GRADATIM
BY
HEATLEY AND KINGDON

ARTES
1817
SCIENTIA
VERITAS
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
PLURIOUS UNUM
TUEBOR
51-QUERIS-PENINSULAM AMOENAM
CIRCUMSPICE
THE GIFT OF
Gertrude Breed

Vertrade T. Breed,
Sept., 1890.
870.58
H44
1890
GRADATIM
AN EASY LATIN TRANSLATION BOOK
FOR BEGINNERS
BY
H. R. HEATLEY, M.A.
BEAUDESERT PARK SCHOOL, HENLEY-IN-ARDEN
LATE ASSISTANT MASTER AT HILLBROW SCHOOL, RUGBY
AND
H. N. KINGDON, M.A.
HEAD MASTER OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, DORCHESTER
REVISED FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLS
By W. C. COLLAR
HEAD MASTER OF ROXBURY LATIN SCHOOL, BOSTON
BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
1890
Copyright, 1889,
BY GINN AND COMPANY.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PRESSWORK BY GINN & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
al
Purtrude Baced.
4-4-38
add. aup
NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
I HAVE found Gradatim to be a most useful book
to accompany and supplement the first year's work
in Latin. The Latin is pure, simple, and idiomatic,
easily understood by the young learners, interesting,
and even amusing. If Cæsar must be read as the first
classical author, this book may be very happily used
for some weeks to smooth the way, by giving practice
in translating easy Latin. The enormous sale of the
book in England shows how helpful it has proved to
teachers of Latin there. The work of revision has con-
sisted mainly in rewriting the first twenty anecdotes,
marking the quantity of long vowels everywhere, and
correcting the vocabulary, which was unusually rich
in mistakes.
BOSTON, June 20, 1889.
WM. C. COLLAR.
CONTENTS.
HINTS TO BEGINNERS.
PAGE
PAGE
Pronunciation
1
"Cui" Verbs .
43
Declension.
Place
44
Conjugation
3
Verb Infinite
50
Subject and Predicate.
4
Infinitive Mood
51
Transitive and Intransi-
Space
52
tive Verbs
6
Double Accusative
58
•
Adjectives.
7
Quality.
59
•
Apposition
9
Participles
65
Question
13
Price and Value.
66
Order.
19
Deponent Verbs .
72
Partitive Genitive
20
Gerunds and Supines
78
•
Demonstrative and Defini-
Impersonal Verbs
85
tive Pronouns
25
Subjunctive Mood
92
Comparison
30
Present Participle
98
·
Time.
30
The Relative
36 VOCABULARY
. 105
·
Active and Passive .
37
TABLE OF STORIES.
The Naughty Boy
10
•
.
The Piper's Slave
13
•
•
•
The Dirty Ditch.
The Rotten Apples
10
The Young Doctor.
15
11
The Sporting Doctor
15
·
The Blackamoor
11
Orchard-robbing.
16
The Miser
11
Lady Godiva
16
The Broken Dike
12
Faithful Caleb
17
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
Little Johnny Head-in-air
Judge Gascoyne .
Alfred and the Cakes
Sir Walter Raleigh.
Too Clever by Half
The Young Shaver .
•
21
17
The Wolves
48
18
A Cat's Paw
49
18
The Effect of a Fall
50
•
19
•
The Basket of Eggs
52
A Breach of Discipline
54
•
21
A Bull's-eye
54
The Green Cheese
21
Logic
22
Wat Tyler
22
The Weather-wise Donkey
A Practical Joke
How to please Everybody 56
55
55
The Miser's Shoes
23
The Hedgehog
•
The Dainty Boy
24
Bide your Time
·
57
57
Cruel Frederick.
24
The Inexhaustible Purse . 59
Follow the Leader
24 The Golden Loaf
The Vulture's Nest.
26
Hospitality.
60
61
The Standard
The Faithful Hound
The Gossip
The Siege of Calais.
The Babes in the Wood
The Rats in the Barn
26
Honesty is the Best Policy 61
28
•
The Bearskin.
62
28
Self-Restraint.
62
•
29
A Promising Pupil
·
63
31
·
32
The Saracen's Head
Town vs. Country
63
·
64
The Pied Piper
33
•
Counting her Chickens
64
Caught by the Tide
34
The Bloodhound
67
·
Rollo and the Two Sticks
35
A Lover Lost .
68
Buried alive .
35
How to get rid of a Wife. 69
A Ride on the Centaur's
A Stern Example
69
Back.
39
The Guards Outwitted
70
•
A Wonderful Dream
39
A Foul
70
•
·
The Lighthouse
40
A Disguised Monarch
71
Irish Stew
41
•
Which is the King?
71
•
The Snowstorm
42
The Trumpeter and the
A Noble Action
43
Hyenas
73
•
The Ugly Duckling.
45
The Lost Child
73
The Touch of Gold .
46
Dumb Show
74
The Gossiping Trees
47
A Hard Bargain .
75
A Scapegoat
47
Who killed the Cock?.
76
•
Ingratitude
48
•
An Impartial Judge
77
CONTENTS.
vii
PAGE
PAGE
Inattention rebuked
77
Home at last
90
Too Good a Defence
79
·
Mineral Springs
91
Cheap Travelling
80
The Donkey's Advice
93
•
A Traitor to his King
80
The Cock's Advice
94
•
•
A Lesson in Good Manners
81
The Bottom of the Stream
94
Bonneted
81
•
The Hunchback.
95
•
•
The Falcon
82
Down the Chimney.
95
·
The Robber's Cave.
82
The Praetor puzzled
96
Caught by the Robbers
Two can play at that Game 83
The Forty Thieves
The Wonderful Island
The Diamond Valley
The Giant's Cave
·
The Royal Sepulchre .
The Old Man of the Sea . 88
How to pick Cocoa-nuts
The Elephant's Burial-
place
The Subterranean Passage 90
83
•
Brought to Life .
96
•
A Dishonest Couple
97
84
•
86
•
•
86
May a Man do what he
likes with his own? . . 99
The Good-natured Boy. 100
87
Timely Assistance
•
•
. 100
87
The Ill-natured Boy
. 101
·
Two Naughty Tricks
. 101
•
·
89
89
·
An Ill-matched Pair
A Chapter of Accidents. 102
The Attack on the Castle
Greediness Punished
102
·
•
. 103
104
GRADATIM.
66
a
PRONUNCIATION.
Vowels.
ǎ like last a in papä'.
first a in papä'.
i like
i in pin.
ӧ
66
o in holy.
ĕ
66
e in they.
66
O
o in wholly.1
66
e
e in met.
ū 2
66
oo in boot.
I
66
i in machine.
u
66
oo in foot.
ae like ai in aisle.
66
au
ou in our.
ei
ei in eight.
Diphthongs.
oe like oi in boil.
66
eu eu in feud.
ui
66
we.
Consonants.
Consonants generally have the same sounds as in English.
But observe the following:-
c like c in come.
66
g
g
i
66
in get.
y in yet.
-
8
like s in sun.8
66
t in time.¹
V
66
w in wine.
Ich like k in kite.
1 That is, as the word is commonly pronounced; the sound
heard in holy, shortened.
2 In qu, and also commonly in gu and su before a vowel, u is a
semi-vowel or consonant, and is pronounced like w.
8 Never like z.
4 Never like sh.
2
DECLENSION.
Sections 1-12 (pages 2-9) require a knowledge
of the following:
(a) Declensions I. II.
(b) Personal Pronouns.
(c) Present
Imperfect
Future Simple
Substantives.
Adjectives.
Indicative Active of the First
and Second Conjugations, and
the same of the Verb Sum.
DECLENSION.
§ 1. SUBSTANTIVES (or NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE)
are the Names of Things.
In English we say,-
The wasp killed the fly.
The boy killed the wasp.
99
In each of these sentences the word " wasp is
unchanged; though in one the wasp does the
action, in the other the wasp suffers the action;
the order only has been altered.
In Latin this difference is expressed, not by
altering the order, but by changes in the form
of the word called Case-Endings.
Nominative, Vespa,
when the wasp does the action.
Accusative, Vespam, when the wasp suffers the action.
Vespa muscam necavit.
Vespam puer necāvit.
The wasp killed the fly.
The boy killed the wasp.
Pronouns are the only words in English which have dif-
ferent forms for Nominative and Accusative.
Nom. I; who.
Acc. Me; whom.
1
t
CONJUGATION.
§ 2. Besides the Nominative and Accusative,
Latin has three other Cases,
GENITIVE, DATIVE, ABLATIVE,
the meaning of which is expressed in English by
Prepositions, of, to, by, etc.
Genitive, Vesparum, of wasps.
Dative, Vespae, to the wasp.
by the wasp.
Ablative, Vespa,
English has also a special Case-ending ('s) for the Genitive.
The wasp's sting; or
The sting of the wasp.
§ 3. There are thus in Latin five Cases in the
Singular, each with its own Ending, and the same
number in the Plural.
There is also another Case, the Vocative, used of the
Person Addressed, but it has always the same form as the
Nominative, except in Nouns in -us of Declension II.
To give these changes in the form of a Substan-
tive is called Declining a Substantive.
CONJUGATION.
§ 4. VERBS express Actions.
Actions are done by different Persons: we ex-
press this difference in English by placing Pronouns
before the Verb, sometimes (but not often) alter-
ing its form also.
I love, you love, he (or she) loves.
4
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
In Latin there is a special form for each Person,
both in the Singular and the Plural, therefore the
Pronoun need not be put in.
Amō, amās, amat.
All Substantives are of the Third Person; if, therefore,
a Substantive is used, the Verb will be in the Third Person.
Wasps sting.
§ 5. Actions also differ in the time at which
they are done; they may be Present, Past, or
Future. In English, to express this difference,
we use other Verbs, called Auxiliary or Helping
Verbs, though there is also a special form for
Past time.
Present, I love, am loving, or do love.
Past, I was loving, used to love, did love, loved.
Future, I shall love.
In Latin there are special Tense-forms, to express
these differences of time.
Present, amō.
Past, amābam.
Future, amābō.
To give these special tense-forms is called Con-
jugating a Verb.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
§ 6. Sentences are divided into SUBJECT and
PREDICATE.
The Subject is the Person or Thing talked about.
The Predicate is what is said about the Subject.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
5
The Subject may be-
Simple- One Noun.
Birds sing.
Qualified- Noun with words added to it to tell you
something more about the Subject.
Small birds sing.
Composite-Two or more Nouns.
Blackbirds and thrushes sing.
The Predicate may be
One Verb.
Birds sing.
Verb with qualifying word or words.
Birds sing sweetly.
Verb with governed word or words.
Birds sing sweet songs.
In Latin the Subject and Predicate may both be
contained in a single word.
Cantamus, we sing.
§ 7. Special attention must be paid in Latin
to certain Rules, which are not so noticeable in
English.
Rule 1. The Verb must be of the same Person
and Number as its Nominative.
Corvi cantant, ravens croak.
"Corvi cantō" would mean, ravens I croak, which would
be nonsense.
6
TRANSITIVE.
Ex. 1.
SUBJECT and PREDICATE in One Word.
1. Rīdēmus.
2. Ambulābātis.
5. Dabant.
6. Erimus.
Ex. 2.
3. Manēbimus.
4. Vidēbis.
SUBJECT.
1. Pueri
2. Servi
3. Ego et nuntius
4. Tū et puella
5. Taurus
7. Tenētis.
8. Vulnerabitis.
PREDICATE.
manebant.
rīdēbunt.
manēbimus.
cantābitis.
adparet.
INTRANSITIVE.
§ 8. When an action only affects the doer the
Verb is called INTRANSITIVE, because its action
does not pass across from the doer to anything else.
Maneō, I remain.
TRANSITIVE.
But when an action affects some person or thing
besides the doer the Verb is called TRANSITIVE,
because the action passes across from the doer to
the other person or thing, and this latter is put
into the Accusative Case.
Rule 2. When used Transitively Verbs govern
an Accusative Case.
Ex. 3.
1. Periculum videbitis.
2. Timēmus lupum.
3. Amīcōs advocāmus.
4. Intro aquam.
ADJECTIVES.
7
བ
SUBJECT.
PREDICATE.
taurum vulnerābit.
Ex. 4.
1. Puer
2. Taurus
3. Magister
4. Fōssae
vulnerat puerum.
puellam docēbit.
agrōs terminant.
§ 9. Care must be taken not to confuse the Ac-
cusative Case with the Dative. These are easily
confused in English, since the Preposition to, which
is the sign of the Dative, is frequently left out.
Rule 3. The Dative is the Case of the Recipi-
ent, or the person (or thing) who is interested in
an action but does not actually suffer it.
I give sugar to the wasp.
I give the wasp sugar.
What I give is sugar; the wasp receives it, and is
interested in what I do.
Ex. 5.
SUBJECT.
1. Magister
2. Agricola
3. Advena
4. Furtum
PREDICATE.
fabulam pueris nārrat.
dabit pōma amīcīs.
puellae cibum praebet.
dominō adparet.
5. Praefectus
oppidō praeerat.
ADJECTIVES.
§ 10. An ADJECTIVE (or NOUN ADJECTIVE) is
a word added to a Substantive to distinguish it
from others like it.
In English Adjectives have only one form.
8
ADJECTIVES.
In Latin many Adjectives have three Termi-
nations in each Case, one for each of the three
Genders, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, which are really Adjectives, agree
in Latin with the Thing Possessed, and are not affected as in
English by the gender of the Possessor.
Taurus vulneravit suam dominam.
The bull wounded his mistress.
Rule 4. An Adjective must be put into the
same Gender, Number, and Case, as the Substan-
tive it is used with.
Saevus oculus.
Clara aqua.
Vir est bonus.
In English the Gender of a word is always settled by the
meaning, but in Latin there is more difficulty, for it is settled
generally, not by the meaning, but by the form of a word.
Eye is Neuter in English.
Oculus is Masculine in Latin.
PREDICATE.
Copula. Complement.
Ex. 6.
SUBJECT.
1. Templa
sunt
sacra.
2. Agricolae
erant
probí.
3. Servus
est
impiger.
Ex. 7. SUBJECT.
1. Multae puellae
2. Niger servus
PREDICATE.
canōram fistulam amant.
timebat cornigerum taurum.
3. Maesti agricolae saevum bellum timēbunt.
APPOSITION.
9
§ 11. The Genitive Case of a Substantive can
often be used instead of an Adjective.
My father's gardens.{
Paterni horti.
Patris horti.
PREDICATE.
Ex. 8. SUBJECT.
1. Nuntius deōrum
adest.
2. Caesar
castra Britannōrum oppūgnābat.
sunt altae.
sunt grāta.
est acerba.
3. Ripae rīvī
4. Verba amīcōrum
5. Feminārum īra
6. Oceani undae
terram inundabunt.
Rule 5. The latter of two Substantives which
are not names of the same thing, is generally put
in the Genitive.
APPOSITION.
§ 12. Rule 6. Words which refer to, or are
names of, the same thing, are put into the same
Case. These are said to be in APPOSITION.
Ex. 9. 1. Verberābō Cāium, malum puerum.
2. Membra Pompei, servi Afri, sunt nigra.
3. Rōmānī oppidum Vēiōs oppūgnābunt.
4. Dabimus argentum poētae, nostrō amīcō.
§ 13. The Ablative Case generally qualifies a
Verb like an Adverb, and answers the questions,
How? why? when? where?
He slew him, with a sword, from hatred, at night, in the street.
10
TRANSLATIONS.
Obs. (1) The Conjunction -que, and, cannot stand by itself,
but is joined to the end of the word to which it belongs.
Pueri puellaeque.
Pueri et puellae.
(2) Latin has no Article; therefore in translating a Noun
think whether you ought to put in a or the before it or not.
(3) The Possessive Pronouns my, his, their, etc., are often
left out in Latin.
Servi videbant dominum.
The slaves saw their master.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. The Naughty Boy.
Albertus, puer īgnāvus, litterās nōn amābat. Magis-
trum suum saepe vītābat et agrōs percurrebat. At
taurus saevus habitābat agrōs. Ōlim puerum videt.
Primō stat et advenam saevis lūstrat oculis. Albertus
fugam tentat. Tum instat taurus. Mox miseri puerī
tergum vulnerabit monstrum cornigerum.
2. The Dirty Ditch.
Fōssa lāta, līmō et aqua plēna, forte terminābat
agrum.
Puer miser loco adpropinquat et aquae së
mandat temerē. Aqua non est alta, sed līmus pro-
fundus membra cohibet. Taurus puerum videt sed
periculum timet aquae. Diū haeret Albertus; tau-
rus vānā īrā captīvum lūstrat. At agricola forte
agrum intrat.
Statim baculō māgnō taurum dētur-
bat liberatque puerum.
f
TRANSLATIONS.
11
3. The Rotten Apples.
Carolus, agricolae impigrī filius, bonus erat puer sed
amīcōs amābat malōs. Agricola igitur puerō calathum
pōmōrum plēnum dat. Bona continebat calathus pōma,
pauca tamen erant putrida. Puer dōnum diligenter
cūrat, sed pōma mala bona maculant, et mox mala
sunt cuncta. Carolus maestus adversam fortunam
plōrat. Tum agricola filium ita monet :
"Pōma
mala bona maculant, certē mali amīcī maculābunt
puerum bonum.”
4. The Blackamoor.
Flōrus, Afer puer, servus erat Titī, colōnī Britan-
nici (nam Britannī ōlim servōs habēbant). Augustus
et Iūlius, Titi filii, nigra membra servi parvi saepe
rīdēbant. Flōrus aliquandō lacrimās nōn tenēbat. At
Titus, vir bonus, forte lacrimas videt, et īrae plēnus
nigrō limō oculos et capillōs et membra puerōrum
malōrum maculat. Itaque numquam posthac servum
parvum rīdēbant puerī.
5. The Miser.
Plūtus, vir avārus, parvam fōssam parat, atque ibi
argentum célat multum. Servus forte agrum arābat.
Subitō latebras nūdat spoliatque argentum. Postrīdiē
dominō adparet furtum, nam oculis avidīs thesaurum
suum saepe spectabat. Miser Plūtus terram et cae-
lum implet querēlīs. Mercurius, fīdus deōrum nūn-
tius, subito adest, et causam lacrimarum benīgnē
postulat. Plūtus igitur fortunam malam ita nārrat.
12
TRANSLATIONS.
6. The Miser (continued).
"Sum vir egēnus, tamen parvum habēbam thēsau-
rum; māgnā cūrā pecūniam meam semper servāvī.
Nunc tamen nihil mihi manet." At deus maestum
virī animum mulcet et fōssam saxis implet. Tum
Plūtum admonet ita: "Tu quidem argentum semper
lūstrābās, nec umquam attrectābās dīvitias. Avārō
divitiae nōn prōsunt; saxa igitur argenti locum tibi
supplebunt."
66
7. The Broken Dike.
Cimbrī terram habitant mīram, nam ōceanus tecta
agrōsque agricolārum saepe inundat. Incolae fōssis
tumulisque magnis undārum violentiam coërcent;
aliquando tamen aqua claustra deturbat et vastat
terram. Forte erat tumulus nōn validus; iam apparet
parva rīma; mox via magna patebit et terram supera-
bunt undae. At periculum videt puer parvus; statim
dextrā rīmam implet coërcetque aquam.
8. The Broken Dike (continued).
Diū et constanter servabat puer praesidium. Iam
rigebant membra, at dextra parva aquam semper
coërcebat. Postrīdie agricolae loco adpropinquant.
Puer frigidus et moribundus dextrā tamen aquam
coërcet. Saxis celeriter tumulum cōnfirmant, et līmō
rīmam implent. Tum humeris puerum sublevant
recreantque cibō. Tantam cōnstantiam saepe comme-
morant Cimbrī, nārrantque liberīs suis pueri factum.
7
QUESTION.
13
9. The Piper's Slave.
Carolus, puer inhonestus, servus erat Clōdī, honestī
virī. Clōdius erat fistula perītus et canōrīs sonīs amī-
cōs saepe delectabat; at fistulam nōn amābat puer,
sed saepe erat dominō molestus. Forte agricola,
Clōdī vīcīnus, nuptias filiae celebrat, vocatque et do-
minum et servum. Cēna erat cōpiōsa; mēnsa cāseum
māgnum vix sustinēbat; hīc ōva, illīc pōma erant; at
convivārum oculos praecipue delectabat porculus.
10. The Piper's Slave (continued).
Convivae epulas exspectant cupide; mox splendidē
cēnābunt. Interea saltant et dominus Caroli fistulā
cantat. At puer avidīs oculīs mēnsam lūstrat et videt
porculum. Raptim dextra tenet praedam et fugam
tentat frūstrā. Nam Clōdius fugitīvum occupat, recu-
perat praedam; baculo tergum servi mali verberat.
Inde Carolus maestus et iēiūnus malī facti poenās dat.
QUESTION.
§ 14. To turn a simple STATEMENT into a QUES-
TION in English place the Nominative after its Verb.
Statement, You are happy.
Question, Are you happy?
Sometimes Interrogative words are used as well.
Why are you happy?
In Latin Interrogative words are always used.
The most common are
14
QUESTION.
Num, expecting the answer No.
Nōnne,
Ne,
""
66
66
Yes.
66
Yes or no.
-ne is always joined to the first word in the sentence.
Ex. 10. STATEMENT.
1. Equus non habet
pennās.
3. Pueri amant pōma.
5. Medicus est aeger.
7. Verberas canem.
QUESTION.
2. Num equus habet pennās?
4. Nonne pueri amant pōma?
6. Est-ne medicus aeger?
8. Cur verberas canem?
In translating Questions into English the Auxiliary Verb
do is often used.
Cur laudātis puerum?
Why do you praise the boy?
Double Questions (i.e. two questions expecting
one answer) must have two Interrogative words.
Utrum mihi dabis pōmum an meō frātrī?
Will you give me an apple or my brother?
§ 15. Prepositions when used in Latin govern
the Accusative or Ablative Case.
The following govern the Ablative Case-
A, ab, absque, cōram, dē,
Palam, clam, cum, ex, and ē,
Sine, tenus, prō, and prae,
Sometimes in, sub, super, subter.
All the others govern the Accusative Case.
Cum is joined to the end of the Personal, Reflexive, and
Relative Pronouns.
Mē-cum, vōbīs-cum, quibus-cum, etc.
TRANSLATIONS.
15
of
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
(a) Declensions I. II. III. ( Masculine to end
Substantives
(b) Present
Imperfect
Future Simple
Feminine of dēns.
Indicative Active of the Third
and Fourth Conjugations.
11. The Young Doctor.
Medicus quondam longō labōre fessus breve ōtium.
apud rusticam villam amīcī petebat. Interea filiō
cūram clientium committebat. Iuvenis labōre super-
bus comiti iocōsō fortunam ita nārrat: "Pater mihi
clientēs suōs committit." "At," respondet amicus,
"ubi pater urbem repetit, ex clientibus quot super-
erunt?"
12. The Sporting Doctor.
Tīmōn medicus, vir benīgnus sed suae artis omninō
īgnārus, nec causās nec remedia morbōrum intellegē-
bat. Itaque clientēs plerumque ē vītā discēdēbant.
Tīmōn erat vēnātor, sēdulus quidem sed imperītus.
Canes et equōs habebat multōs, sed iacula sagittasque
praecipue amabat. Quondam dum tela ante portam
aedium parat, occurrit amicus. "Hodie saltem," in-
quit, "Ō medice, nihil occīdēs."
66
16
TRANSLATIONS.
180word
8
18. Orchard-robbing.
[In Hispāniā ōlim vīvēbat Nerō, puer improbus.
Forte erat vīcīnō in hortō arbor magna mātūrīs pōmis
onusta. Ubi puer arborem videt, māgna cupīdō prae-
dae animum occupat. "Num dominus mē vidēbit?"
inquit puer avidus. "Cur arborem non statim ascendō?"
Itaque sine morā rāmum prehendit et in arborem sẽ
trahit. Iam inter pōma sedet; iam dextrā frūgēs
tenet grātās. At subito raucum clāmōrem audit.
Ecce sub arbore magnum saevumque canem videt.
Frustra Nerō sẽ cēlat, nam canis furem sentit implet-
que agrōs clamōre raucō. Denique sub arbore iacet
exspectatque puerum.
14. Orchard-robbing (continued).
Diū in altā sēde manet puer. Interea cōnsilia multa
et callida in animo volvit. "Nōnne custōs saevus mox
dormiet? Nōnne cālīgō noctis mē līberābit?" Dēni-
que quod canis praesidium non relinquit, dē salūte
dést érat. At fortuna captīvum iuvat. Taurus niger
agrum intrat. Statim videt canem et torva fronte ini-
mīcum antiquum petit. Nec pūgnam recusat canis,
sed dentibus saevis modo tergum modo frontem taurī
tentat. Tum puer occasiōnem nōn praetermittit, at
ex arbore desilit petitque fugam.
Adversarii nec
Itaque Nerō
fugam sentiunt nec pūgnam relinquunt.
ā tantō perīculō tūtus prō salūte dīs agit grātiās.]
15. Lady Godiva.
Gygēs, princeps magnus et superbus, incolas parvī
oppidi suis aedibus finitimi graviter vexābat.
Ali-
TRANSLATIONS.
17
quando tributum decem talentōrum à civibus postula-
bat. Cīvēs igitur multīs lacrimis cum Godīvā, uxōre
Gygis, dolorem communicant. Inde Godiva prae miseri-
cordia veniam a coniuge petit atque impetrat sed con-
diciōnibus dūrīs. Diú haesitat; tandem pudorem vincit
amor, nec condiciōnēs recusat. Oppidānī portās et
fenestras claudunt disceduntque é vicis. Tum Godīva
vestem detrahit; equum ascendit; nūda per vicōs
equitat; habetque praemium. Hodie Godīvas memo-
riam māgnā cūrā servant cīvēs grātī.
16. Faithful Caleb.
Tīmōn erat vir generōsus sed egēnus. In aedibus
māgnīs sed obsolētīs habitābat, et inopiam cibī saepe
tolerabat. Calebus, servus domesticus, multum amābat
Tīmōnem et paupertatem dominī cēlābat diligenter.
Aliquando viātōrēs multī hospitium ā Tīmōne petē-
bant. Vir benīgnus portas aedium libenter aperit.
Ubi hōra cēnae adest, quod cibum habēbat nūllum,
Calebus paulum haeret. Vicīnus forte epulas celebra-
bat; subito ad locum currit Calebus et magna¹ vōce
"Aedēs ardent," exclamat. Convivae huc illuc ērum-
punt. At Calebus sine morā ā mēnsā ānserem abstra-
hit nitidum, adpōnitque viātōribus epulās māgnificās.
17. Little Johnny Head-in-air.
Iōhannēs, mercātōris parcī filius, puer erat ineptus.
Saepe per agrōs ambulabat, et oculos ad caelum sem-
per tollebat, nec humum ante pedēs observābat. Amīcī
igitur puerum appellabant "Iohannem aerium." Iō-
hannēs ōlim mōre suō ambulābat. Sōl almā lūce fulgē-
18
TRANSLATIONS.
bat: hirundinēs volitabant; cantabant avēs. Puer
mōre suō observat caelum. Eheu lacum ante pedes
non videt. Subito in aquam decidit fragōre magnō.
At piscator non longe abest et currit ad locum. Sine
mora vestem Iohannis hamō captat trahitque ad ter-
ram puerum adhūc vīvum.
18. Judge Gascoyne.
Henricus IV., rex Britannōrum, pigrum prōdigum-
que filium habebat; nam iuvenis comitēs malōs
nimium amābat. Forte cīvēs Caium, amicum princi-
pis, coram iudice accusant furti. Princeps ad locum
properat et dīrīs minīs veniam dēlictī postulat. At
iūdex, vir strenuus, veniam negat. Princeps igitur
gladium stringit. Tum iudex catēnīs iuvenem vincit
superbum. Post mortem patris iuvenis Henrīcus, iam
rēx, iūdicī praemia dīgna dat habetque in amīcōrum
numerō.
19. Alfred and the Cakes.
Aluredus, rex Britannōrum, cum Dānīs saepe pūgnā-
bat. Primum Dāni copias rēgias vincēbant, et réx
exsul hospitium ab incolis parvae casae petit. Incolae
figūrae rēgis īnscii hospitī cēnam exiguam lectumque
dūrum praebent. Postrīdie ad laborem pergunt.
Agricola ovēs pascit; uxor verrit aedēs; rēx īgnem
incendit torretque lība. Mox tamen quod Aluredus
multis cūrīs anxius labōrem praetermittit, flammae
adūrunt lība. At uxor agricolae ubi factum videt īrā
plēna hospitem pigrum increpat, et dextrā aurēs rēgiās
verberat. Sed rex poenam patienter tolerat.
ORDER.
19
20. Sir Walter Raleigh.
Elisabetha, rēgīna Britannōrum, vestēs splendidās
et pretiōsās semper gerebat. Forte magna cum catervā
comitum per vicōs urbis ambulabat. Subitō ante pedēs
multum videt lutum. Rēgīna stat incerta quod viam
lubricam timet. At ex turbā exsilit iuvenis; humeris
novum pallium detrahit et locum tegit vestimentō;
tum iterum ad socios recurrit. Laeta rēgīna super
pallium ambulat nec pedem maculat. Statim grāta
iuvenem in numerum amīcōrum adscribit.
ORDER.
§ 16. English, having so few Case-endings, is
tied down to a particular Order of words.
The man swallowed the fish
is different from
The fish swallowed the man.
Latin has much more freedom.
Homo devoravit piscem,
Piscem homo dēvorāvit,
Piscem dēvorăvit homo,
Devoravit piscem homo,
all
mean,
"The man swallowed the fish."
While
Piscis devoravit hominem,
Hominem piscis dēvorāvit, etc.,
all mean, "The fish swallowed the man.”
20
PARTITIVE GENITIVE.
Thus the beginner must not be surprised to
find
-
(1) The Accusative before the Verb;
(2) The Nominative after the Verb;
(3) The Adjective after its Substantive.
Rule 7. In making out the meaning, it is
often best to take the words in the order in which
they come; but if this does not give the sense, look
first for the Verb; it always points to, if it does
not include, the Nominative.
PARTITIVE GENITIVE.
§ 17. Rule 8.
a Part is taken, is
of
The name of a Whole, of which
put in the Genitive Case.
Multi Romānōrum.
Many of the Romans.
Especially after Neuter words.
Nihil argenti, no money.
Tantum nummōrum, so much money.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
(a) Declension III.
(b) Indicative
Imperative
(Substantives.
{
Adjectives.
Active of the First and Second
Conjugations, and the same of
the Verb Sum.
TRANSLATIONS.
21
21. Too Clever by Half.
"Dā
Rōscius, praeclarus iuriscōnsultus, publicōs lūdōs
quondam spectabat. Subito vir rusticus occurrit.
"Dā mihi,” inquit, "respōnsum, O praeclare Rōsci;
canis dīvitis vīcīnī meum agrum intravit, necavitque
trēs pullōs. Quantam tu muletam dominō canis impō-
nis?" "Quattuor assēs," respondit Roscius.
mihi igitur assēs," inquit vir, "tuus enim canis erat
reus.' "Rēs aequa est," iterum respondit Rōscius,
"et libenter tibi quattuor assēs dabō. At tú prímum
numerā mihi quinque assēs, numquam enim iūriscōn-
sulti sine mercede dant respōnsa.'
""
22. The Young Shaver.
Glaucus, puer Corinthius, adultōrum hominum
mōrēs semper induēbat; nam togam virilem vulgō
gerebat et saepe tondebat molles genās. Quondam
intravit tabernam praeclārī tōnsōris, et magnā vōce
"Tondē," inquit, "meam barbam sine morā." Tōnsor,
vir iocōsus, parat aquam; obducit mentum iuvenis
spūmā albā; cultrum acuit; postrēmō vadit ad por-
tam, habetque sermōnem cum amīcīs. Primō Glaucus
rem patienter tolerabat; tandem nōn continet īram,
sed causam morae postulavit. "At," respondit tōnsor,
"tuam barbam exspectō."
23. The Green Cheese.
Boeōtus viātor ōlim ūnā cum Corinthiō et Athēni-
ēnsī noctu ambulabat. Mox comites ad rapidum flū-
men veniunt. Forte altus pōns iungēbat flūmen.
22
TRANSLATIONS.
Viātōrēs ascendunt pontem, et in aqua sub pedibus
imaginem lūnae vident. "Ecce," inquit Boeōtus,
"pulcher cāseus in aqua iacet. Cūr nōs nōn praemium
déportāmus?" Sine mora Boeōtus manibus pontem
tenet, et suspendit corpus super aquam. Deinde
Corinthius prehendit crūra amīcī. Athēniēnsis habet
tertium locum et pedibus praemium captat. Tum ex-
clamat Boeōtus, "Vōs tenēte firmiter mea crūra, nam
manūs dūrum līgnum terit." Simul laxat manūs, et
omnes in aquam dēcidunt.
24. Logic.
Rusticus ōlim, nomine Gellius, vir dīves sed indoctus,
mittit filium ad lūdum Zēnōnis, praeclārī philosophī.
Post aliquot annos filius repetit paternum tectum, et
parentēs sua sapientia delectat; nam omnes ingeniō
et sermone superabat. Mox tamen iuvenis disputat
cum patre de cultu arvōrum; tandem īrātus baculō
caput et humerōs senis verberat. "O scelerate," ex-
clamat Gellius, "num verberas patrem?" "Equidem,"
respondit iuvenis, "et recte: nōnne tu mē parvum
puerum verberābās ?” "At invītus verberābam tē, et
prō tua utilitāte." "Et ego hodie verberō tē prō tuā
utilitāte, et invītus."
25. Wat Tyler.
Ricardus, adhuc iuvenis, succēdit rēgnō Britannō-
rum. Mox erat gravis sēditiō plēbis. Vir rūsticus,
nōmine Figulus, sēditiōsam turbam dūcēbat. Iamque
ingēns caterva intraverat urbem Londinium, et omnia
spoliabat. Inde dum cīvēs claudunt tabernās et fugam
TRANSLATIONS.
23
tentant, subitō rex iuvenis cum paucīs equitibus adest.
Figulus autem prehendit equi regis habēnās. Sine
mora magister equitum stringit gladium occiditque
hominem audacem. Statim omnēs sumunt arma
tenduntque arcus. Rex autem procedit in medium.
"Comites," inquit, "hic iacet vester dux, nec umquam
resurget. Dēpōnite tēla; ego posthac erō vōbis dux."
26. The Miser's Shoes.
Senex, nōmine Abulus, dīves sed avarus, antiquas
sordidasque vestēs gerebat. Omnēs cīvēs cōgnōscebant
pannōsōs avārī calceōs. Olim senex lavābat membra
apud públicas thermãs. Forte vir iocōsus locum intra-
verat. Ubi videt vestimenta Abulī, sine morā mūtat
calceōs senis avārī cum purpureīs soleīs cōnsulis. (Nam
consul ibidem forte sē lavābat.) Mox Abulus ex aqua
ēmergit. Nescius fraudis, dīs agit grātiās prō tantō
mīrāculō, et cum purpureis soleīs discēdit. At ubi
cōnsul sentit furtum et cōgnōscit calceōs Abulī, vix
continet iram. Denique invitus foedōs calceōs induit.
27. The Miser's Shoes (continued).
Postrīdiē līctōrēs trahunt Abulum apud consulem,
atque hominem fūrtī accusant. Infēlix Abulus multis
cum lacrimis veniam imprudentis factī ōrat, at frūstrā.
Nam consul asperā vōce, "Dēligā,” inquit, "lictor, ad
pālum malum fūrem; verbera tergum saevīs virgīs."
Lictōrēs haud invītī sumunt poenam, calceōsque Abulō
reddunt. Abulus vix trahit miserum corpus ad flūmen
(magnum flūmen non procul aberat). Tum exclamat,
"Numquam iterum, infēlīcēs calcei, dominum perdē-
tis." Inde aquae calceōs committit.
24
TRANSLATIONS.
28. The Dainty Boy.
Augustus puer erat pinguis et nitidus; parentes
cum gaudiō vidēbant roseās genās puerī. Huic nutrix
iūcundam cēnam parāverat; caput cenae erat iūs
bonum. At puer iūs abnuit et optat ōva. Tantō fastī-
diō īrāta nutrix cibum amovet, puerumque ad lectum
iēiūnum dimittit. Postrīdie iūs est iterum caput cēnae;
at puer, etsi valdē ēsuriēbat, iterum recusavit. Iam-
que fames corpus Augusti consumēbat, tamen in suō
cōnsiliō manēbat puer; at haud ita multo post migrā-
vit dē vītā.
29. Cruel Frederick.
Fredericus, puer crūdēlis, nōn amāvit animālia;
saepe divellebat ālās muscārum et corpora formīcārum
acubus transfīgēbat. Aliquandō vexābat Trāiānum,
suum canem, saxīs et verberibus. Saepe pater Frede-
rīcum ita monuit: "Cavē canem, nōnne dentes habet
acutōs?" At puer verba patris neglegit et manū
caudam miseri canis torquet. Diú Trãiānus rem pati-
enter tolerat. Tandem īrātus mordet dextram puerī.
Fredericus multis cum lacrimis patrem petit.
"Cūr
tandem," inquit pater, "meum consilium neglegēbās?”
30. Follow the Leader.
Pastor, nōmine Panurgius, multās ovēs habebat;
at dīves vīcīnus vīginti ex numerō subducit. Pastor
ad iudicem properat fūremque accusat. Sed iudex,
vir inhonestus, prae timōre divitis virī precēs pāstōris
spernit. Tum pastor humiliter accedit ad fūrem :
"Retine," inquit, "ovēs, da mihi tamen arietem, ducem
PRONOUNS.
25
gregis." Für incautus arietem dat. Iam pastor tollit
animal in humerōs et discedit. At ovēs audiunt vōcem
ducis, et universae nōtum ovīle suī dominī petunt.
DEMONSTRATIVE AND DEFINITIVE
PRONOUNS.
§ 18. DEMONSTRATIVE and DEFINITIVE PRO-
NOUNS are used to point out or distinguish some
Person or Thing.
They are either Substantival-used instead of
a Substantive; or Adjectival - used with a Sub-
stantive.
The most common are, Is, hic, ille, idem, ipse.
1. Videsne eum?
2. Videsne eum leōnem?
3. Is leō quem vidēs est fulvus.
4. Videsne eius caudam?
5. Hōc ā tē petō.
6. Dēmosthenēs, ille ōrātor.
7. Hic erat taciturnus, ille lo-
quax.
8. Ipse věnit.
9. Eōdem modo omnia agis.
{
Do
you see him?
Do you see that lion?
The lion which you see is tawny.
Do you see his tail?
I ask you this favor.
Demosthenes, the famous orator.
The latter was silent, the former,
talkative.
He came himself.
[way.
You do everything in the same
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
of—
(a) Substantives. Declensions III. IV. V.
(b) Pronouns.
Demonstrative.
Definitive.
(c) Indicative Active of the Third and Fourth
Imperative Conjugations.
26
TRANSLATIONS.
31. The Vulture's Nest.
Vultur ōlim finxerat nīdum in altă et praeruptā
rūpe. Hic diū impūne tenerōs pullōs alēbat. Saepe
iuvenēs descēnsúm ad nīdum tentāverant, at frustra,
quia praeceps scopulus imminēbat, et lubrica saxa
vestīgia fallebant. Tandem senex iuvenēs his verbis
dērīdet; "Cūr, ignāvi, periculum timētis? ecce! mea
parva filia ad locum descendet." Iuvenes etsī rem vix
credunt, tamen mandāta ēius peragunt. Magna quer-
cus impendebat scopulō; huic fūnem aptant et omnia
parant.
32. The Vulture's Nest (continued).
Iam senex tenerō corporī virginis fūnem cautē aptat.
Tum sex validī iuvenēs eam ex altā rūpe dēmittunt.
Omnēs taciti ēventum exspectant; at illa sēcūra āerium
iter pergit, et māgnō contō dēfendit acutōs scopulōs.
Iam pervenit ad nīdum, et dextrā parvum vulturem
tenet. Statim dat sīgnum reditūs. At pater vultur
audit vōcem prōlis, et magnō clangōre puellam petit.
Illa tamen, etsī saevī alitis ungues tenerās manūs dīla-
cerant, cultrō sẽ dēfendit, nec praedam demittit. Iam
iuvenes vident periculum puellae, ingeminantque labō-
rem. Mox laetus pater audacem filiam amplexu tenet.
33. The Standard.
Ricardus, rex Britannōrum, ōlim cum Solimanō
bellum gerebat. Multos equitēs diversarum gentium,
socios adiūtōresque belli, habebat. Hi fortis rēgis timē-
bant virtutem, sed superbiam parum amābant. Forte
TRANSLATIONS.
27
rēx suum signum in altō et insigni loco constituerat.
Id movēbat īram sociōrum et noctu sīgnum divellunt.
Rex igitur, ubi repōnit signum, dēligit custōdem locī
equitem, nōmine Cennetum. Nec ille tantum honōrem
recusat, at laetus arma induit. Inde, etsi ipse haud-
quaquam hostem timēbat, canem fidelem vigiliae comi-
tem advocavit.
34. The Standard (continued).
Nox erat et lūna serēnō fulgebat caelō. Diu et vigi-
lanter Cennetus locum custōdiēbat. At subitō canis
lātrātum ēdit. Iam ipse audit lēnem sonitum. Statim
stringit gladium. At vōx nōta, "Dēpōne," inquit,
"tēlum; Cloelia, tua spōnsa, haud procul ab hoc locō
tē exspectat; veni igitur mecum celeriter." Stultus
eques fidei immemor statiōnem deserit; relinquit
tamen canem custōdem locī. Dum abest, clangōrem
armōrum audit, deinde gemitum. Dolōre furēns recur-
rit ad locum. Eheu! signum abest, et fidēlis custōs
moribundus iacet.
35. The Standard (continued).
Paucōs post diēs Ricardus cōpiās sociōrum recēnsē-
bat. Dum ipse in rēgiō soliō sedet, príncipes equites-
que cum multis milibus militum ante oculōs rēgis
incēdēbant. Haud procul ab eō locō stābat Cennetus
cum cane fidēlī (is enim vīrēs corporis recuperaverat).
Iam ducēs singillatim rēgem salūtābant. Subitō canis
cum saevō lātrātū equitem aurō et ostrō insignem ex
equō in pulverem dēturbat. Comites cum clāmōre
occurrunt. At rex, "Cōnsistite," inquit, "amīcī; iūsta
est poena, hic enim meum signum violāvit."
28
TRANSLATIONS.
36. The Faithful Hound.
Cambricus ōlim, acer vēnātor, fidelem habebat
canem, nōmine Gelertum. Dum ipse in silvīs abest,
canem saepe relinquebat parvi fili custōdem. Ali-
quando more suō Gelertus dominum reducem cum
laetō clamōre salūtābat. At subitō dominus pectus
ēius et dentés sanguine cruentos notat; perterritus
cūnās parvi fili petit. Eheu! puerum non videt, sed
undique cruorem, foedī certaminis indicium. Statim.
caecō furōre canem, mali auctōrem, iaculō transfīgit.
Gelertus cum gemitu exspirat. Simul dominus in
recēssū aedium infantem videt salvum atque incolu-
mem. Sed haud procul ab eō locō iacēbat ingēns
lupus. Fidelis enim custōs vītam infantis ita servă-
verat.
37. The Gossip.
Erat Timōni uxor garrula. Haec aliquando apud
feminam vīcīnam cēnābat. Diu Tīmōn uxorem suam
frustra exspectaverat. Tandem īrātus aedium portam
obserat, et petit cubile. Mox tamen uxor redux ōstium
vehementer pulsat. "Aperi celeriter portam," excla-
"Mi-
mat illa, "nōnne uxōris tuae vōcem audīs ?”
nime," respondit ex cubili dominus; "tū nōn mea uxor
es, nec vōcem tuam cōgnōscō; mea enim uxor iam
mēcum cubat."
38. The Gossip (continued).
Diū fēmina precēs prōdūcēbat, sed frustra; tandem
dolum parabat. "Nisi tu," inquit, "portam aperies,
ego in hoc flumen desiliam." Simul in aquam māgnum
TRANSLATIONS.
29
lapidem devolvit, et sēsē nōn procul abdit. Vir sonitū
territus ōstium aperit, properatque ad ripam. Prōti-
nus inrumpit in aedēs uxor, obseratque portam. Frūs-
trā vir infēlīx ōstium pulsat; "Discēde," inquit uxor,
"tū enim, ut ipse dīxistī, nōn es meus coniunx.”
39. The Siege of Calais.
Edvardus ōlim, rēx Britannōrum, urbem Gallicam
oppugnabat. Diu incolae copiarum rēgis impetum
magna cum virtute sustinuerant. Tandem, ubi nihil
cibi supererat, miserique cīvēs mūrēs et pelles edebant,
cum rēge de deditione agebant. At rex, propter tan-
tam hostium pertinaciam īrātus, saevās condiciōnēs
pācis impōnit, mortemque duodecim prīncipum postu-
lat. Sine mora duodecim virī sē prō patriā dēvovent.
Inde comites maestī fūnibus colla amicōrum vinciunt
eōsque ad regem dūcunt.
40. The Siege of Calais (continued).
Rex inter nōbilēs in praetōriō sedebat. Iamque
maesta turba cīvium captīvōs ad locum ducit, ōmnēs-
que multis cum precibus ad pedēs victōris cadunt. At
rēx dūrus precēs eōrum spernit avertitque vultum.
Forte regīna rem cognoscit; statim ad praetōrium
properat, suasque lacrimas cum precibus civium iungit.
"Da mihi, rex magne," inquit, "vītās hōrum fortium
virōrum; nōnne hi rēctē suam patriam dēfendērunt ? ”
Rex prīmō precēs non audit, tandem lacrimae uxōris
īram vincunt, poenamque captīvīs remittit.
30
TIME.
COMPARISON.
§ 19. (1) When two Things are compared they
are put into the same Case and coupled by quam.
Amō tē magis quam eum.
I love you more than him.
(2) If the first is either in the NOMINATIVE
or ACCUSATIVE, the second may be put into the
ABLATIVE, leaving out the quam.
Iulia sorore pulchrior est.
Julia is more beautiful than her sister.
The Comparative can often be translated by too, rather,
comparatively, etc.
Tardius ambulavit.
He walked rather slowly.
Longius ē nāvi errāvit.
He wandered too far from the ship.
TIME.
§ 20. (1) The Time DURING WHICH an Action
lasts is put into the Accusative, sometimes with
the Preposition per.
Totam hiemem in urbe manēbat.
He remained in the city during the whole of the winter.
If the Sentence is Negative, the Ablative is used.
Tōtä hieme lupum nōn vīdī.
I have not seen a wolf all the winter.
୮
TRANSLATIONS.
31
(2) The Time WHEN, or WITHIN WHICH, an
Action is done is put into the Ablative without
a Preposition.
Media hieme ab urbe discessit.
He went away from the city in the middle of winter.
Observe the phrases
Many years afterwards.
Several months afterwards.
Multis post annis.
Aliquot post mēnsēs.
Haud ita multō post.
A year before.
Not long after.
of-
Ante annum.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
(a) Comparison of Adjectives (Regular).
(b) Numeral and Pronominal Adjectives.
(c) Indicative Active of Verbs in -iō, Third Con-
Imperative
S
jugation.
41. The Babes in the Wood.
Hōrum
Duo ōlim erant frātrēs, Verrēs et Tímōn.
alterum gravis conripuerat morbus. Hic iam moribun-
dus fratrem ad lectum vocavit, eīque cūram parvōrum
līberōrum mandavit. Ille multis cum lacrimis mandā-
tum accipit, fidemque unum annum integram servat.
Secundo tamen annō, quod liberi erant agrīs nummis-
que dīvitissimi, patruus aurī avidus īnsidiās nepōti-
bus struēbat. Itaque duōs latrōnēs ad sēsē appellat.
"Interficite," inquit, "clam hōs infantēs; vōbīs māg-
num pondus argenti, pretium caedis, dabō.”
32
TRANSLATIONS.
42. The Babes in the Wood (continued).
Postrīdiē Tīmōn malā fraude nepōtēs ad sē advocat.
"Hodie," inquit, "vīcīnae urbis incolae fērias agunt;
hi igitur ex meīs servis fidélissimi, dēliciārum causā et
voluptatis, vōs ad locum ducent." Simul manū duo
latrōnēs ostendit. Līberi magnō cum gaudiō discedunt,
et iam animō mīlle laetitiās praecipiunt. Mox autem
viātōrēs ad densam silvam, locum ad caedem aptissi-
mum, veniunt. Forte unus ex latronibus alterō erat mol-
lior. Huius pectus grāta vōx līberōrum lēnīverat. Hic
igitur, ubi ad locum veniunt, non modo factum abnuit,
sed etiam suā manũ comitem crūdēliōrem interfecit.
43. The Babes in the Wood (continued).
Līberi gladiis et cruōre perterriti lacrimas effundunt.
Victor tamen timōrem mulcet, eōsque in densiōrem sil-
vam ducit. "Hic," inquit, "manēte, dum ipse absum;
mox vobis placentās lactis-que copiam reportābō.”
Simul a locō discēdit. Unam hōram līberī sine timōre
flōrēs silvestres undique carpebant. Mox quod fames
corpora premebat reditum latrōnis misere cupiebant.
Frustra tamen huc illuc currunt, et omne nemus mae-
stō clāmōre implent, nēmō enim questūs eōrum audit.
Tandem fessi cursū et fame languidī sēsē sub arbore
deiciunt. Mors benigna celeriter finit labōrēs, nec
deërat honor sepulcrī, parvae enim aves corpora frondi-
bus tenerīs tēxērunt.
44. The Rats in the Barn.
Erat ōlim in Germāniā mala famēs, mēssis enim eō
annō nulla fuerat. Magna igitur turba civium cotidiē
TRANSLATIONS.
33
ā principe panem vehementer petebat. Tandem preci-
bus eōrum fessus princeps crūdēlis omnēs in horreum
ingēns vānā spē cibī induxit. Mox ubi horreum plēnum
fuit flammās tēctō admōvit, et omnēs ad ūnum dēlēvit.
Inde dum clāmōribus miserrimis et caelum et terra
resonant, "Audīte," inquit, "mūrium strīdōrem." Vix
ea dixerat, cum vōcem māgnam comitēs audiunt. "At
miser, paucīs post diēbus iīdem mūrēs tuum corpus
dēvorābunt."
45. The Rats in the Barn (continued).
In mediō Rhenō forte eo tempore stabat turris
altissima; hūc princeps dīrā vōce perterritus fugit;
nihil enim aquā tūtius habet. Hic unum diem manē-
bat tūtus, et alterum; tertia tamen nocte custōdēs
mille pedum crepitum audiunt. Mox ubi sōl noctis.
umbras fugavit, immane portentum vident. Utramque
enim rīpam flūminis innumerabilis mūrium multitudo
complet. Iam mūrēs in aquam dēsiliunt, turrimque
petunt. Frustra princeps portas fenestrasque obserat;
hī enim scandunt mūrōs, illī acūtīs dentibus līgneās
portās rōdunt. Passim in aedēs inrumpunt, et universī
in principem impetum faciunt. Frustra is deōs invocat
īrātōs, sexcenti enim hostēs ex ossibus cutem divellunt,
et crūdēlis facti terribilem poenam sūmunt.
46. The Pied Piper.
Hamelinam, urbem pulcherrimam, vexābat ōlim dīra
pestis; mūrium enim innumerabilis multitūdō nōn
modo omnia devorabat, sed etiam infantes, dum iacent
in cūnīs, oppūgnābat. Incolae omnia cōnsilia frūstrā
34
TRANSLATIONS.
tentāverant; denique magnum pondus argenti prōpō-
nunt, tōtius generis exiti pretium. Hoc ipso tempore
vir pictā veste insignis intravit urbem labōremque
suscipit. Statim magna caterva eum ad forum dēdū-
cit. Huc ubi pervenit advena, ex sinu tībiam parvam
detrahit paucos-que modōs fingit. Vix id carmen ces-
saverat, ubi mirum prōdigium ēvenit, undique enim ad
sonum ingenti tumultū mūrēs concurrunt. Primō cōn-
sistunt, deinde omnes, albi, nigri, senēs, iuvenes ad
modōs tībiae saltant. Postrēmō ūnō impetu in flūmen
ē cōnspectu dēsiliunt.
47. The Pied Piper (continued).
Prīmō cīvēs rem vix credunt; deinde laetitiae in-
genti sẽ dēdunt. Iamque tibicen sui labōris praemium
postulat. At cives iam periculi expertēs fidem ingrātī
violant, et magnam partem argenti retinent. Itaque
īrātus iterum tibiam conripit, alterumque carmen pri-
ōre pulchrius fundit. Prōtinus ex omnibus domibus
magna puerōrum virginumque caterva virum cingit.
Inde tibicen, dum illí chorōs laetissimos agunt, omnes
ad propinquum montem dēdūcit. Tum miserī parentēs
rem terribilem vident; nam ipse dehīscit mōns et
immēnsō hiātū tōtam manum accipit.
48. Caught by the Tide.
Canutius, Icēnōrum rēx, longē sapientior erat aliís
rēgibus. Huius ōlim opēs et auctoritātem ūnus ex
adsentātōribus hōc modō laudābat. "Nōnne," inquit,
"rēx magne, et mare vastum et celerēs venti tua man-
dāta peragunt?" Rex nihil respondit, sed posterō
TRANSLATIONS.
35
diē iūssū ēius servi ad lītus maritimum solium dēdū-
cunt. In hoc adsentātōrem locat, et ipse in rūpe stat
propinqua. Forte aestus ex altō sẽ incitabat. Tum
rēx, "Recurre," inquit, "mare superbum; nōnne tū
meus servus es? Cur igitur tui fluctus audācēs meum
solium ita violant?" Fluctus tamen surdī mandāta
rēgia nōn audiebant, sed sẽ in ipsum solium inlīdunt.
Tum rēx, "Nēmō nisi Deus imperium maris tenet."
49. Rollo and the Two Sticks.
Apud Graecos scriptōrēs hōc invenīmus dē Rollōne,
cane callidissimō. Magister, dum ipse ambulat, semper
cani comiti scīpiōnem suum aurātum committebat.
Hunc Rollo superbō ōre per vīcōs gerebat. Forte
tamen magister prō scipiōne aurātō baculum sumit
līgneum alterō turpius. Hōc mōre suō cani committit.
At Rollō propter tantum dēdecus īrātus diū labōrem
recūsat. Tandem ubi magister baculum inter dentes
inseruit, canis ē conspectu subito fūgit; brevi tamen
ad magistrum sine baculō recurrit. Tres inde mēnsēs
magister frustra baculum quaerebat; quartō tamen
mense dum servi fimum ex stabulis in agrōs transpor-
tant, baculum sub ingenti fimi acervō inveniunt.
50. Buried alive.
De eōdem Rollōne aliud et mīrābilius invenīmus.
Magnus anatum grex in lacu fīnitimō natābat. Hārum
ūnam canis mirō amōre fovebat. Saepe iussū magistrī
hanc suō ōre etiam ab ulteriōre margine lacus ad pedēs
ēius reportābat. Ea quidem rēs erat gratior canī et
domino quam anati; haec igitur pennis pedibusque
36
THE RELATIVE.
canis impetum semper fugiebat. Tandem Rollō tālī
pervicacia dēfessus solum in hortō effōdit anatemque
vīvam sepelivit, sīve ludibriō, seu (ut magister crēdi-
dit) quod eum locum magis idōneum putavit.
THE RELATIVE.
§ 21. (a) The RELATIVE is used to avoid re-
peating a word (called its Antecedent) already
used once.
Video mūrum, quem Balbus aedificavit.
I see the wall, which Balbus built.
If there were no Relative, we should have to say,
Video mūrum, et Balbus eum mūrum aedificavit.
I see the wall, and Balbus built that wall.
Thus it has also the force of a Conjunction, and
serves to connect Sentences.
Rule 9. The RELATIVE agrees with its Ante-
cedent in Gender, Number, and Person.
1. Nōs, qui fortēs sumus, pūgnābimus.
2. Tú, quae parva es puella, nūtrīcem amās.
Rule 10. The RELATIVE is not necessarily in
the same Case as its Antecedent, but in the Case
which its Antecedent would be in if repeated.
Ex. 11.
1. Habēs asinum, qui (asinus) est labōris patiēns.
2. Equus, quem (equum) habēmus, est celer.
3. Virum, cuius (virī) filius es, amāmus.
4. Hic est puer, cui (puerō) pōma dedimus.
5. Hasta, qua (hastā) hostem occīdistī, erat acris.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.
37
(b) A Sentence containing a Relative word is
often called an Adjectival Clause, because it qual-
ifies a Substantive like an Adjective.
Est mihi mēnsa, quae est nigra.
I have a black table.
A Relative Clause may be omitted without altering the
construction of any other word in the sentence.
(c) A Relative word is often omitted in English
but never in Latin.
Where is the table I saw yesterday?
Ubi est ea mensa, quam herī vīdi?
(d) The Relative always comes first in its own
Clause (except after Prepositions), and generally
next to the word it qualifies.
Relative words are
Qui, qualis, quantus,
Quō, qua, unde, ubi.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.
§ 22. The Verb has two VOICES ·
(1) Active, when you do something;
(2) Passive, when something is done to you.
In turning a Sentence from an Active into a
Passive form
Accusative becomes Nominative.
Nominative becomes Ablative.
All other Cases remain unchanged.
38
TRANSLATIONS.
1.
2.
Ex. 12.
S Anseres Manlium ē somnō excitāvērunt.
Manlius é somnō ānseribus excitātus est.
Puer necabit lupum.
Lupus necābitur ā puerō.
Cīvēs militibus cibum dabant.
3.
Cibus militibus ā civibus dubātur.
4.
Caesar civitātī ducentōs imperat obsidēs.
Ducenti obsidēs cīvitātī imperantur à Caesare.
(1) If the doer of the act is a Person, the Preposition à or
ab is used with the Ablative. It is then called the ABLATIVE
OF THE AGENT.
(2) Transitive Verbs become Intransitive in the Passive.
Ex. 13.
1. Centaurus sagittā ab Hercule vulneratus est.
2. Herculēs sagittās venēnō tinxit.
3. Via montibus altissimis continēbātur.
4. Praemium victōrī dēbētur.
5. Quisque sibi argentum vindicat.
6. Scopulis adflictabitur nāvis.
7. Numquam mihi hōc persuādēbitur.
8. Iīs nihil cibi supererat.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
of-
(a) Relative Pronouns.
(b) Passive of Conjugations I. and II.
TRANSLATIONS.
39
51. A Ride on the Centaur's Back.
Centauri, qui in montibus Thessaliae habitabant,
caput manusque hūmānās, equinum tamen corpus
habebant. Hercules ōlim per hās regiōnēs cum uxōre
Dēianīrā, quam nūper dūxerat, iter faciebat. Mox ad
rīpās alti rapidique flūminis viātōrēs perveniunt, frūs-
traque vadum petunt. Subito occurrit centaurus
quīdam, nōmine Nessus. Multae," inquit, "anteā
trāns hōc flumen ā mē transportātae sunt. Tē quoque,
O pulcherrima Dēianīra, sī cupis, lātō meō tergō liben-
ter transportābō;" simul puellam haud invītam susci-
pit; deinde perfidus magna celeritate in montēs fugit.
66
52. A Ride on the Centaur's Back (continued).
Hercules autem, quem fraus centaurī nōn fallébat,
arcum rapuit, et ūnā ex iīs sagittīs, quas ipse sanguine
Hydrae tinxerat, fugitīvum vulneravit. At moribun-
dus puellae consilium hōc iniquissimum dat Nessus;
"Accipe," inquit, "hanc tunicam, quam meus sanguis
tinxit; haec tibi aliquandō amōrem coniugis restituet."
His verbis centaurus occidit.
Paucōs post annōs Hercules, Oechaliae victor, Iolen
captīvam Dēianīrā pulchriōrem adamāvit. Haec igitur
verbōrum centaurī haud immemor, tunicam fātālem ad
coniugem misit. Hanc Hercules incautus induit, et
ipse necātur dīrā vī illīus venēnī, quō ōlim suas sagittās
tinxerat.
53. A Wonderful Dream.
Trēs ōlim viātōrēs ā Galliā ad Italiam iter faciēbant.
Via erat et longa et difficillima, quod undique monti-
40
TRANSLATIONS.
bus altissimis continēbātur. Saepe magnam cibī ino-
piam viātōrēs tolerabant; tandem nihil illis supererat
nisi ūnus panis, haud ita grandis, quem omnēs dīligen-
tissimē servabant. Hunc sibi quisque vindicat. Dē-
nique fessi somnō sẽ dant, panemque prōpōnunt somnī
insignissimi praemium. Māne suum quisque comitibus
somnium narrat. Primus ex viātōribus sīc incipit :
"Mihi in somniō appārēbat rāpum ingentissimum;
vix id trecenti virī ex agrō trahēbant. Num vōs ali-
quid hōc mīrābilius vidēbātis? Mihi certē praemium
dēbētur."
54. A Wonderful Dream (continued).
Tum secundus, "Somnium quidem mirum nārrā-
vistī; mihi tamen aliquid mīrābilius vīsum est. Nam
vīdī in somniō vās ingentissimum, quod vix quingenti
hominēs tōtius annī spatiō paraverant. Facillimē eō
vase istud rāpum continēbātur. Nōnne hōc somnium
mīrābilius illō iūdicātis?" At tertius, qui haec tacitē
audiverat, "Certe," inquit, "uterque vestrum rem
mīrābilem nārrāvit, panemque bene meruit. Mihi
tamen aliquid mīrum vīsum est. Nam in somnō (ut
vidēbātur) ésuriēbam; panem igitur dévorāvī."
55. The Lighthouse.
In ea parte Britanniae quae ad septentriōnēs spec-
tat lītus undique rūpibus asperrimis continetur.
Incolae igitur, quod ibi multae nāvēs naufragium
fēcērunt, turrim altissimam, quae pharus appellātur,
quadam in rūpe aedificavērunt. Hanc turrim habita-
bant senex et filia eius parva, qui noctu semper incen-
TRANSLATIONS.
41
debant lucernam, cūius lūmen saepe nautās dē perīculō
praemonebat. At nonnumquam vis tempestātis labōrēs
nautārum exsuperat, et nāvis infēlīx aut sub undīs sē
mergit, aut scopulīs crūdēlibus adflictātur.
56. The Lighthouse (continued).
Fuerunt ōlim multos dies continuae tempestātēs;
tandem dies tranquillus succedit. Iamque procul ē
turri custōdēs magnam aspiciunt nāvem, quae in sco-
pulis haeret; mox etiam paucos vident nautās, qui
manibus signa dant, auxiliumque petunt. Tum virgō
animōsa cum patre parvam scapham deducit, et rēmīs
vēlisque nāvem ambō petunt. Undique ingentēs flūc-
tūs surgebant, vix enim cessaverat procella; nullō
tamen periculō illī terrentur, sed ē morte nautās ēripi-
unt, omnesque tūtōs ad turrim reportant.
57. Irish Stew.
In Hibernia erat ōlim magna famēs, quae incolās
eārum regiōnum in dīram inopiam redigēbat; multi
etiam spē praedae ad latrōnēs, quī silvās īnfestābant,
sē iungebant. Forte trēs latrōnēs vesperi casam pau-
peris agricolae intrāvērunt, minisque saevis cibum
postulabant. Is igitur, cui nihil cibi omninō super-
erat, diū haerebat; tandem callidum hōc cōnsilium
concipit. Ex arcā quādam dētrahit pallium antīquissi-
mum, quod et pater et avus diebus festīs gerebant.
Hōc ubi in frusta cultrō dīviserat aquamque addide-
rat, mōre iūris coxit, dapēsque virīs iēiūnīs adpōnit.
Hí avidē cibum dēvorant agricolamque laudant. At
subito aliquid in faucibus ūnīus ex latrōnibus haeret;
42
TRANSLATIONS.
ingenti tussi aerātam fibulam respuit. "Quid est
hōc?" inquit. "Nempe," respondit agricola, "id
quod solum superest de palliō egregiō."
58. The Snowstorm.
Pāstōrī cuidam duo erant filii, Brūtus et Nerō.
Hic, puer acutus, à parentibus praecipuē amābātur;
illum tamen annīs seniōrem omnēs stultum existimā-
bant. Hi ōlim cum cane suo aliquas petebant ovēs,
quae per montēs dēviōs errāverant. Forte dum procul
ā casă paternă absunt, eōs opprimit nox; simul nix
crebra omnia operiebat, et spem reditūs ēripuit. Tan-
dem fessī labōre sub saxō ingenti sēsē prōiciunt
mortemque exspectant. Tum Brutus ē collō fratris
taeniam, dōnum mātris, dētrahit, eaque cervicem canis
circumdat; "Age," inquit, "patrem pete."
59. The Snowstorm (continued).
Interea, quod puerī nōndum revēnerant, ingēns sol-
licitūdō păstōris animum agitabat. Subitō lātrātum
audit canis; portam aperit; videt canem, qui taeniam
sui fili gerebat.. Hanc ubi vir āgnōscit sine morā
facem accendit, et cum cane fidēlī, duce viae, tandem
ad ipsum pervenit scopulum, sub quō puerī iacēbant.
Hic vērō trīste spectaculum visum est; Nerō enim,
quem frater suō palliō tēxerat, placide dormiēbat, at
Brutus, qui suum corpus hoc modo nūdāverat, saevõ
gelū rigēbat; nam puer fortis, quem propter sēgni-
tiam omnēs dērīdēbant, vītam suam frātrī condōnā-
verat.
"CUI" VERBS.
43
60. A Noble Action.
Philippus, eques Britannicus, alios equites fortitu-
dine animi corporisque viribus aequabat; omnes tamen
comitāte et mānsuētūdine superabat. Forte Britanni
cum Hispanis bellum gerebant, atque equites utrius-
que exercitus fere cotīdiānīs pūgnīs vīrēs exercebant.
Aliquando dum urbem quandam Britannī oppugnant,
Philippus cum paucis comitibus magna manu hostium
circumdatus est. Diu et acriter nostri Hispanōrum
impetum sustinebant. Tandem Philippus iaculō gra-
viter vulnerātus est. Post pūgnam dum comitēs maestī
Philippum moribundum ad castra reportant, aliquis eī
galeam aquae plēnam dedit. Ille autem, etsi sitis
faucēs ūrēbat, mīliti, qui non procul iacebat avidisque
oculis aquam lustrabat, pōculum dedit; "Nōnne huius
vulnera," inquit, "graviora sunt meis?"
66
CUI” VERBS.
§ 23. A few Verbs, which we should expect to
govern an Accusative, for some reason or other
prefer the Dative. The most common are
Parcō, pāreō, placeō,
Faveō, noceō, serviō,
Invideo, nubō, īgnōscō,
Maledīcō, indulgeō.
A Dative is naturally used to complete the sense
after such Adjectives as -
Amīcus, utilis, similis,
Propinquus, finitimus, pār, etc.
44
PLACE.
PLACE.
§ 24. (1) PLACE WHERE is expressed by the
Ablative with the Preposition in.
Exception. Names of towns use an old Case
called the Locative.
The Locative in the Singular of Declensions I.
and II. is the same form as the Genitive, elsewhere
as the Ablative, sometimes Dative.
These Locatives are also found,
Domi, rūrī, humi.
(2) PLACE WHITHER is expressed by the Accu-
sative with ad or in.
Exception. Names of Towns (also domus and
rūs) omit the Preposition.
66
To," when it means TOWARDS, is never the sign of the
Dative, but always of the Accusative.
(3) PLACE WHENCE is expressed by the Abla-
tive with ab or ex.
Exception. Names of Towns (also domus and
rūs) omit the Preposition.
The name of a small island is treated as if it were a town.
Ex. 14. 1. Nāvēs Tarenti aedificatae sunt.
2. Pericles Athēnīs habitābat.
3. Exercitus in Hispāniam missus est.
4. Posterō die Corinthum pervenit.
5. Ex Hispania statim discēssit.
TRANSLATIONS.
45
6. Galli Rōmā haud procul aberant.
7. Domum ex urbe revenit.
8. Cypri multi erant servi.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
of-
(a) Comparison of Adjectives (Irregular).
(b) Indicative
Imperative S
Passive of the Third and Fourth
Conjugations.
61. The Ugly Duckling.
Ingenti aliquando gaudio complebantur incolae cũ-
iusdam fundi, gallīna enim ex ōvīs pullōs nuper exclu-
serat. Unum tamen ex ōvis, quod grandius erat
cēterīs, adhuc integrum manēbat. Tum pāvo, quĩ
māximus nātū erat omnium, his verbis gallinam ad-
monet. "Iam satis labōrāvistī; tandem inūtile istud
ōvum desere." At gallina pertinax consilium pāvōnis
nōn audit, multosque inde dies in locō manet. Dēni-
que post tantum labōrem parit pullum, qui cēterōs
māgnitudine quidem corporis superabat, sed specie et
formā longe inferior vidēbātur; nam erant eī turpēs
pedés, déforme corpus, collum prōcērum.
62. The Ugly Duckling (continued).
Diu in hoc fundo anaticula turpis vītam infelicem
agēbat; nēmō enim eī favēbat. Gallinae quidem cum
pāvōnibus miseram volucrem spernebant, quod aquam
46
TRANSLATIONS.
ita amāvit. Anatēs autem et anserēs dūrīs rōstrīs
advenam sua aquā dēpellēbant. Tandem maesta et
infēlix a fundō in locum desertum effugit, qua sōla
tōtam hiemem habitābat. At vēre novō ad lacum
advenit, in quō multi cỹgní natābant. His duo pueri
frusta panis iactabant. Tum illa, quod iam mortem
optabat, ad cygnōs ipsa natāvit, flexitque caput ad
īctum rōstrōrum. At attonita suam imaginem, quam
aqua reddebat, vidit; audīvitque vocem puerōrum,
qui cygnum ceteris pulchriorem laeti accipiebant.
Anaticula enim turpis gracilis cygnus ēvāserat.
63. The Touch of Gold.
Midās, rex Phrygiae, quod olim Bacchō placuerat,
ēgregiō munere a deō dōnātus est. "Dēlige, rex
rēx
magne," inquit deus, "id quod maximē cupis; hōc
tibi libenter dabō." Tum vir avārus mīrum dōnum
impetrāvit, omnia enim quae suo corpore tangēbat
in aurum mūtāta sunt. Prōtinus rēx laetus rēgiam
domum percurrēbat, manūque vāsa, mēnsās, lectōs,
omnia tangēbat. Inde ubi nihil līgnī aut argentī in
aedibus manebat, gratias pro tanto beneficiō Bacchō
persolvit. Tandem labōre fessus cēnam poscit, avidīs-
que oculis dapēs splendidās lūstrat. Mox tamen ubi
piscem ad ōs admovet, cibus in aurum statim mūtātus
est; rex igitur, cuius in faucibus rigida haerebat
massa; vīnum poscit; idem evenit. Tandem rēx ēsu-
riēns, quod nihil nec edebat nec bibēbat compluribus
diēbus, māximis precibus Bacchum ōrat. Inde cum
rīsū deus fātāle dōnum amovet.
TRANSLATIONS.
47
64. The Gossiping Trees.
Apollo ōlim, curvae lyrae inventor, cum Satyrō
quōdam dē arte suā dēcertābat. Tandem tanti cer-
tāminis arbitrium ambō ad Midam rēgem (dē quō
suprā dēmonstravimus) commīsērunt. Rex autem, qui
numerōs omninō īgnōrābat, postquam carmina utrīus-
que audiverat, Satyrō palmam dedit. Deus igitur, tālī
stultitiā īrātus, capitī rēgis asinī aurēs adfixit. Tum
rex callidum consilium concepit; rēgium enim tōn-
sōrem ascīvit, cuius operā suum dedecus ab oculis
omnium abditum est. At tōnsor, vir loquax, qui, dum
manet in urbe, rem vix cēlābat, rūs discēssit, rēgisque
fortunam arboribus nārrāvit. Hae autem comārum
susurru, quod ventō rāmī agitāti sunt, his verbis rem
vulgābant, "Sunt Midae aures asinī."
65. A Scape-Goat.
Vulpes sitiens, quae desiluerat in puteum haud ita
altum sed lateribus praeruptis, postquam omnem
ratiōnem fugae frūstrā tentāverat, ab omnī spē reditūs
interclusa est. Mox tamen caper, qui aquam petebat,
quod fervidi sōlis radiī agrōs ūrēbant, ad eundem
puteum advenit. "Salve," inquit, "dulcissima, nōnne
aqua ista frigida est et iucunda?" "At numquam
iūcundiōrem bibi," respondit vulpēs, "dēsilī igitur
quam celerrimé, ego enim iam diù parcō aquae, quod
tē exspectō." Hoc ubi audivit stultum animal, in
puteum desiluit. At vulpes callida in cornua amīcī
prōsiluit, quorum operā sēsē ad terram sublevavit.
Inde miseri amīcī immemor domum discessit.
48
TRANSLATIONS.
66. Ingratitude.
Apud antiquos scriptōrēs multa legimus dé quōdam
equite, qui Philippum (dē quō suprā dēmōnstrāvimus)
mānsuētūdine exsuperabat. Huic enim, dum saucius
humī iacet, aquam multō labōre apportaverat amicus.
Is autem insigni abstinentia aquam ūnī ex hostibus,
qui iuxta iacebat, integram praebuit. At perfidus
hostis, dum dōnum accipit, cultrō manum quae pōcu-
lum porrigebat vulneravit. Tum eques ingrātō virī
animō īrātus, postquam eum modice culpaverat, par-
tem aquae ipse bibit, partem tamen hosti iterum dedit.
67. The Wolves.
Omnium animalium, quae Scythiam incolunt, teter-
rimi sunt lupī; hi enim saepe ab omni parte conve-
niunt, perque silvās māgnō agmine praedam exquirunt.
Femina quaedam cum tribus liberis per hās silvās in
curru vehēbātur. Subito lupōrum ululatus audītur,
et mox dirum agmen apparet. Frustra illa habēnās
dat equō, equōs enim facile cursu adsiduō exsuperant
lupi. Vix breve spatium interponitur, miseraque
femina linguas sanguineas, faucēs nigras, dentes cru-
dēlēs aspicit. Iam fervidum spīritum saevōrum ani-
mālium ferē sentit. Tum metū vēsānō māter ex currū
minimum nātū līberōrum deicit, et dōnō horribili
impetum lupōrum parumper cohibet.
68. The Wolves (continued).
Primō atrox consilium successit, lupi enim, dum
saevō clamōre praedam rapiunt, agmen sistunt; mox
TRANSLATIONS.
49
tamen ubi carnem ex ossibus miserī infantis dilania-
verant (nec longus ille fuit labor) iterum fugientibus
instabant. Iterum femina infēlīx idem facit, alterum-
que infantem lupīs concedit. Iamque per arborēs,
spectaculum gratissimum, vīsa sunt tecta aedium in
quibus amīcī habitabant, fessusque equus ingeminat
cursum. Nec tamen domum advēnit, antequam māter
tertium infantem eōdem modō morti obiecit.
Inde ubi convocaverat propinquōs fātum líberōrum
suamque fugam nārrāvit. Tum māximus nātū, dum
cēteri horrōre obstupefacti sunt; "Tū tuis infantibus,"
vōce inquit terribili, "non parcēbās; nec ego tibi nunc
parcam." Haec ubi dixerat, secūrī, quam manū tenē-
bat, caput impiae matris percussit.
69. A Cat's Paw.
Apiciō mercātōrī, quí Capuae vivēbat, ex Aegyptō
félem, sīmiam ex Libya suae nāvēs transportaverant.
Hae quidem bestiae sub tēctō mercātōris concordissimē
vīvēbant, longē tamen aliud fuit utriusque ingenium.
Illa natūrā tardior magnam diei partem dormiēbat;
haec alacrior comitem stolidam saepe per ioca vexā-
bat. Forte Apicius castaneas aliquando īgne torrebat.
Has ubi videt simia, ad ignem accedit, avidisque
oculis nucēs observat. Diu haeret incerta; dulcēs
quamquam frūgēs animum adliciunt, fervidus īgnis ā
furtō déterret. Subito manu fēlem, quae ante ignem
mōre suō dormiēbat, rapit, et pede eius castaneās sin-
gillatim ex īgne detrahit. Deinde dum illa māgnō
gemitū cāsum deplōrat, ipsa nucēs sēcūra dēvorat.
50
VERB INFINITE.
70. The Effect of a Fall.
Indi, qui ōrās maris austrālis incolebant, etsi multa
erant et nova animālia in suis finibus, equōrum genus
nōndum cōgnōvērunt. Hi igitur cum prīmum bellum
gesserunt cum Hispānīs, qui ex equis plērumque pūg-
nābant, novō spectaculo quam maximē territi sunt.
Equum enim cum suō equite unum animal putabant.
Primō impetu hanc ob causam ab equitibus perturbātī
sunt, brevi tamen, quod cōpiae suae multō plūrēs erant,
proelium renovābant. Dēnique quidam ex Hispānīs,
cuius equus a funditōre vulneratus est, super caput
animālis effusus est. Is igitur pedes pūgnābat. At
Indi, ubi ex unō animālī duōs hostēs vīdērunt, perter-
riti terga verterunt.
•
VERB INFINITE.
§ 25. Every Verb has two parts –
(1) FINITE, limited by Person.
Amō, I love.
Amās, you love.
Amat, he loves.
(2) INFINITE, not limited by Person.
Amāre, to love.
The Finite part of the Verb contains the Indica-
tive, Subjunctive, and Imperative Moods.
The Infinite part of the Verb contains Infinitives,
Gerunds, Supines, and Participles.
INFINITIVE.
51
These are partly Verb, partly Substantive or
Adjective.
As Verb
(1) they can govern Cases.
(2) they have Tenses.
As Substantive (1) they follow the ordinary rules
or
Adjective
J (1)
of Number, Gender, and Case.
(2) they cannot form complete sen-
tences.
INFINITIVE.
§ 26. The INFINITIVE is used-
(1) Like the Nominative of an ordinary Noun,
as Subject to a Verb; e.g.-
Ex. 15.
1.
Hōc pōmum est iucundum.
Edere est iucundum.
2.
Fames nocet pueris.
Nimium edere nocet pueris.
3. Videre est credere.
4.
Dare quam accipere melius est.
5. Cato dicitur discessisse ex urbe.
(2) As Accusative to such Verbs as possum,
volo, audeo, soleō, conor, incipio, statuō, etc., which
are not often found with the Accusative of ordi-
nary Nouns.
1. Ex equis pūgnāre solent.
2. Potesne huic persuādēre?
52
SPACE.
SPACE.
DISTANCE, HEIGHT,
§ 27. In measuring
BREADTH, etc., the Accusative is used.
1. Britannia à Galliā multa milia passuum abest.
Britain is many miles distant from Gaul.
2. Haec arbor est viginti duōs pedēs alta.
This tree is twenty-two feet high.
But when two Things are compared, the DIF-
FERENCE between them is put into the Ablative.
1. Multo plures quam hostēs sumus.
We are much more numerous than the enemy.
2. Altus erat sex pedēs, pede altior quam soror.
He was six feet high, a foot taller than his sister.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
of-
(a) Indicative
Passive of Verbs in -io, Third Con-
Imperative jugation.
(b) Infinitive Active of the Four Conjugations.
(c) Also Possum, Volō, Nōlō, Mālē.
71. The Basket of Eggs.
Rēx quidam, qui multa mala ab uxōre tolerabat,
quod mentem fīlī ā mātrimōniō avertere voluit, iuve-
nem ita admonuit. "Mihi quidem in animō est om-
nium meōrum civium fortūnās cōgnoscere. Tū hunc
labōrem prō patre suscipe. En tibi hunc calathum
TRANSLATIONS.
53
ōvōrum plēnum, hōsque duo equos committō. Tū,
dum urbem perlūstrās, eī ōvum dã, quaecumque suum
coniugem regit; eam autem, quae à coniuge regitur,
equō dōnā." Filius etsi rem intellegere non potest,
parentis tamen mandāta perficit. Ubi ad prīmam
domum advenit, vocem asperam audīvit fēminae, quae
ob nescio quam causam coniugī maledīcēbat. Huic
ōvum dedit. Deinde alteram domum petit, quã con-
iūnx extrā portam stābat, quod uxor eum forās extrū-
serat, dum ipsa domum verrit.
72. The Basket of Eggs (continued).
Inde iuvenis ad multa aedificia iter faciebat, nullam
tamen feminam mandātīs virī obēdientem invenire
poterat. Vesperī ubi ūnum modo ōvum in calathō
manebat, ad casam quandam advēnit, cuius incolae
cēnābant. Hi benigne iuvenem accipiunt, vocantque
ad cēnam. Is igitur, dum libenter cēnat, mōrēs utrī-
usque diligenter observat, laetusque mulierem pudī-
cam cognoscit, quae semper (ut videtur) coniugi pāret.
Tum iuvenis, "Tantae virtutis praemium vōbīs reddere
in animō est. Sunt mihi duo equi, haec alba, ille
autem niger. Ex his vōbis alterum dabō; utrum
māvultis?" "Nigrum vērō," respondit vir. "At, Ō
stultissime, tacē," exclamat femina, "equidem albam
equam mālō, nec tibi in hac rē pārēre volō." At
princeps cum rīsū ōvum suis hospitibus dat, et ipse
cum equis domum ad patrem sẽ recipit.
54
TRANSLATIONS.
73. A Breach of Discipline.
Fredericus, Germānōrum rēx, quod ab hostibus pre-
mēbātur, saevissimā dīsciplīnā mīlitēs cohibēbat. Rēx
saepe noctu sōlus per castra ambulabat, et ipse cus-
tōdēs in statiōnibus dispōnēbat. Aliquandō dum mōre
suō castra perlustrat, videt lucernam quae in taber-
naculō finitimō ārdēbat. Rex igitur, qui māximā īrā
movēbātur, quod ignem militibus interdixerat, silenter
tabernaculum intrāvit. Hīc mīles epistolam scribēbat
ad uxōrem. Dum multis verbis dūra perīcula belli,
suam salutem, amōremque constantem narrat, subitō
rēgem īrātum aspicit. Tum rex, "Iterum epistolam
repete, haec tamen adde; valē, Ō cārissima, crās enim
ego, quia imperātōrī male pārui, capitis damnabor."
74. A Bull's-eye.
Loxias, quod vītam in silvīs semper dēgēbat, omnēs
alios sagittariōs superabat. Saepe lupōs aquilasque
volucribus sagittis transfigebat, nec umquam frūstrā
ab eō tēlum missum est. Forte incolae urbis propīn-
quae lūdōs sollemnes celebrabant. Primo quadrīgās
agitabant iuvenēs, deinde pūgnis certabant, postrēmō
certamen sagittariōrum institūtum est. Diu Loxias,
qui cum cēteris dēcertāre nōluit, sē ā certamine absti-
nuit, nec arcum ab humerīs āmōvit. Denique quidam
ex rēgiīs sagittāriīs, cui nōmen erat Hubertus, sīve
cāsu, seu quod ventus ei favēbat, mediam mētam
sagitta transfixit. Tum demum Loxiās arcum tendit,
et suō tēlō sagittam Hubertī in duas partēs findit.
Ingens ad caelum tollitur clamor, omnesque Loxian
victōrem salūtant.
TRANSLATIONS.
55
75. The Weather-wise Donkey.
Ludovicus, rex Gallōrum, fidem maximam habebat
eī generī hominum, quí astrologi vocantur, quod mōtū
stellarum imbres ventōsque praedicere solent. Rēx,
qui multum in vēnātiōnibus erat, aliquando dum mag-
num cervum canibus per silvās agitat, celerī equō
longe ante omnēs sociōs praetervectus est. Interea
caelum nubibus obscūrātur, gravisque imber cum multā
grandine in terram decidit. Rēx igitur, quod parvam
casam inter arbores videt, tempestātis perfugium petit.
Tum ubi is graviter incūsābat indoctōs illōs astrologōs,
"Nulla tamen tempestas," respondit agricola cuius
casa erat, “mē incautum excipit; semper enim meus
asinus, qui frūgēs horti ad forum portare solet, vōce
raucā imbrem mihi praedicit." "Nimirum," cum rīsū
respondit rex, "si tuus asinus tam bonus astrologus
est, meōs astrologōs posthac in numerō asinōrum
habēbō."
76. A Practical Joke.
Rex quídam Britannōrum quattuor habebat filiōs,
qui, quod inter se saepe dissidebant, patris animum
graviter vexābant. Ex his māximus nātū, cui nōmen
erat Robertus, iuvenis ferōx et iracundus, saepe per
lūdibrium ā fratribus exercēbātur. Hi ōlim, quí in
superiore parte aedium forte fuerunt, Robertum, dum
in hortō ambulat, improbō animō observābant. Mox
iuvenis imprōvidus sub ipsam fenestram, quã frātrēs
despiciebant, gressum dīrēxit. Tum pueri malignī, ut
prīmum occasiō data est, in caput fratris incautī am-
phoram aquae plēnam effuderunt. At Robertus īrā
caecă gladium stringit, inque fratres impetum facit.
56
TRANSLATIONS.
Hi autem perterriti in penetralia rēgis perfūgērunt.
Rex igitur, qui iunioribus semper favēbat, Robertum
in exsilium relēgāvit.
77. How to please Everybody!
وو
Senex quidam, qui asinum vendere voluit, cum filiō
eum ad urbem dūcēbat. Mox occurrunt chorō virgi-
num, quae dōna ad templum Minervae portabant.
"Hercle," inquit ex his maxima nātū, "numquid
potest esse stultius illis, qui pedibus iter faciunt, nec
asino vehuntur?" Hoc ubi audivit senex, filium
asinum conscendere iussit, et ipse alacri gressū iter
pergebat. Nōn procul ab eō locō aliquí senēs ser-
mōnem inter sẽ serēbant. Tum ūnus, "Eheu," inquit,
"quantum tempora mutantur! Ubi nunc est ille
senectutis proprius honor? děsilī ex asino, puer impu-
dēns, et patrī cēde." Inde iuvenis, quem pudor facti
iam movet, celeriter id quod sibi imperātum est facit,
senexque invicem asinum cōnscendit.
78. How to please Everybody! (continued).
Forte via secundum flūmen dūcēbat, in quō duae
feminae vestēs lavabant. Hae ubi viātōrēs vident,
ūnā vōce crūdēlitātem patris, filique dūrum labōrem
plōrant. Senex igitur, qui omnibus placere vult, pue-
rum post sẽ sedere iubet. Nec tamen ea res prōsperē
ēvenit, quod alius viator iis occurrit. "O impuden-
tiam nefandam!" inquit, "facilius potestis asinum
ipsī vehere, quam vōs miserum animal.”
Tum senex,
qui ne id quidem ineptum putabat, postquam crūra
asinī fūnibus ad magnum contum vinxerat, novum
TRANSLATIONS.
57
onus cum maximō labōre in suōs filique humerōs sub-
levavit. At asinus, cui haec minimē placebant, dum
ponte flūmen transmittunt, subitō nisū vincula rumpit,
et in aquam praecipitatur.
79. The Hedgehog.
Apud Indōs multī sunt serpentēs, quī inter sē māg-
nitudine et specie longe dissimilēs sunt; alii enim
tōtās bovēs dēvorare solent; alii, qui unum modo
pedem longi sunt, vulnus tamen mortiferum dare pos-
sunt. Iudex quidam, qui in illis regionibus habitabat,
dum mane soleas induit, alterō pede levi pūnctō vul-
nerātur. Extemplō is, homo promptissimus, pede
pulsāvit humum, et suo pondere anguem parvum, quí
in solea latuerat, oppressit. Paucis post diebus servus
eiusdem iudicis, dum calceōs induit, punctum haud ita
magnum ipse sentit. Statim iūdicis factī memor,
quam māximā vī īn terram pedem incussit. Inde
acutō dolōre furiosus calceōs exuit, invenitque haud
serpentem quidem sed echīnum.
80. Bide your Time.
Fidō, parvus canis, qui dominum quam māximē amā-
bat, quod nullo modō amōrem praestare poterat, saepe
suum casum dolebat. Tandem Rollōnī, māgnō canī,
rem ita indicavit, "Ō fortunate canis ! quot modis
nostrō dominō prōdes; tū domum custōdīs; fūrēs ā
līmine, lupōs ab ovīlī arces; ego autem nihil facere
possum." "At," respondit Rollō sapiens, "in officiō
manē; sine dubio occasionem tibi dabit fortuna."
Paucis post diēbus, dum dominus noctu dormit, Fido,
58
DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.
quí haud procul humī iacebat, aspexit latronem, qui
clam domum intraverat. Protinus lātrātū dominum
ē somnō excitavit, et suā vigilantia eum ē perīculō
ĕripuit.
DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.
§ 28. The Verbs (rogō, doceō, etc.) which make
sense with an Accusative either of the Person or
of the Thing, sometimes use both at once. This
is called DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.
Ex. 16.
1. Iam dudum te doceō.
2. Zēnō philosophiam docuit.
3. Te philosophiam docebo.
(1) With some Verbs the Accusative of the Thing is
generally expressed by the Present Infinitive.
4. Docēbō tē tacere.
5. Quis te vetuit canere.
6. Omnes discēdere iūssit.
7. Cimbrōs prohibuerunt suōs fīnēs vāstāre.
(2) If converted into the Passive –
Accusative of Person becomes Nominative.
Accusative of Thing remains.
Magister docet puerum litterās.
8.
Puer docetur litteras a magistrō.
9.
Patres consulem exercitum scribere iūssērunt.
Consul à patribus exercitum scribere iūssus est.
QUALITY.
59
QUALITY.
§ 29. A QUALITY is something peculiar in a
man which distinguishes him from others.
A man with a beard.
In English Quality is expressed-
By an Adjective.
A talented man.
By a Genitive.
A man of talents.
By an Ablative.
A man without talent.
In Latin, if the Genitive or Ablative is used, an
epithet must always be put in.
1. Vir ingeniosus.
2. Vir summi ingenī.
3. Vir nullo ingeniō.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
The following ten pieces require a knowledge
of-
(a) Infinitive Passive of the Four Conjugations.
(b) Also Ferō, Frō, Eō.
81. The Inexhaustible Purse.
Die Dianae sacrō duo advenae sordida veste et specie
humilī, cibum petebant ab Ephesiīs, qui templum deae
60
TRANSLATIONS.
celebrabant. Ubi ex tot divitibus nēmō precēs audire
voluit, piscātōrem pauperem, qui astābat, auxilium
rogāvērunt. "At," respondit ille, "est mihi nec cibus
nec argentum domí, quod continuae tempestātēs piscēs
ā nostrīs ōrīs iam dūdum dēpellunt. Si tamen mēcum
venīre vultis, hanc noctem sub meō tēctō requiescere
poteritis." Inde advenās, qui laeti beneficium accipi-
unt, domum ad uxorem dūcit. Illa autem maesta, quod
dīgnō hospitiō advenās nōn potest accipere, loculōs
vacuōs, inopiae signum, ostendit. Subito ad terram
décidunt assés duo. Piscator miraculo attonitus vi-
num cibumque emit; nec posthac dūram paupertā-
tem ferebat, numquam enim loculis deërant dīvīnī
assés.
82. The Golden Loaf.
Lydon, agricola pauper sed probus, aliquando cum
filiō edebat parvum panem, quem tōtīus diēī mercēde
vix émerat. Dum puer dentibus suam partem panis
frangit, complūrēs nummi aurei, qui in cibo occulti
erant, in gremium eius deciderunt. Hoc ubi videt
puer, "Accipe," inquit laetā vōce, "pater, hōs nummōs,
quōs deus aliquis tibi, paupertatis remedium, tribuit."
"Minimē, carissime," respondit pater, "pecuniam
potius reddēmus pistōrī, qui, dum panem coquit, pecu-
niam cum farīnā nescio quō cāsū mīscuit." Sine morā
ambō ad pistōrem properant remque narrant. Tum
ille, "Macte virtüte, Lydōn; fortunam quam bene
meruisti carpe; hunc enim panem iūssū rēgis eī quem
invēnī probissimum libenter dō."
TRANSLATIONS.
61
83. Hospitality.
Multa audivimus dē lūxū dīvitiisque eōrum sacerdō-
tum qui sacris Cereris praeërant. Ex his unus, cui
nōmen erat Lycus, quamquam modicās modo dīvitiās
habebat, omnes alios benīgnitāte et liberālitāte supera-
bat. Hic enim, qui cotidie cibum semel edebat, sem-
per ad frugālem cēnam bīnōs pauperes vocabat. Ali-
quando dum cum duobus pauperibus cēnāre incipit,
tertius hospes, quem ipse nōn vocāverat, domum
intrāvit. Tum Lycus, quod cēna quattuor convīvīs
nōn suppetebat, suum lectum advenae concessit.
(Rōmānī enim, dum cēnant, in lectis semper iacē-
bant.) "Tu," inquit, "hodie cēnā; equidem herī
cēnāvī; crās quoque, sī dīs ita placet, cēnābō."
84. Honesty is the Best Policy.
Padius, agricola probus, qui multō labōre aliquid
argenti conlegerat, vaccam tandem emit, cuius lacte et
sēsē et liberōs alebat. Complūrēs mēnsēs satis pābuli
praebebat prātum haud ita māgnum; at media aestate,
quod totus ager ārdōre sōlis torrēbātur, illa fame
miserē pressa est. Hōc ubi sēnsit Padius, quod acer-
rimō dolōre perturbatus est, ad horreum divitis colōnī,
quí non procul habitābat, noctu accessit. Hic post-
quam humerōs māgnō fēnī pondere onerāvit, subitō
suae virtūtis memor pābulum his verbis ad terram
dēiēcit; "Magna est proḥitās, nec malō fūrtō vaccam
servare volō." Postrīdie colōnus, quem nec factum
nec verba Padi fefellerant, dōnum ad eum mīsit tantum
fēnī, quantum plaustro vehi poterat, cum epistulă, in
62
TRANSLATIONS.
qua haec scripta erant; "Magna vērō est probitās,
equidem tamen tuam vaccam servāre volō.”
85. The Bearskin.
Vēnātor quidam, cui nihil erat argenti, Capuam ad
mercātōrem īvit. "Visne," inquit, "emere ursae pel-
lem praestantissimam ?" "Maximē," respondit ille.
Cui vēnātor, "Hodie quidem eam tibi adferre nōn
possum, quod nondum ursam interfēcī, at paucis
diebus cum pelle redibō." Mercator tamen, quí num-
quam silvās vīderat, non modo ei multum argenti
dedit, sed etiam ipse cum vēnātōre ad locum īre cōn-
stituit. Ubi ad silvam vēnērunt, mox ipsam vīdērunt
ursam, quae tardō gressū ad eōs incēdēbat.
Tum per-
territus arborem ascendit mercator; at comes infelix,
qui fugere non poterat, quod armis impeditus est, prō-
iecit se in terram, mortemque simulavit. Ursae enim,
etsī hominēs vīvōs māximā vī oppugnare solent, cadā-
vera tangere nōlunt. Itaque ursa postquam nāsum
corporī ēius admōverat, raucō cum fremitū discēssit.
86. Self-Restraint.
Voluērunt ōlim animālia novum creare rēgem, quod
leo, qui rēgnum antea obtinuerat, ā vēnātōre quodam
occisus erat. Itaque certō diē sīmius, cūius ioca cēterīs
magnō opere placebant, suffragiis omnium rex creatus
est. Vulpes tamen, cui simi nova dignitas minimē
grāta fuit, rēgem submovēre constituit. "Venī mē-
cum," inquit, "rex magne, invēni enim sub antiqua
quercu multum argenti, quod iūre rēgum tibi proprium
est." Sīmius statim iussit eam ad locum se ducere,
TRANSLATIONS.
63
L
inciditque in plagās, quās vulpēs parāverat. Tum illa
cum rīsū, “Quō modo tū potes,” inquit, "aliōs regere,
qui në të ipsum quidem regere potes?
وو
87. A Promising Pupil.
Medicus quidam glōriōsus, quī māximā paupertāte
premēbātur, omnium animōs in sẽ convertere voluit.
Is igitur dum per urbem album asinum ducit, māgnā
vōce clamitabat, "Hunc quem vidētis asinum, cīvēs,
litteras Latinas docere possum." Tum rex, cuī id
nuntiatum est, postquam hominem ad sẽ arcessīvit,
eum rem statim perficere iussit. Is vērō operam
libenter suscipit, sed moram decem annōrum postulat.
Posterō die ūnus ex amīcīs medicum ita admonuit;
"Fuge, O stultissime, ex hac regione, tu enim capitis
certē damnāberis, quod rem quae fieri non potest
suscēpistī." At ille, "Bonō es animo, amīce; nam
decem annis aut ego aut rēx aut asinus occiderimus."
88. The Saracen's Head.
Ricardo, Britannōrum rēgī, nōn modo cor sed etiam
venter erat leōnis, si id vērum est quod Sarracēnī dē
eō referunt. Is enim postquam totius diei spatium
cum hostibus pūgnāverat, tandem fessus cibum postu-
lavit. Tum servi, quod nihil cibi iam reliquum erat,
nec rēgis mandāta dētrectare audēbant, ex captīvis
pinguissimum coxerunt, dapésque novas locō aprī
fessō apposuerunt dominō. Inde rex, quí cibō quam
māximē dēlectābātur, caput animālis adferrī iūssit.
Mox ubi servi perterriti mandāta perfecerunt, ille
64
TRANSLATIONS.
ingenti cum rīsū, "Certē,” inquit, "numquam nōbīs
commeātūs deërunt, si carnem hostium ita edere pos-
sumus."
89. Town versus Country.
Urbānus mūs, quī rūs ad frātrem īverat, cibum rūs-
ticum aegrē tulit atque edere nōluit. "Sī vīs,” inquit,
"domum mēcum redire, sexcentās dēlicias habēbis."
Itaque illi, postquam totius diēī iter fēcērunt, mediā
nocte parietem splendidi aedifici rīmā angustă ineunt.
Tum mūs urbānus māgnificās dapes adfert, et rusticum
in lectō purpureō locat. At subitō ingēns auditur clā-
mor; panduntur portae; inruunt decem servi nigerrimi.
Fugit perterritus mūs uterque, et vix in perfugium sē
recipit. Deinde rusticus, "Sõlus," inquit, "vitam
urbānam carpe; ego certē salūtem et glandēs meās
mālō."
90. Counting her Chickens.
Phyllis, ancilla quaedam, mulctrārium novi lactis
plēnum Nōlam ferebat. Dum iter facit, suas opēs ita
numerabat. "Certe," inquit, "ubi lac vendiderō, ōva
complura poterō emere. Nōnne ex ōvis gignuntur
pulli? ex pullis argentum? Tum suem emere in
animō est, quae brevi porculōs multōs mihi pariet.
Inde erit mihi vacca; nec multo post vitulus fuscō
colōre, oculis pulcherrimis. Quanta laetitia vitulum,
dum saltat in prātīs, aspiciam!" Haec ubi dixit, prae
gaudio saltavit ipsa, quo subitō mōtū lāc omne ūnā
cum dīvitiarum spē effusum est.
PARTICIPLES.
65
PARTICIPLES.
§ 30. Participles are partly ADJECTIVE, partly
VERB.
N.B. Adjectives-
-
(1) Do not necessarily tell you anything fresh, but only
serve to distinguish the Substantive they qualify.
Lend me your new coat.
(2) Tell you something fresh, and are the most impor-
tant words in the sentence.
I lent you my coat new, and you ruined it.
Participles belong properly to this latter class.
Thus they may often be translated by a Relative
Clause, or by an Adverbial Clause, introduced by
the Conjunctions when, while, because, etc.
1. Vidi meum filium saltantem.
I saw my son
dancing.
2. Vidi latrōnem
while he was dancing.
gladiō armātum.
I have seen a robber· { armed with a sword.
who was armed, etc.
3. Hostēs victi pacem petiērunt.
The enemy,{conquered, sought for peace.
when they had been conquered, etc.
4. Milites armis impediti fugere non potuerunt.
The soldiers, { hampered with their arms, could not flee.
because they were hampered, etc.
5. Flūmen transitūrōs equites oppresserunt.
The cavalry surprised them {
about to cross the river.
as they were on the point, etc.
N.B.-Remember that the Past Participle is Passive, and
do not translate it by having.
66
PRICE AND VALUE.
PRICE AND VALUE.
§ 31. Fixed Value is expressed by the Ablative.
Unfixed Value is expressed by the Genitive.
Ex. 17.
1. Parvi hostes habet.
He thinks the enemy of little importance.
2. Emit hortōs ducentis minīs.
He bought the gardens for two hundred minae.
3. Vendidi alterum equum talentō, alterum plūris.
I sold one horse for a talent, the other for more.
Quanti aestimas agrum ?
4.
At what price do you value the field ?
Quinque talentis.
(At) five talents.
§ 32. The Relative is often used in Latin after
a full stop.
This does not make the sentence
Adjectival, but simply serves to connect it with
what has gone before.
Rule 11. After a full stop do not translate the
Relative by who or which, but by the Demonstra-
tives he, this, etc., with or without a Conjunction.
1. Quod ubi sēnsit.
(And) when he perceived this.
2. Cui respondit senex.
(But) the old man answered him.
TRANSLATIONS.
67
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
91. The Bloodhound.
Robertus, Scōtōrum rex, vir et armis et virtute
insignis, bellum cum Britannīs nōn prōsperē prīmō
gerebat. Erant enim in castrīs hostium complūrēs
Scōti, qui ob privātam invidiam Britannīs auxilium
praebebant. Ex his ūnus constituit rēgem capere per
canem fidelissimum, quem ipse dōnum ab eō acceperat.
Robertus forte maiōribus hostium cōpiīs circumdatus
suōs fugae causā in omnēs partēs discēdere iūsserat;
ipse tamen cum unō comite sē in silvās abdidit. At
hostēs cane ductī rēgis perfugium facile invēnērunt.
Hic autem latrātū canis admonitus per alveum flūmi-
nis duo mīlia passuum ambulavit; quo consiliō saevōs
hostēs ēlūsit. Canis enim, qui vestīgia dominī terrā
cognoscere poterat, aqua omnino falsus est.
92. The Bloodhound (continued).
Postquam duas hōrās in silvā dēnsissimā errāve-
rant, tandem rex comesque fidēlis tribus virīs armātīs
specie feroci obviam īvērunt. Rex tamen, etsī hōs in
suspiciōne habuit, fame confectus hospitium datum
nōn abnuit. Inde ductus ad casam, quae haud procul
aberat, benignē acceptus est à latronibus, qui tōtam
ovem coxērunt, magnamque partem advenis dederunt.
Post cēnam Robertus longō labōre défessus somnō
sēsē dedit. Comes tamen, qui à rege vigilāre iussus
erat, gravi somno oppressus officium ōmīsit. Tum
latrōnēs, qui ipsī somnum simulaverant, furtim petē-
bant eam partem casae qua hospitēs dormiēbant.
68
TRANSLATIONS.
93. The Bloodhound (continued).
Rex tamen, qui leviter dormiēbat, somnō excitātus
a lectō prōsiluit et postquam comitem suscitavit,
gladium dēstrinxit. Atrox inde certamen factum est,
rēx enim gladiō ūnum ē latrōnibus transfixit; at
comes infēlīx subitō impetū perturbātus ā latrōnibus
interfectus est. Tum rēx īrā et dolōre incensus quod
gladium ē corpore latrōnis interfectī dētrahere nōn
poterat, face ardenti, quam ē foco conripuerat, alterius
latrōnis caput elisit. Quod ubi videt tertius, morte
comitum perterritus fugam tentāvit. Nec tamen ē
periculō ēvasit, rex enim iam armatus gladio quō
occisum latrōnem spoliaverat, hostem fugientem mor-
tālī vulnere confecit.
ēlīsit.
94. A Lover Lost.
Galli, qui audaciam māximī aestimābant, ferārum cer-
tāminibus multum delectabantur. Aliquandō rēx cum
māgnā catervā nōbilium mulierumque clārārum lūdōs
sollemnes aspiciebat. Quaedam ex his, quae spōnsī
fortitudinem tentāre voluit, aureum torquem dēiēcit in
mediam arēnam, quã leō ingēns cum duobus tigribus
certamen acerrimum agebat. "Tu quidem," inquit,
"si quid in te residet amōris ergā mē, torquem mihi
ē ferīs ēripe." Statim iuvenis his verbis accēnsus in
arēnam sẽ praecipitāvit; saltū alacrī torquem rapuit;
tūtus cum praemiō rediit. Tum ille, dum omnes fac-
tum plaudunt, cum rīsū ad pedēs virginis crūdēlis
torquem prōiecit. "Tu quidem," inquit, "meam vītam
minimī habuistī; ego tuum amōrem.”
TRANSLATIONS.
69
95. How to get rid of a Wife.
121
Fulvius quidam, cui uxor erat difficilis, quod eam vī
interficere non audebat, fraudem adhibere constituit.
Mulierem igitur ad rīpam flūminis, quod per ipsum
hortum fluebat, duxit. Quō ubi advenit, "Mihi,"
inquit, "in animō est ē vītā discēdere. Tū igitur, ut
uxor fidelis, extrēmīs virī mandātīs pārē.” Uxor
incauta fidem dat. "Ergō," inquit Fulvius, "manūs
mihi post tergum hoc füne vinci, meque in flūmen
deice." Tum ea, etsi rem crēdere vix potuit, quod
nōluit fidem datam violāre, manūs ēius cōnstrinxit, et
māximō nīsū eum in aquam propellere parāvit. At
Fulvius subitō mōtū corporis perīculum ēlūsit, mulier-
que imprōvida suō impetu in aquam praeceps deicitur.
Inde miseris precibus auxilium ōrantī respondit ille;
"Volo equidem te iuvare; quod tamen meas manūs
vinxistī, nullo modo possum."
96. A Stern Example.
Dux quidam, qui cum Gallīs bellum gerēbat, quod
voluit cīvēs ab omni iniuria defendere, poenis gravis-
simis suōs rapīnīs prohibebat. Olim dum cum lēgātīs
cēnat, in praetorium ducti sunt tres viri, in fürtō
manifesto deprehensi. Tum dux, qui magnitudine
poenae reliquōs deterrere voluit, iussit fūrēs īlicō dē
māgnā quercū, quae nōn multum aberat, suspendi.
Posterō die dum in itinere agmen locum praeterit, ante
oculōs omnium tria cadavera militārī pallio vestīta
ex arbore pendebant. Quō exemplō territī mīlitēs in
posterum ab omni genere rapīnae abstinebant. Id
70
TRANSLATIONS.
tamen exemplum salubrius quam crūdēlius fuit; dux
enim misericordia commōtus suspenderat haud fūrēs
quidem, sed cadavera trium militum, qui prīdiē morbō
absumpti erant.
97. The Guards Outwitted.
Henricus, rex Britannōrum, qui cum civibus turbu-
lentis bellum gerebat, filium suum equitatui praefēce-
rat. Hic tamen, iuvenis acer, quod equitibus hostium
effūsīs audācius īnstiterat, tandem captus est ab hosti-
bus. Victōrēs autem, qui captīvō volebant indulgere,
eum sinēbant cotīliē cum paucīs custōdibus in equō
vehi. Aliquando custōdēs iūssū principis inter sẽ
cursu equōrum contendebant. Tandem postquam equi
omnium cursu et labōre confecti sunt, princeps, qui
ā certamine de industria abstinebat, "En," inquit,
"vōbīs novum certamen prōpōnō." Cum his verbis
equum integrum incitavit, celeriterque ẽ cōnspectū
hostium fessōrum ad amicos vectus est.
98. A Foul.
Romānus ōlim cum duobus Graecis cursu conten-
debat. Ubi sīgnum datum est, omnēs pariter ē
carceribus ēvolant. Mox tamen unus ē Graecis, qui
celeritate pedum praestantior fuit, ceterōs superabat.
Huic modicō intervallō insistēbat Rōmānus, quem
acerrimō cursū urget Graecus alter. Iamque ubi sub
ipsum finem adveniebant, prīmus Graecorum, qui
victoriam prō certō habuit, minus cautē currebat.
Ille autem lubricō grāmine falsus praeceps décidit.
Tum quod ipse praemium reportare non potuit, amīcī
TRANSLATIONS.
71
haud immemor sēsē opposuit Rōmānō praetereuntī,
qui invicem ad terram prōvolūtus est. Itaque Graecus
alter vōce omnium victōr est appellatus.
99. A Disguised Monarch.
Iacobus, rex Scōtōrum, vir gloriae militāris avidus,
saepe sine ullō comite errabat, veste suae fortūnae
dissimilī indutus. Olim dum per quandam silvam iter
facit, de imprōvīsō ā tribus latronibus oppressus in
maximum capitis periculum adductus est. At rūsticus
quidam, qui ad clangōrem armōrum occurrerat, secūrī
armātus rēgī vulneribus et labōre paene cōnfectō
auxilium attulit, fugavitque latrōnēs. Tum ubi rūs-
ticus pro tanto beneficio praemium accipere nōluit,
rēx "Saltem,” inquit, “redī mēcum ad urbem, quā
tē dignō accipiam hospitio, quod ipse apud rēgem
habitō."
100. Which is the King?
Rusticus, qui rēgem videre valdē cupiebat, laetus
cum hospite īgnōtō ad rēgiam iter fecit. Post cēnam
rēx “Sī vīs” inquit, “mēcum in alteram partem aedium
īre, et rēgem et nobiles complūrēs tibi ostendam."
"Maximē," respondit rusticus, "sed quo modo rēgem
cognoscere poterō?" "Facile," respondit ille, "nam
cēterī sant capite nūdātō, rex autem sõlus capite
opertō manet." Inde splendidum ineunt atrium, ubi
astant viri complūrēs, ostrō insignes et aurō. Frūstrā
rūsticus oculis rēgem per totum coetum exquirit.
Tandem ad comitem versus ; "Ex nōbīs," inquit,
"alter rēx necessariō est, nam sōlī ex tantō coetū
capite sūmus opertō."
72
DEPONENT VERBS.
DEPONENT VERBS.
§ 33. DEPONENT VERBS are Passive in form
but Active in meaning.
Morior, I die.
Queror, I complain.
(i.) The Present and Future Participles are Active in form
as well as meaning.
Querens,
complaining.
Questūrus, about to complain.
(ii.) The Past Participle of Deponent Verbs is Active in
meaning, and may therefore be translated by having.
Questus, having complained.
FUNGOR, FRUOR, ETC.
The Verbs fungor, fruor, utor, vescor, potior, are
used with the Ablative Case instead of the Accu-
sative.
These are probably old Middle Verbs, and can be explained
thus
-
Fungor labōre, I perform my work (lit. I busy myself with work).
Vescor pōmis, I eat apples (lit. I fill myself with apples), etc.
The Ablative also follows
the Adjectives dignus (worthy), indīgnus (un-
worthy);
the Substantives opus (need) and ūsus (use).
TRANSLATIONS.
73
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
101. The Trumpeter and the Hyenas.
Inveniuntur in Africa ferae plurimae ac saevissimae,
quae noctu vagātae bovēs armentaque rapiunt, ali-
quando etiam hominēs adoriuntur. Olim dum Britanni
cum Āfris bellum gerunt, tubicen quidam vinō et
sopōre oppressus extrā vallum incautus dormiēbat.
Celeriter ad locum convēnērunt complūrēs hyaenae
fame ad castra adductae hominemque pro mortuō ad
silvās, quae haud procul aberant, trāxērunt. Ubi iam
dapēs inceptūrae sunt, tubicen subitō ē somnō exper-
rectus fecit id quod optimum erat prō tantō periculō,
nam labra tubae adhibēns clangōrem quam māximum
ēdidit. Quo strepitu perterritae hyaenae diffūgērunt,
hominemque integrum quidem sed terrōre semianimem
reliquerunt.
102. The Lost Child.
In Africa procul ab ullō oppidō habitavit agricola
quidam, cui erant undecim līberī. Ex his maximus
nātū ovēs in montibus custōdiēbat, cēterī tamen labōrī
adhuc inūtilēs tōtum diem in agrīs lūdēbant. Ali-
quando minimus, puer quattuor annōs nātus, invenīrī
non poterat, nec post quartam diei hōram a fratribus
conspectus erat. Postquam eum ubique quaesīvērunt
et per aedes et agrōs finitimōs, tandem parentēs auxi-
lium ab vicinis amicisque petierunt. Una cum his
silvās, ferarum latebras, explōrāvērunt. Vīcīnī quidem
sub vesperum vānō labōre fessī domum discēssērunt,
at parentēs miserī ferārum oblītī tōtam per noctem
in silvīs manebant.
74
TRANSLATIONS.
103. The Lost Child (continued).
Prīmā lūce vīcīnī regressi, postquam magnam diễï
partem puerum frustra quaesīverant, domum, ut anteā,
discesserunt. Forte illō die Afer vēnātor, agricolae
bene nōtus, qui a locō distanti iter faciebat, ad fundum
pervenit. Nēminem tamen intrā domum invēnit prae-
ter anum caecam, quae prae senectute aliōs ad silvās
sequi non potuerat. Quam rem mīrātus causam ex
ipsă petiit. Inde de periculo infantis certior factus
parentēs advocārī iūssit. Tum pallium puerī suō canī
ostendit. Hic autem vestem odōrātus eōs ad densiō-
rem silvam adduxit, ubi sub antīqua quercū puerum
placide dormientem invēnērunt.
104. Dumb Show.
Admētus, vir pauper sed idem acri ingenio praeditus,
quod nihil cibi duōbus diebus gustaverat, fame deperī-
bat. Tertio autem die dum aedēs splendidas praeterit,
ā portae custōde aliquid cibi petiit. Hic autem homi-
nis miseritus iussit eum domum ingredi, atque ab ipsō
domino cibum petere. Admētus id quod imperātum
est facit, dominumque in atrio sedentem invenit.
Qui ubi rem cognovit, "Agite," inquit, "servi, aquam
quam celerrimē adferte." Deinde paulisper morātus
etsī appārēbant nec servi nec aqua, manūs lavantis
gestum imitātus est. Admētus etsī rē satis attonitus
est, tamen quod noluit dominum offendere, idem fecit.
Deinde dominus servōs prīmam cēnam appōnere ius-
sit, et tamquam vērās dapēs et ipse edit et hospitī
praebet.
TRANSLATIONS.
75
105. Dumb Show (continued).
Postquam eodem modō simulātās dapēs ab ōvō
usque ad māla dēvorāvērunt, Admētus iam ab omnī
spē cibī dēiectus, "Siste," inquit, "labōrem, satis enim
ēdī, ultra nec possum nec volō." Cui dominus, "At,
sī nōn edere, certe aliquid bibere potes." Simul,
"Agite," inquit, "servi, adferte mihi illud vinum,
quod cadō avus noster Plancus condidit." Deinde, ut
antea, postquam visus erat vinum effundere in fictum
poculum, id amīcō tradidit. Hic autem persōnam
etiam melius sustinuit; primum enim ad lucem pōcu-
lum sustulit, deinde vīnī odōrem nāribus captavit,
postrēmō absorbēre visus est. Quid multa? Post-
quam saepius vīnum biberat, ebrium simulāns, crura et
bracchia iactare incipit; denique, tamquam cāsū, caput
hospitis iocōsī īctū gravissimō pulsāvit. Inde dum
ille humi iacet saucius, hic foras sēsē ēripuit.
106. A Hard Bargain.
Agricola quidam, vir dīves atque idem avārus, dum
per agrōs errat, opēs dīvitiasque secum considerabat.
Segetés quidem aristīs, pōmīs arborēs oneratae sunt,
stabula autem bōbus pinguibus iumentisque abunda-
bant. Ex agris domum regressus, postquam aedēs
intrāvit, arcam, ubi nummi conditi sunt, avidīs oculis
contemplābātur. Subito vōcem audivit dicentis:
"Num aurō divitiisque bene usus es?" "Umquamne
pauperes egēnōsque cūrāvistī?" Qua vōce attonitus
dum vitam praeteritam recenset, occurrit pauper qui-
dam, et aliquid argenti ab eo petiit. "Id tibi libenter
76
TRANSLATIONS.
dabō," respondit ille, "sī volēs meum sepulcrum dies
noctesque tres custōdīre." Quibus verbis pecuniam
alterī tradidit, et statim ē vītā discēssit.
107. A Hard Bargain (continued).
Inde pauper iūstīs funebribus perfunctus, quod
fidem datam violāre nōluit, per duas noctes sepulcrum
agricolae custōdiēbat. Tertiā tamen nocte Mors ipsa
appăruit fūnebrī veste indūta, et corpus sibi trādī
iussit. Is autem, etsi capilli prae metū horruērunt,
prōmissi nōn oblitus Mortem ita adlocutus est. "Equi-
dem, Mors, hoc cadaver tibi concēdam; repetō tamen
prō tālī mūnere tantum auri quantum ex meīs cothur-
nīs alterum complēverit." Mors non respuit condi-
ciōnem. Inde dum haec pecuniam arcessit, ille cultrō
imum cothurnum perforat. Haud ita multō post
Mors regressa nummōrum saccum, quem reportavit,
in cothurnum effūdit. Mīrāta quod cothurnus nōndum
complētus est, alterum saccum priōre mãiōrem arcessi-
vit. Tandem postquam nē hic quidem cothurnum
complĕre valuit, dum tertium saccum arcessit, sōle
oriente excepta necessáriō fugere coācta est.
108. Who killed the Cock?
Anus quaedam, quae haud procul Tarento ab urbe
habitavit, suās ancillās ad galli cantum ē somnō exci-
tāre solebat. Hae igitur quod ā prīmā lūce usque ad
occasum sōlis labōrem sustinere coactae sunt, gallum
malōrum causam occidere cōnstituerunt. Posterō igi.
tur die sub vesperum, dum altera pedēs gallī utraque
manu retinet aversata, altera, quae paulo audacior fuit,
TRANSLATIONS.
77
caput avis īnfēlīcis secūrī percussit. Id tamen longē
aliter ēvēnit ac putabant. Postquam enim gallus inter-
fectus erat, anus, quae ad id tempus cantum eius
patienter exspectare solebat, ancillas nunc media
nocte, nunc prīmā lūce, semper tamen mātūrius quam
antea, ē somnō excitavit. Ancillae igitur, quae ita sẽ
fefellerant, prō tanto facinore dignas poenas persolvē-
runt.
109. An Impartial Judge.
Duo ōlim viātōrēs, dum haud procul Bãiīs iter per
ōram maritimam faciunt, conchylium ingēns, quod in
rūpe quadam haerebat, conspexērunt. Quod ubi cōn-
spectum est, uterque eōrum, tamquam dīvīnitus obla-
tum, edere ipse voluit. Deinde alter, qui prīmus ad
locum advenerat, avide conchylium a rūpe avellit,
alter autem amicum graviter increpuit. "Ego enim,"
inquit, "etsī paulō tardior advēnī, prior tamen id
vīdi." Dum ita inter se rixantur, occurrit quidam
nōmine utrique nōtus. Ad eum ambō rem reiēcērunt.
Hic autem tōtam causam patienter audivit; deinde,
postquam fronte tranquilla conchylium patefecerat,
devoravit ipse. Inde ad amicōs versus utrique alteram
concham tradidit his verbis, "Nihil iucundius umquam
ēdī; cum bonā pāce abīte.”
110. Inattention rebuked.
Dēmosthenēs, ille ōrātor clarissimus, quod rēs pūb-
lica in summum discrimen adducta est per consilia
Philippi, Macedonum rēgis, Athēniēnsēs de periculō
quod imminebat saepe monebat. Postquam diutius
mōre suō cīvēs hortatus est, mīrātus quod surdīs auri-
78
GERUNDS AND SUPINES.
bus verba faciebat, subitō vōcem mūtāvit.
"Cerēs
ōlim," inquit, "ūnā cum hirūndine et angue itineris
comitibus profecta, ad altum pervenit flumen, quod
trānāvit anguis, hirundō autem pennis transvolāvit."
Hic ubi ōrātor subitō sermōnem interrupit, "At Cerēs
ipsa quo modo traiecta est?" excēpērunt cīvēs. Tum
ille vultū sevērō, "Numquid võbīs stultius esse potest,
Athēniēnsēs, qui ita dēlectāminī fābulīs, quibus auctō-
ritatem quidem nullam adiungere dēbēmus, Philippum
tamen, qui exitium cīvitātī minātur, nihilī habētis?"
GERUNDS AND SUPINES.
§ 34. GERUNDS and SUPINES are used to make
up the Cases of the Verb-Noun Infinitive.
Amare, loving; amandi, of loving; amandō, to or by loving.
Thus the Gerunds are used like the Genitive,
Dative, and Ablative, of ordinary Nouns.
1. Amor bibendi.
Love of drinking.
2. Pārendō artem rēgnandi discimus.
By obeying we learn the art of ruling.
N.B.- Only Intransitive Verbs as a rule use Gerunds,
which are declined in Case, but not in Gender or Number.
Transitive Verbs use an Adjectival form called the GERUN-
DIVE, which agrees with its Noun in Number, Gender, and
Case.
1. Belgae vixerunt piscibus edendis.
The Belgae supported life by eating fish.
2. Profectus est cum duabus legiōnibus ad urbem expugnandam.
He started with two legions to storm the city,
TRANSLATIONS.
79
The Supines are two Noun forms of Declension
IV.
(1) Supine in um- an Accusative of Place after
Verbs of Motion.
Vēni tē visum.
I have come to see you.
ū
-
(2) Supine in an Ablative of Respect used
chiefly with Adjectives.
Mirabile dictu!
Wonderful {
to be said!
in the saying!
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
111. Too Good a Defence.
Anus quaedam, quae Capuae habitabat, pallium sibi
a nuru creditum forte sciderat. Cuius īram verita
pallium scissum inter aliquas vestēs integrās cēlāvit,
omnesque eōdem tempore suae nurui reddidit. Haec
autem, ubi fraudem perspexit, quod id pallium māximī
aestimabat, īrā commōta causam apud iūdicēs agebat.
Tum anus à iudicibus interrogata purgandi sui causă
ita respondit. "Sī aequi estis iudicēs, nullam poenam
ā mē repetētis multās ob causās; prīmum enim nūllum
pallium mihi umquam creditum est; quo modo igitur
id scindere potui? Deinde nurus mea pallium ipsa
sciderat, antequam id mihi credidit. Postrēmō id
pallium quod reddidī integrum fuit. Nōnne mē igitur
laude digniōrem quam poenā habēbitis?" Hac tamen
ōrātiōne ūsa iūdicibus nōn persuasit.
80
TRANSLATIONS.
112. Cheap Travelling.
Tīmōn Rōmānus honestīs natus parentibus, qui
patrimōnī māgnam partem ludendō devoraverat, pro-
cul ab urbe iter faciebat. Quō in itinere dum mōre
suō aleam ludit, reliqua parte pecuniae spoliatus est.
Tum is, cui nec argentum nec amicus in iis locīs manē-
bat, quod itineris impensās solvere non poterat, hōc
consiliō usus est. Pulveris aliquid, quod coegerat, in
complūrēs partēs dīvīsit, in quibus inscripserat "Venē-
num ad cōnsulēs necandōs parātum." Quās ubi vīdē-
runt agricolae, rem ad magistrātūs dētulērunt, qui
Timōnem, ut prōditōrem, ad urbem pūblicō sūmptū
quam celerrimē trāxērunt. Consulēs autem, qui venē-
num tam innocēns nōn timēbant, non modo eum ē
vinculīs līberāvērunt, sed fortunae miseriti aliquō
argenti dōnāvērunt.
113. A Traitor to his King.
Dārīus ōlim, rēx Persārum, in silvās cum māgnā nō-
bilium catervā vēnātum īverat. Subito ante oculos
omnium ūnus ex accipitribus rēgiis, qui columbam
sequebatur, ipse ab aquila, rēge avium, oppugnātus
est. Ille autem nec viribus nec māiestāte hostis per-
turbātus et rōstrō et unguibus sēsē quam fortissimē
defendebat. Tandem aquila, quod nullō modō victō-
riam reportare poterat, in fugam sese dedit. Inde réx
accipitrem ad sē ferrī iussit, capitique alitis auream
corōnam prō tanta virtute ipse imposuit. Deinde
ūnum ex iis servis qui astābant secūrī iūssit percu-
tere caput prōditōris alitis. "Hic enim," inquit, "con-
trā suum rēgem fortiter sed impie cōnflīgere ausus est."
TRANSLATIONS.
81
114. A Lesson in Good Manners.
Lūcius Celer, vir iocōsus sed avārus, qui multa ab
amīcīs accipiebat, nūllō mūnere servōs, qui dōna ferē-
bant, umquam dōnāvit. Aliquando servus quidam,
nōmine Lydōn, domum ingressus ad pedes avārī pis-
cem his verbis prōiēcit, "Hunc tibi meus dominus
mittit." "Quid tamen," respondit Celer, "tuō ingeniō
incultius esse potest? En! tibi meam sēdem con-
cēdō; mox mē imitātus tuō officiō melius fungi pot-
eris." Tum Celer humili vultū servum, qui iam ip-
sius sēdem occupabat, adgressus; "Tē," inquit, "vir
optime, meus dominus salvere iubet. Hunc piscem
omnium quōs in stagnō pāscit pinguissimum, tē ta-
men vix dignum, dōnō dat." "At," respondit Lydon,
"tuo domino gratias agō habeōque; tibi quoque prō
labōre duōs nummōs dare in animō est." Quod ubi
audit Celer, acrī ingeniō servī dēlectātus trēs nummōs
ei dedit.
115. Bonneted.
Mulieri cuidam, quae Arpīs habitābat, vās erat fer-
reum haud ita māgnum, quo cibum coquere solebat.
Für autem improbus, dum ipsa abest, domum ingres-
sus vās rapuit inque silvās ēvāsit. Qui, quod vās
grave erat nec facile portatu, capiti onus imposuit,
iterque pergebat prīmō cautius; deinde clamōre se-
quentium perterritus properandi causa currere inci-
pit. At vās subitō mōtū turbātum ē summō capite
ad humerōs lāpsum, tōtum vultum fūris obtēxit. Tum
is, quod nec diūtius viam vidēre poterat, nec ullō
modō caput extrahere ex vase, quod artissimē haerē-
82
TRANSLATIONS.
bat, cursum nōn tenuit. Itaque à sequentibus captus
manifestī dēlictī poenās exsolvit.
116. The Falcon.
Caius, nobilis quidam Hispānus, vēnandī studio com-
plūrēs canēs accipitresque domi alēbat. Mox autem
pauper factus omnes vendere coactus est praeter unum
accipitrem, quem maximē amabat. Haud procul ab
eō locō cum parvō fīliō habitābat Fulvia, fēmina dīves
et avāra, quam multōs per annōs Caius in mātrimō-
nium ducere volebat. Illa autem, etsi amanti prīmō
fāverat, pauperī nubere nōluit. Forte Fulviae filius,
accipitrem Cai iam dūdum mīrātus alitem optavit, nec
aliō dōnō placări poterat; tandem cupidine et dolōre
confectus in gravem morbum cecidit. Tum māter in-
felix Caium visere constituit avemque rogāre.
Caius ubi mulierem adeuntem videt, quod nihil iam
cibī domī habebat, nec eam nullo accipere hospitio
tolerabat, victus amore alitem carissimum interfecit,
coctumque proposuit hospiti. Haec ubi sēnsit Ful-
via, tālī amōre mītigāta Cãiō tandem nupsit.
117. The Robber's Cave.
At
Balbus agricola, qui in silvās līgna caesum īverat,
virgultis occultus magnam manum latrōnum, qui adi-
bant, vīdit. Qui dum perterritus nullum sonum ēdere
audet, dux ipse latronum altissimam rūpem adgressus
eam dextra pulsavit haec locutus, "Aperī tē, hor-
reum." Quibus verbis (mīrābile dictu!) forēs cēlātae
aperīrī vīsae sunt, antrumque ingēns patefierī. Inde
latrōnēs antrum ingressī onera, quae portabant, dē-
TRANSLATIONS.
83
posuerunt, iterumque regressī ē cōnspectū discēssē-
runt. Deinde Balbus, qui tandem ē latebris exire
ausus est, iisdem verbis ūsus, rūpem ipse pulsāvit, an-
trumque patefecit aurō complētum et argento, quod ā
viātōribus raptum latrōnēs in eō locō abdiderant. Quō
vīsū attonitus sēsē quam māximō aurī pondere onera-
vit, domumque laetus rediit.
118. Caught by the Robbers.
Balbō erat frater nomine Caius, vir dīves sed ava-
rus. Hic de fortūnā Balbī per uxōrem certior factus
fratrem carmen illud, quo antrum aperiri poterat,
dīrīs minis dīvulgare coegit. Itaque cum tribus asinīs
ad rupem profectus, verbisque magicis ūsus antrum
intravit, asinõsque aurō oneravit.
Mox autem ubi redire voluit, carminis oblītus, "Aperi
tē," inquit, "hordeum;" cui vōcī quia forēs pārēre nō-
luerunt, nec carminis ipsius meminisse poterat (tantae
enim divitiae ratiōnem animi perturbābant), ā latrōni-
bus brevi captus est. Hi postquam virum gladiis in-
terfēcērunt, corpus eius in quattuor partes dīvīsum
intrā antrum suspenderunt. Posterō autem die Bal-
bus, qui rem suspicatus locum ipse adierat, noctu
membra fratris ex antrō eripuit.
119. Two can play at that Game.
Hōc ubi cognovit dux latrōnum, suōrum callidissi-
mum rei exquirendae causă ad urbem misit. Qui
quidem dum urbem pererrat, forte occurrit sartōrī cui-
dam, qui à Balbō iūssus frātris membra disiecta acū
iunxerat (corpus enim, in quattuor partes dīvīsum,
84
TRANSLATIONS.
sepelīrī lēgēs vetabant). Hic, vir loquax, à latrōne
callide interrogātus, non modo rem omnem quaerenti
divulgavit, sed domum etiam Balbi ostendit. Inde
latrō, postquam fores crētā notaverat, ad antrum red-
iit; noctuque comites ad locum duxit. Id tamen
quod latro fecerat non effugerat Balbi ancillam, quae
cōnsilium ēius suspicata domōrum vīcīnārum forēs
eōdem modō notaverat. Latrōnēs igitur, quod inimīcī
domum cognoscere non poterant, in silvās inriti rediē-
runt.
120. The Forty Thieves.
Posterò die dux latrōnum, ad aedēs Balbi ab eōdem
sartōre ductus natūram loci oculis accuratissimē ob-
servavit. Inde vīgintī asinōs, vāsīs ingentibus onerā-
tōs paravit; quōrum ūnum quidem oleō implēvit; in
reliqua tamen singula bīnōs abdidit latrōnēs. Deinde
vesperi mercātōrem simulāns ad urbem cum asinīs
profectus est, et ā Balbō, quem prō aedibus sedentem
invenit, hospitium sibi suisque petiit. A quō benīgnē
acceptus väsa omnia in hortō disposuit, comitesque
sīgnum silentēs exspectare iussit. At ancilla eadem,
quae, dum dux latrōnum cum dominō suō cēnat, frau-
dem perspexerat, oleum ex primō vase deductum, at-
que igne tostum, latronibus, qui in reliquis vāsīs latē-
bant, iniecit omnesque ad unum suffocavit.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
85
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
§ 35. IMPERSONAL VERBS are those which can-
not have for their Nominative a Personal Pronoun
or a Substantive.
They are of two kinds-
1. Those which always have a Nominative,
but it can only be
(1) a Neuter Pronoun;
(2) an Infinitive;
(3) a Clause.
These are libet, licet, accidit, constat, etc.
1. Oportet me abīre.
I must go (lit. It behooves me to go).
2. Si illud non licet, certē hōc licebit.
If that is not lawful, at any rate this will be.
2. Those which need have no Nominative ex-
pressed.
Piget, pudet, poenitet, taedet, miseret.
N.B.—(1) The Nominative is probably in each Case the
feeling expressed by the Verb.
(Pudor) pudet me.
I am ashamed (lit. It shames me).
(2) The Passive of all Intransitive Verbs must be used
Impersonally.
1. Invidētur mihi.
I am envied.
2. Pūgnātum est acriter ab utrisque.
(The battle) was fought sharply on both sides.
86
TRANSLATIONS.
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
121. The Wonderful Island.
Mercator quidam, nōmine Sinōn, quod eum cessandi
et nihil agendī piguit, pericula maris tentāre cōn-
stituit. Nāvī igitur ad Indōs vectus primō, quod
procellae fluctus agitabant, gravi nausea oppressus
mortem optavit. Mox autem, ubi vis tempestātis
mītēscebat, morbum dépulit. Paucis post diebus, dum
apertō mari procul à portu nāvigātur, parvam insulam
nigrō colōre haud multum super aquam eminentem
nautae vident. Tum omnes ē nāve ēgressī hūc illūc
per totam insulam vagantur; tandem ignem accendere
incipiunt. Subito sub pedibus dirō sonitu insula
ēvānuit in undās, omnesque in gurgitem hausti sunt.
Mōnstrum enim marīnum, quae nautīs īnsula ob māg-
nitūdinem vīsa est, ē somnō īgne excitātum, in mare
sẽ mersit. Quō cāsū omnes nautae perierunt; Sinōn
autem magna sustentus trabe, quam forte ad īgnem
ferebat, natando ad terram īgnōtam pervenit.
122. The Diamond Valley.
Sinon quidem totum diem per loca deserta vagātus
omnī spē reditus deiectus est. At noctu dum dormit,
ad vallem altissimis montibus interclusam ingenti ave
raptus est. Tālī miraculō attonitus posterō die aliquid
etiam mīrābilius vidit; tōta enim vallis gemmis ōrnāta
est. Incolae huius terrae quod in vallem descendi
non potest, gemmās ita conligere solent. Summis dē
montibus carnem dēiciunt, quam aquilae ab īmā valle
TRANSLATIONS.
87
in nīdōs ferunt. Inde mercātōrēs māgnō clāmōre avēs
dēpellunt, gemmisque carni adhaerentibus ipsi poti-
untur. Quod ubi Sinōn cōgnōvit, postquam sēsē quam
plurimis gemmīs onerāverat, suum corpus ad carnem
adligavit, tūtusque magna aquilā ad nīdum lātus est.
Unde ad urbem propinquam facile descendit, gemmās-
que magnō pretio vendidit.
123. The Giant's Cave.
divitiis contentus
Idem Sinōn nē his quidem
Oceanum iterum tentāre cōnstituit; celerī igitur nāve
cum paucis sociis vectus ventis adversis ad terram
īgnōtam pulsus est, quam incolebant hominēs barbarī
advenis inimicissimi. Hi scaphīs nāvem adgressī Sinō-
nem sociosque duxerunt ad suum rēgem, gigantem
immānem speciē horribili, qui ūnum modo oculum in
media fronte positum habebat. Rex postquam cap-
tīvōs omnēs manu ingentī tractaverat, ex iis, quem
pinguissimum iudicavit, īgne tostum devoravit. Cēterī
tamen, quod incautē ā barbaris custodiebantur, eōdem
verū, quō comes infēlīx transfixus erat, oculum gigan-
tis dormientis transfōdērunt, et vēlis rēmīsque à terra
inhospitālī fūgērunt.
124. The Royal Sepulchre.
Haud ita multo post secundis ventis Sinōn sociïque
ad insulam fertilem et opimam vecti sunt. Quō in
locō dum Sinōn studio frugum carpendārum longius
ā nāvī errat, a sociīs infidelibus relictus est. Rex
tamen huius insulae hospitem benīgnē accepit, suam-
que filiam, virginem pulcherrimam, eī in mātrimōnium
88
TRANSLATIONS.
dedit. Id tamen minus prōsperē ēvēnit; uxor enim
Sinōnis proximō annō mortua est. Tum cīvēs, quod
dūrā lēge virōs ūnā cum uxoribus sepelire solent,
Sinōnem vivum cum uxōre mortuā fūnibus dēmittunt
in puteum profundum, quō sepulcrō rēgēs illius terrae
ūtēbantur. Huic tamen ab omnī spē salūtis interclūsō
fortūna patefecit iter. Sinōn enim fame sitīque iam
moriturus vulpem vidit, quae cadaveribus vescēbātur.
Quam per vias occultās diū secūtus parvam rīmam,
qua ipsa puteum intraverat, tandem invenit. Inde
Sinon, postquam māgnā vī nīsus lapidem ingentem
submōverat, sẽ liberavit, atque ad ōram maritimam
ēvāsit.
125. The Old Man of the Sea.
Sinōn per lītus quinque milia passuum vagātus
senem quendam in rīpā flūminis sedentem invenit.
Hic Sinonem sẽ trāns flūmen humers trānsportāre
iussit. Itaque Sinon, quem senis infirmi miseruit,
eum in humerōs sublevavit, id quod imperātum est
facturus. Senex autem, simul in loco firmiter sēdit,
cruribus collum amplexus, Sinōnem onus dépōnere
prohibuit. Tum Sinōn, quod luctārī nōn audēbat,
senex enim dīrō amplexu eum suffocabat, dominum
huc illuc per tōtum diem vehere coactus est. Nec nox
labōris finem fecit, senex enim etiam dormiēns captī-
vum artius amplectebatur. Posterō tamen diē, dum
iūssu dominī per silvam iter facit, Sinon repente caput
senis arboris rāmō, qui impendēbat, māximā vī admō-
vit. Quō ictu stupefactus senex crura laxavit, atque
ad terram moribundus cecidit.
TRANSLATIONS.
89
126. How to pick Cocoanuts.
Tālī periculō ita līberātus Sinōn dum per silvam
pedem refert, mercātōribus occurrit compluribus qui
ad nucēs carpendās ībant. Cum hīs sē iungere cōn-
stituit. Nūcēs, quae summis modo rāmīs dēpendent,
mercātōrēs haud facile carpunt, quod levis arboris
truncus ascendi non potest. Hunc tamen modum
⚫ invēnērunt. Sīmias, quae plurimae silvas colunt,
saxis vexant: quam ob rem illae īrātae nūcēs ab arbori-
bus direptās in mercātōrēs dēiciunt. Sinōn nūcibus
multis potītus mercātōrēs sīmiās ipse captāre docuit.
Iūssū ēius vāsa quaedam aquae plēna ad īmās arborēs
admōvērunt, quibus in vāsīs manūs multō cum fragōre
lavabant. Inde vasa eadem nigra pice complēvērunt,
discesseruntque e locō. Sīmiae autem homines ex
consuetudine imitatae, ubi manūs in vasa imposuerunt,
pice retentae facile captantur.
127. The Elephant's Burial-place.
Haud multum ab eo locō magnus grex elephantōrum
teneris frondibus pāscēbātur. Quo visu perterriti
cēterī in fugam sẽ dederunt, Sinōn tamen arcū armā-
tus postquam in arborem ascenderat, celeribus sagittīs
māximum ex elephantis interfecit. A mercatoribus
igitur, qui ebur māximī aestimant, dōnīs onerātus est.
Inde Sinon, cui divitiae animum addiderunt, quan-
dam in arborem, quae iuxta parvum lacum crescebat,
saepissime ascendébat. Quō cōnsiliō complūrēs inter-
fécit elephantōs, quos bibendi causă eum locum adire
oportebat. Tertiō tamen mense elephanti, quibus
90
TRANSLATIONS.
aquam sine noxiā adīre nōn licebat, in Sinōnem ūni-
versi impetum fēcērunt, crebrisque ictibus ipsam
arborem rādīcitus ēvellērunt. Inde virum attonitum
mortemque exspectantem in tergum sublevavit dux
gregis, longeque per silvas ad eum locum portavit
quō sepulcrō elephantī ūtēbantur. Sinon igitur, qui
ex mortuis elephantīs satis eboris potītus est, vīvīs
posthac parcebat.
128. The Subterranean Passage.
Sinōn dīves ita factus, quod domum ad suōs redire
voluit, nactus idoneum tempus ad nāvigandum, ē portū
solvit. At paucōs post dies coörta est saevissima tem-
pestās, cuius violentia nāvis ad scopulōs appulsa
naufragium fecit. Hoc in locō aestus per latus montis
praeruptum alveō haud ita māgnō flūminis modo vol-
vitur. Sinōn comitesque complūrēs dies in angustā
rūpe manēbant, quod hinc vis fluctuum eōs abīre pro-
hibuit, illinc mōns altissimus nullo modo ascendi
potuit. Tandem Sinōn postquam parvam ratem ē
trabibus nāvis fecerat, sine ullō comite sẽ committere
ausus est fluminī, quod sub imum montem volutum
est. Inde per vias occultas summā celeritāte vectus,
quod nec iter videre nec cursum dirigere poterat,
labōre et excubiis défessus gravi somnō oppressus est.
129. Home at last.
Quō somnō Sinōn oppressus duōs diēs omnī sēnsū
carēbat; tertiō tamen diē, ubi animum vix recēpit,
sōlem laetus aspexit: ratis enim, dum ipse dormit,
TRANSLATIONS.
91
iter periculosum confecerat, et vi flūminis vecta ad
oppidum quoddam in rīpā positum advenerat. De-
inde cīvēs tālī mīrāculō attonitī Sinōnem ad rēgem
suum duxerunt. Hic postquam rem omnem cōgnōvit,
quod tanta pericula plus quam hūmāna videbantur,
Sinōnī, honōris causa, pallium purpureum aureamque
corōnam darī iussit, nāvīque egregia dōnāvit. Inde
Sinōn secundis ventis domum advectus inter amīcōs
propinquosque reliquum vitae spatium tranquillē perē-
git, nec ullō periculo posthac vexatus est.
130. Mineral Springs.
Morciō, Icēnōrum rēgī, filius erat unicus, ingenuo
vultū puer mōribusque suavissimīs. Hunc tamen
morbō gravissimō adfectum pater (sīc enim lēgēs iubē-
bant), a suō rēgnō in exsilium ēiēcerat. Inde iuvenis,
quod argento carēbat nec ullō modō vītam sustinere
poterat, vestem mūtāvit rēgiam, servusque factus
agricolae cuiusdam suēs pāscēbat.
At suēs paucis post diebus eodem morbō adfecti
tābēscēbant ipsī. Deinde puer, quod rem occultāre
voluit, tōtum gregem in silvam dēnsiōrem ēgit. Hunc
ōlim, dum per regiōnem īgnōtam errat, palūdem trans-
īre oportebat. Quam ubi vīdērunt suēs, omnēs ūnō
impetū in aquās sē dēiciunt, quibus aquīs salūbribus
sānābantur. Puer igitur suēs imitātus sānusque ipse
oppidum in eō loco condidit, quae Aquae Sōlis vocatae
sunt.
92
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
§ 36. The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is never used,
like the INDICATIVE, to describe a fact.
It expresses desire, hope, or doubt.
1. Boni simus.
2. Sis felix.
3. Quid faciam?
Let us be good.
May you be fortunate.
What am I to do?
The Perfect Subjunctive with nē is used, instead of the
Imperative, to express Negative Commands of the Second
Person.
Ne hoc feceris.
Do not do this.
Observe that nē, used in Commands, is placed first in its
sentence; -ně, used in Questions, is added to the first word.
See § 14.
The Subjunctive Mood is used to express pur-
pose, consequence, condition, etc.
It is translated by the English Subjunctive
when it expresses Purpose, and sometimes when
it expresses Condition, but in other cases by the
Indicative.
1. Portas claudit, ne quis effugiat.
He shuts the gates, that no one may escape.
2. Tanta erat caedēs, ut nēmō effugeret.
So great was the slaughter, that no one escaped.
3. Si illi effugissent, ego custōdem necāvissem.
If they had escaped, I should have killed the jailor.
4. Cum effugissent, domum redierunt.
When they had escaped, they returned home.
TRANSLATIONS.
93
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
66
131. The Donkey's Advice.
66
Agricola quidam, nōmine Catō, sermonem animā-
lium intellēxit. Hic ōlim bovem, qui fortūnam adver-
sam apud asinum querēbātur, audīvit. Utinam,"
inquit bōs, mea fortuna tuae similis esset.
Té co-
tīdiē noster magister diligenter curat, tibi dulcissimum
cibum parat; ego tamen, qui arandō tōtum diem cōn-
sūmō, grāmine vescor tenui." Cui asinus, "Tū tamen,
O stultissime, meritō haec pateris, quod iugī nimium
patiēns es. Cur non magistro istīs cornibus mortem
mināris? Cur nōn mūgītūs horrisonōs ēdis? Hōc
consilio ūsus fortunam meliorem reddēs. Cibum
quem tibi hodiē servī attulerint edere nōlī; crās au-
tem, në të aratro iungant, omni vi repūgnā." Bōs id
quod imperatum est facit. At magister, qui omnia
audīverat, ut asinum prō cōnsiliō pūnīret, eum arātrō
prō bove iungī iūssit.
132. The Donkey's Advice (continued).
Vesperī, ubi asinus labōre insuētō dēfessus ad sta-
bulum rediit, à comite summīs laudibus acceptus est.
Ille autem, quem priōris consili iam poenitebat, ami-
cum ita monuit. "Cavē, mi amīce, nē istud ōtium tibi
plūs quam labor pristinus noceat. Nuper enim, dum
ex agrīs redeō, nostrum audivi magistrum, qui té crās
māctārī iūssit, nisi opere solito fungī vellēs. Në të
sine causā tanto periculo obtuleris." Quibus verbis
perterritus bōs, qui cultrum sacerdotis iam animō
94
TRANSLATIONS.
praesēnsit, gratiās asinō prō consiliō utilissimō ēgit.
Posterō igitur die ubi agricola agrōs iterum arāre
voluit, bōs iugō repūgnāre nōn ausus, ipse suum col-
lum aratrō praebuit.
133. The Cock's Advice.
At magister, qui omnia audiverat, prudentia asinī
valdē dēlectātus, rīsum non continuit. Quod ubi cōg-
novit uxor eius, quae haud procul aberat, rem mīrāta
causam ex ipsō quaesivit. Hic autem, cui sermōnem
animalium intellegere concessum erat, ea modo condi-
ciōne, ut illum nulli prōderet, nē fidem datam violāret,
omninō tacebat. Quō uxor īrāta virō aqua et īgnī
interdixit, dum rem patefacere vellet. Inde agricola,
quí maestus ac iēiūnus domum intrare nōn ausus est,
a gallō quodam ita est monitus. "Pudet mē tui,
magister; ego enim, cui vīginti sunt uxōrēs, omnēs
facillime domō, tū tamen, quī ūnam modo habēs, eam
regere non potes." Quod ubi audiit agricola, pudōre
mōtus baculum ingens adripuit, et brevi uxorem ad
meliōra cōnsilia flexit.
134. The Bottom of the Stream.
Boeōtus quidam, qui per terram īgnōtam iter facie-
bat, ad flumen montānum, quod viam interclūdēbat,
advenit. Itaque mirātus quod tanta vis aquae ab ūnā
parte volvēbātur, diù patienter exspectabat, dum dē-
flueret amnis. Tandem, quod morandi eum taedebat,
nec vis aquae omninō minuēbātur, agricolam, qui forte
astābat, appellavit. "Tū, quaesō," inquit, "vēra mihi
TRANSLATIONS.
95
responde: imumné flūmen firmum est?" "Nihil
potest esse firmius," respondit ille. Quibus verbis
confirmatus in aquam Boeōtus dēsiluit. Quod tamen
flūmen fuit altissimum, sub undīs mersus natandō
mortem vix effugit. Tum Boeōtō de fraude querenti,
"Tē certē," respondit agricola, "īrāscī minimē decet;
tū enim imum flumen, quod rē vērā firmissimum est,
nōndum attigisti."
135. The Hunchback.
Vārus tībīcen erat corpore informī, canendi tamen
arte perītissimus. Hic ōlim ad cēnam vocatus est ā
sartōre quodam, qui, etsi modōs tībiae quam māximē
amabat, ipse cantare non poterat. Dum cēnant, Vā-
rus, quod ōs māgnum haerēbat in gutture, ad terram
moribundus cecidit. Inde sartor veritus nē caedis suī
hospitis accusārētur, amīcī infēlīcis corpus ad aedes
medici cuiusdam clam detulit. Hic onus aedium pos-
tibus fultum reliquit. Prīmā lūce ubi medicus, vir
īrācundus, portas aedium incautus reseravit, corpus
suō locō deiectum praeceps ad terram ruit. Quod ubi
vīdit medicus, rē tam inopīnātā quam maximē perter-
ritus, tībīcinis cadaver in interiorem partem domūs
portavit, remque cum uxōre, féminā ācris ingenī com-
municavit.
136. Down the Chimney.
Inde uxor, "Nōlī," inquit, "tē vexāre, meō tamen
consilio utere. Hunc virum ad summum culmen
aedium propinquarum feramus. Inde corpus in inte-
riōrem domum facile demittere poterimus." Medicus
96
TRANSLATIONS.
id quod imperatum est facit, corpusque mortui, ut
praescriptum est, fūnibus clam demittit. At mercă-
tor, qui eam domum incolebat, ubi primum eam par-
tem aedium intravit, quam in partem corpus dēmīssum
erat, tībīcinem prō füre magnō baculo percussit, cor-
pusque vi ictus ad terram deiecit. Inde perterritus,
nē ipse dē caede accūsārētur, cadāver ad humerōs sub-
latum, in viam detulit. Tum, postquam hominem,
tamquam vivum, ad mūrum applicuerat, à loco quam
celerrimé sẽ recepit.
137. The Praetor puzzled.
Forte nauta quidam, qui mâne ad nāvem suam redī-
bat, imprūdēns cadaver suō pede percussit. Hic autem,
dum attonitus corpus observat, quod vī īctūs deiectum
humī iacēbat, ā līctoribus apud Praetorem Urbānum
ductus est. Qui, postquam causam audiit, nautam
secūrī ferīrī iussit. Inde dum līctōrēs securim acuunt,
ē turbā circumstantium exsiluit mercator, poenamque
nautae sibi vindicavit. Praetor igitur, etsī virtūte
hominis delectatus est, quod legem neglegere noluit,
nautam ē vinculis eximi mercatoremque ad pālum
dēligārī iussit. At lictor ubi securim ad supplicium
sumendum sustulerat, subitō clamōre mōtus īctum
intermisit.
138. Brought to Life.
Inde medicus sartorque simul locūtī, sẽ sceleris
admissī accūsāvērunt. Quod ubi audiit Praetor, tōtam
rem sibi nārrārī iussit. De qua certior factus, quod
rem tam multiplicem explicare nōn poterat, omnēs
TRANSLATIONS.
97
apud Augustum trahī iūssit. Augustus igitur, ne quō
errōre falleretur, ex suis medicīs quem perītissimum
haberet, arcessī iussit. Hic autem corpus tībīcinis
diligenter scrūtātus, suō digitō ōs ex gutture viri tan-
dem extraxit. Inde res mihi quidem haud credibilis
ēvēnisse dicitur. Tībicen enim, qui per hoc omne
tempus mortuus esse vidēbātur, ingenti cum gemitū
animum recepit, omnesque falsō caedis crimine ita
līberāvit
139. A Dishonest Couple.
Dārīō, Persarum rēgī, servus erat, nōmine Lydōn,
quem maximē amābat. Cui rēx, ut indicium benevo-
lentiae insigne praestaret, in matrimonium dedit puel-
lam pulcherrimam, quam rēgīna ex omnibus ancillis
fidēlissimam habebat. Hi autem, quod suis dīvitiis
nimis prōdigē ūtēbantur, brevi pauperes facti, ut
argentum ex rēge impetrarent, hoc consilium iniērunt.
Prīmā lūce vir rēgem adgressus trīstī vultū fōrtūnam
deplōrāre incipit. "Uxor," inquit, "mea proximā
nocte ē vītā discēssit." Tum rēx, quem virī infēlīcis
miseruit, consōlandi causă, purpureum pallium argen-
tīque talentum eī darī iūssit. At uxor eōdem tempore
coniugem mortuum cōram rēgīnā dēplōrābat. Quae
tantō dolōre mōta ei vestem pretiōsam et aurī num-
mōs quinquaginta dedit.
140. A Dishonest Couple (continued).
Rēx igitur rēgīnam petiit de morte ancillae tam
amatae consōlātūrus. Inde regīna ad regem versa,
"Grātiās tibi," inquit, "prō benevolentia agō; tū
98
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
tamen in hōc errāvistī, quod mea ancilla adhūc vīvit,
vir tamen eius mortuus est." Quod ubi rēx credere
nōluit, ut rem tam dubiam explicarent, ambō ad eam
partem aedium, quam servi habitābant, īre pergunt.
Hūc ubi pervēnērunt, rēs magis in ambiguō erat, quod
et vir et fēmina eōdem rogō impositi speciem mortis
praebebant. Denique rex, "Hic certe mortuus est et
illa. Uter tamen prior ē vītā discēssit? Si quis mihi
tōtam rem explicaverit, ei triginta nummōs aureōs
libenter dabō." At vir statim ē rogō dēsiluit. "Mihi,"
inquit, "rex magne, nummōs redde, ego enim prīmus
mortuus sum."
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
§ 37. (a) Be careful in translating not to con-
fuse
Present Participle · -"flying," i.e. a flying
person or thing.
Present Infinitive
Gerund
"flying," i.e. the act
of flying.
1. Lēgāti ad eum vēnērunt querentēs simul ōrantēsque.
Ambassadors came to him, complaining and entreating at
the same time.
2. Mālō esse quam vidēri bonus.
I prefer being to seeming good.
(B) Notice that in Latin the Present Participle
is always really present, and is not used loosely as
in English.
TRANSLATIONS.
99
Ex. 18.
Hannibalem iter facientem adgressus vicit.
Attacking (i.e. having attacked) Hannibal (while) march-
ing, he defeated him.
1. Turbă fugientium actus arma ad caelum tollēns,
"Iuppiter," inquit, "arcem iam scelere emp-
tam hostes habent."
2. Bene gerendae reī occāsiō data est.
3. Mūrōs tenentium clamor audītus est.
4. Omnes ad arma capienda excitavit.
5. Omne inde tempus muniendīs castrīs cōnsump-
tum est.
6. Bene sentire recteque facere satis est ad bene
beatēque vivendum.
7. In alteram partem cohortandi causă profectus
pugnantibus occurrit.
8. Adgredientibus spēs aliqua est.
9. Post tantas acceptas clādēs pācem fēcērunt.
10. Sequentibus effūsē turbātum hostem sīgnum re-
ceptui dedit (he sounded the recall).
PIECES FOR TRANSLATION.
141. May a Man do what he likes with his own?
Lysander, Atheniensis, cum cētera animālia satis
diligebat, tum equōs summō fovebat amōre. Is ōlim,
dum Thēbās iter facit, in Boeōtum quendam incidit,
quí equō suō ob nescio quam culpam male ūtēbātur.
Quod ubi vidit, gravibus probrīs tantam crūdēlitātem
increpuit. "Quid tandem id ad te attinet?" respondit
ille. "Nōnne licet mihi equum, si ita placet, verberare
100
TRANSLATIONS.
meum?" "Maximē;" inquit Lysander, "quod exem-
plum tú prōpōnis, id ego imitābor." Haec locutus
māgnō baculō, quod manū portābat, tergum ēius gravi-
ter et saepe verberavit. "Hoc enim," inquit, "bacu-
lum meum est. Nōnne igitur mihi licet eō, ita ut
placet, ūtī?"
142. The Good-natured Boy.
Glaucus, puer ingeniō benīgnō, à patre missus est ad
parvum oppidum, quod ab eō locō octō mīlia passuum
aberat. Cui, dum iter facit, occurrit canis fame paene
confectus, dextramque lambens cibum petere visus est.
Inde Glaucus misericordia motus, etsi ipse esuriēbat,
māgnam suī cibī partem canī dedit. Cum autem paulō
longius īvisset, hominem aspēxit caecum, qui in flūmen
prōlāpsus movērī nōn audēbat, nē in aquam altiōrem
incideret. Glaucus igitur, etsī ipse natāre non poterat,
in aquam statim desiluit, et cum dextram caeci adripu-
isset, eum ad rīpam duxit. Inde cum aquam ē veste
expressisset, ad oppidum quam celerrime contendit.
143. Timely Assistance.
Inde Glaucus, cum iam ad oppidum appropinquaret,
in nautam quendam alterō pede claudum incidit. Hic
aliquid cibi ab eō petiit. Cui puer id quod reliquum
erat panis dedit. His faciendis tantum diēī cōnsump-
serat, ut, dum domum ex oppido redit, nocte oppressus
cursum tenēre non posset, sed per aviam silvam errā-
ret. Subito autem duo latrōnēs, qui in silvā latēbant,
ex insidiis prōsiliunt, puerumque raptum veste spoli-
TRANSLATIONS.
101
are parant. At canis fidēlis, qui Glaucum tōtum diem
secutus est, alterius latrōnis crūs tam ācriter momordit,
ut hic cum gemitu puerum liberāret. Simul vōx hor-
renda audīta est clamantis, "En latrōnēs illī, quōs
tam diu ferrō īgnique sequimur." Qua voce territī
ambō diffūgērunt. At Glaucus ad clāmōrem conver-
sus nautam cōgnōvit claudum, quem caecus ille ex
humeris portabat. Hi enim de cōnsiliis latrōnum certi-
ōrēs facti tempore opportunō subsidiō vēnērunt.
144. The Ill-Natured Boy.
Haud procul ab eo loco habitabat puer improbus,
nōmine Nerō. Hic ōlim, dum per agrōs vagātur, canem
suum ad oves quasdam vexandās, quae in prātō pāscē-
bantur, incitavit. Quo perterritae omnes diffūgērunt;
at ariēs māgnus, dux gregis, īrā mōtus cornu ita ācriter
canem petiit, ut is claudus trīstisque ad dominum redi-
ret. Nerō autem, cum paulo longius ab eō locō prōcēs-
sisset, parvae puellae occurrit, quae mulctrarium niveō
lacte implētum summo capite portabat.
Hanc puer
malīgnus salvēre iussit. Deinde, cum illa praeteriisset,
hic conversus eius vestīgiīs ingressus est. Denique
subito ictu muletrarium deturbavit, et vultum, capil-
lōs, vestem, tōtum corpus infēlīcis puellae lacte made-
fecit.
145. Two Naughty Tricks.
Quā rē valdē dēlectātus Nero novae fraudis occasiō-
nem quaerebat. Mox autem viro caecō, qui vix baculō
gressum dīrigēbat, obviam īvit. Cui Nerō, "Si vis,"
inquit, "mēcum hac mollī sēde considere, aliquid cibī
102
TRANSLATIONS.
tibi libenter dabō." Quibus verbis eum ad locum udō
fimō plēnum duxit, et aliquid fimi, cibi speciē, in ōs
inserere cōnātus est. At caecus, qui fraudem sēnserat,
digitum pueri ita acriter momordit, ut ille multis cum
lacrimis veniam peteret. Ne hac quidem poena satis
doctus virum quendam alterō pede claudum adgressus
est, et cum dēnārium argenteum ante pedēs prōiēcisset,
dē terra tollere iussit. At dum ille baculō fultus dex-
tram ad dēnārium porrigit, hic baculum adripuit, ita
ut illum ad terram praecipitem deiceret.
146. A Chapter of Accidents.
Inde Nero, cui successus animum addiderat, pōma,
quae ex arbore propinquã dēpendebant, rapere cōnsti-
tuit. Qui cum in arborem ascendisset, ab agricolā virō
īrācundō captus graviter verberatus est. Hunc post-
quam trīstis et saucius effugit, ab ipsō claudō, quī in
occultō latebat, oppressus iterum et acrius verberātus
est. A quo tandem liberātus, quod ambulare prae
dolōre non poterat, in equum, qui propter viam pāscē-
bātur, ascendit. Hic tamen tālī rē minime dēlectātus
currere incipit, nec ante é cursū dēstitit quam puerum
ē tergō dēturbāverat. Forte ea puella quā māne tam
male usus erat eum humi iacentem invēnit. Haec
quidem iniuriae suae immemor eum suās in aedēs duxit
et vulnera diligenter curavit.
147. The Attack on the Castle.
Spartacus ōlim, prínceps eārum gentium quae trāns
Rhēnum habitabant, magnam turrim haud procul a
TRANSLATIONS.
103
flūmine aedificāverat. Inde cum suis militibus plūri-
mās incursiōnēs in agrōs finitimos facere solitus est,
ut īgni ferrōque omnia vāstāret. Quam ob rem māg-
num odium incolarum urbis finitimae susceperat. Hi
igitur, cum iniūriās illīus nōn diūtius tolerāre possent,
ūniversī in mūrōs impetum fēcērunt. Diū et ācriter
pūgnātum est. Tandem princeps, quod commeātū om-
nīnō interclūsus est, lēgātōs ad eōs dē dēditiöne misit.
Cum tamen cīvēs īrātī pācem dare vellent ea modo
condicione, ut ipse ad supplicium traderetur, īgnem
turrī admovēre constituit, et sēsē suaque omnia incen-
diō consumere.
148. The Attack on the Castle (continued).
Quod ubi cognovit uxor Spartacī, femina summae
cōnstantiae, sōla vallum ascendere ausa est cum hosti-
bus conloquendi causā. "Nōlīte," inquit, "cīvēs, vīc-
tōriam quam reportāvistis clade feminae defāmāre.
Mihi saltem liceat ē turri discedere cum eo modo,
quod meīs humerīs portāre possim." Inde cīvēs, quod
ab illa multa beneficia acceperant, id quod petiit liben-
ter concesserunt. Brevi autem, dum omnēs adventum
eius exspectant, ā portā patefactā ēgressa fēmina for-
tis ad castra hostium accessit cum coniuge, quem in
humerōs sublevātum portabat. Inde cīvēs virtutem
fēminae mīrātī, quod fidem datam violāre nōluērunt,
et coniugi et uxōrī pepercērunt.
149. An Ill-matched Pair.
Lupus ōlim cum vulpe societatem coniunxit. Hanc
igitur, quod multō infirmior erat, quodcumque ille im-
104
TRANSLATIONS.
peravit, facere oportebat. Aliquando, dum per silvam
comites iter faciunt, "Vulpēs carissima," inquit lupus,
"aliquid cibi mihi quam celerrimē adfer, nē fame
coactus tē ipsam devorem." "Equidem," respondit
vulpēs minis perterrita, "haud procul ab hōc locō
duōs āgnōs prīdiē cōnspēxí, quos facillimē tibi adferre
poterō." Cum hoc inter eōs convenisset, vulpes ex
agnis alterum ab agro ad lupum portavit. Deinde, ut
sibi aliquid inveniret, discessit. At lupus, qui brevi
āgnum dēvoravit, ne hoc quidem satis contentus, ut
alterō potīrētur, ipse ad ovile profectus est. Is autem,
quod rem incautius ēgit, ā pāstōre captus ita graviter
verberatus est, ut corpus ad silvam vix trahere posset.
150. Greediness Punished.
Posterō die lupus de suis iniūriīs questus, a comite
facti imprudentis vehementer incūsātus est; "Hodiē
tamen," inquit vulpēs, "sī mēcum venire vīs, tantum
cibi quantum edere poteris tibi dabō." Lupus igitur
vulpem secutus, horreum agricolae cuiusdam rīmā haud
ita māgnā intrāvit. Hic, cum carnis māximam cōpiam
invenissent, ambō dapibus inopīnātīs vesci incipiunt.
Vulpes autem inter edendum ad rīmam cursitābat.
Subito ingens strepitus audītus est. Panduntur portae.
Inruit agricola cum secūrī ingente armātus. Inde vul-
pēs, quae haud multum ēderat, rīmā sē facile eripuit;
lupus tamen tantum carnis dēvoraverat, ut corpus in
rīmā haereret.
Agricola igitur, cum eum secūrī interfecisset, caput
postibus adfixit. Quo exemplō fūrēs in posterum ā
rapīnīs deterruit.
VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS. — adj. adjective; adv. adverb; c. common gender;
comp. comparative adjective; conj. conjunction; dep. deponent
verb; f. feminine gender; impers. impersonal verb; indecl.
indeclinable; indef. indefinite; m. masculine gender; n. neuter
gender; part. participle; prep. preposition; v. verb.
A.
a, ab, prep. by, from.
abdo, didi, -ditum, v. 3, hide,
conceal.
abeō, -īvī or -iī, -itum, -īre, v. go
away, depart.
abnuō, -ui, -uitum or -ūtum, v.
3, refuse, reject.
absorbeō, -bui, -ptum, v. 2,
swallow, devour.
abstinentia, -ae, f. abstinence.
abstineō, -ui, -tentum, v. 2, keep
from, abstain.
abstrahō, -xī, -ctum, v. 3, drag
away, withdraw.
absum, afui, -esse, v. be away,
be absent, be distant.
absūmō, -mpsī, -mptum, v. 3,
take away, carry off, consume.
Abulus, -ī, m. Abulus.
abundō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, abound,
overflow.
āc, conj. and.
accēdō, -cēssī, -cēssum, v. 3,
approach, draw near.
accendo, di, -sum, v. 3, set on
fire, light, inflame.
accipio, -cepi, -ceptum, v. 3,
receive.
accipiter, -tris, m. falcon, hawk.
accūrātus, -a, -um, adj. exact.
accusō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, accuse.
acer, -cris, -cre, adj. sharp, keen,
bitter, fiery.
acerbus, -a, -um, adj. bitter.
acervus, -ī, m. heap.
acriter, adv. sharply.
acuō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, sharpen.
acus, -ūs, f. needle.
acūtus, -a, -um, adj. sharp, intel-
ligent.
ad, prep. to, at.
adamō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, love
greatly.
addō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, add.
addūcō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, bring
to, conduct, induce.
adeō, -ii or- īvī, -itum, -īre, v. go
to, approach.
adficio, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3. affect,
influence.
adflicto, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, vex,
torment, toss.
adfligō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, dash
against.
adgredior, -gressus, v. 3, dep.
approach, attack.
adhaereō, -haesi, -haesum, v. 2,
stick, cling to.
adhibeō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, apply
to, employ.
106
[ad-al
VOCABULARY.
adhuc, adv. hitherto, still.
adiaceō, -uī, v. 2, adjoin.
to, attach.
aequus, -qua, quum, adj. equal,
even, level, fair.
adiungō, -nxi, -nctum, v. 3, join aerātus, -a, -um, adj. brazen.
adiutor, -ōris, m. helper.
adlicio, -lēxi, -lectum, v. 3, en-
tice.
adligō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, bind.
adloquor, -locutus, v. 3, dep.
address.
Admētus, -i, m. Admetus.
admittō, -mīsī, -missum, v. 3,
admit, commit.
admoneō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, warn,
advise.
admoveō, -mōvī, -mōtum, v. 2,
bring up, apply.
adorior, ortus, v. 4, dep. attack.
adripiō, -ripuī, -reptum, v. 3,
snatch, grasp.
adscribo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, enroll.
adsentator. See assentator.
adsiduus. See assiduus.
adstō, -stiti, v. 1, stand near.
adsum, -fui, -esse, v. be present.
adultus, -a, -um, part. grown up.
adūrō, -ūssī, -ūstum, v. 3, scorch.
advehō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, carry;
pass. ride.
advena, -ae, c. stranger.
aerius, -a, -um, adj. aerial.
aestās, -ātis, f. summer.
aestimō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, think,
value.
aestus, -ūs, m. tide.
Afer, -fra, -frum, adj. African.
adferō, adtuli, adlātum, adferre,
v. bring, to offer.
See adficio.
afficio.
afflicto. See adflicto.
affligō. See adfligō.
Africa, -ae, f. Africa.
age, come.
ager, -gri, m. field, country.
aggredior. See adgredior.
agito, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, drive,
toss, rouse.
agmen, -inis, n. army, line of
march.
āgnōscō, -nōvī, -nitum, v. 3,
recognize, become acquainted
with.
agnus, -ī, m. lamb.
agō, ēgī, actum, v. 3, do, keep,
conduct; act, drive, perform,
treat about; gratias agō, I
thank.
adveniō, -vēnī, -ventum, v. 4, ar- agricola, -ae, m. farmer.
rive at.
adventus, -ūs, m. arrival.
adversarius, -ī, m. adversary.
adversus, -a, -um, adj. contrary,
adverse.
adversus, prep. towards, against.
advocō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, sum-
mon, invite.
aedēs, -ium, f. house.
aedificium, -ī, n. building, house.
aedificō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, build.
aeger, gra, -grum, adj. sick, ill.
aegre, adv. badly; aegrè ferre,
to be annoyed.
Aegyptus, -i, f. Egypt.
aequō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, equal.
āla, -ae, f. wing.
alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. brisk,
active.
Albertus, -ī, m. Albert.
albus, -a, -um, adj. white.
alea, -ae, f. dice.
ales, -itis, c. bird.
aliquando, adv. now and then,
once.
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, pron.
indef. somebody, any one.
aliquot, adj. indecl. several.
aliter, adv. otherwise; aliter āc,
otherwise than.
alius, -a, -ud, adj. other, another,
different.
al-ar]
107
VOCABULARY.
allicio. See adlicio.
alligō. See adligō.
alloquor. See adloquor.
almus, -a, -um, adj. pleasant.
alō, alui, altum, v. 3, nourish,
maintain.
alter, -tera, -terum, adj. one of
two, the other, the second.
altum, -1, n. the sea.
altus, -a, -um, adj. high, deep.
Aluredus, -ī, m. Alfred.
alveus, -i, m. river-bed.
ambiguus, -a, -um, adj. doubtful;
in ambiguo, wrapped in mys-
tery.
ambō, -ae, -ō, pron. both.
ambulō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, walk.
amicus, -i, m. friend.
amnis, -is, m. river.
amō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, love, like.
amor, -ōris, m. love, charity.
aper, -pri, m. wild boar.
aperiō, -erui, -ertum, v. 4, un-
cover, open, show.
apertus, -a, -um, part. open.
Apicius, -ī, m. Apicius.
Apollo, -inis, m. Apollo.
appareō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, ap-
pear.
appellō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, call,
address.
appellō, -puli, pulsum, v. 3,
dash against, come to land.
applicō, -āvī or -ui, -ātum, v.
1, fasten.
appōnō, -posui, -positum, v. 3,
put on the table.
apportō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, carry,
bring to.
appropinquō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1,
draw near, approach.
aptō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fit, adjust.
āmoveō, -mōvī, -mōtum, v. 2, aptus, -a, -um, adj. fitted, suitable.
remove.
amphora, -ae, f. jar.
amplector, -exus, v. 3,
embrace.
dep.
amplexus, -ūs, m. embrace.
anas, -atis, f. duck.
anaticula, -ae, f. duckling.
ancilla, -ae, f. maidservant.
anguis, -is, c. snake.
angustus, -a, -um, adj. narrow.
animal, -ālis, n. animal.
animōsus, -a, -um, adj. full of
courage, bold.
animus, -ī, m. mind, spirit,
courage.
annus, -i, m. year.
anser, -eris, m. goose.
ante, prep. before.
antea, adv. before.
ante-quam, conj. before that.
antiquus, -a, -um, adj. old, an-
cient.
antrum, -ī, n. cave.
anus, -ūs, f. old woman.
ānxius, -a, -um, adj. anxious.
apud, prep. at, near, in the pres-
ence of, among.
aqua, -ae, f. water; aquae, mine-
ral springs.
aquila, -ae, f. eagle.
arātrum, -ī, n. plough.
arbitrium, -ī, n. judgment, de-
cision.
arbor, -oris, f. tree.
arca, -ae, f. chest, strong-box.
arceō, -cui, v. 2, keep off.
arcessō, -īvī, -ītum, v. 3, send
for, fetch, summon.
arcus, -ūs, m. bow.
ārdeō, -rsi, -rsum, v. 2, be on
fire, burn.
ārdor, -ōris, m. fire, heat.
arduus, -a, -um, adj. steep, diffi-
cult.
arēna, -ae, f. sand, arena.
argenteus, -a, -um, adj. silver.
argentum, -i, n. silver.
aries, -etis, m. ram.
arista, -ae, f. ear of corn.
arma, -ōrum, n. arms.
108
[ar-bi
VOCABULARY.
armātus, -a, -um, part. armed.
armentum, -i, n. herd.
arō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, plough.
Arpi, -ōrum, m. the town of Arpi.
arripio. See adripiō.
ars, artis, f. art, skill.
artus, -a, -um, adj. tight.
arvum, -ī, n. field.
arx, -cis, f. citadel.
Augustus, -ī, m. Augustus.
aurātus, -a, -um, adj. gilt.
aureus, -a, -um, adj. golden.
auris, -is, f. ear.
aurum, -ī, n. gold.
austrālis, -e, adj. southern.
aut, conj. or, either.
autem, conj. but.
auxilium, -ī, n. help.
ās, assis, m. a copper coin, a avārus, -a, -um, adj. covetous.
pound in weight.
ascendo, -ndi, -nsum, v. 3, climb
up, mount.
ascisco, -īvi, -itum, v. 3, adopt,
admit.
ascribo. See adscribo.
asinus, -ī, m. donkey.
asper, -pera, -perum, adj. rough.
aspicio, exi, -ectum, v. 3, see,
behold.
assentator, -ōris, m. flatterer.
assiduus, -a, -um, adj. constant.
astō. See adstō.
astrologus, -ī, m. astrologer.
at, conj. but.
Atheniensis, -e, adj. Athenian.
atque, conj. and.
ātrium, -i, n. hall.
atrōx, -ōcis, adj. fierce, terrible.
attinet, v. impers. it matters,
concerns.
attingō, -tigī, tactum, v. 3,
touch, reach, arrive at.
attonitus, -a, -um, adj. thunder-
struck, astonished.
attrecto, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, touch,
handle.
attuli. See adferō.
auctor, -ōris, m. author, cause.
auctoritas, -ātis, f. authority, in-
fluence.
audacia, -ae, f. boldness, daring.
audax, -ācis, adj. bold, daring.
audeō, ausus, v. 2, semi-dep.
dare.
audio, -īvī, -itum, v. 4, hear,
listen to.
avellō, -velli or -vulsi, -vulsum,
v. 3, pluck away, pull off.
āversor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. turn
away.
āvertō, -ti, -sum, v. 3, turn
aside.
avidē, adv. greedily.
avidus, -a, -um, adj. greedy.
avis, -is, f. bird.
avius, -a, -um, adj. pathless.
avus, -i, m. grandfather.
B.
Bacchus, -i, m. Bacchus, god of
wine.
baculum, -ī, n. stick.
Baiae, -ārum, f. Baiae.
Balbus, -i, m. Balbus.
barba, -ae, f. beard.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj. barbar-
ous, foreign.
beatus, -a, -um, adj. happy.
bellum, -i, n. war.
bene, adv. well.
beneficium, -1, n. kindness, bene-
fit.
benevolentia, -ae, f. goodwill,
friendship.
benigne, adv. kindly.
benīgnitās, -ātis, f. friendliness,
kindness.
benignus, -a, -um, adj. kind-
hearted.
bestia, -ae, f. beast.
bibō, bibi, v. 3, drink.
bi-ce]
109
VOCABULARY.
bīnī, -ae, -a, adj. two at a time.
Boeōtus, -a, -um, adj. Boeotian.
bonus, -a, -um, adj. good.
bōs, bovis, c. ox or cow.
bracchium, -1, n. arm.
brevi, adv. in a short time.
brevis, -e, adj. short.
Britannicus, -a, -um, adj. British.
Britannus, -i, m. Briton.
Brūtus, -i, m. Brutus.
C.
cadaver, -eris, n. corpse.
cadō, cecidī, cāsum, v. 3, fall.
cadus, -i, m. cask.
caecus, -a, -um, adj. blind.
caedēs, -is, f. murder, blood-
shed.
captīvus, -ī, m. captive, prisoner.
capto, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, catch,
catch ut.
Capua, -ae, f. Capua.
caput, -pitis, n. head; damnāre
capitis, to condemn to death.
carcer, -eris, m. prison; plur.
starting-place.
careō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, be in
want of.
carmen, -inis, n. song, charm.
carō, carnis, f. flesh.
Carolus, -i, m. Charles.
carpo, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, pick,
gather, enjoy.
cārus, -a, -um, adj. dear.
casa, -ae, f. hut, cottage.
caseus, -i, m. cheese.
castanea, -ae, f. chestnut.
castra, -ōrum, n. camp.
caedō, cecidi, caesum, v. 3, cut, cāsū, adv. by chance.
beat, kill.
caelum, -ī, n. sky.
Caius, -i, m. Caius.
calathus, -ī, m. basket.
calcar, -āris, n. spur.
calceus, -i, m. shoe.
Calebus, -i, m. Caleb.
cālīgō, -inis, f. mist, darkness.
callide, adv. cunningly.
callidus, -a, -um, adj. cunning,
clever.
Cambricus, -ī, m. Cambricus.
candidus, -a, -um, adj. white.
canis, -is, c. dog.
cano, cecini, cantum, v. 3, sing,
play.
canōrus, -a, -um, adj. musical,
melodious.
cantō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, sing,
play.
cantus, -ūs, m. song.
Canutius, -i, m. Canute.
caper, -pri, m. he-goat.
capillus, -i, m. hair.
capiō, cepi, captum, v. 3, take,
seize.
casus, -ūs, m. chance.
catēna, -ae, f. chain.
caterva, -ae, f. crowd, band of
men.
Catō, -ōnis, m. Cato.
cauda, -ae, f. tail.
causa, -ae, f. cause, case.
causa, adv. for the sake of.
caute, adv. carefully.
caveo, cavi, cautum, v. 2, be-
ware of.
cēdō, cēssi, cēssum, v.
yield.
3, go,
celebrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fre-
quent, celebrate.
celer, -eris, -ere, adj. swift.
celeritas, -ātis, f. swiftness.
celeriter, adv. quickly.
cēlō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, conceal.
cēna, -ae, f. supper.
Cennetus, -1, m. Kenneth.
cēnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, sup.
centaurus, -ī, m. centaur.
Cerēs, -eris, f. Ceres, goddess of
agriculture.
certamen, -minis, n. contest.
110
[ce-co
VOCABULARY.
certē, adv. certainly.
certior factus, informed, lit.
made more certain.
certō, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, strive,
contend.
certus, -a, -um, adj. certain, sure.
cervix, -īcis, f. neck.
cervus, -i, m. stag.
cessō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, cease
from, be inactive.
cēteri, -ae, -a, adj. the others, the
rest.
chorus, -i, m. dance, crowd,
band.
cibus, -i, m. food.
Cimbrī, -ōrum, m. The Cimbri.
cingō, -xi, -nctum, v. 3, sur-
round.
circum, adv. and prep. around.
circumdō, -dedi, -datum, -dare,
v. 1, set round.
cōgnōscō, -gnōvī, -gnitum, v. 3,
find out, recognize.
cōgō, coēgi, coāctum, v.
compel.
.3, gather,
cohibeō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, check,
hold fast.
cohortor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. encour-
age.
colligō. See conligō.
colloco. See conlocō.
colloquor. See conloquor.
collum, -i, n. neck.
colo, -ui, cultum, v. 3, culti-
vate, dwell.
colōnus, -i, m. farmer.
color, -ōris, m. color.
columba, -ae, f. pigeon.
coma, -ae, f. hair, leaf.
comes, -itis, c. companion, com-
rade.
comitas, -ātis, f. courtesy.
circumstō, -stetī, v. 1, stand commeātus, -ūs, m. provisions,
round.
civis, -is, c. citizen.
clādēs, -is, f. slaughter.
clam, adv. secretly.
clamitō, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, cry
aloud.
clamō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, shout,
cry out.
clamor, -ōris, m. shout, cry.
clangor, -ōris, m. noise, clang.
clārus, -a, -um, adj. clear, bright,
famous.
claudō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, shut.
claudus, -a, -um, adj. lame.
claustra, -ōrum, n. barrier, dike.
clementia, -ae, f. kindness.
cliēns, entis, c. dependent, pa-
tient.
Clodius, -i, m. Clodius.
Cloelia, -ae, f. Cloelia.
coepi, v. begin.
coërceō, -cui, -citum, v. 2, check,
restrain.
coetus, -ūs, m. assemblage, com-
pany.
supplies.
commemorō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1,
relate.
committō, -mīsī, -missum, v. 3,
intrust, begin, commit.
commoneō, -uī, -itum, v. 2, re-
mind, impress upon.
commoveō, -mōvī, -mōtum, v. 2,
move violently, alarm.
communicō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1,
share, impart.
compleō, -ēvi, -ētum, v. 2, fill.
complūrēs, -a or -ia, adj. several,
many.
concedo, -cessi, -cēssum, v. 3,
yield, grant.
concha, -ae, f. shell.
conchylium, -i, n. oyster.
concipio, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3,
take up, conceive, devise.
concordia, -ae, f. harmony, con-
cord.
concors, cordis, adj. united,
harmonious.
co-co]
111
VOCABULARY.
concurro, -currī, -cursum, v. 3, constituō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, de-
run together, assemble.
condicio, -ōnis, f. condition, terms.
condo, -didī, ditum, v. 3, found,
store up.
condōnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, devote.
conficio, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3,
wear out, overcome.
confirmō, -āvī, -ātum, V.
strengthen.
1,
confligō, -flixi, -flictum, v.
contend.
3,
cōniciō, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3,
throw.
termine, fix.
constringō, -inxī, -ictum, v. 3,
tie up.
consuētūdō, -inis, f. custom.
consul, -is, m. consul, chief
magistrate.
consumō, -psī, -ptum, v. 3, eat,
destroy, spend.
contemplor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. ob-
serve, consider.
contendo, di, -tum, v. 3, hasten,
struggle.
contentus, -a, -um, adj. satis-
fied.
coniungo, -nxi, -nctum, v.
join.
3,
coniunx, -iugis, c. husband
wife.
or
contineō, -ui, -tentum, v. 2, hold,
keep back, bound.
continuo, adv. without interrup-
tion.
conligō, -ēgi, -ectum, v. 3, pick
up, collect.
conlocō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, estab-
lish, put.
conloquor, -locutus, v. 3, dep.
converse, hold a conference
with.
conor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. attempt.
conripio, -ripui, -reptum, v. 3,
snatch up, seize.
cōnscendō, -di, -sum, v. 3, climb
up, mount, embark.
cōnsiderō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, in-
spect, examine.
cōnsīdō, -sēdī, -sēssum, v. 3, sit
down.
consilium, -ī, n. plan, device,
advice.
consistō, -stitī, -stitum, v. 3,
stand still, halt.
consōlor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. com-
fort, cheer.
conspectus, -ūs, m. sight.
conspiciō, -spēxī, -spectum, v.
3, see, espy.
constans, -antis, adj. firm.
constanter, adv. firmly, steadily.
cōnstantia, -ae, f. firmness, per-
severance.
continuus, -a, -um, adj. succes-
sive.
contus, -i, m. pole.
conveniō, -vēnī, -ventum, v. 4,
come together, agree.
convenit, v. impers. it is
agreed.
conversus, part. turned round.
convertō, -verti, -versum, v. 3,
turn towards.
convincō, -vīcī, -vīctum, v. 3,
overcome.
conviva, -ae, c. guest.
convoco, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, as-
semble.
coörior, coörtus, v. 4, dep. rise
up.
copia, -ae, f. sing. plenty; plur.
forces.
copiōsus, -a, -um, adj. abun-
dant.
coquò, coxi, coctum, v. 3, cook,
bake.
cor, cordis, n. heart.
cōram, adv. and prep. in presence
of, openly.
Corinthius, -a, -um, adj. Corin-
thian.
112
[co-de
VOCABULARY.
corniger,
gera, -gerum, adj. | cūra, -ae, f. care.
horned.
cornũ, -ūs, n. horn.
corōna, -ae, f. crown.
corpus, -oris, n. body.
corvus, -ī, m. raven.
cothurnus, -ī, m. top-boot.
cras, adv. to-morrow.
creber, -bra, -brum, adj. frequent.
credibilis, -e, adj. trustworthy.
crēdō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, believe,
trust, entrust.
creō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, create,
make.
crepitus, -ūs, m. rustling, patter-
ing.
crescō, crēvi, crētum, v. 3,
grow.
crēta, -ae, f. chalk.
crimen, -inis, n. charge, crime.
crūdēlis, -e, adj. cruel.
crūdēlitās, -ātis, f. harshness,
cruelty.
cruentus, -a, -um, adj. bloody.
cruor, -ōris, m. gore, blood.
crūs, cruris, n. leg.
cubile, -is, n. bed.
cūrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, care,
take care.
currō, cucurri, cursum, v. 3, run.
currus, -ūs, m. chariot.
cursitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, run
about.
cursus, -ūs, m. race, course.
curvus, -a, -um, adj. crooked,
winding.
custodio, -īvī, -ītum, V. 4,
guard.
custos, -ōdis, c. guard, warder.
cutis, -is, f. skin.
cygnus, -i, m. swan.
Cyprus, -i, f. Cyprus.
D.
damnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, con-
demn.
Dānī, -ōrum, m. Danes.
dapes, -um, f. feast.
Dārius, -ii, m. Darius.
datus. See dō.
dē, prep. from, about, concerning.
cubo, cubui, cubitum, v. 1, lie debeō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, owe,
down.
culmer, -inis, n. top, roof.
culp, -ae, f. fault.
culpo, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, blame.
culter, -trī, m. knife, razor.
cultus, -ūs, m. cultivation.
cum, prep. with.
cum, conj. when, since; cum
tum, both . . . and.
Cúmae, -ārum, f. Cumae.
cunae, -ārum, f. cradle.
...
ought.
decem, adj. indecl. ten.
dēcertō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, strug-
gle, contend.
decet, decuit, v. 2, impers. it
is fitting.
decidō, -cidī, v. 3, fall down.
dēcipio, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3,
deceive.
dedecus, -oris, n. disgrace.
dēditiō, -ōnis, f. surrender.
cunctus, -a, -um, adj. all in a dědō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, sur-
body, the whole.
cupide, adv. eagerly.
cupido, -dinis, f. desire.
cupidus, -a, -um, adj. eager.
cupiō, -īvī or -ii, -itum, v. 3, de-
sire, wish.
cur, adv. why.
render, give up.
deducō, -duxi, -ctum, v. 3, escort,
draw out, carry down.
dēfāmō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, soil,
sully.
dēfendō, -dī, -sum, v. 3, defend,
protect, keep off.
de-di]
113
VOCABULARY.
Dn-
_ng.
we,
ug-
3. it
- 3,
sur-
cort,
soil,
fend,
dēferō, dētulī, dēlātum, deferre, | descensus, -ūs, m. descent.
v. carry down, report.
dēfessus, -a, -um, adj. weary.
dēficiō, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3, fail.
dēfluō, -xī, -xum, v. 3, flow by.
deformis, -e, adj. ugly.
deformō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, make
ugly, spoil.
dēgō, degi, v. 3, spend, pass.
dēlīscō, -hīvi, v. 3, yawn, gape.
Dēianīra, -ae, f. Deianira.
deinde, adv. then, next, after-
wards.
deiectus, part.
See deiciō.
deiciō, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, throw
down, dishearten.
délectō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, delight.
dēleō, -ēvī, -ētum, v. 2, destroy.
dēliciae, -ārum, f. treat.
dēlictum, -ī, n. fault.
dēligō, -lēgī, -lectum, v. 3, choose.
dēligō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, bind.
dēmittō, -mīsī, -missum, v. 3, let
down.
dēmonstrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1,
show.
Dēmosthenes, -is, m. Demos-
thenes.
dēmum, adv. at length.
dēnārius, -ī, m. a silver coin.
denique, adv. at last.
dēns, dentis, m. tooth.
dēnsus, -a, -um, adj. thick.
dēpellō, -pulī, pulsum, v. 3,
drive away, banish.
dependeō, v. 2, hang down.
dēpereō, -i, -īre, v. perish.
dēplōrō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, lament.
dēpōno, -posui, -positum, v. 3,
lay down, put aside.
deportō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, carry
down.
deprehendō, -dī, -şum, v. 3, seize
upon, detect.
dērīdeō, -rīsī, -rīsum, v. 2, jeer.
descendō, -di, -sum, v. 3, descend,
dismount, disembark.
dēserō, -ruī, -rtum, v. 3, desert,
abandon.
desertus, -a, -um, part. deserted,
desolate.
dēsiliō, -ilui, -ultum, v. 4, jump
down.
dēsistō, -stitī, -stitum, v. 3,
leave off, stop.
dēspērō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, de-
spair of.
despiciō, -ēxī, -ectum, v. 3, look
down upon, disdain.
dēstringō, -inxī, -ictum, v. 3,
draw, unsheath.
dēsum, dēfui, v. fail, be want-
ing.
deterreō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, deter,
frighten.
dētrahō, -xī, -ctum, v. 3, draw
off, remove.
dētrectō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, de-
cline, refuse.
dēturbō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, upset,
throw away, drive away.
deus, -ī, m. god.
devius, -a, -um, adj. out of the
way, retired.
dēvolvō, -vī, -ūtum, v. 3, roll
down.
f.
dēvorō, -āvī, -āatum, v. 1, eat,
devour, consume.
devoveō, -vōvī, -vōtum, v. 2,
devote.
dextra, -ae, f. right hand.
Diāna, -ae, f. Diana, goddess of
hunting.
dicō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, say.
diēs, -ēī, m. day.
difficilis, e, adj. difficult, ill-
tempered.
difficultas, -atis, f. difficulty.
diffugiō, -fūgī, v. 3, flee in differ-
ent directions, scatter.
digitus, -ī, m. finger.
dignitas, -ātis, f. dignity, rank.
dīgnus, -a, -um, adj. worthy.
114
[di-eg
VOCABULARY.
dilacerō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, tear
in pieces, wound.
domesticus, -a, -um, adj. domes-
tic.
dilaniō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, tear in domi, at home.
pieces.
diligēns, -entis, adj. careful.
diligenter, ady. carefully.
diligō, -lēxi, lectum, v. 3, love.
dimittō, -misi, -missum, v. 3,
dismiss.
direptus, -a, -um, part. torn
asunder.
dirigō, -rēxī, -rectum, v. 3, direct,
guide.
dīripiō, -ui, -eptum, v. 3, tear
asunder, ravage.
dīrus, -a, -um, adj. fearful.
discēdō, -cēssi, -cessum, v. 3,
depart from.
disciplīna, -ae, f. discipline.
discrimen, -inis, n. crisis.
disiciō, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, dis-
joint, separate.
disponō, -posui, -positum, v. 3,
arrange, set in order.
disputō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, argue.
dissideō, -ēdi, -ēssum, v. 2, dis-
agree.
dissimilis, -e, adj. unlike.
distāns, -tantis, adj. distant.
diu, adv. for a long white.
diutius, adv. for some time.
divellō, -velli, -vulsum, v. 3,
tear up.
diversus, -a, -um, adj. different.
dives, divitis, adj. rich.
dividō, -vīsī, -visum, v. 3, divide.
divinitus, adv. miraculously.
divīnus, -a, -um, adj. divine.
divitiae, -ārum, f. riches.
dīvulgō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, spread
abroad, publish.
dō, dedi, datum, v. 1, give, offer.
doceo, -cui, -ctum, v. 2, teach,
show, tell.
doleō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, grieve for.
dolor, -ōris, m. grief, pain.
dolus, -1, m. deceit.
dominus, -ī, m. lord, master.
domō, -uī, -itum, v. 1, subdue,
conquer.
domum, home.
domus, -ūs, f. house.
dōnō, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, give,
present.
dōnum, -ī, n. gift.
dormiō, -īvī or -i, -ītum, v. 4,
sleep.
dubius, -a, -um, adj. doubtful;
sine dubio, without doubt.
dūcō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, lead,
marry (a wife).
dulcis, -e, adj. sweet.
dum, conj. while.
duo, -ae, -o, adj. two.
duodecim, adj. indecl. twelve.
dūrus, -a, -um, adj. hard.
dux, ducis, c. general.
E.
ē, ex, prep. out of, from.
ēbrius, -a, -um, adj. drunk.
ebur, -oris, n. ivory.
ecce, adv. see, behold.
echīnus, -ī, m. hedgehog.
edō, ēdī, ēsum, v. 3, eat.
ēdō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, give
forth, utter.
Edvardus, -i, m. Edward.
effodio -födi, -fōssum, v. 3, dig up.
effugio, -fūgī, v. 3, flee away,
escape.
effundo, -fūdī, -fūsum, v. 3, upset,
scatter, pour forth.
effūsē, adv. in different direc-
tions.
egēnus, -a, -um, adj. poor.
ego, pron. I.
ēgredior, -gressus, v. 3, dep.
come out, disembark.
eg-ex]
115
VOCABULARY.
ēgregius, -a, -um, adj. distin- | ēvellō, -velli, -vulsum, v. 3, pull
guished, excellent.
ĕheu, adv. alas!
ēicio, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, drive
out.
elephantus, -ī, m. elephant.
ēlīdō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, shatter.
Elisabetha, -ae, f. Elizabeth.
ēlūdō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, avoid,
cheat.
ēmergō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, come
forth, emerge.
ēmineō, -ui, v. 2, stand out, pro-
ject.
emō, ēmi, emptum, v. 3, buy.
en, adv. see, behold.
enim, conj. for.
eō, adv. thither.
eō, ii or īvi, itum, īre, v. go.
Ephesius, -a, -um, adj. Ephesian.
epistula, -ae, f. letter.
epulae, -ārum, f. feast.
equa, -ae, f. mare.
eques, -itis, m. knight, horseman.
equidem, adv. indeed, certainly.
equinus, -a, -um, adj. horse.
equitātus, -ūs, m. cavalry.
equitō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, ride.
equus, -i, m. horse.
erga, prep. towards.
ergo, adv. therefore.
ĕripiō, -ipui, -eptum, v. 3, snatch
away.
errō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, wander,
mistake.
error, -ōris, m. fault, mistake.
ērumpō, -rūpi, -ruptum, v. 3,
break out.
ēsuriō,
hunger.
-itum, v. 4, suffer
et, conj. and; et . . . et, both ...
and.
etiam, conj. also, even.
etsi, conj. although.
ēvādō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, turn out,
escape.
ēvānēscō, -nuī, v. 3, vanish away.
|
out.
ēveniō, -vēnī, -ventum, v. 4,
happen.
ēventus, -ūs, m. occurrence, re-
sult.
ēvolō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fly out,
rush forth.
exanimis, -e, adj. lifeless.
exanimus, -a, -um. adj. lifeless.
excēdō, -cēssī, -cēssum, v. 3, de-
part, withdraw.
excipio, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3,
catch, come next to, interrupt.
excitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, arouse.
exclāmō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, cry
out.
exclūdō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, shut out,
hatch.
excubiae, -ārum, f. watch.
exemplum, -ī, n. example.
exeō, -ivi or -i, -itum, -ire, v.
go out.
exerceō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, vex,
exercise.
exercitus, -ūs, m. army.
exiguus, -a, -um, adj. small,
scanty.
eximō, -ēmī, -ēmptum, v. 3, take
out.
existimō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1,
think.
exitium, -ī, n. destruction.
experrectus, -a, -um, part.
awakened.
expers, -pertis, adj. without, free
from.
explico, -āvī or -ui, -atum or
-itum, v. 1, explain.
explōrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, ex-
amine, explore.
exprimō, -pressī, -pressum, v. 3,
squeeze.
exquirō, -sīvi, -sītum, v. 3, search
for, seek out.
exsilio, -ui, v. 4, jump forth.
exsilium, -i, place of exile.
116
[ex-fo
VOCABULARY.
exsolvō, -solvī, -solūtum, v. 3, | fere, adv. almost.
pay.
exspecto, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, ex-
pect, wait for.
exspirō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, breathe
one's last, die.
exsul, -ulis, c. wanderer, exile.
exsuperō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, over-
come.
extemplo, adv. immediately.
extrā, adv. and prep. outside,
without.
extrahō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, drag
out.
extrūdō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, thrust
out.
exuō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, take off.
F.
fabula, -ae, f. story.
facile, adv. easily.
facilis, -e, adj. easy.
facinus, -inoris, n. crime.
facio, fēcī, factum, v. 3, make, do;
facere naufragium, to be ship-
wrecked.
factum, -ī, n. act.
fallo, fefelli, falsum, v. 3,
ceive, elude.
de-
fēriae, -ārum, f. festival.
feriō, -ire, v. 4, strike.
ferō, tuli, lātum, ferre, v. bear,
carry.
ferōx, -ōcis, adj. fierce, savage.
ferreus, -a, -um, adj. iron.
ferrum, -ī, n. iron, sword.
fertilis, -e, adj. fertile.
ferus, -a, -um, adj. wild.
fervidus, -a, -um, adj. burning,
hot.
fessus, -a, -um, adj. tired.
festus, -a, -um, adj. festal.
fibula, -ae, f. buckle, button.
fictus, -a, -um, adj. feigned, false.
fidēlis, -e, adj. trusty, faithful.
fidēs, -ei, f. faith, promise, credit.
fidō, fisus, v. 3, semi-dep. trust.
Fidō, -ōnis, m. Fido.
fidus, -a, -um, adj. faithful.
Figulus, -i, m. Figulus.
figūra, -ae, f. form, figure.
filia, -ae, f. daughter.
filius, -i, m. son.
fimus, -ī, m. dung.
findo, fidi, fissum, v. 3, split,
divide.
fingō, finxi, fictum, v. 3, form,
invent, fashion, build.
finiō, -ivior -ii, -itum, v. 4, finish.
falsus, -a, -um, adj. false, de- finis, -is, m. end, land, boundary.
ceived.
fāma, -ae, f. report.
famēs, -is, f. hunger, famine.
farina, -ae, f. flour.
fastidium, -i, n. dislike, pride.
fātālis, -e, adj. fated, fateful.
fauces, -ium, f. throat.
faveō, fāvī, fautum, v. 2, favor.
fax, facis, f. torch.
fefelli. See fallō.
fēlēs, -is, f. cat.
femina, -ae, f. woman.
fenestra, -ae, f. window.
fēnum, -ī, n. hay.
fera, -ae,
f. wild beast.
finitimus, -a, -um, adj. neighbor-
ing, near.
fio, factus, fieri, v. be made,
become.
firmiter, adv. firmly.
firmus, -a, -um, adj. firm.
fistula, -ae, f. pipe.
flamma, -ae, f. flame.
flectō, -xi, -xum, v. 3, bend.
Flōrus, -i, m. Florus.
flōs, flōris, m. flower.
fluctus, -ūs, m. wave.
flumen, -inis, n. river.
fluō, -xi, -xum, v. 3, flow.
focus, -i, m. hearth.
fo-ge]
117
VOCABULARY.
fodio, fōdi, fōssum, v. 3, dig.
foedus, -a, -um, adj. filthy, hor-
rible.
folium, -i, n. leaf.
foras, adv. out-of-doors.
foris, adv. out-of-doors.
fores, -um, f. door.
forma, -ae, f. form, figure.
formica, -ae, f. ant.
formīdō, -inis, f. fear, dread.
formōsus, -a, -um, adj. beautiful.
forte, adv. by chance.
fortis, -e, adj. strong, brave.
fortitudo, -inis, f. courage.
fortuna, -ae, f. fortune.
fortūnātus, -a, -um, adj. fortu-
nate, lucky..
forum, -ī, n. market-place.
fōssa, -ae, f. ditch.
foveō, fōvi, fötum, v. 2, cherish.
fragor, -ōris, m. splash, noise,
crash.
frangō, frēgi, fractum, v. 3,
break.
frater, -tris, m. brother.
fraus, fraudis, f. deceit.
Fredericus, -1, m. Frederick.
fremitus, -ūs, m. growling.
frigidus, -a, -um, adj. cold.
frōns, frondis, f. leaf.
frōns, frontis, f. forehead.
frūgālis, -e, adj. thrifty.
frūgēs, -um, f. fruits.
frustra, adv. in vain.
frustum, -ī, n. bit, piece.
fuga, -ae, f. flight.
fugiens, -entis, adj. flying.
fugio, fugi, fugitum, v. 3, fly.
fugitīvus, -i, m. fugitive, run-
away slave.
fugō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, put to
flight.
fulciō, fulsī, fultum, v. 4, prop
up, support.
fulgens, -entis, adj. glittering.
fulgeō, fulsi, v. 2, glitter.
fultus, part. See fulcio.
| Fulvia, -ae, f. Fulvia.
Fulvius, -i, m. Fulvius.
fūnebris, -e, adj. funereal.
funditor, -ōris, m. slinger.
fundō, fūdi, fūsum, v. 3, pour,
produce, rout.
fundus, -i, m. farm.
fungor, functus, v. 3, dep. per-
form.
fūnis, -is, m. rope.
fūr, fūris, m. thief.
furēns, -entis, adj. furious, mad-
dened.
furiōsus, -a, -um, adj. raging.
furor, -ōris, m. madness, frenzy.
fürtim, adv. stealthily.
furtum, -1, n. theft.
fuscus, -a, -um, adj. dark, dusky,
swarthy.
G.
galea, -ae, f. helmet.
Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic.
gallina, -ae, f. hen.
Gallus, -i, m. a Gaul.
gallus, -i, m. cock.
garrulus, -a, -um, adj. chattering,
prattling.
gaudeo, gavisus, v. 2, semi-dep.
rejoice.
gaudium, -i, n. joy.
Gelertus, -i, m. Gelert.
Gellius, -i, m. Gellius.
gelū, -ūs, n. frost.
gemitus, -ūs, m. groan.
gemma, -ae, f. jewel.
gena, -ae, f. cheek.
generōsus, -a, -um, adj. well-
born.
gens, gentis, f. race.
genus, generis, n. birth, race.
Germānia, -ae, f. Germany.
gerō, gessi, gestum, v. 3, wear,
manage, carry on.
118
VOCABULARY.
[ge-hu
haudquaquam, adv. by no means.
hauriō, hausī, haustum, v. 4,
drain.
gestus, part. See gerō.
gestus, -ūs, m. gesture.
gigās, -antis, m. giant.
produce.
Henricus, -i, m. Henry.
gladius, -i, m. sword.
gignō, genui, genitum, v. 3, haustus, -ūs, m. draught.
glāns, -dis, f. acorn.
glaucus, -a, -um, adj. gray.
Glaucus, -i, m. Glaucus.
glōria, -ae, f. renown.
glōriōsus, -a, -um, adj. boastful.
Godīva, -ae, f. Godiva.
gracilis, -e, adj. slender, graceful.
Graecus, -a, -um, adj. Grecian.
grāmen, -inis, n. grass.
grandis, -e, adj. large, big.
grandō, -inis, f. hail.
grānum, -ī, n. grain, seed.
gratia, -ae, sing. favor; plur.
thanks; agere gratias, to thank.
grātus, -a, -um, adj. pleasing,
thankful.
gravis, e, adj. heavy, painful,
important.
graviter, adv. severely.
gremium, -ī, n. bosom.
gressus, -ūs, m. step, course.
grex, gregis, m. flock.
gurges, -itis, m. whirlpool, abyss.
gustō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, taste.
guttur, -uris, n. throat.
Gyges, -is, m. Gyges.
H.
habēna, -ae, f. rein.
habeō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, have,
hold, esteem, consider.
habitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, dwell,
inhabit.
2,
haereō, haesī, haesum, v.
stick, be in difficulties.
haesitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, hesitate.
Hamelina, f. Hamelin.
hamus, -i, m. hook.
haud, adv. not.
|
Hercle, by Hercules.
Hercules, -is, m. Hercules.
herī, adv. yesterday.
hiātus, -ūs, m. gaping, aperture,
cleft.
Hibernia, -ae, f. Ireland.
hic, haec, hōc, pron. this; hic
ille, the latter, the former.
hic, adv. here, on this side.
hiems, -emis, f. winter.
hine, adv. hence; hinc illinc, on
this side and on that.
hirundō, -inis, f. swallow.
Hispania, -ae, f. Spain.
Hispanus, -a, -um, adj. Spanish.
hodie, adv. to-day.
homō, -inis, m. man.
honestus, -a, -um, adj. honor-
able, virtuous.
honor, -ōris, m. office, honor.
hōra, -ae, f. hour.
hordeum, -ī, n. barley.
horrendus, -a, -um, adj. dread-
ful.
horreō, -ui, v. 2, bristle, shudder.
horreum, -1, n. barn.
horribilis, -e, adj. fearful.
horrisonus, -a, -um, adj. with
terrific sound, fearful.
horror, -ōris, m. shivering, dread.
hortor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. cheer,
exhort.
hortus, -i, m. garden.
hospes, -itis, c. guest or host.
hospitium, -ī, n. hospitality.
hostis, -is, c. enemy.
Hubertus, -ī, m. Hubert.
huc, adv. hither.
hūmānitās, -ātis, f. politeness,
refinement.
hūmānus, -a, -um, adj. human.
humerus, -i, m. shoulder.
hu-in]
119
VOCABULARY.
humi, adv. on the ground.
humilis, -e, adj. lowly, humble.
humiliter, adv. humbly.
humus, -i, f. ground.
hyaena, -ae, f. hyæna.
hydra, -ae, f. hydra.
ibi, adv. there.
I.
ibidem, adv. in the same spot.
Icēnī, -ōrum, m. Iceni.
ictus, -ūs, m. blow.
idem, eadem, idem, pron. the
same.
idōneus, -ea, -eum, adj. fit.
igitur, adv. therefore.
īgnārus, -a, -um, adj. unac-
quainted with.
īgnāvus, -a, -um, adj. idle.
ignis, -is, m. fire.
īgnōrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, be
ignorant.
ignōtus, -a, -um, adj. unknown.
ilico, adv. on the spot, instantly.
ille, -a, -ud, pron. he, she, it.
illic, adv. there, on that side.
illīdō. See inlīdō.
illinc, adv. thence, on that side.
illuc, adv. thither.
imagō, -inis, f. copy, likeness, re-
flection.
imber, -ris, m. shower.
imitor, -ātus, v. 1, dep.
counterfeit.
immanis, e, adj. huge,
monstrous.
copy,
vast,
immemor, -oris, adj. forgetful,
regardless.
immēnsus, -a, -um, adj. bound-
less.
immineō, v. 2, hang over, im-
pend.
impediō, -īvi, -ītum, v. 4, hinder.
impendeō, v. 2, overhang.
impēnsa, -ae, f. outlay, expense.
imperātor, -ōris, m. commander,
general.
imperātum, -1, n. command,
orders.
imperītus, -a, -um, adj. unskilled.
imperium, -ī, n. power, author-
ity.
imperō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, order,
impose.
impetrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, obtain.
impetus, -ūs, m. attack, rush.
impie, adv. wickedly, impiously.
impiger, -gra, -grum, adj. active.
impius, -a, -um, adj. wicked,
impious.
impleō, -plēvī, -plētum, v. 2,
fill up.
implicō, -āvī or -ui, -ātum or
-itum, v. 1, entangle, involve.
impōnō, -posui, -positum, v. 3,
place upon, set over, impose.
improbus, -a, -um, adj. wicked,
naughty.
improvidus, -a, -um, adj. impru-
dent.
imprōvīsō, adv. suddenly, un-
expectedly; de imprōvīsō, un-
expectedly.
imprūdēns, -entis, adj. not fore-
seeing, unintentional.
impudens, -entis, adj. shameless,
impudent.
impudentia, -ae, f. shamelessness.
impūne, adv. without punishment,
uninjured.
īmus, -a, -um, adv. lowest; ima
vallis, the bottom of the valley.
in, prep. (1) with acc. to, into,
against; (2) with abl. in.
incaute, adv. heedlessly.
incautus, -a, -um, adj. heedless,
off one's guard.
incēdō, -cessī, -cēssum, v. 3,
march, advance.
incendium, -ī, n. conflagration.
incendo, di, -sum, v. 3, set on
fire, kindle.
120
[inc-ins
VOCABULARY.
incertus, -a, -um, adj. uncertain. |īnfidēlis, -e, adj. faithless.
incidō, -cidī, -cāsum, v. 3, fall | infirmus, -a, -um, adj. feeble.
into.
incipio, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3,
begin.
incito, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, urge,
rouse.
incola, -ae, c. inhabitant.
informis, -e, adj. misshapen,
hideous.
ingemino, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, re-
double, repeat.
ingenium, -i, n. character, abili-
ties.
incolō, -lui, v. 3, dwell in, in- ingēns, -entis, adj. huge, vast.
habit.
incolumis, -e, adj. safe.
increpō, -ui, -itum, v. 1, rebuke,
upbraid.
incultus, -a, -um, adj. unculti-
vated.
incursiō, -ōnis, f. raid, inroad.
incūsō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, accuse.
incutio, -cussi, -cussum, v. 3,
strike against.
inde, adv. thence, thereupon.
indicium, -ī, n. evidence, sign,
token.
indicō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, reveal.
indoctus, -a, -um, adj. untaught,
ignorant.
inductus (part. from induco),
persuaded.
indulgeō, -sī, -tum, v. 2, indulge.
induō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, put on,
dress oneself in.
dē
Indus, -a, -um, adj. Indian.
industria, -ae, f. diligence;
industria, on purpose.
indūtus, part. See induō.
ineō, -īvī or -i, -itum, īre, v.
enter, devise.
ineptus, -a, -um, adj. senseless.
infans, -tis, c. child, infant.
infelix, -icis, adj. unfortunate,
unhappy.
inferior, comp. adj. lower.
inferus, -a, -um, adj. underneath,
lower.
infestō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, haunt,
infest.
inficio, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3,
stain, corrupt.
|
ingenuus, -a, -um,
adj. frank.
ingratus, -a, -um, adj. unpleas-
ant, thankless.
ingredior, -gressus, v. 3, dep.
enter.
inhonestus -a, -um, adj. dis-
honorable.
inhospitālis, -e, adj. inhospitable.
inimicus, -a, -um, adj. hostile;
subs. a foe.
iniquus, -a, -um, adj. uneven,
unfair, wicked.
inicio, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, put
into, insert.
iniūria, -ae, f. a wrong.
inlīdō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, strike or
dash against.
innocens, -entis, adj. guiltless,
harmless.
innumerabilis, -e, adj. countless.
inopia, -ae, f. want, scarcity.
inopīnātus, -a, -um, adj. unex-
pected.
inquit, v. he says.
inritus, -a, -um, adj. unsuccess-
ful.
inrumpō, -rūpī, -ruptum, v. 3,
burst into.
inruō, -ui, v. 3, rush in.
insanus, -a, -um, adj. mad,
frantic.
inscius, -a, -um, adj. ignorant
of.
inscribō, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, write
upon.
inserō, -serui, -sertum, v. 3, in-
troduce.
insertus, part. See inserō.
in-io]
121
VOCABULARY.
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. ambush, plot, | inveniō, -vēnī, -ventum, v. 4,
artifice.
insidō, -sēdi, -sēssum, v. 3, inventor, -ōris, m. contriver, in-
settle on.
insignis, -e, adj. distinguished,
striking.
īnsistō, -stiti, v. 3, stand upon,
press upon.
instituō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, begin,
arrange, resolve.
instō, -stiti, v. 1, approach, be
present, press upon.
însuētus, -a, -um, adj. unusual.
insula, -ae, f. island.
integer, -gra, -grum, adj. fresh,
sound, untouched, unbroken.
intellegō, -l¿xī, -lēctum, v. 3,
perceive, understand.
inter, prep. between, among.
interclūdo, -ūsī, -ūsum, v.
shut up, cut off.
interclusus, part. See inter-
clūdō.
3,
interdico, -dixi, -dictum, v. 3,
forbid, exclude.
interdum, adv. sometimes.
interea, adv. meanwhile.
interfectus, part.
ficiō.
See inter-
interficio, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3,
kill, destroy.
interior, comp. adj. inner.
intermittō, -mīsī, -missum, v. 3,
leave off.
interponō, -posuï, -positum, v.
3, place between.
interrogō, -āvī, -ātum, v.
question.
1,
interrumpō, -rūpi, -ruptum, v.
3, break up, break off.
intervāllum, -ī, n. space between,
interval.
intra, prep. within.
intro, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, enter.
inundō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, over-
flow, inundate.
inütilis, -e, adj. useless.
find.
ventor.
invicem, adv. in turn, alternately.
invideo, -vīdī, -visum, v. 2,
envy.
invidia, -ae, f. envy, hatred.
invītus, -a, -um, adj. unwilling,
reluctant.
invocō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, call
upon, invoke.
Iolē, -ès, f. Iole.
ipse, -a, -um, pron. self.
īra, -ae, f. anger.
īrācundus, -a, -um, adj. passion-
ate.
īrāscor, īrātus, v. 3, dep. be
angry.
īrātus, -a, -um, adj. angry.
irritus. See inritus.
irrumpō. See inrumpō.
is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it, that.
iste, ista, istud, pron. that near
you.
ita, adv. so, thus.
Italia, -ae, f. Italy.
itaque, conj. therefore.
iter, itineris, n. journey, road.
iterum, adv. again.
iaceō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, lie.
iaciō, iēcī, iactum, v. 3, throw.
Iacobus, -i, m. James.
iactō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, toss about,
boast.
iaculum, -ī, n. dart.
iam, adv. now, already.
iam dūdum, adv. for a long while.
iamque, adv. and now.
iēiūnus, -a, -um, adj. hungry.
iocōsus, -a, -um, adj. witty,
funny.
iocus, -i, m. jest.
Iohannes, -is, m. John.
122
[iu-lo
VOCABULARY.
iubeō, iūssī,
order.
iūssum, V.
2,
lavō,
lavāvi, S
lautum,
lāvī,
lavātum,
lōtum,
iucundus, -a, -um, adj. pleasant.
iudex, -icis, c. judge.
iūdicō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, judge.
iugum, -ī, n. yoke.
Iulius, -i, m. Julius.
iūmentum, -ī, n. beast of burden.
iungō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, join, yoke,
cross.
iūris-consultus, -ī, m. lawyer.
iūs, iūris, n. law, right.
iūs, iūris, n. soup.
iūssus, -ūs, m. command.
iūsta, -ōrum, n. funeral rites.
iūstus, -a, -um, adj. just.
iuvenis, -is, m. youth, young man.
iuvō, iūvī, iūtum, v. 1, help.
iūxtă, adv. and prep. near.
L.
labor, -ōris, m. labor, toil.
labor, lāpsus, v. 3, dep. glide,
slip.
labōrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, work,
toil.
·labrum, -ī, n. lip.
lac, lactis, n. milk.
lacrima, -ae, f. tear.
lacus, -ūs, m. lake.
laetitia, -ae, f. joy.
laetus, -a, -um, adj. joyful.
lambō, -bi, -bitum, v. 3, lick.
languidus, -a, -um, adj. faint,
languid.
lapis, -idis, m. stone.
latebrae, -ārum, f. hiding-place.
lateō, -ui, v. 2, lie hid.
Latinus, -a, -um, adj. Latin.
lātrātus, -ūs, m. barking.
latrō, -ōnis, m. robber.
lātus, -a, -um, adj. broad.
latus, -eris, n. side.
laudō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, praise.
laus, laudis, f. praise.
v. 1 and 3, wash, bathe.
laxō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, unloose,
relax.
lectus, -i, m. bed, couch.
lēgātus, -ī, m. officer.
legō, lēgī, lectum, v. 3, collect,
choose, read.
lēniō, -īvī or -ii, -itum, v. 4,
soften.
lēnis, -e, adj. soft, smooth, mild.
leō, -ōnis, m. lion.
lēvis, -e, adj. smooth.
levis, -e, adj. light.
leviter, adv. lightly.
levō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, lighten.
lex, lēgis, f. law.
libenter, adv. freely, gladly.
liberālitās, -ātis, f. liberality.
liberi, -ōrum, m. children.
liberō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, free.
lībertās, -ātis, f. liberty.
lībum, -i, n. cake.
Libya, -ae, f. Libya.
licet, -cuit, -citum, v. 2, impers.
it is allowed.
līctor, -ōris, m. lictor, the consul's
servant.
līgneus, -a, -um, adj. wooden.
līgnum, -i, n. wood.
limen, -inis, n. threshold.
limus, -i, m. mud.
lingua, -ae, f. tongue.
līnum, -ī, n. linen.
littera, -ae, f. letter.
lītus, -oris, n. shore.
locō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, place.
loculi, -ōrum, m. purse.
locus, -i, m. place.
Londinium, -ī, n. London.
longe, adv. far.
longus, -a, -um, adj. long.
loquax, -ācis, adj. talkative.
loquor, locutus, v. 3, dep. speak.
Loxias, -ae, m. Loxias.
lu-me]
123
VOCABULARY.
lūbricus, -a, -um, adj. slippery.
lucerna, -ae, f. lamp.
Lūcius, -ī, m. Lucius.
lūctor, lūctātus, v. 1, dep.
struggle.
lūdibrium, -ī, n. jest, mockery.
lūdō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, play,
gamble.
Ludovicus, -i, m. Louis.
lūdus, -i, m. game, sport, school.
lūmen, -inis, n. light.
lūna, -ae, f. moon.
lupus, -i, m. wolf.
lūstrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, observe,
wander over.
lutum, -i, n. mud.
lux, lūcis, f. light.
luxus, -ūs, m. luxury.
Lycus, -i, m. Lycus.
Lydōn, -ōnis, m. Lydon.
lyra, -ae, f. lyre.
Lysander, -drī, m. Lysander.
M.
Macedo, -onis, m. Macedonian.
mācte (virtūte), a blessing on
your virtue.
mactō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, sacrifice.
maculō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, spot,
stain.
madefacio, -fēcī, -factum, v. 3,
wet.
maestus, -a, -um, adj.
sorrowful.
sad,
magicus, -a, -um, adj. magic.
magis, adv. rather, more.
magister, -trī, m. master.
magistrātus, -ūs, m. magistrate.
magnificus, -a, -um, adj. magni-
ficent, honorable.
māgnitūdō, -inis, f. size, great-
ness.
magnopere, adv. greatly.
magnus, -a, -um, adj. great.
māiestās, -ātis, f. dignity.
māior, māius, adj. greater, older.
male, adv. badly; male pārēre,
disobey.
maledico, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, speak
ill of.
malignus, -a, -um, adj. ill-
natured, malicious.
mālō, māluī, mälle, v. prefer.
mālum, -ī, n. apple.
malum, -ī, n. evil.
malus, -a, -um, adj. bad.
mandātum, -ī, n. command.
mandō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, com-
mit.
māne, adv. in the morning.
maneō, -nsi, -nsum, v. 2, re-
main.
manifestus, -a, -um, adj. unmis-
takable.
mānsuētūdō, -dinis, f. clemency.
manus, -ūs, f. hand, band.
mare, -is, n. sea.
margō, -inis, c. edge, shore.
marīnus, -a, -um, adj. sea.
maritimus, -a, -um, adj. sea.
massa, -ae, f. mass, lump.
māter, -tris, f. mother.
matrimonium, -ī, n. marriage,
wedlock.
mātūrus, -a, -um, adj. early, ripe.
maximē, adv. certainly, very
greatly, especially.
medicus, -ī, m. doctor.
medius, -a, -um, adj. middle.
membrum, -brī, n. limb.
memini, v. remember.
memor, -oris, adj. mindful.
memoria, -ae, f. memory.
mēns, mentis, f. mind.
mēnsa, -ae, f. table.
mēnsis, -is, m. month.
mentum, -1, n. chin.
mercator, -ōris, m. merchant.
mercēs, ēdis, f. wages, reward,
fee.
Mercurius, -i, m. Mercury.
mereō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, deserve,
124
[me-mu
VOCABULARY.
mergō, -si, -sum, v. 3, dip, modus, -i, m. manner, measure,
plunge.
merito, adv. deservedly.
messis, -is, f. harvest.
mēta, -ae, f. goal, target.
metus, -ūs, m. fear, dread.
meus, -a, -um, poss. pron. my,
mine.
Midas, -ae, m. Midas.
mode.
molestus, -a, -um, adj. trouble-
some.
mollis, -e, adj..soft.
moneō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, warn,
advise.
mōns, mōntis, m. mountain, hill.
monstrum, -ī, n. monster.
migrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, remove, montānus, -a, -um, adj. mountain.
emigrate, depart.
miles, -itis, c. soldier.
milia, -ium, n. thousands.
militāris, -e, adj. military.
mille, adj. thousand.
mina, -ae, f. a small silver coin.
minae, -ārum, f. threats.
Minerva, -ae, f. Minerva, goddess
of wisdom.
minime, adv. by no means.
ministrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, attend,
wait upon.
minor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. threaten.
minuō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, lessen,
diminish.
minus, adv. less, not at all.
mīrābilis, -e, adj. wonderful.
miraculum, -i, n. wonder, miracle.
miror, -ātus, v. 1, dep. wonder,
admire.
mīrus, -a, -um, adj. wonderful.
misceō, -cui, mistum or mixtum,
v. 2, mix.
miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched.
misere, adv. miserably, sadly.
miseret, v. 2, impers. it distresses
me, (I) feel pity.
misericordia, -ae, f. pity, com-
passion.
miseritus, -a, -um, part. pitying.
mītēscō, v. 3, grow gentle, soften.
mītigō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, soften.
mittō, mīsi, missum, v. 3, send.
modice, adv. moderately.
modicus, -a, -um, adj. moderate.
modo, adv. only, at one time, at
another.
mora, -ae, f. delay.
morbus, -ī, m. sickness, disease.
Morcius, -i, m. Morcius.
mordeō, momordī, morsum, v.
2, bite.
moribundus, -a, -um, adj. dying.
morior, mortuus, v. 3, dep. die.
moror, -ātus, v. 1, dep. delay.
mors, mortis, f. death.
mortālis, -e, adj. deadly.
mortifer, -fera, -ferum, adj.
deadly.
mortuus, -a, -um, adj. dead.
mōs, mōris, m. manner; in plur.
manners, conduct.
mōtus, -ūs, m. motion.
mōtus, -a, -um, adj. moved,
aroused.
moveō, mōvī, mōtum, v. 2, move.
mox, adv. presently.
mūgītus, -ūs, m. bellowing.
mulceō, -sī, -sum, v. 2, soothe.
mulcta, -ae, f. fine, penalty.
mulctrārium, -ī, n. milking-pail.
mulier, -eris, f. woman.
multiplex, -plicis, adj. manifold,
various.
multitūdō, -inis, f. multitude.
multō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fine,
punish.
multus, -a, -um, adj. many, much.
mūniō, -īvi, -itum, v. 4, build,
fortify.
mūnus, -eris, n. gift.
mūrus, -ī, m. wall.
mūs, mūris, m. mouse.
musca, -ae, f. Aly.
mu-nu]
125
VOCABULARY.
mūtō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, change, | niger, -gra, -grum, adj. black.
exchange.
N.
nihil, n. nothing.
nihilī, of no value.
nimirum, adv. no wonder.
nimis, adv. too much.
nactus, -a, -um, part. from nan- nimium, adv. too much.
ciscor.
nam, conj. for.
nanciscor, nactus, v. 3, dep.
obtain.
nārēs, -ium, f. plur. nostrils, nose.
nārrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, narrate,
tell.
nascor, nātus, v. 3, dep. be born.
nāsus, -ī, m. nose.
natō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, swim.
nātū, adv. by birth.
nātūra, -ae, f. nature.
nātus, -ī, m. son.
naufragium, -ī, n. shipwreck;
facere, to be shipwrecked.
nausea, -ae, f. sea-sickness.
nauta, -ae, m. sailor.
nāvigō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, sail.
nāvis, -is, f. ship.
-ne, interrog. particle.
ne, conj. lest, and not; adv. not
(nē. quidem, not even).
nec, conj. neither, nor.
necessario, adv. unavoidable.
necō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, kill.
nefandus, -a, -um, adj. horrible.
neglegō, -ēxī, -ēctum, v. 3, neg-
lect, omit.
negō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, deny,
say no, refuse.
negotium, -ī, n. business, affair.
nēmō, -inis, pron. no one.
nempe, adv. truly.
nemus, -oris, n. wood, grove.
nepos, -ōtis, c. grandson, grand-
daughter, nephew, niece.
Nerō, -ōnis, m. Nero.
nescioquis, somebody.
nescius, -a, -um, adj. ignorant.
Nessus, -i, m. Nessus.
nidus, -ī, m. nest.
nisi, conj. unless, if not.
nīsus, -ūs, m. struggle, effort.
nitidus, -a, -um, adj. shining,
healthy-looking, sleek, fat.
nītor, nīsus, v. 3, dep. strive,
push.
niveus, -a, -um, adj. snow-white,
snowy.
nix, nivis, f. snow.
nobilis, -e, adj. noble, well-born.
noceō, -cui, -citum, v. 2, hurt.
noctu, adv. by night.
Nōla, -ae, f. Nola.
nōlō, nōlui, v. be unwilling.
nōmen, -inis, n. name.
nōn, adv. not.
nondum, adv. not yet.
nonne, interrog. particle.
non-numquam, adv. sometimes.
nōs, nostrum, we (plur. of ego).
noster, -stra, -strum, possess.
pron. our, ours.
notō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, mark.
nōtus, -a, -um, adj. known.
novus, -a, -um, adj. new, strange.
nox, noctis, f. night.
noxia, -ae, f. harm, hurt.
nūbēs, -is, f. cloud.
nubo, -psī, -ptum, v. 3, marry;
lit. put on the wedding veil.
nūdō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, strip, lay
bare.
nūdus, -a, -um, adj. naked, bare.
nullus, -a, -um, adj. none, no.
num, interrog. particle.
numerō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, count,
number, pay.
numerus, -ī, m. number.
nummus, -ī, m. coin, money.
num-quid, interrog. is there any
thing?
126
[nu-op
VOCABULARY.
nunc, adv. now.
numquam, adv. never.
nūntiō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, an-
nounce, tell.
nūntius, -ī, m. messenger.
nuper, adv. lately.
nuptiae, -ārum, f. plur. wedding.
nūrus, -ūs, f. daughter-in-law.
nutrix, -īcis, f. nurse.
nux, nucis, f. nut.
O.
Ō, exclamation, O!
ob, prep. on account of.
obdūcō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, draw
over, cover.
obēdiens, -entis, adj. obedient.
obició, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, throw
in the way, expose.
oblātus, -a, -um, part. from offerō.
oblitus, -a, -um, part. from obli-
viscor.
obliviscor, -lītus, v. 3, dep. for-
get.
obscūrō, -āvī, -ātum, V. 1,
darken.
obserō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, lock,
bolt.
observō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, observe,
watch.
obses, -idis, c. hostage.
obsoletus, -a, -um, adj. decayed,
worn out.
obstupefacio, -fēcī, -factum, v.
3, amaze, astound.
obtegō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, cover up.
obtineō, -tinui, -tentum, v. 2,
possess, gain.
obviam, adv. to meet.
obvius, -a, -um, adj. meeting, to
meet.
occasiō, -ōnis, f. opportunity.
occasus, -ūs, m. sunset, west.
occidō, -cidī, -cāsum, v. 3, perish,
die.
occidō, -cīdī, -cīsum, v. 3, kill.
occulo, -cului, -cultum, v. 3,
cover, hide.
occultō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, hide.
occultus, -a, -um, part. concealed,
hidden; in occulto, in secret.
occupō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, seize,
hold, take possession of.
occurrō, -currī, -cursum, v. 3,
meet, run up.
ōceanus, -ī, m. ocean.
octo, indec. adj. eight.
oculus, -i, m. eye.
odium, -ī, n. hatred.
odor, -ōris, m. smell.
odōror, -ātus, v. 1, dep. smell,
smell out, scent.
Oechalia, -ae,
f. Oechalia.
offendō, -di, -sum, v. 3, strike
upon, hit upon, offend.
offerō, obtuli, oblātum, offerre,
v. offer, expose.
officium, -ī, n. duty.
oleum, -ī, n. oil.
ōlim, adv. once upon a time,
formerly.
omnino, adv. altogether, abso-
lutely.
omnis, -e, adj. all, every.
omittō, -mīsī, -mīssum, v. 3,
omit, neglect.
onerō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, load,
burden.
onus, -eris, n. burden.
onustus, -a, -um, adj. loaded,
laden.
opera, -ae, f. pains, task, help.
operiō, -uī, -pertum, v. 4, cover.
opēs, -um, f. plur. wealth.
opimus, -a, -um, adj. wealthy,
rich.
oportet, -uit, v. 2, impers. it is
necessary, (1) must, ought.
oppidānus, -i, m. townsman.
oppidum, -ī, n. town.
oppōnō, -posui, -positum, v. 3,
oppose.
op-pa]
127
VOCABULARY.
opportūnus, -a, -um, adj. con- | parātus, -a, -um, adj. ready.
venient, suitable.
opprimō, -pressī, -pressum, v. 3,
overcome, crush, surprise.
oppūgnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, at-
tack, besiege.
optō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, choose,
wish for.
ōra, -ae, f. shore.
ōrātiō, -ōnis, f. speech.
ōrātor, -ōris, m. speaker, orator.
oriēns, -tis, m. east, where the sun
rises.
ōrnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fit out,
adorn.
ōrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, beg, pray.
ōs, ōris, n. mouth, face.
os, ossis, n. bone.
S-tum,
ostendō, -dī, { -sum,
ōstium, -i, n. door.
ostrum, -ī, n. purple.
v. 3, show.
parco, peperci, parsum, v. 3,
spare, use sparingly.
parcus, -a, -um, adj. thrifty.
parēns, -entis, c. parent.
pāreō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, obey.
paries, -ietis, m. wall.
pariō, peperī, partum, v. 3, bring
forth, produce.
pariter, adv. equally.
parō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, get ready,
prepare, build.
pars, -tis, f. part, share, direction,
place.
partim, adv. partly.
parum, adv. little, too little.
parumper, adv. for a short time.
parvus, -a, -um, adj. small, little.
pāscō, pāvī, pāstum, v. 3, feed.
pascor, pāstus, v. 3, dep. browse,
support oneself.
passim, adv. in all directions.
ōtium, -ī, n. ease, leisure, holiday. | passus, -ūs, m. step, pace.
ovile, -is, n. sheepfold.
ovis, -is, f. sheep.
ōvum, -i, n. egg; ab ovō usque
ad māla, from beginning to end.
P.
pābulum, -ī, n. fodder, sustenance.
Padius, -i, m. Padius.
paenė, adv. almost, nearly.
palam, adv. openly.
pallium, -ī, n. cloak.
palm, prize, victory.
pāstor, -ōris, m. shepherd.
patefacio, -fēcī, -factum, v. 3,
open, throw open.
pateō, -ui, v. 2, lie open, stand
open.
pater, -tris, m. father.
paternus, -a, -um, adj. of or be-
longing to a father.
patiens, entis, adj. enduring,
patient.
patienter, adv. patiently.
patientia, -ae, f. endurance, pa-
tience.
palma, -ae, f. palm (the tree), patior, passus, v. 3, dep. suffer.
pālus, -i, m. stake.
palūs, -ūdis, f. marsh.
pandō, -dī, -sum, v. 3, spread,
unfold, open.
pānis, -is, m. bread, loaf.
pannōsus, -a, -um, adj. ragged,
tattered.
Panurgius, -ī, m. Panurgius.
pār, paris, adj. equal.
patria, -ae, f. country, father-
land.
patrimonium, -ī, n. inheritance,
estate.
patruus, -ī, m. uncle.
paucus, -a, -um, adj. few.
paulatim, adv. by degrees.
paulisper, adv. for a little while.
paulo, adv. a little.
paulum, adv. a little.
128
[pa-pl
VOCABULARY.
pauper, -eris, adj. poor; subs. | perīculōsus, -a, -um, adj. danger-
a poor man.
paupertas, -ātis, f poverty.
pavidus, -a, -um, adj. fearful.
pāvō, -ōnis, m. peacock.
pavor, -ōris, m. fear, alarm.
pax, pacis, f. peace.
pectus, -oris, n. breast, soul.
peculium, -i, n. private purse.
pecunia, -ae, f. money.
pecus, -oris, n. flock.
pecus, -udis, f. cattle.
pedes, peditis, m. foot-soldier.
pellis, pellis, f. skin.
pello, pepuli, pulsum, v. 3, drive.
pendeō, pependi, v. 2, hang.
penetralia, -ium, n. plur. interior,
inner part of a house.
penna, -ae, f. wing.
per, prep. through, by means of.
perago, -ēgi, -actum, v. 3, accom-
plish, complete.
percurrō, -rī, -sum, v. 3, run
through, pass through.
percutio, -cussi, -cussum, v. 3,
strike.
perdō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, lose,
destroy.
pereō, -iī, -itum, -īre, v. perish.
pererrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, wander
through.
perferō, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, v.
carry through, convey, endure.
perficio, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3,
complete, accomplish.
perfidus, -a, -um, adj. treacher-
ous.
perforō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, bore.
perfugio, fūgī, -fūgitum, v. 3,
flee for refuge.
perfugium, -1, n. shelter, refuge.
perfunctus, -a, -um, part. per-
fungor.
perfungor, -functus, v. 3, dep.
perform, fulfil.
pergō, perrēxī, perrēctum, v. 3,
continue, go on, go.
|
ous.
perīculum, -ī, n. danger.
perītus, -a, -um, adj. skilful.
perlūstrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, wan-
der through.
Persae, -ārum, m. Persians.
persolvō, -solvī, -solūtum, v. 3,
release, pay.
persōna, -ae, f. part. character.
personō, -ui, -itum, v. 1, resound.
perspicio, -ēxi, -ēctum, v. 3, look
at, perceive.
persuadeō, -si, -sum, v. 2, per-
suade.
perterritus, -a, -um, adj. fright-
ened.
pertinacia, -ae, f. perseverance,
obstinacy.
pertinax, -ācis, adj. steadfast,
obstinate.
perturbō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, dis-
turb, throw into confusion.
perveniō, -vēnī, -ventum, v. 4,
arrive at, reach.
pervicacia, -ae, f. stubbornness.
pēs, pedis, m. foot.
pestis, -is, f. plague.
petō, -ivi or -i, -ītum, v. 3,
seek, attack, aim at.
pharus, -ī, f. lighthouse.
Philippus, -i, m. Philip.
philosophia, -ae, f. philosophy.
philosophus, -ī, m. philosopher.
Phrygia, ae, f. Phrygia.
Phyllis, -idis, f. Phyllis.
pictus, -a, -um, part. embroidered.
piger, -gra, -grum, adj. idle, slow,
inactive.
piget, -uit, v. 2, impers. it dis-
gusts me.
pinguis, -e, adj. fat.
piscator, -ōris, m. fisherman.
piscis, -is, m. fish.
pistor, -ōris, m. baker.
pix, picis, f. pitch.
placenta, -ae, f. cake.
pl-pr]
129
VOCABULARY.
placeō, -cui, -citum, v. 2, please. | postulō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, ask,
placidē, adv. quietly.
placō, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, calm,
appease.
plaga, -ae, f. net.
Plancus, -ī, m. Plancus.
demand.
potior, -itus, v. 4, dep. obtain,
possess.
potius, adv. rather.
prae, prep. before, on account of.
plaudō, -sī, -sum, v. 3, clap the praebeo, -ui, -itum, v. 2, offer,
hands, applaud.
plebs, -is, f. common people.
plaustrum, -i, n. wagon.
plēnus, -a, -um, adj. full.
plerumque, adv. often.
plōrō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, bewail.
plūrimus, -a, -um, superl. adj.
most.
plūs, adv. more.
Plūtus, -i, m. Plutus.
pōculum, -ī, n. cup.
poena, -ae, f. penalty, punish-
ment; sumō poenās, I punish;
dō poenās, I am punished.
poenitet, -uit, v. 2, impers. it
repents.
Pompēius, -ī, m. Pompey.
pōmum, -ī, n. apple.
pondus, -eris, n. weight.
pōnō, posui, positum, v. 3, place.
pōns, -ntis, m. bridge.
porculus, -ī, m. sucking pig.
porrigō, -rēxī, -rectum, v. 3,
stretch out, offer.
porta, -ae, f. gate.
portentum, -ī, n. marvel.
porto, -ävi, -ātum, v. 1, carry.
portus, -ūs, m. harbor.
posco, poposci, v. 3, demand,
beg for.
possum, potui, posse, v. be able.
post, prep. after.
posterus, -a, -um, adj. next.
posthāc, adv. afterwards,
future.
in
postis, -is, m. door-post.
postquam, conj. after that.
postremo, adv. at last, finally.
postrīdie, adv. the day after, on
the next day.
give.
praeceps, -cipitis, adj. headlong.
praecipio, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3,
take in advance, warn, antici-
pate.
praecipitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, throw
head first.
praecipuē, adv. chiefly.
praeclārus, -a, -um, adj. cele-
brated.
praeda, -ae, f. booty, prey.
praedicō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, fore-
tell.
praeditus, -a, -um, part. endowed
with.
praefectus, -ī, m. governor.
praeficio, -fēcī, -fectum, v. 3.
set over, place in command.
praelambō, -bi, -bitum, v. 3,
lick first.
praemium, -ī, n. reward.
praemoneō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, warn
beforehand.
praerumpō, -rūpī, -ruptum, v.
3, break off.
praeruptus, -a, -um, part. steep.
praescribō, -scripsi, -scriptum,
v. 3, appoint, advise.
praescriptum, -ī, n. rule, order.
praesentiō, -si, -sum, v. 4, feel be-
forehand, have a presentiment.
praesidium, -ī, n. guard, watch.
praestāns, -antis, adj. remarkable,
conspicuous.
praestō, -iti, -itum, -ātum, v. 1,
fulfil, show.
praesum,-fui,-esse,v.superintend.
praeter, prep. except.
praetereō, -īvī, or -iī, -itum, v.
pass by.
130
[pr-pu
VOCABULARY.
P.
praeteritus, -a, -um, adj. past.
praetermittō, -mīsī, -missum, v.
3, omit, lose.
praetervehor, -vectus, v. 3, dep.
ride by, sail by, ahead.
praetor, -ōris, m. praetor, chief
magistrate.
praetorium, -i, n. general's tent.
prātum, -ī, n. meadow.
precēs, -um, f. plur. prayers.
prehendō, -di, -sum, v. 3, grasp.
premō, pressī, pressum, v. 3,
press, oppress.
pretiosus, -a, -um, adj. valu-
able.
pretium, -ī, n. price, value.
prīdie, adv. on the day before.
primo, adv. at first.
primum, adv. first.
prīmus, -a, -um, adj. first.
princeps, -cipis, c. chief, prince.
prior, prius, comp. adj. before,
former.
pristinus, -a, -um, adj. former.
prīvātus, -a, -um, part. deprived
of.
privātus, -a, -um, adj. private.
pro, prep. before, for.
probitas, -atis, f. justice, upright-
ness.
probrum, -i, n. disgrace, reproach.
probus, -a, -um, adj. virtuous,
honest.
prōcēdō, -cēssī, -cēssum, v. 3,
go forward, advance.
procella, -ae, f. storm.
prōcērus, -a, -um, adj. long.
procul, adv. far off.
procurrō, -cucurri, -cursum, v.
3, run forward.
prodige, adv. extravagantly.
prōdigium, -ī, n. marvel, miracle.
prodigus, -a, -um, adj. wasteful,
lavish.
prōditor, -ōris, m. traitor.
prōdō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, give
forth, betray, deliver up.
prōdūcō, -xī, -ctum, v. 3, bring
forward, prolong.
proelium, -i, n. battle.
profectus, -a, -um, part. pro-
ficiscor.
proficiscor, profectus, v. 3, dep.
start.
profundus, -a, -um, adj. deep.
prohibeō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, prevent.
proiciō, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, throw
forward, stretch out.
prōlabor, prolapsus, v. 3, dep.
fall down, slip.
prōlāpsus, -a, -um, part. prōlā-
bor.
prōlēs, -is, f. offspring.
prōmissum, -ī, n. promise.
promptus, -a, -um, adj. ready,
quick.
propellō, -pulī, -pulsum, v. 3,
drive forward.
properò, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, hasten,
hurry.
propinquus, -a, -um, adj. near.
propōno, -posui, -positum, dis-
play, offer, propose.
proprius, -a, -um, adj. one's own,
special.
propter, prep. on account of, by.
prosiliō, -ui, v. 4, leap forth.
prospere, adv. successfully.
prōsum, -fui, v. do good to,
benefit.
protinus, adv. forthwith, directly.
prōvolō, -āvī, v. 1, fly forth.
prōvolvo, -volvī, -volūtum, v. 3,
roll forward.
proximus, -a, -um, superl. adj.
last, nearest.
prudentia, -ae, f. prudence, fore-
sight.
publicus, -a, -um, adj. public.
pudet, -uit, v. 2, impers. it
shames.
pudicus, -a, -um, adj. modest.
pu-ra]
VOCABULARY.
131
F
pudor, -ōris, m. shame, modesty. queror, questus, v. 3, dep. com-
puella, -ae, f. girl.
puer, -i, m. boy.
pūgna, -ae, f. fight.
pūgnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fight.
pūgnus, -ī, m. fist.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj.
beautiful.
pullus, -i, m. chicken, young.
pulsō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, beat,
knock.
pulvis, -eris, m. dust.
pūnctus, -ūs, m. prick, sting.
pungō, pupugī, pūnctum, v. 3,
prick, pierce.
pūniō, -īvi or -i, -ītum, v. 4,
punish.
pūrgō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, excuse,
clear.
purpureus, -a, -um, adj. purple.
puteus, -i, m. well.
putō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, think.
putridus, -a, -um, adj. rotten,
decayed.
Q.
qua, adv. where.
quadrigae, -ārum, f. plur. four-
horse chariot.
quaerō, -sīvi, -sītum, v. 3, seek,
ask.
quaeso, v. 3, I pray.
quam, adv. how, as. with compar-
ative, than; with superlative,
as possible; quam celerrime,
as quickly as possible.
quamobrem, adv. on which ac-
count.
quamquam, adv. although.
quantus, -a, -um, adj. how great?
as.
quartus, -a, -um, adj. fourth.
quattuor, adj. four.
-que, and.
quercus, -ūs, f. oak.
querela, -ae, f. complaint.
plain.
questus, -ūs, m. complaint.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. who,
which.
quia, conj. because.
quicumque, pron. whoever.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam or
quiddam, pron. a certain man.
quidem, adv. indeed.
quingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.
five hundred.
quinquagintā, num. adj. fifty.
quinque, num. adj. five.
quis, quae, quid, pron. who?
what?
quisque, quaeque, quodque or
quicque, pron. each.
quo, adv. whither.
quod, conj. because.
quomodo, adv. how? in what
manner?
quondam, adv. once upon a time,
formerly.
quoque, conj. also.
quot, adj. indecl. how many? as.
quotidianus (cotidianus), -a,
-um, adj. daily.
quotidie (cotidiē), adv. daily.
R.
rādīcitus, adv. from the roots,
utterly.
radius, -ī, m. ray.
rādīx, -icis, f. root.
rāmus, -ī, m. branch.
rapidus, -a, -um, adj. swift.
rapīna, -ae, f. robbery, plunder,
rapine.
| rapiò, -ui, raptum, v. 3, seize,
carry off.
raptim, adv. hurriedly.
raptus, -a, -um, part. rapiō.
rāpum, -ī, n. turnip.
rātiō, -ōnis, f. reason,
|ratis, -is, f. ship, raft.
method.
132
[ra-ro
VOCABULARY.
raucus, -a, -um, adj. hoarse, dis- | remittō, -mīsī, -mīssum, v.
cordant.
recēdō, -cēssī, -cēssum, v. 3,
retire, go back.
recenseō, -sui, v. 2, review.
recessus, -ūs, m. corner.
recipiō, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3, re-
cover; with sẽ, retreat; animum
recipere, to recover the senses.
recreō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, refresh.
rēcte, adv. rightly.
recuperō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, re-
cover.
recurrō, -currī, v. 3, run back,
retire.
recūsō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, refuse.
redditus, -a, -um, part. reddō.
reddo, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, give,
give back, render.
redeō, -i, -itum, -īre, v. go back,
return.
redigō, -ēgī, -āctum, v. 3, reduce.
reditus, -ūs, m. return.
redux, reducis, adj. returned.
referō, rettuli, relātum, referre,
v. relate, refer, bring back;
pedem, to retreat.
rēgia, -ae, f. palace.
regina, -ae, f. queen.
regio, -ōnis, f. country.
rēgius, -a, -um, adj. royal.
rēgnō, -āvī, -ātum, v.
1, rule.
rēgnum, -ī, n. kingdom.
regō, -xi, -ctum, v. 3, rule.
regredior, regressus, v. 3, dep.
go back, return.
send back, remit.
rēmus, -ī, m. oar.
3,
renovō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, renew.
repente, adv. suddenly.
repeto, ii or -īvi, -itum, v. 3,
seek again, resume, exact.
repōnō, -posuī, -positum, v. 3,
replace.
reportō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, carry
back, gain, carry off.
repūgnō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fight
against, resist.
requies, -ētis, f. rest.
requiescō, -ēvi, -ētum, v. 3, rest.
rēs, rei, f. thing.
reserō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, unlock,
open.
resideō, -sēdī, v. 2, remain.
resonō, -āvī, v. 1, resound, echo.
respondeo, -di, -sum, v. 2, an-
swer.
respōnsum, -ī, n. answer, advice.
respublica, rei-publicae, f. state.
respuō, -ui, v. 3, spit out, reject.
restituō, -ui, -ūtum, v. 3, restore.
resurgō, -surrēxī, -surrēctum, v.
3, rise again.
retentus, -a, -um, part. retineō.
retineō, -tinui, -tentum, v. 2,
hold back, detain.
reus, -ī, m. prisoner, culprit.
reveniō, -vēnī, -ventum, v. 4,
return.
rē vērā, in truth.
rēx, rēgis, m. king.
regressus, -a, -um, part. regre- Rhēnus, -ī, m. Rhine.
dior.
reiciō, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, throw
back.
relēgō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, banish.
relictus, -a, -um, part. relinquō. |
relinquō, -īqui, -ictum, v. 3,
leave.
reliqui, -ōrum, m. pl. the rest.
reliquus, -a, -um, adj. remaining.
remedium, -ī, n, remedy, cure.
|
Ricardus, -i, m. Richard.
rīdeō, rīsī, rīsum, v. 2, laugh at,
laugh.
rigeō, v. 2, stiffen.
rigidus, -a, -um, adj. stiff.
rīma, -ae, f. a crack, chink.
rīpa, -ae, f. bank.
rīsus, -ūs, m. laugh.
rixor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. quarrel.
Robertus, -i, m. Robert.
ro-se]
133
VOCABULARY.
rōdō, -sī, -suni, v. 3, gnaw.
rogō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, ask.
rogus, -ī, m. funeral pile.
Rollō, -ōnis, m. Rollo.
Rōmānus, -a, -um, adj. Roman.
Roscius, -i, m. Roscius.
roseus, -a, -um, adj. rosy.
rōstrum, -i, n. beak.
rumpō, rūpi, ruptum, v. 3, break,
burst.
sapiens, -entis, adj. wise.
sapientia, -ae, f. wisdom.
Sarracēnus, -i, m. Saracen.
sartor, -ōris, m. cobbler.
satis, adv. enough.
satyrus, -ī, m. satyr.
saucius, -a, -um, adj. wounded.
saxum, -ī, n. stone, rock.
scandō, -dī, -sum, v. 3, climb.
scapha, -ae, f. boat.
ruō, rui, rutum or ruitum, v. 3, scelerātus, -a, -um, adj. wicked.
rush.
rūpēs, -is, f. rock.
rūs, rūris, n. country.
rūsticus, -a, -um, adj. country.
rūsticus, -ī, m. countryman.
S.
saccus, -i, m. sack, bag.
sacer, cra, crum, adj. holy,
sacred.
sacerdōs, -dōtis, c. priest.
sacra, -ōrum, n. plur. sacred rites.
saepe, adv. often.
saepissime, sup. adv. very often.
saevus, -a, -um, adj. cruel, sav-
age.
sagitta, -ae, f. arrow.
sagittarius, -ī, m. archer.
saltem, adv. at least.
scelus, -eris, n. crime, wickedness.
scindō, scidi, scissum, v. 3, tear.
scīpiō, -ōnis, m. stick.
scopulus, -ī, m. rock.
Scōti, -ōrum, m. plur. Scots.
scribō, -psi, -ptum, v. 3, write;
(of troops), levy.
scriptor, -ōris, m. writer, author.
scrūtātus, -a, -um, part. scrūtor.
scrūtor, scrūtātus, v. 1, dep.
examine carefully.
Scythia, -ae, f. Scythia.
sē, pron. reflex. himself, herself,
itself, themselves; inter se, one
another.
secundum, prep. after, along.
secundus, -a, -um, adj. second,
favorable.
secūris, -is, f. axe.
sēcūrus, -a, -um, adj. careless,
safe.
saltō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, jump, secus, adv. otherwise.
dance.
saltus, -ūs, m. leap.
saltus, -ūs, m. wood, glade.
salūber, -bris, -bre, adj. healthy.
salūs, -ūtis, f. health, safety.
salūtō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, greet.
salve, good-day, welcome.
salveō, v. 2, be well; salvere
iubeo, I welcome.
salvus, -a, -um, adj. unhurt, well.
sanguineus, -a, -um, adj. bloody.
sanguis, -inis, m. blood.
sānō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, cure, heal.
sānus, -a, -um, adj. healthy.
sed, conj. but.
sedeō, sēdi, sessum, v. 2, sit.
sēdēs, -is, f. seat.
sēditiō, -ōnis, f. revolt.
sēditiōsus, -a, -um, adj. mutinous.
sēdulus, -a, -um, adj. careful,
zealous.
seges, -etis, f. corn-field.
sēgnis, -e, adj. slow.
sēgnitia, -ae, f. slowness.
semel, adv. once.
sēmianimis, -e, adj. half-dead.
semianimus, -a, -um, adj. half-
dead.
134
[se-sp
VOCABULARY.
semper, adv. ever, always.
senectus, -tūtis, f. old age.
senex, senis, m. old man.
sēnsus, -ūs, m. feeling.
sentiō, sēnsī, sēnsum, v. 4, feel,
perceive.
sepelio, sepelii or sepelivi, se-
pultum, v. 4, bury.
septem, num. adj. seven.
septentriōnēs, -um, m. north.
sepulcrum, -cri, n. tomb.
sequor, secutus, v. 3, dep. fol-
low.
serēnus, -a, -um, adj. clear, calm,
unruffled.
sermō, -ōnis, m. conversation,
discourse; serere sermonem,
talk, converse.
|
sine, prep. without.
singillatim, adv. singly, one by
one.
singulāris, -e, adj. remarkable.
singuli, -ae, -a, adj. one to each,
one apiece, each.
sinō, sīvī, situm, v. 3, allow.
Sinōn, -ōnis, m. Sinon.
sinus, -ūs, m. bosom.
sistō, stiti, statum, v. 3, stop.
sitiēns, -entis, adj. thirsty.
sitis, -is, f. thirst.
or.
sive, conj. whether; sive
seu, whether.
societās, -ātis, f. alliance.
socius, -ī, m. ally, partner, com-
panion.
sōl, sōlis, m. sun.
serō, serui, sertum, v. 3, sew, solea, -ae, f. shoe.
join.
serō, sevī, satum, v. 3, sow, plant.
sērō, adv. late.
serpēns, -tis, f. serpent, snake.
servō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, keep,
preserve.
servus, -i, m. slave, servant.
seu, conj. whether.
solennis (sollemnis), -e, adj.
solemn, appointed, common.
soleō, -itus, v. 2, semi-dep. be
accustomed.
solicitūdō, -inis, f. anxiety.
solicitus, -a, -um, adj. anxious.
Solimānus, -i, m. Soliman.
solitus, -a, -um, part. soleō.
sevērus, -a, -um, adj. stern, se- solium, -ī, n. throne.
vere.
sex, num. adj. six.
sexcenti, -ae, -a, adj. six hundred.
Used of any big number,
thousands.
sī, conj. if.
sic, adv. so.
signum, -ī, n. sign, standard.
silēns, -entis, adj. silent.
silenter, adv. silently.
sileō, -ui, v. 2, be silent.
silva, -ae, f. wood.
silvestris, -e, adj. woodland.
sīmia, -ae, f. monkey.
simius, -i, m. monkey.
simul, adv..together, at same time;
conj. as soon as.
simulō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, pretend,
imitate.
sölum, adv. only.
solum, -ī, n. soil, ground.
sõlus, -a, -um, adj. alone, only.
solvō, solvi, solūtum, v. 3, loose,
set sail, pay.
somnium, -i, n. dream.
somnus, -ī, m. sleep.
sonitus, -ūs, m. sound.
sonō, -ui, -itum, v. 1, sound.
sonus, -ī, m. sound, noise.
sopor, -ōris, m. sleep.
sordidus, -a, -um, adj. dirty.
soror, -ōris, f. sister.
Spartacus, -i, m. Spartacus.
spatium, -ī, n. space, distance.
species, -ēl, f. figure, kind, ap-
pearance.
spectaculum, -ī, n. sight.
spectō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, look at.
sp-ta]
135
VOCABULARY.
spernō, sprēvi, sprētum, v. 3, | suffragium, -ī, n. vote.
despise.
spēs, -ei, f. hope.
spīritus, -ūs, m. breath.
splendidē, adv. magnificently.
splendidus, -a, -um, adj. splendid,
magnificent.
spoliō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, rob,
deprive, steal.
spōnsa, -ae, f. betrothed.
spōnsus, -ī, m. betrothed.
spūma, -ae, f. foam, lather.
stabulum, -ī, n. stable, stall.
stāgnum, -ī, n. pond.
statim, adv. immediately.
statiō, -ōnis, f. position, post.
stella, -ae, f. star.
sto, stetī, statum, v. 1, stand.
stolidus, -a, -um, adj. stupid.
strēnuus, -a, -um, adj. vigorous,
courageous.
sum, fui, v. am, be.
summus, -a, -um, sup. adj. high-
est; summus, mons the top of
the hill.
sūmō, sūmpsī, sūmptum, v. 3,
take, exact.
sūmptus, -ūs, m. expense.
super, prep. over, above.
superbia, -ae, f. pride.
superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud.
superior, comp. adj. preceding.
superō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, over-
come.
supersum, -fui, survive, remain.
suppetō, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, v. 3,
suffice.
suppleō, -vī, -tum, v. 2, fill up.
supplex, -icis, adj. suppliant.
supplicium, -ī, n. punishment.
supra, adv. above.
strepitus, -ūs, m. noise, rustling.surdus, -a, -unı, adj. deaf.
strīdor, -ōris, m. squeaking.
stringō, -inxi, -ictum, v. 3, draw.
struō, -xi, ctum, v. 3, build,
devise.
surgō, surrēxī, surrēctum, v. 3,
studium, -ī, n. desire, zeal.
stultitia, -ae, f. folly.
stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish.
stupefaciō, -fēcī, -factum, v. 3,
astonish, stun.
suavis, -e, adj. sweet, delightful.
sub, prep. under, close to.
subdūcō, -dūxī, -ductum, v. 3,
withdraw, remove from under,
steal.
subito, adv. suddenly.
subitus, -a, -um, adj. sudden.
sublevō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, raise.
submoveō, -mōvī, -mōtum, v. 2,
remove, supplant.
subsidium, -ī, n. help, protection.
succedo, -cēssi, -cēssum, v. 8,
come up, succeed.
successus, -ūs, m. success.
suffōcō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, choke,
strangle.
rise.
sūs, suis, c. pig.
suscipio, -cēpī, -ceptum, v. 3,
undertake, incur.
suscitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, arouse.
suspendō, -di, -sum, v. 3, hang.
suspicor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. sus-
pect.
suspītiō, -ōnis, f. suspicion.
sustentus, -a, -um, part. sus-
tineō.
sustineō, -tinui, -tentum, v. 2,
sustain, endure.
susurrus, -ūs, m. whisper.
suus, -a, -um, poss. pron. his
own, their own.
T.
taberna, -ae, f. shop.
tabernaculum, -ī, n. tent.
tābēscō, -bui, v. 3, pine, waste
away.
136
[ta-tr
VOCABULARY.
taceō, -cui, -citum, v. 2, be | Thēbae, -ārum, f. plur. Thebes.
silent.
tacite, adv. silently, quietly.
tacitus, -a, -um, adj. silent.
taedet, -uit, v. 2, impers. it dis-
gusts, wearies.
taenia, -ae, f. ribbon.
talentum, -i, n. talent.
tālis, -e, adj. such.
tam-diu, adv. so long.
tamen, conj. nevertheless, but..
tamquam, adv. just as, like as.
tandem, adv. at length. In ques-
tions, pray?
tangō, tetigi, tactum, v. 3, touch.
tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, as
much.
tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow.
Tarentum, -1, n. Tarentum.
taurus, -ī, m. bull.
tectum, -ī, n. roof, house.
tegō, tēxi, tectum, v. 3, cover.
tēlum, -ī, n. dart.
temerē, adv. rashly.
tempestās, -ātis, f. storm, weather.
templum, -i, n. temple.
tempus, -oris, n. time.
tendo, tetendi, tentum or ten-
sum, v. 3, stretch, draw.
tenebrae, -ārum, f. plur. darkness.
teneō, tenui, v. 2, hold, restrain.
tener, -era, -erum, adj. tender.
tentō, -āvi, -atum, v. 1, try,
attempt, attack.
tenuis, -e, adj. meagre, thin.
ter, adv. thrice.
tergum, -i, n. back.
terminō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, bound.
terō, trivi, trītum, v. 3, rub.
terra, -ae, f. earth, land.
terreō, -uī, v. 2, frighten.
terribilis, -e, adj. dreadful.
territus, -a, -um, adj. frightened.
tertius, -a, -um, adj. third.
testis, -is, c. witness.
tēter, -tra, -trum, adj. loathsome,
foul.
thermae, -ārum, f. plur. baths.
thesaurus, -ī, m. treasure, hoard.
Thessalia, -ae, f. Thessaly.
tībia, -ae, f. pipe, flute.
tībicen, -īnis, m. piper, flute-
player.
tigris, -is or -idis, c. tiger.
timeō, -ui, v. 2, fear.
Tīmōn, -ōnis, m. Timon.
timor, -ōris, m. fear.
tinguō, -nxī, -nctum, v.
tinge.
Titus, -i, m. Titus.
3, dye,
toga, -ae, f. toga, an outer gar-
ment made of a single piece of
stuff.
tolerō, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, endure.
tollō, sustuli, sublātum, v. 3,
raise.
tondeō, totondī, tōnsum, v. 2,
shave.
tōnsor, -ōris, m. barber.
torqueō, torsi, tortum, v. 2, twist.
torquis, -is, m. necklace.
torreō, torrui, tostum, v. 2, burn,
bake.
torvus, -a, -um, adj. grim.
tostus, -a, -um, part. torreō.
tot, adv. so many.
tōtus, -a, -um, adj. all, the whole.
trabs, trabis, f. beam.
tractō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, handle.
trādō, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, deliver
up.
trahō, traxi, tractum, v. 3,
draw, drag.
Traianus, -i, m. Tray.
traicio, -iēcī, -iectum, v. 3, carry
across, transport.
trānō, -āvī, -atum, v. 1, swim
across.
tranquille, adv. quietly.
tranquillus, -a, -um, adj. quiet.
trāns, prep. across.
transeō, -i, -itum, -īre, v. cross
over.
tr-va]
137
VOCABULARY.
transfigō, -xi, -xum, v. 3, pierce | ululatus, -ūs, m. howling, wailing.
through.
transfixus, -a, -um, part. trāns-
figō.
transfodio, -fōdī, -fossum, v. 3,
pierce through.
transmittō, -mīsī, -missum, v. 3,
cross.
transportō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1,
carry across.
trānsvolō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fly
across.
trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. three
hundred.
trēs, tria, num. adj. three.
tribuō, -uī, -ūtum, v. 3, give,
render.
tribūtum, -ī, n. tribute.
trīgintā, num. adj. thirty.
trīstis, -e, adj. sad.
truncus, -ī, m. trunk.
tū, pron. pers. you, thou.
tuba, -ae, f. trumpet.
tubicen, -inis, m. trumpeter.
tum, adv. then.
tumultus, -ūs, m. tumult, uproar.
tumulus, -i, m. mound.
tunica, -ae,
f. tunic, shirt.
turba, -ae, f. crowd.
turbō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, disturb.
turbulentus, -a, -um, adj. trouble-
some.
turpis, -e, adj. base, disgraceful.
turris, -is, f. tower.
tussis, -is, f. cough.
tūtus, -a, -um, adj. safe.
umbra, -ae, f. shade.
umquam, adv. ever.
ūnā, adv. together with.
unda, -ae, f. wave.
unde, adv. from whence.
undecim, num. adj. eleven.
undique, adv. from all sides.
unguis, -is, m. nail, talon.
ūnicus, -a, -um, adj. single.
universus, -a, -um, adj. all to-
gether.
ūnus, -a, -um, num. adj. one.
urbānus, -a, -um, adj. city, town.
urbs, -is, f. city.
urgeō, ursi, v. 2, press on, drive.
ūrō, ūssī, ūstum, v. 3, burn.
ursa, -ae, f. she-bear.
usque, adv. up to.
ut, conj., with indic. as, when ;
with subj. in order that, so that.
uter, -tra, -trum, interrog. pron.
which of two?
uterque, pron. indef. each of two.
utilis, -e, adj. useful.
ūtilitās, -ātis, f. advantage.
utinam, adv. would that.
ūtor, ūsus, v. 3, dep. use, employ.
utrum, adv. whether.
uxor, -ōris, f. wife.
vacca, -ae,
V.
f. cow.
vacuus, -a, -um, adj. empty, idle.
tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron. your, vādō, v. 3, go.
yours.
U.
ubi, adv. where, where? when.
ubique, adv. everywhere.
ūdus, -a, -um, adj. wet.
úllus, -a, -um, adj. any.
ulterior, -us, comp. adj. further.
ultra, adv. beyond.
vadum, -ī, n. ford, shallow.
vagātus, part. See vagor.
vagor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. wander,
rove.
valdē, adv. strongly, intensely,
very.
valeō, -ui, -itum, v. 2, be strong,
be able, well; vale, good-bye.
validus, -a, -um, adj. strong,
stout, powerful.
138
[va-vi
VOCABULARY.
vallis, -is, f. valley.
vallum, -i, n. rampart.
vestīgium, -ī, n. footstep, trace.
vestimentum, -ī, n. garment.
vānus, -a, -um, adj. empty, vestiō, -īvī, -ītum, v. 4, dress,
groundless.
Varus, -i, m. Varus.
vās, vāsis, n. vessel, pot (pl.
vāsa).
vastō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, ravage.
vastus, -a, -um, adj. waste, im-
mense.
vehementer, adv. violently.
vehō, vexi, vectum, v. 3, carry,
convey; pass. ride.
Veii, -ōrum, m. plur. Veii.
vēla, -ōrum, n. plur. sails.
vēnātiō, -ōnis, f. hunting.
vēnātor, -ōris, m. hunter.
vendo, -didī, -ditum, v. 3, sell.
venēnum, -ī, n. poison.
venia, -ae, f. grace, pardon.
veniō, vēnī, ventum, v. 4, come.
vēnor, -ātus, v. 1, dep. hunt.
venter, -tris, m. belly.
ventus, -ī, m. wind.
vēr, vēris, n. spring.
verber, -eris, n. lash, whip, blow.
verberō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, lash,
beat.
verbum, -ī, n. word.
clothe.
vestis, -is, f. garment, robe.
vetō, -ui, -itum, v. 1, forbid.
vexō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, injure,
molest.
via, -ae, f. way, road, gap.
viator, -ōris, m. traveller.
vīcīnus, -a, -um, adj. neighbor-
ing; as subs. a neighbor.
victor, -ōris, m. conqueror.
victoria, -ae, f. victory.
vicus, -i, m. village, street.
videō, vīdī, vīsum, v. 2, see.
videor, visus, v. 2, dep. seem,
appear.
viduus, -a, -um, adj. widowed.
vigilanter, adv. watchfully.
vigilantia, -ae, f. watchfulness.
vigilia, -ae, f. wakefulness, watch.
vigilō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, watch.
viginti, num. adj. twenty.
vīlis, -e, adj. cheap, worthless.
villa, -ae, f. country house, villa.
vinciō, vinxi, vinctum, v. 4,
bind.
vincō, vici, victum, v. 3, conquer.
vinculum, -ī, n. chain.
how-vindicō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, lay
claim to.
vereor, veritus, v. 2, dep. fear.
vērō, adv. indeed, in fact,
ever.
Verres, -is, m. Verres.
verrō, verrī, versum, v. 3, brush,
sweep.
versus, part. See vertō.
vertō, verti, versum, v. 3, turn.
verū, -ūs, n. spit (for roasting).
vērum, adv. truly, but, yet.
vērus, -a, -um, adj. true.
vēsānus, -a, -um, adj.
maddening, raging.
vescor, v. 3, dep. eat, feed.
vesper, -eri and -eris, m. evening.
vesperi, adv. in the evening.
vester, -tra, -trum, possess. pron.
your, yours.
mad,
vīnum, -ī, n. wine.
violentia, -ae, f. fury, vehemence.
violō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, profane,
violate, break.
vir, virī, m. man, husband.
virga, -ae, f. rod.
virgō, -inis, f. maiden.
virgultum, -1, n. thicket, shrub-
bery.
viridis, -e, adj. green.
virīlis, -e, adj. manly.
virtus, -ūtis, f. courage, virtue.
vis, f. sing. force; plur. vīrēs,
strength.
vīsō, -sī, -sum, v. 2, visit.
vi-ze]
139
VOCABULARY.
visu. See videō.
vīsus, -ūs, m. sight.
vīta, -ae, f. life.
vitium, -ī, n. fault.
vītō, -āvī, -ātum, v 1, avoid.
vitulus, -ī, m. calf.
vivo, vixi, victum, v. 3, live.
vīvus, -a, -um, adj. alive.
vix, adv. hardly, scarcely.
vocō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, call,
summon, invite.
volitō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, fly to
and fro, hover.
volō, -āvi, -ātum, v. 1, fly.
volo, volui, velle, v. wish, be will-
ing.
volucer, -cris, -cre, adj. winged.
volucris, -is, f. bird.
voluptas, -ātis, f. pleasure, choice.
volvo, volvi, volutum, v. 3, roll,
ponder, meditate.
vōtum, -ī, n. vow.
vox, vocis, f. voice.
vulgō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, pub-
lish.
vulgō, adv. publicly, before all
the world.
vulnerō, -āvī, -ātum, v. 1, wound.
vulnus, -eris, n. wound.
vulpes, -is, f. fox.
vultur, -uris, m. vulture.
vultus, -ūs, m. countenance, ex-
pression.
Z.
Zēnō, -ōnis, m. Zeno.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
GRADUATE LIBRARY
DEC 6193
DEC 141973
NOV 1978
DATE DUE
NOV 074910
1980
JUL 21985
FEB 1992
LAJIT UT MILE
3 9015 0089
DO NOT REMOVE
OR

MUT