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MMHHMEBARAR eK oe Tetetgtat tty: rt ighe's sinbavit iaterite ieee hte tat SSH 44 TSR nit tele lytied tee MEMORANDUM OF FACTS AND CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO THE PRACTICE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS ON LIVING ANIMALS, COMMONLY CALLED VIVISECTION.* Srateistssapstas: sabes = =3 = ne = es rts StsrrsseF oss 2 “S2-38s7 Phe Sooo -25 2 [Stsasaee sieseee > room ee ees $533 Issued by the Association for the Advancement of Medicine or er = eit ep eles ane by Research. =e > 3, ot $a See 2S 3 SNR 4 ae *ot2 het oh 5 oS seitégssiciei=i+jessie ooo Ose Seeds eaes Summary.—The extent, methods, and objects of Medicine—Its recent advances—lIts dependence on ‘Physiology and Pathology — The necessity of experiments for progress in natujjal science—The testimony of the medical profession, and especially of.the late International Congress to this effect—The limits of our right to inflict pain or death on the lower animals—The amount of pain inflicted by scientific experiments—The practice of physiologists to limit this to the utmost—The effect of recent legislation—Possible abuse of experiments by incompetent persons—The true objects of scientific experiments on animals, physiological, pathological, remedial, and preventive—Examples of the attainment of these objects—Conclusion. — SSS TS HH Pee o> So aos we tes) S23 pape D ee et ea aed pacts Srrrripipsrus Sigsats sect taste: Sesstetste Tat 2t3 > ey = areSe-o NTs lsSecet ratsissy > ee eS oe ote Se . oe o ree > eee tae L § 1. Medicine, as the art of preventing and curing disease, The art of Medicine depends first, upon Anatomy and Physiology, or knowledge of the depends upon structure and working of the human body in health ; secondly, upon oie Pathology, or knowledge of the origin, course, and results of disease ; and thirdly, upon knowledge of the effects of various mechanical, physical, or chemical means which prevent or modify diseased pro- cesses, and are thus available for preventive or curative ‘l'reatment. As in every other practical art, the application of scientific (that is to say, exact and general) knowledge to particular cases must be checked and controlled by practical experience. But the history of * The term “ Vivisection” is open to objection. As a question-begging epithet, it produces an unfounded prejudice against experiments, of which the majority are painless, and of which the object is to relieve the sufferings of both man and brutes. Moreover, the term is at once too narrow and too wide: too narrow, since it excludes painful experiments which do not involve cutting, such as exposure to disease; and too wide, since it includes painful procedures upon animals for other than scientific or humane objects, for food, as in preparation for the table, for convenience, as in horse and cattle breeding, or for amusement, as in certain sports. The same operation which, if performed for the acquirement of knowledge, is called a vivisection, is not called a vivi- section when performed for a less worthy object. woke peeee bie peed ayaas medicine abundantly proves that experience 1s productive only in so far as it is guided by the habit of scientific Inquiry and quickened by physiological knowledge. The foundation of efficient medicine was laid by the discoveries of the sixteenth century in anatomy, and of the seventeenth century in physiology, and its rapid progress in modern times has been chiefly the result of discoveries in physics, in chemistry, and in general biology.* Medicine then, including Hygiene, or preventive medicine, and Therapeutics, or curative medicine, whether it acts by operative and mechanical measures,t by the administration of drugs, or by other means, does not depend upon arbitrary dogmas, or upon the theories of one or another school ; it depends upon accurate know- ledge of the structure and functions of the body in health and disease, and of the effects of various agents upon it, applied in each case by the aid of bedside experience—xa@’ écacrov yao tarpevet. The relation of medi¢ine to physiology and pathology is the same as that of navigation to astronomy and meteorology, or of engineering to applied mathematics, or of dyeing and other manu- factures to chemistry. A seaman may safely direct a vessel who is ignorant of the construction of a quadrant, a bridge may be built without knowledge of theoretical mechanics, and a watch may be eo * Some otherwise well-informed persons have expressed dowyt as to the reality of the great progress of medicine during the present century. This doubt arises partly from an arbitrary separation of what is called internal medicine from surgery (la médecine opératoire) and from preventive medicine. The world fully appreciates such triumphs of medicine as the cure of Aneurism and prevention of Small-pox, the discovery . of Anzesthetics and the success of Ovariotomy, the results of antiseptic surgery, the vastly decreased mortality after operations, and the protection of cattle from pestilence by inoculation. But in the treatment of fevers, inflammations, and other internal diseases, conventionally called medical, progress is less striking, because, being more obscure, these maladies have not yet been brought under the complete influence of scientific investiga- tion. In proof, however, that the scientific spirit of modern medicine has not failed to advance the treatment of even the more obscure diseases, and that practical advance in medical treatment has not been limited to operative surgery, may be adduced as instances: the greatly lessened mortality in Fevers, owin gto physiological observations and scientific treatment, the improved diagnosis and more successful results in cases of paralysis and other diseases of the Nervous System, the far shorter and less painful course of acute Rheumatism, the advance in treatment of Diabetes, Consumption, Dropsies, and affec- tions of the Heart, and the successful cure of numerous forms of disease now proved to be due to animal or vegetable parasites. “ Looking back over the improvements of practical medicine and surgery during my own observation of them in nearly fifty years (writes Sir James Paget) I see great numbers of means effectual for the saving of lives and for the detection, prevention, or quicker remedy of diseases and physical disabilities, all obtained by means of know- ledge, to the acquirement or safe use of which experiments on animals have contributed. There is scarcely an operation in surgery of which the mortality is now more than halt as great as it was forty years ago; scarcely a serious injury of which the consequences are more than half as serious; several diseases are remediable which used to be nearly always fatal; potent medicines have been introduced and safely used; altogether, such a quantity of life and working power has been saved by lately acquired knowledge as is truly past counting.” } “Forasmuch as the Science of Physick doth comprehend, include and contain the knowledge of Chirurgery as a special member and part of the same.’”’—Statute 32 Hen. VITTI. ¢. 40. | Werttisgeteeesaneipebebispateeayeyesrserrarpisessissstageesteayt thiterhatitstetetna ss etebtt ts reaeree gaRt ts td Ha RASS TSA SSA OOS TRILL SSL MISES RUDRA RON ve SY {9 RSH Salafelstaieletaitafattl tiiietia AR SR ASSAM SRG RRS ABA traits hats! NGL AS ais ’ ‘ - falsinieiglaterssainieletaletatetataieiti pi aisisteyct st iily oit) i Bitsy, Fi : if : if 3 ee Bits cured” or a musical instrument “tuned” by a workman who is if unacquainted with mathematics or acoustics. In the same way many i men are useful practitioners of medicine who are imperfectly a ; ; : 77 : ‘ : Ba ee ih acquainted with the scientific basis of their practice. But it is a only the most ignorant of sailors who sneer at natural science, and te , bi the most presumptuous of watchmakers who rail at mathematics. is 3 th - . - . - ith § 2. Lhe knowledge of the functions of the body in health, Medical, like sg . 3 : Re ew other Sciences, Be or Physiology; the knowledge of the origin and course of dis- depend upon i experiments. He eases, or Pathology; and the knowledge of the action of remedies, or Pharmacology, like other branches of natural science, depend >- ais Soir tstsSee: oe 2 +o rSSsue2 So e— entirely upon observation and experiment. Mere observation at its best is but careful noting of such experiments as natural laws or accident may present ; designed experiment, or observation of events eeesesrererss) ZF StT3 se sate iets Sepst 33. is ao> 4 i eae & sos edor under intentionally varied conditions, is absolutely necessary in addition.“ Indeed, it would be as unreasonable to expect the “Institutes of Medicine” (as physiology and pathology are rightly i called) to advance without laboratories and experiments on animals, i 4 re . ~¢ SS SRS Sele testi iists as to hope for progress in chemistry or physics by allowing only at observation upon metals and gases and forbidding the performance : “i of experiments. It is true that there are special difficulties in the study of the cea ok sins e eihgle method not natural laws of living bodies. The conditions are far more com- fruitless in the study of living plicatedthan_those_of the inorganic world, and observations and jrreiss experiments must be proportionately numerous, well-devised, and bs - iBgsssses TD Sele Mpa he eee eee t3t: olen ere besesi-s {Tso Tots s+e- see i cautiously interpreted. Fallacies of observation and of deduction Fes 8 ey oes Seer eteF 53 -* 3 ee ee ee > >> - te pepe st, > ae ate are difficult to avoid, and often results are seemingly con- : tradictory until their true meaning is perceived by help of fresh iH experiments and more careful reasoning. But the great and assured : results which have been ‘already obtained prove that these difficulties are far from insurmountable. All our present knowledge has been achieved in spite of them, and thereby the path to future discoveries has been cleared. No reasonable person would disparage experi- mental inquiry into the functions of plants and the cultivation of crops, because the laws of vegetable life are more complicated and obscure than those of mineralogy: or would call the experiments of the botanist useless because they are difficult. | That experiments on living creatures, like all other experiments made by fallible persons, have sometimes misled, is an obvious truth. : Many errors attended the first application of the stethoscope, of the microscope, and of chemical analysis to medicine, so that impatience and ignorance pronounced that each of these valuable methods of investigation was useless. § 5. The future progress of medicine, in the widest sense of the This conclusion ’ > : supported not word, of the art which prevents disease, promotes health, relieves only by argu. : : | : ment, but by sickness and prolongs life, depends upon the same cause which jj. tantinony of experience. a —~ — ————. ——————— - — a - es eine * “T’observateur écoute la nature, l’expérimentateur l’interroge.’’—Cuvier. Teh os as S.. - = > «* = +. sah ee ete +: tSloe- > - reer - o- => Soyer > ~ . yoy: —-—* Seseabees bow peee a aeeneg et ete tt sa egeees > sale 5—F- = ->- Stet o> < eee eee ne ets Pir iets tetris = et i on See ee a = ese seene ast -— > e- ee = ~ The justifica- tion of experi- ments which in- flict pain or death on animals. -| has led to its present position — upon more complete acquaint- ance with the laws of health and disease. These laws have been, and can only be, successfully investigated by observations and experiments. This conclusion is not only the inevitable result of reasoning, but is also enforced by the unwavering testimony of those best qualified to judge—not only of scientific workers themselves, but of the medical profession in all civilized countries. ‘There is not the smallest danger that the ninety-nine hundredths of the medical profession who are engaged in the daily effort to prevent or relieve disease will undervalue practical medicine in comparison with the more abstruse branches of experimental physiology and pathology : the danger is the other way. With few exceptions, physicians and surgeons are not themselves experimenters in physiology or in pathology; their business is to prevent disease and to relieve their patients’ sufferings: but they know the benefits which their art has derived from the work of the laboratory, and understand the nature and value of experiments. They are thus at once the most disinterested and the most competent witnesses, and their constant and unanimous testimony ought to be conclusive.* The International Medical Congress of 1881, where upwards of 3,000 physicians and surgeons assembled in London, among whom were the ablest and most respected leaders of the profession in the three kingdoms, in America, and in foreign countries, passed, without a dissentient voice, the following resolution ;—— — « That this Congress records its conviction that eapertments on living animals have proved of the utmost service to medicine in the past, and are indispensable to its future progress. That, accordingly, while strongly deprecating the infliction of unnecessary pain, it is of opinion, alike in the interest of man and of animals, that it is not desirable to restrict competent persons in the performance of such experiments.” § 4. A moral question, however, arises, from the fact referred * Tt would be invidious to dwell upon the very few exceptions to this almost universal testimony. One only deserves special mention. Sir William Fergusson was one of the most skilful and successful operators, but he had no authoritative claim to give an opinion upon the sources or the methods of surgical science, and even he in his evidence before the Royal Commission admitted the use of experiments on animals. 'The testimony of the late Professor Claude Bernard has been often adduced against that of all other physiologists because he once wrote, “ Nous venons les mains vides, mais la bouche pleine de promesses légitimes ” This phrase occurs in the midst of an elaborate exposition of the necessity of experiments on living animals not only for knowledge but for use. Bernard well understood the bearing of experiments upon medicine, but he foresaw future developments of scientific treatment, in comparison with which bis own eminent services would appear insignificant. ‘The following quotation shows that his evidence on the whole question did not differ from that of other competent witnesses :— On voit que la physiologie, ou médecine scientifique, comprend & la fois ce qu’on a artificiellement séparé sous les noms de physiologie normale, de physiologie pathologique et de thérapeutique. Au point de vue pratique, c’est certainement la thérapeutique qui interesse au plus haut degré le médecin; or, c’est précisément la thérapeutique qui doit je plus de progrés & la physiologie expérimentale.”—Legons de Physiologie Opératorre, p. 20. rPipt Mii tatie) Aciad, POGSb aba ety | Ptp@eertetetete Dea asl gbebetes rereerey sit! eeeeteeeer lil ili st lob asas Sheree rt revert hair CIES NET PEGE ETE ey Tet tetateteeeasty resp eata ee sepepre prety arse ptetetaeabemeetveterganet pitetrtedteara tess taseee aM ng te te Perey Me eR baletstatstatcigesseeig. | To lateisisisteretars ial ates jbl itatatelereteieerartre giteritee tists Huge Vitstetibetelaripererseet rw ~, = rn SS As Se we, \ > \ Son 9 to in the resolution just quoted, that some of the necessary experi- ments of physiology and pathology involve the infliction of pain or of death upon certain of the lower animals. The better informed opponents of experimental medicine do not dispute its scientific and practical value, but assert that no probable benefit to man or animals justifies the infliction of pain. No one would succeed in closing the laboratories of the chemist, or the observatories of the astronomer, however strong his disbelief in the experimental method of inquiry might be, however cordially he disliked or dreaded the advance of science, or however obstinately he persisted that the useful arts do not depend on scientific data.* It is obvious, however, that the fact of pain or death being inflicted in the course of experiments cannot alter their scientific importance and necessity ; it only imposes on us the duty of making a comparison between the injury to a sentient creature and the probable benefit to mankind, or to others of its own species. This comparison we will attempt to make. Happily, the amount of pain inflicted in the course of scientific experiments need only be small, and the destructionof life insignificant. That, from carelessness or want of forethought, experiments have been performed which were “cruel,” because the pain produced was excessive and unnecessary, may be admitted. In many countries consideration for the brute creation is still little developed, and the vice of rue ty hehthy regarded’; even. in Lagland, until com- paratively lately, the torture of harmless animals was thought an innocent pastime. Men of science have not always risen above the average humanity and moral enlightenment of their age and country. But speaking of this country, and of modern times, it may safely be said that no charge of wanton, needless, or excessive sacrifice of animals can be, or indeed has been, seriously alleged against the small number of experimental physiologists and pathologists at work in the three kingdoms.t Science has * On the other hand, it is almost as clear that no serious obstacle would be put in the way of even painful experiments in the cause of science, if all their opponents were con- vinced of their utility, and were acquainted with the methods of science in general or the facts of medical science in particvlar, This seems to follow from the very moderate opposition to, or tacit acquiescence in, the infliction of pain for desirable objects which _ obviously cannot be otherwise attained, such as more delicate food, more docile horses, increased wealth and comfort, or the pleasurable excitement of chasing and killing animals. 7 The following extract is taken from the Report of the Royal Commission, which was drawn up aiter a prolonged and patient examination of witnesses and documents and was signed by all the Commission—Lord Carpwett (Chairman), Lord WINMARLEIGH, the Rt. Hon. W. E. Forster, the late Sir Joun Karstaxr, Professor Huxtiey, ‘Mr. Ericusen, and Mr. R. H. Huron : “That the abuse of the practice by inhuman or unskilful persons, in short, the inflic- tion upon animals of any unnecessary pain, is justly abhorrent to the moral sense of your Majesty’s subjects generally, not least so of the most distinguished physiologists and the most eminent surgeons and physicians.” The imputation of cruelty which has always been indignantly repudiated, has not been substantiated by a single authentic instance. In their evidence, given before the Royal Septet asitts hid itt Hii ait ft Ht Ht weet iit nak 4 aaa ah ite Amount and degree of pain thus caused. tits PGR TS Hi ti Aly f Hy pena 44 Pete) irate Persist Pei etiiseseres —— ee o-oo Stetsstcei sss ee : . > y= | => 7s = =< Seren o> aes pairs s2eed: SteSttss ses OO Rt ES -—+- on ere tot o~ _—— tae > ed the Phies foie re oer SS es poe PS Seo sosee o_o oP? Saeststt tet stset Sele ole Seltie eu ee aed ~~ teeoee -s Se OS ee ee re er Bicizissiztisise: ists iz (pi ie aS: toe Oe es (iH Ate Sus Lp apeeer see ta et ee Oe Se Tee ST tel pitisiergstprst ot pages ser stet et Sst ST o2t5se0 e Se: tia ct: ae oe ee ee oe nay rhyee ve veeat BA herself provided the means by which pain is reduced to a | minimum. ‘The beneficent discovery of anesthetics is one cause of the great difference between the sufferings inflicted by Harvey, Boyle, Hales, Haller, Hunter, Magendie, and Bell, and the generally | painless experiments of a modern laboratory. These may be i classified as follows with reference to the suffering inflicted :— i (1) Many physiological experiments are entirely unaccompanied if by pain, and can therefore be performed, according to convenience, either upon animals or upon man himself. Such are many experiments at upon vision, taste, smell and touch; experiments on the value of : | different kinds of food, experiments on the effect of exercise, tempera- ture and other conditions on the excretions; many experiments on bodily heat, on the pulse and on respiration. (2) In still more numerous cases, observations and experiments can be made on the tissues and organs after the death of an animal: e.g., the relative tenacity of the different textures, the mechanical effects of violence upon the bones, the action of the heart (which in cold-blooded creatures continues long after their death) and the whole of a long and important series of experiments on the functions of muscles and nerves, which cause no pain, since they are performed on the tissues of a dead organism. a ee Se ss S2aeirt— Se eo ae bee eee (3) Next, but far less in number, comes a third class of experi- ments which are performed on animals rendered insensible by various aneestheti¢ agents. These can be, and were, by the practice of physio- logists long before legislative sanction was added, earried out without any pain or even discomfort to the animal, which being killed before awakening is deprived of life in probably the most painless manner possible. (4) There are, however, certain observations, for which it is necessary to allow an animal to recover from insensibility, and to f | live for a longer or shorter time. In such cases the severest pain, ie | that of the operation, is abolished, and the subsequent suffering is i sometimes quite insignificant, usually that of a healing wound, and occasionally that of inflammation, colic, or fever. In many of these experiments the initial pain is so trifling that it would be fies Commission, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals state, through their Secretary, that they do not know a single case of wanton cruelty. } On the occasion of the present Act (89 & 40 Vict. cap. 77) being passed, all & teachers of physiology, in a memorial addressed to the House of Commons, said :— “We repeat the statement which most of us have made before the Commission, that within our personal knowledge, the abuses in connection with scientific investigation, against which in this Bill it is proposed to legislate, do not exist, and never have existed. in this country.” Signed by the late Professor SHarrny (University College, London) ; i Dr. Wittiam Carprnter, C.B. (formerly Lecturer on Physiology at the London Ht Hospital); Professor G. Humpury (Cambridge); Professor Rurmurrorp (Edinburgh) ; beth Dr. Pavy (Guy’s Hospital); Dr. M. Fosrzr (Trinity College, Cambridge); Dr. Burpon SanDERSON (Unive sity College, London); Dr. Roserr McDonwett (Dublin); Professor Reprern (Belfast): Professor CLetanp (Galway); Professor Cuartes (Cork); Professor McKeEnprick (now; of Glasgow); Dr. Pyn-Smrra (Guy’s Hospital); Professor Yxo (King’s College, London); Mr. Cuartes Yue (Magdalen College, Oxford); Professor GamGER (Owens College, Manchester). setae betes reat bet Hea teitee 4 ebe ba be e)e le vba dete Soe sia peiat set am : il aces ~ PPPS HE nS titi asttenitrsststtiiitst iiieteriet eet ions " vers erezeuererer tat shal Tore Peeyatese eee ebebigtebeees eperertres POPLLLALGA Sa PReRPRD REDE AREA DEE ataPAPe DA eas tre abetaa Dot) bet 4 sd bs 7 : Hybetyry Siti ahi i} gbabalabatetatytet ‘ rey ahh ehgth} phesese) ; statete ithe M Fiyrehetere v9 th} ahi t. siatetitele - hae v7! ateretalal ER HHM HEE etitatitate - ely ets H Siete Seieia etelelete tise - = ti nit } ti i . ti! i 7 3; ; tt {h it pie SOFT ISS 7 absurd to give an anasthetic; such are acupuncture and inoculation. It would be unreasonable to give a rabbit chloroform for such opera- tions as bleeding, vaccination, or pricking with the needle of a subcutaneous syringe, for which no human being would take it. (5) There remain a small number of experiments in which anesthetics would be impracticable. These are chiefly the experi- mental production of various diseases, such as tubercle, glanders, cattle-plague, where the pain is that of the subsequent disease, and more justly described as discomfort than as torture ; and the trial of certain modes of treatment, as inoculation, and of various drugs, where the suffering produced is less than the familiar effects of corresponding remedies in human beings. Probably the most pain- ful scientific experiments ever performed have not been vivisections at all. Such are those of ascertaining the effect of starvation, carried out abroad many years ago ; observations of great value and import- ance, but happily not needing repetition. Vivisections in the popular sense of the word, experiments comparable to surgical operations, involving cutting and irritation of Sensitive parts, can, with few exceptions, be performed without the slightest pain. Hence the results of acutely painful experiments, comparable with the pain endured by rabbits and weasels caught in ordinary traps, by young animals being gelded, by wounded birds, or by rats poisoned with strychnine or phosphorus, are not to be found in our physielogical laboratories, That the utmost possible limitation of the infliction of pain has Practice of always been the object and practice of scientific workers in England,* fs thin eal is sufficiently proved by a Report which was drawn up by a Committee °" of the Physiological Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1871, several years before the appoint- ment of the Royal Commission. While the suffering caused to animals by scientific experiments has been enormously exaggerated, both absolutely and relatively, no one denies that both pain and death are and must be. inflicted thereby. Otherwise there would be no more reason for licensing and inspecting the physiologist’s laboratory than that of the chemist. The whole question is one of justification for causing the pain or death of brutes. Few who compare the extent of suffering and of Slaughter thus caused with that generally recognized as right in other cases by enlightened Christian morality, or who compare the objects for which animals commonly suffer pain and death (for food, for dress, for profit, for convenience, or for amusement) with those of the scientific observer (for advance of knowledge and for relief of human suffering) will hesitate to conclude that so long as the bets: * fe Se en eR eee Ce * The following quotation, from a Manual of Physiological Experiment by a well- known continental physiologist, will serve to show that humane consideration for animals is not confined to this country :—“ An experiment involving vivisection should never be performed, especially for purposes of demonstration, without previous consideration whether its object may not be otherwise attained ;” and, as a second rule, “ insensibility by chloroform or other drugs should be produced whenever the nature of the experiment does not render this absolutely impossible.’’—Cyon, Physiologische Methodik, p. 9. ¢ Prhedciery! - 7) eels ieeti eR ea ES Ae Hi letebodlan betel teint irtithns + atihiititiehials ih. sted P2405 bd DEER ET ORES bs be bb badd 7 1. wlelsiah: scart shy , he . + - Shebehetsytetetede ELADESAPLLPSSESSIEA Se SMEALSEDGEOHS Ce aboceedes she eset ata a BEOON eats apeesstise tasers fens Petat 5S principles and practice of scientine men in this country continue what they now are, their investigations should rather be fostered than impeded. Recent legisla- But any possible danger of abuse is prevented by the Act passed ce in 1876, by which not only are all physiological laboratories placed under the inspection of the Home Office, and exist only by its license, but, in addition, no experiment involving pain can be per- formed without a special, elaborate, and carefully guarded certificate. Indeed, so stringently has the law been administered that more than one investigation of great practical value has been prevented, others have been injuriously hampered or delayed, and a serious =e — -~. = estore > 4 TStererstotrstttttr atte S3tSs hig ieaes teense! ores’ * — 3 1 ae ee — ieee! > Ae ~ see tees i> >t = >. poe oe . - = (23 ° = << » pave errercs eo — ah ep ei eeeeet ieee bee ee ‘ animais. 1. Zo extend, correct, and define our knowledge of the functions of + yor Paya the living body. logy. Even apart from ulterior advantage to medicine, physiology must i be held to be a branch of science of at least equal importance with i chemistry or geology ; and to be successfully cultivated, it must be cultivated for its own sake, without perpetual or premature inquiry as to the immediate and material results which increased knowledge of the laws of Nature will bring. In physiology, as in other natural sciences, the investigator must have primarily in view the discovery of truth ; for, in the words adopted by the Royal Commissioners, “ if in the pursuit of science he seeks after immediate practical utility, he may generally rest assured that he will seek in vain.’ There must be, to quote the words of an older authority, “light-bearing,” as well as “ fruit-bearing experiments.” As examples of this first kind of experiment, and of their success in extending useful knowledge, we may refer to the following :— (1) The great discovery of the circulation of the blood by Harvey, the first-fruits of the experimental method.* Upon this as the foundation depends all the subsequent progress in the surgical treatment of haemorrhage and of aneurisms, and the recognition and treatment of diseases of the heart, the arteries, and the veins. (2yLhe discoveryof the effects of electricity on animals by Galvani and Volta, from which have resulted not only the develop- ment of one great branch: of electrical science, but also important means of diagnosis and treatment in cases of paralysis. (3) Artificial respiration, invented and improved in the ease of animals with purely scientific objects by Vesalius, Hooke, Lower, and others, and long afterwards applied with complete success to resuscitation from drowning. (4) The experiments of the Rev. Dr. Hales on pressure of the blood in the arteries. (5) ‘Those of Boyle, Hooke, Mayow, and other natural philo- sophers on respiration. (6) Transfusion of blood from one animal to another, ac- Ore, ten ides ] Apese 18508 Stee, 4 ori su i te * Some persons have ventured to deny that Harvey’s discoveries were due to Vivi-~ section, on the faith of a reported statement of his to the Hon. Robert Boyle (another eminent vivisector), and in contradiction to Harvey’s express words. Others have denied that the circulation was proved by vivisection, because Harvey having proved all but ona point by a series of experiments on living animals, Malpighi completed the demonstra- tion by another experiment on another living animal. The full account of the matter is contained in Harvey’s own treatise, ‘De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis.”’ It is briefly referred to in the article Harvey of the “ Encyclopedia Britannica,” and in the evidence of Professor Turner, of Edinburgh, before the Royal Commission (Blue Book, pp. 157, 158) ; where also are given the account of the discovery by vivisection of the great system of Lymphatic vessels, by Aselli and Pecquet, and of the discovery of motor and nerves by the same means by Bell and Magendie. + See on this subject the interesting details in Dr. Dalton’s “ Lectures on the Experi- mental Method in Medical Science.” (New York, 1882). sen sory tied. Peeear ort PMURUHNHR beted ies tiaaeds aead dea saat SN MTT Bibs bate tetebe Teleteitittea iia it peiieeeeeeneeeee anes a ele EL SLL SESe AE RGSEeSe eS 60d CC ti (tener. ea St eee te hed eee et! 4 - eet Sees pee oe oeaye peer) yer" py el ee # i it It eS =eeeses> =? ts ae oe: eet ates 4 - aoreee ttl a poe ee ~ > - 10 complished by Sir Christopher Wren and others of the early Fellows of the Royal Society in the seventeenth century, but only recently, applied with success to the tity " owing to fresh physiological knowledge, saving of human life. i (7) Experiments by a Committee of Physicians at Dublin, in 1835; showing the way in which the sounds that attend the action of the heart are produced, and enabling physicians to judge of the condition of the organ by the alterations of the sounds. (8) The discoveries of reflex action and of the separate endow- ments of motor and sensory nerves,* on which much of our present knowledge of the functions and disorders of the nervous system is founded. (9) The discovery of vasomotor nerves. Sigertcictissesesans.. 2s: pe ee ee a eee rf = = 44 3 [tose reget tS Ilhdeie Sateen tree rageesee stp tos SS sl re Eogt tsetse SSS ——— ss es 7 Foto te eae eee eee - ii. For Patho- ij. Zo obtain direct and exact knowledge of the processes of disease. “iad The following examples may be cited :— (1) Experiments relating to the nutrition of the body and the maintenance of its constant temperature constitute the basis of the existing knowledge of fever. (2) Experiments relating to the mechanism of the circulation, and to the influence of the nervous system thereon, have served to explain the nature and mode of origin of the various forms of aye 4 eh erie dropsy. (3) Experiments_as to the effect of plugging arteries (Em bolism) have afforded explanations of diseased processes previously not under- stood, and in particular of many obscure cases of sudden death. (4) Experimental investigations of the functions of the liver and other secreting glands have materially advanced our knowledge of diabetes and of the affections known as Bright's disease. | (5) Knowledge gained from experiments relating to the mode | of action of the muscles, and of the nervous system which regulates them, constitutes the basis of the pathology and diagnosis of con- | vulsive and paralytic diseases. (6) Experiments on animal grafting and as to the nature of the | ee aeeee . ihe viir one processes by which wounds are healed and injured parts restored. Among the best known are those which relate to the mode of repair of fractured or otherwise injured bones, particularly the researches of Duhamel (1740), Sir Astley Cooper (1820), and Syme (1831). In recent times such inquiries have been pursued much more com- pletely by Oller. and others, and with practical results of ever- increasing value. ) (7) The dangerous form of blood poisoning after operations ) has been investigated by strictly physiological experiments, with the result of almost complete protection from it. (8) Researches into the origin and nature of inflammation, by : Redfern, Cohnheim, von Recklinghausen, and others, have been of bee ge aregt) * On the subject of Sir Charles Bell’s discoveries by means of vivisection see the account by Dr. Dalton in the Lectures above quoted, and the paper by Dr. Carpenter in the Fortnightly Review for February, 1882. Aeeeee oeare sbi pe qebnitaehenreneetsentatas 1h egemsas , er Writer iii ett bio 943 iis StL Lat hokeab ala nasa le itt ted st Mab aneet bag Me deeS she beb es 7552 ORRIN bbb atoepeerotpeyyeeates Ah bpbade AEMUPUDROA DOOD MIME MDCYTCTITOIDSTGa Ls ohoa bhsaet bana bahn 500 Ania sabe LL ol dL ba pean oeig be at MCaP SSIS DOMABE ESR OL ISL a od saR ani Ac aee ELA EE Sta PT EA hea tA bia sash abst Haeaeetted as NiSstetetyeseel ye! Nietet abeletabc lett tet Teestiere : ste ‘ Sreetca Webraytgtaneeeen eta etn Sn IST ETT FaTttgS HEHE a a beaShCT. ng! AUNT ass tote Foiesahatelesateliivintaiyiti niitetitetsts RRA SRR Heat MSP MBSSSRDURARRAESI gape Sate Haba ete dA LHE a shbths MI Pe : : ih : tity tl el ig necessity conducted by means of experiments on animals and have 7 proved of great practical value. a (9). Our recently extended knowledge of the locality of diseases : of the brain, and of their accurate diagnosis and treatment, has been i due, as in other cases, partly to clinical observations, partly to patho- fe logical investigations, but also, and not least, to direct experiments a upon the lower animals.” | : i. Lo test various remedial measures directly. ‘ The utility of the greater number of the older remedies and he al Ee methods was first learnt empirically: but many of them were not a applied to the best purpose until they had been investigated by : observations on the lower animals. As regards the remedies and Ee appliances of modern times, they have, in almost every instance, been es investigated first and brought into use afterwards.t For example :— "4 (1) Subcutaneous injection was used in the laboratory for 4 years before 1¢ was applied in practice. : (2) The useful property of the well-known anodyne chloral a hydrate was first investigated in the laboratory, and then intro- : duced into practice. its e\ - - Hi (3) Pepsin and pancreatin were known for years as physio- a logical agents before they were applied in practice. ie (4) The action and mode of administration of such im- a portant new drugs, as nitrite of amyl, physostigma, and the c anzesthetic, methylene, were discovered entirely by physiological i experiments. ie (5) The better appreciation and more useful application of oa some of the most valuable remedies were gained by experiments, : such as those by Traube on digitalis, by Magendie on strychnia, o and by Moreau and others on saline purgatives.+ i (6) The application of various practically useful methods a of checking hzmorrhage was tested upon animals before being tried cn human beings, with the result of saving innumerable th lives. e (7) Similar preliminary trials of subcutaneous and other a operations, especially those of tenotomy, have helped in the relief . of numerous deformities: while the trial of such formidable : operations as excision of the kidney and tentative improve- a ments in ovariotomy have led to some of the most brilliant e results of modern surgery. { i (8) Experiments undertaken by the Indian Government to : test various remedies used for snake-bites have proved the use- less or injurious nature of many drugs hitherto trusted in: and SENET * See an article in Nature, Nov. 24, 1881, p. 73. 3 + For further details on the “Value of Experiments on Animals in Pharmacology,” see the Address of Prof. Fraser, “ Proc. Internat. Med. Congr.;” and an article, by Dr. Lauder Brunton, in the Nineteenth Century for December 1881, p. 926. . + See a paper by Mr. Spencer Wells, Trans. Internat. Med. Congr. vol. ii. p. 226, paths SEE EER eo pee tsi : at : ea ' bee shih} eny ‘ +t) ae? eta) she er Ht er) TT. hoot shhh ae) ree telat » hth +15! eeyee -=¢- nae ee 12 many lives have thus been saved by more effectual methods. of treatment. In cases where new drugs. are to b operative methods tried, the first experiments must be made animals or upon living men. Where cir- members of our e introduced, or new either upon living | cumstances excluded the former alternative, profession have not hesitated to make themselves the subject of often hazardous experiments : but happily, in most instances, the sacrifice of a few guinea-pigs or frogs will suffice to help in saving human life. iv. Zo ascertain the means of checking contagion, and preventing epidemic disease both in man and in brutes. An experiment of this kind, inoculating the udder of a cow so as to produce a vaccine pustule, was one of the links in the great discovery of Jenner. Among more recent examples may be i mentioned :— L | (1) The experimental investigations of the last fifteen years, as to the origin and nature of the infective diseases which spring trom wounds and injuries (pyzemia and septicaemia), the results of which constitute the basis of antiseptic surgery. (2) The discovery by experiments of the infective nature of tuberculosis _(1868),.of its relation to chronic inflammation and of its probable connection with a living parasitic organism (1551).7 (3) Discovery of the mode of origin, and consequently of the prevention of various parasitic entozoa (as hydatids and trichina), bu which infect the human body, by inference from investigation of Hi their development in the bodies of animals. Among diseases of animals may be mentioned :— | i ta the lower (1) Silkworm disease, which has been brought completely under i rime control by the experimental discoveries of Pasteur. (2) Small-pox of sheep, against which preventive inoculation has been long used. (3) Cattle plague, the prevention of which is entirely founded on the knowledge of its mode of spreading gained by experiment. (4) Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, and foot and mouth disease, of which, although experiment has not as yet yielded a satisfactory mode of prevention, it has furnished exact knowledge as to the : method of its propagation. i (5) Splenic fever of cattle, and the analogous diseases of horses, fry sheep, and other animals, against which experiment has recently iv. For Preven- tion of disease. In Man.* hee wae ht yet dig * For details on this part of the subject, see the Address by Mr. Simon, C.B., F.R.S., i entitled “ Experiments on Life as fundamental to the Science of Preventive Medicine.” a (Transactions ot the International Medical Congress. 1881.) in + The Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research, which issues this it Memorandum, is at the present time expending funds in order to contribute to the ex- perimental decision of this most important question. it t For details, see a paper in the Nineteenth Century for March, 1882, by Mr. i Geo. Fleming, President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons: “ Vivisection and Diseases of Animals,” , tera Libibiee Lis ae bd baeded SRLEP TPL RARESOSIS IAS LTE LISELI Lbs aba bibs ct bids Lh bahenit it te ten Tv itituia ro . sateen re : : saenteses "Te r ereretyis 4 : tt : : epee Bystiritie * teak ; ortris ea Mb ate ‘ my ‘ terete! : : int " Lobys erates shalititedeletaratitelardietaterel Hatehits atetet ERP Att Serta} PRA Ste settee mebeaanet ob enue ait stis Se ighias os it H | ae tla lat * ; Dr titisvielel Botltite delelalebateletstalalotetsteiesielelt rl tetiisuhe reli sist) esetetivssectti sedi pieel 13 s<4> arts Pet et ST lee ees Re Seteteco ts ese tele par Se <= fees 59s SESE eS fe tee oo ase es peat oe ties (1881) indicated a mode of prevention now being extensively and thoroughly tested in France and other countries in which this disease has most fatally prevailed. (6) Farcy and glanders, the early detection and prevention of which has been greatly promoted by experiments. v. Sor cnstruction. v. Demonstra- ie It is not necessary to insist on the well-known difference pai i between book-learning and demonstration. Like chemistry, physio- logy must be taught practically if it is to be taught well, and it is : necessary that all students of medicine to whom the care of the * human body will be entrusted should have a practical and thorough i familiarity with the most important functions of that body. For this purpose no painful experiments are necessary, and none are ie performed in our medical schools and colleges. Most of the demon- at strations of whatis called ‘“ practical physiology’ are demonstrations Bi of the microscopical structure of the tissues, or of their chemical pro- perties and processes, or of their physical endowments, and the remainder apply to the organs of insensible or recently killed animals. Whether the occasional repetition of an experiment of great importance, and involving very little pain, would be morally justifiable may admit of question; but, as a matter of fact, it is not and cannot be done. Apart from the provisions of the Act, this question_was decided long before by the practice of physiologists.* peiey SETS. oe ras bis bees se eee eee ee sy +aes - - ee ee ot ari te Shs os SER eee e Ta tte ee ee le neta se be seeees ae eee Ss Te ‘: : -t >: 325 PS SLIT ICTS Here tet ciesrisieie tei os ° Tissiee hr og oot oe eto 555 255i “< ere 74 - vi. For the detection of povrsons. oe r a . ; : : vi, Medico-lega Lhe fact that certain of the most subtile and dangerous poisons tests. cannot be certainly identified by ordinary testing (7.¢., by recogni- tion of their physical and chemical properties), is well known. In such cases the physiological test, or the effect of the poison upon the lower animals, is the only means by which the guilt of murder can be brought home to a criminal, or the innocence of a wrongfully accused person established. ‘This, like many other scientific facts has been disputed by ill-informed persons: but it is beyond serious question.T It was found necessary to insert a clause in the Act allowing a judge to order any needful experiments by a medical jurist. But this may cause, and has already caused, injurious delays, and it would be desirable for each person engaged in this department of scientific work to take out the necessary license beforehand. Se Pe Cf Sotekat ote T4% oe ees) § 7. The above is only a brief enumeration of some of the more striking and illustrative cases in which the objects proposed by experiments on animals have been attained. In some of these success has been brilliant and complete, in others comparative and Conclusion. * In the resolutions of the Committee referred to on page 7. 7 See on this subject a paper by Prof. Gamgee, of Owens College. “The Utility of Physiclogical Tests in Medico-Legal Enquiries.” heeel Mi eaten. a owee attests fii Pe eset steed = he ee > eee ee oe te sete tee ore a [> :: ed ade - > Sa lebe.e-s-o erer: sos oe -— + soso ese pS So on eee tee sae eel eeete ee I eee te te sere: - oneye seeey ees! orege biesey Feistatibsbebeleieiaineriat ibtaes Na edge eae ae ' 14 needing fuller development. In some the results have been the direct and exclusive consequence of the experiments, in others they have been due to these either as confirming or correcting previous. conjectures, or as guiding clinical research, or as suggesting fruitful investigations by other methods. Without exaggerating its extent and cogency, the evidence is ample to show what no one conversant with the subject doubts, that the great strides made in the practice of medicine during the last fifty years have been chiefly due to the exact, scientific, experimental inquiries of this epoch. In fact, experience fully bears out what reason demonstrates and authority confirms, that medicine rests chiefly upon physiology, and that physiology cannot advance without experiments. The prejudices excited by the account of long past or distant abuses of the right and duty of experiment will, it may be hoped, be dispelled (as in many cases they have been) by increased knowledge of the facts; while those which have been raised by reckless mis- statement will subside on candid investigation. If any fear remain that evils which do not now exist, may possibly arise in future, it may be dispelled by a consideration of the stringent regulations of the existing law, even if carried out with the utmost desire not to obstruct demonstrably useful work. But it is on the scientific investigator himself that the responsi- bility must ultimately-rest-of determining whatis the best method of accomplishing a given scientific result, and by what means ¢he grcat- est possible result may be obtained at the least possible cost of suffering. If restrictions are supposed to be necessary to control the conduct of careless individuals, let them be continued ; but so long as scientific men exercise their responsibility in the humane spirit which has hitherto guided investigation in this country, they have a right to ask that no unnecessary obstacles should be placed in their way. It is therefore hoped that, should a fresh occasion arise, such a. decided and influential expression of opinion will be made in Parlia- ment, as will not only rebuke any ill-advised attempts to totally abolish one of the most important methods of natural knowledge, and an indispensable method for the improvement of medicine, but will also strengthen the hands of the Government in administering the law, so as not to interfere with the just claims of science and with the paramount claims of human suffering. Lonpon, June, 1882. — ‘ : ‘ 4? alata : ats 4 : Lit ty " : BLT itetet hase} HN} Re 1! stelatttyait stasttt bSilaleletsiere le! He ay SBT aH Lilateterata stetetetety st say gisct thick Whig vig a ey] it oman — ays + ‘ ‘ yh at 44 Tig i cau enaecpaettsatitigitis cee sity titi it sift stititi peatitesresrataers int sisi saaae htaty eit shetrt dist PSST SAA HHH ith tiny aie pat Peiaty vs erie HE iy iit if it Hitt ty itt tts} : Pai Hai Hii AURA SO ey Mi Lite eT RY rs! a THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE BY RESEARCH. cstptesesseesrssiessaetpesss o- - Sarasesss toe Ststss: os eres i res FST Sees > =e $< $e seee es SS Teg SSsSt see s3535!: reeasts et bee sos 2S ene =>" eae > $5t5b~ O15 5 es ba webseor pistes -: Aresidents. SIR WILLIAM JENNER, Barr... IC By MD, PIGS. IC] COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. SIR ERASMUS WILSON, F.R.S., Pres. Royat Cot.ece or SURGEONS. eesres 4. Pres. Royan Sf errr 321 i332 5¢; oS ne ans - ist viele 3s Vice-Chairman and Chairman of Executive Committee. tH SIR JAMES PAGET, Barr, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. i “ + + a J * ni Gx-otticto Members of Council. ie PRESIDENT of the ROYAL SOCIETY. PRESIDENT of the GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL. PRESIDENT of the ROYAL COLLEGE of PHYSICIANS of EDINBURGH. PRESIDENT of the ROYAL COLLEGE of SURGEONS of EDINBURGH. a PRESIDENT of the ROYAL COLLEGE of PHYSICIANS of DUBLIN. B PRESIDENT of the ROYAL COLLEGE of SURGEONS of DUBLIN. : PRESIDENT of the FACULTY of PHYSICIANS and SURGEONS of GLASGOW. i PRESIDENT of the ROYAL COLLEGE of VETERINARY SURGEONS. DIRECTOR of the ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. cs MEDICAL OFFICER of the LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD. we REGIUS PROFESSOR of MEDICINE, University of Oxford. a LINACRE PROFESSOR of ANATOMY and PHYSIOL GY, University of Oxford, it REGIUS PROFESSOR of PHYSIC, University of Cambridge. iat PROFESSOR of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY. University of Cambridge, i PROFESSOR of the INSTITUTES of MEDICINE. University of Dublin. \ DEAN of the MEDICAL FACULTY, University of Edinbureh. pee stataeeesteese eared ste ater e—e ? SS es stele se: STS SSS Sr ewe VICE-DEAN of the MEDICAL FACULTY, University of Glascow. a Bist, DEAN of the MEDICAL FACULTY, University of Aberdeen. Beha Bi : BROWN PROFESSOR of PATHOLOGY, University of London, siseeee = aieseies Fi Let pa3¢ 25 3885 Stes tstseere sss PRESIDENT of the BRITISH’ MEDICAL ASSOCTATION, ‘ PRESIDENT of the COUNCIL of the British Medical Association, tf CHAIRMAN of the PARLIAMENTARY BILLS COMMITTEE, Brit. Med. Assoc ef PRESIDENT of the ROYAL MEDICAL and CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY. a PRESIDENT of the PATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a PRESIDENT of the CLINICAL SOCIETY. tf PRESIDENT of the OBSTETRICAL SOCIETY. tf PRESIDENT of the EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY, i PRESIDENT of the MEDICAL SOCIETY. F PRESIDENT of the HUNTERIAN SOCIETY, a PPESIDENT of the HARVEIAN SOCIETY. a PRESIDENT of the ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ts PRESIDENT of the SOCIETY of MEDICAL OFFICERS of HEALTH. iH dlembers of Council Nominated by the resident of the Raval f ' College of Dbhysicians. e Sir James Rispon Benner, M.D., F.R.S., Sie WILtiamM GuLt, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., LL.D. D.C.L., LL.D. bite Dr. THos. LAvprr Brunton, F.R.S. Dr. J. F. Payne. M Dr. ANDREW CraRK. Dr. Pys-Smiru. it Dr. Farqunarson, M.P. Dr. Quarn, F.R.S fii Dr. BALrHaz AR Foste R (Birmingham), Dr. Roperts, F. R.S. (Manchester). it Dr. MICHAEL Fosrmr, F.R.S. (C ambridge). Pror. BurDOoN SANDERSON, M.D., FR. S., ie LL.D. A cry lentbers of Council Nominated by the Aresident of the Roval wr College of Sur gears. Ee Mr. Bowman, F.R.S., LL.D. Sir JAMES Pacer, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. i *Mr. Cuarnes DARwi F.R.S., LL.D. Mr. T. Prinein Trae (Leeds). Pror. Gamernr, M.D., FLR.S. (M: ne hester.) > ae Mr. SPENCER WELLs. peeee Mr. JonatHan Hurcuinson, F.R.S PROFESSOR GERALD FEF. Yro. Be Prorrssor Huxuey, F, R.S., LL.D. Str JosepH Fayrer, M.D., F.RB.S., a Mr. Joun Srvon, C.B., F.R.S., D.C.L. ; K.C.S.1. i Dr. Ropert McDoynett, F.R.S. (Dublin). Sir Henry Tuompson. fi Creasurer, Hon. Secretary. : DR. WILKS, F.R.S. DR.. 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