doors 
 are gilt. The facrifty, called Nueftro Senora 
 •del Triumpho, was the place where the Spa- 
 niards defended themfelves from the fury of the 
 Indians, when they were furrounded by the army 
 of the Y nca Mancha, and though the whole city 
 w'as feveral times fet on fire, yet the flames bad no 
 effect on this part, which was attributed to the 
 protection of the holy virgin. There are eight 
 parifhes in this city, and a convent remarkable for 
 being built of the walls formerly belonging to the 
 
 tern- 
 
cus 
 
 temple of the fun, and the high altar dands on 
 the very fpot where once flood the image of 
 that Pagan deity. Here' are four nunneries, three 
 colleges, and courts, correfponding nearly with 
 thofe of Lima, and other large cities of this 
 country. Cufco is divided into two parts ; the one 
 called Havan-Cufco, and the other Oran-Cufco. 
 Jn the time of the Yncas there was a large 
 and beautiful fquare in the middle of the city, 
 from which iflued four (lately flreets reprefenting 
 the four parts of the monarchy of Peru : they 
 are (till fubfifting at this day. The Yncas had 
 their palace in the fortrefs of Chachfa-Nuama, 
 which in a manner confided of three fortrefles, 
 difpofed in the form of a triangle. In the middle- 
 moft of thefe the Yncas refided, the walls of 
 which were incruftated with gold and filver, and 
 adorned with all forts of figures. There was no 
 way of going up to this citadel but by fubterra- 
 neous paflages, which, by the rntrica re winding?, 
 formed a labyrinth, the ifliie of which could 
 hardly be found. The whole citadel might be 
 looked upon as impregnable. The Spaniards 
 have demolifned that fumptuous building ; but 
 not being able to remove thofe huge flones, of 
 which it was compofed, the greateft part of the 
 walls is dill danding. 
 
 In the time of the Yncas it was not lawful for 
 the inhabitants of Cufco to go and fettle elfe- 
 where ; fo that in this city was a prodigious con- 
 courfe of people, becauie all the fubjedls were 
 obliged to come hither in order to pay their ho- 
 mage to the fovereign. The principal men of 
 the empire were obliged to leave their children 
 with them as hodages, urtder pretence of making 
 them learn the language of Cufco. Others 
 
 came 
 
teon 
 
 mage c: 
 Viree | 
 ijwh I 
 
 $ cl ill? 1 
 jthcone 
 in-Cufc, 
 s a brj: 
 the tiij, 
 pefafto; 
 cni:h| , 
 r aa\A 
 Nmt, 
 irirdb, 
 rmiddle- 
 walls of 
 ivei, li 
 re was 53 ( 
 fobton- 
 irnfap 
 cb coiild 
 night be 
 pniardj 
 kt 
 tones, of I 
 utoftk 
 
 hwfclfcr j 
 ettktli* 
 [ioiiSCK* 
 eflswer: 
 
 '4ih; * 
 linen oi 
 10* 
 f#5 
 0 kff 
 ClflU I 
 
 c u s 
 
 came hither to work at the buildings of the city ; 
 to clean and repair the ftreets and roads, and to 
 perform other forts of work for the court, and 
 cultiv te the arts and manufactures under the 
 prince’s eye. This kind of policy ferved to 
 keep the provinces in a due fubjeftion, and alfo 
 to infpire all the fubjeCls with a noble emulation. 
 
 The gold and filver of Peru was brought ia 
 great plenty to Cufco, in the neighbourhood of 
 which are very rich mines. But thefe have in 
 fome meafure been negleCted ; becaufe thofe of 
 Potofi afford much more filver, and with lefs 
 danger. The mines of Lampa, and thofe of 
 Cordillera de Cufco, are very confiderable, 
 though there be others much richer towards the 
 Moxos, where the Indians have plenty of gold; 
 but they are of a favage and fierce temper. The 
 Spaniards have fome little trade with the nations 
 Celling beyond the mountains of Cufco. 
 
 In the time of the Yncas, there were in feveral 
 parts of the city fubterraneous buildings, where 
 the foothfayers and diviners dwelt. And in thele 
 buildings the Spaniards flill, from time to time, 
 find great quantities of gold and filver. 
 
 In Cufco are reckoned between 15 and 16,000 
 Spaniards, Creolians, and Indians, befides the 
 Grangers who come thither to trade. The 
 churches are very rich, as well as the convents; 
 among which that of the Jcfuits is remarkably 
 fumptuous. It is the fee of a bifhop, who is 
 fuffragan to the archbifhop of Lima, and is ftill 
 an elegant city. The vallies about Cufco abound 
 with corn and fruit. In that of Yucay are fe- 
 veral .gardens and country-feats, in which the 
 Spaniards have fpared nothing that could agree- 
 ably gratify the imagination. In a word 
 
cuz 
 
 thing is wanting at Cufco, viz. for pleafure or 
 healdi* though the air be fomewhat cold on ac- 
 count of the Andes, or Cordillera. Here are 
 manufactures of bays and cotton -cloth, which 
 are fome fmall prejudice to the trade of Europe. 
 They alfo make fome forts of works in leather, 
 as well for the ufe of men, as for the furni- 
 ture of horfes and mules. This city is alfo fa- 
 mous for the vaft number of piClures made by 
 the Indians, with which, wretched as they are, 
 they fill the whole kingdom. Cufco ftands in a 
 very uneven fituation, on the declivity of the 
 Cordillera. Its N. and W. fides are furroundcd 
 with a mountain, on one fide of which is the 
 famous caftle before-mentioned, that was built 
 by the Yncas ; on the S. fide is an elegant plain, 
 decorated with walks. It lies about 356 miles 
 E. of Lima. Lat. 1 3. 26. S. Long. 70. 20. W. . 
 
 Cuyo, or Chicuibo, a province of Chili, 
 in S. America. It is fituated to the E. of Chili 
 Proper, and beyond the Cordillera-mountains. 
 
 Cuzujviel, an ifland in the province of Juca- 
 tan, and audience of Mexico, in South Ame- 
 rica, in the bay of Honduras, 15 leagues long, 
 and five broad. The adventurers who ufed to 
 touch here, when they went upon difcoveries 
 from the ifle of Cuba, called it Santa Cruz, its 
 chief town. It lies four leagues to the E. of 
 the lake of Bacala!, in 19 N. lat. and 87 Q . W. 
 long. 
 
 DAM- 
 
D A R 
 
 D AM P JE R ’S - ST R EIGHT, an 
 
 opening, or paflage, found by the captain 
 whofe name it bears, between South Guiney, 
 and a country to the E. of it, with which it. 
 was formerly thought to join South America, 
 In it arc many iflands, the largeft lying on the 
 N. fide. The channel is very good between the 
 ifland and the land to the eaftward. 
 
 Darien, Isthmus of, or Terra Firma, 
 properly fo called, is that country lying between 
 the gulph of Darien and Mexico, or New 
 Spain, along the coaft of the North and South- 
 Seas. It is that narrow neck of land which 
 joins South and North America together j and 
 otherwife called the Ifthmus of Panama, or of 
 America. It has probably the name of Darien, 
 from the great river thus called, by which it is 
 bounded to the E. together with the gulph into 
 which it falls. On the W. fide, its fouthern 
 coaft extends to long. 83°. W. from London ; 
 but its northern does not extend beyond long. 
 82°. Beyond the great river Darien the land 
 fpreads to E. and N. E. as that on the other fide 
 does to the N. and N. W. fo that it cannot any 
 further be called an Ifthmus. It is moftly com- 
 prehended between lat. 5, and io°. and near 
 300 miles long. But its breadth in the narroweft 
 part is about 55, or 60 miles from fea to fea. 
 
 Mr. Wafer fays, that were he to fix limits 
 to this narroweft part of the Ifthmus, he would 
 affign for its wcftern boundary a line run- 
 ning from the mouth of the river Chagre, where 
 it falls into the North-Sea to the neareft part 
 of the South-Sea, weftward of Panama, there- 
 by including that city and Porto Bello, with 
 
 ' the 
 
D A R 
 
 the rivers of Cheapo and Chagre. And he 
 would draw a line from point Garachina, or the 
 S. part of the gulph of St. Michael, dire£lly E. 
 to the neared part of the great river ot^ Darien, 
 for the wedern limit ; fo as to take Caret-bay 
 into the Ifthmus. On the N. and E. it is fufR- 
 ciently bounded by each of the vaft oceans. 
 And confidering that this is the narrowed land 
 which disjoins them, and how great the com- 
 pafs is which muft be fetched from one (bore to 
 the other by fca, having North and South Ame- 
 rica for each extreme, it is of a very lingular 
 fituation, and extremely pleafant and agreeable. 
 
 Nor does either of the oceans fall in at once 
 upon the fhore, but is intercepted by a great 
 many valuable iflands that lie fcattered along 
 each coad. Thofe in the gulph of Darien are 
 principally three, viz. Golden-ifland ; another, 
 the biggeft of the three, and the ifland of Pines : 
 befides thefe, are the Samballoes-iflands, great 
 numbers of them difleminated in a row, and col- 
 laterally at very unequal didances. 
 
 The land of this continent is almod every 
 where of an unequal furface, didinguifhed by 
 hills and vallies of great variety tor height, 
 depth, and extent. The vallies ate generally 
 watered with rivers, brooks, and perennial 
 fprings, with which the country very much 
 abounds. They fall feme into the North, and 
 others into the South-Sea; and mod of them 
 fake their rife from a ridge, or chain of higher 
 hills than the red, running the length of the 
 Idhmus, and in a manner parallel to the fhore ; 
 which, for diftinflion’s fake, we (hall call the 
 main- ridge. This is of an unequal breadth, 
 and tends along, bending as the Ifthmus itfelt 
 
 does. 
 
D A R 
 
 does. Jt is moftly neareft the North Sea, feldom 
 above io or 15 miles diftant from it. Mr. Wafer 
 fays he had always a fair view of the North-Sea 
 horn thence; but the South-Sea he could not fee 
 from any part of the ridge, by reafon that, though 
 here and there are plains and valleys of a con- 
 fiderable extent, and fome open places, yet they 
 lie intermixed with confiderable hills, and thofe 
 fo cloathed with tall woods, that they interrupt 
 the profpedt very much. 
 
 On the N. fide of the main ridge are either no 
 lulls at all, or fuch as are rather gentle declivities, 
 g^ual Ridings of the ridge, than hills 
 diltincr from it. This fide of the country is every 
 where fo covered with woods, that it is all one 
 continued foreft. Nor is the main ridge itfelf 
 carried on every where with a continued top ; but 
 is rather a row, or chain of diftin& hills, than a 
 continued one : and accordingly it has frequent 
 and large valleys disjoining the feveral eminen- 
 ces that compofe its length. And thefe valleys, 
 as they render the ridge itfelf more ufeful and ha- 
 bitable, fo fome of them are fo deep in their de- 
 icent, as to admit a pafiage for rivers. 
 
 Som , e ° f the rivers which water this country 
 are indifferently large, though few of them na- 
 vigable, as having bars and fhoals at their mouth. 
 On the N. coaft the rivers are, for the mofl part 
 very (mall : for, rifing generally from the main- 
 ridge, which lies near the fhore, their courfe is 
 very fhort. 1 he river of Darien is indeed very 
 large; but the depth at the entrance is not an- 
 fwerable to the widenefs of its mouth, though 
 farther in it is deep enough. But from thence to 
 Lhagre, the whole length of this coaft, the 
 rivers are little better than brooks : nor is the ri- 
 ven,. I. k 
 
 ver 
 
D A R 
 
 ver of Conception any other, which difcharges it- 
 fe!f over againft La Sound’s-key, in the Sambal- 
 loes. The river of Chagre is pretty confiderable : 
 it rifes from the fame ridge, and has a long wind- 
 ing courfe from the S. and E. part of the Iftb- 
 inus, its fource being at a pretty great diflance 
 from its mouth. The N. coaft in general is 
 plentifully watered ; yet chiefly with fprings and 
 rivulets, trickling down from the neighbouring 
 hills. The foil on this N. coaft is various : ge- 
 nerally it is good land where rifing in hills ; but 
 towards the fea are here and there fwamps, yet 
 feldom above half a mile broad. Inclufively 
 from Caret-bay, which lies in the river of Da- 
 rien, and is the only harbour in it, to the pro- 
 montory near (lolden-iftand, the fhore of the 
 Ifthmus is indifferently fruitful, partly a fandy 
 bay: but part of it is overflown, fwampy, man- 
 grove land, where is no going a-fhore but up to 
 the middle in mud. The fhore of this coaft rifes 
 in hills diredily, and the main- ridge is about five 
 or fix miles diftant. Caret- bay has two or three 
 rivulets of frefh water falling into it. It is a fmall 
 bay and having two little iftands lying before it ; 
 make it an indifferent good harbour, and it has 
 clear anchoring ground, without any rocks. 
 The iftands are pretty high land, cloathed with a 
 variety of trees. 
 
 To the eaftward of the promontory, at the 
 entrance of the river Darien, is another fine 
 fandy bay. In the cod of it lies a little, low, 
 fwampy ifland, about which it is fhoal water and 
 foul ground, not fit for (hipping : and the fliore 
 of the Ifthmus behind and about it, is fwampy 
 land, over-grown with mangroves, till alter 
 paftiiw three or four miles the land afeends to the 
 ° mam* 
 
D A R 
 
 main-ridge. But though the cod of this bay be 
 lo bad, yet the entrance of it is deep water 
 and a hard Tandy bottom, excellent for anchor* 
 mg, with three iflands before-mentioned, which 
 make it an extraordinary good harbour. Sec 
 thele iflands under their proper names, 
 
 Fiom thefe iflands, and the low fwampy point 
 oppofite to them, the fliore runs north- weE 
 to point Sambalias j and for the firft three leagues 
 
 ° f r ° ckS5 fome above, "and 
 fome under water, where a boat cannot eo 
 a-fhore. The rocks lie fluttered unequal Ivin 
 
 S dt f h */V he N - W - end of which is a 'fine 
 little fandy bay with good anchoring, and going 
 
 q A "l tbe end of the roekson one fide 5 
 and the Samballoes-iflands which begin from 
 hence on the other, guard it from the fes an d 
 make it a very good harbour. This, as well as 
 the others, ,s much frequented by privateers? 
 and by our countrymen called Tickle- me’ 
 qu.ckly harbour. Before this lie SambalWs" 
 
 ifthm?’ thC T S Ch3nncl bctween which and the 
 Iithmus is of two, three, and four miles in 
 
 breadth ; and the (hore of the Ifthmus is pE 
 
 p - ^ c ys V a n d par ^ L man g rov e land, quite to 
 int Sambalias. The mountains are much 
 ru the fame diftance of fix cr feven miles from the 
 fhore. But about the river of Conception 
 whofe mouth is about a mile or two to theE 
 ward of La Sound’s quay, the main ridgeTs fom t 
 u hat further diftant. Many little brooks fall inrr* 
 the fea on every fide of that river ; and the ou f 
 lets are fome of them in the landy bay, and W 
 among the mangrove land ; the fwamps ofwhfch 
 mangroves are on this coaft made by falt-water 
 fo that the brooks which come oit there are 
 k 2 brackilh! 
 
DAR 
 
 brackifh : but thofe in the fandy bay yield very 
 fvveet water. None of thefe outlets, nor the ri- 
 ver of Conception itfelf, are deep enough to ad- 
 mit of any veffel but canoes, the rivers on this 
 part of the coaft being numerous, but (hallow : 
 yet the fine riding in the channel makes any 
 other harbour needlefs. The going a-fhore on 
 thefe iflands is very eafy. But a fea-wind makes 
 a great (well, fometimes fall upon the Ifthmus, 
 efpecially where a channel opens between the 
 iflands ; fo that canoes are often overfet. 1 he 
 ground hereabout is excellent foil, the land 
 riling up gently to the main ridge, and is a con- 
 tinued foreft of ftately timber-trees. 
 
 About two miles to the weftward of thefe 
 iflands, and a little to the eaftward of Porto 
 Bello, at the mouth of the bay of Nombre de 
 Dios, and above half a mile from the fhore, 
 lie a few iflands called Baftimcntos, now noted, 
 as admiral Hofier, in 1718, continued a long 
 time before them with a Britifh fquadron in a 
 ftate of inaftion, till the fhips were almoft rot- 
 ten, which fo affeaed him, that it is commonly 
 faid’ it broke his heart, and he died on board 
 while they lay there. The fnore of the Ifth- 
 mus hereabout confifts moftly of fandy bays, arter 
 paiTtncr a ridge of rocks that run out from the bay 
 Nombre de Dios, pointing towards the Balti- 
 mentos. Beyond thefe to Porto Bello the coaft 
 is Generally rocky. Within land the country is 
 fulFof high and fteep hills, very good land, and 
 extremely woody, unlefs where cleared for plan- 
 tations by Indians tributary to the Spaniards. 
 Thefe are the firlt fettJements on this coaft under 
 the Spanifh government, and lie fcattered in 
 low houfes, or little villages from hence to 
 . Porto 
 
D A V 
 
 Porto Bello and beyond it, with fome look-outs, 
 or watches kept towards the Tea for the fecurity of 
 the town. 
 
 This province of Darien is of great import- 
 ance to the Spaniards, and the fcene of more 
 adtions than any in America. From its fituation 
 both on the North and South-Seas, the gold 
 fands of its rivers, and the treafures of Peru, 
 which are brought hither, and imported into 
 Old Spain, have induced feveral adventurers to 
 make attempts on Panama, Porto Bello, & c. 
 The country is extremely hot, and the low lands 
 are overflown with continual rains. The moun- 
 tains here are fo difficult of accefs, that it takes 
 up feveral days to crofs them, though the dif- 
 tance be inconfiderable. From the tops of fome 
 of thefe the Spaniards firft difeovered the South, 
 or great Pacific ocean, anno 1513, and called 
 it the South-Sea, in regard they crofled the Iflh- 
 mus from the North-Sea : though in fa <3 the 
 Pacific ocean lies W. of the main-land of Ame- 
 rica. 7 'he principal towns of Darien are Pana- 
 ma ancj Porto Bello ; which fee. 
 
 Davis’s-streight, a narrow fea, lying be^ 
 tween the N. main of America, and the weftern- 
 coaft of Greenland ; running N. W. from Cape 
 Farewell, lat. 60 °. N. to Baffin ’s-bay in 80 °. 
 It had its name from Mr. John Davis,* who firft 
 difeovered it. For in the year 1585 he under- 
 took, with two barks, to fearch the N. W. 
 coaft, and came to the S. VV. cape of Green- 
 land, in lat. 62°. where the ftreight begins ; anti 
 he called that Cape Defolation. " Here he found 
 many pieces of furs like that of beavers and 
 wool; and exchanged fome commodities with the 
 natives, who often came to him in their canoes, 
 K 3 bring- 
 
D A U 
 
 bringing him fhg-ffiins, white hare-fkins, fmair 
 cod^ mufcles, &c. He afterwards arrived in 
 lat. 64. 15. where was found a great quantity of 
 fuch fand as Forbifher had before brought into 
 England. He fleered thence to lat. 66. 40. and 
 as far as Mount Rawleigh. In 1586, he made a 
 Lcond voyage to the fame coaft, fearching 
 many places towards the W. and next year, in a 
 third voyage, he came, to lat. 72. 12. He gave 
 the name of London-coaft to the land on the E. 
 fide, which is the coaft of Greenland. Davis’s- 
 ilreight extends to long. 75 0 . where it communi- 
 cates with Baffin's -bay, which lies to the N. of 
 this (freight, and of the North-main, or James ’s- 
 ifland. See Baffin’s-bay. 
 
 Dauphin, Isle of, a fmall fettlement be- 
 longing to the French, in Canada, in North 
 America y about 70 leagues E. of the mouth of 
 that of the Miffiffippi. This ifland is fituated on 
 the river Maubile: it is five leagues in length, 
 but of a fmall breadth. Not a tree is to be feen 
 in one half of this ifiand ; and the other is not 
 much better. The fort, and the only village, or. 
 dwelling place which remain on it, are fituated in 
 the weftern part of the ifiand. Between 1 ’ifle 
 Dauphine, and l’ifle Corne, which is a league 
 diftant from the former, is but little water. At 
 the extremity of the latter is another very fmall 
 ifland, called Tifle Ronde, on account of its 
 figure. 
 
 L’ifle Dauphine was formerly called Tifle de 
 MafTacre, and magazines and huts were built 
 on it; becaufe having a harbour it would be 
 much eafier to unload goods brought from 
 France than fend them in ehaloups to fort 
 
 Maubile. It was gradually peopled, and fome 
 
 years 
 
D A U 
 
 years afterwards a fort, and fcveral large maga- 
 zines were erected ; fo that it became infenfibly 
 the principal place of the colony. Their only 
 fubfiftence, however, was by what they received 
 from f ranee, and what they could take from the 
 favage natives: by which means they difagreed, 
 and were again reconciled with fome of them ; 
 many of thefe were perfuaded to fettle in the 
 parts adjacent to the Maubile, where they 
 cleared a good deal of ground ; and the French 
 lived amicably with them. Others, astheApa- 
 lachians, came thither of their own accord, pre- 
 ferring the neighbourhood of the French, before 
 that of the Spaniards, among whom they had 
 been fettled for fome time. But thefe Jaft ex- 
 cepted, who had a miffionary for fome time given 
 them, more proper meafures were not taken to 
 gain the favages of thefe cantons to Chriflianity, 
 than laying a (olid foundation for the French colo- 
 ny. About Maubile, there being only a furface of 
 good foil, corn can never ripen, on account of 
 the fogs, which caufe blights. But this damage 
 was recompenfed for fome time by making plan- 
 tations for tobacco, which fucceeded better: and, 
 if we may credit the French, the tobacco of 
 Maubile is fuperior in quality to that of Virginia. 
 
 An Englifh privateer, continues the French 
 author father Charlevoix, ravaged, pillaged, and 
 burned the houfes and magazines on 1’ifie Dau- 
 phine, and committed anheard-of cruelties' on 
 the inhabitants, in order to oblige them to dif- 
 cover where they had hid their money; the 
 lofs occafioned by which, both to the king and to 
 private perfons, amounted to 8o,OCO "francs ; 
 and after this it was thought abfolutely necefiary 
 to fortify the ifland. W hilfl this vvas carrying on. 
 

 DEN 1 
 
 the cxpcnces laid out were all at once loft by the 
 entrance into the only harbour of this ifland be- 
 ing choaked up by a vaft heap of fand, which a 
 hurricane gathered before it. The ifland it- 
 felf was almoft laid under water, and by this 
 means numbers of cattle were drowned. In 
 1719, the Spaniards, attempting for four days 
 fucceffively to take this ifland, were at length ob- 
 liged to deflft, without effecting their purpofe. 
 Lat. 30. 10. N. Long. 88. 7. W. 
 
 Delaware, a river of Penfylvania, in North 
 America. It rifes far N. in the country 
 of the Iroquois ; takes its courfe to the fouth- 
 ward, and dividing this province from that of 
 New Jerfey, falls into the Atlantic ocean be- 
 tween capes May and Henlopen, forming at its 
 mouth a large bay, called alfo Delaware. This 
 river is navigable for above 200 miles, but has a 
 cataraft, or fteep water-fall in it above Briftol, 
 which renders its navigation impracticable north- 
 wards of the county of Bucks. 
 
 Dennis-isle, one of thefe many iflands off 
 the N. E. coaft of New Britain, in South Ame- 
 rica. It is fo called in the Dutch maps, and 
 takes its name from one Gerret Dennis. It is 
 about 14 or 15 leagues round, high, mountain- 
 ous, and very woody. Some of the trees are 
 very large and tall, and the bays by the fea-fide 
 are well ftored with cocoa-nut trees, where alfo are 
 fome fmall houfes. The fides of the mountains 
 are thick fet with plantations, and the mould in 
 the new-cleared land of a brown reddifh colour. 
 This ifland is of no regular figure, but full of 
 points (hooting out into the fea, between which 
 are feveral fandy bays. The middle of the ifle 
 is fituated in lat. 3. to. S. It is very populous : 
 
 weai 
 big a 
 lens: 
 tri!$ 
 and 
 no/ei 
 them . 
 alfo g 
 which 
 notes, 
 whicl 
 narro 
 * the h 
 decor 
 fill), 1 
 ktJti 
 Ikct 
 fancy, 
 proes 
 I feem 
 ; neat) 
 | nage 1 
 ■ lance: 
 rows, 
 firikir 
 
 / 1 bm 
 
 frpet 
 
 Aele 
 
 clear; 
 
 
DEN 
 
 natives are a very black, ftrong, and robuft 
 people, having large round heads, their hair na- 
 turally curled and fhort ; which they (have into 
 Several forms, and dye it alfo of divers colours, 
 as red, white, and yellow. They have broad 
 'ound faces, with large bottle-nofes, yet agree- 
 able enough, till disfigured by painting, and 
 wearing great things through their nofes, as 
 nig as a man’s thumb, and about four inches in 
 length. Thefe they run dear through both nof- 
 tr,lS > one end coming out by one cheek-bone, 
 and the other end againft the other : and their 
 nofes are fo firetched, that only a fmall flip of 
 them appears about the ornament. They have 
 alfo great holes made through their ears, in 
 which they wear the fame ornaments as in their 
 nofes. They are active and dextrous in their proes, 
 which are very ingenioufly built*. Thefe are 
 narrow and long, with outlagers on one fide, 
 the head and fiern higher than the refi, and 
 decorated with feveral devices, namely fomeTowl, 
 nlh, or a man's head, either painted or carved. 
 And though but rudely executed, yet thus refem- 
 blance appears plainly, and (Lews an ingenious 
 fancy. With what inftruments they make their 
 proes and carved work is not known: for' thev 
 feem utterly ignorant of iron. They have very 
 neat paddles, with which thev dextemufly ma- 
 nage their proes. Their weapons are principally 
 Jances, fwords, flings, and fome bows and ar- 
 * ov * s - ! lave wooden fiz gigs, for 
 
 finking fifli. 7 hofe who came to attack captain 
 Dampier in Slinger’s bay on the main are in all 
 refpedts like this people; and I believe, fry,’ he 
 thefe are alike treacherous. Their fpeech is 
 clear and and rheir figns of fiiendfiiip 
 
 ^ 5 arc 
 
are either a large truncheon, or bough of a tree 
 full of leaves put on their heads, which they of- 
 ten ftrike with their hands. Lat. 3. 10. N. 
 
 Long. 36. IO. W. _ . 
 
 Desaquadero, a river in South America* 
 and empire of Peru, over which the Ynca 
 Huana Capa built a bridge of flags and rufties to 
 tranfport his army to the other iide, and which 
 flill remains. 
 
 Descada, Desirada, or Desiderada* 
 the firft of the Caribbee-iflands difeovered by 
 Columbus in his fecond voyage, anno 1494, 
 when he gave it that name. It is (ituated in the 
 Atlantic ocean, E. from Guaraaloupe, and Tub- 
 jeft.to the French. The Spaniards make this in 
 their way to America, fometimes, as well as 
 Guardaloupe. It looks at a diftance like a galley 
 with a low point at the N. W. end. Here arc 
 fand-hills on the N. end of it full of red veins. 
 In fome parts it is fruitful and well cultivated ; in 
 others barren, and deftitute of trees. It breeds 
 <>ua:ias, and a multitude of the fowls called fri- 
 5 ats, &c. Labatfays there is a very deep cavern 
 in this ill and which is almoft full of bones, with 
 the 'relicks of bones and other arms of the an- 
 cient Indians, and fuppofes it to have been a 
 bury ing-pl ace. It is four French leagues m 
 length, but fcarce two in breadth.. Lat. 16. 
 
 36.°N. Long. 61. 15. W. # . 
 
 Deseada, or Cape Desire, as it is com- 
 monly (failed, Magellan himfelf having given it 
 that name, as from it he firft faw the South-Sea. 
 It is the moft wefterly promontory of the Magel- 
 lan-ftreights, in South America, and at the en- 
 trance into the South Sea. _ Lat. 53* 35 * 
 Long. 85. i^W*. 
 
 ' * 
 
 Desire* 
 
DOM 
 
 Desire, Cape. See Deseada. 
 
 Devil’s-mouth, a name given by our Tai- 
 lors to a volcano near Leon de Nicaraguay, a 
 city of the province of Nicaraguay, in New 
 Spain, North America. It is fituated on the 
 fide of Nicaraguay-lake, which according to 
 Tome may be Teen from the North-Sea, or at 
 leaft a great way in the lake towards that Tea. 
 It has a frightful appearance, being cleft down 
 almoft from the top to the bottom, like a broken 
 Taw. Lat. 13. 10. N. Long. 65. 10. W. 
 
 Dewaert, an ifland on the E. of Terra 
 Magellanica, in South America : had its name 
 from the firft difeoverer of it; is but inconfider- 
 able, and lying fome diftance from the coafr. 
 Lat. 56. 10. N. Long. 59. 20. W. 
 
 Dogs, Isle of, called by Schonten Honden- 
 eylant, a name of the fame import with the for- 
 mer. This ifland is fituated about 925 leagues 
 W. from the coaft of Peru, in South America. 
 It is but a fmall ifland, and very low. Scouten’s 
 people, who went a-fhore there, could find no- 
 thing but fome herbs, which tafled almoft like 
 garden crefles. There they faw three dogs 
 which did not bark, whence this ifland had its 
 name. They alfo faw fome rain-water gathered 
 in fmall ditches, as it had rained that day. They 
 fuppofed that this ifland was overflowed at high 
 tides, and in the middle, and other places, was 
 falt-water. There was nothing remarkable but 
 on one fide, where they oblerved a row of very 
 green trees, w’hich teemed planted along a dyke, 
 and afforded a pleafant prolpeft. Lat. 1 ~c. 10. S. 
 Long. 148. 5. W. 
 
 Domingu, St. or Hispaniola, oneof the 
 large Antilles-iflands, in the Weft Indies. It 
 K 6 partly 
 
partly belongs to the Spaniards, and partly to the 
 French. The natives ftiled it Hayti, and the 
 Spaniards, when Chriftopher Columbus firft dif- 
 covered in 1492, called it Hifpaniola, or Little 
 Spain. The city, which he founded in 1494, 
 being dedicated to St. Dominic, the name was 
 firft extended to that quarter of the ifland ; and 
 in procefs of time to the whole ; fo that it is now 
 generally called in our charts, &c. St. Domingo. 
 It is fituated in the middle between Cuba and 
 Jamaica on the N. W. and S. W. and Porto Rico 
 on the E. and feparated from the laft only by a 
 narrow channel. It extends from lat. 17. 37. to 
 3 at. 20. and from long. 67. 35. to long. 74. 15. 
 being near 400 miles from W. to E. and almoft 
 120 where broadeft, from N. to S. Some rec- 
 kon it 400 leagues in circuit, cxclufivc of its 
 bays, creeks, &c. which it is thought would 
 make up 200 more. The climate here is ex- 
 tremely hot; but cooled by winds that blow at 
 certain feafons. It alfo rains exccflively at fome 
 times, yet not at all places alike. Though the 
 climate agrees but badly with new-comers ; yet 
 they live here in good health, and to a great age, 
 many of the inhabitants exceeding 8q, andfome 
 reaching to 1 20 years. 
 
 This ifland, which,. next to Cuba, is thelargeft 
 of all the Antilles, is allowed to be the moft 
 fruitful, and by much the pleafanteft m the Weft 
 Indies, having vaft forefts of cabbage-trees, 
 palms, elms, oaks, pines,, the jenipah, cata- 
 mite, acajou, and other trees ftill taller and 
 larger, and the fruit more pleafing to the eye, 
 and better tafted than in the other iflands par- 
 ticularly ananas, bananas, grapes, oranges, le- 
 mons, citrons, toronias, limes, dates, and 
 
DOM 
 
 apticocks. Here all the birds are common in the 
 Weft Indies ; as alfo the mufkettos, and fire-flies. 
 In the meadows, or favannas, as they call them, 
 are innumerable herds of black cattle, which be- 
 long to the country. There are a fufficient quan- 
 tity of horfes in the French part of the ifland to 
 fupply all their neighbouring colonies, bcfides 
 wild horfes and wild hogs of the breed firft 
 brought over by the Spaniards. The hunters 
 fhoot the beeves for. their hides, as they do in 
 Cuba : and with regard to the pork they ftrip 
 the flefh from the bones, and jerk it as they do 
 in Jamaica. Scarce a country in the world is 
 better watered, either by brooks or navigable ri- 
 vers, which are all full of fifh, as the coaft is of 
 crocodiles and tortoifes. Its principal river is*' 
 called Ocoa. In the fands of the rivers they 
 find gold duft; and the ifland has many mines of 
 gold, filver, and copper, which, though for- 
 merly worked with great profit, yet the Spa- 
 niards have found themfelves too weak to carry 
 them on to advantage, and take all the care they 
 can to conceal them from others. The principal 
 commodities of this ifland art hides, fugar, in- 
 digo, cotton, cocoa, coffee, ginger, tobacco, fait, 
 wax, ambergris, various forts of drugs, and dyers 
 wood. What corn they have ripens at fuch 
 different times that it cannot be reaped with any 
 profit. The numbers of French on this fide is 
 find to equal, if not exceed, that of the Spaniards : 
 though both together are very far Ihort of what 
 the ifland is capable of maintaining. In 1726, 
 the inhabitants were computed at 30,000 whites, 
 and 100,000 negroes and mulattoes, namely, 
 Creols and Meftizoes, whofe daily allowance is 
 potatoes, though they have leave to keep hogs. 
 
 "The 
 
The Spaniards, by degrees, conquered the 
 natives; and in battle, and cold blood, deftroyed 
 no lefs than 3,000,000 of men, women, and 
 children. While the natives enjoyed their pof- 
 fefflons, they cultivated their lands for the Spa- 
 niards, fupplied them with fifh, and fome quan- 
 tities of gold : during which time the Spaniards 
 lived much more happily, and in greater affluence 
 than they have done fince : whereas now the far 
 greater part of what the Spaniards claim, rather 
 Than pofiefs, is defert, and yields little or no- 
 thing. As this ifland was among the firft dif- 
 covercd by the Spaniards, fo it was the centre of 
 their commerce in thefe parts. And as they had 
 been for many years foie poffeffors of it, it was 
 "for fome part of the time a very flourifhing co- 
 lony. But after the conqueft of Peru, and the 
 confiderable additions made to the territories on 
 the continent of North America, they neglected 
 this ifland, which encouraged the French about 
 the middle of the laft century to fix themfelves 
 on its W. part, where they have improved the 
 fetriements to fuch a degree, and have become 
 fo ftrong, that it is thought they might long ere 
 now have made themfelves matters of the whole 
 ifland, only they reap more benefit from the 
 neighbourhood of the Spaniards than from their 
 expulfion. 
 
 The French under M. du Caffe, governor of 
 Hilpaniola, having made a defeent on Jamaica, 
 anno 1694, and plundered feveral plantations, 
 befides committing many barbarities and out- 
 rages ; king William next year fent fome land- 
 forces thither, who, with the afliftance of the 
 Jamaicans and Spaniards, ruined all the French 
 fettlements * attacked, took, and demolifhed the 
 
DOM 
 
 fort at Porte de Paix, and carried off a vaft 
 plunder. See Jamaica. In fhort, the fre- 
 quent defeents both of the Englifh and French 
 on the W. part of the ifland, by degrees obliged 
 the Spaniards to abandon all that part of it to 
 the W. of Monte Chrifto, on the N. and Cape 
 Mongon on the S. And though the Spaniards 
 were glad to live upon good terms with them, 
 yet they always confidered them as ufurpers of 
 a country to which they had no fort of right- 
 And indeed they had no legal one till 1697, 
 when the Spaniards yielding that half of the 
 ifland to them by the treaty of Ryfwick, the 
 boundaries between them and the French were 
 fettled by a line drawn acrofs the country from 
 N. to S. The French are convinced that in 
 this part of the ifland are confiderable mines of 
 feVeral forts : but while the fugar and indigo 
 mines, as one of their writers exprefles it, are 
 fure to produce fuch a quantity, they are never 
 like to look for any others. 
 
 For many years its principal trade confided in 
 tobacco, in which they fay from 60 to 100 (hips 
 have been employed ; but that funk to nothing 
 upon the eftabliftiing an exclufive farm of this 
 commodity in France: and afterwards fugar be- 
 came the ftaple commodity of the ifland. Some 
 take it tq^be the very beft which is made in the 
 Weft Indies ; and generally it yields three or 
 four (hillings a hundred mere than that of any 
 among the other iflands. In 1726, it was com- 
 puted that here were 200 fugar works ; and one 
 year with another the ifland made 400 hoglheads- 
 of 50c weight each, and that it yielded annually 
 to the French ioo,ooo /. and the indigo is rec- 
 koned to produce near half as much. With 
 
 thefe 
 
thefe commodities and raw hides, the French 
 £hfps always return home well laden. Spanifli 
 coin is much more current in this ifland than 
 French. The fmalleft pieces are half rials, and 
 the accounts are only kept in pieces of eight, 
 and rials. 
 
 Though the flaves here are more numerous by 
 far than their European lords, the French and 
 Spaniards, who are not a fifth part of the people 
 upon the ifland, yet the flavery is as intolerable 
 here as on the continent. But betwixt the two 
 nations is this difference, that the Spaniards lead 
 a lazy indolent life, entirely depending on their 
 flaves; whereas the French fometimes work 
 themfelves. The colony of the latter here is al- 
 lowed to be the mod confiderable and important 
 they have in thefe parts ; and would become 
 much more fo, could they get a ceflion of the 
 other part from the Spaniards, which they have 
 extremely at heart. They are already poflefled 
 of fo many noble harbours and forts as gives 
 them an opportunity of difturbing and ruining 
 the commerce of any nation which they happen 
 to be at war with. And indeed fo many har- 
 bours are all round the ifland, that failors can 
 fcarce mifs of one in which they may have frefli 
 water and provifions. 
 
 The part of the ifland belonging to the French 
 is principally inhabited by buccaniers and free- 
 booters of feveral nations ; but mod of them 
 are French, under a general of their own coun- 
 try. And fince the French have fubjefled them 
 to a regular form of government, they have left 
 off their depredations at fea : fo that by applying 
 to the culture of the foil, they have very much 
 improved their fugar-plantations. Labat fays it 
 
begins at a large plain called Bahaia on the N. 
 fide of the ifland, and about 30 miles of 
 Cape Francois : and extending all along the 
 coaft from thence to the W. reaches on the S. 
 fide as far as Cape Mongon ; and which he fur- 
 ther adds, meafuring all the bays, creeks, &c. 
 cannot be lefs than 300 leagues in circuit : but 
 that, exclufive of thofe windings, it is not above 
 200 from Cape Francois on the N. to that of 
 Mongon on the S. We are told in the hiftory 
 of the buccaniers, that on the W. fide from Cape 
 Lobos to that of Tiberon, is a round black 
 rock, which is the moft weflern point of the 
 whole ifland, are four harbours larger and better 
 than any in England. That from Cape Tiberon 
 to that of Donna Maria on the fame fide, but 
 25 miles to the N. are two more excellent har- 
 bours ; and from this cape to that of St. Nicho- 
 las on the N. E. which is itfelf a large, deep, 
 fafe harbour, 12 more, each of which lies near 
 the confluence of two or three rivers. In 1720, 
 the French king revoked a grant which had been 
 made to the St. Domingo company of the 
 S. W. part of the country, from Cape Tiberon 
 to Cape Mongon, being a track of about 50 
 leagues in breadth : fo that the French governor- 
 
 f eneral has under him the governors of Cape 
 ran^ois, St. Louis, or rifle de Vache, and 
 thofe of Port Paix, and Petit Guaves. The 
 moft noted places in the French part of St. Do- 
 mingo, as they lie from the S. W. to the N. E. 
 are St. Louis, Vache, Donna Maria-bay, Fond 
 de Negros, Petit Guaves, Leogane, feveral de- 
 fert i (lands in the bay called Cul de fac of Leo- 
 gane, the largeft of which is called Gonave, la 
 Petite Reviere, l’Eftcrre, Port Paix, Cape St. 
 
 Nicho- 
 
DOM 
 
 Nicholas, Tortugas, or Tortudas-ifland, and 
 
 Cape Francois. 
 
 The E. part of this ifland in the poflfeflion 
 of the Spaniards is the largeft, and has moft 
 towns. 
 
 Domingo, St. the capital of the above 
 ifland, firft built by Columbus on the S. fide of 
 it, and fituated at the mouth of the river Hayna, 
 or Ifabella, in a fine plain, which fhows it to a 
 great advantage from the fea. Bartholomew Co- 
 lumbus, brother to the admiral, is faid to have 
 founded it in the year 1594, and gave it the 
 name of Domingo, or Dominick, in honour of 
 the father who was of the fame name, unlefs it 
 be taken from the noted St. Dominick. It was 
 taken by Sir Francis Drake, who held it a 
 month, and then burnt a part of it ; but 
 fpared the reft for a ranfom of 60,000 pieces of 
 eight. It foon recovered itfelf ; but the trade, 
 which was confiderable in fugar, hides, tallow, 
 horfes, hogs, and caflia, has decayed fince the 
 Spaniards have been tempted by later difcoveries 
 to Havanna, &c. Neverthelefs it ftill makes a 
 good figure : and its inhabitants, including the 
 negroes, &c. are thought to exceed 25,000 ; 
 and fome reckon them many more. They are 
 Spaniards, Meftizoes, Mulattoes, and Albatra- 
 ces, and of thefe a fixth part is fuppofed to be 
 Spaniards. St. Domingo is a large well-built 
 city, a good port, and it has feveral ftru&ures 
 more magnificent than is ufual in the Weft In- 
 dies, •efpecially thofe of the king of Spain’s col- 
 lectors. Here is a Latin fchool, and hofpital 
 with an endowment of 20,000 ducats per an- 
 num, hefides an univerfity. Here is a fine cathe- 
 dral, fcvcn large monafteries, and two nunneries, 
 
 befides 
 
 i 1 ion in to' 
 [ago in C 
 of the cit 
 fence of 
 Indies, a 1 
 which iiw 
 is the mol 
 ciardi in . 
 clergy be 
 Mention 
 amerce 
 U is ho 1 
 ta watt 
 
 ted of k 
 tollin it, 
 liver. Or 
 fends a ro 
 Spain lives 
 toetai 
 tombus him 
 pot fata 
 ■ ; paA\\ 
 tom ever 1 
 faience i 
 titular co. 
 chafes hi; 
 with oppi 
 St, Do 
 model, 1 
 the midd 
 and cth 
 (fwe th 
 
DOM 
 
 befides a mint, and a college, with a revenue of 
 4000 ducats. It is the fee of an archbifhop, 
 whofe fuftragans are the bifhops of La Concep- 
 tion in this ifland, St. John’s in Porto Rico, St. 
 Jago in Cuba, Venezuela in New Caftile, and 
 of the city of Honduras. Here alfo is the refi- 
 dence of the governor-general of the Spanifli 
 Indies, and of the judges of the royal courts 1 
 which makes it the fupremefeat of juftice, as it 
 is the moft eminent royal audience of the Spa- 
 niards in America : fo that the lawyers and the 
 clergy keep this city from utter decay, fince the 
 declenfion of its trade. The greateft part of the 
 commerce carried on by the Spaniards of this 
 Wand is however from this port, which has 15 
 fathom water at the bar ; it is fafe and large, and 
 defended by feveral batteries, with a caftle at the 
 end of the pier, which has two half moons 
 within it, and reaches by two bulwarks to the 
 river. On the utmoft fhore near the S. bulwark 
 Hands a round tower. The prefident from Old 
 Spain lives in a ho life in this city, that is faid to 
 have been built and occupied by Chriftopher Co- 
 lumbus himfelf. To this officer, on account of 
 prior fettlement, appeals are brought from all the 
 Spanifh Weft India Iflands, as formerly they were 
 from every province of Spanifh America, and his 
 fentence is definitive, unlefs it is called by a par- 
 ticular comrmffion into Old Spain. As he pur- 
 chafes his place, he confequently executes it 
 with oppreffion. 
 
 St. Domingo is built of ftone after the Spanifh 
 model, having a large fquare market-place in 
 the middle, about which ftands the cathedral, 
 and other publick buildings. And from this 
 fquare the principal ftreets run in a direct line, 
 
 being 
 
DOM 
 
 being crofted by others at right angles : fo that 
 the form of the town is almoft quadrangular ; 
 and it is mod delightfully fituated between a 
 large navigable river on the W. the ocean on 
 the S. and a fine fruitful country on the N. and E. 
 Lat. 18. 25. N. Long. 69. 30. W. 
 
 Dominica, the laft of the Leeward Carib- 
 bee ifland's, taking them from N. W. to S. E. 
 but the Spaniards call it the laft of the windward 
 iflands. It is fituated much about half way be- 
 twixt Guardaloupe on the N. W. and Martinico 
 on the S. E. namely, about 15 leagues from 
 each. It extends from N. W. to S. E. and is 
 about 13 leagues in length, and near as much 
 over where broadeft. Labat fuppofes it to be 30 
 or 35 in circuit. It derives its name from the 
 firft difcovery of it being made on a Sunday. 
 
 It is divided like Guardaloupe, Martinico, 
 and fome of the other Caribbee ifiands into the 
 Cabes-terre, and Bafie-terre; and the foil is 
 much of the fame nature. But it is in general 
 fuch high land, that Labat queftions whether in 
 that part called the Cabes-terre are three leagues 
 of flat, or level country put together : yet the 
 foil, he fays, is good, and the flopes of the hills 
 which bear the fineft trees in the world, are fit 
 for the produ< 3 ion of our plants. So that fome 
 have reported it to be one of the bcft of the Ca- 
 ribbees for its fruitful valleys, large plains, and 
 fine rivulets. Mr. Rochefort fays, that here are 
 inacceflible rocks, from the tops of which may 
 be feen ferpents of a prodigious magnitude and 
 length. The Cabes-terre is watered with a 
 great number of frefh-water rivers, which 
 abound with excellent fifh. It has a fulphur- 
 mountain, like that of Guardaloupe j but not 
 
 near 
 
 I tar fo W 
 ailed the 
 , pal oi whi 
 ■tuated nf 
 raft (ion 
 which is 
 
 mandioa 
 which are 
 :hey eat w 
 before the 
 jnamas ii 
 it and con 
 iwes, parr 
 m and p 
 fits of wile 
 came from 
 feefteelfi 
 ver eat the 
 The Ca 
 tied hithe 
 other ilk 
 Kre nm 
 in the ye 
 kitota 
 d c® 
 the iflanc 
 Jell by 1 
 any fettle 
 chcrage i- 
 tot it ha 
 all the ad 
 fed beh 
 be alvi 
 lifb for I 
 triable tl 
 Awiicati 
 
DOM 
 
 near fo high. Only two or three places in that 
 called the Bafie-terre are tolerable; the princi- 
 pal of which is called the Great Savannah, and 
 fituated nearly in the middle of it ; namely, the 
 traft from the point facing Martinico, to that 
 which is oppofite to the Saints. It produces 
 mandioca, caflava, bannanas, and the fineft figs, 
 which are left to rot on the ground, all but what 
 they eat with their food ; and thefe they gather 
 before they are ripe. They have potatoes and 
 ignamas in abundance, with a great deal of mil- 
 let and cotton. Here are great numbers of ring- 
 doves, partridges, and ortolans. They breed 
 hogs and poultry ; and of the former are two 
 forts of wild ones, defcended from thofe that firft 
 came from France and Spain. Here are the 
 fineft eels in the world ; but the Caribbeans ne- 
 ver eat them. 
 
 The Caribbeans having, for the mod p$rt, re- 
 tired hither, as they were driven out of the 
 other iflands by the Europeans, are confequently 
 more numerous here than in any of the reft : 
 but in the year 1700, F. Labat did not compute 
 them to be much above 2000, including women 
 and children. The French having frequented 
 the ifiand more than the Englilh, are beloved 
 beft by the natives : but neither dared to make 
 any fettlement upon it for a long time. The an- 
 chorage is good all round the coaft of Dominica; 
 but it has no port, or bay for retiring into : and 
 all the advantage it has is the fhelter which (hips 
 find behind fome of its capes. The French 
 have always oppofed the attempts of the Eng- 
 lift) for fettling on this ifiand, becaufe it would 
 enable them in time of war to cut off the com- 
 munication betwixt Martinico and Guardaloupe. 
 
 So 
 
So that though the ifland is claimed by the Eng*- 
 lifli, and expreflfed as its property in the com- 
 million of the governor of Barbadoes : yet they 
 have no fettlemcnts here, and make no further 
 ufe of it than to wood and water. Befitles, they 
 have been frequently annoyed alfo by the na- 
 tives, who made a treaty with the French in 
 1640, but never did with the Englifh. The 
 Caribbeans indeed hate the latter worte than they 
 do any other nation except the Ariovagues ; be- 
 cause formerly fome Englifh got great numbers 
 of them aboard their fhips, on pretence of 
 friendfhip, and carried them intoflavery; which 
 the Caribbeans have fince taken all opportunities 
 of revenging. Formerly they had a caique-ge- 
 neral, who was diftinguifhed by a particular 
 mark on his body. And when the French firfl 
 difcovered it, a Caribbean, whom they called 
 Captain Baron, lived here, and made depreda- 
 tions on the Englifh who dwelt in the other 
 iflands. 
 
 Certain flones, Labat fays, are to be found oil 
 the fands in all thefe iflands ; which are cal- 
 led eye-flones ; but that fuch as are to be met 
 with in this ifland are reckoned the befl. They 
 have their name from the ufe which is made of 
 them for clearing the eyes of any dirt : and this 
 is not afcribed to any particular virtue in thefe 
 flones ; but to their form. They are fhaped like 
 a lentil, but much fjnaller ; extremely fmooth 
 and fleck, and of a greyifli colour. When the 
 eye is troubled with any dirr, they flip one or two 
 of thefe little pebbles under the lid ; and the 
 motion of the eye turns it all round its ball, 
 where it pufhes the dirt before it, and then falls 
 out of itfelf. 
 
DOM 
 
 Being now almoft in the centre of the Carib- 
 bee-iflands, and efpecially in that where the 
 Caribbeans have the greateft numbers and power, 
 we fhall give an account of their moft remark- 
 able cuftoms. 
 
 They are faid by fome to be the defcendants 
 of a people of Guiana, who rebelling againfl: a 
 tyrant king of the Ariovagues, were forced to 
 fly from the continent to the iflands which, till 
 then, were uninhabited. Our countryman Mr, 
 Brigftock, who travelled much in Florida, and 
 fpoke the language of that country, derives their 
 origin from the Apalachians, who live at the back 
 of Georgia, and Carolina, where, to this day, 
 is a nation called Caribbeans : he fays that the 
 anceftors of thofe now inhabiting thefe iflands 
 were driven ofF the continent by another people 
 called Cofachites. 
 
 They are naturally of an olive complexion ; 
 and their eyes, which are little, are black and 
 very piercing. Their bodies are well-propor- 
 tioned, have broad fhoulders and hips, round 
 faces without beards ; for thefe they pluck up by 
 the roots as faft as they grow, with wide mouths, 
 dimpled cheeks, flat 'foreheads and nofes, made 
 fo by their mothers, who crufh them at their 
 birth, and whilft fuckling 5 large thick feet, 
 which are never fliod, and fo hard~ that they are 
 in a manner impenetrable : very few of them are 
 deformed. They have black hair, which they 
 keep nicely combed ; and when they meet with 
 any vermin, crack them in their teeth to be re- 
 venged for their bite. Both fexes go ftark naked ; 
 only fome of the men wear a little hat of bird's 
 feathers of various colours ; and others a fort of 
 coronet of plumage. Sometimes they bore holes 
 
 through 
 
through their lips, ears, and nofes, in which 
 they "wear the bones and fcales of fifh, alfo 
 pieces of chryftal, amber, coral, tort oife- flhell, 
 or buckles and rings of gold, filver, or tin. 
 They put a high value on pieces of copper, 
 little bits of which they wear in their ears. The 
 men have armlets near the fhoulders, and the 
 women about their wrifts. About their knees 
 they wear firings of a feed called roffada. Some 
 among the men wear whittles about their necks, 
 made of the bones of their enemies, together 
 with the teeth of fifh, wild beafts, or cockle- 
 fhells. The women, who are painted all over 
 the bodies, as well as the men, wear a kind of 
 bufkins neatly made of rufhes and cotton, which 
 reaches no lower than the ancle ; but they have 
 no crown on their heads. The men, at their 
 great folemnities, wear alfo fcarves of feathers, 
 which either hang over their fhoulders, or are 
 girt about their waifts, fo as one end touches their 
 their thighs. But the mod confiderable orna- 
 ment, and the badge by which their captains and 
 their children are diftinguifhed from the ordinary 
 fort of people, is a large copper medal, ex- 
 tremely well poliftied, but without any engraving 
 on it. This is made in the form of a crefcent, 
 enchafed in fome precious fort of wood, and 
 worn at the breaft as a proof of their valour, it 
 being fetched from the country of the Arovagues 
 their enemies. Some anoint their bodies with a 
 “fort of a glutinous fluff, in which they flick all 
 kinds of feathers or flowers. 
 
 They rife a little before the fun, and after 
 bathing themfelves in fome river, or fpring, or 
 elfe in the fea, they return home, and dry 
 themfelves on a ftool for that purpofe. Then 
 
 the 
 
DOM 
 
 the wife, or fome other woman of the houfe, 
 combs and oils the man’s hair j ties it up in a 
 tuft upon his head, and takes a gourd full of a 
 certain red compofition, called roucou, from the 
 name of a tree producing it ; and with this, 
 when mixed with oil, fhe befmears his body, 
 beginning at the face, with a bundle of feathers, 
 infiead ot a pencil. When his upper part is 
 painted, he Hands up to have his legs and thighs 
 done in the fame manner. But ^hen he fits 
 down, and paints his pudenda with his own 
 hand. As foon as they have been painted, they 
 fall to eating, old men and boys together, with- 
 out ceremony. And when they have done ; 
 fome go to their hammocks, and others to the 
 fire-fide, where they fit round it on their heels, 
 like monkies, leaning their cheeks on their hands! 
 and they continue hours together in fuch a filent 
 pofture as if they were in profound meditation : 
 or elfe they whiffle with their mouths ; or play 
 upon a kind of flute, or reed, giving fuch mu- 
 fic as nothing, fays Labat, can be" more dif- 
 agreeable. Others employ themfelves in making 
 bafkets, or bows and arrows, every one accord- 
 ing to his fancy, without being commanded or 
 controuled : and when weary, they leave off 
 Their conversion upon indifferent things i! 
 very model) and peaceable: one perfon only 
 fpeaks at a time, who is heard with great atten- 
 tion, to all appearance, without being inter- 
 rupted, contradicted, or anfwercd any otherwife 
 than by a fort of hum, without ever opening the 
 bps ; which is a mark of approbation. And the 
 next who fpeaks, whether he agrees with or 
 contradi&s the former, is fure of beino- ’-p 
 p lauded with a hum. They have an ancient and 
 VoL ' L L natural 
 
natural language, with a kind of baftard, or 
 mungrel fpeech, in which they have intermixed 
 feverai European words, efpecially Spanifh : and 
 in this they converfe with the Europeans : but 
 they cannot endure to hear Englifli. Their an- 
 cient language is extremely fmooth, with few or 
 no gutturals'; and one word has various mean- 
 ings, according as it is pronounced. It is ob- 
 fe;ved, that even thofe who have embraced 
 chriftianity are fhy of teaching Europeans their 
 language ; and that though they are naturally 
 penfive and melancholy, they laugh aloud upon 
 the lead: occafion. 
 
 They take it as a great affront to be thought 
 favages, or called cannibals : for, if we may be- 
 lieve Labat, they do not eat the flefh of their 
 enemies now, whatever they did in times pad: : 
 he owns, indeed, that when they have kil- 
 led an enemy, they broil his members, and put 
 his fat in gourds : but he adds, that they only 
 carry it home as a trophy of their victory ; and 
 not to eat it : a piece of delicacy which per- 
 haps they have learned from our author’s coun- 
 trymen, with whom they have converfed more 
 than with any other European nation. He adds, 
 that when they take any women, of what co- 
 lour, or nation foever, they are as civil to them, 
 as if they were of their own country ; that they 
 even marry them ; and that, if they happen to take 
 any children, they either breed them up, or, at 
 the word:, fell them to Europeans. They are 
 of a tradlable difpofition, and very compaflionate 
 to one another. They reproach the chridians 
 not only with injuftice in taking their iflands 
 from them, but with avarice ; and wonder that 
 they prefer gold to glafs and chryftal. As cu- 
 rious 
 
rious as they are to fee every thing which 
 Grangers bring, they have an averfion againft 
 travelling. In their trafficking they are apt to 
 depart from their bargains ; yet they reckon 
 theft fo great a crime, that they leave their 
 houfes and plantations without any body to look 
 after them. As friendly as they are to one ano- 
 ther, they never forgive an injury : and if but a 
 knife be taken from them, they mourn for a 
 whole week, and are eager for revenge. Though 
 they allow polygamy, their young men have no 
 converfation either with maids, or married wo- 
 men. In fine, the men are not fo amorous as the 
 women, though both are naturally chafte ; and 
 they were Grangers, it is faid, to lying, treachery,, 
 luxury, and feveral other vices, till they ad 
 commerce with the Europeans. f 
 
 They are never heard to wrangle or quarrel : 
 but when they have a private grudge, fatiaie it at 
 their publick entertainments ; to which, though all 
 are welcome, none are forced to go ; nor do any 
 chufe to go, but fuchas have a mind to be drunk, 
 or an inclination to commit fome bad action. 
 At thefe feafts, to which the neighbours are pe- 
 nerally invited, in order to be confulted about 
 trade, war, &c. fome murder or other is ge- 
 nerally committed, without much ceremony; 
 for if one of the guefts, when heated with li- 
 quor, does but call to mind that any one there 
 prefent killed any of his friends, or relations, he 
 goes behind him ; and cither knocks him down, 
 or (tabs him, without being interrupted by any 
 one in the facSf, or apprehended after it ; except 
 where it happens, which is very rarely the cafe 
 that the deceafed has any relations in the com- 
 pany; for then they fall upon the affaffin, and 
 
DOM 
 
 kill him on the fpot. But fuch aflaflins generally 
 look about them before they ftrike ; and if there 
 be any relations prefent, wait till they be either 
 drunk, or afleep. If others that are prefent, 
 and in the intereft of the deceafed, are afraid of 
 revenging the murder that inflant, for fear the 
 perpetrator of it fliould be fupported, they dif- 
 femble their refentment, and delay their revenge 
 to another opportunity, when the murderer is 
 fure to fuffer it, unlefs he quits the country : 
 and if he does, it often falls upon fome perfon be- 
 longing to him ; for they have no notion of par- 
 don, or accommodation. To this, in a great 
 meafure, is owing, as our author obferves, that 
 their country is not peopled one tenth part as 
 much as it ought to be ; confsdering how many 
 wotf.en are here, and the toleration for polyga- 
 my. The common fare at thcfe entertainments 
 is ignanas, potatoes, bananas, figs, and caflavi. 
 They generally broil whatever they catch in 
 hunting, or filhing ; and they feldom eat any 
 thin* boiled, except crabs : thefe laft, and 
 
 white, or fe'a fifh, are at other times their ordi- 
 nary fare; for though they have plenty of fwine 
 and poultry, as well as wood pigeons, parrots, 
 thruflies, &c. which they very dextroufly kill 
 with their arrows, and with which thefe feaits 
 are always crowned ; yet with regard to their 
 poultry, they carry them, and the other animals 
 they catch in hunting, to the French iflands, 
 where they barter them for neceflaries. If war 
 happen to be propofed at the entertainment, fome 
 old woman {lands up, and makes an harangue to 
 infpirit them to vengeance, by a long detail of 
 the injuries they have received from their ene- 
 mies, and of their friends and relations whom 
 
DOM 
 
 they have killed, &c. And when fhe finds that 
 it duely operates upon the company, already 
 very much heated by liquor, and that they are 
 refolved upon a bloody (laughter of their ene- 
 mies, (he throws among the aflembly fome of 
 the broiled members of thofe enemies that have 
 been formerly killed in the field of battle : at 
 which time the company falls a cutting and hack- 
 ing, fcratching, and biting them, with all the 
 rage of exafperated drunkards, vowing deftruc- 
 tion. They then add loud fhouts, in approba- 
 tion of the motion ; and they fix the day when 
 they are all to march forth, and extirpate 
 their enemies. They never ftir from thefe en- 
 tertainments as long as they have any thing to eat 
 or drink: nor do they keep their promife. of 
 joining in expeditions againft an enemy, unlefs 
 they nave a mind to it; for they are, as has. 
 been already hinted, uncontroulable : and being 
 all upon a par, a captain has no more refpect, 
 nor obedience, paid him than another perfon. 
 None are obliged to fubmiflion here but the 
 women, whofe hufbands are their abfolute 
 matters. This fuperiority the men carry to fuch 
 an excefs, that fometimes they kill their wives 
 for mere trifles, and even upon a bare fufpicion 
 of their incontinency : though, by reafon of the 
 women being ufed to obedience from their 
 childhood, they pay it with fuch meeknefs and 
 refpect, that their hufbands have feldom need, or 
 occafion, for putting them in mind of their duty. 
 A noble pattern this ! fays the miffionary Labat, 
 for our wives in Chriftendom, who have been 
 preached to in vain, ever fince the death of Sa- 
 rah, the wife of Abraham ; and to whom, if 
 we preach till doomlday, it is to be feared it will 
 ^3 be 
 
DOM 
 
 tfe to as little purpofe as preaching the gofpel to 
 the Caribbeans. In fliort, the wives are perfeft 
 drudges to their hufbands, and do all the flavifh 
 woi k, both at home and abroad, without repining. 
 When the hufbands return from hunting, or fifh- 
 ing, they leave what they have taken at the 
 door, or in the boat, and go to bed while the 
 wives carry it home and drefs it. It is obferved, 
 that though old age is the only title to refpecSl in 
 the men ; yet their old women are generally the 
 caufe of all family quarrels. For if they have 
 onee taken an antipathy againft a young wife, 
 they foon find ways and means for putting 
 her hufband out of conceit with her, and filling 
 his head with jealoufies : and rather than fail, 
 accufe her of witchcraft and murder. Upon 
 this fhe is condemned without examination, and 
 fent out of the world dire£tly. The children are 
 trained up to archery almoft from their cradles : 
 2nd it is furprifing to fee how nicely they will 
 hit a mark. 
 
 The men, in general, like to take the names 
 of thofe they have feen, or been regaled by, ef- 
 pecially governors, lords of the iflands, or cap- 
 tains of men of war : for they (corn thofe of 
 merchants, or other private perfons, be they ever 
 fo rich ; becaufe they look on them at befi: as 
 only flaves to the former, no people in the world 
 being more jealous and tenacious of their liberty 
 than the Caribbeans. And after they have been 
 thus honoured with a new furname, they are 
 fond to let all their vifiters know it, and to drink 
 the healths of thofe whofe names they go by. 
 
 Labat fays, that the French are the more 
 careful to be upon good terms with thefe people, 
 not for fear of any coniiderable damage the Ca- 
 ribbeans 
 
ribbcans can do them, either in a fair battle, or 
 fiege, but that their iettlements may not be in 
 danger of having their houfes burnt, and their 
 inhabitants killed by fudden irruptions in the dark- 
 eft nights, and the worft of weather. They lie in 
 ambufti for their enemies near the road-lide, by 
 planting themfelves clofe to fome tree, or thicket, 
 where they cover themfelves from head to foot 
 with branches of trees, only making loop-holes 
 through the leaves : and as foon as the enemy 
 have pafied, they either knock them down with 
 a bludgeon, or fhoot at them with an arrow; 
 which is no fooner difpatched than they fall flat 
 on the ground, like a hare in her form. They 
 burn houfes covered with canes, or palmettos, in 
 the night-time, by fixing lighted matches of cot- 
 ton to the beards of their arrows ; when con- 
 cealing themfelves in hufhes, they let fly at the 
 people as faft as they come out, who cannot re- 
 venge the attack, as not being; able to fee whence 
 the arrows come. They will difeharge io or J2 
 arrows, while a man is loading a mufket : but they 
 can only let oft one at a time ; though they gene- 
 rally hold three at once betwixt their fingers on 
 the firing of the bow, for the quicker difpatch. 
 T hey who fight with them always take care to 
 break their arrows as they fall, left they fhould 
 be forced to retreat, and thereby leave their ene- 
 my frefh ammunition. When they have fire- 
 arms they ufe them as dextroufly as their bows, 
 and few are fuch good markfmen. Both men 
 and women fwim as well as if they were born in 
 the water, and were intended to live in it. So 
 that when a boat overturns, as is often the cafe, 
 by keeping too tight a fail, or when they come 
 home drunk from the French iflands, they never 
 k 4 lofe 
 
 
DOM 
 
 lofe an ounce of their baggage, it is fo well 
 laflied. And upon thefe occafions, fays Labat, 
 the young children fwim like little fifh about 
 their mothers, who keep themfelvcs alfo above 
 water with infants fucking at their breaft, while 
 the men are employed in righting the veflel, and 
 throwing out the water. 
 
 With regard to religion, they have none, nor 
 any determinate objeft of worfhip. They feem 
 to know no beings but what are material; and 
 they have no term in their language either for a 
 god, or a fpirit. They have indeed a confufed 
 notion of two principles ; the one good, and the 
 other bad : to the latter of which, called Mani- 
 tou, they impute all the evil that befals them: 
 And therefore they pray to this, though without 
 any rule, or particular determination of time or 
 place; and without taking any diftind idea of it, 
 or pains for acquiring it : and alfo without any 
 fort of love to thefaid principle, but purely that it 
 may do them no hurt. Whereas to the former 
 of thofe principles, fay thefe brutes in human 
 ihape, being good and beneficent of itfelf, it is 
 needlefs to pray, or thank it ; becaufe it gives all 
 that is neceflarv without ceafing, and without 
 afkinc. They marry in all the degrees of con- 
 fan»umity, except the firft. 1 he coufin-ger- 
 mans claim a right to one another without afking 
 ; and one man has often three or four 
 lifters at a time for his wives: and where one is 
 too youngfor marriage, fhe is looked upon never- 
 thelefs as a wife ; and made ufe of to paint the 
 hufband, as well as fhe is able, in order to ac* 
 cuftom her betimes to the fcrvice fne is obliged to 
 pay him all her life. The mothers give fringed 
 hammocks with their daughters in marriage; 
 
DOM 
 
 and thefe are almoft as wide again, and one third 
 longer than ufual, though two perfons never lie 
 together in a hammock. When the mailer of a 
 houfe dies, they do not bury him at one corner 
 of it, as they do the reft of the family ; but in 
 the middle : after which they abandon it for ever, 
 and chufe another fpot. On the birth of the 
 firft child, if a fon, the father retires from com- 
 pany to bed, where he a£ts the part of the lying- 
 in woman, and keeps a ftridl fall for feveral days 
 fuccellively, with many ceremonies, related at 
 large in father Tertre’s hiftory of the Antilles, 
 to which, and that written alfo by M. Roche- 
 fort, we muft refer for their manners and cus- 
 toms, after firft obferving, that fome of thole 
 already mentioned, and which are peculiar al- 
 moft to the Caribbeans of Dominica, and St. 
 Vincent, have been left off by the modern peo- 
 ple of this country, fince their acquaintance and 
 intercourfe with the Europeans. Moll of them 
 now make no fcruple about eating the diet which 
 formerly they held in the greateft abhorrence, as 
 fwine s flelh, tortoifc, and the lamantin ; nor do 
 they refufe the other meats in ufe among the 
 Europeans. They are not near fo fevcre to their 
 wives, particularly in the two following refpea$ r . 
 the latter feldom now go out to fetch home 
 their hufband s fifh, man and wife generally 
 m effing together; nor do they now feed on any 
 chriftians at all : whereas, formerly they tailed 
 of all nations that reforted amongthem. And 
 if we may believe M. de Rochefort, they found 
 a great difference betwixt a ragout made of 
 a frenchman, and one made of a Spaniard, 
 faying, c that the latter was tough, but the for- 
 mer very delicate.’ It has indeed been a com- 
 ^ 5 mo nr 
 
DOM 
 
 mon boaft among the French themfelves, that 
 they are the beft foldiers, orators, painters, mu- 
 f, dans, &c. but that their flefh eats more ten- 
 der than their neighbours, in fuch a ftrain of 
 compliment as has been never ufed either before 
 nor fince. In fome things the Caribbeans 
 themfelves confefs, that they are altered much 
 for the worfe. For M. de Montel fays, that 
 two old Caribbeans, in a converfation he had 
 with them, fpoke to the following purpofe : 
 
 « Our people are become, in a manner, Jilce 
 ‘ yours, fince they have been acquainted with 
 « you : and fo different have we grown from 
 ‘ what we were heretofore, that we fcarce know 
 « ourfelves. And to this alteration our pcop c 
 
 * impute that hurricanes happen more frequently 
 ‘ than in the days of old ; and that Maboya, 
 
 ‘ that is the evil fpirit, has reduced us under the 
 ‘power of the French, Engliih, and Spaniards, 
 
 ‘ who have driven us out of mod, and that the 
 i beft part, of our country, meaning the adjacent 
 
 * iflands.’ ... , • - n . 
 
 Some of the Caribbeans, both in this ifiaml, 
 and that of St. Vincent, have feveral negroes tor 
 their flaves, which they took- partly from the 
 Engliih plantations, and partly from Span.th 
 veftels caft away on their coafts : and it is re- 
 ported, that thefe negroes ferve the Caribbeans 
 with as much obedience, and refpea, as it thty 
 were the moft civilized people in the world In 
 the mean time, though it is faid that they have 
 left off eating the flefh of chnftians, yet many 
 of them, according to fome authors, do it'll in- 
 dulge themfelves both in the flefh and blood ot 
 thefr mortal enemies the Arovagues ; of which, 
 whenever they take them prifoners, they boil one 
 
 part. 
 
DOR 
 
 part, and broil the other ; that the women lick 
 the very flicks on which their fat drops : that 
 the reft of the fat yielded from this diabolical 
 cookery, is diftributed among the chief families, 
 and carefully preferved in gourds for feafoning 
 their fauces : and that in order to entail the 
 hatred of the Arovagues on their pofterity, they 
 chafe their children’s bodies with the blood of 
 thofe victims, to animate them to the like cruelty. 
 But the French author laft mentioned does all 
 he can to excufe thefe cannibals, by examples of 
 others more inhuman than they : a piece of 
 courtefy which cannot appear ftrange, after his 
 having, a little before, fo highly extolled the 
 dainty difli of a French carcafe. 
 
 Dorchester, a little town of Berkely coun- 
 ty, on the confines of Colleton county, and 
 province of Carolina, in North America. It 
 contains about 350 fouls : and in it is an inde- 
 pendent meeting houfe. Lat. 36. 10. N. Long. 
 79. 20. W. 
 
 Dorchester, one of the five counties on the 
 E. fide of Delaware- bay, in the province of 
 Maryland, in North America. Ir is fituated to 
 the S. of Talbot county. Its principal parifti 
 bears alfo the fame name, where the county- 
 court is kept. It is a (mail place of about ten 
 houfes. The land here lying to the N. fide of 
 Nantikoke-river, beginning at the mouth of 
 Chickacoan- river, and fo up to its fource, and 
 from thence to the head of Andcrton- branch, 
 and down to the N. W. fork, and to the mouth 
 of the laid Chickacoan- river, was, by an pf 
 the aflembly, anno 1698, declared to helonp to 
 Panqualh, and Annatouqucm, two Indian kiiv-'S, 
 and the people under their government, their 
 L 6 heirs 
 
D U T 
 
 heirs and fucceffors for ever, to be holden by tbe 
 lord proprietary, under the yearly rent of one 
 beaver- fkin. More Indian towns are in this, 
 than in any other of the counties. 
 
 Dorchester, a town of Suffolk county, in 
 New England, in North America. It is for 
 magnitude the next to Bofton, and built at the 
 mouth of two fmall rivers, contiguous to the 
 fea fide. It fends four members to the affembly, 
 and has two fairs ; the one on the fourth Tues- 
 day in March, and the other on the laft Wed- 
 nefday in October. 
 
 Dover, a town belonging to Kent county* 
 in Penfylvania, in North America. It was for- 
 merly called St. John’s-town, and confifts of 
 about 50 families. It is looked upon as the 
 principal place of the county ; which, like Vir- 
 ginia, is fettled, not in townfhips, but fcattered 
 plantations. 
 
 Drake, a harbour in California, the mod 
 northern part of the New World, in America. 
 It was fo called, becaufe the famous navigator. 
 Sir Francis Drake, landing there, took pofieffion 
 of the peninfula of California, for his miftrefs 
 queen Elizabeth, by the name of New Albion ; 
 the king of the country actually invefling him 
 with its fovereignty, and prefenting him with his 
 own crown of beautiful feathers : and the na- 
 tives taking the Englifh to be more than men, 
 began to facrifice toTthem ; but were reftrained. 
 Lat. 28. 15. N. Long. hi. 39, W. 
 
 Dublin, a pretty town of Philadelphia 
 county, belonging to Penfylvania, in North 
 America. Lat. 41. 20. N. Long. 78. 20. W. 
 
 Dutchess, a county in the province of New 
 York, in Nouh America, hounded on the S. by 
 9 the 
 
E A S 
 
 the county of Weft Chefter, oft the E. by the 
 Conne£ficut-line, on the W. by Hudfon’s-river, 
 and N. by the county of Albany. The S. part 
 is occupied by iron-works, being mountainous : 
 the reft is good upland country, well watered. 
 There are ift it two mean villages, Pogh-keep- 
 fing, and the French-kill. The inhabitants on 
 the banks of the river are Dutch ; but thofe more 
 eafterly, Englifhmen. There is no epifcopai 
 church in it. It has fuddenly, and lately, 'rofe 
 Very much in commerce. A few years have 
 raifed it from 12 families, to that pitch, that by 
 the lifts it will furnifh at prefent 2,500 fighting 
 men. 
 
 Durango, a town belonging to the province 
 of Zacatecas, and the audience of Guadalaxara^ 
 in Old Mexico, or New Spain, in North Ame- 
 rica. It is fituated 10 leagues fiom Nombre de 
 Dios, and is a bifhop's fee, at the confluence o£ 
 feveral rivers, which render it convenient for 
 trade. 
 
 E A S 
 
 E ast Chester* a town in the 
 
 county of Weft Chefter, in the province of 
 New York, in North America, has two epifcopai 
 miflionaries. See West Chester, county of. 
 
 East Ham, a town of Biiftol county, in 
 New Plymouth colony, and province of Mafla- 
 chufets, in New England, in North America. 
 It is fituated in the ilie of Namfet, where were 
 
 about 
 
about 500 chriftian Indians, four fchools, and 
 fix juftices of the peace of their own nation, 
 Lat. 41. 40. N. Long. 73. 20. W. 
 
 East Main, the county of Labrador, in the 
 northern countries of America, is fo called, as 
 that of New Wales, is denominated the Weft 
 Main. 
 
 Ebenezer, a town of Georgia, in North 
 America, about five miles from Abercorn, and 
 up the river Savannah. It is a very healthy 
 place where the Saltfburghers are fettled, with 
 two minifters, who are afober, induftrious peo- 
 ple, thatraife not only corn, and other produc- 
 tions, fufKcient for their own fubfiftence, but fell 
 great quantities to the inhabitants of Savannah. 
 They have large herds of cattle, and are in a 
 very thriving condition. Ten miles from thence, 
 on a river running into the Savannah, is Old 
 Ebenezer, where is a cow-pen, and a great 
 number of cattle for the ufe of the publick, and 
 for breeding. Lat. 32. 10. N. Long. 82. 20. W. 
 
 Elenthera, or Eluthera, one of the 
 Bahama, or Lucaya iflands, in North America; 
 where above 60 families, fettled under the deputy- 
 governor Holmes, ere&ed a fmall fort, and 
 raifed a company of militia for their defence. 
 
 Elizabeth, a town of Eflex-county, and 
 the moft confiderable of New Jerfey, in North 
 America. It lies three miles within a creek op- 
 pofite to the W. part of Staten -ifland. Here the 
 Englifh fettled firft, and it has thriven moft: fo 
 that it is the feat of the government of the two 
 provinces of Eaft and Weft Jerfey, and of the 
 judicial courts and aftemblies; though great 
 endeavours were ufed by the Scots proprietors of 
 Eaft Jerfey, in 1683, to remove the courts from 
 
 thence 
 
ENG 
 
 thence to Perth-amboy. The town of Eliza- 
 beth has above 250 families, and 40,000 acres 
 of plantation. The proprietors had one here, 
 which went by the name of the farm. 
 
 Ejlizabeth’s-island, Queen, in Magel- 
 lan-ftreight, where captain Clipperton of the 
 Succefs, fent his pinnace afhore on the main- 
 land to a frefh-water river, then frozen up. 
 They continued fome time at that ifland, which 
 is dry, and generally fpeaking barren, except as 
 to herbs, fit for fallads, of which they found 
 great plenty, and were of vaft fervice to them, 
 being then very fick of the fcurvy. They met 
 alfo here with abundance of wild fowl, and 
 fhell-fith on fhorc. 
 
 England, New, the feat of the molt 
 flourilhine, and moft powerful colonies the 
 Britifh nation have in North America. It is 
 bounded on the E. and S. E. by the Atlantic 
 ocean ; on the N. E. by Nova Scotia, or Aca- 
 dia ; and on the N. by the^ country of the ra- 
 vage Indians ; by part of Canada on the W . 
 and by New York, with Long-ifland, on the S. 
 and S. W. This country is in length fomething 
 lei's than 300 miles ; at the broadeft part of it 
 about 2C0, if we carry it on to thei'e tracks 
 which are poflefled by the French: but if we 
 regard the part which we have planted in gene- 
 raf, it does not extend any where this way, very 
 much above 60 miles from the fea-coaft. It 
 lies between lat. 41 and 45 N. and 69 and 
 ,5. Though New England is frtuated al- 
 moll 10 degrees nearer the fun, than we ar ein 
 England, yet the winter begins eatlier, Iafts 
 longer, and is incomparably more fevjtre than it 
 is with us. The fummsr again is extremely 
 
ENG 
 
 hot, and more fervently fo than in places which 0 
 
 lie under the fame parallels in Europe. How- Abou 
 
 -ever, both the heat and cold are now far more blaci 
 
 moderate ; and the conftitution of the air, in all 
 refpefls, far better than our people found it at ibrvtf 
 
 their firft fettlement. The clearing away of fruitfc 
 
 the woods, and opening the ground every where, iiicli/w 
 
 has, by giving a free paffage to the air, carried fa 
 
 off thofe noxious vapours which were fo preju- rivers, 
 
 dicial to the health of the firft inhabitants. The large* 
 
 temperament of the fky is generally, both in which 
 
 fummer and winter, very fteady and ferene. for lev 
 
 Two months frequently pafs without the appear- ir nor 
 
 ance of a cloud. Their rains are heavy, and cut-nVi 
 
 foon over. tuxet. 
 
 The climate of New England, compared river F 
 
 with that of Virginia, is as the climate of South j.Th 
 
 Britain, to that of North Britain. New Eng- are the 
 
 land being, as has been faid, nearer to the equi- andm 
 
 nofliai line than the old, their days and nights. To 
 
 are confequently more equal. The fun riles at the m 
 
 Bofton on the longeft day, namely, June nth* countr 
 
 26 minutes after 4 in the morning, and fets at tween 
 
 34 minutes after 7 in the evening. And on that th 
 
 December 13, which is the fhorteft day, it rifes b e y 
 
 at 35 minutes after 7 in the morning, and c f th 
 
 fets at 27 minutes after 4 in the afternoon. good. 
 
 So that the longeft day in New England is about J\ 
 
 15 hours, and the fhorteft about 9. Cape 
 
 This country, when firft vifited by the Eng- Netic 
 
 Jifh, was one great foreft, the Indians having C 2 p e 
 
 only cleared a fmall fpot here and there for corn ; j 
 
 but every three or four miles our countrymen 
 found fome fruitful valleys and brooks. The- cxce ’ 
 
 land next the fea is generally low, and in fome g 00 j 
 
 parts marfhy 5 but further up it rifes into hills,., mor 
 
 and. 
 
ENG 
 
 and on the N. E. it is rocky and mountainous* 
 About Maflachufet’s-bay, the foil is as fat and 
 black as any part of England ; and the firft 
 planters found the grafs in the valleys very rank 
 for want of cutting. But the uplands are not fo 
 fruitful, being moftly a gravelly and fandy foil, 
 inclining to a clay. 
 
 Few countries are better watered with fprings, 
 rivers, and lakes, though the latter are not lo 
 large as thofe to the N. and W. Of its rivers, 
 which all abound with fifh, feven are navigable 
 for feveral leagues, and would be fo further, were 
 it not for the falls, or cataracts, i. ConnedU- 
 cut-river. 2. The Thames. 3. The river Pa- 
 tuxet. 4. The great river Merrimack. 5. The 
 river Pilcataway. 6. The river Saco. And 
 7. The Cafco- river. Befides, to the E. of thefe 
 are the rivers Saghedock, Kenebeck, Penobfcot, 
 and many more confiderable ones. 
 
 To the conveniency of fo many fine rivers, 
 the number of large populous towns in this 
 country is juftly aferibed : and in the tradfs be- 
 tween the rivers are fo many brooks and fprings, 
 that there is hardly a place but frefh water may 
 be had, by finking a well within 10 or 12 feet 
 of the furface, and fuch water as is generally 
 good. 
 
 The moft remarkable capes from S. to N. are 
 Cape Cod, Marble Head, Cape Anne, Cape 
 Netick, Cape Porpus, Cape Elizabeth, and 
 Cape Small-point. 
 
 The foil of New England is various ; but 
 beft as you approach the Southward. It affords 
 excellent meadows in the low grounds, and very 
 good pafture almoft every where. They com- 
 monly allot at the rate of two acres for the 
 
 main- 
 
maintenance of a cow. The meadows, which 
 they reckon thebed, yield about a ton of hay each 
 acre- Some produce two tons, but then the 
 hay is rank and four. This country is not very 
 favourable to any of the European kinds of grain. 
 
 The wheat is fubjedt to be blafted ; the bar- 
 ley is an hungry grain ; and the oats are lean and 
 chaffy: but the Indian corn, which makes the 
 common food of the lowed fort of people, flou- 
 rifhes here. This, as being a fpecies of corn 
 not fo univerfally known, anil of all others that 
 which yields the greatcd increafe, a fhort de- 
 icription of it is as follows. 
 
 This plant, which the native Americans call 
 weachin, is known in fome of the fouthern 
 parts of America by the name of maize: The 
 
 ear is about a fpan in length, confiding of eight 
 rows of the corn, or more, according to the 
 goodnefs of the ground, with about 30 grains in 
 each row. On the top of the grain hangs a fort 
 of flower, not unlike a filk taflel, of various co- 
 lours, as white, blue, greenifli, black, fpeckled, 
 driped ; which gives this corn, as it grows, a 
 very beautiful appearance. The grain is of all 
 the colours which prevail in the flower ; but mod 
 frequently yellow and white. The dalks grow 
 fix or eight feet high, and are of a confiderable 
 thicknefs. They are lefs high in New England, 
 and other northern countries, than in Virginia, 
 and thofe which lie more to the fouthward. 
 They are jointed like a cane, and at each of 
 thefe joints fhoot out a number of leaves like 
 flags, which make very good fodder for the 
 cattle. The dalk is full of a juice, of which a 
 fyrup, as fweet as fugar, has been frequently 
 made. This grain is generally fovved in little 
 
 fquares* 
 
ENG 
 
 fquares, and requires a very attentive cultivation* 
 The ground in which it thrives mod is light and 
 Tandy, with a fmall intermixture of loam. 
 About a peck of feed is fufHcient for an acre, 
 which, at a medium, produces about 25 bufhels. 
 The New England people not only make bread 
 of this grain, but they malt and brew it into a 
 beer which is not defpicable. The greater part 
 of their beer, however, is made of molafl'es 
 hopped, with the addition, fometimes, of the 
 tops of the fpruce-fir infufed. 
 
 T hey raife in New England a large quantity 
 of flax ; and have made efTays upon hemp, which 
 have been far from unfuccefsful. An acre of 
 their cow- pen land produces about a ton of this 
 commodity; but the land is pretty foonexhauft- 
 ed. This plant probably requires a climate 
 more uniformly warm than New England; for 
 though the greater part of our hemp is brought 
 to us from northern parts ; yet it is in the more 
 foutherly provinces of Ruflia that the belt which 
 comes to our market is produced. 
 
 T hey have great plenty of all forts of roots, 
 as turnips, parfnips, carrots, radifhes much 
 larger and richer than ours, though their feeds 
 came originally from hence ; good (tore of onions, 
 cucumbers, and pumpions. But the feed of the 
 water-melons, and fquafhes, which grow here in 
 great plenty, is brought from Portugal, to which 
 the traders here have all along fent great quan- 
 tities of fifh. 
 
 They had a variety of fruits of their own 
 growth, before the Englifh arrived here ; parti- 
 cularly grapes, currants, llrawberries, rafpberries, 
 hurtleberries, whitehorn-haws, as big as our 
 cherries, chefnuts, walnuts, fmall nuts, filberts, 
 
 and 
 
ENG 
 
 and many more; as alfo forrel, water- creffes, 
 favory, and the like, fallad and pot-herbs ; be- mtlJf 
 
 fides others for phyfic, and feveral forts of A®® 
 
 pulfe, but efpecially kidney-beans; and without 
 doubt thofe vegetables have been fince improved. cre ^ 
 
 Mr. Dudley, one of the council in New England, The) 
 
 fays, that the peaches here are large, all ftandard, * S 01 
 
 and the fruit better than ours ; and that com- c i entl 
 
 monly they bear in three years from the ftone. Old 1 
 
 That, in 1721, at a village near Bofton of about 
 40 houfes, they made near 3000 barrels of cy- of 
 
 der ; and that fome of their apple-trees yield fix ^{ c 
 
 or (even barrels, at the rate of eight or nine fopc 
 
 bufhels to the barrel. He faw here a pearmain- toany 
 
 tree which, a foot from the ground, meafured In (I 
 
 10 feet 4 inches round, and bore 38 bulhels of cerabk 
 
 fine fruit ; and the largeft apple-tree he found here mers, 
 
 was 10 feet and an half in compafs, befide faffi- But ti 
 
 fras-trees, aflies, the plantanus, occidentalus, or of z\ 
 
 button- wood- tree, all of a pretty large lize. who c 
 
 Here is a great variety of plants, different railv 
 
 from thofe of Europe, particularly the common Unde 
 
 favin, which is often found to grow wild on the in Ker 
 
 hills; that called the bear- thiftle, very fhort and ablet' 
 
 pricky, whofe root, with a decodiion of that 
 called the cancer- root, and a fort of devil’s-bit, an a 
 
 cures the king’s evil. Here is a plant called then 
 
 partridge -berries, an excellent cure for the drop- vatec 
 
 fy ; and that called the bleeding-root to cure the had : 
 
 juandice, befides fome others. peop 
 
 Their horned cattle are very numerous in by t 
 
 New England, and fome of them very large. bile 
 
 Oxen have been killed there of 1800 weight. w 0 r 
 
 They have alfo great numbers of hogs, and ( 0P 
 
 thofe excellent ; and fome fo large as to weigh 
 25 fcore. They have befides a breed of fmall anc 
 
 horfes, 
 
ENG 
 
 horfes, which are extremely hardy. They pace* 
 naturally, though in no very graceful, or eafy 
 manner ; but with fuch fwiftnefs, and for fo 
 long a continuance, as muft appear almoft in- 
 credible to thofe who have not experienced it. 
 They have a great number of (heep too, and of 
 a good kind. The wool is of a ftaple fufli- 
 ciently long ; but it is not near fo fine as that of 
 Old England. They, however, manufacture a 
 great deal of it very fuccefsfully. Cloths are made 
 of it, of as clofe and firm a contexture, though 
 not fo fine, as our beft drabs, being thick, and 
 fuperior for the ordinary wear of country people, 
 to any thing we make in England. 
 
 In this country are many gentlemen of confi- 
 derable landed eftates, which they let to far- 
 mers, or manage by their ftewards, or ovcrfeers. 
 But the greater part of the people is compofed 
 of an independent and fubfiantial yeomanry, 
 who cultivate their own freeholds. Thefe gene- 
 rally pat’s to their children by a kind of gavel- 
 kind or partition, among them, as is cuftomary 
 in Kent : and this keeps them from being ever 
 able to emerge out of their original happy me- 
 diocrity. This manner of inheriting has here 
 an additional good effeCt ; it makes the people 
 the more ready to go backward into the unculti- 
 vated parts of the country, where land is to be 
 had at an eafy rate, and in large portions. The 
 people, by their being generally freeholders, and 
 by their lorm of government, have a very free, 
 bold, and republican fpirit. In no part of the 
 world are the ordinary fo independent, or pofiefs 
 fo many of the conveniences of life. They are 
 nfed from their infancy to the exercife of arms ; 
 •and they have a militia, which, as fuch, is by no 
 
 means 
 
ENG 
 
 tneans contemptible. And certainly if thefe 
 men were fomewhat more regularly trained, and hero- 
 
 in better fubordination, in no country could be 
 found an army better conftituted than that which timber 
 
 New England can furnifh. This too is much the pi 
 
 the beft peopled of any of our colonies upon way t 
 
 the continent. It is judged that the four pro- comm 
 
 vinccs it comprifes, namely Maflachufet’s-bay, 2nd at 
 
 Conne&icut, Rhode- ifland, and New Hamp- they ft 
 
 {hire, contain upwards of 350,000 fouls. 1 hefe 
 four governments are confederated for their com- diSco! 
 
 mon defence. The mod confiderable of them, reprefc 
 
 for riches and number of people, being 200,000 of our 
 
 of the latter, though not for extent of territory* ' taws, 
 
 is Mafiachufet’s-bay ; which fee. ; pan 
 
 Not one of our fettlements can be compared tilde ol 
 
 with New England in the abundance of people, rors of 
 
 the number oT confiderable and trading towns, Engiar 
 
 and the manufactures carried on in them. The but by 
 
 moft populous and flourifliing parts of the mo- they c 
 
 ther-country hardly make a better appearance. the Fr- 
 
 Our provinces to the fouthward on this conti- The 
 
 nent arerecommendable for the generous warmth prd (0 
 
 of the climate, and a luxuriance of foil which mw , 
 
 naturally throws up a vaft variety of beautiful article 
 
 and rich vegetable produ&ions. But New them 
 
 England is the firft in America for cultivation, to ad’ 
 
 number of people, and for the order refulting then \ 
 
 from bo r h. ^ trade 
 
 Though in all the provinces of New Eng- to f en 
 
 land are lars;e towns which drive a confiderable and c 
 
 trade, the only one is Bofton, the capital of putir 
 
 MaffachufetV bay, the firffc city of New Eng- way] 
 
 land* and of all North America. See Boston. foiev 
 
 'i hough no great fnows fall in the fouthern parts , 
 
 of Louifiana, yet to the northward a great deal 
 
 falls : 
 
Tails: and not only the Miffiffippi, but the num- 
 ber of other great rivers which it receives, over- 
 flow annually ; and they can be in no want of 
 timber convenient for navigation. And though 
 the paflage to the French iflands be fuch a great 
 way to the windward, as to bring them thefe 
 commodities in a much more tedious manner, 
 and at a dearer rate, is it not much better that 
 they fhould have them cheap from us, than dear 
 from themfelves ? nor perhaps would even this 
 difficulty, which indeed is much lefs than it is 
 represented, bring down the French to the par 
 of our fugar-colonies, loaded as they are with 
 taxes, groaning under the preflure of many 
 grievances, and deformed by an infinite multi- 
 tude of abufes and enormities, partly from er- 
 rors of their own, and partly from miftakes in 
 England : fo that it is not by reflraints on trade, 
 but by a judicious encouragement of it, that 
 they can hope to remedy thefe evils, and rival 
 the French eftablifhments. 
 
 The general plan of our management with re- 
 gard to the trade of our colonies ought to be, to 
 encourage in every one fome fecret and diftinct 
 articles ; fuch as not interfering, might enable 
 them to trade with each other ; and all to trade 
 to advantage with their mother* country. And 
 then where we have rivals in any branch of the 
 trade carried on in our colonies, to enable them 
 to fend their goods to the foreign market directly; 
 and make the (hips fo employed, as the French 
 put in practice, to take the Englifh ports in their 
 way home, left they (hould make their returns in 
 foreign manufactures. This, and that they fhould 
 iiot go largely into manufadtures interfering with 
 
 ours, 
 
ENG 
 
 ours, ought to be the only points at which our 
 reftri£tions Ihould aim. 
 
 Thefe hints concerning reftraints on trade 
 have been mentioned, becaufe that of New Eng- 
 land rather wants to be fupported, than checked. 
 Its trade, in many of its branches, is clearly on 
 the decline ; and this circumftance ought to in- 
 tereft us deeply. For very valuable is this co- 
 lony, if it never fent us any thing, nor took any 
 thing from us, as it is the grand barrier of all 
 the reft; and as it is the principal magazine 
 which fupplies our Weft Indies, from whence we 
 draw fuch vaft advantages. We now (hall pro- 
 ceed to give a fliort detail of the firft fettlement 
 in-this country. 
 
 We derive our rights in America from the dif- 
 covery of Sebaftian Cabot, who firft: made the 
 northern continent in 1497* It was, in general. 
 Called rnen Newfoundland, a name which is now 
 appropriated to an iftand on its coaft. It was a 
 lon£ time before we made any attempt to fettle 
 in this country ; Sir Walter Raleigh (hewed 
 the way, by planting a colony in the fouthern 
 part, which he called Virginia. However, the 
 fpirit of colonization was not yet fully raifed. 
 The affairs of North America were in the hands 
 of an exclufive company, and they profpered 
 
 accordingly. _ 
 
 Things remained in this condition till the lat- 
 ter end of the reign of James I. from 
 commencement of~the reformation in England, 
 two parties of proteftants fubfifted amongft us. 
 The rirft had chofen gradually, and almoft im- 
 perceptibly, to recede Irom the church of Rome. 
 The other party, of a warmer temper, had 
 more zeal, and lefs policy. Several of thefe laft 
 
 fad E 
 days; 
 vzbd 
 tame 
 petual 
 while 
 aver/io 
 ceremc 
 with a 
 tendenc 
 Queen 
 seemed 
 king 
 uniform 
 Howe 
 ceftroye 
 mm 
 confide 
 commo 
 
 Whe 
 
 had a u 
 era tie. 
 ticnhei 
 life, r 
 :key V?' 
 Inti 
 of Cha 
 He ga 1 
 church 
 dignity 
 tempo: 
 peat r 
 Not la 
 and in 
 of th 
 new! 
 
 Vo 
 
ENG 
 
 had fled from the perfection in queen Mary’s 
 days ; and they returned in thofe of queen Eli- 
 zabeth, with minds fufficiently heated by re- 
 fentment of their fufferings, and by the per- 
 petual difputes which had exercifed them all the 
 while they were abroad ; where they learned an 
 averfion to the epifccpal order, and to religious 
 ceremonies of every fort. They were animated 
 with a high fpirit of liberty, and had a flrong 
 tendency to the republican form of government. 
 Queen Elizabeth, difliking the notions which they 
 feemed to entertain in politicks, kept them under 
 during the whole courfe of her reign, with an 
 uniform and inflexible feverity. 
 
 However the party was far enough from being 
 deflroyed : but, by degrees, became very nu- 
 merous ; and their zeal made them yet more 
 confiderable than their numbers. They were 
 commonly called puritans. 
 
 When king James came to the throne, he 
 had a very fair opportunity of pacifying matters, 
 or at leaft he might have left them in the condi- 
 tion he found them ; but it happened quite other- 
 wife. They were perfecuted, but not deftroyed ; 
 they were exafperated, but left powerful. 
 
 In this ft ate things continued till the acceflion 
 of Charles I. when they were far from mending. 
 He gave himfelf entirely up to the church, and 
 churchmen ; conferring the firft ecclefiaftical 
 dignity of the kingdom, and a great fway in 
 temporal affairs, upon Dr. Laud, who deprived 
 great numbers of minifters for non* conformity. 
 Not fatisfied with this, he made new regulations, 
 and introduced upon a people, already abhorrent 
 of the moft neceflary ceremonies, others of a 
 new kind of a moft ufelefs nature. 
 
 Vol. I. M 
 
 Several 
 
ENG 
 
 Several great men, difgufted at the proceedings 
 of the court, and entertaining apprehenfions for 
 the publicle liberty, in order to make themfelves 
 popular, attached themfelves to the common no- 
 tions of religion, and affecfed to maintain them 
 with great zeal. Others became puritans through 
 principle. And now their affairs put on a re- 
 spectable appearance. In proportion as they be- 
 came of confequence, their IbfFerings feemed to 
 be more and more grievous ; and they were 
 every day further and further from liftening to 
 the leaft terms of agreement with furplices, or- 
 gans, common-prayer, or table at the E. end 
 of the church ; and rather than be obliged to ufe 
 them, there was no part of the world to which 
 they would not have fled with chearfulnefs. 
 
 Early in the reign of king James I. a number 
 of perfons of this perfuafion had fought refuge 
 in Holland, where they did not find them- 
 felves better fatisfied than they had been in Eng- 
 land, their zeal beginning to have dangerous 
 languors for want of oppofition. They fent an 
 agent to England, who agreed with the council 
 of Plymouth for a tra& of land in America, to 
 fettle in, after they had obtained from the king a 
 privilege to do fo. 
 
 This colony eftablifhed itfelf at a place which 
 they called New Plymouth. They were but 
 few in number: near half of them perifhed by 
 the fcurvy, by want, and the feverity of the 
 climate. But thofe who furvived, not difpirit- 
 ed with their Ioffes, nor with the hardfhips 
 they were ftill to endure, and finding themfelves 
 out of the reach of the fpiritual arm, reduced this 
 favage coun.ry to yield them a tolerable liveli- 
 hood, and by degrees a comfortable fubfiftence.. 
 
E N G 
 
 proceed 
 bilons i 
 : ^m/eives 
 o® him no- 
 iintaia feia 
 tans throng 
 Ht on a $ 
 
 lastheybe- 
 
 gs Teemed o 
 I they were 
 liftening 10 
 urpk:, or- 
 ■he £ cr,l 
 iigedtoufe 
 W to which 
 kiintfe, 
 
 1 . nutate 
 mp. refuge 
 t End them- 
 been intng- 
 ive dangerous 
 The)/ (eat an 
 i the council 
 kciicMo i 
 mk^i ! 
 
 t a place which 
 [hey m h 
 lem perilW bj 
 (everity of fc 
 cd, not Wpt? | 
 h the i 
 ttdingt ktfw | 
 
 tolcrife^' 
 
 akleW^. ' 
 
 This little fettlement was made in the year 
 11621. Several of their brethren in England, la* 
 bouring under the fame difficulties, took the 
 fame methods of efcaping from them ; by which 
 means the colony of puritans infenfibly increafed ; 
 but they had not extended themfelves much be- 
 yond New Plymouth. In 1629, the colony be- 
 gan to flourifh, fo that they foon became a con- 
 siderable people. By the clofe of the enfuing 
 year they had built four towns, Salem, Dor- 
 chefter, Charles-town, and Bofton. 
 
 And now not only thofe who found them- 
 felves uneafy at home upon a religious account, 
 but feveral on account of the then profitable 
 trade of furs and fkins, and for the fake of the 
 fifheries, were invited to fettle in New England. 
 But this colony received its principal affiltance 
 from the difeontent of feveral great men of the 
 puritan party, who were its prote&ors ; and who 
 entertained a defign of fettling among them in 
 New England, if they fhould fail in the mea- 
 fures they were purfuing for eftablifhing the li- 
 berty, and reforming the religion of their mo- 
 ther-country. They folicited for grants in New 
 England, and were at a great expence in fettling 
 of them. Amongft thefe patentees we fee the 
 lord Brooke, the lord Say and Seal, the Pel- 
 hams, the Hampdens, and the Pyms. And it 
 was faid that Sir Mathew Boynton, Sir William 
 Conftable, Sir Arthur Haflerig, and Oliver Crom- 
 well, were actually upon the point of embarking 
 for New England : when archbifhop Laud, un- 
 willing that fo many obje&s of his hatred fhould 
 be removed out of the reach of his power, ap- 
 plied for, and obtained an order, for putting a 
 ftop to thefe tranfportations : and thus he kept 
 M 2 forcibly 
 
ENG 
 
 forcibly from venting itfelf, that virulent humour 
 which he lived to fee deftroy himfelf, his order, 
 his religion, his mafter, and the conftitution of 
 his country. However he was not able to pre- 
 vail fo far as to hinder New England from re- 
 ceiving vaft reinforcements, both of clergy and 
 laity. 
 
 The part of New England called Maffachu- 
 fet’s-bay, had now fettlements very thick all 
 along the fea-fhore. Some Hips from thefe were 
 planted in the province of Main and New 
 Hampfhire, being torn from the original flock 
 by that religious violence, which was the chief 
 charadleriftick of the firft fettlers in New Eng- 
 land. The patentees lafb mentioned, fettled upon 
 the river Connedlicut, and eftablifhed a feparate 
 and independent government there ; fome perfons 
 having before that fixed themfelves upon the bor- 
 ders of this river, who fled from the tyranny of 
 the Plymouth and Maffachufet’s colonies. 
 
 For a confiderable time the people of New 
 England had hardly any regular form of govern- 
 ment. By their charter they were impowered to 
 eftablifh fuch order, and make fuch laws as they 
 pleafed, provided they were not contrary to the 
 laws of England : a point not eafily fettled, as 
 they who compofed the new colonies were of a 
 contracted way of thinking, and moft violent 
 enthufiafls. They adopted the books of Mofes as 
 the law of the land ; but the firft laws grounded 
 upon thefe have fince fallen into difufe. 
 
 As to religion, it was, as has been faid, the 
 puritan. And as foon as they found themfelves 
 at liberty in America, they fell into a way very 
 little different from the independent mode. 
 Every parifh, with its minifter, was fovereign 
 
 within 
 
 within it 
 called, h 
 
 wW wt 
 
 pods exe 
 rifdiflion, 
 nion witl 
 iky diililc 
 taxis. f 
 freedom 1 
 
 well expi 
 fuch a frt 
 i odious 
 sift perfec 
 y parr 
 sand 
 
 kwH po 1 
 fairs of n 
 iky oblig 
 and fettle 
 Cape Cod 
 ffient upo. 
 town, wbi 
 ke mi 
 word in 1 
 
 ments, c 
 that nar 
 tion gavi 
 land, fo 
 rife to 
 fpreadin 
 As f< 
 laws, n- 
 of ttiij 
 tented, 
 that th 
 
ENG 
 
 within itfelf. Synods indeed were occafionally 
 called, but only to prepare and digeft matters 
 which were to receive their fanftion from the 
 approbation of the feveral churches. The fy- 
 nods exercifed no branch of ecclefiaftical ju- 
 rifdi&ion, and only refufed to hold commu- 
 nion with thofe whofe principles and practices 
 they difliked. The magiftrates aflifted in thofe 
 fynods. From fuch a form as this, great religious 
 freedom might, one would have imagined, be 
 well expe&ed; but they had no idea at all of 
 fuch a freedom : and any fort of toleration was 
 fo odious to the greater part, that one of the 
 firft perfecutions fet up here, was againfl a 
 fmall party which arofe amongft them; who 
 maintained, that the civil magiftrate had no 
 lawful power to ufe compulfory meafures in af- 
 fairs of religion. After harrafling thefe people, 
 they obliged them to fly out of their jurifdi&ion, 
 and fettle themfelves to the fouthward, near 
 Cape Cod, where they formed a new govern- 
 ment upon their own principles, and built a 
 town, which they called Providence. This has 
 iince made the fourth and fmalleft, but not the 
 worfl: inhabited of the New England govern- 
 ments, called Rhode-ifland, from an ifland of 
 that name forming a part of it. As a perfec- 
 tion gave rife to the firft fettlement in New Eng- 
 land, fo a fubfequent perfecution in this, gave 
 rife to new colonies : and this facilitated the 
 fpreading of the people over the country. 
 
 As foon as they began to think of making 
 laws, no lefs than five were made about matters 
 of religion : all not only contrived, but ex- 
 ecuted, in fome refpefls, with fo much rigour, 
 that the perfecution which drove the puritans 
 M 3 out 
 
E N G 
 
 known 
 
 eut of England, might be confidered as great le' tended, 
 
 nity, when compared with it. For in the firft fyW 
 
 of thefe j laws they deprive every one, who does poled to 
 
 not communicate with their eftablifhed church, Thin 
 
 of the right to his freedom, or a vote in the thehifto 
 
 election of any of their magiftrates. In the fe- perfecut- 
 
 cond, they fentence to banilhment any who derablel 
 
 fhould oppofe the fourth commandment, and verity, 
 
 deny the validity of infant baptifm, ortheautho- could no 
 
 rity of magiftrates. In the third, they condemn fooner = 
 
 quakers to banilhment, and make it capital for fcourged 
 
 them to return. And not flopping at the offenders, thoi tghU 
 
 they lay heavy fines upon all who fhould bring pcoceedin 
 
 them into the province, or even harbour them Belides 
 
 for an hour. In the fourth, they provide banilh- jominatii 
 
 ment and death in cafes of return, for Jcfuits, |ime,k 
 
 and popilb priefts. In the fifth, they decree ora ^ 
 
 death for any who fnould worlhip images. jnd wor 
 
 The quakers, warmed with that fpirit which , c j,j| 
 
 animates the beginning of moft feCfs, had fpread Henry 1 
 
 their dodtrines all over the Britilh dominions in bul.-nt r 
 
 Europe, and began at laft to fpread them tidier m 
 
 with equal zeal in America. The clergy and the llM , 
 
 magiftrates took the alarm; they feized upon jkW 
 
 Ibme of thefe people ; they fet them in the flocks ,■ cnIKf ; 
 and the pillory without effect ; they fcourged, people, 
 
 they imprifoned, they banifhed them. 1 he Indie' 
 
 conftancy of the quakers under their fufferings, y , 
 
 begat a pity and efteem for their perfons, and yy 
 
 an approbation to their do&nnes ; their profe- 
 lytes increafed. The quakers returned as faft as M 
 
 they were banifhed, and the fury of the ruling ime , 
 
 party proceeded to the moft fanguinary extreme ,y h 
 
 ties. They feized, at different times, upon five dcfm 
 
 of thofe who had returned from banilhment, c ma 
 
 condemned, and hanged them. And it is not » 4K 
 
 known 
 
known how far their madnefs might have ex- 
 tended, if an order from the king and council in 
 England, about the year 1661, had not inter- 
 poled to reftrain them. 
 
 Things of this nature form the greateft part of 
 the hiftory of New England for a Jong time. They 
 perfecuted the anabaptifts, who were no inconfi- 
 derable body amongft them, with almofl equal fe- 
 verity. In fhort, this people, who in England 
 could not bear to be chaitifed with rods, had no 
 fooner got free from their fetters, than they 
 fcourged their fellow refugees with fcorpions: 
 though the abfurdity, as well as injuflice of fuch a 
 proceeding in them, might flare them in the face. 
 
 Befides the difputes with thofe of another de- 
 nomination, the independents were, for a long 
 time, harrafled with one in the bowels of their 
 own churches. The ftaie difpute about grace 
 and works produced diflenfions, riots, and almofl: 
 a civil war in the colony. The famous Sir 
 Henry Vane the younger, an enthufiaflic, tur- 
 bulent man, of no very good difpofition, came 
 hither with fome of the adventurers, and played 
 at (mall games in New England, where the peo- 
 ple had choien him governor. It is not hard to 
 conceive how fuch a man, at the head of luch a 
 people, could throw every thing into confufion. 
 In the very height of this hopeful difpute, they 
 had a war upon their hands with fome of the 
 Indian nations. Their country was terribly 
 harrafled, and numbers were, every day, mur- 
 dered by the tncurfions of the enemy. All this- 
 time they had an army in readinefs for action, 
 which they would not fuffer to march, even to 
 defend their own lives and pofleflions, becaufe, 
 
 * many of the officers and foldiers were under 
 
 * a covenant of works.* When 
 
ENG 
 
 When the New England puritans began to 
 breath a little from thefe diflenfions, they fell not 
 long after into another madnefs of a yet more ^ 2 ! 
 
 extraordinary and dangerous kind, which ran 
 through the whole country* This tragedy began were 
 
 in the year 1692. were pa: 
 
 At Salem, one Paris was minifter, who had fe^ ence 
 
 two daughters troubled with convulfions : he time par 
 
 imagined they were bewitched. As foon as he them the 
 
 concluded upon withcraft as the caufe of the dif- them afl 
 
 temper, the next enquiry was how to find out what the 
 
 the perfon who had bewitched them. He caft mortifym 
 
 his eyes upon an Indian fervant woman of his hitesJJf/ 
 
 own, whom he frequently beat, and with fuch their perie 
 
 feverity, that fhe at laft confefled herfelf the praying G 
 
 witch, and was committed to gaol , where fhe vants and 
 
 hy for a long time ; and they were at laft con- fatyS 
 
 tent to difchargc her from prifon, and fell her as Inthei 
 
 a fiave for hen fees. New En 
 
 However, as this example fet the difcourfe though t 
 
 about witchcraft a-float, fome people began to to the exi 
 
 fancy themfelves bewitched too. The fir ft ob- Indians fc 
 
 je£t they fixed upon was Mr. Burroughs, who pinj; 
 
 had formerly been minifter of Salem, with two 
 others. All three, men of unexceptionable r 
 
 characters, were tried for witchcraft, by a fpecial t h c ^ 
 
 commiflion of oyer and terminer, and upon the ^ 
 
 weakeft and moft childifli evidence, fentenced to 
 die, and accordingly hanged. They were (trip- £ RIf 
 
 ped naked, and their bodies thrown into a pit j n 
 
 half covered with earth, and left to the mercy p renc ^ 
 
 of birds, and wild beafts. Upon the fame evi- ^ 
 
 dence, in a little time after, 16 more fuffered j r * 
 
 death ; befides more inftances of this kind, too ^ ^ 
 
 numerous to be here mentioned. However, at ^ 
 
 length, the judges being accufed of witchcraft, y t 
 
 and 
 
E R I 
 
 and it approaching the governor’s (Mr. Eneas 
 Mather) own family, it was high time to give 
 things another turn. The accufers were dif. 
 couraged by authority ; 150 who lay in prifon 
 were difcharged ; 20CJ more under accufation 
 were parted over; and thofe who had received 
 fentence of death were reprieved* and in due 
 time pardoned. A few cool moments fhewed 
 them the grofs and ftupid error that had carried 
 them away: they grew heartily afhamed of 
 what they had done. But what was infinitely 
 mortifying, the quakers took occafion to attri- 
 bute all this mifchief to a judgment on them for 
 their perfecution. A general fart: was appointed, 
 praying God to pardon all the errors of his fer- 
 vants and people in a late tragedy raifed amongft 
 them by Satan, and his inftruments. 
 
 In their wars with the Indians, the people of 
 New England (hewed very little conduct : and 
 though they prevailed in the end, in a manner 
 to the extirpation of that race of people, yet the 
 Indians had always great advantages in the be- 
 ginning ; and the meafures of the Englifh to 
 oppofe them, were for the moft part injudicicufly 
 taken. Their manner too of treating them in 
 the beginning was fo indifcreet, as to provoke 
 them as much to thofe wars, as the French in- 
 fluence has done fince that time. 
 
 Eries, a nation of Indians in New France,, 
 in North America, otherwife called by the 
 French nation, du Chat, or Cat-nation. About 
 the year 1655, they were extirpated by the 
 Iroquois. And though the beginning of the 
 war did not turn out in favour of the latter, yet 
 they were not at all difcouraged by itv And at 
 laft they got fo much the advantage over the 
 M 5 Eries v 
 
E S K 
 
 Eries, that were it not for the great lake which-, 
 to this day bears the name of that nation, one 
 would not have known that they ever exifted. 
 This Erie- lake empties itfelf into that of Onta- 
 rio, by a canal called the Leap of Niagara. See 
 
 Iroquois, Ca-nada-river, and Niagara. 
 
 Escatari, a fmall ifland in North America, 
 about five leagues N. of Louifburgh, in the 
 ifland of Cape Breton. 
 
 Eskimaux, or Esquimaux, one of the 
 fierceft people of all North America. I hey 
 dwell on its moft eaftern verge, beyond the ri- 
 ver of St. Laurence, and fpread themfelves up N. 
 and E. into the large track called Terra de La- 
 brador, oppofite to Newfoundland, from lat. 
 r 0 °. to 64°. N. and from long. 59 to 8o°. W.. 
 They were at firft difcovered by the Danes; but 
 found to be fo brutilh, mifchievous, and diftrult- 
 ful as well as their country wild and barren, 
 that they did not think it worth their while to- 
 make any fettlement, or even carry on any trat- 
 fick among them. Their name *s fuppofed to- 
 be originally Efquimantfic, which, in the Albe- 
 nagin dialed, fignifies eaters of raw flefh ; they 
 being aim oft the only people in thofe parts that 
 eat it fo,. though they ufe alfo to bod, or dry it 
 in the fun. By the complexions, cuftoms, lan- 
 guage, &c. they feem to be a quite different 
 people from all the other Americans, and pro- 
 bably are defcended from the Groenlanders . but 
 they are of fo favage and brutal a nature, that no 
 European nation cares to claim kindred with 
 them. And fuch as trade among them for furs,, 
 the only commodity they bring down from the 
 inland, and exchange for knives, fciffars, pots, 
 kettles, &c. are obliged to keep them oft a. 
 
£ S K 
 
 Raff’s length, and not fufTer them to come in tdo 
 great numbers: for when they do, they make 
 no fcruple of plundering, inftead of bartering. 
 They hate the Europeans, and are always 
 ready to do them fome mifchief: fo that they 
 will come to the water- fide, and cut their cables 
 in the night, hoping to fee them wrecked upon 
 their coaft againft the next morning. 
 
 They are generally tall, flout, and nimble, 
 with a fkin as fair as that of any European, be- 
 caufe they always go covered, even in the hotteft 
 weather. Their hair and beards are either 
 fendy, or brown, and very bufhy ; and the lat- 
 ter, (thofe being almoft the only people of this 
 country who have any) grows up almofl to their 
 very eyes; which gives them a very dreadful 
 look ; at lead one is at a lofs to difcover the 
 features of their face. They have fmall eyes* 
 that look wild, large; and very dirty teeth ; hair 
 commonly black, fometimes brown ; very much 
 difordered, and a brutal appearance all over. 
 Their manners and chara&er do not belye this 
 bad pbyfiognomy. They are fierce, wild, dif- 
 truftful, reftlefs, and always difpofed to do 
 ftrangers a mifchief, who ought to be continually 
 on their guard againft them. With regard to 
 their genius, fo little traftick is carried on with 
 this nation, that one knows not yet what parti- 
 cular biafs it is of. However, they have always 
 enough for doing mifchief. 
 
 They make ihemfelves fhirts of the wind- 
 bladders, guts, and fkina of fifh, which they 
 fow in flips neatly enough ; but they come down 
 no lower than the middle with the men, and 
 down to the knees with the women : over that 
 they wear a fhort jacket, made of the fkins of 
 Mr 6 bears r 
 
ESK 
 
 bears, or other wild creatures, as alfo thofeof dog*,, 
 and fea-calves, with a cape hanging behind,, 
 which they throw over their heads in bad wea- 
 ther, fo that Icarce any part of their face can be 
 feen. They wear alfo breeches and boots made 
 of the fame fkins, with the fur inward ; and the 
 outfide they adorn with fable, ermine, or other 
 fine fkins. The men’s jackets come down only 
 half way to the thighs, and thofeof the women, 
 below the calf. Both are tied with a girdle, to 
 which they commonly hang fome trinkets made 
 of fifh or other bone, or fuch other toys as 
 they barter with the Europeans. In fummer 
 they live in huts in the open air, but in winter 
 they withdraw to their caverns under ground. 
 The French have, at feveral times,, built fome 
 forts and little towns on their frontiers, fuch as 
 Cartier, St. Nicholas, Chichequedec, Port 
 Neuf, and Port Beau, &c. in hopes of civilizing, 
 and introducing a traffick among them, as well 
 as for the fecurity of the miffionaries, who were 
 to convert them to chriftianity. But they were 
 found fo brutal, fhy, and indocile, that thofe 
 fettlements have fince fallen to decay. 
 
 They are reckoned to be fo numerous as to 
 have at leaft 30,000 fighting men ; but they are 
 fo cowardly, that 500 Cliftinos of Hud fon’s- bay, 
 commonly beat 5 ° r 6000 of them. T hey are 
 dangerous atfea, as well as land ; and with their 
 canoes, into a fort of which they fometimes can 
 throw 30 or 40 men, , they fo infeft the cod and 
 other filheries, that the Malowins on the N. and 
 the Spaniards of Porto Chova, are forced to 
 arm fome of their barco longos, in order to pro- 
 tedf their fifhermen ; they making nothing of 
 sroffing aver into Newfoundland, by the {freights 
 
E S K 
 
 »f Bellifle, which are about feven leagues broad : 
 but they feldom venture further, for fear of 
 meeting with more dangerous favages than 
 themfelves. 
 
 Accounts of voyages, tell us, that in this 
 country of the Efquimaux, are Pigmies, which 
 conftitute a particular nation, being no more 
 than three feet high, but extremely thick, or 
 plump. Their women are Hill fhorter ; and no 
 mortals upon earth are more miferable than thefe 
 people are. The Efcjuimaux, whofe flaves they 
 are, treat them very feverely, and pretend that 
 they do them a particular favour when they 
 give them a little frefh water to drink ; and in 
 many places of this country they have no other 
 than that of melted fnow, the extreme cold fo 
 locking up the veins of the earth, that no paf- 
 fage can be had for fprings-, but at a certain 
 depth. And this conje&ure is confirmed by 
 what Tailors have found in the N. where they 
 have feen, even on the fea-fhore, ificles of an 
 enormous fize, which yielded a very frefh water. 
 
 The Efquimaux are ufed alfo to drink fa.lt 
 water; and frequently they have no other. 
 This-, however, is not fea- water, but got from 
 Tome braekifh ponds, fuch as are fometimes to 
 be met with pretty far up in the country. 
 
 By fome Danifh vefiels which, in 1605, 
 failed pretty high beyond Hudfon’s-bay, we 
 learn, that they met with little men, who had 
 fquare heads, a tawny complexion, and large 
 protuberant lips: thele eat both flefh and fi(h 
 quite raw, who could never take to bread, nor 
 boiled vi£tuals, and ftill lefs to wine ; drank 
 whale-oil as we do water j and devoured flefh by 
 way of dainty. 
 
ESK 
 
 The canoes of thefe Pigmies refembJe a we a- ^ 
 
 ver’s fhuttle, being io or 12 feet long. They ^ 2Ur 
 
 srre conftru&ed of pieces of whalebone, about w2U * 
 
 the thicknefs of one’s finger, covered on both Send 
 
 Tides, with the fkins of feals, or fea-calves,. V'' 
 
 Tewed together with finews : two other fkins co- rians 
 
 ver the top of the canoe. To that only an opening their 
 
 is left in the middle for the rower, and hedraw3 ^ 
 
 itclofe round his loins like a purfe ; fo that being 
 fet down, and thus faftened by the middle, they tyth 
 
 do not receive one drop of water into the canoe, mz 
 
 though the waves fhould roll over their heads, amo: 
 
 and be fometimes furrounded with them every whir 
 
 way. The ftrength of thefe machines confifts ^ ofll 
 
 in the two ends, where the whalebone is well T 1 
 
 faftened together by the extremities; and the whole « 
 
 fo compaS, and well fe wed, that thefe fmall 
 veflels can weather out the moft violent ftorms. dor, 
 
 In thefe canoes, only one man generally ma- with 
 
 nages each, in which he is fitting, with his legs ft 
 
 extended, his fleeves tied clofe about his wrifts, (hoa 
 
 and his head wrapped in a kind of cowl faftened tent 
 
 to his jacket : fo that whatever happens, the wa- (hoir 
 
 ter cannot penetrate it. They hold with both on 1 
 
 hands an oar, broad at each end, and between & 
 
 five and fix feet long, which ferves at the lame mo 
 
 time as an oar, rudder, and balance, or coun* tha 
 
 terpoife. In thefe canoes the Pigmies are very (he 
 
 dexterous, and move very fwiftly. ren 
 
 The Efquimaux, who ufe the fame fort of are 
 
 canoes, have alfo other veflels, which are larger, ha 
 
 and nearly relembling the decked chaloups among th 
 
 the French. The ribs of thefe are made of tv 
 
 wood, but covered with the fame fkins as the \j ; 
 
 other. They carry about 150 perfons, and go v 
 
 cither with fails or oars,. i 
 
 The 
 
E S K 
 
 The people dwelling neareft to the gulph of Sfr. 
 Laurence, have always been at war with the C-fqui- 
 maux, and frequently made Haves offomeofthem. 
 Servitude, and remotenefs from their native coun- 
 try, foftened a little the manners of thefe Barba- 
 rians, as fierce as the wolves and bears, with which 
 their dreadful defects abound ; being without 
 laws, principles, or civil fociety ; not differing 
 from thefe brutes hardly any otherwife than 
 by the human fhape. T hey foon became mild,, 
 tame, and reafonable, upon feeing themfelve3 
 among thofe who made ufe of that noble faculty, 
 which diftinguiftes man, in a fupenor manner, 
 from the reft of the vifible creation. 
 
 The Efquimaux are the only natural inhabi- 
 tants ever feen on the coafts of Newfoundland, 
 who pafs thither from the main land of Labra- 
 dor, in order to hunt, and for the falce of trafnek. 
 
 with Europeans. . 
 
 Would one believe, that upon the prodigious- 
 fhoals of ice, fome of which are not of lefs ex- 
 tent than feveral iflands in Hudfon’s-bay, one 
 fhould meet with men who have come up- 
 on them for the purpofe? we, however, are 
 allured, that the Efquimaux have been obferved 
 more than once upon them : and it is certain,, 
 that if upon feeing them wander on thefe floating 
 fhoals,- carried along at the mercy of the cur- 
 rents and waves, one is afraid for them, yet they, 
 are not fo in the lead: for themfelves ; and per- 
 haps they have more reafon to be in a panick for 
 thofe whom they fee venture in their ft. ps be- 
 tween thefe very fhoals of ice. l or as thofe 
 barbarians carry their canoes with them every 
 where, they are never at lofs, whatever may 
 happen, and let the weather be as it will. Jlf 
 
tfic floats of ice join clofe together, they jump, 
 without any difficulty, from one to the other. 
 If the intervals be pretty large which are left be- 
 tween them, they get into their canoes, and fo 
 fail as long as the floats of ice will fuffer them. 
 When they are near a fhoal which they cannot 
 avoid, they jump out upon it, and even that 
 which threatened them with deftru&ion, faves 
 them from fhipwreck. But the cafe is different 
 with thofe who are on board a fhip: if their 
 veffel be broke to pieces between two floats of 
 ice, all the remedy they have, is to fave them- 
 felves either upon the one, or theother : but the 
 difficulty is to fubfift there, or get away from 
 thence. 
 
 The Micmakis, a people of Acadia, who are 
 reprefented as well-made men, and of a proper 
 fize, though generally fmaller than the greateft 
 part of the other favages here , but than whom 
 are no braver men in all this continent, have 
 for a long time made cruel war on the Esqui- 
 maux, and in order to attack them in their 
 caverns, and on the rocks, are not afraid of 
 going 30 or 40 leagues by fea in their canoes, 
 which are made of bark. 
 
 It is certain, that whatever may be the origin 
 of the Efquimaux, and other nations confining 
 on Hudfon’s-bay, that the former of thefe have 
 nothing in common, even with the people of 
 Canada, their neareft neighbours, in point of 
 language, manners, way of living, or colour of 
 their body and hair. 
 
 The Efquimaux, and fome other nations of 
 North America, refemble fo much thofe of the 
 north of Europe,; and Afia, and fo little the 
 <other people of the new world, that it is no 
 
 difficult- 
 
E S T 
 
 difficult matter to allow that they are defcenJeJ 
 from the firft, and have nothing in common 
 with the fecond, as to their modern origin ; I fay 
 their modern origin: for there is but little proba- 
 bility that the peopling of this country is of an an- 
 cient date. And no inconvenience arifes from 
 fuppofing that countries fo little habitable as tins 
 is, have been peopled later than others. 
 
 Eskimaux, or New Britain, andXERRA. 
 de Labrador, is the country of that peopie 
 bearing the firft name, fituated as above de- 
 feribed, in North America. It was yielded to 
 Great Britain by the peace of Utrecht, in 1713* 
 But no colonies have been fent thither from thele 
 kingdoms, a few fmall’fettlements at the bottom of 
 Hudfon’s-bay excepted. Here the Indians and 
 French of Canada hunt for furs, though they 
 have no colonies in the country. 
 
 Estapa, or Estape, a town belonging to the 
 province of Xabafco, and audience ot Mexico, 
 in New Spain, in North America. It is men- 
 tioned by Dampier, as fituated on the river Xa- 
 bafco, four leagues beyond Villa de Mofc. It is 
 faid to be a place of good trade ; and fo ftreng, 
 that it repulfed captain Hewet when he attacked 
 it with 200 defperate buccaneers. 
 
 Etechimines. Savage nations confining on 
 Acadia, in North America. See Malecites. 
 
 Estotiland, fome authors have advanced 
 that, in the year 1477, one John Scalve, a Po- 
 lander, difeovered Eftotiland, and a part ©f 
 Xerra de Labrador. But, befides that, Eftoti- 
 land is now looked upon as a fabulous country, 
 and which never exifted, but in the imagination 
 of the two brothers Zani, noblemen of Ve- 
 mccy who knew nothing particular of the Polifh 
 
adventurer’s expedition, which had no manner of 
 confequence, and made no great noife in the 
 world. It is more certain that, in 1497, J°hn 
 Gabot, Cabot, or Gabato, with his three Ions, fet- 
 ting out at the expence, and under the authority 
 of Henry VII. king of England, difeovered New- 
 foundland, and part of the neighbouring conti- 
 nent, where this country is fuppofed to lie, 
 
 Eustace, or Eustacia, Island of, cal- 
 led alfo Metanzas, or Slaughter, (from a 
 butchering made on it by the Spaniards.) It 
 forms, with a long point of land, the entrance 
 to the harbour of St. Auguftine, in Florida, in 
 North America. This ifland is long and nar- 
 row, confifting principally of fand, and bufhes, 
 and but one mountain, of about 20 miles in 
 circuit. 
 
 Eustatia, or Eustathius, one of the 
 Caribbee iflands. It is fituated in the Atlantic 
 ocean, in America, five miles W. from St. 
 Chriftopher’s ; is a very fine, well cultivated 
 ifland, fubjeft to the Dutch, and fomething 
 larger than Saba, which has the fame mailers. 
 It has a folid rock rifing out of the fea like a py- 
 ramid, and almoft round, between which and 
 St. Chriftopher’s runs a narrow channel. Its 
 principal product is tobacco, whicii is planted all 
 round the mountain, by the Dutch, who are 
 faid to be well fortified here; and have 5000 
 white people, befides 15000 negroes: they alfo 
 raife fugar here. With regard to fituation, it is 
 reckoned the ftrongeft of all the Caribbee iflands, 
 here being only one good landing place, which 
 may be eafily defended by a few men ; befides 
 the harbour is commanded by a fort, mounted 
 with guns : only the very top of the mountain is 
 
 covered 
 
E U S 
 
 covered with wood, all its circuit elfe being m 3 — 
 iiured, and planted as above. Though the fatd 
 top looks as if it was barren ; yet on it is a 
 pretty large plain, or valley, where wild bealts 
 harbour. Though in this ifland are neither 
 fprings nor rivers, they are fo careful that they 
 never want proper fupplies of water frorn their 
 ponds and citterns. The inhabitants of Eutta- 
 tia breed hogs, rabbits, goats, and all forts of 
 poultry, both for their own confumption, and 
 the fupply of then neighbours. In this, as 
 well as feveral of the adjacent illands, is fuch a 
 want of frefli water, that almoft all the good 
 houfes have citterns for faving the rainwater. 
 In the ifland is only one church ; but feveral ftorc- 
 houfes, well furnilhed with all neceffaries, par- 
 ticularly the commodities of Europe, which they 
 make their neighbours pay handfomely for, when- 
 ever they are difappointed of fupplies from 
 land, or France. The air here is healthy ; but 
 fubjedl to terrible thunders, earthquakes, and 
 hurricanes : the laft of which generally happen in 
 the months of Auguft and September, to the 
 frequent ruin of their houfes, plantations, and 
 (hips. It is faid that even the birds foreleeing, 
 by inftina, the approach of thefe hurricanes, 
 lay themfelves flat on the ground ; and the rain 
 which precedes them is always bitter and fait. 
 
 The Dutch took pofleffion of this ifland m the 
 year 1635, the property of which the ftates 
 granted to fome merchants of Flulhing ; who 
 foon fettled a colony on it of about 600 fami- 
 lies, or as fome fay, «6oo perfons. In 1665, 
 the Englilh, from Jamaica, turned the Dutch 
 out ; but it was foon retaken by the Dutch and 
 
 French, then united in war againft the Englilh j. 
 
 and 
 
 
and the French placed a garrifon in it. But by 
 the treaty of Breda it was reftored to the Dutch. 
 In 1689, it was taken from them by the French ; 
 and from thefe it was taken the very next year by 
 the Englifh, under Sir Timothy Thornhill, who 
 allowed the French only their lives and baggage, 
 having had only eight of his own men killed, or 
 wounded in the attack, though the fort was 
 mounted by 16 great guns, and furrounded with 
 a ftrong double pallifado, and defended on one 
 fide by a deep ditch, and a narrow bridge over it 
 to the gate, which admitted but one man at a 
 time. The ifland being again reftored to the 
 Dutch, by the treaty of Ryfwick, they have re- 
 mained ever fince in the quiet pofieflion of it. 
 Here they have alfo fine fields of fugar canes. 
 From this ifland of Euftatia the Dutch have at- 
 tempted to carry, in their own bottoms* French 
 property to France, during this prefentyear 1759, 
 and the preceding, which it is faid have been tranf- 
 ported hither in chaloupes from the adjacent fet- 
 tlements of that country : but the Britifh nation 
 looking on this as an infringement of treaties 
 fubfifting between their good allies and them,, 
 thus to aflift their enemies in time of war, feve- 
 ral captures have been made of thefe veflels by 
 the Englifli privateers ; and moft of them have 
 been condemned as legal prizes, by the admiralty 
 court ; particularly the cargoes which have been 
 proved to belong to the French, have been con- 
 fifcated, and a court of appeals erected for the 
 final determination ; which proceedings feem, at 
 prefent, to caufe a great demur among the mer- 
 cnants of Holland and us, if not threaten a rup- 
 ture between both nations, fhould not thefe dif- 
 ferences 
 
F A I 
 
 ferences be amicably adjufted. This ifland, as 
 well as Curafloa, is engaged in the Spanilh 
 contraband trade, for which, however, it is not 
 fo well fituatcd. The ifland lies in lat. 17. 29. N. 
 Long. 62. 56. W. 
 
 
 F A I 
 
 F AIRFIELD, a county on the coaft of 
 New England, in North America, which, 
 with New Haven, forms that called the New 
 Haven colony, and is united to that of Connec- 
 ticut. Fairfield was formerly the Mohegin ter- 
 ritory, and was in part planted by the Dutch. 
 It is bounded all along to the S. by the province 
 of New York ; by New Haven to the N. E: 
 and New York to the S. W. The inland part 
 of the country, about eight or ten miles from 
 the (bore, is full of hills and fwamps, which are 
 uninhabited ; but ufed to have good game, and 
 confequently a trade of furs. Moft of the vil- 
 lages (there being properly no towns) are built 
 i n fm all creeks ; But they are not much noted 
 for trade or bufinefs. Their names are Fair- 
 field, Danbury, Norwalk, Stamford, Woodbury, 
 Greenwich, Rye, and Stratford. 
 
 Fairfield, a town, or rather village of 
 Conne&icut, in New England, in North Ame- 
 rica, and of the fame name with the country juft 
 mentioned. It is fituated in a creek on the lea- 
 
 coaft, 
 
F E 
 
 coaft, 21 miles S. of Bofton. Lat. 4 1 * *6. N* 
 
 Long. 72. 12. W. 
 
 Farewell Cape, the moft foutherly head- 
 land of Groenland, at the entrance into Davis’s- 
 {freights. Lat. 59. 37. N. Long. 44. 30. W. 
 
 Fe, Santa. See Plate river. 
 
 Fe d’Antiochia, Santa, the moft nor- 
 thern town of Popyan, a diftridl of T erra h irma, 
 in South America. It is fituated about 200 
 miles to the N. of Popyan city, near the con- 
 iines of the province of Carthagena, on the 
 banks of the river Santa Martha, and near 180 
 miles to the S. of its conflux with the Magda- 
 lena. Thither the inhabitants removed from 
 another town called Antiochia, which was 15 
 leagues diftant from it; and now but (mall, and 
 thinly peopled: whereas Santa Fe d’ Antiochia 
 is a confiderable place, being the capital of a 
 government called the Audience of Santa Fc. 
 This town had the addition of Antiochia, or 
 Antioquia, annexed to it, in order to dinguifh it 
 from 
 
 Fe de Bogota, Santa, the capital of 
 New Granada, a province of Terra Hrma, in 
 South America. It is about 180 miles diftant 
 from the bottom of Bonaventura-bay to the E. 
 and ftands on the banks of the little ri- 
 ver Pati, which falls into the Magdalena. It 
 was made an archbifhop’s fee by pope Julius 
 III. in the year 1554* Here alfo is a fo- 
 vereign court of judicature, the prefident of 
 which is governor of the whole province or 
 kingdom of New Granada. In 1610, Philip 
 III. king of Spain founded an univerfity in this 
 city. Near Santa Fe de Bogota are gold mines 
 
FLO 
 
 belonging to Spain. Lat. 4. 10. S. Long. 
 
 74. S . W. 
 
 Be, or Foy, Santa, a place in the middle 
 of Veragua, a province in the audience of Gua- 
 timala, in North America, where the king ot 
 Spain keeps officers for cafting and refining gold. 
 It ftands at the fource of a river which runs into 
 the North-Sea. 
 
 Fe, Santa, the capital of New Mexico, in 
 North America. It is fituated 130 leagues 
 from the fea, near the fource of Rio del Nort, 
 which running a great way through the country 
 fouthward, and then bending eaft, falls into the 
 gulph of Mexico. Baudrand makes it nine 
 leagues from that river. It is faid to be a rich 
 city, regularly built and is the fee of a bifhop, 
 who is fuffragan to Mexico, as well as the feat 
 of the governor of the country, who holds his 
 poft for five years ; and is then fucceeded by 
 another. By fome it is called Santa Fe de Gra- 
 nada, and by others New Mexico. Lat. 
 7. 29. N. Long. 77. 20. W. 
 
 Fernandes Ju an. See Juan Fernandes. 
 Florida, a country of North America, 
 fituated on the E. fide of the Miflilfipi- river, and 
 extending to the W. frontiers of Carolina and 
 Georgia. The name of Florida has been given 
 by the Spaniards to all that part of the conti- 
 nent, lying N. of the gulph of Mexico, and 
 bordering on the Atlantic ocean to the E. 
 At prefent it has different names : for within 
 thefe limits are comprifed moft of the Englifh 
 colonies in North America, and thofe parts 
 called by the French Louifiania, and New 
 France. But fome feparate Florida from New 
 France on the N. by the Apalachian moun- 
 tains, 
 
FLO 
 
 tains, and the gulph of Mexico on the S. Flo- ^ 
 rida Proper is, at prefent, that peninfula lying 
 between Georgia and Cape Florida, between cwu * ; 
 
 lat. 25 and 30. N. and between long. 81 and wW 
 
 85 W. the principal, and almoft the only place ^ C P 
 
 poflefled by the Spaniards, being the town of nines* 
 
 St. Auguftine, which is defended by a fort a tying* 
 
 little way from it. But the town is very fmall, nrf v: 
 
 and the fort not able to refill the ufual force n ltivcs 
 
 employed in a fiege, though it has baffled li$c 
 
 fome attempts made by the Englifh to take fromtl 
 
 it in the late war with Spain: but it muft be to a 
 
 allowed to have been with a force hardly on t/?c 
 
 equal to that of the garrifon, and in want of too dr 
 
 the proper neceflaries for a fiege. The cape 
 of Florida is fituated in lat. 25. 20 N. long; rrfemfr 
 80. 20. W. i fecond 
 
 The air of Florida is pure and temperate, and f bar* 
 the country, in general, healthy : being but a an od 
 
 few degrees N. of the tropic of Cancer. It is olein 
 
 fubjeft rather to heat than cold : but though the TH 
 
 former is fometimes very great, it is tempered guftin 
 
 by the fea-breezes ; and towards the Apalachian and Ik 
 
 mountains the air is generally cool. And to withfi 
 
 this is afcribed, that the natives, who are of an \ hU 
 olive-colour, and well fhaped, are of a large fair 
 
 fize, more robuft and agile, and longer lived ufed 1 
 
 than the Mexicans. fmall 
 
 The country abounds with all forts of timber drink 
 
 and fruit trees, efpecially oaks, firs, pines, but it pe 
 
 thefe laft without bearing fruit, nut-trees, fmall men 
 
 cherry-trees, mulberry-trees, both white and belii 
 
 red lentifques, limes, chefnut, cedar, laurel, can 
 
 and palm-trees, with vines, which grow natu- m 
 
 rally, of which laft is a kind whofe grapes are in ' 
 
 larger 
 
FLO 
 
 larger and better than thofe in France ; prime, 
 or plum-trees, the fruit of which is very deli- 
 cious : thefe they eat plentifully from the trees, 
 and keep fome dried for winter provifion ; perhaps 
 thefe plums are what are otherwife called piaki- 
 mines ; they haveaKo logwood, and many other 
 dying wood*, fhruhs, furtic, &c. But the tree 
 moft valued in this country is faffifras, which the 
 natives of Florida called palama, or pavama ; and 
 large quantities of it are exported, every year, 
 from this country. It never rifes to a greater height 
 than a fmall pine. It grows on the (bore, and 
 on the mountains; but always in a foil neither 
 too dry, nor too moift. The drink made of 
 it is light, has an aromatic tarte and fineii, 
 refembling that of fennel, and is hot in the 
 fecond degree. When feveral trees of faffi- 
 fras are together, in the fame place, they diffufe 
 an odour, which differs but little from that 
 of cinnamon. 
 
 The Spaniards of San Matheo, and St. Au- 
 guftine, namely, thofe on the rivers Dauphine 
 and May, having been almoft every one feized 
 with fevers, from ufingbad food, and muddy un- 
 healthy water, were told by the French to take 
 faffifras in the fame manner as they had feen it 
 ufed by the favages. Thefe cut the root into 
 fmall pieces, which they boiled in water, then 
 drinking the liquor farting, and at their meals, 
 it perfectly cyred them. Several other experi- 
 ments have been made with it: and if we may 
 believe them, there is hardly any malady which 
 can withftand the efficacy of this dfink. It 
 was their foie remedy, and univerfal prefervative 
 in Florida : but when they are fcarce of provi- 
 Vot. I* N fions 
 
FLO 
 
 fions they do not ufe it, becaufe it would create ' jt in 
 an eager appetite, (till more infupportable than the k 
 
 any dlforder whatever. They add, that fafiifraj Jr; 
 
 is an admirable fpecific againft the venereal dif- (net. 
 
 temper. But it appears that the favages have Amt 
 
 recourfe more frequently to an herb the mark 
 
 French call efquine, not only againft this ter- 1 Am li 
 rible diforder, but againft all thofe that are con- 0IM tfi, 
 
 tagious. In feveraLmaladies they cut in little final 
 
 bits the roots, fmall boughs, and leaves of yfe 
 
 the faflifras, and make a decoflion in the y et 
 
 following manner. They fteep an ounce of it knotty 
 
 for a whole night in 12 pounds of water ; then Jmrt 
 
 they boil all this on a gentle fire, till the l^ 
 
 water is evaporated to a third part. But in TheS 
 
 this, regard mull be had to the temperament y j 
 
 of the patient, who ought to obferve an y* 
 
 exact regimen all the time he ufes this ^ re- ^ 
 
 medy. It is even allured, that this decodtion ,|,iie 
 
 is very pernicious, when the malady is inve- ^ 
 
 lerate, or the patient very weak. Some, be- ![e j,, 
 
 fore they ufe this remedy, purge themlelves 
 very ftrongly ; and this is the fureft way : 
 but others are content to make ufe of this : ; m 
 
 decodlion for their common drink, mixing a : 
 
 little wine with it, and ufe no previous eva- ^ 
 
 cuation. aiuit 
 
 It is certain that faflifras has always been ^ 
 
 looked upon as an excellent remedy againft yj 
 
 complaints in the ftomach and breaft ; and ^ 
 
 generally againft all maladies which proceed , c( 
 from cold. Francis Ximenes relates, that hap- ^ 
 pening to be in the bay of Ponco de Leon, and ^ 
 in great want of water, he bethought himfelf ^ 
 
 to cut fome faflifras into fmall pieces, and fteep l ■ 
 
 it 
 
FLO 
 
 it in a fort of water, almoft as fait as that of 
 the fea ; and that at the end of eight days 
 he drank of this water, and found it very 
 fweet. ;j . . 
 
 Among the fhrubs of this country the moft 
 remarkable is caflina, or apalachine ; and among 
 their fimples, they particularly boaff of apoy- 
 omatfi, or patzifiranda; which the aforefaid 
 Ximenes delcribes, as having leaves which re- 
 femble thofe of leeks, but longer, and more 
 flender: its ftalk is a fort of ru(h, full of pulp, 
 knotty, and a cubit and a half in height. The 
 flower is fmall and narrow, the root flender, very 
 long, full of knots or bunches, round and hairy. 
 The Spaniards call theie chapelets de Sainte He- 
 lena, and the French palenotes. Thcfe fmall 
 knobs when cut and expofed to the fun, be- 
 come very hard, black in the infide, and 
 white without. They have an aromatic fmell 
 nearly refembling that of Galangals. They, 
 are hot and dry in the third degree ; fome- 
 thing aftringent and refinous : however, they 
 are not to be met with but in moift and watery 
 places. 
 
 The favages, after bruifing the leaves of this 
 plant between two ftones, procure from hence 
 a juice, with which they rub their bodies all 
 over, after bathing ; being perfuaded, that it 
 'fortifies the (kin, and communicates an agree-, 
 able odour to it. The Spaniards have learned 
 of them alfo to reduce this Ample to a pow- 
 der, which they take in wine, when they are 
 attacked wi:h the ftone, and for difeafes of 
 the reins caufed by fome obftrudlion. They 
 bruife it, and take it in broth for diforders of 
 N 2 the 
 
FLO 
 
 the breaft. They apply it in plaifters for flop- 
 ping the too great velocity of the blood, for- 
 tifying the ftomach, and curing pains of the 
 matrix. And laftly, it is pretended, that upon 
 all this coaft of Florida to Mexico, they fome- 
 times gather ambergris, the bed of which is 
 
 worth its weight in gold. 
 
 The many rivers with which Florida is water- 
 ed, not only abound with fifh, but render it 
 inferior to no country, either in pleafantnefs 
 or fertility. The coaft indeed is fandy ; but a 
 little further from the fea the foil is fo good as to 
 yield all forts of grains, without the lead trouble 
 in the world. The meadows abound with grafs, 
 and the woods fwarm with deer, goats, roe- 
 bucks, two kinds of lions, leopards, wolves, 
 hares, rabbits, &c. With regard to the winged 
 fpecies, here are vaft numbers of turkeys, 
 partridges, parrots, pelicans, buftards, phea- 
 fants, pidgeons, ring-doves, turtles, black-birds, 
 thrufhes, herons, {forks, cranes, fnipes, eagles, 
 epfs-hawks, falcons, and all birds of prey; 
 fwans, geefe, ducks, and many others peculiar 
 to America, the moll beautiful in the world 
 both for variety of feathers, and delicate co- 
 lours. 
 
 Almoft every where they have two crops 
 of Indian corn in a year, and in fome parts 
 of the country, three : and it is faid, that when 
 the new crop comes in, they throw away a great 
 part of the old for want of room in their 
 granaries. All along the coaft, and 2 or 3 00 
 miles up the country from the fea, they have the 
 root mandihoca, of which the cailava flour and 
 bread is made in the greatcft part of America, 
 
FLO 
 
 betwixt the two tropics ; and it is reckoned a» 
 good as our manchet, and fix times cheaper. 
 Here is another fort of grain like our oats, and 
 when rightly prepared, exceeds our heft oat-meal. 
 
 It grows fpontaneoufly in marfhy places, and by 
 the fides of rivers, like rufhes. The Indians, 
 when it is ripe, take handfuls, and fhake them 
 into their canoes, and what efcape9 them, fal- 
 ling into the water, produces, without any 
 further trouble, the next year’s crop. In h lo- 
 rida they have alfo the tunas, a moll delicious 
 food, efpecially in hot weather; and fo whole- 
 fome, that when ripe, Europeans call it the cor- 
 dial julap. . , 
 
 There is good Scef, veal, and mutton, with 
 plenty of hogs, efpedally on the fea-coaft ; a- 
 corns, cocoa-nuts and other mads. Here ae 
 not only catile for draught of the Tartar 
 breed, but horfes for the faddle : the latter io 
 incredibly cheap, that one may be purchafed tor 
 five (hillings worth of European goods at prime 
 coft, and a good one for an ordinary hatchet. 
 Their cattle have a long black fort of hair, cr 
 rather wool, fo fne, that with fome imall 
 mixture, it is thought it would be preferable 
 K> common wool tor hats, cloathing, and other 
 
 neceftaries. . . 
 
 liefides the above-mentioned wild animals, 
 they have elks, or buffaloes, panthers, bears, 
 wild cats, beavers, otters, foxes, racoons, 
 fquirrels, martins, and a rut with a bag under 
 his throat, into which it receives its young, 
 when forced to fly. Though cotton grows wild 
 here in great plenty, vet it is not manufactured : 
 and fome of the moft civilised nations in this 
 N 3 coun- 
 
FLO 
 
 country, efpetfi ally: thofe of the better fort, are 
 cloathed with a fubftapce like good coarfe fer- 
 viceable linen in Europe, very white, and made 
 of the ftiward bark of trees that abound 
 tore, and faid to b$ as durable. Of the 
 fame, and other.barks, they make thread, cords, 
 and ropes. 
 
 Pearls are to be found here in great abundance; 
 but the Indians value our beads more. Upon the 
 whole coaft, for. 200 leagues, are feveral vaft 
 beds of oyfters-: and in. frefh water lakes, and 
 rivers, is a fort of fhell-fifli between a mufcle, 
 and a pearl-oyfter, in which is found abundance 
 of pearls, and many larger than ordinary. 
 Here are two forts of cochineal ; one the wild 
 fort, which is far inferior to what is cultivated 
 in the gardens and fields ; and the plant of which 
 indigo is made, is very common in moft of the 
 S. parts of this province. 
 
 From Cape Florida to Mexico, both to ,the 
 E. and W, of the Miffiflippi, is to be found alfo, 
 especially after high S. winds, a fort of Hone- 
 pitch, which the Spaniards, who call it copea, 
 moiften with greafe, and ufe it for their veffels in 
 the nature of pitch ; than which they fay it is 
 much better in hot countries, it not being apt to 
 melt. On both Tides the Miflifiippi are feveral 
 fprings and lakes which produce excellent fait. 
 The plants producing hemp and flax are very 
 common in this country ; and that fort of filk 
 grafs, of which are made fuch fluffs as come 
 from the Eaft Indies, called Herb fluffs. Vaft 
 flights of pigeons come hither at certain feafons 
 of the year for above a league in length, and 
 half as broad y which rooft on the trees in fuch 
 
 num- 
 
 nutnfc 
 
 man)' 
 car is 
 cartb, 
 inferic 
 quick! 
 is ext 
 paint 
 on h 
 are a 
 darac 
 \\ 
 the. 
 ibou 
 runs 
 160 
 bay 
 narn 
 vera 
 pret 
 flOQ 
 
 P01 
 
 l 
 
 1 the 
 
 J tp 
 its 
 Y 
 hi 
 fc 
 \ 
 
 i 1 
 
FLO 
 
 numbers, that they often break the boughs- In 
 many places are mines ot pit-coals, ana iron- 
 oar is often found near the furface of the 
 earth, from which a metal is extracted little 
 inferior to Heel. Here are alfo feme mines ot 
 quickftlver, or rather the mineral from which it 
 is extracted, and only ufed by the natives to 
 paint their faces and bodies in time ot war, or 
 on high feftivals. In diverfe parts of Florida 
 are alfo great quantities of orpiment and fan- 
 
 daracha. . 
 
 With regard to the topography of Florida to 
 the E. of the Miffiffippi, Mr. Cox fays, that 
 about 12 miles above its mouth a branch of it 
 runs out on the E. fide, which, after a courle of 
 160 miles, falls into the N. E. end of the great 
 bay of Spirito Santo. That at firft it is veiy 
 narrow and (hallow, but by the acceflion ot fe- 
 yeral large ftreams and rivulets it becomes a very 
 pretty river, navigable by the greateft boats and 
 lloops ; and forms pleafant lakes, particularly 
 Pontchartrain. 
 
 About 60 leagues higher up on the L. fide is 
 the river of Yafona. which comes into the Fvlifhf- 
 fippi, 2 or 300 miles out of the country ; and 
 its borders are inhabited by the nations of the 
 Yafones, Tounicas, Kowronas, &c. Co leagues 
 higher is the river and nation of Chongue, with 
 fome others to the E. 3 ° leagues higher the 
 Midifiippi receives a river which iliues from a 
 lake about 10 miles diftant,. 20 miles Jongs 
 and receives four large rivers. 1. I he Cafqm, 
 or Cufates, the moft fouthern of theie being the 
 river of the Cherokees, a mighty nation, among 
 which are its principal fources. It comes from 
 N 4 the 
 
the S. E. and its heads are among the mountains? 
 which feparate this country from Carolina, and 
 is the great road of the traders from thence to 
 the Mifliffippi, and intermediate places. Forty 
 leagues above the Chicazas, this river forms four 
 delicate illands, namely, Tahogale, Kakick, 
 Cochaii, and Taly ; and thefe have each a na- 
 tion inhabiting them. 2. The river Onefpere, 
 which, about 30 leagues to the N. E. of the 
 lake, divides into two branches, of which the 
 moil fouthern is called the Black* river; but with 
 very few inhabitants upon either, thefe having 
 been deftroyed, or driven away by the Iroquois. 
 The heads of this river arc fituated in that vaft 
 ridge of mountains which run on rhe back of 
 Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland, through 
 which mountains is a fhort pefifage to the fources 
 of the great river Polomack on the E. fide of 
 them ; by which the Indians may one time or 
 other, in conjunction with the French of Miffif- 
 iippi, infult and harrefs our colonies juft men- 
 tioned. 3. The river Ohio, or Hohio, is more to 
 the N. It is a vaft river which comes from the 
 back of New York, Maryland, and Virginia. In 
 the Indian language it fignifies a fair river, and is 
 navigable for 600 miles. It runs through the 
 moft pleafant countries in the world, and receives 
 10 or 12 rivers, befides innumerable rivulets. 
 Several nations formerly dwelt on this river, 
 as the Chawanoes, or Chouanons, a great peo- 
 ple, who, with many others, were totally extir- 
 pated by the Iroquois, who made this river their 
 ufual road, when they entered into a war with 
 the nations either to the S. or W. 4. The moft 
 northerly river which runs into the faid lake, 
 
 and 
 
FLO 
 
 and which comes, like the reft, from the N. E. 
 is the Ouabacha, or St. Jeremy’s river. Twen- 
 ty-five leagues above the Ohio is the great ifland 
 of the Tamaroas, with a nation oppofite to it 
 that goes by its name ; and another by that of 
 Catiokia, who dwell on the banks of the Che- 
 puflo. Thirty leagues higher is the river Checa- 
 gou, or the river of the Illinonecks, corruptly 
 called by the French the river of the Illinois ; 
 which nation lived upon this river in about 6o 
 towns, and confided of 20,000 fighting men, 
 before they were deftroyed by the Iroquois, and 
 driven to the W. of the Mifliftippi. This is a 
 large pleafant river ; and about 250 miles above 
 its entrance into the Mifliftippi is divided into 
 two branches : the lefler comes from N. and 
 by E. and its fource is within four or five miles 
 of the W. fide of the great lake of the Illeno- 
 necks, or Michigan. The largeft comes dire&ly 
 from the E. and iflues from a moral's within two 
 miles of the river Miamiha, which runs into the 
 fame lake. On the S. E fide is a communica- 
 tion between thefe two rivers, by a land-carriage, 
 of two leagues, about 50 miles to the S. E. of 
 the lake. The courfe of the Checagou is above 
 400 miles, navigable above half way by (hips ; 
 and mod of the reft by floops and barges. It re- 
 ceives many fmall rivers, and forms two or three 
 lakes ; one efpecially called Pimeteovi, 20 miles 
 long, and 3 broad, which affords great quanti- 
 ties^of good fifh ; as the adjacent country does 
 game both of fowls and beafts. Befides the II- 
 lenonecks, are the nations Pronaria, Cafcafquia, 
 and Caracotanon ; and on the N. branch dwell 
 part of th£ nation of the Mafcontans* On the 
 N 5 S.E, 
 
FLO 
 
 S. E. bank of the river Checagou, M. de Sale tii» 
 
 erected a fort which he called Crevecoeur, or and 
 
 Heart- breaker, on account of the troubles he nVfl 
 
 met with here. The fort (lands about half way coali 
 
 betwixt the gulph of Mexico and Canada ; and The 
 
 was formerly the ufual road of the French to deed 
 
 and from both, till they difcovered a (horter and of f 
 
 eafier paflage by the rivers Ouabacke and Ohio, in f 
 
 which rife at ai'mall diftance from the lake Erie, nam 
 
 or fome rivers entering into it. Eighty leagues Is 
 
 higher, the Mifliflippi receives the Mifconliag, the 
 
 a river refembling that of the Illinonecks in app 
 
 breadth, depth, and couri'e j and the country ilia 
 
 adjacent to its branches is alike pleafant and fruit- low 
 
 ful. Sixty miles before it falls into the Miflif- of 
 
 fippi,. it is joined by the river Kikapouz, which j s £ 
 
 is alfo navigable, and comes a great way from ing 
 
 the N- W. Eighty miles farther, almoft di- , hah 
 re£tly E. is a communication by land-carriage of the 
 
 two leagues, with the river Mifconqui, which bai 
 
 tuns to & the N. E. and after a paffage of 150 St. 
 
 miles from the land-carriage, falls into the t h 
 
 great bay of Ponkeontamis, or the Puans* ^ 
 
 which joins on. the N. Wi fide to the great to 
 
 lake of the Illinonecks. Higher up the Miflif- 0 , 
 
 fippi is the river Chabadeba, above which the d 
 
 Mifliflippi forms a fine lake 20 miles long, v 
 
 and 8 or 10 broad. Ten miles above that t 
 
 lake is the river Tortoifes, a large fair river, t 
 
 which runs into the country a good way to the 
 N. E. and. is navigable 40 miles by the largeit 
 
 boats. i ; 
 
 With regard to the rivers which do not com- 
 municate with the Mifliflippi, only two 
 ^nes are betw^it and the peniniula of bio- 
 
FLO 
 
 rida, namely the Coza, CoufTa, or Mobile, 
 and Palache. The diflance between thefe two 
 rivers to the E. is about 190 miles; and the 
 coaft between them is very deep and bold. 
 The chief harbour betwixt them alfo, and in- 
 deed the bed upon all this coaft of the gulph 
 of Mexico, is Penfacola. The other places 
 in Florida may be feen under the refpeaivc 
 names. 
 
 In lat. 26°. 56'. and a good way upwards, 
 the coaft of the mainland of Florida cannot be 
 approached, by reafon of its being bordered with 
 iflands and peninfulas ; moft of which are very 
 low and barren, and between thefe hardly canoes 
 of bark can pafs. Every where on this coaft 
 is flicker for veffels, and fometimes a little fifh- 
 ing and hunting. It appears that few favages in- 
 habit this part of the country. But this coaft is 
 the kingdom, as it were of oyfters, as the great 
 bank of Newfoundland, the gulph and river of 
 St. Laurence, are that of cod and haddock. All 
 the low lands on the coaft, as far as they can be 
 approached, are bordered with mangler-trees, 
 to which adhere a prodigious quantity of fmall 
 oyfters, of an exquifite tafte. Others a great 
 deal larger, and not fo delicious, are to be met 
 with in the fea ; and that in fuch numbers, that 
 they form (helves therein, which at firft one 
 takes for rocks level with the furface of the 
 
 water. _ , 
 
 French Florida, or New France, as fome ac- 
 counts call it, is fituated between 30 and 36 de- 
 crees of N. lat. namely from. Cape Francois to 
 Charles-fort. Its foil is commonly fertile, well 
 watered, interfered by various rivers, fome of 
 N 6 which 
 
which arc pretty confiderable, as may be feer> 
 above ; all of them extremely abounding with 
 
 fifh. 
 
 It has long been thought that in this country 
 are mines of gold, filver, and copper ; alfo pearls 
 and precious ftones. But in proportion as 
 things have been more narrowly examined, it 
 has been found that indeed in fome places there 
 is copper, and pearls of a forry kind in two or 
 three rivers : but that the little gold and filver 
 which has been obferved to be in the hands of 
 the favages, came from the Spaniards, a great 
 number of which were fhiprecked at the entrance 
 of the gulgh of Bahama, and the adjacent coaft 
 of Florida. Their veffels, for the moft part, being 
 laden with the riches of America, were often 
 Caft away upon the fand-banks, which are thick 
 fown all along this coaft : fo that the favages 
 were careful to make advantage of their misfor- 
 tune; and it is remarked alfo, that thofeof them 
 who are neareft the fea were much better 
 provided with the fpoils than fuch as are more 
 in land. 
 
 Thefb barbarians are of a deeper hue, and 
 more inclining to red, than the favages of Ca- 
 nada ; and this is the effeit of an oil wi*h 
 which they rub their bodies, the nature of 
 which it has not hitherto been poftible to dis- 
 cover. The difference, in other refpe$s, 
 betwixt them and the other people of North 
 America is hardly perceivable. They are lefs 
 doatbed, becaufe they inhabit a warmer coun- 
 try. They are more lubje£i to their chiefs, 
 which the French accounts call Paraouftis, ot 
 Paracouftis, and to which the Caftdlians give 
 
FLO 
 
 the general appellation of Caciques But what- 
 evcr S idea the Spanifh hiftor.ans would willingly 
 convey to us about the power and riches of 
 thefe ^Caciques, they are reducible to very little 
 
 8t The reft of the natives of Florida are well- 
 made, brave, and fierce, yet for all that trad- 
 able, when they are treated with m.ldnefs and 
 excretion. They are not fo cruel towards their 
 prifoners as the Canadians are; and though t y 
 b» men-eaters, as thefe are, they do not pufh in- 
 humanity fo far as to take pleafurc in feeing the 
 bufferings of an unhappy wretch, or make an 
 art of tormenting him. They content them- 
 felves with retaining in flavery both the women 
 and children which they take >n war: they fa- 
 crifice men to the fun, and it is made i a duty of 
 religion among them to eat the flefh of fuch 
 
 ^The Paraouftis are always at the head of their 
 troops when they march, and in the : field I of 
 battle, holding a head-piece, or a kind of armed 
 mace in one hand, and an arrow in the other. 
 The baggage is carried by hermophradites, of 
 which they have a great number m this country, 
 if we ma/credit Rene de Laudonniere, who re- 
 ftded long among them. 1 he e people have alfo 
 the ufaaeof fealping their enemies, or taking Uie 
 fkin oft i their heads, after killing them ; •'» the 
 
 rejoicings, which follow a vrdtory, the old wo- 
 men lead the proceffion, having thefe hairy fcalps 
 on their heads; at which time one would race 
 them for real furies. The Paraouftis can deter- 
 mine nothing on occaftons of importance, with- 
 out faft aftctnbling the council, where, before 
 
they fpeak on bufinefs, they begin with fallow- 
 ing a large draught of caflina, or apalachine, 
 and afterwards they distribute Some to all thofe 
 who compofe the afTembly. 
 
 The fun is in fome meafure the only deity 
 among the Floridians : all their temples are con- 
 fecrated to him ; but the wot (hip they pay varies 
 according to the different diftridts. It is given 
 out, that their moral? are very much, corrupted 
 throughout all Florida ; and that the venereal 
 difeafe, which the ifles of America have com- 
 municated, is very common among them. This 
 at leaft is certain, that the higher you ap- 
 proach to Florida, in coming from Canada, the 
 more diforders you find among the favages ; and 
 what lewdnefs is at this day to be feen among the 
 Iroquois, and other nations fiill more northerly, 
 is in a good meafure derived from the intercourfe 
 they have had with thofe of the weftern and 
 fouthern countries. Polygamy is not allowed in 
 Florida, except to the Paraouftis, who do not 
 even give the name of wife but to one of their 
 women. The others are no more than real 
 Haves, and their children have no right to the 
 iucceilion of the father, thofe of the firft being 
 only legitimate. 
 
 Great honours are paid to thefe chiefs during 
 their life, and ftill more after their death. The 
 place where they are buried is furrounded with 
 arrows* ftuck in the ground ; and the cup, out 
 of which they ufed to drink, is placed upon 
 the tomb. The whole village mourns, and 
 fafts for three days. The hut of the deceafed 
 is burnt with every thing he himfelf made ufe 
 of, as if no body were worthy to occupy them 
 
 after 
 
FLO 
 
 after him. Laftly, the women cut off their 
 hair and ftrew it over the grave, to which fe- 
 veral go by turns for the -fpace of fix months, 
 in order to bewail the dead three times a day. 
 The Paraouftis of the neighbouring villages come 
 alfo to pay their laft duty to the deceafed. 
 
 Almoft the fame ceremonies are ufed upon the 
 death of any of the minifters of their religion, 
 who are likewife the phyficians of the country, 
 and differ but little from the jugglers of Canada, 
 unlefs it be that they are more addidled to force- 
 ries ; and befides they have to do with a more fu- 
 perftitious people. Almoft the whole education 
 which they give their children confifts in training 
 them up to run well, without any difttn&ion cf 
 fex ; and prizes are propofed for fuch as excel in 
 this’exerciie. Hence it comes that allot them, 
 both men and women, are of furpriting agility. 
 One perceives them at the top of the highett 
 trees before, as it were, one fees them climb. 
 They are very dexterous in drawing the bow, ana 
 darting a kind of javelin, which they ufe in war 
 with fuccefs. Laftly, they fwim very fa ft, and 
 even the women, though loaded with their chil- 
 dren, which they carry in their arms, or on 
 their hacks, crofs great rivers by fwimm.ng. 
 
 M Albert, having vifited feveral Paraouitis, 
 one of them, whofe^name was Andufta invited 
 him to averyfingularkindof feftival, celebrated 
 
 in honour of a deity which is called 1 oya. 
 Bv the laws of the country no ftrangers are ad- 
 mitted to it : fo that great precaution was taken 
 to let the French fee it, without tneir being per- 
 ceived by the natives. Andufta firft led them into 
 a large place, or area, of a round figure, which 
 
the women had cleaned very carefully. Next 
 morning at break of day a number of favages, 
 painted with different colours, and adorned with 
 plumage, came out of the hut of the Paraouftj, 
 who was alfo upon the area, round which they 
 ranged thcmfelves in good order. After this 
 three Jonas, for fo they call their priefts, ap- 
 peared in an odd drefs, with I know not what in- 
 ftrument in their hands. They advanced to the 
 middle of the place, where after they danced a 
 long time, by turning feveral times round, and 
 finging in a very mournful tone, the affembly an- 
 fwered them in the fame note. 
 
 This they begun three times, when every one 
 of them taking their flight all at once, as if 
 fome panic had feized them, fet on running 
 with all their might towards the neighbouring 
 wood. The women after this took their huf- 
 bands places, and did nothing elfe for the reft of 
 the day but mourn and wail : yet at intervals 
 they feemed to be furious, threw themfelves upon 
 their daughters, made incifions on their arms 
 with mufcle-fhells, filled their hands with the 
 blood which iffued from the ga-fhes, and flung it 
 into the air, crying out thrice, HeToya. Andufta, 
 who kept company with the Frenchmen which 
 he had placed in a little corner, where they could 
 not be perceived, was not-a little difturbed upon 
 feeing them laugh ; though he taoki.no notice of 
 it at that time. 
 
 The men continued for two days and two 
 nights in the woods; after which, coming back 
 to the place whence they had departed^ they 
 danced a-new, and fung, but in a gayer ftrain t 
 they afterwards played feveral pretty diverting 
 
 tricks; 
 
FLO 
 
 tricks ; ami the whole ended in a grand feaft, at 
 which they eat to excels ; yet the a£lors o! the 
 farce had tailed nothing all the time. 
 
 One of th . in told a Frenchman, that during 
 the two days in the wood, the Jonas had called 
 up the God Tova. who (hewed hi m fe If SO 
 them : that they t ad put feveral queftions to him, 
 all which he anfwered ; but that they durft not 
 reveal any thing they had heard, for !ear of 
 di awing the Jonas di < leafure upon them. We 
 next (It 11 give fome further particular' about 
 thele (avages. 
 
 The natives of both fexes wear only a deer- 
 (kin round their waift: their legs and arms »i 
 particular, are ftaintd by certain juices, with le- 
 veral figures which are indelible: they have long 
 black hair, which r.r.tura’ly falls down upon their 
 (houlders ; but they have a method of combing, 
 curling, and twifting it about their heads ; 16 
 that it looks very agreeably. Their weapons are 
 bows and arrows, which they manage with 
 great dexterity ; and they point the latter with 
 filh bones, or fharp ftones. They are lubtle and 
 diflembling, above all other Americans; but 
 withal bold and courageous. I he women are 
 remarkably graceful and well fhaped : and are 
 not only capable of performing all domeftic of- 
 fices, but alfo bear their hufbands company 
 when they go either to hunt or to war. All 
 their corn is laid up in public granaries, and 
 diftributed out to every family according to its 
 number; the whole (lock being fo contrived as to 
 ferve but half the year, though the foil is capa- 
 ble of yielding much more than they have occa- 
 fion for : but they fow no more than what ferves 
 them for that term ; and they live the reft of the 
 
 vpar 
 
year upon roots, dried fruit, flefh and fifli, and 
 are particularly fond of the crocodiles flefh, 
 which is delicious and fmells like mufk. Their 
 common drink is water ; but are never without 
 a good quantity of liquor called cafiina, which 
 they drink as we do tea. It is an infufion of the 
 leaves or a tree of the fame name and mentioned 
 above, which is much valued for its diuretic 
 quality. * 
 
 With regard to that part of Florida which 
 borders on the gulph of Mexico, England has 
 had an undoubted title to it ever fince the reign 
 of Henry VII. by whofe commiffion Sebaftran Ca- 
 bot difcovered all this coaft fronting the Atlantic 
 ocean from lat. 28 to 50 N. about 20 years be- 
 fore it had been vifited by any other Europeans: 
 then indeed the S. part of this continent towards 
 the gulph, or ftreights of Bahama, was vifited 
 by the Spaniards under Juan Ponce de Leon ; as 
 it was ten years afterwards by Vafquez Ayllon, 
 in 1527 by Pamphilo Navarrez, and in 1 534. by 
 Ferdinando Soto : but their cruelties fo enraged 
 the natives, that they expelled all one after ano- 
 ther. The lalt expedition of the Spaniards hither 
 was in 1558, by order of Vclafco, then viceroy 
 of Mexico : but falling into feuds almofl as foon 
 as they came, they returned without making any 
 fettlement ; nor have they ever fince made any 
 on this part of the continent, except at St. Au- 
 guftine and St. Matthew. 
 
 This province, called by the French Louihana, 
 was named Carolina by king Charles L in a 
 grant which he made of it, O&ober 30, in the 
 5th year of his reign, to Sir Thomas Heath, 
 knight, his attorney-general. The extent of 
 
FLO 
 
 this grant, as fet out in the charter, was all th£ 
 .continent on the W. of Carolina fiorfi the river 
 St. Mattheo; fituated, acceding to the patent, 
 in lat. 31. N. (though fince found to lie exadlly 
 in lat. 30. 10.) to the river Pailo Magno, in lat. 
 36. N. and extending in long, from the Atlantic 
 to the Pacific ocean : a tradl which was not then 
 pofiefied by any chriftian power, together with all 
 the iflands of Veanis and Bahama, and ieveral 
 adjacent iflands lying S. from the continent 
 within the inid.dcgrees of lat. to be all called by 
 the name of the Carolina iflands. Sir Robert 
 Heath conveyed Carolina to the earl of Arun- 
 del, who was at the expence of planting feveral 
 parts of the country - y but he was prevented from 
 further improvements by the war with Scotland, 
 in which he was general for king Charles ; and 
 afterwards by the civil wars in England, and the 
 lunacy of his fon. At the beginning cf Crom- 
 well’s protectorate, captain Watts (whom king 
 Charles IT. knighted, and made governor of St. 
 Chriftopher’s) being upon this coaft, and meet- 
 ing with one Leet an Englifhman, who was in 
 great favour wdth the Paraoufli, or petty king of 
 the country, through his influence the Englifh 
 were allowed to trade, and incited to fettle here. 
 Not long after this, Paraoufti alio fent an ambafTa- 
 dor to England: and the Englifli had divers 
 trafts of land given th&m by the Indians, and 
 furveyed the continent, of which there is a map 
 ftill extant, for above 200 miles fquare. 
 
 It appears further from a memorial prefented 
 to king William III. by the late Dr. Coxe, that 
 the five nations in the territory of New York, 
 (called Iroquois by the French) who have, for 
 
FLO 
 
 above 80 years, voluntarily fubjected themfelves 
 to the crown of England, and conquered all the 
 country from their own habitations to the Miflif- 
 fippi river, and even beyond it; made a fale 
 and furrender of all thofe their conquefts and ac- 
 quifitions in the reign of king James II. to the 
 government of New York : which is another 
 proof of their being the property of theEnglifh. 
 
 Dr. Coxe, who, by conveyances from one to 
 another after the death of the earl of Arundel, 
 became proprietor of Carolina, fets forth in the 
 abovementioned memorial, that at the expence 
 of feveral thoufand pounds he had difcovered di- 
 vers of its parts ; firft from Carolina, afterwards 
 from Penfyl vania by the Sufquehanah-iiver : and 
 that then he had made a difcovery more to the 
 S. by the great river Ochequiton. 
 
 Here it i< proper to obferve, that in September 
 1712, the late French king granted letters patent 
 to Mr. Crozat his fecretary for the foie trade to 
 this country, by the name of Louifiania, extending 
 above 1000 miles along the coafl of thegulphof 
 New Mexico ; and almoft as much from the Paid 
 gulph to Canada : and it appears by the patent 
 that the French altered the names of the ris ers, 
 harbours, &c. as well as of the country itfelf, 
 which had been ulually called Spanifh Florida: 
 and that under a pretence of a new difcovery of 
 it, they declared themfelves pofleffors of this vaft 
 tra£I, which had been difcovered and pofiefled 
 for 200 years, partly by the Spaniards, and partly 
 by the Englifh : for by comparing the patent 
 with the maps, it is evident, that it inclofed all 
 the Englifh colonies of Carolina, Maryland, 
 Penfylvania, New England, &c. 
 
 Fogo, 
 
FOG 
 
 Fogo, or Terra del Forgo, i. e. the 
 land of fire, or fiery land. The iflands fituated 
 S. of the (freight of Magellan, at the extremity 
 of South America, are commonly fo called on 
 account of the vaft fires and fmoke which the 
 firft difeoverers of them perceived, and thefe oc- 
 cafioned by fome volcanoes in the largeft of 
 them ; the flames of which, though not per- 
 ceived in the day-time, are feen at a vaftdiltance 
 in the night ; and throw up prodigious quanti- 
 ties of pummice ftones, which are obferved 
 floating on the furface of the fea all about thofe 
 iflands. Thefe, among which the largeft by far 
 is that properly called Terra del Fuego, ftretch 
 themfelves along the Magellan-coaft, about 400 
 miles from E. to W. and formerly were thought 
 to be contiguous to the continent, till Magellan 
 found out and failed through the (freight bear- 
 ing his name, that parts them from it. I hey 
 alfo were thought then to be but one continued 
 ifland ; till fome time after the di'covery of the 
 above-mentioned ftreight, upon (ailing through 
 it they were found to be divided by leveral nar- 
 row channels, and to confift of a number of 
 iflands; the largeft of which, next to Terra del 
 Fuego, lies N.“of and between it and the Ma- 
 gellanic co aft ; and is divided by a channel of 
 40 leagues in length, called the Streight, or Ca- 
 nal of St Sebaftian. The other iflands are (till 
 lefs, and are not worth deferibing, Specially 
 fince a much eafier and fafer way, ittsfaid, hath 
 been found of failing into the South-Sea, with- 
 out going through that ftreight, or even doub ing 
 
 the ftoriny Cape Horn, (which Anfon did) as 
 this laft may be left on the S. by entering eaft- 
 
ward in Naffau-bay, and gaining the upper Tea 
 on the W. of that cape. A further account of 
 this freight from an adventurer of later date, is 
 as follows, that. 
 
 On July 20, 1 7 19, captain Mitchel and his 
 lieutenant went in a pinnace to Terra del 
 Fuego, or South Shore, in the {freight of Ma- 
 gellan, in order to difeover the paflage which the 
 P'rench tartan was faid to have gone through 
 into the South-Sea, in May 1713; and to fee if 
 any anchoring was to be found beyond Cape 
 Quad. On the 29th following the pinnace re- 
 turned, having found that paflage ; but it was fo 
 narrow, that it was hazardous to go farther that 
 way. Auguft ift, the faid captain with three more 
 officers, went a fecond time to look for this paf- 
 fa£e ; but after the ftri£teft fearch, could not 
 find that it led into the South-Sea, but only into 
 an icy bay ; and befides this paflage was fo nar- 
 row that their {hip could not have made way 
 through it. 
 
 The Spaniards, who are beft: acquainted with 
 this {freight, tell us, that it is above 100 leagues 
 in length from the Cape of the Virgins at the en- 
 trance^ into the North-Sea to the Cape of Defire 
 on the oppofite end. Its breadth varies much, 
 though every where narrow, being only a league 
 in fome places, and in others two or more, in 
 it are many fafe harbours with narrow entrances 
 to them, but vafl. large bays which extend 
 themfelves quite out of fight; and they are en- 
 compafled with high mountains, which {helter 
 them fo clofe on all Tides, that {hips may fafely 
 ride in them with the (malleft anchor, whatever 
 the weather be without. 
 
 The 
 
FOG 
 
 "The (freight called Le Maire, from its firft dif- 
 coverer, who was a merchant of Amfterdam, 
 and found by him in the year 1615, lies in lat. 
 56. 36. S. and is formed by the eaftern verge of 
 Terra del Fuego on the W. and the Staten-land, 
 
 ©r ifland of that name, as belonging to the united 
 (fates of Holland, on the E. The (freight is 
 about eight leagues wide, with good roads on. 
 each fide, and plenty of fifh and fowl. The 
 land on each fide is high and mountainous. 
 This (freight is alfo called St. Vincent, from the 
 eaftern cape of that name in the Terra del 
 Fuego ; beyond which, in lat. 56. 6. S. at a 
 fmall diftance from the fame coaft, are the two 
 iflands of Gonzale and St. Alphonfo. And be- 
 yond thefe the above-mentioned Le JVlaire found, 
 two barren iflands in lat. 56. 50. which he called 
 Barnevelt ; when continuing his courfe, he 
 doubled the S. cape of Terra del Fuego, and 
 called it Cape Horn. The length of the (freight 
 is computed between five and fix leagues. 
 
 The country of Terra del Fue^o is for the 
 moif part very mountainous and rough ; but in it 
 are feveral fertile valleys, plains, and pafture 
 grounds, watered with many fine fprings that 
 come down from the mountains. Between the 
 feveral iflands, of which Terra del Fuego con- 
 filfs, are alfo capacious bays and anchoring 
 places, where whole fleets may ride fafely. The 
 lands abound with .wood jnd lfone for ballaff, 
 efpecialiy the high mountains towards the fea : 
 but the winds, in particular the wefterly, are fo 
 violent along the fea-coaff , and blovwfo fuddenly, 
 that fometimes the (hips have fcarce time to take 
 in their fails, and are in very great danger of 
 
FOG 
 
 lofing their anchors, and being wrecked. So 
 that thofe who fail weftward mud be careful to 
 keep to the S. as much poflible. 
 
 The natives of thefe iflands are naturally of as 
 white a complexion as the Europeans; but they 
 go naked, and paint their bodies with great va- 
 riety of colours, modly red, every one according 
 to their fancy: fo that lome are all red before, 
 and white, or fpeckled behind ; others have 
 their bodies red, and their arms and legs of 
 fome other colours. They are tall, flout, and 
 well fhaped ; but wear their black hair thick and 
 long, that they may appear the more fierce. 
 The women alfo paint their bodies ; but cover 
 their middle with a piece of leather, and wear 
 collars made of fome fea-fhells about their necks ; 
 and fome among them will throw a fhort cloak 
 of feal-fkin over their fhoulders. Their huts are 
 made of wood, and are mean, narrow hovels 
 terminating in a point. Their houfhold furniture 
 is anfwerable to thefe, confiding principally of 
 fuch tools a$ they ufe for catching fid) ; among 
 thefe the hooKs are faid to be of done, yet as ar- 
 tificially made as ours are. Their weapons are 
 bows and arrows ; and thefe are alfo pointed 
 with fome ffiarp done. They have likewife 
 darts, which are armed either in the fame manner, 
 or with (harp bones, and bearded, to dick the 
 fader into the flefh ; clubs, flings, as alfo cut- 
 lad'es made of done, and very /harp. Their 
 canoes are commonly made of the barks of trees, 
 fo neatly bent and fewed together as to refemble 
 the Venetian gondolas, being between io and 
 16 feet long, and two wide: they can con- 
 tain about fix or eight rowers, and move on the 
 
 water 
 
 i 
 
FOG 
 
 water with furprifing fwiftnefs ; neither the 
 men nor women are in danger of drowning, 
 for they fwim as naturally as the fifh they 
 catch. 
 
 As to their nature and manner of life, they 
 are but one remove from wild beafts, without 
 the lead fenfe of religion, and devouring hu- 
 man creatures alive with the fame fierccnefs as 
 tygers and wolves do. They will indeed fhew 
 themfelves courteous and loving to grangers ; 
 but it is only with a delign of furprifing and 
 mafl'acring tuem. I his, it feems, is only true 
 of thofe that inhabit the fouthern fide, and 
 about Naflau-bay. For Mr. Bauchene Gwin, 
 quoted by Mr. Rogers, the laft we know of 
 that failed through the {freight, and landed in 
 his long-boat in June 1699, reprefents them 
 rather as a poor, harmlefs, and affable people ; 
 who go in companies about 50 or 60, anl ap- 
 peared to him more milerable than the meaneft 
 beggars in Europe, having nothing on but a 
 clofe jacket, which comes no lower down than 
 the knees, and made of the {kins of fome 
 • beafts ; that their huts were made of poles 
 ftuck round about two or three feet into the 
 ground, and meeting at top like a fugar-loaf, 
 being covered with {kins, or the barks of trees. 
 He adds, that he or his men never went on 
 Ihore, but they were furrounded with fome of 
 them, who crowded to beg fomething of them; 
 and they would even follow them to their lhip. 
 All this may be fo, and yet be no contradiai- 
 on to the fad character which older travelers 
 have given of them ; and all this pretended 
 humility of behaviour might be put on, only to 
 
 decov as many as they could out of their fl»p, 
 VOL. I. ° 
 
FOG 
 
 in order to make fure of them. And probably 
 alio it may be, that thele Europeans appearing 
 better armed, or more in number, than 
 they could with fafety lay hands on, might 
 oblige them to allume this courteous behaviour, 
 either for fear of being overpowered by 
 them, or perhaps in hopes of finding fome fit- 
 ter opportunity for furprifing them ; as fome of 
 thefe bloody favages had formerly done to about 
 1 7 Tailors of the fhip called Eagle, who coming 
 on fhorc for water and ballaff, were overpower- 
 ed, murdered, and eaten, by thofe cannibals. 
 So that one cannot be too miftruftful of them, 
 or too well guarded againft them, whether 
 . want of water, or any other necefiary, obliges 
 to venture among them. For we are told, that 
 they will not only encourage fuch landings, 
 by their aukward grimaces and feeming carefles; 
 but affect fuch a ftupid fimplicity, as to wonder 
 how it is poffible for a man to receive any hurt 
 from a fword or gun, when at the fame time 
 they are known to be almoff as dextrous in the 
 ufe of them, whenever they can get any, and 
 have a fair opportunity of ufmg them, as in 
 that of their own clumfy weapons. So that 
 they may be looked upon, notwithstanding this 
 affumed behaviour and feeming courtefy, as a 
 dangerous kind of favages, devoid of religion, 
 laws, government, humanity, or medefty. 
 And this much may fuffice for their charac- 
 ter. 
 
 The fouth coaft of Terra del Fuego is very 
 little known : fome maps place a vail number 
 of fmail namelefs iflands along it from Cape 
 Horn to the ftreight called by the natives Je- 
 ionchete, which divides it from the next ifland 
 
 on 
 
FOG 
 
 cn that fide, as the canal of St. Ifidore docs on 
 its weft-fide. This ifland may extend itfelf 
 about 40 leagues from eaft to weft, and from 
 north to fouth about 10 or 12, where broadeft. 
 On it arc three ports, called St. Martin, Vanclle, 
 and Nativity. The next and laft belonging 
 to this tra<Sl, on the weftermoft fide, has only 
 two, namely, the Happy, and Englifh port ; 
 and it ends at Cape Pilier, which is the laft in 
 the Magellanic itreigh t on the fouth fide of 
 it, as that of Victory is cn the north fide. The 
 ifland called Staten, above-memioned, forms the 
 
 flreight of Le Maire : between it and the eal- 
 tem part of the Terra del Fuego is a fmali 
 flreight, about 10 leagues in length, and 5 or 6 
 in breadth ; but hath nothing in it worth 
 mentioning, only that at about 12 or 15 leagues 
 eaft of it is the paflage called Brower, which 
 is now commonly ufed by Chips that fail from 
 the Magellanic coafts into the South fea ; and is 
 looked upon as much more fafe and eafy than 
 venturing through the {freights of Le Maire or 
 that of Magellan : and this is the rout which 
 Mr. Bauchene Gwin took in his return from 
 that fea, in the year 1701, to port St. Julian, 
 on the Magellanic coaft. 
 
 On this fouihern fide of America is a third 
 flreight, called de la Roche, from its being 
 difcovered by, and called fro r, the adventurer 
 of that name. It is fituated in lat. 35 0. and 
 about 120 leagues eaft of that of Le Maire. it 
 is formed by an ifland oi the fame name on the 
 weft, and a flip of land, whether of another 
 ifland or a continent, is not known, thea ove- 
 mentioned captain being the only P, °, 
 as we have any knowledge, whofailed thro 1 
 in his return from the South fea into 1 ur0 A e » 1 
 
 O 2 thv? 
 
FOG 
 
 the yeir 1675 ; a defcription of which may 
 be fee n in L)e Lifle. And feveral corrections, 
 and other obfervations, on the fituation and 
 diftances of places, on the currents, &c. of 
 thofe Teas, may be feen in Frezier. 
 
 A very fafe harbour was difcovered on or near 
 the weftern fide of this country, by the victu- 
 aller belonging to Commodore, now Lord, An- 
 fon’s fquadron, in the year 1741. She had parted 
 round Cape Horn, and experienced the terrible 
 ftorms that often harrafs that part of the ocean, 
 in common with the reft of the fquadron. But 
 on the 1 6th of May they fell in with the land, 
 which was then but four leagues diftant, in lat. 
 45. 15. S. On the firft fight of it they wore 
 fhip, and flood to the fouthward ; but the fore- 
 top-fail fplitting, and the wind being at W. S. 
 W. they drove towards the iliore ; and the Cap- 
 tain, at 1 aft, cither unable to clear the land, or, 
 as others fay, refolved to keep the fea no longer, 
 fleered for the coaft, with a view of difcover- 
 ing fome fhelter among the many iflands which 
 then appeared in fight : and about four hours 
 after the firft view of the land, the pink had the 
 good fortune to come to an anchor, to the weft- 
 ward of the Ifland Inchin; but as they did not run 
 fufficiently near to the eaft fhore of that ifland, 
 and had not hands enough to veer away the cable 
 brifkly, they were foon driven to the eaft-ward, 
 deeping their water from twenty-five fathoms to 
 thirty-five, and ft ill continuing to drive, they let 
 go their fheet-anchor ; which though it brought 
 them up for a fhort time, yet on the 18th they 
 drove again, till they came into fixty-five fathom 
 water, and were now within a mile of the land, 
 and expeCled to be forced on fhore every mo- 
 ment., in a place where the coaft was very high 
 
FOG 
 
 and fteep, fo that they had not the leaft profpeii 
 of favins either the fhip or cargo ; and their boats 
 being very leaky, and there being no appearance 
 of a landing-place, the whole crew, confiding of 
 fixt en men and boys, gave themfelves over for 
 loft ; for they apprehended, that if any of them, 
 by fome extraordinary accident, fhould get on 
 {hore, they would in all probability be maflacred 
 by the fa v ages on the coaft : for thefe, knowing 
 no other Europeans but Spaniards, it might be 
 expe&ed they would treat all ftrangers with the 
 fame cruelty, which thev had fo often and fo fi- 
 nally exerted againft their Spamfh neighbours. 
 Under thefe terrifying ciroumftances, the pink 
 drove nearer and nearer the rocks, which formed 
 the (hore ; but at laft, when the crew expefled 
 each inftant to ftnke, they peiceived a (mail 
 opening in the land, which raifed their hopes 
 and immediately cutting away their two anchors, 
 they fleered for it, and found it to be a fmall 
 channel between an ifland and the .main, leading 
 into a mod excellent harbour, which, for its (e- 
 curity aeainft the winds and fwells, and the 
 fmoothnefs of its waters, may perhaps he com- 
 pared with any in the known world And this 
 place being hardly two miles diftant from the 
 foot where they deemed their dellrudlion inevi- 
 table, the horrors of fhipwreck, end of immedi- 
 ate death, which had fo long and lofu.lv pcUef- 
 fed them, vanifhed almoft inttantaneoufly, and 
 gave place to the more welcome ideas of ieomt) , 
 iepole, and refrefhment. n • 
 
 In this harbour, difeovered m an alm. ft mi- 
 raculous manner, the pink came an anchor 
 in twenty-five fathom water, wnh only a hawfer, 
 J anchor of abou. rbrcrh^rr,! we.ghrr 
 
 where lire continued near rwo raomhr, * 
 
 0 3 
 
FOG 
 
 -ing her people, who were many of them ill of the 
 i'curvy, but were foon reftored to perfeft health by 
 the frelh provifions they procured, and the excel- 
 lent water with which the adjacent fhore abounds. 
 
 This harbour, which lies nearly in lat.45. 3 °* 
 S. is probably fituated in one of the iflands which 
 ftretch along the coaft. It has two coves, in which 
 fhips may conveniently heave down, the water 
 being always fmooth ; and there are feveral fine 
 runs of excellent frefh water, which fall into the 
 harbour, and Tome of them fo luckily fituated, 
 that the cafks may be filled in the long boat with 
 an hofe. The principal refrefhments they met 
 with in this port, were greens, as wild celery, 
 nettle-tops, &c. fhell-fifh, as cockles and muffels 
 of an extraoi dinary fize, and very delicious ; and 
 good {lore of geefe, Pnags, and penguins. The 
 climate, though it was the depth of winter, was 
 not remarkably rigorous, nor the trees nor face 
 of the country ciedritute of verdure; and doubt- 
 lefs in the fummer many other fpecies of frefh 
 provifions might be found there. The inhabi- 
 tants, if any, are few' in number, and thole far 
 from being (o mifehievous and mercilefs as they 
 have been reprefented by Spanifh writers. Be- 
 fides, it is fo far removed from the Spanifli fron- 
 tiers, and fo little known to the Spaniards them- 
 felves, that a fhip might continue here undifeo- 
 veredfor a long time. It is alfo a place of great 
 defence ; for by pofiefiing the ifiand that clofes 
 up the harbour, and which is aceeffible in a very 
 few places only, a fmail force might defend this 
 port againfl all the flrength the Spaniards could 
 mufler in this part of the world ; for this ifland is 
 fleep towards the harbour, and has fix fathom 
 water clofe towards the fhore, fo that the Pink 
 anchored within forty yards of it; whence it is 
 
 obvi- 
 
F O G 
 
 obvious how importable it would prove either to 
 board or to cut out any vefl'cl protefted by a 
 force, ported on thefhore within piftol-fhot, and 
 where thofe who were thus ported could not 
 thcmfelves be attacked. All thefe circumftances 
 feem to render this place worthy of a more accu- 
 rate examination by tnofe who may hereafter be 
 entrufted with our naval affairs. 
 
 With regard to the adjacent country, few dis- 
 coveries were male ; for the crew being few in 
 number, they could not detach any of their peo- 
 ple on diftant difcoveries ; for they were perpe- 
 tually terrified with the apprehenftcn that they 
 fhould be attacked either by the Spaniards or 
 Indians'; fo that their excurfions were generally 
 confined to that tra<£l of land which furrounded 
 the part, and where they were never out of view 
 of the fhip. But even if they had at firft known 
 how little foundation there was for thefe fears, yet 
 the country in the neighbourhood was fo grown 
 up with wood, and traverfed with mountains, 
 that it appeared imprafticable to penetrate it : 
 fo that any account of the inland parts could not 
 be expefted from them. Indeed they were able 
 to difprove the relations given by Spanifh waiters, 
 who have reprefentedthis coaft as inhabited by a 
 
 fierce and powerful people ; for they were cer- 
 tain that no fuch inhabitants were there to be 
 found, at leaft during the winter-feafon ; hnce 
 all the time they continued there, they law no 
 more than one Indian family, which came into 
 the harbour in a periaqua, about a month > after 
 the arrival of the Pink, and confided of an In- 
 dian near forty years of age, his wo e, • 
 
 children, one three years old, t ie c ‘ . • 
 
 thebreart. But if this harbour be as there is 
 
 reafon to fuppofe, fituated in an ifland, there 
 
fra 
 
 may be numbers of inhabitants on the coaft, and 
 yet the pink fee none of them during her flay 
 here. But however that be, the place is doubtlefs 
 of the Jaft importance to fhips vifiting thefe parts 
 of the world, and therefore fhould be better fur- 
 veyed, and itsfituation more accurately defcribed, 
 
 Foralones, in the ifland of Gunra,in South 
 America, and empire of Peru, are old walls 
 of fome ancient building in the time of the 
 i ncas, which ferve here as light- houfes for 
 the /hipping which fail from Callao to Paita, 
 on the South fea coaft. 
 
 Forbisher’s Streight, fo called from the 
 difcoverer of it, Martin ForOiflier^who in theyear 
 1578 found it out, in lat 62 N. when he went a 
 voyage in queft of Greenland ; and from thence, 
 forcing his way through the ice, he arrived at 
 a place in thefe northern countries, which he 
 called the Countefs of Warwick’s found, 
 where he defigned to build a fort ; but part of 
 the timber which he brought from England 
 being loft, he returned home, loaded with a 
 glittering fort of fand, which he had imagined 
 to contain gold. (See Groenland). 
 
 Fordham, a manor in the county of Weft- 
 Chcfter, and province of New-York, in North 
 America. 
 
 Francfort, a town of Philadelphia coun- 
 ty, in Penfylvania, North America. It is as well 
 built, and as large, as Briftol town, in Buck- 
 ingham county. The inhabitants were at firft 
 Swedes and Dutch, who dwelt in feveral places 
 of Penfylvania. The former fettled themfeves 
 principally on the creeks near the frefties, and 
 the latter planted near Oxford, upon the bay. 
 At Francfort is a church of England congrega- 
 tion ) and in the town are about 80 families. 
 
 3 Francis* 
 
FRA 
 
 Francis, Lake of St. in the river of St. 
 Lawrence, belonging to Canada in North Ame- 
 rica. It is feven leagues Inngj and at mod 
 three in its greateft breadth. The land on 
 both fides is low, but apparently pretty good. 
 The road from Montreal to it lies a little to 
 the S W. and the Lac de St. Francois runs 
 W. S. W. and E. N. E. The huars, a tort 
 of cormorant, are frequent here, the flineks 
 of which are like the complaints of pet .ons 
 in diftrefs, and are found to be certain pretages 
 
 of wind. „ . r 
 
 Francis, St. at the weftern extremity of 
 Lac dc S. Pierre, in Canada, North America, 
 is a vaft number of ifles of all dimenfions, 
 called de Richelieu. In turning upon the left, 
 as one comes from Quebec, are particular y 
 fix Mauds, which line or border a pretty deep 
 neck ot land, into which a fine river difcnarges 
 itfelf, whofe fource is in the neighbourhood ot 
 New-York. The ifles, the river, and the 
 whole country watered by it, goes by the name 
 of St. Francis! Each of .he .(lands is upwards 
 of a large quarrer of a league m length, but of 
 unequal breadth: but the greateft part of thofc 
 called de Richelieu are fmaller. Formerly they 
 were all full of (lags, deer, wild > or 
 mois, and elks. Game abounded here furpn- 
 fingly, and ftM it is not fcarce ; but the large 
 
 an ln a the a rivfr°of St. Francis, and at its mouth, 
 
 thC t T\ thrice" 1 ^giwSl^g 
 
 draw them empty. \ he jih tne achi- 
 monly take, are barbu, J gans. 
 
F RE 
 
 gans, and efpecially the mafquinougcz, a fpe- 
 cies of pike with a head larger than that of 
 ours, and a mouth under a crooked fnout, 
 whence thetr form is pretty lingular. The foil 
 of bt. trancis, tf we may judge of it by the 
 trees produced on it, and the little which has 
 hitherto been cultivated, is very good. Yet 
 the inhabitants here are neverthelefs pretty 
 poor, many of whom would be reduced to the 
 . , de S ree of indigence, did not their trade 
 witn the neighbouring favages fupport them 
 a little. Thefe favages are the Abenaquis, 
 among^ which are feme Algouqjiins, Sokokies, 
 and Mahmgans, who arc better known under 
 the name of Loups. 
 
 * RAyLES > an iHand near the coaft of New- 
 Anda.ufia, on the terra firma of America. 
 
 trederica, fo called from Frederic late 
 prince of W ales, a town of Georgia, in North 
 America. It is fituated in the middle of St. 
 oimon s ifiand, near the coaft. Round the 
 place are good fortifications lately made by 
 general Oglethorpe, at the mouth of the river 
 Abatamha, particularly a regular fortrefs, 
 strengthened by four baflions and a four- 
 work, towards the river, mounted with feveral 
 pieces of cannon. Here is a magiftracy as at 
 savannah, the capital of the province, fupported 
 at the expence of the truftees for the colony of 
 Georgia. J 
 
 In 1742, the Spaniards having invaded St. 
 01 mon, took the fort of that name ; but upon 
 marching to befiege frederica, were repulfed 
 y general Oglethorpe, and forced to quit the 
 enterprife. T. his ifiand is thirteen miles lonp, 
 and turee or four broad, 20 leagues N. of St. 
 
 Au- 
 
F- R O 
 
 Aaguftine. The fort of St. Simoft is feven 
 miles from the town. Befides this are feveral 
 fmall i (lands in the mouth of the river, and 
 fortified by the Englifli ; lat. 31. 12. N. long. 
 
 Si. 42. 
 
 Frousac channel, a (freight lying between 
 Acadia and Cape-Breton, which is no more 
 than five common French leages in length, by 
 one in breadth. 
 
 Frontenac, a fort built by the French 
 count of the fame name ; the natives call it 
 Catarocouy. It is fituated in Canada or New 
 France, North America, on the river St. Law- 
 rence, about a hundred leagues above Quebec, 
 and at about a (hurt league from its mouth, 
 where it difcharges itfelf on the lake Ontario,or 
 Pretty-lake, called alfo Frontenac, in honour 
 of the fame count, then governor of New- 
 France. It was erefted with a view to fupprefs 
 the ravages of the Iroquois, into the heart of 
 whofe country the French were able from 
 thence to make excurfions in 24 hours. Lhe 
 winter about this place is much fhorter than at 
 Quebec ; and the foil is fo well cultivated as 
 to produce all forts of European and Indian 
 corn, with other fruits. The fort at firft was 
 but indifferent, being only furrounded with 
 mud banks, and pallifades; but aftewards us 
 walls, baftions, and other fortifications, were 
 built of fquare done found here in great plen- 
 ty, and ready polled by the gating of the 
 waves of the lake, on the north fide of which 
 itisereaed. It is a fquare of four baftions, 
 a quarter of a league in circuit. Its fuuation, 
 indeed, has fomething m it that is very agree- 
 able : the banks of the nver prefent every way 
 
FUN 
 
 a landscape beautifully vanegated ; and fo does 
 the entrance into the lake Ontario, wh-ih is 
 low n with iflands of different magniti derail well 
 wooded, on a pen. nfuia v ; and i:ear it -s a good 
 hav n, ' here all ions of vefie * may rid- in fafe- 
 ty. S meet the cu onies whi h came thither, 
 b'rou it with them leveral Ions of horned cat- 
 tl y fowl, i other uk fill animals : fo that 
 there is no want of any tnmg ; and*befides, 
 the fortifications are great y improved. But the 
 misfortune is, that this advantageous commu- 
 nication between this Jake, Montreal, and Que- 
 bee, is fomewhat ilH ult and dangerous, on 
 account of the river being full of rocks and 
 water-falls, and may be eafi y obftrucled by 
 the ambulcades o' the Iioquos who lie on 
 each fide : fo that the French abandoned the 
 fort, and damaged thofe works which they 
 could not demolifh, in the year 16895 but fince 
 that time they retook and repaired the place, 
 and were in quiet pofTeffion of it,till theEnglilh, 
 under the command of colonel Bradftreet, took 
 and difmoun ted it in the year 1759. 
 
 Fundy Bay, a large bay on the coaft of 
 Nova Scotia, lunning above two hundred miles 
 into the land, from Cape S^ble, the moll fouth- 
 ern point of Nova Scotia, to the ifthmus which 
 joins that province to the continent. The 
 mou h of it lies in lat. 43. 12. N. long. 66 . 
 40. W. 
 
 End of tie FIRST VOLUME.