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SKETCHES 
 
 NEW-BRUNSWICK; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENT 
 OF THE PROVINCE, 
 
 WITH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COUNTRY, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS, INHABITANTS, GOVERNMENT, 
 
 RIVERS, TOWNS, SETTLEMENTS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, 
 
 I 
 
 TRADE, REVENUE, POPULATION, &C« 
 
 BY 
 
 3£nja6ttant af tljc $robtiue* 
 
 <c Whatever concerns my country , interests me; 
 J follow nature, with truth my guide” 
 
 SAINT JOHN: 
 
 PRINTED BY CHUBB & SEARS, 
 
 MARKET-SQUARE. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Co t\)t 
 
 Having at different times collected what information I 
 could obtain relating to the Province of New-Brunswick, I in- 
 tended, whenever I had a sufficient fund of correct materials, 
 to publish them in such a shape as to diffuse a general know- 
 ledge of the Country, its productions, sources of wealth, &c. 
 For this reason I had kept the different Counties, as well as 
 the several snbjects of which I intended to treat, separate, in 
 order to receive such additions as I could from time to time 
 
 r I 
 
 make. But as I am happy to find that it is one of the objects 
 of the New-Brunswick Agricultural and Emigrant Society, to 
 publish a Geographical and Statistical Account of the Province, 
 as soon as materials can be collected, I have given up my first 
 design — being convinced that such a Society can collect correct 
 information and the materials for such a desirable object with 
 far greater facility and accuracy than an individual. In the 
 mean time, I have given these Sketches to the public, hoping 
 they may serve to give a faint knowledge of the Country, till 
 a more perfect Work is prepared. It is no small matter to 
 give any thing like a full description of a new Country like 
 New-Brunswick, where the Compiler has but few helps — where 
 there are but few written documents to resort to, and where 
 neither Animals, Minerals, or Plants, have been properly 
 arranged ; and where there are but few correct materials to 
 guide him in pointing out the changes of the seasons and other 
 natural phenomena, with many other things which are requisite 
 
IV 
 
 in a complete description of a new Country. The labour of 
 even arranging the different Parishes was considerable, which 
 the statement of the population of the Province, (had I posses- 
 sed that document in time,) would have at once supplied. 
 
 It was my intention to add a concise history of the principal 
 transactions that have taken place in the Country from its first 
 occupation to the present time, from such sources both written 
 and oral, as came within my researches ; but have for the rea- 
 sons before stated relinquished that design. 
 
 The description of some of the Counties is not so full as I 
 could wish, but it may be observed this is but an outline of 
 what I at first designed ; and that the information I had col- 
 lected of some of the Counties, was very scanty ; but that I in- 
 tended to extend it to considerable length, as correct materials 
 could be procured. Having therefore abandoned my first de- 
 sign, I had to contract a description of some of the Counties of 
 which I had a fuller knowledge, to make the Work more uni- 
 form ; and not to appear partial to some parts of the Province, 
 
 or to have forgotten others. 
 
 n \ 
 
 Fractional accuracy cannot be expected in such a brief 
 outline; neither indeed is it of much consequence. I have, 
 however, endeavoured to come as near the reality as possible, 
 and given as full a detail as the size of the Work would allow. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
CHAP. I 
 
 >" 
 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Old Settlers on the River Saint John. — Neve- Brunswick erected 
 vito a Government , and settled by the Loyalists in 1 783-4. — 
 Difficulties of the frst Settlers. — List of successive Governors 
 and Presidents. 
 
 T HE Province of New-Brunswick formerly formed a part 
 of Nova-Scotia, which was the first European settlement on the 
 Continent of North America. — The first grant of land in it w r as 
 given by King James the First to Sir William Alexander, 
 in 1621 — from whom it had the name of Nova-Scotia or New 
 Scotland. It was at that time regarded bv the English as a 
 part of Cabot’s discovery of Terra-Nova. The first settlers, 
 however, were emigrants from France, who as early as the year 
 1604 came to the Country with De Mont, a French adventu- 
 rer, and gave it the name of Acadia. 
 
 This country frequently changed masters ; passing from the 
 French to the English, and back again, till it was finally ceded 
 in full sovereignty to the British at the peace of Utrecht in 1713. 
 
 In 1760, a number of persons from the County of Essex, in 
 Massachusetts, obtained a grant of a Township, twelve miles 
 square, on the River Saint John, from the British Government; 
 and after several delays in exploring and surveying, they com- 
 menced a settlement at Maugerville. 
 
 During the American War of 1775, they were joined by a 
 number of other families from New England : the district ad- 
 joining Maugerville was settled, and the whole called by the 
 general name of Sunbury, where the Courts of Justice were 
 held till 1783 : when the peace w r ith America left the Loyalists 
 who had followed the British standard, to seek an asylum in 
 some part of the British dominions. 
 
 Prior to this period a number of families from Yorkshire in 
 England, and others from Massachusetts, had settled in and 
 about Cumberland, where manv of their descendants still re- 
 
2 
 
 main. — These people, actuated by different attachments, lived 
 during the war in a state of hostility with each other ; — some 
 part adhering to the British, and the other to the Americans. 
 
 In the month of April, 1783, about three thousand persons, 
 men, women, and children, sailed from New-York for the River 
 Saint John ; many of them being passengers, but the major part 
 persons who had joined the British army, and were now sent 
 to this Country to be disbanded and settled. In the month of 
 October following, about twelve hundred more arrived from 
 the same place, v Those as well as the former had to seek a 
 shelter from the approaching winter, by building log and bark 
 huts ; a few indeed were admitted into the houses of the settlers 
 who had resided here before and during the American war. 
 Provisions and clothing were furnished by Government for the 
 first year, with a few implements to commence a settlement. 
 Lord Dorchester appointed the Rev. Mr. Sayre, George 
 Leonard, William Tyng, and James Peters, Esquires, as 
 agents to apply for lands and locate them. Major Studholm 
 was soon after added to the number by Governor Parr. — This 
 Officer at that time commanded the Garrison of Fort Howe, at 
 the entrance of Saint John River. These agents appointed 
 the Rev. Mr. Arnold for their secretary. The duties that 
 devolved on these gentlemen were of the most arduous nature; 
 they had however the satisfaction of receiving the thanks of 
 the Governor and Council of Nova-Scotia, for their upright 
 conduct in transacting that business. 
 
 In the year 1785, the present limits of New-Brunswick were 
 divided from Nova-Scotia, and a separate Charter of a Consti- 
 tution was granted to the Province, under Governor Carleton, 
 with a Council composed .of the following gentlemen: — Bever- 
 ley Robinson, Gabriel G. Ludlow, George D. Ludlow, 
 Abijah Willard, Jonathan Odell, James Putnam, Joshua 
 Upham, Edward Winslow, William Hazen, Gilfred Stud- 
 holm, and Daniel Bliss. — Beverley Robinson, Abijah 
 Willard, and James Putnam, died soon after, when Bever- 
 ley Robinson, the son of the former, with George Leonard, 
 and John Saunders, were appointed to succeed them. The 
 above Members of the Council transacted the business of the 
 Province for a long while. Governor Carleton wa* autho- 
 rized from the Crown to locate lands to the Loyalists and dis- 
 banded Troops in proportion to their ability and rank. 
 
 From this period the Province slowly improved in Agricul- 
 ture, Ship Building, and the exportation of Masts, Spars, &c. 
 to Great-Britain, and Fish, Staves, Shingles, Hoop Poles, and- 
 sawed Lumber to the West-Indies. Receiving in return 
 coarse Woollens and other articles from England ; and Rum, 
 
a 
 
 Sugar, Molasses, and other produce from the West-Indies.— 
 A Town was built at the mouth of the River Saint John, and 
 another at St. Ann’s Point, called Fredericton, where part of 
 two Regiments were stationed till the French revolution. — Bar- 
 racks and other public works were erected in different places, 
 and the upper part of the Country settled by establishing 
 two military posts in the interior, one at the Presqu-Isle, eighty 
 miles above Fredericton, and another at the Grand Falls, fifty- 
 two miles farther up. But the difficulties to which the first 
 settlers were exposed continued for a long time almost in- 
 surmountable. Having been reared in a pleasant Country, 
 abounding in all the comforts of life, they found themselves 
 suddenly transplanted to a wilderness with a rigorous climate, 
 devoid of almost every thing that could make life tolerable. — 
 On their arrival they found a few hovels where Saint John is 
 now built, the adjacent country exhibiting a most desolate as- 
 pect; which was peculiarly discouraging to people who had 
 just left their homes in the beautiful and cultivated parts of the 
 United States. Up the River Saint John the country ap- 
 peared better, and a few cultivated spots were found occupied 
 by old settlers. At St. Ann’s, where Fredericton was after- 
 wards built, a few scattered huts of French were found ; the 
 country all around being a continued wilderness — uninhabited 
 and untrodden, except by the savage and wild animals ; and 
 scarcely had these firm friends of their country began to con- 
 struct their cabins, when they were surprised by the rigors of an 
 untried climate : their habitations being enveloped in snow' 
 before they were tenantable. The climate at that period (from 
 W’hat cause has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained) being 
 far more severe than at present. They were frequently put 
 to the greatest straits for food and clothing to preserve exist- 
 ence; a few roots were all that tender mothers could at times 
 procure to allay the importunate calls of their children for 
 food. — Sir Guy Carleton had ordered them provisions for 
 the first year at the expense of Government ; but as the coun- 
 try was not much cultivated at that time, food could scarcely 
 be procured on any terms. Frequently had these settlers to 
 go from fifty to one hundred miles with hand sleds or toboggans 
 through wild woods or on the ice to procure a precarious sup- 
 ply for their famishing families. The privations and suffer- 
 ings of some of these people almost exceed belief. The want 
 of food and clothing in a wild, cold country, was not easily 
 dispensed with or soon remedied. Frequently in the piercing 
 cold of winter a part of the family had to remain up during the 
 night to keep fire in their huts to prevent the other part from 
 freezing. Some very destitute families made use of boards to 
 
4 
 
 supply the want of bedding : the father or some of the elder 
 children remaining up by turns, and warming two suitable 
 pieces of boards, which they applied alternately to the smaller 
 children to keep them warm; with many similar expedients. 
 
 Some readers looking only at the present state of the country 
 may smile at this account as wildly exaggerated, and may sup- 
 pose that the skins of the moose and other wild animals would 
 have been a far better substitute for bedding. But I have 
 received the account of the above facts, with many other expe- 
 dients which were at that time adopted by the settlers, from 
 persons of undoubted veracity, and who had been eye witnesses 
 of what they related. It is, however, needless to enlarge upon 
 the hardships they endured, as most of the sufferers are now 
 no more. Some indeed were discouraged and left the country; 
 but most of those who remained had the pleasure of seeing the 
 country improved and their families comfortably settled. Many 
 of those Loyalists were in the prime of life when they came to 
 this country; and most of them had young families. To esta- 
 blish these they wore out their lives in toil and poverty, and 
 by their unremitting exertions subdued the wilderness, and 
 covered the face of the country with habitations, villages, and 
 towns. 
 
 I have not noticed these circumstances as if they were pecu- 
 liar to the settlers of New- Brunswick; but to hold up to the 
 descendants of those sufferers the hardships endured by their 
 parents ; and to place in a striking point of view, the many 
 comforts they possess by the suffering, perseverance, and in- 
 dustry of their fathers. All new settlements formed at a great 
 distance from the parent state, are exposed to difficulties, till 
 the country becomes improved. Many of the Colonies in 
 North America, when first settled, were more than once on 
 the point of total extinction. The remnant of the inhabitants of 
 some of them were even embarked to abandon the country 
 altogether, when they were stopped by succour from home. 
 The remembrance of the difficulties of the first stttlers should 
 make their descendants contented with their present advan- 
 tages, and instead of wishing to change, to use their own ex- 
 ertions to improve the country, and duly to appreciate die 
 many blessings and privileges they enjoy. 
 
 Under the judicious and paternal care of Governor Carle- 
 ton, assisted by several of the leading characters, many of the 
 difficulties of settling an infant and distant Country were les- 
 sened. The condition of the settlers was gradually ameliorated ; 
 agriculture was particularly attended to : The Governor him- 
 self set a pattern in which lie was followed by several of the 
 leading men in the different offices. A variety of grains and 
 
5 
 
 roots were cultivated with success, and considerable progress 
 made in clearing the wilderness. Barren seasons were some- 
 times experienced, when the scarcity of food was partially reme- 
 died by the exertions of the Governor, assisted by several other 
 public spirited gentlemen, who are now no more. 
 
 After having governed the Province for nearly twenty years — 
 after having seen the country from a desolate wilderness rising 
 to a state of importance among the surrounding Colonies — 
 after having seen the settlers placed in a state of comparative 
 comfort and independence — and after having in every respect 
 endeared himself to them as their common father and bene- 
 factor — Governor Carleton, in 1803, removed to England, 
 when the Government of the Province was administered by 
 the following persons, under the style of Presidents, till his 
 death, viz. — G. G. Lublow, from his departure till February, 
 1808; Edward Winslow, Esquire, from that period till the 
 24th May following ; when he was succeeded by Major-General 
 Hunter, who held the Government, with the exception of two 
 short intervals, (during which the Government devolved first 
 on Lieutenant-Colonel Johnstone, and afterwards on Major- 
 General Balfour,) till 1812, when he was succeeded by Major- 
 General Smyth; lie having gone to England in 1813, the Go- 
 vernment was administered by Major-General Saumarez ; but 
 was resumed by General Smyth, in 1814, who having again 
 left the Province, the Government devolved on Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Hailes. On the death of Governor Carleton, Ma- 
 jor-General George Stracey Smyth, was appointed to the 
 Government by His Majesty’s Commission, dated the 28th 
 February, 1817. Governor Smyth died the 27th March, 
 
 1823, when the Government was assumed by Ward Chipman, 
 Esquire, who administered the same till his death in the month 
 of February following, when it devolved on John Murray 
 Bliss, Esquire. In the mean time, Major-General Sir How- 
 ard Douglas, Baronet, had been appointed to the Govern- 
 ment by His Majesty. He arrived in the Province in August, 
 
 1824, and immediately repaired to Fredericton, and assumed 
 the Government on the 28th of the same month, and is at 
 present (1825) Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief 
 of the Province of New- Brunswick, and its Dependencies. 
 
 The lively interest which Sir Howard takes in whatever 
 concerns the prosperity of the Province, may be best inferred 
 from his own words in his address to the Legislative Body, and 
 his speech at the formation of the Agricultural Society, which 
 are inserted in full in the Appendix to this short work. 
 
 ✓ 
 
 B 
 
6 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Situation. — Extent. — Boundaries. — Face of the Country. — Soft. 
 
 Animals. — Mineral and Vegetable Productions. — Inhabitants . 
 
 Religion , and Government. 
 
 ]N" EW-BRUNS WICK is situated between the forty-fifth 
 and forty-ninth degrees of North latitude, and between the sixty- 
 fourth and sixty-eighth degrees of West longitude. It is nearly 
 200 miles in length, and 180 in breadth, containing about twen- 
 ty-two thousand square miles of land and water. It is bound- 
 ed on the North by the river St. Lawrence and Canada, on the 
 West by the State of Maine, on the South and Southeast by 
 the Bay of Fundy and Nova-Scotia, and on the East by the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay Verte. It is divided into eight 
 Counties, viz. St. John, Westmorland, King’s, Queen’s, Char- 
 lottee, York, Sunbury, and Northumberland, which are again 
 divided into Parishes, according to their extent, and will be 
 described when I come to treat of the Counties separately. 
 
 This Province is watered with several fine rivers which lay open 
 the inmost recesses of the country, and are of the utmost advan- 
 tage to the inhabitants in transporting the products of the fo- 
 rests to the seaports, as their chief trade consists in lumber and 
 other bulky articles. It likewise abounds in lakes, streams, 
 springs, and rivulets, so that there are few places unprovided 
 with good mill seats or water conveyance. It is diversified with 
 beautiful acclivities, hills and mountains, some ol which will be 
 noticed in the course of this work. 
 
 The appearance of the country along the Bay of Fundy is 
 forbidding, rugged and broken, and the soil indifferent. Ad- 
 vancing from the sea-board into the interior the face of the 
 country becomes more level, being interspersed with gentle ris- 
 ings and vales, with large strips of fertile intervale along the 
 rivers, which being annually overflowed produce excellent crops. 
 In many places along the margin of the rivers, the banks are 
 high and abrupt, and to a stranger the land appears poor and 
 
7 
 
 hard to cultivate ; but after rising the banks, and advancing a 
 short distance from the water, the land becomes level, and the 
 soil rich ; being covered with a thick black mould, produced by 
 the putrefaction of the leaves of the numerous trees with which 
 the country is covered. In other parts the land rises with a 
 beautiful slope from the water, oifering many fine situations for 
 buildings and seats. The land in some parts being a second in- 
 tervale, and in others a good upland with a strong soil. 
 
 Most of the rivers have numbers of fine Islands interspersed 
 in their courses, which being chiefly formed by the washing of 
 the currents, consist of rich alluvial soil, producing grain, root? 
 and grass in the greatest luxuriance. These islands may be con- 
 sidered as the gardens of the country, which they enrich and 
 beautify. The rapidity of the rivers, swoln by the melting of 
 the snow in the spring, tears away the soil in some parts, and 
 deposits it in others ; by which means their courses are gradual- 
 ly altered ; new Islands are formed, and alluvial soil accumulat- 
 ed in some parts of the rivers, while it is washed away in others; 
 and this is more or less the case according to the looseness of the 
 soil, and the bends of the river : so that a man may have a 
 growing estate, or he may see his land diminishing from year to 
 year without the power to remedy it. 
 
 As most of the settlements are as yet confined to the margin of 
 rivers and streams, the country a little back is a continued fo- 
 rest, covered with a stately growth of trees, consisting of pines, 
 firs, spruce, hemlock, maple, birch, beech, ash, elm, poplar, 
 hornbean, &c. In some parts of the country white and red oak 
 are found, but in no great quantity ; although men who have 
 ranged the woods in search of pine, say there are large groves in 
 the interior. The islands are generally covered with butternut, 
 basswood, elm, maple, alder, &c. and in some places the same 
 trees are found on them, as on the high land in their vicinity. 
 
 As the climate of a new country, abounding with lakes, rivers 
 and streams, and covered with close woods, which exclude the 
 sun, must be daily altering as the courxtiy becomes cleared and 
 improved : I shall hereafter notice some of the changes that 
 have taken place in the climate of this Province since it was 
 settled by the Loyalists in 1783. 
 
 The domestic animals in this Province are much the same as 
 those of the United States ; many of the horses and oxen used 
 in the lumber business, being annually furnished by the Ameri- 
 cans. The breed of horses has been improved by stallions im- 
 ported at different periods from England and other places. In 
 Cumberland the inhabitants have paid considei’able attention to 
 the improvement of the bi-eed of horned cattle ; in consequence of 
 which, and the extensive marshes in that county, their dairies 
 
8 
 
 are superior to any in the Province. The sheep and swine are 
 of a good size and various breeds. As Agriculture has been 
 much neglected in this Province on account of the great trade 
 that is carried on in lumber, not much attention has been paid 
 to improving the domestic animals, till of late, a Society has been 
 formed, and cattle exhibitions instituted, which no doubt will 
 soon make an alteration in that part of the rural economy of 
 the Province. 
 
 The wild animals are not so numerous as formerly, and some 
 species are nearly extinct. The Moose or Elk, which were 
 found # in great abundance when the loyalists first came to the 
 province, were wantonly destroyed, being hunted for the skin, 
 while their carcases were left in the woods, a few only being used 
 for food, although their flesh is equal to the ox, and would have 
 supplied the destitute settlers with animal food for a long while, 
 had there been any effectual means at that time to restrain the 
 waste of the mercenary hunter. So great was the destruction of 
 those valuable animals, that in a few years they totally dis- 
 appeared. A few have lately been seen, and a law has been 
 enacted for their preservation ; but they can scarcely be reckon- 
 ed among the present animals of the Province. The other wild 
 animals are Bears, Foxes, Wolves, Caraboo, Sable, Loup-cer- 
 vier, Peacouks, Racoon, Mink, Ground and Red Squirrels, 
 Weasels, Muskrats, Wild Cats, Hares, &c. with that valuable 
 animal the Beaver. 
 
 The domestic Fowls are Turkies, Geese, Ducks, Hens, and 
 other Poultry ; and among the wild are, Partridges, Geese, 
 Ducks, Pigeons, Owls, Crows, and Swans ; with a variety of 
 small Birds, which have nothing peculiar to render a particular 
 description of them necessary. There are but few reptiles in 
 the Province, and those are harmless. 
 
 Most of the rivers are well stored with Salmon, Shad, Bass, 
 Suckers, and Herrings, with abundance of small Fish, such as 
 Trout, Perch, Chub, Smelt, Eels, &c. Cusks are taken in the 
 winter, and Sturgeon are taken in some parts, but not often. 
 
 1 he Bays and Harbors are well supplied w ith Cod, Pollock, 
 Haddock, &c. Mackerel are taken in different places at the 
 entrance of the Bay of Fundy, and along the coasts. 
 
 But little can be said about the mineral or fossil productions 
 of a country which is yet in its infancy, and where the industry 
 of the inhabitants can be more profitably employed on the sur- 
 face of the earth than in ransacking its bowels. Minerals can- 
 not be procured and manufactured without money. To work 
 mines effectually, many things are requisite that cannot be ex- 
 pected in a new country. Such as capitalists who can risk mo- 
 ney on experiments, and wait a long time for returns : for all 
 
9 
 
 property employed in the first working of mines is uncertain. 
 The next thing is abundance of cheap labour — then a demand 
 for the articles produced ; next to produce it of such a quality, 
 and at such a price as to make it find a market : with many 
 other considerations sufficient to deter men who feeling them- 
 selves straitened in pecuniary resources, see the necessity of em- 
 ploying what little they possess in the way that will give a sure 
 and quick return ; and to such persons, the surface of the 
 country covered with pines, holds out a more inviting prospect 
 than the concealed riches of the earth. From the appearance 
 of the country, there is reason to believe it is rich in minerals, 
 and that the mountains contain ores of different metals in abun- 
 dance ; but as no attempts of consequence have been made to 
 procure specimens or assay them, it cannot be expected that 
 any particular account of them could be given in this short 
 work. It is probable the time is not far distant when men of 
 intelligence will turn their attention to investigate scientifically 
 the different natural productions of the Province. Coals are 
 found in abundance at the Grand Lake, and specimens have 
 been discovered in several other places, so as to leave no doubt 
 of the Province being well stored with that useful article. Lime- 
 stone of a good quality is found in different parts of the Province; 
 particularly at the narrows, near the mouth of the river St. John, 
 where there is not only sufficient for the use of the country ; but 
 to supply Europe and America for ages, should they need it. 
 Gypsum is also found up the Bay, near Cumberland, and 
 Manganese at Quaco. 
 
 This Province abounds in different kinds of excellent Stone 
 for building, and other purposes. Grindstones are manufactu- 
 red in abundance for home use and exportation. Veins of Mar- 
 ble, of different species, have been discovered, some of which 
 have been partially explored, and small quantities manufactured. 
 
 The vegetable productions are, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, 
 Maize, Beans, Peas, Buckwheat and Flax, with a variety of 
 Roots, Grasses, and Hortulan Plants. 
 
 The fruits are Apples, Plums, Cherries, Currants, Gooseber- 
 ries, Cranberries, Blue and Black Berries, Raspberries, Straw- 
 berries, and small Grapes, with a number of small wild fruits. 
 Butter Nuts, a large oily nut, Beech Nuts, and Hazel Nuts, are 
 found in different parts of the country in abundance, and in 
 many places serve for fattening hogs ; particularly the Beech Nut, 
 which after the severe frosts in the fall nearly cover the ground. 
 
 There are no disorders peculiar to the climate. The air 
 throughout most part of the year is very pure and the inhabit- 
 ants in general enjoy a good share of health. Whether the ob- 
 servations that have been made of the Americans sooner decay- 
 
10 
 
 ing than Europeans will apply to the inhabitants of New-Br uns- 
 wick cannot yet be ascertained ; as the Province has not been 
 long enough settled ; but there is good reason to believe that 
 with temperance and care the human frame will exist as long in 
 vigor in the latter as in Europe. — Another remark as a proof of 
 the former has been made which is that the human mind sooner 
 arrivts to maturity in America than in Europe ; but this if true 
 may be more owing to accidental than physical causes. 
 
 Their earlier marriages likewise proves nothing as they arise 
 from the peculiar circumstances*of the different countries. 
 
 The inhabitants of New-Brunswick may be classed as fol- 
 lows according to priority of settlement, 
 
 1st. The Aborigines or Indians. 
 
 2d. Acadians, being the descendants of the French who were 
 allowed to remain in Nova-Scotia after it was ceded to the Bri- 
 tish. They were called the French neutrals — their descendants 
 are at present settled in different parts of the Province and are 
 considerably numerous and will be noticed with the Indians 
 hereafter. 
 
 The old Inhabitants, were those families who were settled in 
 the Province before the conclusion of the American revolution, 
 as already noticed. They were so called by the disbanded 
 troops and refugees who came to the country in 1783, and 
 the appellation is still applied to their descendants. Some of 
 those were settled at Maugerville where they had made consi- 
 derable improvements before the loyalists came to the country. 
 A few of the old stock are still living, having attained to a great 
 age. Their descendants are however numerous, and by inter- 
 marriages with the new corners, spread over every part of the 
 Province. 
 
 The next and most numerous class of inhabitants are the de- 
 scendants of the Loyalists who came to the Province at the con- 
 clusion of the American revolution, and whose sufferings I have 
 already slightly noticed. — These are the descendants of those 
 genuine patriots who sacrificed their property and comfort in 
 the United States for their attachment to that Government un- 
 der which they drew their first breath ; and came to this Pro- 
 vince (at that period a wilderness) to transmit those blessings to 
 their posterity. For although many of them belonged to the 
 army and were sent here to be disbanded, they had formerly 
 been comfortably settled in the States ; and when it came to the 
 trying point whether they should forsake their homes or aban- 
 don tneir King, the former was preferred without hesitation, 
 although many of them had young families and the choice w r as 
 made at the risk ol life, and also with the change of habit from 
 the peaceful yeoman to the bustle of a camp. — As however the 
 
11 
 
 choice was made with promptness so it was persevered in with 
 constancy. 
 
 The other inhabitants are emigrants from different parts of 
 Europe. In some parts they have obtained allotments of land 
 and are settled a number of families together, in other places 
 again they are intermixed with the other settlers and by inter- 
 marriages, &c. are assimilating as one people : proving them- 
 selves in many instances, good subjects, and valuable members 
 of society. 
 
 The last class that I shall notice are the people of Colour, or 
 Negroes. — These are found in considerable numbers in differ- 
 ent parts of the Province. In some parts a number of families 
 are settled together as farmers ; but they do not make good 
 settlers, being of a volatile disposition, much addicted to dissi- 
 pation ; they are impatient of labour, and in general fitter for 
 performing menial offices about houses as domestics, than the 
 more important, but laborious duties of farmers. — In their per- 
 sons, the inhabitants of New-Brunswick are well made, tall and 
 athletic. There are but few of those born in the country, but 
 what have attained to a larger growth than their parents. 
 
 The genius of these people differ greatly from Europeans — 
 the human mind in new countries left to itself exerts its full en- 
 ergy ; hence in America where man has in most cases to look to 
 himself for the supply of his wants, his mind expands, and pos- 
 sesses resources within itself unknown to the inhabitants of old 
 settled countries, or populous cities. In New-Brunswick, a 
 man with his axe and a tew other simple tools, provides himself 
 with a house and most of his implements of husbandry, — and 
 while an European would consider himself as an outcast, he 
 feels perfectly at home in the depth of the forest. In new 
 countries likewise the mind acquires those ideas of self-import- 
 ance and independence so peculiar to Americans. For the 
 man who spends the greater part of his time alone in the for- 
 est, as free as the beasts that range it without'Controul, his wants 
 but simple and those supplied from day to day by his own ex- 
 ertions, acquires totally different habits of acting and thinking, 
 ifom the great mass of the people in crowded cities, who find- 
 ing themselves pressed on all sides, and depending on others 
 from day to day for precarious support, are confirmed in habits 
 of dependence. 
 
 Hence the inhabitants of this Province are men wffio possess 
 much native freedom in their manners. This, from their vener- 
 ation to their King makes them faithful subjects and good citi- 
 zens, not blindly passive, but from affection adhering to that 
 Government under w hich they drew their first breath and under 
 which they have been reared. 
 
In noticing the state of religion in this Province, it may not 
 be amiss to observe that the old inhabitants who came originally 
 from New-England, where the genius of their ch urch government 
 was republican, were generally Calvinistic in their modes and 
 doctrine ; while the loyalists and others who came to the country 
 in 1783, were generally Churchmen, Quakers, or Methodists. — < 
 The Emigrants who have come since that period include all the 
 above denominations. 
 
 The Church of England is in a flourishing state in this Pro- 
 vince ; there are nineteen Clergymen belonging to the establish- 
 ment who are under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Nova- 
 Scocia. Many of them have handsome churches with numer- 
 ous congregations. Two of them are employed as Itinerants 
 for the vacant districts of the Province, and several of the others 
 serve two or more Parishes — An Ecclesiastical Commissary has 
 the superintendence of the whole. 
 
 The Catholics have a few Chapels and appear to be on the 
 increase. Their congregations are chiefly composed of Emi- 
 grant Irish, French, and Indians. — There are six Clergymen in 
 the Province, some of whom are settled and others are employed 
 as Missionaries among the scattered French and Indians. 
 
 There are but two Ministers of the Kirk of Scotland in the 
 Province; they have handsome churches in Saint John and St. 
 Andrews. There are however a number of Seceders from the 
 Presbyterian form of Church Government, but all holding the 
 doctrines of Calvin ; several of them have commodious places of 
 worship, and respectable congregations. 
 
 There are no places of worship belonging to the Quakers in 
 this Province. There are however, a few of these primitive 
 worshippers scattered through the country, who joining sincerity 
 and honesty w r ith plainness, are excellent members of society % 
 
 The Methodists are a numerous and respectable body of peo- 
 ple. There are four Wesleyan Missionaries in this Province, 
 with a number of Methodist Preachers, w ho although not im- 
 mediately in connection with the Missionaries, adhere strictly 
 to the old Methodist discipline and doctrine ; and usually at- 
 tend the Conferences, which are held once a year, either in No- 
 va-Scotia or New-Brunswick ; where tlte Missionaiies for the 
 tw r o Provinces and the adjacent Islands assemble to arrange the 
 different stations of their Preachers and regulate the affairs tem- 
 poral and spiritual of that body. At these conferences young 
 Preachers are admitted on trial, and probationers who have 
 laboured four years in the Ministry to the satisfaction of the 
 Conference, are taken into full connection. 
 
 The Baptists are the descendants of those followers of Mr. 
 Whitfield, who formerly were very numerous under the de- 
 
IS 
 
 nomination of New- Lights. About 25 or 30 years ago, a 
 change in their forms and discipline took place among the lea- 
 ders in Nova-Scotia, who adopted the mode of Baptizing only 
 Adults, and the other tenets of the old Baptists whose name they 
 also assumed. — There are however a few of the New-Lights 
 still scattered through the country, who carrying the levelling 
 spirit into their religion, do not like order of any kind. They 
 style themselves Baptists, Christians, &c. The Baptists on the 
 contrary have a formula of faith comprised in seventeen arti- 
 cles, and are very strict in church government. They are a 
 numerous class of people, and have several fine Chapels ; they 
 have however but few settled Ministers, not having as yet made 
 sufficient provision to supply their members with a stated Mi- 
 nistry. They regulate their affairs by an annual association. 
 
 In general a desire for the Christian Ministry is increasing in 
 the Province. — Places of worship are erecting in most of the 
 settlements, and such other provision for the support of the 
 Gospel provided as the abilities of the settlers will admit. 
 
 The Government of New-Brunswick, like most of the British 
 Colonies, is Royal and a miniature of the parent state. The 
 other forms originally established in the Colonies and Planta- 
 tions were charter and proprietory governments, which of late 
 years have mostly given place to royal or monarchial govern- 
 ments, after the British model. 
 
 The Governor has a Council consisting of twelve Mem- 
 bers, to assist him in the discharge of the executive duties of his 
 station. These with the representatives from the different 
 Counties constitute the Provincial Legislature. 
 
 The principal Courts established in the Province are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 The Court of Chancery, which is a Prerogative Court, as 
 well as a Court of Equity. The Lieutenant-Governor, or 
 Commander-in-Chief is Chancellor, and the Justices of the Su- 
 preme Court Assignees. 
 
 The Court of Governor and Council, for hearing and deter- 
 mining Causes relating to Marriage'and Divorce. 
 
 The Supreme Court of Judicature for the Province is held 
 in Fredericton. It consists of the Chief Justice and three As- 
 sistant Judges. The Terms are the third Tuesday of Febru- 
 ary and May, and the second Tuesday of July and October. 
 The Jurisdiction of this Court is very extensive, partaking of 
 the power of the Courts of King’s Bench, Exchequer, Com- 
 mon Pleas, and other Courts in England. All civil causes of 
 importance and capital cases are determined in this Court. The 
 present Chief Justice Saunders, who presides in this Court, 
 the reader will observe; was a Member of the first Council in 
 
 C 
 
14 
 
 the Province. He has ever since been actively employed in tLc 
 first stations in the country, which he has filled with the great- 
 est ability and integrity. He is the only survivor capable of 
 filling a public station among all those who bore a share in the 
 public concerns of the Province on its first erection into a sepa- 
 rate Government under Governor Carleton. The salary of 
 the Chief Justice is .£700 or £'750 sterling. The other Justi- 
 ces have each £500 sterling per annum. The Justices, be- 
 sides attending the Supreme Court at the Seat of Government, 
 hold Circuit Courts in the different Counties. 
 
 The Inferior Court of Common Pleas consists of two, three, 
 or more Justices, who preside occasionally. They are assisted 
 by the Magistrates of the County. Here civil causes that do 
 not involve property to a great amount are determined, as are 
 also crimes and misdemeanors not affecting life. The Grand 
 Inquest of the County attends this Court, when Bills of Indict- 
 ment are found, which if involving matters above its Jurisdic- 
 tion, are handed over to the Supreme Court for trial. Most 
 of the Police of the Counties and Parishes is regulated by this 
 Court, which is held half-yearly or quarterly in the several 
 Counties, as the public business may require. Here the pa- 
 rish officers are appointed, parish and county taxes apportion- 
 ed ; the accounts from the different parishes audited ; retailers 
 and innkeepers licenced and regulated, &c. In short, this 
 Court exercises in many respects the same powers in the seve- 
 ral Counties, in regard to their internal police, as those that 
 are exercised by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of 
 incorporated Cities. 
 
 Besides these Courts there is a summary mode of recovering 
 debts under five pounds before a single Magistrate. 
 
 The Legislature of New-Brunswick, like most of the British 
 Colonies, is a miniature of the British Parliament, consisting of 
 the Lieutenant-Governor, the Council, and House of Repre- 
 sentatives. The Governor represents the King. The Council 
 form the upper House, in humble imitation of the House of 
 Lords in England ; aud the Representatives from the different 
 Counties forming the lower House, or House of Assembly. 
 The number of Representatives for the several Counties is as 
 follows: For the Counties of St. John, Westmorland, Char- 
 lotte, and York, four each ; the Counties of King’s, Queen’s, 
 Sunbury and Northumberland, two each ; and two for the 
 City of St. John, making in all twenty-six. This representa- 
 tion, the reader will observe, is very unequal. The County of 
 Saint John, which includes the City, having two more members 
 than the extensive County of York, which includes the Seat of 
 Government; and the County of Sunbury, which is not as large 
 
15 
 
 as some parishes in the other counties, has as many members 
 as the County of Northumberland, which comprises over one- 
 third of the Province. It must indeed be admitted that Saint 
 John and Sunbury are far better settled than Northumberland; 
 but when we look at the great extent of the latter, the numer- 
 ous settlements and great trade in that part of the Province, we 
 must allow that the inhabitants of that part of the country have 
 not an equal share of what may be considered the bulwark of 
 liberty — namely, a fair representation. Six members at least, 
 would not be out of proportion for that large County. 
 
 The Assembly sits in the winter at Fredericton : the sessions 
 continue from six to seven weeks. Its chief business is in ma- 
 naging the provincial revenue, providing for schools, roads, &c. 
 and making such laws as the state and trade of the Province 
 may from time to time require. When laws are enacted that in- 
 terfere with Acts of Parliament, they are transmitted to the 
 King, with a suspending clause, and are not in force until they 
 receive the royal approbation. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Climate. — Produce. 
 
 As New-Brunswick lies in nearly the same parallel of lati- 
 tude as Paris, Vienna, and other places in Europe, it would be 
 natural to suppose the climate would be similar to those places ; 
 but it must be observed that cold is found to predominate on 
 the continent of America. Hence in places under the same pa- 
 rallels, the differences between the old and new continents, with 
 regard to cold, is very great, and this difference increases as 
 you advance from the equator. This has been supposed by Dr. 
 Robertson and others to arise from the western situation of 
 America, and its approaching the pole nearer than Europe or 
 Asia, and from the immense continent stretching from the St. 
 Lawrence towards the pole and to tbe westward ; and also from 
 the enormous chain of mountains w hich extend to an unknown 
 distance through that frozen region, covered with eternal snow 
 and frost ; over w’hich the wind in its passage acquires that 
 piercing keenness which is felt as far as the Gulf of Mexico, 
 but more severely in the Canadas, New-Brunswick, and Nova- 
 Scotia. 
 
 The prevailing winds, from October to April, are from the 
 north and north-west, during most of which period the air, though 
 
1 G 
 
 frequently intensely keen, is clear and healthy. December is 
 a temperate, pleasant winter month. In January the heavy 
 falls of snow commence, and the drifting storms prevail chiefly 
 in February and March ; but these are not so frequent as for- 
 merly, and the major part of the winter is clear, hard weather. 
 
 In April the spring commences, and the winds are chiefly 
 from the east north-east, which occasion dull, heavy weather. 
 The rivers, lakes, and streams break up this month. As May 
 advances, the weather becomes settled, and the mornings are 
 uncommonly fine. The sun, which rises a little after four 
 o’clock, diffuses his beams in full splendour through an un- 
 clouded sky. This is the usual month for sowing and planting 
 on the high land. The intervale and low lands are generally 
 later in drying, and are generally cultivated in June. The pre- 
 vailing winds in the summer are from the south and south-west, 
 veering at times to the eastward, but never continuing long to 
 the north-west. In the first part of June the cold is considera- 
 ble at night, frequently attended with frosts, particularly at the 
 changes of the moon, which sometimes injure the early flower- 
 ing fruits ; and it is not till after the summer solstice that the 
 night air loses its chilliness. This is no doubt occasioned by 
 the snow, which lies undissolved in the deep recesses of the fo- 
 rest, as well as by the waters of the numerous rivers, lakes, 8cc. 
 all which are swoln at this season ; and by the cold acquired by 
 the earth during the winter, which requires the full effect of the 
 sun’s influence, till late in June, before it is sufficiently heated. 
 As soon as the earth is so thoroughly warmed that the nights 
 lose their chill, vegetation becomes surprisingly rapid. In a 
 few days, plants that appeared yellow and stunted, assume a 
 deep green, and show a vigorous growth ; and in less than a 
 week, should a shower intervene, the face of the country exhi- 
 bits the most luxurious vegetation, sufficient to astonish those 
 who have only been familiar with temperate climates. 
 
 September is a pleasant month : the air is serene and pure. 
 The rivers and streams are usually lower this month than at 
 any other period during the year, and the dry weather fre- 
 quently continues till late in October. Snow falls sometimes ear- 
 ly in November, and lays till late in April; but this does not 
 always hold. The rivers and lakes freeze up about the middle 
 of this month, some sooner and others later, according to their 
 situation. It is not uncommon to have frost in all the months 
 in the year except July : for, as was observed before, it seldom 
 escapes at the changes of the moon in June, and it frequently 
 happens at the full in August, particularly on smalt streams. Ifj 
 however, it passes that period, it generally keeps off' till late in 
 September. A stranger would naturally conclude front tins ac- 
 
17 
 
 count, that the season was too short and frosty for crops to 
 come to maturity; but this is not the case. Roots come to 
 perfection and grain gets ripe in most years ; wheat being of- 
 tener hurt by the rust than the frost. The springs are indeed 
 backward ; but vegetation is exceeding rapid, and the autumns 
 are uncommonly fine. The changes of the weather are fre- 
 quently very sudden. Often in the space of two hours, (in the 
 seasons of fall and spring,) changing from the mild temperature 
 of September to the rigor of winter. This is chiefly occasioned 
 by the wind : for while it blows from any of the points from 
 theJS. W. to the N. E. the air is mild; but when it veers 
 from the N. E. to the N. W. it becomes cold and clear ; and 
 as it frequently shifts very suddenly, the transition from heat to 
 cold is equally short. Even in the sultry month of July, when- 
 ever the wind changes for a few hours to the N. W. the air 
 becomes cool, elastic, and invigorating. This, as was before 
 noticed, is occasioned by its passing over the immense conti- 
 nent to the northwestward, and Hudson’s Bay to the north- 
 ward. On the contrary, when the winds are from the south- 
 ward and S. E. they are mild and relaxing, retaining a portion 
 of the heat acquired in the torrid zone. The changes, how- 
 ever, are not always so violent. The weather often both in 
 winter and summer, contiuues for weeks w’itli little alteration 
 in the temperature, and changes imperceptibly. The coldest 
 weather generally felt in the country, is on or near the full 
 moon in January ; for it is not till after the cold has had some x 
 time to exert its full influence and chill the earth, that the full 
 rigor of winter is experienced. The same is the case with the 
 greatest heat in summer, being in July, after the sun has for 
 some time exerted his full influence on the earth. — From ob- 
 servations made by several persons, it is w r ell understood that 
 a gradual change has been taking place in the climate on the 
 American continent w-ithin a century past. The change in 
 this Province since 1783, has been very great — the summers 
 having abated much of their former heat, and the winters grown 
 proportionately milder. Neither are there such excessive 
 droughts in summer, as formerly ; the seasons being cooler, 
 with more rain ; neither does the snow accumulate to such a 
 depth on the earth. This may arise not so much from a less 
 quantity falling, as from the frequent thaws w r hich now r take 
 place in the winter season. 
 
 For several years prior to 1816, the seasons had been grow- 
 ing gradually cooler — less warmth being felt on a mean in each 
 succeeding year till 1816, when the cold appeared to have arri- 
 ved at its acme ; for in that year it appeared to predominate : 
 from whatever cause has not yet been ascertained. Some as- 
 
18 
 
 cribed it to spots on the sun’s disc ; others supposed that 
 large masses of ice had been detached from the shores of 
 Greenland, and floated so near America as to occasion the 
 uncommon chill of the air, — with other conjectures of a like 
 nature, totally unsatisfactory. For spots have frequently been 
 observed on the sun, and it would require an immense quan- 
 tity of ice to produce any permanent effect. — Whatever might 
 have been the cause, it is certain the genial warmth of the sun 
 appeared nearly lost : for when shining in meridian splendour 
 in the months of June and July, a cold rigorous air was felt. 
 There w r as a fall of snow, which was general over the Province 
 and extended to the United States, on the 7th June, to the 
 depth of three or four inches in the northern parts of the 
 country. This was followed by severe frosts in every month 
 in that year. The crops were very light : fields of wheat were 
 totally destroyed. Even the never failing potatoe was chilled 
 and did not yield half a crop. 
 
 After this year the seasons began slowly to improve ; but the 
 shock given to agriculture, by the failure of several crops, 
 brought great distress on the poor, and gave a check to the 
 prosperity of the Province. So great was the distress of the 
 country, that the Legislature applied ^6000 to be laid out in 
 seed and provisions, and advanced to such as were in want on 
 a credit. For a few years back the seasons have been favorable 
 to agriculture; but the extremes of heat and cold in winter and 
 summer are not so great, and the rains are more generally dif- 
 fused through the year than formerly. 
 
 I have been thus particular in noticing the changes of the 
 seasons, as I think it would be a great advantage to the Pro- 
 vince if a correct register of the weather was kept, and the 
 changes of the seasons particularly attended to, as it would 
 furnish data to guide the farmer in his crops, by sowing more 
 of the hardy grains, such as oats, barley, peas, &c. as the sea- 
 sons, (judging by a comparison with former years) was likely 
 to be warm or frosty; and not running so much on Indian 
 corn, which always requires hot seasons. Had this been at- 
 tended to in the cold seasons, less distress would have been felt 
 in the country, as oats, barley, See. generally did well, when the 
 other crops failed. 
 
 As I observed before, several causes have been assigned for 
 the difference between the climate of Europe and America, by 
 persons who have investigated that subject. But the causes of 
 the alteration that has taken place in the seasons in North 
 America, remain yet a desideratum with the learned. Whe- 
 ther the alteration is occasioned by the precession of the equi- 
 noxes, or by the position of our globe with the other planets, 
 
19 
 
 (for changes no doubt are taking place in the great system 
 of the universe, which* though slow, must produce powerful 
 effects,) or from whatever cause it may be, the effects are 
 visible, and cannot reasonably be wholly ascribed to the im- 
 provement of the country, or any alteration that has taken 
 place in it. 
 
 New-Brunswick appears to be but little liable to the great con- 
 vulsions of nature, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, 
 &c. There has been but one shock of an earthquake expe- 
 rienced by the present inhabitants since they have settled the 
 country. This shock happened on the 22d May, 1817, at 25 
 minutes past three o’clock in the morning. The duration of 
 the shock was about 45 seconds. It was attended with the 
 usual rumbling noise, without thunder, the weather being very 
 serene and pleasant. The appearances, however, usually indi- 
 cating earthquakes, such as fiery meteors, the uncommon bril- 
 liancy of the aurora borealis, &c. had been frequent the winter 
 pre ceding. 
 
 I shall now proceed to notice the principal grains, roots, and 
 grasses cultivated in the Province, and give as correct an ac- 
 count of their produce, &c. as the imperlect state of the agricul- 
 ture of the country will allow. 
 
 Wheat is sown from five pecks to two bushels to an acre, and 
 yields from twelve to twenty-four bushels per acre. Twenty 
 bushels is a good crop, on new land, although it sometimes 
 produces more, when the soil is very rich and the season fa- 
 vourable. On old land the return is from ten to fifteen bushels 
 per acre, the mean is about twelve. Rye is grown on inferior 
 lands. It takes about the same quantity of seed to the acre, 
 and gives much the same returns. 
 
 Oats are much cultivated in this country, and generally turn 
 out a good crop. The quantity of seed is from two to three 
 bushels, and the produce from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. 
 Barley is not much cultivated, although it would do well as a 
 substitute in frosty seasons. 
 
 Buckwheat is a grain that gives a large return for the quan- 
 tity sown. It is raised on lands that are too poor to produce 
 good crops of the other grains, and sown later in the season, so 
 that the greatest summer heat may be past before the grain is 
 formed in the ear ; for should there be a few very hot days when 
 the grain is in the milk, the crop would be destroyed. The 
 same would be the case, if a slight frost should strike it in that 
 stage. If, however, it escapes these casualties, to which it is 
 liable, it turns out a good crop, yielding from forty to sixty 
 bushels to an acre. There is a species of wild Buckwheat, 
 which is a surer crop, but of an inferior quality. 
 
20 
 
 Millet has lately been introduced into the Province. It is 
 said to do well on most lands, but has not been much attended 
 to. 
 
 Indian Corn or Maize, flourishes in high perfection on the 
 intervales, which are generally composed of alluvial soil. It is 
 usually planted in hills nearly four feet asunder. Five grains 
 is the usual quantity for a hill. It is a plant that requires a 
 light rich soil, old manure, and hot seasons; should these re- 
 quisites concur, a good crop may be expected. It is usually 
 hoed thrice, and produces from twenty-five to forty bushels 
 per acre. 
 
 Pease are an hardy grain, and produce from ten to fifteen 
 bushels to an acre. 
 
 Beans are usually set in drills ; they thrive well on light san- 
 dy lands, but are not much cultivated in the country. 
 
 Among the ground crops or roots, the most valuable is the 
 Potatoe — a root that can never be sufficiently prized, as afford- 
 ing one of the most productive and surest substitutes for bread 
 of any known, and without which it would have been extreme- 
 ly difficult to have colonized these Provinces. This may be 
 reckoned the surest crop, and is peculiarly well adapted to new 
 countries, as it thrives best on new burnt land. The usual and 
 simplest method of cultivating this root is by planting cuttings 
 of it in hills, about three feet asunder. This method is pecu- 
 liarly convenient on land newly cut down, as the seed is set 
 with the hoe between the stumps and roots with which the 
 ground is covered, and where the plough or harrow could be 
 of no service. They are generally hoed once in the season, and 
 turn out in the fall a large crop of clean, smooth potatoes, of a 
 superior flavour to those grown on old lands. The produce is 
 from 150 to 200 bushels from an acre ; although they some- 
 times greatly exceed that quantity. — They are an excellent crop 
 for improving new lands ; for as the culture is all performed 
 with the hoe or hack, the small roots of the stumps are destroy- 
 ed in planting and digging ; for wherever there is room to drop 
 an eye, it never fails to vegetate, working under roots and 
 around stones, so that in the autumn the farmer has fre- 
 quently to cut away or dig under roots for his crop, which of- 
 ten exceeds his expectation. In some parts of the Province, 
 where the lands have been long in cultivation, drilling is prac- 
 tised, and the labour chiefly performed with the plough and 
 harrow ; and of late the Irish method of setting them in beds 
 has been introduced. There are many varieties of this root 
 cultivated in the Province ; but no attention has been paid to 
 renewing the seed from the ball, which no doubt would improve 
 the quality as well as the produce. 
 
V 
 
 21 
 
 Several kinds of Turnips are cultivated in this Province ; 
 the best of which is the ruta-baga, or Swedish turnip. This 
 is an excellent root and cultivated with great success, particu- 
 larly on new lands. They differ from the common field tur- 
 nip, being of a firm texture they keep the year round ; while 
 the common turnip turns soft and unfit for use after the winter 
 sets in. They, however, answer a good purpose for early use 
 and for cattle, being sown late in July, after the other crops are 
 out of the way. The Swedish turnip is sown early in June. 
 All the sowing in this country is broad-cast, the method of 
 drilling being scarcely known. 
 
 The other roots are, beets, carrots, parsnips, onions, radish- 
 es, &c. which are chiefly cultivated in gardens. There are a 
 variety of cabbages, sallads, cauliflowers, squashes, See. which 
 are also cultivated in the gardens with great success. 
 
 The principal grasses produced in the country, are white 
 and red clover, timothy, lucerne, browntop, See. Good up- 
 lands produce one and a half tons per acre, and the intervale 
 from two to three tons. There are several species of wild grass, 
 such as blue-joint, &c. found in meadows, in the woods, and 
 along streams, which make very good food for young stock. 
 
 As no regular catalogue of the various species of indigenous 
 plants has yet been made in this country, it would be useless to 
 attempt any thing like a correct, minute enumeration of them 
 in this concise sketch. I shall, therefore, prosecute this part 
 of the subject no farther, as I think the time is not far distant 
 when this branch of the rural economy of the Province will be 
 particularly attended to ; and that the Societies which have 
 lately been formed for that purpose, will not only develope and 
 improve the native productions of the country, but introduce 
 different species of exotics, as they find them answer the soil 
 and climate. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 PRINCIPAL RIVERS AND TOWNS. 
 
 River St. Croix. — St. John. — Miramichi. — Mars-Hill . — City of 
 St. John. — Fredericton. — St. Andrews. 
 
 Having in the preceding chapters given a brief sketch 
 of the settlement and face of the country, and noticed its cli- 
 mate, productions, &c. I shall now proceed to give '& short 
 description of the principal rivers, mountains, and towns, be- 
 ginning with the 
 
RIVER SAINT CROIX. 
 
 This river was made the boundary between the territories at 
 His Britannic Majesty and the United States, by the treaty of 
 1783 which describes the bounds as follows, viz. “ That an- 
 gle, which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source 
 of the St. Croix river to the Highlands, along the said High- 
 lands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the 
 fiver St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean 
 to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut river ; thence 
 down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north 
 latitude, from thence by a line due west on said latitude until it 
 strikes the river Iroquois, or Cataraquy,” &c. 
 
 The boundaries thus described, have caused considerable di£ 
 ficulty between the two Governments, in discovering which is 
 the height of land mentioned in the treaty ; and in regard to 
 the St. Croix, it is supposed that the British Commissioners 
 were totally unacquainted with the river in question, and not 
 aware that the lines proposed, if run according to the American 
 construction of the treaty, would separate the British Provin- 
 ces of New-Brunswick and Canada. It is also probable that it 
 was not precisely known at that time what river was meant by 
 the St, Croix, but that another river, more to the westward, 
 might have been intended. This uncertainty about the rivers at 
 that time might have arisen from the general name of St. Croix, 
 which was given by Europeans to all the rivers falling into the 
 Bay of Fundy, occasioned by the French on their first landing 
 in the country, having erected crosses at different points, and 
 named the places from that circumstance, the country of 
 the Holy Cross. However it may have happened, difficulties 
 ensued in ascertaining the precise Islands in the Bay of Passa- 
 maquoddy belonging to each power, and the Highlands meant 
 by the treaty of 1783. This induced the Commissioners of the 
 two Powers at the treaty of Ghent to provide against any mis- 
 understanding on these points for the future, by the fourth and 
 fifth articles of that treaty. The fifth article, bearing partieu- 
 ly on this point, states that “ Whereas neither that point of the 
 Highlands, lying due north from, the source of the river St. 
 Croix, designated in the former treaty of peace between the two 
 powers, as the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, nor the north- 
 westernmost head of Connecticut river, have yet been ascer- 
 tained: and whereas that part of the. boundary line between the 
 dominions of the two pow r ers, w hich extends from the source of 
 the river St. Croix, directly north to the above-mentioned 
 north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, thence along the said High- 
 lands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the 
 St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean to. 
 
23 
 
 the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river, thence down 
 along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north lati^ 
 tude, thence by a line due west on said latitude, until it strikes 
 the river Iroquois or Cataraquy, has not yet been surveyed, it 
 is agreed that for these several purposes two Commissioners 
 shall be appointed, sworn, and authorized, to act exactly in 
 the manner directed with respect to those mentioned in the next 
 preceding article, unless otherwise specified in the present arti- 
 cle. The said Commissioners shall meet at St. Andrews, in 
 the Province of New-Brunswick, and shall have power to ad- 
 journ to such other place or places as they shall think fit. The 
 said Commissioners shall have power to ascertain and determine 
 the points above-mentioned, in conformity with the provisions 
 of the said treaty of peace of 1783, and shall cause the boundaries 
 aforesaid, from the source of the river St. Croix to the river Iro- 
 quois or Cataraquy to be surveyed and marked according to the 
 said provisions : the Commissioners shall make a map of the 
 said boundary, and annex to it a declaration under their 
 hands and seals, certifying it to be the true map of the said 
 boundary, and particularizing the latitude and longitude of the 
 north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, of the north-westernmost head 
 of Connecticut river, and of such other points of the said boun- 
 dary as they may deem proper. And both parties agree to con- 
 sider such map and declaration as finally and conclusively fixing 
 the said boundary. And in the event of the said Commission- 
 ers differing, or both or either of them refusing, declining, or 
 wilfully omitting to act, such reports, declarations, or state- 
 ments shall be made by them, or either of them, and such re- 
 ference to a friendly sovereign or state shall be made in all res- 
 pects, as in the latter part of the fourth article is contained.”— 
 The fourth article here alluded to provides that “ such sove- 
 reign 'or state shall decide ex-parte upon the said report alone, 
 and His Britannic Majesty and the Government of the United 
 States engage to consider the decision of such friendly sovereign 
 or state to be final and conclusive on all matters to them refer- 
 red.” — Notwithstanding these precautions on the part of the 
 Agents of the two Governments, the points alluded to are not 
 yet ascertained or settled. , v . 
 
 But to resume the description of the river. The St. Croix 
 has two main branches, one inclines to the eastward, and com- 
 municates with a chain of lakes, some of which are of consider- 
 able extent, and lie near a branch of the Penobscot river. The 
 other turns to the westward. From this branch there is a route 
 by a succession of lakes and short portages to the waters that fall 
 into the river St. John. The lands on the banks of this river 
 are of good quality, and have been well timbered j most of the 
 
24 
 
 pine has been cut off, but there is still abundance of other tim- 
 ber, consisting of the harder woods, spruce, firs, & c. There 
 are mills erected on different parts of this river, which furnish 
 a great quantity of sawed lumber annually. 
 
 There are several falls in the river, which obstruct the navi- 
 gation. There are, however, several fine settlements along its 
 banks, and the adjoining country is fast improving. 
 
 RIVER SAINT JOHN. 
 
 This noble river encircles a large portion of New-Brunswick, 
 and may be considered as the principal drain of those numerous 
 rivers and streams with winch the Province is intersected. 
 Winding in an irregular semi-circle, it traverses an extent of 
 about five hundred miles, and falls into the Bay of Fundv near- 
 ly in the same parallel of latitude in which it takes its rise. 
 
 It may not be improper to observe, that most of the rivers 
 and streams in this country were originally named by the Indi- 
 ans, who generally, by the names they give, wish to signify 
 something peculiar to the thing named; consequently the Indi- 
 an name of this river, which they call “ Looshtork,” signifies 
 long river. — It rises from lakes near the head of Connecticut 
 river, between the 45th and 46th degrees of north latitude, and 
 stretches to the northward, beyond the 47th degree of north la- 
 titude, where it receives the waters of the Madawaska river, 
 which rises near the St. Lawrence. It then inclines to the 
 southward, and continues its course uninterrupted, receiving 
 several large streams, till it arrives at the Grand Fails, in lat. 
 46° 54'. Here its channel is broken by a chain of rocks, which 
 run across the river at this place, over which its waters are pre- 
 cipitated with resistless impetuosity. The river, just above the 
 cataract, makes a short bend of nearly a right angle, forming a 
 small bay a few rods above the precipice, in which there is an 
 eddy, which makes it a safe landing place, although very near 
 the main precipice, where canoes pass with the greatest safety. 
 Immediately below' this bay, the river suddenly contracts. A 
 point of rocks project from the western shore and narrow the 
 channel to the width of a few rods. The waters thus pent up 
 sweep over the rugged bottom with great rapidity; just before 
 they reach the main precipice they rush down a descent of some 
 feet, and rebound in foam from a bed of rocks on the edge of 
 the fall. They are then precipitated down perpendicular cliffs 
 of about forty-five feet in height, into an abyss studded with 
 rocks, which nearly choke the passage, leaving only a small 
 opening in the centre, through which the water, after whirling 
 for some time in the bason, rushes with tremendous impetuosi- 
 ty, sweeping through a broken rocky channel and a succession 
 
25 
 
 of falls for more than half a mile, being closely pent up with 
 rocks, which in some places overhang the river so as to hide 
 most part of it from the view of the observer. Trees and tim- 
 ber, which are carried down the falls, are sometimes whirled 
 round in the bason below the precipice till they are ground to 
 pieces ; sometimes ^heir ends are tapered to a point, and at 
 other times broken or crushed in different places. Below the 
 falls there is another small bay with a good depth of still water, 
 very convenient for collecting timber, &c. after it has escaped 
 through the falls. Here the canoes and boats from Frederic- 
 ton and different parts of the river land, and if bound for Ma- 
 dawaska they are taken out of the water and carried or drawn, 
 as well as their loads, across the isthmus to the small bay above 
 the falls before mentioned, where they are again put in the wa- 
 ter, and proceed without any farther interruption to the upper 
 settlements and the Canada line. The distance of the portage, 
 including the windings of the road up the hill is about 100 
 rods from water to water. Flat bottomed boats, from fifteen to 
 twenty tons burthen, can come from St. John to this place, 
 which is a distance of about two hundred and twenty-three miles. 
 No larger craft than canoes have as yet been used above the 
 falls. This has not arisen from any defect in the river, which 
 above the falls is smooth and of sufficient depth for large ves- 
 sels; but from the habits of the French settlers, who are par- 
 tial to canoes, which they set through the rapids with poles at a 
 great rate, and with which they shoot the cataracts and rapids 
 with great address. 
 
 About a mile below the landing place a succession of rapids 
 commence. The first from their appearance are called the 
 white rapids. The banks are here very high, and the water 
 being pent up by a narrow channel, rushes through the beds of 
 rocks which nearly cross the river, and whirling about in their 
 passage are forced over and around the crags in sheets of foam. 
 A few miles below the falls the river is increased by the junc- 
 tion of the Salmon, Restook, and Tobique rivers, which will be 
 noticed hereafter. It then continues its course without inter- 
 ruption, receiving every few miles some considerable streams, till 
 it reaches the Maductic Falls. Its course is nearly south, and 
 and its width about a quarter of a mile, occasionally widening 
 and contracting from the Grand Falls to Woodstock, where it 
 widens to near a mile and forms several fine Islands. It after- 
 wards diminishes, and strips of intervale narrow its bed. 
 
 At the Maductic Falls its channel is again nearly choked up 
 with rocks. The navigation, however, is not totally interrupt- 
 ed, for rafts, boats, and small craft in their descent are run 
 through the falls by persons well acquainted with the channel ; 
 
26 
 
 and in their ascent they are towed through with men or horses, 
 and but few accidents happen, considering the numbers that na- 
 vigate the river. 
 
 As the bed of the river is frequently encumbered with rocks 
 and sand-bars, the navigation is very difficult at the dry time 
 of the year. The current is likewise swift in many places, and 
 rapids are frequent, till within six miles of Fredericton, where 
 they end. 
 
 About nine miles above Fredericton the river suddenly widens 
 and receives the Madam- Keswick. Here is a group of fertile 
 islands, some of which are over a mile in length, and nearly as 
 broad. At Fredericton the river is about three quarters of a 
 mile wide, and flows with a beautiful unbroken current to the 
 falls near the City of Saint John. — A number of fine Islands are 
 scattered in different parts of its bed. These Islands are com- 
 posed of rich alluvial soil, and produce large crops of grass and 
 grain. Being formed by the washings of the river, they are 
 like garden spots scattered through the country. About nine 
 miles from St. John the river widens into a bay nearly six miles 
 long and three wide. The river Kennebeckasis falls into this 
 bay. At the foot of the hay it suddenly contracts, and winds 
 through a crooked passage called the narrows, and again opens 
 and forms a small bay directly above the falls. Here the cur- 
 rent is again broken by a bed of rocks, and suddenly contract- 
 ed by the near approach of the banks which appear to have been 
 formerly united and forced asunder by some convulsion of na- 
 ture. From the appearance of the rocks on each side it is pro- 
 bable that the water having been pent up in the small bay just 
 noticed, have in their efforts to escape undermined the land and 
 r6cks at this place, and forced a subterraneous passage, which 
 by wearing, aided by some violent concussion, has caused the 
 rocks to fall in, when the earth being washed away by the rapi- 
 dity of the current, has left the present passage open, and that 
 the split-rock and the bed of the channel is part of the former 
 overhanging rocks. 
 
 For that the bed of the channel consists of cragged rocks of 
 various shapes and sizes, is evident from the whirlpools and ed- 
 dies at that place. These falls make a tremendous roaring at 
 certain periods. After passing the falls, it forms the harbour 
 of St. John, and falls into the Bay of Fundy in lat. 45 3 20' N. 
 
 The spring tides at St. John rise from twenty-four to twenty- 
 eight feet. The body of the river is seventeen and a half feet 
 above low water mark. When the tide has flowed twelve feet, 
 the falls are smooth and passable from fifteen to twenty minutes. 
 They are level three and a half hours on the flood, and two and 
 a haif on the ebb, anti passable four times in twenty-four fionr-j. 
 
27 
 
 Above the falls the tides rise four feet. At Maugerville, seven* 
 ty miles up the river, they rise from one to two feet ; at Frede- 
 ricton from six to ten inches, and are perceivable nine miles 
 above that place, varying according to the phases of the moon. 
 In the spring, the river, swoln with rains and the melting of the 
 snow and ice, rises higher than the tides, which prevents ves- 
 sels from ascending the falls for some weeks. 
 
 RIVER MIRAMICHI. 
 
 This is one of the finest rivers for lumber in the Province. 
 Its banks, as well as the banks of the numerous streams that 
 fall into it, are covered with pines of the finest growth, which 
 appear to be almost inexhau stable, for although lumbering has 
 been prosecuted on this river to a great extent for a number of 
 years past, there is still abundance found by going a little back 
 from the water. It is indeed the main source of the trade of the 
 large County of Northumberland. One hundred and forty-one 
 thousand three hundred and eighty-four tons of timber weri: 
 shipped at the port of Miramichi in 1824. Rafts are taken 
 down this river with the greatest safety to the shipping, which 
 load at different places from the mouth of the river up to Fra- 
 ser’s Island. It has two main branches called the north-west 
 and south-west, which run a great way into the country, and 
 with their numerous streams lay open the inmost recesses of this 
 extensive County. Several fine islands lay in the course of 
 this river, covered with elm, ash, butternut, &c. which invari- 
 ably denote the most luxurious soil. Its waters are well stored 
 with excellent salmon and other fish, which are caught here in 
 great abundance. There are several settlements along this ri- 
 ver, none of which merit a particular description, the improve- 
 ment of the country being neglected for lumbering. The. 
 branches of this river approach in several places very near to 
 streams falling into the river St. John, which communicate by 3 
 short portages. As I have never been able to procure correct 
 information about the sources of this river or its length, I have 
 not the means of satisfying the reader on these points, but must, 
 dismiss the subject with these few particulars, being all I could 
 obtain. 
 
 As was observed in the commencement of this work, this 
 country is so intersected with rivers, streams, and lakes, that 
 with small portages persons can go to most parts of the Province- 
 in a canoe. There is a rout from the Madawaska river to the L 
 Bay of Chaleur, and another from the river St. John by the^ 
 Grand river, which is fifteen miles above the Great Falls, to> 
 the Ristagouche. The river Clucktakook, which falls into the- 
 
28 
 
 St. John near the Presque-Isle, runs near a branch of the Mf- 
 ramichi ; a short portage connects the route. The route from 
 the St. Croix to the St. John is first by a chain of lakes with 
 short portages, and next by Eel river, which falls into the St. 
 John about fifty miles above Fredericton. There is another 
 route from the St. John to the Miramichi, by the way of the 
 Jemseg, through the Grand Lake and up Salmon river, from 
 whence there is a short portage to the river Etienne which falls 
 into the Miramichi : with several other such communications 
 where the streams of the different large rivers nearly approach 
 each other. 
 
 The Mountains and Hills with which the Province is diversi- 
 fied, have nothing peculiar to merit a particular description, ex- 
 cept Mars Hill, which has excited considerable interest, being 
 supposed by the British Commissioners under the treaty of 
 Ghent to be the height of land intended by the treaty of J783, 
 and that consequently the boundary line between the territories 
 of the United States and the British Provinces should take a 
 new direction at that place. This is resisted by the American 
 Commissioners, who wish to prolong the line beyond that point. 
 This is an object of great importance to the two powers, for 
 should the line be continued in the old direction, which at this 
 point approaches very near the river St. John, it would cross 
 that river a little above the Grand Falls, and would not only 
 separate New-Brunswick and Canada, but likewise give the 
 Americans the upper part of the County of York which joins 
 Canada, with a large Settlement of French at Madawaska. — 
 M ars Hill lies about six miles from the river St.John, on the 
 western side, about one hundred miles above Fredericton. It 
 can be seen from the high lands on the opposite side of the river, 
 and appears at that distance majestically towering above the ad- 
 jacent country. On approaching the mountain the woods are 
 open and the ascent commences with an easy swell about half a 
 mile from the main hill, after which the ascent is more abrupt, 
 and in some parts nearly perpendicular. Having reached the 
 crest, the spectator has a clear expanse of horizon, being com- 
 pletely above the surrounding country. From hence he views 
 a boundless forest beneath his feet. The hills appear like waves 
 covered with their green foliage of different shades, from the 
 various sorts of trees with which their brows are covered. In 
 different places the more elevated hills appear rising above the 
 others like towers. Facing the river St. John, he beholds 
 Moose Mountain at about nine miles distance on the opposite 
 side of the river, which is nearly as high as Mars Hill, and 
 perpendicular on the north side. To his left are a range of lof- 
 ty hills on the Restook; to his right he has a distant view of 
 
29 
 
 Houl ton-plantation, and in his rear, as far as his eye can reach, 
 are the lofty Catardhan Mountains on the Penobscot river; the 
 intermediate space exhibiting an undulating forest of boundless 
 variety of hills and vallies, lakes, &c. The whole forming a 
 grand and interesting spectacle. The Mountain is about three 
 miles in length, very narrow, and divided by a hollow near the 
 centre. A small spot has been cut down on each end of the 
 hill, and a temporary observatory erected by the Commission- 
 ers under the treaty of Ghent. 
 
 The Americans have laid out a settlement in this part of the 
 country, which takes in Mars Hill. The base of the mountain 
 is washed by the Presque-Isle river, and other streams which 
 fall into the river St. John. 
 
 The principal Towns in New-Brunswick are Satnt John - , 
 Fredericton, and Saint Andrews; which on account of 
 their importance and situation will be treated of separately. 
 Leaving the other places to be noticed as they occur in the de- 
 scription of the several Counties. I shall proceed to give a short 
 description of the situation, trade, public buildings, and insti- 
 tutions of the places just mentioned; commencing with the 
 
 CITY OF SAINT JOHN. 
 
 The City of St. John is situated in the county of that name, 
 on a rocky peninsula at the estuary of the river St. John, in 
 lat. 4?.5° 20' north, long. 66° 3' west. The city comprehends 
 both sides of the river. The district on the eastern side of the 
 harbour, formerly called the township of Parr, and Carleton 
 on the western side. It is divided into six wards, two of which 
 are in Carleton and four in St. John, properly so called. It 
 contains, according to the late census, 8,488 inhabitants of all 
 descriptions. 
 
 Like most English towns, the streets in St. John intersect 
 each other at right angles. They are in some parts well built 
 up, the houses being of different heights and joining each other 
 for some distance, forming several fine ranges of buildings. 
 The first houses in this place were constructed of wood, many 
 of them were low and ill shaped. These when removed by 
 fires or other causes, are generally replaced with handsome 
 brick buildings, which is making a great improvement in the 
 appearance of the city. The streets, likewise, which were for- 
 merly nearly impassable from rocks, hills and chasms, are rapid- 
 ly improving; hollows have been filled up, and rocks cut away; 
 so that although the hills in some parts are still steep, yet car- 
 nages drive through most part of the city with the greatest safety. 
 
 A projecting point near the entrance of the harbour, has 
 caused the different parts of the city to be distinguished by the 
 
30 
 
 name of the upper and lower coves ; the latter of which ha$ 
 been much neglected till lately, Government having built a 
 handsome range of Barracks on the point fronting the Bay of 
 Fundy, and removed the troops, & c. from Fort Howe to that 
 station, it is beginning to improve. 
 
 Most all the trade of the city is carried on in the upper part 
 of the town, where there are a number of warehouses, stores* 
 wharves, and other conveniences for lading and unlading ships. 
 The tides rise to such a height that large ships can lay at the 
 wharves and discharge with the greatest safety. 
 
 The harbour is convenient and safe, and capable of contain- 
 ing a great number of vessels of the largest description. Par- 
 tridge Island lies at the entrance, on which there is a light-house, 
 and signal station, where signals are carefully attended to and 
 made on the first approach of vessels. These signals are re- 
 peated at Fort Howe. Within the island there is a bar which 
 extends from the western side, and passes the lower point of the 
 peninsula, on which the city stands. It has a beacon on the 
 outer end, and a buoy to direct vessels coming or going. The 
 bar is dry at ebb tides, but within the harbour there is sufficient 
 water for the largest ships. The tide ebbs and flows from six- 
 teen to twenty-four feet perpendicular in this harbour. . A pier 
 has been constructed at the entrance of the harbour for the pro- 
 tection of the shipping. 
 
 St. John carries on a brisk trade with Europe, the West In- 
 dies and the United States, in lumber of different descriptions, 
 fish, gypsum, grindstones, &c. ; but the staple article is squar- 
 ed timber, one hundred and fourteen thousand one hundred 
 and sixteen tons of which were shipped from this port in 1824. 
 Ship-building has also been lately revived here and prosecuted 
 to a considerable extent. Sixty vessels were registered at this 
 port in 1824, whose tonnage amounted to sixteen thousand 
 four hundred and eighty-nine tons, besides three ships and 
 five brigs not in the above estimate. Part of these were built 
 in St. John, and the remainder up the rivers and along the 
 coasts for merchants in the city. 
 
 The city of St. John contains two Churches on the eastern 
 side of the river, one of which is neatly finished and has an 
 elegant organ. A handsome Kirk belonging to the members of 
 the Church of Scotland ; a Catholic Chapel ; two Methodist 
 Chapels, one belonging to the Wesleyan Methodists, and the 
 other to a number of that persuasion who seceded with Mr. 
 Priestley, and a neat Baptist Meeting- Plonse. — The other 
 public buildings are a Poor House, a Goal, a Marine Hospital, 
 with two handsome ranges of Barracks lately erected at the 
 Lower Cove, with Government Stores, Houses, &c. 
 
31 
 
 A square near York-Point, reserved for a Market, &c. has 
 an old building in the centre, the upper part of which has serv- 
 ed for many years as a Court-House, and the under part as a 
 flesh market ; a fish and vegetable market having been lately 
 built contiguous to it, at the edge of high water mark, and a hand- 
 some flesh market in the Lower Cove, which are generally well 
 supplied. King’s-square is situated on the height of land in 
 King-street, and is reserved for public uses. It is a very plea- 
 sant situation commanding a fine view of the city and harbor. 
 It is in contemplation to erect a Court House on the East side 
 of this square .on a liberal scale. — Queen’s-square is situated in 
 Duke’s Ward, and is also reserved for public uses. 
 
 The Public Seminaries in St. John, are a Grammar School, 
 the Central Madras School, and a number of Sunday Schools. 
 
 There are two Public Libraries in the City, a Vaccine Esta- 
 blishment, three Printing Offices^ with the following religious, 
 humane, and useful Societies : — 
 
 1 A Branch ofthe Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 
 
 2 The New-Brunswick Auxiliary Bible Society. 
 
 3 Saint John Sunday School Union Society. 
 
 4 Saint John Religious Tract Society. 
 
 5 Saint George’s, 
 
 6 Saint Patrick’s, > Societies, 
 
 7 Saint Andrew’s, J 
 
 Instituted for the purpose of aiding their respective countrymen 
 in distress. 
 
 8 New-Brunswick Society for the improvement of the breed 
 of Horses and other Cattle. 
 
 9 Female Benevolent Society, for the relief of indigent fe- 
 males, and a Branch ofthe Wesleyan Missionary Society. 
 
 A Provincial Bank is established here with a Capital of 
 j£S 0,000, and increased by an Act of the Legislature in 1825 to 
 ^50,000. This Bank has been found of considerable advantage 
 in facilitating the trade of the City by discounting Bills, &c. but 
 it may more properly be called the St. John, than the Province 
 Bank, as it only transacts business within the City. 
 
 A Marine Insurance Company, and a Water Company have 
 lately been incorporated ; 'the latter is not yet in active operation. 
 
 Here is a Chamber of Commerce for the regulation of the 
 trade of the City, and a Savings’ Bank for depositing the small 
 savings of the Laboring Classes. Carleton on the opposite side 
 of the river is comprehended in the limits of the City. It is 
 situated on the point, fronting Navy Island, and comprizes 
 the ruins of old Fort Frederick. It contains a neat Church, 
 and Meeting House, with several fine buildings. It has a good 
 fishery and is fast improving. Saint John being an incorpo- 
 
32 
 
 rated City, is governed by a Mayor, Recorder, six Aldermen, 
 with an equal number of Assistants, under the style of “The 
 Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the City of St. John.” 
 The other officers are a Sheriffand Coroner (who likewise act 
 for the County of St. John) a Common Clerk, a Chamberlain, 
 a High Constable, six inferior ones, and two Marshals. 
 
 The Mayor, Recorder, Common Clerk, She riff j and Coroner, 
 are appointed by the Governor, and hold their offices during 
 his pleasure from year to year. 
 
 The Aldermen, Assistants, and inferior Constables are chosen 
 annually by the Freemen of the City. 
 
 The Chamberlain is appointed by the Mayor, Recorder, Ah 
 dermen, and Assistants, iu Common Council. 
 
 The Mayor appoints the High Constable, Marshals, Cryers, 
 Porters, Bell-ringers, &c. 
 
 The Mayor or Recorder, with three Aldermen and three As- 
 sistants, constitute a Common Council, with power to make 
 Laws, Ordinances, &c. which are to remain in force for one 
 ' year only, unless confirmed'by the Governor and Council. They 
 also constitute a Court of Record or Inferior Court of Common 
 Pleas for the City and County of St. John. The terms of this 
 Court are quarterly, and it takes cognizance of all causes from 
 five pounds value to fifty pounds, iu which titles of land shall not 
 come in question : and by an Act of the Provincial Legislature, 
 its Jurisdiction is enlarged to all transitory actions of any value. 
 
 A City, or Alderman’s Court, is held once in a fortnight, be- 
 fore one of tne Aldermen and the Common Clerk, for the trial 
 of causes under five pounds. 
 
 It may be observed that the Mayor by virtue of his office pos- 
 sessess extensive powers; such as making Free Citizens, regu- 
 lating the Markets, &c. ; and that the Aldermen are Justices 
 of the Peace for the County as well as for the City of St. John. 
 
 Tlie Corporation can hold real property to the amount of 
 ^£2,000 per annum, within or without the City. They have at 
 present an annual revenue of about A2,U0U at their sole dis- 
 posal for the improvement of the City. 
 
 It must, however, be observed that no great attention has yet 
 been paid to ornamenting the City. This arises in some mea- 
 sure from the peculiar cast of its inhabitants. The men of inde- 
 pendent property, and those holding high offices iu the different 
 departments being too few- to do much, although some of them 
 have fine seats, and many of the Merchants engaged in the ship- 
 ping business, being transient persons, who from time to tuna 
 come to the Province, and whose main object is to make as much 
 as they can, in as short a time as possible, w ith the intention of 
 soon returning to enjoy their gains in their native country. 
 
33 
 
 These persons do not feel that interest in the improvement of 
 the place, that those do whose interests are identified with 
 the country. Having, therefore, no local attachment to the 
 soil, it is no wonder that they should extend their views no far- 
 ther than present convenience. Such persons, then, who are to 
 be found in all the ports of the Province add nothing to the 
 wealth of the country, but rather act as drains to it. A few seats 
 have, however, lately been begun on the Marsh near the City, 
 which will soon make an alteration in the appearance of the Su- 
 burbs. 
 
 Some small improvement is much wanted at the Quays for 
 the convenience of the Public and protection of Goods from the 
 mud. Tins could be easily effected by laying sleepers and co- 
 vering them with strong plank and running a railing along the 
 margin. This would obviate the inconvenience so much felt 
 at present by persons transacting business on the wharves, who 
 have to walk or rather wade, day after day, through the mud. 
 It would also facilitate the transfer of Goods, by keeping them 
 in better order, and prevent many accidents which are yearly 
 occurring by sailors and others falling off. 
 
 FREDERICTON 
 
 Is situated in the County of York, on the west side of the ri- 
 ver Saint John on an extensive flat opposite the Nashwaaek, for- 
 merly called Saint Anns point. The river forms an elbow in 
 front of the town, and the hills encircle the plain, and approach 
 the river about two miles above the town leaving a spot of low 
 land nearly four miles in length and in places over a mile in 
 breadth. 
 
 The town is laid out in squares of eighteen lots containing 
 one quarter of an acre each. The streets cross at right angles. 
 Those that run parallel with the river are more than a mile in 
 length, and are in places considerably well built up ; the houses 
 are all of wood and of different heights. 
 
 The inhabitants are the descendants of the Loyalists who 
 came to the Province at the close of the American revolution, 
 with a mixture of Europeans and Americans. 
 
 Fredericton being the seat of Government, contains besides 
 a residence for the Lieutenant-Governor, a Provincial Hall, 
 where the Supreme Courts and General Assemblies are held. 
 This building contains a spacious room for the Supreme Courts, 
 with several Jury Rooms, a Council Chamber, and an Assembly 
 Room, with other apartments and conveniences for the Legisla- 
 tive Body. Adjoining this building are the Offices of the Sur- 
 veyor General and Secretary of the Province. — The other pub- 
 lic buildings are a handsome square of Barracks with a Parade 
 
34 . 
 
 in front, where part of a Regiment of foot are usually quar- 
 tered. — Barracks and Store-houses for a company of Royal 
 Artillery with other buildings for the use of the troops. 
 
 A County Court-House, which also serves for a Market ; a 
 small commodious Church in a sightly situation, two neat Cha- 
 pels, one belonging to the Baptists, and the other to the Metho- 
 dists; a Catholic Chapel in progress ; a Goal, and a building 
 occupied as a College till another one on an enlarged scale can 
 be erected ; a Poor House in the vicinity of the town, on a li- 
 beral scale ; and a Meeting House belonging to a number of 
 persons composed of congregationalists and other seceders from 
 the Kirk of Scotland. 
 
 Government House is situated a little above the upper part 
 of the town on a convenient pleasant site, but having been a long 
 time without a settled family it*.vas when Sir Howard Douglas 
 came to the Province considerably out of order. It wants a 
 wing to be added to make it uniform with other improvements : 
 for although when the house was built for Governor Carleton 
 it was on a liberal scale, considering the state of the Province 
 at that time, it has been suffered to remain without enlargement, 
 while the country has rapidly advanced. — It is, therefore, at 
 present neither sufficiently spacious or splendid for the Gover- 
 nor’s residence. — The same observations may apply to the Pro- 
 vince Hall, which although always too low to make a good ap- 
 pearance or allow a good Council Chamber, was a good build- 
 ing considering the date of the countrv and want of revenue at 
 the time it was erected; but is now too small and plain, consider- 
 ing the great increase of the population and trade of the Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 Public buildings speak much, though silently, for the public 
 spirit, taste, and importance of a country. They should, there- 
 fore, always be on such an enlightened scale as not to be a pre- 
 judice to it. One general observation may be made on all the 
 public edifices in Fredericton, which is that being uniformly low 
 they make a flat appearance, which is peculiarly striking to a 
 stranger coming from countries where buildings are more eleva- 
 ted. 
 
 Probably there are few finer situations for a town than the site 
 on which Fredericton is built. A beautiful river glides majesti- 
 cally in front of a spacious plain ; bounded by bills of gentle ac- 
 clivity, possessing elegant sites for seats and buildings on com- 
 manding situations. On the opposite side of the river the Nash- 
 w’aack rolls its tribute to the Saint John and adds much to the 
 beauty of the situation. Abundance of excellent water is every 
 where found with a soil peculiarly well adapted for forming 
 gardens, walks, &c. with a pure, healthy atmosphere. From 
 
the hills which skirt the town the river can be seen to a great 
 distance winding through the country, till it is lost among the 
 distant Islands. 
 
 Fredericton being at the head of sloop navigation is the main 
 depot for goods from the seaboard. It is about eighty-five miles 
 from the sea and surrounded by a large extent of country which 
 is fast settling. The river Saint John is about three quarters of 
 a mile wide in front of the town, and extends upwards of four 
 hundred miles above it. — The surrounding country possesses 
 an excellent soil, and abounds in valuable timber, and as die 
 whole of the trade to and from the upper country must pass 
 Fredericton, a great part of it must of course centre there, and 
 consequently, as the country becomes fully settled, Fredericton 
 must improve and from its situation remain the great central em- 
 porium of the Province. 
 
 Fredericton contains a Printing Office and a Public Library, 
 with the following public Institutions. 
 
 1 A Branch of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 
 
 2 The Bible Association of Fredericton and its vicinity. 
 
 3 A Branch of the Methodist Missionary Society. 
 
 4 The Fredericton Emigrant Society. This Society was 
 formed at Fredericton in 1819, for the relief of destitute strang- 
 ers, being the first Institution of that kind formed in the Pro- 
 vince. It expended large sums in that and the following year, 
 and besides relieving the temporary necessities of great numbers 
 of destitute Emigrants, enabled many of them to settle on new 
 land, who are now in comfortable independent circumstances. 
 It is not at present in active operation, but has funds to a con- 
 siderable amount. 
 
 5 The New-Brunswick Agricultural and Emigrant Society. 
 This is a Provincial Institution having branches in the different 
 Counties. The General Society being established at Fredericton. 
 
 6 A Branch of the Society for improving the breed of Horses 
 and Cattle, and a Savings’ Bank. 
 
 Fredericton was formed by Governor Carleton in 1785, 
 shortly after the division of the Province from Nova-Scotia, and' 
 being considered the thost eligible and central situation, was 
 made the permanent Seat of Government. The policy of this 
 measure has been questioned by many who overlook the gene- 
 ral good of the country for partial advantages. Much jealousy 
 has always existed among the Citizens of St. John in particular, 
 in regard to this selection. Prejudices in favor of our own land, 
 religion, institutions, &c. must always be expected, and to a cer- 
 tain degree it would shew a want of attachment not to feel their 
 influence ; but then it must be remembered that when we allow 
 our own interest to blind our reason, we are prone to view 
 
36 
 
 TVhrtt concerns us with a partial eye. It is so with a person who 
 being settled at the seaboard goes but seldom out ofsight of the 
 harbor, but from what is passing before his eyes, concludes his 
 town is the only place of consequence in the country ; and as na- 
 ture has made it the great mart for the imports and exports of 
 the interior, it must of course be likewise the only place fit for 
 the Seat of Government, and every thing else of consequence in 
 the Province. But when a person whose mind is above these 
 mercenary considerations, and enlarged to see the general good 
 of the country, casts his eye on the map of the Province, he 
 will find that if the situation was as good a few miles farther up, 
 it would still be more central. For Fredericton is only eighty- 
 five miles from the sea ; at the lower extremity of the County 
 of York, which extends upwards to the Canada line about two 
 hundred miles. The large County of Northumberland joins 
 York on the North and Northeastward, and comprises ail the 
 land from Westmorland, alongthe Gulf and river of St. Law- 
 rence, till it likewisejoins Canada. These two Counties form 
 more than two thirds of the whole Province; and will no doubt 
 each require to be divided into two or more Counties, when they 
 become more fully settled. Consequently the seat of Govern- 
 ment is at present in the most eligible place for the general con- 
 venience of the inhabitants of the Province at large, than any 
 other situation that possibly could be selected. Diverging as 
 from a common centre, the distance of the routes from Frede- 
 ricton to die most important parts of the Province are nearly 
 equal, viz. to St. John is about eighty-five miles, passing four 
 counties in the distance ; to St. Andrews, the frontier town, 
 about ninety miles ; to Northumberland about the same dis- 
 tance; to Fort Cumberland in Westmorland, about one hun- 
 dred and forty miles; and to Madawuska, the upper settlement 
 on the great road to Canada, about the same distance. 
 
 In time of war, its situation for a military depot is excellent, 
 as from the direction of the routes just mentioned, the different 
 accessible parts of the Province could be easier succoured from 
 here than any other station. And if reinforcements should 
 have to pass through the Province to Canada during the winter 
 season, Fredericton and the Great Falls would always, from 
 their situation, be the natural depots for troops, stores, &c. 
 Neither if magazines were formed at this place could there be 
 more danger of their being surprised and taken, than at any of 
 the sea-ports ; for it is nearly one hundred miles from an enemy's 
 frontier, and there must be a great want of vigilance if any body 
 of men, sufficient to make an impression, should be allowed to 
 approach without opposing effectual resistance, or at the worst, 
 taking such measures as should disappoint them. 
 
37 
 
 The importance of good accommodations for troops march- 
 ing to Canada, at Fredericton, and the upper parts of the river 
 St. John, was well ascertained during the last war, and should 
 not soon be lost sight of. 
 
 In short, as nature has given St. John and the other sea- 
 ports advantages that cannot be taken from them, so Frederic- 
 ton, from its central situation, possesses advantages peculiar to it- 
 self. Instead, therefore, of indulging in such partial jealousies, 
 every encouragement should be given to such towns, as tb«y con- 
 tribute to the improvement of the interior of a country from whence 
 most of the resources that support the sea-ports are drawn. 
 
 Fredericton is slowly increasing in buildings and improve- 
 ments. It has a considerable share in the lumber trade, for 
 which it is well situated. Ship-building has also lately been 
 commenced, and will probably be prosecuted to considerable 
 extent as there are no want of good situations for launching an 
 abundance of timber. 
 
 If the main streets in Fredericton had been laid out to follow 
 the windings of the river they would have formed an agreeable 
 curve; the squares could then have been kept uniform in width, 
 and the main streets could have continued without a jog, the 
 whole length of the town, which would be a great improvement 
 to the looks of the place. 
 
 SAINT ANDREWS, 
 
 The frontier town of New-Brunswick, lies nearly opposite 
 Robinstown, in the State of Maine. It is a small pleasant sea- 
 port in the County of Charlotte : being situated near the river 
 Saint Croix, on a narrow strip of low land fronting the Bay of 
 Passamaquoddy, with a range of hills in the rear. It has two 
 principal streets running parallel w r ith the water, which are in- 
 tersected by cross streets at right angles. The principal streets 
 are well built up, and the town contains 2,268 inhabitants, ac- 
 cording to the census taken in 1824. — It is conveniently situated 
 for the fishing trade, as the waters abound with cod, haddock, 
 pollock, and numbers of other fish, and there are numbers of 
 small Islands nearly within view of the harbor, very suitable for 
 prosecuting the fishery to advantage. — It carries on a consider- 
 able trade in exporting squared and sawed lumber, and in ship- 
 building — thirteen vessels were registered in the Port of Saint 
 Andrews in 1824, amounting to three thousand six hundred and 
 thirty-three tons, all of which had been built in the County, besides 
 about five hundred and ninety tons, not included in the above 
 amount. — It contains a neat Church belonging to the establish- 
 ment, and a commodious Kirk, built at the sole expense of Mr. 
 Christopher Scott, and presented by him to the members of 
 
38 
 
 the Kirk of Scotland. It has also a Grammar School, a Court- 
 House and Gaol ; a Printing Office, with a number of fine pri- 
 vate buildings. 
 
 Here is likewise a Chamber of Commerce, a Savings’ Bank, 
 a Bible Society, an Agricultural and Emigrant Society for 
 the County, with other public Institutions for promoting the 
 temporal and spiritual welfare of the inhabitants. 
 
 Saint Andrews being situated on the frontiers of the Province, 
 within view of the American territories, is a place of great im- 
 portance in the event of a rupture with the United States. Con- 
 siderable works were erected here during the last war, which 
 are now much gone to decay. A few troops are, however, usu- 
 ally stationed here. — At the commencement of the last troubles 
 with America, an agreement was wisely entered into between 
 the Magistrates of this place, and the American authorities in 
 its immediate vicinity, to abstain from mutual hostilities, which 
 was strictly observed during the war, to the mutual advantage 
 of both parties ; who were thereby delivered from the horrors 
 of a predatory, murderous warfare, equally distressing to both 
 nations. 
 
 Saint Andrews being the shire town of the important County 
 of Charlotte, is silently rising in importance ; and will no doubt 
 fi'om its many natural advantages, always maintain its rank 
 among the principal towns of this Province. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Topographical Description of the several Counties in the Pro- 
 vince of New- Brunswick . — Their Boundaries and Extent . — . 
 Parishes. — Rivers. — Settlements , Produce , Sfc. — Great Ro:.ds t 
 
 Sfc. 
 
 Having, in the preceding pages, given a brief general de- 
 scription of New-Brunswick, I shall now proceed to give a short 
 sketch of each County, comprising a view of the face of the 
 country, principal streams, settlements, produce, &c. And as 
 five of them lie along the river St. John, I shall begin at the 
 head of that river, and follow it to its exit into the Bay of Fundy. 
 The three remaining counties will be noticed afterwards. Fol- 
 lowing this method, (which by keeping the counties and parishes 
 distinct, will give the reader a clearer knowledge of the country 
 than a more elaborate account, where names and situations are 
 mentioned without method, and described promiscuously) I 
 
39 
 
 shall confine thyself to brevity, at the same time endeavouring 
 to avoid obscurity ; and have to lament that the want of correct 
 information prevents me from making this part of the work as 
 complete as I would wish. 
 
 — 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 YORK. 
 
 This County commences at the Canada line, which bounds 
 it on the north-west. The County of Northumberland bounds 
 it on the north-east, on the south-east it adjoins Sunbury, and 
 on the south-west Charlotte, and contains 10,972 inhabitants. 
 
 Beginning at the northern and uppermost part of the county, 
 and proceeding down the main river St. John, the first settle- 
 ment is Madawaska, situated between the Grand Falls and the 
 Madawaska river, which falls into the St. John at the upper 
 part of the settlement. The inhabitants are the descendants of 
 the old Acadians, who were settled on different parts of the ri- 
 ver St. John, and who on the arrival of the English moved up 
 to this place, where, being joined by others from Canada, they 
 formed this settlement distinct from the English, and have ever 
 since been quiet subjects, and well affected to the British Go- 
 vernment. Madawaska is about midway between Fredericton 
 and Quebec, and is in a flourishing state. It has a Romish 
 Chapel, where the rites and ceremouies of that religion are du- 
 ly performed by a Missionary from Canada, who likewise, with 
 the assistance of one or two leading persons regulates the inter- 
 nal police of the settlement by settling disputes, keeping the 
 peace, &c. and so successful have they been that although there 
 are neither lawyers or magistrates in the place, the Courts of 
 Justice have had but little trouble from that quarter. The land 
 along the margin of the river is in general good, level, and un- 
 broken ; but owing to its northern situation it is unfavourable 
 to indian corn ; but wheat, oats, grass, &c. flourish there in 
 great perfection. The inhabitants are all farmers, and general- 
 ly raise more than they consume, having a surplus of grain to 
 sell to traders in the settlement or to take to Fredericton. Theif 
 manners and habits being simple, they expend but little on lux- 
 uries. Their women manufacture a coarse cloth and kerseyS 
 sufficient for their own consumption. The men are about the 
 middle size, generally spare built and active ; the women, on 
 the contrary, are very stout and short. They are very lively 
 and hospitable, but very slovenly in their houses and cookery. 
 In short, they appear a different race from the English. A 
 
40 
 
 stranger going above tbe Falls, finds himself suddenly among 
 anew race of people, different in their language, religion, ha- 
 bitations, and manners. 
 
 Below this settlement the country is a wilderness for some 
 distance, comprising the lands adjoining and below the Grand 
 Falls. 
 
 The isthmus formed by the bend of the river at the Grand 
 Falls, was formerly cleared by the troops stationed at that post. 
 This spot was selected at the first settlement of the Province for 
 a military station. It served not only as a security for the set- 
 tlers at that period, when the country was a total wilderness and 
 almost impassable, being without roads or habitations, but also 
 connected and secured the communication with Canada. Bax*- 
 racks, &c. were constructed and troops stationed at this place 
 for a number of years. The works are at pi*esent in ruins ; al- 
 though it is no doubt one of the first interior positions in the 
 Pi'ovince. This place forms one of the great features of New- 
 Brunswick. Here the navigation of the great river St. John is 
 totally obstructed, and the upper part of the country disjoined 
 from the seaboard. This points out the great importance of its 
 situation, as the great connecting point and centre for the intei'- 
 course and trade of the upper country, whenever it becomes 
 fully settled. Its situation will no doubt soon attract a settle- 
 ment, and in process of time a town will arise, which will be the 
 depot for goods from the seaboard, when they will be exchan- 
 ged for the produce of the upper part of the country. A canal 
 or tunnel cut through the isthmus, will probably follow. This 
 would be of the utmost advantage to the Province, by connect- 
 ing the navigation and developing the resoui*cesof the upper 
 country, which are said to be almost inexhaustible. The dis- 
 tance to cut would be nearly one hundred rods. The isthmus 
 being ninety rods across, from bank to bank, the descent of the 
 water would be nearly half an inch to a foot. 
 
 Descending the St. John seven miles below the falls, it re- 
 ceives the Salmon river, a considerable stream from the east, 
 and eleven miles farther the Restock falls into it from the wesW 
 wai’d. This is a fine river, running in a very crooked direction 
 through a fine country abounding in excellent land and well 
 stored with timber of the first quality. It makes to the south- 
 west anti has been explored upwards of one hundred miles, where 
 it continues of a good width. It is supposed to be of great 
 length and is claimed by the United States, although some of 
 the British settlers have lately commenced establishing them- 
 selves on the river and are making very free with the pine. 
 Three miles below the Restook, the Tobique, famed foe its red 
 pines brings its tribute to the St. John. This is another const- 
 
41 
 
 derable river being upwards of two hundred miles in length. 
 Its banks to a good distance back have been covered with pines 
 of the finest growth, which have been mostly cut off. The soil 
 in the pine districts is not favorable for farming pursuits, but 
 would require much labor to bring it to a state fit for cultivation. 
 There are, however, some good Islands in the course of the river, 
 and strips of rich land intermixed with the pine districts, and 
 the lands adjoining the Tobique lying along the banks of the 
 Saint John are of the finest quality ; and where cultivated pro- 
 duce the most abundant crops. A district comprising ten miles 
 extending along the river Saint John and embracing both sides 
 of the Tobique is reserved for the Indians. This tract is cer- 
 tainly not inferior to any land in the Province, and it is a pity it 
 should remain in its present unimproved state. The Indians 
 have only a small clearing at the mouth of the Tobique, where 
 they have a hut which is reserved as a Chapel, and where one or 
 two Indians generally sit down as they term it, to watch a small 
 crop, and keep possession. 
 
 After the peace with America in 1814, a number of disbanded 
 men of the 8th, 98th, and 104th regiments, and of the West-India 
 Rangers and New-Brunswick Fencibles, were settled on this part 
 of the river Saint John, chiefly between the military post of Pres- 
 qu-Isle and the Indian reserve. Many of these settlers have 
 made good improvements, and have already secured a comforta- 
 ble independency. The wilderness has been converted into 
 cultivated fields, covered with habitations ; and the district form- 
 ed into a Parish, and named after his Royal Highness the late 
 Duke of Kent. — It extends on both sides of the river from the 
 Grand Falls to the Parish of Wakefield. The land is of a su- 
 perior quality, covered with a variety of timber of the tallest 
 growth, and unincumbered with much undergrowth ; the 
 trees standing in most places so far apart, that a man on horse- 
 back would be but seldom incommoded by them. This is of 
 great advantage to the settler, as it relieves him from the great 
 labor of clearing away the under brush, which is so trouble- 
 some in some parts of the country. Nor is this fine tract of 
 land confined to the margin of the river, but extends back, and 
 is found in many places to improve as you advance into the in- 
 terior. The United States line approaches the river St. John 
 within a lew miles along this Parish, and they have a township 
 laid out, embracing Mars Hill before described. It is to be 
 regretted that many of the settlers in this Parish having former- 
 ly been accustomed to the free use of spirituous liquors, find the 
 temptation revived by the great introduction of them by the 
 lumber speculators, who in many instances are drawing the 
 settlers from their domestic habits, to which they liegan to be 
 
42 
 
 accustomed, to a dissipated mode of living, to the loss of thair 
 morals and property. 
 
 Descending the Saint John, which every few miles receives 
 the tribute of some Considerable creek or river, we arrive at the 
 Presqu-Isle. This was formerly a military post; Barracks, &c. 
 having been erected at this place shortly after the American re* 
 volution sufficient to accommodate three companies of foot, 
 which are now in ruins. A few soldiers were stationed here till 
 J 822, since which period the place has been totally abandoned 
 as a military station. The bank at this place is high and the 
 spot where the Barracks stood very pleasant, commanding a 
 fine view of the adjacent country, having a beautiful Island di- 
 rectly in front. To a contemplative mind this spot must be in- 
 teresting when he reflects that the soldiers who tbrced their way 
 from Fredericton through the wilderness to construct these 
 works, have fallen by the sword and disease; that the men who 
 projected them, as well as those who superintended their con- 
 struction, are mouldering in their graves — that the conductors 
 of the boats which transported the supplies are now no more — 
 and that the boats are now in view from the site of the Barracks 
 lying in the bushes and falling gradually to pieces. — If he is an 
 old settler, this must have past within his memory, and may 
 teach him the instability of all human affairs. Eight miles be- 
 low the Presqu-Isle a stream called the Pehagamique fails into 
 the Saint John on the eastern side. The land on thjs stream is 
 very good, and a settlement is begun a few miles from its mouth, 
 it has good mills and is well stored with timber. There are 
 several other streams in the Parish of Wakefield, which extends 
 on both sides of the river, till it joins Woodstock on the west- 
 ern and Northampton on the eastern side about sixty-three 
 miles above F redericton. It is a flourishing Parish, the land 
 being of a good quality, the farms along the river are improving, 
 and back settlements forming. 
 
 Woodstock is generally well settled. The houses are neat, 
 and make a fine appearance as the traveller passes along the 
 river. There at e some fine islands in this part of the river, 
 which enrich the settlers by their produce. — There is an 
 Episcopal Church in this Parish, which has been filled ever since 
 its erection by the Rev. Mr. Dibblee, who likewise officiates 
 occasionally in the adjoining Parishes. The river Madaxnikik 
 passes through this Parish to its exit into the Saint John, and 
 adds to its importance, as several settlements are making along 
 its banks. This stream has a series of cataracts, and passes by 
 the American settlement of Houlton which lies directly in the 
 rear of Woodstock, and commences about fifteen miles from the 
 Saint John. From this settlement there is a road to the Peuob- 
 
4<3 
 
 Siot river. Eel river falls into the Saint John near the lowet* 
 part of Woodstock. This river heads near the sources of the 
 Saint Croix, a short portage leads from the waters of one river 
 to the other. Opposite Woodstock on the eastern side of th« 
 river lies the Parish of Northampton, which extends down to 
 Queensbury. This Parish is well settled, as is the adjoining Pa- 
 rish of Queensbury. Several streams intersect these Parishes, 
 the most considerable of which are the Nachiwikik and Mac- 
 tuquask. 
 
 The farms along this part of the country, are in many places 
 well improved : butthe soil is not equal to the upper part of the 
 river. There are, however, a succession of fine Islands, which 
 compensate for the inferiority of the upland. 
 
 There is an Episcopal Church at the lower part of Queensbu- 
 ry, which is filled occasionally by the Rev. Mr. Somerville, 
 President of the College of New-Brunswick, and itinerant Mis- 
 sionary for this part ot the country. 
 
 Prince William adjoins Woodstock on the Western side of 
 the river. The upper part of this Parish is but little improved, 
 a large district belonging to the Chitf Justice being mostly a 
 wilderness. The soil, likewise, is inferior to the land above. 
 The lower part of the Parish is, however highly improved, some 
 parts being interval land of the first quality. There are 
 several fine lakes back of this parish, one of which named Lake 
 George, has a fine settlement on its banks. This lake dischar- 
 ges its waters into the St. John, by a stream called the Poqui- 
 houk, which is an Indian name, signifying a dreadful place, and 
 a dreadful place it certainly is. The water just before its exit 
 into the St, John, appears to have been originally pent up by the 
 high bank along the river. Through this it has forced a pas- 
 sage, and tumbles down the rocks and precipices with dreadful 
 impetuosity. The passage through which it passes is very nar- 
 row and nearly seventy feet perpendicular, compassed by large 
 stones, which appear as if they had been laid by Masons ; the 
 whole forming a sublime and terrific appearance. There is a 
 Chapel belonging to the Baptists in this Parish. 
 
 Several of the officers and men of the King’s American Dra- 
 goons were formerly settled here, very few of whom are at pre- 
 sent alive. Some of their descendants are occupying their lands 
 and doing well. 
 
 The Parish of Kingsclear, which adjoins Prince William, 
 has nothing peculiar, the soil being much the same as the latter. 
 The face of the country is hilly, interspersed with several streams 
 well adapted for mill seats. Many individuals of the reduced. 
 Battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers settled in this Parish, 
 some of whom are still living and doing well. A Baptist Cha- 
 
44 
 
 pel has lately been erected here, in which worship is occasional- 
 ly performed. Opposite this Parish on the eastern side of the 
 river is the Parish of Douglas, so called in honor of the present 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. It adjoins Queensbury, 
 and extends down nearly to the Nashwaack. The Madam Kes- 
 wick, a considerable stream, intersects this Parish. 'Phis is an 
 extensive settlement, and was formed by the York Volunteers 
 and some of the Royal Guides and Pioneers. The settlements 
 on the Keswick Ridge and Mactuquask lie between this stream 
 v and the main river, and are in a flourishing state. It has a back 
 settlement on the Nashwacksis and another one still farther in 
 the wilderness, called Cardigan, formed by a number of Welsh 
 families from Cardigan in Wales, who came to this Province in 
 1819, and were located here by Government Being very des- 
 titute, they were enabled to commence settling by a subscription 
 of the inhabitants of Fredericton, aided by the Emigrant Society. 
 This Parish has a Church near the mouth of the Madam Kes- 
 wick, and two Chapels belonging to the Methodists and Baptists, 
 
 The Parish of St. Mary’s, which formerly included the Pa- 
 rish just mentioned, extends to the County line, and joins 
 Maugerville on the eastern side of the river. The river Nash- 
 waack runs through this Parish, and falls into the St. John op- 
 posite Fredericton. This stream was settled by part of the 42d 
 Regiment and some of the disbanded corps that had been rais- 
 ed in America during the war. It is settled for more than thir- 
 ty miles along its banks, having a mixture of good interval and 
 high land along its course. About five miles from its conflu- 
 ence with the St. John, it receives the waters of the Peniack, a 
 considerable stream with a settlement along its banks, and about 
 twelve miles further up, the river Joy falls into it. There are 
 two Chapels in this settlement, one belonging to the Metho- 
 dists and the other to the Baptists. They have no stated Mi- 
 nisters, but are visited occasionally. The road from Frederic- 
 ton to Miramichi in the County of Northumberland leads through 
 this settlement. 
 
 The Parish of Fredericton adjoins Kingsclear, and extends 
 to the Parish of Lincoln in the County of Sunbury. It includes 
 tire town of Fredericton, before described, with a back settle- 
 ment called New Maryland, and another on the Rushagoannes. 
 The road from F redericton to St. Andrews passes through 
 these settlements, and is fast improving. 
 
 The lands in the immediate vicinity of the town are not much 
 improved. Having been reserved for the College, they remain 
 without tenants : the settlers in this country not liking to leave 
 farms, which are hard to clear up, when they can obtain lots for 
 themselves by paying the grant lees. A great part of the land 
 
45 
 
 in the site of the town, likewise belongs to the College or Church, 
 or is reserved for Government uses, which has been and still 
 remains a great check to the growth and improvement of the 
 Town. 
 
 The County of York is upwards of two hundred miles in 
 length. A great portion of the lands in this county are well 
 adapted to grain, particularly w’heat. It is well stored with ex- 
 cellent timber and abounds with navigable rivers and streams. 
 It is settling and improving very fast, and furnishes the major 
 part of the lumber shipped at the port of St. John. Frederic- 
 ton is the principal Town, and situated within four miles of the 
 lower extremity of the County. — The inconvenience of the 
 Courts, &c. being established at the extremity of such extensive 
 Counties are many, and amount almost to a denial of justice to 
 the distant settlers, who have to travel from one to two hundred 
 miles to the County Courts. The consequence is that wrongs 
 are frequently unredressed, and crimes, if not of a capital nature, 
 ore often unnoticed ; which if not remedied will in time have a 
 pernicious effect on the moral character of the inhabitants. 
 
 — 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 SUNBURY 
 
 Joins York on the North West, Northumberland on the 
 North East, Queen’s on the South East, and Charlotte on the 
 South West. It stretches along both sides of the river Saint 
 John, and contains four Parishes, with a population of three 
 thousand two hundred and twenty-seven inhabitants. This is 
 the smallest County in the Province, not being over twenty miles 
 in length. It is, however, the oldest settled part of the river St. 
 John. The first establishment of any consequence on the river 
 was made at this place in 1761, by a number of families from 
 Massachusetts, who having obtained a grant of a Township on 
 the river St. John from the British Government, after exploring 
 different parts of the country, settled at Maugerville. Here they 
 were joined at different periods during the troubles in America, 
 by several more families from New-England. These settlers made 
 improvements on both sides of the river, and called the whole 
 district Sunbury. The first commission of the peace for this 
 place was dated 11th August, 1766, and for holding Courts of 
 Common Pleas 1770. 
 
 The Courts of Justice were held here till 1783, when the Ame- 
 rican war being ended and the Loyalists having settled in dif- 
 
46 
 
 ferent parts of the country, the Supreme Court was removed 
 to Saint John, and afterwards established at Fredericton, which 
 was made the permanent seat of Government, and has remained 
 so ever since. 
 
 The Parishes of Maugerville and Sheffield, on the eastern 
 side of the river, are situated on a strip of rich intervale, which 
 being annually overflowed, yield abundant crops and are rich 
 in pastures. 
 
 The farms are well improved and stocked with abundance of 
 cattle. The houses are in many parts neat and improving in 
 appearance, and the settlers in general substantial landholders 
 and good husbandmen. 
 
 This is a delightful part of the Country for wheel carriages, 
 the road being a continued level along the margin of the river, 
 which is occasionally hid from the view of the traveller, by lof- 
 ty trees and shrubs along the banks, which break off' the pier- 
 cing winds in winter and afford a pleasant shade in summer. 
 The road is, however, unsafe in many places where the freshets 
 have scooped away the banks and indented the road with small 
 gullies, which being neglected by the Inhabitants, endanger the 
 overturning of carriages. In the rear of these Parishes are a 
 chain of lakes which communicate with each other and dis- 
 charge their waters into the Grand Lake, and from thence by 
 the Jemseg into the Saint John. — Most of these lakes are envi- 
 roned with excellent land, and have settlements along their banks. 
 
 There is a Church belonging to the Establishment in Mauger- 
 ville with a resident Pastor. — There are two Meeting-Houses 
 in Sheffield, one belonging to the seceders, and the other to the 
 Methodists. They have both settled Ministers and good con- 
 gregations. 
 
 The Parishes of Lincdln and Burton are opposite the Parish- 
 es just described, on the western side of the river — they are 
 situated on high land interspersed with intervale. They are 
 well settled and the farms generally well cultivated. The river 
 Oromocto intersects these parishes. This is an extensive stream 
 well settled in many places, having several branches which 
 wind through the country to a great distance. Some of these 
 streams are settled, and mills are built at different places. — 
 The main road from Fredericton to Saint Andrews crosses this 
 river a little above the falls, where a blockhouse was construct- 
 ed during the war for military purposes. There is an extensive 
 tract of wild meadow along the course of this river, which yields 
 a great quantity of coarse grass, and affords an extensive 
 range for cattle, after the water has drained off in the summer. 
 The land on the Oromocto and its tributary streams is general- 
 ly of a good quality, but in conunon with most all the streams 
 
47 
 
 in this Province very subject to frost. The mouth of the Oro- 
 mocto being very deep, is a very eligible place for ship-building, 
 which is prosecuted here to considerable extent, timber, &c. 
 being floated down the river in great abundance. There was 
 formerly a good herring fishery at the falls in this river, but a 
 mill having been built near that place it has dwindled to nothing. 
 — There is a Church at the mouth of the Oromocto on the 
 Burton side, in which divine service is occasionally performed 
 by the Rector of Maugerville. — There is likewise a Court-house 
 in Burton nearly in ruins where the County Courts are held. 
 A stream called Swan Creek runs through Burton, but has 
 nothing peculiar to merit a particular description. — Three va- 
 luable Islands lie in this part of the river Saint John called the 
 Oromocto, Middle, and Major’s Island. Ox-Island runs par- 
 rallel with Major’s Island. It is small and forms shoals near i£ 
 which impede the navigation. There are also shoals at the 
 Oromocto, which are nearly impassable for large vessels in the 
 dry part of the season. 
 
 — eO©— 
 
 I 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 QUEEN’S. 
 
 This County joins Sunbury on the N. W. Charlotte on the 
 S. W. Northurhberland on the N. E. and King’s on the S. E. 
 It lies on both sides of the river Saint John, and contains four 
 Parishes, with a population of 4, 741 inhabitants. 
 
 This is a good county for stock, having a number of fine 
 Islands within its limits. The inhabitants are principally agri- 
 culturalists who have well improved farms and good stocks of 
 cattle. The land is of an excellent quality and in general well 
 cultivated. The soil along the bank of the river in the Parish 
 of Waterborough is equalled by none in the Province for fertili- 
 ty. As the country decends to the Jemseg, the rich sediment 
 deposited by the annual overflowing of the river, produces the 
 most luxuriant vegetation, and although the farmer can seldom 
 commence his labours till June, yet so productive is the soil, 
 that in a few weeks the country exhibits the most exuberant 
 vegetation. Indian corn flourishes in this Parish in the highest 
 perfection: the soil being a light rich loom and the country le- 
 vel so as to receive the full effect of the sun. Small grain, grass, 
 and roots are also produced here in the greatest abundance. In- 
 deed a more fertile district can scarcely be conceived than the 
 land from Maugerville to the Jemseg. The observations that 
 
48 
 
 were made about the road through Maugerville and Sheffield 
 will likewise apply here, very little attention having of late been 
 paid to them, anti it is probable that the statue labor is but sel- 
 dom fully performed in any of those Parishes. There is a con- 
 venient Chapel belonging to the Baptists in Waterborough, 
 which has a stated minister and numerous congregation. — Af- 
 ter crossing the Jemseg, the country rises, and the Parish of 
 Wickham exhibits some well improved farms in pleasant and 
 sightly situations. The Grand Lake, the largest body of in- 
 land water in the Province, lies back of Waterborough. It is 
 nearly thirty miles long, and from three to nine wide. A large 
 stream called Salmon River, fails into it near the head. This 
 stream is well timbered with pine. A short portage leads from 
 » this stream to the waters communicating with the river Mira- 
 michi. This lake discharges its waters into the Saint John, by 
 a narrow gut ca led Jemseg, which is about thirty rods wide 
 and very deep. The country on the Western side of this lake 
 is in many places low and marshy, having the French and 
 Maquepit lakes in its neighbourhood which are settled in 
 pi act s The country in the vicinity of the Grand Lake a- 
 bounds with coal, which are found of a good quality, particu- 
 larly at a creek called New-Castle, where large quantities have 
 been dug. A stratum is generally found near the. surface of the 
 earth : the first layer of coal being about eighteen inches in 
 depth, and they are found to improve in quality in proportion to 
 the depth of the veins. The layers are nearly horizontal, and 
 are probably a continuation of the strata found at Cape Breton, 
 which has been ascertained to proceed in a Southwestern direc- 
 tion from that island, to Nova-Scotia and New-Bruns\yick. 
 The Grand Lake is well settled, and has a resident Minister 
 belonging to the Established Church. It has likewise a Me- 
 thodist Chapel ; but no stated minister of that denomination. 
 
 Another large lake called Dashadmaak, lies a little below 
 the Jemseg, and is separated from the Grand Lake by a range 
 of highland. This lake is from twenty-four to thirty miles long, 
 and from two to three miles wide. A stream falls into this 
 lake, called the Washademoak river, which rises near the bend 
 of the Peticodiac. It.has a settlement along its banks, called 
 New-Canaan. There is a mixture of intervale and upland a- 
 long this settlement, well covered with timber of various kinds. 
 The Washademoak lake is well settled, and empties into the 
 St. John, opposite Long Island. 
 
 The Parishes on the western side of the river are Gage- 
 town and Hampstead. Gagetown is regularly laid out, and is 
 the county town. It has a handsome Church, with a settled 
 Pastor ; a Court-House and Goal, with several fine private 
 
49 
 
 buildings. As was observed before, several fine Islands, lie in 
 this county, one of them, named Long Island, is six miles in 
 length and well improved. It has a neat Church, in which di- 
 vine service is occasionally performed. It has likewise a 
 tavern, with as good accommodations and as well kept as any 
 in the country. The streams in this county on the western 
 side of the river, have nothing peculiar to merit a particular 
 description. Gagetown Creek runs past the Township of that 
 name, and fecilitates the navigation of that part of the country, 
 and the Ocnabog is the tunnel through which the waters of a 
 small lake of that name are discharged into the Saint John. I 
 must not forget to notice that in front of Gagetown there is 
 a bend in the river, which some ill natured person has saddled 
 with the forbidding name of “ No Man’s Friend” although there 
 is nothing unfriendly about the place, and it should rather be 
 called “ Pleasant Reach” as the adjoining country is very plea- 
 sant. 
 
 A new Parish has lately been erected in this County, called 
 Brunswick, which lies back of Waterborough and Wickham, 
 and comprehends the settlement of New-Canaan and the district 
 adjoining. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 KING’S COUNTY 
 
 Lies likewise on both sides of the river Saint John, and is 
 bounded on the North by a line running South West and North 
 East, from the South point of Spoon Island in the river Saint 
 John. On the East by Northumberland and Westmorland. 
 On the West by Charlotte, and on the South by the County of 
 Saint John. It contains seven thousand nine hundred and thir- 
 ty inhabitants. 
 
 It comprehends the Long Reach, the Kennebeckasis and Be- 
 lisle, and is divided into the following Parishes — Westfield, 
 Greenwich, Kingston, Springfield, Norton, Sussex, and Hamp- 
 ton. Kingston has a Township regularly laid out, which bears 
 the name of the Parish. It has a neat Church, with a resident 
 Minister, and a number of neat buildings, which make a fine 
 appearance. The Court-House, however, is a considerable 
 distance from the Town. The settlers in most parts of this 
 Parish have the appearance of comfort and affluence, although 
 the land is inferior in fertility to most of the other Parishes. 
 The Parish of Sussex has a Church with a resident Minister, 
 
50 
 
 and an Academy for the instruction of the Indians, but little 
 good has accrued to these wanderers from that Institution. A 
 beautiful strip of land lies in this Parish called the Vale of Sus- 
 sex, which is highly cultivated and covered with excellent houses 
 and barns. — Agriculture is in general well attended to, and its 
 effects are evident in independent farmers, good stocks of cattle 
 and an air of comfort and cheerfulness, the sure returns of in- 
 dustry and husbandry. The roads and bridges are in good 
 order and well attended to. The great road of communication 
 passes through this Vale to Westmorland. 
 
 The river Kennebeckasis intersects this County, and falls into 
 the Saint John, near the Boar’s Head. This is a considerable 
 stream, and has several Islands scattered through its course. 
 It is navigable upwards of twenty miles for vessels of any bur- 
 then, and sixty miles farther for small vessels and boats. It is 
 well adapted tor Ship-building, having abundance of excellent 
 timber in its neighbourhood, and several vessels are annually 
 built here for the merchants of Saint John. 
 
 The Nerepis another considerable stream, falls into the Saint 
 John at the foot of the Long Reach. This river runs a consi- 
 derable distance into the country and has a settlement along its 
 banks. 
 
 There are two quarries of excellent Plaster of Paris on the 
 river Kennebeckasis. There is likewise a salt spring in this part 
 of the country, from which small quantities of salt have been 
 made by the Indians and Inhabitants settled near the place, 
 which has proved of an excellent quality for the table, and their 
 can be no doubt of its possessing valuable medicinal qualities ; 
 but no attention has yet been paid to analyse it. Great quanti- 
 ties of sugar are extracted from the sugar maple in this county, 
 upwards often thousand pounds have been made in a year, of 
 that valuable article in one Parish. 
 
 Several of the Parishes in this county have Churches, some 
 of which have stated Pastors, and others are supplied occasion- 
 ally. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 SAINT JOHN. 
 
 This County is bounded northerly by a line running East 
 North East, and West South West, from the southernmost 
 point of the Kennebeckasis Island. Westwardly by a North 
 line from point Lepreau. Eastwardly by Hopewell Township, 
 and on the Southward by the Bay of Fundy. It has four Pa- 
 
SI 
 
 rishes. The City of Saint John, Portland, Lancaster, and Saint 
 Martins. It contains a population of twelve thousand nine 
 hundred and seven inhabitants. This county has several fine 
 harbors ; the principal of which is the harbor of Saint John, at 
 the mouth of the Saint John river and which was noticed in the 
 description of the city. This harbor has a valuable fishery for 
 Salmon, Herring, and Shad. Formerly from two to three 
 thousand barrels of Shad, twenty thousand barrels of herrings, 
 and a vast quantity of Salmon were taken here annually ; but the 
 fishery has fallen off very much of late years. A Cod fishery 
 might also be prosecuted to advantage not far from Partridge 
 Island, but this is totally neglected. The other harbors are 
 Quaco, Musquash, and Dippoo harbor, down the Bay, which 
 have nothing particular. They have water sufficient for vessels 
 of four hundred tons burthen. 
 
 The land, in the county and along the sea-board are not so 
 good for farming as those in the interior. They are generally 
 very rocky and uneven. In many places they are mere barrens 
 being covered with a stunted growth of shrubs. There are how- 
 ever good spots intermixed, and many places that formerly ap- 
 peared doomed to sterility have been brought under a good 
 state of cultivation. Great improvements have lately been 
 made in farming in this county. Many new settlements have 
 been formed and are rapidly improving. Several merchants 
 and persons of property in the city of Saint John have lately 
 improved farms in its vicinity; particularly on the Marsh and 
 at Loch Lomond. It will certainly be a great advantage to the 
 Province, if men who possess capital, employ a part of it in im- 
 proving the country. By this means many poor districts of 
 sterile land may be reclaimed, and improved by the wealth of 
 the city ; to the great advantage of individuals, and benefit of 
 the settlement where such improvements are made : as the ci- 
 tizen will lay out from year to year, iso more than he can spare 
 from his other pursuits, and this when the land is once brought 
 to a good state of cultivation will richly repay him : while the 
 indigent settler will have labour brought home to his own door 
 to enable him to subsist while he improves a small spot for him- 
 self, which without such a resource he could not attempt. 
 
 A great strip of Marsh lies contiguous to the city, some of 
 which is dyked and yields excellent grass. The whole district is 
 rapidly improving to the great advantage of the city. Several 
 wealthy citizens have lately made great improvements here, and 
 some fine seats are nearly completed. 
 
 The Parish of Portland contains old Fort Howe. This Fort 
 is situated On a rugged hill at the mouth of the river Saint John, 
 and completely commands the harbour. Portland is well built 
 
52 
 
 tip, but the road near the Fort is very narrow, and in a wretch- 
 ed state, considering that it is the only thorough fair from the 
 city, to the Indian House, so called; which is situated in front 
 of the bay just above the falls, and where vessels and boats come 
 too, going and coming to wait for the tide, and where passen- 
 gers from all parts of the river land, and frequently walk over 
 the tongue of land to Saint John, which is a little more than 
 a mile. Passengers likewise going up the river in the Steara- 
 Boat or Sloops, usually ride or walk from Saint John to the In- 
 dian House, and baggage and goods of all descriptions, are 
 transported above the falls by this rout, which keeps the road 
 continually thronged, and points out the necessity of having a 
 good and safe communication in such a public place. There 
 is no public place of worship in Portland of any denomination : 
 the inhabitants resort to the different places of worship in the 
 city. 
 
 The settlements of Quaco, Manawagonish, Musquash, &c. 
 are in a flourishing state. Considerable progress has been made 
 in Agriculture, and there is reason to believe the country round 
 the Bay shore is rich in minerals. Manganese has been found 
 at Quaco, and the adjoining district, which has been sent to 
 the United States, and is said to be of a good quality. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Having in the preceding sections briefly described the five 
 Counties lying along the river St. John ; I shall now proceed 
 with the three remaining, commencing with 
 
 CHARLOTTE. 
 
 This County is bounded by the Bay of Fundy on the south, 
 by the St. Croix river, and the Bay of Passamaquoddy on the 
 west and south west, on the east by a north line from Point Le- 
 preau, and on the north by a west line commencing in the said 
 north line thirty-three miles from Point Lepreau, and contains 
 nine thousand two hundred and sixty-seven inhabitants. 
 
 It is divided from the United States by the river St. Croix, 
 commonly called the Schoodick, which is the line in this quar- 
 ter that divides the territories of His Britannic Majesty from 
 the District (State) of Maine. It comprehends several large 
 Islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy, and is divided into the 
 following Parishes : — St. Andrews, St. Stephens, St. Davids, 
 St. Patricks, St. Georges, Pennfield, Campobello, West Isles, 
 and Grand Manau. 
 
5 3 
 
 The Parish of St. Andrews, besides the town of that name 
 already described, possesses many advantages for tr tde, being 
 situated very conveniently for navigation. It has several Saw- 
 Mills, and a great quantity of boards, planks, &c. are shipped 
 from that port. 
 
 St. Stephens likewise furnishes vast quantities of sawed lum- 
 ber. The mills in this parish on the river Schoodick are very 
 numerous. More than four million feet of boards and planks 
 are cut in this Parish annually. Ship-building is likewise car- 
 ried on to considerable extent. Large quantities of shingles and 
 small lumber of different descriptions are also furnished here 
 for exportation. There is a Methodist Chapel with a stated 
 Minister in this parish. The country is considerably improved, 
 having several good farms. It has likewise a good herring fish- 
 ery at the falls of the Schoodick. 
 
 St. Davids has likewise some good saw-mills. It also fur- 
 nishes masts, and squared timber for shipping. The land in 
 this Parish is of an excellent quality, and produces wheat, oats, 
 indian corn, potatoes, &c. in great abundance. 
 
 The Parishes of St. Patricks, St. George, and Pennfield, 
 have each a number of saw-mills, and furnish large quantities 
 of sawed lumber of the best quality — the country being well 
 stocked with excellent pine. Considerable quantities of scale 
 fish are also caught and cured here. Great improvements are 
 likewise making in Agriculture in these Parishes, particularly 
 in Pennfield, which produces wheat in great perfection. The 
 settlers in this Parish are good farmers, and are making great 
 improvements. 
 
 The Parishes of Campobello and Deer Island comprehend 
 the Islands so called. Campobello includes the Islands on 
 the south east side of Passaniaquoddy river. It contains several 
 thousand acres of land fit for cultivation. Many of the inhabi- 
 tants are employed in the fishery along the shores. Great quan- 
 tities of cod and other fish are taken about the Island, and sold 
 uncured to the Americans. Formerly most of the gypsum ex- 
 ported from this Province was landed on this Island where it 
 was shipped on board American vessels for Philadelphia and 
 New- York. 
 
 Grand-Manan is likewise a considerable place for fishing. 
 Ship-building, &c. and is of considerable importance in a nau- 
 tical point of view, as it lies near the entrance of the Bay of Fun- 
 dy. It is fourteen miles long and seven miles broad. The 
 northernmost point is in latitude 44° 54' longitude 66° 45' west. 
 
 The rivers Maggagaudavick and Digdaguash, lie in this 
 county, and are of the utmost advantage in transporting the 
 lumber from the interior. On each of these streams mills arc 
 
 H 
 
54 , 
 
 erected. The Maggagaudavick runs a great distance into the 
 country, and communicates with a chain of lakes, tlown which 
 lumber is floated from a great distance. There are several falls 
 in the Maggagaudavick — those near the mouth are nearly forty 
 feet. 
 
 Several Islands lying in Passamaquoddy Bay, are within the 
 limits of this county. Some of them are of considerable im- 
 portance, on account of the fishery, and as affording harbors 
 for shipping. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 WESTMORLAND, 
 
 Is bounded eastwardly by the line of Nova-Scotia, and the 
 Gulph of St. Lawrence ; northerly, by a west line running into 
 the country from the northernmost point of Shediac Island ; 
 westwardly, by a line beginningat a point in the north boundary 
 of St. John County ; north, from Quaco head, and running 
 north till it meets said west line ; southerly, by St. John County 
 and Chignecto. It contains nine thousand three hundred and 
 three inhabitants. 
 
 This County is situated at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and 
 joins Nova-Scotia. The line between the Provinces is the nar- 
 rowest part of the isthmus between the Bay of Fundy anti Bay 
 Verte. A small stream over which there is a bridge — forming 
 the separating line. It contains the following Parishes : — 
 Westmorland, Sackville, Hillsborough, Hopewell, Moncton, 
 Dorchester, Salisbury, and Botsford. 
 
 A considerable part of this county was formerly settled by 
 the Acadians or French neutrals,’ whose descendants are still 
 numerous in this and the adjoining County of Northumberland, 
 being spread along the seaboard, to the Bay of Chaleur. They 
 have settlements at Memramcook, Peticodiac, Bay Verte, 
 Cocagne, Bucktouche, Richibucto, &c. — where there are seve- 
 ral large Chapels, which are usually supplied with Romish Mis- 
 sionaries, who are supported by'tythes from the French Catho- 
 lics. But the most thriving class of settlers are English, chiefly 
 from Yorkshire, or their descendants. They are in general 
 good farmers and attend chiefly to husbandry. Indian corn is 
 but little cultivated in this county, the climate being too cool and 
 temperate for that plant to thrive well ; but wheat, oats, pota- 
 toes, &c flourish here in great perfection. This is the finest 
 part of the Province tor stock ; from the extensive tracts of 
 salt marsh which lie in this county, many thousand acres of 
 
 4 
 
55 
 
 which are dyked and produce abundant crops. Butter and 
 cheese are made and exported from this county in large quanti- 
 ties. The cattle are superior to any in the country from the 
 great attention that has been paid by the inhabitants to crossing 
 and improving the breed. During the American war nine hun- 
 dred head of cattle, and eight hundred firkins of butter, were 
 sent from this county to Halifax, and other places in one year, 
 and although the demand has fallen off since the peace, there 
 are still large droves taken from Cumberland to Halifax, and 
 St. John — and likewise large quantities of butter and cheese. 
 
 The tides at the head of the Bay rise to a great height. They 
 come in with successive swells of the water called the Boar, 
 which at spring tides roll in with amazing velocity in waves 
 about three feet perpendicular. The noise of the Boar is heard 
 a great distance, and animals immediately take to the highland, 
 and manifest visible signs of terror if near it. The spring tides 
 at Cape Chignecto, Cape Enrage, and Cumberland bason, are 
 from forty-five to fifty-five feet. Common tides at Cape Chig- 
 necto, thirty-six feet ; at Cape Enrage, forty feet ; at Fort Cum- 
 berland, forty-five; and at Bay Verte, from eight to ten feet 
 perpendicular. 
 
 The shores from Cape Chignecto and Martin’s Head to the 
 Joggins, or land of Grindstones, are high, bold and rocky. On 
 other parts of the coast they are not so elevated, but abound in 
 most places with valuable stones of different kinds, fit for build- 
 ing and other purposes. Great quantities of Grindstones are 
 made in this county, and furnish a valuable article for expor- 
 tation. Nearly twenty thousand were formerly exported from 
 this place annually, to the United States, and other places, but 
 this branch of trade has fallen off considerably of late years. 
 
 Fort Cumberland formerly called Beau-se-Jour, is situated 
 on the Missaguash river in this county. It was the first post 
 fortified by the French in this Province, and was for a long 
 while a great annoyance to the English settlers, till it was taken 
 by Colonel Monckton, in 1755, who placed a British Garri- 
 son in it. The works are at present much decayed, a few sol- 
 diers are however still stationed in it. 
 
 The several parishes in this county are in a flourishing state. 
 Some of them have neat places of worship with stated Ministers, 
 and others are visited occasionally. Westmorland in general, is 
 well settled, with a substantial yeomanry, and although it does 
 not make such a figure in a bustling trade as some of the other 
 counties ; it is silently enriching itself with the slow but sure re- 
 turns of Agriculture, and fast rising into importance. 
 
 The rivers in this county are the Peticodiac, Memramcook, 
 and Missaguash with several other streams which run a consi- 
 
56 
 
 derable distance into the country. Some of them are well set- 
 tled along their banks. The main road from Saint John to 
 Cumberland follows the Peticodiac nearly throughout its whole 
 Course. 
 
 There are no sea-ports in this county of consequence. Dor- 
 chester has but little trade, and Chediac is near the lines in 
 Northumberland, although the river runs into this county and 
 facilitates the export of its produce. 
 
 — ©Q©— 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND 
 
 Joins Westmorland on the southward, and is bounded 
 eastwardly by the Gulph of Saint Lawrence, and Bay of Cha- 
 leur. On the northwestward by the Bay of Chaleur to the ri- 
 ver Ristigouche, and westwardly by a continuation of the 
 western boundary line of Westmorland. The population of 
 this county amounts to fifteen thousand eight hundred and 
 twenty-nine. 
 
 This extensive county lies along the Gulph of Saint Law- 
 rence having a great extent of sea-coast. It includes several 
 large bays and rivers, and comprises more than one third of 
 the Province. It contains the following Parishes : — Newcas- 
 tle, Chatham, Ludlow, Northesk, Alnwick, Carleton, Beres- 
 ford, Glenelg, Saumarez, Wellington, and Nelson. It is a 
 great lumbering county, and furnishes more squared timber an- 
 nually than the whole Province besides : The pine is of the best 
 quality, and found in immense quantities along the numerous 
 streams and rivers with which this part of the country abounds. 
 The lumber shipped from this county generally commands a 
 better price in the British market than fi'om any other part of 
 the Province. The principal port for shipping is Miramichi, 
 which is crowded with vessels during the summer and autumn. 
 The river has two main branches called the northwest and 
 southwest. Vessels load in different parts of the river, and 
 rafts are brought to the shipping with the greatest ease. Ship- 
 ping go up the river as far as Fraser’s Island for cargoes and 
 farther on the northwest, where there are several trading esta- 
 blishments. Newcastle is a considerable place for loading, 
 and although it may be considered the county town, has nothing 
 particular. About two miles below diis place there is a trading 
 establishment belonging to Mr. Abrahams, and two miles far- 
 ther down is the establishment of Rankin, & Co. Indeed 
 
57 
 
 wherever there is a convenient cove, vessels lay and load. 
 Chatham four miles below Newcastle on the opposite side of 
 the river, is also a considerable shipping place. It has a Church 
 with several fine stores anti buildings. There are but few 
 places along the entrance of this river but what are convenient 
 for shipping. Upwards of three hundred sail load annually at 
 Miramichi. The timber is paid for part in specie, and part in 
 British and West-India goods and provisions. 
 
 A stranger would naturally suppose, that such a trade must 
 produce great riches to the country ; and that great and rapid 
 improvements would be made. That large towns would be 
 built — that the fair produce of such a trade would be seen in 
 commodious and elegant houses, extensive stores and mercan- 
 tile conveniences, in public buildings for ornament and utility, 
 good roads and improved seats in the vicinity of the sea-ports, 
 with Churches, Kirks, Chapels, &c. : All these with many other 
 expectations would be but a matter of course. But here he 
 would not only be disappointed, but astonished at the rugged 
 and uncouth appearance of most part of this extensive county. 
 There is not even a place that can claim the name of a town. 
 The wealth that has come into it, has passed as through a 
 thoroughfare to the United States, to pay for labour or cattle. 
 The persons principally engaged in shipping the timber have been 
 strangers who have taken no interest in the welfare of the country; 
 but have merely occupied a spot to make what they could in the 
 shortest possible time. Some of these have done well, and i 
 others have had to quit the trade : but whether they won or lost 
 the capital of the country has been wasted, and no improve- 
 ment of any consequence made to compensate for it, or to secure 
 a source of trade to the inhabitants, when the lumber shall fail. 
 Instead of seeing towns built, farms improved, and the country 
 cleared and stocked with the reasonable returns of so great a 
 trade; the forests are stripped and nothing left in prospect, but 
 the gloomy apprehension when the timber is gone, of sinking in- 
 to insignificance and poverty. Formerly the woods s wanned 
 with American adventurers who cut as they pleased. These 
 men seeing the advantages that was given them, and wishing to 
 make the most of their time, cut few but prime trees, and ma- 
 nufactured only the best part of what they felled, leaving the 
 tops to rot : by this mode more than a third of the timber was 
 lost. This with their practice of leaving what was not of the 
 best quality after the trees were felled, lias destroyed hundreds 
 of thousands of tons of good timber : And when this was stop- 
 ped by permitting none but British subjects and freeholders to 
 obtain licences, the business was not much mended as any per- 
 son wishing to enter into the trade could, by purchasing a'smali 
 
58 
 
 sterile spot for a small trifle (provided he was a British subject) 
 get in the way of monopolizing the woods. These are some of 
 the causes that have and still do operate against the prosperity of 
 the country. Men who take no interest in the welfare of the 
 province, continue to sap and prey on its resources. 
 
 The other sea-ports in this county are Saint Peters, Richi- 
 bucto, and Ristigouche, at which places there is a considerable 
 trade carried on in squared timber, &c. but they have nothing 
 of consequence to merit a particular description. Besides the 
 Miramichi already described, this county is watered by several 
 considerable rivers, the principal of which is the Ristigouche, 
 which falls into the Bay of Chaleur, and communicates 
 by a short portage with grand river which falls into the Saint 
 John fifteen miles above the great falls. The smaller rivers 
 are numerous, some of them have settlements along their banks 
 and others are but little known. The inhabitants are a mixture 
 of Europeans and Americans. A number of the descendants of 
 the French neutrals are settled in this county, particularly on 
 the river Cocagne where there are several villages with Catholic 
 Chapels : they are also settled at Buctouche, Richibucto and 
 along the sea-board as far as the Bay of Chaleur. They are 
 generally agriculturalists and quiet orderly settlers. 
 
 Having thus gone briefly through the different counties, I 
 shall conclude this chapter with a statement of the distances of 
 the principal points on the 
 
 GREAT ROAD 
 
 of communication from Saint John to Quebec. 
 
 From St. John to Fredericton, 82| miles on the eastern side 
 From Fredericton to the Presque-Isle, 84 of the river, and 92 on 
 From Presque-Isle to Grand Falls, 52 the western. 
 
 Thence to the Madawaska Falls, 45 
 To the river Des Caps near Ka- 
 
 mouraska, 84| 
 
 Thence to Quebec, 107£' 
 
 452£ 
 
 making in the whole a distance of four hundred and fifty-tw’o and 
 a half miles from the sea-board to Quebec, according to the pre- 
 sent routes ; nearly two thirds of which is along the great river 
 St. John. 
 
 The great road of communication between this Province and 
 Canada, has been much neglected, particularly about the Grand 
 Falls where the road has been but lately cut and is but little im- 
 proved, although this^ has been the route for the couriers up- 
 
50 
 
 ■wards of forty years ; but as the attention of Government is 
 now turned to that object it is probable there will soon be an 
 alteration for the better. 
 
 In opening new roads there is not sufficient pains taken to 
 explore the best ground in commencing. Frequently after the 
 roads are considerably improved, and much money expended, 
 better routes are discovered and most parts of the old road are 
 abandoned. To remedy this where the road runs along the 
 course of a river it would be advisable to explore the country 
 some distance back, for as the banks of the rivers are in many 
 places very high the streams that run into them indent the 
 country and form hollows and hills near their exit that are near- 
 ly impassable ; when by going a little back the land falls and 
 their banks have a gradual slope over which a good road may 
 be made with ease. This although not a general rule, will 
 hold good in most parts of the country. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 State of Learning . — Trade. — Revenue. — Remarks on the Lum- 
 ber business. — Population. — Militia. 
 
 The state of learning in this Province is very flourishing at 
 present compared to what it was a few years ago. When the 
 country was first settled the opportunities of obtaining a liberal 
 education were small and confined to a few. From this cause 
 many persons who occasionally fill important stations in the se- 
 veral counties, are found very deficient in learning, but this from 
 the many provisions lately made will cease in a few years, and 
 men will always be found to fill all public offices, witli learning 
 sufficient to enable them to discharge their several duties with 
 credit to themselves and advantage to the public. 
 
 Besides the College of New-Brunswick incorporated by 
 charter, there are Grammar Schools established in several coun- 
 ties which are liberally supported. By the bounty of the Legis- 
 lature, twenty pounds per annum is allowed to be drawn out of 
 the Province Treasury for every Parish where a School-House 
 is provided, and the sum of thirty pounds raised by the inha- 
 bitants, to enable them to employ good and sufficient teachers, 
 and this bounty extends to three schools in each Parish. By 
 this liberal public provision schooling is brought to the doors of 
 most of the inhabitants, who will exert themselves to partake of 
 the public benefit. 
 
60 
 
 The College of New-Brunswick is established at Fredericton 
 and endowed with a block of land containing nearly six thou- 
 sand acres adjoining the town plot. 
 
 The Governor and Trustees of this College having surren- 
 dered their charter to the King, and petitioned to have the Esta- 
 blishment put on a more enlarged footing ; their petition was 
 graciously received and a new charter granted, bearing date the 
 eighteenth of November, one thousand eight hundred and twen- 
 ty-three. A grant of a sum of money was at the same time 
 made to the College out of the royal revenues in this Province, 
 to enable the Corporation to erect a suitable building for the 
 President, Professors and Students ; and to procure a Library, 
 and Philosophical apparatus for the same. The Legislature of 
 the Province has likewise granted a liberal sum for the same 
 purpose ; in consequence of which a building on a liberal scale, 
 is to be immediately erected on a consjficuous part of the rising 
 ground adjoining the town. 
 
 The most general seminary for the education of the bulk of 
 the population is the Madras School. The Lieutenant-Go- 
 vernor and a number of the first characters in the Province, 
 have the management of this seminary, which is incorporated by 
 the name of “ The Governor and Trustees of the Madras School 
 in New-Brunswick.” As most of the Parish Schools in the Pro- 
 vince are on the Madras system of education, and under xhe 
 direction of the corporation, I shall close this short sketch of the 
 state of learning in this Province with a statement of that 
 institution copied from the last report. 
 
 State of the Madras School in New-Brunswick, in July, 1824, 
 viz. 
 
 Saint John, in 
 
 daily attendance 
 
 197- 
 
 -total entered 1222 
 
 Carleton, 
 
 j» 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 143 
 
 Fredericton, 
 
 99 
 
 50 
 
 99 
 
 79 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 99 
 
 22 
 
 99 
 
 45 
 
 Queensborough, 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 45 
 
 St. Andrews, 
 
 99 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 156 
 
 Grand Manan, 
 
 \ 
 
 A O 
 
 
 tjQ 
 
 Grand Harbour, 
 
 ,J ” 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 North Head, 
 
 99 
 
 40 
 
 99 
 
 76 
 
 W estcock, 
 
 99 
 
 45 
 
 99 
 
 118 
 
 Sackville, 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 40 
 
 Shediac, 
 
 99 
 
 30 
 
 99 
 
 53 
 
 Peticodiac, 
 
 99 
 
 45 
 
 99 
 
 50 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 99 
 
 81 
 
 Gage Town, 
 
 99 
 
 25 
 
 99 
 
 117 
 
 Sussex Vale, 
 
 99 
 
 38 
 
 99 
 
 114 
 
61 
 
 Newcastle, 
 
 99 
 
 39 
 
 h 
 
 166 
 
 Northesk, 
 
 99 
 
 42 
 
 99 
 
 66 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 99 
 
 51 
 
 Hampton, 
 
 99 
 
 26 
 
 99 
 
 75 
 
 Norton, 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 60 
 
 Maugerville, 
 
 99 
 
 28 
 
 99 
 
 52 
 
 „ middle district, 
 
 
 99 
 
 39 
 
 Fort Cumberland, 
 
 99 
 
 49 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 Point Debute, 
 
 99 
 
 52 
 
 99 
 
 62 
 
 Jolicure, 
 
 99 
 
 32 
 
 99 
 
 50 
 
 St. Georges, 
 
 99 
 
 38 
 
 99 
 
 72 
 
 W oodstock, middle 1 
 district, J 
 
 f- 
 
 36 
 
 99 
 
 135 
 
 Upper District, 
 Dow’s District, 
 
 99 
 
 35 
 
 i 
 
 99 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 36 
 
 Wakefield, middle") 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 SO 
 
 district, j 
 
 ‘ 99 
 
 99 
 
 Lower district, 
 
 99 
 
 21 
 
 99 
 
 86 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 
 99 
 
 35 
 
 Military Settlement ) 
 
 No. 1, J 
 
 r » 
 
 38 
 
 99 
 
 140 
 
 No. 2, 
 
 99 
 
 36 
 
 99 
 
 131 
 
 No. 3, 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 99 
 
 159 
 
 No. 4-, 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 99 
 
 116 
 
 Scotch Settlement, 
 
 99 
 
 20 
 
 99 
 
 36 
 
 In July, 1824 — 4,379 
 
 Add the number In the College at Fredericton, as 
 
 reported last year ™ — . 357 
 
 Total — 4,736 
 In July, 1823 — 3,396 
 
 Increase during the year — 1,340 
 
 The trade of New-Brunswick maybe comprised under the 
 the following heads : 
 
 EXPORTS TO THE WEST-INDIES. 
 
 Boards, shingles, fish, and small articles. The principal re- 
 turn for which is rum, sugar, molasses, &c. 
 
 EXPORTS TO GREAT-BRITAIN. 
 
 Squared timber, masts, spars, oars, lathwood, deals, furs, &c. 
 Ship-building forms also a considerable branch of trade at pre- 
 sent. Some of which are built by contract for merchants in 
 
62 
 
 Great-Britain, and others are built and loaded by merchants 
 in the Province, and either employed by them in the exporta- 
 tion of lumber, or sold in Britain. The returns for this trade 
 are British merchandise, and specie. 
 
 There was formerly a considerable trade carried on with the 
 United States in gypsum, grindstones, smoked salmon, &c. and 
 for a short period in the productions of the West-Indies from 
 the free port of St. John, (as well as from Halifax in Nova- 
 Scotia.) But the trade in West-India produce is now totally 
 at an end, and the other branches much fallen off, so that most 
 of the flour, corn, and bread stuffs imported from thence is paid 
 for in specie, which is a great drain for the cash of the Pro- 
 vince : for there are nearly sixty thousand barrels of wheat and 
 rye flour, and from sixty-five to seventy thousand bushels of in- 
 dian corn, imported annually, besides corn meal, bread, &c. 
 
 The amount of imports in 1324 was five hundred and four- 
 teen thousand five hundred and fifty-seven pounds sterling, and 
 the exports in the same year five hundred and twenty-six thou- 
 sand nine hundred and twenty-three, and the exports from the 
 port of St. Andrews, which amounted to about one hundred 
 thousand pounds, besides several vessels built at St. Peters, and 
 other places not in the above statement. The gross amount 
 of the revenue collected at the different ports in the Province, 
 in 1824 was forty-four thousand six hundred and seventy pounds 
 two shillings and sixpence, New-Brunswick currency. This 
 when the population of the Country is considered, speaks much, 
 for the trade and resources of the Province. 
 
 As squared timber is the great staple of this trade, I shall set 
 down the number of tons exported yearly at three different pe- 
 riods, from which the reader may form a pretty correct idea of 
 
 the quantity usually shipped in a year. 
 
 \ 
 
 In 1819 the quantity was 247,394 Tons. 
 
 In 1822 266,430 Do. 
 
 In 1824 321,211 Do. 
 
 The above is the total amount from all the Ports in New- 
 Brunswick. 
 
 The following statement will shew the total amount of ex- 
 ports and imports of every description in the year 1824. 
 
63 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 PORT ov SAINT JOHN, NEW-BRUNSWICK. 
 
 An account of the total number of Ships and V essels that have 
 entered inwards at this Port and the Out-Bays within the dis- 
 trict thereof in the year 1824, with their Tonnage , number of 
 Men , and the quantity of Goods imported in the same V essels, 
 together with the value of said Goods in Sterling Money. — Ex- 
 clusive of Coasters. 
 
 SAINT JOHN. 
 
 432 Vessels — 94,248 Tons — 4,192 Men. 
 
 Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls. 
 
 32,512 
 
 Coal, chaldrons, 
 
 3,703 
 
 Bread, ditto, 
 
 1,088 
 
 Oak and Locust Wood, M. feet, 62 
 
 Corn, bushels, 
 
 37,917 
 
 Onions, Seeds, Apples, &c. bbls. 3,016 
 
 Meal, barrels, 
 
 3,448 
 
 Staves, M. 
 
 45 
 
 Rice, cwts. 
 
 1,097 
 
 Shingles, M. 
 
 27 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels, 
 
 4,719 
 
 Iron and Copper, tons, 
 
 2,154 
 
 Sheep, number, 
 
 26 
 
 Hides, number, 
 
 7,724 
 
 Horses, ditto, 
 
 3 
 
 Mahogany, Logwood, &c. tons, 192 
 
 Peas and Beans, bushels, 
 
 1,145 
 
 Bricks, M. 
 
 21 
 
 Wine, gallons, 
 
 14,772 
 
 Stone Ware, pieces. 
 
 22,113 
 
 Brandy and Gin, gallons, 
 
 29,682 
 
 Cotton Wool, bales, 
 
 134 
 
 Rum, gallons. 
 
 310,879 
 
 Slates, M. 
 
 95 
 
 Molasses, gallons. 
 
 110,579 
 
 Oats, bushels, 
 
 9,863 
 
 Coffee, cwts. 
 
 248 
 
 Barley, bushels, 
 
 1,452 
 
 Pimento, lbs. 
 
 9,742 
 
 Wheat, bushels, 
 
 5,418 
 
 Sugar, cwts, 
 
 2,988 
 
 Tallow, hogsheads. 
 
 6T 
 
 Salt, tons, 
 
 4,673 
 
 Wood Hoops, number, 
 
 2.400 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels. 
 
 2,254 
 
 PackagesofBritish Merchan- 
 
 
 Tobacco, cwts. 
 
 1,334 
 
 dise, including cotton, silk 
 
 
 Tea, chests, 
 
 1,415 
 
 and woollen Goods, Sail 
 
 
 Cordage, coils, 
 
 9,406 
 
 Cloth, Ironmongery, &c. 
 
 24,686 
 
 MIRAMICHI. 
 
 
 327 Vessels- 
 
 —94,601 Tons — 4,274 Men. 
 
 
 Wheat Flour, barrels. 
 
 17,285 
 
 Naval Store*, barrels, 
 
 213 
 
 Bread, barrels, 
 
 1,063 
 
 Tobacco, cwts. 
 
 727 
 
 Corn, bushels, 
 
 17,262 
 
 Tea, chests, 
 
 280 
 
 Meal, barrels. 
 
 11,598 
 
 Cordage, coils. 
 
 1,144 
 
 Rice ewK 
 
 160 
 
 Coal, chaldrons, 
 
 1,063 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels, 
 
 6,016 
 
 Onions, Seeds, Apples, Nuts, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Peas and Beans, barrels. 
 
 1,204 
 
 Barrels, 
 
 710 
 
 Wine, gallons, 
 
 6,493 
 
 Iron and Copper, tons, 
 
 125 
 
 Brandy and Gin, gallons, 
 
 23,533 
 
 Hides, number. 
 
 94 
 
 Rum, gallons, 
 
 86,977 
 
 Mahogany, Logwood, &c. tons, 42 
 
 Molasses, gallons, 
 
 23,533 
 
 Bricks, M. 
 
 82 
 
 Coffee, cwts. 
 
 126 
 
 Stone Ware, pieces* 
 
 60,300 
 
 Pimento, lbs. 
 
 224 
 
 Slates, M. 
 
 34 
 
 Sugar, cwts. 
 
 2,462 
 
 Barley, bushels. 
 
 200 
 
 Salt, tons, 
 
 410 
 
 British Merchandise, packages, 3,600 
 
64 
 
 SAINT PETERS. 
 
 S3 Vessels — 6,143 Tons — 302 Men. 
 
 Wheat Flour, barrels. 
 
 184 
 
 Salt, tons, 
 
 250 
 
 Bread, ditto, 
 
 34 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels. 
 
 10 
 
 Rice, cvvt. 
 
 16 
 
 Tobacco, cwts. 
 
 13 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels. 
 
 130 
 
 Tea, chests, 
 
 4 
 
 Wine, gallons, 
 
 61 
 
 Cordage, coils. 
 
 67 
 
 Brandy and Gin, gallons. 
 
 1,078 
 
 Coal, chaldrons. 
 
 24 
 
 Rum, gallons, 
 
 2,596 
 
 Iron and Copper, tons, 
 
 35 
 
 Molasses, gallons, 
 
 1,675 
 
 British Merchandise, packages, 
 
 148 
 
 Sugar, cwts. 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 RICHIBUCTO. 
 
 
 86 Vessels — 17,490 Tons — 830 Men. 
 
 
 Wheat Flour, barrels. 
 
 889 
 
 Sugar, ditto, 
 
 *02 
 
 Bread, ditto, 
 
 283 
 
 Salt, tons, 
 
 660 
 
 Meal, ditto, 
 
 631 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels. 
 
 39 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels, 
 
 493 
 
 Tobacco, cwts. 
 
 29 
 
 Peas and Be a is, bushels. 
 
 135 
 
 Tea, chests. 
 
 86 
 
 Wine, gallons, 
 
 968 
 
 Cordage, coils. 
 
 56 
 
 Brandy and Gin, gallons. 
 
 3,581 
 
 Co d, chaldrons. 
 
 125 
 
 Ruin, gallons, 
 
 10,821 
 
 Iron and Copper, tons. 
 
 25 
 
 Molasses, gallons. 
 
 5,937 
 
 British Merchandise, packages, 1,328 
 
 Coffee, cwts. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 SHEDIAC. 
 
 
 19 Vessels — 4,013 Tons — 208 Men, 
 
 Wheat Flour, barrels. 
 
 7 
 
 Salt, tons, 
 
 180 
 
 Bread, barrels, 
 
 <30 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels, 
 
 17 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels, 
 
 29 
 
 Tobacco, cwt. 
 
 11 
 
 Brandy and Gin, gallons. 
 
 120 
 
 Cordage, coils. 
 
 23 
 
 Rum, gallons. 
 
 Molasses, gallons. 
 
 20 
 
 Coal, chaldrons, 
 
 7 
 
 105 
 
 Iron and Copper, tons. 
 
 28 
 
 Sugar, cwts. 
 
 9 British Merchandise, packages, 
 
 RESTIGOUCHE. 
 
 176 
 
 13 Vessels — 2,226 
 
 Tons — 118 Men. 
 
 
 Bread, barrels. 
 
 5 
 
 Salt tons. 
 
 30 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels, 
 
 7 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels. 
 
 5 
 
 Peas and Beans, bushels, 
 
 14 
 
 Cordage, coils. 
 
 S3 
 
 Rum, gallons, 
 
 Molasses, gallons, 
 
 9' 2 
 
 Coal, chaldrons. 
 
 & 
 
 1,010 
 
 Iron and Copper, tons, 
 
 6 
 
 Sugar, cwts. 
 
 3 
 
 Stone Ware, pieces, 
 
 British Merchandise, packages, 
 
 3,000 
 
 Oats, bushels. 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 
 DORCHESTER. 
 
 . 
 
 4 Vessels— 841 Tons— 37 Men. 
 
 T^tal value of Goods, 14,557, sterling. 
 
65 
 
 CLEARED OUTWARDS, 
 SAINT JOHN. 
 
 417 Vessels— 102,300 Tons— 4,193 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 114,116 
 
 Pine Board and Plank, M. feet, 11,534* 
 Staves, M. 1,923 
 
 Shingles, M. 
 
 Masts and Spars, 
 
 Oars and Oar Rafters, 
 
 Handspikes, number, 
 
 Hogshead Shooks, 
 
 Lath wood, cords, 
 
 Dry Fish, quintals, 
 
 Pickled Fish, barrels, 
 
 Smoaked Herrings, boxes 3 
 Fish Oil, barrels. 
 
 Gypsum, tons, 
 
 Grindstones, number, 
 
 Salt Meat, barrels, 
 
 Potatoes, bushels, 
 
 Flour, barrels, 
 
 Bread do, 140 
 
 Rice, cwts. 23 
 
 Rum, gallons, 45,870 
 
 Molasses, do, 525 
 
 Pimento, tbs, 5,442 
 
 Sugar, cwts. 166 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels, 271 
 
 Tobacco, cwts. 371 
 
 Coal, tons, 749 
 
 Mahogany & Camwood, &c. Ions, 17 
 Apples, Onions, &c. barrels, 330 
 Smoaked Salmon, number, 3,662 
 Ox Horns, hogsheads, 20 
 
 Old Copper, tons, 25 
 
 Salt, tons, 245 
 
 Hogsheads of Furs, 15 
 
 Corn Meal, barrels, 50 
 
 491 
 1,918 
 2,103 
 595 
 4,461 
 1,435 
 15,102 
 9,868 
 6,961 
 168 
 5,183 
 6,013 
 90 
 710 
 332 
 
 MIRAMICHI 
 
 331 Vessels — 94,800 Tons — 4341 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 141,384 Dry Fish, quintals, 263 
 
 Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet, 1,256 Pickled Fish, barrels, 580 
 
 Staves, M. 304 Smoaked Herrings, boxes, 70 
 
 Shingles, M. 8 Flour, barrels, 737 
 
 Masts and Spars, 1400 Bread, do, 7 
 
 Oars and Oar Rafters, 702 Rum, gallons, 8,627 
 
 Handspikes, number, 888 Naval Stores, barrels, 45 
 
 Lathwood, cords, 3,080 Tobacco, cwts. 106 
 
 SAINT PETERS. 
 
 32 Vessels — 6095 Tons — 289 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 8,308 Handspikes, number, 159 
 
 Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet, 52 Lathwood, cords, 274 
 
 Staves, M. 8 Dry Fish, quintals, 800 
 
 Masts and Spars, 191 Pickled Fish, barrels, 155 
 
 RICHIBUCTO. 
 
 81 Vessels— 17,285 Tons— 820 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 24,269 Oars and Oar Rafters, 242 
 
 Pine Boards, and Plank, M, feet, 134 Handspikes, number, 1,380 
 
 Staves, M. 36 Lathwood, cords, 625 
 
 Masts and Spars, 545 
 
 SHEDIAC. 
 
 19 Vessels — 4,018 Tons — 208 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 5,851 Handspikes, number, 96 
 
 Pine Boards and Planks, M. feet, 12 Lathwood, cords, 1841 
 
 Masts and Spars, 327 Rum, gallons, 100 
 
 Oars and Oar Rafters, 184 Tobacco, cwts. 50 
 
Go 
 
 restigouche. 
 
 14 Vessels — 2J301 Tons — 121 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 3,062 Lathwood. cords, 
 
 Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet, 7 Dry Fish, quintals. 
 
 Masts and Spars, 47 Pickled Fish, barrels, 
 
 Handspikes, number, 32 Fish Oil, barrels, 
 
 DORCHESTER. 
 
 4 Vessels— 841 Tons— 37 Men. 
 
 Timber, tons, 1,246 Oars and Oar Rafters, 
 
 Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet, 2 Handspikes, number, 
 
 Masts and Spars, £ Lathwood, cords, 
 
 Value of Exports, ,£362,043, sterling. 
 
 N. B. To the value of exports may be added the following 
 Ships and Vessels built and registered at this Port within the 
 year 1324, by persons resident in this Province, either tor 
 proprietors in the United hnngdotn, or sent there for sale, as 
 remittances for British Merchandise, or for owners here, car- 
 rying on the Timber T.rade. 
 
 00 Sh ips and Vessels, measuring 16,438 tons, at £10_,£l 64,880 
 
 30 
 
 2,000 
 
 403 
 
 20 
 
 no 
 
 374 
 
 204 
 
 Total,, 
 
 >£526,923 
 
 PORT of SAINT ANDREWS. 
 
 An Account of the total number of Vessels, their Tonnage , num- 
 ber of Men, with the quantity and quality qf their Cargoes, 
 entered at the Port of St. Andrews in the Year 1824, ending 
 the bth Januaiy, 1825. 
 
 156 Vessels— 29,687 Tons— 1,406 Men. 
 
 Rum, gallons, 104,259 Canvas, bolts, 
 
 Wines from Madeira, pipes, * 36 Cordage, coils, 
 
 Ditto, Hogsheads, 
 
 Ditto Quarter Ca^ks, 
 Ditto Half Quarter Casks, 
 Molasses, gallons. 
 
 Gin and Brandy, gallons, 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 26,768 
 
 1,391 
 
 — 7 D ' * 
 
 Wine from Great-Britain, galls, 1,476 
 Brown Sugar, cwt. 
 
 Shrub, casks, 
 
 Coffee, barrels and bags, 
 
 Tobacco, hogsheads, 
 
 Bricks, M. 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels, 
 
 Oak Staves, M. 
 
 Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls. 
 
 Biscuit, barrel, 
 
 Rice, casks and bags, 
 
 Corn, Meal and Grain, bushels, 12,100 
 Peas & Beans, & Rye Grain, bus. 370 
 Boards and Plank, M. feet, 6£ 
 
 Wood and Timber, feet, 22,750 
 
 640 
 
 6 
 
 68 
 4 
 60 
 327 
 1 20 J 
 >,73*2 
 727 
 43 
 
 Made Sails, sets, 
 
 Soap and Candles, boxes, 
 
 Beer and Porter, barrels, 
 
 Nails and Wrought Iron, kegs, 
 Ship Chandlery, packages. 
 Beef and Pork, barrels, 
 
 Coals, chaldrons, 
 
 Paint, kegs. 
 
 Tea, chests, 
 
 Chain Cables, 
 
 Glass, boxes, &c. 
 
 159 
 
 831 
 
 3 
 
 323 
 1 IS 
 193 
 13 
 57 
 314 
 439 
 47 
 10 
 120 
 
 V7Icl93, UU-Vta, 
 
 Pieces of £arthen\vare&Cast Iron, 873 
 
 Cotton Wool, bales. 
 Mahogany, logs. 
 
 Green Hides 
 Linseed Oil, casks, 
 Pimento, bags and casks, 
 Logwood, tons, 
 
 Tobacco Pipes, boxes, 
 Copper Bolts, cwt. 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 305 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 47 
 
<57 
 
 Fruit, barrels, 
 
 Sheep, number of 
 Merchandize, packages, 
 Salt, tons, 
 
 Iron, tons, 
 
 Earthenware, crates, 
 
 1,090 
 
 Horses, number of 
 
 28 
 
 200 
 
 Piano Fortes, 
 
 1 
 
 585 
 
 Carriages, 
 
 l 
 
 1,998 
 
 Horned Cattle, 
 
 678 
 
 68 
 
 Furs, bales and boxes, 
 
 o 
 
 10 3 
 
 PORT of SAINT ANDREWS. 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 1'75 Vessels — 33,493 Tons — 1,543 Men. 
 
 192 Plaster Paris Vessels — 13,0-10 Tons — 657 Men. 
 
 Birch and Pine Timber, tons, 23,975 
 
 Boards and Plank, M. feet, 8,386 
 
 Cod Fish, quintals, 10,540 
 
 Shingles, M. 2,412 
 
 Lathwood, cords, 753 
 
 Spars, number, 1,559 
 
 Small Poles, number, 1,542 
 
 Sawed Laths, bundles, 172 
 
 Oars, Oar Rafters&Handspikes, 1,093 
 Oak, Ash and Spruce Staves, M. 284 
 Ship Knees, 50 
 
 Naval Stores, barrels, 234 
 
 Cotton Wool, bales, 22 
 
 Pickled Fish, barrels, 3,132 
 
 Smoked Herrings, boxes, 1,067 
 
 Beef and Pork, barrels and kits, 69 
 Oil, barrels, 69 
 
 Rum, puncheons, 285 
 
 Sugar, barrels, 10 
 
 Coffee, barrels and bags, 7 
 
 N. B. Vinegar, barrels, 40 
 
 Fruit, Onions and Potatoes, bbls. 126 
 
 N. B. Gin, barrels, 37 
 
 Salt, tons, 45 
 
 Iron, tons, 12 
 
 Birch, M. 35 
 
 Calf Skins and Sides Leather, no. 48 
 Soap and Candles, boxes, 1,212 
 Butter, firkins, 2 
 
 Tobacco, hogsheads, 6 
 
 Smoked Tobacco, hogsheads, 2L 
 Merchandize, packages, 22 
 
 Wines, pipes, 26 
 
 Ditto hogsheads, 33 
 
 Ditto quarter casks, 27 
 
 Ditto half quarter casks, I 
 
 Wheat and Rye Flour, bids. 2,839 
 Bread and Biscuit, barrels, 88 
 
 Rice, casks and barrels, 22 
 
 Indian Corn and Meal, bushels, 2,482 
 Peas and Beans, bushels. 22 
 
 Plaster of Paris, tons, 15,576 
 
 The Articles of Exports the Production of this Province and 
 the Fisheries, are considered when Shipped, worth the follow- 
 ing values, viz : 
 
 Pine and Birch Timber. 
 Lumber and Plank, 
 Shingles, 
 
 Lathwood, 
 
 Spars, 
 
 Small Poles, 
 
 Oars and Oar Rafters, 
 Stuves, 
 
 Dry Fish, 
 
 Pickled Fish, 
 
 Smoked Herrings, 
 
 Oil, 
 
 Plaster Paris, 
 
 The whole value of the 
 
 20s. sterling 
 
 per Ton. 
 
 40s. 
 
 per M. 
 
 12s. 6d. 
 
 per M. 
 
 20s. 
 
 per Cord. 
 
 5s. 
 
 Each. 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 Each. 
 
 5s. 
 
 per pair. 
 
 60s. 
 
 per M. 
 
 12s. 6d. 
 
 per quintal. 
 
 20s. 
 
 per barrel. 
 
 3s. 
 
 per box. 
 
 80s. 
 
 per barrel. 
 
 10s. 
 
 per ton. 
 
 aboye Exports may be about *£100, 000* 
 
From the foregoing statement it plainly appears that chief of 
 the export trade of this Province consists of timber, which is 
 its natural stock or capital ; and as there are many articles taken 
 in exchange from the mother country, which are indespensibly 
 necessary to the inhabitants of this Province; it points out the 
 necessity of paying strict attention to its preservation. In this 
 Country there is no article, or articles, that can in any degree 
 furnish exports equal to the pine, which is manufactured in the 
 simplest manner, and got to market with but little trouble. So 
 simple is the process that most settlers who have the use of the 
 axe can manufacture it: the woods furnishing a sort of simple 
 manufactory for the inhabitants, from which, after attending to 
 their farms, in the summer, they can draw returns during 
 the winter for those supplies which are necessary for the com- 
 fort of their families. This being the case, the preservation of 
 our forests becomes of prime importance to the prosperity of the 
 Province. 
 
 The evils that must arise to the Province, by allowing the 
 timber to be monopolized and hastily cut off" are many. The 
 timber standihg in the Country, particularly on the Crown 
 Lands, may be considered as so much capital or stock, to 
 secure a permanent trade, and promote the solid improve- 
 ment of the Country. Most of the lands in this Province where 
 pine is found are intermixed with other timber, and although 
 the precise spots on which the pine grows, are unfit for Agricul- 
 ture, without much labour; yet there are most always spots ad- 
 joining, where a settler may cultivate with success : so that in a 
 lot of two or three hundred acres, their is generally enough for 
 tillage, and a man settling on such land could always choose 
 his spot for farming, and keep his timber to cut at his leisure. 
 Ilis pine so reserved would as long as it lasted serve him as a re- 
 source, from whence, after attending to his farming in the sum- 
 mer, he could draw returns during the. winter, for such supplies 
 as would be necessary for his family, and for improving his farm. 
 
 To make this more evident, we will suppose a man settling 
 on a wilderness lot — like most settlers he has but little save Ins 
 own labour — perhaps he has a small family — he commences with 
 cutting down a small spot, and erecting a hut — say in the sum- 
 mer or fall — he then moves on his family, and looks round for 
 sustenance till he can raise his first crop — in doing this his 
 funds are exhausted, and he wants by his own labour to reple- 
 nish them during the winter, and provide a few implements of 
 husbandry, and nails, &c. for building a barn — now supposing 
 his lot to be back from the river, and at a distance from old set- 
 tlements where labour is wanted — what does he do? — whv he re- 
 sorts to his pine — to the simple manufactory before noticed, and 
 
69 
 
 makes a few tons, say twenty, thirty, forty, or fifty, according to 
 his ability— carefully cutting the under brush and timber, so 
 as to put his land where he is working in a fair train for clear- 
 ing — this timber he probably gets hauled to the water on shares, 
 if he is very poor and has no team ; the returns for which the next 
 spring, furnishes him with supplies, and enables him to continue 
 on his land and prosecute his fanning. If he cannot do without 
 the return of his timber till spring, he applies to a merchant, who 
 if the man is of good fame, advances him such articles as may be 
 particularly necessary for his family. This enables him to find 
 labour on his own lot, and stay with his family : whereas if he 
 has no such resource, he must leave his home, and go to a dis- 
 tance from his family, seeking labour; and probably they may 
 be so circumstanced as not to be left safely alone, and he has 
 to take them with him, which breaks up his family and pre- 
 tents him from settling. 
 
 If a number of families commence a settlement together, where 
 the timber has not been destroyed, but where a fair proportion 
 is still growing on the land, they exchange labour with each 
 other, and by their joint exertions, manufacture and transport 
 their own lumber to market. In this way they are enabled 
 from year to year to prosecute their settlement and pay for their 
 grants : the timber answering as a first crop fully grown, and a 
 resource to make returns for necessaries. — By this method, as 
 the pine disappears, houses and barns will rise in its place, and 
 the country, instead of a barren waste, will exhibit flourishing 
 settlements, peopled with a race who will know the value of 
 their improvements ; and feel their interest identified with the 
 country : and whose attachment to the Government will increase 
 with their growing possessions. Their children, raised on the 
 soil, from the strong principles of early association, will feel 
 that interest in the welfare of the country, that no transient ad- 
 vantage can produce ; and grow up an ornament and strength 
 to the Province. On the contrary, if the lumber is cut off 'by 
 mere speculator^, the land will be left in an impoverished state, 
 much valuable timber will be wantonly destroyed, and the places 
 from whence the timber is taken will be left an uncultivated 
 waste ; settlers will neither have the inclination or ability to 
 occupy them. While the major part of the men employed in 
 getting the lumber for the merchants, instead of making a com- 
 fortable provision for their families, will wear out the prime of 
 their days without making any permanent establishment ; and 
 keep their families shifting about the country like vagrants. 
 Their children, for the want of employment, and the direction 
 ©1 their fathers, brought up in idleness — their education and 
 morals neglected, and bad habits acquired, will be the reverse 
 
70 
 
 of those before noticed : and many of them will become a vagrant 
 race, unconcerned or uninterested in the welfare of the country, 
 and in many instances a nuisance to it. While their parents, 
 after they get unfit for the business, will be turned off in debt. 
 
 In short, it wall be the most direct way to prevent the settle- 
 ment of the back lands, and to produce (what is the bane of 
 all countries) a race of inhabitants who have no interest in the 
 soil or welfare of the Province. 
 
 Statement of the expenses on one thousand tons of pine tim- 
 ber, manufactured on the Wabskahagan, a branch of the river 
 Tobique : — 
 
 The Secretary’s, Governor’s, and Survey- 
 or General’s fees of office, including 
 the charge for writing petition, - - 110 0 
 
 Duty on 1000 tons, at Is _50 0 0 
 
 Less by am’t included in fees, &c. 15 0 
 
 48 15 a 
 
 Incidental expenses to the applicant, - 0 15 O' 
 
 Surveyor’s fees for measuring the timber 
 
 birth, 7 0 0 
 
 Expenses for axemen and chainmen, - 5 10 0 
 
 Travelling expenses thence and back, five 
 
 hundred miles, - -- -- -- 800 
 
 71 IQ & 
 
 Ten men at £b per month, and an over- 
 seer at £19, say for six months, - 360 0 0 
 
 Six yoke of oxen, at <£30 per yoke, - 180 0 0 
 
 One pair draught horses, - - - - 50 0 O' 
 
 One boat, sail, and geer, - - - - 36 0 0 
 
 Two canoes with paddles, - - - - 6 0 0 
 
 Sleds, chains, harness, &c. - - - - 87 10 0 
 
 Eleven mens’ provisions for six months, 
 
 at 85s. per head, per month, - - 274 10 0 
 
 Hay for oxen, &c. 30 tons, at £10, - 300 0 0 
 
 Grain for ditto, - -- -- -- 25 00 
 
 1259 0 0 
 
 Total expense on one thousand tons of timber, 
 
 at the brow ready for rafting .£1330 10 0 
 
 Expense of ratling, anchors, cables, ropes, &c. 50 0 0 
 
 £1380 10 0 
 
 Deduct foij articles that may be useful another season, viz — 
 Oxen, Horses, Boat, tackle, &c. - - 214 0 0 
 
 Canoes, sleds, harness, anchors, See. Sec. 50 0 0 264 0 9 
 
 Total amount of expenses, ,«„£ll 16 10 0 
 
71 
 
 From the foregoing statement (admitting it to be near the 
 ti’uth) it appears that the expenses on one thousand tons of 
 timber got on the river Tobique, amounts to <£1116 : 10 : 0 — to 
 which is to be added the expense and risk of taking it down to 
 Saint John, a distance of about two hundred and fifty miles — 
 the loss by casualties on a rapid river, where men and teams 
 frequently break through the ice, and are swept away by the 
 velocity of the current. When all the above expenses are de- 
 ducted from the returns of the timber, it will leave but a little . 
 for those who carry on the business, and very often involves 
 them in inextricable difficulties. 
 
 The preceding statement points out the necessity of adopting 
 a more prudent system in conducting the timber business. Not 
 to push the trade to such an extent — to retrench the expenses, 
 by raising the heavy parts of the supplies near the timber dis- 
 tricts ; and to follow up the timber trade with the improvement 
 of the country and cultivation of the soil. 
 
 Another great drawback to the prosperity of the Province is 
 the great consumption of ardent liquors — partly occasioned by 
 the present mode of conducting the timber business. The 
 amount of spiritous liquors imported and consumed in the 
 Province in 1824, at the least calculation was £120,000, 
 exclusive of the County of Charlotte ; and add to this amount 
 the cost of the transport of the liquor to the interior and the 
 enormous charges on the article in the distant parts of the Pro- 
 vince, the cost to the consumer may be fairly reckoned at 
 treble the amount, making in the whole the gross sum of 
 £360,000 for ardent liquors alone, consumed by the inhabit- 
 ants of the Province, being near twenty gallons on an average 
 for every male over sixteen years of age. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this Province, according to the 
 census of last year, is seventy-four thousand one hundred and 
 seventy-six — besides the large settlement of Madawaska and 
 the parish of West Isles ; and as it is probable the numbers in 
 the different parishes are taken in some instances under the 
 real amount, the whole population may be fairly rated in round 
 numbers at eighty thousand. The subjoined statement will 
 shew the population of the different counties and parishes in 1824; 
 
72 
 
 population of t$e $robtnte of X rfo--33run3toufc, 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1824 . 
 
 Counties. j| 
 
 Parishes. 
 
 Whites. 
 
 Peopl r or Colour. 
 
 2 _• 
 
 - 
 
 - ca 
 2CU 
 0 
 ri 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Female* 
 
 Above 16 
 
 Under 10 
 
 A1 ove 16 
 
 1 
 
 Under 16 
 
 Above 16 
 
 i 
 
 Under 16 
 
 Above 16i 
 
 Under U 
 
 
 r Fredericton, 
 
 52b 
 
 352 
 
 ! 470 
 
 39- 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 1849 
 
 
 Saint Mary, 
 
 25b 
 
 242 
 
 21b 
 
 223 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11; 
 
 6 
 
 972 
 
 
 Douglas, . 
 
 X6o 
 
 340 
 
 289 
 
 30C 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 1367 
 
 
 Kingsclear, . 
 
 2-2C 
 
 173 
 
 190 
 
 15j 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 832 
 
 3b < 
 
 Queensbury, 
 
 s05 
 
 172 
 
 149 
 
 153 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 716 
 
 & 
 
 Prince William, . 
 
 lob 
 
 142 
 
 117 
 
 110 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 54 5 
 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 182 
 
 130 
 
 133 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 
 
 568 
 
 
 Woodstock, 
 
 26; 
 
 181 
 
 180 
 
 179 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 816 
 
 
 Wakefield, 
 
 21'. 
 
 27b 
 
 26; 
 
 248 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1010 
 
 
 LKent, 
 
 61a 
 
 5% 
 
 45; 
 
 59 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2^97 
 
 t; 
 
 "City of St. John, . 
 
 2 371 
 
 1731 
 
 2361 
 
 163*2 
 
 94 
 
 72 
 
 13< 
 
 88 
 
 8488 
 
 
 Portland, 1st district, 
 
 62y 
 
 3^2 
 
 447 
 
 340 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1813 
 
 •**» ^ 
 
 Portland, 2d do. 
 
 380 
 
 2+2 
 
 22b 
 
 207 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 4c 
 
 42 
 
 1230 
 
 -S 
 
 Lancaster, . 
 
 21b 
 
 150 
 
 15< 
 
 151 
 
 38 
 
 3) 
 
 2t 
 
 22 
 
 793 
 
 *3 
 
 ..Saint Martins, * 
 
 15i 
 
 147 
 
 133 
 
 148 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 583 
 
 ("Kingston, . 
 
 503 
 
 3S6 
 
 382 
 
 365 
 
 7 
 
 5 4 
 
 3 
 
 1655 
 
 i 
 
 Sussex, 
 
 48'/ 
 
 460 
 
 414 
 
 433 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 1833 
 
 ft 1 
 
 1 Hampton, . 
 
 462 
 
 385 
 
 375 
 
 314 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 1559 
 
 Mi 
 
 [ Norton, 
 
 152 
 
 115' 
 
 100 
 
 109 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 502 
 
 
 Westfield, . 
 
 182 
 
 181 
 
 152 
 
 178 
 
 r- 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 713 
 
 i 
 
 j Springfield, . 
 
 241 
 
 212 
 
 210 
 
 234 
 
 O 
 
 7 8 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 924 
 
 1 
 
 [^Greenwich, . 
 
 184 
 
 185 
 
 178 
 
 185 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 744 
 
 
 ^Oagetown, . 
 
 180 
 
 124 
 
 14( 
 
 133 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 606 
 
 
 Waterborough, . 
 
 486 
 
 645 
 
 40o 
 
 44: 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 j 7 
 
 19 
 
 2023 
 
 «o 
 
 Wickham, . . r 
 
 306 
 
 29i 
 
 23b 
 
 259 
 
 c 
 
 
 | 
 
 ] 
 
 1100 
 
 |a J 
 
 Hampstead, 
 
 193 
 
 188 
 
 16 i 
 
 1 6o 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 723 
 
 © 
 
 Brunswick, . 
 
 5b 
 
 64 
 
 3t 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 Do. District But* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w ternut Ridge, . 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 2S 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 "St. Andrew’s, 
 
 653 
 
 46, 
 
 57: 
 
 532 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 2263 
 
 
 St. Stephen, 
 
 518 
 
 393 
 
 39; 
 
 353 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 1673 
 
 
 St. David, . 
 
 278 
 
 233 
 
 230 
 
 264 
 
 
 
 
 
 1005 
 
 
 St. George, 1st district, 
 
 215 
 
 Vie 
 
 160 
 
 159 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 745 
 
 •V. 
 
 St. George, 2d district. 
 
 191 
 
 174 
 
 166 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 
 701 
 
 t < 
 
 St. Patrick, 
 
 217 
 
 203 
 
 164 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 
 
 762 
 
 
 St. James, . 
 
 121 
 
 lit 
 
 lOf 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 453 
 
 o 
 
 Pennfield, . 
 
 223 
 
 12( 
 
 93 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 558 
 
 
 Laropo Bello, 
 
 167 
 
 123 
 
 123 
 
 95 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 509 
 
 
 Grand Manan, 
 
 157! 
 
 171 
 
 138 
 
 132 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 598 
 
 
 ^West Isles, . * 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Northumberland, Westmorland . Sunlury. I Counties, 
 
 73 
 
 POPULATION, &C. — CONTINUED. 
 
 | Parishes. 
 
 1 
 
 w uues. 
 
 Jreo| 
 
 f>ie ot Colour. 
 
 2 ^2 
 
 — <3 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fein .les. 
 
 •Males. \ 
 
 Females. 
 
 Above 1( 
 
 Under It 
 
 Above 16 
 
 Under It i 
 
 Above 16 
 
 Under 10 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 Under 16 
 
 ( Maugerville, 
 
 152 
 
 112 
 
 115 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 484 
 
 ) Sheffield, . 
 
 227 
 
 139 
 
 187 
 
 156 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 735 
 
 1 Burton, 
 
 432 
 
 29b 
 
 322 
 
 269 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1338 
 
 V Lincoln, 
 
 200 
 
 167 
 
 142 
 
 158 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 670 
 
 TDorchester, 
 
 706 
 
 748 
 
 611 
 
 672 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 2737 
 
 Sackville, . 
 
 444 
 
 464 
 
 395 
 
 415 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1744 
 
 Westmorland, 
 
 215 
 
 208 
 
 192 
 
 229 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 883 
 
 1 Hillsborough, 
 
 281 
 
 291 
 
 226 
 
 344 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 1152 
 
 I Monckton, 
 
 85 
 
 94 
 
 be 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 342 
 
 Botsford, 
 
 200 
 
 216 
 
 162 
 
 195 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 774 
 
 Salisbury, . 
 
 171 
 
 170 
 
 147 
 
 177 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 666 
 
 ^Hopewell, . * 
 
 292 
 
 256 
 
 225 
 
 232 
 
 
 
 
 
 1005 
 
 ^Newcastle, . 
 
 641 
 
 326 
 
 377 
 
 313 
 
 
 
 
 
 1657 
 
 Chatham, . ' . 
 
 451 
 
 296 
 
 319 
 
 382 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1452 
 
 Ludlow, 1st district, . 
 
 407 
 
 191 
 
 147 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 
 
 918 
 
 Ludlow, 2d district, . 
 
 286 
 
 3b 
 
 29 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 390 
 
 Northesk, 1st district, . 
 
 921 
 
 107 
 
 119 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 1243 
 
 Northesk, 2d district, . 
 
 47 
 
 60 
 
 41 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 Alnwick, 1st district, . 
 
 93 
 
 54 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 245 
 
 Alnwick, 2d district, . 
 
 137 
 
 85 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 373 
 
 Carleton, , 
 
 757 
 
 429 
 
 376 
 
 402 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1965 
 
 Beresford, . 
 
 327 
 
 294 
 
 225 
 
 228 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1086 
 
 Glenelg, 
 
 323 
 
 174 
 
 175 
 
 163 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 836 
 
 Saumarez, 1 6t district,. 
 
 299 
 
 209 
 
 201 
 
 234 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 ] 
 
 1 
 
 949 
 
 Saumarez, 2d district, . 
 
 524 
 
 446 
 
 408 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 
 
 1828 
 
 Wellington, 
 
 420 
 
 393 
 
 335 
 
 406 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1555 
 
 ^.Nelson, 
 
 57-1 
 
 185 
 
 201 
 
 166 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1132 
 
 NUMBER OF INHABITANTS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES. 
 
 County of York, 
 
 County of Saint John, 
 County of Kings, 
 
 County of Queens, - 
 County of Charlotte, 
 
 County of Sunbury, - 
 County of Westmorland, - 
 County of Northumberland, 
 
 10,972 
 
 12,907 
 
 7930 
 
 4741 
 
 9267 
 
 3227 
 
 9303 
 
 15,829 
 
 Total in the Pro vince, ^.74, 176 
 
7 * 
 
 The enrolled Militia amount to about twelve thousand. They 
 are divided into twenty-three battalions ; the battalions are 
 composed of six, eight, or more companies, according to local 
 circumstances. The companies consist of one captain, two 
 subalterns, three sergeants, and sixty rank and file, except 
 flank companies, which are allowed four sergeants. Where 
 districts are in remote situations, and not sufficiently populous 
 to form two companies, but exceed the number of sixty effec- 
 tive men, eighty are allowed to be enrolled in one company. 
 They assemble by companies two days in a year for drill ; 
 and by battalions or divisions for muster and inspection, once 
 or oftener, if the Commander-in-Chief thinks it necessary. An 
 Inspecting Field Officer is appointed to inspect the Battalions 
 at their general muster. He visits the different corps succes- 
 sively, and reports to the Commander-in-Chief. He is paid a 
 certain sum per annum, which is granted yearly by the Legis- 
 lature. The Militia Law is continually undergoing alterations, 
 and has not yet attained to that perfection, that such an impor- 
 tant branch of our provincial constitution requires. The last 
 year two Inspecting Officers were appointed to inspect the two 
 great divisions of the Province. 
 
 There are abundant materials to form a good effective Militia 
 in this Province. The youth are in general docile and order- 
 ly, and have a great aptitude to attain the requisite discipline : 
 there are also a number of disbanded soldiers and other per- 
 sons acquainted with discipline, scattered through the country ; 
 so that there are few districts, but where there are persons qua- 
 lified to act as drills. The want of arms is indeed a great 
 check to the military spirit, as nothing is more taking to boys 
 when first put to drill, than to have arms ; and although many 
 requisites of discipline, such as marching, wheeling, &c. can be 
 acquired full as well without them ; yet nothing makes a young 
 lad so alert as to have a musket put into his hands. 
 
 To get persons to excel in any thing, it is requisite first of 
 all if possible to create an attachment and liking to it; and to 
 get the youth fully engaged in acquiring martial discipline, it 
 is a primary object to make it pleasing to them. If therefore 
 the different corps were at their musters to be supplied with 
 arms and a few rounds of cartridges, and taught to skirmish, it 
 would act as the greatest stinpilons t o the youth, and would soon 
 make an alteration tor the better at the trainings ; by making 
 them a recreation and time of amusement: while it would make 
 the Militia familiar with the use of arms — which is at present al- 
 together lost sight of. 
 
 The writer is well aware that many arms formerly issued to 
 the Militia have been destroyed, and that this might again hap- 
 
75 
 
 pen , but surely gome method might be adopted to prevent 
 such abuses, and still to furnish the different corps with arms 
 while at drill, by forming depots for lodging the arms, and ap- 
 propriating some of the fines to keep them in order. In scat- 
 tered districts, one, two or more companies arms might be kept 
 together ; and in towns Arsenals might be erected where two 
 or three thousand stand might be deposited. Such buildings 
 would not only be highly useful, but ornamental to the different 
 places : and as there are but few serviceable arms in the Pro- 
 vince at present, some steps should be taken to procure a suffi- 
 cient number, and not to let the country remain in its pre- 
 sent naked condition. It certainly appears like an anamoly in 
 our preparations for defence, to expend time and money in im- 
 proving our Militia, and not provide the means of arming and 
 making them efficient if they should be wanted. If (as the pre- 
 amble to the Militia Law states) “ a well regulated Militia is es- 
 sential to the security of this Province,” it is equally necessary 
 that the Province should possess the means of arming that Mi- 
 litia. If arms could not be procured from the Crown, it would 
 be adviseable to appropriate a part of the Provincial revenue for 
 the purchase of a sufficient number to supply the Militia in case 
 of emergency ; which could be either sold to the Militiamen, or 
 placed in the Arsenals, and issued occasionally to the 'different 
 corps as the Government should' think proper. 
 
 Should the Province ever be invaded, its defence will not 
 wholly consist in defending fortified posts or in engagements 
 with large bodies in open field, but bv taking advantage of the 
 natural fastnesses of the country, such as woods, deep hollows, 
 hills, rivers, brooks, &c. with which the Province abounds. 
 
 This points out the necessity of having the Militia trained to 
 sharpshooting and such exercises as will be beneficial in the 
 hour of danger ; and not merely taught a few parade movements, 
 or how to receive a reviewing officer. 
 
 The Indians in New-Brunswick are fast declining, and al- 
 though several attempts have been made to induce them to form 
 permanent settlements and become planters, they still continue 
 their migratory mode of life. The attempts that have been 
 made to civilize them by educating their children have been 
 equally unsuccessful. The Famish religion appears to be the 
 most congenial to them, as well as to the French. This arises 
 in a great measure from its outward pomp and external forms 
 imposing on the uncultivated mind. They yield an implicit 
 obedience to the Romish Missionaries, who instruct them in 
 religion, regulate their marriages, and censure or approve their 
 conduct, and so successful have been their endeavours, that but 
 few depredations are committed by the Indians on property, 
 
I 
 
 76 
 
 although they are frequently reduced to the most extreme want, 
 — The Baron La Houtan, who has enumerated forty-nine Na- 
 tions of Indians in Canada, and Acadia, names the following 
 Tribes as the original inhabitants of Nova-Scotia : — The 
 Abenakie, Micmac, Canabas, Mahingans, Openangans, 
 Soccokis, and Etechemins, from whom our present In- 
 dians are descended. As the customs, manners, and dress, of 
 the Indians have been often described, I shall not therefore 
 swell this article by repeating old stories, Besides the conical 
 cap, the blanket, leggins, and moccasins, worn by all the tribes; 
 the women among the New-Brunswick Indians frequently wear 
 a round hat, a shawl, and short clothes, resembling the short 
 
 f ovn and petticoat worn by the French and Dutch women. The 
 ndian language is bold and figurative, abounding in hyperbo- 
 lical expressions, and is said to be susceptable of much elegance. 
 To give the reader some notion of the manner in which these 
 people conduct their conferences with each other, and with Eu- 
 ropeans, I shall subjoin an extract of a conference, or talk, held 
 at Quebec, with the Governor General of Canada, during the 
 last American War. 
 
 Quebec, 17th March, 1S14. 
 
 Thursday having been appointed for holding the Council, the 
 Chiefs and Warriors assembled, and after shaking hands with 
 His Excellency, as before, Newash accompanied by his Inter- 
 preter, again presented himself in the middle of the room, and 
 pronounced the following Speech, or talk. 
 
 SrEECH OF NEWASH. 
 
 “ Father — Listen. — You will hear from me truth. It is the 
 same as what the Chiefs and Warriors now here have to say. 
 
 “ Father — Listen. — Open your ears to j our children, to your 
 red children that are in the west. They are all of one mind : 
 although they are so far off and scattered on different lands, 
 they hear what I am now saying. 
 
 “Father — Listen. — You have told 11 s bj T the talk of your 
 Warriors, twice Father, that we were to fight on the flanks and 
 in the rear of your Warriors, but we have always gone in front 
 Father ; and that it is in this way we have lost so many of our 
 young Warriors, our women and children. 
 
 “ Father — Listen. — The Americans have said they would 
 kill you first Father, and then destroy your red children; but 
 when you sent us the hatchet we took hold of it Father and 
 made use of it Father, as you know. 
 
77 
 
 “ Father— Listen.— Your red children want back their old 
 boundary lines, that they may have the lands which belong to 
 them, and this Father when the war began, you promised to 
 get for them. 
 
 “ Father — Listen. — Your red children have suffered a great 
 deal, they are sad, indeed they are pitiful, they want your assis- 
 tance Father. They want arms for their Warriors, and clothes 
 for their women and children. You do not know the number 
 of your red children Father. There are many who never yet 
 received any arms or clothing. It is necessary at present, Fa- 
 ther, to send more than you formerly did. 
 
 “ Father — Listen. — At the beginning of the war you promis- 
 ed us when the Americans would put their hand forward you 
 would draw yours back. Now Father we request when the 
 Americans put their hand out, (as we hear they mean to do) 
 knock it away Father, and the second time when they put out 
 their hand, draw your sword. — If not Father, the Americans 
 will laugh at us, and say our Great Father, who is beyond the 
 Great Lake is a coward Father. 
 
 “ Father — Listen. — The Americans are taking our lands 
 from us every day, they have no hearts, Father, they have no 
 pity for us. They want to drive us beyond the setting sun. 
 But Father, we hope, although we are few, and are here as it 
 were upon a little Island, our Great and Mighty Father, who 
 lives beyond the Great Lake, will not forsake us in our distress, 
 but will continue to remember his faithful red children. 
 
 This is all I have to say. This is from our Chiefs and War- 
 riors, this is all they have to say.” 
 
 Newash then advanced to His Excellency, and presented him 
 with the Black Wampum and Bloody Belt. 
 
 His Excellency the Governor-in-Chief then made the Chiefs 
 and Warriors the following answer to the talks or speeches that 
 had been addressed to him in their behalf. 
 
 My Children. — I thank the Great Spirit for his protection of 
 you on your long journey, and I rejoice to meet you at Quebec, 
 the Great Council Fire on this side the Great Lake. 
 
 My Children. — You have freely and forcibly spoken your 
 sentiments, and I am happy to have heard from your own 
 mouths, your thoughts, as I know on these occasions you al- 
 ways speak the truth. I am therefore delighted to hear my red 
 children declare their attachment to the King our Great Fa- 
 ther, beyond the Great Lake, and to myself and my Warriors. 
 
 My Children. — I have opened my ears and listened with at- 
 tention to what you have said. My heart was sore when I heard 
 of the death of a great warrior. It still bleeds when 1 think of 
 
7 $ 
 
 his loss, and the misfortunes my children have met with during 
 the war, in the death of many a wise chief and brave warrior, 
 and some of your women and children who are gone to see the 
 Great Spirit, before whom we must all one day appear. 
 
 My Children — I thank the Great Spirit that I see yon in my 
 own dwelling, and converse with you lace to face. Listen to 
 my words — they are the words of truth. You have always 
 heard this from my chiefs, and I now repeat them. We have 
 taken each other by the hand and fought together. Our inter- 
 ests are the same — we must still continue to fight together : for 
 the King, our great father, considers you as his children, and 
 will not forget you or your interests at a peace. But to pre- 
 serve what we hold, and recover from the enemy what belongs 
 to us, we must make great exertions ; and I rely on your cou- 
 rage, with the assistance of my chiefs and warriors, to drive the 
 big knives from our land the ensuing summer. 
 
 My Children — Our great father will give us new warriors 
 from the other side of the great water, who will join with you 
 in attacking the enemy, and will soon open the great road to 
 your country, by which you used to receive your supplies, and 
 which the enemy having stopped, has caused the distress and 
 scarcity of goods you complain of : for I have never been in 
 want of goods for you, but could not send them. 
 
 My Children — Our success in the war must depend on our 
 bravery and your young men listening to the advice of their 
 chiefs — this you must always bear in mind. I recommend to 
 you to open your eta’s when my chiefs speak to you, for they 
 only wish for your good. Tell your brother warriors whom I- 
 may not see, that these are my words ; and that though they 
 are to destroy their enemies in battle, they must spare and 
 shew mercy to women and children, and all prisoners. 
 
 My Children — I have but one thing more to recommend to 
 you, which you will not forget — you know that the only success 
 that the enemy gained over us, last season, was owing to tha 
 want of provisions. There was much waste at Amherstberg — 
 the consequence was that you and my warriors were forced to 
 retreat. In future yon must be caretul of pi ^visions, and use 
 only what may be necessary ; they are the same as powder and 
 ball, we cannot destroy our enemies without them. 
 
 My Children — You will not forget what I have said to you. 
 This is my parole to the nations. (Here the black wampum 
 is presented to Newash.) Let them know what I have said. 
 Tell them they shall not be forgotten by their great father nor 
 by me. — Take courage my children — be strong — and may the 
 Great Spirit preserve you in the day of battle. (Here the 
 bloody belt is presented.) 
 
79 
 
 After tlie interpreter hatrpresented the belt to Newash, he 
 with several of the chiefs ch aim tecl parts of the war song : 
 Under the Cloud Island 
 With this belt I go; 
 
 By this my heart is strong, 
 
 I shall have courage to die by the foe. 
 
 Now I take hold of this belt; 
 
 Light as birds fly in the air ; 
 
 Strong is my heart, and round I go, 
 
 Seeking to die by the foe. 
 
 While this song was chaunting, several short speeches were 
 made by the Indians. , One of them said — “ There is our fa- 
 ther — here is the belt — there you are — the Great Spirit pre- 
 sides— now we are one, and none can flinch — if we stand by our 
 father, he will stand by us. Our path is in the west — the war 
 shall brighten there — the sky begins to clear — the light falls on 
 our lands, and soon again shall our women and children be on, 
 them. You Saulks — you Chippeways, and all you of different 
 nations, we are all one. We will fight them with our father, 
 and never cease to fight while we have life, or until we have 
 got back our lands.” 
 
 The names of twelve Indian chiefs, inhabiting the coast of 
 Acadia at the time the French peasants submitted to the British 
 Government, will be found in the appendix to this work. 
 
 Lands in New-Brunswick are held in fee simple or free so- 
 cage. The Grants are immediately from the Crown. The 
 subjoined table will shew the fees on single Grants, or where 
 a number of Grantees are included in one patent, at present 
 taken at the several offices. 
 
 TABLE OF FEES ON GRANTS. 
 
 Number of acres 
 
 Governor, inclu- 
 ding the vv^rrani 
 of survey. 
 
 1 fc. 
 
 W 
 
 - tt 
 
 -T3 
 
 C 
 
 ci 
 
 >% 
 
 «i 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 Auditor. 
 
 | 1 . < u ~ 
 
 Attorney-Gen. 
 
 * 
 
 » C 
 
 4)^0 
 
 a if g 
 
 ^ 3 'J 
 > c5 
 
 .*53 .E -c 
 ; S a 
 
 tt Q. 
 
 Surveyor-Geo. 
 
 o • 
 
 (A 
 
 u. -3 
 CJ c 
 
 .3*4 
 
 <JQ 
 
 sf a 
 
 |i 
 
 SO 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 £ s d 
 
 £ s d 
 
 s d 
 
 £ s d 
 
 £ s d 
 
 £ s 
 
 s d 
 
 £ a d 
 
 100 
 
 4 1 8 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 13 4 
 
 1 10 10 
 
 0 13 4 
 
 2 0 
 
 5 0 
 
 12 11 8 
 
 200 
 
 4 1 8 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 13 4 
 
 l 10 10 
 
 0 13 4 
 
 2 0 
 
 5 0 
 
 12 11 8 
 
 300 
 
 4 1 b 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 13 4 
 
 1 10 10 
 
 1 4 6 
 
 2 0 
 
 7 6 
 
 13 5 4 
 
 400 
 
 4 1 8 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 13 4 
 
 l 10 10 
 
 1 15 8 
 
 2 5 
 
 10 0 
 
 14 4 0 
 
 500 
 
 4 1 S 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 13 4 
 
 l 10 10 
 
 2 6 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 10 011 5 0 2 
 
sc 
 
 On Grants where more than one person is concerned, His Ex- 
 cellency has seven shillings per hundred acres ; and the public 
 offices have half the above-mentioned fees for each additional 
 name, with the exception of the Attorney-General, who has 
 nineteen shillings and two-pence for each additional name. The 
 purchase money (which is a sum of five shillings sterling for 
 every fifty acres above two hundred, payable to His Majesty, 
 and called the King’s purchase mone}',) is included in the above 
 scale of fees to the Receiver-General, According to the 
 
 Royal Instructions, a single man is entitled to one hundred 
 acres of land, with an additional quantity provided he can pro- 
 duce sufficient testimonials of his ability to cultivate more. A 
 married man is entitled to two hndred acres, with an additional 
 quantity on proof of his ability to cultivate more : but no more 
 than five hundred acres is allowed to be granted to any person 
 by the Colonial Government. 
 
 The method of laying out lots in this Province, of a narrow 
 front and extending a great distance back, is very inconvenient 
 to the settler. Being confined to a narrow front when he com- 
 mences clearing, supposing, (which is often the case,) the land 
 adjoining to be unoccupied, he merely makes a lane through 
 the wilderness, not half of tvhich will produce a crop, on ac- 
 count of its being shaded by the adjoining woods : which not 
 only exclude the sun, but impoverish the land by drawing the 
 nourishment from the plants to the adjoining trees. To obviate 
 this, and many other inconveniences, it would be far better to 
 lay out settlements, where the face of the country would admit 
 of it, in square blocks, or parallelograms ; to contain two ran- 
 ges of lots, with roads at proper distances. The fronts of the 
 lots to be extended, and their length contracted. The lots to 
 abut on the road ; and extend back one half the depth of the 
 block : — The rear of the lots in one ranjje, abutting on the rear 
 of lots in the next range. Or else, the settlements might be 
 divided into squares and sections, after the method adopted by 
 the United States in laying out new settlements, of which the 
 following is a short outline : 
 
 Their townships are laid out in blocks of six miles square, 
 the whole area containing 23,04-0 acres. Those squares are di- 
 vided into thirty-six smaller squares or sections of a mile square, 
 containing each 640 acres. The sections are numbered from 
 right to left, and left to right, as in the following plan : — 
 
81 
 
 six miles long. 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 36 
 
 The sections are again subdivided into quarters and balf 
 quarters. A quarter section is half a mile square, and contains 
 one hundred and sixty acres. The sixteenth section of each 
 township is reserved to maintain schools, and the sections two, 
 five, twenty, twenty-three, thirty, and thirty-three, are sold in 
 half-quarters. 
 
 By this method the limits of counties and parishes are accu- 
 rately defined ; the settlements are every where interspersed 
 with roads, and each man’s field, instead of a narrow strip of 
 irregular figure and uncertain boundary, is a square laying 
 compact and near a road, whose contents are always easily as- 
 certained. The rectangular method of laying out settlements, 
 cannot always be followed,, on account of rivers, &c. which will 
 cause gores and inequalities ; but whenever it can be adopted 
 it offers many advantages. 
 
 The estates of persons dying intestate are distributed analo- 
 gous to the custom of gavelkind in Kent. The heir at law 
 of such intestate shall be entitled to and receive a double por- 
 tion or two shares of the real estate left by such intestate, (sav- 
 ing the widow’s right of dower.) The remainder to be equally 
 distributed among all the children or their legal representatives, 
 including in the distribution the children of the half blood ; 
 and in case there be no children, to the next of kindred in 
 equal degree, and their representatives. Provided that chil- 
 dren advanced by settlement, or portions, not equal to the 
 other shares, shall have so much of the surplusage, as shall 
 make the estate of all to be equal, except the heir at law', who 
 shall have two shares, or a double portion. 
 

 SLAVING for reasons stated in the commencement of this 
 Work, given up my frst design of adding a brief connected his- 
 tory of the Province , I have inserted a frw extracts relating to 
 this Country , in an Appendix ; as they may be satisfactory to 
 the reader , and useful in conveying some knowledge of the early 
 • history of the Country. My reasons for abridgmg this Descrip- 
 tion I have also stated , and have omitted many particulars ne- 
 cessary in a full description of a Country, such as tables of Ani- 
 mals, Plants, Minerals, Weather, fyc. as I could not obtain, the 
 necessary materials , as but little attention has been paid to these 
 subjects by persons qualified for the task. 
 
 I have endeavoured to be as correct in what / have stated as 
 possible, but no doubt many inaccuracies will be discovered, as 
 the information I have collected from different sources is liable to 
 error. But it must be remembered that ill a first Work like this 
 many difficulties will occur ± and having no tract to guide me, I 
 have frequently wanted the necessary information. The Work, 
 However imperfect, must be useful , as giving the frst general out- 
 line of the Province , and interesting to every person who possesses 
 a- feeling of interest for his own fireside. In short, persons who 
 i strike out a first tract in any thing, may be compared to pioneers 
 who trace a road for others to use and improve. 
 
APPENDIX, No. I. 
 
 % 
 
 ' ii , « j. i i j i m m** * m*m 
 
 Speech of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor at the meeting 
 
 of the General Assembly , at Fredericton, February l,- 1825. 
 
 % 
 
 Mr. President, and Gentlemen of His Majesty’s Council, 
 
 Mr. Speaker , and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly , 
 
 X HAVE much satisfaction in meeting the Legislature ofNew- 
 Brunswick — I am well persuaded that you will continue to pro- 
 mote and support the Interests and Institutions of the Province 
 in a manner that will not fail to receive from me that ready and 
 cordial concurrence which it will be my greatest pleasure to be- 
 stow upon all measures that may be calculated to advance the 
 public good. 
 
 It affords me great pleasure to have it in my power to con- 
 gratulate you on the very prosperous state of the Provincial Fi- 
 nances. The Revenue of the last exceeds, greatly that of any 
 former year, and yields a large surplus beyond the charges in- 
 curred, within the corresponding period. 
 
 Mr. Speaker , and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly , 
 
 I shall direct the Treasurer’s Accounts to be laid before you, 
 I rely upon your making the usual provisions for the Ordinary 
 Services of the. Province ; and I am happy to acquaint you that 
 the state.of the Treasury is such as to enable you to provide for 
 other objects of public interest and utility, to which your bounty 
 has already been extended, and also to promote other impor- 
 tant services which I. shall hereafter bring before you. 
 
 Mr. President , and Gentlemen of His Majesty’s Council, 
 
 Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, 
 
 'Watching assiduously over the Public Interests, I shall have 
 to submit to you, by Message, various measures which it will be^ 
 necessary to bring under your consideration in the course of the? 
 Session, but whilst I reserve matters of detail for that mode of 
 communication, important considerations and general views, 
 which require to be fully and forcibly put to the Country, and 
 which could not be properly treated in partial or- very concise 
 
form, render It expedient, on this particular occasion, to lay be- 
 fore you such a statement of public affairs, as may embrace, ge- 
 nerally, all interests, and leave nothing in doubt as to our real 
 situation, in the more important branches of our well being. 
 
 I have great pleasure in stating to you that I find the affairs 
 of the Province to be generally in a very prosperous condition. 
 It will be useful however, to observe closely, how far this pros- 
 perity depends upon adventitious circumstances and in what de- 
 gree it rests upon our own inherent means and resoutces : for it 
 is necessary to contemplate the condition in which the Country 
 might be placed, by alterations in such of her transactions as may 
 be deemed precarious, to feel, with due effect, the necessity, 
 which I earnestly represent, of attending zealously to those in- 
 ternal resources which are not of that uncertain description. The 
 trade of the Province is, at present, very active ; but much of 
 that activity depends obviously, upon external circumstances, on 
 the permanency of which, it were imprudent to continue to stake 
 so exclusively, the well being of the Country. It will be prudent, 
 therefore, to endeavour to open channels by which we may make 
 our Commerce more general, consequently less precarious, and 
 particularly to establish and improve commercial intercourse 
 with our sister Colonies. Taking from them, what we require, 
 we may make returns by some important operations of our in- 
 dustry, and particularly by the proceeds of an advantageous 
 trade which this transaction would greatly extend ; contributing 
 thus to each others wants, in a way mutually beneficial : and, 
 in an union of interests, pi-omoting and consolidating strong and 
 lasting ties. 
 
 Other channels for commercial operations of very advantage- 
 ous natures invite us to cultivate with increased activity, that 
 rich source of wealth (one of our natural advantages) which our 
 Fisheries present ! These, if rendered more productive, will 
 afford us great additional facilities in trade with the new States 
 of South America : and there are favourable openings in the li- 
 beral policy of the present times, which should encourage us to 
 cultivate, by every means, commercial intercourse with those 
 States. By your wisdom and bounty the Fisheries have been 
 improved on remote parts of the coasts of British America ; but 
 I recommend you to consider whether the Home or Coast Fish- 
 eries might not be brought more under the fostering and stimu- 
 lating influence of your bounty by some extension of its provi- 
 sions. The main branch of our manufacturing industry (Ship- 
 Building) has increased prodigiously, and is now carried on to 
 an extent beyond that of any former period : but it is submitted 
 to your consideration whether it is not accompanied by some 
 disadvantageous circumstances which detract vastly from the 
 
83 
 
 great value it might be made to produce, and to leave in the Pro- 
 vince ; and for which 1 have no doubt, you will adopt prudent 
 remedies that will render this branch of industry more staple, as 
 well as more beneficial. > 
 
 Vast sums are sent from this Province, in specie, for the pur- 
 chase of foreign agricultural produce. This enormous burthen, 
 operating in fact, as a tax raised by foreign industry on our 
 food, contributes to raise high above the rate in surrounding 
 Countries, the wages of labour here, and to lay the Province 
 under corresponding difficulty and disability in every branch of 
 its industry. It comes home to us, grievously, in various forms, 
 in every operation of our domestic and political economy ; and 
 I appeal to your wisdom, to your patriotism, to the real inte- 
 rests. and to the public spirit ot the Country for zealous co-ope- 
 rations in the measures and exertions necessary to relieve the 
 Province from this most serious difficulty. 
 
 Agricultural, Emigrant, and other Societies should be en- 
 couraged to extend and exert their influence in every way that 
 can tend to promote, improve, circulate and distinguish the 
 modes and means most favourable to augment the production of 
 subsistence. By such means, too, we may reasonably expect 
 soon to possess a population sufficient for the operative parts of 
 all other branches of industry; and when these several operati- 
 ons shall all be executed by British Subjects and British Colo- 
 nists, the Province will feel and exhibit in her condition the 
 good effects of having closed those drains that have long carried 
 off much capital which otherwise would have been laid out in 
 the Merchants’ stores, in the cultivation of the soil, and in other 
 productive enterprizcs of vast advantage. 
 
 Large sums have been expended on the Great Roads of this 
 Province; but their condition shows the inefficiency of the pre- 
 sent system, in appropriation and execution. This arises, chief- 
 ly, from having tried too much, and in such attempts dispersing 
 limited means, to superficial and endless labor, on works far 
 too numerous and costly, to be all substantially improved at the 
 same time. Such appropriation, therefore, should be made of 
 the sums which may be allotted to the Great Roads as may en- 
 sure effectual exertion upon them in succession, and in the or- 
 der of their importance ; and at the same time preclude those 
 partial and general alterations in the lines of Roads, from which, 
 vast sums of public money have been uselessly expended. The 
 Public Service has been exposed to very serious inconvenience 
 by irregularities incident to the present line of communication 
 between the Seat of Government and the City of Saint John. 
 To remedy this, whatever it may be necessary to do in other 
 times and seasons, I earnestly recommend the expediency of 
 
$6 
 
 completing such a communication with Saint John, for a winter 
 travelling and Post Road, as may not be subject to those seri- 
 ous interruptions and dangers to which the present line must 
 always be exposed, during the greater portion of the year. 
 
 Fully impressed with the importance of attending to the effi- 
 ciency of the Militia, I have derived much satisfaction from 
 what I have witnessed of their appearance and public spirit. 
 The Militia Law will have to pass under your revision, general- 
 ly, and I recommend the amendment of those clauses which press 
 so severely upon the Militiamen in regard to the distance of 
 travel to their drill, and also with respect to age, at unnecessa- 
 ry cost of time, and inconvenience to the people. 
 
 I earnestly recommend to your continued patronage the seve- 
 ral Institutions for the Education of our Youth ; and I may 
 have occasion hereafter to recommend measures for giving secu- 
 rity and encouragement to those Provident Institutions, which 
 I am happy to acquaint you have been established in this Pro- 
 vince, under very promising circumstances, highly advantage- 
 ous to the Country. 
 
 I have great satisfaction in acquainting you that our Most 
 Gracious Sovereign has condescended to patronize the College 
 of New-Brunswick with his gracious Favor, and to bestow a 
 Grant from His Royal Revenues in this Province, to place that 
 Institution upon a very improved establishment : and I rely up- 
 on such gradual provision being made hereafter, in addition to 
 your last vote, as may enable the Governor and Trustees, to 
 proceed in the erection of a suitable building. His Majesty’s 
 Secretary pf State has further dispensed the grace and favour 
 of the Crown in a manner that cannot fail to be duly and fully 
 appreciated, and to sustain those principles of attachment, and 
 loyalty which distinguish the origin and course of this Colony. 
 
 In addition to the provision made for the Madras Schools, 
 generally, and to that of the African School at St. John, I re- 
 commend some provision for a similiar establishment at the Seat 
 of Government, to bring more generally within the influence of 
 these excellent Institutions, a portion of the human race to whom 
 we owe kindness, charity, and benevolence, and for whom we 
 should provide religious, moral and industrious education. 
 
 In the very prosperous condition which the affairs of this 
 Province may now permanently take, I perceive, that the pe- 
 riod is arrived for entertainiug enlarged views and scope of sys- 
 tem, necessary to supercede some very disadvantageous circum- 
 stances which should be gradually corrected, and to raise the 
 Province to that consideration, value and importance, which it 
 will soon assume, it the management of its afliiirs proceed upon 
 sound views and estimates of her true situation, and be conduct- 
 
87 
 
 <d {recording to fixed and solid general principles. But great 
 misery and embarrassment may be inflicted on young and ad- 
 vancing Countries, if disturbed by doubts, or exposed to quick 
 transitions arising from different schemes of temporizing policy, 
 and I desire to point out the errors and dangers of all conting- 
 ent measures and pursuits made only to comply with chance cir- 
 cumstances, temporary interests and adventitious excitements. 
 
 To that solid course, then, which may best embrace all of 
 those interests of which the public good is made up, and upon 
 which the permanency of your prosperity depends, I shall en- 
 deavour to look, and on it encourage the exertions of the whole 
 Population to push their special interests with spirit and en- 
 terprize, under the sober guidance of general measures calcu- 
 lated to produce a steadiness, healthfulness and solidity of pro- 
 gress, which, under Divine Blessing, and the powerful and en- 
 lightened protection of our Parent State, will gradually conduct 
 this happy Province to a very high degree ofvalueand prosperity. 
 
 At a general meeting of the Members of the Legislature, and 
 other respectable Gentlemtfi from all parts of the Province, 
 assembled in one of the Committee Rooms of the House of 
 Assembly on Thursday the 17th of February, 1825, by re- 
 quest of the Lieutenant-Governor, to take into considera- 
 tion some propositions to be submitted by his Excellency, 
 relating to the improvement of Agriculture, &c. in this Pro- 
 vince, when His Excellency was pleased to open the proceed- 
 ings of the meeting with the following SPEECH > 
 
 T HE purpose for which I have caused this meeting to be con- 
 vened, is of the first importance to the Country : And I am de- 
 lighted to find my self surrounded on this occasion, as I hope to 
 be on every occasion, by those distinguished Persons, from 
 whose station, stake and consideration in the Country, 1 may 
 expect the most powerful aid in promoting the great objects I 
 have in view, if we are all fully impressed with the expediency 
 and necessity we are under, each in our several stations, of doing 
 all that may depend upon us, to accomplish the purposes 
 which 1 am now to bring more particularly under your consi- 
 deration. 
 
 The purpose for which we are met is, to enquire whether 
 some encouragement and excitement may not be applied to 
 Agricultural pursuits, to operate, discreetly and gradually, in a 
 manner to relieve the country from the great difficulty and dis- 
 
88 
 
 ability under which it is laid by the vast sums which we pa 1 for 
 our food, and from the very disadvantageous effects which this 
 produces on the cost of labour, and consequently in all branches 
 of our industry. 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances, the high price occasioned by 
 deficiency in the supply of any article in general demand, ope- 
 rating as a premium upon increased production, has a direct 
 and natural tendency to remedy its own evils. This, in fact, 
 is an effect which is working here, though slowly, to cure the 
 malady of which we compiam ; and if other branches of industry 
 were not in an excited, forced, and somewhat unnatural condi- 
 tion, it would be unnecessary, superfluous, or perhaps disadvan- 
 tageous, to interfere with the sources and currents of supply, 
 which ultimately accommodate themselves in the most advan- 
 tageous and fitest way, to meet demand. But there are peculi- 
 arities in the circumstances of this Country, which must appear 
 very obvious to all persons who have correct notions of the ex- 
 tent of her business and dealings, compared with the limited 
 Population and Capital we possess, which occasioning powerful 
 Competitions in other branches, would appear to demand some 
 additional encouragement and adventitious aid, to draw Labour 
 dnd Capital in greater quantities, to the cultivation of the Soil. 
 
 To consider, properly, the best modes and means by which we 
 may augment the production of subsistence, it will be proper to 
 resolve the question into the consideration of the elements of 
 production, viz. Labour, Capital and Land, and to enquire in 
 what way we can give to those constituent parts of production, 
 fhe facilities and encouragement they require, to compete with 
 other branches which are obviously under the influence of ad- 
 ventitious excitement. 
 
 With respect to Land, we possess it in abundance, and in 
 quality ready to yield what we may in a judicious manner re- 
 quire of it ; and it will be one of my main objects to endeavour 
 to lay open to Agricultural pursuits, extensive tracts which have 
 long been locked up in reserved superabundance. This mea- 
 sure has in one case been, heretofore, sought and petitioned for; 
 but it was not accorded to, at that time, in consequence of doubts 
 entertained by His Majesty’s Government, as to the value of 
 the standing produce of that Land, for other purposes. But it 
 is an advantage arising from a late appointment to a high situa- 
 tion in the Province, that powers are given, subject to certain 
 conditions and regulations which I may sanction, to throw open 
 portions ot those reserves to meet the improving circumstances 
 of the Country, and this will be speedily observed in a way that 
 will open considerable tracts of valuable Land to the operations 
 «f Agriculture. 
 
89 
 
 Proceeding, next, to the consideration of Capital, it has ap- 
 peared to roe to be very desirable, that some new measures 
 should be taken with a ’view to attract the enterprizes of Capita- 
 lists, not only to the cultivation of fresh tracts, but likewise to 
 that of the waste Lands of the Province generally ; and I enter- 
 tain the intention of bringing this proposition under the consi- 
 deration of the High Authorities, elsewhere, upon whom this 
 will depend. But the creation and accumulation of small Capi- 
 tals, sufficient to enable the working man to enter with advan- 
 tage on the cultivation of a grant of Land, of the usual extent, 
 is a matter in degree and practicability, much within the influ- 
 ence of our own measures, and it becomes therefore subject of 
 very fit consideration for this meeting, composed of so many 
 distinguished persons, who, returning soon to their respective 
 Counties, may give information respecting those Institutions 
 which are constituted, and likely I trust to be protected, to pro- 
 vide for the safe custody and accumulation of the small savings 
 of the industrious classes of Society. 
 
 The greater part of such accumulations may be considered ns 
 funds rescued from unproductive consumption, to be laid out 
 productively in various important branches of industry ; and 
 whilst, therefore, in this view, the provident Institutions deserve 
 encouragement from all classes, they more particularly suggest 
 to the gentlemen acting in the different Emigrant and Agricul- 
 tural Societies, and to the employers of Agricultural La- 
 bours generally, the co-operation which may be expected from 
 Savings’ Banks in encouraging, by enabling, all industrious per- 
 sons, soon . to enter with advantage on the cultivation of the 
 Soil, as proprietors of Land.. 
 
 The poor Emigrant, for instance, who comes to the country 
 destitute of pecuniary means, and who should always be met 
 and welcomed with a great deal of charitable attention and pro- 
 tection, should be told, that to enter on the laborious enterprise 
 of clearing a Lot, in the wilderness, without Capital, would be 
 to entangle himself in very considerable difficulty. The best 
 course which such a person can pursue, would be to avail himself 
 of the assistance, which it should be a main object of all Emi- 
 grant Societies to provide, to procure advantageous employment 
 in which to acquire experience of the climate, habit of Labour, 
 and best modes of culture } and whilst acquiring these, to accu- 
 mulate his Savings in the Savings’ Banks, in the manner that 
 any person, who is not burthened with a large family, may 
 soon do, in farm service in summer, and in other pursuits in 
 winter. 
 
 This object will perhaps be best pursued by the Emigrant 
 Societies in the different parts, taking active measures to be- 
 
90 
 
 come acquainted with the circumstances and description of Emi- 
 grants so soon as they arrive, and entering in a Book, their 
 names, age, trade or occupation, objects, and the means they 
 may possess of pursuing these. From those entries of the cir- 
 cumstances and condition of the Individuals, Emigrant Societies 
 would be competent to give them counsel and protection. If 
 the Emigrant’s desire should be to Agricultural pursuits, which 
 will commonly be the case, but that he has no Capital to com- 
 mence with, he should be advised to put himself to Farm ser- 
 vice, and his attention should be drawn to the facilities which 
 Savings’ Banks provide for receiving, securing and augmenting 
 his savings. If this measure meet concurrence in its objects and 
 practicability, it will be received as an appeal to the Agricul- 
 turists of the Country to keep correspondence with the nearest 
 Emigrant Societies, lor the purpose of procuring Labourers of 
 their recommendation. 
 
 But although it may not be expedient for a person without 
 Capital, to enter at once on the cultivation of his tract, yet it ap- 
 pears to me that some inducement should be applied to excite 
 his industry by a prospect of an advantageous location, so soon 
 as he finds himself capable of undertaking it ; and in this view 
 I see no difficulty in the arrangement, and on the other hand, 
 great public advantage, in securing for persons thus working 
 lor their capital, locations upon the Lots they may prefer, sub- 
 ject to a condition that, within one year, the Emigrant Society 
 in whose Books they may be registered, report favorably of 
 their proceedings, in a manner to give fair expectation that at 
 the end of a further short period, they would be able to enter 
 upon their location, and pay a prQportion of tlieir fees, in aid 
 of which the Society should provide some donation or loan. 
 
 But when the Emigrant has pecuniary means, or is resolved 
 to enter at once on his Land, the Emigrant Societies will be 
 enabled to let him chuse his s.tuation, in the plans of unoccupi- 
 ed Lots reserved for Emigrants, which plans will for this pur- 
 pose be transmitted to the Emigrant Societies, and to whose 
 recommendation a quick return of location tickets will be made ; 
 and I am happy to say that this measure will be observed and 
 promoted with much ability and zeal by the distinguished per- 
 sons on whom it will severally depend. 
 
 When we reflect that one of the greatest difficulties under 
 which we labour in accomplishing the great purpose of inde- 
 pendence with respect to our food, arises from the want a 
 working population sufficient for all the operative parts of our 
 industry, and consequently the very high rate of wages and food, 
 which lays the Agriculturist under disadvantages of the most 
 serious description, in a climate w here the productive powers of 
 
91 
 
 the earth are so long dormant, we must all concur in the neces- 
 sity of aiding Societies by whose means so many able bands can 
 be procured, and for want of properly supporting which, so ma- 
 ny have passed to a foreign land. 
 
 An increased competition or supply of labour then will be 
 jnuch influenced by arrangements such as I have indicated ; 
 whilst in its modes, intelligence and material means, it may be 
 greatly promoted by Agricultural Societies. These, under the 
 designation of Agricultural and Emigrant Societies, I should 
 wish to see formed in every County in the Province, and Sub- 
 Societies organized under them to carry their benefits to all 
 parts of the Country. I trust, indeed, that ere you depart, the 
 foundation, or rather the re-organization of such a system will 
 be completed, and I call upon the Gentlemen of distinction from 
 the different Counties who are now present to concur in this 
 measure, and when they return to their respective Counties, to 
 engage to organize such Societies to be composed of persons 
 who w’ould be most likely to co-operate in this great purpose. 
 
 I feel confident, that whenever Societies shall be so organized 
 in any County, they will meet the provision which I trust will 
 be made by the liberality of the Country for their support and 
 efficiency : and I perceive with much satisfaction that the public x 
 spirit of the Country is in many parts exhibiting itself in the form, 
 and for the purpose which we contemplate for general adoption. 
 
 For the purpose of improving, circulating and distinguishing 
 the modes and means most favorable to increased production, 
 and of drawing to a focus that information which it may be de- 
 sirable to possess herein the Seat of Government for myself and 
 for you it will be proper that some provision should be devised 
 for the laborious part of that purpose which will depend upon 
 a Secretary who should be appointed to manage the correspon- 
 dence of the Central Committee to report proceedings to the 
 general meeting. 
 
 The general meeting should be composed of all Members of 
 the Legislature; of all Presidents and Vice-Presidents of Coun- 
 ty Societies, and of all members subscribers in the regulated 
 amount. The Central Committee should be named in the ge- 
 neral meeting to carry on the correspondence during the recess, 
 and to arrange the general Accounts ; but the appropriation of 
 Public Funds should be made direct to the County Societies 
 and subject only to the audit of the Central Committee. These 
 Reports will thus exhibit a general statement of the sums ex- 
 pended and whether commensurate progress has been made in 
 the improvement of Agricultural implements, machinery, inodes 
 of culture, augmentation of production, and breed of Cattle* 
 all of which should be under the influence of these meetings. 
 
92 
 
 With views such as these, so soon as I discovered, in studying 
 your affairs, the disabilities and difficulties which the Province 
 might have to contend with from deficiency in the supply of 
 food, and aware that it would require pecuniary means, on my 
 pait, to put into activity the plans which I then formed, ana 
 now lay before you, I submitted to His Majesty’s Secretary of 
 State the importance of sanctioning a small grant from the 
 funds at the disposal of the Crown, to meet the liberality and 
 public spirit with which I am persuaded, elsewhere and every 
 where, the great object now under our consideration will be 
 supported. I have great satisfaction in showing how readily 
 this has been dispensed : I will read the terms of it, and hasten 
 to say that the use I shall make of it, will be, to place a sum, 
 which I hope will be annual, at the disposal of those County 
 Societies that are or may be organized to meet the views which 
 I here lay before you. 
 
 In communicating this grant from His Majesty’s Revenue to 
 the Agricultural Societies, it is however my duty to state, that 
 the continuation of' this grant for future years, will depend upon 
 the report which I may have in my power to make of the ad- 
 vantages which it may have produced ; and these will mainly 
 depend upon the liberality and zeal with which this Provision is 
 seconded in the Country generally. 
 
 The Society having been formed and organized, the Presi- 
 dent communicated to the Meeting that he had received a Mes- 
 sage from His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, that 
 it was his intention to attend the Meeting in person, to commu- 
 nicate his sentiments on their proceedings, and his acceptance 
 of the office of Patron. 
 
 Whereupon His Excellency entered and having taken the 
 Chair, addressed the Society as follow : — 
 
 Mi . President , Vice-Presidents^ and Gentlemen 
 
 of the Agricultural and Emigrant Society , 
 
 I EVINCE the satisfaction and cordiality with which I receive 
 your Address, by placing myself in this Chair, as your Patron, 
 on the very instant the distinguished Seat is offered to me ; and 
 the first sentence I shall deliver from it is, to assure you that my 
 most zealous exertions shall be used to promote the great ob- 
 jects we have in view, in every way that may depend upon me. 
 
 I am gratified for the present, sanguine and confident for the 
 future, when I look around me and perceive the distinguished 
 persons of whom this Society is composed, and the interest 
 which it has excited ; and it is particularly pleasing to me to 
 
93 
 
 find myself supported by the distinguished person whom you 
 have placed in the President’s Chair. I congratulate you, Gen- 
 tlemen, upon such an election, and myself on having such coad- 
 
 jutures. .... , 
 
 The Agricultural and Emigrant Societies being now about to 
 tr o into immediate, and, as 1 hope successful operation, it may 
 not be useless to express to you, and through you to convey to 
 the Public, some appeals to those exertions which will be re- 
 quired to realize the benefits which we here contemplate, and 
 for attaining which, the course is now so clear. 
 
 This fine, and as I have hitherto found it, happy Province, is 
 advancing rapidly, with growth almost exuberant, to a station* 
 the real intrinsic character and condition of which, in other 
 times, will depend mainly upon the manner in which we who 
 are now directing its affairs, in certainly a critical period of its 
 advancement, when it is daily developing its resources, and 
 forming its system, may discharge our several duties, by doing 
 all that may depend upon us to train, sustain and correct the 
 principles, habits and pursuits, and to regulate the exertions, by 
 which, unquestionably, it may be conducted to a state of great 
 prosperity. 
 
 To consider these duties with reference to all the obligations 
 we owe to the Country, in the several branches which contribute 
 to its most political and statistical progress, would lead us aw r ay 
 far beyond the sphere of our present purpose ; I shall, there- 
 fore, only consider the duties we have to fulfil in regard to the 
 Institutions now completely organized. The several purposes 
 contemplated by those Institutions call upon us to promote 
 habits of frugality, domestic economy, and useful industry, as 
 training a rural population to settle and labour on the soil, and 
 to assist them so to exert themselves in the modes and means of 
 culture as to improve our Agricultural condition ; to make us 
 more independent at least for our food ; and subsequently 
 to set free other branches of industry, which are now under great 
 disability. The foundation of systems which may produce 
 such benefits has now been laid. I have had much satisfac- 
 tion in recommending and promoting them. My views have 
 been cordially and ably seconded every where ; the measures 
 they called for have now been adopted ; and they have been 
 liberally endowed by the Legislature with pecuniary means to 
 animate and quicken the system. The Savings? Bank Bill ; 
 the organization and endowment of the Body 1 now address, 
 open, to the industrious classes of Society, and to the interests of 
 the Country generally, a distinct view of the progress that may 
 be made from foundations laid, first, in habits of frugality anti 
 domestic economy, onwards, through moral and provident con-> 
 
94 , 
 
 duct, to security and accommodation, productive application, 
 improvement in Agriculture, increase of population, competi- 
 tion in labour, encouragement and developement of industry, 
 and augmented production. The Acts and the system of this 
 Session have laid the foundation of much improvement to the 
 country, on solid grounds; and seeds which should blossom 
 hereafter, are planted in the fertile soil ; but whether the super- 
 structure is to be raised, or those seeds are to spring, depends 
 not on those who have laboured on the foundation, or wha have 
 provided the means that may quicken the process. Whether 
 the Savings’ Bank Bill, or this most admirable Institution are 
 to be effectual in doing good, depends upon the degree of Public 
 Spirit with which our exertions here, may be supported and 
 extended in the Country generally. All Public Institutions 
 live only by Public Spirit, in any Country ; but this is particu- 
 larly the case in young Countries where man owes to fellow 
 man a greater contribution of his concern and of his aid. Look 
 at the progress of an individual case. When a Settler goes, 
 singly, to encounter the difficulties and the labour of a solitary 
 Location in an unsettled District, and with the sweat of his own 
 brow to shelter his family, and to clear space to receive the 
 seeds which are to yield his immediate subsistence, we all know 
 what fortitude, power and time are required to accomplish such 
 beginnings. But should he undertake his enterprize on a site 
 near to where former Settlers have experienced such difficulties, 
 the recent sense brings to his aid the little community, to labour 
 for him ; and by the exertions of that Public he is speedily es- 
 tablished in a way, that he might never have accomplished by 
 his own solitary powers. This is Public Spirit. So may it be 
 with the Edifices we are now raising ! They are, in some re- 
 spects, partially, and in others wholly, nrx Settlers , in this 
 Country ; ami they are well deserving of public exertion to 
 complete the useful fabric. We are here entirely dependent 
 upon public spirit. — What can these systems do without it ? 
 They would languish from this day, and might expire even in 
 their cradle. This I do trust will never happen. I know' not 
 how long I may be the witness of their progress ; but sure I am 
 that the intensity of interest which I feel in this Province, *ind 
 which I have imbibed paternally, for the success of these Institu- 
 - tions which I have been instrumental in- bringing forward, will 
 always be felt with such solicitude as shall give me pleasure in 
 their success ; but which from that very interest will suggest 
 reproach, if (which cannot be) they should fail from want of 
 public exertion. But remember that time, labour in arrange- 
 ment and management, must be contributed gratuitously, for 
 the Chief offices of these Institutions. I am confident that 
 
95 
 
 those sacrifices will be cheerfully tendered by the public spirit 
 of the Country in a way that shall produce advantage to it, and 
 reflect everlasting credit, honor and substantial enjoyment upon 
 the patriotic persons who may offer their aid. — It cannot fail to 
 do so ; for the man who feels the real impulses of public spirit 
 is usually the happiest, because he is the best of Beings. Public 
 spirit contains in it every laudable passion, and every fine affec- 
 tion. — It comprehends our duties towards our parents, to our 
 kindred, to our friends, to our neighbours, to our fellow man 
 in every degree, and to every thing dear to mankind in the 
 public Institutions formed of them. Public spirit is the highest 
 of virtues, and affords the highest degree of satisfaction. Stead- 
 fast in good purpose; fidelity in trust; impartial to all ; a pas- 
 sion to promote universal good, with personal labour, pains, 
 and the sacrifice of every selfish feeling ; to endeavour to main- 
 tain Society in peace, tranquillity, plenty and security. It is, in 
 short, as I feel it, one man’s care for the many : and, as you I 
 am persuaded feel it, the concern of every man for the good of 
 all. This sentiment binds us together in the pursuit of public 
 advantage to a co-operation from which I am convinced none 
 will shrink in any difficulty which these Institutions may have to 
 encounter; and onward let us go with a determination that when 
 we meet again in this place, we may receive, and record, reports 
 which shall prove that our schemes have prospered. 
 
 I have now the pleasure to announce that from the Funds 
 which His Majesty’s Secretary of State has put at my disposal 
 from the King’s Casual Revenue, I shall appropriate £2S to 
 each of the County Societies for the present year subject to the 
 regulations and conditions already established ; and I will not 
 fail to intercede for a continuance of this Royal Bounty, if I can 
 report success in our labours. 
 
96 
 
 APPENDIX, No. II. 
 
 Extracts relating to the early transactions in Nova-Scotia and 
 New-Brw:swick , copied verbatim from papers compiled by a gen- 
 tleman who intended to publish an account of New-Brunswick ; 
 but was from unexpected circumstances obliged to relinquish the 
 design. 
 
 PROVINCE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
 
 Notice is hereby given, that it hath been determined that 
 a squadroh of Elis Majesty’s ships and divers regiments of foot 
 should winter in Nova-Scotia, which will require large supplies 
 of fresh provisions to be sent thither from time to time, not only 
 for the support of the sick in the hospitals, but for the refresh- 
 ment of those that are well ; — and that His Excellency Gover- 
 nor Lawrence hath given assurance, that the coasters and others 
 trading in refreshments of that sort, shall not only be protected 
 by the Admiral from pressing, but shall receive, both from His 
 Excellency and the Admiral, all manner of countenance and 
 regard. A. Oliver, Sec. 
 
 Province of the Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay. 
 
 } 
 
 Boston, October 31, 1758. 
 
 The following proclamation being published in Nova-Scotia 
 and transmitted to this government, was read in Council, and 
 ordered to be published in this Province. 
 
 Thos. Clark, D. Sec. 
 
 By His Excellency Charles Lawrence, Captain-General and 
 Commander-in-Chief in and over His Majesty’s Province 
 of Nova-Scotia, or Acadia, in America, Vice-Admiral of 
 the same, & c. & c. & c. 
 
 A PROCLAMATION. 
 
 W HE REAS by the late success of His Majesty’s arms in the 
 reduction of Cape Breton and its dependencies, and also by the 
 demolition and entire destruction of Gaspe, Mir ami chi, aiul of 
 
97 
 
 Saint Lawrence, and on Saint John’s river in the Bay of Fundy, 
 the enemy, who have formerly disturbed and harassed the Pro- 
 vince of ft ova- Scotia, and much obstructed its progress, have 
 been compelled to retire and take refuge in Canada ; a favora- 
 ble opportunity now presents itself for the peopling and culti- 
 vating, as well the lands vacated by the French, as every other 
 part of that valuable Province : f 
 
 I have therefore thought fit, with the advice of His Majesty s 
 Council, to issue this proclamation, declaring that I shall be 
 ready to receive any proposals that may hereafter be made to 
 me, tor effectually settling the said vacated, or any other lands 
 within the Province aforesaid : a description whereof, and of 
 the advantages arising from their peculiar nature and situation, 
 I have ordered to be published with this proclamation. 
 
 Given in the Council Chamber at Halifax, this 12th day of 
 October, 1758, and in the thirty-second year of His 
 Majesty’s Reign. 
 
 By His Excellency’s command, "j 
 
 with the advice of His Ma- > Charles Lawrence. 
 
 jesty’s Council. ) 
 
 God save the King ! 
 
 A description of the lands ordered to be published pursuant 
 to the foregoing proclamation, which consist of more than one 
 hundred thousand acres of land, interval and plow lands, pro- 
 ducing wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, &c. These have 
 been cultivated for more than a hundred years past, and never 
 fail of crops, nor need manuring. 
 
 Also, more than one hundred thousand acres of upland, clear- 
 ed and stocked with English grass, planted with orchards, gar- 
 dens, &c. These lands, with good husbandry, produce often 
 two loads of hay per acre. The w’ild and unimproved lands 
 adjoining abound with black birch, ash, oak, pine, fir, &c. 
 
 All these lands are so intermixed that every single farmer 
 may have a proportionable quantity of plow land, grass land, 
 and wood land, and are all situated about the Bay of Fundy, 
 upon rivers navigable for ships of burden. 
 
 Proposals will be received by Mr. Hancock of Boston, and 
 by Messrs. Delancie & Watts of New- York, to be transmitted 
 to the Governor, or President of the Council at Halifax. 
 
 (Copy.) 
 
98 
 
 His Majesty’s confirmation of the plan for settling the Province 
 
 of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 At the Court of St. James’s, the 16th day of February, 1760, 
 (Seal) ( Present) 
 
 The King’s Most Excellent Majesty, 
 
 Lord Keeper, Earl Gower, 
 
 Lord President, Viscount Barrington, 
 
 Lord Steward, Lord Deleware, 
 
 Earl of Hyndford, Mr. Vice Chamberlain. 
 
 "W” HEREAS there was this day read to the Board, a repre- 
 sentation from the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Planta- 
 tions, dated the 30th of December last, containing an account 
 of the proceedings of the Governor in Council of Nova-Scotia, 
 with regard to the settling of the lands evacuated by the remo- 
 val of the French inhabitants from that Province, as well as 
 other tracts of land in the wild and uncleared part of that coun- 
 try, and also with regard to the terms and conditions upon 
 which the said Governor and Council have agreed to make 
 grants of the said lands : and the said Lords Commissioners 
 being of opinion, that the plan so laid down by the said Gover- 
 nor and Council, will be a means of the speedy settling the va- 
 cant , lands in that Province, and therefore proper to receive 
 His Majesty’s approbation : His Majesty has this day took the 
 said representation into consideration, and is hereby pleased, 
 with the advice of his Privy Council, to declare his royal appro- 
 bation of the said plan of the said Governor and Council, for 
 the speedy settling the vacant lands in that Province : and also 
 of the terms and conditions agreed upon for that purpose, and 
 doth therefore order that the Governor or Commander-in-Chief 
 of his Province of Nova-Scotia for the time being, do carry the 
 same into execution. 
 
 (Signed) W. Sharpe. 
 
 Extract of a Letter from His Excellency Governor Lawrence, to 
 the Agent for the Province of Nova-Scotia , at Boston, dated 
 24>th June, 1760. 
 
 “ I am ready to receive farther proposals, in consequence of 
 His Majesty’s approbation of our measures, from any person 
 or persons who will offer themselves to become settlers in this 
 Province ; and that all due encouragement shall be given them 
 to the utmost limits of the authority with which His Majesty 
 has been pleased to invest the Governor and Council of this 
 
99 
 
 Province. — Kota Bene. Proposals left with Mr. Hancock, will 
 be transmitted to the Governor at Halifax. 
 
 “ Captain Bragdon informs us, that Captain Fisher in a 
 sloop from Annapolis Royal, bound to Fort Cumberland, was 
 cast away in the Bay of Fundy, on board of which was Lieute- 
 nant Tonge, an Engineer, with a considerable sum of money, 
 which was lost, together with the lives of two or three persons 
 on board. Friday last arrived here the Province ship King 
 George, Captain Hallowed, from Louisburg and a cruize. 
 From Louisburg, we learn "that the armed vessels lately sent 
 out thence, had been at Pictou, and burnt five or six vessels 
 which the enemy took from us last year, and brought off some 
 plunder; and that the Indians from Saint John, who brought 
 the account of the five French men of war being in the Bay of 
 Chaleur, also informed that they had landed four hundred men, 
 in order to attack Fort Cumberland. 
 
 “ Arrived here, Colonel Arthithnot, who commanded at Fort 
 Frederick, in Saint John’s River, the year past ; also several 
 other officers and a number of soldiers belonging to this Pro- 
 vince, who have garrisoned His Majesty’s forts up the Bay of 
 Fundy, and now discharged, arrived here, being relieved by a 
 number of soldiers lately enlisted in this Province, for that ser- 
 vice. We hear that the Indians behave well, and still continue 
 to come into the forts at Nova-Scotia, and carry on trade very 
 peaceably.” 
 
 Extract of a Letter from Colonel Tyre, to His Excellency the 
 Governor , dated. Fort Cumberland, Ckignecto, March 7, 1760. 
 
 Sir. — I informed your Excellency in my last of 10th Decem- 
 ber, of the submission of the French peasants residing at Mirami- 
 chi, Richibucto, Bucktouche, Peticodiac, and Memramcook, made 
 by their deputies sent here for that purpose. On the 30th of Ja- 
 nuary last, Mr. Manack, a French Priest, who has had the 
 charge of the people at Miramichi, Richibucto, and Bucktouche, 
 and a number of the principal men of those places, arrived here, 
 when they received their submission in a formal manner, by 
 subscribing to articles, (drawn suitable to the case,) whereby 
 among other things, they have obliged themselves and people 
 they represent, to come to Bay Verte with all their effects and 
 shipping as early in the spring as possible, in order to be dis- 
 posed of as Governor Lawrence shall direct. With the French 
 Priest, came two Indian Chiefs, Paul Lawrence and Augustin 
 Michael ; Lawrence tells me he was a prisoner in Boston, and 
 lived with Mr. Henshaw, a blacksmith ; he is Chief of a tribe 
 at Richibucto. I have received their submissions, for them- 
 
100 
 
 Selves and for their tribes, to His Britannic Majesty, and sent 
 them to Halifax for the terms by Governor Lawrence. I have 
 likewise received the submission of two other Chiefs, who I 
 dealt with as before mentioned, and was in hopes I had 
 no more treaties to make with savages ; but he told me I was 
 mistaken, for there would be a great many more npon the same 
 business, as soon as their spring hunting was over: and upon 
 my enquiring how many, he gave a list of fourteen Chiefs, in- 
 cluding those already mentioned, (copy of which I have in- 
 closed) most of which he said would come. I was surprised to 
 hear of such a number of Indian Chiefs in this part of Ame- 
 rica, and Mr. Manack further told me that they were all of one 
 nation, and known by the name of Mickmacks ; that they were 
 very numerous, amounting to near three thousand souls ; that 
 he had learned their language since he had been among them, 
 and found so much excellence in it, that he was well persua- 
 ded if the beauties of it were known in Europe, there would 
 be seminaries erected for the propagation of it. How that 
 might be, is better knowm to him than to those who know noth- 
 ing of the language ; but I think I may venture to say, that if 
 there be so many of these Indians, as he says there are, I know 
 this Province, as it abounds very plentifully with furs, may reap 
 a vast advantage by them, provided Canada returns not into 
 the hands of the French. 
 
 “ About the time that Mr. Manack arrived here, there came 
 in eight men, one of whom was a New-England man, one Irish- 
 man, and the rest Italians and Spaniards ; who informed me 
 they deserted from a French frigate that lay froze in at the 
 head of Gaspe harbour. The two former belonged to a vessel 
 commanded by Captain Malcom, of Boston, who was taken by 
 the above frigate, as she was returning from Quebec, where she 
 had been on a trading voyage. 
 
 Names of the Indian Chiefs inhabiting the coast of Acadia : 
 
 Louis Frances, Chief of Miramichi, 
 
 Denis Winemowet, do. Tabogimkik, 
 
 Etienne Abchabo, do. Pohomoosh, 
 
 Claud Atanaze, do. Gediack, 
 
 Paul Lawrence, do. La Have, 
 
 Joseph Algimoure, do. Chignectou, 
 
 John Newit, do. Pictou, 
 
 Baptist La Morue, do. Isle of St. John’s, 
 
 Keni, do. Nalkitgoniash, 
 
 Jeannot Piguidawelwet, do. Keshpugowitk, 
 
 Batelemy Aungualett, do. Minas, 
 
 Augustin Michael, do. Richibucto. 
 
101 
 
 A NARRATIVE 
 
 Of the proceedings of the frst settlers at the River St. John, un- 
 der the authority of the Government of A ova-Scotia. 
 
 In the year 1761, a number of persons from the county of Es- 
 sex, province of Massachusetts, presented a petition through 
 their agent to the Government of Nova-Scotia, for a grant ot 
 a Township of twelve miles square at the river Saint John, 
 they received a favorable answer and obtained full authority to 
 survey a tract of that dimension wherever it might be found fit 
 for improvement. In consequence many ofthe applicants, pro- 
 ceeded in the course of the winter and spring following to pre- 
 pare for exploring the Country, and to survey such Township : 
 they provided a vessel for that purpose, and on the 16th May, 
 1762, embarked a£ Newburyport and arrived in three days at 
 the harbour Saint John (the 19th :) . The party amounted to 
 near twenty men, exclusive of two families, who took passage in 
 the same vessel, one of whom shipped a small frame for a dwel- 
 ling, and boards to cover it, with a small stock of cattle ; the 
 C ame and stock was landed the day of their arrival ; on the third 
 day the house was finished and inhabited. 
 
 The exploring and surveying party then proceeded to view 
 the lands round the harbour and bay of Saint John in a whale 
 boat, they brought with them : for they could not travel on the 
 land, on account of the multitude of fallen trees that had been 
 torn up by the roots in a violent gale of wind, nearly four years 
 previous. (The same gale extended as far up the river as the 
 Oromocto, and most of the Country below that place, was equal- 
 ly incumbered with the fallen trees.) — After making all the dis- 
 coveries that could be made near the harbour, it was the unani- 
 mous opinion that all the lands near that part of the Country, 
 were unfit for making any settlements at that time, and in about 
 ten days from their first arrival, they set out to view the country 
 as far as Saint Anns, ninety miles up the river, where they ex- 
 pected to find an extensive body of clear land that had been 
 formerly improved by the French inhabitants. On their way 
 to that place they landed wherever they saw' any appearance of 
 improvement : all such small spots, as far up as Milk Creek, 
 were supposed not to exceed one hundred acres, most of which 
 
103 
 
 had been verv roughly cleared. — On the arrival of the explor- 
 ing party at Saint Anns, they lost no time in making a shelter 
 for themselves, nearly opposite the river Nashwouk, (as it was 
 then pronounced by the Indians,) but since, with some variati- 
 on, as there is in the original names of divers other rivers, lakes, 
 and names by which the tribes w'ere distinguished, — and they 
 commenced their survey at the small gravelly point against 
 Government-House, with an intention to survey a Township, 
 to terminate twelve miles below that place, and after surveying 
 the courses of the river about four miles downward, a large 
 company of Indians came down about nine miles from their 
 Priest’s residence, with his Interpreter : all having painted 
 faces of divers colours and figures, and dressed in their war 
 habits. The chiefs, with grave countenances, informed the ad- 
 venturers that they were trespassers on their rights : that the 
 Country belonged to them, and unless they retired immediately, 
 they, (the Indians, ' would compel them. This gave no small 
 alarm to a few men in the heart of an Indian Country, most of 
 whom had never beheld a w'ild Indian, but had all their lives 
 heard of their savage cruelties and murders. The reply made 
 to the Chiefs was to this effect ; that the adventurers had re- 
 ceived authority from the Governor of Halifcix to survey and 
 settle any land they should chuse, at the river Saint John — that 
 they had never been informed of the Indians claiming the vil- 
 lage of Saint Anns ; but as they then declared the land there, to 
 be their property, though it had been inhabited by the French 
 who were considered entitled to it, till its capture by the Eng- 
 lish, they w’ould retire further down the river. — In answer to 
 this the Chiefs suggested that the whole country belonged to the 
 Indians, they had some time ago, had a conference with Gover- 
 nor Lawrence, and had consented that the English should 
 settle the country upas far as the Grimross: from this ac- 
 knowledgment of the Chiefs, the adventurers were a little 
 relieved from the shock they received at first, and said, they 
 were unwilling to dispute, and would in a few (lays, remove their 
 camps towards Grimross. This answer did not appear fully to 
 satisfy the Indians, yet they made no reply. The surveying 
 party removed their camp, according to their promise almost 
 as far down as the lower end of the Oromocto Island on the 
 east side of the river, whence they finished the survey, twelve 
 miles below the first mentioned bounds : and returned to 
 Fort Frederick, 20, 8, 15, where there was a vessel bound 
 direct to Halifax, and took passage in her, with an account of 
 all their discoveries, and surveys, and with a plan of their 
 Township, they had laid out into lots : but they were so unfor- 
 tunate as to arrive at that place just at that time accounts were 
 
108 
 
 received, that the French had sent out a large fleet and a body 
 ofland forces, and had taken Saint Johns, Newfoundland, and 
 were almost hourly expected to attack Halifax, were at that 
 time was only one man of war, the Northumberland, and very 
 few troops. The militia called out; public offices shut, and no- 
 thing to be seen but bustle and preparation lor the defence of 
 the town, that being the situation of Government, the agents and 
 surveyors, for the adventurers were obliged to return without 
 giving any account of their proceedings, or obtaining any con- 
 firmation of their former order for surveying a township, or any 
 instructions to govern their conduct in carrying on the intended 
 settlements. This disappointment was, in the autumn of the 
 same year, followed by one still greater. Commissioners were 
 sent to Fort Frederick, to inform the former applicants for 
 grants of lands, that the space they had surveyed would not be 
 granted to them. On receiving this distressing information 
 they sent a petition to the King, stating the expence they had 
 been at, in full confidence, that all the promises and encourage- 
 ments, they had received from Government, would be confirm- 
 ed. This petition was sent under cover addressed to the then 
 agent for the Province, most earnestly soliciting his influence in 
 obtaining a speedy answer for their petition. He took a lively 
 interest in their cause, and in a short time, obtained an order 
 to the Governor to grant all such shares in the tract they had 
 laid out, as should from time to time be settled ; and the same 
 gentleman advanced a considerable sum for the proprietors, to 
 def ray the expence of obtaining such order, and the proprietors, 
 as a mark of their gratitude, and esteem of their patron, gave 
 their town his name, with a small addition to it, and giants 
 were made to all the resident proprietors, in or about the year 
 ] 765. The Indians had remained peaceable from 1762 to 
 1765: in this year they assembled together, and gave threats of 
 immediately commencing a new war against the English ; and 
 the inhabitants of all the frontiers of the Province, were greatly 
 alarmed, and the commandant of Fort Frederick doubled his 
 sentries on the occasion. The pretexts of the Indians were w ell 
 knowm to be mostly false and frivolous, and the commandant 
 and inhabitants residing near the garrison, took great pains to 
 persuade the Chiefs to lay their complaints before the Gover- 
 nor, at Halifax, before they engaged in a war that would eventu- 
 ally prove ruinous to themselves, which might be prevented by 
 their stating to Government all the grounds of the injuries they 
 complained of: after little consideration they agreed to the 
 proposal, and soon after set out for Halifax, accompanied by 
 one of the inhabitants. Their business on their first arrival, 
 was, without loss of time, made known to the Governor, who 
 
104 
 
 appointed a time, and place to give the Chiefs a hearing of their 
 cofnplaints. They on examination, could not in any degree, 
 support their heaviest charges, and in the end, they admitted 
 they had been misinformed. So that the result of their com- 
 plaints, amounted to nothing more than that the inhabitants had 
 frequently killed some Beavers, Moose, and other animals, but 
 not far from their houses, which the Chiefs alleged was their 
 exclusive property ; and that it was of the condition of a for- 
 mer treaty that the English settlers should not be allowed to 
 kill any wild game in any part of the wilderness, beyond the li- 
 mits of their farms and improvements. The Governor inform- 
 ed them in his answer, that all treaties before that time, should 
 be strictly observed, and that if the inhabitants had in any in- 
 stance, done any thing contrary to such treaties, they should 
 be severely reprimanded and restrained from continuing such 
 practices. The Chiefs replied, diat it might be out of their 
 power to pacify their young men, unless the damage before 
 done to them should be paid. This brought on an enquiry of 
 the Chiefs, what the alleged damage amounted to. In their 
 answer they highly overrated as the inhabitants made it clearly 
 appear, from their statement of the number of animals that had 
 been killed. The Chiefs finding themselves detected in having 
 alarmed the country without reason and of having thereby put 
 them in distressing fear and to great expence, appeared a- 
 shamed of their conduct, and could only repeat that the Indians 
 of their tribe w ould insist on being paid the damages for the 
 loss of their wild animals. After a full bearing a final answer 
 was given them ; as follows. — That although the grievances 
 that they had stated were by no means sufficient to justify their 
 hostile proceedings ; vet to do them ample justice, be would 
 order to be sent them a certain amount in clothing and provisi- 
 sions (amount not remembered) provided they would consider 
 it full satisfaction for the injuries done by the settlers, and send 
 orders to restrain them from bunting wild animals in the woods. 
 The Chiefs accepted that offer, and the Indians remained 
 peaceable, till the commencement of the revolt of the thirteen 
 Colonies, when they where called upon to aid in defence of the 
 Province, or at least to remain neuter. They promised to do ei- 
 ther one or the other ; for which purpose Government gave them 
 large presents in necessary supplies for their families. They 
 were at the same time, equally solicited by the Americans; 
 and as large or larger presents made by them ; and they con- 
 tinued to live mostly at the expence of the two parties during 
 that war. In 1779 the Indians again assembled, and threaten- 
 ed to make war against the English ; and went down in as great 
 a body as they ceuld collect, to near Fort Howe, where they 
 
105 
 
 where met by a messenger from the Commandant, and a De- 
 puty Agent for Indian affairs, who appeased the Indians, with 
 a promise of presents (commonly so called,) which they accepted 
 and the purchase of a continuance of peace ; and they returned 
 to their head-quarters at Opage. This was the last threat of an 
 Indian war. 
 
 Notes. — Notwithstanding all the obstacles and discourage- 
 ments before noticed, the number of families at the river Saint 
 John, including a few settlers on the Islands in Passamaquqd- 
 dy Bay, amounted to between one hundred and one hundred 
 and fifty families prior to the year 1783. 
 
 Memo. — The French Priest who had been forty years em- 
 ployed by France, as a Missionary to the Indians, was ordered 
 to leave the province in 1763, being suspected of influencing 
 and instructing the Indians to make extravagant demands on 
 Government as commissions of their remaining peaceable, at 
 the same time all the French families, then in scattered settle- 
 ments on the north side of the bay were ordered to leave the 
 Province. They all obeyed the mandate : but in a few years, 
 many returned, one after another, and became quiet subjects. 
 
106 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 On the state of that ■part of ancient Nava-Scotia lying north of 
 the Bay of 2'undy, now in the Province of New-BrwiswicJc, 
 prior to the year 1754. 
 
 — 
 
 TP HE French Government in defiance of former treaties con- 
 tinued to erect forts around the harbour of Saint John, and to 
 send troops for the defence of this part of the country (consi- 
 dering it theirs) and to employ the natives to harrass and mur- 
 der the settlers in the district of Maine, thus for many years pre- 
 venting the settlement of that part of the British dominions as 
 fitr west as that district or province extended ; and the French 
 more recently built a Fort and named it Beau-Sejour, at the 
 head of the bay : from which place they supplied with arms, 
 &c. the tribes' of Indians who inhabited the coasts on" the • 
 Gulph Saint of Lawrence and the rivers that fall into the same. 
 The Indians were also employed to check and prevent the set- 
 tlements of the Country called Minas, Cobequis and other parts 
 of the Province on the Peninsula of Acadia or Halifax. To 
 prevent the continuance of such depredations, the British Go- 
 vernment sent an expedition in 1754, to take possession of this 
 fort, which was not obtained till after an obstinate resistance 
 from the French, who for some years after it was reduced, con- 
 tinued to fortify their settlements on the banks of the river St. 
 John, at Passamaquoddy, and to employ the natives in the 
 service, to prevent the English from extending their settlements 
 eastward of the river Kennebeck and the inhabitants were con- 
 tinually harrassed, and often murdered by savages frequently 
 sent by the French for that purpose at Kennebeck and many 
 miles westward for a long course of time. In the year 1758, an 
 expedition was sent from Halifax or Boston to reduce the only 
 remaining French forts of any considerable strength, north of 
 the Bay of Fundy ; situated on the west side of the river, be- 
 low the falls, within the present limits of the city Saint John. 
 But the French "commanders, having received notice of this ex- 
 pedition some time before its arrival, removed all the light 
 stores further up the river, sunk all his heavy guns as reported 
 
by Frenchmen who were present and demolished the fort He 
 first made his retreat only about four leagues above the falls, 
 where he had previously erected works, surrounded by a thick 
 wood, in order to be covered by Indian soldiers, who will never 
 fight on open ground, nor suffer themselves to be driven with- 
 in the walls of a garrison by a beseiging force. The French 
 soon after retired to Saint Anns, and not long afterwards to 
 Canada. The demolished fort was rebuilt on the ground of the 
 old one, and garrisoned the winter following, by a body of pro- 
 vincial troops, and a company of Rangers, sent from Louisburgh. 
 
 The same company of Rangers as a scouting party, in March 
 1759, marched up the river on the ice as far as Saint Anns. 
 The few inhabitants below that village had either fled before 
 this party appeared, to Saint Anns, or into the woods, and no 
 prisoner was taken to give information concerning the situation 
 or strength of the enemy, yet they continued a forced march as 
 far up as Saint Anns where they found the village deserted. 
 They set fire to every building in it, and returned with great 
 precipitation to the Fort Frederick, expecting to be pursued by 
 the enemy. This company was early this spring ordered to 
 join the expedition against Quebeck, the Fort was garrisoned 
 with a campany or more of provincials, till the next or second 
 year : when they were relieved by a company of one of the 
 highland Regiments. The Fort afterwards continued to be 
 garrisoned by a company of some British Regiments, under 
 different Commandants until 1770, when the British troops 
 were embarked from every post in the Province, on account of 
 some disorders that had recently been committed in Boston : 
 the Barracks and Stores were by order of Government placed 
 under the care of one of the inhabitants residing near the seve- 
 ral Forts, specially authorized by Government for that service. 
 In 1774, a corporal and six privates were sent to reside in the 
 Barracks of Fort Frederick. 
 
 In May 1775, a brig was sent from Boston, to procure fresh 
 provisions for the British army theu in that town, from the 
 settlement of the river Saint John. The same vessel was laden 
 with stock, poultry, and sundry other .articles most brought from 
 Maugerville in small vessels and gondolas : all which had been 
 put on board within about fifteen days after the brig had arriv- 
 ed. While she was waiting for a fair wind and clear weather, an 
 armed sloop of four guns and full of men, from Machias, came 
 into the harbour, took possession of the brig,' and two days af- 
 ter, carried her off to Machias ; but the first night after her ar- 
 rival, the enemy made the small party in the Fort prisoners, 
 plundered them of every thing in it, and set fire to all the Bar- 
 racks : but at that time they did not molest any of the inha- 
 
108 
 
 bitants, on the opposite side of the river. Early next spring 1 
 an armed brig from Machias entered the harbour after having 
 taken a vessel from the West-Indies, belonging to Portland^ 
 which they immediately sent td Boston. The two armed ves- 
 sels continued more than a week in the harbour and sent an 
 officer with a boat full of men to Maugerville : They did no 
 material injury to the settlers. In 1776 and 1777 large parties 
 of armed men came into the river Saint John, in whale boats 
 from Machias and passed through the falls in their boats, and 
 took possession of several empty buildings on the west shore of 
 the river against the present settlements called the Indian 
 House, and occupied them for Barracks, whence they came over 
 every day to Portland shore, and marched along the tongue of 
 land, between the harbour and the water above the falls ; in 
 order to capture any vessels that might enter the river and to 
 prevent the landing of marines, or seamen from any British 
 ship. In 1777, the Vulture sloop of war, was stationed in the 
 Bay, between Annapolis and Saint John for the protection of 
 these places, and to prevent the enemy from venturing further 
 up the Bay to plunder the Towns of Horton, Cornwallis and 
 other settlements at the water side in different places, but it was 
 soon found that these towns could not be secured from depreda- 
 tions, as the enemy would pass by, all large ships of war in the 
 High t and in fogs. 
 
 Early in the summer of 1777 the Vulture came into the har- 
 bour of Saint John while the Machias party were at their Ilead- 
 Quaiters, above the falls. 
 
 ***#**## 
 
 Errata. — In the* Preface, page iv — 16th line from the top, for a descrip- 
 tion, read the description. Chap. I, page 2, line 2, for some part, read one 
 part. Page 3, lines 6 and 10 from the bottom, for these, read those. Chap. 
 II, page 20, line 12, for an hardy, read a hardy. Chap. IV, page 24, for 
 LoosJitor/c, read Looshtook. Page 27, last line, for Chicktakook, read Chicila- 
 hawk. Page 37, line 16, for an, read and. Page 38, for rising in, read rising 
 into. Chap. V, page 40, line 19, for disjoined, read disjointed ; line 25, for 
 when, read where. Page 42, lino 24, for Pehagamique, read Pekagomique. 
 Page, 43, line 8, for Macfuquask, .read Mactuqaaek ; line 33, for compassed 
 by, read composed of . Page 44, line 30, for River Joy, read River Tay ; 
 line 44, for leave, read lease. Page 48, line 3, for statue, read statute ; line 
 19, for Maqucpit, read Maquapil ; line 33, for Dashadmaok, read Washade- 
 rnoak. Page 52, line 2, for thoroughfair, read thoroughfare. Page 62, line 
 19, for and, read exclusive of. Page 99, for Colonel Tyre , read Colonel Fry*