B 382053
!
ARTES
18 17
LIBRARY
VERITAS
SCIENTIA
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
E.PLURIBUS
UKUM
TUEBOR
SI-QUÆRIS-PENINSULAM'AMŒNAMI
CIRCUMSPICE
THE GIFT OF
W. E. Woodbridge
کر دیکھو
3
12707
APPENDIX F TO THE REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
REPORT
ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL.
CHIEFLY WITH REFERENCE TO
GUN CONSTRUCTION
ON THE
WOODBRIDGE SYSTEM.
illans
анд
By W. E. WOODBRIDGE, M. D.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1875.
80. Woodbridge
INDEX.
Cylindric specimens, torsional tests of
Annealing at different temperatures, table of results of
Annealing, changes of dimensions in..
Annealing, reasons for.
Annealing specimens for tests of hardness.
Atha, (Benj.) & Co., specimens from
Atlantic Steel-Works, specimens from
Aultman Steel Company, specimen from.
Bessemer steel, tensile tests of.....
Bronze, test of specimens of gun-wires united with.
Changes in specimens under tension....
Chemical and mechanical tests compared.
Chrome Steel Company, specimens from
Clamps for holding tensile specimens of gun-wires
Compound wires, (iron and steel,) tensile tests of..
Conflicting strains, accommodation of, by their own prolonged action
Continuance of strain, effects of, Table 54 ....
Copper, development of elastic resistance, and resilience in.
Copper employed for "pressure disks"
Copper, hard-drawn, gunpowder test of.
Development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion, tables of .
Page.
68
66
5
242
11
11
11
55
51-54
•
13
238
•
•
10, 19
3
65
65
239
233
236
80-92
.223-235
Drawing gun-wire specimens
12
Explanation of marks designating material
8-12
Explanation of tables of tensile tests..
13
Explanatory note to Tables 31 to 41
222a
Explanatory note to Tables 42 to 51, and Plates 7-23
222b
Fracture, place of, in torsional specimens
67
Gunpowder tests of specimens described...
7
Gunpowder tests of specimens, table of result
236-237
Gunpowder tests, pressure-gauge employed in
7
Griswold (John A.) & Co., specimens from
11
Hardened steel gun-wires, torsional tests of.
173-175
Hardness, tests of.
242-246
Haseclever (J. B.) & Sons, specimen of steel produced by
Heat-tests employed in annealing
12
6
Hobson (Francis) & Son, specimens of their "CHOICE" steel
12
Hussey, Welles & Co., specimens furnished by
8, 19
Indenting-tool used in tests of hardness
242
Jessop (Wm.) & Sons, specimens from
12
Lewis (A. C.,) (of Atlantic Steel-Works,) specimens from.
11
Manufacturers of the steels employed in specimens..
8-12
Marks designating materials of specimens, explanation of.
8-12
Measurements of elongation
Midvale Steel-Works, specimens from.
3
11.
Miller, Barr & Parkin, specimens from
10
Moss (F. W.,) specimens from....
12
Naylor & Co., specimens from....
10, 19
New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, specimens furnished by
Park, Brother & Co., specimens from.
8, 19
10, 19
Pressure-gauge employed in gunpowder tests
7
Qualities requisite for gun-material of highest excellence.
Reduction of torsional strains....
1
66
Reversed torsions, note explanatory of tables relating to
222a
Reversed torsions, resistance, elasticity, and endurance under.
190-222
Sanderson Bros. & Co., specimens from..
12
Seams in torsional specimens
66
Size of specimens advantageous for determining distinctive qualities
7
IV
1
Specimens marked alphabetically, tests of-
A..
B..
C..
D
E
F..
G...
H
I
J.
K...
L...
M
N.
0.
·P..
Q
R
S.
T..
U
V
W
X
Y.
Z
Page.
130
130, 244
68, 130, 244
27, 68, 130, 244
130, 244
70, 130, 244
130, 244
.68, 244
30, 68, 244
.30, 68, 244
130, 244
30, 68, 244
131, 244
70, 131, 244
.27, 42, 68, 145, 215, 227, 238, 244
.70, 131, 244
131, 244
131, 244
131,244
·
31, 68, 244
.30, 68, 244
131, 244
.70, 131, 244
.31, 68, 244
131, 244
70, 131, 244
AA...
A B...
A C..
AD
AE..
A F
A G
A H
ΑΙ
AJ.
AK
AL..
A M
AN
AO...
AP...
BA..
BB..
BC
BD
BE.
BF..
BG
BH
BI..
BJ
B K
131, 244
131, 244
131, 244
132, 244
32, 69, 244
132, 244
31, 69, 244
132, 244
132, 244
31, 69, 244
132, 244
132, 244
..69, 244
.31, 69, 245
132, 245
.32, 69, 245
32,73
..33, 73, 101, 236, 239, 240, 245
73
33,73
33, 73
33, 73, 236
33, 73
34,73
34,73
73
34,73
73
BL..
35, 73, 236
BM
BN...
BO..
BP...
.73, 245
73
73
73
BQ.
BR..
BS....
245
74
74;
BT..
BU
BV
BW
BX
74
74
74
74
74
BY..
BZ..
74
V
Specimens marked alphabetically, tests of-Continued.
CA..
C B.
CC.
C D
CE
Page.
73
73
73
73
73,95
CF.
CG
CH
CI
C J..
CK..
CL.
C M
CN..
CO
CP..
C Q
CR
CS
CT
CU
CV
35, 37, 75, 76, 77, 95, 245
35, 37, 75, 76, 77
35, 37, 75, 76, 77, 78, 245
.36, 37, 75, 76, 77, 78
36, 37, 75, 76, 77, 78, 223, 235, 245
36, 37, 51, 75, 76, 77, 78, 95, 170, 172, 173, 177, 180, 183, 213, 236, 245
.52, 79, 96, 236
94,98
94,98
94, 99
94 99
94, 99, 236
94, 99, 236
94,99
95, 100
DL [HW co 8]
D.M [HW co 9]..
DN[HW co 10]
DO[HW co 11]
DP [HW co 12]
DQ [N S co 1]
DR[NS co 2]
DSINS co 3]
DTINS co 4]
DU [NS co 5]
E F [C H co 10].
Specimens marked as below, tests of—
A co 1
A co 2
A co 3
A co 4
A co 5
A co 6
A co 7
.A co 8
A co 9
A co 10
A co 11
A co 12
A co 13
95, 100
95, 100
102, 105, 109
102, 105, 109
102, 105, 109
102, 105, 109
103, 105, 109
103, 106
103, 106
103, 106
103, 106
•
103, 106
120, 242
111, 115, 245
39, 102, 105, 111, 236, 245
·
111, 112, 245
111, 112, 245
40, 43, 111, 236
111, 112, 245
111
44, 111, 112, 245
111
111, 112, 245
245
122, 128, 142, 245
•
122, 128, 142, 245
A co 14
A co 15
A co 16
A co 17
A co 18
A co 19
A co 20
A co 21
A co 22
A co 23
A co 24
A co 25
A co 26
A co 27
A co 28
A co 29
A co 30
A co 31
A co 32
A co 33
A co 34
A co 35
·
•
122, 128, 142
122, 128, 143, 245
122, 128, 143
122, 125, 143, 245
44, 122, 126, 143, 245
122, 126, 143, 245
123, 126, 143, 245
.123, 126, 143, 245
123, 126, 143, 245
.123, 126, 143, 245
123, 126, 143, 245
.45, 123, 126, 143, 245
123, 127, 143, 245
123, 127, 143
123, 127, 144, 245
123, 127, 144
123, 127, 144, 245
123, 127, 144, 245
123, 127, 144, 245
124, 127, 144
124, 127, 144, 245
124, 127, 144, 245
VI
Specimens marked as below, tests of-Continued.
A co 36..
A co 37
A co 38
A co
39
A co 40
A co 41
A co 42
A co 43
A co 44
A co
45
A co 46
A co 47
A co 48
A co 49
A co 50
A co 51
A co 52
A co 53
A co 54
A co
55.
A co 56.
A co 57
A co 58
A co 59
A co 60
A co 61
A co 62
A co 63
A co 64
J
1
...
Page.
124, 127, 144
124, 127, 145
124, 127, 145, 245
45, 124, 128, 145, 245
124, 128, 145, 245
124, 128, 145
·
147
147,245
147, 245
58, 147
146, 147
146, 148, 245
146, 148, 245
146, 148
146, 148, 245
·
146, 148, 245
146, 148, 245
146, 148
.146, 148
147, 148
147, 149, 236
147, 149, 245
147, 149, 245
147, 149, 245
147, 149
147, 149, 245
147, 149
149, 151
149, 151, 245
A co 65
A co 66
A co 67
A co 68
A co 69
A co 70
A co 71
A co 72
A co 73
A co 74
A co 75
A co 76
A co 77
A co 78
A co 79
A co 80
149, 151, 245
149, 151, 245
149, 151, 245
149, 151, 245
150, 152, 245
150, 152, 245 ·
150, 152, 245
150, 152, 245
58, 150, 152, 245.
150, 152, 245
150, 152, 245
150, 236, 245
·
150, 245
151, 245
151, 152, 245
151, 152, 245
A co 81
A co 82
A co 83
A co 84
A co 85
A co 86
A co 87
A co 88
A co 89
A co 90
A co 91
A co 92
A co 93
A co 94
A co 95
A co 96
A co 97
A co 98
A co 99
A co 100
A co 101
A co 102
•
151, 153, 245
151, 153
151, 153
.151, 153
46, 47, 48, 164, 165, 166, 170
53, 164, 165, 245
164, 165, 245
164, 165, 245
164, 165, 245
164, 165, 246
.46, 164, 165, 166, 171, 174, 177, 179, 181, 184, 200, 225, 246
164, 165, 246
164, 165, 246
164, 246
164, 165, 246
165, 246
165, 246
. 165, 246
246
167, 246
167
. 167, 246.
A co 103
167
VII
Specimens marked as below, tests of-Continued.
A co 104
A co 105
A co 106
A co 107
A co 108..
A co 109
A co 110
A co 111
A co 112
A co 113
A co 114.
A co 115
A co 116
A co 128
A co 129
A co 130
•
A co 131
A co 132
A co 133
A co 134
A co 135
Page.
167,246
167, 246
167, 246
167,246
167
167, 246
168, 246
168
168,246
168
168, 246
168, 246
168
168
168, 246
168, 246
168
168, 246
168
168
A co 136
.168, 246
A co 137
.168, 246
A co 138
168, 246
A co 139
A co 140
.47, 166, 167, 168, 177, 179, 182, 185, 190, 226, 246
168, 246
A co 141
A co 142
A co 143
A co 144
A co 145
A co 146
A co 147
A S co
BES 1.
BES 3.
...
168, 246
168, 246
168, 246
170, 246
47, 166, 167, 170, 246
170, 246
170, 246
170, 246
114
55
BES 4
BES 5...
BES 6.
BES 7
55, 163, 246
55, 163, 246
55
55
55
BES 8.
BES 12...
55
55
.55, 164, 246
114, 159
C co 2
C co 3
C co 4
C co 5
C co 6
C co 7
C co 8
C co 9
BES 16...
BS co 1
BS co 2
BS co 3.
BS co 4
BS co 5
BS co 6
•
BSSB [See B S co 1]
C 900 [from charge 900]
C co 1
115, 116, 119
116
45, 119
46, 61, 62, 133, 137, 141, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 183, 217, 236
133, 137, 141
46, 52, 54, 161
103, 106, 244
103, 106, 244
103, 106
.104, 107
.104, 107, 244
104, 107, 244
104, 107, 244
104, 107, 244
104, 107, 244
C co 10
C co 11
104, 107
115
C co 12
115
C co 13
115
C co 14
115
C co 15
115
C co 16
115, 244
C co 17
C co 18
115, 244
115, 244
VIII
Specimens marked as below, tests of-Continued.
C co 19
C co 20
CH co 1 S
C.H co 2 S.
\CH co 3 S..
CH co 4 S
C H co 5 I
C H co 6.
C H co 7
C H co 8...
C H co 9.
CH co 10 [E F]
CH Co SPR*
G 1.1
CH co SPR*
G 1.2
CH co SPR* {
G 2.1
CH Co SPR*
G 2.2
C H co SPR*
G 3.1
CH co SPR*
G 3.2
CHROME
CRESCENT
C S co 5
C S co 6
C S co 7
CS co 8
Page.
115
115, 244
15, 19, 21, 24, 72, 242
15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 72, 242
15, 19, 22, 24, 72, 242
16, 19, 22, 25, 60, 70, 74, 96, 98, 100, 101, 236, 238, 242
16, 19, 22, 25, 52, 62, 72, 172, 231, 242
125, 128, 242
125, 129, 242
125, 129
125, 129, 242
. 120, 129, 242
120, 242
120
120
120
.120, 121
121, 242
86, 92
84,90
16, 19, 20, 25, 52, 71, 96, 98, 194, 236
•
17, 19, 20, 25, 71
17, 19, 20, 25, 71, 72
17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 72
C S co 9
-
C W co 1
C W co 2
E M co 1
E M co 2
H co 1
H co 2
HE co 1
HE co 2.
H W co 4
H W co 5
H W co 6
H W co 7
•
·
·
•
H W co 8 [DL]
H W co 9 [DM]
H W co 10 [DN
H W co 11 [D Oj.
H W co 12 [D P]
H W co 13
H W co 14
H W co 15...
H W co 16..
H W co 17
H W co 18...
H W co 19
236
49
49,50
64, 187, 246
64, 187, 246
115, 178, 179, 185, 186, 222
116
63, 188, 246
.63, 188, 246
14, 19, 21, 23, 60, 72, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 219, 224, 236, 238, 242
.14, 19, 21, 23, 29, 72, 242
14, 19, 21, 23, 29, 72, 73
15, 19, 21, 24, 29, 73, 242
102, 109, 113, 242
38, 102, 109, 113, 130, 238, 242
H W co 20
HW co T.
Ingot 838 [from charge 838]
Ingot 844 [from charge 844]
I & SIC
I & Ssc
J co 1.
J co 2.
JBH co..
M co 1
M co 2
M co 3
•
.102, 109, 113
102, 109, 113
103, 109, 113
125, 129, 137, 141, 242
125, 129, 137, 141, 242
125, 129, 137, 142
43, 125, 129, 137, 142, 242
40, 125, 129, 137, 142, 242
125, 129, 137, 142, 242
125, 129, 137, 142, 242
.125, 129, 137, 142, 242
64, 187, 242
153, 154
.153, 154
65
65
63, 188, 246
.63, 188, 246
64, 188, 246
102, 105, 111, 121
43, 121
43, 121
M co 4
165, 166, 171
►
IX
Specimens marked as below, tests of-Continued.
M co 5 ...
Page.
.166, 171
17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 52, 53, 71, 97, 172, 201, 236
N co I.
N co 1 S (A)
N co 1 S (B)
N co 1 S (C)
N co 1 S (D)
N co 1 S(E)
N co 1 S (F)
N co T 1
N co T 2
NS co 1 [D Q]
NS co 2 [DR]
NS co 3 [D S
N S co 4 [D T]
NS co 5 [DU]
NS co 6
NS co 7
NS co 8
N S co 9
NS co 10
NS co 11
.27, 74, 230
27,74
28, 74, 246
...28, 74, 80, 82, 88, 89
28,74
28,74
.63, 187, 229, 246
.64, 187, 246
103, 106, 112, 114, 244
103, 106, 112, 114, 244
103, 106, 112, 114, 244
.103, 106, 112, 114, 195, 244
103, 106, 113, 114, 244
116, 244
.117, 244
116, 244
117, 244
118,244
118,244
NS co 12
PB co 1
PB co 2
PB co 3
P B co 4
S B co 1
S B co 2
SPR 1
Ꮪ Ꮲ Ꭱ ?
SPR 3
SPR 4
SPR5..
Ꮪ Ꮲ Ꭱ Ꮾ .
SPR7
SPR 8
SPR 10
SPR 11
Ꮪ Ꮲ Ꭱ 12
·
SPR 13
SPR 14
SPR 15
SPR 16
•
·
•
SPR 17
Ꮪ Ꮲ Ꭱ 18
.........
SPR 19
SPR 21
SPR 22
SPR 25
SPR 27
SPR 29
SPR 31
SPR 32
SPR 34
SPR 36
SPR 37
SPR 38
SPR 39
SPR 40
SPR 41
118, 244
18, 19, 23, 26, 71
18, 19, 23, 26, 71, 101
18, 19, 23, 26, 71, 101
·
19,71
63, 187, 246
188, 246
132, 135, 139, 242
132, 135, 139, 242
133, 135, 139, 242
133, 135, 139, 242
133, 135, 139, 242
41, 133, 135, 139, 242
.58, 133, 135, 139, 242
133, 135, 139, 243
.133, 135, 140, 243
.133, 135 140, 243
133, 135, 140, 243
41, 133, 135, 140, 243
133, 135, 137, 140, 243
134, 136, 137, 140, 243
.134, 136, 137, 140, 243
134, 136, 138, 140, 243
134, 13, 138, 140, 243
41, 134, 136, 138, 141
.134, 136, 138, 141, 243
41, 134, 136, 138, 141, 243
134, 136, 138, 141, 243
42, 134, 136, 138, 141, 243
138, 141, 243
45, 138, 141, 243
139, 141, 243
139, 141
145, 242
153, 243
153, 243
153, 154, 243
SPR 42
SPR 43
SPR 44.
SPR 45
SPR 46
SPR 47
SPR 48
SPR 49
153, 154, 243
153, 154, 243
.56, 145, 155, 156, 157, 243
56, 145, 155, 156, 157, 243
145, 155, 156, 157, 158
145, 155, 156, 157, 158, 243
.57, 155, 156, 157, 158, 243
57, 155, 156, 157, 158, 243
.57, 155, 156, 157, 158, 243
.57, 157, 159. 243
Il
X
Specimens marked as below, tests of-Continued.
SPR 50
SPR 51
SPR 52
Page.
.158, 159, 243
.158, 159, 243
154, 155, 157, 159, 243
154, 155, 157, 159, 243
SPR 53
Ꮪ Ꮲ Ꭱ 54 ..
SPR 55.
SPR 56
S PR 57
SPR 58
SPR 60
SPR 61
SPR 62
•
SPR 63
SP R 64
SP R 65
SPR 66
SPR 67
SPR 68
154, 155, 157, 159, 243
·
154, 155, 157, 159, 243
154, 155, 157, 159, 243
159, 243
.56, 59, 159, 160, 243
160, 243
•
160, 161, 243
160, 161, 243
161, 243
. 161, 162, 243
161, 162, 163, 243
161, 162, 163, 243
162, 163, 243
162, 163, 243
SPR 69
SPR 70...
SPR 71
T co 1.
T co 2
T co 3.
T co 4
T co 5
T co 6
T co 7
T co 8
T co 9
T co 10
T co 11
T co 12
T co 13
T co 14
T co 15
·
162, 163, 243
162, 163, 243
162, 163, 243
109, 244
.108, 109, 179, 244
108, 110
108, 110, 192
39, 61, 108, 110, 129, 172, 236, 238, 244
.61, 107, 108, 110, 172, 236, 244
108, 110
108, 110, 244
108, 110, 244
107, 108, 110, 118, 244
118, 119, 244
118, 119, 184
118, 119, 244
118, 119, 244
119, 244
T co 16
12 IN B [from 12" gun-tube made by Thos. Firth & Son].
Spontaneous contraction of stretched compound wires...
Star (*) applied to specimens drawn into wire at Washington navy-yard….
.119, 177, 181, 244
139, 246
65
12
Table comparing chemical with mechanical tests...
238
Table of changes of dimensions by annealing..
66
Table of gunpowder tests of specimens.
236-237
Table of tensile tests of compound wires.
65
Table of tensile tests of cylindric wires, imported steel.
49-50
Table of tensile tests of gun-wires quickly broken..
20-26
Table of tensile tests of gun-wires united with bronze……….
Table of tensile tests of tool steels...
51-54
63-64
Table of tensile tests of turned specimens of Bessemer steel.
55
Table of tensile tests of unannealed gun-wires.
60-62
Table of tests of first collection of specimens.
19
Table of tests of hardness....
242-246
Table of torsional tests of gun-wires...
98-171
Table of torsional tests of hardened steel gun-wires..
173-175
Table of torsional tests of square specimens planed from wire rods..
94-97
Table of torsional tests of tempered steel gun-wires........
176-186
Table of torsional tests of unannealed gun-wires.
172
Table of torsional tests of wires drawn from tool steels.
187-189
Tables of development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion..
223-235
Tables of resistance, elasticity, and endurance of gun-wires under reversed tor
sions...
190-222
Tables of tensile tests.…….
14-65
Tables of tensile tests, general explanation of.
13
Tables of torsional tests, (direct)……….
Tables of torsional tests of turned specimens.
Tempered steel gun-wires, torsional tests of...
Tensile specimens, form of....
.68-189
80-92
176-186
3
Tensile testing-machine employed....
3
XI
Tin, employed for "pressure disks"
Tool steels, tensile tests of
Time: influence of continuance of strain.
Time: spontaneous contraction of stretched compound wires.
Tool steels, torsional tests of wires drawn from.
Torsion; development of elastic resistance and resilience by, tables of.
Torsional testing-machine, description of.
Torsional tests of cylindric specimens
Torsional tests of gun-wires..
Torsional tests of hardened steel gun-wires...
Torsional tests of tempered steel gun-wires
Torsional tests of specimens planed from wire-rods.
Torsional tests of unannealed gun-wires..
Torsional tests, reasons for employing..
Torsional tests, remarks respecting.
Torsional tests, tables of, (direct)
Trenton Iron Company, drawing of wire by.
Trenton Iron Company, specimen furnished by….
·
Page.
13, 2226, 239
65
8
63-64
.187-189
.223-235
4
80-92
.98-171
173-175
94-97
176-186
172
4
66
68-189
12
8, 19
60-62
172
Unannealed gun-wires, tensile test of....
Unannealed gun-wires, torsional tests of.
Value of many early tests impaired by disregard of previous mechanical treat-
ment
Vibration, influence of, on cohesive strength
Wilson, Hawksworth, Ellison & Co., specimens from.
Zinc and tin, alloy of, used in "pressure disks"
0220
12
8
CORRIGENDA.
Page 11, eighteenth line from top, for "11" read "12."
Page 14, in the heading of the table on this page and of subsequent tables, where
reference is made to pages "136 to 140," substitute "8 to 12."
Page 65, in second column, for "T & S" read "1 & S."
Page 94, on the line with the highest strain in each experiment, in Table 25, insert,
in the fifth column, " (Broke.) "
Page 98, the correction for Table 25 will apply to Table 26, where the same omission
occurs.
Page 103, fourth line in the second column, for "S" read "DS*."
Page 136, last line in second column, for "SP 27" read "SPR 27."
Page 120, under "Remarks," first line, omit "at standard heat.”
Page 173, under "Remarks," opposite C K, insert "This specimen, like the others, was
heated to a full red-heat, and plunged in water, but was not perceptibly hardened
excepting at the ends."
Page 176, under "Remarks" insert "Nos. 1289 to 1295, inclusive, were heated to the
melting point of Cu 9 Sn, and plunged in water. They were then tempered by keep-
ing them one hour in melted tallow at the temperature of 600° Fahr."
Pages 178 and 179, in second column, for "Hco I" read "H co 1."
Page 179, under "Remarks" insert "Nos. 1296 to 1302, inclusive, were not annealed or
hardened, but subjected for one hour to temperature of 600° Fahr."
Page 180, under "Remarks" insert "Nos. 1303 to 1309, inclusive, were cooled in water
from melting-point of Cu 9 Sn, and heated to the first appearance of redness in the
dark."
Page 183, in second column, opposite Exp. No. 1309, insert "H co 1 TEMPERED.”
Also, under "Remarks" insert "Hardened as above, and afterward brought to a low
red-heat."
Page 187, Table 30, under "Remarks" insert "All annealed at standard heat."
Page 222a, fourth line from top, for “32” read “31.”
Other errors, marked in a few copies, resulting from the haste of putting to press, will be found,
but they are too apparent, it is believed, to be misleading.
W. E. W.
APPENDIX F.
WASHINGTON, November 1, 1875.
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the tests of
steel made by me in connection with the selection of suitable material
for the fabrication of guns on my system of construction. The number
of varieties examined is considerable, and the experiments, it is hoped,
will be found to contribute information of interest and value outside of
the particular department of the arts to which they owe their origin,
in regard to the combination of the various properties of steel which
may be found in individual specimens, the result of the use of different.
materials and methods of manufacture.
The value of the experiments as a contribution to the improvement
of methods of manufacture would, of course, be greatly enhanced by
correct and full chemical analyses of representative specimens. Anal-
yses of a few are presented, and all the specimens are carefully marked
and preserved, in hope that others may yet be subjected to chemical
examination.
It is a satisfaction to state that the most excellent specimens were of
American production.
I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
General S. V. BENÉT,
Chief of Ordnance.
W. E. WOODBRIDGE.
&
REPORT.
i
The primary object of these experiments was to ascertain, from the
examination of such samples as might be found available, the material
best suited for use, in the form of wire, in the construction of guns, and
to aid manufacturers of steel in securing a more uniform excellence of
quality, by affording them an opportunity of recognizing, by means of
more exact tests than they have been accustomed to apply, the compar-
ative mechanical value of their products and the conditions under which
the best results had been obtained.
In considering what combination of properties is requisite to consti-
tute high excellence in a material for the construction of guns of the
largest caliber, it is necessary to give attention to the manner in which
the strains to which it is subjected are applied.
First and most evident is the general high pressure within the bore,
acting in a manner comparable with that of a liquid gradually injected
and confined within a cylinder. To meet this, cohesive strength, without
regard to susceptibility to extension or change of form, is the quality
required. But as the pressure is applied with great rapidity, and as time
is an element in the communication of strain, it is necessary that the
material immediately surrounding the bore, unable of itself to oppose
the requisite resistance, should be extensible, in order that it shall not be
ruptured before it can receive the support of the adjoining exterior ma-
terial, and elastic, that the extension shall not be permanent. An elastic
material, acted on by unequal strains, is necessarily thrown into vibra-
tions.
In the case of a gun, not only does the rapid application of the internal
1 F
2
pressure produce vibration, but an additional cause is found in the ine-
quality of the internal pressures, arising in part from the variable pro-
gress of the inflammation of the charge, and more largely from the
changing relation of the pressure and inertia of the gases during their
expansion and the progress of the projectile through the bore.
Vibration, which is a necessary result of a necessary quality of the
material considered, requires the addition of another property to restrain
its unfavorable influence on cohesive strength. A perfectly elastic body
conserves the energy employed in imparting to it vibratory movement,
the amplitude of the vibrations being increased by each accession of
energy until the play of the particles is carried, in some part of the
body, beyond the limit of extensibility, when rupture must occur. The
interference and coincidence of vibratory waves of different lengths, it
should be noticed, must produce local diminutions and augmentations of
the space through which the particles play, and consequently local
strains, which, in a perfectly elastic material, will result in fracture,
while the general vibratory action may be slight. If, however, the ma-
terial possesses the capability of having its form changed beyond the
bounds of its elastic movements without rupture, or, in other words, the
property imperfectly defined by malleability or ductility, many repeated
applications of a force otherwise destructive may be endured without
apparent injury, the excess of energy being consumed in the changes of
form, which might be designated permanent were they not often reversed
with each vibration of the ductile material. Each disappearance of en-
ergy in the manner just mentioned, that is, in change of quiescent form,
is of course accompanied by a change of properties in the material itself;
a change which diminishes and would finally destroy its ductility.
These facts manifest themselves in the now well-known deterioration
of large guns from the repeated use of charges much smaller than were
formerly used in proof.
As no limit is assignable to the force it is desirable to impart to a pro-
jectile, it is impossible to define any bounds to the caliber and strength
to be demanded for artillery. The problem is, therefore, the production
and selection of a material combining in due proportions, and in the
highest attainable degree, cohesive strength, elastic extensibility, and
the capability of changing form (and retaking it) under strains which
exceed its elastic limit. Neither of these properties is found in its high-
est degree in a material possessing either of the others also in the
highest degree, and as yet no fixed relation is known between them.
It may be stated, however, as a general rule, which is particularly
applicable to steel, that, with the same material, the means resorted to
for increasing strength increase elasticity, but diminish extensibility; and
also that in the effort to increase extensibility, ultimate strength and re-
sistance within the limits of elastic extensibility are made less. Some
of the specimens included in these tests present the most favorable
exceptions that have come to the knowledge of the writer, and it is
much to be hoped that the qualities they represent may become less
exceptional in production; for it appears to be beyond the power of the
best manufacturers to repeat, or closely approximate at will, their best
results.
Of all the substances available for gun construction, some of the vari-
eties of steel, especially when wrought to small dimensions, combine the
qualities stated to be desirable in the greatest degree.
The greater part of the experiments have been made upon steel in
the form of wire. The size and shape previously fixed upon for use in
3
the construction of experimental guns, three-tenths of an inch square,
(or nearly of that measurement,) was most commonly employed.
Other experiments were, however, made for comparison, as will be
noticed in examining the accompanying tables.
TENSILE TESTING-MACHINE.
The tensile tests were made with the testing-machine of the Ordnance
Department at the Washington navy-yard, designed by the late Gen-
eral Rodman, and described in his Report on Metals for Cannon.
Though made a number of years ago, it is, in my estimation, in some
important respects better for tests of that kind than any other differ-
ently constructed that has come to my knowledge since. It has, how-
ever, one feature which is objectionable when used for testing long
specimens of considerable extensibility. The strain being applied
through the medium of the lever which is also a part of the arrange-
ment for weighing its amount, it frequently happens that the whole
motion of the lever is insufficient to take up the elongation of which the
specimen is capable, so that the machine has to be re-adjusted, some-
times more than once. It is also unfortunate that the principal lever of
the weighing-apparatus should change its position when in equilibrium,
from another point of view. Some friction of the parts is unavoidable
in making this change, and the force requisite to overcome it is not
applied in the axial line of the specimen, as it should be. It may be
noticed that specimens taken from the machine after having been
strained nearly to their breaking-point, and afterward replaced, often
fail before the previous strain has been reached. This is never the
effect of release alone, without change of position of machine or speci-
men.
?
The rigidity of the parts of the machine concerned in the transmis-
sion of power from the point of application to the specimen, is very
favorable to observing some of the changes just preceding rupture,
especially when the specimen is small; changes which cannot be
observed in the use of machines in which the connection just referred
to is considerably more elastic.
TENSILE SPECIMENS.
The tensile specimens, when they consisted of plain wires, were held,
for testing, at both ends, by means of clamps, figured in Plate 2. Fig.
1 is a longitudinal section, in which a portion of the wire is seen in situ.
A view of the end receiving the wires is given in Fig. 2. The other
end of each clamp is fitted to be received in the place of a turned speci-
men in the testing-machine.
Plate 3 presents the form of the ends of other tensile specimens. The
screw, Fig. 1, enters a block of metal constituting a head which the
machine is adapted to receive. Figs. 2 and 3 are side and end views of a
portion of one of the specimens formed by uniting gun-wires with bronze,
and subsequently turning them to a suitable shape. The squares on the
end view show the arrangement of the wires. Brazing was effected
without the use of a flux, on the principle of the process employed in
the fabrication of guns.
MEASUREMENTS.
The measurements of the specimens were taken with instruments
made by Messrs. Brown & Sharpe, of Providence, R. I., (with a little
4
1000
adaptation,) and verified by comparison with standards. They were
read directly, by means of verniers, to Too of an inch. In order that
the instrument for measuring length could be applied with more deli-
cacy and accuracy, it was suspended, and its weight balanced by a
counterpoise. The measurements were nearly all made by Mr. William
F. Dove, and carefully verified by the writer until Mr. D.'s care and
accuracy were fully established.
The instruments being of steel, the rate of expansion by heat must
have agreed with that of the specimens so closely, that the slight changes
of the temperature of the place of experiment could have had no appre-
ciable effect, but the temperature of the instrument and specimen were
almost necessarily different, as the one was affected by the heat of the
hand and the other, in a greater degree, by the action of the force
applied,
1000
Errors of observation probably rarely equaled 10% of au inch; but
the combined errors, including friction and differences of temperature,
could not be limited to that amount.
TORSIONAL TESTS.
It was considered desirable that each coil of wire designed to enter
into the structure of a gun should be separately tested, on account of
the variability of steel made under circumstances, apparently to the man-
ufacturers, as nearly identical as could be secured. To accomplish this
by any available apparatus for tensile tests would have required the
expenditure of much labor and a very considerable amount of steel.
About two feet of length are required for a suitable tensile specimen
of wire, while three inches suffice equally well for a torsional test, and
the labor involved is much less. Principally, for these reasons, a tor-
sional testing-machine was designed and constructed. Though it may
not be easy to predict from either. a torsional or tensile experiment pre-
cisely what may be the results of the other, the two methods give
results easily comparable, torsional resistance in one representing ten-
sile resistance in the other, and torsion representing extension.
It rarely happens that a tensile specimen is reduced in size in all its
parts with anything like uniformity, so that its capability of elongation
is far from being exhausted, and the final elongations in different experi-
ments of the same material do not show a close correspondence. The
reduction of size at the place of fracture affords probably a better
basis for comparisons, but the torsional machine is believed to give
more uniform results, with the same degree of uniformity in the condi-
tions. From the greater facility with which small changes in the speci-
men may be observed by its use, it has special advantages in ascertaining
the altered condition of the metal consequent on the strains applied.
The tables of experiments on reversed torsion and on the develop-
ment of elastic resistance and resilience will illustrate this remark.
DESCRIPTION OF TORSIONAL TESTING-MACHINE.
The torsional testing-machine employed is represented in plate 1.
Two sliding heads, A and B, are fitted to a bed-piece, C, one of them
carrying the parts concerned in applying the strain and measuring the
extent of torsion, and the other the means of determining the force
applied.
The head A bears a hollow shaft, D, mounted like the spindle of a
lathe, and rotated by means of a worm-wheel, E, and endless-screw, F,
5
the latter operated by a crank turned by hand. One hundred turns of
the crank give one rotation to the wheel. For convenience of operation,
the screw may be slid out of gear with the wheel by an end wise motion
in the reverse direction from that to which it tends when applied to
work.
1
1000
A circle on the face of the worm-wheel is divided into one hundred
parts, and, with the aid of a vernier, G, the extent of its rotation may
be read directly to part of a revolution. One end of the shaft D
is fitted for the reception of clamp-pieces, H and I, to take hold of the
specimens to be tested. They are held in place and closed upon the
specimen by means of screws J and K.
The head B bears a graduated lever, L, attached to a rocking-shaft,
M, (hollow and partially cut away,) so as to oscillate in a manner that
will be readily understood from inspection of Fig. 6, on fine pivots pp,
hardened and polished. The shaft to which the lever is attached is fitted
with clamp pieces and screws in the same manner as the shaft D. Nis
a wrench for operating the screws. A weight, O, slides upon the lever,
its movement through the whole length of the scale, which is divided
into one hundred parts, indicating a difference of one pound at the
distance of one foot from the center of motion, a distance to which all
the strains are referred. The lever and sliding weight, when at zero,
are balanced by the counterpoise P. From the outer end of the lever
are suspended, from knife-edges, in a manner that need not be particu-
larly described, additional weights, as required. These weights are
represented in Figs. 7 and 8.
An arm, Q, projecting from the head B bears, at its outer end, a loop,
R, through which the lever passes, and by which its motion is restrained
to narrow limits of oscillation. A scale is sometimes attached to the
loop for reading small variations in the position of the lever.
By sliding the heads upon the bed-piece, the clamps may be brought
together or separated to the distance of about 12 inches, the machine
thus accommodating itself to specimens of various lengths. Its capacity
is not intended to exceed the test of steel specimens of one-half inch in
diameter.
ANNEALING.
In order that the distinctive properties of specimens of steel may be
ascertained and compared, it is necessary that they should be brought
to occupy some common level of condition before the application of
mechanical tests, a state which is best secured by uniform annealing.
This process, as usually conducted, subjects the pieces to superficial
oxidation and consequent removal of at least some small proportion of
carbon from the exterior part. It becomes necessary, therefore, to give
the specimens protection during the process. This has been done by
surrounding them, when heated and while cooling, with a mixture of
cast-iron borings and sesquioxide of iron. This mixture is employed
not only to guard against oxidation, but to prevent the absorption of
carbon, which there seems reason to suspect in the use of the cast-iron
borings alone.
It is assumed that the action of any carbonic oxide or other carburiz-
ing gas, which might be formed in the process, would be expended in
the reduction of the finely-divided oxide rather than upon the inclosed
steel. As a further precaution, to prevent the injurious presence of
sulphur derived from the oil with which such borings are liable to be
contaminated, even when it would not be suspected from their appear-
ance, they are kept at a red heat for some time, and cooled without
6
access of air, before being employed in annealing. Any sulphur remain-
ing after the decomposition of the oil would be speedily absorbed in
the production of sulphide of iron.
The proportion of oxide mingled with the borings is about as one to
ten by weight.
The specimens, surrounded with the mixture, are inlosed in a wrought-
iron tube having one open end, which is closed by an iron plug after
the tube is charged. The plugged end is heated a little in advance of
the other and cooled a little later. The whole tube is brought, as evenly
as possible, to a bright-red heat, and maintained there long enough to
insure a nearly equal temperature to its contents. It is then removed
from the furnace and buried in pulverulent lime, which so well retains
the heat, that at the expiration of sixteen hours it is found too hot for
the hands.
At first the eye was depended on for determining when the proper
heat had been reached, but a means of greater certainty was soon em-
ployed. Little tubes, generally made by drilling a piece of gun-wire,
were prepared, the open end being fitted with a tight screw-plug. These
were charged with pieces of alloy or metal of different fusibilities and
inclosed in contact with the specimens. If, after annealing, the more
fusible alloy was found to have been melted, while the other had not been,
it was evident that the heat had been limited to the interval between
the two melting points. The standard of heat adopted was between the
melting-points of copper and of an alloy composed of five parts of copper
to one of tin. When a bundle of specimens were annealed together, the
more fusible metal was placed in the center and the less on the outside;
if the specimens were of considerable length, two or more sets of heat-
tests were employed. After all the experience obtained with the aid of
such guides and the most favorable conditions, a skillful workman some-
times failed to judge correctly of the heat, and if either the copper was
found melted or the bronze unmelted, the specimens were not accepted
for tests comparing qualities:
In the tables considerable matter will be found bearing upon the
effects of annealing at different heats.
Too many of the tests of steel on record have been made without re-
gard to previous mechanical treatment, and their value as a means of
comparing the different methods of manufacture, or, when taken alone,
of indicating the real quality of the material experimented on, is there-
fore very small. This fact is mentioned because surprise may be felt by
some in noticing that in the following tables of tensile tests the break-
ing-strains, estimated upon the original area of cross-section, are not as
great as they are accustomed to see given in tables of the strength of
materials, an observation which holds good, not only with regard to the
low steels in which cohesive strength is designedly relinquished in some
degree for the sake of greater extensibility, but also as regards the
"tool-steels" of higher carburization. As sent from the works, bars of
tool-steel are hammer-hardened in various degrees, by which their ten-
sile resistance is increased at the expense of their extensibility, and in
this condition, usually, the tests have been applied. Another cause has
contributed to error in stating the strength of materials. The form of
specimen often used, in which only a very short part was reduced to
the diameter measured, give a higher breaking-strain than a cylindric
or prismatic form.
The considerations which make it desirable that tests of pieces of con-
struction should be made upon specimens of the full size of the work
17
also lead to the desirableness of ascertaining the distinctive qualities of
materials from specimens of small size, in which internal conflicting
strains, incident to a variety of causes affecting large pieces, are easily
avoided.
GUNPOWDER TESTS.
It was considered important to ascertain the effects of strain applied
with the rapidity of the action of gunpowder upon the extensibility of
specimens of gun-wire compared with those resulting from the strains
applied by means of testing-machinery. How far the well-known
property belonging to some other materials, of changing their form
readily under moderate continued force, while they manifest great
brittleness if the rupturing strain be quickly applied, might be found to
belong to the steel examined, could be determined only by experiment.
That ordinary steels manifest this property under the action of blows,
was well known. To test representative specimens of the wires in
respect to the quality referred to, an apparatus was prepared in which
the strain upon the wire was exerted by the explosion of a charge of
gunpowder. It is represented in plate 5. A is a hollow steel cylinder,
within which the explosion takes place. The specimen to be tested,
D, lies centrally in the bore, and is grasped at the ends by clamps B
and C, (represented on a larger scale in Figs. 2 and 3,) which have an
exterior cylindric surface, fitted loosely to the bore. The wedges a and
b, between which the specimen D is pinched within the clamps, are
closed upon it, as a result of their inertia, at the first moment of firing,
and by the pull upon the specimen.
The charge of powder employed was inclosed in a light paper box,
its ends being perforated to allow it to slide into position on the speci-
men, and its sides punctured to admit the flame from an ordinary
primer. The inner portion of the vent e was reduced to a diameter of
one-tenth of an inch. Gas-checks, of which one is shown in section at
ff, Fig. 2, were provided to prevent escape of gas, either at the sides of
the bore or about the specimen being tested. The cylinders D and E
(fortunately found among old material) were filled with sand (retained
in place by light boards g h) and employed to receive and arrest the
clamps and fractured specimens after the explosion.
After the first few experiments, which evinced an unexpected degree
of extensibility in the specimens, it was thought desirable to ascertain,
with such degree of approximation as might be readily secured, the
strains by which the work was effected. For this purpose the arrange-
ment represented in full size in Fig. 4 was provided. A is the section
of a portion of the cylinder within which the explosion takes place,
drilled and tapped to receive a piston, F, and screw-plug G, between
which is placed, previous to each discharge, a "pressure-disk," H. A
ring of leather, occupying the groove n, forms the requisite packing for
the piston.
80
The outer end of the piston is conically concave, the surface of the
concavity being chased to form helical threads of of an inch pitch
from center to circumference, and divided radially into ten equal parts.
One of the dividing-lines is enough heavier than the others to be easily
distinguished.
The disks which receive and record the pressure are made from metal
first drawn into wire three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and afterward
cut and finished in a lathe to the thickness of 0.125.
The figure at J is intended to represent the arrangement of the lines on
the outer end of the piston, and K an impression upon one of the disks.
8
When the piston is forced upon them, they yield to the pressure to an
extent indicated by the number of turns of the helical thread imprinted
upon them, from which may be read the indication of pressure.
The arrangement may be designated a modification of Lieutenant
Metcalfe's modification of the Rodman pressure-gauge.
Three materials were separately used for the disks: copper, an alloy
of zinc and tin, and tin alone.
From imprints of the piston on disks pressed in the testing-machine
with given weights, curves were constructed in which the pressures were
taken as abscisses and turns of the helices impressed as ordinates.
These were used in reading the indications of pressure in the experi-
ments with gunpowder. Copies of the curves are given in plate 6, the
curve for copper being a part of one of greater extent, afterward verified
and much used in taking pressures in experiments of a different
character.
A comparison of the results obtained with disks of different materials
seems to indicate that the question of time in the duration of pressures
enters more largely into the results with some metals than with others.
It would appear probable that copper approaches a true indication much
more nearly than tin.
EXLANATION OF MARKS APPLIED TO DESIGNATE THE MATERIAL OF
SPECIMENS.
HWco. All the specimens bearing this mark were produced by
Messrs. Hussey, Welles & Co., and all were furnished by them in the
form of rolled wire rods three-eighths of an inch square, with the excep-
tion of one bearing the mark of HWcoT, a 3-inch square hammered
bar of the "best" tool-steel, procured at their Philadelphia agency.
BA to CE. The specimens marked with two large letters, (without
the addition of the small ones, "co,") in alphabetical succession, be
tween and including BA and CE, are also of their production, and
were furnished upon an order for a sample of 1,000 pounds, to be as
nearly as possible like the selected specimen HWco 4.
CM to CV. These letters designate ten rolled 8-inch square rods, rep-
resenting as many meltings, afterward furnished by them, and intended
to be alike and of the average quality of the 1,000-pound sample.
DL to DP were subsequently furnished by the same firm, and speci-
mens of the same metal were also marked, in the same order, HWco,
with the addition of the numerals 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.
Another lot, containing eight samples, was marked HWco, with the
numerals 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Like the preceding, they
were intended to be of the average quality of the 1,000-pound sample.
All these samples were of the kind called "crucible steel," the carbur-
ization of the iron being effected within the crucible at the time of melt-
ing.
CHco, in every instance but one, (when the mark CHco 5 I is used
to designate a quality of iron made by the Trenton Iron Company, and
called by them " gun-screw iron,") is used to designate "Martin steel"
manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company. Specimens
numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 were of varying qualities, furnished to afford
opportunity for selection.
A to AP, The specimens bearing these letters and those between
them in alphabetical order were also of Martin steel, the production of
the same company, and were furnished upon an order for 1,000 pounds,
to be of the same quality as the selected specimen designated CHco 4 S.
9
The specimens marked CHco with the addition of the numerals 6, 7,
8, and 9 were made from different parts of a sprue examined to ascertain
whether specimens taken from the parts of the castings, so called, could
be made available for determining with sufficient accuracy the properties
of the "charge" of steel which they might represent.
These sprues are the metal filling the side runners connecting a
"group" of ingots at the bottom with the central runner, through which
the pouring is made. They are approximately 24 inches square, curved
in form, and the portion furnished about 5 inches long. The sprues are
generally more porous than the ingots' with which they are cast, and
for that reason the question of how far they might furnish means of as-
certaining the quality of the ingots was one of doubt. The porosity of
this sprue was chiefly central and inclining to the upper side. In forg-
ing the rods preparatory to drawing into wire, the sprue was first flat-
tened from above downward into a bar about 3" x 1". About three-
fourths of this was slitted into three bars about 1 inch square, and the
remainder drawn into a bar of the same dimensions. After close
examination and the removal of all visible defects or flaws, they were
reduced to wire rods three-eights of an inch square and drawn into
wires of the usual size. The diagram below will indicate to what por-
tions the several marks were applied.
CHco 8
CHco 7
CHco 9
CHco 6
The bar marked 7 would, of course, be formed of the most porous
portion of the sprue, 6 and 8 of the least porous, and 9 would represent
the whole.
CF to CK designate specimens of Martin steel, from the same source,
rolled to g-inch-square wire rods, from ingots cast from three "charges,"
each of which was poured to form two groups of ingots. The letters
were applied as follows:
CF to the specimen from the first group, first charge.
CG to the specimen from the second group, first charge.
CH to the specimen from the first group, second charge.
CI to the specimen from the second group, second charge.
CJ to the specimen from the first group, third charge.
CK to the specimen from the second group, third charge.
CL was supposed to have been taken from the lowermost part of the
ingot from which CF was taken at the top. Its characteristics make it
evident that some mistake as to its identity must have occurred.
(6
Specimens marked CHco SprG, with the addition of two numerals,
were specimens prepared from six different sprues from the same
charge" or melting. The first added numeral refers to the group of
ingots from which the piece was taken; the second to the number of the
specimen from that group. The groups were poured in the order of the
numbers given. These sprues were forged entire; that is, without slitting.
SPR with a numeral always designates steel produced by the New
Jersey Steel and Iron Company, the specimen being part of a sprue
forged entire, and reduced to a wire rod, with care to secure the most
perfect specimen procurable from it.
10
The relation of the SPR numbers to the "charges" and "groups"
with which they were connected will be readily seen by inspection of
the subjoined table:
Charge.
Group.
Sprue num-
bers.
Charge.
Sprue num-
Group.
Charge.
Group.
bers.
Sprue num-
bers.
838
:
842
844
845
{
123
123
123
12
1-2
3-4
5-6
891 {
14&
2
7-8
10-11
889
123
12-13
892
14-15
16-17
18-19
894
12
1Q
848
852
123
123
20-21
22-23
24-25
of
12
13
37
899
1
57
38
900
1
58
39
40
890
59
41
896
60
42
43
917
121
61
62
44
63
2
45
64
46
918
65
895
47
66
26-27
48
67
896
28-29
49
919
68
69
30-31
1
50
897
32-33
2
51
920
34-35
~ Joh
1
70
2
71
* * * *☺ co co co
{
123
123
123
22 882 882 332
EF designates a specimen of Martin steel from the New Jersey Steel
and Iron Company, made principally from "Bessemer scrap," from the
production of the works of the Pennsylvania Steel Company.
CSco, with numerals 5, 6, 7, and 8, designate "Chrome steel," made
and furnished by the Chrome Steel Company, the several numerals indi-
cating different meltings, intended to be of the same quality.
The higher numerals designate specimens subsequently furnished,
intended to combine as much as possible the quality of high cohesive
strength with large extensibility, and to be alike in quality.
The specimens marked CHROME were taken from a bar marked "No.
3," which had been procured from the same company for use in the ord-
nance-shops at the Washington navy-yard.
Nco I designates specimens made from the same bar of Norway iron,
of the brand HØL, furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.
Nco 1 S, with a letter in brackets, designates six wire rods furnished
by Messrs. Naylor & Co., made and imported as a specimen intended to
combine in the highest degree the properties of strength and extensi-
bility. They are distinguished individually by the different added let-
ters.
Nco T designates specimens of "best cast-steel," (or tool-steel,) fur-
nished by the same firm. All the specimens are understood to have
been produced by cementation before fusion.
PBco 1 designates a specimen of the so-called "German steel," rolled
to -inch square from a cemented bar not afterward melted, furnished
by Messrs. Park, Brother & Co.
PBco, with other numerals, designates cemented cast-steel, designed
to be alike and of the best quality, rolled inch square, furnished by
the same firm.
Cco, numbers 1 to 10, designate a set of specimens of cemented steel
received as -inch square hammered bar, from Messrs. Miller, Barr &
Parkin, intended to be alike and of the best quality.
The letters DV, DW, DX, DY, and DZ designate specimens designed
to be alike, (also in some specimens marked Cco 11-15, in the same
11
:
order,) and EA, EB, EC, ED, and EE (also marked Cco 16-20) were
rolled wire rods from the same.firm.
CRESCENT is a specimen of tool steel made by the same parties, but
not furnished directly by them.
Tco, with added numerals, designates specimens of crucible steel,
furnished as wire-rods -inch square, by Messrs. J. R. Thompson & Co.
Nos. 1 to 10 were stated to be each of a different quality. Nos. 11 to 16
were subsequently furnished, and were intended to be alike.
NSco designates specimens of crucible steel furnished by Messrs.
Benj. Atha & Co. The first five numbers were designed to be all dif-
ferent. NSco 1 differs from the others in being made from a cheaper
stock. Nos. 2, 3, and 4 were intended to differ in the amount of carbon
only.
A second lot took the Nos. 6, 7, and 8; 6 was their ordinary tool-steel;
7 and 8 were of cheaper stock, 7 being lower in carburization, and 8 still
lower.
The third lot contained four samples, designed to be an improvement
on NSco 7, and all alike. They were numbered from 9 to 11, inclusive.
Aco. This is the designation of samples of crucible steel furnished by
A. C. Lewis, manager of the Atlantic Steel Works. The first lot con-
sisted of ten g-inch square wire rods, rolled from as many ingots. They
were intended to be alike in quality, and to meet the results of the tests
of other approved samples, as nearly as might be, on first trial. They
were marked with numbers added from 1 to 10. The next lot of samples
contained 30 rods, rolled as before, each the product of a different
melting. They were classed in three grades, bundled separately, the
rods in each bundle intended to be alike. The rods in bundle I were
marked Aco, with added numerals 12 to 21, inclusive; in bundle II, 32
to 41, inclusive; and bundle III, 22 to 31, inclusive.
Following this, another lot, containing 43 rods, was furnished, repre-
senting as many meltings. They were in two bundles, but not sepa-
rated as to grade. They were numbered from 42 to 84, inclusive.
A subsequent lot, divided into five grades, was marked with numerals
as below:
Grade 1, 85 to 95.
Grade 2, 96 to 106.
Grade 3, 107 to 127.
Grade 4, 128 to 137.
Grade 5, 138 to 147.
ASco designates a single specimen of cast-steel furnished by the
Aultman Steel Company.
BSSB and BSco, with added numerals, designate several samples
of "open-hearth" steel, furnished by manufacturers who, at the time,
desired not to have their names mentioned in connection with them.
Mco designates samples of "open-hearth" (or Martin) steel pro-
duced at the Midvale Works, and furnished by the proprietors in the
form of rolled 3-inch square rods.
No. 1 was a specimen of low steel, such as they were constantly pro-
ducing for the ordinary uses of that material. Nos. 2 and 3 were fur-
nished afterward.
No. 2 bore the stamp of one star, and was stated to be "low in carbon."
No. 3 was marked with two stars, and was stated to contain more carbon
than the former, but otherwise to be of the same metal.
BES, with numerals, designates specimens of Bessemer steel procured
at the works of Messrs. John A. Griswold & Co. They were short bars,
hammered to about three-fourths of an inch square. The portions re-
duced to wire were first hammered to 3-inch square rods.
12
SBco is applied to two 3-inch hammered bars of Messrs. Sanderson
Bros. & Co.'s "best cast-steel," (tool-steel,) of English manufacture; pro-
cured at their agency in Philadelphia. The bars are marked, respect-
ively, SBco 1 and SBco 2.
HEco designates twog-inch square hammered bars of "best cast-
steel," (tool-steel,) English, the production of Messrs. Wilson, Hawks-
worth, Ellison & Co., numbered, respectively, 1 and 2.
Jco designates two bars, 8-inch square, hammered "best cast-steel,"
(tool-steel,) produced by the English manufacturers, Messrs. Wm. Jes-
sop & Sons, numbered 1 and 2.
FMco is the mark applied to two g-inch square hammered bars of
"best cast-steel," (tool-steel,) English, made by F. W. Moss, and, like
the other English specimens, procured from the manufacturer's agents.
JBHco designates a specimen, procured in the form of a 11-inch
square bar, of Prussian steel, the production of Messrs. J. B. Hasečlever
& Sons, procured through their agent in Philadelphia. It is a so-called
"natural steel," imported under the name of "double-refined wedge"
steel, under the impression of its being of very superior quality. The
portion drawn into wire was first hammered to three-eighths of an inch
square.
Hco is the mark borne by two specimens of steel known as "Hobson's
Choice." They are of English manufacture, produced by Messrs. Francis
Hobson & Son, and procured from their agent for use in the ordnance
shops at the navy-yard. Both bars bore the brand
CHOICE (XX) EXTRA.
Specimens marked I&Ssc and I&SIC were composed of iron and
chrome steel united. The rods from which the wires were drawn were
formed by welding together in square form, in angular swages, nine
wires 0.3 square, and afterward drawing them under the hammer to
the proper size. In one case the central wire and the four at the corners
were of steel. The specimen so produced was marked I&Ssc. In form-
ing the other, iron wire occupied the center and corners of the welded
piece. The relative position of the iron and steel portions of the finished
wire is shown in the sections Figs. 8 and 9, Plate 4.
The specimens of wires not bearing the mark of a star in addition to
the other designating mark were drawn by the Trenton Iron Company
in the ordinary way, passing through the processes of annealing and
pickling. The superficial portions of such wires were found partly de-
carburized, a result manifested on breaking a hardened piece, when the
parts would often be held together by a very thin skin of soft metal.
As an economy of time, tools for drawing wires of moderate length
were attached to a strong planing-machine, which furnished the neces-
sary power, and used in the preparation of many of the specimens
tested. The rods to be drawn were first deprived of scale and oxide by
means of an emery-wheel, and then annealed in the manner described
as being employed with finished specimens, which rendered pickling
unnecessary. Annealing after drawing was conducted in the same
way. All specimens drawn in this way have a star stamped on them
to indicate the fact.
In a few instances the annealing of tested specimens was not done at
the "standard heat," (between the melting points of bronze and copper,)
and in such cases the marks or are applied. The former sig-
H
nifies that the heat did not melt bronze, and the latter that copper was
melted. In either case the heat approximated the mean of the two as
nearly as the workman was able to determine by the eye alone.
13
CHANGES IN SPECIMENS UNDER TENSION.
The order of the phenomena of the changes produced in a specimen
of extensible metal under tension slowly applied may be given, in a
general way, as follows:
1st. Extension within the elastic limit.
The precise limit of the extension from which a specimen will perfectly
recover itself, on release, it is impossible to ascertain, as the limit, either
of strain or extension, can only be recognized by passing it.
Within those limits the continuance of strain does not result in appre-
ciable permanent change, at least within moderate periods of time.
2d. Extension beyond the elastic limit, permanent elongation, and
extension of the elastic limit of strain.
The time for which the strain is continued is an important factor in
these results.
With increase of strain these changes are manifested in increased
. degree within bounds varying with the material experimented on, the
strains sustained increasing with greater proportionate rapidity than the
elongations they produce.
These changes lead to a condition-
3d, in which the specimen as a whole sustains the greatest strain of
which it is capable, and in which a definite minute increment of strain
reduces the area of its cross-section in sensibly the same proportion.
The point of its occurrence can, of course, only be known by pass-
ing it.
4th. Under the continuance of the same strain the area of the cross-
section of the specimen is more or less rapidly reduced until rupture
occurs.
This reduction of area is attended with an increase of strength regarded
in relation to the decreased area, an increase which may, under favor-
able circumstances, be approximately measured.
The strain at which rupture actually occurred in these experiments is
designated as "parting strain," the words "breaking strain” having been
commonly employed to denote the highest strain sustained by a speci-
men.
TABLES OF TENSILE TESTS.
Some general explanations of these tables may be necessary.
The strains were applied in the order presented; the greatest strain
given being the highest strain the specimen was found to sustain.
The strains following this were observed in the course of the diminu-
tion of the area of section occurring after passing the highest strain.
The last one given is the "parting strain," that at which actual rup-
ture occurred.
The time given in connection with the strains includes that in which
the increase of strain was applied, together with the time for which the
given strain was continued to produce the given elongation, unless other-
wise noted.
The elongation recorded is that produced by the given strain con-
tinued until its maximum effect had been very nearly reached, except
when otherwise stated.
14
TABLE 1.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture.
[Length of specimens, 12 inches between clamps. Marked in two spaces of 5 inches each. For explanation of marks designating material, see pages 136 to 140 inclusive.]
Mark on speci-
men designat-
ing-
No. of experiment.
Material.
On specimen.
Strain.
Elongation un-
Elongation after
Resilience.
der strain.
release.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
Original.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (smallest
place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Strain per
square inch.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Remarks.
2 } H W co 4
W
Lbs.
m. s.
In.In.
In.
500 Abt. 2 00 0
1,000 Abt. 2 00
In.
In.
In.
.305 x .295
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs. Per ct.
0
1,500 Abt. 200
0
2,000 Abt. 1 30
0
2, 500 Abt. 200
.006
.06 .000
.006
.06
3,000 Abt. 2 30
.009
.09
.000
[Unless otherwise stated,
all the specimens were
annealed at bright red
heat, without oxida-
tion of surface.]
.009
.09
3, 500 Abt. 3 00
.010
.1
.000
.010
.1
4,000 Abt. 15 30.075|
.75
055
55
. 020
20
8, 300 Abt. 10 00
7, 300 Abt. 1 00 Broke
.583
5.83
92, 250
.225 x .221 55.27
14, 680
3
HW co 52, 500 Abt. 5 30
.028
.28
.003
.3
028
.28 .300 x .299
4,100 Abt. 7 00
4, 500 Abt. 5 00
.800
8.0
27, 870
1.706
17.06
4, 550 Abt. 4 30
3, 100
Broke
1.092 21. 84
50, 724
.172 x .172 32.98
104, 786
44. 578 Specimen began to part,
but machine had to be
re-adjusted to take up
stretch.
54. 945 Machine re-adjusted.
4 HW co 5 2,000 Abt. 2 00
.011]
.11 0.000
.011
.11.2995 x .2995
2, 500 Abt. 12 30
.140
1.40.125)
1.25
.015
.15
4, 100
4 45
.806
22, 296
27,870
4, 475
4 40
4, 525
1 45
.175.175
50, 55
3, 100
Broke
890 17.80
34. 14
46. 409 Machine re-adjusted.
101, 224
5 | H W co 6 | 1, 500
1 00 0.000
2995 x .2995
2,000
1 00 0.000
2,500
1 40 0.010
.1
.000
0.010
.1
3,000
•
500 0.015|
15
.000
0.015
.15
33, 444
15
3,500
5, 070
350
800.252|
2.521
.230
2.3
.022.
•
221
5 45
.901
9.01
5 15
1. 738
17.38
5, 450
4, 740
?
4,900
}
4,050
2 00
4, 050
Broke
.805 8.05
.2375 x .2375
39, 017,
60, 758
55.046
62.88
.187 x .197 41.07
109, 937
6 | H W co 7 | 1, 500
1 45.000
300 x .3025
2,000
2 15
.000
000
1 40 0.016
.16 0.000
0.016
0.16
3,000
2 10 0.018
.18 0.000
0.0181
0.18
3, 500
5 45 0.018
.18 0.000
0.018
0.18
4,000
9 35 . 192
1.92 .174
1.74
.018
0.18
6, 270
6 40
.908
9.08
6, 500
5 45 Brokel
.746 14.92
7
CH co1S 1, 600
3 15 0.000
0.000
38, 567
44, 077
230 x .235 59. 56 71, 625
53.846
2955 x .2955
2,000
1 45 0.000
0.000
2,500
1 40 0.000
0.000
3,000
·
1 50 0.005|
.05 0.000
0.005
0.05
3,500
5 30 0.013]
.13 0.000
0.013
0.13
4,000
14 35 0. 210|
2. 1
0.192
1.92 0.018
0.18
5,930
6 25
0.928
9.28
275
5 201
1. 752
17.52
6, 300
2 40
.866 17.32
5, 050
Broke
8 CH co 2 S
Hco
1,500
1, 500
1 20 0.000
2,000
39, 017
44,592
70, 233
55. 556
221 x.219 53.96
104, 340
2915 x .2925
1 25 0.000
2,500
1 40 0.000
3,000
2 35 0.009
.09 0.000
0.009
0.09
3,500
14 00
3, 500
21 00 0.105
1.05 0.089
.89 0.016
0.16
5,700
7 55
6, 100
4 10
6, 120
3 55
0.762
1. 626
2. 150
7.62
•
16.26
21.5
5,000 Abt 1 30 Broke
.996 19.92
35, 185
41, 049
.277 x .222
72. 12 71, 777
215 x .215 54. 21|
99,,521 50. 653
110,558
9 CH co 3S
CHco3$
1, 500
1 00 0.000
293 x .296]
2,000
1 05 0.000
2,500
1 05 0.011
.11
.000
0.011
0. 11
3,000
2 20 0.012
12
.000
0.012
0.12
2
3,500
5, 600
4 25 0.016
16 .010
.1
0.016
0.16
34, 590
40, 356
5 25
.765
7. 65
6, 040
3 45
1.536
15. 36
6, 200
2385 x .2305;
63.39
109, 949
8 00
.893 17.86|
5,300
Broke
71, 487
56. 452
215 x .217 53. 79
113, 599
16
specimenStrain.
TABLE 1.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Elongation un- Elongation after
der strain.
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per
square inch.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
In
length.
5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
Original.
m.s.
In. | In.
2 05 0.000
In. In.
In. In.
In.
.2915 x .2975
1 25 0.000
200 0.000|
1 35 0.007
.07
0.007
.07
1 25 0.015
.15
0001
0.015
.15
1 30 0.015]
. 15
.000
0.015
. 15
9 50 0.103
1. 03
.079
79 0.024
24
9 30
5 00
-
-
1 25
Broke
.707 14. 14|
2 35 0.000
.291 x .292
1 50 0.000
·
2 25 0.010]
27 10 0.157
5 50
.1 0.000
1.57 0.145
0.879
4 25
1.620
.010
1.45 0.012
8.79
16. 20
.1
12
5 30
2 30
Broke
1. 056 21. 12
1 05 0.000
.295 x .297
1 00 0.000
1 30 0.004
.04 0.000
1 30 0.011
111 0.0001
0.004
0.0111
.04
11
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
.234 x .235 63. 41
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
23, 537
29, 421
46, 130
51,896
95, 719
50.602
135, 479
220 x .225
59.84 52, 605
87, 925 48. 098
-1913x.1895 42.24
40, 218
Remarks.
:
3, 000|
Mark on speci-
500
experiment.
men designat-
000
Material.
No. of .
ing-
1, 500
12 CS co 5..
On 3,500
4, 050
4, 470
4,300
Lbs.
4,000
1,500
10 CH co 4 s
2,500
2,000
2,000
1, 500
2,500
3,000
11 C H co 5 I 1, 000
3, 500
7,450
4,000
7, 670
4, 500
8, 300
7,980
17
3.500
2 501 0.012
.12) 0.000)
0.012
·
4,000
23 00 0.066]
.66 0.050
.5
0.016
.12]
61
•
690
14 20
7,800
4 40
7, 125
6, 780
Broke
905
9.05
39, 947
45, 665
89, 025
47.436
.247 x .2505
70.62
115, 154
.228 x .228[ 59,33|
130, 424
13
CS 6.
1, 500
2 15 0.000
.2955 x .2935
2,000
1 00 0.000
2,500
1 30 0.000
3,000
3 40 0.002
.02 .000
0.002
.02
3,500
17 30
34, 590
40, 355
3,500
46 40 0.050
.5
035
.35 0.015
6, 600
.30
10 00
6, 740
4 00
5, 975
5,950
1 00 Broke
.316
6. 32
77, 713
.236 x .236
64.22
107, 278
.225 x .227 58.89
116, 495
14
CS co 7... 1,500
22331
2,000
2 15 .000
1 00 000
.295 x .293
500
1 40
.005
.05 .000
005
05
3,000
500
5,950
3 00
.011
.11 000
.011
51 00
154
1.54 .140
1. 4
.14
.11
14
6 00
6, 200
8 00
550
1 30
•
5, 350
Broke
.710 14.20
34, 708
40, 492
71, 730
50.000
.238 x .242
66. 64
96, 360
.218 x .220 55. 49|
111, 551
15
CS co 8... 1,500
2 00
.000
2,000
.294 x .296
1 30
.004
.04 .000
.004
.04
500
3 45
.008
.08
.000
.008
.08
3,000
4 00
.008
08
.000
008
08
3,500
7 00
.016
.16
.009
.09
.007
.07
34, 468
40, 213
7, 125]
8 05
7,625
8 00
7,750
3 00
7,450
200
89, 043
45. 161
6, 750
1 00 Broke
.865
8.65
.225x .2265 58. 56
132, 450
16
N co I
1,000
2.00
.000
.2895 x .2925
1, 500
3 10
.000
2,000
7 30
.005
.05
000
.005
.05
2,500
24 10
.257
2.57 .244
2. 44
.013
.13
3, 640
6 50
23, 618
29, 523
4,000
4 30
4, 050
3 15
3, 750
2, 7501
2 50 Broke
1. 427 28. 54
47, 828
54. 321
.223 x .225
79.52
74, 738
.158 x. 161 30. 40|
40, 838
2 F
18
Strain.
Elongation un-
Elongation after
der strain.
release.
specimenResilience.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
Original.
TABLE 1.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (smallest
place.)
Released, (s mallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
5 05
m. s.
In. In.
.004
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
13 25
.017
.4
.000
1.7
.010
In.
Lbs.
.004
.1
.007
.4
.293 x .294
1.6
Lbs. Per ct.
17, 413
8 00
23, 217
4 15
1 00
51, 658
25 Broke
44. 494
.710
7.1
225 x .221 57. 72
72, 400
2 20.000)
1 20
.002
.301 x .3035
.02
.000
.002)
.02
2 05
.007
07.000
.007
.07
9 25
.011
.11
.000
.OLI
.11
12 25
.167
1.67
. 151
1. 51
.016
.16
5 00
2 00
·
-
40 Broke
360
7.201
4 00
.010
.1
.000
.010
.1
1 45
.299 x .300
. 013
.13
.000
.013
.13
13 15
.016
.16 .003
.03 .016
.16
5 00
3 30
2 00
1 40 Broke
O Brok
.329 6.58
32, 839
38, 312
61, 739
54. 965
.227 x .227
56.40
.210 x .210| 48.27|
94, 000
109, 410
22, 296
27, 870
57, 692
48.309
.2475 x .2440|
67.32
91, 297
.211 x .214| 50.34|
0.34
99, 658
Of original area.
Strain per
square inch,
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Broke & inch within the
clamp.
Remarks.
Mark on speci-
4,500
men desigua-
experiment.
4, 700
ting-
Material.
No. of 5, 175
4,875
.
2,500
2,000
PB co 3.. 1, 600
On 19
Lbs.
4,825
PB co I.. 1, 500
17
4,875
5, 640
2,000
5,600
3, 950
3,500
4, 200
3,000
4, 450
500
3,000
2,000
500)
..
1, 18 P B co 2
P B co 219
TABLE 2.-Principal results of tensile tests of gun-wires drawn by the Trenton Iron Company from rods three-eighths of an inch square, furnished as specimens
by their manufacturers. (First collection.)
Description of material.
[All the specimens were annealed at a bright red heat, without oxidation, but before the application of heat-tests.]
men,
nating-
Mark on speci-
desig-
No. of experiment.
Approximate Elongation
elastic limit
of strain.
within the Highest strain
elastic lim- sustained.
it.
Permanent elonga-
tion after frac
ture.
Parting strain.
pared with highest strain.
Do
Do
·
Do
Norway Iron, HpS, furnished
by Messrs. Naylor & Co...
"German steel," manufactured
& Co
Lo
Do
Crucible steel, manufactured by
Messrs. Hussey, Welles & Co.
Do
Do
·
Do
Martin steel, manufactured
by the New Jersey Steel and
Iron Company….
Do
Do
Do
Iron, manufactured for "gun-
screw wire" by the Trenton
Iron Company..
Chrome steel, manufactured
by the Chrome Steel Co...
2356
HW co 4
H W co 5
7|CH co 1S).2955 x.2955
CH
8|C H co 2S].2915x.2925
9|CRco3S.293 x. 296
CH
10 | C H có 4 S|.2915 x.2975
= 2012 9 =
by Messrs. Park Bros. & Co.. 17
Cemented cast-steel, manufac-
tured by Messrs. Park Bros.
Inches.
.305 x.295
Pounds. Pounds. Inches
Pounds. Pounds. Inches Inches|
3,700
41, 122 | .025
0.25
8,300
92, 247 583
5.83
.300 x.299
2, 400
26, 755 .025
Inches.
225 x. 221
Per ct. Pounds.| Pounds. Per ct.
55. 27
7, 300
146, 080
.25
4, 550
50, 724
HW co6.2995 x. 2995
1.092
21.84
172 x. 172
3,000 | 33, 953
32.98
.022
3, 100
. 212
5, 450
61, 685
104, 800
44.58
52.74
H W co 7
805
16. 10
300 x.3025
. 187 x. 197
3, 600
39, 669
41. 07
.018
4, 050
18
6,500
71, 625
109, 960
55. 05
.746
14.92
.230 x.235
59.56
Lost
55.38
3,700
42, 258
.022
.22
6, 300
72, 148
.866
3, 200
37, 530
.016
.16
6, 120
71, 780 2. 150
3, 400
39, 203
.016
.16
6, 200
71, 490
.893
4,300 | 49, 020 | .024
.24
8, 300
94, 618
707
17.32.221 x. 219
21.50 .215 x. 215
17.96.215 x . 217
14. 14.234 x. 235
53.96
54. 21
53.79
orer or
5, 050
104, 360
58.7.
5,000
108, 180
52.29
5, 300
113, 610
54.84
63. 41
7, 450
135, 470
51. 81|
11 C H co 5 I.291 x.292
|
2, 100 24, 714.012
.12
4,470 52, 605
1.056
21.12.195 x. 197
42.52
3,500
91, 122
46.98
CS co 5
295 x.297
3,800 | 43, 371
.016
.16
13
7,800
CS co 6
89, 025.905
2955 x. 2935
9.05 .228 x .228
59.33
3,
400 | 39, 202
015
6, 780
.15
130, 430
48.72
6, 740
77, 713
14
C S co 7
316
6.32
295 x.293
3, 300 43, 173
225 x. 227
58.89
.014
5, 950
.14
116, 510
50.45
6, 200
71, 114
15
CS co 8
710
.294 x.296
·
14. 20
218 x. 220
55.49
3, 40039, 069
.017
.17
5,350
111, 550
53. 23
7,750
89, 056
.865
8.65
.225 x. 2265
58.56
6, 750
132, 460
43.88
16
N co I
2895 x. 2925
2,200 25, 980
.013
.13
4, 050
47, 827
1. 427
28.56.158 x. 151
30.40
2,750
115, 300
54. 32
P B co 1
293 x.294
1,900 | 22, 056
.007?
4, 450❘ 51, 660
.710
14. 20 225 x.221
57.72
3, 600
72, 405
42.70
18
PB co 2
301 x.3035
3,200 | 35, 087
.016
.16
5, 640
61, 738
19
PB co 3
.783*
101
·
P B co 4
299 x.300
.2977 x .2985
15.66.210 x .210
2,400
48. 27
26,745
.013
4,825
109, 410
56. 74
.13
5, 175
57, 692
834†
16.68
211 x. 211
50.34
6, 660
4,500
101, 080
46. 38
74, 862
.973
19. 46
244 x. 244
67.
* Elongation taken from experiment No. 99.
+ Elongation taken from experiment No. 100.
20
No. of experiment.
Material.
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
:
TABLE 3.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture.
[Length of specimens, 1 inch between clamps. For explanation of marks desiguating material, see pages 136 to 140, inclusive. Annealed at bright-red heat without oxida
tion of surface. These specimens, from No. 20 to 87, were broken as quickly as consistent with accurate observation. The first strain given in each experiment is approxi-
mately that at which the specimen began to stretch. Elongation was not taken.]
Mark on specimen
Elongation un-
Elongation after
Strain.
Resilience.
designating—
der strain.
release.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
Lbs.
m. s.
20
CS co 5.
In.
4,000
In.
1 15
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
.294 x.2965
6, 600
1 00
4,900
1 00 Broke
75, 713
60. 607
.178 x .178
36. 35
154, 652
21
CS co 6.
3,500
30
2935 x .295
6, 840
4 30
5, 500
20 Broke
78, 999
51. 170
.198 x .200
45.74
22
32
138, 888
C S co 7
2,500
30
.293 x.295
5, 200
4 30
4, 470
35 Broke
60, 160
48. 077
215 x .223
55.47
93.231
23 CS co 8.
3, 100
3 40
.294 x.296
7, 100
4 20
5,900
1 00 Broke
81, 028
43. 662
217 x.210
52.36
129, 471
24
CS co 5.
3,600
1 00
.295 x.2975
7, 100
5 45
5,750
1 05 Broke
80, 897
50. 704
.204 x .204
47.42
138, 168
25 CS co 6.
3, 400
3.00
.294 x.295
6, 460
5 00
5, 075
45 Broke
74, 484
52.632
.184 x .188
39.88
146, 710
26
CS co 7
2,800
1 30
5, 225'
►
293 x.294
6 00
60, 655
53. 589
Original.
Under strain, (smallest
place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
21
4, 400
50 Broke
L
207 x .204
49 03
104, 210
:296 x.2925
.240 x .235
65. 14
89, 166
49.223
.299 .300
72, 463
49.230
.175 x .178
34.73
152, 487
.300 x.300
93, 333
42.857
.182 x .187
37.82
168, 948
.2985 x .300
52, 761
46. 561
.166 x .166
30.77
116, 860
.299 x.300
51, 114
43. 621
.142 x.142
22.48
141, 341
2985 x.2990
50,979
48.352
.150 x.152
25.55
127, 193
299 x.2985
51, 539
45. 652
.142 x .143
22.75
147, 739
305 x.2985
•
58,214
47. 170
.171 x.171
32.12
129, 954
.299 x.302
60.566
43.836
.160 x .161
28.53
149, 456
.296 x.296
67, 381
63.866
187 x.189
40.06
131, 567
.296 x.2955
67, 616
61.924
.192 x .193
39.71
134, 042
2925 x .2945
D
62, 455
57. 621
.196 x.198
45. 05
111, 317
27* CS co 8.
3,800
5 00
7, 720
6 35 Broke
28
H W có 4
3, 200
2 15
6,500
6 00
4, 750
2 00 Broke
29
H W có 4
3,600
5 00
8, 400
5 15
7, 200
4 35
5,750
Broke
30
H W co 5
2, 200
4,725
1 40
5 55
3, 200
50 Broke
31
H W co 5
2,000
+, 585
1 10
6 00
D
2, 850
2 00 Broke
·
.
32
HW co 6
2, 200
2 15
4, 550
3 45
2, 900
1 30 Broke
33
H W co 6
2, 100
1 10
4,600
4 30
3,000
1 25 Broke
34
HW co %
2,500
1 40
5, 300
4.00
3, 200
1 10 Broke
35 | H W có 7
Quinim
2,400
5, 475
1 30
4 35
3,850
1 20 Broke
36 CH co 1 S
3, 800
3 30
5, 900
4 30
5, 950
20
4, 650
1 10 Broke
37 C H co 1 S
3, 700
3.50
5,975
5 20
4,700
1 30 Broke
38 CH co 2 S
3, 100
3 00
5, 380
4 30
4,320
30 Broke
* Broke too quickly to get parting strain
22
On specimen.
Strain.
Elongation un-
der strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Time of application.
TABLE 3.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Dimensions of cross-section.
1
Strain per square
inch.
Lbs.
m. s.
3, 200
In.
2 30
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
5, 775
6 00
. 2925 x . 2930
4, 550
1 15 Broke
67, 382
Per ct.
55. 411
•
.199 x.199
46. 21
114, 896.
3,300
2 45
5,725
2 25
.296 x.294
475
40 Broke
65, 478
.193 x.193
42. 61
120, 137
57.642
3, 300
1 25
6,000
5 25
.2955 x .2935
5,000
1 00 Broke
69, 173
55.000
.209 x .209
50.36
112, 131
4,000
4 20
7,575
6 40
.2935 x .2955
6, 450
45 Broke
87, 341
52.805
•
215 x.218
54.04
4, 100
2.40
137, 657
8, 175
2.50
.2940 x .2955
•
7,400
15 Broke
94, 098
50. 153
.230 x .232
61. 42
138, 680
2, 200
3 15
+, 350
4 10
.2925 x .2925
4,900
45
3,900
15 Broke
57, 272
44. 898
.195 x.196
44.67
102, 040
2, 200
1 45
4, 470
3 25
.292 x.292
3, 600
50 Broke
52, 426
49.217
191 x.191
42.79
98, 684
2,000
4 15
.292 x.293
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Of reduced area.
Mark on specimen
46 N co I.
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of C H co 5 I.
C H 5
45
44 | C H co 5 I..
39 CH co 2 S.
43 CH co 4 S.
CH
40 C H co 3 S.
42 CH co 4 S.
41 CH co 3 S.
23
4, 150
5 05
·
2, 800
1 05 Broke
48, 506
48. 193
47
N co I
2,000
4 35
4, 200
5 20
.294 x.2915
2,700
1 05 Broke
49, 007
47.619
.156 x.153
27.85
113, 122
48
P B co 1
1, 600
2 20
3,850
2975 x .299
5 45
2, 600*
30 Broke
43, 281
41.588
.216 x.218
53.05
59, 337
49
P B co 1
1,900
2 55
4, 525
5 25 Broke
.298 x.2975
.247 x.247
68.82
51, 040
41.989
50
P B co 2
3, 200
3 30
6, 625
5 30
.3035 x. 3040
6,000
15 Broke
71, 803
48.302
•
230 x.233
58.08
111, 961
51
P B co 2
2,700
3 10
5, 570
4 45
303 x.3005
4,800
15 Broke
61, 174
48. 474
.213 x.213
49.85
105, 799
52
P B co 3
2,700
2 20
5, 570
4 30
.301 x.300
4, 950
25 Broke
61, 683
48.474
.220 x.220
55.97
3335
102, 272
PB co 3
3, 300
4 05
6, 450
.301 x.3005
5 00
6, 000
25 Broke
69,250
51. 163
•
.233 x.237
108, 673
54
H W co 4
3,000
10 00
8, 550
10 00 Broke
.305 x.295
36, 500
.2593 x .2484
104, 500
35.088
55 | H W có 4
H W
2,557
8, 675
305 x.295
7 00 Broke
32, 363
.2577 x .2513
53.75
106, 025
29.476
56
H W co 5.
1,300
4,750
.300 x.299
14, 492
3, 440
Broke
52, 954
27, 368
30.00
57
H W co 5
1, 435
4,675
4.00
.299 x.300
15, 997
3, 310
2 00 Broke
52, 118
30.695
. 1714 x. 170
32. 48
88
58 | H W có 6
11, 360
W
1,300
4, 930
6 30
.2995 x .2995
14, 492
3, 400*
Broke
54, 960
26. 369
.174 x.181
35. 11
10, 796
59
H W co 6
1, 300
4,950
5 00
2995 x.2995
14, 492
3,700
2 00 Broke
55, 183
26. 263
.178 x.1835
14.57
* About.
11, 330
24
Strain.
Elongation un-
Elongation after
der strain.
release.
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
.
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 3.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture—Continued.
Lbs.
m. s.
1,300
6, 215
8.00
5, 400
30 Broke
1, 400
6, 170
4 15
5, 400
30 Brokel
1, 650
6, 400
4 15
5, 200
1 30 Broke
1,750
6, 475
4 30
.2955 x .2955
5, 100
Broke
1,700
6, 100
4 30
Broke
1, 400
6, 150
4 00
5, 150
1 00 Broke
-
1, 350
6, 335
5 00
5, 450
1 30 Broke
1, 650
6, 250
4.00
5,500
1 00 Broke
Original.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (smallest
place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
In.
.300 x.3025
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
14, 325
68, 484
Per ct.
20.917
.218 x.222
53.33
11, 134
.3025 x .300
15, 426
66, 887
22.690
2275 x.220
55. 15
110, 900
.2955 x.2955
18, 895
73, 293
25.781
·
.2065 x. 2065
48.71
121, 944
20, 041
74, 152
27.027
.212 x.205
49.77
124, 254
.2915 x. 2925
19, 938
71, 542
27.869
.208 x.207
50.50
.2915 x. 2925.
16, 419
72, 129
22. 764
.208 x.210
51.23
117, 900
.293 x.296
15, 565
72, 542
21.310
210 x.211
51.09
122, 990
.293 x.296
18, 894
71, 569
26. 400
.210 x .215
51.70
12, 181
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
67 C H co 3 S
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 66 C H co 3 S.
65 C H co 2 S.
64 CH co 2 S
63 CH co 1 S
60 | H W có 7
62 C H co 1 S
H W co 7
61
25
63 | C H co 4 S
1, 550
.2915 x .2975
8, 170
4 30
7,570
30 Broke
17,880
94, 209
18.972
.241 x .241
66. 97
13, 133
69
CH co 4 S
1, 650
8, 170
.2975 x .2915
4 15
19, 026
7, 620
45 Broke
94, 209
20. 196
.240 x .240
66. 42
13, 229
70 C H co 5 I.
700
.291 x.292
4, 450
3,600
4 15
45 Broke
8, 238
52, 370
15.730
190 x.190
42.48
99, 723
71
CH có 5I.
850
4, 490
.291 x.292.
3 15
3, 60J
45 Broke
10, 003
52, 940
12. 931
.187 x .1925
42.36
100, 000
72
C S co 5
1, 550
8, 100
.295 x.297
4 00
7, 650
30 Broke
17, 691
92, 449
19. 137
.243 x.248
70.20
124, 380
73 CS co 5.
1, 450
7, 650
3 00
.295 x.297
16, 549
6, 870
30 Broke
87, 313
19. 954
.235 x .227
60.89
128, 780
74
CS co 6.
1,600
7, 0.30
. 2955 x .2935
3 30
18, 469
6,660
15 Broke
81, 150
22.760
237 x .243
66.40
115, 640
75 CS co 6.
1, 650
4.00
2955 x .2935
7, 180
30
19, 046
6, 800
Broke
82, 881
22. 981
.236 x .249
67.76.
115, 710
7165
CS co 7
1,250
5,950
.295 x.293
3 00
14, 461
5, 450
45 Broke
68, 837
21.008
.233 x .230
62.00
101, 690
77
CS co 7.
1, 350
295 x.293
6, 000
3 30
15, 618
5, 430
30 Broke
69, 416
22.500
.226 x .231
60.40
104, 010
78
C S co 8
1, 400
.294 x.296
7, 600
4 00
15,976
Broke
86, 733
18. 421
.246 x .247
69.82
79
C S co 8
1, 450
.294 x.296
7,400
3 45
7, 180
30 Broke
16, 547
84, 565
19.595
248 x .250
71. 24
115, 800
80
N co I
750
4,350
5 00
.2895 x .2925
3, 100
45 Broke
D
8, 857
51, 370
17. 241
251 x.252
74.70
49, 010
26
Strain.
der strain.
Elongation un-
Elongation after
Resilience.
release.
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
area.
TABLE 3.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Original.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Lbs.
m. s.
750
In.
.2895 x.2925
In.
4, 250
3,000
4 00
2 30 Broke
Lbs.
8,857
50, 189
Lbs.
Per ct.
17. 647
.160 x .160
30.23
117, 180
1, 350
.293 x.294
4, 560
3 45
15, 671
3, 010
1 00 Broke
52, 934
29.605
146 x.147
70.54
139, 597
1, 350
.293 x.294
4, 410
4 00
2,750
1 30 Broke
15, 671
51, 193
30.612
.143 x.135
66. 29
142, 450
1,400
.301 x.3035
6, 630
3 15
6, 050
1 00 Broke
15, 325
72, 585
21. 116
.235 x .235
60.45
10, 955
1,500
.301 x.3035
6, 620
3 15
6, 150
30 Broke
16, 419
72, 476
22.659
230 x.236
60.97
110, 420
1, 550
.299 x.300
6, 350
3 00
5,700
1 00 Broke
17, 279
70, 791
24. 409
236 x .236
62. 09
10, 234
1,600
.299 x.300
6, 580
4.00
6,000
1 30 Broke
17, 837
73, 355
24. 316
236 X.236
62.09
107, 720
Released, (smallest
place.
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark of specimen
co 3
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of PB 87
P B co 3
86
N co I
81
co 2.
PB 82 PB co 1.
85
83
P B co 2
P B co 1
84
27
Number of experiment.
Material.
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 4.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture.
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140, inclusive. Annealed at a heat between the melting-points of bronze and copper, without oxidation of surface.]
Mark on specimen
designating-
Strain.
after
Elongation under Elongation
strain.
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
89 D
1,500
1. 30
Lbs.
m. S. In. In.
.000
In. In.
.000
000
3 45
.003
.06
.000
2, 400
5 00
.005
.1
000
600
800
3 00
006
•
.12
GOO
8.00
.007
.14
000
3,000
8 00
.007
.14
000
3, 200
9 00
.008
.16
000
3, 400
16 45
. 099
1.98
.091
1.82
5, 800
7 30
In.
In.
In.
.302 x.303
In.
Lbs.
L's.
Per ct.
.003 .06
.005
.1
006
.12
.007
.14
007
D
.14
.008
.16
.008
.16
34, 972
37, 158
4, 650
45 Broke
63,387
55.172
.202 x.203
44. 81
90
113, 398
1,500
2 36
.002
.04
.000
1,700
4 20
.002
.04
003
.06
.302 x.302
.000
900
003
3 58
06
.005 .1
.000
2, 100
5 13
.005
.1
.005 .1
000
2,300
24 18
.005
.1
.007
.14
.002
.04
.005
.10
23, 025
5, 150
25, 218
4, 659
Broke
56, 455
44.660
200 x.280
45. 61
91
N co 1 S (a).
111, 995
2,700
6 37
.020
2
003
.03
7,500
.017
.17
.3085 x. 3042
6, 885
36 00 Broke
688
13. 76
28, 773
79, 925
36.000
92 N co 1 S (B) .
.249 x.2524
66.97
109, 551
2, 400
7 45 .008
7, 030
6, 650
33 16 Broke
.08.002
1. 442
,02
.006
.06
.3085 x.3042
14. 42
25,573
74, 910
34. 139
2378 x.2517
63.77
111, 103
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
28
of experimentspecimenStrain.
Elongation under Elongation
after
Resilience.
strain.
release.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 4.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
m.
8. In. In.
.011
.11
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
.002
02.019
.09
.3035 x, 3032
38 00 Broke
1. 338
Lbs.
29, 341
82, 046
Lbs.
Per ct.
35. 762
13. 38
.2462 x,2519
67.40
112, 666
5 46
.085
.85
.003
.03.082
.82
.3035 x.302
24 36 Broke
26, 181
1.802
18.02
.2038 x.2039
45, 34
75, 717
34.582
6 30.012
.12
.004
.04
.008
.08
.3032 x. 305
25, 952
25 02 Broke
75, 695
1. 489
14.89
34, 286
2488 x. 2398
64, 52
111. 125
5 27
.011
.11 .003
.3
.008
.08
.3004 x.3052
21 25 Broke
26, 177
79, 401
32.967
1, 333
15. 33
.245 x.252
67.34
110, 787
Original.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (s mallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
6, 840
.
designating--
7,280
Material.
Number 2,400
.
1 S(F)
96 N co 6, 630
On 7,000
Lbs.
2, N co 1 S (c)... 2,700
93
400
co 1 S (E).
7,550
95 N 7, 100
6, 940
2,400
94 N co 1 S (D)
29
No. of experiment.
Mark on specimen
Strain.
designating-
Material.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
TABLE 5.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture.
[Annealed at a heat between the melting-points of bronze and copper, without oxidation. For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140 inclusive.]
On specimen.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Lbs.
111 H W co 5.
m. s. In.
In.
1, 500
1,700
3 41.003
.03
3 19 .003
2,000
5 30 .007
2, 100
7 50
.008
.08
2,400
18 07.008
.08
2, 600
10 20
.009
.09
8 27288
03
In.
.000
000
In.
In.
.003
003
In.
In.
In.
In.
07
.000
.007
.000
.008
.08
.000
.008
.08
88288
.03 .2987 x.2996
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
03
07
.001
26, 818
.01
4, 620
27 05
.008
.08
3,250
Broke
1. 042
20.84
112| H W có 6.
1,500
5 16
.002
1,700
4 45
.003
.03
.02.000
.000
29, 055
51, 625
56.27
•
173 x.173
33.44
108, 590
.002
.02.2990 x .2996
2,000
8 35
.003
.004
.04
.000
2, 100
4 15
.004
.006
06
.03
.01
.000
2,300
5 50
.006
.007
.07.002
. 06
02
005
.05
23, 442
4,860
19 32
25, 675
3,500
Broke
882
17. 64
54, 252
47.32
113| H W có
183 x.188
38.41
1,500
4 02
.004
104, 777
1, 700
4 14 .005
.04 .000
.05 .000
.004
.04.317 x.2994
1, 900
4 21
.005
.006
.05
06
.000
2, 100
4 20 .006
.006
.06
. 06
.000
2, 600
5 25.007
006
06
.07.000
.007
.07
2,700
6, 100
4 39
19 38
.008
08.002
.02
006
.06
5,400
Broke
.704 14.08
27, 394
28, 448
64, 271
44.26
2278 x .2295
55.08
103, 289
30
On specimen.
Strain.
TABLE 5.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Elongation under Elongation after
strain.
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
Lbs.
1,500
m.
S.
In.
In.
In.
.004
.08
In.
.000
In.
In.
In.
In.
1,700
.004
.08
.000
.004 08 .3027 x.3027
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
1,900
.005
.004 .08
.1
.000
2, 100
005
.1
007
.14
2,300
•
.000
.007
.007
.14
.14
.000
.007
.14
2,500
008 .16
.003
25, 101
6, 075
.06
20 47
.008
.16
27, 284
4, 910
Broke
66, 301
41. 15
.204 x. 2074
46. 18
1,500
116, 049
.003
.06
.000
1, 700
. 003
.003
.06
.06.3034 x.3043
.000
1,900
.003
004 .08
.06
000
2, 100
004 .08
.004
.08
2,300
.000
.004
08
•
.006
.12
.000
.006
·
12
2,500
.007
.14
002
24, 901
.04
5.850
24 00
.005 .10
26,970
4, 575
Broke
63,363
.199 x.200
42.73
43. 11
1,500
114, 949
004
.08
.000
1, 700
1, 900
004
.08
.004
.08
.3013 x. 3026
,000
005
1
.004 .08
•
.000
2, 100
005
6, 100
19 22
.007
Broke
.10
.14
.002
.04
.005
.10
1. 115
22.30
4,900
1,500
1, 700
1, 900
2, 100
003
.06
•
.000
.003
003
.06
.06.3033 x .3031
.000
.003
.06
004
.08
000
.004
.08
005
1
000
004
1
20,839
23, 032
273 x. 272
81.45
66, 905
2038 x. 203
45.38
82, 148
118,439
34. 42
Mark on specimen
I
experiment.
designating-
117
No. of 116 L
Material.
U
115
114 J
31
2,300
.005
.1
.000
.005
.1
2,500
.006
.. 12
.002
.04
004
08
7:20
16 17
.979
19.58
4,530
Broke
118 X.
•
25, 018
27, 194
.270 x. 270
62, 221
1988 x. 1988
42.99
78, 449
114, 621
43.70
1,500
.003
.06
.000
1,700
.004
.08
.000
1,900
.005
.1
.000
2, 100
.005
.1
.000
2,300
.008
.16
.004
.08
003
•
.06
.302 x .303
004
08
005
I
•
.005.
.1
-004
.08
5, 880
15 20
.668
13.36
4, 750
Broke
119 T
22, 949
25, 134
•
267 x .267
64, 258
209 x.209
47.73
82, 230
108, 742
39. 11
1,500
.003
.06
.000
1,700
.003
.06
.003
.3028 x.3028
.06
.000
1,900
.003
06
.003
.06
.000
2, 100
003
•
06
.005
10
000
2,300
.005
.10
.005 .10
000
. 005
.10
2,500
.005
.10
.000
2,700
.005
.10
.007
.14
.003
.06
6, 190
001
27, 157
10 02
.08
..372
7.44
29, 331
5,000
Broke
275 x. 275
67, 245
258 x.283
120 AG
80, 528
68, 480
43. 61
1,500
.002 .04
.000
1, 700
.002
04
.005
.302 x.301
.10
.000
.005
1,900
.10
.005
.10
.000
005
2, 100
•
.10
.007
.14
.002
.04
5, 690
005
11 20
.10
.476
9.52
4,500
Broke
121 AN
20, 901
23, 101
266 x.269
62, 594
.2026 x. 2053
45.76
79, 520
108, 189
36.90
1,500
.002 .04
.000
1, 700
.002
.04
.003 .06
.304 x.3045
.000
900
.003
06
•
.004
.08
.000
2, 100
004
.08
.005
.10
.003
.06
6, 030
002
04
16 46
1. 1021
22.04
20, 525
22, 680
264 x. 266
4,800
Broke
65, 141
2078 x. 2065
46.36
122 A M
85, 866
111, 862
34. 82
1, 500
.002
.04
.000
1, 700
.002
.004
.08
.04.2988 x .2996
.000
900
.004
.08
.008
.16
.004
.08
925
004
14 21
•
.08
19,497
1.087
21.74
21, 791
000
Broke
264 x. 265
. 2136 x. 2145
80.24
52.55
67, 954
123 A J
84, 688
109, 129
32.06
1, 500
1,700
.003
06
.000
.003
06
.003
.3033 x.3056
.06
000
1,900
003
.06
·
.004
.08
.000
2, 100
004
08
.004 .08
.000
2,300
004
08
.005 .10
.000
005
.10
2,500
.007 .14
.002
.04
.005
.10
24, 814
26, 971
32
Strain.
On specimen.
TABLE 5.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Elongation under Elongation after
strain.
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Lbs.
m. s. In.
In.
In.
5,550
14 45
In.
1. 074
In.
In.
In.
4,330
21.48
Broke
In.
269 x.269
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
78.07
59,875
1,500
.004 .08
1963 x.201
42.58
.000
1, 700
.006
004 .08
76, 666
109, 741
Per ct.
45.04
. 12
303 x.3047
002
5, 470
.04
13 06
.004.
.08
16, 247
1. 074
4, 160
21.48
Broke
270 x. 269
18, 413
59, 247
31.07
1,500
.003
.06
200 x.200
43.33
.000
1, 700
.003
.003
.06
.06
104, 000
302 x.3023
1,900
.000
.003
.06
004
08
000
2, 100
.004
.004
.08
.08
000
2,300
.
004
.004
.08
.08
000
.004
.08
2,500
.005
.1
.000
2,700
.005
.005
.1
.1
2,900
.000
.005 .1
.007
.14
.002
.04
5, 730
13 20
.005
.10
1. 158
23. 16
4, 740
Broke
.266 x .270
29, 574
31,765
62, 697
2075 x. 2109
47.93
1,500
.002
.04
79, 782 50. 61
108, 313
.000
1,700
.002
.003
.06
.04
.3063 x.3031
1,900
.000
.003
. 06
004
.08
000
2, 100
•
.004.
08
.005
ΟΙ
000
2, 300
005
01
005 .01
000
.005
. 01
2,500
.006
.12
000
2,700
006
•
.12
.006
.12
000
2,900
.006
.007
.12
.14
.001
.02
680
1
22 14
.006
.12
.685
13. 70
8, 500
Brokel
.280 x. 284
29, 082
31, 236
93, 494
2695 x.271
78.67
109, 154
116, 383
33. 41
4
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
126 BA
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 125 AP.
124 A E
33
127 B B.
BB.
2,000
004
2, 200
.004
08
2,400
888888
08
.000
000
.004
08
2,600
.000
005
•
1
2.800
3,000
8,300
26 15
8,000
Broke
.14
.006 .12
.007
.000
.000
.002
.04
004
.08
.004
.08
.004
.08
005
.1
•
006
.12
.005
.10
188880
3062 .3032
-
-
30, 159
•
734 14.68
32, 313
280 x .286
86.26
89, 401
128 BD
103, 646
36. 14
2,000
.260 x .268
.002
75.05
.04
.000
114, 810
2,200
002
005 ..1
.04
•
3030 x.3010
000
2,400
006
005
.1
12
•
.000
2,600
006
.12
.007
.14
.003
10, 250
.06
8 39
.004
.08
.517
10.34
9, 890
Broke
129 BE
2,000
.000
.000
26, 308
28.507
.285 x .285
89.06
112, 387
126, 192❘ 25.36
.283 x .2793
86.67
124, 996¹
2,200
000
304 x.304
.000
2, 400
.000
.000
2, 600
•
000
000
2, 800
.000
.000
3,000
.000
.000
3, 200
.004
.08
.000
3, 400
.004
.004
03
.08
.000
3,600
006
.004 ..08
.12
.000
3, 200
.006
.006
.12
.12
.000
.006
. 12
4,000
.007
.14
.003
9, 950
.06
14 37
004
.08
.457
9, 675
9. 14
Broke
130 BF
2,000
.000
000
2,250
.000
.000
2, 400
2,600
290 x .296
106,600
115, 913 40. 20
•
3028 x .3025
.000
•
000
.000
.000
2, 800
.000
.000
3,000
.000
•
.000
3,200.
040
.8
.040
7,500
.8
14 20
.000
.03
.431
6, 100
8. 61
Broke
.976
286 x .290
19.52
32, 763
34,935
81, 880
131 B G.
2345 x. 2355
60. 29
2,000
90, 426
110,457
41.33
2,200
.000
000
.000
.3028 x . 3029
.000
2,400
.000
.000
2,600
.002
.04
2, 800
.000
-
.002
.002
.01
.04
.000
.002
.04
3,000
.003
06
.000
3,200
003
.004
.06
.08
3, 400
.000
.004
.08
008
. 16
002
7,985
•
14 17
.04
.006
12
.804
7,450
16. 01
Broke
874
280 x.280
17.48
85.48
254 x. 254
34, 889
37, 070
87,060
70.34
101, 858 42.58
115, 475
3 F
34
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Lbs. m. s.
2,000
2, 200
2, 400
2,600
2, 800
In. In.
.003
In.
In.
In.
06
.000
003
.06
.000
In.
.003
.003
In.
In.
.06
In.
.3058 x .3090
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
004
.06
.08
.000
.004
005
1
08
•
000
005
•
005
1
1
.000
005
3,000
3, 200
.006
.12
000
006
. 006
12
12
.000
3,400
006
.007
.12
.14
8, 670
.004
.08
9 03
.003
.06
.762
8, 275
15. 24
Broke
2,000
.003
.06
33, 868
35, 985
.281 x.288
85.65
91, 703
107, 132 39. 21
. 1903 x .1950
2,200
.000
.003
.003
.06
2, 400
.000
.06.3048 x . 3035
.003
004
08
.06
2,000
.000
.005
.004
.08
.1
2, 800
.000
.005
.1
.006
.12
.003
.06
.003
.06
7,880
7,400
694 13.88
Broke
2,000
.003
.06
.000
28, 106
30, 268
284 x .285
2538 x . 2573
87.50
70.48
85, 182
97, 356
113, 318
35.53
2, 200
.003
003
06
000
.06.3010 x. 3023
2,400
.003
004
06
08
.000
2, 600
004
•
005
08
.10
2,800
.000
006
.005
.10
•
.12
.000
.006
•
.12
3,000
006
.12
3, 200
.000
.006
007
.12
14
8, 650
.003
6 08
.06
.007
.14
32, 969
8, 425
605
12. 10
Broke
.283 x. 280
35, 167
87.08
95, 062
2715 x .2693 80.35
107, 900
115, 229
36.99
Original.
Under strain. (small-
est place.)
(smallest
Released,
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
134 B K
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 133 BI
132 BH
35
32, 472
34, 637
•
285 x. 286
2623 x. 2814
88.23
81. 13
110, 190
124, 892
31.43
132, 340
24, 378
26, 700
.268 x .265
82.45
94, 616
2472 x. 2472
70.94
114, 756
126, 008
28.22
135] B M
2,000
2, 200
.001
.02
.000
.002
:04
.001 .02 .3036 x. 3043
.000
400
.002
.003
.04
.06
.000
2, 600
003
.06
•
.004
.08
000
2, 800
.004
.004
.08
.08
000
004
:08
3,000
005 .1
000
3, 200
.005
.1
.006
12
002
.02
10, 180
6 41
006
.12
534
5.34
9,780
Broke
137 C Hco 4S
1,500
004
.04 .000
1, 700
004
04
005
05 000
2920 x .2950
1, 900
.005
.005
.05
.05
.000
2, 100
.005
.007
.05
.07
,000
2,300
.007
008
.07
.08
002
.02
.006
.06
8, 150
15 21
1. 328
.571
13. 28
7,700
Broke
138 C F.
CF
1,500
.002
02
.000
1,700
.002
.003
. 03
.000
.02 .2960 x .2970
1,900
.003
.004
.03
.04
.000
2, 100
.004
.004
.04
.04
000
2, 300
.004
.006
04
.06
.000
.006
.06
2,500
.008
.08
.000
2,700
.008
009
.08
09
.000
2,900
.010
.009
.09
1
000
3, 100
.010
.010
1
1
.000
3, 300
.010
010
.1
1
000
.010
1
3, 500
.011
.11
.000
3,700
.011
011
.11
11
000
3,900
4, 100
.012
.012
.011
11
. 12
000
.012
12
.12
.000
4,300
.012
. 162
.12
1. 62
.143
.716
1.43 .019
. 19
7, 190
8 38
1. 657
6, 800
16.57
Broke
139 CG
3,000
3, 200
.012
. 013
.12 .000
.012
13
000
. 12. 2958 x .2973
3, 400
3, 600
.014
.016
.013
. 13
.14
.001
.01
.013
.13
16
•
.104
6,325
1.04
28 26
.012
. 12
1. 568 1. 187
15. 68
140 CH
ww cr
5,800
Broke
3,000
.011
11
.000
3, 200
.012
.12
3, 400
.014
3, 600
3,800
014
14
.000
.14.000
.000
140
1.4
.011
11
.012
|. 2959 x .2968
.12
.014
.14
.014
125
14
1. 25
.015
15
46, 638
48, 912
266 x .267
80.79
81, 787
101, 236
58.41
2458 x .2445
68.36
113, 148
36, 387
38, 662
275 x .275
86.00
71, 922
83, 636
53.75
225 x .2288
58.54
112, 665
40, 991
43, 189
36
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
lengt.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
11 32
Broke
Lbs. m. s
7,000
6, 300
In. In.
In. In.
1. 881
In.
In.
.825 18. 81
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
263 x .263
Lbs.
78.75
79, 705
2275 x .2275
58.93
3,000
.009
101, 201
121, 724
Per ct.
52.85
.09
.000
3,200
.010
.009
.1
.000
09.297 x .298
3,400
.010
.010
.1
.1
.000
3,600
.010
012
1
.12
000
3,700
012
.139
12
1.39 .124
1.24 .015
15
6, 760
12 10
6, 070
1.824 .788 18.24
40, 675
41, 805
Broke
266 x .267
2236 x .2255
80.25
56. 97
76, 377
3,000
.011
.11
3, 200
.011
11
3, 400
012
12
3,600
.012
.12
3, 800
.019
. 19
FI22:
95, 181
120, 384
53.69
.000
. 011
.000
.11 . 2982 x .2987
011
11
000
012
12
000
012
.009
.09
.010
. 12
.10
7,310
11 30
1. 824
.799
18. 24
40, 420
42, 665
6, 460)
Broke
266 x. 266
2190 x.2176
79.44
53. 51
82,076
3,000
.009
103, 312 50. 61
135, 559
.09 .060
3, 200
.009
.009
09
09
2990 x.2975
.000
3,400
009
.010
09
.1
000
3,600
010
.010
•
1
.1
.000
3,800
.010
.010
.1
.1
000
010
•
1
4,000
.010
.1
.000
4, 200
.010
.010
1
1
000
4, 400
010
.012
1
.12
000
4, 600
.108
.012
.12
1.08
.091
8, 600
.91
017
10 35
.17
1. 420
.566
14.2
49, 464
51, 714
268 x .268
80.74
96, 680
119, 737
51. 74
Original.
Under strain, (small-
est place..)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
143 CK.
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 142 C J.
141 CI
37
8, 025
Broke
·
144
C F
2420 x.2403
3,000
65.37
.005
.05
000
138,000
200
.005
.005
.05
05
.000
2970 x.2964
400
.011
.005
05
11
000
3,600
3,800
.011
.011
.11
11
000
.011
.015
.11
.15
.000
.015
4,000
. 15
.079
.79
.063
7, 075
.63
.016
43, 166
11 15
. 16
2. 017
.955
6, 550
20. 17
Broke
268 x.265
45, 438
145 C G
2390 x.2410
cawww
3,000
80.68
65. 43
80, 369
009
09
99, 619 53.85
113, 717
000
3, 200
. 011
.009
09
11
000
2965 .2970
3, 400
.011
025
11
25 .014
6, 450
.14
20 05
.011
11
36, 338
5, 690
Broke
1.503 .970 15.03
277 x .275
38, 609
26.50
73, 244
146 CH
2205 x.2238
3,000
55.92
3, 200
.012
013
84, 674
115, 538
50. 07
.12
.000
.012
. 13
.12
.000
2967 x.2978
3, 300
.015
.15
3,500
. 016
ககக
.013
.13
16
3, 700
026
.26
.003
.004
012
.03
.012
.12
.04
.012
.12
36, 216
37, 348
. 12
.014
.14
7, 100
19 14
1. 668
6, 350
Broke
.781
16. 68
147
CI
3,000
.009
09
.000
273 x .274
2255 x.2246
84.65
67.51
80, 355
94, 917
125, 376
49.29
200
.010
.009
.09
1
.000
2970 x.2968
400
011
.010
.1
.11
000
3, 600
3,800
.011
012
.11
12 000
012
. 024
.12
.24
.011
.11
.013
6, 960
.13
9 16
1.665
6, 380
721 16.65
Broke
·
148
C J
3,000
.010
.1 .000
40, 839
43, 108
255 x .255
2445 x.2433
73.77
67.48
78, 956
107, 035
53. 16
107, 250
3,200
.010
013
. 13
.000
.1
2985 x.2970
3, 400
.015
.013
.13
15
.000
500
.015
.015
.15
.15
000
600
.015
.015
.15
.15
.000
.015
. 15
3, 800
.045
.45
.030
7, 150
13 26
.3 .015
.15
12. 200
.994
6, 200
Broke
22.0
149
CK.
3,000
.009
.09
.000
40, 607
42, 863
272 x .270
.2406 x .2414
82.84
65. 51
80, 650
97, 358 51.74
106, 747
3, 200
.011
.009
09
11
.000
2967 x .2988
400
. 012
.011
.11
12
.000
3,600
.011
.012
.12
.14
.000
3,700
.014
.014
.14
.14
.000
.014
14
3,800
015
.15
000
4,000
.015
016
.15
16
000
.016
1996
38
On specimen.
Strain.
Elongation under
Elongation after
strain.
release.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
bength.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Original.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Lbs.
m. s. In. In.
In.
In.
4, 200
In.
.017
.17 .000
4, 400
.087
.017
.87
8, 100
.070 .418
.7
8 35
.017
1.235
12.35
7, 585
Broke
2,000
2 29
.003
2, 200
2 35
.003
2,400
3 07
.007
2,600
3 33
.009
.09
2,800
2 52 . 010
2358-
03
In.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
.17
47, 375
.17
49, 631
263 x.260
77. 13
91, 366
.2396 x .2403
64.94
118,455 52. 58
131, 739
000
.003
.03
03
000
003
07
·
.000
007
.07
.000
.009
.000
.010
.1
3,000
5 05
.008
08
.000
3, 200
3. 30
.009
.008
.08
09.000
3, 400
3,600
3, 800
3 03
4 29
11 45
.010
.009
09
1
88 -838&
2979 x. 2988
03
•
09
•
000
.011
.010
.1
II
000
.058
.58
.011
11
.000
.058
.58
6,000
6 40
230
2.3
.000
8, 400
5 17
230
2.3
8, 525
2.05
8,340
10 Broke
2,000
2.40
.009
.000
2, 200
09.
2 42
2, 400
.009
.000
09
95, 773-
43.40
.260 x. 260
75.94
123, 370
302 x.301
3 30
.009
2,600
.000
09
2 34
009
2,800
•
.000
09
252
.011 000
.110
3,000
2 29
.013 000
•
3, 200
2 54
.130
.013 .000
130
3, 400
3 16
.015
3,600
002
4 08
.150
35, 202
.017
002
.17
•
37, 402
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
155 | H W có 9
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 154 H W co 9
39
3,800
3 43
6, 000
7 17
.019
.005
.19
. 230
.196
2.3
8, 400
3 12
8, 600
4,30
8, 250
24 Broke
771
.
15. 42
156 T co 3*
2,000
2 32
.006
.06
.000
2, 200
.006
3 36
.009
.09
.000
400
2 46
.009
.009
.09 .000
2,600
4 19
.009
010
1
.002
.02
2,800
3 56
.010
.008
08
.1 .002
.02
.008
08
22888
94, 607
2525 x. 2535
70.41
.06.300
300 x.3005
43.02
127, 326
26, 622
28, 840
3,000
3 34
012
. 12
.
004
.04
3, 200
008
4 07
014
08
.14
.004
.04
3, 400
4 33
020
.010
10
.2
010
.1
6, 000
8 00
.010
.242
.1
2. 42
.207
8, 340
2. 07
7 35
.035
.035
8, 500
2.30
8, 330
12 Broke
608
D
12. 16
157 T co 3*
2,000
94, 287
40.00
.299 x.2985
93, 331
3 15
.001
.01
,000
2,200
3 34
.005
.001
.05 000
.01.2985 x .301
400
2 54
.005
008
.08 .000
· 05
2, 600
3 11
.008
008
.08
08 .000
2,800
•
2 38
.008
009
.09 .000
.08
.
009
.09
3,000
3 15
009
.09 .000
3, 200
3 46
.010
.009
09
1
.000
3, 400
6 30
010
.012
1
.12
.000
3, 6CO
7 08
.012
12
.054
.54 .036
.36
6, 000
13 00
.018
.18
.251
2.51 245
2.45
.006
.06
37, 841
40, 067
8, 280
2 47
8, 380
1 30
8, 360
07 Broke
.503 10.06
93, 269
41.76
2708 x. 2723 82.07
158
A co 2
2,000
113, 373
2 19.007
.07 .000
2, 200
2,400
1 56
.007
.07
008
.08
.2988 x .2978
000
.008
1 54
.009
08
09
.000
600
2,800
3,000
1 36
1 40
2 41
.009
09
010
.100
000
.010
1
010
. 100
.000
.010
.1
.012
. 120
3, 200
3, 400
3,600
.000
3 37
012
.012
.12
.120
.000
.012
4 42
.012
.12
120 000
012
3 44
.12
014
140 .000
3, 800
4 44.015
.014
.14
. 150
.005
.05
.010
. 100
4,000
3 02
.018
180 .005
4, 200
.05
3 05
.013
. 019
.130
190 .005
4, 400'
20 05
05 .014
.064
.140
.640
.048
6,000
8 12
.48 .016
321
.160
3. 210
293
2.930 028
.280
* About.
1
40
On specimen.
TABLE 5.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
length.
Percentage of original
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
leugth.
length.
Percentage of original
Original.
Lbs.
Mt. S.
In. In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
7, 950
7 18
In.
In.
In.
7, 330
Broke
Lbs.
89, 344
'Lbs.
Per ct.
52.83
.595 11.90
2396 x .2463 64.70
127, 320
2,000
3 02
.003
2,200
2 15
.001
•
.03 .000
04 .000
003
03
2983 x.29x8
.004
.04
2,400
2 31
.005
.05
.000
005
05
600
4 35
.008
•
.08
.004
.04
.004
•
.01
2,800
2. 07
.008
08
.004
.04
.004
.04
3,000
2 16
.009
.09
.004
.04
005
3, 200
2.05
.05
.011
11
•
.006
3, 400
2 16
.06
.005
.05
.012
12
.006
.06
006
06
3,600
3 28
.012
.12
007
.07
005
05
3, 800
5 38
.013
. 13
008
.08
.005
. 05
6,000
11 50
.300
3.00
.274
2. 740
.026
.26
8,000
3 39
8, 190
2 00
7, 456
42 Brokel
608
•
12. 16
91, 886
43.96
.2425 x. 242
65.53
126, 778
2,000
2 31
.005
.05
.000
.005
2, 200
.05
2 37
.007
. 2987 x. 298
07
•
.000
007
2, 400
D
.07
3 19
.007
07
•
.000
.007
2, 600
.07
5 59
.008
08
.000
008
2,800
08
3 15
.009
09 .000
009
09
3, OCO
8.00
.011
.11 .000
.011
3, 200
11
34 52
.090
90
.078
.78
6, 925
.190
12
11 30
6, 375
Broke
1. 337
13.370
77, 798
44. 04
233 x.2375
115, 170
Strain per square
inch.
Mark on specimen
160 H W co 17
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of A co 5
159
41
161, SPR 6.
2,000
2 40
.006
06
.000
2, 200
2 02
.008
D
006
.06
08
000
1.2987 x.2979
400
1 56
.010
008
•
.08
ད-
1
.000
600
.010
800
2. 07
2 14
.1
D
010
.1
.000
.011
.010
.1
.11
.000
.011
.11
3,000
3, 200
3,400
2.09
2 37
.012
.12
.003
.013
.03
.009
13
.09
•
003
03
3, 600
3 16
2 44
.013
.010
10
13 .003
03
010
.014
.10
.14
003
3, 800
.03
.011
2 55
.016
.11
.16 .004
.04.012
12
4,000
22 56
.084
.84.065
8,000
.65
13 29
.019
19
7, 350
Broke
1. 672
.793
16. 72
89, 947
47.50
162 SPR 13.
239 x.242
64.91
2,000
2 25
.005
127, 080
.05
.000
2, 200
2 28
.010
.005
05
.1
000
297 x .298
400
2 22
.010
.010
1
.1
.000
600
010
2.00
010
.1
.1 .000
800
3 45
.012
.010
.1
.12
.000
012
•
12
3,000
3 05
013
.13
.004
3,200
1 44
.01 .009
.013
.09
. 13
.004
3, 400
8 52
.124
.04 009
·
1. 24
.09
.013
6, 625
.13
14 33
.011
11
·
5, 850
Broke
1. 929
.812
19. 29
163 SPR 19.
2,000
1 50
.005
74, 853
48.30
225 x .2268 57. 64
114, 638
.05
.000
2, 200
D
005
1 16
.006
· 06
.000
.05
400
006
1 39
.008
06
.08
.000
2,600
1 06
.008
.008
08
.08
.000
2, 800
1 35
.008
009
.08
09
000
009
•
09
53000
.298 x .298
3,000
1 56
.013
.13 .003
03
3, 200
2 29
.010
10
.014
.14
.005
3, 400
05
009
D
1 29
.015
09
. 15
.005
3,600
05
010
4 51
.016
10
·
.16
.006
3, 800
06
'4 29 .016
.010
10
.16
.006
.06
.010
.10
4,000
6 52
.031
8, 025
12 32
.31 .015
.15
.016
.16
7, 350
Broke
. 765
15.30
90, 367
164 SPR 22
2365 x .235 62.59
47.35
2,600
3.19
.009
130, 448
.09 .000
2,800
.009
2 25
. 011
.09
.11
.003
299 x.298
3,000
03
1 45
.011
.008
08
.11
.003
3, 200
03
008
2 19
.012
.08
12
.004
3.400
3 23
.013
.04
.008
08
.13 .004
.04 009
09
•
3,600
1 51. . 013
.13
.004
3,800
.04
.009
3 09
.014
.09
. 14
.004
4,000
10 00
.080
.04
010
10
•
.8
7,860
.066
.66
10 32
.014
.14
7,350
Broke
641
12. 82
•
88, 213
48.35
2335 x.231
60.60
136, 266
42
On specimen.
Strain.
Elongation under
Elongation after
strain.
release.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Original.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
3 18
1 27
Lbs.
2, 600
800
m. s.
In. In.
In. In
In.
.012
In.
In.
.12 .002
.013
3,000
1 25
014
.13
.14 .005
004
.02
04
05
3, 200
1 13
.014
.14
.005
3, 400
1 57
.014
.14
.005
05
24!!!
In.
.010
.10
In.
.299 x.299
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
.009
.09
009
09
05 009
09
.009
.09
3, 600
1 26
.015
.15
.006
06
3, 800
.009
57
.018
.09
.18
.007
4,000
.07
1 51
.020
.011
.11
.2 .010
.1
8, 680
.010
8 10
.1
►
8, 200
Broke
.464
9.28
97, 091
.244 x.243
43.78
65. 14
1, 800
2 25
.004
.04
138, 300
.000
2,000
.004
2 15
.008
.04
.08.000
.3014 x .3015
2,200
2 30
.008
.008
.08
.08.000
400
.008
4 55
oro
.08
.10 .000
2, 600
.010
3 25
10
.011
11.001
.01
010
10
2,800
4 05
.011
11
.002
3,000
02.009
5 00
.013
09
. 13
.004
3, 200
5 00
.020
.04
.009
09
20
.010
.10
5, 400
.010
9 25
.10
•
4, 475
18 Brokel
1. 054
10.54
59, 424
55.70
.195 x .195
41. 84
1,800
2 05
117, 685
.008
.08
000
2,000
2 25
008
.009
•
.09 000
2, 200
2. 00
.009
08
.09
.3014 x .3014
009
2,400
3 10
.010
09 000
. 10
--
.009
09
2, 600
2 30.010
000
10.001
.010
10
.01
.009
09
2,800
3 00
.010
.10 001
3,000
3 30
.01 .009
.012
12
.001
.01 .011
.09
.11
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
171* 0
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 170 0-
165 SPR 27
43
3, 200
3,400
700 .013
14 10
.210
. 13 | .002
2.10
.02.011
.11
. 196
1.96
5, 360
.014
7 20
.14
4,325
35 Broke
.905
59, 004
59.70
18. 10
.197 x .197
42.83
172 H W co 16.
2,400
111, 443
2 18
.006
.06
2, 600
2 45
.008
2,800
17 00
.093
.93
8889909
000
.000
.086
.86
6,000
.006
008
.007
7 15
.07
288
06
.299 x .2982
08
4, 625
45 Broke
813
16. 26
67, 293
45.00
185 x .180
37.81
173 | M co 2*
13, 888
2,400
2.00
.010
.10
.000
.010
2,600
.10
2 00
.010
.298 x .2986
10
.000
.010
2, 800
2 15
10
.011
11
.000
.011
3,000
.11
2 45
.011
11
000
.011
3, 200
.11
2.05
.012
12 .000
.012
12
3, 400
2 35
.012
.12
.000
.012
3,600
2.00
.12
.013
. 13
000
3,800
. 013
13
11 40
.249
2.49
228
2.28
.021
5,850
5 50
.21
4, 600
35 Broke
.967
19.34
65, 817
63. 24
.199 x.199
44.37
174 M co 3*
2, 400
11, 616
1 53
.007
07
.000
.007
2,600
1 30
.07
.007
07
.000
2,800
.007
2 45
009
.07
09
000
.009
3,000
.09
1 45
. 012
.12
000
.012
3,200
12
2.40
.012
. 12
. OCO
.012
.12
3, 400
2 00
012
.12
000
.012
3,600
12
2.00
.013
13
.000
.013
3,800
13
2.00
.013
. 13
.000
.013
4,000
1 55
.13
013
13
•
.000
.013
4, 200
2 15
.13
.015
.15 000
.015
.15
G2B35 55822
299 x.2988
4, 400
9 30
020
.20
4, 600
7.40
139
1.39
386
006
.06
.014
.14
020
.20
8, 410
.019
9 35
.19
7,850
25 Broke
.494 9.88
94, 123
51.83
240 x.240
66. 10
175 A co 5
136, 280
2,600
1 15
.010
.10
000
2,800
010
2 20
.10
.012
.299 x.299
12 000
.012
3,000
1 30
.12
.012
3, 200
1 15
.12 .000
.012
.12
.013
.13
.000
.013
3, 400
13
1 15
014
.14 000
.014
.14
3,600
2.30
.016
.16 .000
3,800
2.40
.016
.16
016
16
•
000
.016
000
7 30
.16
.016
.16
000
•
016
4, 200
8 40
•
.16
018
18
000
4,400
5 15
018
.18
.000
.018
.018
.18
.18
* Cut at the end of torsional specimen No. 848, and annealed with it.
•
44
On specimen.
Strain.
Elongation under
Elongation after
strain.
release.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Original.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
4, 600
4,800
Lbs. m. s.
4 00
In. In.
.018
In.
In.
.18
.000
2 15
.018
.019
.19
000
*5, 000
11 55
019
224
In.
In.
.18
19
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
2. 24
201
2. 01
7, 510
5 05
023
23
6, 350
26 Broke
.529
10.58
84, 339
64.32
.2183 x. 2183
53.30
2,400
2 15
.008
133, 250
2,600
.08 .000
1 00
.008
.010
08
10 000
2979 x .2988
2,800
1 30
.010
.010
10
10 .000
3,000
010
2. 00
.011
•
10
.11
.000
3, 200
3 05
.011
.014
.11
.14
.000
.014
14
3, 400
3,600
2.00
.014
.14 .000
2.30 .014
.014
.14
.14 .000
3,800
3 55
.014
.014
.14
.14 .000
†4, 000
51 30
.014
.238
.14
2.38 221
6, 150
2. 21
7 00
.017
.17
4,810
18 Broke
.910
67, 968
18. 20
62.92
3,000
.195 x.197 42.08
2.30 .011
125, 210
.11 .000
3, 400
1 30
.011
.013
.11
.13
.000
2985 x .299
3, 600
3.00
.014
.013
.13
.14
000
3,800
014
2 30
.015
.14
.15 000
4,000
3 35
.015
. 016
.15
.16
.000
016
.16
4, 200
2 45
016
.16
000
4, 400
2 15
.016
•
.018
.16
.18
000
4, 600
4, 800
3 30
.018
3 35
.018
.18 .000
.018
.18
.018
.18
.18
.000
5,000
7 45
197
018
.18
1.97 175
1.75
022
22
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
177 A co 18 .
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 176 A co 8
45
7,525
6 50
6, 510
20 Broke
1.507
15. 07
843, 123
65. 11
178
A co 25 *
223 x.228
56.97
2,400
1 30
.010
128, 038
.10 000
2, 600
1 33 .010
.010
.10
.10 .000
2975 x. 2992
2,800
1 15.011
.010
10
.11
.000
3,000
3.00
.011
.011
.11
.11
.000
3, 200
2 40.012
.011
.11
.12
000
.012
.12
3, 400
1 40
.014
.14
.000
3, 600
.014
2 45
014
.14
.14
000
3, 800
.014
3.00
.014
.14
.14
000
4, 000
. 014
2.30
.015
.14
. 15
000
4, 200
14 00
.015
.227
.15
2.27
.210
2.10
.017
.17
6,375
5 00
5, 250
21 Broke
.608
12. 16
71, 620
179 A co 39 *
.208 x.214
50.01
3,000
1 35
.010
.10
.000
117, 945
64. 31
3, 200
.010
1 15
.010
.10
10
.000
2995 x.2985
3,400
.010
1 30
.012
.10
.12
.000
3, 600
.012
1 10
.013
.12
.13
000
3,800
1 30
.013
014
.13
.14
000
.014
.14
4,000
3 15
.016
.16
.000
4, 200
3.00 016
.016
.16
.16
000
4, 400
2 43.017
.016
.16
.17
000
4, 600
2.30 .018
.017
.17
.18
000
4,800
3 30
.018
.018
.18
.18
.000
.018
.18
5,000
27 20
.094
.94 .074
7,990
.74
5 25
.020
.20
6, 900
18 Broke
.656
13. 12
89, 373
61.32
180 SPR 31 *.
.227 x.227
2,200
57.64
1 45.007
.07 .000
133, 905
2, 600
1 50
.007
.007
.07
.07
.000
289 x.2985
2,800
2.40
.007
.008
.07
.08
.000
3,000
.008
2 00
009
08
09 000
3,200
31 00.081
.009
.09
.81 .070
.70 .011
.11
6, 405
6 00
5,075
33 Broke
.700
14.00
74, 246
181 BS co 4
.196 x.195
48. 40
120GT
1, 800
44. 19
1 30
.004
.04
.000
13, 278
2,000
2 35
.008
.004
.08
.04
.000
2985 x.2963
2, 200
3 45
.008
008
.08
.08
000
2, 400
4, 530
.46 10 .167
7 00
008
.08
1.67 156
1.56.011
0.11
3, 390
28 Broke
1.038
20.76
* Extension was very slow under this strain for about two minutes, then became quicker, finally ceasing at the extent noted.
+ Entension, after nearly ceasing at this strain, increased in rapidity, ceasing finally at extent noted.
.185 x .185
51, 803
50.77
39. 14
99, 050
€
46
No. of experiment.
Material.
On specimen.
Mark on specimen
designating-
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continue
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
182 BS co 5*
1 45
Lbs.
2.000
M. S.
In. In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
.006
.06.000
In.
.006
.06
200
.2982 x .2988
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
1 33
008
.08.000
.008
2,400
.08
2 00
008
.08.000
.008
.08
600
800
1 25
008
.08.000
.008
·
.08
2.00
008
.08.000
.008
.08
3,000
2.00
009
.09 .000
.009
09
3, 200
1 45
009
.09 .000
.009
09
3, 400
2.45
.011
11
000
.011
. 11
3, 600
6 30
155
1.55
. 139
1.39
.016
0.16
6, 375
4 35
P.S. lost
54.90
Broke
.697
13. 94
.224 x .224
183 BS co 6.
2,400
1 30
2,600
24 40
.009
162
09 000
1. 62.149
•
009
1.49
.013
.09
0.13
2955 x.297
4,950
7 28
4,000
15 Broke
1.077
21. 54
56, 394
49.49
200 x.201
45. 81
99, 502
210 From ch'ge 900 3,000
1 50
009
.09
000
009
3, 200
•
3.10
010
10
.005
.05
.005
. 05
3, 400
7 15
.024
24
.015
.15
009
09
858
09
3008 x.2985
7, 365
6 50
6, 740
10 Broke
1.843 808
18.43
81, 998
43. 45
215 | A co 85*
3,000
3 00 .011
. 11
.001
3,200
2.45
.015
15
.004
.04
.01 .010
.011
.10.2978 x .3006
.11
7,950
11 20
8, 185
2 45
7, 400
10 Broke
724
1. 375
7.24
.525
13.75
82, 113
36. 65
2455 x.2473
87.37
82, 113
216 A co 91*
2, 600
3 30
.011
.11
.001
.01 .010
.10 1.2983 x .3016
Original.
Under strain, (smallest
place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
47
•
2,800
2 00
.014
14.003
.03
.011
3,000
.11
3 30
.014
.14
.003
03
3, 200
.011
3 00
.015
.15
.003
3, 400
03
.012
. 11
12
•
3.30
016
.16
..003
03.013
. 13
3, 600
3 00
.016
.16
3,800
2.00
.017
.17
.004
4,000
.04
.013
.13
·
2.00
.019
19
.004
.04
4, 200
.015
2.00
.020
. 15
20
004
4, 400
.04
.016
2 15
.020
.16
.20 .004
.04 016
.16
4, 600
2.00
.022
.22 .004
.04
4,800
.018
15 00
.074
.18
.74
056
.56
8,000
.018
4 00
.18
.887
8, 200
8.87
1 45
7,500
20 Broke
1.425
605
14.25
91, 144
2437 x .2455
66. 50
217 A co 138 ✶
2,500
125, 358
53. 66
3 00
.010
2,800
3 15
.010
.10 .000
.010
11
2975 x.2985
.10 000
3,000
.010
4 00
10
010
.10 .000
3,400
2.00
.010
.015
.10
.15 .000
3,600
.015
2.30
.015
.15
.15
.000
.015
.15
3, 800
2 30.015
.15
.000
4,000
3. 00
.015
. 015
.15
.15
.000
.015
4, 200
3. 20
.016
. 15
. 16
.000
4, 400
.016
9 30
.222
.16
2.22
. 199
1.99
6, 450
.023
4.00
1.23
892
8.92
6,700
5 30
1.799
17.99
5, 600
25 Broke
1. 864
850
18. 64
75, 201
63. 43
2217 x .222
53.76
218 A co 144 *
2,500
11, 769
2.30
.007
07
.000
2,800
.007
2 30
.007
.07
07
.2991 x.301
.000
3,000
.007
1 30
009
.07
09 .000
3, 200
2.00
.009
. 010
.09
10 000
400
.010
2 30
.013
.10
.13.000
. 013
13
3, 600
2.00
.013
.13
.000
3, 800
.013
2 30
.015
.13
.15
000
000
.015
2 30
.015
15
.15
.000
4, 200
.015
3 30
.15
017
.17
.000
4, 400
.017
26 00
.17
. 198
1.98
.180
1.8
.018
.18
6, 500
3.00
.764
6, 750
7.64
4 00
1.607
6, 820
16. 07
30
5, 900
15 Broke
1.750 7790
17.50
75,753
62. 31
219 A co 85 *
.2655 x .2257 56.78
2, 600
2. 30
.011
2,800
11 .000
98,459
.011
2 00❘ .011
.11
11 000
.298 x.3004
3,000
.011
1 30
.012
.11
12 000
3, 200
.012
1 45
.013
.12
.13
.000
400
. 013
1 45
13
013
.13
000
.013
.13
48
On specimen.
Strain.
TABLE 5.-TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Elongation under Elongation after
strain.
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
Lbs.
3, 600
m.
S.
In.
In.
1 30
.013
.13
In.
.000
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
3, 800
.013
2.30
.13
Lbs.
Lbs.
.015
Per ct.
.15 000
.015
4,000
.15
2.00
017
.17 000
.017
4, 200
2.00
.17
. 017
.17
000
4, 400
2.00
.017
.017
17
.17
.000
. 017
17
4, 600
3.00
.018
.18
.000
.018
4,800
7 00
.028
18
.28
010
.1
8, 200
.018
11 00
.18
.892
8.92
8, 350
7, 900
2 15
15 Broke
1. 380
.533
13.80
2,600
3, 400
2.00
93, 276
55. 69
•
2509 x.252
70.63
124, 950
1 30
.007
.013
.07
.000
.007
.07
. 13
298 x. 3005
.000
4,000
.013
2 45
.13
.016
.16
.000
.016
4, 400
1 50
.16
018
.18
000
4,600
.018
8 00❘.020
.18
.20 001
: 01
.019
.19
4,800
7 45
.120
1.20
.100
1.00
8, 540
.020
7 00
.20
.995
9.95
8, 575
1 20
8, 200
10 Broke
1. 348.5995
13.48
95, 758
53.64
2572 x .2547
73. 16
125, 170
Of original area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Of reduced area.
Mark on specimen
Material.
experiment.
designating—
No. of HL
220 A co 85*
49
No. of experiment.
Material.
On specimen.
Mark on specimen
designating-
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
léngth.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 5 BIS.—TENSILE TESTS of cylindric steel wires drawn from imported steel and furninhed by the Cary Wire Works.
[Annealed at a heat between the melting-point of bronze and copper.]
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Diameter.
Strain per square
inch.
Lbs.
150 CW co 1
700
800
005
900
1,000
2.00 .0075
2.30 .009
m. s.
In. In.
.0035
In.
.035 .000
.05 .000
.075.000
in.
.005
In.
0035
In.
.035
.05
In.
. 1912
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
.0075
.075
09
.000
1, 100
*2 30
.009
.09
010
1 .000
1, 200
*2 30
.011
.010
.1
.11 .000
.011
11
1, 300
60 00.174
41, 772
1.74 .158
1.58
2, 210
.016
9 30 Broke
.16
1.657
16.57
45, 253
. 1376
151 CW co 2
76, 931
57.46
700
2.30
.005
.05.000
.005
800
2.00 .007
.05
. 1912
.07
.000
900
3 00
.007
07
.010
1
.000
1,000
010
.1
2.00
.011
.11
.000
011
1, 100
*2 30
11
012
.12
.000
1, 200
.012
*2 30
12
.013
.13
.000
.013
.13
1,300
2 45
013
.13.000
1, 400
.013
11 00
017
. 13
.17
.001
.01
1, 500
016
4 30.080
16
.8
.057
.57
3, 050
023
45, 316
48, 802
4 00 Broke
23
1. 112
528
11. 12
1672
152 C W co 1
106, 319
47.54
700
3 16
007
.07
.000
800
3 17
.007
.07
009
09
.000
900
009
3 10 .009
•
.09
.000
1,000
009
3 41
.010
882
.1915
09
09
.1
.000
1, 100
010
4 24
1
.013
.13
.001
.01 .012
.12
1,200
3 25
.013
34, 495
37, 945
.13
.001
.01
1,300
8 54
.012
218
2. 18
. 12
206
2.06
012
. 12
Original.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (s mallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
4 F
50
On specimen.
TABLE 5 BIS.—TENSILE TESTS of cylindric steel wires drawn from imported steel, &c.—Continued.
•
Strain.
Elongation under
Elongation after
strain.
release.
Resilience.
Diameter.
Strain per square
inch.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Pe
Percentage of original
length.
2, 060
1,860
Lbs.
موم مرمر 20
૩૦.
800
700
m. s.
In.
7 00 Broke
2804 105
•
.
In.
D
|
·
•
D
•
•
•
.012
.12
.013
13
.103
1.03
4 17 Broke
D
In.
In.
1. 646
.490
16. 46
៖៖៖៖៖ ៩៩៩មី
·
•
479
84
12. 61
1
.019
•
+
.
·
1
·
•
•
·
In.
In.
·
19
•
D
C
·
U
D
D
·
1
1
.1919
•
•
Original.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (smallest)
place.
In.
In.
In.
.1333
·
•
"
•
1
•
.
D
•
. 1612
U
1
•
1
•
•
•
3
•
U
•
1
•
•
•
Percentage of original
area.
•
[]
•
#
1
96, 761
48, 380
44, 925
•
Of original area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Of reduced area.
Lbs.
71, 061
Lbs.
•
•
U
1
.
•
U
D
J
1
·
1
•
48. 21
1
D
Per ct.
59.70
•
•
D
"
Mark on specimen
designating™
experiment.
153 C W co 2
Material.
No. of 51
No. of experiment.
184 CK.
Material.
Mark on specimen
designating-
On specimen.
Strain.
Elongation under
Elongation after
Resilience.
strain,
release.
TABLE 6.—TENSILE TESTS of specimens formed of gun-wires united with a bronze composed of five parts of copper to one of tin.
[For arrangement of wires, see Plate 3, Figs. 2 and 3.]
Time of application.
In 1.7 inches of original
length.
In 2 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 1.7 inches of original
length.
In 2 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 1.7 inches of original
length.
In 2 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
Original.
3.00
Lbs. m. s.
10,000
5 00
10, 500
In. In.
.05
In.
In.
.001
In.
In.
.000
In.
In.
.001
.05
.001
000
11,000
2.00
•
.001
.05
.001
11, 500
000
1 20
.001
.05
.001 .05
12,000
000
1 30
•
.001
.05
.000
12, 500
2 10
.001
.05
13, 000
2 00
000
.001
.05
13, 500
1 45
.000
.001
.05
14,000
2.00
.000
.001 .05
.001 .05
.001
.05
.001 .05
.001 .05
.001
14, 500
2.00
000
.001 .05
.001
000
001
15,000
2.00
•
.05
.001
.05
15, 500
1 30
000
.001
.05
.001
.05
16, 000
000
1 30
.001
05
.001
000
.05
16,500
1 30
•
.001
.05
.001
.05
000
17,000
1 30
·
.001
.05
.001
05
000
·
17, 500
.001
.05
2.00
.001
.05
18, 000
2 00
.000
.001 .05
001
05
18, 500
000
2.00
.001 .05
.001
19, 000
2.00
000
.001
.05
.001
05
19, 500
2 30
.000
.001
.05
.001
05
000
20,000
.001
.05
1 30
.001
.05
20, 500
2. 00
.000
.001
.05
.001
05
21, 000
1 30
000
.001 .05
.001
.05
21, 500
1 30
000
.001
.05
.001
22,000
2.00
.000
.001
.05
.001
.05
.000
22, 500
.001
.05
AAARA AAAAA AAAAA AAGAA AAAAA
.05
In.
.798
05
05
05
O
2.00
.001
.05
.000
.001
.05
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Diameter.
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Lbs.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Lbs.
Per ct.
52
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 1.7 inches of original
length.
In 2 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 1.7 inches of original
length.
In 2 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 1.7 inches of original
length.
In 2 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
Strain.
TABLE 6.—TENSILE TESTS of specimens formed of gun-wires united with bronze-Continued.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Diamoter.
Strain per square
inch.
Lbs.
m. s.
In. In.
23, 000
1 30
001 .05
In.
In.
.000
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
23,500
.001 .05
1 30
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
.001
.05
000
001
24,000
05
2 00
.001
.05
.000
24, 500
.001
.05
1 30
.001
.05
000
.001
.05
25,000
3 30
.015
.75
.009
.45
47, 650
.006
.30
Broke
.311
15. 55
. 739 and . 752
95, 273
16, 000
52.46
5 00
.000
000
•
17,000
.000
3.00
.7973
,000
000
000
18, 000
9 00
.025
1.25
022
1.10
32, 640
.003
.15
7 20
28, 400
1 00
Broke
.590
29.50
65, 375
53. 61
14, 200
4 30
.024
1. 20
0235
1. 173
25, 100
6 30
0005 .045
.7975
21, 300
2.05
Broke
.700
35.00
50, 248
51.79
12, 250
6 20
.017 .85
016
24, 400
.80
217
.05
3 45
.798
8, 150
2. 00
Broke
.717 35.85
48, 786
49.79
18, 000
6 00
.009
.45
.006
.30
18, 500
.003
.15
4 00
7975
.011
.55
19, 500
6 00
.013
.011
55
.65
20, 000
.013
.65
3 00
.015
.75
.013
.65
45, 875
.002
.10
5 20
196 9.80
.196 9.80
24, 000
91, 838
39.23
.176
24, 800
8.80
.796
41, 000
5 30
53, 600
55.68
748 and. 751
107, 710
Original.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
900, (Trenton.)
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 211 From charge
188 C Sco 5
197 Nco I..
186 C Hco 5 I
185 CL.
53
•
108, 955
91. 31
.6345
10, 148
60. 20
533
212 | A co 86*.
20, 000
000
•
.000
25, 000
000
.815
C00
28,000
000
.000
30, 000
.000
000
32,000
001
•
.05
.000
.001 .05
34,000
.001 .05
.000
37,000
39, 000
.002 .10
.001
.05
.000
.002
.10
003 .15
40, 000
.000
.003
.15
.003 .15
.000
43,000
2 40
.-003
.15
0045 2.25
.000
0045
225
45,000
2 55
.005
.25
.000
40,000
.005
.25
.000
47, 000
.000
48, 000
3 40
009
.45
.000
50, 000
.009
.45
.009
.45
.000
009 .45
52, 000
.010
50
.000
55,000
3 55
.010
.014
.50
.70
.006
.30
56, 840
.008
40
Broke
.009
.45
213 A co 85 *
17,000
5 00
001
•
.05
.000
20,000
001
2 50
.05
000
20, 500
3. 30
020
1.00
015
.75
25, 000
005
4 00
.25
.040
2.00
33, 570
4.00
. 125
6.75
214 A co 86 *
12, 000
2 30
.004
13, 000
2.00
.004
14,000
2.00
.004
.20
15,000
2.00
.005
16, 000
2.00
005
25
17, 000
2.00
.005
25
18, 000
2.00
007
35
19,000
2.00
008
40
20,000
2.30
.009
.45
**CY & NUNN NO
.035
1.75
.005
1.25
125
6.75
20
.000
004 .20
20
.000
.004
20
25
.000
.000
.005
.25
.000
005
•
.000
.005
.25
.000
.007
35
.000
008
40
.002
20,000
.10
2 20
.014
.007
35
.70
.004
.20
.010
.50
UUAWN NN; UN JAMI.&
. 649
29, 100
1 50
Broke
.073
3.65
221 N co I
3,000
2.00 000
4,000
2.00
.000
.566 and .567
· 4, 500
2 30
.000
5, 000
3.00
.004
5,500
3 30
.005
23 .000
.44 .000
.004
23
.005
.44
6, 000
4.00
.005
.44
.000
6,500
.005
1 50
005
44
.44
000
7,000
• 5 00
.005
024
44
7,500
3 25
.031
1. 41
1.82
015
•
..88
009
53
.026
11, 750
1.52
5 10
.005
30
6, 100
1 15 Broke
436
•
25.63
•
.525
130, 421
•
.
67.01
•
.
466, 176
57.87
354, 585
464 and. 472
54:
specimenTime of application.
Strain.
Elongation under Elongation after
Resilience.
strain.
release.
TABLE 6.—TENSILE TESTS of specimens formed of gun-wires united with bronze-Continued.
m. Sr
2.00
In.
In.
In. In.
002
.11
.000
3.00
.002
In.
.002
In.
In.
In.
11
.000
.11
. In.
.796
2 00
.002
.002
11
.11
000
2.30 002
002
.11
.11
000
2 30.002
.002
11 000
.11
.002
2.00 .002
· li
.11
000
200
002
.002
11
.11
000
2.00
002
.002
11
.11
000
200 .002
002
11
•
.000
.11
2.00
.002
.002
11
.11
000
.002
•
2.00 .002
.Il
11
•
.000
2.00
.002
.002
11
.000
.11
2.00
.002
002
.11
11
000
·
3 30
.006
.002
33
.002
.11
3.00
11
.008
.004
.44
.004
22
. 22
.004
·
22
3 30
.010
.55
006
3 30
.012
.33 .004
.66 008
22
7 20
.44
.004
097
.22
5.38
Original.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
50, 237
90, 720
52. 01
Diameter.
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
Mark on specimen
42, 300
experiment.
designating-
25, 000
Material.
No. of 24, 000
.
23, 000
22, 000
21, 000
On 20,000
Lbs.
10,000
222 From charge
19, 000
900, (Trenton.) 10, 500
18, 000
17,000
11, 000
16, 000
12, 000
15,000
13, 000
14,000
55
No. of experiment.
Mark on specimen
Strain.
designating-
Elongation under
strain.
TABLE 7.-TENSILE TESTS of turned specimens of Bessemer steel, from the works of John A. Griswold & Co., annealed at a heat between the melting-points
of bronze and copper, without oxidation of surface.
Material.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross- Strain per square
section.
inch.
with highest strain.
Remarks.
Per ct.
For the form of these
specimens, seo Plate
3, Fig. 1.
Lbs.
201 BES. 1
6, 000
10, 620
m. s.
4 20
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
Began
.000
4 50
.310 15.50
.000
.310
15.50
9, 600
In. In. In.
.396
.351
Lbs.
Lbs.
1 18
86, 146
56.5)
.380
19.00
.312
202 BES. 3
125, 570
6, 500
3 20
Began
.000
11, 000
.399
7 30
.38919.45
.000
389
19. 15
356
9, 740
1 45
87,975
59.09
500
25.00
.305
203 BES. 4
133, 310
6, 400
3.00
Began
.000
393
11, 100
6 30
.324 16. 20
.000
324
16. 20
.358
9,425
2 30
.474
23.70
91, 506
57.66
.287
204 BES. 5
145, 690
*7, 500
4.00
Began
.000
.399
12,800
6 10
.348 17.40
000
.348
17.40
11, 685
.360
2.10
.432
21.60
10, 237
58.59
.321
205 BES. 6
144, 390
6, 200
3 20
Began
.000
398
11, 435
5 18
341 17. 05
.000
.341
17.05
10, 050
.359
2 20
91, 914
54.22
469
23. 45
304
206 BES. 7
138, 460
6, 180
2 00
Began
000
11, 125
.398
4 05
.325 16.25
000
.325
16.25
10, 025
355
1 10
•
409 20.45
89, 422
55.55
.311
207 BES. 8
131, 970
6, 100
2. 00
Began
000
.398
9, 490
4 20
.394 19.70
.000
.394
19. 70
349
7,950
1 55
.195
76, 280
64.28
24.75
.282
208 BES. 12
127, 210
6, 125
2.00
Bega n
.000
.391
10, 575
4 22
.394 19.70
.000
.394
19. 70
9, 050
.351
3 05
88, 072
57.93
.516
25.80
. 295
209 BES. 16
132, 400
6, 440
2.30
Began
.000
11, 470
.398
5 50
39319, 65
000
D
394
19. 65
10,000
354
1 35
92, 195
56. 15
492 24.60
303
139, 670
56
TABLE 8.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture.
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140, inclusive.]
Strain.
strain.
Elongation under Elongation after releaso.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
pared with highest strain.
Lbs.
m. S.
In.
In.
In.
3,000
In.
2.40
In.
In.
.004
.08
3, 400
.000
2 00
.004
007
.08
14
In.
.2964 x.2973
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs. Fer ct.
3, 600
.000
2 35
.008
007
.14
.16
.000
3, 800
2 00
.008
.008
.16
D
.16
4,000
000
2 05
.008
010
.16
20
000
·
.010
20
4, 200
9 30
0671.34
7,885
.057
8 50
1. 14
.010 .20
7,030
15
Broke.
.414
1. 041
20.82
89, 481
.2303 x .2305
52.00
3,000
2 25
.005
10
132, 430
3, 200
.000
1 30
.005
006
.10
12
.3019 x.3004
000
3, 400
1 20
.007
006
.12
.14
3, 600
000
2.00
008
.007 .14
.16
3, 800
3 05
.000
.014
.008 .16
28
.003
.16
.006
.12
4,000
7 40
.060
1.20
7, 650
.050
1.00
6 00
.010 .20
7,000
20
Broke
.404
.943
18.86
84, 352
45.75
2305 x .2336
2, 600
2. 05
.004 .08
130, 003
2,800
.000
2 20
.005
.10
.004 .08
3,000
.000
..2992 .3009
3 00
005
.007
.14
.10
3, 200
,000
2 30
008 .16
.007
.14
3, 400
000
2. 00
008
16
008
.16
000
.008
3, 600
. 16
2 05
008
16
3,800
.000
2. 00
.013
.008 .16
26
4,000
.006
6 00
.12
.007
071
1. 42
.11
.061
1. 22
.010
20
Mark on speci-
men designat-
ing-
.
191 SPR 42*
SPR 43*.
192 SPR 58 *
193 58*
57
7, 550
6 00
6, 975
20
Broke
.361
.900
18.00
•
194 SPR 47*.
3,000
83, 861
48.34
•
232 x .2315
127, 123
2.00
.006
.12
.000
3,200
2 40
006
.12
007
.14
3,400
.000
.297 x.2981
2 50
007 .14
007
.14
.000
600
2 35
.007
.14
007
.11
000
3,800
007
1 45
.14
007
.14
.000
007
.14
4,000
2 40
.008
.16
000
4, 200
6 00
.020
.008
. 16
L
.40
.010
8, 700
.20
3 15
.010
.20
8, 300
15
Broke
.305
.729
14.58
98, 166
47. 13
.2465 x .2465
195 SPR 48
3,000
136, 581
2.30
.004
.08
000
3, 200
2.00
.C04
.08
005
.10
2943 x.2953
000
3, 400
2 15
005
10
.005
.10
3,600
.000
3 00
.005
.007 14
.10
•
000
3,800
•
3 20
.007
.14
.007 .14
.000
.007 .14
4, 000
3 00
.007
.14
.000
4, 200
3 10
.007
.14
009
.18
000
4, 400
2 20
.010
.009
18
20
000
4, 600
12 00
.010
.149
.20
2.98
6, 540
. 139
2.78
3 00
. 010
.20
5,300
14
Broke.
.475
75, 253
1.140
68.81
22.80
196 SPR 46*
.2065 x .2065
3, 200
2 05
124, 524
. 009
.18
000
3, 400
2 20
.009
.18
009
.18
2946 x.2945
000
3, €00
2.08
.009
.18
.009
.18
000
3, 800
1 35
.003
.18
. 009
.18
.000
4,000
1 45
.009
.18
.009 .18
.000
.009
.18
4, 200
2 30
.012
24
.004
08
4, 400
3 10
.008
.044
.16
88
.033
.66
8, 775
4 30
Broke
.011
.22
475
.950
197 SPR 49%.
2665 x .264
2,600
10, 115
46.72
2 30
.005
.10
.000
2, 800
2 30
005
.006
.12
3,000
.000
.10
.297 x .296
2 45
.006
.12
006 .12
.000
3, 200
2 10
016
12
006 .12
000
3,400
2 20
006
.12
.007
.14
.000
.007
.14
3, 600
3 00
.007
.14
000
3,800
3 05
007
.008
.14
.16
000
4,000
4 10
008
16
008
.16
4, 200
2 50
.000
.008
.16
.008
.16
4, 400
.000
20 00
.143
.008 16
2.86
. 131
2. 62
.012
24
6, 350
4 55
5, 100
20
Broke
.462
1. 169
23.38
72, 233
64.57
1965 x . 1987
130, 641
58
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of orig-
inal length.
In 5 inches of orig-
inal length.
Percentage of orig-
inal length.
In 2.5 inches of orig-
inal length.
In 5 inches of orig-
inal length.
Percentage of orig-
inal length.
In 10 inches of orig-
inal length.
In 5 inches of orig-
inal length.
Percentage of orig-
inal length.
TABLE 8.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Lbs.
m. s.
In. In.
3,000
2.40
.006
.12
In.
In.
.000
In.
· In.
In.
In.
In.
3, 200
2.30
006
.12
.006 .12 .2968 x.2959
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
000
3, 400
2.00
006 .12
007
.14.
000
3, 600
2.00
.007
.14
007
.14
.000
3,800
2 10
.008
.007
.14
.16
.000
008
.16
4,000
2 30
.009
.18
.000
4, 200
2. 40
.009
.009
.18
.18
.000
4, 400
35 00
009
.047
•
.18
.94
7,500
4 20
.047
.94
6, 485
25
Broke
.450
1.030
20.60
85, 398
54. 67
203 x .203
3,000
2 23
157, 365
.005
.10
.000
3,200
2 10
.005
.10
.005 .10
.2951 x.2951
.000
3, 400
2.00
.005
006
.10
12
3, 600
.000
2 18
.006
.12
.006
12
3,800
.000
2 30
006
007
.12
.14
.000
.007
.14
4,000
2 15
007
.14
4, 200
.000
2 12
.007
.007
.14
.14
4, 400
.000
3 00
.008
007
.14
.16
.001
4, 600
.02
9 30
100
007 .14
2.00
7, 340
089
1.78
6 40
.011
.22
6, 300
20
Broke.
468
•
1.014
84, 286
60. 63
20.28
.222 x .224
3,000
3, 200
2.40
3 00
126,,689
.003
.06
.004
.08
890
.000
.003
.06
.3007 x.2997
.000
3,400
6 05
004
.106 2. 12
.08
098
1.96
5, 650
5,750
.008
16
•
5 40
4, 545
55
Broke
.535
1.275
25.50
63, 804
57.39
1954 x .205
113, 460
Original.
Under strain, (small-
('90v[d qS9
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of orig-
inal area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain com-
pared with highest strain.
Mark on speci-
200 SPR 7
men designat-
experiment.
199 A co 73*.
Material.
No. of ing-
198 A co 45*
59
men desiguat-
Mark on speci-
ing-
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after release.
TABLE 8.—TENSILE TESTS of square gun-wire of various manufacture-Continued.
Resilience..
CLF CC
wwwwć
190 SP R58 *.
10
Lbs.
m. s.
AUN SEKUN
In.
In.
་
.002
.002
.16
•
006
.19
038
1.26
Broke
268
12240
•
•
·
D
0335
.633
1.11
1
•
1
►
•
1
D
+
·
005
003
•
8889
0045
.19
.16
15
"
I
U
·
888
In.
In.
In.
No. of experiment.
Material.
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 3 inches of original
Per
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 1.5 inches of orig-
inal length.
In 3 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 3 inches of original
length.
Per
Percentage of original
length.
·
D
1
•
•
1
·
•
·
#
Original,
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (smallest
place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
In.
.3006 x.3017
In.
In.
D
t
•
•
•
•
1
1
1
•
•
C
·
•
•
"
·
•
•
224 x .230
•
1
.
·
Percentage of original
area.
·
•
U
1
.
•
·
1
•
•
Strain per square
inch.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per. ct.
1
84, 076
•
•
0
1
130, 512
U
•
52. 46
·
1
·
60
specimenTime of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
TABLE 9.-TENSILE TESTS of various un annealed gun-wires of different manufacture.
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140, inclusive.]
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
2.00
2 30
Lbs. m. s.
3, 500
In. In.
.020
In. In.
.004
In.
.04 .016
In.
In.
In.
In.
020
2
.16.2991 x. 3001
2.00
. 023
23 .005
2.00
.05 .018
023
23
.005
.18
4,500
2.30 .021
.05 .018
.21
.005
.18
.05
.019
.19
5,000
2.30
.026
26 .006
2.30 .029
.06 .020
.29
.007
.20
.07
2 15
.022
.22
.034
34
.008
.08
3 15
.038
.38
.010
7,000
1 .028
3 30
045
.45
015
15 .030
30
5 00
.050
50
.018
8, 000
.18 .032
6 25
.056
32
56
021
22289 81
26
8, 500
8 00
.21 .035
.072
35
72
.030
9, 000
.3
12.00
042
.098
98 .054
.42
54
1 30
.014
.44
.056
.56
7,000
1 25 Broke
2 30.014
.14
.000
3, 800
.014
1 30
.017
.14
.17 000
294 x .296
4,000
2.00
.017
.017
.17
.17
2.00 .018
.18
5,000
2.00 020
.20
2 20 .024
6, 000
1 35
.027
1 30 029
29
7,000
3.00 032
32
==2 2728
.000
. 017
.17
.000
.018
.18
000
020
20
24
.000
.024
.24
.000
027
27
000
.029
29
.000
032
•
32
Original.
130, 830
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
37.55
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Lbs.
Of original area.
1
Of reduced area.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Lbs.
Per ct.
Mark on specimen
6, 500
experiment.
designating-
5, 500
Material.
No. of 4, 500
.
224* C IIco 4S UNA'D 3,500
9, 320
7,500
On 6, 500
223* H Weo 4 UNA'D
6,000
3,800
5,500
4,000
4, 200
61
7,500
2 45
.037
.37 1.003
8,000
5 00
.03
.044
.034
.34
.44
007
8, 500
.07
5 15
.037
050
.37
50 012
·
9,000
10 00
.12
.038
.064
38
,64
020
9, 300
.2
45
.044
44
8,400
1 00 Broke
.006
.06
225 T co 3 * UNA'D
3, 500
1 50
.016
.16.003
4,000
.03
1 30
.019
19 .003
4,500
1 40
020
20
5, 000
.003.
2.00
022
22 003
5,500
1 50
6,000
4.00
.024
.027
.24
.003
.03
6,500
2 20
.031
.27 .003
.03
7,000
.31 .003
2 45
.035
.03
35.003
7,500
03
3 10
040
40 006.
8,000
06
3 00
.045
.45 .010
.10
8, 500
6 00
051
.51 013
9, 000
13
5 30
.060
.60
018
9, 500
18
6 20
.075
75
.029
10,000
3 15
Broke
.29
.021
.21
PETE CRE** ****& a
106, 867
.2467 x .247
69.82
137, 852
78.50
.013
.13
.2997 x . 3052
03
.016
16
03
.017
.17
03
.019
.19
.021
.21
.024
.24
.029
. 28
.022
.32
034
34
.035
35
.048
38
.042
42
.046
.46
226 T co 6x UNA'D.
*. 279 x . 2915
88.90
3,500
2 30 .015
108, 222
.15
35.00
.000
4,000
1 40
.015
.017
.15
.17
.000
3061x. 3013
4,500
2.00
.020
.017
.20
.000
.17
5,000
2.00
.022
.020
22.000
.20
5,500
1 30
.022
024
22
24.000
024
.21
6, 000
2. 30
.027
27 .000
6, 500
2 00
.029
.C27
27
29
7,000
.000
1 40
029
032
29
32
.002
7,500
1 30
.035
.35
.002
8,000
2.30
.039
.02
.39 .003
.03
8, 500
3.00
.040
.40 .003
9, 000
3 13
.046
46.005
9,500
3 00
.051
51 .006
10, 000
.06
2 30
056
.56
10, 500
.008
2 45
.062
.
11,000
6 00
.072
62.013
.72.018
11, 500
8 00
.086
.18
.86
. 029
12,000
9.00
.29
30 28800 288
02
.030
30
.033
33
.036
.36
-
03
.037
.37
05
.041
.41
.045
45
.048
48
13.049
49
.054
.54
.117
.057
1. 17.056
.57
12, 450
.56
1 30 Broke
.061
.61
.041
41
2271 BS co
H D
3,000
2 45
.012
.12 .000
134,990
53.82
3,500
2.00
. 012
.016
.16 .000
4,000
2.30
.016
.017
. 12
.16
.3032x. 2995
17.000
500
5,000
1 20
.018
.017
.18 .000
1 50.021
.018
.21
.000
*Drawn from three-eighths inch rod in three draughts; annealed before each.
.021
17
18
.21
† Drawn three
draughts without annealing. About -inch within the upper clamp.
62
specimenTime of application.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 10 inches of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 9.-TENSILE TESTS of various unannealed gun-wires of different manufacture-Continued.
Strain.
Elongation under
strain.
Elongation after
release.
Resilience.
Dimensions of cross-section.
m. s.
In. In.
In.
In.
2 05
.023
in.
In.
3 30
.025
25
3 30
.028
28
7 00
035
5 00
.045
.45
*****
23
.000
023
000
23
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per ct.
025
25
000
028
35.006
28
.06
.029
·
29
.015
.15
.030
30
0 40
1 00 Broke
.014
.14
84, 386
87.58
2.00
.010
.1
000
1 50
.011
.010
.11
1
.000
2989 x. 305
2.00
.014
.011
.14
.000
.11
1 30
.015
.014
.15
.14
.000
2.00
.017
.015
.17
.15
.000
017
.17
4.00
.023
. 23
.000
1 50
.025
023
.25.000
23
035
025
35
25
.008
.08
.035
35
Broke
.016
.16
58, 685
91.51
1 30
.012
.12 .000
1 15
.012
.014
.14 .002
.292 x .292
2.00
.02
.016
.012
16.003
.12
1 45
.019
03 .013
. 19
.13
.003
.03
2.00
020
.016
.20
16
.004
.04
.016
.16
2. 00
.024
.24
.005
.05
2.00
.019
.028
19
28
.006
06
5 00
022
.066
66 039
22
39
4 00
027
.27
1 00 Broke
.394
.125
3.94
* Drawn three draughts; annealed before each.
59, 227
40. 62
218 x.224
57.27
103, 416
Original.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Strain per square
inch.
Elastic limit of strain compared
with highest strain.
Mark on specimen
5, 050
experiment.
designating-
.
Material.
No. of 6, 400
6,000
5, 500
On 5,000
4, 500
4,000
Lbs.
3,500
5,500
3,000
6,000
229* CH co 5I UNA'D 2,500
6, 500
5, 350
7,000
6, 775
7,500
6, 500
7,650
6,000
6, 250
5, 500
3,000
228* BS coUNAN'D
5,000
4,500
3, 500
4,000
63
No. of experiment.
Material.
Mark on specimen
Strain.
Elongation after re-
designating—
lease.
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 2 inches of original
length.
In 1 inch of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 10.-TENSILE TESTS of turned specimens of tool-steel ("best cast steel") procured from the agencies of the various manufacturers.
[For explanation of marks see pages 136 to 140, inclusive.]
Original-round.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (s mallest
place.)
Percentage of original
area.
Lbs.
In.
m. S.
In. In.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
230
Jco 1.
Lbs.
1, 900
5 00
.2565 x .2565
4, 125
5 20
235 x .235
.83938
3, 900
36, 767
79, 825
0 30
*.304
104
†.220 x.220
.73564
95, 100
102, 491
231
J co 2
2,000
3 30
.2526 x .2522
39,970
4, 275
5 07
.2287 x .2296
.82425
3,850
85, 438
103, 655
0 50
*. 355
.127
†.198 x .198
.61539
125, 033
232
S B co 1
1,900
4 00
.252 x .2521
4, 700
38, 077
4 50
2331 x .2331
69787
94, 192
4, 410
0 25
*. 198
057
†.216 x .216
.73421
233
S B co 2.
1,800
4 00
.2523 x .2529
4, 700
35, 835
3 20
2355 x .236
.87247
4,325
93, 617
0 25
*. 231
.067
†.218 x.218
.74333
245
HE co 1
2,200
4 00
.2503 x .2503
210
44, 710
5 00
235 x .2351
5, 125
0 15
*. 202
.084
†. 2305 x .2305
88185
.84804
105, 880
120, 070
122, 819
246 HE co 2
800
6.00
2521 x.2522
5, 390
3 25
5, 100
0 20
*. 221
.090
2395 x .240
†. 224 x .224
.10611
78919
56, 084
107, 961
119, 348
247
N co T 1
2,700
7 00
.2545 x .2546
5, 670
59, 784
2 18
*.099
.045
†.246 x .246
.93396
* Measured after putting together the parts, allowance being made for imperfect contact.
Of original area.
Strain per square
inch.
Of reduced area.
Remarks.
Began to yield.
Broke about .40" below upper mark.
Began to yield; at 2,100 stretched fast,
(comparatively.)
Broke about .40" below upper mark.
Began to yield; at 2,200 stretched fast.
100, 130
131, 162 | Broke about .20" below upper mark.
|
Began to yield; at 2,100 stretched faster.
107, 643
115, 868 Broke about .25" below upper mark.
Began to yield.
Broke about .30" below upper mark.
Began to yield.
129, 415 | Broke about .45″ above lower mark.
Began to yield; faster at 2,850 lbs.
119, 295 Broke suddenly upon reaching strain
5,670 lbs., parting about .25" below up-
per mark.
† Fractured.
64
On specimen.
Time of application.
In 2 inches of original
length.
In 1 inch of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
TABLE 10.-TENSILE TESTS of turned specimens of tool-steel, &c.-Continued.
Strain.
Elongation after re-
lease.
Dimensions of cross-section.
Strain per square
inch.
Original-round.
Under strain, (small-
est place.)
Released, (smallest
place.)
Lbs.
m. s.
In.
in.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
2, 200
4.00
Lbs.
.2495 x .2496
4, 925
3 25
4, 700
0 43
†.190
.050
.231 x.231
2173 x .2172
85686
.75788
-44, 924
100, 560
117, 516
126, 793
2,500
4.00
.252 x .252
6, 325
3 27
2355 x .2355
.87333
6, 075
0 30
+.174
50, 125
126, 817
Began to yield; faster at 2,500 lbs.
Broke about .30" below upper mark.
Began to yield; faster at 2,800 lbs.
057
226 x.226
.80429
143, 187
151, 443
1,800
2.00
.2516 x .2515
4,800
5 40
† .254
36, 234
.121
227 x .227
Broke about " below upper mark.
Began to yield; faster at 2,200 lbs.
.81434
96, 624
118, 660
118, 660
2,200
3 00
2525 x .2524
4, 445
4 59
43, 934
.233 x .232
.84952
4,000
0 39
† .298
.117
88, 768
‡.225 x .227
80293
104, 701
98, 821
2,400
5 00
2511 x.2512
48, 273
4, 510
4 00
Broke about .30" above lower mark, sud-
denly; coarse-grained; flaw in center.
Began to yield; faster at 2,300 lbs.
| Broke about .30″ above lower mark.
Began to yield; took quite a stretch at
2,500 lbs.
3, 900
1 05
+.357
.140
.2302 x .2305
1938 x .1938
.84122
59544
90,713
108, 270
131, 936
Broke.
† Measured after putting together the parts, allowance being made for imperfect contact.
+ Fractured,
Percentage of original
area.
Of original area.
Of reduced area.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen
252 E M co 1
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 251 | E MT co 2
250 JBH co.
H W co T.
249
248 N co T 2
65
Date.
No. of experiment.
Mark on specimen
designating-
Material.
Original dimen-
sions of cross-
section.
TABLE 11.-Experiments on square compound wires of welded iron and steel.
[See page 140 and Plate 4, Figures 7 and 8.J
Strain per Elongation
Tensile strain.
square under strain.
inch.
Elongation
after re-
Resilience.
Spontaneous
contraction-
lease.
On specimen.
Time of application.
Of original area.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
length.
Percentage of original
length.
In 5 inches of original
· length.
•
Percentage of original
length.
In 5 inches.
Percentage.
1874.
Inches.
Lbs.
m. s.
Lbs.
In.
In.
May 1
In.
168 T & SIC
.2922 x .2927
1,000
.005 .10 .000
.005
.10
3,000
1 50
.014
28
.006
.12 G09
.16
3,000
4 00
.064 1.28
.064
1.28
3,000
1.00
.056
1. 12
4,000
1 27
.129
2.58
.117
2.34 .012
.24
4, COO
5 00
46, 768
.132
2. 64
.124
1875.
Oct. 12
2.48 .008
. 16
0
.118
.006
1874.
May 1
169
T & S sc
.2898 x .2898
1,000
2.00.
.002 .04 .000
.002
.04
3,000
1 30
007
14 .003 .06 .004 .08
3,000
10 30
020 .40
.012 .24 .008 .16
4,000
1 50
110❘ 2.20
101
2.02 .009
.18
4,000
6 00
.118
2.36
107
2.14.011 .22
5,000
2 30
.216
4. 32
.202
4.04 .014 28
5,000
7 00
1875.
Oct. 12
59, 642
234
4.68
.221
4. 41 .013 .27
0
219
•
.002
.04
Remarks.
.12
These experiments were made with reference
to the accommodation of conflicting strains
by their own prolonged action.
After being subjected to the strains men-
tioned, the specimens were laid aside until
the date of the last measurement.
Great care was taken in the measurements,
the calipers having been set to the same
standard in each instance.
5 F
66
1
TABLE 12.-Experiment on changes of dimensions by annealing.
Square gun-wires.
•
Mark designating kind of material.
Before annealing.
After annealing.
Measurements.
Measurements.
Of length. Of cross-section. Of length. Of cross-section.
length. Ofcr
Inches.
BA
12
Inches.
3028 x.3028
Inches.
12.006
Inches.
3028 x.3064*
•
•
BD…..
12
302 x.305
12.004
.3020 x.3050
B F...
12
.3022 x.3046
12.001
.3020 x.3036
BJ
12
.305 x.3056
12.000
.3046 x.3055
BM
12
•
305 x.3028
12.001
3052 x.3029
BP...
12
.3018 x.3034
12.001
.3017 x.3033
BR...
12
.3037 x.3038
•
12.004
3029 x.3039
BT....
12
.3022 x.3040
12.000
.3029 x.3045
BU..
12
.3020 x.3017
12.000
.3019 x.3018
BW
12
.3031 x.3033
12.000
.3027 x.3028
BY..
12
•
3050 x.3032
12.004
.3057 x.3033
BZ.
12
.3023 x.3031
12.004'
.3023 x.3030
CA
12
.3022 x.3021
12.000
.3029 x.3021
СС
12
.3038 x.3035
12.000
.3042 x.3035
CB...
12
.3045 x.3044
12.000
.3045 x.3050
36
* So large a variation (1 of an inch) suggests some change of form-perhaps the slight opening
of the wire from an internal defect.
TORSIONAL TESTS.
REDUCTION OF STRAINS.
The figures given in the tables, under the heading "Strain reduced to
correspond to cross-section of 0.3 x 0.3," are derived from comparisons
based upon the assumption that with the same material, in the same condi-
tion, resistance to torsion, in cylinders and prisms, is in proportion to
the cubes of the corresponding dimensions of their cross-sections.
Confirmation of this rule may be found in Tables 18-24.
SEAMS.
Some of the specimens, as noted under the bead of "Remarks," were
found to have one or more seams, This was of frequent occurrence with
specimens drawn from "sprues."
In order that some idea of the extent to which these defects affected
the resistance and extent of torsion of the specimens in which they
occurred, a few experiments were made upon wires purposely prepared
to exhibit this defect in a known degree.
Two rods of steel, 0.4 square, one of them of the kind indicated by the
letters B Sco 2, and the other by M co 3, the former a very low steel, and
the latter above the average of the faulty wires in carburization, were
selected for the purpose. In the center of each side of these rods a groove
was planed longitudinally, designed to have a width of 0.05 and depth
of 0.12, and differing but little from those measurements. The form
67
of cross-section thus produced is given in figure 5 of plate 4. These
rods were annealed and drawn into wire in the usual way, by which
the grooves were closed, seams being left, however, in the situations
indicated by the lines on the section Fig. 6 of the same plate. Specimens
of these wires were tested, both by torsional and tensile strains. The
primary record, however, appears not to have been regularly entered,
and is (the only one so far as known) lost. Speaking from recollection,
the general results were as follows:
Under tensile tests no marked variation was found from the results
with solid wires.
Under torsional strains, compared with solid wires, B Sco 2 gave con-
siderably more torsion at low strains, and ultimate torsion was likewise
in small excess. M co 3 also gave more torsion under the lighter strains,
but the ultimate torsion fell short decidedly. Both specimens gave less
resistance, but it is believed that the diminution was in both cases less
(perhaps considerably so) than 25 per cent.
Simple inspection of the wires after breaking was found to afford
very little indication of the depth of seams: they were almost univer-
sally undiscoverable before twisting. An expedient was adopted to
give better indication. Across each side of the specimen a fine line was
drawn at right angles with its corners. If the specimen was sound,
these lines remained continuous, but otherwise if there was a seam.
In the latter case the line was divided at the place of the seam, and the
parts separated to an extent depending on its depth. This result is
intended to be illustrated in plate 4, Fig. 4. Figure 3 of the same
plate shows the continuous line.
The space between the separated ends of the cross-lines, if consider-
able, is noted in the "Remarks" following the mention of "a seam."
PLACE OF FRACTURE,
The place of fracture in the specimens is generally not given in the
tables. In nearly all cases it was at one end or the other, as repre-
sented in Figs. 2 and 3, plate 4. The exceptions were in the case of
some specially hard steels, which broke in a manner designed to be illus-
trated in Fig. 1 of the same plate.
EXTENT OF TORSION.
The length of the specimens, between the clamps or between their
shoulders, was generally one inch, and is so stated in the tables. It
may be well to remark here, however, that the torsion occurring in these
specimens is greater than the torsion per inch of longer ones of the same
kind. This results from some yielding of the metal outside of the inch
measured, which is inseparable from the torsion of the measured part.
The relative results are not supposed to be materially affected thereby.
68
Experiment Time of twisting.
Strain applied, (one foot from
center.)
·
Under strain, (first de-
tected yielding:)
Released.
Resilience.
Torsion.
TABLE 13.—TORSIONAL TESTS.-Comparison of results of annealing at different temperatures.
Highest strain.
Ultimate torsion.
respond to cross-section of
0.3 x 0″.3.
Highest strain reduced to cor-
6 30
m. s.
Lbs.
Turns. | Turns. |
0.008
Turns.
Lbs. Turns.
Lbs.
13.92
6 00
12. 52
0.006
0.003 0.005 41.02 1.02
0.002 0.001 40.55 0.805
40. 11+
39.95+
6 15
13. 33
6.00
12. 34
0.007 0.003 0.004 40.66
0.006 0.002 0.004 39.97
0.859
39.58 +
0.925
38.98+
.302 x .303
302 x .303
6 30
13.95
0.01
8 00
13. 14
0.004 0.006 41.96
0.007 0.003 0.004
0.875
40.72+
.301 x .305
40.95 0.83
39.74+
.301 x.305
7 30
14. 16
5 30
13. 59
0.007 0.003
0.007
0.004
0.003 0.004
43.24 0.95
42.22+
.302 x .305
42.56 0.935
41.55+
.302 x .305
7 00
14.87
0.007 0.003
0.004
42. 44
0.896
40.80+
.303 x .305
6 00
12. 62
0.006 0.002
0.004
41.39
0.935
39.79+
.303 x .305.
6 30
14. 43
0.008
0.004 0.004
43. 31
0.884
42.03+
.302 x .304
7 30
12.70
0.007 0.002 0.005
41.75
0.779
40.52
.302 x .304
9 45
15.38
0.009 0.003 0.006
50.59
0.793
53.62
.296 x .294
7 30
15. 47
0.009 0.003 0.006 50.43
0.753
53. 45
.296 x .294
6 45
13. 89
8.30
13. 21
730
8 15
0.009
0.008
13.93 0.009 0.005 0.004
12.84 0.006 0.003
0.005 0.004 41.83
0.003 0.005
0.972
40.59
.303 x .303
40.69
1. 045
37.77
..303 x .303
42.00
0.931
40.56
.303 x .304
0.003
41. 07
0.906
39.70
.303 x .304
7 30
15. 37
0.007 0.003
0.004
44.62
0.891
43.09
.303 x .304
7 45
14. 31
0.009
0.005 0.004 43.32 0.8
41. 84
.303 x .304
of wires.
Measurement of cross-section
Remarks.
Inches.
.302 x .301
302 x .301
The first of each pair of specimens in this table was annealed at the
temperature adopted as a standard, viz: that between the melting-
points of bronze and copper. The second of each pair was annealed
at a heat which melted copper.
Mark on specimen
12 T
number.
designating-
Material.
| T
11
X
40
21 O
X.
22 O
39
D
23
I
38
24 D.
37 I
H
25
34 C
33 C
26 H
32 L
27 J
L
J
28
31
30 U
29 U
6.9
43 A G
8 00
14.31
0.008 0.004 0.004
41.68
1.03
41.06
301 x .302
44 A G
7 00
13. 23
0.007 0.003 0.004
41.22
1.024
40. 60
.301 x .302
45 A N
7 30
14. 35
0.007 0.002 0.005
43. 71
0.856
41.59
.305 x .305
46 A N
7 45
13. 65
0.008 0.003 0.005
42.68
0.79
40. 61
305 x .305
47 A M
700
13.54
0.01
48 A M
6 45
12. 72
0.007 0.003
0.005 0.005
0.004 40.60 1.000
41.20 0.854
41. 61
.299 x .299
41.01
.299 x .299
49 A J.
8 00
·
50 A J
7 00
14.54 0.008 0.003 0.005
12.38 0.006 0.003 0.003 40.79
41.83 0.947
39.80
.304 x : 306
•
0.876
38.81
.304 x .306
51 A E
5 00
13.88
0.007 0.003 0.004 40.77
0.95
39. 18
.303 x .305
52 A E
& 30
12. 65
0.006 0.003 0.003
40.24
0.971
38.64
303 x .305
53 A P
6 15
13. 49
0.007 0.004
0.003
41.68
0.95
40.65
.302 x .303
54 A P
7 15
12.80
0.006
0.002 0.004
40. 51
0.946
39.51
.302 x .303
0·2·
:
Mark on specimen
No. of experiment.
designating-
Material.
TABLE 14.—TORSIONAL TESTS.-Comparison of wires of Martin steel, the product of two different charges.
cross-sec-
Measurements
of
tion of wire.
Strain applied 1 foot from
center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Resilience.
Highest strain.
Ultimate torsion in length of
wire.
respond to cross-section of
Highest strain reduced to cor-
0″.3 x 0″.3.
Time of twisting.
Remarks.
Inches.
Lbs.
2 &
55 C H co 4 S [F] 0.296 x 0.294
15.28
0. 010
Turns. Turns. | Lbs.
0.003.007
Lbs.
In.
Lbs.
m.
S.
49.50
0.724
51.67
7.00
56
F
0.305 x 0.3035
14.47
0.007
0.002 .005
42. 74
0.954
40.97
8 00
CH 4S
57 | C H co 4 S[N] |0.2945 x 0. 2934
15.31 0.009
0.004 | .005
49.99
0.757
53. 14
8 00
58
N
0.3028 x 0.3033
14. 48
0.008
0.003.005
43.31
0.975
42. 01
5 30
59
CH co 4 S [W] 0. 2945 x 0. 296
15.26
0.010
0.003 .007 50.76
0.750
54.58
7 30
60
W
0.304 x 0.304
15.09
0.007
0.002.005
43.67 0.895
41.97
5 45
61
C H co 4 S [P] |3. 293 x 0. 2945
15. 34
0.009
0.003 .006
50. 31
0.775
53.58
7 45
66
Р
་
5. 299 x 0.300
13.92
0.007
0.002.005
40.96
1.076
41. 16
6 00
64 CH co 4 S[Z] 0. 2945 x 0.2962
65 Z
0.3044 x 0.303
14. 40
0.008
0.003.005
50.07
0.747
52.47
7 30
13.90
0.007 0.002 005
43.75
1.022
42. 17
5 00
The specimens marked C H co 4 S, with another letter in brackets,
were annealed in contact with the specimens marked with the last
letter only. This was done that none of the differences in quality
should be attributable to differences in the temperature to which the
· specimens were exposed in annealing. Apparently a slight seam
extends the whole length of the pieces marked C H co 4. The other
pieces appear to be perfectly sound. They are from a sample of
1,000 pounds, intended to have been of the same quality with C H
co 4 S.
71
No. of experiment.
Material.
Mark on specimen
designating-
yield-
Strain at first detected
ing-applied 1 foot from
center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
Breaking-strain.
TABLE 15.-TORSIONAL TESTS of gun-wires of various manufacture.
[For explanation of marks see pages 136 to 140, inclusive.]
Ultimate torsion.
Highest strain reduced to
correspond to cross-section
of 0".3 x 0.3.
189❘ Nco I
Pounds. Turns. Turns. Turns.
8.26 0.006 0.002
m.
Pounds. Turns. |
Pounds.
.004
51
30.51
1. 097
190 Neo I:
191 P Bco 1
8.38 0.007 0.002
Lost.. Lost.. Lost
.005
54
30.98
1. 135
61
32.33
0.852
192 P Bco i
8.54
0.006 0.002 .004
43/
31.73 0.843
193 P Bco 2
13. 20
0.007 0.002 .005
8
44. 58
0.990
194 P Bco 2:
13.26
0.008 0.003 .005
51
44. 49
0.983
33.30 0.2918 x 0. 2933
33.620.2970 x 0. 2952
33.03 0.2962 x 0. 2958
43.80 0.3025 x 0. 3010
43.96 0.3030 x 0.3010
195 P Bco 3
13.70
0.009 0.004 .005
my
43.98
0.970
44.80 0.2955 x 0. 3008
196 P Bco 3:.
13. 22
0.008 0.002
006
51
44. 47
0.940
44.34 0.2990 x 0. 3015
197 P Bco 4 cc
13. 25
0.008 0.003
.005
7
44. 81
0.717
45.60 0.2975 x 0.2990
198 P Bco 4 cc:
13. 23
0.008 0.002 .006 6½
44.95
0.730
44.95 0.2975 x 0.2990
199 C Sco 5
16. 53
200 C Sco 5:
201 C Sco 6
202| C Sco 6
203 C Sco 7
Sco
0.008 0.002 .006 8 50.08
16. 48 0.008 0.003 .005 7 51.00 0.591
14.88 0.007 0.002 .005 7 46.22 0.757
14.81 0.007 0.002 .005 73 45.99 0.719
13. 10 0.007 0.002 005 61 40.47 0.929
0.587
50.08 0.2937 x 0. 2967
51.00 0.2936 x 0. 2970
49.80 0.2920 x 0.2955
48.63 0.2929 x 0. 2960
43.210.2912 x 0. 2958
Measurement of cross-sec-
tion of wire.
Remarks.
Inches.
33.15 0.2912 x 0. 2922| All the specimens referred to in this table were annealed at a tempera-
ture between the melting points of bronze and copper, without oxida-
tion of surface.
72
Strain at first detected
yield-
ing-applied 1 foot from
center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Torsion.
Time of twisting.
Breaking-strain.
TABLE 15.-TORSIONAL TESTS of gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Ultimate torsion.
Highest strain reduced to
correspond to cross-section
of 0″.3 x 0″.3.
Pounds. Turns. Turns. | Turns.
|
m. Pounds.
Turns.
Pounds.
Inches.
13. 29
0.007
0.002
.005
7
40.35
0. 911
41.98 0.2969 x 0. 2952
14.91
0.008
0.003
.005 6/
49. 51
0.712
52.06 0.2935 x 0. 2965
15. 20
0.008
0.003
.005
7}}
48.93
0.688
52.27 0.2932 x 0. 2962
15. 36
0.008 0.002
.006
6
43.91
0.989
45.83 0.2960 x 0. 2954
14. 94
0.007 0.002
.005
73
42.88
0.968
45.78 0.2950 x 0. 2965
13.50
0.007 0.002
.005 6
41.50
1. 003
13.00 0.006 0.001
.005 6
41.06
0.986
44.31 0.2926 x 0.2927
44.22 0.2925 x 0.2927
0.006 0.001
12.82
13. 46 0.007 0.002 .005 41
9.52 0.005 0.002 .003
9.65 0.007 0.002 .005
17. 23 0.009 0.003 .006
•
005 63
41.38
1.009
43.43 0.2941 x 0. 2963
41.57
1. 091
43.91 0.2931 x 0.2960
0.006 | 0.003
17.10 0.009 0.003 .006
12.20 0.005 0.003 .002 4
12.00 0.006
12. 13
72
0.003
.003
42
.003
5
42 31.63
51 31.61 1.049
8 57.58 0.736
57.25 0.724
35.40 1.098
35. 18 1.083
35.80 0.946
1.018
34.19 0.2928 x 0.2921
34.26 0.2921 x 0. 2920
57.86 0.30C0 x 0.2990
57.39 0.2997 x 0.2997
36. 17
35.93 0.2970 x 0.3000
35.39 0.2988 x 0.3000
0.2984 x 0.2995
Measurement of cross-sec-
tion of wire.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen
218 H Wco 5:
219| H Wco 6.
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of 217 H Wco 5.
216 H Wco 4:
215 H Wco 4.
210 C Hco 2 S:
211 C Hco 3 S
212 C Hco 3 S:
213 C Hco 5 I
214 C Hco 5 I
204 C Sco 7:
209 C Hco 2 S
205 C Sco 8
208 C Hco 1 S:
206 C Sco 8:
207 C Hco 1 S.
73
220 H Wco 6:
12. 15
0.006 0.003
.003
43
36. 19
0.949
36.68, 0.2983 x 0.2990
221 H Wco 7.
12.58
0.007
0.002 .005
44
42. 97
0.764
42.97 0.3010 x 0. 2990
222 HWco 7
13. 42
0.007 0.001 .006
51
43.35 0.800
43.34 0.3009 x 0. 2994
223 CA
12. 29
0.008
0.003 .005 61
224 C B
17.27
0. 010
0.003 .007 5½ 59.79
225 C C
14.39
0.008
0.002
.006
53
46.84 0.954
0.628
51.77 0.821
46.76 0.3015 x 0. 3015
56-75 0.3058 x 0.3047
49.94 0.3033 x 0. 3039
226 CD
13.28
0.007
0.002
.005
227 CE
14. 11
0.747
0.009 0.004 .005 51 50.43 0.809
er
5
50. 21
49.14 0.3020 x 0. 3023
48.78 0.3030 x 0.3044
228 BA.
15. 34
0.008
0.003 .005 6
55.52 0.726
54.42 0.3028 x 0. 3012
229 BB
15. 35
0.008 0.003
.005
532
53.87
0.761
53.05 0.3018.x 0.3020
230 B C
12. 20
0.007 0.003
.004
5
44. 45
0.831
43.52 0.3022 x 0. 3020
231 B D.
18. 48
0.009 0.003
.006
52
61.30
0.589
58.90 0.3035 x 0. 3045
232 BE
17.35
0.009 0.002
007
7
60.82
0.668
56.89 0.3038 x 0.3020
233 B F
11. 74
0.005 0.002 .003
4
45. 41
0.906
44.44 0.3015 x 0. 3028
234 B G
13.72
0.006 0.002
.004
6
52.00
0.787
50.22 0.3035 x 0.3035
235 BH
14.50
0.007 0.002
.005 6
53. 46
236 BI
13.79
0.007 0.003 .004
51
0.700
51.86 0.807
52.65 0.3013 x 0. 3015
50.13 0.3040 x 0.3028
237 B J
15. 20
0.009 0.003
006
64.
54. 48
0.784
238 B K
16. 16
0.008 0.003
.005
6
56.00
0.693
53.61 0.3018 x 0. 3015
54.80 0.3016 x 0. 3027
239 B L
15. 26
0.009 0.004
005
61
54.85 0.732
240 BM
20.74
0.010 0.003
.007
63.79
0.658
53.56 0.3020 x 0. 3027
61.76 0.3035 x 0. 3030
241 B N
15. 41
0.009 0.003
.006
73
56. 45
0.757
55.66 0.3018 x 0. 3010
242 BO
15.51
0.008 0.003
005
73
56, 41
0.692
54.85 0.3036 x 0. 3021
243 BP.
14. 44
C. 009
0.003
.006
5%
50.00
0.857
48.69 0.3035 x 0.3018
244 B Q
15. 58
0.009 0.003 .006
71
55.00
0.718
53.91 0.3024 x 0. 3016
45 BR.
14.82 0.008 0.003 .005
61
53, 31
0.793
51. 78 | 0. 3031 x 0. 3028
74
Strain
yield-
at first detected
ing, applied 1 foot from
center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Torsion.
Time of twisting.
Breaking strain.
TABLE 15.—TORSIONAL TESTS of gun-wires of various manufacture-Continued.
Ultimate torsion.
Highest strain reduced to
correspond to cross-section
of 0″.3 x 0″.3.
Pounds. Turns. |
14. 87
Turns. | Turns.
0.007 0.003 .004
m.
Pounds.
Turns.
61
54.30
0.706
|Pounds.
Inches.
52.58 0.3035 x 0.3030
18.52 0.011 0.006
.005
51 52.75
0.780
51.93 0.3010 x 0. 3021
18.30 0.010 0.004
15.29
0.008 0.003
14.50 0.007 0.002
13.28 0.009
6
.006 6 58.78
.005
0.587
54.95 0.671
57.89 0.3008 x 0.3020
53.95 0.3005 x 0.3010
.005
71
0.004
.005 5
19. 16
13. 73
0.011 0.003 .008 6±
0.007 0.002 .005 my
55.00 0.725
51. 66 0.833
62.00 0.555
55.50 0.3020 x 0. 3035
50.43 0.3035 x 0. 3035
61.01 0.3018 x 0. 3015
52.54 0.794
51.41 0.3015 x 0.3027
16. 39
0.009
0.003 0.006 54
51.94
0.810
54.78 0.2933 x 0.2955
14. 41
0.008
0.003 0.005 6
48.95
0.666
48.74 | 0.3006 x 0. 3002
12. 53
0.005 0.007 0.004 5
46.21
0.778
45.88 0.3010 x 0. 3004
14. 76
0.007 0.002 0.005 51
50.95
0.714
49.86 0.3020 x 0.3023
11.75 0.007 0.002 0.005
13.23
14.47
5
46.00 0.740
45.31.0.3013 x 0. 3015
0.007 0.002 0.005
61
0.007 0.003 0.004
6
49. 51
47.00 0.728
0.729
45.54 0.3023 x 0. 3040
48.04 0.3040 x 0.3020
Measurement of cross-sec-
tion of wire.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen
258 Nco 1 s (D)
259 Nco 1 s (E)
260 Nco 1 s (F).
experiment.
designating-
Material.
No. of •
257 Nco 1 s (C)
256 Nco 1 s (B)
255 Nco 1 s (A)
246 BS
254 C Hco 4 s
247 BT
253 B Z
248 BU
252 BY
249 B V.
251 BX
250 BW
1
75
No. of experi-
ment.
Material.
Length of wire.
Mark on spec-
imen desig-
nating-
Strain-applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Resilience in length of
wire.
TABLE 16.—TORSIONAL TESTS of gun-wires drawn from Martin steel, made by the New Jersey Steel cnd Iron Company.
Highest strain.
Ultimate torsion in
length of wire.
Strain reduced to corre-
spond to cross-section
of 0″ .3 x 0″ .3.
Time of twisting.
*
Measurements of cross-
section of wire.
Original mark on rods.
In. Lbs.
271
C F
1
13. 81
Turns. Turns. Turns.] Lbs.
0.007 0.001 0.006
Turns.
Lbs. m.s.
16. 14
In.
.2980 x .2988
271
C F
1
14.94 0.009
271
C F
1
0.002 | 0.007
15.71 0.010 0.0035 0.0005
17.46
18. 36
271
C F
1 16.34 0.011 0.007 0.004
19. 10
47.24
0.860
55.23
4 22
272
C G
1
13.62
0.007 0.002 0.005
13. 81
.2983 x .2988 | 1 C 2 G
272
CG
1
14. 28
0.008
272
CG
1
15. 14
0.003 0.005
0.012 0.008 0.004
14.48
15. 36
43.94 0.973
44.58
4 12
273 CH
1
273
CH
1
15. 19
16.00
0.009 0.003 0.006
0.014 0.009 0.005
16. 17
.2970 x .2983 2 C 1 G
17.04
47.07
0.857
50. 12
6 16
274
CI
1❘ 14. 18
0.007 0.002 0.005
14.37
.2980 x .2986 | 2 C 2 G
274
CI
1
15. 27
0.009 0.004 0.005
15. 47
274 CI
1
16.00
0.011 0.007 0.004
16. 21
46. 88
0.903
47.50
5 48
275
C J
1
15. 18
0.008 0.003
0.005
15.38
.2993 x .29803 C 1 G
275
C J
1
16.00
275
C J
1
16. 56
0.009 0.004 0.005
0.015 0.010 0.005
16. 21
16 88
47.85
0.946
48.50 4 47
276
CK 1
17.54
0.009 0.00.3 0.006
17.80
3 C2 G
276
276 CK 1
CK
1
18.40 0.010 0.004 0.006
19. 21 0.014 0.008 0.006
18.67
19.50
0.298'x .299
55.94
0.784
56.78 5 30
277
C F
1
14.96 | 0.008 0.002 0.006
15.53 0.009 0.003 0.006
16. 23 0.011 0.006 0.005
17.49
18. 15
18.97
0.2980 x 0.2988|
47.47 0.854
55, 50 4 35
Remarks.
1C1G T The wires of each of the four sets of specimens (C F to CL) men-
tioned in this table were annealed at the same time, closely bound
in the same bundle, all at a heat between the melting points of
bronze and copper.
9.2.
TABLE 16.—TORSIONAL TESTS of gun-wires drawn from Martin steel, made by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company-Continued.
Torsion.
In.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns. Turns.
Lbs. | Turns.
1
13.89
0.007 0.002 0.005
Lbs.
14.00
m. s.
In.
14. 46
0.008 0.004 0.004
14.67
14. 91
0.011 0.007 0.004
15. 12
0.2983 x 0.2988|
43.67 0.884
44. 30
4 37
1
14. 69
15.63
0.007
0.003
0.004
15.64
0.010 0 006
0.004
16. 64
0.2970 x 0.2983
46.24 0.919
49. 24
4 38
1
16.00
15.14 0.009 0.004
0.015 0.010 0.005
0.005
15. 34
16. 21
0.2980 x 0.2986)
47. 12
0.873
47.75
4 40
1
15. 23
15.95
16.39
0.009 0.003 0.006
0.010 0.006 0.004
0.016 0.011 0.005
15.43
16. 16
16. 61
0.2993 x 0.2980
47.75 0.924
48.39
4 50
1
16.36 0.008 0.002 0.006
17.41
18. 22
16. 63
0.009 0.003 0.006
0.011 0.006 0.005
17.70
18.52
0.2978 x 0.299:
53.74 0.790
54.64
6.39
1
14.50 0.007 0.002 0.005
15.70 0.009 0.003 0.006
16.63 0.011 0.006 0.005
14. 69
15. 91
16. 85
0.2988 x 0.2978
48.37 0.874
49.01
5.35
1
18.00
0.06 0.0515.0085
18.30
2980 x 2988
48.39 0.802
49. 20
CG... 1
12.00
0.0065 0.001 .0055
12. 17
2983 x. 2988
13.00
0.0085 0.0625 .0060
13. 18
14.00
0.010 0.004 | .006
14.20
15.00
0.032 0.026 .006
15. 21
43.70 0.99
44.33
4. 48
Remarks.
Mark on spec-
imen desig-
nating-
290
C G
278
289 C F..
C F
CH
279
283
CK
CI
280
282
C J
281
77
This specimen was sent from the works under the supposition that it
was a part of the lower portion of the same ingot as that from which
specimen C F was taken.
291
сн...
1
12.00 | 0.007
0.002
.005
12.78
2970 x .2983
13.00 0.008 0.002
.006
13. 84
14.00 0.009 0.003
.006
14.91
15.00 0.015 0.003
.007
15.97
16.00 0.023 0.018 .005
17.04
47.68 0.897
50.77
4.00
292 | CI.
CI... 1 12.00 0.006 0.001 .005
12. 16
.2980 x .2986
13.00 0.007 0.0015 .0055
13. 17
14.00 0.008 0.002 006
14. 18
15.00 0.010 0.005
.005
15.20
16.00 0.024 0.018
.006
16. 21
46.67 0.856
47.29
3.55
293
C J...
1
12.00 0.0065] 0.001 .0055
12. 16
2993 x. 2980
294 CK.
CK...
13.00 0.007 0.0014 .0056
14.00 0.0075 0.0015.0060
15.00 0.008 0.002 .006
16.00 0.010 0.003 007
17.00 0.014 0.008 .006
18.00 0.025 0.019 0C6
1 12.00 0.0065 0.001 .0055
13.00 0.007 0.0012.0058
14.00 0.0075 0.0014 .0061
15.00 0.008 0.0015 .0065
16.00 0.009
0.002 .007
13. 17
14. 19
15.20
16. 21
17.23
18. 24
50.62 0.840
51.30
4.30
12.20
2978 x .2990
13. 21
14.23
15.25
16. 27
17.00 0.009
0.0022.0068
17.28
18.00 0.010
0.003 .007
18.30
·
19.00 0.014 0.0065.0075
19.32
20.00
0.020 0.012 .008
20.33
55.67 0.786
56.61 4.05
295 C L...
1
12.00
0.0065 0.001 .0055
12. 15
.2978 x .2989
13.00
0.008 0.003 005
13. 16
14.00
0.0315 0.027 .0045
14. 18
1.180
40.93
1.180
41. 46
4.20
296
C F..
1
12.00 0.007 0.001 .006
13.00 0.0075 0.002
14.00 0.008 0.0024.0056
12.20
.2980 x.2988
.0055
13. 21
14.23
15.00 0.010 0.004 .006
16.00 0.0145 0.010 .0055
15. 25
16.27
47.43 0.830
48.23 3.56
297 C G
+1
12.00 0.0065 0.0015] .005
12.17
.2983 x.2988
13.00
0.0072 0.002 .0072
13. 18
14.00
0.009 0.005 .004
14.20
15.00 0.030 0.025 005
15.21
43.75
0.982
44.38
4.10
78
Length of wire.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Resilience in length of
wire.
Highest stain.
Ultimate
torsion in
length of wire.
Strain reduced to corre-
TABLE 16.—TORSIONAL TESTS of gun-wires drawn from Martin steel, &c.--Continued.
spond
to
cross
section
of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Time of twisting.
Measurements of cross-
section of wire.
13.00
14.00
In.
Lbs. Turns. |Turns.
1 12.00
0.0065 0.001
0.008 0.002.006
15.00 0.0105 0.005 .0055
16.00 0.023 0.0175.055
1 12.00 0.0065 0.0015 .0055
13.00 0.0075 0.002.005
14.00 0.008 0.0025 .0055
15.00 0.012 0.0075.0045
16.00 0.0245 0.018 0065
12.00 0.0065 0.0015 .0055
13.00 0.007 0.0015 .0055
14.00 0.008 0.002 .006
15.00 0.009 0.003 .006
16. 00 0.011 0.006 .005
17.00 0.021 0.016.005
40.00 0.316 0.303.013
12.00 0.006 0.001 .005
13.00 0.0065 0.001 0055
14.00 0.007 0.001 006
Turns. Lbs.
Turns.
Lbs.
Inches.
.0055
12. 78
2970 x.2983
0.007 0.0013.0057
13. 84
14.91
15.97
17.04
47. 20
0.869
50.06 3.55
12. 16
.2980 x .2986
13. 17
14. 18
15.20
16. 21
47.00 0.910
47. 62
4.00
12. 16
2993 x.2980
13. 17
14. 19
15. 20
16. 21
17.23
40.54
49.50
0.838
50.17 1.43
12. 20
2978 x .2990
13. 21
14.23
15. 00
0.007 0.001
.006
16.00
17.00
0.0085 0.002
.0065
18.00
0.010 0.003 .007
19.00
0.0105 0.0035.0060
15. 25
0.008 0.00150065
16. 27
17.28
•
18.30
19.32
Original mark on rods.
Remarks.
Mark on spec-
301 CK... 1
imen desig-
expe-
C J.. 1
riment.
nating-
No. of Material.
300
CI
299
298 CH..
1
20.00, 0.018
40.00 0. 184
0.011 007
20.33
0.170 .014
55.81 0.789
40.67
56.75
2.5
↓
302 C L..
1
14.00 0.02 0.016 .004
40.00 0.940 0.929 .011
2978 x .2989
40.98
1. 157
41.08
19
80
TABLE 17.—TORSIONAL TEST of specimen turned from gun-wire drawn from steel furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.
Torsion.
Diameter of specimen.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns. Turns.
Lbs.
m. s.
In.
1 inch between
shoulders.
5.
0.0035 0.000 .0035
5. 31
0.2939
6.
0.0036 0.000
.0036
6. 38
6.5
0.004 0.000
.004
6.91
Wire turned in central part. Annealed at standard heat.
7.
0.004 0.000
.004
7.44
7.5 0.004 0.000
004
7.97
8.
0.0045 0.000
.0045
8.50
8.5
0.005
0.0005
0045
9.03
9.
0.006 0.0005 .0055
9.57
9.5
0.006 0.0005
0055
10.10
10.
0.0063 0.0005
.0058
10. 63
10.5
0.0065 0.0005
.0060
11.16
11. 0.0065 0.001
.0064
11.69
11.5 0.0065
0.0015
.0050
12. 23
19.
23.
24.
25.
26.
23 FHON 2018 FRIE
12. 0.0245 0.018
0065
12.76
13. 0.030 0.021
006
13. 82
14. 0.038 0.030
15. 0.047 0.038
.008
14.88
.009
15.95
16.
0.056 0.0475
.0085
17.01
17.
0.068 0.058
.010
18.07
18. 0.0785 0.069 .0095
19. 13
0.092 0.082 .010
20.20
0.107 0.096
.011
21.27
0.123
0.115
.008
22.33
22. 0.142
0.130
.012
23.39
0.164
0. 1515
.0125
24. 46
0.1925 0. 179
.0135
25.52
0.2215
0.219
.0025
26. 58
0.260
0.2475
.0125
27.65
27. 0.311 0.297
.014
- 28.71
28.
0.3745 0.359
0155
29.77
29.
0.4475 0.432
.0155
30.84
:
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
N co 1 s (D) 1
303
81
30.
0.540
31. 0,652 0.637 .015
32. 0.714 0.699 .015
33. 0.870 0.855
34. 1.076
0.536
004
31.90
*21
'' 32.96
3 50
34.02
3 36
.015
35.09
2 05
36. 15
3 55
* From the start until reaching 30 pounds.
10. 294 Broke while nearly standing at 34 lbs.
+ Diameter after breaking.
6 F
82
Length of turned part
of specimen.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Lbs.
1 inch
5.5
Under strain.
Torsion.
TABLE 18.- TORSIONAL TEST of specimen turned from steel furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.
Released.
Resilience in length of
wire.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to diameter
of 0".3.
Time of twisting.
Diameter.
11.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
20.
21.
22.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
BÖGON NÖÖ 2012 2 2 2 2
Turns.
0.003
Turns. Turns.
Lbs.
IN. S.
0.000
.003
5. 26
19
0.0035 0.000
. 0935
5.78
18
0.0035 0.000'
0035
6. 32
16
6.5 0.004 0.000
.004
6. 84
21
0.004 0.000
604
7.36
17
7.5
0.004 0.000
.004
7.88
19
0.0045 0.000 .0045
8.42
23
8.5
0.005 0.000
.005
8.94
20
0.005 0.000 .005
9.48
18
9.5
0.006 0.000 .006
10.00
23
0.006 0.000 .005
10.53
10.5
0.006
0.000 .006
11.05
0.0062 0.000 .006
11.58
11.5
0.0065 0.0005
.006
12.10
0.024 0.0172
0068
12. 64
1 09
0.030 0.023
.00%
13. 69
0.0375 0.030
0075
14.74
0.046
0.0375
0085
15. 79
0.055 0.0465
.0085
16.85
0.0675 0.0575
.010
17.90
1 14
0.078
0.0685 .0095
18.96
1 01
0.091
0.080
.611
20.01
1 08
0.105 0.094 .011
21.07
1 23
0.120 0.1085
.0115
22.12
0 45
0.139 0.1272
.0118
23.17 1 13
0.1595
0.1475
. 0120
24. 23
1 02
0.184
0.171
. 013
25.28
1 03
0.2155 0.202
.0935
26. 33
1 30
0.2495 | 0.2375
.0120
27.39
1 40
0.2976 0.2835
0141
28.44
2.50
SOOOZE A*&-X P=== CARE TO*** **A÷8
In.
0.2919
heat.
18
17
11
10
42
42
48
56
0.3485 0.335
.0135
294.9
1 48
Remarks.
1
Wire.-Central inch turned to 0. 2949 diameter. Annealed at standard]
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
N co 1 S (D) 2
of ex-
VI1998{
periment.
*[Number 304
83
0 17*0. 2945 | Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
29.
0.420
0.4064
.0136
30.55
2,05
30.
0.503
0.488
015
31.60
2 45
31.
0.617
0.601
.016
32. 65
5 55
32.
0.7484 | 0. 732
.0164
33. 71
6 02
33.
0.8934
0.8773
. 0161
34.76
4 25
34.
1.108
1.0914
.0166
35. 81
11 02
34. 40
1. 123
36.24
84
1 inch.
Length of turned part
of specimen.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion..
TABLE 19.—TORSIONAL TEST of steel from Messrs. Miller, Barr & Parkin.
Resilience in length of
specimen.
respond to diameter
of U".3.
Strain reduced to cor-
Time of twisting.
10.
15.
16.
20.
Knöör Nöød 1902 22
Lbs.
Turns. | Turns. | Turns.
0.003
0.000
.003
Lbs.
m. s. In.
4.94
5.5
0.0033 | 0.000
-.0033
5. 43
0.0035 0.000
.0035
5.92
6. 5
0.0035 0.000
0035
6. 42
19
0.0035 0.000
.0035
6.91
17
7.5
0.004 0.000
004
7.41
16
•
0.004 0.000
.004
7.90
16
8.5
0.004 0.000
004
8.39
0.0045 0.000 .0045
8.89
9.5
0.0045 0.000
.0045
9.38
18
0.005 0.000
.005
9.88
10.5
0.0055 0.000
.0055
10.37
0,0055 0.000
.0055
10.26
11.5
0.006 0.000
006
11.36
22
0.006 0.000
.006
11.85
12.5 0.006 0.000
.006
12.35
0.0062 0.000
.0062
12.84
13.5
0.0062 0.000
.0062
13. 33
0.0065 0.000
.0065
13.83
14.5
0.0065 | 0.000
0065
14.32
0.0066 0.000
.0066
14.82
15.5
0.007 0.000
.007
15.31
16
0.007 0.000
.007
15.80
16.5
0.007 0.000 .007
16.30
0.007 0.000
.007
16. 79
18
2232E 2922- DERRY FERER 22020
18
16
17
20
16
17
17
15
14
16
18
13
12
17.5
0.0074 0.000
.0074
17.29
13
0.008 0.0002
.0078
17.78
13
0.008 0.0003
18.5 0.008 0.0002 .0078
19.
19.5 0.008 0.0005 .0075
18. 27
16
0077
18.77
14
19. 26
14
0.0082 0.0005
•
20.5
0.0082 | 0.0005
0077
.0077
19.76
18
20.25
17
Diameter.
Remarks.
20
29 0.3012 This specimen was prepared from "Crescent" steel in use in the Ord-
nance-shops, Washington navy-yard. It was first planed to 0.3
square, and the central inch then turned to a cylinder 0". 3012 diam-
eter. Anncaled at standard heat.
Mark on specimen desig-
CRESCENT
nating-
Material.
of ex-
periment.
Number 305
85
7
.0123
.0127
?
21.
26.
30.
31.
34.
36.
42.
44.
47.
៨៨៩ ៩៩៩ ៩៩៩៩ គ៩៩៩ មុទ ថ្មដុះ ដាំ
0.0083
0.001
.0073
20.76
20
21.5
0.015 0.0023€ .0027
21. 24
53
0.021 0.0115 .0095
21.73
1 12
0.0265 0.016
0.030 0.019
.0105
22.72
30
. 011
23. 71
41
0.033
0.0206
.0124
24.70
35
0.036 0.024 .012
25.69
26
0.040 0.027 .013
26.67
28
0.043 0.030
013
27.66
37
0.047
0.033
.014
28. 65
36
0.051
0.037
.014
29.64
27
0.056 0.040 .016
30.63
30
0.060 0.044
.016
31.61
41
0.0665 0.0485 .018
32.60
1 01
0.071
0.053 .018
33.59
0 59
0.0775 0.0585
.019
34.58
1 08
0.084 0.0645
.0195
35. 57
0 38
0.091
0.071
020
36.55
0 40
0.0986
0.078
.0206
37.54
0 47
39.
0.107
0.0863
. 0207
38.53
0 22
0.119
0.097
022
39.52
1 08
0. 1315
0.109
0225
40.51
1 18
0.146
0.123
.023
41.50
1 24
0. 162
0.130
032
42. 48
1 05
0.184
0. 161
023
43. 47
1 30
0.213
0.188
.025
44. 46
1 43
0.249
0.224
.025
45. 45
2 12
0.301
0.277
024
46. 44
2 42
48.
0.374 0.351
.023
47.42
2 24
*0.3013
48.28
0.397
47.70
1 00
Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
98
TABLE 20.-TORSIONAL TESTS of turned specimen of chrome steel No. 3, made by Chrome Steel Company.
Torsion.
Lbs. Turns.
Turns. Turns.
Lbs.
m. S.
1 inch.
5.0 0.003 0.000
.003
5.50
5.5
0.0033 0.000
.0033
5.55
15
6.0 0.0035
0.000
.0035
6.06
12
6. 5
0.0035 0.000
0035
6. 56
· 10
7.0
0.0037 0.000
.0037
7.07
12
7.5 0.0039 0.000
.0039
7.57
14
DE202 4
In.
15 0.2990
8.0 0.0039 0.000
.0039
8.08
10
8.5 0.004 0.000
.004
8.58
8
9.0 0.004 0.000
.004
9.09
8
9.5 0.005 0.000
.005
9.59
14
10.
0.005 0.000
.005
10. 10
15
10.5 0.0055 0.000
0055
10.60
10
11.0
0.006 0.000
006
11. 11
9
11.5
0.006
0.000
006
11. 61
12
12.0
0.0065 0.0002
.0063
12. 12
10
12.5 0.0065 0.0002 .0063
13.0 0.0065 0.0003
13.5 0.0066 0.0003 .0066
12.62
12
.0063
13. 13
12
13.65
12
14.0 0.0067 0.0005
0062
14. 14
10
14.5
0.0069 0.0009
.0060
14.64
11
15. 0
0.007
0.001
006
15. 15
10
. 15.5
0.007 0.001
.006
15.65
12
16.0
0.008 0.0012
.0068
16. 16
10
20 22207 929
16.5
0.0084 0.0013 .0071
16. 66
9
17.0
0.009
0.0019 .0081
17. 17
8
17.5
0.010
0.0025
.0075
17.67
10
18.0 0.011 0.003
.008
18. 18
11
18.5
0.0115 0.0036
.0079
18. 68
14
19.0
0.0126 0.005
.0076
19. 19
13
19.5
0.014 0.0063
.0077
19. 69
20.0
0.016 0.007
.009
20.20
20.5
0.0174 0.008 .0094
20.70
88 88
10
10
10
1
Remarks.
No. 3 chrome steel from shop. Planed 0.3 sq. (to fit clamps)--the con-
į tral inch turned cylindrically. Annealed at standard heat.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
CHROME
306
87
25.
29.
30.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
45.
46.
47.
LEA MANON 12072 116C7 882EE BINGE &
21.0
0.019
0.009
.010
22. 21
13
21.5
Q, 020
0.010
010
21.71
10
•
22.
0.0214
0.0115
.0099
22.22
10
23.
0.025
0.014
.009
23. 23
24
24.
0.029 0.0175
.0115
24. 24
14
0.032
0.020
012
25.25
13
27.
0.037
0 040
0.024
.013
26. 26
20
0.028
.012
27.27
15
28.
0.0445
0. 031
.0135
28.28
17
0.049
0.0353
. 0137
29.29
17
0.055
0.040
.015
30.30
14
31.
0.059 0.044
.015
31. 31
15
0.065 0.049
016
32.32
15
0.070
0.054
.016
33.33
12
0.078 0.060
018
34. 34.
20
0.085 0.068
.017
35.35
30
0.093
0.074
.019
36.36
20
0. 1015
0.082
.0195
37.37
23
0. 115
0.0915
.0235
38.38
28
0.123
0.103
020
39.39
30
0.1385
0. 117
.0215
40.40
1 24
0.154
0.132
022
41. 41
0 46
0.1755
0.153
0225
42. 42
1 16
0.200
0. 177
023
43.43
1 02
44.
0.240
0.217
.023
44.44
1 26
0.286 0.262
014
45. 45
2.08
0.346 0.321
.025
46. 46
2. 08
0.435 0.410 .025
47.47
3 26
0.5263
48.48
1 50 *0. 300
Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
8.8
TABLE 21.—TORSIONAL TEST of specimen turned from gun-wire drawn from steel furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.
Torsion.
Diameter.
Remarks.
Lbs.
1.50
Turns. | Turns.
0.000
Turns.
Lbs.
1.70
0.004
0.004 0.002 .002
.004
5. 29
5.99
12
1.90❘ 0.007
2. 10
2.30
0.002
0.007 0.002 .005
0.0072 0.002
.005
6.70
16
7.40
10
.0052
8. 11
16
2.50
0.0076 0.002
.0056
8.81
14
2.70 0.008
0.002
.006
9.52
2.90 | 0.0085
0.0021
0064
10. 22
10
3.10 0.009
0.003
.006
10.93
3.30 0.011
0.004
.007
11.63
16
3.50 0.025
0.0152
.0098
12. 34
32
4.00 0.046 0.038
.008
14. 10
16
4.50 0.063
0.0535
.0095
15.87
20
5.00 0.083 0.0732
.0098
17.63
25
5.50
0.107 0.097
.010
19.39
32
6.00
0.1355
0.1246 .0109
21. 16
28
6. 50
0.171 0.158
013
22.92
26
7.00
0.218
0.205
.013
24.68
28
7.50
0.280
0.266
.014
26. 45
32
8.00
0.3675 0.352
.0155
28. 21
47
8.50 0.4935 | 0.477
.0165
29.98
1 11
9.00 0.6784 0.661
.0174
31.74 1 46
9.50
0.947
0.928
.019
33.50 2 33
10.00
1. 2785
1. 259
.0195
10.50
1. 748
35.27 3 50
37.03
BROOK FOTO NOOR? ****E HERON
m. s. In.
18 0.1970 0.3 square wire, central inch turned to 0.197 diameter. Annealed at
standard heat.
9
9
3 51 *0. 1963 Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
Mark on specimen desig-
307 N co 1 S (D) 1... 1 inch
nating-
89
TABLE 22.-TORSIONAL TEST of specimen turned from gun-wire drawn from steel furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.
Mark on specimen desig-
Number of ex-
periment.
nating-
Material.
Length of wire, (turned
part.)
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Resilience in length of
wire.
respond to diameter
of 0.3.
Strain reduced to cor-
Time of twisting.
Diameter.
Remarks.
308
N co 1 S (D) 2... 1 inch
Lbs.
0".3 wire, turned in central inch to diameter of 0".2011. Standard heat.
1.50 0.0032
Turns. Turns. | Turns.
0.000
.0032
Lbs.
m. s.
4.98
1.70
0.0035 0. 000
.0035
5.54
1.90
0.0036
0.000
0036
6.30
2. 10
0.004 0.000
.004
6.97
2.30
0.0045 0.000
.0045
7.63
2.50
0.005 0.000
.005
8.30
2.70 0.005 0.000
.005
8.96
11
2.90 0.006 0.000
.006
9.62
10
3. 10
0.006
0.000
.006
6.97
3.30
0.0062
0.000
.0062
10.95
3.50
0.0065 0. 000
.0065
11. 62
10
3.70 0.0066
0.000
.0066
12. 28
10
3.90 0.032
0.025
.007
12.94
1 14
4.00 0.035
0.0275
.0075
13. 28
19
4.50 0.050 0.040
.010
14. 94
31
5.00 0.066 0.057
.009
16. 60
48
5.50 0.085 0.0744
.0106
18.26
43
6.00
0.1075
0.0965
.0110
19.92
57
6.50
0. 1335
0.122
.0115
21.58
53
7.00
0. 1675
0.155
.0125
23. 24
1 00
7.50
0.210
0. 1965
.0135
24.90
53
8.00 0.268
0.252
.016
26.56
1 5
8.50 0.3435 0.3285
.0150
28.22
1 23
9.00 0.448 0.432
.016
29.88
1 30
9.50 0.6075 0.590
.0175
10.00
0.834
10.50
1. 108
0.817 .017
0.900
.208
11.00
1. 497
1. 479
.018
11.33
1. 647
31.54 2 13
33.20 2 40
34.86 3 23
36.52 4 00
37.61
$2023, AHO∞ ===27 **58° ***** *8*
In.
0. 2011
10
12
13
9
9
9
8
14 *0. 2011 Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
90
TABLE 23.—TORSIONAL TEST of specimen turned from steel made by Messrs. Miller, Barr & Parkin.
Torsion.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Turns. | Turns. | Turns.
Lbs.
1 inch.
1.50
0.0038
0.000
.0038
5.10
ሀ. S.
19
In.
0.1995
1.70
0.004
0.000
.004
5.78
9
1.90 0.005 0.000
.005
6. 46
Planed from "Crescent steel" of shops to 0.205 square tó fit clamps;
central inch turned to 0".1995 diameter. Annealed at standard heat.
9
2.10 0.005 0.000
005
7.14
10
2.30 0.0055
0.000
.0055
7.82
12
2.50 0.006 0.000
006
8.50
8
2.70 0.006 0.000
.006
9.18
13
2.90
0.0063 0.000
.0063
9.86
11
3. 10
0.0065 0.000
0065
10.54
8
3.30 0.0066
0.000
.0066
11. 22
10
3.50 0.007 0.000
.007
11.90
14
3.70 0.007
0.000
.007
12,58
14
3.90 0.0074 0.000
0074
13. 26
10
4.10 0.0075 0.000
0075
13. 94
14
4. 30
0.0076
0.000
.0076
14. 62
9
4.50
0.008 0.000
.008
15.30
12
4.70
0.0082 0.000
0082
15.98
14
4.90 0.0085 0.0005
.008
16.66
8
5.10 0.009 0.001
.008
17.34
10
5.30
0.010
0.001
009
18.02
11
5. 50
0.010
0.001
.009
18.70
13
5.70
0.010
0.001
009
19.38
13
5.90
0.0105 | 0.001
0095
20.06
11
6. 10
0.011
0.0014
.0096
20.74
11
6. 30
0.0155
0.0075
.0080
21. 42
18
6. 50 0.035
0.025
. 010
22.10
32
7.00 0.043
0.027
.016
23.80
32
7.50
0.051 0.035
. 016
25.50
48
8.00 0.059 0.042
017
27.20
11
8.50
0.068 0.050
.010
28.90
12
9.00
0.078 0.058
.020
30.60
13
9.50
0.0885. 0, 067
0215
32.30
10
Mark on specimen desig-
CRESCENT
of ex-
nating-
periment.
Material.
Number 309
91
10.00
10. 50
0. 1015
0.078
.0235
34.00
17
0.1165
0. 0915
.0250
35.70
35
11.00
0.135
0.1075
.0275
37.40
43
11.50
0.158
0.130
.028
39. 10
50
12.00 0.1875
0.157
.0305
40. 30
1 04
12.50 0.226
0. 196
030
42.50
1 09
13.00 0.2835
0.253
.0305
44.20
1 26
13.50 0.369
0.338
.031
- 45. 90
1 55
14.00 0.568
47.60
3 50*0.1998
Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
92
Remarks.
TABLE 24.- TORSIONAL TEST of specimen turned from chrome steel made by the Chrome Steel Company.
Torsion.
Planed to 0.204 square to fit clamp; central inch turned to diameter
of 0.198. No. 3 chrome steel of the ordnance-shops. Annealed at
standard heat.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
1 inch
1.50 0.0035 0. 000
0035
5. 21
15
In.
0.1980
1.70
0.004
0.000
.004
5.91
12
1.90
0.0045
0.000
.0045
6. 50
10
2. 10
0.005
0.000
.005
7.30
12
2.30
0.0055
0.000
.0055
8.00
16
2.50 0.006 0.000
.006
8.71
9
2.70 0.0063 0.000
0063
9. 41
9
2.90 0.0065 0.000
0065
10.08
9
3. 10 0.0066
0.0005
.0061
10.78
10
3.30
0.007 0.001
.006
11. 47
10
3.50
0.007 0.001
.006
12. 17
16
3.70
0.0074 0.001
.0064
'12. 87
10
3.90
0.008 0.001
007
13.56
10
4.10 0.0081
0.001
.0071
14.26
10
4.30 | 0.0085
0.0011
.0075
14.95
13
4.50 | 0.009
0.0013
.0077
15. 65
9
4.70 0.010
0.0018 .0082
16.34
7
4.90 0.011 0.002
.009
17.04
11
5.10 0.012 0.003
.009
17.73
17
5.30 0.014 0.0036
0104
18.43
11
5.50 0.016 0.0064 0096
19. 13
15
5.70
0.018 0.0075
0105
19.82
5.90
0.0205 0.010 .0105
20.52
13
6. 00
0.022
0.011
011
20.87
13
=== 122:
6.50
0.029 0.0165 .0125
22.60
8
7.00 0.0372 0.023
.0142
24.34
7.50 0.046
0.030
.016
26.08
10
8.00 0.056
0.0385 .0175
27.82
17
8.50 0.066 0.048
.018
29.56
11
9.00 0.078 0.058
.020
31.30
18
9.50 0.091 0.070
10.00 0.105 0.083
.021
33.04
22
.022
34.78
19
"A==® 20
9
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
CHROME
Material.
310
93
. 10.50 0.122
0.0985
0235
36. 52
17
11.00 0.143
0.117
.026
38.26
37
11.50 0.172
0. 143
029
40.00
44
12.00 0.205
0.176
.029
41.74
51
12.50 0.2535
0 223
0305
43.48
1 21
13.00 0.328 0.297
.031
45. 21
1 14
13.50 0.456 0.424
032
46.95
2 52
14.00 0.667
0.637
.030
48.69
2 57
14.41 0.786
50.12
18
*0.199
Broke.
* Diameter after breaking.
94
Strain applied.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 25.—TORSIONAL TESTS of square specimens planed from steel wire-rods.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
sections.
Lbs.
13. 42
Turns.
14.28
0.0065
.0075
0.0015
Turns. Turns.
0.0050
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
0.3023 x.3030
.0025
.0050
15.00
.014
.009
.005
13.06
13.90
14.60
48.68
0.627
745
12.84
.006
.001
.005
.3034 x .3018
13. 65
.0065
.0015
.005
12.53
13. 32
14. 40
.009
.006
.003
14.06
47. 33
.634
6 38
46. 19
0.01.
13. 43
0065
0015
.0050
.303 x.3036
12.99
14.36
.0085
.003
.0055
13.89
15.50
.0105
0055(?)
005
14.99
48.63
.601
6 20
47.04
13. 35
.0065
001
.0055
.3015 x .3030
13.05
14.35
.008
.0025
.0055
14.03
15.25
011
.0065
.0045
14.91
50.24
.574
6 30
49.12
13.52
.006
.001
.005
.301 x.3012
13.37
14.60
007
.0015
.0055
14.41
15.53
.009
.005
.004
15. 36
49.66
.534
6 25
49.12
13. CO
.0065
0025
.004
.302. x.299
12.93
13.70
011
008
.003
13.63
41.05
.759
5 34
40.84
13. 51
007
0015
0055
.302 x.3025
13.21
14.40
.010
.006
.004
14. 08
47.57
.629
6 38
46.51
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Remarks.
47.40
Those specimens were planed from wire-rods furnished by Messrs.
Hussey, Welles & Co. All were intended to be of the same quality.
They were annealed at a heat between the melting points of bronze
and copper. Length between clamps, 1 inch. The time noted com-
menced with the application of strain next following a torsion of
Mark on specimen desig-
317 CS ROD
experi-
nating-
.
316 CR ROD
315 CQ ROD
mentNo. of .
314 CP ROD
313 CO ROD
Material312 CN ROD
311 CM ROD
95
[318] C T ROD
12.34
.00G
.0015
.0045
.2984 x .3013
12.40
13.25
.010
0065
0035
13.31
45.20
.625
7 23
45. 43
319 CU ROD
13. 43
.0063
.002
.0043
3014 x. 3008
13.28
14. 46
010
.0065
.0035
14.30
44.00
.693
5 55
43.51
320 CV ROD
13. 24
.0074
002
.0054
302 x.3003
13.08
14.00
.010
.0055
.0035
13. 83
47. 14
.63%
8 19
46.59
Broke.
321 CE ROD
13. 34
0.006
0.001
.005
.299 x 0.300
13. 40
14.50
0.007
0.0015
.0055
14.57
15.49
0.010
0.0035
.0065
15. 56
16.00 0.011
0.0040
.007
16.08
16.50 0.012
0.0065
.0055
16.58
17.00
0.016
0.008
.008
17.08
17.50
0.0165
0.009
.0075
17.58
18.00
0.018
0.011
.007
18.09
50.34
0.500
0.4825
.0175
50.59
3 35
52.12
57.87
0.570
58. 15
322 C F Rod .
14.50
0.007
0.0015
0055
.292 x 0.295
15.14
15.00 0.008
0.002
.006
15.67
15.50
0.0085
0.0025
.006
16. 19
16.00
0.010
0.0035
. C065
16. 71
16.50
0.0115
0.0065
.005
17.23
17.00
0.017.
0.0115
.0055
17.76
44. 18
0.500
0.4850
.015
46. 15
47.56
0.679
3 38
49.69
323 CK ROD
16.90
0.007
0.001
.006
298 x 0.299
17.34
17.40 0.008
0.0015
.0065
17.86
17.90
0.008 +
0.002 -
.006
18.37
18.40 0.009
0.002
007
18.88
18.90
0.009
0.002 +
.007
19.40
19.40 0.010
0.003
.007
19.71
19.90
0.011
0.003
.008
20.42
20.40
0.0115
0.0035
.007
20.94
20.90 0.012
0.005
. 007
21. 45
21.40
0.013
0.0065
.0065
21. 96
21.90 0.015
0.007
.008
22.48
22 40
0.017
0.0085
.0085
23.09
22.90 0.018
0.010
.008
23.50
57.68 0.500
0.482
.018
59. 11
58.24 0.538
3 50
59.78
96
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 25.-—TORSIONAL TESTS of specimens planed from wire-rods-Continued.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
13.45
13.95
0.0065 0.001
.007
.001 +
.006
Turns. m. S.
0.0055
Inches.
.2987 x .2943
Lbs.
13.93
14. 44
14.45
008
.002
.006
14.96
14.95
15
.009
004
.005
15. 48
010
D
008
002
15. 53
15.50
.0175
.012
.0055
16.05
41. 45
50
.486
014
42.93
44.00
.655
3 15
45. 57
15. 40
0.007
0.001
0.006
. 2975 x 0.2962
15.88
15. 90
.0075
.0015
.0055
16. 4.)
16. 10
0085
002
0065
16.92
16. 90
.010
0035
.0065
17.43
17.40
. 0115
0045
.007
17.95
17.90
.013
007
.006
18.46
18.40
.016
0085
.0065
18.98
18.90
.017
.010.
.007
19.50
52. 05
. 456
3 15
53.70
15.81
0.0065
0.0005
0.006
300 x 0.293
16.35
16.50
007
001
.006
17.06
17.00
.007 +
.001 +
.006
17.58
17.50
.008
0015
.0065
18.09
18.00
008 -+
002
006 +
18.61
18.50
.009
.0025
, 19.00
010
0035
.0065
0065
19. 13
19.64
19.50
.011+
004
.007 +
20. 16
20.00
.012
.006
.006
20.68
20.50
.014
.007
.007
21.20
21.00
.016
.0085
.0075
21.71
21.50
.0175
.010
.0075
22.23
54. 16
498
3 50
56.01
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
326 C H co 4 S ROD..
experi-
nating-
.
325 CS co 5 ROD
324 CL ROD
mentNo. of Material.
97
.2985 x 0.299
327 N co I ROD
10. 36
0.005
0.0025
0.0025
10. 36
030
0.0265
26.87 .500
.496
.0035
.004
32.69
1.210
3 55
10.48
10. 48
27.20
33. 09
7 F
98
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Torsion.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires.
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136
to 140,
inclusive.]
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″.3 x 0.3.
Strain reduced to cor-
Lbs.
Turns.
13.70 0.007
14.50 .008
.002
.006
15.00 .009
.0025
.0065
15.50
010
0035
.0065
16.00
.011
.005
.006
16.50
.0155
.0085
.007
17.00
. 018
.0115
0065
18.26
Turns.
0.0015
Turns. m. 8.
0.0055
Inches.
.293 x .295
Lbs.
14.55
15. 40
15.93
16. 46
16.99
17.52
The time noted in this experiment and in the succeeding ones, up to
and including No. 342, commenced with the beginning of the next
strain after reaching a "released torsion" of 0.01, and includes the
whole time the specimen was under strain, up to breaking. The
strain given was continued until specimens ceased yielding.
45.96
522
.517
.005
48.82
50.65
834
5 15
53.81
13.37 0.0065
0.001
0.0055
.294 x .296
14.06
14.00
.007
.001 +
.006
-
14. 72
14.50
.0075
.0015
.006
15. 24
15.00
.008 +
.002
.006 +
15. 77
15. 50
.009
.0035
.0055
16.30
15.60
. 013
.007
.006
16. 40
16.00
.015
.008
007
16. 82
16.50
.018
.011
.007
17. 35
47.88
500
481
.019
50.35
50.05
.627
4 30
52.63
12,90
0.0065
0.001
0.0055
2991 x : 300
12. 95
13.50
.007
.0015
.0055
13.56
14.00
.007 +
.002
.005 +
14.06
14.50
.0085
0035
005
14.56
14.50 .019
.012
.007
14.56
43.00
.500
.487
013
43. 19
46.88
.738
4 2
47.09
13.00
0.0065
0.001 +
0.0055-
2992 x .2987
13. 13
13.50
.007
.002
.005
13. 64
14.00
008
003
005
14. 14
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
331 C N.
experi-
nating-
ment.
330 C M
No. of Material.
329 C S co 5
328 CH co 4 S.
99
14.05
.010
.0065
.0035
14. 19
14.50
.018
.013
.005
14. 65
41. 69
501
.488
.013
42. 12
45.00 .7175
4 5
45.47
332
СО
12.00
0.0065
0.001
.0055
.2975 x .300
12. 14
12.50
.007
.0015
.0055
12. 65
1
13.00
.007 +
.0015+
.0055
13. 16
13.50
.0075
.002
.0055
13.66
14.00
008
.003
.005
14. 17
14.50 .010
.0065
.0035
14. 67
15.00
018
.013
.005
15. 18
42.56
500
.487
.013
43.08
46.00 .728
46.57
333 CP
12.50 0.0065
0.001
0.0055
.2993 x .2973
12. 71
13.00
0065
.001
.0055
13. 22
13.50
.007
.0015
.0055
13. 73
14.00
007 +
.002
.005 +
14. 24
14.50
.008
.0025
.0055
14.75
15.00 .009
.005
.004
15. 26
15.00
.018
. 0115
.0065
15. 26
43. 29
.500
.485
.015
44. 04
47.00
677
4 25
47.81
334 C Q
са
12.50
0.006
0.001
.005 +
.2984 x .2988
12.67
13.00
.006 +
.001
.005 +
13. 18
13.50
.0065
.001 +
.0055-
13.69
14.00
.007
.0015
,0055
14. 19
14.50
.0075
002
0055
14.70
15.00
.008
.004
.004 +
15. 21
15.00
015
005
.010
15. 21
46.47
.601
.584
.017
47.12
47.24
.654
3 55
47.90
335
CR
12. 25
0.0065
0.001
.0055
.2975 x .299
12.46
13.00
0065
.001 +
.0055.
13. 23
13.50
. 007
.002
.005 +
13.73
14.00 008
.003
.005
14. 24
14.00
.010
.007
.003
14. 24
14.50 .018
.013
.005
14.75
35.05 .500
.488 +
.012
35.67
41.00 .874
3 50
41.72
86
CS
form
12.70 0.007
0.0015
13.50
.007
.002
.0055—
.005
.2993 x .300
12.73
13. 54
14.00
.008
.0025+
.0055-
14.04
14.50
.010
.0065
0035
14. 54
41. 32
.501
489
012
45.40
734
4 20
41. 44
45.53
100
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Torsion.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Strain reduced to cor.
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3x0.3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
m. S.
12.00
0.006
0.001
0.005 +
Inches.
2993 x .2995
Lbs.
12. 07
12.50
.0065
.001
.0055
12. 57
13.00
.0065+
.001 +
.0055
13.07
13.50
.007
.002
005 +
13.58
14.00
.008
003
005
14.08
14. 08
.010
.007
003
14. 16
14.50
.019
.015
004
14.58
40.52
500
.4875
.0125
40.76
45.05 .754
3.40
45.32
11.95
0.006
0.001
.005
12. 12
12.50 .0065
.001 +
0055-
2978 x .2993
12. 68
13.00
0065
.001 +
.0055-
13. 18
13.50
.0065+
.0015
.005 +
13. 69
14.00
.007
.002
005
14.20
14.50
.0085+
.005
.0035+
14. 71
14.50
.031
0255
.0055
14. 71
37.82
.502
4875
.0145
38.37
42.57 .840
3 50
43. 19
11.00 0.005
0.001
15.50
.006
.001
12.00
.0065
.001 +
.004 +
.005
.0055-
.290 x .2984
11. 14
15.70
12. 15
12.50
.0065
.0015
13.00
.0065+
0015
•
13.50
.0075
.002
.005
.005 +
0055
12.66
13. 17
14.00
.008
14.50 .010
003
.0065
005
40.93 .500
.487
.0035
013
13. 67
14. 18
14.68
45.00
751
3 50
41. 46
45.58
12. 50
0.006 +
0.0005
13.00
.0065
001
0.0055+
.0055
.2933 x .2957
13. 21
13.74
Numbers 340 and 341 were cut from different ends of the coil. After
being twisted, both showed a slight seam.
Remarks.
•Mark
Mark on specimen desig-
CH co. 4 S.
340
nating-
CV
experi-
339
ment.
CU
No. of Material.
338
CT
337
101
13.50
.0065+
.001
14.00
.007
.001
.0055+
.006
14.26
J
14.79
14.50
0075
.001 +
0065-
15. 32
15.00
.008
.0015
.0065
15.85
15.50
0085
002
.0065+
16. 38
16.00
.009
.002 +
007
16. 91
16.50
.010
003
007
17.44
17.00
.011
0035
0065
17.96
·
18.00
.014
.007
.007
19.02
19.00
0185
.0105
007
20.08
48.75 .500
483
.017
51.52
53.29
883
4 20
56.32
341
CH co 4 S
12.80 0.0065
0.001
—
0.0055-
13. 60
13.30
.0065+
.001
0055+
.2924 x
2955
14. 13
13.80
.007
.001
.006
14. 67
14.30
007
001
.006
15.20
14. 80
.0075+
.001 +
.0065
15.73
15.30
008 +
.0015
.0065+
16. 26
16.00
0085
002
.0065
17.00
16. 50
.010
0025+
0075-
17.54
17.00
0105
003
0075
18. 07
18.00
.014
.0075
.0065
19. 13
46.53
.501
.479
.022
49.46
52.76
.900
3 55
56.08
342 BB.
17.00 0.010
0.003 +
0.007
.3009 x .3014
16.80
18.00
0115-
.005
.0065
17.79
19.00
015
.007
008
18.78
51.87
.500
.480
.020
51. 27
56. 03
.785
4 10
55. 39
348
P B co 2 *
13.40 0.010
0.004
.006
.2989 x .3001
13. 46
14.00
.012
.0065
0055
14.07
14.50
.015
.008
.007
14.57
15.00
.017
.01 +
.007
42.70
.500
484
.016
6 48
15. 07
42.91
45.90
.6285
0 28
46. 12
The time here given is counted from the beginning of the next strain
after reaching 0.01 permanent torsion.
349
P B co 3 *
13.30
.010
.004
.006
2.10
.2985 x .2997
14.00
.013
008
005
1 40
13. 31
14. 01
Torsion due to continuance of this strain was reached.
14.50 .016
.010
.006
1 30
14. 51
42. 05
.500
.485
.015
9 45
42.08
Torsion due to continuance of this strain was reached.
45.50
639
0 30
45.54
102
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
1
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″.3x0" .3:
Strain reduced to cor-
Lbs.
20.60
Turns.
010
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
0038
.0062
3 20
.2985 x.3002
21.00
.017
.010
.007
1 00
50.97
.501
.485
.016
2 20
53.79 .6465
0 23
15.00
.010
006
.004
1 00
302 x.3006
14. 81
15.70
028
.023
.005
0 50
15.50
38.93
501
.489
.012
2 48
38.43
43.00
.778
0 50
42. 45
Lbs.
20. 73
21. 13
51.30
54. 13
In this experiment, and in the subsequent ones recorded in this table,
unless otherwise mentioned, the torsions preceding and including
that of 0.01 "released" were very nearly those due. to a continuance
of the strain given. The strain at the torsion of 0.500 was taken
when that torsion was reached in the course of turning at the rate
of an entire revolution in about five minutes. It was then imme-
diately released and "released torsion" read. Subsequently the tor-
sion was continued at nearly the same rate, (or as nearly as the strain
could be kept in adjustment,) until the piece failed.
19.00 0.010
0.003
.007
+1 20
.3023 x.302
18.59
20.00 .012
.005
007
1 00
19.57
21.00 .015
.0065
.0075
0 53
20.55
22.00 .017
.008
.009
0 50
21. 53
23.00
.019
.010
.009
0 34
22.51
61. 51
434
4 05
60. 15
14.52 .010
.004
.006
1 18
2995 x.3010
14. 48
15.00 .012
.0065
.0055
0 30
14.96
16.00
.0155
.009
.0065
0 30
15.96
16.50
.017
.010
.007
0 30
16. 45
51.90
.50
.480
.02
5 05
51.77
53. 81
.619
0 28
53.67
17.50
.010
.003
.007
1 15
3025 x.305
16. 85
18.50
.011
004
007
1 00
17.82
From Hussey, Welles & Co.
19.50 .013
.006
.007
0 25
18.78
20.50
.0155
008
0075
0 40
19. 74
21.50
.0175
.009
.0085
0 35
20.71
22.50
.020
.011
.009
0 30
21.67
61. 11
4275
3 30
58.87
15.20 0.010
0.0035
.0065
1 10
.301 x.3012
15.03
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
355 DO
experi-
nating-
354 D N*
.
353 D M
.
No. of ment352 D L*
M co 1*
Material351
A co 2*
350
103
+
16. 20
.016
.009
.007
- 1 03
16.02
16.80
.0175
.0105
.007
0 55
16. 61
53.00
.500
480
020
3 45
52. 41
54. 62
.5785
0 45
54. 01
356
D P*
16. 69
0.010
0.0035
.0065
1 25 0.302 x 0.3039
16. 21
17.69
.016
.009
.007
1 52
17. 18
18. 19
.017
. 010
.007
055
17.67
55.53
501
481
.02
3 32
53.94
57.24
.596
0 18
55. 60
357
D Q*
13. 23
0.010
0.004
.006
1 48 0.298 x 0.298
13. 49
14.23
.034
029
•
.005
1 05
14.51
36. 46
.550
.548
002
2 35
37. 19
39.79
.791
0 37
40.59
358
DR*
13. 45
0.010
0.005
.005
1 000. 2933 x 0. 2933
14.39
14.45
.031
.0255
.0055
0 58
15. 46
38.84
.501
487
014
2 45
41.56
42. 41
757
0 40
45.38
359
S*
13.00
0.032
0.0265
.0055
1 20 0.2985 x 0. 2982
13. 32
34. 61
500
488
.012
2 39
35.29
13.00 pounds were raised before 0. 01 torsion was reached.
From Newark Steel Works.
38.92
.830
0 40
39.58
360
DTX
11.78 0.010
0.006
.004
0 32 | 0.2989 x 0. 2989
11.90
12.78 .025
.020
.005
1 00
12. 92
35.64
501
4885
.0125
2 20
36 03
39.52
.7955
0 48
39.95
361
DU*
11.35 0.010
0.005
.005
1 18 0.2974 x 0. 298
11.61
12.35
.0335
0285
005
1.00
12. 63
32.84 .500
.488
.012
2.40
33.60
36.94
817
0 42
37.80
362
C co 1*
14. 48
0.010
0.004
.006
2 20 0.2967 x 0.2987
14.81
Nos. 362 to 371, inclusive, were annealed together.
15.48
.020
.013
.007
1 10
15.84
45.80
.501
.485
.016
3 45
46.86
46.94 .583
0 18
48.03
363
C co 2*
14.60
0.010
0.004
.006
2 38 0.298 x 0.298
14.89
15. 60
.020
.014
.006
1 20
15.91
45. 83
.501
. 483
. 017
3. 00
46.75
47.00
573
0 20
47.94
364
C co 3*
14.39
0.010
0.0035
0065
1 30 0.297 x 0.2986
14.71
15.39
. 019
.012
.007
1 00
15. 73
45.85
.500
4835
.0165
3 15
46.88
46.94
565
0 15
47.99
† About.
104
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.-TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0″.3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns. m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
14. 16
0.010
0.004
.006
2 20 0.3008 x 0.3011
14.09
15. 16
.017
.010
.007
0 55
15.09
46.52
.501
.484
.0.17
3 50
46. 31
48. 61
.611
0 20
48. 40
14.00
0.010
0.004
006
1 40 0.2989 x 0.2972
14. 27
15.00
.017
0105
.0065
1 00
15. 29
45. 45
.500
483
.017
3 15
46.34
46.90
.587
0 18
47.82
14.50
0.010
0.004
006
1 52 0.301 x 0.300
14. 42
15. 50
.015
.009
.006
1 15
15. 42
16.00
.0175
.011
0065
1 00
15.92
47.72
.501
.484
.017
3 40
47.48
48. 05
.541
0 12
47.81
15.00
0.010
0.0035
.0965
2 10 0.2985 x 0.2993
15. 16
16.00
.020+
.0140
.0060
1 00
16.07
46. 74
.501
484
.017
3 45
47.25
48.00
.5865
0 40
48.52
15.00 0.010
0.0035
.0065
2 05 0.3001 x 0.3003
14.96
16.00 .018
.011
007
1 25
15. 96
48.36
.501
484
.017
3 50
48.25
49.50
.573
0 10
49.39
14. 20
0.010
0.004
´.006
1 55 0.298 x 0.298
14. 48
15. 20
.020
.013
.007
1.00
15.50
45. 34
.500
4825
.0175
3 50
46.86
.591
0 25
14. 80
0.010
0.004
.006
15.80
.0195
.013
.0065
1 40
47.50
.500
483
.017
3 20
1 30 0.2985 x 0. 2987
46. 24
47.80
14.95 Nearly ceased yielding at a strain of 14.80.
15.96
47.99
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
C co 10*
experi-
nating-
ment.
371
No. of C co 9*.
370
Material.
369 C co 8*
368 C co 7*
365 C co 4*
367 | C co 6*
366 C co 5*
105
48.28
.559
0 10
48.78
372
A co 2*
20.12
.010
.0025
.0075
4 10 0.3001 x 0.2989
20.22
21.12
0245
.017
0075
4 20
21.22
50.75
.500
485
.015
3 05
51.00
53.52 .668
0 38
53.78
373
M co 1*
14.50 .010
.0045
.0055
1 30 0.3006 x 0.303
14. 14
Lever standing at 14.50.
15.50 .035
.029
006
1 45
38.47
.501
.488
.013
2 35
41.92
.735
0 40
41. 73
15. 22 Nearly ceased yielding at a torsion of .017, then began to yield more
37.78
rapidly, without increasing the strain.
374 D L*.
21.60
.01
.002
.008
4 00 0.3056 x 0.3029
19.93
22.60
0115
.003
0085
0 40
20.86
23.60
.0125
.004
.0085
0 35
21.78
24. 60
.015
.0065
.0085
0 30
22.70
25. 60
.017
.0075
.0095
0 30
23. 63
26.60
.0195
.009
.0105
0 35
24.55
27.60
.0215
.0115
.010
0 45
25. 47
64. 14
.382
4 00
59. 20
375 D M
M*
16. 85
.01
.003
.007
2 00 0.2996 x 0.301
16. 79
17.85
0135
.007
.0065
1 45
17.79
18.85
.018
.010
.008
1 30
18.79
53. 42
.500
.479
.021
4 20
53.25
54. 61
562
0 15
54. 44
376 DN
20. 29
.01
.002
.008
3 10 0.3048 x 0.302
20.09
21.29
.011
.003
.008
0 30
21.08
22.29
.012
.004
.008
0 32
22.07
23. 29
.014
.006
008
0 35
23.06
24. 29
.016
.007
.009
0 25
24.05
25.29
.018
.0085
.0095
0 25
25.04
26. 29
.0205
.015
.0055
0 30
26. 03
64. 14
.426
4 35
63.52
377 D 0*
DO*
17.35
.01
.003
.007
2 100. 3012 x 0.2994
17.29
18.35
013
0065
0065
0 55
18. 29
19. 35
.017
.009
.008
1 10
19.29
20.35
.020
. 0115
.0085
0 40
20.28
55.00 .501
481
.020
3 10
54.83
378 D P*.
15.75
.01
.0035
.0075
3 30 0.3036 x 0.3017
15. 33
16.75 .012
.0065–
.0055
0 40
16.30
17.75
.0175
.0085
.0090
1 00
17. 28
18.75
.019
.011
.008
1 00
18.25
55. 20
501
.481
.020
3.00
51.79
55.76
.542
0 05
54.28
106
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
13.55
025
Turns.
Turns.
.019
Turns.
.006
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
*5 00
.2979 x .2976
13.85
36. 41
500
.488
012
2 45
37. 24
40.00
.765
0 40
40.91
12.95
.01
.004
.006
2.00
.298 x .298
13. 21
13.95
.029
. 022
.007
1 00
14. 23
38.65
500
.486
.014
3 20
39.43
42.00
735
0 35
42.84
11.00 .016
.011
.005
2.00
.2978 x .2981
11. 22
33.76 .500
.489
.011
2 55
34. 45
37.69
.802
0 50
38.47
11.75
.011
.0065
.0045
1 15
.2973 x .298
11.98
12. 75
.029
.024
.005
1 05
13.00
35. 19
.500
488
.012
2 30
35.89
38.73 .769
0 45
39.50
11.25
023
.018
005
3 00
.2976 x .2972
11.50
36.80 .797
3 25
37.63
13.75 .01
.004
.006
3 00
.299 x .2969
14.03
14.75
19
.013
.077
1 05
15. 05
44. 77
501
484
.017
3.40
45.69
46.05
.5875
0 20
47.00
13.80
.01
.004-
.006
3 20
.2975 x .2977
14. 11
14.80
.0155
.009
.0065
0 40
15. 14
15.80
02
013
.007
1 00
16. 16
45. 45
500
.484
016
4 10
46.49
47. 14
.5985-
0 18
48.22
13. 22
.01
.004
.006
2.30
.297 x .2979
13.51
14.22
014
.008
.006
1 20
14.53
15.22
.018
. 0115
0065
0 40
15.55
•
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3.
Beam nearly standing at .01, with strain of 11.25, but would not stand
until torsion reached .023.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
3*
experi-
nating-
C co ment.
386
No. of .
C co 2*
385
Material384 C co 1*
383 DU ✶
379 D Q*
382 DT.
DR380 D R
381 D S
*
107
44. 96
.501
.485
.016
3 15
45.95
46. 29
.579
0 20
47.31
387 C co 4*
13.30
.01
.004
.006
*2 20
.3002 x .2998
13.30
14.30
.014
.008
.006
1 10
14. 30
15.30
.019
.012
.007
0 50
15.30
46. 69
.501
.485
.016
3 20
46. 69
47.95
591
0 15
47.95
388 C co 5*
13.59
.01
.004
.006
2 05
.297 x .298
13.93
14.59
.016
.010
.006
1 00
14.96
45. 03
501
.485
.016
3 05
46. 17
46.60
589
0 25
47.78
389 C co 6*.
14.00
.01
.0045
.0055
3 15
.300 x .300
14.00
15.00
.016
1 10
15.00
46.75
.500
.4825
.0175
3 00
46. 75
48. 10
587
0 20
48. 10
390
C co 7*
13. 82
.01
.004
.006
3 50
.2987 x .2984
14. 12
14.82
.016
.010—
.006
1 35
15.03
46. 43
.501
.484
.017
3 40
47. 11
47.61
5845
0 13
48.30
391
C 00 8*
13.70
.01
.004
.006
3 40 0.300 x 0.3005
13.66
14.70
.0155
.009
.0065
1 25
14.66
15.70
.020
.013
.007
2.00
15. 66
46.77
500
4835
.0165
3 45
46.65
47.94
.5725
0 18
47.82
392 C co 9*
13.70
.01
004
.006
2 35
.2978 x .2979
13.99
14. 70
.019
.012
.007
1 30
15.02
45. 55
500
.4835
.0165
3 25
46. 54
46.99
602.
0 15
48.01
393
C co 10*
13.85
.01
.004
.006
*3 15
.2984 x .2988
14.04
14.85 .019
.012
007
2.00
15.05
47.81
.604 .
3 40
48.48
394 T co 6*
395
T co 10*
LH
LH
16. 65
.01
0035
.0065
3.40
.3009 x .3003
16.55
17.65
18.65
.017
.009
.008
1 15
17.54
020
0125
0075
1 20
•
18.53
55. 36
500
.479
.021
3 50
54.80
55.36
5215
0 05
54.80
17.36
.01
.0035
.0065
3 55
.2996 x .2996
17.42
18.36
.016
.0085+ 0075
•
1 20
18. 42
19.36
. 019
.012
.007
1 10
19.43
56.86
486
3 15
57.07
* About.
108
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.-TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lb8.
20.
.01
.0025
.0075
3 15
.3005 x .3003
19.92
21.
.0115
.003 +
.0185
1 00
20.91
22.
013
0045
0085
0 35
21. 91
23.
.0155
0065+
.0090
1 10
22. 91
24.
.018
0085
.0095
1 00
23.90
25.
.020
.01 +
.010
1 08
24.90
61. 09
407
3 10
60. 84
19.05
20.05
.01
.003
.007
3 10
.2994 x .2997
19. 13
.012
0045
.0075
1 20
20. 13
21. 05
.015
007
008
1 10
21. 13
22.05
.0175
.009
.0085
1 15
22. 14
23. 05
020
.0115
.0085
1 00
23. 14
59.87 .422
3 00
60. 12
20.29
.01
.0025
.0075
4 35
.3007 x.3036
19.85
61.69
3975
3 56
60.38
16.55
.01
.0035
.0065
2 24
.2985 x.2998
16. 70
53.96
.4375
3 11
54. 46
15.23
.01
.0035
.0065
2 20
.300 x.3009
15.22
51.52
468
2 43
51. 49
20.90
.01
.0025
.0075
†2 30
.3035 x.3006
19. 47
60.96
3535
4.03
60.72
20.45
.01
0023
.0077
3 30
3016 x.3015
20. 13
61.05
.406
4 30
60.09
17.60
.01
.003
.007
2.30
.2996 x.298
17.80
56. 64
.438
3 10
61.76
19.35
.01
.0025
.0075
2 05
.301 x.3006
19. 18
62.38
.373
3 35
61.84
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
Materialexperi-
nating-
.
.
но
mentNo. of 396 T co 6✶
CH
397 T co 10
398 T co 9 *
CH
CH
399 T co 2*
CH
CH
400 T co 3 *
CH
CH
401 T co 4 *
404 T co 8 *
403 T co 7 *
402 T co 5 *
109
404 | DL
19.70
.01
.003
.007
2 57
.302 x.3005
19.53
bis.
20.70
. 0115
.004
0075
1 05
20.52
21.70
.013
006 -
.007
0 58
21.51
22.70
.0155
.007
0085
1 00
22.50
23.70
0175-
.0085
.009
0 54
23.49
24.70 .195
.010
.0095
0 40
24. 49
63.94
450
3 35
63. 39
405
DM
16.33
.01
.0035
0065
2 35
.3005 X.2991
16. 36
17.33
.0135
.007
.0065
1 05
17.46
18.33
.0175
.010
.0075
1 15
18.36
52.79
502
4835
.0185
3 43
52.89
53.72
.589
0 10
53.82
406 DN
19. 42
.01
.0025
.0075
4 45
.2995 x .2986
19. 61
20.42
.0115
0035
.008
0 45
20.62
21. 42
.013
005
.008
0 38
21.63
22.42
.015
.0065
.0085
0 50
22. 64
Annealed in "fresh" turnings.
23.42
.0175
008
.0095
0 50
23.65
24. 42
.019
.009
.010
0 34
24.66
25.42
. 0215
0115
.0100
0 50
25.77
62.94
.449
3 18
63.56
407 DO.
15.80
.01
0035
.0065
1 28
2978 x .2988
16. 07
16.80
.0115
.006
.0055
0 30
17.08
17.80
.0155
008
.0075
0 45
18. 10
18.80
.018
.010
.008
0 44
19. 12
53.93 .501
.480
.021
3 38
54.85
54.70 .564
0 10
55.64
408 D P
15.30
.01
.0035
0065
1 45
.300 x .2987
15. 39
16.30
.015
.007
.008
1 40
16. 40
17.30
.0175
010
.0075
1 20
17.41
53.95
501
.4815
.0195
3 20
54. 43
54.88 .577
0 30
55.23
409
T co 1 *
17. 15
.01
.003+
.00%
3 20
.3007 x .3015
16.96
18. 15
.0125
.006
.0065
1 35
17.95
19. 15
.016
.008
.008
1 15
18.93
20. 15
0185
.010
.0085
0 55
19.92
56.90
.4685
2 58
56. 27
410
T co 2*
16.95
.01
.003
.007
3 20
.2976 x .3001
17. 14
17.95
.0125
.006
.0065
1 00
18. 15
18.95
.0165
.008
.0085
1 11
19. 16
19.95 .0195
.011
.0085
0 55
20. 19
53.03
4680
2.50
53. 65
† About 2 30.
110
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns.
15. 07
.01
Turns.
.0035
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
.0065
1 50
.2995 x .301
16. 07
.0155
.008
.0075
1 05
15. 03
16. 02
17.07 .0195
.0115
008
100
17.02
50.70
.472
3 10
50.57
20.45
.01
.002
008
2.00
.3018 x.3004
20. 22
21.45
.512
.004
.008
0 50
21. 21
22.45
.0175
.0085
009
1 05
22. 20
23.45
.021
012
,0090
1 00
23. 19
59.44
378
3.38
58.78
18.33
.01
.0025+
.0075
3 22
.3011 x.3023
18.02
59. 25
4215
3 02
58.25
23.90
.01
.0015
.0085
2 50
.300 x. 3007
23.81
24.90
.0105
.0015
.009
0 40
24. 81
25.90
.011
.0015+
.0095
0 45
25.80
26.90
. 0115
.002-
.0095
0 45
26. 80
27.90
.0115+
.002
.0095
1 00
27.80
65.99
2765
3 05
65. 75
T co 7x.
16.65
.01
.003
.007
3 35
.2973 x.2994
16. 92
54.56
.458
3 30
55.47
co 19.00
.01
.003
007
3 30
.301 x. 2993
18. 97
57.28
378
.3 10
57.19
18.79
.01
.003 ·
.007
3 03
.3015 x. 3016
18.49
60.55
.385
3.40
59.58
18. 20
.01
.003
.007
2 53
.2995 x .300
18. 24
58.82
419
3 02
58.96
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x0“ „3:
Strain reduced to cor-
Torsion not quite ceased at strain of 15.07.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
T co 10x
exper-
- nating-
iment.
418
No. of T co 9. *
417
Material.
T 8*
411
416
T co 3*.
415
412
T co 6%
T co 4*.
414
413 T co 5x-
111
419
M co 1
13.90
.01
.005
.005
2.50
.2975 x. 2983
14.90
35.59
500
.488
.012
2 40
36.33
40.64 .903
1 00
41. 49
420
A co 1
17.94
.01
.003
.007
3 00
.2979 x.299
18. 21
44. 71
.500
.485
.015
2 29
45. 40
48.88
778
0 40
49.63
421
A co 2
18.92
.01
.003
.007
3 52
2972 x. 2992
19. 26
49.39
500
.4845
.0155
2 51
50.28
52.87
.712+
0 30
53.83
422
A co 3
18.
.01
.0035
.0065
2 57
.299 x .299
18. 18
43. 60
.501
4875
. 0135
2 33
44. 05
48.02 .806
0 55
48.51
423
A co 4
17.66
.01
.0035
.0065
2.00
.2981 x. 2986
17.95
42.70
500
.487
.013
2 45
43. 41
46.71
798
0 40
47.49
424
A co 5
19.70 .01
.003-
.007
2 43
. 2995 x. 2981
19.93
50.31
.500
.4835
.0165
3 12
50.89
53.91 .722
0 40
54.54
425
A co 6
18.62
.01
.003
.007
1 10
.298 x .297
19.09
46.72
.500
.485
.015
2 18
47.90
50.05
7235
0 25
51.32
426
A co 7
14.
.01
003
007
0 30
•
2997 x 3002
14.00
39.79
500
4875
.0125
2.00
39.80
45.76
.801
0 58
45.78
427
A co 8
17. 15
.011
.004
.007
1 15
.2987 x.2988
17.35
39.22
.500
487
013
2 25
39.69
44. 05
.9135
0 45
44.57
428
A co 9
18.60
.01
.0035
.0065
2 10
.300 x .3037
18.25
46.84
500
.486
´.014
2 20
44.98
50.30
.719
0 30
49.37
429
A co 10
16. 46
.01
.0035
.0065
†2 25
.298 x .298
16.79
41. 38
502
.488
.014
2.08
42. 21
45. 62
825
0 40
46.54
430
A co 1 *
18.22
.01
.003
.007
2 18
.2975 x 298
18. 63
45.82
.500
486
.014
2.50
46.86
48. 48
667
0 30
49.58
+ About.
112
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.-TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
Turns.
m. S.
Inches.
Lbs.
18.70
.01
.0035
.0065
1 40
299 x.3013
18. 67
44.80
500
4865
.0135
2 15
44.73
47.95
701
0 25
47.87
16. 94
.01
.0035
.0065
1 30
.2965 x .2973
17.47
42.88
.500
4865
.0135
2 01
44. 28
46.62
.725
0 30
48.07
18.70
.01
.003
.007
1 40
.2972 x .2978
19. 17
47. 18
.500
4845
.0155
2 28
48.37
49.79
.659
20
51.05
16. 10
. 01
0035
.0065
1 10
.2975 x .2971
16.54
38.84
500
488
.012
2.00
39.90
42.68
.7915
0 40
43.83
42.87
.500
.4865
.0135
2 05
.3005 x .3007
42.59
46.35
728
0 35
46. 07
12.55
.01
.005
.005
2 03
.2973 x .2978
12. 89
36.00 500
.488
.019
2.00
36.90
39.78
.7735
0 33
40.70
11. 24
.01
.005
.005
1 30
.2979 x .2981
11. 46
38.80
500
.486
.014
* 2 50
39.58
41.68
.720
0 27
42.52
10.05
.0115
.0075
.0040
2.00
2969 x .2975
10.34
34.37
500
489
.011
2 25
35. 36
37.99
7935
0 35
35.36
10.70
.02
.0155
.0045
3 20
.298 x .2976
10.94
34. 44
.501
489
.012
2 37
35. 21
38.05
.8115
0 43
38.90
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0″.3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
N S co 4*
experi-
nating-
ment.
439
No. of 3*
N S co Material.
438
NS co 2*.
431
437
A co 3x.
N S co 1x.
432
436
A co 4*
A co 10*
433
435
A co 6*
co 8*
A 434
113
440
NS co 5 *
10.00
.0185
.0135
0050
4 CO
.
2973 x .2976
10. 26
32. 21
500
4885
. 0115
1 55
33. 04
36.45
858
0 45
461
C S co 9 *
18.65
.01
.0025
.0075
3.00
.301 x.3015
18. 41
61.95
.361
3 30
61. 18
462
C S co 10 ✶
18. 10
.01
.003
.007
2 15
.301 x .3008
17.93
58. 16
.428
3 00
58.12
463
C S co 11 *
14.00
.01
. 004-
.006
3 (0
.2994 x .2992
14.09
48.47
500
482
018
2.50
48.80
•
48. 17
524
0 05
48.80
464
C S co 12 *
18.10
.01
.003
.007
3 02
.301 x.301
17.91
57.54 .384
3 05
56.96
465 C S co 13 ✶
17.33 .01
003
.007
2.00
2983 x .3009
17.39
53.67 .285
2.50
53.86
466
CS co 14 *
15.93
.01
.003
.007
2 15
.2998 x .3006
15. 79
54.68
417
3 08
54. 55
467
C S co 15 *
17.68
.01
.003
.007
2 45
.301 x .301
17.48
58.00
.406
2 45
57.35
468
C S co 16 *
15. 62
.01
.003+
.007
2.00
2976 x .2989
15.89
53.36
.4505
2 45
54.30
469 C S co 17 ✶
17.45
. 01
.003
.007
2 30
.299 x .302
17.39
58. 14
406
2 32
57.85
·
470
CS co 18*
15.35
.01
0035
.0065
1.00
.3007 x .3007
15.24
52.66
.472
2 25
52.29
471
H W co 8
20.40
.01
0025
``0075
3 50
.301 x:3017
20. 12
62.80
4315
3 50
61. 94
472
H W co 9
1.4.35
.01
.003+
. 007
1 30
.2984 x .2985
14.57
49.43
.501
.479
.022
2 32
50.20
51.53
.6215
0 12
52.33
473
H W co 10..
19.68 .01
.0025
.0075
2.40
.298 x.2982
20.06
61.55
.442
3 12
62.75
474
H W co 11
15.73
.01
.003+
.007
2 52
.2981 x.2982
16.01
51.94
500
.479
021
2 47
52.87
53.
582
0 15
53.95
475 | P W có 12
16. 45
.01
.003
.07
1 30
.299 x .300
16.53
53.58
502
4795
225
2 55
53.85
54.36
5725
0 10
54.63
8 F
114
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.--TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3x0" .3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
12.50
.01
.004
.006
2 15
.2978 x .297
12.82
34. 71
.500
.488
.012
2 05
35. 61
38.35
.790
0 34
39.34
11. 25
.01.
.0045
.0055
1 58
2983 x .297
11.51
37.67
501
.4875
.0135
2 27
38.56
50.96
.755
0 33
41.93
10. 10
.01
.006
.004
200
.2985 x .296
10. 38
33.63
501
.4885
.0125
2 20
34.57
37. 43
.825
0 36
38.47
10.
.012
.0075
.0045
2 15
. 297
x .298
10. 25
33.77
500
.487
.013
2.00
34.62
37.58
.801
0 28
38.53
10.
.0215
.0175
.0040
3 10
.2974 x.2971
10. 28
31. 70
.501
.4885
0125
1 40
32.58
35.82
868
0 39
36.82
The 10 pounds were raised before the torsion reached 0. 01, but tor-
sion continued with the same strain until it reached 0. 0215.
12.
.034
.0285
.0055
2 45
.2959 x.2944
12.60
31. 10
.499
.488
011
2 15
35. 31
.904
1 10
32. 65
37.07
12.
0365
.030
0065
•
• 2 50
2945 x.2962
12.57
31.05
.501
489
: 012
2 23
35.52
.839
0 55
32. 54
37.32
Both these specimens raised 12 pounds before reaching a torsion
of 0.01, but the torsion continued to the extent given, in the times
specified.
10.
.025
.020
.005
2 20
2953 x.2953
10.48
Behaved like Nos. 486 and 487.
. 30. 15
501
490
011
2 45
•
31.61
•
34. 40
.8885
0 57
36. 04
16.45
.01
+
.003 +
.007
2.00
.2965 x.2964
52.
.385
3 35
17.03
53.85
Tool-steel, (Aultman Steel Company.)
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
*
experi-
nating.
ment.
AS Co No. of 489
438 BS co 1 *.
Material.
487 B S co 1.
486 BS co 1..
476 NS co 1.
NS co 5.
477 N S co 2.
480
478 N S co 3.
co 4.
NS 479
115
·
490 C co 16 *
17.32
.01
.003
.007
2.40
.2967 x .2947
18.07
56.94 .501
.477
.024
3 10
59.43
57.00
.5285
0 10
59.49
491
C co 17 *
16.35
.01
.0035-
.0065
2 25
.299 x.2984
16.56
55.87
.446
2 36
56. 60
492
C co 18 *
16. 21
.01
.003 +
.007
3 05
.2975 x .2985
16. 53
56. 09
.4515
3 52
57.22
493
C co 19 *
15. 72
.01
.003
*. 007
2 12
16.05
55.45
. 465
3 12
.298 x.2978
56.63
494 | C co 20 *
16. 20
.01
.003
007
2 20
2981 x .2981
16. 51
56.53
.480
3 38
57.63
495
C co 11 *
16. 34
.01
.003 +
.007
2.50
.2978 x.2978
17.27
56. 89
481
3.00
58.17
496
C co 12 *
16. 27
.01
.003
.007
3.00
2986 x.2996
16.42
56.85
4695
3 51
57.38
497 C co 13 *
16.50
.01
.003
.007
3 30
.2974 x.2979
16.89
56.00
.436
2 53
58.33
498
C co 14 *
16.03
.01
.003
.007
1 20
.2979 x.2982
16. 34
56. 11
.465
3 33
57.21
499
C co 15 *
16. 60
.01
.003
.007
2. 05
.298 x.2979
16.94
56. 81
.466
3 47
58.08
501
A co 1 *
19. 20
.01
.003
.007
3 15
.2973 x .2967
19.78
46.98
501
.47'4
.017
2 43
48.31
50.00
6835
0 24
51.53
508 BS co 2 *
10.00
.0115
.007
.0045
2 05
.295 x
x .295
10.50
30.55
.499
.488
011
1 57
32.08
35. 04
.
91 +
0 45
36.79
509 BS co 2 *
10.00
.01
.0055
.0045
4 20
.295
X
x .295
10.50
30.56
.500
.489
.011
1 57
32.09
34.83 .918
0 42
36.57
510 | H co 14
17.25 .01
.0025+
.0075
3.46
.295 x .295
18. 11
49.17 .404
1 50
51.63
511
H co l *
16.00
.015
.0065
.0085
2 50
.2952 x .2952
16. 78
43.88
.316
2 05
45. 02
512 BS co 2 *
10.49
.026
.021
.005
3 45
.2955 x .2 52
31. 15
.501
.490
.011
2 33
10.99
32. 64
35. 07
8435
0 38
36.75
10. 19 pounds were raised before torsion reached 0.01
116
experi-
mentStrain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
M
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0" .3.
Strain reduced to cor-
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
10.00
022
0175
.0045
3 50
.2952 x .2951
10.50
10. 00 pounds were raised before torsion reached 0. 01.
30.68
.500
4885
0115
2 23
32. 21
34.82 .864
0 40
36.5€
13.00
.021
.0155
.0055
4 40
.2956 x .2955
13. 59
37.04
500
.487
.013
2 14
38. 72
41.00
.787
0 44
42.86
12.50
.01
.0045
.0055
3.30
.2957 x .2955
13.05
13.00
.021
.0155
.0055
2 50
13.57
36.98
.501 + .487
.014
2 48
38.32
40.66
.769
0 40
42. 47
10. 20
.028
.022
.006
*3 50
.2955 x .2955
30. 00
.502
.490
.012
1 56
34. 21
.899
0 50
10.67
31. 38
35. 79
10. 20 pounds were raised before torsion reached 0. 01.
10. 21
. 027
.0215
.0055
1 20
2953 x.296
10. 62
10. 21 pounds were raised before torsion reached 0. 01.
30.25
5025
.4915
.0110
0 34
31.47
34.39
.907
4 48
35.78
16.90
.01
..003
.007
2.30
.297 x .2973
17.45
43.85
200
. 179
021
2 04
45. 12
47. 11
301
.279
.022
0 28
48.48
47.49
.331
0 05
48.87
18.65
.01
.0025
.0075
2.30
.298 x .2978
19.04
51.82
200
.1765
.0235
1 45
52.90
55.79
300
.274
.026
0 27
56.96
57.68
37 +
0 15
58.89
18.01
.01
.003
.C07
1 08
51. 74
200
.1765
.0235
1 50
55.77
.300
.2745
.0255
0 24
58.02
379
0 16
.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
co 6 *.
.
nating-
NS No. of 520
Material.
519 N S co 6 *
H có 2 *
BS 513
518
517 | BS co 3*
co 2*
co 3*
514
BS N S co 8 *
516
515
N S co 8*
117
521 N S co 7*
16. 25
0.01
.003
.007
2.00
.2971 x .2968
16. 67
44. 14
300
281
.019
2 18
45. 28
49.50
501
.4815
.0195
0 38
50.78
50.40
.564
(Broke.)
0 16
51.71
522 N S co 7*
16.00
.01
.003 +
.007
1 00
2965 x .297
16. 52
48.76
501
480
021
2 50
50.35
49.94
571
(Broke.)
0 18
51.57
532 A co 11
22.40
.01
.0015
.0085
*4 00
.2989 x .2971
22.85
53.84
.500
480 +
.020
2 36
54. 92
55.98
646
(Broke.)
0 21
57. 11
533
A co 11
22.15
.01
.0015.+
.0085
3 45
2994 x .297
22.55
Annealed together.
54.40
.500
480
020
2 44
55.40
56.00
. 600
(Broke.)
0 30
57. 03
534
A co 11
21. 93
.01
.002
.008
35 7
.299 x.297
22.37
55.89
.60
581
.019
31 0
57.01
56.02
628
(Broke.)
0 8
57. 15
535
A co 11
Annealed together.
21.48
.01
.002
.008
1 08
.2951 x .2983
22. 18
53.78
503
482
021
2 30
55. 55
54. 82
.579
(Broke.)
0 15
56. 62
536 N S co 9
•
537 N S co 10
538
N S co 11
L H
LH
LH
14.00
40.82
.01
.004
.006
2.00
.2961 x .2964
.501
.4857
.0153
2 20
14.53 Nearly standing in two minutes.
42.39
43.83
15. 13
735
(Broke.)
0 35
46.51
.01
.0035
.0065
2 10
.2958 x .2954
45.86
.503
15.80 Nearly standing.
.484
.019
3.00
47.90
46.86
569
(Broke.)
0 13
48.94
*
14.00
41. 17
.01
.004
.006
1 20
.297 x .296
14. 48 Nearly standing.
.501
485 +
.016
2 28
43.62
676
(Broke.)
0 28
. 42. 59
45. 12
539
N S co 12
14. 50
.01
.004
.006
1 31
.295 x .2958
15. 18 Nearly standing.
44.30
.501
. 485
.016
2.30
46.39
46.32
.6355
(Broke.)
0 25
48.51
540
A co 11 *
21. 10
.01
.0025.
.0075
2 35
.298 x .297
21.63
55.61
5135
(Broke.)
2 45
57.02
541
A co 11 *
20.85 .01
.002 +
.008.
2.30
.2985 x .2967
21.34
55.88
.501
.4815
.0195
2 37
57.21
56. 14
.526
(Broke.)
0 5
57.47
542 N S co 9 *
13. 34
.01
.004
.006
1 45
.2957 x .2959
13.84
40.93
501
486 +
.015
2.05
42.53
43.46
.701 +- ❘ (Broke.)
0 31
45. 16
* About,
118
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
15.00
Turns.
01
Turns.
Turns. m. s.
Inches.
.0035
.0065
2 40
2952 x
2951
46. 22
.502
484
.018
2 27
47.77
.6015 (Broke.)
0 15
50. 16
13.38
.01
.004
.006
1 15
.2964 x .296
13.90
41.25
.501
.435
.016
2.05
42 86
43.68
. 662
(Broke.)
0 23
45.39
14. 49
.01
.0035
.0065
1 45
.2951 x .2958
15. 16
44.75
502
.485
.017
2 14
46.83
46.51
605
(Broke.)
0 15
48.67
18.86 .01
.003
.007
2 20
.3013 x .3007
18. 41
54.83
.388-
(Broke.)
2 00
54. 28
18.50
.01
.003
007
2 15
.3009 x .3005
18. 37
54 00
.4125
(Broke)
2 20
53. 62
18. 11
.01
.0025
.0075
2 30
.2987 x .2981
18.40
53.00
.4175
(Broke.)
2 05
53.85
18.45
.01
.0025+
.0075
2.30
.2991 x .2983
18.69
53.72
4205
(Broke.)
2 50
54. 41
19.08
.01
.0025 +
.0075
2 55
.3007 x .3005
18.96
54.75
.3755
(Broke.)
2 10
54. 42
19:07
.01
.0025+
.0075
2 20
.300 x .3008
18.99
55.83
.3835
(Broke.)
2 10
55 60
18.90
.0125
2 15
.208 x .2985
19. 23
52. 65
.376 + (Broke.)
2.00
53.58
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
15.75 Nearly standing.
48.53
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
T co 14 *
experi-
nating-
.
552
T co 13 *
mentNo. of 551
.
*
T co 13 >
Material550
T co 543 N S co 10:
12 *
NS co 11 544
549
T co 12 *
*
548
N S co 12 ✶
545
T co 11 *
547
T 546
co 11 *
119
Nos. 567 and 568 annealed side by side, standard heat.
Continued to yield 6 04 without increased strain.
Began to yield at 10 pounds, slowly, and nearly stood at 0 007.
553
T co 14*
18.45
.01
.003
.007
2.40
.2986 x .2981
18.75
54. 10
.406
(Broke.)
2 01
55.00
554
T co 15 *
17.95
.01
.003
007
2.00
.299 x .3002
18.00
58.00
.395
(Broke.)
2 10
58. 19
555
T co 15 *
18.76
.01
.0025+
.0075
2 25
.3002 x .2991
18.82
50.88
. 3015
2805-
.0210
1 58
51. 04
53.77
423+ (Broke.)
0 27
53.94
556
T co 16 *
18. 45
50. 10
.01
302
.0025+
.0075
2 45
.2978 x .2972
18.88
2835
.0185
1 42
51.27
53.42
. 419.
(Broke.)
0 21
54. 67
557
T co 16 *
18.45
.0105
.003
. 007
2 10
.2981 x .299
18.71
50.60
.300
.279
. 021
1 58
50.83
53.88
4195
(Broke.)
0 18
54. 66
561 T co 11 *
20.70
.01
.002 +
.008
3 01
.3003 x.301
20.56
56. 21
301
.278 +
.023
2 48
55.84
58.65
.377
(Broke.)
0 19
58.27
562
T co 12 *
20.00
.01
.002 +
.008
3 50
2989 x.2983
20.28
54.75
300
.2775
.0225
2 21
55. 51
56.37
.3625
(Broke.)
0 16
57. 16
563
T co 13 *
20.98
01
.002 +
.008
1 45
.3005 x .2996
20.96
56, 89
.303
278
.025
2.06
56.86
53.62
.362
(Broke.)
0 10
58. 59
564
T co 11 *
20.00
.01
.002
.008
1 30
.2978 x .2981
20.41
55. 08
302
.278
.024
2 51
26. 22
57.08
.379
(Broke.)
0 15
58.26
565 T co 15 *
20. 41
.01
.0025
.0075
2 01
.300 x .299
20.51
55. 57
302
.278
.024
2.54
55.84
56.46
339
(Broke.)
0 9
56. 74
566
T co 16*
19.75 .01
.002
.008
1 10
.2973 x .2983
20. 19
54.62
.301
.278 +
023
2 20
55.84
56.00
3635
(Broke.)
0 16
57.26
567
B $ co 2*
10.45
(?)
10.99
.0245
.019
.0055
6 04
.2948 x .2951
30.97
500
.488
.012
3 13
32.58
35. 01
.863
(Broke.)
0 43
36.83
568
BS co 4.
10.00
10. 10
.0285
.0235
.0050
6 00
29.49
.501
.490
.011
2 01
34.83
1.0775
(Broke.)
1 07
120
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
569 E F* (C H co)
.502
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
14.65 0.01
35.03
.0035+
.0065
Turns.
m. s.
2.40
Inches.
Lbs.
.2957 x .297
15. 19
.489
.013
2 14
36. 33
40.00
.875
(Broke.)
1 05
41.49
570 | E F* (C H co)
13. 46
.01
.0035
.0065
1 32
2952 x 2973
13.88
33.30
499
.4875
.0015
2 06
34.34
39.80
.874
(Broke.)
0 50
41. 04
572 CH co SPR. *
21.00
.01
.0015+
.0085
4 29
.2965 x .2953
21.88
G 1.1 (UNA'D)
36.89
501
.4867
. 0143
2 03
38. 44
38.90
.9275
(Broke.)
1 01
40.53
573
CH Co SPR
21.03
.01
.0015+
.0085.
2 33
.2954 x .2947 · 22. 10
G 3.1 (UNA'D)
36.63
5025
.4875
.0150
2 06
38.50
38.77
1. 0645
(Broke.)
1 15
40.75
575 CH co SPR *
11.50
.013
.007
.006
3 02
.2956 x .2973
11. 79
G 1.1
28.60
501
4895
.0115
2 01
29.32
34. 47
.854
(Broke.)
0 46
35. 34
576 C H co SPR *
12.94
0425
037 +
.0055
4 45
.294 x .2938
13.76
G 1.2 F
30.05
.503
.4925
.0105
1 53
31.97
34.56
.951.
(Broke.)
0 55
36.76
577
CH co SPR :
13.75
.0435-
.0375
.006
4 40
.2949 x .2953
G 2.1
30.92
501
.489
.012
1 58
14.44
32.48
35. 31
.924
(Broke.)
0 45
37.09
578 C H co SPRX
G 2.2 H
13.88
.044
.038
.006
5 20
.2955 x .2947
14. 65
31.09
.512
.50 +
.012
1 40
32.83
35. 26
894
(Broke.)
0 46
37.23
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″ .3 x 0" .3.
Specimens Nos. 575 to 580, inclusive, were annealed together at stand-
ard heat.
With strain of 12.94 pounds torsion nearly ceased at .007, but sud-
denly increased and became .0425.
With strain of 13.75 pounds torsion nearly ceased at .009, (in 2 min-
utes 45 seconds,) but suddenly increased and became .0435, (in 4 min-
utes and 40 seconds.)
With strain of 13.88 pounds, (after 3 minutes and 20 seconds.) appar-
ently stood a few moments at torsion of .009, and suddenly yielded,
going to .044.
Remarks.
No. of experi-
121
579 C H co SPR *
12. 51
.035
.025
.010
5 40
.295 x .2955
13. 13
Torsion nearly ceased at .009, but suddenly increased.
G 3.1 F
29.96
.501
.4905
.0105
1 57
34. 64
.960
(Broke.)
1 00
31. 41
36.32
580 C H co SPR X
12. 53
.034
.0285
.0055
5 40
295 x .295
13. 27
Torsion nearly ceased before reaching .01, but suddenly increased.
G 3.2
30.03
500
489
.011
2 00
31. 81
34.-90
.955
(Broke.)
0 47
36. 97
581
M co 2 ×`(UNA’D).
21.44
.01
.0015
.0087
3 12
.2961 x .2981
21.99
49. 17
.501
.483
.018
2 32
50.62
49.34
.529
(Broke.)
0 03
50.79
582 M co 2*
16.75
.025
.018
.007
18 27
.2957 x .2972
17. 17
Torsion reached .01 (with 16.75 pounds) in 2 minutes 30 seconds.
40.37
500
.486
014
2 24
41.39
43. 47
.738
(Broke.)
0 31
44.59
583
M co 2 *
16.45
01
003 +
.007
5 12
.296 x .2974
16.88
Torsion not absolutely ceased at .01.
40.63
502
.4885
.0135
2.30
41. 71
43. 48
.708
(Broke.)
0 30
44. 64
584
M co 3 *
20.85
.01
.002
.008
3 50
.299 x .2998
20.97
63.32
3655
(Broke.)
3 08
63.70
585
M co 3
21.08
.01
.002
.008
4 12
.2996 x .299
21. 22
55.70
.200
.1775-
0225
2 33
56.08
63. 64
.3835
(Broke.)
0 41
64.08
586
M co 1 *
14.60
.01
.004
.006
2.30
.3015 x .3002
14.47
38.98
.500
489
.011
2 05
38. 65
42.57
756
(Broke.)
0 32
42. 21
587
M co 1 *
14.57
01
.004
.006
2.40
.3013 x .300
14. 46
38.83
501
4885
0125
2 17
38.57
42.81
7775
(Broke.)
0 29
42.53
588
M co 2 *
15.95
.01
.0035
.0065
†3 00
.297 x .298
16.35
39.90
5005
487
.0135
1 55
40.91
43.32
730
(Broke.)
0 27
44. 42
589
M co 2 *
16.55
.0325
.026
.0065
1 30
.296 x .2978
16.93
16.55 pounds raised before torsion reached .01-continued to .032.
39.81
. 501
4875
0135
1 52
40.79
43. 42
.740
(Broke.)
0 30
44. 49
590
M co 3 *
21.51
.01
.0025
.0075
3 10
.2989 x .2996
21. 63
60.60
.300
.2765+
0235
3 00
60. 76
63.93
.407
(Broke.)
0 18
64.31
591
M co 3 *
21. 15
.01
.002-
.008
2 35
.2987 x .2998
21.27
60.70
64.00
.300
.2745
.0255
3 05
71.06
. 413
(Broke.)
0 25
64.38
+ About.
122
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns. Turns. m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
19.63
.01
.003
.007
3 15
.2967 x .2984
20.12
46. 16
.301
.285
.016
2. 00
47.31
51.69
502
4855
0165
0 50
52.98
52.43
.533
(Broke.)
0 7
53.74
21. 43
.01
.0025
.0075
2 50
.296 x .297
22. 19
47.54
300
2835
.0165
1 46
49.24
53.00 472
(Broke.)
0 30
54.89
19. 70
.01
.003
.007
2 30
.2961 x .2982
20.47
41. 49
.301
2885
.0125
1 32
42.69
46. 94
502
4875
.0145
0 38
48.30
48.33
.590
(Broke.)
0 14
49.73
19.30
.01
.003
.007
3 10
.2975 x .2961
19. 93
47. 24
520
505
.015
1 41
48.78
48.80
606
(Broke.)
0 12
40.39
20. 11
.01
003
.007
2.30
.297 x .2968
20.60
46.70
300
.286
.014
1 58
47.85
51.83 503
.488
.015
0 30
53. 11
20.35 .0105
.0035
.0070
2.45
.2974 x .2963
20.99
47.54
500
485
.015
2.00
49.05
48.80 579
(Broke.)
0 10
50.35
19.78
.01
.003
.007
2. 40
.297 x .2977
20. 31
49.38
.501
.485
.016
2 00
52.51
50.62 5815
(Broke.)
0 10
51.98
19.22
.01
.003
.007
1 35
.298 x .2973
19. 66
45.68
.502
.488
.014
2 24
46. 74
47.38
.6145
(Broke.)
0 13
48. 48
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
Did not again lift the weight; ultimate torsion not obtained.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 19
experi-
nating-
ment.
599
No. of A co 18 *
598
Material.
597 A co 17*
A co 16 *592
.
A co 12 *
596
593
A co 15 *
A co 13 *
595
594
A co 14 *
123
600
A co 20 *.
20.68
.01
.0025
.0075
2 33
.2976 x .2977
21.17
47.64
.301
2855
.0155
1 48
48.77
52.94
.490
(Broke.)
0 45
54. 19
601
A co 21 *
19.50
.01
.003 +
.007
2. 07
.297 x .2971
20.08
46.88
502
.4875
0145
1 50
48.29
48.79
.624
(Broke.)
0 18
50.26
602
A co 22 *.
22.70
.01
.002
.008
2 20
.2985 x
2986
23.03
56.73
.300
280
020
1 59
57.55
61.78
.4575
(Broke.)
0 26
62.68
603
A co 23 *
19.90
.013
.0065
.0065
2. 00
.2985 x .298
20.25
46. 21
502
.487
.015
1 49
47.02
47.87
598
•
(Broke.)
0 10
48.70
604
A co 24 *
18.50
.0115
0055
0060
2 20
.2985 x .298
18.82
45. 14
.508
.492
.016
1 47
45.93
47.03
.6305
(Broke.)
0 18
48. 16
605
A. co 25 *
18.40
.011
.004
.007
2.05
.2986 x .298
18. 71
44.53 .501
.487
.014
1 49
45.29
46.90 .656
(Broke.)
0 17
47.70
606
A co 26 *
17.95
01
0035
•
.0065
1 27
.2989 x .2978
18. 24
43.80
.502
.488
.014
1 37
44.53
45.82
623
(Broke.)
0 17
46.58
607
A co 27 *
18.80
.01
.0035
.0065
2 43
.2983 x .2985
19. 10
46.78
501
486
.015
1 57
47.53
48. 25
.591
(Broke.)
0 10
49.02
608
A co 28 *
18. 74
.01
.003
.007
1 57
.2981 x
299
19.01
45. 78
.502
.4865
.0155
1 51
46. 44
48. 15
648
(Broke.)
0 18
48.85
609
A co 29 *.
19.25
.01
0035
.0065
2 27
.298 x .298
19.63
45.39
.512
.495
.017
1 55
46.30
46.37 .580
(Broke.)
0 10
47. 40
610
A co 30 *
18.90
.011
.004
.007
2.30
.2981 x .2986
19. 21
46. 19
500
.486
.014
1 52
46. 96
47.68
.580
(Broke.)
0 13
48. 47
611
A co 31. *
18.50
.011
.005
.006
2.00
.2981 x .299
18. 83
44.70
.500
.487
.013
1 02
45.52
47. 18
6555
(Broke.)
0 20
48.04
612
A co 32 *
19.00
.01
.003 +
.007
2.30
.2986 x .2981
19. 31
46. 69
•
502
.488
.014
1 48
47.46
48.74
6255
(Broke.)
0 17
49.55
124
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain redured to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
613
A co 33 *
20.51
01
0025
.0075
2 30
•
.2986 x
Inches.
299
Lbs.
20. 74
.
54.20
.451
.433
.018
2.38
54.83
54.98
.479
(Broke.)
0 07
55. 62
614 A co 34 *
21.75
.01
.0025
.0075
3 30
.2997 x .299
21.89
54. 16
300
.2825
.0175
1 56
54.51
58.85
.4645
(Broke.)
0 23
59.23
615
A co 35 *
22.60
.01
.0025
.0075
2 07
.2999 x .2993
22.68
57.17 299
.279
.020
2 28
57.37
61.00 405
(Broke.)
0 25
61.22
616
A co 36 *.
21.90
.01
.0025
.0075
2 20
.299 x .2994
22.07
54. 85
.300
.285
.015
2.00
55.30
58.86
4275
(Broke.)
0 21
59. 34
617
A co 37 *
20.95
.01
.0025
.0075
2 48
.2998 x .2989
21.18
52.40
.300
.283
.017
2 13
52.74
57.83
.489
(Broke.)
0 35
58.20
618
A co 32 *
19. 51
.01
003
.007
1 45
.299 x .2995
19.64
48.02
.300
2825
.0175
1 48
48.36
54. 31
.514
(Broke.)
0 23
54.69
619
A co 39 *
21.95
.01
.0025
.00:5
1 45
.299 x .2997
22.09
53.48 .301
282
. 019
2 01
53.82
58.43 .466
(Broke.)
0 27
58.80
620
A co 40 *
21.48
.01
.002
.008
1 26
299 x .2997
21. 61
55. 21
299
.279
.020
2 02
55.56
59.29
4275
. (Broke.)
0 20
59.67
621
A co 41 *
21. 49
.0105
.0025
.0080
1 55
.299 x .2995
21. 64
21. 45 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
52.68
.300
280
.020
1 54
53.05
57.97
468
(Broke.)
0 25
58.38
Remarks.
No. of experi-
125
622 | C II co 6*
11.92
.01
0.0035+
.0065
3 20
.2989 x .2993
12. 15 A seam on one side.
33. 15
.521
.508
.013
1 38
33.80
36. 19
660
(Broke.)
0 18
36.90
623
( H co 7¥
14.78
.01
.0045
.0055
3.00
.2982 x .2985
15. 77
A seam.
36. 10
.503
.491
.012
1 40
38.52
38.82
.702
(Broke.)
0 23
40.42
624
C H co 8
12. 70
.01
0035+
.0065
2 10
.2986 x .299
12.84
34.51
499
.488 +
.011
2.00
34.91
38.70
.711
(Broke.)
0 25
39. 15
Seams.
625
C H co 9*
12. 20
.01
.004
.006
2.40
.2963 x .299
12.36
33.90
.501
490
: 010
1 40
34. 36
38.00
.783
(Broke.)
0 31
38.51
626
H W co 13*
14. 65
.0155
.009
.0065
1 55
2992 x .2982
14.84
43.50 .501
.4885
.0165
1 56
Seains on three sides.
14. 65 pounds were raised before torsion of 0. 01 was reached, but torsion
became .0155.
44.06
44.00
.558
(Broke.)
0 07
44.57
627
H W co 14*
13.90
.011
.006
.005
5 52
.2997 x .299
13.99
13. 90 pounds were lifted before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
43.05 .500
4x65
.0135
2 12
43.32
43.52
548
(Broke.)
0 05
43.80
628 | H W có 15
13.88
.01
.004
.006
2 30
.2976 x .297
14.26
43. 17
.502
.486
.016
2 02
44.35
43.71
.547
(Broke.)
0 06
44.91
629 | H W co 16 *
14.51
.01
. (04
.006
2 10
2984 x .3001
14.61
44. 44
.501
.485
.016
2 05
44.75
44.62
54 5
(Broke.)
0 03
44.93
630
H W'co 17 *
14.40
.012
.0065
.0055
2.30
.300 x .2983
14.53
14. 40 pounds were raised before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
43.79
.500
483
.017
2.00
44. 19
44. ε0
.5695
(Broke.)
0 08
45. 21
631
H W co 18*
11.34
..015
.0085
.0065
4 10
.297 x .2979
14.76
14. 34 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
43. 13
.500
486
014
2 22
44. 41
43.73
.543
(Broke.)
0 05
45. 03
632
II W co 19*
14. 17
.01
0.004
.006
2 18
2983 x .300
14.30
43.93
502
486
.016
2 01
44. 33
44. 24
.541
(Broke.)
0 06
44.65
633
H W co 20%
14.21
.01
.004
.006
1 40
.2976 x .2973
14. 57
43.83
503
.4885
.0145
1 53
44.96
44. 14
559
(Broke.)
0 06
45. 28
634
A có 17x
19. 40
.01
.003 +
.007
3 20
.2970 x .2971
19.98
45.00
.500
486
.014
1 45
46.35
48. 14
.716
(Broker)
0 23
49.58
126.
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns. Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
635
A co 18*
20.55
.01
48.43
501
.003
.4855
007
2 32
.2976 x .2974
21. 15
*.0155
2 01
49.84
50. 73
.663
(Broke.)
0 21
52. 20
636
A co 19*
18.98
.01
.003
.007
2 00
.2976 x .2975
19.52
44. 43
500
486
.014
1 50
45.70
47. 15
.702
(Broke.)
0 24
48.50
637
A co 20*
21.53
.01
.003
.007
2 20
2978 x .2977
22.03
51.63
.502
.485 +
.017
2.04
52.80
53.42
6175
(Broke.)
0 12
54.63
638
A co 21*
18.67
.01
.003 +
.007
2.00
.2975x .2974
19. 15
45.30
.501
.4865
.0145
1 40
46. 47
48.26 702
(Broke.)
0 20
49.51
639
A co 22*
22.78 .01
.0025
.0075
2 02
.299 x .2986
23.05
50.40
.400
380
.020
1 18
51.00
61.31
.502
.482
.020
0 20
62. 05
61.97
535
(Broke.)
05
62.71
640
A co 23*
18.09
.01
0035
.0065
1 30
.2985 x .2984
18. 44
43. 83
501
.488
.013
1 43
44. 68
46.68
689
(Broke.)
0 22
47.58
641
A co 24*
18.00
.028
.021
.007
4 00
.2986 x .2982
43.28
540
.528
.012
2 07
45. 89
.736
(Broke.)
0 28
18. 28
43.97
46. 62
642
A co 25*
17. 70
,01
.003 +
.007
2.40
.299 x .2982
17.94
43.38
510
.497
.013
1 53
43. 89
46.68
719
(Broke.)
0 25
47.33
18 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was roached.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Remarks.
No. of experi-
127
643
A co 26 *
17.50
.011
.005
.006
3 30
.2987 x .298
17.79
17.50 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
42. 21
.501
.487
.014
2 12
42.91
45.35
.6995
(Broke.)
0 31
46. 10
644
A co 27 *
17.80
.01
.0035
.0065
2.00
.2985 x .2983
18. 08
44.08
503
489
.014
1 30
44.78
47.35
7205
(Broke.).
0 31
48. 11
645
A co 28 *
18.23 .01
.0035
.0065
2.50
.2982 x .299
18.48
44.43
500
.4865
.0135
2 12
45.45
47.45
.715
(Broke.)
0 21
48. 01
646
A co 29 *.
18.07
.01
.003
.007
3 07
.2988 x .298
18.36
43. 20
.502
4895
0125
1 20
43.89
46. 12
.715
(Broke.)
0 26
46.86
647
A co 30 *
18. 41
.01
.0035
.0065
2 55
.2989 x .2983
18. 66
44.69
.500
4865
.0135
1 53
45. 32
47.67 .681
(Broke.)
0 20
48. 34
648
A co 31 *
18.00
.01
.0035
0065
2 25
.2981 x .2989
18. 47
43.30
.500
.486
.014
1 42
44.45
46.45
.722
(Broke.)
0 27
47.68
649
A co 32 *.
18.60
. 011
.005
.606
2 40
.299 x .2984
18.84
18.60 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
44. 44
.501
.4865
0145
1 44
45. 02
47.90
.7155
(Broke.)
0 23
48.51
650
A co 33 *
20.80
.01
.003
.007
2.50
.299 x .2997
20.93
53.49
501
483
.018
1 40
53.83
54.50 .575
(Broke.)
0 21
54. 84
651
A co 34 *
22.40 .01
.0025
0075
2 00
.2991 x .2997
22.64
57.81 501
482
019
2 33
58. 21
58.05
.526
(Broke.)
0 06
58.42
652
A co 35 *
22. 15
.01
49.51
.466
.0025
(Broke.)
.0075
3 00
.2997 x .2994
22. 24
2 10
49.73
653
A co 36 *
22.28
.01
.0025
.0075
2.00
.2953 x .2955
23.33
55. 35
.401
.381
020
· 2 40
57.97
58.38
. 5105
(Broke.)
0 17
61. 14
1
654
A co 37 *
21.80
.0105
.003
.0075
2 45
2989 x .2997
21.95
21.80 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
54. 15
.400
381
. 019
2.35
54. 52
57.71
.5375
(Broke.)
0 18
58. 11
655
A co 38 *.
20.90
.01
.003 +
.007
2.30
.295 x .2955
21.85
52.60
490
482
.008
2 36
54.99
54.50
.607
(Broke.)
0 15
56.97
1
128
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0" .3.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
21.80
.01
.0025
.0075
Turns. m.
S.
2.00
Inches.
Lbs.
2991 x .300
21.88
57.05
(Lost.)
485
(Broke.)
2 30
Ultimate torsion, doubtful.
22.65
.01
.0025
.0075
1 45
2992 x .2999
22.74
56. 68
.400
.3835
0165
2 35
56.93
58.95
.501
. 481
.020
0 16
59. 21
59.55
.5315
(Broke.)
0 06
59.81
21.60
.01
.0025
.0075
1 30
.2997 x .299
21.74
53.71
.400
.380 +
.020
2 41
53.95
57.00
.538
(Broke.)
0 15
57.37
co 21. 21
.01
.0025
0075
2 41
2976 x .297
21.78
50.53
.501
.484 +
.017
3 21
51.89
52.00
.589
(Broke.)
0 20
53.40
19.00
.01
.0015
.0985
0 52
50.43 .500
.4835
.0165
3. 49
51.50 .549
(Broke.)
0 16
19.83
.01
.003
.007
1 24
.297 x .2965
20.48
44. 92
.501
*. 484
.017
2 36
46.39
47.47
.6465
(Broke.)
0 30
49.92
20.00
.01
.0025
.0075
1 03
.2965 x .2974
20.53
45.74
.500
4845
.0155
3 43
46.95
48.54
.668
(Broke.)
0 31
49.83
21.57
.011 +
.0035
0075
2 49
.297 x .2975
22. 17
50.29
.500
.4835
.0165
2 49
51.69
51.90
.592
(Broke.)
0 15
53.35
14. 44
.0155
.01
.0055
7 18
.2985 x .2988
14, 63
14.44 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
35.24
500
. 49
.010
2 30
35.75
38.95
.7675
(Broke.)
1 41
39.47
Remarks.
·
Mark on specimen desig-
6
experi-
nating-
neut.
C H co 6 ¥
No. of C H
Material.
664
A co 16 *
A co 656
663
A co 15 *
39 *
662
657
A co 14 *
A co 40 *
661
658
A co 13 *
A co 41 *
660
12 *
659
A 129
665
СНсот*
14. 19
.015
.006
.009
4 41
.2982 x .2988
14.40
14.19 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
34.46
.501
.489
.012
3 06
34.98
37.98
.7955
(Broke.)
0.49
38.55
666
C H cọ 8¥
13.81
.011
.006
.005
3.58
.2998 x .2978
13. 97
13.81 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
34.59
500
.488
012
3 15
34.99
·
38.84
.777
(Broke.)
0 47
39.29
667 | C H co 9*
12.75
.0115
.0065
.0040
4 00
.298 x
.299
33.83
500
.428
.012
2.55
38.00
. 761
(Broke.)
0 36
12.95
34.35
38.57
668 C H co 10
16.25
.023
.018
.C05
6 00
12 75 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
16.25 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
40.20
500
.487
.013
3 34
44.00
.7635
(Broke.)
0 44
672
T co 3%
15.84 .01
.003
.007
3.40
2990 x .301
15.84
50.92 .4375
(Broke.)
4 58
50.92
673
II W co 13 x
14.09
.0115
.006+
0055
5 49
.2994 x .2983
14. 18
14.09 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
41.72
.500
4335
.0165
3.08
41.99
43. 14
.5875
(Broke.)
0 42
43.42
674
H W có liX
13. 91
.011
.006
.005
6 38
.300 x .300
13. 91
13 91 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
40.9
.500
.4845
.0155
3 10
40.89
42.85
. 617
(Broke.)
0 31
42.85
675
II W co 15%
13.78
.01
.001
.006
3.00
.2973 x 2973
14. 15
41.32 .500
.483
.017
3 23
42. 45
43.50
.640
(Broke)
0 45
44.69
676
H W co 16*
14.47
.0155
.009
.0065
5 07
.300 x .299
14.47 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
42. 42
500
4845
.0155
3 06
44. 17
630
(Broke.)
0 25
677
H W co 17*
14.44
.016
.01
006
4 18
299 x .29996
41.95
.500
.485
.015
3. 04
14.51
42.18
14.44 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
43. 98
.6165
(Broke.)
0 26
41. 22
678 | H W có 187
13.85
.01
.004
.006
5 24
.2977 x .2965
14.25
41.27 500
4865
.0135
3 24
42.48
•
42.98
.621
(Broke.)
0 27
44.24
679
H W co 19*
13.97
.01
.005
005
4 20
298 x .300
14. 11
41.30
500
.484
.016
3 14
41.72
43. 19
.6295
(Broke.)
0 26
43, 63
680 | H W co 20%
14.02
.01
.004
006
2 25
297 x .297
14.44
41. 27
500
.475
.025
3. 00
42.53
43.37
6285
(Broke.)
0 25
44.69
* About.
9 F
130
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-ivires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
14.96
.01
003
.007
4 05 .2984 x .298
15. 19
47.32
400
379
.021
4 20
51.22
49.54
500
478
022
0 44
53. 62
51.40
.5918
(Broke)
1 22
55. 64
15.38
.01
.003
.007
4 03
.298 x .269
15. 61
49.97
500
4765
.0235
4 37
50.72
52.45
.632
(Broke.)
0 23
53.24
13. 46
.011
.0065
.0045
3 20
.3005 x .300
13. 42
33. 62
.500
488
.012
2 53
13.46 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
33.53
39.77
1. 1395
(Broke.)
1.00
39.67
15. 15
.01
.004
.006
3 41
.302 x .303
14.78
37.72
500
.487
.013
2.44
36.80
42.72
.913
(Broke.)
0 52
40. 68
14.68
.01
.0045
0055
2 36
.3015 x .302
13.42
35.89
500
.488
.012
3 10
34. 26
41. 01
933
(Broke.)
0 57
40.30
14.45
.01
.004
.006
2 42
.301 x .301
14.30
36.92
500
.488
012
2 48
36. 66
42. 44
.966
(Broke.)
1 36
42. 01
14. 15
.01
.005
.005
3 48
.3013 x .3028
13.85
36.73
.512
505
.007
2 39
34.98
42. 13
1.036
(Broke.)
1 07
41.29
15.98
.01
.0035
.0065
5 36
.305 x .303
15. 35
38.45
.500
.4875
.0125
3 15
36. 94
44.62
982
(Broke.)
6 58
42.87
14.45
.0265
0205
.0060
4 20
.3038 x .3042
13.88
36. 39
.5600
.547
0130
3 06
34.96
41. 30
1. 024
(Broke.)
0 59
39.68
Remarks.
Mark on specimen designa-
K.
experi-
nating-
.
689
688
mentNo. of 687 F
.
E
686
MaterialC
685
H W co 9
681
B
684
H W co H W
682
683
9=.
1.3.1
690 M
13.71
.012
.00%
.005
2 30
.301 x.3032
35.54
.500
.487
.013
2 41
13.32
34.54
13.71 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
41. 46
1.0865
(Broke.)
1 15
40.30
691
N
14. 19
.0155
.01
.0055
2 18
.302 x .3025
13.82
14.19 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
37.00
500
•
.4865
.0135
2 26
36.74
43.00
980
(Broke.)
0 48
41.96
692
P
13.33
.01
.0055
.0045
1 20
.298 x .2985
13. 46
34.22
.580
.571
009
3 20
34.56
39.54
1. 190
(Broke.)
1 11
39.93
693 Q
13. 18
.01
.006
.004
1 36
.302 x.302
12. 19
33.59
500
.489
.011
3 45
32.92
39.66
1. 123
(Broke.)
1 20
38.87
694
R
13.64
.01
.005
.005
2 08
2967 x .297
14.07
33.49
500
4875
.0125
2. 39
34.55
39. 13
1. 0485
(Broke.)
1 21
40.37
695
S
13.95
.01
.0035
.0065
2 49
301 x.3033
13. 65
35.00
.500
.488
.012
2.49
34.25
41.50
1.750
(Broke.)
1 07
40.62
696
V
14. 51
.01
.0035
.0065
2 31
3015 x .302
14.25
35.90
.500
.490
.010
1 47
35.27
41. 24
.988
(Broke.)
0 53
40.52
697
W
15. 58
.01
.0035
.0065
3 31
302 x.304
15. 13
30.00
500
.486
.014
3 14
29.13
43.32
873
(Broke.)
1 10
41.07
698
Y
14.80
.01
.0045
.0055
3 05
.301 x.3035
14.25
38.95
500
487
.013
3 08
37.50
42.44
.722
(Broke.)
044
40.86
699
Ꮓ
13.88
.01
.0035
.0065
3 23
.3023 x .3028
13.48
36.93
.500
4865
.0135
2.59
35.88
42.86
1. 005
(Broke.)
1 16
41.63
700
A A
13.94
.0155
.01
.0055
2 52
.301 x .3015
13.76
33.76
,500
.488
.012
2 29
33.34
42.00
1. 115
(Broke.)
1 31
41.48
701
A B.
15. 15
.01
.004
.006
4 27
3016 x .3035
18.37
36.97
.500
.487
.013
5 06
36.05
43. 27
1.016
(Broke.)
+ 38
42.20
702
A C.
15. 22
.01
006
.004
4 16
3035 x .3035
14.70
37. 26
.500
.487
.013
3 21
35.99
Cracks across one corner; broke about 3-16 of an inch outside of the
clamps.
43.00
1.063
(Broke.)
1 03
41.53
132
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from
center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″ .3 x 0" .3.
703
A D
14. 70
.01
Lbs. Turns: Turns. Turns. m. s.
.004
Inches.
Lbs.
.006
4 24
302 x.3045
14.23
37.62
.501
489
.012
4.00
36.42
43.62 1.050
(Broke.)
1 11
42. 23
704
A F
13.91
.012
.0075+
0045
3 42
.302 x .3015
12.65
35.74
13.91 pounds raised before 0.01 torsion was reached.
.501
488
.013
2 46
35. 14
41. 48
1. 0535
(Broke.)
0 55
40.76
705
A II
14. 66
.01
.004
.006
3 10
.3028 x .3045
14. 13
36.55
.500
4875
0125
2 51
35.24
42. 29
.995
(Broke.)
1 23
40.78
706
AI
14. 16
.01
.004
.006
2 46
.3013 x .3013
13.97
36.25
.500
4875
.0125
3 32
35.75
42.07
.973
(Broke.)
1 12
41.53
707
AK
14.48
.01
.004
006
3 16
.301 x .2996
14. 43
35.52
.500
487
.013
3 14
35. 41
40.69
.910
(Broke.)
0 57
40.56
708
A L..
15.30
.01
005
.005
3 27
3025 x .3036
14.89
38. 14
500
488
012
3 05
36.39
43. 20
.871
(Broke.)
1 59
41.90
709
A O
14.33
.01
.004
.006
1 52
•
3015 x .3024
14.05
36.00 500
488
. 012
2 47
35.30
41.00
910
(Broke.)
1 53
41. 21
710
SPR1
16.85
.01
.0035
.0065
4.00
.2985 x .298
49.82
.500
17. 14 Torsion not quite ceased.
4835
.0265
2.45
50.70
52.00
.649
(Broke.)
0 16
52.92
711
SPR 2 *
17.05
. 01
.003 +
.007
4 30
.298 x .2984
17.36
49.40
.500
483
.017
2.05
50.50
52.33
.670
(Broke.)
0 25
53. 28
Remarks.
No. of experi-
133
712 | SPR3*.
17.50
.01
.003 +
.007
3 06
.298 x .298
17.85
51.53
500
4825
.0175
1 55
52.57
53.70
6375
(Broke.)
0 10
54.78
713
SPR4*
16.07
.01
.0035
.0065
3 25
.298 x .2981
16. 42
50.57
.500
.4800
.0200
2 01
51. 56
52.48
6215
(Broke.)
0 10
53.51
714
SPR5*
16.97
.01
.0035-
.0065
3.30
.299 x .3017
16.91
49.05
.500
.4815
.0185
2 00
48.87
52.00 .654
-
(Broke.)
0 20
51. 81
715 SPR6
16. 65
.01
.003 +
.007
2.30
.299 x .2995
16. 76
49. 44
.500
.4825+
.0175
1 55
49.79
51.88
. 6235
(Broke.)
0 10
52.24
716
SPR7X
14.90
.015
.0085
.0065
4 00
.2975 x .297
15. 31
14.90 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
42. 65
.500
.4865
.0135
1 45
43.84
45.33
.6765
(Broke.)
0 15
46.59
717
SPR8*
14.50
.01
.0035+
.0065
1 30
.2975 x .2976
14.86
42.67
501
. 4865-
.0145
1 35
43. 73
45.10
.629
(Broke.)
0 12
46. 22
718
SPR 10 *
14. 57
.01
004
.006
2 55
.2976 x .2999
14.75
•
43.80
500
.486 +
.014
2 08
44.36
45. 41
604
(Broke.)
0 14
45.99
719
SPR 11 *
14.00
.012
.0065
.0055
1 45
.300 x .2978
14. 15
43.00
500
.484
.016
2. 01
43. 46
46. 21
.6715
(Broke.)
0 19
46.70
720
SPR 12 *
14.00
.011
.006
.005
2.50
.298 x .298
41.72
500
. 187
.013
1 55
44. 46
.6885
(Broke.)
0 18
14.28
42.56
45. 35
14.00 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
721
SPR 13 *
14.90
.012
.007
.005
5 25
.3009 x .2983
42. 49
.500
. 487
.013
2. 00
45. 31
.679
(Broke.)
0 20
14.95
42.64
45. 47
14.90 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
722 BS co 5*
14.36
.01
.004
.006
2.30
.2986 x
2976
14. 64
40.72
.5025
.487 +
.0155
1 45
51.51
44.86
.860
(Broke.)
0 34
45.73
723 BS co 6*
12. 33
.03
.025
.005
1 35
.297 x .2964
12. 73
32.28
503
.491
.012
1 35
33. 34
37.00
.9335
(Broke.)
0 48
38.22
724 SPR 14*
17.00 .01
.0035-
.0065
3 58
.298 x .2979
17.35
48.74
.502
4835-
.0185
2 20
49.74
52.05
.6735
(Broke.)
0 30
50.31
134
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
17.30
49.38 501
52.74 .680
Οι
0035-
.483 +
.0065
3 55
2993 x .301
16.89
.018
2. 30
48.23
(Broke.)
22
51.51
16.52 .01
.0035+
.0065
4 15
.2997 x .3011
16.52
48.70
.501
.4835
0175
2.00
48.70
51.61 .644
(Broke.)
0 15
51.61
16.75 .01
.0035-
.0065
2 55
.301 x .2998
16.75
49.05
.500
.483
.017
2 14
49.05
52.45
.646
(Broke.)
0 23
52.45
16.96
.01
.0035.
.0065
2 30
.2985 x
.2981
16.96
48.70
.500
483
.017
1 50
48.70
52.00
.684 +
(Broke.)
0 18
52.00
17.63
.01
.0035
0065
3 20
.300 x .3013
17. 63
50.89 .500
.483
.017
2 02
50.89
53.62
.648
(Broke.)
0 21
53.62
16. 70
.01
.0035
.0065
3. 40
2982 x .2983
17.05
47.30
.502
.485
.017
2 15
48.31
50.95
.6855
(Broke.)
0 20
52.04
16.80 .01
.0035
.0065
2.10
.2991 x .3005
16. 83
48.26 .503
.487
.016
1 55
48.35
51.17
.675
(Broke.)
0 16
51.27
18.82
.01
.003
.007
5 50
.3008 x .2995
18.79
53.72
.500
.4x35
.0165
2 15
53. 64
55. 67
619
(Broke.)
0 20
55.58
17. 66
.01
.003
.007
2.40
.2993 x .300
17.71
52.82
.501
4825
.0185
1 52
52.99
55.49
.627 +
(Broke.)
0 14
55. 66
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
733 SPR 27*
expéri-
nating-
ment.
X
No. of 'Material.
SPR 25 732
22X
SPR 725
731
S PR 15*
SPR 21X
726
730
SPR 16*
SPR 19%
SPR 17%
727
729
SPR 18*
728
135
734
SPR 1X
15. 45
.01
.003 +
.007
2.50
.299 x .2982
15.66
48.36
.505
.488
017
2 05
49.04
50.85
650+
(Broke.)
0 20
51.56
735
SPR 2X
15.75
.01
..0035
.0065
1 40
48. 62
.501
4835
.0175
2 10
50.70
. 620
(Broke.)
0 12
736
SPR 3*
16.41
.01
.0035
.0065
3 50
.2997 x .299
16. 51
50.73
.501
.4825
.0185
1 50
51.05
52.57
.620 f
(Broke.)
0 18
52.90
737
SPR 4X
16.80
.01
0035-
.0065
3 45
.2981 x 2985
17.09
50.97
.502
486
.016
2.05
51.86
52.97
.6235
(Broke.)
0 12
53.89
738
SPR 5*
14.93
.OL
. 0035
.0065
3 10
2988 x
302
14.76
47.73
502
.4875
.0145
1 50
47.53
50. 24
.6375
(Broke.)
0 14
50.03
739
SPR 6X
15.48
.01
.0035
.0065
3 55
.2996 x .2986
47.58
.502
.483
019
1 50
15.77 Badly cracked across one corner throughout its length.
48. 49
49. 40
.634
(Broke.)
0 20
50.35
740
SPR 7X
12.90
.0105
.0045+
C060
3.00
.2974 x .2975
41.81
.501
484 +
.017
1 45
13.21
42.89
12. 90 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
44.53
662
(Broke.)
0 18
45.68
741
SPR8X
13.20
.01
.004
.006
3 35
2977 x .2972
13.54
41.60
502
.4915
.0105
1 43
43.95
.6375
(Broke.)
0 15
42. 68 Strain was not released as quickly as usual.
45. 09
742
SPR 10%
12.95
.01
.004
.006
3.40
.2997 x .2979
13.10
42.22
.503
.488
.015
1 40
42.63
44.38
.623
(Broke.)
0 18
44.91
743 SPR 11*
12. 20
.01
.0035
.0065
3 55
.2975 x .3002
12. 34
A seam running through one side ne ir center.
41.46
.501
.484
.017
1 45
41.94
44.97
.651
(Broke.)
0 18
45.50
744
SPR 12*
13.30
.01
.0035
.0065
3 20
A defect near a corner.
41.81
.501
.4845
.0165
1 40
43.59
606
(Broke.)
0 12
745
SPR 13*
13.45 .01
.004
.006
2 48
.300 x .298
13.58
42.38
505
491
.014
1 40
42.82
44.91
.677
(Broke.)
0 10
45.37
746 SPR 14*
15.65
. 01
003 +
007
4 16
2982 x .298
48.68
501
.4825
.0185
1 45
50,97
0315
(Broke.)
0 15
+ About.
136
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
747
SPR 15*
16. 20
.01
49.45
.501
.0035-
.485
.0065
4 3C
Turns.
M.. S.
Inche.
.3005 x
Lbs.
. 2996
.016
2.00
51.69
.634 +-
(Broke.)
0 16
748
SPR 16x
16.00
.01
.0035
.0965
4 40
.300 x .3015
Cracks across a corner.
48.48
.501
.483
.018
1 41
50.55
.603
(Broke.)
0 16
749
SPR 17X
16.09 .01
.0035
.0065
3.50
.301 x 2998
49.38
500
. 485
015
1 55
51.52
.622
(Broke.)
0 22
750
SPR 18*
15. 71
.01
.0035
0065
2 55
.2986 x .2985
48. 10
.500
.481
.019
1 50
50. 73
632
(Broke.)
0 32
751
SPR 19%
16. 60
.01
.003 +
.007
3 00
.300 x .3011
49.82
.501
481
020
1 32
51.81
.602
(Broke.)
0 15
752
SPR 21%
15. 40
0115
.005
.0065
3 00
.2983 x .2985
47. 12
.502
487
.015
2 25
48.75
.612
(Broke.)
0 16
753 S PR 22*
15. 45
.01
.0035
.0065
5 00
.3006 x .2995
47.62
.502
.4835
0185
1 50
49.61
.6015
(Broke.)
0 11
754
SPR 25%
17.50
.01
.003
.007
4 55
.2995 x .3013
53. 02
5015
.481
.0205
2.05
54.91
.600
(Broke.)
6 10
755
S P27*
15. 20
.01
.003
.007
3 40
.2996 x .3001
51.10
.50L
483
.018
1 50
52. 18
.569
(Broke.)
0 08
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3.
Remarks.
No. of experi-
137
756
BS co 5*
12.50
.01
.004
.006
4.00
.2994 x .2982
41. 15
.502
.487
015
2.00
•
43.99
694
(Broke.)
0 15
757
BS co 6*
11. 10
. 021
.016
.005
5 52
.2971 x .2964
11.10 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
32.00
500
4875
.0125
1 26
36.05
.8475
(Broke.)
0 32
758
H W co 13*
13.95
.013
.0075
0055
7 00
2995 .2984
13. 95 pounds raised before torsion of 0. 01 was reached.
42. 45
500
484
.016
1 30
44.00
.627
(Broke.)
0 12
759
H W co 14*
13. 55
.012
.007 +
.005
5 15
300 x .2989
13. 55 pounds raised before torsion of 0. 01 was reached.
41.76
.500
484 +
.016
1 50
43.83
. 6355
(Broke.)
0 13
760
H W co 15%
13. 65
.0105
.005
0055
6 50
2979 x .2972
13. 65 pounds raised before torsion of 0. 01 was reached.
41.94
.500
.485 +
.015
2.05
43. 50
.6075
(Broke.)
0 12
761
H WV co 16 X
13.75
.01
.004
.006
4 30
2928 x .3007
42.60
.500
.4855
.0145
2.00
44.40
623 +
(Broke.)
0 18
762
H TV co 17
14.00
.013
.0075
.0055
745
.2987 x .3003
14. 00 pounds raised before torsion of 0. 01 was reached.
42.68
.500
.4860
.0140
1 53
44. 26
622
(Broke.)
0 10
763
H W co 18*
13. 65
.01
.004
.096
7 55
.2976 x .2972
41.88
500
485
.015
1 50
43.57
.611
(Broke.)
0 10
764
H WV co 19
13.85
.01
.004
006
700
.3003 x.2985
41.98
500
.486
.014
1 48
44.00
.6465
(Broke.)
0 10
765
H W co 20
13.82
.01
.0035
.0065
11 00
2974 x .2979
14.20
45.88
501
.4845
.0165
1 50
47. 14
43. 76
6285
(Broke.)
0 13
44. 96
766
SPR 14*
16.80
.01
.003 +
.007
700
.2982 x .2987
17.06
48.62
500
483
.017
1 50
49. 37
51. 15
.645
(Broke.)
0 25
51.93
767
SPR 15-X-
16. 60
.01
.0035
0065
10 05
2998 x .3008
16.55
49.02
500
.483
.017
2.00
48.87
51.86
.648
(Broke.)
0 24
}
51.70
768
SPR 16
16.90
.01
.0035
.0065
9 15
3006 x .3003
16. 88
49.03
500
4835
.0165
1 50
48.99
51.66
.625
(Broke.)
0 17
51.61
138
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
·
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″ .3 x 0" .3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns. Turns. m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
769
SPR 17*
16.55
.OL
.003 +-
.007
4 30
.301 x .300
16. 40
48.89
.500
.483
.017
1 55
48.46
51.90 .667
(Broke.)
0 18
51.43
770 S PR 18*
16. 80
.01
.0035
.0065
5 00
.2985 x .2988
17.02
48. 10
500
.483
.017
1 55
48.77
50. 45
623
(Broke.)
0 16
51. 13
771
SPR 19X
16.95
.01
.0035
0065
5 30
.3011 x .2995
16.89
49.70
.500
.485
.015
1 50
49. 55
50.87
.572
(Broke.)
0 15
50.71
772
SPR 21%
16.00
.01
.0035
.0065
4 50
2984 x .2982
16. 27
46.95
.500
.486
.014
1 40
47.75
49. 14
.630
(Broke.)
0 12
49.98
773
SPR 22*
16.45 .01
. 0035
.0065
6 00
.3003 x.2995
16. 46
47.95 .:00
.4835+
0165
1 50
47.99
50.59
.638
(Broke.)
0 15
50.64
774
SPR 25*
17.80
.01
.003 +
.007
6 32
.3012 x .2998
16.72
52.57
.500.
482
.618
2.00
52.30
54.80
.632
(Broke.)
0 15
54. 53
775 SPR 27*
17.40
.01
.003.+
.007
4 31
.2993 x .3004
17.42
51. 67
.500
.4815
.0185
1 55
51.75
53.68
.6055
(Broke.)
0 16
53.77
776
SPR 29*
17.35
.01
. 0035
.0065
5 47
.2981 x .2985
17. 64
50.05 .500
.483
.017
1 56
50.91
51.81 .5765
(Broke.)
0 08
52.70
777 | SPR 31*
15.00
.01
.004
.006
2 20
.2976 x .298
43. 77
.500
.486
15. 33 Torsion not entirely ceased.
.014
1 40
45.74
615
(Broke.)
0 13
44.75
46.76
Remarks.
No. of experi-
139
778 | SPR 32*
14. 17
.01
.004
.006
3 45
.2978 x.2981
14.46
43.44
.501
.4875
.0135
1 30
44.33
46.30
.688
(Broko.)
0 20
47.36
779 S P R 34*
14.90
.01
→ 0035+
0065
6 00
2977 x.2981
15. 21
43. 64
500
.486
.014
1 31
44.57
45.33
.6235
(Broke.)
0 11
46.30
780
12 IN B
10.75
0115
.0075
.0040
4 40
.2999 x .300
10.75
10.75 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
36.60
500
4885
. 0115
1 40
39.82
.750 +
(Broke.)
0 25
36. 61
39.83
781
12 IN B
11.05
.01
.0065
.0035
10 20
.300 x .300
11.05
12.70
025
.020
005
25 30
35. 15
503
.495
.008
38 CO
35. 15
36. 70
.6035
.590
.0135
39 00
37.95
.7115
(Broke.)
20 10
37.95
Torsion ceased at each point noted in the test of this specimen.
12.70 (Specimens Nos. 780 and 781 were drawn from part of a 12-inch gun-
tube made by Messrs. Thos. Firth & Son, Sheffield, England.)
36.70
782 SPR 1X
16,30
.01
.0035
.0065
5 15
.2978 x .2985
16.60
Cracks on one side.
48. 10
.500
.483
. 017
2.05
48.99
50.00
.635
(Broke.)
0 20
50.93
783 SPR 2
2.X
16. 35
.01
.0035
.0065
4 35
.2977 x.3003
16.52
Cracks.
48.43
500
.4835+
.0165
1 50
48.93
50.96
.6585
(Broke.)
0 19
51.48
784 SP R 3*
17. 10
.01
.0035-
.0065
5 00
300 x.2991
17.07
51. 10
.500
.482
.018
2 12
51.32
52.95
.6185
(Broke.)
0 15
53. 18
785 SPR 4.X
17.20
.01
.003 +
.007
6 00
.293 x .298
17.54
50.64
500
.483
.017
2. 00
51. 66
51. 16
6095
(Broke.)
0 15
52. 19
786 S PR5*
16.40
.01
.0035
.0065
3 29
.2984 x.3017
16.39
Seams.
43.63
.500
4835
·
.0165
2 01
48.60
50.15
605
(Broke.)
0 12
50. 12
787 SPR 6*
15. 70
.01
.0035
.0065
4 24
.2991 x.2983
15,90
47.70
500
.483 + .017
2.00
48, 32
49.23
.595
(Broke.)
0 13
49.97
788 SPR 7*
13.60 .01
.004
.006
2 20
.2975 x .297
13.98
41.47 .500
.485
-
.015
1 58
42.63
43.69
.657
(Broke.)
0 13
}
789 SPR 8*
14.00
.014
.008
.006
4 30
.2975 x.2971
41. 18
500
.484
.016
1 58
43.30
639
(Broke.)
0 12
44.89
14. 43 A slight seam; 14.00 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
42. 46
44.65
140
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.-TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
13.80
.004
Turns. Turns. Turns.
.0105
m. s.
Inches.
0065
6 00
2975 x.2995
41.99
.501
.4865
.0145
1 40
43.70
. 6265
(Broke.)
0 13
Lbs.
13.95 13.80 pounds raised before 0.01 torsion was reached; a seam.
42. 46
43.70
14. 15
.01
.004
.006
8 50
.2977 x.2997
14. 33 Seanis.,
42.95
.500
.486
014
1 50
45.56
672
(Broke.)
0 20
43.51
46. 15
13.68
.0115
.005
.0065
5 50
.2971 x .298
41. 66
.500
.4855-
.0145
1 35
14.02
42.70
13.68 pounds raised before 0.01 torsion was reached.
44. 15
.687
(Broke.)
0 18
45.25
74.05
.0115
0065
0050
5 30
.300 x.2979
74.82
14.05 pounds raised before 0.01 torsion was reached; seamy.
41.0
.500
487
.013
1 40
42. 23
44.38
.680
(Broke.)
0 19
44.79
16. 64
.01
.0035
. 0065
7 12
2981 x.2983
16.94
48.96
500
483 +-
.017
2.03
49.84
51.02
.624
(Broke.)
0 18
51.93
15.52
.01
.0035-
0065
8 28
.2994 x .301
15.48
Cracks across one side.
49.00
.500
.4835
.0165
2.00
48.89
51.29
.642
(Broke.)
0 21
51. 18
16.55 .01
.0035
.0065
7 50
3013 x.3004
16. 30
48.94
500
4835+
0165
2 00
48.52
50.64
.6015
(Broke.)
0 15
50. 21
15.85 .01
.0035+
.0065
6 55
3007 x .2996
47.73 .500
.4845
.0155
1 52
50.94 .6045
(Broke.)
0 20
15. 82 A very slight seam.
47.65
50.86
16. 13
.01
.0035
0065
7 45
.2983 x .2986
47.98
.500
.484
.016
1 44
16. 37 Slight defect along one edge.
48.71
50.13
620
(Broke.)
0 10
50.89
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
798 SPR 18*
experi-
nating-
ment.
SPR 17
No. of Material.
797
16*
SPR 796
790 SP R 10
SPR 15%
791
795
SPR 11*
SPR 14X
792 SPR 12*
794
793 SPR 13*
141.
799 | SPR 19*
16.80
.01
.0035
.0065
7 00
.301 x .2997
16.74
49.92
.500
.4835-
.0165
1 50
49. 74
52. 10
.636.
(Broke.)
0 18
51.92
800
SPR 21*
15.64
.01
.0035
.0065
3 10
.2981 x
.298
15.94
A seam.
46. $5
.500
.485
.015
2.00
47.77
48.77
.6215
(Broke.)
0 14
49.73
801
SPR 22*
15.95
.01
0035+
. 0065
6 40
.3005 x .2993
15.95
47.42
.500
.484
.016
1 40
47.42
49.95 .630-
(Broke.)
0 22
49.95
802 SPR 25*
17.35
01
.0035
.0065
11 15
17.30
A slight seam on two sides.
52.00
490
.484
.006
2.05
2995 x .301
51.87
53.51
.581
(Broke.)
0 17
53.37
803
SPR 27*
17.60
.01
.005
.005
710
2993 x .3001
17.63 A very slight seam.
52. 40
500
.482 +
.018
1 50
52.51
54. 67
.600
(Broke.)
1 22
54.89
804
SPR 29*
16.85
.01
.0035
.0065
4 50
.2983 x .2984
17. 13
50.05
.500
.4825-
.0175
2 00
50.88
52.06 .6065
(Broke.)
0 13
52.92
805 SP R 31*
14. 65
.012
.0065+
.0055
5 45
.2978 x .298
14.95
A seam.
43.57
.500
.4865
. 0135
155
44. 48
46. 19
.6515
(Broke.)
0 12
47. 15
806 SPR 32*
14.60
.01
.004
.006
8 00
.2978 x .2979
14.90
A slight seam on two sides.
43.38
.500
.4865
.0135
1 40
44.22
、46.00
.6465
(Broke.)
0 18
47.00
807 S P R 31*
11.00
.0105
.0035+
.0070
3.00
.2982 x 2985
11.18
38.40
.500
.4855
.0145
1 55
38.94
11.00 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
An open seam on two opposite sides.
42.98
.6785
(Broke.)
0 18
43. 69
808 BS co 5.
14.30
.0155
.010
•
40.97
.500
.4865
0055
.0135
17.00
.2996 x .2986
1 45
44. 18
.739
(Broke.)
0 18
14.43
41.35
44.59
14.30 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
809
BS co 6
12.05
.0275+
.0215
.0060
7 40
.2965 x .2971
12. 43
12.05 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
32.40
.500
.490
. 010
1 45
33.44
36. 40
.890
(Broke.)
0 34
37.57
810
H W co 13
14. 15
.01
.004
.006
2 45
.2985 x
2992
14.30
42.00
.501
.4865-
.0145
1 38
42.47
44.00
.642
(Broke.)
0 28
44. 49
811
H W co 14
13. 75
.01
.005
.005
2 47
.2999 x .2985
13.86
41. 64
.501
.4855
.0155
1 45
41.98
43. 09
.6265
(Broke.)
0 12
43. 44
142
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to.cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0" .3.
Lbs.
14.03
.01
Turns.
Turns.
.004
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
.006
5 28
.2972 x .298
14.36
41. 81
.501
.487
.014
1 40
42.80
43.21
.604-
(Broke.)
0 09
44. 24
14. 20
.016+
.015
.001
5 30
.299 x .3004
42. 45
.500
.487
.013
1 48
14.23
42.56
14.20 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
44.67
.643
(Broke.)
0 12
44.78
14.00
.0245
.018-
.0165
12 00
.3001 x .2987
14.08
42.38
.500
14.00 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
.486-
.014
1 38
42.63
44.91
.6785
(Broke.)
0 15
45. 17
13.55
.01
.004
006
3 00
.297 x .2977
13. 91
41. 44
.501
.487
.014
2 12
42.55
43.79
. 659
(Broke.)
0 15
44.97
13.90
.020
.0145
.0055
6 48
.3002 x .2989
41.52
500
.4875
.0125
2.40
43.94
.662
(Broke.)
0 21
13.96
41.70
44. 13
13.90 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
14.08
.0195
.013 +
.0065
5 35
.297 x .2977
14. 46
41.78
14.08 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
.500
.4865
.0135
2 27
42.90
44.08
6695
(Broke.)
0 13
45.27
21.30
.01
.0025
0075
4 05
.2979 x .297
21.85
50. 41
.500
.483
—
.017
1 30
51. 77
52.49
.636
(Broke.)
0 16
53.86
20.75
.0105
.0035-
.0065
4 08
.2967 x .2974
50.63
.501
.483
018
1 45
21.37
52. 15
20.75 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
52.29
.609
(Broke.)
0 12
53.86
20. 17
.0105
.0035-
.0065
4 10
.2963 x .2974
45. 31
.500
48.03
685 +
.485
(Broke.)
-
.015
1.40
0 14
20.81
46.48
49.55
20.17 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 14*
experi-
nating-
ment.
820
No. of 13*
A co Material.
819
818 A co 12*
812 | H W có 817 | H W co 20
H W
15
co 19
H W 813
816
H W co 16
H W có 18
814
815
H W co 17
143
821
A co 15*
20.10
.01
.003
.007
4 10
.298 x .2969
20.62
45.93
.500
.4875
0125
1 '50
47.12
48.83
.6945
(Broke.)
0 21
49.33
822
A co 16*
21.40
.0105
.003
.0075
5.00
.2979 x .2978
22.25
50.68 .500
4855
.0145
1 56
51.75
52.62 .6325
(Broke.)
0 11
53.72
823
A co 17*
20.25 .0145
.0065+
.0020
7 00
.2972 x .2972
20.83
20.25 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
44.87 .500
.487
.013
1 32
46.16
47.83
.70x5
(Broke.)
0 20
49.21
824
A co 18*
20.70
.01
.003
.007
6 00
.298 x .2976
21.15
48.30
300
.486
.014
1 32
49.37
51.00
6675
(Broke.)
0 15
52. 13
825
A co 19*
19.80
.01
.003
.007
3.00
.2976 x .2977
20.27
44. 77
.500
.487
.013
140
45.83
47.94
735
(Broke.)
0 27
51.13
826
A co 20*
21.70
.01
0025
.0075
3 00
.2979 x .298
22.15
51.60 .500
.484
.016
2.00
52.67
53.05
.600
(Broke.)
0 13
54. 15
827
A co 21*
20.09
.0105
003
.0075
2 30
.2981 x .298
20.48
20.09 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
45.83
500
4865
.0135
158
46. 69
48.75
.6895
(Broke.)
0 18
49.71
828
A co 22*
22.50
.01
.0025-
.0075
4.00
.2995 x .2995
22. 61
61. 27
*. 494
(Broke.)
1 25
829
A co 23*
19.00
.025
.0175+
.0075
30 15
.2985 x .2985
19.52
43. 71
500
4865
.0135
1 30
44.87
61.59
19 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached. Torsion not
entirely ceased.
46. 40
.697
(Broke.)
0 17
47.63
830 A co 24*
18.60
.0105
.0035
.0070
5 40
.2989 x .2987
18.82
18.60 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
42.80 .500
.4865
.0135
1 20
45. 87
719
(Broke.)
0 22
43.37
46. 36
831
A co 25*
18.75 .0161
.009
.0071
11 00
43.95
500
.487
.013
1 18
46.50
.675
(Broke.)
0 13
18.75 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached. Torsion not
quite ceased.
232
A co 26*
18.25
.01
.0035
.0065
11 45
.2989 x .2984
18.49
43. 20
.500
.4865
.0135
1 33
43.78
45.87
.670
(Broke.)
0 15
46. 48
833
A co 27*
19. 20
01
.0035-
0065
13 30
.2994 x .2993
19.32
45. 05
.500
.486
.014
1 20
45.34
47.53
.6505
(Broke.)
0 15
47.81
* About.
144
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0'' .3.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns. Turns. m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
18.70
.01
0035-
.0065
6 30
.2993 x
.2993
18.83
44. 84
.500
.4865+
.0135
1 18
45. i5
Torsion not quite ceased.
A slight seam on two sides.
47.66
.6805
(Broke.)
0 18
47.99
19.07
.01
.0035-
.6065
4 00
.2985 x .2989
19.31
43. 49
.500
488
.012
1 10
44. 07
46. 20
.6885
(Broke.)
◊ 20
46.82
18.92
.01
.003 +
.007
8 30
.299 x .2985
19. 14
45.56
.500
.4865
0135
1 22
46. 10
47.73
.641
(Broke.)
0 12
48.30
18.65
.0105
.0035
.0370
6.00
.2992 x .2987
18.84
18.65 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
44. 51
.500
.4865
6135
1 30
44.98
47.05
.6755
(Broke.)
0 19
47.51
18.88
.01
.0035-
.0065
5 00
.2985 x .299
19. 10
45.78
.500
487
.013
1 20
46.43
48. 49
.6675-
(Broke.)
0 13
49. 07
20.62
.01
.003
.007
6 30
.299 x
.2999
20. 73
54.00
.500
4835
.0165
1 30
54. 29
54.77 .546
(Broke.)
0 05
55.07
21.80 .01
0025
.0075
4 20
.2999 x .2994
21.87
58.09
.495
(Broke.)
2.05
58.27
21. 91
.01
.002+
.008
8 50
3002 x .2998
21.91
60. 70
452
(Broke.)
1 58
60. 70
21.95
.0105-
.003
0075
3 45
.300 x .2994
59.00
.500
.482
.018
2.00
59.00
*. 520
(Broke.)
0 05
21.99
59. 13
59. 13
21.95 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached. After releasing
to note resilience, it broke without raising the same weight again.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
36*
experi-
nating-
ment.
A co No. of 842
A co 35*
Material.
841
840 A co 34*
834 A co 28*
A co 33*
835
839
A co 29*
A co 32*
836
838
A co 30*
A co 31*
837
145
843
A co 37*
21.65
.01
.003
.007
6 30
2994 x .3001
21.70
57.23
500
482
.018
1 50
57.37
57.23
.5175
(Broke.)
0 03
57.37
844
A co 38*
20.10
.01
.003 +
007
4 10
2998 x 2991
20. 21
52.99
.500
.484
.016
1 51
53.28
54.02
578
(Broke.)
0 06
54. 49
845
A co 39 *
21.50
.01
.003
.007
5 50
.3002 x .3002
21.45
57. 16
489
(Broke.)
1 15
57.03
846
A co 40 x
21.98
.01
.0025
.0075
1 22
.3002 x .3005
21.90
59.15
.500
.482
.018
2.00
58.94
59.22
.5175
(Broke.)
0 03
59.01
847
A co 41x
21.06
.01
.0025
.0075
4 58
.3001 x .2991
21. 12
56.63
.500
.482
.018
1 42
56. 81
56.87
521
(Broke.)
0 01
57.05
848
-0
13.60
.0245
0290
16 00
301 x .3014
12.84
33.05
.500
.4895
.0105
1 30
32.65
39.67
1. 2695
(Broke.)
1 25
39. 12
849
=0
13. 62
.01
.004
.006
5 20
.3006 x .3004
13. 60
13.60 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached. Torsion not
quite ceased.
No. 848 was cut at the end of tensile specimen No. 170-.
Torsion not quite ceased.
33.83
500
491
.009
1 33
39.91
1. 169
(Broke.)
*1 10
33.80
39.87
No. 849 was cut at the end of tensile specimen No. 171—.
850
SPR 36 *
14. 16
.0295-
.0245
.0050
8 45
2955 x .2953
33. 12
500
.4885
.0115
J. 32
37. 11
800
(Broke.)
0 35
14.83
34.68
38.86
14.60 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
851 SPR 36*
13. 62
.0275-
021
.0065
10 32
2955 x .2955
14. 24
13.62 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
32.94
.500
.488
.012
1 35
34.46
37.05
866
(Broke.)
0 42
38.76
852
A co 42 x
18.15
.01
.003 +
.007
6 30
2968 x .296
18.79
46. 40
.500
.4855
.0145
1 44
48.05
48.79
649
(Broke.)
0 17
50.52
853
A co 43*
17.38
.0125
.0065
.0060
9.00
.296 x .2968
17.99
42.89 500
.487
.013
1 33
44. 4L
45.89
716
(Broke.)
*0 20
47.52
17.38 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached. Torsion very
nearly ceased.
854
A co 44*
16.55
.01
.0035-
.0065
7 00
.2968 x .2959
17. 15
42.05
.500
.487
.013
1 27.
43.59
45. 05
.6945
(Broke.)
0 17
46.74
855 | A co 45*
17.35
.OL
.003
.007
9.00
.296 x .2969
18. 63 A seam.
46.00
.500
.4835
0165
1 33
49.40
48.75
.6445
(Broke.)
0 16
52.35
* About.
10 F
146
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Lbs.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Turns. Turns.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Resilience:
Time of twisting.
Turns.
m. s.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Inches.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3x0".3.
Lbs.
Remarks.
? 14. 02
.011
.003 +
.008
2 00
. 2965 x
2969
14. 48
44.87
.500
.482
.018
1 48
46.35
A seam.
48. 12
.6935
(Broke.)
0 20
49.70
co 18.47
.01
.003
007
5 00
2961 x .2968
19. 12
46.70
.500
.4855
.0145
1 40
48. 36
49.08 658
(Broke.)
0 16
50.82
18.35
.01
.003 +
.007
4 45
. 297
x .2962
18.96
46.76 .500
49.00
.486
.014
1 27
48.33
.661
(Broke.)
0 12
50.65
18.65 .01
.003
.007
6 30
.296
x .2971
19. 28
46.96
.500
4845
.0155
1 42
48.55
49.00 .640
(Broke.)
0 12
50. 66
18.40 .01
.003
.007
6 45
.297
X .296
19.03
46.00
500
.480
.020
1 40
47.59
48.91
.670
(Broke.)
0 16
50.60
17.55
.011
.0035+
.0075
5 00
. 296
x .2972
18. 14
17.55 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
43. 20
500
.486
.014
1 10
44. 65
46.27
.709
(Broke.)
0 16
47.82
16. 25
.01
.0035
.0065
6 37
296 x .297
16.81
40.80
.500
.486
.014
1 32
42. 21
44.12
746
(Broke.)
0 20
45.64
18.05
.01
.003
.007
5 20
.2969 x .296
18. 69
46. 67
.499
.4825+
.0165
1 28
48.33
49.45
.683
(Broke.)
0 17
51. 21
17.85 .01
.003
.007
60 20
.2961 x .297
18.45
46.00
.500
.486
.014
10 35
47.56
48. 45
.6855
(Broke.)
0 17
50.10
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 54*
experi-
nating-
.
864
A co 53 mentNo. of *
.
863
*
MaterialA co 52862
856
A co 51*
A co 46*
861
47%.
857
co 50*
A A 860
858
A co 49 *
A co 48*
859
147
865
A co 55*
16. 85
.OL
.0035
.0065
5 00
.297 x .296
17.43
41.99
.500
.487
.013
1 10
43. 44
44.66
.6815
(Broke.)
0 15
46. 20
866
A co 56. *
17.45
.01
.0035-
.0065
4 30
.2969 x .296
18.06
43.27
.500
.484
.016
1 12
44. 81
46. 43
697
(Broke.)
0 12
48.08
867
A co 57*
17.85
. 01
.003
.007
4 00
.2973 x.2963
18.77
45.86
.500
.4845
.0155
1 08
47. 24
48.83
.697
(Broke.)
0 17
50. 40
868
A co 58*
18.85
.011
0035
.0075
4 40
.2971 x. 2961
19.37
18. 85 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
46. 45
.500
.486
.014
1 10
47.00
48.85
.6445
(Broke.)
0 12
50.49
869
A co 59*
17.85 .01
.003
.007
3 55
.2947 x .295
18.80
44.78 .500
4845
.0155
1 10
47. 16
47.64
.697-
(Broke.)
0 13
50. 17
870
A co 60 *
17.50
.01
0025-
.0075
3 40
.2948 x .2951
18. 41
45. 05
.500
.484
.016
1 22
47.30
48.05
7075
(Broke.)
0
16
50. 55
871 A co 61*
14.05 .011
.0035
.0075
2.05
41.97 .500
484-
.016
1 20
45.00
.6465
(Broke.)
0 16
872
A co 62*
16.30 .012
.003
.009
4 00
44.75 .500
47.54
481
.019
1 30
14. 05 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
A seam.
Carried beyond torsion of 0. 01 by mistake.
679
(Broke.)
0 14
873
A co 42*
17.30 01
.003
.007
3 30
.2969 x .296
17.91
46.32 .500
.4845
.0155
1 20
47.97
48.44
.6315
(Broke.)
0 12
50.16
874
A co 43
16.30
.0105
.0035
.0070
4.00
.2961 x .2966
16. 89
16. 30 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
42.72
.500
.487
.013
1 40
44. 29
45. 69
.695-
(Broke.)
0 15
47.37
875
A co 44*
16.20
.01
.0035
.0065
4 40
.2967 x .2959
16.70
42.67
.5005
.4855
.0145
1 20
43.98
45. 10
.68+
(Broke.)
0 16
46. 59
876
A co 45*
17.89
.01
.003
.007
5 45
.296 x .297
18. 41
46.75
.500
.4855`
.0145
1 28
48.36
48.98
.6565
(Broke.)
0 10
50.67
8979
A co 46*
17.50
.01
.003
.007
5 03
.2965 x .2969
18.78
46. 54
500
.484
.016
1 25
49.96
48.67
.640
(Broke.)
0 11
52.24
148
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wire.-Continued.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns:
m. S.
Inches.
Lbs.
17.35
.01
.0035-
.0065
3 30
.2961 x .2969
46.52
.500
486
.014
1 30
17.95
48. 12
48.37
.6075
(Broke.)
0 13
50. 04
17.90
.01
.0035
.0065.
4 32
.2971 x
.296
18.51
46. 58
500
.485
.015
1 27
48. 16
48.97
.634
(Broke.)
0 11
50.63
12.20
.01
.003
.007
2 40
.296 x .297
12.62
46.60
500
.436
.014
*1 30
48. 21
49. 10
.643
(Broke.)
0 12
50.79
17.65
.01
.0035-
.0065
3 40
.297 x .2965
18. 22
45.98
500
4865
.0135
1 18
47.49
48.66
.6665
(Broke.)
0 10
50.25
16.35
.01
.0035-
.0065
4 20
296 x .2971
16.90
42.95
.500
.4845+
.0155
1 16
44.39
45. 56
.6765
(Broke.)
0 10
47.09
15.30
.01
.0035
.0065
4 06
.2966 x .2964
15.82
40.93
.500
.4875
.0125
1 30
42.34
44.05
.741
(Broke.)
0 17
45.57
17.63
.01
´.003
.007
3 20
.2967 x
.296
17.69
46.58
.500
.486
.014
1 17
48.29
48.80
6475
(Broke)
0 15
50.59
17.20 .01
.003
.007
3 15
.296 x .2971
17.78
45.97 .500
.485
.015
1 18
47.53
48.40
.669
(Broke.)
0 12
50.05
16.57 .01
.0035
.0065
3 35
.2969 x .2961
17.14
42. 45
.500
.1855
.0145
1 20
43.91
42. 62
640
(Broke.)
0 10
44.09
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″. 3 x 0. 3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
55*
experi-
nating-
.
A co 886
mentNo. of A co 54*
.
885
A co 53 *
Material884
A co 52*
878 A co 47*
883
A co 48879
A co 51*
882
*
*.
A co 49%.
880
A co 50 881
149
887
A co 56*
16.75
.01
.0035
.0065
3 25
296 x.2967
17.36
43. 65
500
486
.014
1 20
45.25
46. 46
.6901
(Broke.)
0 10
48. 16
888
A co 57 *
17.20
.01
.0035-
.0065
4.00
.2973 x .2961
17.76
45.81
500
.484
.016
1 20
47.32
48.55
.6685
(Broke.)
0 15
50. 15
889
A co 58 *.
17.60
.01
.003
.007
4 30
.296 x .2974
18. 18
46. 35
.500
.4855
.0145
120
47.88
48. 48
.637
(Broke.)
0 10
50.07
890
A co 59 *
17.35
.0115
.005
.0065
5 00
.2945 x .295
18.29
17. 35 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
44.88
.500
483
.017
1 08
47.32
47.99
.690
(Broke.)
0 12
50.60
891
A co 60 *
17.20
.01
.003
.007
4 40
. 2947 x
.295
18. 11
44.93 .500
.4835
.0165
1 17
47.32
47.72
.6765
(Broke.)
0 14
50.26
892
A co 61 *
16.50
.0105
.003
.0075.
3 00
2954 x .2944
17.36
16. 50 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
45. 21
.500
4825
0175
1 27
47.59
47.72
6535
(Broke.)
0 14
50.23
893
A co 62 *
17.45
.01
.003
.007
3.10
2947 x .295
18.38
44.79 500
•
.4845
.0155
1 30
47. 17
47.00
.641
(Broke.)
0 10
49.50
894
A co 63 *
17.70
.01
.0035-
.0065
3 00
2953 x
2948
18.60
45.37
.500
.484 +
.016
1 20
47.68
48.05
678
(Broke.)
0 18
50.50
895
A co 64 *
17. 16
.01
.003 +
007
3.00
.2948 x .2952
18.04
44.95
.500
.484
.016
1 21
47.27
47.80
680
(Broke.)
0 15
50. 27
896
A co 65 *
17.90
.01
.003
.007
4 (8
.295 x .2947
18.85
44.99
.500
.4835
.0165
1 28
47.38
47.45
655
(Broke.)
0 16
49.97
897
A co 66 *
17.40 .01
.003 +
.007
3.30
295 x .2948
18. 31
44.98
.500
.4835
.0165
1 18
47.35
48.00 .6935
(Broke.)
0 12
50.52
898
A co 67 x
17.35 .01
.003
.007
3 10
.295 x .2918
18.25
44.97 .500
.4845
.0155
1 12
47. 21
47.88
.693
(Broke.)
0 13
50.38
899
A co 68 *
17.61 .01
.003
.007
5 00
.2949 x .295
18.52
44.74
500
.486
.014
1 25
47.07
·
46.96
.649
(Broke.)
0 10
49.43
* About.
150
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26-TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
16. 15
.01
0035-
0065
5 00
2948 x .295
17.00
40.93
500
.4865
.0135
1 35
43.08
44. 32
.717
(Broke.)
0 20
46. 65
17. 22
.01
.003
007
3.40
.295 x .2951
18. 09
44.82
.500
4835
.0165
1 33
47. 11
47.74
.694
(Broke.)
0 17
50.17
17.51
.01
003-
.007
3 00
.295 x .2952
18.39
44. 10
500
.4845
.0155
1 32
46. 33
47.40
7035
(Broke.)
0 18
49.80
16.38
.01
.003
007
2 50
295 x .2951
17. 21
41.50
500
.4865
.0135
1 18
43.60
44.80
725
(Broke.)
0 18
47.07
17.35 .01
.003
.007
3 (0
.2952 x .295
18. 22
45.25
500
483
017
1 21
47.53
48.42
.6965
(Broke.)
0 17
50.87
16.30
.01
.003
.007
2 45
.2952 x .2951
17.11
42. 18
.500
.484+
.016
1 20
44. 29
45. 64
.731
(Broke.)
0 16
47.92
17.40
.01
.003
.007
3 10
.2954 x
.295
18.10
44.03
.500
.485
.015
1 27
45.83
46. 84
.665
(Broke.)
0 20
48.75
17,55
.01
.003
.007
3 20
2962 x .2965
18. 19
44. 74
.500
.485
.015
1 21
46.38
47.69
.6855
(Broke.)
0 17
49.44
16.85
0105
.003 +-
0070
3 40
.2964 x .2966
17.46
42.51
.500
4855
.0145
1 20
41.06
45.52
7045
(Broke.)
0 18
46, 18
1
16.85 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 77 *
experi-
nating-
ment.
908
No. of A co 76 *
907
Material.
A co 75 *
996
900
A co 74 *
A co 69 *
905
901
A co 73 *.
A co 70 *.
904
902
A co 72 *
A co 71 X
903
151
909
A co 78*
17.80
.01
.0035
.0065
4. 40
.2964 x .2967
45. 05
.500
.4865
.0135
1 20
18.49 A scam in center of one side.
46.98
47.82
.667
(Broke.)
0 17
49. 45
910
A co 79x
16.66
.011
.0035+
.0075
3.40
.2962 x .2966
16.66 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
42. 43
.500
.4x65
.0135
1 19
45. 52
.7065
(Broke.)
0 16
911
A co 80*
17.10
.01
.003
.007
3.55
.2966 x .2968
44. 15
.500
.4855
.0145
1 30
47.44
.6985
(Broke.)
0 20
912
A co 81*
17.50
.01
.0035
.0065
3 00
.2967 x .2968
15.48
.5:0
.483
.017
1 22
48. 19
.678
(Broke.)
0 13
913
A co 82*
18.00
.01
.0025 +-
.0075
3 01
.2967 x .2969
45.86
.500
.4835
.0165
1 26
48.23 .654
(Broke.)
0 18
914 A co 83*
16.55
.01
.003
.007
3 05
2963 x .2964
42.20
500
.1855
.0145
1 25
45. 47
.728
(Broke.)
0 20
Strain was not released from this point as quickly as it should have
been.
915
A co 84*
16. 19
.01
.003
.007
2 50
.2963 x .2966
41.68
.560
.486
.014
1 20
45. 19
.747
(Broke.)
0 18
916
A co 63*
17.00
.01
.0025 +
0075
2 43
.2956 x .2947
45. 04
500
.484
.016
1 20
47.45
656
(Broke.)
0 11
917
A co 64 *
16.60
.01
.0025 +-
0075
3 02
2946 x
295
44.65
.500
: 484
.016
1 27
47.00
657
(Broke.)
0 12
918
A co 65*
17.15 .01
.003
.007
3.00
2945 x .2948
44.50
.500
.4835
.0165
1 22
46. 88
.634
(Broke.)
0 10
919
A co 66*
16.85 .01
.0025
0075
3.00
.295 x .2948
44.74
.501
.486
.015
1 27
47.30
.663
(Broke.)
0 10
920
A co 67*
16.75 .01
.003
.007
3.03
2917 x .295
44.69
500
47.45 .690
.484
(Broke.)
. 016
1 18
0 12
921
A co 68*
17.01
.01
.0025+
.0075
2.30
.295 x.2952
44.60
.500
.483 +
017
1 18
46.83
.650
(Broke.)
0 10
152
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
15.82
.01
.003.
.007
2 45
.2947 x .2946
41.00
500
€ 484
.016
1 26
44.33
.7285
(Broke.)
0 11
16.88
.01
.003
.007
3 10
2949 x .2943
17.76
44.00
.500
.4845
.0155
1 25
46. 46
47.00
.690
(Broke.)
0 13
49.63
16.85
.01
.003
007
3 45
.295 x .2953
17.69
43.97
.500
483
.017
1 14
46. 17
46. 61
669
(Broke.)
0.15
48.94
15.75
.01
.003
.007
3 00
.2948 x .2949
16.58
41.25
.500
4855
0145
1 30
43. 44
•
44.08 .697
(Broke.)
0 16
46. 42
17.05 .01
.0025
.0075
4.00
.295 x .2949
17.94
44.74 .500
.483
.017
1 31
47.06
47.66
.674
(Broke.)
0 14
50. 13
15.90
.01
.003
.007
3.00
.2948 x .2948
16.75
42.00
500
4835+
.0165
1 24
44. 24
45. 44
.718
(Broke.)
0 17
47.86
A co 75%
18.80
.01
.0025+
.0075
4 00
2951 x .2949
19.92
43.77
500
.4835
.0165
1 30
46.39
46.27 .657
(Broke.)
0 12
49.04
16. 11
.01
.003
.007
3 00
.2964 x .2964
16. 64
42. 27
500
485
015
1 20
43.66
45. 41
.703
(Broke.)
0 12
46.90
17.00
.010
.003
.007
3 45
.2965 x .2966
17.57
44.37
500
483
017
1 23
45.88
47.63
706
(Broke.)
0 12
49. 25
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0". 3x0.3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 80*
experi-
nating-
ment.
933
No. of *
A co 79 Material.
932
928
A co 69*
922
*
A co 74 923
927
A co 70*
73 *
924
A co A co 71*
926
A co 925
72*
153
934
A co 81:*
17.35 .01
.003
.007
3 20
2966 .2966
18.93
45.86 .507
.4291+
.0179
1 21
47.44
48.04 .6465
(Broke.)
0 12
49.65
935
A co 82%
17.60 .01
.0025
.0075
3 35
.2969 x .2965
18. 18
45.90
.500
483
017
1 21
· 47.41
·
47.98
6315
(Broke.)
0 10
49. 56
936
A co 83%
15.90
.01
.0035
.0065
3.00
.2963 x .2969
16. 43
42. 19
.500
.4845
0155
1 17
43. 61
45.08
.710
(Broke)
1 12
46. 59
937
A co 84%
15.80
.01
.0035
.0065
2 08
.2965 x .2966
16. 33
41.60
.500
.4845
.0155
1 18
43. Oi
44.82
.7385
(Broke.)
0 12
46. 34
938
SPR 37%
12.50
.011
.006
.005
4 10
.2967 x .2967
12.91
12.50 pounds raised before torsion reached 0.01.
38.74 .500
.487
.013
1 11
40. 11
41.86
.7205
(Broke.)
0 20
43. 24
A small seam.
939 SPR 38X
12.00
.01
.004
006
3.40
.295 x .2972
12. 48
36.97
.500
.4875
.0125
1 20
38.44
39. 78
.714
(Broke.)
0 21
41. 37
940 SPR 39%
12.97
.01
.004
.006
4 35
298 X .295
13. 41
38.73
500
486
014
1 20
40.07
41. 61
.715
(Broke.)
0 21
43.05
A small seam.
941
SPR 40:
11.90
.012
007
.005
4 15
.2993 x .2952
12.23
11.90 pounds raised before roaching torsion of 0.01.
36. 41
.500
.4865
.0135
1 11
37.36
40.00
.750
(Broke.)
1 30
41. 12
A scam.
942 SPR 41:
12.95
.0011
.006
4 12
2952 x
2996
13.29
38.05 .500
4875
.0125
1 10
39.05
40.83
.698
(Broke.)
0 20
41.90
943 Ingot 838*
14.50
.01
.0035
.0065
4.00
.3003 x .296
14.77
45. 36
.500
.485
- 015
1 22
46. 21
48, 60
6875
(Broke.)
0 20
48.90
944 Ingot 844
16. 20
.01
.0035
.0065
5 20
.3007 x .2962
16.44
51.07
.500
.482
.018
1 40
51.85
53. 04
.62 +
(Broke.)
53.85
945 SP R 37*
12.85
.01
.004
.006
4 30
.2966 x .2967
13.28
38.78
. 5:0
.4855
.0145
1 10
40.07
42.70
.758
(Broke.)
0 30
44. 13
Two seams on one side.
946
SPR 38*
13.50
.0195
.013 +
.0065
14 00
.2944 x .297
37.38
500
.4865
.0135
1 10
40.87 .773
(Broke.)
0 25
14.09
39.01
42.66
13.50 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
154
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.-TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns. Turns.
M..
S.
Inches.
13.50
.0105
.005
0055
6 40
2979 x .2949
38.70
500
.487
.013
•
1 17
Lbs.
13.99
40. 18
13.50 pounds raised before torsion of 0.01 was reached.
41.94
7305
(Broke.)
0 20
43. 43
11. 20
.01
.004
.006
4 15
.2995 x .295
11.51
36.05
.500
.428
.012
1 10
37.05
Flaw discovered, after fracture, extending from outside to center.
40.50
.7855
(Broke.)
0 22
41.63
13. 75
.016
.010
006
12 00
2996 x .2949
37.79
.500
.488
.012
1 18
41.00
7335
(Broke.)
0 22
14. 12
38.74
42. 14
13.75 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
15.30
.01
004
.006
6 00
3002 x
2957
15. 61
45. 18
.500
.484
.016
1 19
46. 12
48. 36
722
(Broke.)
0 20
49.37
16.40
.01
.003
.007
4 40
.296 x .3005
16.68
51. 41
.500
.480
020
1 40
52.31
53.39
6235
(Broke.)
0 12
54. 33
15.86
.01
0035
.0065
5 05
.3007 x .2957
42.58
500
.487
013
*1 30
16. 14
42.35
This specimen and No. 957 were adjoining parts of the same wire.
45.40
.707
(Broke.)
0 17
. 46. 22
15. 10
.01
.0035
.0065
5 30
2952 x .296
15. 77
Adjoined No. 958.
42.95
.500
486 +
.014
1 20
44.86
46.00
.700
(Broke.)
0 20
48.05
15.55
.01
.0035
.0065
5 00
.2944 x .294
16. 48 Adjoined No. 959.
42. 71
.500
.4845
.0155
1 20
45.47
.688
(Broke.)
0 18
45.28
48.21
14.80
.OL
.0035+ .0065
6 45
.2972 x .2972
15. 22 Adjoined No. 960
41.73
.500
4865+
.0133
1 10
45. 60
769
(Broke.)
Q 21
42.93
46,91
(
Remarks.
!
Mark on specimen desig-
955 SPR 55*
experi-
nating-
.
954 SPR 51*
SPR 53*
mentNo. of 953
.
952 SP R 52*
951 Ingot 844*
Material950 Ingot 838*
949 | SP R 41*
SPR 39947
948 SPR 40*
*
155
1
956 | SPR 56 *
14.50
.01
. 0035
0065
4 40
.2953 x .2946
15. 25
From opposite end of wire from which No. 961 was taken.
40.75
.500
484
.016
1 10
42.93
43. 51
.6965
(Broke.)
0 12
46.91
957 SP R 52*
16. 20
.01
.0035
.0065
5 40"
.3005 x .296
16. 48
See No. 952.
43.63
.500
4865
0135
1 30
44.39
46.00
.671
(Broke.)
0 18
46. 80
958 SPR 53*
15, 11
.01
.0035-+-
.0065
3.00
.2951 x .2959
15.80
Nos. 957 to 961 inclusive were annealed at a slightly lower heat than
the five preceding specimens. (Bronze in incipient fusion.)
See No. 953.
42.58
500
. 4865
.0135
1 40
44.55
45.77
.720
(Broke.)
0 20
47.88
959
SPR 54 *
14. 90
.01
.0035
.0065
4.00
294 x .2942
15.81
See No. 954. Slightly defective on two corners.
42. 64
.500
.4845
.0155
1 35
45.24
45.45
.6x8
(Broke.)
0 18-
43.32
960
SPR 55 *
15. 15.
.01
.0035
0065
5 30
.297 x .297
15.61
See No. 955.
42.46
.500
.4865
.0135
1 17
43.77
45.95
.718
(Broke.)
0 21
47.35
961
SPR 56 *
14.90
.0115
.006
.0055
4 30
.2952 x .2948
15. 67
See No. 956.
41. 43
500
.4255
0145
1 12
43.57
44.39
.7025 (Broke.)
0 18
46. 68'
962 SPR 42 *
14.60
.01
.0035+
.0065
4 00
297
X .2971
15.03
45.63
.5005
486
.0145
1 31
47.00
48.62
.693
(Broke.)
0 16
50.08
963
SPR 43*
15. 50
.011
.004
007
5 00
.2954 x 2954
16.23
Three slight seams.
44.85
.500
.485.
.015
1 20
46. 97
47.25
.647
(Broke.)
0 12
49.48
i
964 SPR 44 *
11.25 .0375
.031
.0065
4 45
.2925 x .2925
12. 10
Raised 11.25 pounds before reaching torsion of 0. 01.
28.99
500
.419
.051
0 58
31. 18
33.67 .9685
(Broke.)
0 35
36. 21
965
SPR 45 *
10.50
. 0115
.007
.0045
4 44
.2926 x .293
11. 29
28.64
.500
49
010
1 08
30.80
33.46
9845+ (Broke.)
0 33
35.98
966 SPR 46 *
17. 28
.01
.003
.007
6 30
.2946 x .2944
18. 26
52.37
500
.4795
. 0205
1 20
55.35
54.32
.633
(Broke.)
0 10
57.41
967 S PR 47 *
16.30 .01
.003
.007
6 10
.2943 x .296
17.11
52.18
500
.479
021
1 45
54.89
A slight seam.
54.82
.6495
(Broke.)
0 12
57.56
968 SPR 48
13. 60
.01
.003
.007
4 00
.2958 x .2947
14. 26
38.50
500
.487
013
1 20
40.39
A slight seam.
43. 35
719
(Broke.)
0 13
45.47
* About.
1566
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Lbs.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Turns. Turns.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
Turns. m. s.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Inches.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″.3 x 0,3.
Lbs.
Remarks.
14.81
.01
0035
.0065
4 40
.2966 x .298
15. 21
45. 19
.500
4835
.0165
1 20
46. 43
A slight seam.
47.48
6275
(Broke.)
0 10
48.78
14.75
.01
.004
.006
4. 00
2953 x .2953
15.47
44. 63
500
485
.015
1 20
46.75
47.96
732
(Broke.)
0 14
50.28
10.50
.01
.006
.004
4 30
.2929 x .2923
11.30
29.10
,500
.490
.010
1.00
31.34
A very slight seam.
33.52
9575
(Broke.)
0 39
35.90
10.40 .020
.0155
.0045
13.00
.2925 x .293
28.80 ,500
33.35
4895
.0105
0 53
11. 18
30.98
957
(Broke.)
0 45
35.87
Raised 10.40 pounds before reaching torsion of 0.01
a short time at 0 013 torsion increased rapidly.
16.80 .01
51.78
.003
.007
6 30
.2945 x .294
17.79
500
4805
0195
1.40
54.35
53.94 .6445
(Broke.)
0 10
56.63
16. 42
.01
.003
.007
6 00
2959 x .2943
17.25
51.95
500
480
.020
·
1 30
54.57
53.60
.606
(Broke.)
0 10
55.74
13. 74
.01
.003
.007
4 40
2956 x .2947
14.42
A seam at each end.
38. 44
.500
.487
.013
1 05
40.36
45.39
8855
(Broke.)
0 33
47.66
; after standing
Mark on specimen desig-
975 S P R 48 ✶
experi-
nating-
•
ment.
SPR 47 *
No. of 974
973 SPR 46 *
972 SP R 45✶
Material.
SPR 44 *
971
969 SPR 42 *
SPR 43 *
970
157
976 | SP R 52 ★
15. 20
.01
0035
.0065
4 03
.299 x .3003
15. 24
43. 78
.500
.486 +
.014
1 10
43.92
46.62
.668
(Broke.)
0 23
46. 76
977
SPR 53
13.80
.01
.004
.006
6 35
.3005 x .2991
13.82
43.83
.500
.186
.014
1 10
43.91
46.52
.669
(Broke.)
0 17
46.60
978 SPR 54 *
14.55
.01
.0035+
.0065
4 45
2995 x
.3006
14. 45
44.86
500
.486
.014
1 20
44.83
47.75
.678
(Broke.)
0 13
47.72
979
SPR 55 *
14.50
.0105
.0035
.0070
3 05
2994 x
3005
14.50
43. 45
500
.4855
0145
1 11
43. 47
46.79
..719
(Broke.)
0 16
46. 81
980 SPR 56 *
13.87
.01
.0035
.0065
2 20
300 x
299
13.93
42. 81
500
.4865
.0135
1 17
43.02
46. 32
.7285
(Broke.)
0 19
46.55
A slight seam.
981
SPR 42.
16. 07
.01
.0035+
.0065
3.40
2993 x .3013
16.02
47.96
500
.484
.016
1 24
47.81
A very slight seam.
50.70
.6645
(Broke.)
0 18
50.54
982 SPR 43✶
16. 48
.01
.0035
.0065
3 57
2993 x .3012
16. 43
46.66
500
.4845-+-
0155
1 30
46.54
50.48
.7295
(Broke.)
0 23
50.35
983
SPR 44 *
12.00
.0285+
.023
.0055
9.00
.2985 x .3003
12.07
31.37
.500
.491
.009
1 05
31.55
36.55
981
(Broke.)
0 40
36.76
Torsion nearly ceased at torsion of 0.01, but continued to the extent
given.
984
SPR 45 *
11.65 .ΟΙ
.006
.004
6.30
.3002 x .2985
11.72
31.89 .500
.490
.010
1 18
32.09
86.27
.919
(Broke.)
0 40
86.83
985
SPR 46 *
18.23 .01
.003
.007
4 55
.298 x .2997
18. 44
54.96
.500
482
.018
1 30
55.59
A slight seam.
57.57
.645
(Broke.)
Ꮕ 15
58.23
986 SPR 47 *
17.90
.01
003
.007
6 40
.2969 x .2986
18.30
53.87
500
482
.018
1 28
55.09
55.99
.632
(Broke.)
0 13
57.26
987 S P R 48✶
15.25
.01
.0025+
0075
4 50
.301 x .3004
15. 14
41.83
500
.4885
.0115
1 12
41.53
47.70
.862
(Broke.)
1
988 SPR 49 *
14. 15
.01
.003
. OC7
6 00
2963 x
2972
37.49
.500
488
.012
1 02
44. 44
.893
(Broke.)
0 34
47. 36
14. 15
37.49
44. 44
A slight seam.
After fracture a seam was found extending from outside to center.
158
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Lbs.
15.50
Turns. Turns.
.01
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
.0035
.0065
3 15
.2993 x .3008
15.50
44.75
500
486
•
.014
1 15
44.75
47. 67
6975
(Broke.)
0 15
47. 67
15.55
· 01
.0035
. 0065
5 20
.2999 x .2999
15.55
43.90
.500
4855
.0145
1 15
43.90
46.62
679
(Broke.)
0 14
46. 62
A very slight seam.
16.02
.01
.0035
.0065
6 08
.2995 x .301
16. 02
48.00
.500
4835
.0165
1 30
48.00
51. 13
.671
(Broke.)
0 13
51. 13
15. 85
01
0035
.0065
4 35
2994 x .3011
15.85
47.00
.500
4825
.0175
1 18
47.00
50.63
.7005
(Broke.)
0 18
50.03
12.05 .0365
7 20
.3002 x .2985
12.05
31.68
500
.490
.010
1 03
31.68
12.05 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
36. 19
.9075
(Broke.)
0 33
36. 19
11.60
.032
.027
.005
14 00
.2984 x .3001
11. 60
31.00
500
4895
0105
1 05
31.00
35.75 .926
(Broke.)
0 35
35. 75
18.30
.01
.003
.007
6 30
.2983 x .300
18.30
54.76
.050
.04805
.00193
1 30
54.76
57.70
6675
(Broke.)
0 20
57.70
17. 20
.01
.003
.007
4.00
.2975 x .2994
17.20
54.74
.500
479
.021
1 50
54. 74
57.05
6375
(Broke.)
0 20
57.05
15.02
.01
.003
.007
3 20
.3004 x .3011
15. 02
A seam.
40.00
500
.4855
. 0145
1 09
40.00
47.77 809
(Broke.)
0 33
47. 77
Remarks.
1
Mark on specimen desig-
48..
experi-
nating-
ment.
SPR No. of 997
47.
Material.
SPR 996
SPR 989
SPR 46..
995
50 *
994 SPR 45
990
SPR* 44
SPR 51 X
993
SPR* 42..
991
SPR 43..
992
159
998 | SPR 49*
14.05
.01
.0025+
0075
3 00
.2957 x .2969
14.57
37.68
4995
486
.0135
1 06
39.09
44.09
.821
(Broke.)
0 35
45.74
A slight seam.
999 SPR 50*
15. 15
.01
.0035
.0065
4 40
.2996 x .3014
15.07
44.68
,500
.486
.014
1 20
44. 46
48. 01
.71
(Broke.)
0 30
47.77
1000
SPR 51*
15.40
.015 +
.009 +
006
3 30
299 x .301
15. 40
15.40 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
44.26
500
4855
.0145
1 19
44. 26
47. 46
.703 +
(Broke.)
0 18
47.46
1001
SPR 52*
17.45
.037 +
.029
.008
3 20
.2987 x .3007
17.45
Torsion carried too far, by mistake.
43.91
500
4845
0155
1 05
43.91
47.18
.700
(Broke.)
0 18
47.18
1002
SP R 53X
15. 25
.01
.0035
.0065
4.30
2929 x .300
15.33
45.00
500
486
.014
1 22
45.24
48.20
.697 +
(Broke.)
0 16
48.46
1003
SPR 54%
15. 80
.01
.0035
.0065
5.04
.3002 x .2993
15.80
45, 14
.500
4845
0155
1 28
45. 14
48.18
.687
(Broke.)
0 18
48.18
1004
SPR 55*
14.60
. 0115
.0065
.0050
4 00
.2991 x .3004
14.60
43.34
.500
.486
.014
1 20
43. 34
47. 31
.758
(Broke.)
0 22
47. 31
1005 S P R 56*
14.95
.01
.0035-
0065
4 05
.3004 x .2992
14.95
43.40
.500
.486 +
.014
1 21
43. 40
46, 67
.725
(Broke.)
0 18
46. 67
1006
BS co
10.68
.0215
.017 +
0045
8 45
297 x .2977
10.98 Began to yield on raising 10.68 pounds.
32. 28
.500
.489
.011
1 30
33. 15
36.25
.855
(Broke.)
0 43
37.22
A very slight seam.
1007
BS co S
10.68
.103
.094 +
.009
6 02
.2955 x .297
11.09
26.79 .500
488
.012
1 20
27.82
33.56
.7625
(Broke.)
0 42
34.85
1011
SPR 57%
12.80
.0115+-
0065
.0050
10 00
.296 x .2963
12.80
34.59
500
.4885
.0115
1 27
34.59
38.62
.826
(Broke.)
0 30
38.62
1012
SPR 58*
14.30 .01 +
.0035
.0065
6 03
3013 x .3021
14.30
46.00 500
485
015
1 50
46.00
49.27
.670
(Broke.)
0 26
49.27
Seams on three sides.
1013
SPR 57*
13.00
.01
.005
.005
7 13
3002 x .3016
12.88
36. 07
500
489
011
1 20
35.74
40.38
825
(Broke.)
0 45
40. 01
160
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.--TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0". 3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
15.55
46. 62
Turns.
01
Turns.
Turns. m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
0035
. 0065
6 00
.301 x .302
15. 31
.500
4835
.0165
1 30
50.00 .688
(Broke.)
0 30
45.92
49.25
A seam on each of three sides.
15.50
.011
.004
•.007
7 00
.3013 x .3022
46.79
500
4845
0155
2 05
15.24
46. 01
50.00
.689
(Broke.)
0 22
49.17
Annealed together; each had slight seams on two sides.
14.90
Οι
.0035
.0065
3 40
.301 x .3023
14. 64
46.27
500
4845
.0155
1 25
45.49
•
49.47
6765
(Broke.)
0 15
48.62
15. 55
.0105
.0035-
.0070
3 55
.3013 x .300
15. 44
41. 07
500
488
.012
1 22
41.39
A scam on each of two opposite sides
From different rods.
47.61
.8115
(Broke.)
0 30
47.20
15.95
.01
.003
.007
5 00
.3005 x .3015
15. 79
42.23
.500
487
.013
1 20
47.63
7435
(Broke.)
0 26
41.80
47. 15
A seam.
The same annealing.
15. 34
.01
.0035+ 0065
4 40
.3007 x .3018
15. 14
45.82
.500
485
.015
1 25
45. 24
Seam separating cross-line, about 0".01 > From different rods.
48.27
.656
(Broke.)
0 20
47.66
14.00
0135
.008
.0055
4 40
.3005 x .3018
13,84
45.00
.500
4855
.0145
1 20
44. 49
Seam separating cross-line, 0.8
The same annealing.
47.94
.6595
(Broke.)
0 14
47.50
15.00 .01
.0035
.0065
4 40
.301 x .302
14.83
45. 68
.500
4855
0145
1 18
45. 16
From different rods.
48.40
.667
(Broke)
0 13
47.85
15. 20
.0115
.006
.0055
5 00
.3013 x .3018
14.96
45. 66
500
487
.013
1 30
44.94
The same annealing.
48.07
.677
(Broke.)
0 14
47.32
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
1022 SP R* 62
experi-
nating-
ment.
SP RX 62
No. of 1021
SP R* 61
Material.
1020
SPR* 61
SPR 1014
1019
SP R* 60
58*
1018
1015
60
SPR 58*
SPRX SP 1016
1017
R 58**
161
1023 SPR✶ 63
15.15
.01
.004
.006
5 40
.301 x.302
14.97
46. 12
.500
.486
.014
1 10
45.59
A slight seam.
From different rods.
48. 10
620
(Broke.)
0 12
47.55
1024 SP R* 63
16.35
.01
.004
.006
** 00
.301 x.302
47.36
.500
485
.015
1 18
16. 16 One side scored in drawing
46.82
·
49. 14
.630
(Broke.)
0 12
48.58
The same annealing.
1025 SPR 61*
15.00
.01
.004
.006
6 00
.3008 x .3016
14.82
47.00
.500
486
.014
1 30
46. 44
49.00
.618
(Broke.)
0 11
48. 41
1026 SPR 61*
13. 20
. 01
.0035+
.C065
3 00
.302 x .3004
13. 20
46.55
500
.484
.016
1 20
46.55
Seam separating cross-line 0". 08.
48.86
. 6295
(Broke.)
0 12
48.86
1027
SPR 62*
14.60
.01
.005
.005
6 00
.301 x.302
14. 60
46. 13
.500
.486
.014
1 20
46. 13
48. 43
6345
(Broke.)
0 11
48.43
1028 SP-R 62*
14.60
.01
.004
.006
6 10
.3014 x .3018
14.60
46.00
.500
.4855
.0145
1 28
46.00
48.05
6303
(Broke.)
0 10
48.05
1029 S P R 63×
47.00
.500
.485
.015
1 40
.3008 x .3018
47.00
48.72
.607
Torsion of 0.01 passed by mistake.
(Broke.)
0 09
48.72
1030 SPR 63*
15.80 .01
.004
.006
5 50
.301 x.302
15.80
Scored in drawing.
47.79
.500
.4815
.0185
1 26
47.79
49.17
.589
(Broke.)
0 10
49.17
1031
-C 900
14.60
.01
.004
.006
3 30
3004 x .2987
14.60
44.96
500
484
.016
1 40
44.96
48. 61
.738
(Broke.)
0 23
48.61
1032-C 900
14.60
.01
.004-
.006
4.00
.3006 x .298
14. 60
45.00
500
.485
015
1 26
45.00
48. 40
.7425
(Broke.)
0 20
48.40
}.
1033 SPR 64*
13. 25
.018
.012
.006
7 12
.2995 x .2965
13. 51
40.00
501
4875
0135
1 47
40.80
43.18 .711
(Broke.)
0 22
44.05
1034 SPR 65*
12.95
.0145
.0095
.0050
8 15
2969 x .300
13. 15
41.92 .600
5875
.0125
1 50
42.57
42.48 .660
(Broke.)
0 10
43. 14
1035 SPR 66*
14.00 .0105
.005
.0055
8 10
.297 x .3007
14. 16
42.53
.500
.486
.014
1 30
43. 02
45.47
.701
(Broke,)
45.99
11 F
162
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3x 0″ .3.
Lbs.
14. 15
43. 10
.01
Turns. Turns.
0065
Turns. m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
.0035
9 00
2975 x .301
14. 24
,500
.486
014
1 35
43. 41
45.72
.6645
(Broke.)
0 18
46.05
14. 65
.01
.004
.006
7 20
.298 x.302
14. 05
42.80
.500
488
.012
1 30
42.80
44.78
.640
(Broke.)
0 17
44.78
13. 25
.014
.011
.003
6 00
.3025 x .292
13. 62
41.90
500
486
.014
1 32
43.07
44.95
.700
(Broke.)
0 25
46.20
Two seams separating cross-lines 0". 02 and 0". 06.
15.00
.011
.0055+
.0055
6 00
.2989 x .3026
15.00
46.93
500
4855
.0145
1 05
46.93
48.75
630
(Broke.)
0.12
48.75
Seam
Seam; cross-line separated about 0". 01.
14.77
.01
004
006
8 00
.299 x.3026
14. 77
45.63
500
.4865
.0135
1 40
45.63
47. 74
.6515
(Broke.)
0 20
47.74
12. 10
.01
.004
.006
5 20
300 x .2967
12. 10
40.00
42. 10
.500
486
.014
1 30
40.00
629
(Broke.)
0 15
42.10
12. 12
.01
.005
.005
4 10
.2975 .300
12. 12
12.95
0115
.010
0015
4 15
12.95 (After resting one-half hour.)
40.59
42.05
.500
.487
.013
1 35
40.59
.617
(Broke.)
0 10
42.05
13.50
.01
.005
.005
5 00
3007 x 2973
13.50
43.00
500
4855
0145
1 30
43.00
45.00
6345
(Broke.)
0 12
13.80
.0115
.007
.0045
6 20
.3012 x .2979
13.80
43.70
.500
486
.014
1 27
45. 03
587
(Broke.)
0 12
45.00 Seam separating cross-line about 0″. 02.
43.70
45. 03 Three seams; cross-lines se arated from 0". 02 to 0". 05.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
сн
experi-
nating-
ment.
CH
No. of Material.
CH
SPR 67*
1044
SPR 66*
1036 SPR 67*
1043
1037 SP R 68*
SPR 65*
1038 SPR 69*
1042
1039 SPR 70*
1041 SPR 64*
1040 SPR 71*
163
1045 | S P R 68*
1046
SP R 69%
1047 SPR70*
1048 SPR 71*
CH
сн
CH
CH
13.25
43. 10
.01
.005
.005
6 00
3018 x .298
13.25
.500
.486
.014
1 35
43. 10
44. 42
.578
(Broke.)
0 10
44. 42
13.45 .01
..004
.006
7 40
.302 x .298
13.45
43.96 .500
.484
.016
1 32
43.96
45.00
.590
(Broke.)
0 08
45.00
Seam separating cross-line 0". 02.
15. 25
.01
.004
.006
6 00
.2988 x .3027
15.25
48.43
.500
.485
.015
1 45
48. 43
48. 43
(Broke.)
48. 43
14.78 .01
.004
.006
8 35
.3026 x .2985
14.78
47.88
.500
.485
.015
1 40
47.88
47.88
.5265
(Broke.)
0 00
47.88
1049 SP Rx 65
12.60
.0125
.008
.0045
9 50
.3003 x.2969
12. 60
39. 11
.500
.487+ .013
1 30
39. 11
42. 11
.6975
(Broke.)
0 25
42. 11
1050 SP R* 66
13. 70
.01
.004
.006
8.30
.2971 x .3004
13.70
42.00
.500
4865
0135
2 06
42.00
44.70 .6795
(Broke.)
0 28
44.70
Seam; cross-line separated 0". 04.
1051
SP R* 67
14.20 015
.009
.006
11 40
.2975 x .3001
14. 20
43.00
500
.486
.014
1 40
43.00
44.76
622
(Broke.)
0 22
44. 76
1052 SP R* 68.
14.05
.0155
.010
0055
14 30
.2979 x .3002
14.05
42.52 .500
, 4865
.0135
1 30
42.52
44.97 .6635
(Broke.)
0 20
44.97 Seam
Seam; cross-line separated about 0".01.
1053
SPR* 69
13.30 .01
005
.005
5 30
.302 x.2979
42.00
500
.465
.035
1 30
.13.30
42.00
44.80 697
(Broke.)
0 21
44. 80 Seam: cross-line separated about 0".02.
1054 SPR* 70.
14.96 .01
004
.006
6 25
299 x.3031
14.96
47.00 .500
.485
.015
1 40
47.00
48.90
.610
(Broke.)
0 12
48.90
1055
SPR* 71
14.52
01
.004
.006
7 30
.3028 x .2992
14. 52
45.89
500
485
015
1*37
45. 89
48.35
6535
(Broke.)
0 20
48. 35
1056 BES 3*
19. 65
.01
.003
.007
4 30
.2992 x .2968
19.65
49. 19
.494
(Broke.)
1 50
49. 19
1057 BES 4*
19.05
01
.003
.007
3 20
.2958 x .294
19.05
50. 19
.600
.584
.016
1 45
50. 19
50.51
. 440
(Broke.)
0 05
50.51
164
mentStrain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires—Continued
Torsion.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns. Turns. m. S.
Inches.
Lbs.
21.00
51.97
012
.006
.006
4.00
.300 x .2961
21.00
500
484
.016
2.08
51.97
52.42 .540
(Broke.)
0 10
52.42
22.00
.01
003
.007
7 00
.302 x .3011
21.65
60.55
. 470
(Broke.)
2 10
59.59
20.90
.01
.0025
.0075
6 00
2984 x .2975
21.32
58.05
470
(Broke.)
1 58
59.23
21.50
.01
.003
.007
7 15
.2975 x .2989
21.89
58.22
4595
(Broke.)
2. 00
59.87
19.90
.01
.003
.007
6 20
.2975 x .2991
20. 13
55.76
4601
(Broke.)
1 48
56. 14
21.58
.01
.003
.007
6 15
.2991 x .2975
21.96
58.83
.4775
(Broke.)
1 50
59.87
21.65
01
003
.007
5 40
.3002 x .2975
21.90
59.00 .472
(Broke.)
1 43
59.68
20.85 .01
0025
.0075
6 00
.2973 x .3008
21.05
58.38
.472
(Broke.)
1 45
58.96
16. 35
.01
.0025
.0075
5 00
.3007 x .2983
16. 43
53.70
.4435
(Broké.)
1 33
53.96
21.30
.01
.0025
.0075
6 00
.2975 x .3008
21.49
59. 17
4765
(Broke.)
1 45
59.72
21.20
.01
..003
.007
5 30
.3008 x .2972
21.42
59.43
500
482
018
1 48
60.04
21.55
.01
.003
.007
6 00
.2975 x .3005
21.77
59. 05
456
(Broke.)
1 54
59, 66
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of (“. 3 x 0″. 3.
Remarks.
+
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 95*
of experi-
nating-
.
1088
1087 A co 94*
No. '1086 A co 93*.
Material.
À có 92*
1085
A co 91*
1058 BES 16✶
1084
A co 85*
1078
A co 90*
1083
A co 86*
1079
A co 89*
1082
1080 A co 87*.
A co 88 k
1081
165
1176 | A co 85*
22.53
01
•
.0025
10 00
.3014 x .3018
60.84 .476
(Broke.)
1 50
1177 A co 86*
21.67
.01
.0025
6 00
.2972 x .2983
58.30
.500
4815
1 45
Did not raise the weight after having been released.`
1178
A co 87*
21. 43
.01
.003
9.00
.2972 x .2986
57.67
.500
.4815
1 42
57.67
..5175
(Broke.)
0 03
1179
A co 88*
20.59
.01
.003
7 00
.2972 x .299
54. 20
.487
(Broke.)
1 33
1180
A co 89*
21.80
.01
.0025
9 30
.2993 x
2972
58.71
499
(Broke.)
1 40
1181
A co 90*
21.90
.01
.0025
5 00
.3001 x .2975
58.58
.496
(Broke.)
1 30
1182❘ A co 91*
21.90
.01
.0025
5 15
.3003 x .2972
57.78
.496
(Broke.)
1 20
1183
A co 92*
21.92
.01
.003
7 00
3001 x .2976
57.42
.467
(Broke.)
1 32
1184
A co 93*
21.20 .01
.003
6 00
.2972 x .3005
58.24
.4715
(Broke.)
1 40
1185 A co 95.
22.00 .01
.0025
6 00
.2972 x .3007
57.96
4995
(Broke.)
1 30
1186 A co 95*
21.82
.01
.0025
7 00
.2972 x
3005
57.90
488
(Broke.)
1 38
1187
A co 96*
18.70
0115
.004
7 00.3005 x .2976
49.98
.500
4835
1 10
51. 40
.595
(Broke.)
0 12
1188
A co 97*
18.57
.01
.0035
8 00
.2977 x .2987
49.89
.500
485
1 20
•
51.00
.583
(Broke.)
0 08
1189
A co 98*
18. 13
.01
0035
8 40
.2975 x .2982
47.76
.500
.485
1 25
50.00
.6495
(Broke.)
0 18
►
1190
M co 4*
14.04
.021
39.55
.5025
.0155
488
*9 00
.2996 x .2973
Seam; cross-line separated 0".03.
Raised weight before torsion reached 0.01.
2.00
42.90
7305
(Broke.)
0 38
* About.
166
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3,
Lbs.
11.00
.033
30.79
500
Turns. Turns.
.0285
.489
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
2 40
.2989 x
.297
1 30.
Lbs.
Raised weight before torsion reached 0.01.
35.56
.929
(Broke.)
0 42
12.25 .01
.005
5 40
.2994.x.2970
14.04 .021
.0155
2.00
39.42 .501.
.4875
1 18
42.22 .689
(Broke.)
0 22
10.17 .01
.0065
4 30
.2995 x .2969
11.00
.018
.013
4 00
31.85
.500
.4895
1 25
36. 26
.8875
(Broke.)
0'35
20.00
.01
.0025
5.00
3007 x .2985
Nos. 1202 to 1205 annealed in contact.
52.67
.500
.4815
1 40
56. 37
.7695
(Broke.)
0 30
19.55
.01
.003
4 00
3017 x .2989
51.86
.499
.4815
1 43
56.75
.789
(Broke.)
0 35
43.00
.500
*.4855
2.00
2987 x .2986
48.78
9665
(Broke.)
0 45
Seam; cross-line separated 0".03.
18.95
.01
.003
6 00
3015 x .2993
44. 10
. 499
.484
1 32
49.10
.912
(Broke.)
0 35
19.70
.01
.003
3 00
.2984 x .301
Nos. 1206 to 1209 annealed in contact.
50. 19
.500
483
1 35
54. 94
.820
(Broke.)
0 30
20.55 .01
.0035
4 45
.3021 x .299
51.93 .501
.483
1 35
56.08
.810
(Broke.)
0 35
J
Remarks.
Mark on specimen designa-
A co 91
experi-
ting-
ment.
1207
No. of Material.
.
A co 851206
A co 144.
M co 51191
1205
1204 A co 138.
*
1203❘ A co 91
1192 M co 4*
1202 A co 85.
1193 M co 5*
167
1208
A co 138.
16.79
.0105
.0035
4 30
.2985 x .2981
41.98
.500
.486
1 20
47. 13
1. 025
(Broke.)
0 45
1209
A co 144.
18. 10
.0245
.0175
8 00- .2991 x .3005
42. 08
.499
.4855
1 35
47.22 1.0065
(Broke.)
0 50
1210
A co 99*
18.75 .01
50.10
.003
6 00
.2976 x .2982
500
.484
1 35
52.00 .6065
(Broke.)
0 12
1211
A co 100%.
18.70
016
.609
10 15
.2979 x .2979
18.70 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
49.72
.500
.484
1 20
52. 13
.638
(Broke.)
0 08
1212
A co 101 *
18.85
.0105
.0035
5 00
.2973 x .298
50. 05
500
4825
1 30
52.03
.620
(Broke.)
0 16
1213
A co 102*
18.75
.011
.0035
4 20
.2973 x .2981
50.00
.500
4830
1 20
51.05
570*
(Broke.)
0 12
1214
A co 103*
18.50
.014
.0075
5 30
.298 x.2973
49.37 .501
.4835
1 20
51.00 .612
(Broke.)
0 10
Seam; cross-line separated about 0 .03.
1215
A co 104*.
18.90
.01
.003
6 00
.2974 x .298
50.00
.500'
.483
1 20
51.70
588
(Broke.)
0 10
1216
A co 105 *
18.85
.01
.003
5 30
2973 x .298
50.00 .499
482
1 20
51.84
.5875
(Broke.)
0 10
1217
A co 106*
50.00
.500
4825
1 40
.2975 x .2984
51.00
.5745
(Broke.)
0 10
1218
A co 107*
19. 20
.011
.004
5 30
.2976 x .2978
48.74
500
4835
1 30
50.64
6065
(Broke.)
0 15
1219
A co 108*
20.00
.01
.003
5 00
.2973 x .298
50.00 .500
.482
1.40
52.00
5985
(Broke.)
0 12
1220
A co 109*
19.80
.01
.003
4 00
.298 x .2977
51. 10
.500
.482
1 20
53.04
6275
(Broke.)
0 10
* About.
168
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Lbs.
Turns.
19.85
.01
Turns. Turns.
003
m. s.
Inches.
4 00
.2981 x .2973
50.17 .500
483
1 15
52.58 .6235
(Broke.)
0 12
19.75
.011
.0035
4 00
•
.298 x .2974
49.61
.500
4825
1 18
52. 02
.610
(Broke.)
0 12
19.75 .011
.0035
4 20
.2973 x .2983
50.86
499
4805
1 12
52.10 .5875
(Broke.)
0 10
49.64 .500.
4835
1 30
.297 x .2983
52.00
.6235
(Broke.)
0 18
19.75 .0105
.0035
4 30
2977 x .2983
49.60
.501
484
1 30
51.62
.623
(Broke.)
0 12
20.00 .01
.003
4 00
2975 x .3005
52. 24
.500
.483
1 30
54.06
.629
(Broke.)
0 12
19.95
.01
003
4 30
.3006 x .2975
50.37
.500
4-3
•
1 40
52.85 .6395
(Broke.)
0 15
18.35
.0115
.005.
5.30
.2975 x .3005
45.44
.500
.486
1 15
49.05
.733
(Broke.)
0 23
18.40
.01
.0035
5 00.299 x
.2977
44.60
.501
48.95
7595
4865
(Broke.)
1 16
0 30
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0".3x0".3.
Strain reduced to cor-
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
A co 129 *
experì-
nating-
.
1229
A co 128*
mentNo. of 1228
.
A co 116*
1227
MaterialA co 115*
1226
1221
A co A co 110%
114*
1222
1225
A co 111*
A co 113*
A co 112 1223
1224
*
169.
1230 | A co 130 *
18.40
.01
.003
4 10
2965 x .3009
44. 76
.500
,486
1 32
48.38
7285
(Broke.)
0 20
1231 A co 131*
18.70
.01
.0035
5 30
.2967 x .301
45. 28
500
.4855
1 20
49,00
7475
(Broke.)
0 23
1232
A co 132*
18.45
.01
0035
4 00
.2958 x .2995
44.53
.500
485
1 28
48.52
738
(Broke.)
0 20
1233 A co 133*
18.50 .01
.0035
4 00
.3007 x .2962
45.78 500
4855
1 18
48.63
.670
(Broke.)
0 15
1234
A. co 134*'
18.00
. 01
.0035
3 15
2985 x .2975
44, 98
500
486
1 28
48.64
.7395
(Broke.)
0 22
1235
A co 135*
18.30
01
.0035
3.00
,2976 x .2988
44. 23
500
.486
1 25
48.67
785
(Broke.)
0 30
1236
A co 136*
18. 50
.01
0035
4 00
.2988 x .2974
44. 66
500
486
1 20
49.00
740
(Broke.)
0 15
1237
A co 137*
19.25
.01
.0035
4 30
.2989 x .2979
46.82
.500
4835
1 20
49.53
640
(Broke.)
0 12
1238 A co 138*
21. 10
.01
.003
5 00
.2989 x .2979
48.40
500
484
1 32
51. 30
686
(Broke.)
0 18
1239
A co 139*
21.25
.01
.003
4.00
.2978 x .2989
48. 12
.500
.484
1 20
51.53
.704
(Broke.)
0 25
1240
A co 140*
21. 15
.01
.003
5 00
.2978 x .2994
49. 16
500
485
1 23
51.80
.703
(Broke.)
0 23
1241
A co 141*
21. 15
.01
.003
5 00
2994 x .298
48.35
.500
.4845
1 30
51.27
.676
(Broke.)
0 18
1242 | A co 142*
21.80 .01
003
4 45
2981 x .2996
48.67 500
4855
1 20
52.00
703
(Broke.)
0 30
·
170
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
1
Released.
Torsion.
Kesilience.
TABLE 26.—TORSIONAL TESTS of steel gun-wires—Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns.
21. 77
.01
.003
m. s.
4.00
Inches.
.2984 x .2999
Lbs.
49.00 499
52.05
.6775
484
(Broke.)
1 30
0 20
21.60
.01
.003
4 00
2985 x .2997
49.00
.500
.484
1 30
51.72
.6835
(Broke.)
0 12
21. 40
.01
.003
4.00
.2986 x .300
48.84
.500
4845
1 25
51. 59
.6915
(Broke.)
0 20
21. 51
.01
.003
4.00
.2997 x .2985
49.20
.500
484
1 20
52.00
680
(Broke.)
0 20
21. 45
.01
.003
3 50
2983 x .2997
49.34
.499
483
1 18
52.38
.6875
(Broke.)
0 20
17.03 .010
.003
,5 20
.2978 x .2972
47.53 .500
4815
1 30.
52.37
.838
(Broke.)
0 45
17.50 .010
.003
7 00
2976 x .2972
49.98 500
54.55 .800
20.75 .010
52.00 .500
482
1 35
(Broke.)
0 35
.003
5 25
.300 x.2976
483
2.05
56.32 .807
(Broke.)
0 45
20.75 .010
.003
2.50
.2972 x .2994
51.43
500
4825
2 00
55.83
825
(Broke.)
0 30
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″.3 x 0.3.
Strain reduced to cor.
·
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
..
experi-
nating-
.
1255 A co 85
A co 85.
mentNo. of 1254
.
CK
1253
Material1252 CK ·
1247 A co 147*
1243 A co 143*
1246 A co 146*
1244 A co 144*
1245 A co 145✯
171
1256
A co 91.
19.75
010
.003
3 20
.2975 x .3008
49.23
500
4825
1 35
53. 34
.790
(Broke.)
0 42
1257
A co 91 ..
19. 40
010
.003
2 00
.2977 x.3003
49.00
.498
.4835
1 35
53.00
.851
(Broke.)
0 45
1258
M co 4 * •
12. 35
.01
.006
.004
2 30
299 x.297
39.00
500
487
.013
1 30
41.82 .694
(Broke.)
0 30
1259
*
M co 4 ..
12.40
.010
.006
.004
2 10
.297 x .2988
38.93 .500
.4865
.0135
1 27
42. 15
718
(Broke.)
0 25
1260
M co 5 *
10.28 .010
.0065
.0035
1 50
.2965 x .2989
31.73
.500
.485
015
1 27
35.94
.845
(Broke.)
0 37
1261
M co 5 * ..
11. 15
.0235
.019
.0045
6 15
.2965 x .2985
31. 86
.500
11.15 pounds raised before reaching torsion of 0.01.
.4885
.0115
1 15
36.10
8445
(Broke.)
0 40
172
experi-
ment.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 27.—TORSIONAL TESTS of unannealed wires drawn from steel of various manufacturers.
[For explanation of marks, see
pages 136
to 140,
inclusive.]
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
Lbs. Turns. Turns. Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
27.00
.010
.001
.009
4 45
.3002 x .2992
27.00
56.98
.500
480
.020.
2 25
56.99
60.82
957
(Broke.)
1 00
60.83
A very slight seam.
23. 60
.010
.001
.009
3 00
.296 x.2936
24.86
53.00
500
.480
020
2 00
55.83
53. 22
.530
(Broke.)
0 03
58.06
Seams separating cross-lines 0.08 and 0.03 on opposite sides.
27.90
.010
.0015
0085
2 25
.302 x .303
27. 21
56.97
300
.281
.019
1 32
55.56
1
58.37 392
(Broke.)
0 12
56.93
Seam; cross-line separated about 0".05.
23.45
.010
0015
.0085
1 30
.302 x.3019
22.99
68.99
.300
275
025
3 55
67.65
69.38
325
(Broke.)
0 07
68.04
Small flaw seen in fracture extending about 0.275 from one end into
the twisted part.
26. 65
.010
.0015
.0085
2 00
.3017 x .299
46. 46
.500
26.55
4845
.0155
1 40
46. 29
This specimen was drawn in three draughts, without annealing.
48.00
778
(Broke.)
0 30
47. 83
23.45
.010
.002
.008
2.40
.299 x.3024
23. 28
41.23
500
•
.486
.014
1 40
40.94
43. 15
797
(Broke.)
0 30
42.84
21.00
.010
0015
.0085
2 42
.2925 x .2916
22.72
34.40
500
.4865
. 0135
2 15
37.23
38. 21
822
(Broke.)
0 30
41.35
21.00
.001
.002
2 45
.2926 x .2926
22.61
38.49
500
4865
.0135
2 18
41. 45
39.43
729
(Broke.)
0 20
42. 46
Seam; cross-line separated about 0".05.
23.70 .010
.001
.009
3 00
.2981 x .2983
24. 13
52.83
.500
.481
.019
1 50
53.79
56.09
1. 1835
(Broke.)
0 50
57.11
Remarks.
Mark on specimen designa-
1282 CK-UNA'D
ting-
CH co 5 I UNA'D.
No. of .
1281
Material1280 N co I UNA'D
1279 BS co ★ UNA'D
1274 HW co 4 UNA'D
1278 BS co* HD UNA'D ..
NA'D
T co 6 * UNA'D
1275 C H co 4 S UNA'D.
1277
T co 3 * UNA'D
1276
1
173.
No. of experi-
ment.
Material.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Strain applied 1 foot
from
center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 28.—TORSIONAL TESTS of hardened steel gun-wires.
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140, inclusive.]
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to
cross-sec-
tion of 0".3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
1283 HW co 4 HARDENED.
16.00
.010
003
.007
Turns. m. S.
2.00
Inches.
Lbs.
.2993 x .2981
16.20
41.22
150
.134
016
1 40
41.75
46. 71
.250
.2335
.0165
0 30
47.32
Specimen failed at strain of 51 pounds, and torsion of 0.4, but did not
break apart until torsion of about 0.8 was reached.
51.00
.400*
(Broke.)
51.66
1284
C K-HARDENED
17.70 010
003
.007
2 00
2979 x .2974
18. 12
28.26 .050
.039
.011
0 45
28.93
34.61 .100
.0865
.0135
0 35
35. 43
38.81 .150
.1350
0150
0 28
39.73
41.73
200
.1835
.0165
0 25
42.72
44.00
.250
. 233
017
0 18
45. 04
45.93
300
283
.017
0 20
47.82
47.50
350
332
.018
'0 20
48. 63
49.00 .400
.381
.019
0 20
50.16
50.30
.450
431
.019
0 15
51.49
51.38
.500
.481
.019
0 18
52.60
52.31
550
531
.019
0 13
53.55
53. 15
.600
581
.019
0 15
54. 41
54.00
.650
631
.019
0 15
55.28
54.66
.700
.680
.020
0 12
55.96
55.28
.750
.730
.020
0 10
56.59
56.00 800
.780
.020
0 18
57. 31
56.67
.850
.830
.020
0 15
58.01
57. 05
900
880
.020
0 12
58.40
57.55
.950
.930
020
0 12
58.91
57.90
972
(Broke.)
0 05
59.27
1285
T co 2* HARDENED
20.45 010
.001
.009
1 30
.2973 x .2995
20.77
Can be filed at one side of one end.
35.90
020
.004
.016
2. 00
36.47
40.72
.030
.0115
.0185
2 05
41.37
44. 28
.0415
021
0205
2 30
44.99
46.50
.0500
.029
. 021
2.00
47. 24
*About.
Remarks.
174
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 28.—TORSIONAL TESTS of hardened steel gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
48.70
.060
.0375
Turns.
0225
m. s.
Inches.
2 45
50.60
.070
.047
.023
4 45
52. 20
080
. 056
.024
2 50
53.50
.090
065
.025
2 45
54.55
100
.074
.026
3 00
56. 43
.129
(Broke.)
0 30
57.33
21.56 .01
.0015
0085
2.30
.299 x.3012
21.53
31.60 .02
.008
.012
2 45
31.56
35.35
.03
.0165
.0135
1 30
35. 31
38.35
04
025
.015
1 05
38. 31
40.60 .05
.0335
.0165
2.30
40.55
42.60
.06
0425
.0175
1 18
42.55
44.50
.07
.053
.017
4 50
44. 45
46.00
0825
.0645
.0180
2 18
45.95
47. 15
.090
.0712
.0188
2.30
47.10
48.25
.100
.0810
.019
2.30
48. 20
49.35
.110
.0910
.019
3.30
50.25
.120
1005
·
0195
2 45
51. 20
.132
.112
.02
2. 00
52.00
.1435
.1235
.02
3 20
51.94
52.00
.310
(Broke.)
*0 30
51.94
21.40 .010
.0025
.0075
2.30
.3009.x.2978
21.53
34.95
.020
.007
.013
4 30
35.27
40.23 .030
0155
0145
3 00
40.59
43. 20
.042
0245
.0175
2 40
43. 48
45.20
.050
0330
.0170
2.40
45. 49
47.50
.060
.0415
.0185
5 00
47.80
50.00 .070
051
.019
6 30
50.32
52. 60
.090
.069
021
4.00
52.94
*About.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″.3 x 0.3.
Remarks.
Lbs.
49.48
51.41
53.04
54.36
55.42
Small crack noticed, but no sound heard, with strain of about 50 pounds.
Fracture chiefly in two transverse planes about 0".2 apart, joined by
inclined surfaces. The interior metal can be filed, excepting at the
corner where the crack above mentioned took place. A portion in-
cluded in the clamps was found "glassy" inside.
49.30
50. 19
51.14
A crack heard and seen before raising 52 pounds.
Mark on specimen desig-
HARDENED..
experi-
nating-
.
A co 91 1287
mentNo. of 1286 B S co 5* HARDENED
.
Material175
54.45 | On re-applying 54.10 pounds the specimen partially failed, but was
able to take a strain of 52.10 pounds before breaking.
52.43
54. 10
100
•
.080
.020
3 00
52.10
.31
(Broke.)
A co 138 HARDENED.
18.10
.010
.0035
.0065
2.00
.298 x.2965
18.60
21.60
.020
.0125
.0075
3 30
22.20
22.76
030
022
.008
2.00
23.39
24. 27
040
.031
.009
3 20
24. 94
25. 45
050
.040
.010
2.00
26. 16
29.45 .057
30.27
29.45
.080
.0569
.0231
3 00
30.27
30.50
.090
.079
011
2.30
31. 35
31.50
102
.090
.012
2.00
32.38
32.70
.1165
1035
.0130
800
33.61
33.35
.1225
.1100
.0125
5 30
34.28
34.90 .144
1315
.0125
11 00
35.87
37.00 170
.1575
0125
18 00
38. 03
37.55
190
.177
.013
9 30
38.60
38.55
.2105
.196
.0145
10 00
39.62
40. 00
230
217
.013
13 30
41. 12
42.00
.280
. 266
.014
18 00
43. 17
50.77
.691
(Broke.)
1 15
52. 19
1288
176
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
Torsion.
TABLE 29.—TORSIONAL TESTS of tempered gun-wires.
[For explanation of marks see pages 136
to 140, inclusive.]
Lbs.
19.85
.01
Turns.
Turns. Turns. m. s.
.0005
Inches.
Lbs.
.0095
2 30
300 x .2979
20.05
38.60
.02
.0015
0185
3 00
56.25
. 03
.0035
.0265
3 00
67. 15
.04
.009
.031
2.30
73.05
.05
.016
.034
2.00
74.81
.055
(Broke.)
0 35
75.59
27.65
.01
.001
.009
3 30
2998 x .298
27.95
59.80
.02
.002
.018
3 30
60. 45
78.00
• 03
007
023
3 30
78.85
86. 10
.04
.015
.025
3 20
87.04
89.95
.05
.023
027
3.30
90,93
92.20
.06
. 031
.029
2 15
93. 21
94.05
.07
. 0405
0295
1 40
95. 08
95. 10
08
.050
.030
1 15
96. 14
95, 75
.09
.0605
.0295
2 28
96.80
96.50
.10
069
.031
2.00
97.56
97.20 .11
.079
.031
2.00
98.26
97.50 .12
.089
.031
1 18
98.57
98.40
.13
.0985
.0315
2 40
99.48
98.40
.14
108
032
1 00
99.48
98.55
.15
.118
.032
2.40
99.63
99.05
.16
.1285
0315
2 45
100. 13
99. 25
.17
.138
032
2 45
100.34
99.65 .18
.148
. 032
2 15
100.74
99.80 .19
.158
032
1 30
100. 89
100. 10
20
.168
.032
4 20
101. 20
100.85
.21
. 177
.033
4 00
101.95
101.00
22
.188
032
35
102. 11
101. 25
.23
. 1975
0325
20
102. 36
101.30
.24
. 2075
0325
2 45
102. 41
102.00
25
2175
0325
4.00
103. 12
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to
cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Remarks.
39.00
56.84
67.85
73. 81
At strain of 35 pounds faint quick cracks were heard, but none were
visible.
Under strain of 73.05 pounds a seam separating cross-lines about
0.02 was seen. Fracture shows a seam extending beyond the center.
Drawn from the rod without annealing.
Mark on specimen desig-
1290 BS co 3 * TEMPERED..
experi-
nating-
.
H W co 4 TEMPERED
1289
mentNo. of Material.
177
102. 10
.26
. 227
.033
2 25
103.22
102. 40
27
237
033
3. 00
103.52
103. 08
103. 10
28
.247
033
5 20
104.21
. 29
257
033
2.00
104.23
103. 20
.30
.2665
.0335
1 40
104.33
103. 35
.31
.2765
.0335
2.00
104. 25
32
.287
.033
6 00
106.30
33
.2975
.0325
4 10
106.30
337
(Broke.)
0 10
104. 48
105.39
107.46
107.46
After standing released one hour the torsion was found to be 0.2865.
1291
CK X TEMPERED
21.80 .01
.0015
.0085
2 45
2963 x.2971
22.51
After sustaining 106.30 pounds, applied the second time a few mo-
ments, the strain declined and specimen broke at torsion of 0.337.
46.30
.02
.0025
.0175
3.40
47.82
67.85
. 03
.006
.024
5 20
70.08
80.50
.04
011
.029
-3 30
83. 15
86.00
.05
.0185
.0315
3 15
88.83
89.71
.058
(Broke.)
1 30
92. 67
1292 T co 16 TEMPERED
21.90 .01
.0015
.0085
2. 00
.295 x.2945
23.09
40.50
.0195
(Broke.)
1 15
Just before breaking several slight cracks were heard.
42.80
1293
A co 91 TEMPERED.
23.70
010
.0015
.0085
2.00
300 x.297
24.05
49.00
.020
.003
.017
4 00
49.73
70.85
. 030
.0065
.0235
2.30
71.91
79.85
038
(Broke.)
0 45
81.05
1294
A co 138 TEMPERED
21.75
.010
.002
.098
1 30
.2972 x.2981
22.26
43.25
.020
0035
0165
200
44. 27
61.09
. 030
.007
.023
3 45
62. 54
69.55
.040
0135
0265
1 30
71. 20
74.00
.050
.021
.029
2 30
75. 76
76.40
.060
029
.031
2 45
78. 21
78.40
.070
.039
.031
3 25
80.26
79.75
080
.0485
.0315
1 40
81. 64
80.75
.090
0585
.0315
1 30
82.67
81.50
. 100
.0685
.0315
1 30
83.47
82.00
.110
.0775
.0325
1 25
83.95
82.50 .120
.0875
0325
1 30
84.46
82.65
.130
.0975
.0325
2. 00
84. 61
82.90
140
107
.033
3 50
84.87
83:30 .150
.1175
.0335
5 00
85.28
83.50
.160
1270
0330
7 00
85.48
83.90
.170
.1370
.0330
6 00
85.89
84.30
.180
.1470
033
4 15
86.30
84.50
.190
.1565
0335
4 30
86.51
84.70 .200
1665
.0335
2 30
86. 71
84 75
.210
.176
.034
5 20
86.76
85. 13
.220
. 186
.034
8 00
87.25
85.45
230
1965
.0335
6 00
87.48
85.65
.240
.206
.034
4 00
87,69
12 F
178
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 29.—TORSIONAL TESTS of tempered gun-wires-Continued.
Torsion.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
Lbs.
85.90
.250
.034
Turns. Turns. Turns.
.216
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
7 00
87.94
86.35 .260
226
034
5 15
88.40
86.50
.270
2365
0335
3 35
88.55
86.55
.280
.2465
0345
3.05
88.60
86.70
290
.2565
0335
5 00
88.76
87. 10
.300
.266
.034
7 20
89.17
87.35
.310
.276
.034
4 45
89.42
87.45
320
286
.034
5 00
89.47
87.55
.330
2965
0335
7 00
89.63
88.07
.340
.306
034
10 00
90. 16
88.60
350
.316
.034
8 00
90.70
88.63
.363
.328
.035
5 00
90. 73
88.70
.380
346
034
7 00
90. 81
88.85
.390
.3555
0345
7 00
89.12
.400
.3655
.0345
8 30
90. 67
.4385
(Broke.)
3.00
17.60
.010
.0025
.0075
2 10
.2948 x .2951
90.96
91. 24
92.82
90.67 pounds were raised with torsion of 0.405, but torsion continued
until it reached 0.4385, when specimen broke.
18. 51
38.50
020
.0035
.0965
4 30
40.50
50.00
.027
(Broke.)
2.30
52.61
Has a flaw about 0". 08 deep.
27.35
.010
.001
.009
4 10
.2998 x .2989
27.52
45.80
.020
.005
015
3 30
46.09
49.52
030
.0135
.0165
2 10
49.84
51.65
.0555
0375
0180
4 00
51.98
56. 72
250
2295
. 0205
2.00
57.08
60.00 500
.4885
0115
0 33
60.39
61.82 690
(Broke.)
0 18
62. 22
28.45
.010
.0005
.0095
4 45
.2991 x .3015
28.36
44. 85
020
.0065
.0135
6 00
44. 71
49.05
030
.0145
0155
4 50
48.90
61.00
.250
229
.021
1 00
60. 81
64.61
433
(Broke.)
0 35
64. 41
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
1297 BS co 5*
experi-
nating-
ment.
1296 | H W có 4
No. of Material.
H co IX TEMPERED
1295
A co 138 TEMPERED-
Continued.
1294
179
19
1298
CK.
23.00
.010
.0015
.0085
3.50
.2974 x .2975
23.59
39.05
020
0065
.0135
6 40
40.06
43.85 .030
.014
.016
3 20
44.99
46.59 .050
.033
.017
2 35
47.90
51.68 .250
2305
.0195
0 30
53.02
54. 00
55. 13
.500
.710
.4795
.0205
0 23
55.40
(Broke.)
0 20
56.56
1299
T co 2*
23. 13
.010
001
009
4 00
2979 x 2985
23.55
45. 60
.030
.0125
.0175
5 40
46. 42
48.86 .040
.021
.019
2.00
49.74
60.00
.151
. 1245
.0265
1 30
61.09
61.44 .232
(Broke.)
0 15
62.55
1300
A co 91
23.85 .010
.0015
.0085
3 25
.2978 x .3008
24.09
40.00
.020
.0065
.0135
3 00
40. 41
44.80 .031
€155
.0155
3.00
45.26
54. 12
250
2305
.0195
0 45
54. 68
55.95
500
.479
.021
0 20
56. 53
56.50
.6165
(Broke.)
0 12
57.08
1301
A co 133
25.60 .010
C015
.0085
2.00
.298 x.2972
26.20
40.00 .020
.0065
.0135
2. 00
40.94
45.00 .040
.0245
0155
2 25
46. 05
51.59
250
2325
.0175
0 40
52.80
53.42
500
483
.017
0 32
54.67
54. 23
.750
*. 7305
.0195
0 28
55.50
54. 48
.7715
(Broke.)
0 35
55.76
1302
H co Ix
23.08
.010
.001
.009
1 00
.295 x .2948
24. 31
41.20
.020
.0035
.0165
3 30
43.40
47.70
.030
.012
.018
2 30
50.24
57.00
.150
128
.022
0 50
60. 04
58.46
.250
228
.022
0 17
61.58
61.06
500
.4755
.0245
0 50
64. 26
61. 15
514
(Broke.)
0 05
1303
H W co 4 TEMPERED
21.90
.010
.0005
.0095
2 00
.2994 x .2981
42. 65
020
.0025
.0175
2. 00
54. 20
.030
.0075
.0225
1 43
59.55
.040
.0155
.0245
1 00
60.28
62.20
.050
.024
.026
0 40
62.96
64. 20
.060
.034
.026
1.00
64.98
65.30
.0.70
.042
.028
1 00
66. 10
66. 15
.080
.0515
.0285
1 15
66. 96
67. 15
.097
0675
.0295
1 10
67.97
68.77 120
.090
.030
5 00
69. 61
69.65
140
1095
.0305
8 00
70.50
70.20 160
.129
.031
7 15
71. 06
64.35
22. 16 Split running from end to end; found, after breaking, to extend to
43. 17
54.86
center of specimen.
180
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 29.—TORSIONAL TESTS of tempered gun-wires-Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
Lbs.
Turns.
70.40
170
72.10
200
. 1395
.1685
0305
.0315
2.30
5 00
72.10
.210
.1785
. 0315
1 15
Turns.
Turns.
'm. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
71. 26
Cross-line over split separated about 0".05.
72.98
72.98
72. 15
220
.1885
.0315
4 00
73. 03
72.68
238
(Broke.)
3.00
73.57
18. 40
.010
.0015
.0085
3 20
.3004 x .299
18. 44
35.00
020
0035
0165
2.30
35. 09
45.00
.035
.0125
0225
3 00
45. 11
49. 15
.050
.0265
.0235
3. 00
49.27
50.70
.060
0355
0245
3 40
50.83
51.70
.070
.045
.025
6 00
51.83
52.65
080
0535
0265
4 40
52.78
53. 35
090
.064
.026
2 15
53.48
53.85
102
0755
0265
4 00
53.99
54. 18
.110
0835
0265
3.00
54.32
54.75
.120
0935
0265
3.50
54.89
55.07
.130
104
026
4 50
55.21
55.55
.140
. 1135
. 0265
3 00
55. 69
55.80
150
.124
.026
2.00
55.94
56. 22
.160
.134
.026
4 25
56.36
56.55
.170
.1435
0265
4 00
56. 69
57.10
.180
.154
.026
5 15
57.24
57.20
. 190
164
026
200
57.34
57.60
.200
.174
026
4 40
57.74
58. 15
.210
.184
.026
5 30
58.30
58. 45
.220
.194
.026
2 15
58, 60
58.45
230
. 204
.026
1 30
58.60
58.90
240
.214
026
2 50
59. 05
58.90
2925
(Broke.)
0 15
59.05
20.65
.010
.001
.009
3 00
.2958 x .2972
21.36
36. 45
020
003
•
017
2.40
37.71
Remarks.
-
Mark on specimen desig-
1305 C K TEMPERED
experi-
nating-
BS co. 5X TEMPERED..
ment.
1304
No. of .
co 4 TEMPERED-
Continued.
HW Material1303
181
>
44. 48
.030
.0085
.0215
2 15
46. 01
48. 11
.040
.0165
.0235
4 30
49. 77
48. 11
.043
(Broke.)
0 05
49.77
1306
T co 16 * TLMI’ERED
20.50
.010
.0015
.0085
2.00
.2964 x .2958
21.32
36.00
020
.005
.015
2.00
37.44
48. 65
.030
(Broke.)
2.45
50.59
Broke on re-applying this strain. Seam to the center.
Two seams about 0".1 deep. Broke suddenly when torsion seemed to
have nearly ceased.
1307
A co 91 TEMPERED
24.65
.010
0015
.0085
3 40
.2981 x .3009
24.77
48. 40
.020
.0035
.0165
3 00
48.64
60.00
.030
0095
0205
3.00
60.30
64.62
.040
. 0175
0225
4 10
64.94
67.05
050
0265
0235
4 20
67.38
70.00
.070
.0445
0255
5 00
70.35
71. 16
083
057
026
6 00
71.51
71.70
.090
064
026
6 00
72.05
72.50
.1045
.0775
0270
7 30
72.86
Raised 72. 50 pounds before reaching torsion of 0.1.
72.95
.1110
.084
0270
3 00
73.31
73.50
.123
.0955
.0275
3 30
73.86
73.80
.130
.1035
0265
2. 50
74.16
74. 20
.142
.1145
.0275
6 20
74.57
74.40
.1525
.125
.0275
6 00
74.77
74.76
.162
.134
.028
5 30
75. 13
A slight seam seen on one side.
74.86
.170
.143
. 027
4 00
75.23
76.70
.2175
After standing, released, until morning, torsion was 0. 142.
.1885
0290
2.00
77.08
77.25 .230
.2015
0285
10 00
77.63
The strain of 76. 70 pounds was reached before torsion of 0.18.
77.35 .243
.2135
0295
13 00
77.73
77.87
.260
.231
.029
11 00
78.25
77.90
.270
.241
.029
8 30
78.28
78.30
280
. 2515
.0285
7 20
78.69
78.40
290
.261
029
5 00
78.79
78.60
3035
.2745
. 0290
8 30
78.99
78.75
.315
.2855
0295
11 00
79. 14
79.30 .330
.301
.029
16 00
79.69
79.35 .340
.311
029
10 00
79.74
79.60
.350
3205
0295
5 30
79.99
79.81
360
331
029
6 00
80.20
79.90 .370
.340
.030
4 15
80.29
80.05
380
351
029
6 30
80.45
80.20 390
.360
.030
7 30
80.60
80.40
400
3705
0295
6 40
80.80
80.90
410
.381
.029
5 35
81.30
81.02
. 420
391+
029
4 00
81. 42
81.70
.4415
.412
.0295
14 00
81.75 .4600
.430
030
7 30
81.85
.472
.442
.030
5 30
82.10
82. 15
82.25
82.07
.493
(Broke.)
11 35
82.48
After yielding very slowly at this strain it broke suddenly.
182
TABLE 29.—TORSIONAL TESTS of tempered gun-wires-Continu ed.
Torsion.
Lbs.
Turns. Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
20. 15
.010
.0025
.0075
4 25
.2983 x .2972
20.60
37.00
.020
.0065
.0135
2.00
37.84
49.06
030
0115
.0185
2 15
50.17
53.00
.040
.0200
.020
6 30
54. 20
55. 15
.050
.029
.021
5 00
56. 40
56.55
.060
.0385
.0215
6 40
57.83
57.80 070
.0485
0215
3 05
59.11
58.55
.080
.058
022
4 05
59.88
59.80
.100
.077
023
12 00
61. 16
61. 05
120
0965
0235
16 30
62. 44
61.33
.130
.107
.023
13 00
61.70
.140
1165
0235
15 00
62.72
63. 10
61.95
.150
. 126
024
7 32
63.36
62.25
.160
.137
023
7 45
63. 66
62.60
.171
.148
023
7 30
64. 02
63. 20
.196
.171
025
20 00
64. 64
63.75
.210
.189
021
8 30
65. 20
63.85
. 224
.199
025
8 35
65.30
64.40
242
218
024
12 00
65.86
64. 80
.260
.236
.024
7 00
66. 27
64.90
270
2465
.0235
4 15
66. 37
65.00
280
2565
. 0235
4 45
66.48
65. 25
.290
2665
0235
5 00
66. 73
65.40
302
.278
024
6 30
66.89
65.55
.310
286
.024
5 00
67.04
65. 65
.320
2965
.0235
12 30
67. 14
66.60
360
336
.024
17 30
68. 11
66.90
374
3495
0245
30 00
68.42
68.40
460
435
025
24 30
69.95
70.00
.578
.552
.016
22 30
71.59
71. 15
.710
.6845
.0255
22 30
72.77
73.00
834
(Broke.)
1 00
74.66
Remarks.
After standing over night raised 61. 05 pounds before beginning to
stretch.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
138 TEMPERED
experi-
A co ment.
No. of 1308
183
1309
20.45
.010
.0005
.0095
2.00
.3005 x .2955
42.25 .020
0015
.0195
3 05
20.96 Split in hardening,
43. 10
59.56
.030
.006
.024
2 50
60.76
-68.50
.040
0115
0285
3.00
69.88
73.30 .050
.018
.032
3.00
74. 78
76.00 .064
0285
.0355
3.00
77. 53 Broke before raising this weight the second time.
1317
HW co 4 TEMPERED
26.95 .012
.002
010
2.00
2991 x .2975
27.41
35.81 020
.0065
.0135
2.40
36.42
39.65
.031
0155
.0155
5 25
40.33
42.55
.0535
035
.0185
4 00
43.28
43.40
.064
.0465
.0175
6 30
44. 14
44.65
*.085
.0665
.0185
4.00
45.40
. 100
.081
.019
5 25
48.75
.210
.190
.020
11 00
50.15
250
.231
45. 41
46. 17 Seams on two sides. A crack opening.
49.59
.019
4.00
51.01
51.65
290
.271
.019
4 10
52.52
53.25
.350
334
.016
3 00
54. 16
55. 10
4175
3975
. 020
5 00
56. 04
57.55
.455
.435
020
6 00
58.53
59.88
564
(Broke.)
0 30
60.90
Broke near center of specimen.
་
1318
BS co 5 TEMPERED
25.35 .010
.001
.009
2 15
.3005 x .298
25.52
32.35
.021
.009
012
2.30
32.57
33.35
.031
. 019
012
2 45
33.58
34.20
.040
028
012
3 00
34. 44
35.00 .050
.0375
.0125
3.00
35.24
36.00
.060
.047
.013
4 00
36.25
36.85
.073
.059
.014
6 00
37. 11
37.46
082
068
.014
5 30
37.72
38. 10
.092
.0775
.0145
1.00
38.37
38.75
103
.088
015
4 00
39.02
41.05
.1515
.137
.0145
13 30
41.34
42.90
.200
184
.016
14 00
43. 20
44.50
252
. 236
.016
10 15
44. 81
46.05
3075
290
.0175
9 00
46.37
47.05
.351
334
.017
9 00
47.38
48.25
.411
.3935
.0175
21 00
48.59
49. 10
.460
443
017
17 00
49. 44
49.80
.502
.484
.018
17 15
50. 15
50.60 .550
532
.018
10 00
50.95
51.25
.619
(Broke.)
6 45
51.61
1
1319
CK TEMPERED
17.70
.010
.0015
.0085
2.00
.297 x.2969
18. 25
29. 20
.020
005
.015
3 00
A seam was visible before the specimen was put into the machine.
30. 10
33. 15
0305
013
.0175
3 30
34. 18
36. 20
050
.0305
.0195
5 20
37.32
37.00
.060
0395
.0205
2.00
38. 15
184
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 29.—TORSIONAL TESTS of tempered gun-wires—Continued.
Measurement of cross-
section.
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0″.3 x 0.3.
Strain reduced to cor-
Turns.
TEMPERED.071
5 00
Turns.
.0505
Turns.
.0205
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
39. 29
38: 60
.083
.062
027
3 30
40.00
40.40
.110
.089
. 021
3 10
41.65
42.20
.150
.1285
0215
2.40
43.51
44. 20
.200
178
•
022
4.00
45.57
45.90
.253
230
. 023
5 45
47.32
46.25
.260
2385
0215
2 15
47.68
47.00
292
2695
0225
6 35
48. 46
48.00
320
2985
0215
5 05
49.49
48.75
.350
3285
.0215
5 30
50.26
50.45
.400
3785
0215
•
700
52. 01
53.80
503
.480
023
3.00
55.47
55. 10
.560
5375
.0225
6 30
56. 81
56. 29
Cross-line separated about 0″.1.
.583
(Broke.)
15
58. 04
21. 03
.01
.001
.009
3.00
.295 x.2964
22.57
34. 25
02
0065
0135
2 25
35.74
37.40
03
.0135
.0165
2. 00
39.03
39.40
.0425
0245
0180
•
2.00
41. 12
40.75
.052
.0335
.0185
2.30
42.53
41.70
: 061
.0425
0185
4 20
43. 52
42. 65
.'072
.0520
..020
6 00
44.51
At this strain an oblique crack was made from corner to corner on
one side.
43. 20
.080
.060
020
3 10
45.08
44.00
.*090
.070
.020
2. 00
45.92
45. 25
.1475
(Broke.)
4 45
47. 22
22.60
.010
.0015
.0085
2 45
2996 x .2961
23.09
37.00
.020
.0065
.0135
3 00
37.80
40.32 .032
.0165
0155
5 35
41. 19
41.32 .0425
.027
.0155
3 40
42. 22
42.40
.0500
.0335
.0165
4 15
43.32
43.50
.060
.0445
0155
•
6 45
44. 20
070
. 0535
0165
4.00
44. 44
45. 16
Remarks.
>
applied 1 foot
Mark on specimen desig-
TEMPERED..
nating-
experi-
A co 91 1321
ment.
center.
T co 12 TEMPERED
No. of 1320
Material.
from CK Strain -Cont'd 38.11
1319
Lbs.
185
After yielding very slowly for a few minutes it began to stretch more
rapidly and soon broke.
A seam visible bofore putting into the machine.
45.30
.084
.066
.018
4 00
46.28
46.50 .1005
0825
.0180
5 45
47.51
49.65
152
. 133-
.019
14 00
50.73
51.70 .200
.181
019
14 00
52.82
53.45
250
.231
.019
7 10
54. 61
55.00
300
.280
020
6 30
56. 19
56.52
.361
.340
.021
11 30
57.75
58. 12
.430
.409
.021
8 10
59.38
60.55
540
.518
.022
19 00
61.86
61.55
.625
.6015
0235
19 30
62.89
62.10
6715
.649
0225
18 15
63.45
62.63
.7335
.7115
.022
28 00
63.99
63.00 .745
(Broke.)
2 20
64.37
1322
A co 138 TEMPERED.
23.80
.010
.0015
.0085*
6 00
2982 x .298
24. 26
34.85 .020
.0065
.0135
4 00
35.53
36.85
.030
017
.013
2 00
37.57
38.00
.044
.029
.015
3.00
38.74
38.75
.0515
.0375
.0140
4 40
39.50
39.45
.060
.045
.015
5 20
40.22
40. 20
.070
.056
.014
7 00
40.98
40.90
.0801
.066
.0141
11 30
41. 70
41. 70
.095
.079
.016
13 30
42. 51
42. 16
.100
.084
.016
8 20
42.98
43. 17
.120
.104
.016
8 40
44. 01
44.00 .136
.119
.017
6 30
44. 86
41.55
.142
.1255
.0165
7 30
45. 42
45.00
.157
. 139
.018
7 25
45.88
45.75 .176
.159
.017
9 10
46.64
46. 15
.1865
.169
.0175
6 30
47.05
46.50 .195
.178
.017
10 30
47.41
47.15
.218
.201
.017
11 00
48. 07
47.85
.240
223
.017
20 00
48.78
49.60
.301
.2835
.0175
25 00
50.57
51.00
.359
.340
.019
9 30
51.99
52.00 .408
.3895
0185
10 30
53. 01
53.00 .466
.447
.019
10 00
54.03
53.85
525
.506
.019
17 20
54.90
55.50
623
.6035
.0195
21 30
56. 58
55.95 .679
.659
.020
29 00
57, 04
57.25 .700
(Broke.)
9 35
⚫58. 37
1323
H co 1 TEMPERED
16.80 .010
.002
.008
2 05
.2951 x .2962
17.54
30.75
.020
.0045
.0155
5 30
32. 11
36.00 030
0115
.0185
4 00
37.59
38.85 .040
.0195
.0205
4 20
40.57
40.90
.050
.0290
0210
4 00
42.71
*About.
186
Strain applied 1 foot
from
center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
TABLE 29.—TORSIONAL TESTS of tempered gun-wires-Continued.
Time of twisting.
Measurement of cross-
section.
Lbs.
42.30
.060
.038
.022
Turns. Turns. Turns.
m. s.
Inches.
Lbs.
44. 17
3.30
44.00
.0725
.049
.0235
4 45
45.95
44. 70
.080
.0565
0235
4.00
46. 68
45.85
090
.0665
0235
8.00
47.88
46. 40
100
.076
.024
4 00
48.46
47.40 .1145
.088
.0265
5 40
49.50
48.50
.134
. 109
025
5 00
50.65
49.65 .150
.124
.026
2 20
51.85
50.00
166
1395
.0265
4 15
50.00
. 176
(Broke.)
20
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0" .3 x 0″ .3.
52.22
52.22 Seam separated cross-line about 0".04.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
Continued.
experi-
nating-
.
H co 1 TEMPERED-
Materialment1323
No. of .
187
No. of experi-
ment.
Mark on specimen desig-
nating-
Material.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Lbs.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
TABLE 30.—TORSIONAL TESTS of specimens of tool-stcel (best cast-steel) procured at the agencies of the manufacturers.
[For explanation
of marks see pages 136 to 140, inclusive.]
Resilience.
Turns. Turns. Turns.
m. S.
Time of twisting.
section.
Measurement of cross-
Inches.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0.3.
1337 E M co 1*
18. 19
.0115
.0035
0080
2.00
.2981 x .2963
18.71
39.00
.100
079
.021
1 00
40. 12
46. 71
200
.179
.*021
0 30
48. 04
48.84
.2735
(Broke.)
0 10
50.24
1338
E M co 2*
14. 45
.012
.0035
0085
2 30
2977 x .301
14.45
29.84
.100
.082
.018
0 45
30.02
37.40
. 200
.180
020
0 28
37.63
40.40
2555
(Broke.)
0 10
40.65
1339
H W co T*
21.36
.010
.0015
.0085
3 00
301 x .300
20.25
49.38
. 100
.0755
0245
1 45
49. 14
59.50
.200
.1715
.0285
0 30
59.21
62.30
.2715
(Broke.)
0 15
61.99
1340 N co T 1x
20.00
011
.003
.008
3 00
299 x.300
20.10
41.50 .100
.080
020
1 00
41.70
49.96
.200
. 178
022
0 30
50.20
53.61
.300
.2785
.0215
0 20
53.87
1341
N co T 2*
19.30
.010
.002
.008
2 30
3003 x.2994
19. 32
41.98 .100
0805
.0195
1 00
42. 04
50.52 200
.1785
0215
0 35
50.59
54. 19
.300
.278
.0022
0 12
54.27
1342 S B co Ix
18.25
.010
.0025
.0075
2 30
3006 x .2985
18.33
36.97
.100
.0825
0175
1 00
37. 13
44.74
200
.1815
.0185
0 30
44.94
48.00 300
2795
.0205
0 20
48.75 332
(Broke.)
0 05
48. 21
48.97
Lbs.
Remarks.
188
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
Resilience.
Time of twisting.
TABLE 30.—TORSIONAL TESTS of specimens of tool-steel—Continued.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
Turns. m. s.
Inches.
17.00
.0175
.009
.0085
3 45
.2961 x .2981
Lbs.
17.50
34.44
100'
0835
.0165
0 50
35. 45
41.45
.200
182
.018
0 25
42. 67
44. 45
.300
282
.018
0 15
45.76
45.27
.3455
(Broke.)
0 04
46. 60
14.50
.010
0035
.0065
2.00
.3005 x .2987
14. 92
35.08
.100
0835
.0165
0 50
36. 10
41.87
. 200
.1805
.0195
0 20
43.08
44. 74
.310
2935
.0165
0 15
46. 04
15.04
.017
009
.008
3 30
.2963 x .298
15.47
31.73
.100
.086
014
0 40
32.65
38.36
200
.184
.016
0 20
39.47
41. 64
.300
.282
.018
0 23
42.85
42.88
.373
(Broke.)
0 05
44. 12
15.00
.010
.0035
.0065
4 12
.2989 x .3004
15.04
31.75
100
0867
0133
4 30
31.85
39.40
.207
.1905
.0165
5.00
39.52
43. 10
.303
.286
.017
4 25
43. 23
45. 18
3555
(Broke.)
1 30
45. 32
18.35
.010
.002
.008
3 00
297 x .2984
18. 77
37.00
.100
0835
.0165
0 48
37.86
45.33
.200
.1815
0185
0 22
46.38
49.44
.300
.280
.020
0 18
51.49
50. 15
.335*
(Broke.)
0 05
51.31
15.35
.010
.0015
.0085
3 45
.2966 x .2984
15.68
30. 10
.100
080
020
0 50
30.75
38.65
.200
1785
.0215
0 30
39.48
44. 44
.300
2775
0225
0 20
45.39
46.61
368
(Broke.)
0 08
47. 61
Measurement of cross-
section.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
tion of 0.3 x 0″.3.
Remarks.
Mark on specimen desig-
2*
experi-
nating-
ment.
H E co No. of 1348
1347 H E co 1*
Material.
1346 | JB H co*
J co 2
S B co 1343
1345
1344 J co 1*.
2*
189
|
1349 | E M co 2*
16. 45
.010
.0035
.0065
3 15
2977 x .300
16. 34
32. 40
.100
.087
.013
0 50
32.76
40.00
200
185
015
0 20
40.44
44.00
300
.2835
.0165
0 20
44.49
46.90
.400
3825
.0175
0 16
47.32
47.49
439
(Broke.)
0 06
48.02
1350
H E co 2*
19.50
010
.0025
.0075
3 30
2986 x .3007
19.56
37.00
100
.085
.015
1 55
37. 12
45.67
.200
1835
.0165
0 20
45.87
49.91
.300
. 2825
.0175
0 18
50.06
51.00
.355
(Broke.)
0 05
*51. 16
1351 JB H co*
16. 70
.010
.003
.007
5 00
3007 x .2984
16.76
34.98
.100
.0855
.0145
0 50
35. 11
42.66 .200
.1835
. 0165
0 25
42. 81
46.87
.300
.281
.019
0 20
47.04
50.00
.400
3805
.0195
0 15
50. 18
50.77 4385
(Broke.)
0 05
50.95
About.
1
190
TABLE 31.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast-steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel-
Works.
[Mark, A co 138; size, 0.2978 x 0.2971.-Experiment No. 1262.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lhs.
m. s. Turns.
12
0.1
25. 24
4. 00
010
0.1
m. s.
0 30 .005
Turns.
0
29.00
0. 1
33. 10
5 30
.011
0.1
0 30.010
3
0
30.60
0.1
34. 20
6 10
.0125
0.1
0 30
.0105
4
0
31.25
•
· 0.1
34.95
7 00
.012-
0.1
0 30
5
0
31.50
0.1
35. 17
4 00
012
0.1
•
0 30
6
0
31.40
0.1
35. 15
4 30.0125
0.1
0 30
. 011
.011
.011
7
0
31.30
0.1
35. 08
8 00
.013
0.1
0 30
.011-
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand tor-
sion was made with sufficient allowance
of time to obtain very nearly the whole
extent of torsion that would result from
the continuance of the strain given.
8
0
31.35
0.1
35.30
8 30 .013
0.1
0 30
.011-
9
0
31.40
0. 1
35.30
7 00 .013
0.1
0 30 .011-
10
0
31.40
0.1
35.30
10 30.013
0.1
0 30.011—
20
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
= 22 ± 297 @ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 8 8 8 8 8
11
0
31, 30
0.1
35.28
5 30
.013
0.1 0 30 011-
12
0
31.34
0.1
35. 35
6 00.013
0.1
0.30 .011-
13
0
31.30
0. 1
35.30
5 40.013
0.1
0 30
.011-
14
0
31.30
0.1
35.35
6 00 013
0.1
0 30
•
011-
15
0
31.25
0.1
35. 30
5 00 .013
0.1
0 30 .0115
16
0
31.65
After standing 15 hours.
0.1
35.80
8 30.013
0.1
0 30 .0115
17
0
31.47
0.1
35.65
7 30 . 0135
0.1
0 30
.0115
18
0
31. 32
0.1
35. 55
700 .0135
0.1
0 30 . 0115
19
0
31.30
0.1
35.54
6 30
.013
0.1
0 30
.0115
0
31. 11
0.1
35. 43
5 00 .0135
0.1
0 30 . 0113
0
21
22 0 30.95
31.00
0.1 35.37
7 00
0135
0.1
0 30
0115
•
0.1
35.20
6 45
0135
0.1
•
0 30
.0115
23
0
30.90
0.1
35.20
7 30.013
0.1
0 30
.0115
24
0
30.65
After an intermission of about 4½ hours.
0. 1
35. 20
7 30.0135
0.1
0 30
.0115
25
0
30.78
0.1
35.00
6 00
0135
0.1
•
0 30
.0115
26
0
30.62
0.1 35.00
9 00 0135
0.1
0 30 0115
0 30.42
0.1
34.85
7 30 .0135
0.1
0 30 .0115
0
30.30
0.1
34.75
6 10.0135
0.1
0 30
0115
0
30.00
0.1
34.55
6 45 .0135
0.1
0 30 .0115
0
29.95
0.1
34.40
5 00 .0135
0.1 0 30 .0115
0
29.95
After standing 15 hours.
0.1
34. 45
7 30 .0135
0.1
0 30 .0115
0
29.45
0.1
34. 10
5 10.0135
0.1
030 .012
0
29.05
0.1 33.64
.012-
6 20
0 30
.0135
0.1
191
TABLE 31.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from cruciblé
cast-steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel-Works-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Lbs.
m. 8.
Turns.
m. s.
39
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ co co
34
0
28.64
0.1
33. 20
5 05.0135
0.1 0 30
Turns.
.012
35
0
28.00
0.1
32.75
6 45 0135
0.1
•
0 30
.012-
36
0
27.50
0.1
32.30
8.00
0135
0.1
0 30.012-
37
0
26.97
0.1
31.95
9 45.014
0.1
0 30 .012
38
0
26. 45
0.1
31.50
9 30 035
•
0.1
0 30
.012
0
25.70
0.1
30. 79
6 00
0135
0.1
0 30
.012
40 0
25.05
0.1
30. 15
9.00 .0135
0.1
0 30
.012
41
0
24. 15
0.1
29.75
8 30
.014
0.1
0 30.012
42 Ο
23.35
0.1
29.08
8 30.014
0.1 0 30
43
0
22.60
0.1
28.25
6 00
014
0.1
0 30
.012
.012-
44
0
21. 65
0.1
27.55
6 20
014
0.1
•
0 30
.012-
45 0
20.50
0.1
26.92
6 00 . 0145
0.1
0 30
.012
46
0
19.50
0.1
26. 25
8 30 .015
0.1 0 30
47
0
18.25
0.1
25.30
5 00.0145
0.1 0 30
48
0
16.60
0.1
22.83
8 00.014
0.1 0 30
49
0
13.60
0.1
15. 60
0 30 060
.0125
.013
.013
(Broke.)
Remarks.
A crack discovered, chiefly longitudinal,
and partly obliquely transverse.
After intermission of 1 hour.
A loud "tick" heard; crack enlarged.
Rupture extended to adjoining side.
Each of the sides shows rupture.
192
TABLE 32.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast-steel manufactured by James R. Thomp-
son & Co.
D
[Mark, T co 5; size, 0".301 x 0.302.-Experiment No. 126
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
12
0.1
42. 65
m. s.
700
Turns.
.018
0.1
m. s.
1 00
Turns.
017-
•
0
32.95
0.1
45.60
8 00
.0185
0.1 0 30
.017-
3 0
33.00
0.1
45. 60
10 00
.019
0.1
0 45
.017-
4
0
32.87
0.1
45. 60
9 30
.019
0.1
0 30.017—
10
5
0
32.83
0,1
45.50
800 .019
0. 1
0 30 .017-
6 0
32.80
0.1
45.50
7 30
.019
0.1
0 30 .017-
7
0
32.60
0.1
45. 10
7 30
.019
0.1
0 30.017—
0
32. 27
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow.
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
After intermission of 1 hour.
0.1
44.65
7 00 .019
0.1
0 30 .0175
9
0
32.00
0.1
44. 12
6 30
.019
0.1
0 30.017–
10 0
31.50
0.1
43.61
800
11 0
0.1
30.60
42.80 7 30
12 0
30.00
0.1
42.40
7 00
13
0
29.25
0.1
41.55
6 30
14
0 28.55
0.1
40.85 7 00
15
0
28.05
0.1
40. 15
6 00
8 8 8 8 8.8
.019
0.1
0 30 .017-
.019
0.1 0 30
0 30.0165
.019
0.1
0 30
.017-
.019
0.1
0 30.017-
.019
0.1
0 30 017-
•
.019
0 1
0 30 . 017—
27
28
29
30
31
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 + + 1 & 2 2 2 ☹
16 0
27.50
0.1
39.80
6 00
.0185
0.1
0 30
.017-
17
0
26.98
0.1
39.20
6 30
.019
0.1
0 30.0165
18
0
26.50
0.1
38.60
6 00
.019
0.1 0 30.016-
19
0
25.90
0.1
38.25
5 30
.019
0.1 0 30.0165
20
0
25.50
0.1
37.50
5 30
.019
0.1
0 30
21
0
25.00
0. 1
37. 12
4 40
.019
0.1 0 30.017—
22
0
24.25
0.1
36.20
4 30
.019
0.1
0 30.017-
23
0
23.40
0.1
35.50
5 00 .019
0.1
0 30.017-
.017- Cracking sound; a small split is found.
24
0
22.51
0.1
34. 60
4.00 .019
0.1
0 20
.017-
25
0
21.76
0.1
33.85
4 00
.019
0.1
0 40
.017-
26
0
20.93
0.1
33.25
3 40 0195
0.1 0 30.017—
•
0
20.30
0.1
32. 40
4.00 .019
0.1
0 30 .017-
0
19.50
0.1
31.80
3 45 .019
0.1
0 30.017-
0
18.70
0.1
30.95
4 00
.019
0.1
0 30
.017-
0
17.90
0.1 30.00
3 CO .0195
0.1
0 30.017.
0
17.00
0.1
29.20
3 30
.019
0.1
0 30 .017-
32
0
16. 10
0.1
0 30.0175
28.40
0.1
3 10
.020
193
TABLE 32.-Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from crucible
cast steel manufactured by James R. Thompson & Co.-Gontinued.
•
Torsion to the left,
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
33
0
15.20
0. 1
27.55
4 00
.020
m. s. Turns.
0.1 0 30.018-
34
0
14.50
0.1
26.70
4.00 .020
0.1
0 30 .018-
35
0
13.90
0.1
26.05
4 10
.021
0.1
0 30
.018-
36
0
13. 15
0.1
25.25
4 00
.021
0.1
0 30
.018-
37
0
12.50
0.1
24.50
3 00
.021
0.1
0 30 .018-
38
0
11.81
0. 1
23.50
3 30
.021
0.1
0 30.018-
39
0
11.00
0. 1
22.30
3 00
.021
0.1
0 30
.0175
40
0
10.00
0.1
0 30 011-
•
41
*
13 F
Did not raise 20 pounds.
Broke without noise.
* Less than 1 pound,
Remarks.
194
TABLE 33.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from chrome steel manufactured by the Chrome Steel Company.
[Mark, C S co 5; size, 0″.2949 x 0.2969.-Experiment No. 1264.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
12
0.1
29.70
8 00
m. 8. Turns.
.012-
m. s.
Turns.
0.1 0 30
.0115
0
29.50
0.1
35.40
5 30.013
0.1
0 30
.011-
3
0
29.90
0.1
35.90
6 30.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
4 0
30.00
0.1
36.30
6 30
.013
0.1
5
0
29.91
0.1
36.40
6 20.013
0.1
0 30
0 30 .0115
012-
6
0
29.98
0. 1
36. 25
700 .0135
0.1
7
0
29.95
0.1
36. 40
7. 00
.0135-
0.1
0 30.0135
8
0
30.90
0.1
37.20
9 00 .0135
0.1
0 30.0115
9
0
30.40
0.1
36.90
8 10 .0135
0.1
0 30
012-
0 30.012—
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would result
from the continuance of the strain given.
After intermission of one day and two
nights.
•
10
0
30.10
0.1
36.67
8 30
.0135
0.1
0 30 | .012–
11
0
30.07
0.1
36.60
6 30 .0135
0.1
0 30.012—
12
0
30.07
0.1
36.53
7 15 0135
0.1
0 30
. 012—
13
0
29.70
0. 1
36.42
7 00 .0135
0.1
0 30.012—
14
0
29.50
0.1
36.00 9.00 .0135
0.1
0 30.012—
15
0
29.70
0.1
36.05
10 00 .0135
0.1
0 30
•
012-
16 0
29.07
0.1
35.90
6 25 .0135
0.1
0 30
012-
•
17
0
28.72
0.1
35. 47
6 00 .014
0.1
0 30
.012
18
0
28.25
0.1
35.20
4 10 .013
0.1
0 30.012
23
24
25
2 2 2 2 * * *
19
0
27.75
0.1 34.70
4 00 .0135
0.1
0 30 .012
20
0
27.05
0.1
34.05
After intermission of one night.
5 00 .0135
0.1
0 30.012–
21
0 26.65
0.1
33.75
3. 00 014
0.1
0 30 . 013-
22
0
25.50
0.1
32.75
4 20
.015
0.1
0 30.013
0
24. 15
0.1
31.55
13 00 .015
0.1
0 30 .013-
0
22.65
0.1
30.00
4 00.015
0.1
0 30.013
0
20.25
Cracked badly.
0.1
24.50
3 00 .0135
0.1 1 00 | .0075
26-0 065
4.30
0
1.32
0.05
Broke.
4. 13
195
TABLE 34.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticily, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by Benjamin Atha & Co.
[Mark, N S co 4; size, 0″.2976 x 0″.2973.—Experiment No. 1265.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s. Turns.
m. 8.
12
0.1
20.00
4 45.0185
0.1
0 30
Turns.
008-
0
22.60
0.1
26. 13
530 .010
0.1
0 30
009-
•
3
0
23.50
0.1
26.70
4 30 .011
0.1
0 30.009
4
0
23.60
0.1
26.80
12 00.011
5
0
23.68
0.1
26.90
14.00 .011
6
0
24. 20
0.1
27.67
7 15.0115
7
0
24.06
0.1
27.45
9 00 . 0115
0.1 0 30 009
0.1 0 30 .0095*
0.1 0 30.0095
0.1 0 30 .0095
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
+
8
0
24.00
0. 1
27.40
6 00.011
0.1
.000
9
0
23.75
0.1
27.25 13.00 .012
0.1 0 30
0095
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
2 = 2 * 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 * * * 8 7 8 2 2 2 2 8
10
0
23.80
0. 1
27.30
12 00 .0115
0.1
0.30
.0095
11
0
23.80
0.1
27.30
10 50.0115
0.1
0 30
.0095
12
0
23.80
0.1
27.32
9 30
. 012
0.1
0 30 010-
13
0
23. 65
0.1
27.10
12 00
.0115
0.1
0 50.010-
14
0
23.73
0. L
27.40
9 10
.012
0.1
0 30
.0095
15
0
23.60
0.1
27.25
9 15 012-
0.1
0 30
.010
•
16
0
23.60
0.1 27.27
"
10 30
.012-
0.1
0 30
0095
•
17
0
23.58
0.1
27.25
12 00
012
0.1
0 30
0095
18
0
23. 51
0.1
27. 15
11 30 .012
0.1
0 30
.0095
19
0.1
Ꮕ
23. 53
27.20
12 00 .012
0.1
0 30
.010-
20
0
23.40
$
0.1 27.17
7 00
.0115
0.1
0 30
.0095
21
22*
0
23.40
0.1
27. 17
6 00 .012
0.1
0 30
.0095*
0
23. 65
0.1
27.38
11.00 012
0.1
0 30
•
0095
0
23.37
0. 1
27.25
11 00
.012
0.1
0 30
.0095
24
0
23.30
0.1
27. 15
10 00 .012
0.1 0 30
.0095
25
0
23. 13
0.1
27.00
10 00 .0115
0.1
0 30
.0095
0
23.00
0.1 26.85
12 30 .0115
0.1
0 30
.010-
0 22.87
0.1
26.70
800 .0115
0.1
0 30
010-
0
22.70
0.1
26.55
10 00 .0120
0.1
0 30
.010-
0
22. 60
0.1
26. 50
7 30
.012-
0.1 0 30
.010-
0
22.45
0.1
26. 35
5 15 .0115
0
22.25
0.1
26.10
6 00 012
0.1 0 30
0.1
010-
0
22.00
0.1 25.90
5 15
.012
0 30
0.1 0 30
.010-
010-
0 21.77
0.1 25.75
6 00
.012
0.1 0 30 010-
•
* After intermission of about 15 hours.
196
TABLE 34.-Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from crucible
cast steel manufactured by Benjamin Atha & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s. Turns.
m. s. Turns.
38
* 1 88
34
0
21.58
0.1
25.60
7 30.0115
0.1
0 30
.0095
35
0
21.40
0.1
25.40
5 10.012
0.1
0 30
.010-
36
0
21. 15
0.1
25. 13
700 .012
0.1
0 30.010—
37
0
20.90
0.1
24.95
5 00 | .012
0.1
0 30 .010-
0
20.75
0.1
24.65
5 15 .012
0.1
0 30.010—
39
0
20.40
0. 1
24.42
6 00.012
0. 1
0 30 .010
40
0
20.20
0. 1
24. 42
8 30
.012
0.1
0 30 .010
41
0
20.00
0.1
23.88
5 15 .012--
0.1
0 30.010—
42
0
19.65
0.1
24.00
7 00.012-
0.1
0 30 .010-
43
0
19.42
0. 1
23. 45
6 10 .012-
0.1
0 30.010—
44
0
19. 10
0.1
23.50
7 00.012—
0.1
0 30 .010-
45
0
18.88
0.1
23.00
15 00 .012-
0.1
0 30.010—
46
0
18.65
0.1
22.90
9 00.012—
0.1
0 30 .010-
47
0
18.45
0.1
22.65
6 10 .012
0. 1
0 30 .010-
.
48
0
18.07
0.1
22. 15
7 30
.012
0.1
0 30.0105
49
0
17.85
0.1
21.97
•
5 00.012
0.1
0 30 .010-
50
0
17.60
0.1
21.82
6 00.012
0.1
0 30 .0105
51
0
17.35
0.1
21.65
6 40.012
0.1
0 30.011-
After starding over night.
52 0
17.35
0.1
21.62
7 00
.013
0.1
0 30 .011-
53
0
16.95
0.1
21.35
8 10.0125
0.1
0 30.011-
54
0
16. 70
0.1
20.95
6 20 .0125
0.1
0 30 .011-
55
0
16.40
0. 1
20.70
5 30
.0125
0.1
0 30.011–
56
0
16. 10
0.1
20.30
3 15.013-
0.1
0 30 .011-
57
ว
15.75
0.1
20. 15
3 15 .0125
0.1
0 30 .011-
58
0
15. 55
0.1
19.90
5 00 .013
0.1
0 30 .0105
59
0
15.20
0.1
19.70
5 10 .013
0.1
0 30.011-
60
0
14.93
0. 1
19.30
4 00.013—
61
0
14.62
0.1
19.25
4 00.013-
0.1 0 30.011-
0.1
62
0
14. 45
0.1
18.95
3 30 .0125 0.1
0 30.011--
0 30
63
0
14. 17
0.1
18.55
6 00.013-
0.1
0 30
.011-
.011-
64 0
13.95
0.1
18.45
6 00.013-
0.1
0 30 011-
65
0
13.75
0.1
18 12
4.00 .013-
0.1
0 30.011—
66
0
13.50
0.1
0 30.011-
17.95
0.1
5 00 0135
197
TABLE 34.-Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from crucible
cast sleel manufactured by Benjamin Atha & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
90
91
92
93
94
95
2 2 & 3 8 8 888 ∞ * 8 a ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
67
0
Lbs.
13.25
m. s. Turns.
m.s.
Turns.
0. 1
17.80
5 00 .0135
0.1 0 30
.0115
0
13.30
0. 1
18.00
7 00
.0135
0.1
•
0 30
69
0
13.00
0.1
17.62
3 30
.0135
0.1
0 30
.0115
.0115
After standing over night.
70
0
12.75
0.1
17.25
5 00
.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
71
0
12 45
0.1
17.05
5 30 .0135
0.1
0 30.0115
72
0
12.35
0.1
16.85
5 00.0135
ቦ.1
0 30 .0115
73
0
12. 15
0.1
16.80
5 20 .0135
0.1
0 30 . 0115
74
0
11.95
0.1
16.56
5 00.0135
0.1
0 30 0115
75
0
11.82
0.1
16.30
5 00.0135
0. 1
0 30.012—
76
0
11. 62
0.1
16.00
4 00.0135
0.1
0 30
.012_
0
11.40
0.1
15.95
5 00.0135
0.1
0 30
.012-
78
0
11.30
0.1
15. 78
4 00.0135
0.1
0 30
.012-
0
11. 10
0.1
15. 63
3 30
.014
0.1
0 30.012—
80
0
10.90
0.1
15.52
3 00.0135
0.1
0 30 .012-
81
0
10.85
0.1
15. 40
5 30 .0135
0.1 0 30 0125
•
82
0
10.65
0.1
15. 15
4 45.0135
0.1
0 30.0125
83
0
10.55
0.1
14.97
5 00❘.0135
0.1
0 30 .0125
84 U
10.40
0.1
14.90
4 00.0135
0.1
0 30.013-
85
0
10. 15
0. 1
14.72
3 30
.0135
0. 1
0 30
. 013-
26
0
10.05
0.1
14.58
5 15
.014
0.1
0 30
. 013-
87 0
10.00
0.1
14.55
4. 00 .0135
0.1
0 30
.013-
0
9.25
0.1015
14. 42
4 00 . 014
G. 1
0 30
.0135
89
Torsion accidentally .0015 too far.
0
9.94
0. 1
14.47
700 .014
0.1
0 30 013--
•
0
9.57
0. 1
14. 12
4 00.0135
0.1
0 30.013—
0
0.1
0
9.70
14.22
9.38
6 20 .015
0.1
0 30.013.
After intermission of abont 20 hours.
Began to crack, probably at this turn.
0.1
13.90
4.00 .0145
0.1
0 30
.0135
0
9. 20
0.1
13.88
5 30 .015
0.1
0 30.013-
0
9.10
0.1
13.70
6 00 .0155
0.1
0 30.013—
0.'1
앵
​8.94
13.55
After intermission of one night.
6 00 .014
0.1
0 30
.0135
97
99
8 5 8 8
96
0
0.1
8.90
13.60
4 30 .016
0.1
0 30.013—
0
8.75
4-
Crack visibly enlarged.
0.1
13.45 5 30 .0155
0. 1 0 36 .0135
98
0
8.55
0.1
13.20
5 20.015
0.1
0 30
.0135
0
8.45
0.1
13. 18
8 30 .0145
0.1
0 30
0135
198
!
TABLE 34.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun wire drawn from crucible
cast steel manufactured by Benjamin Atha & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Resilience.
Remarks.
100
0
Lbs.
8.30
m. s. Turns.
m.s. Turns.
0.1
13.00
700 .015
0..1
0 30
.0135
101
0
8. 15
0. 1
12.85
5 00 .015
0.1
0 30
.0135
102
0
8:00
0.1
12.75
4.00
.015
0.1
0 30
.0135
103
0
7.85
0.1
12.60
4 00.0155
0.1
0 30
0135
•
104
0
7.68
0. 1
12.40
4.00 .015
0.1
0 30.0135
105
0
7.55
0. 1
12. 35
4 00
.015
0.1
0 30.0135
106
0
7.35
0.1
12. 15
3 50
015
0.1
•
0 30.014—
107
0
7.20
0.1
11.90
3.00 015
0.1
•
0 30 .014-
108
0
6.80
0.1
11. 70
3 00 .015
0.1
0 30 .0135
109
0
6.65
0.1
11.53
4 10.015
0.1
0 30.0135
110
0
6. 25
0.1
11. 27
3. 00
.0145
0.1
0 30 .0135
111
0
5.95
0.1
11.05
3 00.0135
0.1
0 30.014-
112
0
5. 63
0. 1
10.77
4 40.014
0.1
0 30.0135
113
0
5.37
0.1
10.33
4 10 0135
0.1
0 30.0135
114
0
5. 10
0.1
9.95
3 00.0135
0.1
0 30.013
115
0
4.85
0.1 9.70
3 00.0135
0.1
0 30.0135
116
0
4.63
0. 1
9.30
2.50 .0135
0.1
0 30.0135
117
0
4. 35
0. 1
9. 10
3 00.0135
0. 1
0 30.0135
118
0
4. 10
0.1
8.55
2 00.0135
0.1
0 30 .013-
119 0
3.82
0.1
8.53
3.00 0135
0.1 0 30 013-
120
0
3. 62
0.1
(*)
3 10.013—
0.1 0 30.013-
After standing through the dinner-hour.
121
0
3.30
0.1
7.60
3.00 .0135
0.1
0 30
.013-
Would not raise 8 pounds.
122
0
3. 15
0.1
6.90
3 30 .0135
0.1
0 30.0135
123
0
2.88
0.1
6. 61
3 20 .0135
0.1
0 30 .0135
124 0
2. 65
0.1
6.37
3 30 .013
0. 1
0 30
.0185
125
0
2. 35
0.1
· 6.05
2 35.013
0.1 0 30 | .0135
126 0
2. 26
0.1
5. 81
3 30.013
0.1
0 30
.0135
127
0
2. 12
0.1
5. 52
3 00.0125
0.1
0 30
.013.
128
0
1.98
0.1
4.87
2 55.012
0.1 0 30
.0135
129
0
1.77
0.1
3.95
3 30
.0115
0.1 0 30
0135
130
0
1.56
0. 1
3.50
131
(*)
0.1
3.20
4.00
4 00 .011
.0115
0.1 0 30
0. 1
012-
•
Would not raise, 1.30 pounds.
0 30
.011-
Not taken.
199
TABLE 34.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from crucible
cast steel manufactured by Benjamin Atha & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s. Turns.
m. s. Turns.
132 0
0.87
0.1
2.23
4 00.012
0.1 0 30
008--
133
0
0.30
Sustained 0.87 pound a few moments and
then dropped.
0.1
1.58
3.00 0085
·
0.1 0 30.0075
134
0
0.14
0.1
1.35 2.30
.0185
0.122 1.50
0.264
Failed.
Turning continued.
Parted.
200
TABLE 35.--Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel
Works.
[Mark, A co 91; size, 0".2986 x 0.302.-Experiment No. 1266.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
Lbs.
12
0.1
32.85
m. s.
3 30
Turns.
011
•
0.1
m. s.
0 30
Turns.
.0115
0
34. 10
0.1
41.20
7 00
.613
0.1
0 30
.012-
3 0
35.52
0.1
42.35
6 40
.0135
0.1
0 30.012-
4
0
35.95
0.1
42.65
6 45
.0145
0.1
0 30
013-
5
0
36.00
0.1
42.87
700
.014
0.1
0 30
6
0
36.00
0.1
43.00
9 20
.014
0.1
0 30
.013-
.013-
7 0
35.90.
0.1
42.98
5 00
.015
0.1
0 30
8
0
35.90
0.1
42.95
9 10
.015
0.1
0 30
013-
.013-
9
0
35.90
0.1
42.95
9 10
.0145
0.1 0 30
.013-
10 0
35.87
0.1
42.90
9 15
.015
0.10 30
.013-
11
0
35. 60
0.1
42.73
5 00
.014
0.1
0 30
. 013-
12 0
35.20
0.1
42.10
4.00
.015
0 1
0 30
013-
13 0
34.20
0.1
41.00
3 00
.014
0.1
0 30
.013-
14 0
32.60
0.1
39.50
2 30
•
014
0.1
0 30
.013-
15 0
31.65
0.1
38.50
8 00
.015
0.1
0 30
.013-
16
0
30.27
0.1
37.30
3 45
.015
0.1
0 30
17 0
29.70
0.1
36.00
4 30
.013
0.1
18 0
28.20
0.1 31.60
4 40
.0145
0.1
.013-
0 30 .0135
0.30 .012
19
0 23.00
0.020 23.30
(Broke.)
Cracked londly just before holding this
weight; split, and transverse cracks visible.
Several cracks heard in raising this weight.
201
TABLE 36.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reverseð
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from Norway iron, (HOS,) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.
[Mark, N co I; square; size, 0″. 2927 x 0″. 2927.-Experiment No. 1267.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Las.
mn.s.
Turns.
m. s. Turns.
12
0. 1
14.20
.006
0.1
0
19.90
120
22.35
.009
0.1
3
0
22.60
0.1
24.35
.091
0.1
4 0
23.05
0.1
24.25
-
0105
0.1
5
0
23. 15
0.1
24. 27
0105
•
0.1
6
0
22.70
0.1
24.40
011-
0.1
my
0
22.30
0.1
24.27
.011
0.1
8
0
21.80
0.1
23. 61
.011
0.1
9
0
. 21. 20
0.1
23.47
011-
0.1
10
11
12
13
14
∞ 20 280 29 2 & 2 №2 & 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 = 8
0
21.70
0.1
24. 25
.012
0.1
0
(*)
0.1
23.30
012
0.1
•
0
19.50
0. 1
22. 60
.012-
0.1
0
18.75
0.1
22.00
012-
0.1
0
18. 10
0.1
21.58
0125
-
0.1
15 0
17.55
0.1
21.05
.0125
0.1
0
16.95
0.1
20.45
.0125-
0.1
17 0
16.35
0.1
20.00
.013
0.1
18
0
15. 80
0.1
19.25
.013
0.1
19
0
15.35
0.1
19.07
.013
0.1
20 ด
14. 87
0.1
18.60
.013
0.1
21
0
14.40
0.1
18. 15
013
•
0.1
22 0
13.96
$ 0.1
17.75
. 013
0.1
23
0
13.70
0.1
17.50
.013
0.1
24 0
13.35
0.1
17.05
.0135
0.1
25
0
12. 85
0.1
16.97
.0135 0.1
26
0
12.55
0.1
16.62
0135
▸
0.1
27
0
12. 18
0.1
16.30
0135
0.1
0
12.00
29
0. 1
0
16.05
0135
•
0.1
11.75
0. 1
15 90
.014- 0.1
30
0
11.48
0.1
15.57
.014
0.1
31 0
11.20
0.1
15.00
.014
0.1
មន
32 0
11.00
0.1
14.95
.014
0.1
33
0
10.83
0.1
14.95
.014
0.1
•
*Not taken.
Remarks
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
{
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
Stopped for the night.
Resumed after lâ hours.
A crack might probably have been discov-
ered before this.
202
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron, (H&S,) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turu.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.*
Remarks.
Lbs.
999. 8.
Turns.
m. s. Turns.
34
0
10. 65
Q. 1
14. 60
.014
0.1
35
0
10.40
0 1
14.48
.014-
0.1
36
0
10.30
0.1
14.00
. 014
•
0.1
37
0
10.00
0.1
14.00
.014
0. 1
38
0
9.95
0.1
13.75
.014-
0.1
39 4
9.85
Badly cracked.
0.1
13.62
.0145
0.1
40
0
9.55
Q. L
13.33
0145 0.1
41
0
9.45
0.1
13.30
. 015
0.1
42 0
9.25
0.1
13. 20
.015
0.1
43 0
9.20
0.1
12.95
.015
0.1
44 0
9.00
0.1
12. 75
.015
0.1
Stopped at dinner hour.
45
0
8.89
Resumed after 1 hour's intermission.
0.1
12. 67
.015
0.1
46 0
8.75
0.1
12. 33
.015
0.1
47 0
8.72
0.1
12.55
.015- 0.1
48 0
8.60
0.1
12.40
.015—
0.1
* 8 5 8 * * * 8 5 8 3 8 = 2 ≈ 1 88
49 0
8.50
0.1
12.40
.015- 0.1
50
0
8.40
0. 1
12.00
.015- 0.1
51
0
8.30
0.1
11.90
.015- 0.1
52
0
8.10
0.1
11.84
.015- 0.1
53
0
8.00
0.1
11. 65
.015
0.1
54
0
8. 15
0.1
11.80
.015
0.1
55
0
7.82
0.1
11. 63
015- 0.1
56
0
7.80
0.1
11.50
.015- 0.1
57
0
7.70
0. 1
11.00
.015— 0.1
58
0
7.60
0.1
11.00
016
0.1
59
0
7.47
0.1
11.00
.016
0.1
60
0
7.35
0.1
10.93
.016
0.1
61
0
7.25
0.1
10.92
.016
0.1
62
0
7.23
0.1
10.80
.016
0.1
63
0
7.20
0.1
10.70
.016- 0.1
64
0
7.50
0.1
11. 25
.016- 0.1
65
0
7.20
0.1
10.83
.016- 0.1
66
0
7.10
0.1
10.83
016
0.1
•
* Not taken.
203
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron, (HÞS,) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.,
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.*
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
IN. S. Turns.
67
0
(*)
0.1
10.60
.0165
0.1
68
0
6.89
0.1
10.55
.0165
0.1
69
0
6. 78
0.1
10.25
.0165
0. 1
70 0
6.70
0.1
10.05
.0165
0.1
71
· 0
6. 65
U. 1
10.25
.0165
0.1
72 0
6.50
0.1
10.00
.0165
0.1
73
0
6.47
0. 1
10. 10
0165- 0.1
74
0
6.38
0. 1
10.03
.0165- 0.1
75
0
6.38
0. 1
9.88
.0165- 0.1
76
0
6.30
0.1
9.77
•
0165- 0.1
rying 0
6. 20
0.1
9.75
.0165- 0.1
78 0
6. 00
0.1
9.60
.0165
0.1
79 0
6. 10
0.1
9.58
.0165- 0. 1
20 0
6.05
0.1
9.55
81 0
5.90
0.1
9.50
•
.0165- 0.1
0165- 0.1
82 0
5.90
0.1
9. 19
.0165- 0.1
83 0
5.98
0.1
9.55
.0165- 0.1
84
0
5.80
0. 1
9.33
.017- 0.1
85
0
5 80
0.1
9.25
.017- 0.1
86
0
5.68
0. 1
9.00
.017-
0.1
87
0
5. 65
0.1
8.88
.017- 0.1
88 0
5.55
0.1
9.00
.017-
0.1
89 0
5.50
0. 1
9.00
.017-- 0.1
90
0
5.95
After standing over one day..
0. 1
9.75
.019
0.1
91
0
5.78
After standing one hour.
0. 1
9.61
0.1
92
0
5. 63
0.1
9.42
.018
0.1
93
0
0.112
9.35
0.1
Torsion carried by mistake to 0.112.
94 0
5. 40
0.1
0.1
95
0
5. 40
0. 1.
8.22
.017
0.1
96 0
5.25
0.1
8.37
.0185 0.1
97
0
5.20
0.1
8.39
.0185
0.1
After standing through the dinner-hour.
98
0
5 20
0. 1
8.30
.018
0.1
99
0
5. 10
0.1
8. 13
.018
0. 1
·
* Not taken.
204
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &'c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (H§S) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
}
Lbs.
m. S.
Turns.
m. S. Turns.
100
0
5.09
0.1
8.18
.018-
0.1
101 0
5.00
0.1
8. 13
.017
0.1
102
0
4.95
0.1
8. 25
.018
0.1
103
0
4.90
0. L
8.05
0185
•
0.1
104
0
4.90
0.1
8.00
.0185
0.1
105 0
4.85
0.1
7.87
.018
0.1
106
0
4.83
0.1
8.00
.018-
0.1
107 0
4.75
0.1
7.93
018
0.1
108
0
4.72
0.1
7.93
.018
0.1
109
0
4. 64
0.1
7.90
. 0185
0.1
110 0
4.58
0.1
'7.81
.0185- 0.1
111
0
4.50
0.1
7.82
.018- 0.1
112
0
4.50
0.1
7.85
.019- 0.1
113
0
4. 56
0.1
7.80
.018
0.1
114
0
4.45
0. 1
7.80
0185- 0.1
115
0
4. 47
0.1
7.65
.0185- 0.1
116
0
4.40
0.1
7.65
.018
0.1
117 0
4. 43
0.1
7.72
018
0.1
118
0
(*)
0. 1
7.70
.0185
0.1
119
0
4.35
0. 1
7.53
.018
0.1
120
0
4.30
0.1
7.53
⚫018
0.1
121
0
4. 22
0.1
7.32
.0185
0.1
122
0
4. 20
0.1
7.50
0185
0.1
123
0
4. 20
0.1
7.42
.019
0.1
124 0
4. 16
0.1
7.50
.019
0.1
125
0
4. 16
0. 1
7.45
.019
0.1
126
0
4.10
0.1
7.34
.019-
0.1
127 0
4 32
0.1
7.70
092- 0.1
Resumed after standing from 4 p. m. of
128 0
4. 25
Saturday until 7 a. m. of Monday.
0.1
7.63
.092
0.1
129
0
4. 12
0.1
7.47
.020- 0.1
131
333
130
0
4.05
0.1
7.47
.092
0.1
0
4.00
0.1
7.47
.092
0.1
132
0
4.00
0.1
7.42
.092-
0.1
* Not taken.
205
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (HS) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.*
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
m. s. Turns.
133
0
3.95
0.1
7.42
.092
0. 1
134
0
3.90
0.1
7.32
.0195
0.1
135
0
3.90
0.1
7.10
.092-
0.1
136 0
3.89
0.1
7.04
.0195
0.1
137
0
3.89
0. 1
7.00
.092
0.1
138
0
3.90
0.1
7.03
.092
0.1
139
0
(*)
0.1
7.00
092
0.1
·
140
0
(*)
0.1
7.10
.020
0. i
141
0
3.70
0.1
6. 93
.020
0.1
142
0
(*)
0.1
6.80
020-
0.1
•
143
0
3. 63
0.1
6.85
.020
0.1
144
0
3.60
0.1
6. 85.
.0195
0.1
145
0
3.58
0.1
6. 75
.092-
0. 1
146
0
(*)
0.1
6.73
.092-
0.1
147 0
(^)
0.1
6.75
.0195
0.1
148
0
3.45
0.1
6.70
.0195
0.1
149
0
3.45
0.1
6.50
.020-
0.1
150
0
3.40
0.1
6.50
•
020- 0.1
151
0
3.35
0.1
6.50
.020
0.1
152 0
3.35
0.1
6. 50
.0195
0.1
153 0
3.30
0.1
6.50
.0195
0.1
154 0
3.25
0.1
6. 45
.020
0.1
155
0
3.27
0.1
6.45
.0195
0.1
156
0
3. 20
0. 1
6. 40
.0195
0.1
157
0
3.25
0.1
6.35
.020
0.1
158 0
3.17
0.1
6. 34
.0195
0. 1
159
0
3.20
0.1
6.30
.020
0.1
160
0
3. 14
0.1
6.20
020
0.1
161
0
3. 13
0.1
6.20
.020
0.1
162
•
0
3. 11
0.1
6. 12
.020
0.1
163
0
3.08
0.1
6. 06
.020
0.1
164
0
3.03
0. 1
6.06
· 020
0.1
165
0
3.00
0.1
6. 05
.020
0.1
•
•
* Not taken.
Remarks.
206
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (HÞS) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
m. s. Turns.
166
0
2.92
0.1
6. 00
.020
0.1
167
0
2.95
0.1
5.97
020
0.1
•
168
0
2.95
0.1
5.97
.020
0.1
169 0
2.94
0.1
5.95
.020
0.1
170
0
2.94
0.1
5.95
020
0. 1
·
171
0
2.90
0. 1
5.92
020
0.1
•
172
0
2.87
0.1
5.90
020-
•
0.1
173 0
2.90
0.1
5.90
.020-
0.1
174
0
2.87
0.1
5.86
020
0.1
•
175
0
2.82
0.1
5.86
.020
0.1
176
0
2.82
0.1
5.75
.020
0.1
177 0
2.80
0.1
5.75
020
0. 1
•
178
0
2.80
0.1
5.73
020
0.1
•
179
0
2.78
0. 1
5.73
.020
0.1
180
0
2.72
0.1
5.72
.020
0.1
181
0
2.72
0. 1
5.68
.020
0.1
182
0
2.67
0.1
5.60
.0195
0.1
183
0
2.68
0.1
5.60
•
0195 0.1
184 0
2.73
After standing 1 hour.
0.1
5.62
.092-
0.1
185 0
2. 63
0.1
5 50
•
092-
0.1
186
0
2. 63
0. 1
5.55
092
0.1
•
187
0
2.60
0.1
5.50
.092
0.1
188 0
2. 60
0.1
5.42
•
092- 0.1
189
0
*2.58
0.1
5.45
.092-
0.1
190
0
2.58
0.1
5.43
.092
0. 1
191 0
2.56
0.1
5.52
092-
0.1
•
192
0
2. 55
0. 1
5.40
.092
0.1
193
0
2. 53
0.1
5.40
020
0.1
•
194
0
2.53
0. 1
5. 40
.020
0.1
195
0
2.48
0.1
5.40
0
•
092- 0.1
196
0
2.47
0. 1
5.40
.020
0.1
197
0
2.45
0.1
5.33
.092
0.1
198
0
2.40
0..1
5.30
.092
0. 1
* Not taken.
207.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (HS) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.*
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
199
0
2.33
0.1
5.30
.092- 0.1
m. s. Turns.
200
0
2.35
0.1
5. 27
.092
0.1
201
0
2.39
0.1
5. 27
.092- 0.1
202
0
2.39
0. 1
5. 25
092
0.1
•
203
0
2.30
0.1
5. 22
.092
0.1
204
0
2. 28
0.1
5. 22
•
092
0.1
205
0
2. 28
0.1
5. 10
.092
0.1
206
0
2.28
0.1
5.08
.092
0.1
207 0
(*)
0.1
5. 10
.092
0.1
208
0
2. 27
0.1
5. 14
.092
0.1
209
0
2. 26
0.1
5. 12
.092
0.1
210
0
2. 23
0.1
5. 10
.092
0.1
211
0
2.22
0.1
5. 05
.092- 0.1
212
0
2. 21
0.1
5. 05
092-
0.1
•
213
1
2.20
0.1
5. 05
.092
0. 1
214 0
2.17
0.1
(*)
.092
0.1
215
0
2. 13
0.1
4.95
.092
0.1
216
0
2. 17
After standing over night.
0.1
5. 10
.022
0.1
217 .0
2.17
0.1
5.08
.0215
0.1
218
0
2.17
0.1
5.00
.021-
0. 1
219
0
2. 15
0.1
5.00
.021-
0.1
220
0
2. 12
0. 1
4.92
.021
0.1
221
0
2. 12
0.1
4.88
.0215 0.1
222
0
(*)
0.1
4.89
.021
0.1
223
0
2.07
0.1
4. 87
.021
0.1
224
0
2.00
0.1
4.83
021- 0.1
•
225 0
2.00
0.1
4.80
.021
0.1
226
0
2.00
0.1 4.77
.021
0.1
227 0
1.97
0.1
4. 73
.0205
0.1
228
0
1.97
0.1
4.73
.021
0.1
229
0
1.97
0.1
4. 73
•
021- 0.1
230
0
1.96
0.1
4.69
.021
0.1
231
0
1.95
0.1 4.66
After standing about three hours.
.021
0.1
* Not taken.
208
TABLE 36.-Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
irun (HėS) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
m. S. Turns.
232
1.91
0.1
4.66
.0215
0.1
233
1. 8
0, 1
4. 65
.021
0.1
234
0
1.87
0.1
4. 61
021
0.1
235
0
1.87
0. 1
4.50
021-
•
0.1
236
0
1.87
0. 1
4. 49
.021-
0. 1
237
0
1.87
0.1
4. 41
.0205-
0.1
238
0
1.84
0.1
4. 40
.0205
0.1
239
0
1.84
0. 1
4. 20
020
0.1
240
0
1.84
0.1
4. 19
020
•
0.1
241
0
1.82
0.1
4.20
.020
6. 1
242
0
1.81
0.1
4.34
.020
0,1
243 0
1.78
0.1
4. 25
..020
0. 1
244
0
1. 77
0.1
4. 25
020
0.1
245
0
1.76
0. 1
4. 25
.020
0.1
246
0
1.75
0.1
4. 25
.021
0.1
247
0
1.75
0.1
4. 25
.020
0.1
248
0
1.72
0. 1
4. 25
092-
0.1
249
0
1.78
0.1
After standing over night.
4. 42
.092-
0. 1
250
0
1.75
0. 1
4.33
.092
0.1
251
0
1.73
0. 1
4.33
.092
0.1
252
0
1.70
0. 1
4.27
.092
0.1
253
.0
1.68
0. 1
4. 25
.692
0,1
254
0
1.65
0.1
4.20
.092
0.1
255
0
1.65
0. 1
4. 19
.092
0.1
256
0
1. 64
0.1
4. 18
.092
0.1
257
0
1.62
0.1
4. 13.
.092
0.1
258
0
1.62
0. 1
4. 13
.092—
0.1
259
0
1.60
0.1
4. 05
.092-
0.1
260
0
1.60
•
0. 1
4.00
092- 0.1
261
0
1.58
0.1
4.00
.092— 0.1
262
0
1.58
0.1
4.00
0205
0.1
263
0
1.58
0.1
4.00
0:20
•
0.1
264
0.
1.55
0.1
3.95
•
092- 0.1
* Not taken.
$209
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (HS) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co. Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
4
Lbs.
m. s. Turns.
m. s.
Turns.
265
0
1.52
0.1
3.95
092
0.1
•
266
0
1.52
0.1
3.93
092- 0.1
267
0
1.52
0.1
3.90
.019
0.1
268 0
1.52
0.1
3.90
.019
0.1
269
0
1.48
0.1
3.90
.092
0.1
270
0
1.48
0.1
3. 85
0205
0.1
271
0
1.48
0.1
3.83
.0205
0.1
272
0
1.48
0.1
3.73
021
0.1
•
273
0
1.48
0.1
3.73
092-
0.1
274 0
1. 45
0.1
3.73
092-
0.1
275
0
1.45
0.1
3.62
092-
0.1
276 0
1.43
0.1
3.62
092-
0.1
277
0
1. 35
0.1
3.57
.092
0.1
278
0
1.35
0.1
3.53
.092
0.1
279
0
1.35
0.1
3.45
022
0.1
•
280
0
1.38
0.1 3.40
092-
0.1
•
281
0
1.38
0.1
3.40
022
0.1
282
0
1. 38
0.1
3.40
022
0.1
•
283
0
1.35
0.1
3.40
021
0.1
284
0
1.35
0.1
3.40
.020
0.1
285
0
1.35
0.1
3. 35
020
0.1
286
0
1.33
0.1
3.32
.020
0.1
287
0
1.40
After standing over one day and night
0.1
3.55
.021
0.1
288 0
1.38
0.1
3. 44
0215
0.1
•
289 0
1.37
0.1
3. 43
0215
0.1
•
290
0
1.35
0.1
3.42
022
0.1
•
291
0
1.35
0.1
3.37
0215
0.1
•
292 0
1.34
0.1
3.30
.020
0.1
293
0
1.32
0.1
3.30
.021
0.1
294
0
1.30
0.1
3.30
021
0.1
·
295 0
1.27
0.1
3.28
. 019
0.1
296
0
1.27
0.1
3. 24
.020
0.1
297
0
1.27
0.1
3. 24
.021
0.1
* Not taken.
14 F
210
TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (H&S) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Lbs.
m. 8. Turns.
m. s. Turns.
298 0
1.26
0.1
3.22
.0215
0.1
299 0
1.25
0.1
3. 19
.020--
0.1
300
0
1.25
0.1
3. 15
.021
0.1
301
0
1. 24
0.1
3. 15
.0205
0.1
302
0
1.23
0.1
3. 13
.022-
0.1
303
0
1.23
*0. 1
3. 10
. 021
0.1
304
0
1.21
0.1
3.10
.021
0.1
305 0
1.20
0.1
3.00
.020-
0.1
306 0
1. 15
0.1
3.00
.020-
0.1
307
0
1.17
0.1
2.97
.019
0.1
308 0
1.18
0.1
2.97
.020
0.1
309 0
1. 17
0.1
2.93
.020-
0.1
310 0
1. 15
0.1
2.93
.020
0.1
311
0
1.11
0.1
2.81
021
•
0.1
312
0
1.09
0.1
2.82
.0215
0.1
313 0
1.08
0.1
2. 81
.021
0.1
314 0
1.08
0.1
2.78
022
0.1
315
0
1,05
0.1
2.76
.022
0.1
316 0
1.06
0.1 2.75
.022
0.1
317
0
1.06
0.1
2.73
.021
0.1
318
0
1.06
0.1
2.70
.022-
0.1
319
0°
1.06
0.1
2. 69
.022
0.1
320 0
1.05
0.1
2.67
.022
0.1
321
0
1.05
0.1
2.66
.0225 0.1
322 0
1.04
0.1 2.65
.0205 0.1
323
0
1.03
0.1
2. 63
.021
0.1
324 0
1.03
0.1
2.61
.021
0.1
325 0
1.02
0.1
2. 61
.020
0.1
326
0
1.02
0.1
2.59
.020-
0.1
327 0
1.00
0.1 2.59
.020
0.1
328 0
1.00
0.1
2.60
.020
0.1
329 0
0.99
0.1
2.59
.020
0.1
330
0
0.98
0.1
2.54
.020
0.1
Remarks.
* Not taken.
211
TABLE 36.-Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
`iron (H&S) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
m. s. Turns.
331
0
0.99
0.1
2.54
.021
0.1
332
0
0.98
0.1
2.53
021
0.1
333
0
0.97
0.1
2.49
.020
0.1
334 0
0.96
0.1
2.50
020
0.1
•
335
0
0.95
0.1
2.50
.020
0.1
336 0
0.95
0.1
2. 48
.021
0.1
337
0
0.93
0.1
2. 45
.019
0.1
338
0
0.93
0.1
2. 45
.021
0.1
339
0
0.93
0.1
2. 43
020
0.1
340 0
0.93
0.1
2.45
.019
0.1
341
0
0.92
0.1
2.45
.020-
0.1
342 0
0.92
0.1
2. 45
.017-
0.1
343
0
0.93
0.1
2. 43
.020-
0.1
344 0
0.90
0.1
2.40
021
0.1
•
345
0
0.89
0. 1
2.38
021
0.1
346
0
0.90
0.1
2.36
.020
0.1
347
0
0.87
0.1
2.35
019
0.1
•
348 0
0.87
0.1
2. 33
.019
0.1
349
0
0.87
0.1
2. 33
.021
0.1
350
0
0.87
0.1
2. 33
.019
0.1
351
0
0.86
0.1
2.30
.021
0.1
352 0
0.86
0.1
2. 28
.019
0.1
353
0
0.85
0. 1
2.25
.020-
0.1
354
0
0.85
0.1
2.25
020-
0.1
355 0
0.83
0.1
2.25
0205
0. 1
356
0
0.83
0.1
2.23
.020-
0.1
357
0
0.83
0. 1
2.20
.022
0.1
358
0
C. 83
0. 1
2. 22
.022
0.1
359
0
0.82
0.1
2. 20
020
•
0.1
360
0
0.80
0.1
2.20
.020
0. 1
361
0
0.78
0.1
2. 15
.021
0.1
362 0
0.77
0.1
2. 14
.020
0.1
363
0
0.75
0.1
2. 12
.019
0.1
* Not taken.
Remarks.
212
· TABLE 36.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway
iron (HOS) furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience. *
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
m. 8. Turns.
364
0
0.75
0.1
2. 11
.020-
0.1
365
0
0.74
0.1
2.07
021
0.1
•
366 0
0.7
0.1
(*)
(*)
0.1
367
368
369
370
onomono
0.69
1.68
.015
0.1
0.68
1.66
.016
0.1
0.68
1.67
.016
0.1
0.67
0.1
1.64
.016
0.1
371
0
0.66
0.1
1. 64
.020
0.1
372
0
5. 65
0.1
1.62
.0165
0.1
373
0
0.64
0.1
1.62
.017-
0.1
374
0
0.63
0.1
1. 62
.016
0.1
* Not taken.
Two small pieces became detached,
Remarks.
213
TABLE 37.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and
Iron Company.
1
[Mark, CK.; size, 0.299 x 0.2988.-Experiment No. 1268.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs. m. s.
Turns.
m. s.
12
'0.1
30.05
2 40 .012
0.1
0 30
•
0
30.00
0.1
36.50
3.00
013
0.1
0 30
•
3
0
30.87
0.1
37.20
8 00
.0125
0.1
0 30.012-
4
0
31. 13
0.1
37.42
7 30
.014-
0.1 0 30 0125-
•
LO
5
0
31.20
0.1
37.42
6 30 .014-
0.1
0 30.013–
6
0
31.35
0.1
37.55
6 20.014
0.1
0 30 .013-
7
0
31.10
0.1
37.50
10 00 | .014
0.1
0 30.013–
Turns.
012-
. 012-
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
8 0
31.23
0.1
37.60
7 40.0135
0.1
0 30.013—
9
0
31. 45
0.1
37.90
12 40
.015
0.1
0 30.013-
10
0
31.37
0.1
37.85
14 00.015
0.1
0 30.013—
11
0
31.35
0. L
37.82
9 10 015
0.1
0 30 .013-
•
12
0
31.30
0.1
37.82
9 00 .0145
0.1
0 30 .013-
13
0
31.25
0.1
37.77
8.00 .0145
0.1
0 30.013—
14 0
31.10
0.1
37.70
10 30
015-
0.1
0 30.013—
15
0
31.37
0.1
38. 10
4 30.015
0.1
0 30
16
0
31.25
0.1
38.00
5 00 .015
0.1
0 30
. 013-
.013-
After intermission of two days.
17
0
31. 10
0.1
37.93
6 00 .0155
0.1
0 30
. 013-
18, 0
31.00
0.1 37.87
7 00.015-
0.1
0 30
.013-
19
20
2 2 2 2 8
0
0.1
30.80
37.60
6 30
.015
0.1
0 30
.0135
0 30.51
0.1
37.35
6 40
. 015
0.1
0 30
.0135
21
22 0
0
30. 10
0.1
36.80
3.00 .015-
0.1
0 30
.0135
29.60
0.1
36. 15
4 30
.015
0.1 0 30
.013-
0
28.60
0.1
35. 20
3.00 .015
24
0
27.35
0.1
33.75
3 15 .015
0.1 0 30
0.1
.0135
0 30
.0135
25
0
26. 15
0.1
32. 60
6 30.015
0.1 0 30
.0135
26
0
24.85
0.1
31.55
6 45 016
0.1 0 30
.0135
27
0
23.98
0.1
30.70
6 30
016
0.1 0 30
.0135
28
0
23. 10
0.1
29.85
8 00 .016
29
0
22.40
0.1
29. 12
6 00.0165
0.1
.0.1
0 30
.0135
30
0
21. 80
0.1
28.50
4 30.0165
0 30
0.1 0 30
.014-
31
0
21. 20
0.1
27.90
4 30 0165
•
32 0 20.60
0.1 27.35
730 .0165
0.1 0 30
0.1
.0135
.0135
Seams appeared on two sides; cross-lines
separated about 0".03.
0 30
.0135
214´.
TABLE 37.-Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from Martin
steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. S.
Turns.
23 + 13 08
33
0
19.90
0.1
26.80
6 00 .0165
m. S.
0.1 0 30 .0135
Turns.
34 0
19.40
Seam on each of three sides.
0.1 26.35
6 45.017–
35 0
18.85
0.1 25.75
6 00 .017-
0.1
0.1 0 30
0 30.014- -
.0145
36
0
Taken out of machine.
215
TABLE 38.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed.
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and
Iron Company.
[Mark, O; size, 0.3014 x 0.3012.-Experiment No. 1269.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s.
Turns.
1
0.1
21. 10
2 40
.0075
0.1 0 30
2
0
25.50
0.1
28.45
4 00
.010
0.1
0 30.008-
3 0
27.00
0.1
29.40
3 40
.011
0.1
0 30.008-
008
4 0
27.70
0.1
29.90
8 00 011
0.1
0 30.0015
5
0
27.70
0.1
30. 12
5 30.011
0.1
0 30.0015
6
0
27.75
0.1
30.25
10 00.011
0.1
0 30.0015
7
0
27.83
10. 1
30.35
13 00.0115
0.1
0 30.091-
8
0
27.80
0.1
30.45
10 30.011
0.1 0 30
0 30.091-
m. s. Turns.
.0075
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsien was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
9
0
27.80
0.1
30.45
7 30.011
0.1
0 30 091-
•
10
0
27.80
0.1
30.53
7 30
. 011
0.1
0 30 .091-
11
0
27.80
0.1
30.55
7 45 011
0.1
•
0 30.091-
12
0
27.80
0.1
30.55
5 30.011
0.1
0 30
.091-
13
0
27.80
0 1
30.55
7 30.011
0.1
0 30
091-
•
14
0
27.65
0.1
30.52
8 40.0115
0.1 0 30
.091-
15
0
27.65
0. 1
30.55
8.00 .012
0.1
0 30
.090-
16
0
29.50
0.1
32.35
9 30 012
0.1
0 30.090—
17
0
28.60
After intermission from Saturday evening
to Monday morning.
0.1
31.75
8 30 .012
0.1 0 30
.090-
18 0
28. 23
29
30
31
33
2 2 2 2 * * * 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8
19
0.1
0
31.47
10 00.012
0.1
0 30
.090-
28. 15
0.1
31.25
12 00 .012
0.1
0 30
.090-
20
0
27.90
0.1 31.20
8 30 012
0.1
•
0 30 .090-
21
0
27.86
0.1 31.00
8 35.012
0.1 0 30.090-
22
0
27.83
0.1
30.97 12 30.012
0.1 0 30
.090-
23
0
27.70
'0.1
30.92
7 00 .012
0.1 0 30
24
0
27.62
· 0.1
30.83
11 00 012
•
.090-
0.1 0 30 010
25
0
29.00
After intermission of about 60 hours.
0.1
32.00
6 45.012
0.1
26
0
28.40
0.1
31.55 10 00.012
0 30.010
0.1 0 30 .010
27
0
27.85
0.1 31.30
9.00 . 012
0.1
0 30
28
0
27.75
0.1
31. 15
10 00
.012
0.1
0 30
.010
· 010
0
27.65
0.1 30.95
7 00 .012
0.1
0 30 .010
0 27.45
0.1
30.90 10 00.012
0.1
0 30
0
27.35
32
0 27.10
0.1 30.80 6 00 012
0.1 39.55 6 00 .012
0.1 0 30
.010
. 010
0.1
0 30
0
26.98
0.1 30.45 10 15
.012
0.1
30
010
.010
216
TABLE 38.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c.,_of_a_gun-wire drawn from Martin
steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Resilience.
Remarks.
34
0
Lbs.
26.75
m. S. Turns.
m. s. Turns.
0.1
30 35
5 00.012
0.1
0 30 .010
35
0
20. 60
0.1
30.20
700
.012
0.1
0 30.010
36
0
26. 40
0.1
30.00
6 00
.012
0.1
0 30
.010
37
0
26.17
0.1
29.75
8 30
012
0.1
0 30
•
.010
38 0
25.90
0.1
29.60
10 00
.012
0.1
0 30 .010
39 0
25. 65
0.1
29.35
6 30 .012
0.1
0 30.010
40
0
25.45
0.1
29.05
700 .012
0.1
0 30.010
41 *0
25.10
0.1
28.90
7 00 012
0.1
0 30 010
42 0
24.75
0.1
28.55
7 20
.012
0.1
0 30.010
43
0
24.45
0.1
28.50
9 30
012
0.1 0 30
•
010
44
0
24. 10
0.1
28.07
T 00
.012
0.1 0 30
0 30.010
45 0
23.75
Split begins to show.
0.1
27.85
730
.012
0.1
0 30
.010
46 0
23.48
0.1
27.53
8 30 012
•
0.1 0 30
.010
•
47
0
23.00
0.1
27.10
6 45.012
0.1
0 30.010
48 0
22.58
0.1
26.95
8 00
.012
0.1 0 30
0 30.010
49 0
22.52
Seam on two sides.
❤
0.1
26.93
6 45.013
0.1
0 30
.010
80
8 3 8 3 0 2 8 15
50
0
22.05
0.1
26.50
30.013
0.1
0 30
.010
55
0
*(*)
Seam on each side.
0.1
24.50
5 00.013
0.1
0 30
.011
60
0
17.40
0.1
22.90
7 30.0135
0.1
0 30 .0115
65
0
15. 50
0.1
21.00
700
.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
70
0
13.85
0.1
19.37
6 45.014
0.1
0 30
.012
75
0
12.45
0.1
17.87
7 30 .015
0.1
0 30.012
0
11. 12
0.1
16.80
4 40
.015
0.1 0 30.011
85
0
0.298
18. 81
6.70
13.31
On 82d twist cracked, and opened con-
siderably.
Torsion continued to breaking.
(Broke.)
}
* Not taken.
217
•
Number of application.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Strain required 1 foot
from center.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
TABLE 39.—Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from “open-hearth" steel. Manufacturer's name withheld by
request.
[Mark, B S co. ; size, 0.2965 x 0.2971.-Experiment No. 1270.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Resilience.
Decimal part of one
turn.
Time in which torsion
was produced.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. s.
TQ
1
0.1
18.25
7 10
Turns.
.007
m. s.
0.1 0 30
Turns.
0175
0
21.45
0.1
24.60
6 30
.007
0.1 0 30
3
0
22.50
0.1
22. 25
4 30
.010
0.1 0 30
4 0
22.75
0.1
25.60
5 00
.010
0.1
10
5
0
23.00
0.1
25.74
5 13 .011
0.1
6
co
0
22.90
0.1
25.70
7 00
.011
0 30
0 30
0.1 0 30
0 30.0085
.008-
.008-
•
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
008- Length, I inch.
.0085-
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would result
from the continuance of the strain given.
After intermission of about 15 hours.
7
0
22.75
0.1
25.60
7 30
.011-
0.1
3 30 0085
•
8
0
22.63
0.1
25.50
10 00 .011-
9
0
22.57
0.1
25.50
10 00 .0105
0.1
0.1 0 30.0085
0 30 .0085
A slight seam visible on one side.
10
0
22.53
0.1
25. 40
8 00.0105
0.1
11
0
22. 43
0.1
25.37
12
0
22.37
0.1
25.30
740
745 .0105
.0105
0 30 .009-
0.1 0 30.009-
0.1
0 30
009-
•
13
0
22.27
0.1
25.23
6 00
.011-
0.1
0 30
.009-
14
0
22.10
0.1
25. 15
6 20 .011
0.10 30
.009—
15
0
21.90
0.1
24.98
7 15
.011
0.1
0 30
.009-
16
0
21.80
0.1
24.90
8 20
.011
0.1 0 30
.009———
17 0
21.65
0.1
24.75
8 40
. 011
0.1 0 30
009-
·
18 0
21.45
+
0.1
24. 50
9 00
. 011
0.1
0 30.009-
31
≈ 2 2 2 2 * * ¦ ¦ 0 2 2 2 ☹
19
0
21.35
0.1
24.47
7 00
.011
20
0
21. 23
0.1
24. 45
700
.011
0.1 0 30 .009
0.10 0 30 009
21
0
21.25
After standing over night.
0. 1
24.43
6 30
.011
0.1
0 30.009
22
0
21.00
0, 1
24. 25
740
.0115
0.1 0 30 .009
23
C
20.78
0.1
24.00
10 00
0115
0.1
0 30
•
.009
24
0
20.70
0.1
23.90
9.00
.011
0.1
25
0
20.50
0.1
23.80
9 45
.011
0.1
0 30
26
0
20.40
0 30.009
·009
0.1
23. 65
7 00
. 011
0.1
0 30.009
27
0
20. 20
0.1
23.55
7 30
.011
0.1
0 30.009
28
0
20.05
0.1
23.30
745
011
0.1
0 30.009
29
0
19.87
0.1
23. 20
700
.011
0.1
0.30❘ .009
30
0
19. 70
0.1
23.07
8 20
.011
0.1
0 30.009
0
19.55
0.1
22.95
700 .011
0.1
0 30.009
32
0
19. 43
0.1
22.83
800
.011
•
0.1
0 30.009
218
TABLE 39.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from "open-
hearth" steel-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. S. Turns.
m. s. Turns.
100
*** 9 8 3 8 2 2 2 3 2 3 8
33
34
0.1
앵​이
​19.32
22.70
9 00
.011
0.1
0 30.009
19. 20
吹
​0.1
22.50
5 00
011
0.1 0 30
009
•
35 0
19.10
The seam separates cross-lines about 0".03.
0.1
22.50
6 00.011
0.1
0 30.009
40 0
18.70
0.1
22.00
9 00.011
0.1
0 30 .009-
45
0
18. 15
0.1
21. 47
5 30.011
0.1
0 30.0095
50 0
17.49
[
0.1
21.00
10 00.0115
0.1
0 30
.0095
55
0
16.85
0.1
20.44
6 00
011.
0.1
•
0 30.0095
The 59th turn was carried 0.01 too far.
60
0
16. 25
0.1
19.30
6 00 . 0115
0.1
0 30.0095
65
0
15. 43
0.1
18. 97
6 30 .1115-
0.1
0 30.010-
70
0
14.75
0.1
18. 35
6 30
.1115
0.1
0 30.010-
75
0
14.00
0.1
17.70
5 00 : 0115
0.1
0 30.010-
80
0
13.25
0.1
16.95
6 00.0115
0.1 0 30
0 30.010
85
0
12.50
Began to crack transversely at middle and
one end.
0.1
16.25
7 00 012
•
0.1
0 30.010
90 0
11.58
0.1
15.60
5 00 .012
0.1
0 30.010
95
0
(*)
0.1
14.97
4 30.0125
0.1
0 30
0015
0
10. 20
0.1
14.50
6 00
.0125
0
Not taken.
Set at 0 and taken out of machine.
219
TABLE 40.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by Hussey, Welles & Co.
[Mark, H W co 4; size, 0.300 x 0.390.-Experiment No. 1272.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
m. S.
Turns.
12
0.1
30.55
6 30.012
0.1
m. s.
0 30
0
28.00
0.1
34.40
5 00 .012
0.1 0 30
3
0
28.35
0.1
34.85
6 30 .012
4
0
28.35
0.1
34.80
6 15.0125
ΟΙ
5
0 28.05
0.1
34.80
9 00.013
6
0
28.05
0.1
31.85
9 30.013
.0115
0.1 0 30
.0115
0 30
0.1
.0115
0.1 0 30 | .0115
0.1 0 30 .0115
7
0
28.15
0.1 34.85
7 45.013
0.1
0 30 .0115
8
0
28.10
Turns.
. 0115
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would re-
sult from the continuance of the strain
given.
0.1
34.85
7 30.013
0.1
0 30.0115
9
0
(*)
0.1
35. 15
2 30.013
0.1
0 30 .0115
10
0
28.12
0.1
35. 15
9 20 .013
0.1
0 30.0115
11
0
28.18
0.1
35. 10
6 10.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
12
0
28.08
0.1
35.05
6 00.0135
13
0
28,00
0.1
35.00
6 00.0135
0.1 0 30
0.1
.0115
0 30
. 0115
•
14
0
27.98
0.1
34.90
6 30.0135
0.1 0 30
.0115
15
0 27.97
0.1
34.90
8. 00 .0135
0.1
0 30
.0115
16
0
27.94
0.1
34.85
8 30.0135
0.1
0 30.012-
17 0
27.85
0.1 34.85
8.00 .0135
0.1 0 30 .0115
* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
18
0
27.85
0.1
34.83
9 30.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
19
0
27.75
0.1 34.62
7 45.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
20
0
27.72
0.1 34.65 8 00.0135
0.1
0 30
.0115
After intermission of dinner-hour.
•
21
0
27.65
0.1
34.55
22
0
27.50
0.1
34.45
8 50 0135
740 .0135
0.1
0 30 .0115
•
0.1 0 30
.0115
23
0
27.40
0. 1
34, 54
6 30.0135
0.1 0 30
.0115
24
0
27.30
0.1
34.40
5 00.0135
0.1
0 30
. 0115
25
0
27.00
0.1
34. 20
700.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
26
0
26.80
0.1
33.90
8.00 0135
0.1
0 30 . 0115
27
0
0.1
28
26.50
33.43
0 26.30
6 10 .0135
0.1 0 30
0 30.0115
0.1
29
0
0.1
33.10
25.75
32.73
5 00
6 30.0135
0135
30
0 25.45
31
0
0.1 32.40
25.00
0.1 32.00
7 45.0135
4.00 .0135
0.1 0 30 0115
0.1 0 30.0115
0.1 0 30
. 0115
0.1 0 30.0115
A seam discovered on the under side.
32
0
24.70
0.1
33
0
31. 51
24.30
7 30.0135
0.1
0 30.0115
0.1 31.10
6 10
.0135
0.1
0 30 .012-
* Not taken.
220
TABLE 40.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from crucible
cast steel manufactured by Hussey, Welles & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
M. S. Turns.
m. s. Turns.
34
0
23.80
0.1
30.65
5 00 .013
0.1 0 30.012-
35
0
23. 35
0.1
30.00
6 00
013
•
0.1 0 30
012-
•
36
0
22.70
0.1
29.55
6 15
013
0.1
0 30
37 0
22.26
0.1
28.85
5 30.0135
0.1 0 30
.012-
.012-
A crack on the upper side.
38 0
21.65
0.1
28.44
9.00 .0135
0.1 0 30.012-
39
0
21.08
0.1
27.90
7 20
.0135
0.1
0 30.012–
40
0
20.55
0.1
27. 18
5 15
.0135
0.1
0 30.012—
41 0
20.00
0.1
26.68
6 00
0135
0.1
0 30
•
.012-
42
0
19.35
0.1
26.08
7 20.014+
0.1
0 30.012-
43 0
18.80
0.1
25.47
8 30 014-
0.1
0 30.012-
44
0
18. 20
Cracked on all sides.
0.1
25.02
5 30.014–
0.1
0 30
.012-
45
0
17.75
After intermission of dinner-bour.
0.1
24.55
8 25.015
0.1
0 30
.0125
46
0
17.20
0.1
24.00
5 30
.015
0.1
0 30
013-
47
0
16. 75
0.1
23.50
7 00 .014
0.1
0 30.013-
61
63
∞ 8 8 8 * 18 9 5 8 8 8 8 8 7
48
0
. 16. 40
0.1
23.05
5 00 .014
0.1
0 30.013-
49
0
15.90
0.1
22.65
5 00 015
•
50
0
15.63
0.1
22.35
5 00
.016
0.1 0 30
0.1
.013-
51 0
52
15. 10
0.1
21.83
5 00.0155
0 30
0.1 0 30
.013-
0135
•
0
14.75
0.1
21.61
6 00
.016
0.1 0 30
0 30.0135
53
0
14.35
0.1
21.00
5 00 .016
0.1
0 30.0135
54
0
13.98
0.1
20.95
8 00.016
55
0
13. 60
0.1
20.70
8.00 .016
0.1 0 30
56
0
13. 20
0.1
20.05
6 00
.016
0.1 0 30
0.1 0 30 .014
0 30.014
.014
57
0
12.92
After intermission of one night.
0.1 19.86
5 15.016
0.1
0 30.0145
58 0 12.60
0.1
19.45
7 10.0165
0.1 0 30 .014-
59
0
12.23
0.1
19.00
4 15 017-
0. 1
0 30.014-
60
0
11.78
0. 1
18.68
8 20
0
11. 42
0.1
18.45
9 00
.017
.017
0.1
0 30.014-
0.1 0 30
.015-
62
0
11.10
0.1
18.00
6 00 017
0.1
0 30.015
0 10.75
0.1
17.90
7 20.0165
0.1
0 30
.0145
64
0
10. 40
0.1
17.65
8 00 .0165
0.1
0 30.0145
65
0
10.00
0.1
17.35
6 00 .0175
0.1
0 30.015-
66
0
9.75
0.1 17.28
0.1 0 30.015-
9.00
0175
221
TABLE 40.—Experiment to determine the resistance, &c., of a gun-wire drawn from crucible
cast steel manufactured by Hussey, Welles & Co.-Continued.
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
វ
Resilience.
Lbs.
m. s. Turns.
m. s.
Turns.
2 2 8 2
67
0
9.25
0.1
16.95
6 30 .0175
0.1 0 30
. 015—
68
0
9.85
0.1
16.47
9 20 .0175
0.1
0 30
.015-
69
0
(*)
0.1
15.25
70
0.320
19.00
4 30.0175
(Failed)
0.1
0 30 015
0.526 (Broke.)
* Not taken.
Remarks.
Torsion continued to 0.526, when the speci-
men broke.
222
66
TABLE 41.-Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance, under reversed
torsions, of a gun-wire drawn from “ Hobson's choice” steel (brand, CHOICE XX EXTRA,)
made by Francis Hobson & Son, and procured from ordnance shops, Washington navy-yard.
[Mark, H co 1; size, 0.3002 x 0.2952.-Experiment No. 1273.]
Torsion to the left.
Torsion to the right.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Turns.
.0145
Specimen annealed at a heat between the
melting-points of bronze and copper.
Length, 1 inch.
Each return to the extreme of left-hand
torsion was made with sufficient allow-
ance of time to obtain very nearly the
whole extent of torsion that would result
from the continuance of the strain given.
A seam discovered on one side.
Lbs.
m. S. Turns.
m. s.
1
0.1
34. 15
8 40.015
0.1
0 30
2 0
29.80
0.1
38.40
8 00
.015
0.1
0 30
.0145
3 0
29.70
-0.1
38.50
7 25
.016
0.1
•
0 30.0155
4
0
29.70
0.1
38.25
7 15
.016-
5
0
29.37
0.1
37.65
6 05
016-
6
0
28.70
0.1
36.80
4 30 .0155
0 30
0.1 0 30.0155
0.1 0 30 .015
0.1
0145
•
7 0
27.80
0.1
35.73
8 00 .0155
0.1 0 30
.014-
8
0
26.82
0.1
34.75
5 45.016
0.1
0 30 .014—
9
0
25.60
0.1
33.45
6 10 .016
0.1
0 30.014—-
10
11
13
2 = 2 *
0
24.00
0.1
32.00
3. 00
.015
0.1
0 30
.014-
0
22.50
0.1
30.47
7 00 . 016
0.1
0 30 0145
•
12
0
21.05
0.1
29.35
8 20 .0165
0.1
0 30
.0145
0
19. 65
.09
25.00 (Broke.)
Another slight seam.
NOTE TO TABLES 31 TO 41.
In order that these tables may be more readily understood, the course of experiment they record will
be here expressed in words, so far as is necessary to illustrate the mode of operating.
Take, as an example, the experiment given in table 32:
}
The specimen was first gradually twisted to the left, the time of applying the strain being 4 minutes
and the extent of torsion 1-10 of a turn. The strain required to do this was 25.24 pounds, applied 1 foot
from the center of motion, and the time of its application (before mentioned) such that the specimen
had nearly ceased yielding. The specimen was then released from strain, and was found to have sprung
back 10-1000 of a turn.
This statement includes all that is entered in the table as occurring under the first application of
torsion to the left.
Torsion was now applied in the reverse direction, and carried to the extent of 1-10 of a turn to the
right of the original starting-point, requiring in all, of course, 1-5 of a turn in the right-hand direction
less the resilience before noted. The strain required to do this was applied in 30 seconds; but its
amount was not readily ascertainable by the means at hand, and was not taken. When again released,
the specimen sprang back 5-1000 of a turn.
We have now completed the record in the first line of the table.
Again reversing the torsion, i. e., making the second application of torsion to the left, it was carried
to the central position, (in which the specimen is deprived of twist,) the strain requisite for this purpose
being 29 pounds, and farther, in the same direction, until, in 5 minutes, a left-hand torsion of 1-10 of
a turn had been reached again, requiring a strain of 33.10 pounds. Again released from torsional strain,
the specimen was found to have a resilience of 11-1000 of a turn.
Torsion to the right was now applied, and carried 1-10 of a turn to the right of the central position.
Time in which this was done, 30 seconds. Released, the specimen sprang back 10-1000 of a turn.
This completes the third line of the table.
Succeeding applications of torsion were conducted in the same way, and their results are similarly
recorded.
NOTE TO TABLES 42 TO 51.
The relations between elastic resistance, torsion, and resilience, as developed in the experiments
here recorded, are represented graphically in plates 7 to 23. The diagrams, representing each a single
experiment, present the points (surrounded by small circles) from which the curves were formed. The
want of perfect coincidence between the points and curves of mean direction must be attributed
chiefly to the influence of time, i. e., the continuance of the strains by which the work was done, which
unavoidably varied in the course of the experiments.
In all the diagrams resilience is represented by the red lines.
Plates 15 and 23 combine the results of single experiments to present comparisons of the characteristic.
curves of the several specimens.
223
•
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Torsion.
TABLE 42.—Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Co.
[Mark, C J.-Experiment No. 1353.]
7
Under strain.
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Remarks.
0411
.045
.048
0532
.056
Length of wire between clamps. 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper.
Measurement of cross-section, 0.2981 x 0.2993;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.401 and 0.401; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.394 and 0.394; contraction
in 10 inches of length, 0".020.
After intermission of one hour torsion stood
. 1.3285.
1
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
13. 15
.0262
.0029
9 23
Turns.
.0233
15.90
.05
.0204
0 23
.0296
16. 31
.100
.0695
0 15
17.47
.20
.1653
0 13
.0305
.0347
19. 05
.30
2589
0 16
•
•
20.76
.40
.355
0 20
22. 14
.50
.452
0 18
23.66
.60
.5468
0 14
•
24. 74
.70
.644
0 14
25.85
.80
.7413
0 13
0587
26.94
.90
.8499
0 13
.0511
27.75
1.001
.9374
0 10
.0626
28.63
1. 100
1.0339
0 15
.0661
29.45
1.20
1. 133
0 13
.067
30.05
1,301
1.230
0 14
.071
30.76
1.40
1.3295
0 13
.0705
31.53
1.50
1.428
0 12
.072
32.08
1 599
1.5269
0 11
.0721
32. 65
1.70
1.6255
0 10
.0745
$ 33.14
1.80
1. 7241
0 08
.0759
33.66
1.90
1.8239
0 08
.0761
34.08
2.00
1.922
0 10
.078
34.54
2. 10
2.021
0 09
.079
35.00
2.20
2. 120
0 08
.080
35.38
2.30
2. 2195
0 08
.0805
35.76
2.40
2. 3195
0.09
.0805
36. 07
2.50
2. 418
0 08
082
36.50
2.60
2.5176
0 08
.0824
36.86
2.701
2.6171
0 09
.0829
37.23
2.80
2. 7162
0 08
. 0838
•
- 37.57
2.90
2.8162
0 09
.0838
37.95
3.00
2.915
0 10
.085
38. 19
3. 10
3. 0153
0 09
.0847
38..43
3.20
3. 114
0 09
.086
38.82
3.30
3.2136
0 08
.0864
39.09
3.40
3. 313
0.09
.087
39.31
3.50
3. 4115
0 09
.0885
39. 61
3.60
3.5123
0 08
.0877
39.90
3.70
3.611
0 08
.089
40.23
3. 801
3.711
0 09
.090
40.40
3.90
3.812
0 08
.088
40.68
4.00
3.911
0 08
.089
40.86
4. 10
4. 0095
0 08
.0905
41. 12
4. 20
4. 1095
0 08
.0905
41.36
4.30
4. 2086
0 08
.0914
41.62
4. 40
4. 309
0 08
.091
41.80
4.50
4. 4082
0 08
.0918
41.97
4. 60 -
4.5078
0 08
.0922
42.18
4.70
4. 6071
0 07
.0929
42. 42
4.80
4.7075
0 08
.0925
42.54
4.90
4.808
0 09
.092
42.72
*5.00
4.9065
0 08
.0935
42.98
5. 101
5.007
0 07
.094
43. 19
5. 20
5. 1062
0 08
.0938
43. 31
5.30
5. 2066
0 07
.0934
43. 49
5.40
5.3065
0 07
.0935
43. 63
5.50
5.4053
0 06
.0947
43.75
5.60
5. 5064
0 07
.0936
44.00
5. 699
5. 6049
0 07
.0841
44. 14
5.80
5.705
0 06
.095
44. 28
5.90
5.805
0 07
.095
44.40
6.00
5.904
0 08
.096
44.58
6. 10
6. 004
0 06
.096
44.75
6. 20
6. 105
0 08
.095
44, 89
6. 30
6. 204
0 06
.096
45.00
6. 40
6.3037
0 05
.0963
45. 14
6. 501
6. 4034
0 07
.0976
45. 27
6.60
6. 504
0 08
45.42
6.70
6. 604
0 08
.096
.096
45.44
6.743
(Broke.)
0 03
224
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
TABLE 43.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by Hussey, Welles & Co.
[Mark, H W co 4.-Experiment No. 1354.]
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Turns,
Turns.
m.s.
13.'60 .026
.003
9 00
15.21 .050
.0218
0 25
15.96
.10
.067
0 12
.033
18.92
.20
.1576
0 18
.0424
21.-82
.30
.249
0 18
.051
24. 46
.40
.3416
0 18
.0584
26. 60
.50
.4365
0 15
.0635
28.47
.60
.5295
0 14
.0705
30.00
.70
.6257
0 13
.0743
31. 45
.80
.7219
0 12
.0781
32. 69
.90
.8195
0 10p
•
33.73
1.00
.917
0 10
Turns.
.023
.0282
0805
.083
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper;
measurement of cross-section, 0.2989 x 0.300;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.4035 and 0.403; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0. 400 and 0.401; contraction in
10 inches of length could not be taken because
fracture occurred between measuring-points.
34.56
1.10
1. 0139
0 11
.0861
35.43 1.20
1.113
0 11
.087
36.25
1.30
1. 2085
0 12
.0915
36.94
1.40
1.3067
0 11
.0933
37.53
1.50
1.4065
0 11
.0935
38.00 1.60
1.504
0 11
.096
38.73 1.70
1. 6033
0 10
.0967
Saturday night.
Monday morning; torsion released, 1. 60.
39.68
1.80
1.700
0 10
.100
40.09
1.90
1. 785
0.09
.115
40.60
2.00
1.883
0 09
. 117
41.00
2.10
1.978
0 09
.122
41.46
2. 199
2. 0964
0 08
.1026
41.97
2.30
2. 1974
0 09
.1026
42.26
2.40
2.2964
0 08
.1036
42.75 2.501
2.394 ?
0 08
.107
:
43.00 2.60
2. 495 ?
0 09
.105
43.50
2.70
2. 5935
0 09
.1065
43.80
2.80
2. 6932
0 08
.1068
44. 21
2.90
2. 7917
0.08
.1083
44. 48
3.00
2.8917
0 09
.1083
44.88
3. 101
2.990
0 08
.111
45, 30
3. 20
3.0915
0 09
.1085
45.49
3.30
3. 1898
0 08
.1102
45.73
3.40
3. 2895
0 08
.1105.
46. 10
3.50
3. 389
0 08
.111
46 42
3.60
3. 489
0 08
.111
46. 65
3.70
3.5885
0 08
.1115
46.92 3.80
3.687
0 08
.113
47.30 3.90
3.789
0 08
.111
47.45
4.00
3.888
0 08
.112
47.91
4.10
3.9878
0 08
.1122
48. 01
4. 20
4.0865
0 08
.1135
48.29
4.30
4. 187
0 08
.113
48.56
4. 40
4. 2872
0.08
.1128
48.80
4.50
4. 387
0 08
.113
48.89
4. 60
4. 489
0 05
.111
Did not again raise the same weight.
1
225
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
TABLE 44.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel Company.
[Mark, A co 91.-Experiment No. 1355.]
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
15. 10
0.0286
0.003
5 35
19. 69
0.050
0.0159
0 38
.0341
21.10
0.10
0.0614
0 15
.0386
22.32
0.20
0.1595
.0 15
•
24.37
0.30
0.2514
0 15
0405
.0486
26.30 0.40
0.3465
0 15
.0535
28.12
0.50
0.442
0 12
.058
29.90 0.60
0.5395
0 10
.0605
31. 31
0.70
0.636
0 10
.064
32. 61
0.80
0.7333
0 09
.0667
33.84
0.90
0.8295
0 10
.0705
34.90 1.00
0.927
0 09
.073
Turns.
0256
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper;
measurement of cross-section 0.3019 x 0.299;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.406 and 0.402; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.397 and 0.399; contraction in
10 inches of length, 0.035.
35.89
1.10
1.024
0 09
.076
36.72
1.20
1. 123
0 11
.077
37.54 1.30
1.220
0 09
.080
38.29 1.40
1. 319
0.09
.081
39.00
1.50
1.418
0 09
.082
39.63
1.60
1.517
0 09
.083
40.39
1. 699
1. 614
0 10
.085
*40.88
1.80
1.7136
0 09
.0864
41.38 1.90
1.8135
0 08
.0865
41.95 2.00
1.911
0 09
.089
42.32 2,10
2. 011
0 09
089
·
42.86
2.20
2. 1107
0 09
.0893
43. 24
2.30
2. 2105
008
.0895
43.60
2.40.
2.3089
0 10
.0911
44.08
2.50
2.4084
0 09
.0916
44. 48
2.60
2.5079
0 09
•
44. 86
2.70
2.6072
0 09
0921
.0928
45. 17
2.80
2.707
0 08
.093
11
45.53
2.90
2.8062
0 09
.0938
45.84 3.00
2.9045
0 09
.0955
46.42 3.10
3.0052
0 09
0948
46.69 3.20
3.1056
0 08
.0944
46.99
3.30
3. 204
0 08
.096
47.09 3.40
3. 3025
0 09
.0975
47.39
3.50
3.4025
0 08
.0975
·
47.66
3.60
3. 5017
0 09
0983
47.93 3.70
3.601
0 09 .099
48.20
3.80
3.703
0 08
.097
48.44 3.90
3.8023
0 08
.0977
48.65
4.00
3.9005
0 08
.0995
48.82
4. 10
3.9995
0 08
.1005
49.19
4. 20
4. 101
0 08
.099
49. 31
4.30
4. 1995
0 09
.1005
49.62
4. 40
4.3005
0 09
.0995
49.74
4.50
4. 3995
0 08
.1005
50.32
4.60
4. 500
0 09
.100
50.34 4.70
4.599
0 08
.101
50.36 4.80
4. 6983
0 09
.1017
50.50 4.90
4.7985
0 09
.1015
50.67 5.00
4.8985
0 09
.1015
50.89 5.10
4.9988
0 09
.1012
51.00
5.20
5.098
0 08
.102
51. 11
5.30
5.1977
0 69
.1023
51.35
5. 40
5. 298
0 09
.102
51.48
5. 50
5.3968
0 08
.1032
51.65
5. 60
5.498
0 09
.102
51.79 5.70
5.597
0 09
.103
51.94 5.80
5. 6968
0 09
.1032
5:2.06
5.899
5.7965
0 08
.1025
52.22
6. 00
5.897
0 08
.103
52.36 6. 10
5.997
0 09
•
52.47 6. 20
6.097
0 08
103
.103
52.57
6,30
6. 1965
0 10
.1035
52.68
6. 40
6.2968
0 09
. 1032
52.80
6.50
6.515
6. 396
(Broke.)
0 09
.104
Without again raising 52.80 pounds.
15 F
226
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.,
Under strain.
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
TABLE 45.—Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel Company.
Torsion.
[Mark, A co 138.-Experiment No. 1356.]
+
Resilienco.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
14.80
0.026
0.001
m. s.
4 45
16. 60
0.0285
0.001
1 40
18.00
0.032
0.0024
1 20
20.49
0.050
0.016
0 25
•
21. 15
0.10
0.061
0 17
.036
22.17
0.20
0.161
0 17
.039
23.57
0.30
0.2558
0 15
.0442
25.25
0.40
0.3517
0 12
0483
26.91 0.50
0.4478
0 12
0522
28.08 0.60
0.544
0 11
.056
29.40
0.70
0.6418
0 11
.0582
30.53 0.80
0.739
0 12
.061
•
Turns.
025
0284
.0296
•
0340
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper;
measurement of cross-section, 0.298 x 0.295;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.415 and 0.414; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.411 and 0.4115;\contraction in
10 inches of length, 0.040.
31.61
0.90
0.8375
0 13
0625
•
32.57
1.00
0.935
0 12
.065
33.33
1. 101
1.0333
0 11
.0677
34.10
1.20
1. 1314
0 10
.0686
34.81
1.30
1.2295
0 10
.0705
35.55 1.40
1.3285
0 10
0715
36.20 1.50
1.427
0 09
.073
36.78
1.60
1.526
0 09
.074
37.37
1.701
1. 624
0 10
.076
37.88
1.80
1. 724
0 10
.076
38.38
1.90
1.8223
0 10
.0777
38.78 2.00
1.9213
0 10
.0787
39.29
39.92 2.20
2.10
2. 021
0 10
.079
2. 12
0 09
.080
40.34
2.30
2. 219
0 09
.081
40.62
2.40
2. 319
0 09
.081
41. 04
2.50
2.418
0 10
.082
41.38
2.60
2.517
0 09
.083
41.68
2.70
2. 6165
0 09
.0835
41.98 2.80
2. 717
0 09
.083
42.31
2.90
2.8165
0 10
.0835
42.72
3.00
2.9148
0 09
.0852
42.98
3. 10
3. 0139
0 09
.0861
43.33
3. 20
3. 114
0 09
.086
43.68
3.30
3.2139
0 09
.0861
43.96
3.40
3.315
0 09
.085
44.24 3.50
3. 4119
0 09
0881
44.55 3.60
3.5133
0 09
.0867
44.78 3.70
3.612
0 10
.088
45.00
3.80
3. 712
0 09
.028
45. 19
3.90
3.8118
0 08
.0882
45.83
4.00
3.91
0 10
.09
45.85
4. 10
4. 010
0 09
.09
43.98
4. 20
4. 1165
0.09
.0835
Broke without raising the weight again.
227
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
elastic_resistance
TABLE 46.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from Martin steel, manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company.
[Mark O.-Experiment No. 1357.]
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Turns.
.0219
.023
.0234
Length of wire between clamps 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper.
Measurement of cross-section, 0.301 x 0.3014;
measurement of diagonals before twisting, 0.399
and 0.398; measurement of diagonals after
twisting, 0.393 and 0.391; contraction in 10
inches of length, 0.041.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
12.43
0.0244
0.0025
m. s.
3.00
14.30
0.05
0.021
· 0 17
14.58
0.10
0.0766
0 09
14.94
0.20
0.172
0 09
.028
15. 60
0.30
0.2695
0 09
.0305
16. 62
0.40
0.3688
0 10
.0312
17.58
0.50
0.4655
0 10
.0345
18.47
. 0.60
0.5636
0 10
.0364
19.28
0.20
0.6614
0 10
.0386
20.02 0.20
0.7595
0 10
.0405
20.79
0.90
0.8583
0 10
.0417
21.53
1.00
0.9567
0.09
.0433
22. 24
1.10
1.0545
0 09
.0455
22.81
1. 199
1. 152
0 08
.017
23.42
1.30
1.2517
0.09
.0483
23.97
1.40
1.351
0.09
.049
21.55 1.50
1.4495
0 09
.0505
25.05 1.60
1.5495
0 09
.0505
25.51
1.70
1.6475
0 09
0525
•
$25.91
1.80
-1.7466
0.09
.0534
26. 41
1.90
1.8462
0 09
.0538
26.77
2.00
1.9435
0 09
.0565
27.20
2.10
2.0435
0 09
.0565
27.57 2.2')
2. 1425
0 09
0575
•
27,96
2.30
2. 242
0 09
.058
28.35
2.40
2.342
0 08
.058
28.68
2.50
2, 4415
0 08
.0585
29.00 2.601
2.542
0 09
.059
29.32 2.70
2. 640
0 08
.060
29.63
29.94 2.90
2,80
2.738
0 08
.062
2.8385
0 09
.0615
30.29
3.00
2.939
0 09
.061
30.52 3.10
3.0392
0.09
.0608
30.77
3.20
3.1385
0 09
.0615
31.15
3.30
3. 238
0.09
.062
31.30
3.40
3.3372
0 09
.0628
31. 56
3.50
3.437
0 08
.063
31.79
3.60
3.5373
0.09
.0627
32.05
3.70
3.6365
0 09
.0635
32. 32
3.80
3.735
0 09
.065
32.59
3.90
3. £35
0 09
.065
32.81
4.00
3.9345
0 09
.0665
32.96
4. 10
4.0337
0 09
.0663
33.27
4. 20
4. 134
0 08
.066
33.42
4.30
4. 234
0 08
.066
33.63
4,40
4.3335
0 08
.0665
33.88 4.50
4. 4325
0.09
.0675
34.02 3.60
4.5335
0.09
.0665
34.22
4.70
4. 632
0 08
.068
34.41
4.80
4. 732
0 09
.068
34.59
4.899
4. 832
0 08
.067
34.73 5.00
4. 9315
.0 08
.0685
34.90 5.10
5. 031
0 08
.069
35.08 5.20
5. 1315
0 08
0685
35.23 5.30
5. 2313
0 08
.0687
35. 44
35.54 5.50
35.69
35.84
5,40
5.3309
.0 08
.0691
5.429
0 08
.071
5.60
5. 5305
0 08
.0695
5.70
5.6305
0 68
0695
35.96 5.80
5.730
0 08
.070
36. 10
5.90
5.829
0 08
.071
36. 32
6.00
5.929
0 09
.071
36.53
6. 10
6. 029
0 09
.071
36.64
6.20
6. 13.)
0 08
.070
36.83
6.30
6. 2295
0 08
.0705
36.92 6.40
6. 3295
0 08
.0705
37.00
6.50
6. 4285
0 08
.0715
37.11
6. 60
6.5225
0 08
.0715
37.24
6.70
6.628
0.08
.072
228
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
TABLE 46.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance, &c., of a wire drawn from
Martin steel, manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company-Continued.
[Mark O.-Experiment No. 1537.]
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
37.32
6. 60
6. 7283
0 07
Turns.
.0717
37.40
6.90
6. 8265
0 08
.0735
37.50
7.00
6.928
0.03
.072
37.58
7.10
7.0273
0 08
.. 0727
37.71
7.201
7. 1275
0 08
.0735
37.81
7.30
7. 2275
0 08
.0725
3,60
(Broke.)
0 05
Did not raise the weight again.
Remarks.
22.0
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
TABLE 47.—Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from Naylor & Co.'s "best cast steel,” (for tools,) §-inch hammered bar.
Torsion.
[Mark, N co T* 1.-Experiment No. 1358.]
Resilience.
Romarks.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
16. 45
0.0385
0.0088
4 30
17.81
0.050
0.0178
0 19
18.88
0.10
0.0648
0 14
.0452
21. 64
0.20
0.151
0 20
.049
24.80
0.30
0.241
0 18
.059
27.71
0.40
0.3328
0 21
30.00
0.50
0.4263
0 22
32. 15
0.60
0.5195
0.17
34.03
0.70
0.614
0 16
•
35. 45
0.80
0.710
0 13
36.72
0.90
0.8069
0 12
37.86
1.00
0.904
0 10
.096
38.74
1. 10
1.002
0 10
.098
Turns.
.0297
.0372
.0672
.0737
.0805
086
.090
.0931
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper. Meas-
urement of cross-section, 0.2986 x 0.300;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.413 and 0.413; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.411 and 0.411; contraction in
10 inches of length, 0.087. Specimen being a
little winding the venier could not be set at
0.; set at .005.
{
39.66
1.20
1. 101
0 10
.099
40.48
1.30
1. 1972
0.10
.0128
41.00
1.40
1.295
0 09
.105
41. 71
1.50
1.3933
0 10
.1067
42. 44
1.60
1.4935
0 10
.1065
42.90
1.70
1. 591
0 09
.109
43. 49
1.80
1,690
0 09
.110
43.91
1.90
1. 790
0 09
.110
44.37
2.00
1. 889
0 09
.111
44.95
2.10
1.984
0 09
.116
45. 37
2. 201
2.0877
0 08
1133
·
45. 69
2.30
2. 160
0 09
46.00
2.40
2. 2855
0 10
•
46.53
2.50
2.3845
0 09
46.91 2.60
2. 4837'
0 09
.140
1145
.1155
.1163
47.41
2.70
2.585
0 09
115
·
47.63
2.80
2.683
0 09
.117
47.92
2.90
2.782
0 10
.118
48. 42
3.00
2.882
0 10
.118
48.59
3. 101
2.9817
0 09
.1191
48.90
3.20
3. 0815
0 08
.1185
49.18
3.30
3. 181
0 09
.119
49.50 3.40
3.280
0 09
.120
49.77 3.50
3.380
0 09
.120
50.00
3.60
3.4809
0 08
.1191
50.54
3.70
3.5805
0 09
.1195
3.769
(Broke.)
0 05
Did not raise weight again.
230
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
TABLE 48.-Experimnt on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from cemented cast steel manufactured for test and furnished by Messrs. Naylor
& Co.
Torsion.
[Mark, N co 1 S.-Experiment No. 1359.]
Resilience:
Remarks.
Lbs.
13.00
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
0.0245
0.0022
4.00
15.00
0.050
0.025
0 20
.025
15. 31
0.10
0.070
0 10
.030
16.76
0.20
0.1655
0 15
18.99
0.30
0.2585
0 16
20.85
0.40
0.3538
0 16
22.72
0.50
0.450
0 15
24, 17
0.60
0.5445
0 13
.0555
25. 65
0.70
0.642
0 11
.058
26.85
0.80
0.739
0 10
.061
27.85
0.901
0.837
0 09
.064
28.85
1.00
0.934
0 09
.066
Turns.
.0113
.0345
.0415
. 0462
.050
;
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper.
Measurement of cross-section, 0.3014 x 0.3028
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.409 and 0.4097; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.404 and 0.404; contraction
in 10 inches of length, 0.047.
29.70 1.10
1.0317
0 10
.0683
30.50
1.20
1. 130
0 09
.070
31.22
1.30
1. 228
0 10
.072
31.90
1.40
1.3263
0 09
.0737
32. 62
1.50
1.4267
0.09
.0733
33.00
1.60
1. 525
3 09
.075
33.60
1.70
1.6235
0 09
.0775
34. 14
1.80
1.722
0 12
.078
34.53
1.90
1.821
0 10
.079
35.00
2.00
1.920
0.09
.. 080
+
35. 54
2.10
2. 0195
.0805
35.95
2.20
2. 1185
0 09
.0815
36.30
2.30
2.2179
0 09
0821
•
•
36.74 2.401
2. 3175
0 09
.0835
37.14 2.50
2.4163
0 09
.0837
37.46 2.60
2. 5162
0 09
.0838
37.80 2.70
2. 615
0 09
.085
38.17
2.80
2.7149
0 09
0851
38.49
2.90
2. 8149.
0 09
.0851
38.87
3.00
2.913
0 09
.087
39. 14
3.10
3.0136
0.09
.0864
39.50
3.20
3. 1115
0 09
39.67 3.30
3.2113
008
·
.0885
0887
40.40 3.40
3. 3110
0 09
.0890
40.24
3.50
3.410
0 09
.090
40.57 3.60
3.510
0 09
.090
40.80
3.70
3. 609
0 09
.091
41.00
3.80
3.710
0 10
.090
41.30
3.90
3.809
0 10
.091
41. 47
4.00
3.909
0 09
.091
41.73
4. 10
4. 00 ?
0 09
.10
41.95
4.20
4.108
0 09
.092
42.44
4.30
4. 2074
0 10
.0924
42.57 4.40
4. 3073
0 10
.0927
42.76
4.50
4. 408
0 09
.092
42.94
4. 60
4.508
0 09
.092
43. 20
4.70
4. 6076
0 09
.0224
43.40
4.80
4.7069
0 09
.0931
43.57
4.90
4. 8064
0 09
.0936
43.62
5.00
4. 9050
0 08
.0150
43.87
5. 101
5.005
0 09
.095
44.00
5. 20.
5. 1045
0 10
.0955
44.25
5.30
5, 2043
0 09
.0957
44.34
5.40
5.306
0 09
.094
5. 419
Did not again raise the weight.
(Broke.)
0 05
231.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
TABLE 49.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from iron for "gun-screw wire,” manufactured by the Trenton Iron Company.
[Mark, C H co 5 I.-Experiment No. 1360.]
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Turns.
.0183
.0195
.0222
026
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches. Form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper.
Measurement of cross-section, 0.2918 x 0.2917;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.393 and 0.391; measurement of diagonals after
twisting, 0.386 and 0.389; contraction in 10
inches of length, 0.032.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
9.23
0.0215
0.0032
4.00
10.48
0.050
0.0305
0 22
10.70
0.150
0.129
0 20
.021
11.00
0.20
0.1778
0 08
11.83
0.30
0.274
0 12
·
12.67
0.40
0.3739
0 10
.0261
13.37
0.50
0.4719
0 10
.0281
14.00
0.60
0.5695
0 10
.0305
14.68
0.70
0.668
0 10
.032
15. 31
0.80
0.768
0 10
.032
15.82
0.90
0.8655
0 10
0345
16.34
1.00
0.965
0 10
.035
16.84
1.10
1.0632
0 11
.0368
17.34
1.20
1.162
0 11
.038
17.79
1.30
1.260
0 10
.038
18.30
1.40
1. 3595
0 10
0405
18.66
1.50
1.459
0 10
.041
19.10
1.60
1.5585
0 10
.0415
19.45
1.70
1.6572
0 10
.0428
19.87
1.80
1.757
0 10
.043
20.35
1.899
1.256
0 10
.043
22.00 2.00
1.957
0 12
. 043
22.00
2.10
2.056
0 10
.044
21.82 2.20
2. 153
0 09
.047
21.98
2.30
2.2518
0 08
.0482
22.27
2.40
2. 3514
0.09
0486
22.53
2.50
2. 4505
0 08
22.84
• 2.60
•2.5505
0 08
.0495
0495
•
23.00
2.70
2.6492
0 09
.0508
23.29
2.80
2. 7491
0 08
.0509
23.55
2.90
2. 8488
0.08
0512
23.79
3.00
2.948
0 08
.052
24.00
3.10
3.0475
0 08
.0525
24. 27
3. 20
3.1476
0 09
.0524
24.53
3.30
3.2468
0 08
.0532
24. 71
3.40
3.3468
0 08
.0532
24. 93
3.50
3. 446
0 07
.054
25. 19
3.60
3.546
0 08
.054
25.38
3.70
3. 6453
0 08
.0547
25.56
3.80
3. 7453
0 08
.0547
25.98
3.90
3.845
0 07
.055
26. 15
4.00
3.9436
0 10
0564
26.43
4. 10
4. 0445
0 08
.0555
26. 60
4. 20
4. 144
0 09
.056
26.79
4.30
4. 2438
0 08
.0562
26.93
4.40
4.343
0 07
.057
27.06
4.50
4. 446
0 07
.054
27.33
4.60
4. 542
0 08
.058
27.48 4.70
4.6413
0 08
.0587
27.57
4.80
4.7405
0 08
.0595
27.73 4.90
4. 841
0 07
.059
27.90
5.00
4.940
0 08
.060
28.16
5. 101
5.040
0.09
.061
28.31
5.20
5. 141
0 08
.059
28.42
5.30
5.24
0.08
.06
28.55
5.40
5.34
0 08
.06
28. 64
5.50
5. 439
0 08
.061
28.88
4.60
5.539
0.08
.061
28.98
5.70
5.639
0 08
.061
29.06
5.80
5.739
0.08
.061
29.21
5.90
5.839
0 08
.061
29.30
6.00
5.9385
0 07
.0615
29.38
6. 101
6.0385
0 07
.0615
29.53
6.20
6. 1385
0 08
.0615
29.70
6.30
6. 236
0 09
.064
29.80
6 40
6. 3375
0 08
.0625
232
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
TABLE 49.—Experiment on the development of elastic resistance, &c., of a wire drawn from
iron for "gun-screw wire,” manufactured by the Trenton Iron Company-Continued.
Time of application of
strain.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
29.89 6.50
6. 4378
0 09
m. S.
Turns.
.0622
29.96
6.60
6. 537
008
.063
30.10
6.70
6. 6375
0 09
.0625
30.20
6.80
6.7375
0 09
.0625
30.23
6. 8515
(Broke.)
0 05
Resilience
Remarks.
233
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Torsion.
TABLE 50.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion,
Wire drawn from Låke Superior copper, refined and rolled at the Washington navy-yard.
[Experiment No. 1361.]
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
2. 25
0.0242
0.015
3.00
2.71
0.050
0.038
0 16
.012
3. 13
0.10
0.087
0 11
.013
3.67
0.20
0.184
0 17
.016
4. 21
0.30
0.2815
0 14
4.58 0.40
0.379
0 16
.021
5.00
0.50
0.4775
0 14
5.43
0.60
0.5774
0 15
.0225
.0226
5.76 0.70
0.6745
0 12
.0255
6. 22
0.80
0.773
0 14
.027
6. 44
0.90
0.872
0 12
.028
6. 78
1.00
0.9695
0 12
.0305
7.08
1.10
1.0675
0 12
.0325
7.40
1.20
1.168
0 10
.032
Turns.
.0092
.0185
Length of wire between clamps 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between
the melting-points of bronze and copper.
Measurement of cross-section, 0.2946 x 0.293;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.395 and 0.39553; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.388 and 0.3885; contraction
in 10 inches of length, 0.30.
Several small seams show at different places.
7.69
1.30
1.2668
0 12
.0332
7.96
1.40
1.366
0 12
.034
8. 24
1.50
1.465
0 13
.035
8.52
1. 60
1.563
0 10
.037
8.75
1.70
1.6628
0 10
.0372
9.05
1.80
1. 762
0 10
.038
9.24 1.90
1.8615
0.09
.0385
9.48 2.00
1.9613
0 09
.0387
9.70
2.10
2.060
0 09
$
.040
9.90
2.20
2. 1595
0 09
.0405
10. 10
2.30
2. 259
0 10
.041
10.33
2.40
2.3575
0 10
.0425
10.52
2.50
2. 4582
0 09
.0418
10.73 2.60
2.5578
0 09
.0422
10.89
2.70
2.6573
0 10
.0427
Missed strain at torsion of 2.80.
11. 21
2.90
2. 8553
0 13
.0447
11.37
3.00
2.956
0 10
.044
11. 54
3. 10
3.0545
0 09
.0455
11.72
3.20
3. 1539
0 09
0461
11. 89
3.30
3. 2535
0 09
.0465
12.09
3.40
3.352
0 08
.048
12. 18
3.50
3.4525
0 08
.0475
12. 33
3.601
3. 5534
0 09
.0476
12.47
3.70
3.6512
0 08
0488
•
12. 61
3.80
3. 751
0 09
.049
12.75
3.90
3.851
0 08
.049
12.87
4.00
3.950
0 09
.050
13. 01
4.10
4. 050
0 09
.050
13. 11
4. 20
4. 150
0 09
.050
13.28
4.30
4. 2495
0 08
.0505
13.40
4.40
4. 3495
0 09
.0505
13. 54
4.70
4. 4495
0 09
.0505
13.62
4. 60
4.549
0 08
.051
13. 74
4.70
4. 685
0 09
.015
1
13.85
4.80
4.785
0 08
.015
13.98
4.90
4.888
0 08
.011
14.06
5.00
4.948
0 08
.052
14. 16
5. 101
5. 0475
0 08
.0525
14 32
5. 20
5. 1474
0 08
.0526
14.39
5.30
5.247
0 08
.053
14. 47
5.40
5.3472
0 08
.0528
14. 55
5.50
5. 4468
0 08
.0532
14. 64
5.60
5.5469
0 08
.0531
14.71 5.70
5.6455
0 08
.0545
14.80 5.80
5.746
0 09
.054
14.90 5.90
5. 8465
0 09
.0535
14.98
6.00
5. 9469
0 09
.0531
15.07
6.10
6.045
0 09
.055
15. 11
6. 20
6. 146
0 08 .054
15. 19
6.30
6. 245
0 09
.055
15.27
6.40
6.34 45
0 08
.0555
15. 36
6.50
6. 445
0 09
.055
15. 46
6.599
6. 5443
0 09
.0547
15.49 6.70
6. 644
0 08
.056
15. 53
6.80
6.743
0 08
.057
234
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
TABLE 50.—Experiment on the development of elastic resistance, &c., of a wire drawn from
Lake Superior copper, refined and rolled at the Washington navy-yard-Continued.
Torsion.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
15. 59
6.90
6. 8435
0 09
Turns.
.0565
15.65
7.00
6.9435
0 09
.0565
15. 72
7.10
7.0435
0 09
.0565
15.79
7.20
7.1435
0 08
.0565
15.84
7.30
7.2437
0 08
.0563
15. 88
7.40
7.343
0 08
.057
15.92
7.50
7. 442
0 08
•
16.00
7.60
7.5435
0 08
058
0565
16.05*7. 65
(Broke.)
*0 05
* About.
Resilience.
Remarks.
235
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
TABLE 51.-Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion.
Wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company.
[Mark, C J.-Experiment No. 1362.]
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
Resilience.
Lbs.
Turns.
Turns.
m. s.
13. 63
0.028
0.003
4 45
14.00
0.028
0.0035
0 20
Turns.
.015.
.0145
15.00
0.035
0.008
0 10
.027
16.00
0.052
0.0213
0 15
.0307
17.00
0.169
0.132
0 57
.037
18.00
+
0.2245
0.187
0 30
. 0375
19.00
0.283
0.242
0 25
.041
20.00 0.337
0.294
0 11
.043
21.00 0.401
0.355
0 15
.046
22.00
0.472
0.4238
0 16
.0482
23.00 0.490
0.489
0 12
.001
24.00 0.621
0.5679
0 22
•
25.00
0.700
0.644
0 19
26. 00
0.792
0.7335
0 20
.0585
27.00
0.880
0.8195
0 18
0605
28.00
Q. 993
0.9285
0 20
.0645
29.00
1.108
1,040
0 23
•
30.00
1.238
1. 170
0 27
068
.068
31.00 1.378
1.3069
0 27
.0711
32.00 1.526
1.452
0 31
.074
33,00 1.697
1.6185
0 30
.0785
34.00 1.879
1.801
0 32
.078
35,00 2.088
2.0079
0 50
.0801
36.00
2.337
2. 2555
0 40
.0815
37.00
2.575
2.4919
0 34
.0831
38.00
2.858
2. 3217
0 43
.0863
39.00
3. 140
3. 0518 *
0 39
.0882
40.00
3.477
3. 388
0 45
.089
41.00
3.818
3.728
0 50
.090
42.00
4. 249
4. 157
0 50
.092
43.00
4.708
4. 614
1 03
.094
44.00
5. 229
5. 132
1 15
.097
5.367
(Broke.)
0 20
Remarks.
0631
.056
Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches; form,
square; annealed at a temperature between the
melting-points of bronze and copper. Meas-
urement of cross-section, 0.2984 x 0.2997;
measurement of diagonals before twisting,
0.401 and 0.401; measurement of diagonals
after twisting, 0.3985 and 0.3975; contraction
in 10 inches of length, 0.050.
the same time with No. 1353.
Annealed at
Did not raise 45 lbs.; contraction in length, .050.
236
Number of experiment.
Material.
Mark on speci-
men designat-
ing.
Dimensions of original cross section.
Charge of powder.
Kind of pressure-disk.
Pressure-record on disk.
Per square inch.
Inches.
Turns Lbs. Lbs.
Inches.
Inches.
2345
1CQ
2}N
N col..
.2984 x .2988 1oz.cannon
0.448
.2895 x .2925
....do
1.014
CH co 4 S...
.2915 x .2975 ....do
0.360
4 BB.
5
BB..
.3011 x .3012
...do
.3011 x .3012
1.5 oz. can- Copper.. 2. 60
7,680 28.247
0.225
0.328
67
BB..
A co 2..
.3011 x .3012
non.
...do
..do
2.60
7,680 | 28, 247
0.635
.2972 x .2992
1 oz. cannon Zinc and
1, 70
1,788
6,576
0.537
.242 and .295
tin.
8 A co 5....
.2995 x .2981 1oz.musket...do
1.60
1,710
6, 289 0.682
.349 and .333
15
16
17
18
"OFRAE 19 20
9
CK
10
C S co 5
·
11
CS co 9 *.
.2978 x .2990
.295 x .297
.3014 x .3022
..do
..do
1.85
2, 040
7,503
0.550
.315 and .235
...do
Tin
3.00
1,032
3,796
0.316
.162 and .154
...do
...do
3.00
1,032
3, 796
0.264
.155 and .109
12
H W co 4.
.305 x.295
....do
...do
2.98
1,026
3, 774
0.350
.175 and .175
13
T co 3 *
.2995 x .301
..do
...do
2.75
906
--
3, 332
0.437
.216 and .221
14 T co 6 *....
.300 x .3007
....do
..do
3.18
1, 116
4, 105
0.218
.107 and.111
CL
.2978 x .2989 ....do
...do
2.58
834
(Hard-drawn
3,067
0.999
.492 and .507
.2953 x .2957 ....do
..do
2.20
648
2,383
0.267
.200 and .067
copper.)
A co 56 **:
.297 x .296
...do
...do
2.90
990
.3, 641
,341
A co 76 *
.2962 x .2965
...do
...do
2. 62
858
3, 156
.6160.3125 and.3045
21
2222
19 BF
.3028 x .3025
..do
do
2.80
936
3, 443
.778
.366 and.412
20
BM
.3036 x .3043
..do
do
3.09
1,068
3, 928
.161
.082 and.079
BS
B S co * 5... .2989 x .2988
..do
...do
2. 23
678
2, 494
CR.
.302 .299
....do
...do
2.60
846
3, 111
.513+
.321
On cross-section of bore.
In 3 inches.
In 1.5 inches.
TABLE 52.--GUNPOWDER TESTS
Pressure indi-
cated-
Elongation-
237
compared with tensile and torsional tests.
Measurements of cross section at
fracture or smallest place.
Elongation by action of gunpowder.
Reduction of area of cross-section
by action of gunpowder.
Elongation in tensile-testing ma-
chine.
Reduction of area of cross-section
in tensile-testing machine.
Highest strain on similar specimen
in tensile-testing machine.
Breaking torsional strain, applied
1 foot from center.
Ultimate torsion, specimen 1 inch
long.
Inches.
Per ct.
Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct.
Lbs.
.240 x 240
14.91
47.93
.147 x .137
33.76
76.41
28.56
59.58 4,050
.274 x .2755
11.98
15.91
14. 14
36.39
8,300
Lbs.
48.45 0.594
30.74
50. 14
1.116
.751
15.00
14.68
24.95
8,300
53.87 .761
21. 86
55.87
.785
21. 14
56.40 .759
.2698 x .270
17.88
16.78
12. 18
35.30
7,950
52.87
.712
.245 x .241
22.71
31.20
12. 16
34.47
8, 190
53.91
.722
.256 x .257
18.31
24.89
12.35
35. 06
8.100
55.81
.789
.277 x .2795
10.52
11.76
9.05
40.67
7,800
50.54
.589
Broke outside the marks,
near an outer one.
Broke outside the marks.
Was not parted.
Broke between marks.
Do.
Broke outside the marks.
Was not parted.
Broke within the marks,
near an outer one.
Did not part.
Broke; extended evenly.
.285 x .290
8.79
15. 05
61, 45
.373
Did not break.
.276 x .277
11.65
16. 40
5.83
44.73
8,300
57.26
.730
.236 x .238
14.55
37.67
10.06
38.56
8, 3x0
50.70
.472
.289 x .292
7.25
6.67
65.99 .2765
.207 x .208
33.30
51.63
.192 x .192
8.89
57.46
40.98
21. 01
1.157
Broke.
.929
.206 x .208
51.31
46.46
691
•
.220 x .222
20.51
44.54
16. 18
42.87
7,340
47.69
.636
.195 x .195
25.90
58.55
19. 42
39.71
7,500
45. 41
.906
*.2035 x .295
5.36
6. 19
8.92
18.87
10, 180
63.79
658
.192 x .192
34.20
58.70
44.86
860
Do.
Broke.
Did not break; stretched
evenly.
Broke; little extension ex-
cept near place of fracture.
Broke within the marks,
near an outer one.
Broke in two places, out-
side the marks, near the
outer ones.
Broke outside the marks.
Not broken.
Broke near the central mark
.194 x .195
21.40
59.34
41. 05
759
Broke within the marks.
Remarks.
238
Numbers.
Carbon.
TABLE 53.—Comparison of chemical with mechanical tests.
Chemical tests.
Mechanical tests.
Torsional,
Tensile.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
Per cent
Per cent.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Per cent.
5
1234 LO
0.399
0.019
0.324
0.045
0.137
86
1.3335
90
-56, 450
56.34
0.726
0.150
0.359
0.028
0.039 215, 216
17. 16
57.41
0.730
54, 55
105, 200
0.644
0.154
0.346
0.019
0.025 400, 411
17.98
55.83
0.413
156, 157
93, 500
40, 40
17.80
0.720
0.093
0.323
0.024
0.042 | 353, 375
15. 68
54. 21
0.591
0.682
0.0.0
0.847
0.044
0.109
177, 178
15.00
52.00
0.833
10
95, 700
36.59
0
Mark designating kind of wire.
C II co 4 S
Q (C H co)
DM (H W co)
H W co 4.
T co 3
239¹
Material.
Mark on specimen
designating-
No. of experi-
ment.
Strain applied 1 foot
from center.
Under strain.
Torsion.
Released.
Time of application of
strain.
[ADDENDUM NOT TRANSMITTED WITH REPORT.]
TABLE NO. 54.—TORSIONAL TESTS.-Experiments relating to the effect of the continuance of strain on the extent of torsion.
[For explanation of marks, see page 136 ].
Resilience.
Measurement of cross-
section.
BB.
481
Lbs.
Turns. Turns
h. m. s.
Turns.
Inches.
Lbs.
15,70
.01
.003
1 58
007
.3018 x.305
15. 17
50.45
.499
.480
2 38
.019
48.77
54. 05
.7345
(Broke.)
0 29
52.25
BB.
482
15.50
.01
.0035
1 35
.0065
.301 x.3015
15.30
49.95
.500
.482
2 39
.018
49.33
54, 19
.7985
(Broke,)
0 28
53: 51
BB
433
15.75
.01
.0035
1 30
.0065
.3022 x.3013
50.34
508
.489
2 50
019
53.86
.771
(Broke.)
0 33
15.47
49.47
52.93
BB
484
14. 85
01
.0035
1 30
0065
.3013 x.301
14.68
48.84
501
.483
2 12
.018
48.28
53. 15
7775
(Broke.)
0 33
52, 54
BB.
485
15. 10
.01
.0035
2 10
.0065
301 x.301
14.95
49.38
502
4835
2.40
0185
48.-90
52.38
.763
(Broke.)
0 25
52.87
BB.
524
50.00 Not taken
.537
0 50
.3023 x.3029
50.00
568
0 5
Do. continued
.649
630+
6 10
.019+-
-
(55—?)
820
(Broke.)
@ 27
BB..
525
(55-?)
.840
(Broke.)
1 5
.3022 x.302
*53; 62
*53, 86
BB...
526
(55
.855
(Broke.)
0°50
* Less tlian.
Strain reduced to cor-
respond to cross-sec-
-tion of 0″.3 x 0″.3.
Remarks.
Specimens numbered 481, 482, 483, 484, and 485 were annealed to-
gothor, at standard heat.
The times in which strains were applied in these five experiments
were intended to correspond very nearly with each other. Tests
for variability of specimens of the same steel.
48-75 50 pounds strain applied in 50 seconds, and immediately released,
without reading "torsion under strain.'
50 pounds re-applied rapidly.
Torsion nearly ceased at the end of 6 minutes 10 seconds.
Weights set for strain of 55 pounds, which was not reached.
Do.
3016 x 301754.08 Strain of 55 pounds not reached.
240
Remarks.
TABLE No. 54.—TORSIONAL TESTS.-Experiments relating to the effect of the continuance of strain on the extent of torsion-Continued.
Mark on specimen
designating-
Torsion.
!
40 pounds raised in 17 seconds, and strain immediately released; re-
silience .013.
39. 40 [Specimens B B numbered 524, 525, 526, 574, and 529 were annealed to-
gether at standard heat.]
39.40
}
35.11
35.11
At the end of 22 minutes 28 seconds the strain was released. The pre-
vious strain (40 pounds) was re-applied carefully, requiring 1 minute
30 seconds. Torsion under strain, .257. The lever settled to touch
support (equivalent to an additional torsion of .0015) in 7 minutes.
Strain was left on from 11:57 of April 7 to 11 a. m. of the 8th-23
hours 3 minutes. Lever balanced on reducing strain to 29.65 pounds.
Torsion released, .2448.
Strain brought to 35.65 pounds in 2 seconds. After standing 5 min-
utes the lever had not fallen any.
Lbst
Turns.
BB.
574
53.92
.7805
Turns.
(Broke.)
h. m. s.
1 13
Turns.
Inches.
3025 x.3021
Lbs.
BB.
529
40.00
. 211
.198
0 17
.013
.3014 x.3016
Continued
.238
1 0
Do..
.2415
1 0
39.40
39.40
39.40
Do.
2435
1 9
Do.
2450
1
0
Do.
.2467
1
0
39.40
Do.
.2473
1 0
39.40
Do
2483
1 0
39.40
Do
.2487
1 0
39.40
Do.
.2489
1 0
39.40
Do.
.2495
1 0
39.40
Do.
.2498
1 0
39.40
Do.
.2504
1 0
39.40
Do.
251
1 0
39. 40
Do..
2512
1 0
39. 40
Do.
.2514
1 0
39. 40
Do.
.2516
1 0
39.40
Do.
2519
1 0
39.40
Do.
2522
1 0
39.40
Do.
.2524
1 0
39.40
Do..
2529
1 0
39.40
Do.
2533
1 0
39.40
Do.
2535
.2384
1 11
.0151
39.40
40.00
257
1 30
Continued
.2585
7 30
Varying from
.257
2448
23 3 0
0122
40.00 to 29.65.
35.65
.257
0 2
Continued
257
5 0
241
40.00
Continued
.260
.2615
0 5
2 5
Do.
. 262
1 57
Do.
.2635
17 0
(40. 00 to ?)
4 0
53. 04
828
(Broke.)
3 32
39. 40
39.40
39. 40
52.25
40 pounds re-applied. Lever settled to touch in 2 minutes 5 seconds ;
stood in that way 1 minute 55 seconds, when lever was raised to
central line in 2 seconds, torsion being .262.
Lever settled to touch in 17 minutes; stood in this way 4 minutes.
After standing with lever touching 4 minutes, torsion was recom-
menced, increasing the strain in the usual way to keep lever at
center. Broke with strain of 53.04 pounds, reached in 3 minutes 32
seconds.
242
TESTS OF HARDNESS.
In order that the comparisons of the several kinds of steel, in respect
tò hardness, should be freed from liability to error as far as practicable,
a set of specimens (short pieces of gun-wires) was prepared by auneal-
ing them together at the standard heat.
They were tested in the Rodman machine, at the Washington navy-
yard, the adjustment of the apparatus remaining the same throughout
the experiments.
The test applied consisted in determining the extent of the indenta-
tions made in the several specimens by a pyramidal indenting-tool re-
sembling the "cutter" of the Rodman pressure-gauge, under a uniform
pressure of two thousand pounds. The proportions of the indenting-tool
are such that the base of the pyramid is a rhomb, having its diagonals
as one to seven in length, and its height about one-half the length of the
shorter diagonal; or the relation of its dimensions may be more exactly
stated as follows: Long diagonal, 607; short diagonal, 87; height, 42.
After the indentations were made the pieces were carefully examined,
and a few rejected on account of imperfections not visible before the
experiment. When slight imperfections, not supposed to have material
influence on the results, were found, the experiments are included in the
table, with the proper remark. In none of these cases was any defect
in the metal discovered where the indentation was made. The result of.
the imperfections, if any, would of course be to lengthen the cut.
The indenting-tool appears not to have suffered any change from use.
TABLE 55.-TESTS OF HARDNESS, (Resistance to indentation.)
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140.]
Mark designating material.
Length of
cut under
pressure
of 2,000
pounds.
Remarks.
H W co 4
HW co ..
8
H W co 7
HW co 8
H W co 9
H W co 13
·
Inches.
0.272
0.370
0.326
0.250
0.283
H W co 14
H W co 16
0.329
H W co 17
0.300
0. 313
0.315
Slight widening of surface on which indentation is
made, detected.
H W co 18
0.310
H W có 19
0.314
H W co 20
0.292
HW co
0.249
CH co 1
0.331
Slight widening of surface detected.
CH co 2
0.334
CH có 3
CH co 4
C H co 5
C H co 6
CH co 7
·
❤
0.332
0.278
0.369
0.326
Specimen not perfect.
0.340
Imperfection on opposite side.
CH co 9
0.345
CH co (E F).
0.308
CH co SPR G 1.1.
0.360
CH co SPR G 3.2.
0.376
SPR 1
0.287
Imperfection at one corner. Probably has no effect.
SPR 2
0.276
SPR 3
0.276
•
SPR 4
0.254
·
SPR 5
SPR 6
0.272
0.285
SPR 7
•
0.302
243
TABLE 55.-TESTS OF HARDNESS, &c.—Continued.
Mark designating material.
Length of
cut under
pressure
of 2,000
pounds.
Remarks.
Inches.
SPR 8
SPR 10
0.306
0.307
SPR 11
0.306
SPR 12
0.311
SPR 13
0.289
SPR 14
0.286
SPR 15
0.288
•
SPR 16
0.282
SPR 17
0.278
SPR 18
0.294
·
SPR 21
0.285
SPR 22
0.279
SPR 25
0.279
Not perfect in plane transverse to cut.
SPR 27
0.270
SPR 29
0.277
SPR 31
0.307
SPR 32
0.301
SPR 36
0.345
SPR 37
0.329
SPR 38
0.327
SPR 39
0.318
SPR 40
0.307
SPR 41
0.320
SPR 42
0.287
SPR 43
0.302
-
SPR 45
0.360
SPR 46
0.230
Slight widening of surface.
SPR 47
0.284
SPR 48
0.294
SPR 49
0.311
Slight imperfection on the same side with indenta-
tion; supposed not to affect it.
SPR 50
0.299
SPR 51
0.307
SPR 52
0.306
SPR 53
0.320
SPR 51
0.307
SPR55
0.308
SPR 56
0.306
SPR 57
0.330
SPR 58
0.301
SP R 60
0.310
·
SPR 61
0.306
Imperfect in plane transverse to cut.
SPR 62
0.300
SPR 63
0.302
SPR 64
SPR 65
0.331
0.312
SPR 66
0 316
SPR 67
0.305
SPR 68
0.304
SPR 69
0.312
SPR 70
0.308
SPR 71
0.310
CS co 5.
0.285
Slight widening of surface. Cut not central.
CS co 6.
0.296
CS co 7.
0.331
CS co 8.
0.294
CS co 9
0.253
CS co 10.
CS co 11.
C S co 12
CS co 13.
C S co 14.
13...
0 248
0.285
0.268
0.273
0.262
C S co 15.
0.262
CS co 16...
0.263
CS co 17...
0.262
C S co 18...
0.264
P B co 1
0.351
P B co 2
0.316
PB co 3
0.333
PB co 4
0.305
M co 1
0.327
M co 2
0.300
-
M co 3
M co 4
M co 5
0.244
0.308
·
0.366
Surface slightly widened.
244 -
TABLE 55.-TESTS OF HARDNESS, &c.—Continued.
Mark designating material.
Length of
cut under
pressure
of 2,000
pounds.
Inches.
0.247
Remarks.
T co 1....
T co 2....
T co 3...
T co 6..
સત
co 8...
co 9....
T co 10...
T co 11..
T co 13.
T co 14...
•
· 0.257
0.271
0.258
0.263
0.250
0.248
0.255
0.244
0.251
T co 15....
0.255
T co 16....
0.262
NS co 1...
0.329
NS co 2...
0.307
NS co 3....
0.330
NS co 4...
0.340
Slight widening of surface.
NS co 5..
0.345
NS co 6.
0.237
NS
S co 7...
0.270
NS co 8....
0.310
NS co 9..
0.293
N S co 10.
0.288
N S co 11.
0.299
NS co 12..
0.287
C co 1.
0.273
C co 2.
0.288
C co 5.
0.280
C co 6...
0.281
C co 7.
0.282
C co 8.
0.288
C co 9.
0.288
C co 16..
0.268
C co 17.
0.289
€ co 18...
0.305
C co 20...
0.278
J
MOARFGP-SH
B.
0.331
0.345
D
0.345
E
0.350
0.339
0.310
0.323
I.
0.355
Surface widened slightly.
0.316
K.
0.337
L
0.318
M
0.339
N
0.345
Slight widening of surface.
0
0.333
P
0.348
Q
0.341
'R
0.342
S
0.327
T
0.312
U
0.334
▼
0.324
W
0.341
X
0.342
Y.
0.339
Z
0.319
0.347
A A
A B.
A C...
A D...
AE
A F
AG
A H
0: 324
0.307
•
⚫ 0.322
0.345
0.328
0.329
0.345
Surface slightly widened.
AI
0.323
Ꭺ Ꭻ
0.338
A K
0.338
A L..
0.325
AM.
0.337
245
TABLE 55.—TESTS OF HARDNESS, &c.—Continued.
Mark designating material.
Length of
cut under
pressure
of 2,000
pounds.
Remarks.
Inches.
AN..
A O...
A P
CF
0.326
0.346
0.347
0.315
CH.
0.308
•
CJ
C K
BB...
BN.
Ᏼ Ꭱ .
0.307
0.286
0.283
0.279
0.283
Separately annealed; standard heat.
A co 1...
0.297
.
A co 2....
0.283
A co 3...
0.290
A co 4..
0.308
A co 6..
0.281
A co 8
0.320
Slight imperfection.
A co 10...
0.292
A co 11..
0.257
A co 12.
0.269
A co 13...
0.265
A co 15...
0.283
A co 17..
0.280
A co 18.
0.275
A co 19..
0.292
A co 20...
0.260
A co 21..
0.275
A co 22.
0.249
A co 23.
0.299
A co 24.
0.287
A co 25..
0.307
A co 26....
0.309
A co 28..
0.301
A co 30..
0.289
A co 31.
0.294
A co 32..
0.281
A co 34.
0.257
A co 35.
0.256
A co 38.
0.269
A co 39..
0.252
A co 40.
0.247
A co 43...
0.302
A co 44.
0.313
A co 47.
0.274
A co 48..
0.302
A co 50...
0.281
A co 51...
0.299
A co 52.
0.313
A co 57.
0.288
A co 58...
0.304
A co 59..
0.284
A co 61.
0.293
A co 64.
0.296
-
A co 65...
A co 66.
0.278
0.287
A co 67
0.284
A co 68...
0.285
A co 69.
0.307
A co 70.
0.296
A co 71.
0.280
A co 72...
0.303
A co 73....
0.266
A co 74..
0.300
A co 75....
0.288
A co 76....
0.300
A co 77...
0.298
A co 78...
0.288
A co 79..
0.297
A co 80.
0.289
A. co 81.
0.272
A co 86..
0.252
A co 87..
0.257
A co 88..
0.252
A co 89..
0.266
-246.
TABLE 55.—TESTS OF HARDNESS, &c.—Continued.
Mark designating material.
Length of
cut under
pressure
of 2,000
pounds.
Remarks.
Inches.
A co 90...
0.252
A co 91..
0.282
A co 92...
0.242
A co 93.
0.263
A co 94...
0.248
A co 95.
0.255
A co 96...
0.273
A co 97...
0.285
A co 98...
0.281
A co 99...
0.280
A co 100.
0.284
A co 102...
0.274
A co 104...
0.265
A co 105..…….
0.279
A co 106...
0.277
A co 107.
0.282
A co 109...
0.268
A co 110...
0.277 .
A co 112.
0.275
A co 114....
0.278
A co 115.
0.265
A co 129..
0.294
A co 130...
0.291
A co 132...
0.295
A co 135..
0.298
A co 136.
0.300
A co 137.
0.291
A co 138.
0.306
A co 139...
0.283
A co 140..
0.275
A co 141.
0.264
A co 142..
0.281
A co 143...
0.270
A co 144..
0.311
A co 145...
0.273
A co 146.
0.293
A co 147...
0.274
BES 3....
0.289
BES 4..
0.286
BES 16.
0.269
H co 1....
0.287
H co 2
0.288
J co 1
0.284
J co 2
*
0.294
JBH Co.
0.285
E M co 1....
0.265
EM co 2.
0.278
HE co 1
0.277
HE co 2
0.260
N co 1 S (c)
0.298
N co 1 T
0.266
N co 2 T
0.265
S B co 1....
0.269
SB co 2.
0.286
12" B....
0.349
}
BOUND
JAN 111940
UNIV. OF MICH.
LIBRARY
1
"
}
:
#
11
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 00410 8521
、ུ;
لت
;
=
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