. » THE OSLER LIBRARY MCGILL UNIVERSITY MONTREAL Acc. W16714 ^ThcVSZ ot^ ^PASSIONS /Written in '^ened dv J.F. Renault nry Earle liontnout] ^airc icuftm HatrcA^ TaGlon^ araifijh'ljJlca^on fere you jce , Advi jd thorem Grace Div'i'ne ; CMut tkif.Crowil sayjyfut in E(figie ! '' ^ uneCyou in evry itne Jhcrcy_miljincfc thir trutn so pro vet, that rot yixtf: cyHuft Keasen contract, ororantkJtiLQ. . THE USE OF PASSIONS. \ W KITTEN In FRENCH B Y J. F. Senatilt. And put into ENGLISH Dom, 1 ^ 49 - Lnndo»y Printed for 3^. znd Humphrey tMofeley, A rmt in St. Pittls J^urch-yiid. THE AVTHORS Dedication of his W'orJ^^ To our Saviour Jefus Chrift. is not without rea- fon, (adored Jesus) that j offer up unto thee tTiis Work , wherein Tcndeavbr to teach thy Ser- vants how to ufc their Taj^ions : For to boot, that all our thoughts are due unto thee^ bccaufe thott art the Eternal Thought of the F^- a g ther The Epi^Ue Dedicatory, ther , and that whatfoever our foul produccth,arc as fo many Images of ! thine ^ This belongs to thee by a ' double Title ^ and cannot without fome fort of Injustice , be Dedi- cated to any other then thee, PaJlionSj in that ifate whereunto they are brought by fin, are mon- fters which ought to be immolated upon thy Altars j this Sacrifice fucceeds thofc of the OldTeflament: As thou dclighteft in receiving a. heart ftriick through with Jorfow , and con fumed mthloi/e, fo doft thou with joy receive fuch Pafiions as Grace and Reafon do confecrate i unto thee j neither dofi: thou de- fpifc the Motions of our foul, when I they iirc enlightned by Faith, and j inanimatedby Charity\thomxt well pleafed , that being Priests and Vi^mes for thy Glory, as thou haft I been for our falvatton , we finde I fome ■ The EpiSile Dedicatory. fome feelings in our felves, which we may immolate unto thee j that in obedience to thy juft LaxpSy we facrifice unto thee our love, and our deftresjSLnd that courageoufly fuffo* eating our anger , and our hatred^ we appeafe thy JnUice by the death of a part of our felves. ThoH likewife doft permit, that without (bedding the blood of theie favage Beafts , we tame them, to make them ferviceable to thyde- fignes 5 and that we employ our hopes and fears, to overcome Vice, znd zcqmsQ Vertne i Butafluredly, we cannot undertake this combat, nor hope for •vi^ory therein, with- out thy affiftance ; for Vaf^ions hold of thy Empire .* and fince thefe flarves are become rebels, they are onely to be reduced by thy Grace. Thou, by thy eternal Birth, art the Trimiti*zfe Keafon ; and the fame a 4 term "The EpiBle Dedicatory* term which we make ufe of in all langHopSy to exprefs thy Perfonal proprieties, teacheth us, tlnttfoou art as well the Keafon, as the Word of thy Father : To thee it belotig- eth to regulate all the Pafiions ; and if rrifemen have any command over theirs, ’tis for that their Reafon flows from thine : They are onely wife , in that they ziereafonahlej and they are reafonable onely , in that they have the honor to be thy Images : Craceitfdf^ whence the ftrength and light of thy Saints do derive, flows from thy di was not imperfeSl : Vertue and Vice I were intermingled in all men j and ■ the grcateft Saints did no good worl{f, which were not accompani- ed with fomc defr^TsT' TiTew Bajli- ons out. ran their IVifckm; thelfirft motions of th em were fo fodain and fb •violent , that they could neither forefee th(?m , nor hinder them : When they were once up, and that Koafon gathering her forces toge- ther. 'The Epiflle Dedicatory* ther, gave them battle ; thefe reheh joyned Infolence to and ar- gued Authority with their Sove- taign. Thus thy faithfuleft Ser- vants needed forgwene^ in the Tvar^ which they made a gain ft their Fajfions'^ and it behoved thy good- nefito give light to illuminate thefe blinde men^ Wifdom to condu^ thefe giddy- headed people , and Fortitude to overcome thefe rebels. But in thy facred P erf on Pajlions have no defe^i : Thefe wilde ^eafis are tamed , thefe troublesome Seas are always calm , thefe revolted SubjeSis are always obedient h and by a miracle , as Rare as lUufiriouSy thefe enemies of our Reafon, do al- ways agree with thine : They raifed themfelves when thou ordainedft them fotodo j their jirji motions were in thy power y they waited thy leave to be troubled : Sorrow felt- ed 'The EpiSile Dedicatory. ed not on thy hearty Tears diftilled not from thine eyes j and red-hued Angery or pale Fwr, appeared not in thyfaccy before thy mlly which ruled all their motions , had given them Permifiion. They were fo well inftrufted in all thy dejignes^ as they feemed to be indued with Reafon j and Reafon found fuch Obedience in the Inferior part of thy Sonly that no clouds were gathered together there , which yZ>e herfelf had not xRtxQ formed. In the World temfefis are raifed from the lower Elements : Thunder-claps which make fb hideous a noyfe in the Cloudsy take their or jgiiraVItom the Valleys or the Ri was Divine in jhine j and thP confufed MtXture , pf two J^atures , whereof art compofcd'j^ made thy Pafiions to be tsithet j^iraclei then Vertues : Thy Anger ferved as an Offieer to thy F other f juflkoithy Compajpon was the Interpreter of His Mercy , and thy love a n earnefi of His Good will* How h^py was thztdiHrejfedm^n that drew tears V from thine eyes ? how rich was that poor 'The EpiHle Dedicatory. poor one, whofe wants thou didft p bewail ? how puijfam was the op- f*® prejfed^ whofe in terefts tJb(?«main- tainedft ? how innocent was that offender^ whofe converfion was wrought by thy tears ? and how glorious W3iS the infamous linaer, to whom thou witne/fcdft thy lo^ve by thy complaints and ftghs ? Heaven had a regard to all the motions of thy Soul ; the eternal Father never denyed any thing to thy tears ^ and in* his thunder^ bolts never failed to fall (t) upon their heads, on whom thy jujl d{ An^er called for punijhment. Thy Fafions were the Organs of thy dai Di'z/inity j thy Sighs were no Ids powerful, then thy Words', and ot without ufing either Prayers or stji Vows , the Pejtres were fufficient iWi to make known thy Will. What admiration did thefe motions of thy k Soul caufe in the Seraphim ? with b what The Epijile Dedicatory. } what alionifiment were thofe pure Intelligences ftrucken , when they confidered that God taking our nature upon him , took part of her feelings y and no part of her nejjes ? That he wept with the wretched y without intereffing hk happinefi ? That was Angry at ' thofe that were injured without troubling hk quiet ? That with the ' needy he formed defires without hfi of hk abundance? And that with lovers., he felt the flames of love, without enduring their diBurban- ees ? What a miracle was it, to fee that Anger (hould be kindled in thy Soul, without trouble thereunto? That Pity (hould wound thy heart, without weaJ^ning it ? That it (hould be inflamed with love, yet not eon fumed ? That it fliould be eaten up with Sorrow, yet not difl t quieted ? What can I do lefs in honor 1 he Epijile Dedicatory. honor of fo many Wonders^ then to confecrate ou r Pajpons unto thee? ^ What Icfs ftthmiffion can I make to thy adored Poiper^ then loudly to avouch, that there is none but thon, who can teach us the nfe of thefe ** Motions ? And that it appertains oncly to thy Wtfdom^ to change our into Indignation , our Pity into Mercy y and our Loardj I repre- i fenttothem, thofe which thou didti ed praSiife, during thofe happy yeers, je thou wert pleafed to conveife with i- men. Give me grace to explain to [ji them, the morality which is learnt in (1- thy School : And fincc the Pafiions a re c the Seeds of Vertues and Vices, favor i. mefofar, that I may fo well exprefs d their Nature,^r\d their Motions, as that I may make all the Readers of this my i- Boo\^Vertuons: Difipate the daiknefs [■ of my under fanding, that in handling this Matter,! may penetrate the depths of mens hearts, I may difcoverthe extent of their jurifdiSlion , and that I mav the Epijile Dedicatory, may bring ill men to obferve , how P afiions are raifed in them, how they rebel di^im^KeafoHy how they feduce • the ZlnderUanding^ and what Heights they ufe to enjlave the will: After I have known the Malady^ teach me the Remedy^ that I may cure it ; teach me how a Pajlion is to be fiijied in its birth ; what means I muft ufe to fub- due siPafiion, which findes her firength in her old age ^ and which (O the wonder /) is never more ifigorous^then , when moft ancient.TeAch me the dex- terity wc are to ufe, for conquering thr^[e: P aj^iens that flatter us with their P romifes ; thofe which corrupt us with their fubtilties i thofe which daunt us with their threats ^ and thofe which enchaunt us with their allurements : That being illuminated by thy Light, and aflifledby thy Grace, I may by one and the fame W (frl^^ infpire mens fouls ‘ with the Lo'z/e of Verttte, and Hatred ' of Sin. i THE j i si tli; me ifi uV the leo X* "I cii' fli JS ;b THE TRANSLATOR. Upon the Book, I. I F to command and rule ore others be The thing defir’d above all worldly pelf. How great a Prince, how great a Monarch’s he. Who govern can, who can command Himfclf^ If you unto Co great a Pow’r afpirc , This Book will teach how you may it acquire. II. Love turn’d to Sacred Friendlhip here y ou’l finde, And Hatred into a Juft Indignation ; Defires Cwhcn moderated and not blindej To have to all the Vertues ncer relation : Flight or Efthewing, you will finde to be, The chiefeft Friend to ipotlefs Chaftity. III. ihe Tr4njlat6r, upon the Book. III. You’I finde how Hope incites to Noble Ads, And how Delpair diverts Raft enterprife s, How Fear from Wifdom nought at all detrads ; But is of ufc to her through juft Surmifes ; ’ How Boldnefs may in hand with Valor ride. How hair-brain’d Choler may with Juftice (fide. nil. How harmlcfs Joy we may Fore-runner make. Of that Eternal never-pnding Blils, Whereof the Saints in Heaven do partake ; And how our earthly Sorrow nothing i^ But a ftarp Corrofive, which, handled well, Will prove an Antidote to th’pains in Hell. Thus, Rebels unto Loyalty are brought. And Traytors true Allegeance arc taught. T I oay)f»oooooo?coooc50ooccoco^ 000)00000000 a»oocooc/yy3cooo rilt, iHic THE Tranflator to the Reader. ^\Had it ence in my thoughts to have dedicated this my frodu0 of fome |Leafure- hours, toanexalllyac- \lcomplifhed Lady of Honor ^ hut confidering that my A\x\hox hath chofen our Saviour Jesus Christ for Patron, Ithought Ijhouldgo lefs^ fhouldl chufe any other , for my Patronefs, then the Kings daughter, his Spoufc r/yc Church, who is all glorious within. {For though thefe he days wherein theChwxch may he compared to a Coppice, in which the Underwood grows much thicker and fafter, then do the Oaks ^ and though fhe may he thought to Juffer much in Dilapidations 5 yet (as CMaJler VuWcx faith) hath Jhe Jome Inner-more Chappel we/i in repair. ) nd truly ^ when I confidered the like coherence^ which is between a wife and her husband , as between a Tranflation and its Original (for if the one he Bone of the fame bone, and flcfli of the fame fldh, the other J S are The Tranflator to the R EADER. j are compofed of the fame matter ^ and as the woman is acknowledged to he the weaker vclTel, a Tranflatton will never vy for worth or precedency withiu Original •, ) I 'was jome- what confirmed m my opinion yet when upon (econd tlioughts {which are, or ought to he thebefi,) I called to minde the many Rivals Jhe hath in thefe days , which might peradventure caufe both me and her to fuffer , flwald I (ay any thing ofhev, or undertake her quarrel j (me, doing />. her, ill doing /#;) I refolved to pafs over all Dedications (yet could not forbear the En^lijhing of my Authors^ being thereunto invited loth by theVittyank Elegancy as alfo by the like Dedications i* of Alflediiis/;;/r/ifEncyclopiEdia, and other Proceftant Writers, though If nde it left out ' in fome French Copies) to content my felf with thinking, andtoaddrefsmyfelfin'wox6s,one- ly to thee, my Reader, and to /e//thce, that the Condede Gondomar (a Spanifh CMini- fer of State , with whofe name and fame this our Nation hath been well acquainted) had wont to fay : If you will makeafmall inconfider- able rrefcnt,to any great ntan ot the Court or to your Miftrefs , you may do well to uflicr It in with fome Preamble, whereby to excufethcMeanncft, and make the Fancy ii or Workmanlhip thereof plead Acceptanccj j marry. The Tranflator to the Reader. ik marry, if you will prefenthim or her with a thing of Real value , as (fir that rvas it he m\ infianced in) with a bag of Gold, amount- k ing to Ibme three or four thoufand pound, 1^1 you need not ufe any Circumlocutions, but nil bring it in, lay it down , and fay, Take it, Isjk there it is ; The thing it fclf will purchafe its «»; welcome. So/, mere I to frefent thtewith Ijij feme ordinary Work , I (heuld according to [tdj Cuftom, and his Counfcl, trouble both my |it:| ftlf tcry, I dai'e fay in their behalf, that there is 5 none of them lb dclpicable, but it may be } c\i2Ln^c^'mto z glorious Venue : That may I' be taken from them which they have con- 1, traded from corrupt nature 5 and they may be reftored to thztpurity which they had in the ftate of Innocence : N o occafton can pre- ^ font it fclf, where they may not fight, and " bear away the vidory in behalf of Venue 5 *• and, provided a man can f 4 wethem,hc may ' with them eafily overcome all Vices ; for * Vice proceeds from thtit Diforders •, and we ’ commit no which oweth not his birth to t their I can therefore affirm, that 4// I Moral Philofophj is comprifed in this part , and that by teaching how to ufe Pafsions, I » Ihew all the ways of making a man Ver- tuous. I But to lead on fuccefsfully fo glorious an enterprizc , we mull: take a clean differing ' path from that of the Fhilofophers , and fol- c 2 lovv The P R B f A c B . low Other manner of Maximes , then thofc sis'; Which thcyhavelcft iiuhcirwritings; For banc Ratio xhtkbhnde men would have no other r«/c obfetvat,banc Nature , no other helf then Reafon % eft"eS''S they thought there was no Vice which they vivere, & Je- ixii<^ht not expel , no Vertue which they might not by the means of thefe devitabtata. two guides : They were encouraged by «p-8. their vam-glory^ they endeavored things ex- ceeding their x^bilitits ■ and out of a vain Cofifdettce^ imagined that they could fubmit the body to the foul^ and re-eftablifli this in her ancient authority •, it being more eafie to lenow what is good, then to follow it •, they wrote worthily of Verm , they filled all their Difeourfes with the fraifes thereof *, and had there needed no more then Reafom or to perfwade us , they might have made us vertuous by their Wri- tings : But our^»4/4^^ was grown too great (Tuatomdu^to be cured by fuch remedies ^ and it dekdant, bchoved, that Grace (hould be mingled with s^nx^ir'iTe- to make Vertue meritorious. nefic.wp.r. Man had freedom enough to»»iohim- lelf, by his own f roper motion ^ but he had not enough thereof to fave himfclf by his own flrength his mine came from his will, and his welfare could proceed from nothing, but from Grace : All the actions he did without The P R E FA C E. without her afsijlance were fatdty ; and, if we will believe Saint K^uflin^ all hxsgood i Works were fws 5 for he failed both in the f and in the fW: not working by f Crace^ he muft needs work by Concurs fcence • t and being pofleft with [elf -love, he could f propofe no other end tohimfclf, buthim- lelf: He labored either after ox Pie a- 1 furet, andinallhisa tues without Heavens afsijlance. Therefore is it that in this Work, I prefuppofe, that Charity is abfolutely neceffary for the go- vernments of omPafsions-, and lacknow- ledg Chriftianity to be the onelv C^ioral Thilofofhj: I very well know, Philejephers have helped us to fome maxims, which may further our defigne 5 but I likewife know very well, that we cannot make ufe thereof, to our advantage, without the Grace of the Holy Ghofl. The goodliejl truths are unuleful to us, if he who is the eternal Light, do not fcatter them abroad in om fouls % and the beft Reafons cannot prevail with us, if he that holdeth our hearts in his hand, do not touch them with his infpiratwns : The very helfs of Nature, which we may call the ruines of Innocence, cannot produce Vertue, unlefs enlivened by Charity • All thbfe good inclinations ivhich remained in after the lofs of original Righteoufnefs , are out of order -;, and man is become fo wholly corrupt, that his very advantages make againft him : T he Beauty of the Under jlandiiig the -Good- nefsof the Judgment, andtheFaitfyfulnefsoi the Memory , are favors which have undone The Preface. the Philofophers j and if we new reap any preft thereby^ v/c o\v k to Grace, and not to Nature : It fares with our foul, as with the Eartk ; the one, and the ot^er, are accurfed finceftnne 5 and as the later bears nothing but Thrns,unkis it be Cultivated , the other produceth nothing but fm, unlcfs file be lUuminatedhy fbme Supernatural light. Tounderftandthis Truth, which is the Sane tabuit pure Dodrine of the Cejpeh, we muft know ^tkt Grace, be it inthcjlateof Innocence, orfip«rmanere in that of Chri/lianiiy , makes up one part of man; he is not accomplif,ed when he is roh- E'Etfine thereof-, and though he have he ‘i"® etlam is imperfeB if he want Rtghteoufnefs : In ^rhi, •'‘’’i:''” hoth thefe eftates, he muft be Righteous to be fiTe non PerfeBed, and Innocent if he will pleafe God: Reafon is not his chief advantage.^ and ^ (if I may be permitted to fay it) Ihe is not his final Difference ; he was never created to heonely Reafonahh’, and he cannot be faved unlefs, together with Reafon, he poffefs Righteoufnefs. From forare a Priviledg^ extream ^Misfortune hath enfued : For as Nature and Grace were united in the frft man, they could not be divided but by fin ; and he could not lofe Righteoufnefs but by Concupifcence ■ being no longer under the Empire of God , he fell under the Devils c 4 Tyranny^ .11. The Pr E F A c E. ’I Tyramy t, and forfaking his lawful Ssveraign, he threw himfclf into the arms of an Ufurf- er : As he afted heretofore by the motions of \hc former, he works now by the motions of the fecond • and as he did nothing then, which was not Innocent and Rational , he doth nothing now that is not Irrational and Sirful : Rea on is become zflave to ftn • and Nature lofing Grace, bath loft her Primitive Purity. To deliver us from thisfiiameful and cruel lervitude, feftis Chrift muft quicken us with his Sprit , he muft unite us to his Body, and muft reftore thofe advant- ages to Reafon, which ftn hath bereft her of. Whofoever works not hy this frincipe, is faulty •, and who hath not put off the old i man, cannot put on the new : Therefore Omnis in^Je. doth Saint Cslugufine condemn all the Vertueso^ the Pagans he confounds their |' nihi! eabotid good works with thcir fns ; and knowing Bono^'^uW° ^ cannot be Righteous without enimieeft Grace, he affures us that their heft aStions t agnitioseter- veettfinful : All his Books are full of thefe i t Truths ; and his Dodrine which is drawn r ritatis, falfa fiom the Goftel, oblicgcth us to confefs, \ virtii*eft,eti- That to withftand Vice, and govern our t Pafsions, we muft of necejpty have Charity. ' t Kill. to6. Who ads by the motions of this Vertue, can- > f Auguft. jIq amifs j and who follows thofe of ([ p Co ncup pence, i The Pr E F A c ConcHpifcence , cannot be faved ; charity raifeth us up to Heaven^ Concupifcence faftcns us to the Earth •, charity joyns us to God^ Concupfcence unites us to our fclvcs ^ Chari- ty rcftorcs us our Innocence^Concufifcmc de- tains us dill in fin. tji'loralivj then, if it will be ProjitahU ^ muft be Chrifiian \ and the which ought to govern our Pafsions^ muft be in- animated by charity^ if they will diliharge their yet may they have their lar employments and conduced by their Soveraign^ they may do their utmoft to quell thefe Rebels^ and to teach them obedi- ence : They fwceten them by thtiv dexterity-^ they make ufe of cunning vihtn force faileth; they take them by their interefts^ or win them by their inclinations : When they cannot make them capable of the pure My- fieries of Religion , they deal with them as with Inf dels y and perfwade them by Intcr- ejfcd Reafons if they be not touched with the Glory of Heaven , they propofe to them earthly glory • and if they are not to be wrought upon by Rewards^ they endeavor to frighten them with Punijhments. For thefe motions of our Soul are too much faftened to the Earthy to be heightned to the purity of Divine love j they feel not the heat thereof^ i The Preface. thereof, but by reflection *, and this Monarch is contented to reduce them to thc\x duties, . by the interfefition of Vertues, that hold ot j jemperantia his Empire : He employes Temperance and ‘ Continence , to overcome thefe Rebels he RationfX- teachcth them how to r^c/4/w theft diens. Cicer. gnd gives them forces to tame theft favage .ib.z.defimb, . Sothatyou muft not wonder, if I have fbmetimes followed the example of profane Pbilof others , and made ufe of the | Reafon of Jnflaels , to make the Paffions | obedient ^ they are fb engaged in their Senfes, as they can conceive nothing that is not fenflble-, and they have ft) little com- merce with Reafon , that they underfland not hex Commandments , t\n\cCs Imagination i' fetvcthctn fox Interpreter : ‘T\s this Faculty that governs them ; if you will reduce them, you tnuft •, and’tis in vain to endeavor to make them docibte , if you have not made their Guide reafonable: therefore, ’tis that whileft I treat with them, I am bourid to accommodate my ftlf to their rveahnefs , and to leAen my ftlf be- neath the Mfleflj of Religion : I forgo the fever it j of our Faith ^ and not being able to make them comprehend verities, I perfwade them by humane conflderations : I incite them, either with croxfhamei as j the . I The Preface, the Fathers of the Churchy when they diP* puted with Inf dels, beat them with their orvn Weapons^ and convinced them by Philo fa~ fhers Reafons ; fb do I take the Paffions by Hie prudemls their own proper Jnttrefs, andmakeureofP"®®'* •‘'co- xht\x IncUmtmsy to allay their /wry. couzen them to cure them, and make ule of n>etun««fpue. their maknefs to fubmit them to Vertue : But inthefeharmlefs ftratagems, I mean fpl?“metun. '* not to injure Charity • I leave to her the fin- ‘“"pe''3- cerity of her Intentions ^ I fulFer her to I'cek out God for his ervn fake ; and I obliege fiufiice. Fortitude^ and Temperance, which arc capable of Reafon, to follow as much as they can, the purity of her motions. After all thef: Advertifements , nothing remains, but that I inform the Reader of the Method of this Vf'^ork ; which is lb apparent, as the very Titles of the Book mayferveto inftru(5i: him therein • and to conceive my defitgne , it will fufficc if he read the Table that follows this Difeourfe. I treat of Pajfiions, in General and in Parti- cular : In the General^ I reprefent their Na- ture, their Diforders, Eheir Guidance , tlfeir Agtnity with Vices and Vertues, and the Power they have overmans Liberty : In the Partictihr, I oppofe one of them to another, that they may be the more clearly fecn ; The Preface. and after I have explained their Nature » their Proprieties, and their Effe^s , I dif- cover the i^ad ufe of them, that it may be jhunrted j and their good ufe , that it may be foUomd. He that will reap Proft by theft Advices, (hallfindeby experience, that in 'governing his Pafftom , he (hall combate with all Fices, and exercift all Vertues. i A 1 J COOOO OCeCQO QQQQC?QOQOOQQQQ^QQ 0000«X»aXXf800000C»GrOc«ds from the neart mbus< dicitur 35 from its Center, itj>referveth all the parts mTdum v^* thereof, it is called form-v' whenit difcerns g«at,fpiritus colours by thccyc , imd diftinguifheth of Jum contp- (^yfjd' by die earc , fence. When fhe rai- fentitr* fcth hcf ftlf a little higher , and by difcour- ratiodum fj^g irffets One truth by another, fhe is ioSum'* called underftanding. When fhe preforves recoidatur, her thoughts, to imploy them about her ronStnfti affaires , dr that.fhe draws from forth non differum hei trcafuty, the riches which fhe had lockt in fubftantia, men ftilc her memory y when fhe ^u^n^mi-lovcth that which pleafeth her^ or hates nibus.quoni- that WhicK naufoates her,fhe is termed will *, UnaanTma^* but all bcr fovcral fecuiries, which diffc- eft, proprieta^ ring in their imployraents,do notwithftand- ^j._ing agree in their fubftance, make but one fentia una. foul,* and ate like fb many Rivulets,derived Augua.iib. from the fame fprihg-head. aoimr*” ^ Prophane Philofobi^ arriving at length to the knowledg of trifetmth, makes ufe of divers comparifons to exprefs her. Now fhe 7 he Ufe ef j^afsions. ftie reprefents Uie. fhebody.j.asan InteUigep^e .in th? ,fc^e^vcnSj the -vprtuc whereof \s^ difplayed j through . thq Spheres tjherepf. An6n-th<5y figure ikr out ! unto as.a Pilot ^ ..wfioguides his veflcl 5 I Sometimes as a Kingtvjiogovcrns his (bte. ButChrifti^i)/^/^<»/>l5!.hath been more for- t tunat?5 when conaine ,cycn to the origin?! ot s the foul,' itiliath ma^ us/cnowjwbat effedls t (he produecth ,in ?he |Dody ^ :tl)c .ycry i fame ^ivljich God produceth inthyiwoiid. i. For thpifgh thjs irifinUeieflencc depends not [. upon the world whith be hath creatfd, and ii that without interelfinghis might . he may 5 undoe his own workmaoihip, yet is,hc Ihed t abro^jioah the pai;ts thereof ^ there; is no li intermedium which he :fils not up.. :He ap- 5 plies himielf toallcfeatures, intheU ope- { rations, and without dividing his tinity, or 5 weakning his power » he gives light with , the Sun j r He burncth with the fire, he re- ! freflieth ^ith the w«er^ and he brings ^ forth fluit >yith the trees. He is asgreat on ( carthasheisinHeavfn, though his,cffe)fts j doe differ i his power is alwaies equal , and the ftars which (hine ab^ve our heads coft J him no more then the graft which we tread f under our feet. So is the foul difperfed in the body, and penetrates all the parts thereof ^ 1 1 TheUfetf Pdf stem* thd«of ^ It is as fi6bkinthe handasinthe hcait I andtliough applying her (elf to th^ dilpolition of the Organs , (he (peaks by chemoutb, (eethbythecyes, andhearcth by alwales with them •, when ev«K I t^^ina|ion prefents them to the u^i-ftandiqg, he pleads in their behalf, Bymea^pf fo good an Advocate they cc^pt their Ma- fter, and win all their caules. Theunder- ftanding liftens unto them, weigheth their rcafonsjconfidereth their inclinations , and left he may grieve them, oft times gives fentenceto their advantage ; hebetraiesthe will , whereof he is the chief officer ^ he Cozens fiis blind Queen, and difguifing the truth makes unfakhful reports unto her, that he may draw unjuft commandements from her 5, when fhe hath declared her fclf, Paffions ^come crimes , their fedition beginsto make head , and man who before wasbut.nnruly , becomes wholly Crirni- nal j for as the motions of this inferior part of the foul are npt free, they never begin to be vitious but when they become voluntary. As long as they are awakened by obje^^ folicited by the fenfes , and [ proteiftedl^ Imaginations felf, they have , no other craft then what they draw from | corrupted nature 5 But when the under* | ftanding pverfhadowed by their obfeurity, ; or won by their folicitations, perverts the will, and obliges this foveraign to take up- on her the intereft of her flaves , fhe makes c them 1 them guilty of her fin, fhe changes th^ir ! motions into rebellion, and of the infur- i i-eftion of a bcaft , makes the fault of a i man. It isttue,'thatwhen the underftan^ t keeps within the bourids of; diity 'aftd B is faithful to the will , he fuj^reftes their B feditipnS , and rcduceth thefc M]itiheerstb K pbc'dicncc : flic husbandeth' their humorS J) lb well, as takirtg frdm thehi all their b mlinefs , he majkes rare and excellent ver- k ofthem'i; ihtfHS eftate theji^^^ fubfer- ia vient to rcafon, and defend the ^ai'ty which' M they were refolvcd to fight agalnlh the' 'dl good or the evil that may be drawn frortf ifl them binds uSto.'confiderthcitiiature, to tf ohCcrye their proprieties ^ arid to difeov^ thcif 'onginal ,. tothe end that arriving ;at' [K the exact knowlcdg of them, tW Way make jj; life of them in pur affaires. ' ^ 55 Paflion then is nothing elfc ^' ;but d’mo-^ g tion of the ferifitive appetite ^ cauftd’ By' I the ImaginatioQ of an appearing, oi'vcrita-^ blc good , or eVil, Which chafigeth , the: body againft tlielaws of nature, I teattn rc' uij motion , becaufe it hath a refpe'^ttogopd, ml ^ the, objects thereof, and fSlers [sl i*- ftifto be bprrt away by the qualides'' which flieobferves therein 5 this notion is,, jjjjcarifcd by the Imagination, which b^ng ' ' ' '• c -ftia ThUfeof fAfsions. lild with (bits ofthii^s, which ftchath received from all the ftnces , fbllicits pafli- ons, to difcover unto her the beauties or deformities of fuch objcds as may move her. The fenhtive appetite is fo partial to her as itfboths her in all her inclinations, let her be never {b little agitated, £he draws after her all other pallions, fhe raifeth tem- peftsas winds do waves, and the foul ? would be at quiet in her interiour part, were flic not moved by this power •, but flie bearcs fb great a fway in this Empire, as Ihe there doth what Ihe pleafeth. Nor is it requifite that the good or evilwhichfliere- prefents to the appetite be true, which rely- , cth on her fidelity, and believes her councels without examining them , having no other , fight but what is borrowed from her, he | follows hoodwinckt all the objects which i ftiepropofcth, and let them be but cloathed with any appearance of good or evil, he impetuoufly either rejeiffs or cmbrace^h ' them. He behaves himfelffbvigoroufly, as he alwaies caufeth alteration in the body j for befides that his motions are violent, and that they do hardly deferve the name of paflions , when they are moderated, they have fuch accefs unto the fenfes , and the ^ fenfe have fo much of communication ^ with ^ The life efPafsicns. I with the body 5 as it is impoffible but that their diforders fliould cauic an alteration ^ therein. In briefe paflion is againft the law [i of nature , beeaufe (he fets upon the heait 5 ^ which cannot be hurt, without rcfeht- ment of all the parts of the body . for ;ji 7^7 looking-glalTcs wherein one fees all iw’ of him that animates them-, in L "7 judg of his conftitution ^ by the beating of his PuUe ^ and Aitcnes, j one may judg of the paffions wherewith he !. is tranfpoited by the colour of his foce, ■n ‘?y'i^^^"^^'^hichrparklcsinhiscycs, by the (baking of his joynts, and by ail fuch j other (igncs, as appeare in the body, when , the heart is Agitated. , Now thefe arc the PalTions which we undertake to reclaimeahd bring under the ^ Empire of rcafon, and by the affiftance of grace , to change them into vertucs. ' Some have been (atisfied with deferibing them unto us, not (hewing how to regulate them, and have imployed their eloquence J only in making us know our miferics. * It may be they believed that the knovvledg k k ^ fiiificicnt to cure them, and " that the dclirc of health obliged ustofeek outicmedies •, But they (hould do well to icinember that there be picafing evils, of C a which 7he Ufe of Pafsions. which thcfe that arc fick covet not to be cured. , rr I Others have fought with Paflionsaswitn fo many Monfters. They have given us reafon to deftroy them , not confidering that to execute the defign a man muft de- ftroy himfelf: Others knew very well that Paffions making up a part of our foul, they were not to be extirpated but by death •, but they knew not that good ufe might be made of them , and tacitly blaming him who ' hath indowed us with them , they have la- i boured to fweeten them, not feeking out to manage them j they imagined Paffions were not otherwife requilite to vertue, fave only to exercife her courage , they thought : they were no otherwife ufcful for men, fave only for trial •, And that man could reap? | no other advantage by them , fave only pa- tiently to bear with them, or to oppolc them with refbkition •, but I pretend to defend . their caufe by defending Gods caufe, and m to make it appear in the purfuit of this ; ..work , that the fame providence , which ; hath drawn our fafetyfrom our detriment, ; or lofs, will have us to work out our reft from out of the diforders of our Paffions ; that by his grace we may tame thcfe wild monfters, that vve may reduce thefc rebels under The Ufeef Pafsions, under obedience , and that we make fuch j {buldiers march under the banners of ver- 5 tue , as have oftneft fought in the behalf j ofvice. D I The third Dilcour/e. J of the number of Pafsions in men. ^ r m ijs a ftrange thing that the ibul j knows all things, yetknows not her **• ielf • there is nothing lb hidden in ^ nature, which fhc difeovers not , Ihe is ac- ' quainted with all itslecrets, and all that pafseth through the bowels of this common r mother is apparent to her •, She knows how Metals are formed , how the Elements do ^ court, and wage war each with other, how vapors alcend in the airCj how they thicken ^ in the clouds, melt into raine, and break forth in Thunder j finally Ihe knows of “ what parts her body is compoled , and by a ; , dilTeils it , Ihe takes " ‘ it in pieces , that Ihe may know the pro- , f>erties thereof ^ yet notwith landing flie is ^norant of what paUeth within her Iclf •, ^ me cannot attain to the knowledg of her B 3 - clTcnce, The life of Pafsions . elTence, which is altogether {piiitual>andlhc hath weak conjectures of her moft excel- { lent qualities, bccaulc (he fetches her light from the fcnfes, and depends in her nobleft operations upon the (pccies which the Ima- gination reprefents unto her, She doubts of her immortality , and to be the more le- f cure thereof, (lie is bound to call in faith to the (iiccor of rcalbn , and to believe through a blind piety, what (lie cannot with certain evidence comprehend ; But [ ot all things that are in her, there is nothing more concealed from her then areherpaffi- ' ons , for though by their violence they ! make an Imprelfion upon the fenfes , yet do not the Philofophers agree upon their | fubjeef , nor their number. Some think ^ they are framed in the body. Some think I they refide in the nethermoft part of the Soul •, others divide the foul into two fa- culties which they ternj,concupi(cible and | Iralciblc, and place the foftcr palTions in the former, and the more rigid inthefecond. For they will have love, and hatred , defirc, i & elchevvingjoy and Ibrrowto be compre- hended in the concupifcible appetite & that fear and boldnefs, hope and difpair, choler &remi(he(s refide in the irafciblc appetite. To makegood this difference, they fty,that The life of Pafstons. the the Paflions ofthc concupifcible appetite have a regard to good and to evil, as ablent, * or as prefcnt ^ And that thofc of the iralci- 1 ble confider them as hard and difficult ; t G (• ■h '( It I a ii i if i k s I i; c t i i that the one makes but onfcts, and retreats*, that the others give battle, and either win or lofc the vid:oiy •, that the one takes part with the body , the other with the under- ftanding ^ that the one are remift , and the other generous ; and that confidering the/ Ego entm oppofition of (b many contrary qualities, it muft be concluded that they cannot domino mco, refide in one and the iiune partof the Ejoetiam fX„l quivolebair, . . Ego cram Were it not a error in morality to difpute quinoiebam* this maxime, and were it not raihnefs to contradid: an opinion generally received for bam' nec lb many ages j I lliould be much inclined pl«ne noie- to believe that all thelc paflions are lodged in one and the fame appetite, which is divi- & diffipabar ded by the motions thereof, as the under- ? ftanding is divided by its -opinions , or as me invito qui- the Willis parted by love and hatred. And I would fay with Saint Augufitn^ that thefc offendTbat differing conceits, do not prefiippole diffe- naturam ring faculties , fince one and the fame man doth often times defire contrary things, and mea^ Auguft. preferveth the unity of his perfon in the f variety of his defires. He experienced this ‘ C 4 combat The Ufe of Fafsiens. Combat in himfclf, when he wmld be- come a convert ; he fav\^ his foul divided by differing opinions , and wondered that having but one will. It could form out fo contrary refolutions. But not to eng^e ray fclf in a warr wherein a man purchafeth more enemies then he reconcileth , and where, both parties think alwaies to have had the better ; I will content my felf with having infinuated my opinion, intteadof flaying upon the defence thcrof , and not concluding any thing of the Subjetff where the Paflions do refide, I will (peak o£ their number •, and will tell you what the P.bilo^ have written thereof. ^Uinc metu-' The thought there were but gairjXiue- four principal Paffions , dcfirc , and fear .'oicntc.u?. ’ joy and forrow*, and ? who in all his works appeares to be of this ancient fed ; when he defcribes themotionsof the foul, mentions none but thefe i ineffedit feems thefe comprehend all the reft; that difpaiic and averlion arc ranked under fear •, that hope, audacity, and choler arc ranked under ddhc ;and that all of them together do ter- minate in joy, or forrow. But let them in- dcavor to colour over this divilion,by what reafons they pleafe, it will ftill be defedive fince it comprehendeth not love, and ha- tred. The life of Fafsions. tred, which are the two firft originals, of (HU* 1 Paflfiorts*, for tliis reafon the Peripateti/fws 2 did multiply them and grounded their « number upon the diverfe motions of the y foul •, for the foul hath (fay tl^y j cither an i inclination , or an averfion to the obje(as w wherewith il>e is either pica fed or difplca- e led and this is love or hatred ? or clfe flic il fliuHS therti, and thisiselchcwing^ or flie « draws neer unto them, and this.is defire 5 » or foe promileth unto her fclf the fruition a of what file wifoetli, and this is liopc •, or t file cannot defend her fclf from the evil it which Ihe apprehends,and this is -defpairc 5 or foe indeayors to withftand it , and this is 11 audacity ; or foe chcers.hcr fclf up to over- II fcome them.,: , and , this is Choler. Finally k foe cither poireircth . the good , and this is 5 joy ; orfuffereth thecvtl,and this is forrovv ; li fome others that are .of the like opinion, » prove the diyerfity of Palsions another way, lE and affirni that good and evil may be con- li fidcrcd in themfelves, without anycir- it cumftartecs ^ and that from hence arile love c and hatred /, or that a man may look upon i them as abfent 5 and that then they pro- ■. u duce cither fear or defirc 5 or as difficult, 1 and thar then they caufe hope , audacity : and Choler j or as impoffible , and that then rheUfeof fafsionsl then they raifc difpairc-, orin fine, as prcfcnt, and that then they pour into the foul either delight or pain. Though thefc reafons may content the underftanding •, yet do they not vanquifh her 5 and without offentfe to Ph/Ufrphy^ a man may differ from the opinions of PUto^ or K^riptle , for as it appearcs to me, they give fcveral names to one and the fame thing , they divide the unity of love , and take her different effedls for different Pafli- cms. So after having well examined this bufinefs, I am enforced to embrace the opi- nion of Saint Augupint.y and to maintain with him, that love is the only paffion which doth agitate us, or hath operation in us. For all the motions which moleft our foul are but fb many dilguifed loves ; our feares and defires , oiir hopes and dif- paires, our delights and forrows, are coun- tenances which love puts on according to the events of good or bad fticcels i and as the Sea carries diverfe names according to the different parts of the earth which arc > thereby watered, fo doth love change her name according to the different eftates wherein (he findes her lelf. But as amongft the Infidels every perfeftion of God hath i paft for a Icveral Deity j fo amongft Philo- f /others Theilfe of Pafsiens. [of hers the different qualities of love have been taken for different Paffions. And theft great Mafters have opinionedthatas oft as love hath changed guidanee, oritn- ploytnent , fbe ought alfb tochange nature and name 5 but if this their reafoning were good, the foul muft loft its unity as oft as it produceth different effeds : and the foul which difgefts meate, and diftributes , the blood into the veines, muft not bethcf„JSaT fame which /peaks by the tongue, and lifT- quod a- ens by the Eares. matur,cupidi- Reafon therefore will have us to believe, hVbtns eiqu” that there is but one Pallion ; and that hope and fear, forrow and joy are the motions or itodS' properties of love 5 and that to paint herin veifaiur,timp-7- Handing , infbrc’d to fiifter griel or /brrow. Or to exprefs the fame thmgmoreclecrly, < Amor eft deffre, and efehewing, hope and fear, areSrf peTde- the motions pf love, by which that which is fideriom cur- agreeable is endeavoured , andthecontrarv 7 "* fliunncd. Boldnefs and Choler, are the dium!*Aug^.'^ combatants which arc made ufe of to de- ftnd that which is loved , joy is loves cap!t'&”! triumph, 28 The life ofPafsms, triumph, difpaire her weaknc(s,and (adncfs her defeate. Or to makeufeo'f Saint gujiins words , defire is the courfc of love, fear is her flight, for row is her torment, and joy her reft? Love draws neertogobdby defiring it , flies from evil by fearing it , is fad by relenting forrow, rcjoyccth in tailing pleafiire , but in dl her different eftates or acceptions fhe isalwaiesherfelf, andinthe variety of her effeds, preferves the unity of her effence. But if it be true that love caufeth all our Paflion , it follows that fhe muft fbme- times transform her lelf into her contrary : and that by a Metamorphofis more increai* ble , then that of the Poets, fhe converts her fclf into hatred, andproduceth effects which will give the lye to her Humour. , For love delights in oblicging, Hate in the contrary *, Love is generous and takes plea- fiire in pardoning. Hate not fo, and ftudies nothing but revenge ? love gives life unto her enemies, hatred endeavours the death of her jnoft faithful friends 5 and it feems more eafie to reconcile vice with vertuc, then love with hatred. This objedlioii hath much of appearance, but little of foli- dity ; andthofe who frame it do not re- member that oft times one and the fame caufc The Ufe of Pafsiofis. caufc doth produce contrary cffeAs. That . heat which makes wax melt, dries mud and t durtjthat the motion which draws us nearer ^ Heaven , draws us the further from earth : ^ that the inclination we have to preferveour ■j felves, is an averfion fi'om any thing that j may deftroy us. So the love of good is j the hatred of evil 5 and the fame palfion I which ufethfweetnefs to thoft who oblicg it, urcthfcvcritytothofewhoofrcndit. It imitatethjuftice, which by the famemoti- j. on punifheth fin, and recompenfeth ver- tue. It refcmbles the Sun, which by the fame light makes the Eagles fee, ^and blinds thcOwls. And if it be lawful to mount up ^ into the Heavens , it hath an influence upon ^ God himfelf, which only hates a finner, % out of love unto himfelf; Iffb many good ^ reafons cannot perfwade to fo manifefla ^ truth, they ought at leaft prevail thus much I with our adverfaries, that if there be diverfe 3 thefoveraign thereof, and (j thatfheis foabfblute in her kingdomc , as' ^ that her fubjeifh undertake nothing but by ^ hcrdirciU wmeh carries them about ; and as fhe gives tliem motion , fo flie gives th^m reft; fhe by her afpea doth irritate and appeafethem i^ ^ and her examples do prevaile fo much over: 11: ' all JO Thetlfe ofPafsions. k Amor cxic- all thc ^ affciSbions of our foul, that her good- or her malice renders them either Bernard. gOod Or CvU. The fourth Difeourfe. which is the wefi violent of all the Pdfsiem of man, I Ftheknowlcdgof adifeafe berequifite to the cure, it is no Icfs ncceflary to know thc PalTions , that we may thc better govern them, and to know which of them doth aflaile us with raoft fury. Philojophers who have treated hereupon, agree not in their opinions , but are fo divi- ded upon this fubje(£i , that reafon hath not been able td reconcile their difference. Plato hath left us in doubt,and founding the queftion to the bottomc, he contents himfelf with faying, there are four Paflions which feem to ftirpafs the reft in violence. The firft is voluptuoufhefe, which belyes its nante , and which breathing forth nothing but fweetnefs , ceaftth not to be extream furious ^ and to fight againft reafon with more violence then doth grief or an- ^ guifh. The life of Fafsions '. guifh. The (ccond is Cholcr, which be- ing nothii^ clis according to its definition, but a boylingofthe blood about the heart, * t^morran- cannot be but exceffively violent; and did , not naturc,which is careful of our prelcrva- tion, make it dye as loon as it is born, there were no railchief whereof it were not ca- pable ; nor do I know whether the world j were capable to defend it fclf againft the fu- ry thereof, Or no. But let us attribute what violence we pleafc unto it , I efteem it more ^ reafbnable then voluptuoufiiefs ; for as I Lyons are fooner tamed then fifh , an angry il) man is fooner appealed ,• then a voluptuous ( man converted; and experience teachefo us, I that of thele two Pafsions the more raildc ji is the lefs tractable , and the more furious i;. the lefs opinionated. The third is the defirc j of honor, which is fo powerfully imprin- ted in the heart of man , as there is no difli- ^ culty which if overcomes not. Tia this , that makes conquerors, which infpires cour- age into foijldicrs, which maketh Orators K «J^ucnt, and Fhilofcphers knowing.. Por j. all thefe different Conditions are enlivened li the fame defirc 5 and though they take 5 J^Lcral wayes,.they ayme at the fame end. The fourth is the fear of death, which by hs t “^<3uent Alarmes troubles all the quiet of i our / 7 hetije of P^fsions. our life. It produceth luch ftrangc effc(5h, as the natiirc thereof is not to be dilcovcred though it be timerous, and that the (hadotV ' of an evil is fuffieicht to aftonilh it •, yet doth iticndermcncouragiouS, and make them feck' out a certain death, tofliun anuncer- tain:one it giveth ftrefigth to the vanqui- fhedy'and alTiftid by defpairc -it regains battefe which it had loft. ’Tis hard to judg whidtof thefe twoPaftrons- is theftronger,- for tfaeybave oft times triumphed over one anLOthier^ and -^ the feai?! of death hath madethe deftre of honor be forgotten, fometipres thcdeftie of honor hathdefpifed the fear'ofdcatli. - / ‘ j iuThoughl have a hoble eftee-m of PlutOy and drat his very ravings ' feem mof e noble, and .more heightneft to me thtn*'/iriftotl(S i: difeourfes , yet cannot I ftde ^ with hirti in tHis^-and notwhhftanding all the' good rea- forts Ire alledgeth to defend hisbpinioH^- 1 cannotapprove thereof. Foryoltiptuouf- neft is not To much a perticuiar Palsion, as i it is the Ipring'head of all- thofe that give us ’ i any contentment, nor is it fo violent, but i that -it may ealily be repre(¥d by grief and anguifti. Its only advantage lyeth in the ■ abftncc of its enemy , nor doth it cormpc i men but when itfindeth nothing to oppugn i TheUfeof pafsiens. ^ it, as fbon as any oppofition is made, it yields the vidlory *, and experience tcacheth us that afmall hurt makes us forget an ex- - tream plcafure. Choler is indeed the i more ardent, but it is not of durance < If : it turn not into hatred, the effedis thereof I are not to be dreaded •, ’tis more illddam ii violence, and to exprefs its nature, werhuft 4 fay, that it may well do. an illadlioni but it cannot conceive a milchievous . defign. » The defire of glory is an eternal Pafsion; mNoviffim* ffi age which weakeneth all other, maketh this omnium cu- It the ftronger 5 and this melody feems to eSr^xa. it have no cure but death j, yet ill fuccefs will cu. inAgric cure it ; sndthe lolsot two or three bat- II tcls will turnjt into melancholly . Hmnihd after his defeat, fed no more upon honour, Ii If he went from Kingdome to Kingdome j: to folicite Princes to form a party againfi: It the Romans, he was led thereunto rather , by difpaire,then by ambition ^ and this un-? i fortunate Commander fought not fb much the increafe of glory, aS the prcfeivacion : of his life. I know that Marius wsls haugh- k ty after his defeat , and that being prifoncr !i be afpired to be Conful •, his humour chan- [Iged not with his condition ^ Whileft irt i!f Irons , he dreamt of Diadems , arid when I'hc had loft his liberty , he yet continued D Hr^ the Ufe of fafsms, his defign of opprefling the liberty of the Republique, but this Paflion was fuflained by an other 5 when he rallyed his troopcs to bring them again unto the battel j he was not lb much edg'd on by glory , as by dilpitc ,and who could have feen too with- in his heart, would have found there more ofcholerthenof courage, more of hatred, then of Ambition. This Paflion lubfifts only of hope, and when fortune turns her back, it becoras fearful. JlexAfider vro\Ad have been con- tented mth Greece, if he had found any rcfiftancc in 5 one bad fuccefs, would have taught him to have bounded his de- fires. That great heart to which the world feemed too little , would have confined it felfwithin his fathers dominions, had not fo many happy vidories, which did even out-do hope, blown up his ambition, and promiCd him the conqueft of the whdt earth. - , The fear of death is a Paflion only be- longing to the vulgar more generous people fet it at nought j the more effeminate fort defend themfelves from it only out of hope, which is the faithful companion of the unfortunate. And when the face of raifehief enforcech her to abandon them, 1 fhc TheUfeof Pafsiens, flie is fuccccdcd by dcfpaire , which i n its ' efFc( 3 s exceeds the firmeft conftancy of P Fhilofofhers. All thelerealbns oblicdg me I to quit P/4/o’s opinion, that I may examine thofe with which ArifiotU defends his. “ For he icemeth in fbmc of his writings, to “ maintain •, that hatred is the moft violent K Palfion wherewith we are tranfported. In effed cholcr which but now ftemed fo tf dreadful unto us, is but a diipofition to n hatred , and flie cannot arrive at her malice M Bnleft nouriihed by fufpitions, fomented I by evil ^eeches , and entertained by pro- 01 ccisoftimej but when ihe is once changed i( into hatred, there is no evil which ihe is 01 not capable of. Her refidence is in the I# heart,as wcl as is that of love, and feated in ii a throne belongs to love , ihe gives out It her orders as a foveraign and imployeth i all other Paisions to fatisfic her fury^ cholcr ii furniflieth her with weapons , boldneft fights in her behalf, hope promiftth her fl goodfuccefs, and defpaire gives her often « times the victory 5 but that which paflfeth in allbeliefis, ihe gathers ftrength from love, 111 though it be her enemy , and by an effect M which doth fufSciently witnels her power, :( flic enforceth the mildeft of all Pafsions, i to be fiibftrvient to her deteftablc dclignes. D % She 3<5 fiS;qu3e>is odi- o miCera ^uem Ibtuas mo- dum,imiiarc amorcm. Sx- neca in Me- dea. 7he Ufe of Pafsions. (he imitateth her motions, (he marcheth in her fteps, and mifinterpreting her maximes fhewill do as much harm, as the other hath done good, and leave as many marks of her fury , as the other hath left of its goodnefs. But if it be true that copies never equal the original, let hatred do what flie can, fliefhall never come neerthe power of love ; and fince flic is mled by love , love will alwaies have the advantage over her. There have alfb been fbme Fhtlofofhers^ who have not been of Arifiotles opinion, and who attributing more to reafon then to his authority , have perfwaded them- felves that leloufie is the moft violent of all Pafsions and certainly it is to be granted, that if this opinion be not the trueft, it is at left the moft Ipecious •, for jealoufic is compofed of love and hatred. And as contraries cannot lodg or habit together without fighting, it muft neceflarily follow, that theft two enemy-Paftions , make warr one upon another, and that all other that arc fubjedt unto them take up armes to de- fend their interefts, in fo much as a jealous man findeshimfclfftizedon by fear, and audacity , by hope and defpaire , by joy and ftdneft, becauft he is ftruck with love, The Ufe of Pafsiom. and hatred • like wife the Holy Scripture, the very fimplicity whereof is eloquent, not finding any thing that can exprels the furyofjealoufie, goes to leek out death, atnongftthe Icpulchres, and hell in the dwa ficut m-’ bowels of the earth , to give us a pidure femu* «mu- thereof . according to this maximc we muft Sjic. conclude that the jealous are the damned of this world, and that the Pafsion which torments them is a punifliment which equals that of the divels. After the autho- rity of Scripture, a man muft be veryrafti to oppofe this opinion , which it feems all things conlpirc to make veritable 5 yet may it be replied upon •, and the very felf fame reafons which it produceth for its defence may ftrve to condemn it ^ for though jealoufie be a mixture of love and hatred, it follows not that Ihe muft be moft violent of all our Paftions j the very fame whereof file is compofed, would not agree together, were they notfwcetned. And as the Elements cannot make one and the fame body, unlefs their qualities be moderated, fo cannot all theft Pafsions form out jeloufie unlefs they be tempered^ and it muft neceflarily enlue that lo\'c ‘ weakens hatred , that joy moderates for- row, and that hope fwcetens deipairc. It D s hath TheUfe of Pafstom. hath becnobfervcd that two Paflions ta- ken together lofe their force, and that ferving as an Antidote one againft: another, they do no naiichief 5 or it they do an]j^, they cure it again. So in jealoufic love is the Antidote to hatred j the jealous man fuffers little harm , becaufe he hath many Paffions, and he may boaft, that by a ftrange deftiny, heows his welfare to the number of his enemies. But fince after having worfted a falf- hood a truth muft be eftabliflied, let us fay that according to our principles this queft- ion is not hard to refolve 5 for as we ac* knowledg but one Paflion, which is love, and that all the reft are but effefts of lTcr producing, we are bound toconfefs, that they borrow all their efficacy from their cauic ^ and that they have no other violence then what is hers. Love is a Ibveraign which imprints his qualities in his fiibjedS'? a captain which imparts part of his courage to his fbuldiers : and t’is a Primum Mo^ilt which beares about all the other heavens by its impetuofity ; in fomuch asmoral- lity ought only indeavour how to go- vern love , for when this Pafsion fhall be handfbmely ruled,all other will imitate her. And he who knows well how to love, or TheUfeof Pafsions. 1. how to love well, lhall have no cvillde- !i fircSj nor vain hopes to moderate. 5 The fife Difeourfe. whether there vrere a/ty Papiens, inthefidte I cf Innoeencyy and whether the^ were tf the Jante nature as are ours? ti ^ ^Isfo long fince we loft ourlnno- I cency>as there remains nothing un- ^ tons but a weak thereof 5 and lu did not divine juftice punifh the fathers jj fault in the children, we fliould likewife j. have loft the Ibrrow for it. Everyone j diicribes the felicity of that ftate according j to his Imagination j methinks a man may j, lay that as many as /peak thereof, guide I themfelves according to their inclinations; jj and that they place there, liich pleafurcs ^ as they are acquainted with, ancidomoft ^ defire. Some lay the whole earth was one I Paradife ; that of the feafons , whereof ^ oor years are compofed, there was only „ Autumn , and the Spring : that all trees D 4 had had, the property of oreng ti'ees , and that they were at all times loaded with leaves, flowers, and fruit *, others perfwadc thcmfclves that no wind blew there, but the South-Weft ; and that the ground uncultivated prevented our need , and brought forth all things. I think that with- out maintaining thefe opinions a man may fay, that in this happy condition badvvas n^tmingled vVithgood, and that tlic’qtiali- tics of the Elements were fo well tempered, as that man did thereby ftceive all content- ment V and felt no ailpleafure. He had ri,9'di{brders to reform •, no enemies to fight :\yithall, normifchiefsib cfchew ; all crea- tures eonfpired towards his felicity drafts bare refpedf unto hisperfon •, and it may be that even thole vyhich remained Inthe forreftsyverenot wilde.; as theeaith bare no thofnS , and all the parts thereof were fruitful and pleafing , fo had not the Heavens any rrlalign ihftuences , and that conftellation which dil]TCTleth life and .^eath in nature , had no alpedt which was not innocent, and favourable. If there be ib little certainty touching the ftatc of man, xhereis no more aftiirance for what regards hisperfoni we argue according to our un- derftandings , and as in tfie firft ages Idols ‘ ■ were The life of^afsions. were made of all paitieularsj every one iW fliapes out a felicity for Adam , and gives him all the advantages that may be imagi- \ ncd. X . Amongft fb many opinions or errors^ I J fee nothing more confonant torealbnthen K that which Saint Auguftine writes concerning p Abfit enim lE this; for though he determine nothing in ilia beari- particular, he refolves fo well for the gene- ral, as there is none that appeals from his iiiononhaber a opinion. requodvellet, KB Though we cannot deferibe (faith he) “vei anu' ck neither the beauty of the place , where iif man made his rcfidence , nor the advan- ;rt tagesofhisminde and body, we are bound ^ to believe he found in his habitation, ni whatfoever he could wilh ; and that he lain felt nothing in his body which could in- to cbrhmodiatehim. His conftitution \vas cx^ jc cellent , his health was unalterable, and if lo; time could weaken it, he prevented that jic; mifehief, by making ule of the tree of life, ft which repairing his forces, furniflit him •fi with new vigor. Hewas immortal, not by ^ nature , but by grace ; and he knew that ftt lin could not bereave him of life , without ■oj making himlofe his innocence. His foul 0 was no Icfs happily conftituted then was ji his body ; for befides that he was infufed ffc with 4 * TheUftpf fdfsim. with all fcicnccs , that he knew all the ^rets of nature , and that he was not norant of any thing which could contri- bute to his felicity 5 his memory was happy, his will hadalwaics good inclina- tions, his affections were regulated , and though he were not infcnfiblc, he was of fo equal a temper , as nothing could trouble hisrepofe. ThePafsions, which by their violence, do anticipate reafon, waited his dire(5lions, and never fhew’d themfclvcs til they had received commandement from him. In fine , his Pafsions were no left natural then arc ours , but they were more tractable •, and as his conftitution made him capable of all our motions, ori-< ginall juftice exempted him from all our difbrders, I know not whether I fall foul on the opinion of Divines, but, for « much as a man may fee in this darknefi, I think I injure not the truth j for if man as, being compofed of a body was mortal, and 1 as being honored with original grace, Im- i mortal, me thinks one may confcquently infciT, that not being a pure fpirit, he had Pafsions , but that being fanCtified in all the faculties of his foul , all his Pafsions were innocent. To give all the force that is re- quifitctothisafltttion, we muft inlargc its t Principal, The Ufe $f PafsioHs. < Principal, Saint Auguftine^ that man might dye, lofing original jufticc 5 and that Immortality was rather * a grace from Heaven then a property of his nature 5 for if he had been truly im- * mortal , he had needed no fiiftenance , and if death had not been natural unto him, he iili had needed no privUedg to have fecured tki him from it 5 lince he did cate to prclervc life , it follows he might lofe it j and tls fince he was oblicged to defend himfelf K againftold age, by the means of amira- iti culous fruit, it, follows neceflarily he K might dye , and that his life as wcl as ours tii needed remedies againft death. I confeft (Jt that they being better then arc ours, he rc- a paired his ftrength more advantagioufly, I and that by prolonging the courleofhis a life , they k^t the hour of his death far- irther offj I affirm likcwife that they kept 13 away corruption from his body, and that 1,1 they kept him in lb pafeA a health , as that ,tit could not be altered 5 but then they ismuft likewife grant me , that if man had itinot ufed thefe remedies, his natural heat llihadconfumed \i\%Hmnidum Radicale j and Kithat old age fucceeding this dilbrdcr , he istmuft inevitably have dyed. All thcle ^maximesaretoferve, as Saint A^gufim is if oblicged 44 f NecSiim corpus ejus The Ufe ofPafsms. oblicgcd to confefsjthat if the ufe of the tree of lift were permitted unto us in the con- dition wherein we are , death would no corpus eius loiiget domineer in the world, and that uie erat quod man, finful as he is, would not ceaft to be gffoiviimpo- ij^tnortal. If then Adam were capable of vidwtur,fed death, becaufe he had a body, and if he juftus arboris incapable thereof bccaufe he had grace, me thinks by like proportion one risprohibc- may fay ^ he had Paffions^ fince his foul was ingaged in a material fubjed, but that peccatum po- they Were tradable, for original juftice tuitindiffoiu-^jj reprels their motions j and that in this fi modi innocent condition, he had only juftfeares 2nd rational defires. Sw vit* I verily conceive there may be fomc Aiiguft.lib, I. paflions, the ufe whereof were interdided v«ed;Tfta-'him, and that though he were capable mentijqusft. thereof, he was not therewithal! agitated; * 9 * becaufe they would have troubled his quiet. I am eafily perfwaded that all evil being banilhed from oflf the earth , fadnefs and defpairc were likewift exempted from his heart; and that during fb high a pitch of felicity , reafon was not bound to excite fuch Paifi ons as only belong unto the mife- rable ; but affuredly I am confident he made ufe of all others , and that thinking upon the laws that were impofed upon him by tht Ufeof Pafsioml ibyhisSovcraignLord, he was fbmetimes flattered by hopes, fometimes aftoniflied : by fear, and by them both joyned together ; kept within his duty. I doubt notlikewife ! but that in the unhappy conference which liour unwife mother had with the divelin i the fliape of a Serpent (he was feized upon by as many Pafsionsas ufyally people are^ i whoconfult upon any important affaires; that the divels promifesdid ftirr up her It hope, that God Almighties threats did IE caufe fear in her , and that the lovelinels of i; the forbidden fmit did irritate her defire, cl know not whether fome other may Ima- gine this dialogue could pafs without fomc bidifpute, but I know very well that Saint lAttgupne {'with whom I believe a man can- not be miftaken) doth argue thus upOnthis afubiedt ; and that he believes (b great a ;i 5 bickering was not made in the earthly Pa- iradife, without the womans making ufe ji of all her Palsions either to defend her (elf jjor to fuffer her lelf to be overcome. Tis It true this authentical man feems to be of 8 another opinion in his ninth chapter of the ii city of God , but he who (hall well exa- mine his reafons, will finde that heindea- jjtvours not fo much to exclude Palsions 8:tromoutthefoulof^f the lub)e<^ which caufbil them to arile ; he was not ai^ry lave only to revenge the injuries done unto bis lather^ or punilh the impieties of thofc who pro- phaned his Temple ; he had noafFe different Parties 5 his wif- dome Thi Ufeof Pafsions. dome is no lefs evidently feen in the good i intelligence they hold r for though they ; had contrary inclinations, that the one wic.Auguft: fliouldbow downward towards the earth p whereof it was formed , and that the other Ihouldraifeitlelf up towards Heaven from whence it had its original, yet God did fo i well temper their delires , and in the diver- (ityof their conditions fo ftreightly united their wils by original juftice, as the foul . lhared in all contentments of the body, without any injury to her felf, and the bo- dy feived to all the defigns of the foul, without doing any violence to its felf. In . this happy eftatc, the foul commanded with mildnefs, the body obeyed with de- il light, and whatfoever object prefented it felf, theft two parties did alwaies agree, j But this happinefs continued no longer then our firft father was obedient to God ; as foon as he liftened to the divel , and that j inticed by his promifts he had took part ji with him,his puniihmcnt was anfwerablc to ; his fault, and his difobedience waspunifh- I cd by a general rebellion • for to bootc [ that his creatures revolted againft him, and i| that his lubje and rather impute their diforder I to Gods rigour, then to their own offences. I They either could not, or would not com- 3 prehend, whatrcafbn taught them before, a^^fpi- I that faith had publifhed by the mouth of""*®’ > Saint Tml and of Saint Augufime , that the S* I rebellion of th and that we make his difafter greater then it is, wceou- that nature is good, in her foundation, ' and that yery fin is an excellent proof there- of . for as it is but a ifo» em, it cannot fub- fift by it felf. for its prefeivation it muft needs faften it felf to fbmc fubjcift that may « uphold from Heaven to ovcrcoiuc tncic it confelfing that his Reafon isweakned, he Bjuft look for help from without himleft, Kfot fnvnnr from him % who hath per- T&eUfe ofPafsions. uphold it, and which may impart unto it part of its cflcncc. So evil is ingraffed up- sod fin isupholdcn by nature; ^ a” ^ inuch endamaged by fo evila gueft, but doth not tllerefore lofe all the advantages thereof. For fince ftie con^ lerves her own being, file muftlikewifc conferve unto herfclf fomegobdnefs, fince c is not anihilaccd for being become cri«» jp.inal, Ihcmuft amidft her miiery enjoy lome good fortune, and amidft her faultinels Aj “"<^ure of innocence muft remain. And this IS It which Saint affirms in,as learned as, eloquent terras. The being ot man IS certainly praifod, though the fin thereof be blamed •, and no better reafon can be given, for the blaming of fin, then Iw making it^pear that by the contagion tnercor. It dimonoureth what was honora- ble by nature. If we confidcr her then in her ground- work or foundation, Ihehath oft nothing of her goodnefs but if we look upon her, under the tyranny of fin, flic hath almoft loft her ufe, Wlhe can make no more ufe of her faculties, unlefs freed from the enemy which poffidfeth her - mc^, thinks Ihe may be compared to the birds that are taken in nets 5 they have wings but cannot fly, they love liberty but canfiotre- gaia Cuius rt66 vittiperatur viriumpronil dubio Natu ra hudatur : nam reAe ijioj vitupera t!o efl^quoi illo de hooe« i^atur natitra laudabilis. >^ugui).lib.iij dcCivitate dei.cap ; u TheUfeofPdfsim. gain it. So men in the ftatc of fm , hare good inclinations , but they cannot put- fuc them, they have good dcfigns but cannot put them in execution •, and mojc unfortunate then the a forenamed buds, they love their prifon, and agree with the Tyrant that doth pcrfccute them. In this fad condition, they have need of grace to comfort them, and to ftrengthen them , not totally to free them, from the enemy which purfucth them, atleaftto give them liberty of operating, and to put them into a capacity of pra(Siiiir^ vcrtuc,of contefting with vice, and of ruling their Paflions. This neceflity which we impofe upon man of receiving grace, ought not to ap- pcarfo harih, fince even before his dilorder heftood inneed of a Ibrraign fuccour ; and that in his natural purity, he could not avoid fii^ without a fupernatural aide, bor he is fo compofcd,that in all his motions he is forced £0 have recourfe unto God •, and fince he is his Image, he cannot operate but by his Spirit. Though humane nature ( laith Saint Augufline) had continued in the integrity wherein God created it, yet could it not have preferved itfelf again^ft fin without grace •, and drawing a conle- qucncc from this firft truth, he with a great Matura hu- tnana edam- fiinillaintc- gritatcin qua condita eft pertnaneret, nuUo modo [cipTam crea* |;ore fuo non adjuvant fert yarct. Cnm^ ergo fine dei gradatalutcm Bonpoffet cuftodire #|uam accepit, ouomocio fine ici gratia pot* fctrcpararc ^am perdi- ait-^Auguft. lib.de vera Innocenua, cap.337* The life of Pafsiom. deal of rcafon adds ^ fince man without grace, could not preierve the purity which he had received •, how can he without the fame recover the purity which he hath loft < hemuftthcnrefblve tofubmit him- felftohis Creator, if he will affubjed his Pallions 5 ancfhe rauft become pious if he will be rcalbnable . For ought there to be any relation between our welfare, and our lof> ? Pafllons did not revolt againft the unde rftanding till that had revolted againft God : there is rcafon to believe they will never obey the underftanding , itill that be obedient to God, and as our mifthief hath tane its rift from our rebellion , our good muft take its beginning from our alfubjcdki- on. If prophane Philojophers objefr unto us, that Rcafon was in vain allowed us to mode- rate our Paflions,'f ftic have no power over them 5 and that nature is a uftlcfs guide, if ftic herftlf have need of aConduaor, we muft fttisfic them by experience , and teach them without the holy Scripture, that there arc diforders in man which Rcafon alone cannot regulate, and that we are fubjcil unto maladies, which nature without grace cannot cure. F THE F The third Difcourfe. the diforder of our Pafstons confidertd, ■ CrMO is requiftte to the government then- ef- ■ T hofe who arc inftrucied in the my- ft erics of Chriftian Religion, con- fcfe chat the grace which ^efut Chrijl hath merited, for us doth infinitely furpals that grace which jidam by his fall deprived us of. The advantages thereof arc fuch, as do cxcecdall our defires •, andthe moft ambitious of mankindc, could never have wilhed for the good which we hope for thereby. For to boote that we are thereby raifed to a pitch far above our condition, and that we arc thereby promifed an happ'- nefs equal to that of the Angels , we havc ^efu^ Chri ft thereby given us, for out head; and we arc thereby fo ftraightly joyned un- to him, as that his Fatheris bound to admit us for his children. But allthcfe pfiviled- ^es regard rather the future then the preCent^ ^7 The Ufeof Pafsiom. And thdugh we have the pledges of thefc gracious promifes , we do not as yet enjoy all the cfefts thereof. The grace which purchafheth this right for us, refides in the depth of our fouljthe which file fan( 3 ificth, leaving the body engaged in fin. Shcbcr^ li gins the work of our falvation, but doth'-. « ; . 5 not fimlh it •, flic divides the two parts whereof man is compofed , and giving ftrength unto the Spirit , flic leaves the flcih in its weakneft. But by a ftrangcr miracle * flie parts the foul from the Spirit and woik- ! cth a divifion in their unity, for to take her ' aright ^ 'tis only the fuperior part of the * foul which doth fully refentthe effeds of ? grace, and which in Baptifme reccjves the ® Vertue of that divine charadcr which gives ! us right to Heaven , as to our inheritance. " Hence it is that one Apoftlc tearms us but f* imperfed workmanfhip, and the begin- ^ ning of a new creature. We belong unto ® ^e/us Chrijl^ only for what belongs unto Vtilmus Inv ■ the foul. He is the father only of this no- * ble part which he hath inriched with his jKot, «p. i; ^ mciits 5 but the other part, which is inga- ged in the body , and which by an unfor- tunate necefli^, foes it felf bound to ani- ' mate the diforders , and to foment the ® Paflions thereof , isnotaltogctkcr dclive- F 2 '■ ted 68 TheUfe of Pafsiom. red from thetyrranyof fin ^ flic groaneth under the weight of her Iron ^ and this glo- rious Captive , is conftrained to bewail SSs m"* rigour of her fervitude , whileft her baptifmodi- fiftcr cnjoys the fweets of liberty. For as mutitur. Saint .4»?«/?/»eteachcth us, Baptifme takes fed ut in pcc- not away concupiience , but doth mode- catum non it 5 an d notwithftanding any ftrength non autemci that it givcth unto our foul, it leaves a kindc fubftantiaii- of languiflimcnt, whereof the foul cannot cu'tSiqu^^ be cured till in gloty. 'Tis true that this corpus :iut weaknefs or deredion is not a fin-, and fpmtus, fed thoueh it be the foring-hcad from whence dameftina- all thercft: do derive, it cannot make us lat quaUtatis, blameable , unlefswhen byreafon of our AugX?b a°de rcmifncfs we follow the motions thereof, nuptiiset And it cannot be (aid with honour to our Concupifccnt. that this difordcr is in our body, and cap.15. the foul is not affedled therewithal!, Non enim fove Only out of pity , or infc(5ted but by carofineanx- coHtagion : for bcfidcs that original fin, ait,quamv!s ( whercof this mifgovernmcnt is an effe^i) caro concupi- abideth in her fubftance . all the world quia orST- knoweth that the body is capable of opera- ter anima ting by its folf, and that necelTarily the foul j which animates it,muft bethat which makes psrf^ftione ' it tcvolt ^ and that that which gives it life, hominis. cap. muftgi VC it irregular motions and defires. 'Tis flic that raifeth the flefli againft the Spi- •tit 7hc Ufccf Pafsions. rit, and which, as not being intircly pofleft by grace, doth obey fin. ’Tis (he that awa- kens Paflions ^ ’tis fhe who through, a ftrange infatuation , or blindncfs, afFocrds ’ them weapons wheiewithall to huit her f felf, and who excites the {edition vvhcrc- , withall to trouble her tranquility. This is , Saint Augufiines dodrinc •, and jf we had ‘ not fo great a Dodor for ou r warranty , all * Philofophy would ferve us for caution, “ fince according to the principles thereof wc * muft believe, that th? body doth nothing without the foul, and that even then when ' the body feems to undertake any thing ^ maugre the foul,it is effeded by the fiiccour ® which the body receiveth from the foul. ® Inlbmuch as ftie is the rife of the evil, and * without realbn flic complains of the bodies ^ revolt, fince flie is the chief therein , . and ‘ ' that of all the faults which (he imputeth ; to the body, the body is not the author, •' but only the confederate. Now as the Paflions refidc in that part of the foul which is infcdcd by fin, we muft not wonder if they rebell, fince their mo- thcr is difobedient. And wc muft not once think they fliould be ft fled by grace, fince fe flie lufFcrs the very po we r which produceth Sj them, to remain in rebellion. All that a ' F 3 man 7k Ufe of ?d[sms, iiifan can wifli for in her guidance, i?,that flie may moderate their a^tnefs to rage, that ?hc fiippreft their violehce,and that fhe prc- Viht their firfl: mot'ons. This is ontf of her chiefc imployments •, for Mvhgft ftchath bblieged the uhd^rftandiilg to knOW Godj and the will to love him , me ifilargeth het cate to the inferior part of thefoUl, and in- dcavQurs to calmc the Paffions thtrcofi S he goes not about to deft toy them, bcciufc file very well knows , it is d work refttved for glory*, but Ihc iraployeth all her forces to regulate them j as flie makes good ufe of fin, to humble her, flie Wifely makes life of their revolt to eicereiftiis. She pro- pounds unto them objects Of innocency to make them be ferv ceable to her vertuc: And nbakesthern (as Saifit Paftl faies) mini- fiefs of Juftice for Chriftianhumil'tyis Jut enemy to the vanity of the Stoioh*, and knowing very w'ell that we dre not Angels, but men , fhe doth not in vaine indeavour to deflroy o^e part of us, but flie obhegeth lis to make advant^e of Our defaults , and tO manage Oitf Paffions lb deXteroufly , as thatthey may obey Reafbri, or that they Wage not war agamfl: her, fave Only fo far as file may obtaiui the viftory^ I fhould injure this Imagintft bn, if I fhould render it in other The life ef Pafsiws^ 71 6thcr words , then doth Saint JHguflitte, We confidcrnot ina pious man whether noflrindn"* he be offended or not, we weigh not the tamqu*rimr meafurc of his fbrrow, but the fubjed. And we labour not lb much to know whe- catur,fe d ^ ther he be afraid , as to know why. For if we be angry with a dinner, intCH' fit triftis,fed ding lb to corredhimj If we afflid our felves with one that is in milcry, out of an intention of comforting himjand if through quid timeat: fear wedivert a man from the mifehief he ^‘cantTuc’ was about to do unto himlclf, I donotbe- corrigamr,' lieve there is any lb Icvere ludg as will con- demn lb uleful Palfions 5 and he mull ne- udfberetar, celTarily want judgment, did he not defend timereperi- foharmlcfsaffcaions. Their excefs is then only blameable, and utrum quif- Realbn alfifted by grace ought toimploy all her induftry to moderate them. But be- repr*hendat. oaufcconcupilcnceisthe Ipring-head from Au8:Lib:9.de whence they derive^ Reafon muft indeavor “ p'j\“ to dry it up , and ufe her uttermoft means to obviate the wicked effe«Ss thereofrby fti- flingthe caufe which produceth them. The enemy, which we undertake, is born with us, he draws his forces from ours , he grows greater as we do , and weakens as we grow old. We have this of obligation to old age that it taketh from the vigor of F 4 concupifcnce 7 * The life of Pafsions. concupiftnce , by diminiftiing our bodily ftrcngth, and that by leading us to dcathj it likewifc leadcth this rcbcll infenfibly thither. Wc muft notwithftanding leave all for age to do •, in a bufincfs which fo much imports our falvation,we ought foon- cr to begin a war , which ends not but with our life, and diminilh our own forces, thereby to weaken thofe of the enemy. pifantUna- You are born ( faith Saint Auguftine) with lus es uteam concupifcnce i take heed left by giving him feconds through your negligence, you raife adeto.yince- not new enemies againft you ; remember 10^15 ad fl*u- you have entied the courfcof this life ac- diumvitr companycd with her, and that your honour hujuscum iUo j5 concerned in making her dye, before you, who was born with you. eoqui tecum This vidfory is, rather to be wilhed for, 57. who hath deftroyed this monfter but, at the i coft of their life ^ for though they with- ftand concupifcnce, that they appofe the defires thereof, and that they minde not her motions , fave how to hinder her, yet | in this combat , they arc fbmetimes con- quered; their advantages arc not pure, and | their beft fuccefles, are mingled withfbme | difgraces. To kill this enemy , they muft ’ dye, and they arc nccelfitatcd to wifli their The Ufecf Pdfsiom. own death that they may haften the like of this their enemy. PerfedfionUs Saint obferves , confifts in having no concupifence •, not to follow her is to fight againft her. Ncverthelefs by continuance of courage one may hope for vidory , but certainly it cannot be obtained, but when death is happily confummated by life in the kingdome of glory. Hence I inferr , that fin^ grace cannot extinguifh concupi- Icencc, file cannot mine Pafllons, and that all the alfiftance that man can hope for from orace, is fo handfomcly to manage Paffi- ons, as that they may defend vertuc and oppugne vice. 75 Non concu- pilcere omoi- no perfedi eftjpoft con- cupilcentias fuas non ire pugnantis lu^antiscf}, laborantis e^l^ ubi fervet pugna,quare defperetur viftoria, quando eric vidoria ouan* do abforbebH tur mors. Au- gud: de verbid ApoA: fcrai. 5 - The fourth Difeourfe. i ^ Thdt epnionSj and the fenfes do caufe the difer- ^ dcr of our Pafsions.. T Hough fin be the original of all our mifehief, and that all the miferics we undergoe are the punifhments 74 rbe Ufe of Pafsim. for our faults ; wefccm to take picalurc in incrcalingthctrtbyourcvil guidance , and dtat we invent every day new penalties, to which divine juftice bad not condemned iiS i, we are' not contented to know, our Palfions are revolted, and that without the afliftanceof grace, Reafon cannot regulate them*, we nourifli their diforder, and to make them the more infolent, we admit of opinions which raife them up at their pleafiire. For of athoulandPaflionswhich are raifediin our foul, there arc not any two that take truth for their guide j and the evil which they apprehend, or the good which ' they defire, appear rather fo to be, then that they are fo indeed. To mend this dif- order, we muft take cognizance of opinion, mark her birth and progrefs. Opinion is notfo much a judgment of the underftan- ding, as of the Imaginations, whereby (he doth either approve of , or condemn things which the ienfos reprefont unto her. This is the moft ufiiall evil of our life, and if it were as conftantas it is common, our condition would be very fad 5 but it chan- geth at every moment , that which is the caufo of its birth , caufoth likewife the death thereof. And Imagination forfakes it with as much eafcasfhe gave it entertain- ment. 75 the UfeefPafsk»s. mertt. It taketh its rife from out fences, and ‘ from the reports of the world , fo as it is no ■ marvel if the beft grounded opinion can- ‘ not fubfift long,fince the foundations thcrc- 5 ©f are fo bad 5 for our fences are lyars ,, and ^ like enchaunted glaffes^ they prefent diigub ^ fodobj€(ftsuntOus. Their reports atfc fcl- * dome unintcreffed^and as they faften them-*- t felVestoobje(^, they indeavor to ingage 2 Imagination* When I confidcr the foul as a prifoncr 'i* in the body, I bewail her condition, and I tt vrondef not if foe fo oft takes fahehood for 'll triith, beeaufr it entereth by the gate of the li fences •, this divini Spirit is inclofrd in the i body, not having any other cognizance li fove what foe borroweth either from the K Eies Or the feares thereof j and thefe two 4 fences Which by nature feem fo particular- ^ iy appropriated to knowlcdg are fuch deceit- i Vers, as their device^ are for the moft part «: butimpoftures •, blindnefs is to beprefer- red before their falfe lights-, and they had 1, better leave us in our ignorance then help dE us to foch malignant and fo doubtful knowr s: ledg. They confider only the appearances :: of things , they flop at accidents , their it weaknefs cannot penetrate into fubftances; i they are like the Sun, and as they take all fli their TheUfeof Pafsim. their light from him, they ’'Ivor to imitate him in their adions Every one thinks that this goodly Planet is extream- ly ufefull to us when it comes about our ho- rizon j and that it affords thofe beauties to nature which darknefs had bereft it of. But the Flatonicks have found that the advan- tage we receive thereby, equals not the pre- judice it bringeth along with it; for when itdifeoversthe earth unto us , it hides the Heavens fromus; whem*lt expofeth lillies androfestoour fight ,''it hinders us from feeing the ftars, and takes from us the fight of the moft beautiful part of the world. So the fences take from us the cognizance of di- vinethings to furnifh us with the likeof what is humane. They make us only fee the^ap- pearancesof objects, and hide their truth from us. We remain ignorant under thefe bad maflers, and our Imagination being in- formed but by their reports, we can only conceive falfe opinions. I finde therefore that nature is more fevere unto us, then is religion, and that it is much more difficult to be rational then to believe aright ; for though the truths which religion propofeth unto us, are of fo high anatureasourunderftending cannot com- prehend them, though (he demand of us a blind w TheUfe ofPafsions. , blind obedience , and that to believe her myfteries, wemuft fubdueourreafon, and . give the lye to all our fences-, yet this com- j mandement is not injurious ; If Ihe take j from us our liberty, Ihe preferves our hon- ^ nor , (he frees our nnderftanding from the j tyrrany of our fences , fhe fubmits it to the legitimate Empire of the fupreame Intel- ^ ligence, which fhe illuftrates unto us by her j! light, flie takes us from earth that Ihe may I raife us up to Heaven, and takes not from I us the ufe of Reafbn , lave only to make us acquire the merit of faith. But nature in- I gaging ourlbul in our body , makes her a flave to our fences,and obliegeth, her in her jjI nobleft operations, to confultwith thole jj. that are blinde ^ and to draw her light g from out their darknels. Hence it is that all ourknowledgisfuUof error, and that truth is never without falfehood, that our ; opinions are uncertain , and that our Palsi- ' ons which obey them , are alwaies out of j order. L The worlds report is no hirer a guide ; and thole who liften thereunto , are likely never to enjoy true reft ; for this rumour T is no thing els but the opinion of the peo- j pie, which is not the truer for being the f more common. That which feemeth to t authorize 7^ The Ufe of Pafsions. authorize it doth condemn it • and nothing ought make it more fufpe<9:ed then the ^ great number of its partakers. The nature of man is not fo well regulated , as that the beft things be thofe that pleale moft people; ill opinions, as well as good ones, ground thcmlclves Upon the number of their appro- vers; and when we would fide with any opinions, we ought no; to number but to weigh the votes, Tnc common people who gape afte? liberty, delight to live in fevitude , never make ule of Judgment, and in Wordly affaires, which of all others ought to be the moft free , they are rather led by example then by RcafoU; they fol- low thole who gb before, and not exami- ning their opinions, they crrtbrace, they de- ftAdthcm ; for after having received them, they delire to divulge them *, as in fadlions, they indeaVor to engage others on their patty , and to make their malady prove Nemo fibiun. contagious. In fo mtich as Seftecas turn errat, fed maxime proves true, that man is not only oufk & au!. fayling to himfelf, but unto others,and that thoreft :de vi- he cOtnmunicatcs his errors to all thofe that ta beata.cap nigh him. When Out Imagination is filled with ill opinions, flie excitetha fchouland dilbrders in the inferior part of oiir foul, and railech Up Palfions according to T9 The life of Fafsians, to hev pleafure *, for being biinde, they I cannot difcern whether the good or bad which is propofed to them , be only likely or true j and abufed by the Iniagination, i whofc empire they reverence, they either j draw nearer unto , or fly further from ob- j )c<^s 5 their blinckeis Icrwcs them forex- ‘ cufc, and they lay their faults upon that hath deceived them. But to prevent this K, difbrder, the underftanding mutt keep it fclf P in its authority, itmuft aflubjed Imagina- j tion to its laws j itmuft take heed leftopi- nion endeavour to eftablifh her felf , and - muft confult with Reafbn to defend it Iclf * againft error and falfthood j thus will Paffi- j, ons alwaies be peaceable, and their mod- ons being regulated, they will be fervicea- I blcuntovcrtue. The fifth Difeourfe. That there is were diforder in theFafsimof W4W, then in the ft of beafes. t I w T) Efore we rcfolve this queftion, we muft ® *^difcuis another , aud examine whether beafts Thellfe of Pafsions. bcafts be capable of thcfe motions which wc call PalTions. For as our adverfarics confound them with vices, and as they will have all the affct^ionsof the inferiour part ofourfoultobc criminal 5 they hold that beafts are exempt from them, and that ha- ving no freedom or liberty, one cannot impute unto them cither vertue , or fin. That they are led on by an inftind which cannot erre, and iffbmetimes they feem to do amifs, wemuft attribute it to provi- dence , which dilbrdercth them for our puniflimentjor which fuffereth their unnili- nefr, to put us in mindc of our wickednefs} *tis therefore that their motions ferve for plj^ues to all people , and that the Infidels ’ took counfcll by the flying of birds , and ( the entrails of vidiims, that they might / know what was to come, or what Heaven c had decreed. But though bcafts be exempt c from fin, and that they owe their innoccncy Ic to their fervitude, they arc not notwiih- « Handing inlenfible. All Philofofhcrs ac- | knowledg they have inclinations , and a* i| verfions, and that according as objedls give ^ againft their eyes , or cars , they excite dc- t; fire or fear in their Imaginations. In cffedl, 0 the neithermoft part of our foul, hath fudi correfpondency with our fcnfcs , as that ij flie Tht Uje 6f Pafsi 'cni. Hie borrows her name from them , and i$ called fenfitive inforriuch, as it^isalmoft impoffible, but that any thing that entcreth ‘ by thole paflages, with any contentment or * deteftation, fliould caUfe, either plcafure,o|: ■■ pain in the foul. Asbeafts have thefetwo " faculties , which give them feeling and ' life^ we rauft necelfarily concludc,That they j* have Pafsions , that they approach to what t is good, out of defire,and Ihun what is pvil, out of diflilte 5 that they taftc the one with • joy, and fuffer the other with Ibrrow, This B reafon is confirmed by examples j for we in lee every day how horfes arc brought to : manage through the fear of punifoment, whi^h h^rt dot the bodyj; fave in as much as they have hurt the Imagination. Bulk iqiift b^ goad- ed on, to jnake them furious ,/;ai^ thhfc heavy Iqwps, vfhofo foul is but dhpa^j-idt) lilde unirritated. Elepbants ^ndum' ail things at their mailers hands,} th^ think not themfelves hurt tmkk they fee their blood.i when the pain k, over, their chql6r The Ufeof Pafsiens. is appeared, and they become as tradable as they were before but inan is of fo dely cate a conftitution , as the fliehteft pam offends him ; his blood which is of the nature of fire is eafily moved , anpeing once moved, it hurries fury throughout all his parts. This fury doth its greateft out- rages about the heart 5 for flie fmmlhethit with fuch fpirits, as oftentimes (he caufeth that to die which gives life to the whole bodv,and to revenge her felf of a particular iniuiY, fte hazards the publike welfare. To compleat this mifehief , this Pafsion is fofhieinman, as the Icaft matter is fuihci- ent to provoke it. A word troubleth it, a , motion of the head offendeth it, filence leB it going •, not finding any thing to entenam k it devours her own entrails, and by an excefs of defpair, turns all her rage againlt iici* rdf ”^in fine. The Ufe of Beafts being unferm, and nature having given them bounds nar- row enough, they have but a few PalMons; almoft all their motions, are caufedout o a fear which poflefleth them, or a deirc wherewith they are affcdled. But as the li c of mail is more mingled , and that in the courfe thereof it is fubjed to a thoufand different inconvcniencics, his Pafsionsriie up The Ufe of Pafsions. '■ up in a croud 5 and whcrefbever he goes he Andes fubjeas of cholcr, and of fear, of f pleafurc, and of forrow. Therefore it is, that the Poets have feigned. That his foul X pafleth into the body of divers creatures, t and that taking all their evil qualities, he h uniteth in his perfon the guile of Serpents, ft the fury of Tygers, Choler of Lyons ; r teaching us by this fiaion. That man alone i hath as many Paflions, as have all Beafts put together. i 'Tis therefore that Philofophers pro- it; pound them unto US for examples, and that t the after having railed our nature to [t ftich a height of greatnels, are oblicged to 1^ reduce us to the condition of Beafts, and to jic place the happinels and reft of their wile- id man, inaftrangekindeof ftupidity. This \ .j fenlc differs not much from that of ^le proud Ipirits, which being dcfirous to on the throne of God, demanded leave of Jefus Chrift to withdraw themlelves kto gem porco- ■ the bodies of Swine 5 and that not being ; V able to reign with the perfons of the Diety, , they were contented to live with infamous jd Beafts. So our proud Stoicks, after having raifed their wifeman, even unto-Heaven, Ijk and given him titles, unto which the ac- io surfed angels in their rebellion durft never G 3 pretend. S6 Thetlfe of P/ifsipns. pretend, they brought hini down to the conditi^ of Beafts, and not abktomakc ' bim infcnttblc , they endeiivored to make him'ftupid. They accufe Rcafoh ro be the taufe of all diforders, thtey eoinplaih flics thereupon ought to incourage us ; for s the Heavens behold nbthing of wore II- iuftfious , nor doth tlK earth bear any It thing of mewe glorious , then a ftian who i tommands his Palfions ^ No crown is K fiifficient CO adorn his head, all praifts come li fliort of his merit, nothing ^t eternity can rccdmpenfe fb exalted a vertue j the Ijli very lhadows thereof, arepleafing,andthe t truth thereof is fb beautiful, that men adore the femblance. We do not reverence i?o- lO; erdfesi, nor Catv-^ but for that thcyhadfbmc ill tinifturethcreofi nor do we place them in X the number of the Sages , fave for that they have triumphed over oUr weakeft Ik Pafllons. The glory of thefc great men is purer then that of Alexander or Pempey 5 |; their vivftory never made widow or orphan, thcit conquefts have not layed I kingdoms waftc, their combats have nei- ^ thercaufed the fhedding of blood, nor of I? tearcs; and in the gaining of their liberty, |ii3 they have neither taken prifbnernormadc ^ Have 5 a man reads all their aiSions with jU delight, andinallthecourfeof their harm- ^ lefslifc, one meets not with any objeds of horemr. They are born for the worlds good. TbeUfeof Fafsim. good, they have laboured for thcquietof all men ^ there is not any nation that iru- liens their happincfs , nor which rejoyccth at their death. What honor can a conque- ror hope for, who owes all his greatneis to his injuftice ^ who is only famous for being criminal and of whom no menti- on wWd have been made inhiftoiy, had he not {lain men, burnt towns, ruined provinces , and dilpeopled whole king- Tholc who have only warred with their Paflions enjoy a much more rcall good, and thefe innocent conquerors receive more glorious praifes from us. Wc r^e them above all Monarcks -, and if they have lived in the Church, wc place them in Heaven when they are dead •, we take their aftions for examples to our felvcs, wc borrow their weapons to fight with the ene- mies which they have vanquiftied, we rcadc their lines, as conquerors dothofe of the Cafars , we conform our felves to their ver- tue, and wc obferve the good maximes which they have held , the innocent wih that they have pradlifcd, and the high dc- fiern which they have undertaken , that we may obtain like famous vidories. Their jnoft-affured maximes, were not to trult The Ufeof Pafswns. I to their own ftrengthj to implore aide from Heaven, and to hope for more from grace, - then from nature. If thou wilt overcome ( faith Saint JuguJHfie) prtfiime not upon B thy fclf, but give the honour of the viftoiy > to him from whom thou expedeftsthe K crown. Their more ordinary wils were I to prevent their Palllons, to take from E them their ttrength , that they might take I their courage from them, to fet upon them in their birth, and not to expert till age had i: . made them ftronger. Their moft memo- Ij) rablc enterprifes, were to over run their K enemies grounds, to confider their coun- ;i tenance, to mark their deligns, and to fc cutoff all objerts that could make them move. Thcfc means would fucccedhap- (t: pily unto us, if we would make ufc of 16 them, andwelhall not want affiflance ; J; fince all the morall vertues, are fomany faithful allies 5 who fight for our liberty, \ ; and which fumifh us with weapons to fiib- Ij: due our Paflions. liC ■ [ji t THE :oc Sitis vlncm noli de te praffumcre, fed illi afligna viftorixflo- riam quitibt donat ut viftorix refc^ ras palmam. AuguftSerm: ».decate- ebifmo* flli The fecond f ■ T/W ii no tuQro wifetaMc (l4^t t)btfikt> wh fitpps himfelf takgwM h W faftmM* ' f ‘ * • - ■' L ibtf Fty is fd. pleafijag' > and fccvitM^ fo iffcefome, as^ maQ-may; fay^ wiin- out feai- of exaggeration, that- afttW one is the chiefeft of alkchatiigp^i^ the other is tb4 cHicfijft of ah that is bsa.;AW peopie hove fought for the the bne.y and to defendr thepafcl««a ftotn theotfiw)' nature fcenasflahavfciper^vawd them. '^ti§ 'better to dye in libenyi^ ihei^ live id Iktritude. CMt Anccftorsl ;.weff fo tender fothis point endure the Roman authocity. iThey . were the laft that fubjefted themfclves thereunto, andthefirft that freed themfelvcs from it. Had not the Heavens made ^alius Cmt ot purpofe to conquer them they had never Ued' (laves to Rome ^ but yet they had this of confolation in their misfortune, that The Ufe efPafsions. under the conduct of that great Prince^ they revenged thcmfcLves of the Republiqii that had oppofed them, and made her fuf- fer fcryitudcj which had made them lofo their liberty. Though this evil be lb tedi- ous, and the good it deprives us of fo plea- fing, it is not comparable to that which the tyrranny of Paffions cauftth in us. And it muft be granted , that of as many flaves as are in the world , there is none moreun- happy , then thofc who obey fiich cruell Mafters. ^ For the reft are fiee in their nobleft part, qu^domi- tis only their bodies which gron under "*®^®*'*“”* the irons, andwhich feels the rigour of hS, . livery ^ their wilbarenot conftrained j hocvendlt, when they are commanded any thing that contradicts their honour, or which offends rdarTnon^' their confcience , they may defend. .them.T felves from it by anbblerefufal, andbuy their liberty with the lols of their lifK But thelc are flaves even in the bottoai of their fouls, they cannot di^ofo either of their thoughts, or their defires, they lofc 5 in this infamous fcrvitude, tliat which capr tivesprcfcrvcin prifons , and that whi^ tyrants cannot rob their enemies of. The others may quit their mafters, and leaving their houfos, or their territories;, go rhe life of Pdfsiofii: go into places of freedom, where they may breathe the nyr of liberty^ But thefc^though they change countreys , change not condi- tion 5 they are (laves under Crowns, they {gfvc their Paflions whileft they command their fubjeds, andwhitherfoevertheygo, they drag their chains after them, and carry their matters with them. The others long after libenyj and employ their credit to ob- tain it : If this fail them, mifery opens their underftanding, and necelfity, which isthe mother of Invention, furniftieth them with means to free themfelves •, but thefe wretch- es have fo far loft theirs , as they have not fo much as retainedthe defire thereof. They love their (crvitudcj-.t-hey/ kiis their-ironsj and being ftrangely blinded , they fear the end of their iraprifbnment, and dread their deliverance. , The. others have but one matter, aiw amongft fo many mifehiefs whicK afflidt them, they hope to fweeten their captivity, bv gaining the favor of him who commands them : they promife unto themfelves, that by their alfiduous fervice, they may regain their liberty ; they flatter themfelves in the thought thereof, and think that a Have who hath but one man to content, cannot be al- ways unhappy : But thefe have as many , rheUfeofPafsms: maftci-stofervc as Paflions to Tatisfie. the Malu* eriam-’ end of one fervitude , is the beginning another ; and when they think they have SusL”nl bfeaped a Turly government, they fall under S‘-»: ah infolent tyranny 5 for their change is E, fora™ never advantageous to them : the Jaft qaot vido- ’ Mafter is always more cruel then the former : Oft times they command altogb- vitite Del'' ther, and as their defignes do not agree, "P-J* they divide thefe unhappy flaves, and force them to ferve their wills , and t6 tear out their bowels, to obey rather contrary, then differing orders. Sometimes ambition and lov'e unite their flames to devour thertf, fear and hope fee joyntly upon them, fbrrow and delight are recortciled together to afflidt them ; and one may fay. That every Mafter “ is a Hangman which torments them , and that every order they receive , is a new J punifhment unto tlicm. They have not onb quiet hour, their Pafltons pefftcute them day and niglit : And thefe revengcfiil furies, change all the delights of thefe miftfable men into cruel torments. What more deplorable thing cart thefe ^5 ^ Alexander poflfeft by his am i**‘bition, and fee him loft his judgment, to 'f‘*fatisfic this irregular Paflion. For can ortc ■ inoued with Reafbn, vVhO be- ^ H gah Antuputas^ fanum quia^ Grxda primu cladibus in quaeruditus cllainccpitjqni Laced«moma Icrvire Jubet, Athcnas tacc- rc. Scncc. E- pilb TheUfecf Pafsiem. gan his exploits, by the mine of Greece^ and who more unjuft then the Perjiam, filcnccd the Town of Athens^ made that of Lacede- tnon fervCjand ruinated the Country, which Cto no purpofe ) had taught him Philofo- phv ^ This very fury made him overrun the world , commit Ipoyls throughout all A^tAy penetrate the Indies y pafs the Seas, be angry with nature, which by the limits thereof did bound hisconquefts, and force him to end his defignes, where the Sun finifticth his courfe. Who is not affcftcd with pityj to Ice Pempejy who dmnk with love of a falfegrcatnefs, undertakes civil and forreign wars < Sometimes he paifes into Spain too^^teCsSertorious , fometimes fcouresthe Seas to free them from Pyrats, fometimes he flics into , to fight with Mithridates. He ranfacks all the Provinces of that great part of the world ; makes himfclf enemies , where he findcs none : After fo many fights and vidories , ’tis he alone that thinks himfclf not great enough •, and though men give him that name, he thinks he deferves it not, unlefs Cafar confefs it. Who hath not compalTion for this man, who was not fb much the Have, as martyr of ambition i For he pro- 99 The Ufe of Pafsioml il ftitutcd his honor , to get power 5 hebe- ^ came Have to his army, that he m^ht be matter of the Senate •, he vowed the de- ftrudion of his Countrey, to revenge him- : felf of his (bn in law ; Seeing no other State , ’gaintt which he could exercife his iic cruelty, he imployedit againtt thtRefub- u Itkcyind would merit the name of Patricide, G that he might obtain that of Soveraign. He ;i: never had any motions, lave thole that am- id- bition gave nim. If he pardoned hisene- rfH mies, ’t was but onely out of vainglory 5 and aft if he bewailed the death of Cato, and Pom- if /xrjr, it was perhaps for that the honor of ;s his viittory was Iclfencd. All his thoughts , ^ were ambitious. When he faw the Image att of K^ltxanier, he wept not , fave onely fr for that he had not yet Ihed blood enough. Whatlbever offerea it Iclf to his eyes, a- M wakened his Pafsions j and Objects which , ; would have taught others modefty , infpired lls; him with pride and infolency. Briefly, I commanded over his army, and am- ^ bition commanded over Ca/ar, me had lucH ^ power over him , as the foretelling of his fjj death did not make him change his de- figne ^ and doubtlelly, he would have an- jujj fwered for himfelf to the Soothlayers, as ,|k JgrifftM anlwcrcd for her fon to the A- k Hz ftrologers. loo The Ufeef Pafsievs. ftrologcrs. Lei him kill me, provided, he ”™I^ftrvhudc be fo irkfome in ambition, ’tis much more (hameful in obicenity. It muft be confeft. That a man who is pofleft by this infamous Paffion,hath neither Rea* fon nor liberty, and that being ipve , he is no more maftcr of himiclf. Did not Cleopatra govern Mark-t^nthofiyi might not this Prmejs boaft her felftohavc revenged upon ^taly , and to have fubjedled the Roman Empire, by putting him under her laws , who governed it ^ This unfortunate manlived only at the plea- fure of this ftranger, he did nothing but bv her motions-, and never did (lave labour io much to win the good will of his mafter. as this effeminate Prince to win the like of his proud miftris. He gave all his charges byherdirediions, and the beft part of the Empire, groaned under the govern- ment of a woman. He durft not overconic in the battel of Act turn , and rather chole to forgoe his army then his love. He was the firft commander that abandoned his fouldicrs, and who would not make ufeof ■' their -courage to defeat his enemy ? bw wlrat could one expea from a man who had ■ no more any heart, and who far enough from The life of Pnfsiens. from fighting, could not fb much as live, if parted from Cleopatra. In brief read the ftorv of all the great ones , and you j will findc their Pallions have enflamed them, and that in the height of their for- J. tune, they have made uft of all the punilh- ^ ments that tyranny could invent, to afflitS fc tbofc that fhe oppreffeth. Therefore ought all men to make ufe of Realbn and grace, to fhun the fury of thefe infolent mafters 5 j' everyone ought refblve in his particular, rather to lofc his life , then his liberty, ^ and to prefer a glorious death before a , lhameful fervitude. But without coming , to thefe extreams in this combate j a will ' to overcome isfufficient tobe vidorious • ' for God hath permitted, that our good for- ® tune depend upon our will together with his grace ; and that our PalTions fhould have no further power over us, then we ® fhall give them, fince in effeft experience Kj tcacheth us that they beat us not but by our own weapons, and that they make us. W not their flavcs , but by our own con- fent 102 TheUfeofPafsms, The third Difcourfe. rbat to govern Pafsions arnanmajlmderm them, T Hough Paflions be ordained for the feivlcc of vertue and that there is not any one oftheni) the ufe where of may not be advantageous to uSj we muit notwithftanding confcls , tha we need dexterity to govern them, and thatin the ftate whereinto fin hath reduced our nature, they cannotbeufefultous, unkls moderated j that unhappy forefather, ot ours,who made us to inherit his fan't , at not left us ib pure a being as he had when he received it from God. The body and foul fuffer pain , and as they were both guilty ,fo are they both puhmicd. Tne un- derftanding hath its errors , the will her ir regular inclinations, the memory her weak' nefs. The body, which is the chan«l through which original fin paffeth into the Tht Ufeof Pafsiom. f0ul, hath its mifery , and though it be the i, left feulty, yet is it the more unfortunate ; I all thaf is in it , is out of order *, the fenfcs I are foduced by objeds , theic help to abufe Imagination, which excites diforders in the inferior part of the foul , and raifoth Paflions, fo as they are no longer in that obedience, wherein original jufticc kept Df them 5 and though they be fubjed to the Empire of Reafon, yet they fo mutiny, as they are not to be brought within the com- d jj pafs of their duty, but by force or cunning. t|)t They are born to obey the underftanding, but they eafily forget their condition •, and yj the commerce which they hold with the fenies , is the caufc why they oft times pre- jd fer their advifes at the commandements of lijd the will. They raifo thcmftlvcs up with j , foch might , as their natural motions are for the moft part violent. They arehorfes which have more of fury then of force. They are feas which are oftner troubled then calm. In fine they are parts of our j felveSjWhich cannot ferve the underftanding jjij till it hath allayed qf tamed them. Ilij. This ought not to feemeftrange tothofc that know what fpoyl fin hath made in our nature •, and the very Pkilofophers^viho con- - fels that vertue is an art which muft be I H 4 learnt. 7ht life of Pafsiom. . learnt, will not finde it unjuft tliat the pafsions be not obedient, unlefs governed by Keafon. .. To exej^utc lb great a defigne, a man muft imicaut nature and aiX,)and confiderwhat means they ufe to finHJi their work. Nature whieh doth all by the Elements, and who of theft. Cpur bodies compoftth allpthers, never imploys them till mehathteriipercd their qualities. As they cannot fuffer to- gether, and that their natural antipathy in- |age;Sth^mto fight: this wife mother, by. allaying their averfions, appeaftth. their differences, and never unites them, till flie hath weakened them. Art, which is not invented fo much to perfect nature, as to imitate, her, obferves the fame rules, and imploys nothing in her vvorkmanfliip, tiUit be tempered by her induftiy. Painting ^vpuld not he fb cryed tip, had it not found Qut the fteret of leconciling black with | white, and ib pacific the natural difeordof ;; thefe two colours, to compoft all others ■ thereof. The riders of the great horfc, have nofcrvice from their hol ies, till they have broke them , and that tlicy may be uftful, I they mull be taught to anfwer the bridle and the ftuw Lyons were never m.ade ufe of to dfawitriumphant. Chariots till they ' ■ were The Ufeof pafsions. '■i were tamed j and Elephants bore not J Towers upon their backs in fights, till they were rid of the favage humor yvh'ch they ® brought from the woods, ij; . Alb thefc examples, are documents for ^ the government of our Paflions,and,Realbn ought to imitate nature if fhe will be advan- i raged thereby. They njuft not be imployed f tillmodefated ^ and' he who fliall think to fe make thcfil lerviccablc to vertuc, before he t liath fiibjugated them by grace, will ingage k ifimfelf in a perilous defigne. In the ftate b; of innoeency, when they had nothing of ti unruly in them , one might make ufe of is them as they were born 5 they never fur- i prifed the will : As original julHce was as 1, i well fliqd throughout tfie body, as tlirough- ji,ii outtheloul f The fenfcs made hofalfere- jii ports^ and their adyiccs being uninterrefled, )ts they were always conformaWe to the judg- ^ m^nt pf Rcafbn. But now, that' all things fa; in maiv are faulty , that the body and the [(E foul arc equally corrupted, that the fenfes are fiibjtcft.to a thoufajnd illufions, and that ylt imagination favors ; their difordefs j we ufa muft have great precaution in the ufe of [^; Paflions. jc! The firR is to cqnfider, what troubles li ihcir revolt hath caufed in bur foul, and in )fi» how Thetlfeef Pafsim. how many mifchicfs thcfc mutineers have ingagedus, when they have onelybecnlcd on by our eyes or ears : ’Tis a piece of wif- dom to reap advantage by our Ioffes , and to become wife at our own coft. The juft- eft choler flics out fometimes, if not with- held bykeafon ^ though her motion was lawful in its birth , it becomes criminal in the progrefs thereof . It turns a good caufc into a bad one % for not having confulted with the fuperior part of the foul 5 and thinking to punifh a flight fault, it commits a great one. Fear hath 6ft times aftoniflied us, for having onely liftened to the fcnlcs, ftie maketh us look pale upon a thoufand occafions , without any juft cauref-and fometimes (he hath engaged us in real dan- . gers, to make us fhunthofe that were but imaginary. As then our Paflions have de- ceived us , for our not havii^ askt counfel of our Reafon, we muft refolVe never to i believe them any more, till we haveexa-' mined, whether that which they defire, or^ that which they fear, be rcafonablc, and whether the underftanding, which fees fur- ther then our eyes , cannot difeover the vanity of our hopes or fears . The fecond precaution, is to obliege Rea- fon, to watch always over fuch fubjedbas may 101 The Ufecf Fafsions. may excite our Pafllons, and toconfidcr their nature, and motions, to the end that (he may never be (iirprifed. Harms fore- feen hurt but a little, and we are but feldom aftoniftied at (uch accidents, agamft which we are prepared . A Pilot who fees a ftorm coming, withdraws into the Haven ^ or if he be too far from it, helaunchcth into the deep, and keeps aloof from coafts, or rocks. A rather who knows that his children are mortal, and that life hath no longer term then what it hath pleafed God to give, will never take on too much at their lofs. A Prince who confidcrs, that viftory depends more upon Fortune then his Wifdom, and more on chances then on the valor of his Souldiers, will ealily be comforted though he hath been beaten : But we make not ufe of our underftanding , and methf Pafsiom. with hope of pleafure, or glory, draw them to what is good, and diveit them from evil ; For in their greateft revolt j they referve always an inclination tovertue, Ihd an^b- horrition to fin; they are only faulty as they are abufed : Tdke away the fillet where- with their eyes are blinded, and that will fuffice to redrefs their motions, andcor- tc£t their errors. Sin hath not been ablcfo far to difhonor nature, but that flie hath al- ways kept the grounds of herincliriationS; flie always loves what is good, and hatetll evil eternally *, flie purfues glory and fliuns infamy *, flie wiflieth pleafure, and fears pain ; all her motions are as natural as in- 1 nocent. The divel,who very Well fees this diforder is pernitioiis to his defigncs •, and that this imprefsion, which is let on by the hand of God,cannot be defaced, changctli our Pafsions ; and not being able to corrupt them, he endeavoreth to abufethem*, he propounds unto them appearing good, for what is real •, he dilguilcth fin , and puts upon it the cloak of Vertuc. And as thus hoodwinkt, they cannot difoern falfliood from truth, they confound evil With good, and by a deplorable misfowUne , they love What they ought to hate j and hate what they ought to love. Their cure confiftsin ^ difabufing 1 » 11 £ tc The life cf Pafsiohs. difabufing them ^ for how firmly fbcvel* they be tyed to thcfe difguifed objects, they willflie from them as foon as they (hall be made to know, what is beautiful, and what is il-favorcd ; and following their firft in- clinations, they will abhor their blindnefs, and will forgo the appearing good to em- brace the true one. Wc ought to comfort^ our fclvcs in our misfortune , fince that the nature of Pallions is not altogether changed ; that fince the dilbbedience of our forefathers, andthe hatred of his enemyi they retain notwithftanding fbme purity; and that in all their diforder, there is more of error, then of malice. If in fine, we confidcr them in their ex- tream violence, and in the condition where- . in they throw about fo much fmoke and , flame, as they darken Realbn , and force • her to give over the government of them^ ^'tis hard to make good ufe of them ; for they feem to have changed condition, as , having fided with fin, they deferve to carry her name, and rather to be termed troubles jj, and commotions then Paffions. They are foinfolent, astheydefpife allcdunffl ; in- ■ ftced of taking law from the underftanding, they will give it; and of natural fubjedfs, become infupportable Tyrants. When the. I niifcKicf Tktlfeef Pafiioni. mifchief is riien to this height , 'tis ycr^ hard to remedy it j and one may be f^d to have made all defperate , through too long cKpeditlon i for Paflions will liften no longer, and Realon is fo troubled, as (he can preferibe them further rules 5 the waves rift up even unto Heaven : that part of rnan which ought always to be at quiet, is in- gaged in the ftorm, and had need of others help to appeaft the troubles (he is agitated withal. Truly I do not believe, any Philo- (bpher dare undertake to cure a man in this phrcnfic \ remedies will make his malady theworft: There is nothing but time that can leffen it ^ and it to be wiflit for, that this torrent may finde room enough where- in to extend in waters , and to di(fipate the fury thereof. But when this tempeft is ap- peaftd, when the Pafsions are a little calm- ed, and when Rcafon hath gotten a little light and ftrength , the evilne/s of his con- dvLionmuft be laid before him; bemftbe made blufh for his offence, and theft (lavilh rebels muft be roundly chid •, but above all, he muil humble himfelf before God, in- /ich hMiftlf by his Ioffes , and become wift at his coft. He ought alfo to look, by what part the enemy hath cnired ; what cunning he hath uftd to cxcrcift ftdition> I i I c d d liy a li i 1: lij The Ufe of Pafsions^ and debauch his (ubjeds 5 thus we /hall be bettered by our greateft misfortunes ; Wc fliall learn by experience 3^ that florins may bring into the Haven 5 and that if there be fomc Waves that drown men, there arc fome which throw them upon the bank : But as there is no Saylor, who will ran this hazard, to oblicge the Heavens to do a miracle in his behalf no man ought to ex* pofe himfelf to this difbrder , that he may reap profit^ thereby •, and it is better to want an unceitain good, then to buy it by an afllired lofs. In confideration of thefc truths, we may ! affirm our condition is not fo deplorable asthofe imagine it to be, who will excufe their fin upon their mifery : Since our good fortune i^ in our own power, and that we j fail upon a Sea, the calm or teiripeft where- c of depends upon our will ^ we may fhim j the Rocks the Sea hides, alTvvage the fury b of the winds which make it go high, bring low the waves which it raifeth, and make a : calmfucceedaflorm ; or by a more lucky ] application,we may make thofe Rocks hide ' their heads, thofe Seas to bear our VefTels, and thofe winds to conduct them. But to leave this figurative maner of fpcech. Ictus fay, there are no Objeds which we may not 1 1 fet The Ufeof Pafsiens. i fee at naught, no opinions which we may not correa, nor no Pafsions which we may . not overcome. Thus our fortune is at our own difpofal , the viftory depends upon ^ our own weapons , our good fortune is faftened to our defire, and a little courage oncly requifite to compais all thele goods. The fifth Difeourfe. jVhdt m tunes a man mufl ttfe t$ woderAtehis PAfsions. A Mongft many other means , which Reafon may make ule of to govern our Palfions, the moft ordinary feemtobethofe, which (he hath learnt from hunting, where men make ule ot beafts already tamed to take wild ones ; and where to Iport themfelyes , they ule the courage of dogs, againft the rage of wolves. So m^ it ftem to be lawful to imploy fuch Paffions, as are moft fubmifs, againft thole which are moft rebellious, and to make ufeof our reconciled enemies , to vanquiih V Cl tk pti i\n The Ufecf Pafshm, 1 1 ^ vanquifti thofe which yet war againft us. Men oppofe joy to Ibrrow, fiirprcfs fear by hope, moderate delights by the pain which enfues thereupon. Sometims alfo men confider fuch Paflions as produce others. To drayn Rivers , men endeavour to dry up the fpring-heads from whence they derive 5 and to oeftrby caules that they may ruine their effedfs. Who ccafeth to hope cea~ Defines time* Teth to fear 5 who bounds h’s defires, bounds his hopes , and who covets not necSfloTa riches , will not be dilquieted , nor have any fears for them. Sometimes alfo a man may fet upon that particular Pallion which bears moft (way with him , that he may vanquilh thofe that fight under the others colours , and the vlftory is had by t one blow 5 by the Generals death the ' i whole army is defeated. But though all » theft be fpecious means , and that they )i promife unto us, either a found peace or a '• long truce, yet are they deceivers . and 1( make us undertake thmgs either unjuft, ; impolfiblc, or dangerous. For there is dan- 6 ger in fortifying one enemy to deftroy ano- * ther, and there is no great affurance in fur- ; nifhing a Paifion with weapons, which may V as well make uft of them to oppoft Reafon, . as in her behalf. ’Tis unjuft to oppoft the I 5 one TkUfeof Pafsions. one againftthe other , fince they ^htto Cum jffeaus ^ intelligence together . Foi though a Xw.u.re/im«» be permtaed to “'^ke war tte rtetus autcu- mav cnlue , and to put diviiion affeaum, aut TolttlUAn Oe pcrnuitcu vy Jivifinn rtetus autcu-«£2^(-e jnav enfue, and to put diviiion j amon'^ft fuch enemies , whofe agreement rfrsr » us, utorahty ts onu benefiew ' fnffeied to fow difcord amonglt her 1 n,, o„,mhooe of according raXi rSrunde“r ‘r^oTnhope of according infida et ma- them when they fliall be weakned. te^r.^i-ndeavot to choakone Paffioi - themwneniuey I"*"'* to endeavor to choakone «p-8. by to overcome the reft from thence. they may well be moderated, not deftroy- cd • they proceed from the union of our foui . with our body •, and to take away their life, the like muft he done to maft who prQduccththem. Our Paffions are much ^ore intimate to us then are our member ; amanmay cut offthefe when they are in- feded, he cannot cut off the others when they are difobedient. Alfo the great^ parLf thefe advifes are given us by fufpea* ^dperfons ; thefe bad Rcafons come from ihcStoicks fchool, who look upon Paffions is enemies to our quiet, anR whoindea- vour not to regulate , but to annihila them They arc petfwaded it fares with hem, as with &vage <.eafts , which are never fo well tamed , buithat *cy 1 Tht Ufeof Pafsims: prefcrvcfomcwhat of their firftficrccncfs, and that to reduce the foul into perfeifl tranquility, they ought not to be allayed, but deftroycd. To refolvc thefe difficulties, we muft remember that Reafon is king over Paf- fions ; that their Government is one of her chief employments, and that ffie is bound to watch more particularly over thole which by their motions carry others along with them : For as their revolt is followed by an univerfal Rebellion, their obedience leems likewile to caufe a ge- i neral peace, and that they never acknow- s ledg Realbn, but when they reduce toge- ther with themlclvcs , all thofe Pafsions i which they had raifed up. I One may very well Ibmetimes oppofe plealure to grief, hope to fear, and incli- l nation to averfion ; but in this combate j Realbn mull take heed , left by weakening f one Palsion, Ihe adde too much ftrength unto another; and that whileft Ihe would ^ reduce a mutineer to obedience, Ihe do not i augment the number of Rebels. When i; (he undertakes thele affairs, Ihc muft hold f. the Scales in her hand, and remember that .God (whom Ihe imitateth) doth all his 5 Works by weight and raeafure ; and ::: I 4 when no T;he life of Pafmm. when he tempers the qualities of the Elements, to the end that he may agree them, he doth no advantage to one whereby another is prejudiced. Wemay likewife well aflail the Pafsion that mafters u§, and which we acknowledg to be the caufe of our diforders: For it is a Familiar which polfefleth us *, ’tis a Tyrant which ufeth not his power, favc in order to his own intereft ^ and who is lb much the more dangerous , as that he endeavors to become welcome, Rcafon is bound to oppugne him as a publike enemy, and tp imploy all her rnight, if not to deftroy hiip, at leaft to weaken him. I ice not notwithftanding how llie can with iecurity make ufc of other Paftions to tame him*, for they are too neer allyed unto him, to fet upon him *, and when men (ball think to make u(c of them to his deftrudion , he will have dexterity enough to make them (erve, for his own prefervation* But not to leave lb dangerous an evil without a remedy, I (hould thii^ it good to cut pff the objedls which nourilh it, and to get the upper hand of an enemy , by ft?rvinghim, whpiu we could rio^ pver* ' come a c i «} r u jf c The UfeofPafstofis. tome by force. For though our Pafiions are born with us 5 that they b9rrovv their ftrength from our conftitution 5 and that thofe which are the moft natural, arc hardeft to overcome 5 yet they draw their nouriihment from exterior things ; , and if they be not entertained by Objeds, they cither die or pine away. Ambition doth not greatly torment us in folitude; and when fhe lees not the greatnefs of Towns , the pride of Build- ings, the pomp of Triumphs, flie forgets the memory of glory ^andthis fire not having s wherewithal longer to nourifli it , con- I fiimes and goes out of it felf : Grief and fadnefs are ftrengthened in darknefs^ her c obfeure Chambers hung with mourning, j confpire withhertoafflidus. ,t Men who make ufe thereof, foem to be ff afraid to forget their forrow ; and that 5 they would have all things they call their :j eye upon , to call to mindc their lofs : If ii we put thele fadObjedsfarffomus, Na- ture will grow weary of weeping ; and li though fhe be irregular , by reafon of i fin, file will folace her felf when fhe c fliall fee Nothing which entertains her diflike. What thellfe^ Tafsim'. ^ What hath been faid of Sadnefs and Ambition, may be affirmed of all other Pjdsions, which are not ftublwm, but as being ayded by our own cunning 5 and as we labor to incrcaic them, foto become tnorepoul^^ble. The fourth Treatise. Of the commerce of ^afions with vertues and vices. The lirft Difcourfe. 'that *Tafsions are the Seeds of V ev tue* i^Ince moft men confidet but the appearances of things, wc' muft not wonder if the Stoicks have had fo many admirers 5 and if their proud maximes have been received with fo much approba- tion and applaufe : For nothing of more noble or generous can be imagined, then is their Phiiofophy, as it appears to be. She promifeth to change men into Angels, to 124 The Ufe of Pafsions. laifc them above a mortal condition , and . toputftorms and thunder under their feet. She boafts to cure them of all their evils, and to free them from thofe vexatious dif- orders, which molcft the fouls tranquility : all thofe fairpromifes have brought forth none cffe ne(s, to make thereof true fortitudes And what difference is there between fbrrow and repentance s Save onely, that the one is the meer workmanfhip of nature , and the other the production of Grace ^ but 1 both of them are afflicted with evil , and ; they oft times mingle their tears to bewail the fame fin. j In fine. There are no Paflions which may ) not become Vertues 5 and as they have in- j clinations to what is good , and averfions : from what is evil, they need but a little c Government to make them change Condi- £ tions. K The good Application of a mans love, is J. uimcicnt to make all his Paffions Innocent ^ i and without taking fb much pain to love a- £ right, is onely requifite to make us happy in ; this world. c Since Vertue (faith Sz. jiugajline) is the 5 habit of a well governed minde : We are ' but to moderate our affeChons , that they r may be changed into Veitues ; For when Quoniam vir- tUi eft hibitus mentis bene conpofita) coraponendi, inftiiuendi)at- que ordinandi luiu animi at- fedus ad id quod debent, ut in virtutes proficere poU fint ; Cum ergo pruden* tcfjmodcfte, fortiter j 8c jufte amor & odium inftitu* untur, in vir tutesexurgun^j Icilicet pru dcntiam,tem. ptrantum/o. • titudinem 3c Juftitiam. Auguft. lib; de Spiritu& aoima,cap. i. rhe Ufeof Pdfsms. our hatred, and our love, which are the fpring-heads of all other Pafsions -fliallbc •wifely, modeftlv, ftrongly, and juftly guided, they will become rare Vertues, and will be converted into wifdom, temper- ance, fortitude, and juftice. Is it not then a barbarous thing, to go about toftrangle Pafsions, which .have (uch affinity with Vertue , and which without much labor may be railed to fo noble a Condition f Is it not ingratitude to miftake the advant- a^^es, whidi wc have received from Na- ture • and is it not injuftice to give infamous names to thefc innocent Subjeds, which being well managed by Reafon, might merit fuch glorious T itlcs < ’Tis then an indubitable maxime amonglt the Philolophers, That Pafions are the feed of Vertues , and that they have no more noble imployment,then to arm them- fclvcs in their behalf, to fight their quarrels, and to revenge them of their enemies. As, mothers are never more couragious, then in the defence of their children •, the affc^ions of our foul are never more vigorous, ^hen when they defend their produfts 3gainft Vices. This praife puzzels the brains ofall the Stoicks. And Seneca could not endure that Vertues Army fhould becompofed of fouldiers Dl K at w 2C ra th ill o; 3i : k The Ufe of Pafsiom, IbuldierS'thac could mutiny ; tit wiling have ITS i^loyPafiidns in herfovice, be- feaufc^fonic fevt havt been ftiuhtj which have'injured her authority. Certainly if all PHnets were fq obdurate Jfi'is this P)b// and fight againft vice. I } ' 4 ' 'r ! The fourth Difcourfe. X PaJ)io>9S an the feeds of vice. were to flatter Pafsions, and deceive ^ 1 men, ,, if. after having fliewed the good they are capable of doing, we fliould not {hew the evil fhey can do ^ and our draught would be partial , if having drawn their perfccliohs we fliould not likewift let forth their defaults. But tha:t we may not be miftaken in fo important a fub)e«ft , and whereupon our happinefs feemeth to de- pend, we mufl: know that Patsions arenci- : ther.good nor bid ; and that, (to Ipeak pro- perly )thefe two qualities are onely found in the fuperior power which governs them. As that is only flee, it is only good or evil, and as it is the original of merit , it is alfo the fpring-hcad either of wickednefs or goodnefs. But as the Sun fpreads forth his light in the world, and enlightens folid bo- dies, though it peiietrate them not. ; So doth ^53 The life df Pafsieus, doth the will d'ilpence abroad wiclcednefs andgoodnels, ahtongfl: the Paffions vand though flie do not c6mniuoicatc them Lily unto them , yet givcth fhethem a fligjit tin(aure thercdf ; ;which is fiifficient to make them eith^i innocent or criminal. For If we examine the qualities that they have rei^fived from nature, andif^ we con- lidcr them in that eftate which pleads the ufeof the will, W^iuuftackhowledg that they are as well the Leds of vice as of ver^ tiie ^ and that thdfe two eoritraries are fq cqnfuilcdinthem, as they are hardly to be Animaaf- difc.cmed. They ha\'e an inclination td fcausomni- good and thus they hold with vertue : They are eafily feduced, foon moved, ‘ and,' thus they rcfemblc vice. For we are np\v P”’’ no longer in th^ happy eftate ofinnocency^ where the Paffions expeded their ordci'^'a-Aiignft. hi only from Reafon, ’ and where they never railed themfclves, till they had obtained; leave 5 they are become dilloyal, and ripf longer acknowledging the vpyce, of theid foyeraign 5 they obey that firlt that coin^*, mandsthem, a;hd take part as'lodh with a' tyrant as with theii: Icgitjmatc Prince. . This^ errpr whereinto they often fall, dbliegeth' us ro.cPnfel? , that they Sre hot'inuch lefs incKiiablc to vice, then to vertuc •, and, that K3 if 134 i he Ufeof fafsions. if we may hope for great advantages by them, we ought alfo to fear notable mil- chiefs from them. For the fame de^rcs which raife us up to Heaven, faftenusto the earth •, that which nature hath given us to fet us at liberty , calls us in pi ilbn , and claps boults* upon us. The fame hope which flatters us, abufeth us •, and that yvhich ought to l\veetcn our pall misfor- tunes, procureth us new ones 5 the lame | choler which bringeth the couragious to the combate , animates the faint-hearte 4 to revenge , and what is generous in war, becomes cruel in peace. In fine, Palfions arc not farther dillant ■ from vices, then they are from vertues, as in | the confufion of theChaos fire was mingled : wdthwater^ lois evil mingled with good, ij in the alfedions of the Ibul ^ and fron^ I ^hofe fatal mines , iron is as well drawn | put, as gold ^ man ought therefore to keep | himlclfalwaiesuponhisguard, and know- ing that he carryeth about in his bo^dme, | both life and death ; it ' behoveth him to be as circumlpcdl in hii comportrnents, as J thole who handle poyfon , or who w^ upon the edge of a precipice, 1 But that which makes the danger the 1 greater, is 5 that when tliefe unruly Palfions, have i 7he Ufe 9f Pafsiom. ijj have brought forth a vice, they put them* fclves in arms to defend it, and lerve it with more courage, then do the innocent Palfi- ons obey vertue. They are fervants which are more crael then are their mailers 5 officers which are more furious then the tyrants that fet them on work j and they ' commit more of outrage upon vertue, then doth vice it felf. All wars are occafioned by thele inlolent alledlions , and he who (hall banilh love and hatred from off the earth j will finde neither mu rther, nor adultery there. They fiimilh the fubjedl of all Tragedies 5 and though menacculc Poets of fictions , they have committed more errors then the others have invented. But they are never more prejudicial then when they meet in the perfonof a Prince, and when they abufe foveraign power , to cxcrcife their fury *, for then whole States groan under their tyranny, the people are oppreft by their violence, and all parts con- fer that neither the plague northefword are fo pernicious, as are Paffions when they have got the lupream power. An unlawful love put all Greece in Arms^ and the flames thereof reduced thegoodli- eft citie of all Afia to Alhes. Jealouly be- tween Opr and Pompej , was the lols of K4 rk Ufi of F^fsms. the lives of more then a million of men>. ^he world was divided fn their quarrel j tlicir ambition put a rms into, hands of ,all pcor .pie 5 their unjuft war was the min of Aeif country, and the lof? of the liberty: thereof The worfd.. doth yet, bomoan this difa^ler^ the fpoils of this are;yet,feei^ ; and the*ftates of Europe s.tc but.fq.'imny pceccs which did compoft;^tjhe .Ippdy of ,tbat puiflant • Republique. . Air^ion when cqnfounH.ed with yeitue , , i^.^iliy of more .tnuithers then revenge and,'plyoIer j though this palllon pretend to be generous ^ .fire is always ftained with blood ^ what- dbever delight fhc takes in.pardpniqg ' greatnefs is grounded upop the ruincofher enemies •, fhc is caufe. of more death? then llic proaueth pardons 5 and fire, is the lofs of more innocents ;^hen fafety of ^pfe. that are guilty. She aftonifticth all tfie^wprld^ .when (licis Jfccn iu thc. pcr-lpn qf ,an andcr,. And it, feems nature prodjjcm^H to no other, end , then to teach us wh^ am- bition can do*, when affifted by fprtudj^^ He I'uined all Princes wlro would defendtheir own States ; he treated thofe as enemies >vho refufed to be his fubjcdis-,hc could not permit an equal in aiiy place throughiiyhich he pafrcd:ffe complained of the Seas that 1 I ' f i i 1 b i t V ■h !i 10 eo III a y ff ftopt the jcijrrefit (J£his vidtories, ; and wiflit ioy a ijiE'sVj world, that he might conquer it 5 IChis Yaihr:glory caufed fo many diforders • •Jiis Ch^ei' comrtiijted no lels rai^ck - and if) ^ .thp one; hfll jeveriged of his gnem^esy he rid hi? hdnds of his ftknds by the pch^r*, the kaftfulpitions i6cx)ilt^ed thefe pajltons’ to revtfige j r onci indiUbrcet jyoid Provoked jti an honeft fr'cedom .fet k a going Vi^nd his: qholer grcWcohe fo nice , ^;there was a? much dangcr-in [dbr It jn§ in ^ying ill-5 As'he-.waspol^ i; fclfedhyiiail theic yioJehces ; ^fo^did hco- « bey thprq ,5 he dipped, his ha’adsn iri the r blpoddfjhis faypritesii vhctookr u^onrhim u the o^ge of a hangmand ^ ^nd that he imlght iG taftjc allthe pleailircs df;rcvengex hehimfelf fi would fee th? miniftqr;.ihereof'y , and with d his own haqds kill IviiB who had faved his i life.,-,, ^ ,■ . ]} -j-j; , ' rf ^;.But;,awongfl: aU the cruelties Whcrcun- tP his cfepleppfc did perfwade him,; -I know j, none ^re;in^mo,usi then that which he F c^rcif^. upon Inaocent CaliJ}/jmes;hh con- ; ditipo^wa^ja laniftua to him- y' andpro-, ^ f^ngPfeUorpphyjiViTccmedhq o^ightnot k fear the fu|y .of ^le^aijdcr :y\%hc Very f fault For,, which he was condemned, was glorious 5 Kind had it. happened inthe time of r t . . • IJS rhe Ufeof Pafslm. of mie religion, it would have palfcd for an eminent vertue*. For he defended tl^c caufe of his gods , and was of opinion that Temples could not be built to his Prinefe without prdvohii^ the gods ^aihft him; he guided himfeff fo dextrioufly in fo cicklUh a bufinefs, as that whilefthe pre- fetved the honor of Heaven, he flattered A- lexAn^s humor , and by an admirable lacervaiioo(>U(p^^^g running , he accorded flattery with piety: for if the reafons which femperque ’ fut CuTtius allcageth,bc tme, he reprefented hanc grattam t_^i4fedo»i4m , that fince men T al th ^SSreddunt: could not dif^fc of Ctowns , they ought Ego autemfe- j^tto difoolc of AltarS; that fince they ‘‘ made not kings , they ought not goe about , Regt, ut v|m to make Gods ; and that when humane diwurna fit « ^ attribute unto itfclf that getern atna]c- J ^ _ __rL power, (he could not make ufc thereof conftquitnr a- death of foch a$ (ho would qwmlo^fir deify*, that to receive adoration firommen. ir quam comit- uwujr 7 y 1 • u tatur Divinita^^ one iiiuft kccp far from any commerce with SeSdL them, and lofo his lifctopurcl^e a divinity. “ That Alexander was yet ncceflary to them j *and that he ought not to mount into the heavens, till he had conquered all the earth. This fliort Oration was able to have oblieged the moft ambitious of mankinde; yet did it offend the vain-glory 01 Thelifcff Paf$it9s. ijp of this Prince , nnd fo far provoked his Chcder , as not many daycs after he ,cauP ed tills Philofopher to be put to deaths not Rowing hun liberty to defend h} 5 gyfeif» i This mur^cf drew jupon himthehajeredof all Grw«^ and as Parmenio’ s dc3X^ had cjf- ' aipcratedalltheipuldiers, this of C4iSfhi- I nes did niuch more all the Orators 5 anf * thele men who revenge tbcrafelvcs with ' their Tongue, have ipokcfo oft of this esr F ceiS, as it is yet diflionpr to him thatdi4 i* commit it. K All the praiics jhat can be given to his i gallant adlions, are daikencd by the mprder of Cdlifihmes. And that I may make ufe of „ ^ , ^Semd’^s eloquent words, this irregular a„dri crimen K proceeding is K^lexavders everlafting atemum, quod c iault , which neither his fonune nor his nuiiabdil^ B valor will ever be able to blot out. For if rum feiicitas i*i a man flull fay he defeated the Perfians in redimer.Sentc. j| three picht Battels *, another will fay he ;; CalijlhiMs i If men put a valuation up- ;?onhim for fti^ving overcome Dariftdt the cf moftpuiflant Monarch of the world, they f: will blame him for having killed Cdlifthines, li If men praife him fplf having canted th? ( bounds of his Empire to th? utin^^a^s i i of the Eaft , they w^|_^ddb fewas guiltyof ■ the death of Iffb^Uya^end ■ his I The Ufe of Pafsionf. his 'Pam^rick^ a .man (hall fay He hatH ilainfed the glory of as many as pre- ceded' him : another'wiH reply , his fault is greater then his ydlor and that ail his ac- tion^ of memory arc fcUied by Califihines hislilood., ' , . ' Thi'sexample’cwght to itiftruia and teach all Princes., th^; df irregular Paflions arc maladies in Private - men , they iire Plagues' ^dtlOiw^ious difeafb in pubfique peribn- agcsV''^‘ahathat,' if well guided by Rcafon they may become glorious vertucs, they mayby the Tyranny of burlcnces ^ dege- ncrate'ih'tbmoft inftmoos .1 Jr ^ “r rii Tiw •- O. . kZ K -.1 Xiie ^bird > Difeourfe^ there are no Pafsims which tnaj not chaffed into VertueSf "E have faid in ouf former dif- ■ j cout^e^, that Paflions are_’|i the Kcds of VertUes and that by having a cafe^f husbanding them well ■ their ThtUfeofpafsms, their efFe aad, more, noble. But Ihe.oblerves therein an adraiirabljq me- ;^hod which well deferves confideration ; pforthpqgh;ihe be all-pbwerfiil , and that jfholdir^' the place Qo.d; ihe may ad as a foveraign, and do/ what Ihe pleafethwith the Elements or inetals yet doth fhe nfever ule violence j and fhe .feemeth rather to.ac-^ • commodai;c;hef felf to theirinterc|ls;then to her own inclinations 5 fhe obferveth their lympathies , and .worketh no alteration which is not agreeable unto them, ' Thus we fee' flie ratifies ayr, to change - it into fire ^ and couduceth water to turn p Thettfe ifnfimt. it inrocanhj thus we obf^c ftic purifies < filvcr, tocivc itthc tin^iure of gold, and c labors whole ages to finiih without vio- lence this ufefol Metamo^hofis. | ( Now as morality is an imitation of na- ■ tare , her chirfc care ought to be iihploycd i in obf^ing the proprieties of our palTions, ■ ahd in converting them into vertues which , arc not contrary unto them ; for he that would go about to change Choler into \ c mildnels, or fear into gcneroufhcls, would I: endeavour an impoffibillity , and would t have ill fiiccefs in all his labors: but that b his defignes may fiicceed well, he muft v (ftdy the nature of every palfion , and hfc all his means to turn each paflion into luch j I aVertucas it hath leaft averfionunto : and | f ' this ought not to feem ftrange,fincethc 2 ntoft rational of ah men, hath been of o- J a ^niort,' that in the op'pofition which nature jc hath placed between vice'andvertue , they jc< had notwithftanding Ibme what of rclcrn- |ln blancc one with the other ? for all men will *11 con^, that prodigallity hath morcrelati' 111 on to liberality , then to avarice , and that ,a it is not hard to reduce a prodigal man. to iii be a liberal' man ; every one is bound to v confefs that rafhnels fides more with cour- Ja age then with Cowai'dice, arid that it is 1 7heUf(9f Fafshns, cafier to make a rafhman, ibenacoward^ courageous. Therefore doe Philofbphers agree, that of the two extreams which do environ vertue, one of themisalwaies more favor- able unto her ; and a little care being had will eafily take her part, and defend her intereft. Following the lame maxlme , we muft confels that there are Ibmepaflions which have more of affinity with Ibme venues, then with Ibme others, and which by the help of morali^ , may eafily become That fear which forefees dangers, which laboreth how tofhunthem, which looks tnamus,hoc ' far into what is to come , that it may finde a remedy, may eafily be changed into wif- inanhermem- dom , provided the diftrailion which ac- companicth it, and which doth mol^M“,ybii». commonly abufe us in our deliberations, be taken away. That hope which makes us taftc a good which we do not yet enjoy, which comforteth us in our misfortunes, and which through our prefent Evils Ihc ws us a future happinefs, may eafily be con- verted into that vertue which we call afliir- ance. That Choler which punifiieth faults, and arms usco revenge our friends injuries. 144 Th Ufeof PdfsioHsl injuries ,- differs not ^£^r • from fuftkc ; fof provided it be not too violent , atV^ that the felhntei'efts thereof iedve it light'^endugh to guide it (elf, itvViU wage war alkhe Wicked ; and take all: that are inriOtehtinto its protection. ' That boldnels , which encOuiiigeth us to the combate, which gives affurance in d anget, 'and which' niakcs us p^fet aglori- ous death before a flhameful retreat , will' become exact valoi*^, 'if we-luppfefi its in-’ clination to fury and if we mingle a little light with the too riiuCh hcit thereof. Love and hatred , deffre and efehewing-, are rather Vemres then Paflions, When governed by ReafOn. Provided they love* nothing but what is^ Idyely i and hate no-' thing but what 'is hatelul-, they- deferve • praife rather then te^Oach. ! Sadnefs and '’defpaire , Jealoufy and- envy-, ate indeed more cried down ; they - leemtdbe enemies to our quiet, that the- heavens have made them minifters of- their JufKee , and that they fiVpply the places' c^' thofe- itVehgcful Firrieswhich- ^ts feign to puniih the faulty . ' Yet may they be ufeful to Reafbn if well managed j ' and under thofe hideous faces wherein they ; appear , they hid e good meaning^ which - ' li are : TheUfe of Paf$ions» ^ 145 arc of ufe to vertue. A good emulation may be framed out of a well-regulated En- vy. Difcreet zeal may be fhapened out of moderated Jealoufie j without which nei- ther prophane nor yet facred love under- takes any thing of generous. Sorrow hath fo many praifes given her in the holy Scrip- ture, as it is eafie to judg, that if fliebe not amongft the number of the vertues, Ihe may be advantageouflymade ufeof to their fcrvice.She loolcn s us from the e^th ; Meiior eft aqd by a defpifing allthe contcntmentspf“j||^"^^^^^ tlie world, Dk makes us thirft after aernal qutm iztitia delights *, Ihe appealcth Gods anger , Ihe furniflieth us with teares , wherewithal to ub:cie*ma' walh away our fins and to water his altats *, She is alwaies a faithful companion to re- pentance 5 and no fin in Chriftian Religion was ever forgiven , before fbrrow and repentance had obtained pardon. Defpair hath but the name of tcrible } but who fliall well confider her effe(Jfs , will avow 'tis a wile invention of nature which cores tibus «cutiti the greateft part of oiif maladies, hy ta- king away from us the hope of remedy ^ defperatione fortheny/e make vertuerpf neccffity, draw force' from our \yeakncls turn nituriiaib.#! our feaur intofury , an(^ our defires iiito con- cap. ». tempt ; wc let upon enemies whole aproach t'* we T^eUfecfPafsions. wc dare not cxpeift •, and we mifpriie ob- jects which we cannot abandon. Thus we findc many men wlro owe theit i quiet more tb dcfpair then to hope ^ and who {hall well examine the humor of theft i two afFedions,will be forc’d to ack nowlcdg, that the one makes us mifcrable by her pro- i mifes, the other happy by her refums j that the one nourifhetn our dcfireSjthe other ; ckuftth thfcfn tb'dyCithat the One couzeneth I us, knd the other difabuftth usj that we arc I ■ loft by the flatteries of the one , and laved by the others afflidbon. TThisistheRcalbn : why the erfcateft Poet in the world hath ’ klfirmed that ddpair is that which raiftth ; ub the courage of the conquered , and 1 whkb reftorcs unto them the viftory which : ho^'andralhnefs had bereft them of. i Blit Whatever advantage I attribute to i thefe Palsions, 1 confefsthey have their i errors , and that to make them vertuous c they muft be carefully clcanlcd. And be- i cau'fc fo profitable an affair cannot be too of- ten treated of, I lhall willingly obferve their chiefeft innormities 5 to the end that difccr- ningthem, asinalookingglafs, everyone j may be careful how to emce them. Take ^ blindhefs from love,and he will be no more faulty i fork is permitted to love fuch ■ liibjedfs Tbetlfefif Pafshns. fiibjcdls 4 s defcrve love , and there is no Amor eft mo. i kis injufticc in denying it to perfonages of ; excellency ^hen to grant it to deformed per- dbate mo- 8 (bns. Exempt error from hatred, ha- i tred will become confbnant to Reafon 1 bet,cupiduas 3 for it is not )uft to confound the {inner with dicitur,cum s his fin 5 and who can make this diftingutflv "hI I ment, may boaft to hate with juflice j delirc u» jppeiUtur. lit and efchcw ng arc innocent, provided they g i be moderated ; joy and lorrow are only elcftionis « blameable in their excefs •, and the fame jt Rcalbn which permits us to tafte with plea- 28 (nre a good which wc wifh for,doth not for- liz bidusforrowing for an evil which we ap- {t prehend. Hope is only then unjuft , when 21 {he mcafurcth not her forces, and defpair ili is only then faulty when it takes its rife ra- ther from our remtfncfs , then from our t; weaknefs. Boldnefs is then praife worthy, li whenit grapples with a danger which it may :« overcome j and fear is wifdomc, when it [\ fliuns a danger it cannot overcome. Choice j isanadof juftice, when born againft fin, ti: and provided it be not judge in its own (j caufc , it pronounceth none but lawful dc- «] crecs. Envy is generous , provided it , excite us unto vertue , and that it lay befew us the good qualities of our neighbour, ji only fo ftir forth as that wc may imitate (jli La thenou Metuunt cnim pxnpai ctcrnanr»,cu- piunt viiam aeternam^do- Ic It in re quia adhucingtmi- fcunt adoptio- fietn filiorum d.‘i,exp£ftan- tcsredemptio nem corporis fui^gaudentin fpe^quia tnors abfoi bcbitur i viftoriam; Aug.l b; i^. de civit.dei. cap. 3. Metuunt pec- care^cupiunt pcrlevtrare, dolcnt in pec- catis, gaud enc m operibus bonis Idem ibid* The life of Pafsiem. them. Icaloufic is only hateful , becaulc it hath in it too much of love - yet this fault is pardonable when not accompanied with fufpition , and if the beloved cannot cure it , they are bound to indure it. But to put an end tothis difeourfe virith Saint Augufim-^ Chriftians make good ufc of their Pafsions, if they imploy them for the glory of ^efus Chriji, and for the lalvation of their own fouls. Their fears correfpond with Reafon when they confider Gods judgments, and thepuniflimentof the damnea •, Their dc- firc is )u(t when they aym at the happinefs of the blclfed. Their ibrrow is harmlefc when they afflift themiclves for all the evils which our firft father hath left us to inhe- rit; and when oppreft with grief, they figh after the liberty of the children of God. Their joy is a holy joy when theyexpeft the fruition of the good which is prepared tor them, and when by a firm hope they already tafte the effeds of their maftcK promifes. Briefly, if they fear unbelief , if they defire perfcverance , if they forrow for their evil adfions , and rejoyce when they do well , they turn all their Palfions, into holy and glorious venues. The The life of Pafsiom. 149 I P I s;; 'I )' ii i % lini ft & F it: 5t <> The fouih Difcourfe. Th/tt the government of Pafsions is vertuts chief implojment. M An is brought into fb happy a con- dition by fin, as his very advanta- ges reproach his mifery unto him, and he is made to know his faultinefs by what is moft excellent in him. ”1 hofe no- ble qualities which beautifichis foul , and which reftore unto him the glory which he had loft, have but unpleafing imployments, and are engaged in combats, which though they be difficult, ccafcnotto be ftiameful. for mans moft illuftrious vertues, have no other imployment then to make war upon vice , and the neceffity he hath to make ulc thereof is one of the chiefeft proofs of the irregularity of his nature. Prudence which ferves him for a guide, advertifeih himthathe walkethin darknefs, and that he is in an enemies country. Poniiudc teacheth him that he ought to fight, and that L 3 ijo T^eUfeof Pafsmi. in all the courfcof hislifchctaftcs noplca- fure which is not mingled with pain j tem- perance gives him to underftand, that his conftitution is out of order , and that he hath delights which flatter him only , that they may deftroy him. Laftly, juftice obliegeth him to believe, that not anything which he pofleffeth U his, and that having a Ibveraign who hath given him all thatheenjoycth, he is only the fteward to diftribute tliem. Thcfe ver- mes do what they fay, their implcymcnts anfwer their counfels 5 they aft not, w th- out going about to ftifle feme diforder, an 4 to overcome Ibme vitious inclinations. Pru- dence choofeth the arms and the enemy ; temperance rejcftspleafure ^ Forutude lets upon Ibrrow ; juftice fits prefident in all thefe combats •,lhe takes care that the con- queror be not inlblent in his viftory 5 that the foul take not fuch advantage over the body,that in thinking to tame it , it deftroy it, and that vvhileft it would revenge it fclf of- a difobedicnt vaflal, it lofc not a faithful friend. So as we muft conclude, that the exercife of vertue, is a continual warfare againft vice. And that theft glo- rious qualities , have no more noble im- ploymcnt theh to charge upon monfters. TheUfeef Pafshns, IJI and fight with infamous enemies. *Tis therefore that Saint with all the Divines, do acknowledg that Aey were onely given us to alfift us di^re- ing this miferable life , and that they arc fteps whereby to pive at that height ot felicity which confiftsin the enjoyment or the SwnmHTH Fot then our pru- dcncc will be no more neceflfary , (hall have no evils to fliunj our julticc will then be fuperfluous , for we fliall pof- fe6 allour riches in common. Temper- ance will then be ufelefs, for we (hall have no more unlawful motions to lupprels. Then our fbrtidude will have no imploy* ment, fince we (hall (uffer no ’Tistrue I have much adoe to banifh thole Vertuesfrom heaven , which have opened us the wav thither. But as nothii^ can be (unt vim received there which is imperfe eonfiders oncly his own ‘i> intereft , or plca&rc. He therefore that ^ lofeth )uftic Its how to arrive at this knowIctJg, and thw (he gives us rules how to found thclc d^ihs which ieem to have no bottomc. Men judgofmeaningsbyaaionsj and read the eyes, and face, tbemoft ftcret moii- cojiuriocft, em of the foul. One nBy obferve nature by their dcfigncs, andmay Ituddy sencc.Ub.n men fo well, as chat he may gucfs at their 4« thoughts , and by one piece of cunning difcover that which they by another feck to conceal. But of allthefcwaycsliindc none more eafic, nqr morecenain, then*'“^*JJ^ that of the Pafllofts % for they cfoape us confflium ia againft out will , th« betray “bytheirt^^j;,,- promptncs and likcncis j We daily nndc pitns csbau* that it is. much more hard to withhold a net iiiudiPr^ mans cholcr then his hand , and to impofo ’“P**?* Wcnce to his fufferings , then to his mouth. They mutiny without our leave, and by an Impreflion which they make in our countenance , they teach our enemies all that lies within our hearts. I therefonc ViBotoms much value that Poets invention, who*^?=®23i tearms Paftions, tortures, not only for “ that they torment us through their rigour, but becaufo they force us by their vio- lence to confefs the tnith. A man rauft be very faithful to himfelf, if he do not de- clare himfolf cither’ by hatred or vanity. And # r i#o rheUfeof FAfsions. And one muft have great authority oyer his Paisions , if he can (iipprefs them when a skilful man undertakes to move them. ^ The wiieft men forget their refolutions, f andofttimesapraife , or a reproach, draw a truth from them, which wifdomhada long time kept concealed. Never was Prince a greater difTembler then was liherius-, all hisy/ords and a