f H / r C , & 'fXMA' 1 . I'&ST C JC. fiT. //, tet. v- // A - “••••*" Previous INTRODUCTION. vii Previous to that reinforcement of regulars, 20 voluntiers, all good woodfmen, had been fent to Fort-Ligonier by Capt. Ourry, who commanded at Fort-Bedford another very confiderable magazine of provifions, and mili¬ tary ftores, the principal and centrical ftage between Carlifle and Fort -1 itt, being about 100 miles diftance from each. This fort was alfo in a ruinous condition, and very weakly garrifoned, although the two fmall intermediate polls, at the croffings of the Juniata and of Stony Creek, had been aban¬ doned to ftrengthen it. Here the diftrefifed families, fcattered for 12 or 15 miles round, fled for protedlion, leaving moft of their effects a prey to the favages. All the neceflary precautions were taken by the commanding officer, to prevent furprize, and repel open force, as alfo to render ineffectual the ene¬ mies fire arrows. He armed all the fighting men, who formed two companies of voluntiers, and did duty with the garrifon till the arrival of two companies of light infantry, detached as foon as poffible from Colonel Bouquet s little army. These two magazines being fecured, the Colonel advanced to the re- moteft verge of our fettlements, where he could receive no fort of intelli¬ gence of the number, pofition, or motions of the enemy. Not even at Fort-Bedford, where he arrived with his whole convoy on the 25th of July, for tho’ the Indians did not attempt to attack the fort, they had by this time killed, fcalped, and taken eighteen perfons in that neighbourhood, and their fculking parties were fo fpread, that at laft no exprefs could efcape them. «* This” (want of intelligence) “ is often a very embarrafling circumilance « in the conduct of a campaign in America. The Indians had better intel- «* ligence, and no looner were they informed of the march of our Army, «* than they broke up the fiege of Fort-Pitt, and took the rout by which « they knew we were to proceed, refolved to take the firft: advantageous “ opportunity of an attack on the march.” In this uncertainty of intelligence under which the Colonel laboured, he marched from Fort-Bedford the 28th of July, and as foon as he reached Fort-Ligonier, he determined very prudently to leave his waggons at that poll, and to proceed only with the pack hories. 1 hits difburdened, the army continued their rout. Before them lay a dangerous defile at I uitlc b Creek, VIII INTRODUCTION, Creek, ieveral miles in length, commanded the whole way by high and craggy hills. I his defile he intended to have pafifed the enfuing night, by a double or forced march ; thereby, if pofiibie, to elude the vigilance of fo aiert an enemy, propofing only to make a fhort halt in his way, to refrelb the Troops, at Bufhy-Run. When they came within half a mile of that place, about one in the after¬ noon, (Auguft 5th, 1763) after an harrafiing march of feventeen miles, and juft as they were expeding to relax from their fatigue, they were fuddenly attacked by the Indians, on their advanced guard; which 'being fpeedily and firmly fupported, the enemy was beat off, and even purftred to a con- fiderable diftance. ‘ f But the flight of thefe barbarians muft often be confidered as a part * of the engagement, (if we may ufe the expreflion) rather than a dereliction * of the field - The moment the purfuit ended, they rctnrned wkh renewed * vigour to the attack. Several other parties, who had been in ambufh in ‘ fome high grounds which lay along the flanks of the army, now ftarted * U P at once > and fallin g with a refolution equal to that of their companions, ‘ galled our troops with a moft obftinate fire. I ' ‘ ~ ~ : i ‘ It was neceflary to make a general charge with the whole line to dif- * ,od g e them thefe heights. This charge fucceeded ; but ftill the fuc- 4 cefs produced no decifive advantage ; for as foon as the favages were dri- 4 ven from one P oft > the y appeared on another, till by conftant rein¬ forcements they were at length able to furround the whole detachment, ‘ and attack the convoy which had been left in the rear. 4 This manoeuvre obliged the main body to fall back in order to protect ‘ 1C - The aaion » which grew every moment hotter and hotter, now became ‘ g ener ak Our troops were attacked on every fide ; the favages fupported ! t ^ !e ' r fP‘ r * c throughout; but the fteady behaviour of the Englilh troops, ‘ who were not thrown mto the leaft confufion by the very difcouraging t The above quotation is from thl: writer already mentioned, and feems fo accurately and e igantly drawn up, from the account of this engagement, fent to his Majefty’s minifters , 7 that Z Z ^“ 27 . "“' r, ' d Th "' bU ' '■»»" •»*» in i., which * nature I N T R O B U C T I O N* ix < nature of this fervice, in the end prevailed; they repulled the enemy, and « drove them from all their pofts with fixed bayonets. ‘ The engagement ended only with the day, having continued from one * without any intermiffion. * The ground, on which the adbon ended, was not altogether inconvenient ‘ for an encampment. The convoy and the wounded were in the middle, and ‘ the troops, difpofed in a circle, incompafied the whole. In this manner, ‘ and with little repofe, they.paflecl an anxious night, obliged to the ftrideft ‘ vigilance by an enterprizing enemy who had furrounded them. < Those who have only experienced the feverities and dangers of a cam- * paign in Europe, can fcarcely form an idea of what is to be done and en- ‘ dured in an American war. To aft in a country .cultivated and inhabited, * where roads are made, magazines are eftablifhed, and hofpitals provided ; ‘ where there ate good towns to retreat to in cafe of misfortune; or, at the « worft, a generous enemy to yield to, from whom no confolation, but the ‘ honour of victory, can be wanting •, this may be confidered as the exercife ‘ of a fpirited and adventurous mind, rather than a rigid contefi: where all is « at flake, and mutual deftrudtion the objedl: and as a contention between « rivals for glory, rather than a real ftruggle between fanguinary enemies. * But in an American campaign every thing is terrible j the face of the coun- ‘ try, the climate, the enemy. There is no refrefhment for the healthy, nor ‘ relief for the fick. A vaft unholpitable defart, unfafe and treacherous, fur- ‘ rounds them, where victories are not decifive, but defeats are ruinous j and * fimple death is the lead misfortune which can happen to them. This * forms a fervice truly-critical, in which all the firmnefs of the body and -* mind is put to the fevereft trial-, and all the exertions of courage and addrefs e are called out. If the actions of thefe rude campaigns are of lefs dignity, ‘ the adventures in them are more interefting to the heart, and more amu- * fing to the imagination, than the events of a regular war. ‘ But to return to the party of Englifh, whom we left in the woods. At ‘ the firlt dawn of light the lavages began to declare themfelves, all about the camp, at the dillance of about 500 yards i and by (homing and yelling in the t mo ft horrid manner, quite round thatextenfive circumference, endeavoured » to llrike terror by an Qtlentation of their numbers, and their ferocity. b 2 ‘ After X INTRODUCTION. i ‘ After this alarming preparative, they attacked our forces, and, under * the favour of an inceffant fire, made feveral bold efforts to penetrate into ‘ the camp. They were repulfed in every attempt, but by no means difcou- e raged from new ones. Our troops, continually victorious, were continu- * ally in danger. They were befides extremely fatigued with a long march, and with the equally long aCtion, of the preceding day j and they were ‘ thftreffed to the laft degree by a total want of water, much more intoler- ‘ able than the enemy’s fire. 7 ied to their convoy, they could not lofe fight of it for a moment, with¬ out expofing, not only that interefting objeCt, but their wounded men, to ‘ fall a prey to the favages, who preffed them on every fide. To move was impracticable. Many of the horfes were loft, and many of the drivers, ftupefied by their fears, hid themfelves in the bufhes, and were incapable * of hearing or obeying orders. —~- ‘ Their fituation became extremely critical and perplexing, having expe- ‘ nenced that the moft lively efforts made no impreffion upon an enemy, ‘ who always gave way when preffed ; but who, the moment the purfuit was- ‘ over, returned with as much alacrity as ever to the attack. Befieged ra¬ ther than engaged ; attacked without interruption, and without decifion ; ‘ able neither t0 advance nor to retreat, they faw before them the moft me- ‘ lancholy profpecl of crumbling away by degrees, and entirely perifhing ‘ wlthout revenge or honour, in the midft of thofe dreadful defarts. The ‘ fate of Braddock was every moment before their eyes j but they were ‘ more ably conduced. ‘ The commander was fenfible that everything depended upon bringing ‘ the favages to a clofe engagement, and to Hand their ground when° at¬ tacked. 1 heir audacioufnefs, which had increafed with their fuccefs I f r mCd f 7" Urable t0 this de % n * He endeavoured, therefore, to increafe their confidence as much as poflible. For that purpofe he contrived the following ftratagem. Our troops were ported on an eminence, and formed a circle round their convoy from the preceding night, which order they ftill retained. Col. Bouquet gave di¬ rhems, that two companies of his troops, who had been ported in the moft ac vanned fixations, fhould fail within the circle -, the troops on the right 5 ‘ and p-i S >v o is fcfl Si A | |‘ii OH S |^|* ? *& i ^r* ^ "s| - - f 3 » 3'H M ^ 11 ris| n 5 * ! - 1 sou XI INTRODUCTION. C an( j left immediately opened their files, and filled up the vacant fpace, that ‘ they might feem to cover their retreat. Another company of light infan- « tr y ( w ith one of grenadiers, were ordered “ to lie in ambufeade,” to iup- . port the two fird companies of grenadiers, who moved on the feigned re- * treat, and were intended to begin the real attack. The difpofitions were * well made, and the plan executed without the lead confufion. < The favages gave entirely into the fnare. The thin line of troops, * which took poHellion of the ground which the two companies of light foot ‘ had left, being brought in nearer to the center of the circle, the barbarians < miftook thofe motions for a retreat, abandoned the woods which covered ‘ them, hurried headlong on, and advancing with the mod daring intrepi- « dity, called the Englilh troops with their heavy fire. But at the very * moment when, certain of fuccefs, they thought themfelves matters.of the ‘ camp, the two fird companies made a Hidden turn, and Tallying out rom « a part of the hill,-which could not be obferved, fell furioufiy upon their 4 right flank. « The favages, though they found themfelves-difappointed and expofed, ‘ preferved their recolleftion, and refolutely returned the fire which they had « received Then it was the fuperiority of combined drength and difciphne « appeared. On the fecond charge they could no longer fuda.n the irre- ‘ fidible diock of the regular troops* who rulliing upon them,.killed many, «• and put the red to flight. ‘ At the indant when the favages betook themfelves to flight, the other . two companies, which had been ordered to fupport the fird, rofe “ from « the ambufeade,” marched to the enemy, and gave them their full fire. « This accomplilhed their defeat. The four companies now united, did not < give them time to look behind them, but purfued the enemy till they were « totally difperfed. . ‘ The other bodies of the favages attempted nothing. They were kept « in awe during the engagement by. the red of the Britilh troops, who were < fo poded as to be ready to fall on them upon the lead motion. Having t bee n witnelfes to the defeat of their companions, without any effort to fup- - ‘ port or afiid them, they at length followed their example and fled. Xll LJ INTRODUCTION. ‘ This judicious and foccefsful manoeuvre r-efoued the party from the ‘ mod imminent danger. The vitfory fecured the field, and cleared all the adjacent woods. But ftill the march wafc io difficult, and the army hadfuf- feied fo much, and fo many horfes were loft, that before they were able to proceed they were reluctantly obliged to deftroy fuch part of their Coti- ‘ voy of provifions as they could not carry with them for tvant of horfes. ‘ Being lightened by this facrifice, they proceeded to Bufiay-Run, where ‘ finding water, they encamped.’ A plan of this engagement is annexed, and it was thought the more ne- cefiary here to iflftrt a particular account of it, as the new manoeuvres f and fkilful conduCt of the commander, feem to have been the ptitt'dpal means, not only of preferving his army in the moft critical fixation, but likewise of enfuring them a coinpleat victory. - : . ; i j . , The enemy loft about fixty men on this occalion, fome of them their chief warriors ; which they reputed a very fevere ftroke. They had like- wife many wounded in the purfuit. The Englilh loft about' fifty men and had about fixty wounded. The favages, thus fignally defeated in all their attempts to cut off this re¬ inforcement upon its march, began to retreat with the utmoft precipitation to their remote fettlements, wholly giving up their defigns againft Fort-Pitt ; at which place Col. Bouquet arrived fafe with his convoy, four days after the aCtion ; receiving no further moleftation on the road, except a few fcattered Ihot from a dilheartened and flying enemy. Here the Colonel was obliged to put an end to the operations of this cam¬ paign, not having a fufficient force to purfue the enemy beyond the Ohio and take advantage of the victory obtained over them; nor having any reafon to expeCt a timely reinforcement from the provinces in their diftrefled fitua- tion. He was therefore forced to content himfelf with fupplying Fort-Pitt, and other places on the communication, with provifions, ammunition, and this wik td rh 1 < 8 Part ' C aCC ° Unt ’ is that the mi,itar y P*?™ annexed to th.s work, and the p an (or earring on any future War with the Indians, were cori.pofed upon the experience of this engagement, by an officer long employed in the fervice he deferibes. His own improvement was his principal motive in the compofition of them ; but being told that they m.ght convey many ufeful hints to others, and be of much fcrvice if laid before the public he wa» pleafed, upon my requeft, freely to communicate them to me for thatpurpofe. ftores j Sfaar- _ ^ -t -r~ o INTRODUCTION. Xlli {lores ftationing his fmall army to the beft advantage he could, againft the approach of winter. The tranfaitions of the fucceeding campaign, will be the fubjeit of the following work, and we {hall conclude this introduction, by {hewing the fenfe which his Majefty was pleafed to entertain, of the conduit and bravery of the officers and army, on this trying occafion. Head-Quarters, New-York, Jan. 5, 1764* ORDERS. “ ] s Majefty has been gracioufly pleafed to fignify to the commander ** ll in chief, his royal approbation of the conduit and bravery of Col. “ Bouquet, and the officers and troops under his command, in the two “ actions of the 5th and 6th of Auguft ; in which, notwithftanding the “ many circumftances of difficulty and diftrefs they laboured under, and “ the unufual fpirit and refolution of the Indians, they repelled and de- “ feated the repeated attacks of the Savages, and conducted their convoy “ fafe to Fort-Pitt. To Colonel Bouquet, or officer commanding at Fort-Pitt. “ Signed Moncreif, “ Major of Brigade.*f M o' ! t o ur a o : . vwfiid baa.&uhc-.rj'3.::% '-.tv. c •••-''I <**<&-* ; VT . rr«u : O-0AftH M- : 1 ‘>i 3 *•■ ; • ij !i jns t r '1 »* & f • -Jfi- j ixts rljA s.-'j 'io .. .->ij . -» 9 ib Ci. gnibaj'jjibiw.’* . J 3 4: *1 r-: isd; i :: ',’B- ,, vy 3 er of troops to garrifon the different ports, under his command, and at the fame time to crofs the Ohio and take advantage of the deje&ion into which he had thrown the enemy, by the defeat at Bulhy-Run, was obliged B to ^/ottamsT. Scale of Mile, [\TJLsT. <$**&** Town Wi Maryland A Map of the COUNTKT cm flie Ohio 8cMllflringum Riveras » (*Af+nrr*tir/ the • C’tusrtt'on - of-the TjVZJfci&T r OfrJV& mith ^e.rfseotto t/ieunt/erthc Command^ >.‘ C olottel B oiicjU_e t *^4 , * 13 T Kn camp yg Fort blOtOot*! t> vihr t —OB B< A SrKTE T of 'that/iartof ? fhe INDIAN COUNTRY" th rt>tu/h itrfur/t (Colonel B oixqoet MarvAedtnijfj By Thomu* Hurchin* Afl'illan* Enginwr. Three Lee; Old Town ^aai^yandot Tovtn RuLlrt«j ^ojns Town vr*ak*v Town^ 1-— Scale “ king and country, as to be involved in. it.” Col. Bouquet then affumed the command of the regular and provin¬ cial troops ; and the four following days were fpent in the necefiary pre¬ parations for their march ; the Colonel giving the molt exprefs orders to the officers and men to obferve ftri£t difcipline,. and not to commit the leaft violation of the civil rights or peace of the inhabitants. — He, at the kme time, made the moft prudent regulations for a fafe and commodious carnage of the baggage, taking care to rid himfelf of all unneceflary incumbrances. The 13th of Auguft this fmall army got to Fort Loudoun ; but not- withftanding all the precautions taken to prevent defertion, the Pennfyl- vama troops were now reduced to about 700 men. The Colonel was therefore under a neceffity to apply to the government of that province to enable him to compleat their number to the full complement; which was •generoufly granted by a refolve of the Governor and Commifiioners Auguft 16th-, and the army advancing now beyond the fettled parts of Pennfyl- vania, he made application to the colony of Virginia, where (under the. countenance of Governor Fauquier) the men wanted were foon raifed, and joined the army at Pittfburg, about the latter end of September. Nothing material happened in their march,, from Fort Loudoun to Fort Pitt, (formerly Fort Du Quefne) on the Ohio, three hundred and twenty miles weft from Philadelphia; at which place Col. Bouquet arrived the . 17th of September. During this interval, feveral large convoys were forwarded under fticng efcorts ; and though the enemy continued their ravages all that time AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 5 time on the frontiers, they durft not attack any of thofe convoys, which all arrived fafe at Fort Pitt. While Col. Bouquet was at Fort Loudoun, he received difpatches by exprefs from Colonel Bradftreet, dated from Prefque-Ifle Auguft 14th, acquainting him that he (Colonel Bradftreet) had concluded a peace with the Delawares and Shawanefe ; but Colonel Bouquet perceiving clearly that they were not ftncere in their intentions, as they continued their murders and depredations, he determined to profecute his plan without remiflion, till he fhould receive further inftrwftions from General Gage; who, upon the fame principles, refufed to ratify the treaty, and renewed his orders to both armies to attack the enemy. About the time of Colonel Bouquet’s arrival at Fort Pitt, ten Indians appeared on the north fide of the Ohio, defiring a conference,; which ftratagem the favages had made ufe of before, to obtain intelligence of our numbers and intentions. 1 hree of the party confented, though with apparent reluttanCe, to come over to the Fort ; and as they could give no fatisfadtory reafon for their vifit, they were detained as fpies, and their afibciates fled back to their towns* On the 20th of September Colonel Bouquet fent one of the above three Indians after them with a mefiage, in fubftance as follows— “ I have “ received an account from Colonel Bradftreet that your nations hail « begged for peace,, which he had corrfented to grant, upon afiurance that “ you had recalled all your warriors from our frontiers; and in confe- « quence thereof, I would not have proceeded againft your towns, if I “ had not heard that, in open violation of your engagements, you have « fince murdered feveral of our people. « As foon as the reft of the army joins me,- which I expedl: imme> “ diately, I was therefore determined to have attacked you, as a people “ whcfe promifes can no more be relied on. But I will put it once more “ in your power to fave yourfelves and your families from total deftrudtion; « by giving us fatisfaclion for the hoftilities committed againft us. And « fir ft: (( 6 COLONEL BOUQJJET’s EXPEDITION Z y0U are t0 ,eave the P ath °P en for my express from hence to « o? 0 ",’ a "i aS 1 am TOW t0 fcnd two »*" with dilpatches ro „ "7 BradftrKt wh ° commands O" the lakes, I defire ,o know whether you w,11. fend two of your people with them to brino them “ fafe back ft th an anfwer ? And if,u • . . ° « in . n WCr - An V they receive an y in j ur y either g a or coming, or if the letter's are taken from them, I will “ Z C „r 7 put ' he ; ,nd ! sns now “-my power to death, and will “ into me i 7 Y T rf' IU “ re ‘° any of y° ur nat ‘ons that (hall fall to my hands. I allow you ten days to have my letters delivered at Derrott, and ten days to bring me back an anfwer.” •• his — ** “ « death w i; u n ’ t0 have P ut the ir whole partv to and tL f l P v U d!d mCnt "’ ey ha n deferVed by thdr f “™« treachery , lid that if they did not improve the clemency now offered to them bv -■ :3ftf,hr/7 as rT with au their prifowrs * ** -U expea to feel the full we.ght of a juft vengeance and refen,ment.”_ faffiln llaV | C beefl , the m ° re P articu!ar in our account of this firll tran u ic f winter Zfd reT “ mP ° ffibk '° Pr ° K£d ’ ‘ h£y ” ad o <* imprellion. He told lhel that 7 AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. that he could not depend on the promifes of the Delawares and Shawanefe; and was determined to proceed to Tufcarowas, where, if they had any thing to fay, he would hear them. In the mean time, he was ufing the utmoft diligence to prepare for his march, and was obliged to enforce, the levereft difcipline. One woman belonging to each corps, and two rfurfes for the general hofpital, were all that were permitted to follow thff'army. . The other women in the camp, and thofe unneceffary in the garrifon, were ordered immediately down the country into the fettlements. Two foldiers were Ihot for defertion ; an. example which became abfolutely neceflary to fupprefs a crime which, in fuch an expedition, would have been attended with fatal confequences, by weakening an army already too fmall. Colonel Bouquet, having at length, with great difficulty, colle&ed his troops, formed his magazines, and provided for the fafety of the polls he was to leave behind him, was ready on the 2d of Odlober to proceed from Fort Pitt, with about 1500 men, including drivers and other necef¬ lary followers of the army. * As a juft idea of the conduct of this expedition, and the great caution taken to prevent furprize, will be belt obtained from the order of • march, we lhall here infert it, with a Copper Plate for the illuftration of it, and an accurate Draught, taken from actual furveys, of the road and adjacent country, through which the army palled. The Colonel, expreffing the greateft confidence in the bravery of the troops, told them, “ he did not doubt but this war would foon be ended,. “ under God, to their own honor, and the future fafety of their country,. “ provided the men were ftridtly obedient to orders, and guarded againft “ the furprizes andfudden attacks of a treacherous enemy, who never “ dared to face Britilh troops in an open field •, that the diftance of the “ enemy’s towns, and the clearing roads to them, mull necelfarily require- “ a conliderable time •, that the troops in thofe deferts, had no other “ fupplies to expeft but the ammunition and provifions they carried with 5 **• them j. $ COLONEL BOUQUET’s EXPEDITION “ thC ” i and that therefore the care and frugality would be neceflary the ufe of them.” He publilhed the fevereft penalties agamft thole who ftould be found guilty of Healing or embezzling any part of them, and ordered his March in the following manner. - . A corps of Virginia « volunteers advanced before the whole; detach- tng three feotmng parties. One of them, furnilhed with a guide, matched I" the P»l>. which the army was to follow. The other two ex¬ tended themfelves in a line a-breaft, on the right and left of the aforefaid party, to reconnoitre the woods. Unoza cover of this corps, the ax-men, confining of all the artificers, and two companies of light infantry, followed in. three divifions, under e direction of the chief engineer, to clear three different paths, in which the troops and the convoy followed, viz._ The front-face of the fquare, compofed of part of the 4 zd regiment, marched in a column, two deep, in the center path. The right face of the fquare, compofed of the remainder of the 4 *d and of the 6oth regiment, marched in a fingle file in the right-hand path. The firft battalion of Pennfylvanians compofed the left face, marchine in like manner in the path to the left of the center. The corps de referve, compofed of two platoons of grenadiers fol¬ lowed the right and left faces of the fquare. The 2d battalion of Pennfylvanians formed the rear face of the fquare and followed the corps de referve, each in a fingle file, on the right and’ left hand paths; all thefe troops covering the convoy, which moved in the center path. Thefe were the men raifed in Virginia to complcat the Pennfyl in the pay of the -uit mentioned province. vania troops* and were A PARTY 9 AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. A party of light horfe-men marched behind the rear-face of the fquare, followed by another corps of Virginia volunteers, forming the rear-guard. The Pennfylvania volunteers, dividing themfelves equally, and march¬ ing in a fingle file, at a proper diftance, flanked the right and left faces of the fquare. This was the general order of march. Nor was lefs attention paid to particular matters of a fubordinate nature. The ammunition and tools were placed in the rear of the firft column, or front face of the fquare, followed by the officers’ baggage, and tents. The oxen and fheep came after the baggage, in feparate droves, properly guarded. The provifions came next to the baggage, in four divifions, or brigades of pack-horfes, each conduced by a horfe mafter. The troops were ordered to obferve the moll profound filence, and the men to march at two yards diftance from one another. When the line or any part of it halted, the w hole were to face outwards; and if attacked~on their ~marcfi7~TTI?y“ Were to halt immediately, ready to form the fquare when ordered. The light horfe were then to march into the fquare, with the cattle, provifions, ammunition and baggage. Proper difpofitions were likewife made in cafe of an attack in the night * and for encampments, guards, communications between the centries, fignals, and the like. Things being thus fettled, the army decamped from Fort-Pitt on Wednefday Ocftober 3d, and marched about one mile and an half over a rich level country, with {lately timber, to camp No. 2. a ftrong piece of ground, pleafantly fituated, with plenty of water and food for cattle. Thursday October 4th, having proceeded about two miles, they came to the Ohio, at the beginning of the narrows, and from thence followed the courfe of the river along a flat gravelly beech, about fix miles and C a quarter; IO COLONEL BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION a quarter-, with two iflands on their left, the lowermoft about fix miles long, with a rifing ground running acrofs, and gently doping on both fideT to its banks, which are high and upright. At the lower end of this ifiand, the army left the river, marching through good land, broken with fmall hollows to camp No. 3 this day’s march being nine miles and a quarter. — Friday Oftober 5th. In this day’s march the army paffed through Loggs-town, fituated feventeen miles and an half, fifty feven perches, by the path, from Fort-Pitt. This place was noted before the laft war for the great trade carried on there by the Englifli and French; but its inhabitants, the Shawanefe and Delawares, abandoned it in the year 1750. The lower town extended about fixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low fteep ridge, on the fummit of which, neat the declivity, ftood the upper town, commanding a molt agreeable profpedt over the lower, and quite acrofs the Ohio, which is about 500 yards wide here, and by its majeftic eafy current adds much to the beauty of the place. Proceeding beyond Logg’s-town, through a fine country, inter- fperfed with hills and rich valleys, watered by many rivulets, and covered with {lately timber, they came to camp No. 4; on a level piece of ground, with a thicket in the rear, a fmall precipice round the front, with a run of water at the foot, and good food for cattle. This day s march was nine miles, one half, and fifty three perches. Saturday Oftober 6th, at about three miles diftance from this camp, they came again to the Ohio, purfuing its courfe half a mile farther, and then turning off, over a fteep ridge, they crofted Big Beaver-creek, which is twenty perches wide, the ford ftony and pretty deep. It runs through a rich vale, with a pretty ftrong current, its banks high, the up¬ land adjoining it very good, the timber tall and young. ■ - About a mile below its confluence with the Ohio, ftood formerly a large town, on a fteep bank, built by the French of fquare logs, with ftone chimneys, for fome of the Shawanefe, Delaware and Mingo tribes, who abandoned it in the year 1758, when the French deferred Fort Du Quefne. Near the fording of Beaver-creek alfo ftood about feven houfes, which were c delerted AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. ir deferted and deftroyed by the Indians, after their defeat at Bufhy-run, when they forfook all their remaining fettlements in this part of the country, as has been mentioned above. About two miles before the army came to Beaver-creek, one of our people who had been made priloner by fix Delawares about a week before, near Fort Bedford, having made his efcape from them, came and informed the Colonel that thefe Indians had the day before fallen in with the army, but kept themfelves concealed, being furprifed at our num¬ bers. Two miles beyond Beaver-creek, by two fmall fprings, was feen the fcull of a child, that had been fixed on a pole by the Indians. The Tracts of 15 Indians were this day difcovered. The camp No. 5 is feven miles one quarter and fifty feven perches from big Beaver-creek i the whole march of this day being about twelve miles. Sunday 7th October, palling a high ridge, they had a fine profpeft of an extenfive country to the right, which in general appeared level, with abundance of tall timber. The camp No. 6 lies at the foot of a fteep defcent, in a rich valley, on a ftrong ground, three fides thereof furrounded by a borrow;—antt~ xiu the fu tir ili fide a - fira dThfil, which was occupied by a detached guard. This day’s march was fix miles fixty five perches. Monday 8th October, the army crofted little Beaver-creek, and one of its branches. This creek is eight perches wide, with a good ford, the country about it interfperfed with hills, rivulets and rich valleys, like that defcribed above. Camp No. 7 lies by a fmall run on the fide of a hill, commanding the ground about it, and is diftant eleven miles one quarter and forty nine perches from the laft encampment. Tuesday October 9th. In this day’s march, the path divided into two branches, that to the fouthweft leading to the lower towns upon the Mulkingham. In the forks of the path Hand feveral trees painted by the Indians, in a hieroglyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in which they have been engaged, and the particulars of their luccefs in prifoners C 2 and 12 COLONEL BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION and fcalps. The camp No. 8. lies on a run, and level piece of ground* with Yellow-creek clofe on the left, and a rifing ground near the rear of the right face. The path after the army left the forks was fo brufhy and entangled, that they were obliged to cut all the way before them, and alfo to lay feveral bridges, in order to make it pafiable for the horfes; fo that this day they proceeded only five miles, three quarters and feventy perches. Wednesday 10th. Marched one mile with Yellow-creek on the left at a fmall diftance all the way, and crofied it at a good ford fifty feet wide •, proceeding through an alternate fuccefiion of fmall hills and rich vales, finely watered with rivulets, to camp No. 9. feven miles and fixty perches in the whole.. % Thursday nth. Crofled a branch of Mulkingham river about fifty feet wide, the country much the fame as that deferibed above, difeovering a good deal of free-ftone.. The camp No. 10. had this branch of the river parallel to its left face, and lies ten. miles one quarter and forty perches from the former encampment. Friday 12th. Keeping the aforefaid creek on their left, they marched through much fine land, watered with fmall rivers and fprings j proceed¬ ing likewife through feveral favannahs or cleared fpots, which are by nature extremely beautiful; the fecond which they palled being, in par¬ ticular, one continued plain of. near two miles, with a fine rifing ground forming a. femicircle round the right hand fide, and a pleafant ftream of water at about a quarter of a mile diftant on the left. The camp No. 11. has the abovementioned branch of Mulkingham on the left, and is diftant ten miles and three quarters from the laft encampment.. Saturday 13th. Grofied Nemenfhehelas. creek, about fifty feet wide, a little above where it empties itfelf into the aforefaid. branch of Muf!«- ingbam, having in their, way a pleafant profpetft over a large plain, for near two miles on the left. A little further, they came to another fmall river which they crofie.d about fifty perches above where it empties into 2. the *3 AGAINST THE OHIO. INDIANS, 1764. the faid branch of Mufkingham. Here a high ridge on the right, and the creek clofe on the left, form a narrow defile about feventy perches long. Palfing afterwards over a very rich bottom, they came to the main branch of Mufkingham, about feventy yards wide, with a good ford. A little below and above the forks of this river is Tufcarowas, a place ex¬ ceedingly beautiful by fituation, the lands rich on both fides of the river; the country on the north-weft fide being an entire level plain, upwards of five miles in circumference. From the ruined houfes appearing here, the Indians who inhabited the place and are now with the Delawares, are fup- pofed to have had about one hundred and fifty warriors. This camp No. 12. is diftant eight miles nineteen perches from the former. Sunday 14th. The army remained in camp; and two men who had been difpatched by Colonel Bouquet from Fort-Pitt, with letters for Colonel Bradftreet, returned and reported ? — “ That, within a few miles “ of this place, they had been made prifoners by the Delawares, and “ carried to one of their towns fixteen miles from hence, where they u were kept, till the favages, knowing of the arrival of the army here, “ fet them at liberty, ordering them to acquaint the Colonel that the head “ men of the UeTaWa ns ai Ttt-ST Uvvani l c w e re euming av T bun as pu ffible to fi treat of peace with him.” Monday 15th. The army moved two miles forty perches further down the Mufkingham to camp No. 13, fituated on a very high bank, with the river at the foot, of it, which is upwards of 1 00 yards wide at this place, with a fine level country at fome diftance from its banks, producing ftately timber, free from underwood, and plenty of food for cattle. The day following, fix Indians came to inform the Colonel that all their chiefs were afiembled about eight miles from the camp, and were ready to treat with him of peace, which they were earneftly defirousof obtain¬ ing. He returned for. anfwer that he would meet them the next day in a bower at fome diftance from the camp. In the mean time, he ordered afmall ftockaded fort to be built to depofite provifions for the ufe of the troops on their return ; and to lighten the convoy. As r 4 COLONEL BOUQUETS EXPEDITION As feveral large bodies of Indians were now within a few miles of the camp, whofe former inftances of treachery, although they now' declared they came for peace, made it prudent to truft nothing to their intentions, the ftridteft orders were repeated to prevent a furprife. Wednesday. 17th. _ The Colonel, with moll of the regular troops, Virginia volunteers and light horfe, marched from the camp to the bower eredted for the congrefs. And foon after the troops were ftationed, fo as to appear to the belt advantage, the Indians arrived, and were conducted to the bower. Being feated, they began, in a fhort time, to fmoak their pipe or calumet, agreeable to their cuflom. This ceremony being over, their fpeakers laid down thdlr pipes, and opened their pouches, wherein were their firings and belts of wampum. The Indians prefent were, •• < - - • . • • . . - • ... ■ ■ - * Senecas. Kiyalhuta, chief with 15 warriors. Delawares. Cuftaloga, chief of the Wolfe-tribe, Beaver, chief of the Turky-tribe, with 20 warriors. Shawanese. Keilfinautchtha, a chief, and 6 warriors. Kiyalhuta, Turtle-Heart, Cuftaloga and Beaver, were the fpeakers. a • The general fubftance of what they had to offer, confifted in excufes for their late treachery and mifcondudt, throwing the blame on the rafh- xiefs of their young men and the nations living to the weftward of them, fuing for peace in the molt abjedt manner, and promifing feverally to deliver up all their prifoners. Afcer they had concluded, the Colonel promifed to give them an anfwer the next day, and then difmiffed them, the army returning to the camp. —The badnefs of the weather, however, prevented his meeting them again till the 20th, when he fpoke to them in fubftance as follows, viz. “ That their pretences to palliate their guilt by throwing the blame “ on the weftern nations, and the ralhnefs of their young men, were “ weak and frivolous, as it was in our power to have protedted them tl againft all thefe nations, if they had folicited our alfiftance, and that AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764, 15 *< it was their own duty to have chaftifed their young men when they “ did wrong, and not to fuffer themfelves to be dire&ed by them.” He recapitulated to them many inftances of their former perfidy — “ their killing or captivating the traders who had been fent among “ them at their own requeft, and plundering their effetts; — their at- U tacking Fort Pitt, which had been built with their exprefs confent j « their murdering four men that had been fent on a public mefiage “ to them, thereby violating the cuftoms held facred among all “ nations, however barbarous ; — their attacking the King’s troops k laft year in the woods, and after being defeated in that attempt, « falling upon our frontiers, where they had continued to murder our M people to diis day, &c.” ■ - — He told them how treacherouily they had violated even their late engagements with Colonel Bradftreet, to whom they had promifed to deliver up their prifoners by the 10th of September laft, and to recall all their warriors from the frontiers, which they had been fo far from complying with, that the prifoners ftill remained in their cuftody, and fome of their people were even now continuing their depredations; add¬ ing, that thefe things which, he had mentioned, were only “ a fmall “ part of their numberlefs murders and breaches of faith ; and that « their condudt had always been equally perfidious.-You have, faid he, « promifed at every former treaty, as you do now, that you would de- “ liver up all your prifoners, and have received every time, on that «« account, confiderable prefents, but have never complied with that or « any other engagement. I am now to tell you, therefore, that we will « be no longer impofed upon by your promifes. This army fhall not « leave your country till you have fully complied with every condition “ that is to precede my treaty with you. “ I have brought with me the relations of the people you have mafta- M cred, or t^ken prifoners. They are impatient for revenge; and it is ti with great difficulty that I can protect you againft their juft refentment, which. iS COLONEL BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION «- wives ; lifters and brothers a o„ fcarce abi rptakthcfimclanguagc> 0 » f0 ; f0 ;;^; °;s ^ that they were children of the fame parents I In a ii ft r • • 1 and rapture inexprcffible were it, while feelings of a very d^T' ** were painted in the looks of others • - flvi ™ f , 7 d ff nt natU1 ' C enquiries after relatives not feu*; ' trembling ^ “ *1** “ ^ queftions ! diftraded with do,.* ... i; , . Cf . " “ anfwcr to fhc,r of thofe they fouo-ht for' or t .. on obtaining no account woe, on learning^ unhappy ^ ^ ^ *nd r • - ...—idtsiss?" them, recom,tending them to the care and proteftion J7 officer. Their regard to them continued all the time they re„ They vifited them from dav to in , y ,ained in ca ™p. horfes and other matters they had heft . ""f ' hem " lm corn - fliins > accompanied with otherprefen,s, andalT IcZlTJ the' n-oA r tender affeflion. Nav n , the n,oft fmcere and ibme of the Indians folicited and^^e^eM Icco" ^ "7 ^ captives all the way to Fort Pitt j i company their former bringing proving Aem 0 “ *^ A ““ “ ta »** ^ further, and gave an inftance of love ^3^.^ ^m^rr~; irsi " ia ,vas am °" g * «■*£ :z: proaching to the frontiers, by ap ’ kiiied by the furvivino rrl 7 8 h ' r ’ “ t,,e rift »f being captivied or fcalped°by thofcof P " r0 " S ’ "' h ° 1,311 bcen E 2 Those 2 $ COLONEL BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION Those qualities in favages challenge our juft efteem. They fiwuld make us charitably confider their barbarities as the effects of wrong education, and faife notions of bravery and heroifm ; while we fhould look on their virtues as fure .narks that nature has made them fit fubjecTs of cultivation as well as us-, and that we are called by our fuperior advantages to yield them all' the helps we can in this way. Cruel and unmerciful as they are, by habit and long e.zampk, in war, yet whenever they come to give way to the native dictates of humanity, they exercife virtues which Chrifcians need not bluih to imitate. When they once determine to give life, they give every thing with it, which, in their apprehenfion, belongs to it. From every enquiry that has been made, it appears-that no woman thua laved is preferred Ikom bafe motives, or need fear the violation of her honour. No child is otherwife treated by the perfons adopting it than the children of their own body. The perpetual flavery of thofe captivated in war, is a notion which even their barbarity has not yet fuggefted to them. Every captive whom their affection, their caprice, or whatever elfe, leads tnem to fave, is foon incorporated with them, and fares alike with themfelves. These inftances of Indian tendernefs and humanity were thought wor¬ thy of particular notice. 1 he like inftances among our own people will not feem ftrange •, and therefore I fhall only mention one, out of a multitude that might be given on this occanon. Among the captives, a woman was brought into the camp at Mulkmgham, with a babe about three months old at her bread:. One or the Virginia- volunteers foon knew her to be his wife, who had been taken by the In¬ dians about fix months before. She was immediately delivered to her over¬ joyed hufband. He flew with her to his tent, and cloathed her and nis child in proper apparel. But their joy, after the flrft tranfports, was foon damped by the reflection that another dear child of about two years old,, captivated with the mother, and feparated from her, was ftill miffing, altho’ many children had been brought in.. A few days afterwards, a number of other prifoners were brought to the camp, among whom were feverat more children. The woman was fent for. AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 29 and one, fuppofed to be hers, was produced to her. At firft fight fhe was uncertain, but viewing the child with great earnefcnefs, fhe foon recollected its features j and was fo overcome with joy, that literally forgetting her fucking cr.itd Use dropt it from her arms, and catching up the new found child in an extafy, prefied it to her bread:, and burfting into tears carried it on, unable to fpcak for joy. The father feizing up the babe fhe had let fall, followed her in no !efs tranfport and aSe&ion.. Among the children who had been carried off young, and had long lived with the Indians, it is not to be expected that any marks of joy would ap¬ pear on being restored to their parents or relatives. Having been accuf- torned to look upon the medians as the only connexions they had, having been tenderly treated by them, and fpeaking their language, it is no wonder that they conddered their new ftate in the light of a captivity, and parted, from the favages with tea s. But it mult not be denied tliat there were even fome grown perfons who fiiewed an unwillingnefs to return. The Shawanefe were obliged to bind feveral cf their prifoners and force them aior.g to the. camp ; and fome wo¬ men, who had been delivered up, afterwards found means to efcape and run back to the Indian towns. Some, who could not make their efcape, clung to their favage acquaintance at parting, and continued many clays in bitter lamentations, even refusing fufcer.ance. For the honour of humanity, we would fuppofe thole perfons to have been of the lowelt rank, either bred up in ignorance and diltreluiig penury, or who had lived fo long with the Indians as to forget all their former con¬ nexions. For, eafy and unconfcrained as the favage life is, certainly it could never be put in competition with the bleflings of improved life and the light of religion, by any perfons who have had the happinefs of enjoy¬ ing, and the capacity of difeerning, them.. Eve?.y thing being now lettled with the Indians, the army decamped on. Sunday 18th November, and marched for Fort-Pitt, where it arrived on the, 25th. The regular troops were immediately fent to garrifon the different polls 3 o COLONEL BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION polls on the communication, and the provincial troops, with the captives, to their feveral provinces. Here ended this expedition, in which it is re¬ markable that, notwithftanding the many difficulties attending it, the troops were never in want of any neceflaries •, continuing perfe&ly healthy during the whole campaign •, in which no life was loft, except the man mentioned to have been killed at Mufkingham. In the beginning of January 1765, Colonel Bouquet arrived at Phila¬ delphia, receiving, wherever he came, every poffible mark of gratitude and efteem from the people in general •, and particularly from the overjoyed- relations of the captives, whom he had fo happily, and without bloodlhed, reftored to their country and friends. Nor was the legiflative part of the provinces lefs fenfible of his important fervices. The afiembly of Pennfyl* vania, at their firft fitting, unanimouffy voted him the following addrefs. In ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1765, A. M. To the Honourable HENRY BOU Q_U E T, Efq; •Commander in Chief of His MAJESTY’S Forces in the Southern. Department of AMERICA, The Addrefs of the Reprefentatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pennfylvania, in General Afiembly met. S I R, < KT~\ H E reprefentatives of the freemen of the. province of Pennfylva- ‘ X nia, in general afiembly met, being informed that you intend * fiiortly to embark for England, and moved with a due fenfe of the im- « portant fervices you have rendered to his majefty, his northern colonies * in general, and to this province in particular, during our late wars with * the French and barbarous Indians, in the remarkable vitftory over the fa- * vage enemy, united to oppofe you, near Bulhy-Run, in Auguft 1763, « when on your march for the relief of Pittlburg, owing, under God, to * your intrepidity and fuperior flcill in command, together with the bravery ■* of your officers and little army •, as alfo in your late march to the country * of the fa vage nations, with the troops under your direttion j thereby 6 ‘ ftriking 3 * AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764. * driking terror through the numerous Indian tribes around you ; laying a foundation for a lading as well as honourable peace with them ; and ref- ‘ cuing, from favage captivity, upwards of two hundred of our chridian * bretliren > prifoners among them: thefe eminent fervices, and your con- * ftant attention t0 tbe civil rights of his’ majedy’s fubjeds in this province, ‘ demand ’ Sir > grateful tribute of thanks from all good men, and ‘ therefore we, the reprefentatives of the freemen of Pennfylvania, unani- ‘ moufl y for ourfelves, and in behalf of all the people of this province, do 4 return y° u our moft fincere and hearty thanks for thefe your great fervices, ‘ wilhin S y° u a fafe and P Ieafant voyage to England, with a kind and gra- * cious reception from his majedy. ‘ Signed, by order of the Houfe, ‘JOSEPH FOX, SPEAKER,.* The Colonel’s Anfwer was as follows, viz. To the Honourable the Representatives of the Freemen of the pro¬ vince of Pennfylvania, in General Afiembly met. * Gentlemen, * W 1 T H a heart im P reff ed with the mod lively fenfe of gratitude, Ii 4 V V return you my humble and fmcere thanks, for the honour you ‘ have done me in your polite addrefs of the i 5 th of January, tranfmitted ‘ me to New-York by your fpeaker. ‘ Next to the approbation of His Sacred Majedy, and my fuperiour officers, nothing could afford me higher pleafure than your favourable 4 °P inion of m y condud, in the difeharge of thofe military commands with, * which I have been intruded. 4 Gratitu de as well as judice demand of me to acknowlege, that the aids granted by the legiflature of this province, and the condant affid- ‘ ance and fupport afforded me by the honourable the Governor and Com- miffioners in the late expedition, have enabled me to recover lo many of 4 his Majcfty’s fubjeds from a cruel captivity, and be the happy indrument 4 deputy agent to Sir William Johnson, at Fort-Pitt, the 9th of laft May, together with a large body of Delawares, Senecas, Sandufky and Munfy Indians ; where they delivered the remainder of their prifoners, brightened the chain of friendfhip, and gave every affurance of their firm intentions to preferve the peace inviolable for ever. There is fomething remarkable in the appellation they gave to the Eng- lifli on this occafion; calling them Fathers inftead of Brethren. Lawaughqua, the Shawanefe fpeaker, delivered himfelf in the fol¬ lowing terms.- « Fathers, for fo we will call you henceforward ; Hften to what we t£ are going to fay to you. “ It gave us great pleafure yefterday to be called the children of the “ great King of England; and convinces us your intentions towards us « are upright, as we know a Father will be tender of his children, and « t hey are more ready to obey him than a Brother. Therefore we hope “ our Father will now take better care of his children, than has heretofore « been done.- “ You put us in mind of our promife to Col. Bouquet; which was to “ bring your fielh and blood to be delivered at this place. Father, you “ have not fpoke in vain — you fee we have brought them with us, — ex- “ cept a few that were out with our hunting parties, which will be « brought here as foon as they return. c« They have been all united to us by adoption •, and altho’ we now de- “ liver them up to you, we Will always' look upon them as our relations, « whenever the G t .u fp'rk k, » kblkd th.t weury v'lrtk'm, “ F.-.tu.r, 35 POSTSCRIPT. Father, We have taken as much care of them, as if they were our own flelh and blood. They are now become unacquainted with your “ cuftoms and manners ; and therefore, we requeft you will ufe them ten¬ derly and kindly, which will induce them to live contentedly with you. “ Here is a belt with the figure of our Father the King of Great- Britain at one end, and the Chief of our nation at the other. It repre- fents them holding the chain of friendfhip; and we hope neither fide will flip their hands from it, fo long as the Sun and Moon give light.” The reader will further remember that one of the engagements which the different Indian Tribes entered into with Colonel Bouquet, was to fend deputies to conclude a peace with Sir William Johnson. This has alfo been punctually fulfilled; and we are affured that Sir William « has fi- nifhed his congrefs greatly to his fatisfa&ion, and even beyond his ex- .:! :.w M & a-.I •" ■. J i '■} L.u .» uii v - !Iiii . i /!f; ;j: itj juy £&• - i| reflections ON THE ,WAR WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. T H E long continued ravages of the Indians on the frontiers of the Britilh colonies in America, and the fatal overthrows which they have fometimes given our beft difciplined troops, efpecially in the beginning of the late war, have rendered them an object of our confidera- tion, even in their military capacity. And as but few officers, who may be employed againft them, can have opportunities to obferve the true caufes of their advantages over European troops in the woods, it is with the utmoft pleafure that I now proceed to lay before the public the following valuable papers, which I mentioned -j- to have been communicated to me by an of¬ ficer of great abilities and long experience, in our wars with the Indians. As fcarce any thing has yet been publifhed on a fubjeft now become of the higheft importance § to our colonies, thefe papers will undoubtedly be an acceptable prefent to the reader, and the remarks contained in them may be more and more improved by the future care and attention of able men, till perhaps a compleat fyftem is at length formed for the cgnduft of this particular fpecies of war. t See the introduction. *§ it will appear by the account of Indian tribes and towns annexed to thefe papers, that ihe enemies we haveto deal with are neither contemptible in numbers or ftrength. SECTION 3 8 REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR SECTION I. OF THE TEMPER AND GENIUS OF THE INDIANS. The love of liberty is innate in the favagc ; and feems the ruling paflion of the ftate of nature. His defires and wants, being few, areeafily grati¬ fied, and leave him much time to fpare, which lie would fpencT in idlenefs, if hunger did not force him to hunt. That exercife makes him ftrong, active and bold, raifes his courage, and fits him for war, in which he ufes the fame ftratagems and cruelty as againft the wild beafts; making no fcruple to employ treachery and perfidy to vanquiih his enemy. rt r- r r'N, r. v r r> rrrt rrt TTHr ' . i i 1 i JL i • * A a'-*. 9 * Jealous of his independency and of his property, he will not fuffer the leaft encroachment on either; and upon the flighted: fufpicion, fired with re- fentment, he becomes an implacable enemy, and flies to arms to vindicate his right, or revenge an injury. The advantages of thefe favages over civilized nations are both natural and acquired. They are tall and well limbed, remarkable‘for their activity, and have a piercing eye and quick ear, which are of great fervice to them in the woods. Like beafts of prey, they are patient, deceitful, and rendered by habit alrrioft infenfible to the common feelings of humanity. Their barbarous cuftom of fcalping their enemies, in the heat of a&ion; the exquifite tor¬ ments often inflicted by them on thofe referved for a more deliberate fate; their general ferocity of manners, and the fuccefies wherewith they have of¬ ten been flufhed, have confpired to render their name terrible, and fome times to ftrike a pannic even into our braveft and beft difciplined troops. Their acquired advantages are, that they have been inured to bear the extremes of heat and cold; and from their infancy, in winter and fummer, to plunge themfelves in cold ftreams, and to go almoft naked, expofed to the fcorching fun or nipping frofts, till they arrive to the ftate of manhood. Some of them deftroy the fenfation of the fkin by fcratching it with the fhort and 7 iharp 39 Vv 1 i H THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. fharp teeth of feme animal, difpofed in the form of a curry-comb, which makes them regardleis of briars and thorns in running thro’ thickets. Rivers are no obftacles to them in their wiid excurfions. They either fwim over, or .crofs them on rafts or canoes, of an eafy and ready condruftion. In their expeditions they live chiefly by hunting, or on wild fruits and roots, with which the woods fupply them almoft every where. They can bear hunger and third for feveral days, without flackening, oft that account, their perleverance in any propofed enterprize. By conftant practice in hunting, they learn to flioot with great JlcilJ, either with bows, or fire-arms; and to deal unperceived upon their prey, purfuing the trails of men and beads-, which would be imperceptible to an European. They can run for a whole day without halting, when flying from an enemy, or when fent on any mefiage. They deer, as if by indind, thro’ tracklefs woods, and with adonifliing patience can lie whole days motionltfs in am- bufh to furprife an enemy, edeeming no labour or perfeverance too painful to obtain their ends k They befmear their bodies with bear’s greafe, which defends them againd rains and damps, as well as againd the dings of Mulkitoes and Gnats. It likewife fupples their limbs, and makes them as flippery.as the antient gladiators, who could not be held fad when feized in fight.* li" • ill '*• V i * f *1 ' tr ’• a) k. ’ > ., f 3 .,..^ Plain food, condant exercife, and living in the open air, preferve them healthy and vigorous. They are powerfully excited to war by the cudom dtabliibed among them, of paying didinguilhed honours to warriors. They fight only when they think to have the advantage, but cam not be forced to it, being dire by their fpeed to elude the mod ea^ r purluit.* " ' ' 0 •» ^3 REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR Their drefs confifts of the fkins of fome wild beaft, or a blanket, a fhirt either of linen, or of drefied fkins, a breech clout, leggins, reaching half way up the thigh, and faftened to a belt, with mokawfons on their feet. They ufe no ligatures that might obftruft the circulation of theif blood, or agility of their limbs. They fliave their head, referving only a fmall tuft of hair on the top and flit the outer part of the ears, to which, by weights, they give a circular form, extending it down to their fhoulders. They adorn themfelves with ear and nofe rings, bracelets of filver and wampum, and paint their faces with various colours. When they prepare for an engagement they paint themfelves black, and fight naked. Their arms are a fuffl, or rifle, a powder horn, a fhot pouch, a toma¬ hawk, and a fcalping knife hanging to their neck. When they are in want of fire-arms, they fupply them by a bow, a fpear, or a death hammer, which is a fhort club made of hard wood. Their ufual utenfils are a kettle, a fpoon, a looking glafs, an awl, a fteel to ftrike fire, fome paint, a pipe and tobacco-pouch. For want of tobacco, they fmoke fome particular leaves, or the bark of a willow i which is almoft their continual occupation. Thus lightly equipped do the favages lie in wait to attack, at fome diffi¬ cult pafs, the European foldier, heavily accoutred, harrafled by a tedious march, and encumbered with an unwieldy convoy. Experience has convinced us that it is not our intereft to be at war with them; but if, after having tried all means to avoid it, they force us to it, (which in all probability will often happen) we fhould endeavour to fight them upon more equal terms, and regulate our manoeuvres upon thofe of the enemy we are to engage, and the nature of the country we arc to aft in. It WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. ft It does not appear from our accounts of Indian wars, that the fava^es were as brave formerly as we have found them of late ; which muft be im¬ puted to their unexpeded fucceflcs againft our troops on fome occafions particularly m 1755; and from the little refinance they have fince met with from defencelefs inhabitants. It i, certain that even at this day, they fcldom ettpofe their perfon, to danger, and depend entirely upon their dexterity in eoneealing themfelves during an engagement, never appearing openly, unlefs they have ftruck their enemies with terror, and have thereby rendered them'incapable of defence. From whence it may be inferred that, if they were beat two or three times, they would lofe that confidence infpired by fuccefs, and be lefs inclined to engage in wars which might end fatally for them. But this cannot reafonabjy be expefted, till we have troops trained to fight them in their own way, with the additional advantage of European courage and chfcipline. ° An v deviation from our eftablifiied military fyftem would be needlefs, if yaiour, zeal, order and good conduit, were fiKficient to fubdue this light- footed enemy. Thefe qualities are confpicuous' in our troops; but they are too heavy, and indeed too valuable, to be employed alone in a deftruc tive fervice for which they were never intended. They require the afiiftance of fighter corps, whofe drefs, arms and exercifes, fhould be adapted to this new kind of war. This opinion is fupported by the example of many warlike nations, of which I beg leave to mention the following. The learned Jcfuitf who has obliged the world with a treatife on the military affairs of the ancient Romans, tells us, from Salluft §, that this + Vid. Joannis Antoni! Valtrjni Lbr. de re milit, Vet. Rom. § Neque en m Romanis fuperbm unquam obftitit, quo minus aliena inflituta, fi modo proba fa:(Tent, .mitarentur; et quod ubique apud focios ve! hoftea idoneum vifum efiet, cum Audio do- ft 1 atuS erentUr ''” A1,aqU8 ^ al " S ipfi l0nSC faCere meIi0ra 1°* < l uidem G wife REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR wife nation, our matters in the art of war, were never hindered even by the pride of empire, from imitating any foreign maxim or inftitution, provided it was good; and that they carefully adopted into their own praftice what¬ ever they found ufeful in that of their allies or enemies ; fo that by receiv¬ ing fome things from one, and fome from another, they greatly improved a fyftem even originally excellent. The defeat of Antony and Craflus by the Parthians, of Curio by the Numidians, and many other inftances, convinced the Romans that their le¬ gions, who had conquered fo many nations, were not fit to engage light- troops, which, harrafling them continually, evaded all their endeavours to bring them to a clofe engagement; and it is probable that if Julius Caefar had not been affaffmated, when he was preparing to march againft the fame Parthians, to wipe off the reproach of. the former defeats, he would have added to his legions a greater number of light troops, formed upon the principles and method of that nation, and have left us ufeful leffons for the conduct of a war againft our favages. That he did not think the attack of irregular troops contemptible, ap¬ pears clearly in feveral parts of his commentaries, and particularly in the A- frican war. The various embarraffments he met with from the enemy he had then to deal with, neceffarily call to our mind many fimilarcircumftances in the courfe of our wars with the Indians; and the pains he took to inftrudt his foldiers to ftand and repel the fkirmifhes of the nimble Africans, may furnifh inftruftion to us in our military operations againft the favage Americans. We are told that while Caefar was on his march “ to Scipio’s* quarters, « the enemy’s horfe and light-armed infantry, rifing all at once from an ambufeade, * Labienus, Afraniufque cum omni equrtatu, levique armatura, ex infidiis adorti agmini C sa¬ faris extreme fe ofFerunt, atque ex co'libus primis exfiftunt. — Primo impetu legionum equitatus, levis armatura hoftium nullo negotio loco pulfa et dejedla ell de colie. Quum jam Casfar exilli- ttraflet holies pulfos deterritofque linem laceflendi failures, et iter cccptum pergere ccepiflet; ite- l um celeriter ex proximis collibus erumpunt; atque in Ctefaris legionarios impetum faciuntNu- niidas, tevifque armatura, mirabili velocitate praditi ; qui inter equites pugnabant, et una pari- jerque cum equitibus accurrere et refugere confueverant. Hoc faepius facerent, &c.— Ctefaris autem WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. “ ambulcade, appeared upon the hills, and attacked his rear. His legions “ forming themfelves, foon beat the enemy from the higher ground. And “ now thinking all fafe, he begins to purfue his march. But immediately “ the enem y break forth from the neighbouring hills ; and the Numidians, “ with their light-armed foot, who are wonderfully nimble, always mixing tc and keeping equal pace with the cavalry in charging or retiring, fall afrefh on the Roman foot. Thus they frequently renewed the charge, and ftill retiied when he endeavoured to bring them to dole engagement. If but two 01 three of his veterans faced about and call their piles with “ vigour, two thoufand of the enemy would fly, then returning rally “ again, making it their buflnefs to harrafs his march, and to prefs upon “ his rear, following at fome the men muft be ufed to leap f over logs and ditches, and to carry burthens proportioned to their ftrength. blanket round his legs and feet, then drawing the watch coat clofe to liis body, it will keep “ him warm, as no air can pafs through it, and, leaning agajnft the trunk of a tree, he may pafs 46 a tolerable night, both warm and drv. / r “ would be °f fervice to have a fmall piece of the fame oiled linen to put under the hat ** or ca P t0 carl 7 the rai » down 10 the watchcoat or furtout, otherwife whatever wet foaks “ trough the hat or cap, will run down the neck, and thereby, in fome meafure, defeat the “ defign of the watch-coat. “ Perhaps it miglit be ufeful to mix fome dark or green!,'ll colour with the oil of the fecond “ coating, to make the watch coat Iefs remarkable in the woods.” + Vegetius gives an account of many fimilar exercifes, which the Romans found nete/Tary to eftabjifh among their military. Miles fylvam c redebat, atftivis temporibus natabat, ad palum dimicabat, faltabat, currebat, Exempla hujus exerciiationis crebra funt apud Livium. Sic iile de Scipione Africano, 3 decad. hb. VI. “ Prirao die legiones in arnris I V. millium fpatio de- “ currerunt. Secundo die arma curare et tergere ante tentoria juflit. Tertio die fudibus inter “ fe in modum juftat pugnre concurrcrent, prtepilatisque miffilibus jaculati funt. Quarto die “ quies data. Quinto iterum in armis decurfum ell.” — Quibus porro modis obviam eatur elephantis. Veget. lib. II ! . cap. 24. When WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 49 When the young foldiers are perfect in thefe exercifes, they may receive their arms, with which they are to perform the former evolutions in all forts t)f grounds. They will next be taught to handle their arms with dexterity; and, without lofing time upon' trifles, to load and fire very quick, Handing,* kneeling, or lying on the ground. They are to fire at a mark without a reft, and not fuffered to be too long in taking aim. Hunting and fmall pre¬ miums will foon make them expert markfmen. They ought to learn to fvvim, pufhing at the fame time their cloaths, arms, and ammunition before them, on a fmall raft; and to make ufe of fnow ftioes. They muft then be fet to work, and be taught to throw up an intrenchment, open a trench, make fafcines, clays and gabions •, likewife to fall trees, fquare logs, faw planks, make canoes, carts, ploughs, hand and wheel barrows, fhingles and clap-boards, calks, batteaus and bridges, ami to build log houfes, ovens, &c. By example and pradlice, the moll ingenipus among them will loon be¬ come tolerable good carpenters, joyners, wheelwrights, coopers, armourers, fmiths, mafons, brickmakers, faddlers, taylors, butchers, bakers, fhoe- makers, curriers, &c. LIGHT HORSE and DOGS. I said that, to compleat this eftablilhment, they Ihould have two troops of light horfe, fuppofed of 50 men each, officers included. The men are to perform the fame exercifes as the foot, and afterwards be taught to ride, and particularly to be very alert at mounting and difmounting with their arms in their hands, to gallop through the woods up and down hills, and leap over logs and ditches. Fhe horfes ought to be bought up on the frontiers, where they are bred and tiled to feed in the woods, and are ftrong and hardy. They are to be thoroughly broke, made to Hand fire, to fwim over rivers, &c. their faddles and accoutrements very fimple, ftrong and light. The number of Kories might be reduced to one half, in time of peace, tho’ they would be of little expence, as they might be bred and maintained without charge in the mili¬ tary fettlement. This corps fliould be equipped as the foot, having only a fhort rifle in lieu cf a fufil, and a battle ax with a long handle, the only fort ot arms they fhould make ufe of in the charge. II Every 5 ° reflections on the war Every light horfe man ought to be provided with a Blood-hound, which' would be ufeful to find out the enemies ambufhes, and to follow their tracts ; they would feize the naked favages, or at leaft give time to the horfe men to come up with them; they would add to the fafety of the camp at night by difcovering any attempt to furprize it. ARTIFICERS; The company of artificers Ihould be compofed of the moft ufeful tradef- men, and ought to be maintained at all twines for the inftrudtion of the fol- diers, the ufe of the fettlement, or the fervice of the army, during the cam¬ paign. It will now be time to draw forth this military colony and remove them to the ground laid out for that ufe in the woods, and at a good diftance from the inhabitants. The nature of this fettlement will hereafter be more particularly defcribed. Necessity creating induftry, our young foldiers will foon provide them- felves with the moft ufeful articles, and in a couple of years be able to raife provifions for themfelves. While the greateft part would be employed in clearing the ground, fencing, ploughing, fowing, planting, building and making utenfils and houlhold fur¬ niture, others might hunt with their officers, and remain a fortnight ora month out of the camp, without other provifions than a little flour, and what they could procure by hunting and fiffiing: then to be relieved, and the whole trained up in that way. The military exercifes muft ftillbe kept up and praftifed, and great care taken to inculcate and preferve purity of manners, obedience, order and decency among the men, which will be found much eafier in the woods than in the neighbourhood of towns. Irr order to make this military eftabliftiment more generally ufeful; I would propofe that the foldiers ffiould only receive a very fmall part of their pay j leaving the remainder in the military cheft. Their accounts Ihould be fettled every year, and when their fervices ffiould intitle them to their difcharge, I could wifh that each of them had 200 acres of land given him, in a diftrift appropriated for that purpofe •, and 2 receiving ■WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 51 receiving then the whole ballance of pay due to them, they would be en¬ abled to compleat their fettlement. This inftitution appears not only pra&icable, but eafy, if attended to with patience, afiiduity and firmnefs. The plan I would propofe is as follows. Method of forming fuch Settlements upon the Frontiers, as might fupport themfelves during an Indian War. Let us fuppofe a fettlement to be formed for one hundred families, com- pofed of five perfons each, upon an average. Lay out upon a river, or creek, if it can be found conveniently, a square of one thoufand feven hundred and fixty yards, or a mile for each fide. That Square will contain - -- -- -- -- - 640 acres Allowing for ftreets and public ufes - - - - 4 ° 1 To half an acre for every houfe. 5 ° ^4° acres To one hundred lotts at five and half acres - - 550 J The four fides of the fquare meafure 7040 yards, which gives to each •houfe about 70 yards front to ftockade, and the ground allowed for build¬ ing will be 210 feet front, and about 100 feet deep. An acre of ground will produce at lead 30 bufhels of Indian corn. There¬ fore, two acres are fufficient to fupply five perfons, at the rate of twelve bulhels each perfon. Two other acres will be a pafture for cows and Iheep, another acre for hay, to be fown with red clover. The remaining half acre maybe laid out for a garden. Round the town are the commons, of three miles fquaie, containing, ex- clufive of the lots abovementioned, 5120 acres. On three fides of the town, five other Squares will be laid out of three fquare miles, containing 57 Go acres each, one of which is referved for wood for the ufe of the Set¬ tlement •, the other four to be divided into 25 out-lotts or plantations, of about 230 acres each, fo that in the four Squares, there will be one hun¬ dred fuch plantations, for the 100 families. Another townfhip may be laid out joining this, upon the fame plan, and as many more as you pleafe upon the fame line, without lofing any ground. H 2 The 5* REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR The following is a rough fketch of the whole. Townlhip A. Townfhip E. Townlhip C. Townlhip D. I I • 2 2 3 3 4 4 5760 acres wood for; he Town A ll A |l 54° # n # Lomnions g i# D #i I# D #f Wood for the Town B 25 10:ts of 230 acies 1 I 2 2 3 3 4 4 Thus the town. A, has its commons, its woodland, and its 4 fquares marked No. 1. each containing 25 plantations of 230 acres, as propofed above. In like manner, the other towns, B, C, D, have their appurtenances refpeftively marked. Let us now fuppofe this plan accomplilhed, and fuch corps as thefe fully fettled, trained and difciplined, in the manner abovementioned; I would alk whether any officer, entrufted with an expedition againft the favages, would not chufe to have them in his army? I may fafcly anfwer for all thole who have been employed in that fervice, that they would prefer them to double the number of the bell European troops. And when they had ferved the time limited, namely from their j 5th to their 35th year, what vaft fatisfa&ion would it be to pay over to them their lhare of favings from the public cheft.; and, as a reward of their faithful toils, to veil them and their heirs with their feveral plantations, which they would now be enabled to cultivate as their own ? This prolpect would engage many people to enter their fons, in fuch corps; and thofe veterans, when thus difcharged, would not only be the means of forming and animating others by their example, but In cafe of a war would ftill bravely maintain the property they had fo honourably acquired, and be the greateft fecurity of the frontier where they are fettled. Prepa- WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 53 Preparations for an expedition in the woods against savages. It is not practicable to employ large bodies of troops againft Indians; the convoys necefiary for their fupport would be too cumberfome, and could nei¬ ther be moved with eafe, nor protected. It would be better to fit out feveral fmall expeditions, than one too unwieldy : I will therefore fuppofe that a corps intended to aft offenfiyely fhall not exceed the following proportions* Two regiments of foot - -- -- -- -- - goo One battalion of hunters - -- -- -- -- 500 Two troops of light horfe - -- -- -- -- 100 One company of artificers - -- -- -- -- 20 Drivers and necefiary followers --------280 In all 1800 The nrft article to provide is the provifions, and next the carriages. The daily ration of a foldier in the woods fhould confift of one pound and a half of meat (which requires no carriage) and one pound of flour, with a gill of falx per week. Upon that allowance 1800 men will require for fix months or 182 days - -- -- -- -- Allowing one fourth for accident - - - - 327,600 lb. Flour. 81,900 For fix months Meat for the fame time with a fourth part more for accidents, or 2048 beeves at 300 lb. each Salt for 26 weeks - 409,5001b. Flour. ^ 614,400 lb. Meat. - 182 Bulhels. The above quantity would ferve the whole campaign* but one half would be fufficient to penetrate from the laft depofite into the heart of the enemy s country : therefore we lhall compute the carriages for this laft quantity only. Every horfe carries about 150 lb. neat weight, therefore, to carry flour for three months or 204,7501b. will require 1365 horfes. Horses 54 REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR Horses for flour brought forward « - - - - 1365 For 91 buffiels of fait - - • 46 Ammunition - - - - 50 Tents - - ~ « 50 Tools - - f « « 50 Hofpital - ^ » 20 Officers baggage and ftafF « - ~ - 150 >73* To reduce this exorbitant number of horfes, and the great expence at¬ tending it, I would propofe, for fuch parts of the country as would admit of it, to make ufe of carts, drawn each by four oxen, and carrying about i^oolb. or fix barrels of flour. The above quantity of 204,7501b. will then be carried by 160 carts drawn by 640 oxen Snare oxen with the army - - - - 384 The number of oxen wanted •• 1024 This method would not be as expeditious as the carriage by horfes, and -would require more time and attention in cutting the road, and bridging the fwampy places. See. but, on the other hand, what an expence would be faved 1 and by killing the oxen in proportion as the flour is ufed, and abandoning the carts, the convoy is daily reduced, and the grafs near the encampment will not be fo foon confumed, which is not the cafe with horfes, which muft equally be fed though unloaded. This is an objedt of confequence, parti¬ cularly near the end of the campaign, when the fcarcity of fodder obliges to move the camps every day, and to place them in low and difadvantageous grounds. I would therefore incline for the ufe of carts, and they could be made before hand by the hunters and their artificers. The oxen fliould be bought in the provinces where the farmers make ufe of them in their works. One or two foldiers would drive the cart and take charge of the four oxen. There WITH THE SAVAGES OF NORTH-AMERICA. 55 There are few rivers in North-America deep in fummer, and which thefe carts with high and broad wheels, could not ford ; but if the contrary fhould happen, the carts, provifions and baggage, may be rafted over, or a bridge built. In a country full of timber, and with troops accuftomed to work, no river will ftop an army for a long time. By the above method, 3 or 400 horfes would be fufficient to carry the baggage, ammunition, tents, tools, &c. EXPLANATION of the four PLANS, f Plate II, Reprefenting the different pofitions of our army in the woods. ENCAMPMENT. The camp (Fig. 1) forms a parallellogram, of one thoufand by fix hun¬ dred feet. Eight hundred men of the regular troops (1) encamp on the four fides, which gives twenty-four feet to each tent, containing fix men. The light-horfe (3) encamp within the parallellogram. The referve (7) in the center. The provifions, ammunition, tools and {lores (8) and the cattle (9) are placed between the two troops of light horfe and the referve. The hunt¬ ers (2) encamp on the outfide diagonally at the four angles, being covered by redoubts (5) formed with kegs and bags of flour or fafcines. Befides thefe four redoubts, another is placed to the front, one to the rear, and two before each of the long faces of the camp, making in all ten advanced guards of 22 men each, and 7 centries, covered if poflible by bread works of fafcines or provifions. Before the army lay down their arms, the ground is to be reconnoitred, and the guards polled, who will immediately open a communication from one to the other, to relieve the centries, and facilitate the paflage of rounds. The centries upon the ammunition, provifions, head quarters, and all others in the infide of the camp are furnilhed from the referve. The officers, except the ftaffand commanders of corps, encamp on the line with their men. • J »• 11 f See this Plate before Pag. 7, The 54 APPENDIX II. The mouth of the Ohio, in the Mifilfippi, is 35 leagues from the Illinois. Thirteen leagues from the Mifilfippi, on the left of the Ohio, is Fort Mafiiac, or Afiumption, built in 1757, a little below the mouth of the river Cherokee -f. It is only a ftockade, with four baftions and eight pieces of cannon. It may contain 100 men. In four days one may go by land, from this fort to the Illinois. It is of confequence for the Englifh to preferve it, as it fecures the com¬ munication between the Illinois and Fort-Pitt. Fort Vincennes, which is the laft poll belonging to Louifiana, is upon the river Ouabache ;{:, 60 leagues from its conflux with the Ohio. It is a fmall ftockade fort, in which there may be about 20 foldiers. There are alfo a few inhabitants. The foil is extremely fertile, and produces plenty of corn and tobacco. The diftance from this fort to the Illinois, is 155 leagues by water. And it may be travelled by land in fix days. The nation of favages living at this poll is called Pianquicha. It can furnifli 60 warriors. Altho* we do not occupy Fort Vincennes at prefent, yet it would be of the utmoft confequence for us to fettle it, as there is a communication from it with Canada, by going up the Ouabache. From this poft to the Ouachtanons is 60 leagues, and from thence to the Miamis (ftill going up the Ouabache) is 60 leagues further; then there is a portage of fix leagues to the river Miamis, and you go down that river 24 leagues to Take Erie. are 52 iflands between Fort-Pitt and the lower Shawanefe town on Scioto ; and none of them diffic 1 o pafs in the night, but one at the mouth of Mufkingham, occafioned by a number of trees lying in t e ch annel. From the lower Shawanefe Town to the falls, there are but 8 or 9 iflands. At he falls, the river is very broad, with only one paffage on the eaft fide, in which there is water enough at all J'eak-ns of the year to pafs Without difficulty. Below the falls, the naviga¬ tion v every v, ay clear down to the Miffifippi. f R'vei t. herokee falls into the Ohio about 800 miles below Fort-Pitt. This river is in ge- n . v. id an 3 ffioal up to the foutn mountain, paffiible only with bark canoes, after which it grows very froali. 1 r ibactie or Wabaffi empties itfelf into the Ohio about 60 miles above the Cherokee ri- ’£ oppofue or well fide. Mr. appendix II. 65 Mr. Daubry went by that rout in 1759 from the Illinois to Venango [[, with above 400 men, and two hundred thoufand weight of flour. Thirty-five leagues from the mouth of the Ohio, in going up the Mif- fifippi, on the right, is the river Kafkafquias. Two leagues up this river, on the left, is the fettlement of the Kafkafquias, which is the moft considerable of the Illinois. There is a fort built upon the height on the other fide of the river, over againft Kafkafquias; which, as the river is narrow, commands and protects the town. I don’t know how many guns there may be, nor how many men it may contain. There may be about 400 inhabitants. The Illinois Indians, called Kafkafquias, are fettled half a league from the town ; and are able to turn out 100 warriors. They are very lazy and great drunkards. Six leagues from Kafkafquias, on the bank of the Mifllfippi, is Fort Char¬ tres, built of ftone, and can contain 300 Soldiers. There may be 20 cannon at moft, and about 100 inhabitants round Chartres. The Illinois Indians at that place, who are called Metchis, can furnifh 40 warriors. Between the Kafkafquias, and Fort Chartres, is a fmall village, called La -prairie du Rocher (the Rock Meadow) containing about 50 white inha¬ bitants ; but there is neither fort nor favages. || By the above paper the rout is given up the MilTiiippi, part of the Ohio, and up the Oua- bache to Fort Vincennes, and likewife to the Illinois. Again from Vincennes and the Ouachta- nons by water, on the wefterly communication to the Miamis portage, then by water down that river by the eafterly rout into Lake Erie, proceeding as far as Prefqu* Ifle, then by the 15 m. portage into Buffalo or Beef river, lately called French creek, then down the fame to Venango on the Ohio. In order, therefore, to carry this rout flill further, we lhall continue it from Venango to the mouth of Juniata in Sufquehannah, which brings it within the fettled parts of Pennfyl- vania, viz. From Venango to Licking creek, 10 miles. To Toby’s creek, 13. To a fmall creek, r. To the parting of the road, 5. To a large run, 3. To Leycaumeyhoning, 9. To Pine creek, 7. To Chuckcaughting, 8. To Weeling creek, 4. To the crofling of ditto, 4. To a miry fwamp, 8. To the head of Sufquehanna, 10. To Meytauning creek, 18. To Clear Field creek, 6. To the top of Allegheny, 1. To the other fide ditto, 6. To Beaver dams, 9. To Franks town, 5. To the Cance place, 6. To the mouth of Juniatta, no. Total 239 miles. K Near 66 APPENDIX III. Near Fort Chartres is a little village, in which is about a fcore of inha¬ bitants. Here are neither favages nor fort. Fifteen leagues from Fort Chartres, going up the Miffifippi, is the village of the Cafquiars. There is a fmall ftockade fort •, I don’t know if there is any cannon. There may be about ioo inhabitants. The Illinois Indians living near this village are caH^tl Cafquiars, and can turn out 60 warriors. I compute that there are about 300 Negroes at the Illinois. The country of the Illinois is fertile, producing good wheat and corn. All kinds of European fruits fucceed there furprizingly well, and they have wild grapes with which they make tolerable wine. Their beer is pretty good. There are mines of lead, and fome fait. They make fugar of maple, and there are ftone quarries. APPENDIX III. * - ROUT from Philadelphia to Fort-Pitt. From Philadelphia to Lancafter to Carlifle to Shippenfburgh to Fort Loudoun to Fort Littleton to the crofiing of the Juniata to Fort Bedford to the crofiing of Stoney creek to Fort Ligonier to Fort Pitt Miles Qrs. Per. 66 O 38 55 O OO 22 O OO 24 3 OO 17 3 OO 18 3 OO 14 3 OO 29 0 39 20 1 43 5 6 0 00 324 2 40 A P P E N- APPENDIX IV. 4 - 67 APPENDIX IV. Number of Indian Towns, fituated on and near the Ohio River, and its branches, with their diftances from Fort-Pitt, and the diftances of the principal branches from each other at their conflux with the Ohio. First ROUT about N. N. W. From Fort Pitt to Kufhkufkies Town on Big Beaver-Creek up the eaft branch of Beaver-Creek to Sha- ningo up ditto to Pematuning to Mohoning on the Weft branch of Beaver Creek up the branch to Salt Lick to Cayahoga River to Ottawas town on Cayahoga • nf i ffwu m —■— -- r—» • Second ROUT W. N. W. From Fort Pitt to the mouth of Big Beaver-Creek to Tufcarawas to Mohickon John’s Town to Junundat or Wyandot town to Fort Sandufky to Junqueindundeh Third ROUT about W. S. W. From Fort Pitt to the Forks of the Mulkingham to Bullet’s Town on Mufkingham to Waukatamike to King Beaver’s Town on the heads of Hochocking to the lower Shawanefe Town on Sioto river to the Salt Lick town on the heads of Sioto to the. Miamis fort Diftance from one another. Dl fiance from Fort-Pitt. Miles Miles 45 *5 60 12 72 3 2 104 10 1 *4 32 146 10 156 25 9 r 116 50 166 46 212 4 216 2+ 240 6 128 *34 10 144 27 171 40 2 11 25 2 36 190 426 K 3 Fourth 6S APPENDIX IV. Diflancc from one 1 Diftance from another Fort-Pitt, T down the Ohio; general courfe about S. W. Miles Miles Fort Pitt to the mouth of Big Beaver Creek 27 to the mouth of Little Beaver Creek 12 39 to the mouth of Yellow Creek IO 49 to the two Creeks 18 67 to Weeling 6 73 to Pipe Hill 12 8 5 to the long Reach 3 ° *15 to the foot of the Reach 18 1 33 to the mouth of Mulkingham river 3 ° 165 to the little Canhawa river 12 *75 to the mouth of Hockhocking river 13 188 to the mouth of Letort’s creek 4O 228 to Kilkeminetas 33 26r to the mouth of big Canhawa or new river 8 269 to the mouth of big Sandy creek 40 309 to the mouth of Sioto river 40 349 to the mouth of big Salt Lick river 3 ° 379 to the Illand to the mouth of little Mineamie or Miam- 20 399 mee -f river 55 454 to big Miammee or Rocky river 3 ° 484 to the Big Bones J 20 504 to Kentucky River 55 559 to the Falls of the Ohio 50 609 to the Wabaffi, or Ouabache l 3 l 740 to Cherokee River 60 800 to the Miffifippi 1 40 ' 840 N. B. The places mentioned in the three firft Routs are delineated in the foregoing map, by an officer who has an aftual knowledge of moft of them, and has long ferved againft the Indians. The fourth Rout down the Ohio was given by an Indian trader, who has often palled from Fort-Pitt to the Falls; and the diftances he gives of the mouths of the feveral rivers that fall into the Ohio may be pretty certainly depended on. Our maps hitherto publiffied are very erroneous in placing fome of thofe rivers. + Thefe river?, called Little and Great Mineamie orMiammee, fall into the Ohio between Si- oto and the Ouabache, and are different from the Miami* river, which runs into the weft end of lake Erie, below the Miamis fort, % So called from Elephant’s bones faid to be found there, A P P E N- _ APPENDIX V. 69 APPENDIX V. aghrunas, ne; quis, 1 iacs > L Sr liftes, f b as, J Lawrence Indians Names of different Indian Nations in North-America, with the Numbers of their Fighting Men ; referred to in the Note, page 37. T HE following lift was drawn up by a French trader, a perfon of confl- derable note, who has refided many years among the Indians, and ftill continues at Detroit, having taken the oaths of allegiance to the King of Great Britain. His account may be depended on, fo far as matters of this kind can be brought near the truth 5 a great part of it being delivered from his own perfonal knowlege. Warriors Conawaghrunas, near the falls of St. Louis Abenaquis, Michmacs, * Amaliftes * Chalas _ Nipiflins, ? p iv i ns: towards the heads of the Ottawa river Algonquins, J 0 Les Tetes de Boule, or Round Heads, near the above - Six Nations, on the frontiers of New-York, &c. - Wiandots, near lake Erie - - - Chipwas, 1 near t ij e Lakes Superior and Michigan Ottawas, J , , , , Meffefagues, or River Indians, being wandering tribes, on the lakes Huron and Superior, ; Powtewatamis, near St. Jofeph’s and Detroit “ Les Puans, ,. I near Puans bay Folle avoine, or Wild-Oat Indians J * Mechecouakis, 1 •Sakis, f South of Puans bay Mafcoutens, ^ . „. ,..„ r . , Ouilconfins, on a river of that name,_ falling into Miftifippi on the eaft-fide - Chriftinaux, - j f ar north, near the lakes of the fame Afiinaboes, or Aflinipouals j B lancs f Barbus, or White Indians with Beards f They live to the northweft, and the French, when they firft faw them, took them for : name 200 350 700 550 130 400 300 2500 1 55 ° 300 5000 900 2000 35 ° 700 350 2.50 400 500 550 3000 1500 1500 Spaniards. Sioujt, 70 APPENDIX V. Sioux! of Jhe woods 5 “> wards the heads of MiffifipPi Miflouri, on the river of that name - * Grandes Eaux ------ Cfages, q Canfes, j Panis blancs, )■ fouth of Miflouri Panis piques, j Padoucas, J Ajoues, north of the fame Arkanles, on the river that bears their name, falling into Mifiifippi on the weft fide - Alibamous, a tribe of the Creeks - - * Ouanakina q * g lia £ aneffou I Unknown, unlefs the author has put them * Caouitas ^ j for tribes of the Creeks * Souikilas J Miamis, upon the river of that name, falling into Lake Erie Delawares (les Loups) on the Ohio - Shawanefe on Sioto - - - - Kickapoos n Ouachtenons £ on the Ouabache Peanquichas ' Kafkafquias, or Illinois in general, on the Illinois river - * Pianria ------- Catawbas, on the frontiers of North-Carolina Cherokees, behind South-Carolina - Chickafaws "l Natchez ? Mobile and Mifiifippi ChaCtaws ^ 2500 1800 3000 1000 600 1600 2000 1700 500 1100 2000 600 300 35 ° 800 700 200 - 35 ° 600 500 300 400 250 600 800 150 2500 75 ° 150 45 °° 56,500 The above lift confifts chiefly of fuch Indians as the French were con¬ nected with in Canada and Louifiana. Wherever we knew the names by which the different nations are diftinguifhed by the Englifh, we have in- ferted them. But the orthography is yet very unfettled, and the feveral nations marked with an * afterifm are unknown to us, and therefore they are left as they ftand in the original lift. 3 So APPENDIX V. 71 So large a number of fighting men may ftartle us at firft fight-, but the account feems no where exaggerated, excepting only that the Catawba nation is now almoft extindt. In fome nations which we are acquainted with, the account falls even fliort of their numbers -, and fome others do not appear to be mentioned at all, or at leaft not by any name known to us. Such, for inftance, are the Lower Creeks, of whom we have a lift accord¬ ing to their towns. In this lift their warriors or gunfmen are 1180, and their inhabitants about 6000. Thus a comparative judgment may be formed of the nations above-mentioned j the number of whofe inhabitants will (in this proportion to their warriors, viz. 5 to 1) be about 283,000. L THE END.