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view rºom exºe
To I-L-N HALL
THE AMERICAN INDIAN HALL AT THE HOTEL ASTOR
oR novelty and originality of idea and perfec-
F. tion of taste in carrying out a unique scheme of
decoration the American Indian Hall at the new
Hotel Astor can decidedly be said to create a new
* “pogue.” Mr. William C. Muschenheim conceived the
idea of dedicating the grill-room to the noble red man,
and being deeply interested in the history of our coun-
try, the creation of an American style of decoration
appealing to him strongly, he promptly conceived the
possibilities in this hitherto comparatively untouched
field. The pressure of business, however, preventing
his personal attention to the carrying out of this pro-
ºlº º ºr
| | -
ject, it devolved upon his brother, Mr. Fred. A. Muschen-
heim, to consummate it, and in order to do so the latter
made an exhaustive study of the material available, and
the unique decoration of the grill-room is the result of
these efforts. He was able to interest some of the lead-
ing officers of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory and the Ethnological Bureau in Washington in the
undertaking, and the busts and many of the pictures
were obtained through their courtesy. The larger part
of the implements, garments, etc., composing the tro-
phies and baskets were collected through the Benham
Trading Companies.

----------------
EFORE arriving at the hall of the aborigines, the
visitor's attention is attracted by many other in-
teresting sights, not the least attractive of which
is the space dedicated to pictures and souvenirs of the
days when New York was young. These rare prints,
collected by Mr. Louis Risse, former chief Topograph-
ical Engineer of the City of New York, and purchased
by Mr. Wm. C. Muschenheim, showing Long Island as
one vast forest, Castle Garden as the centre of rank
and fashion, Broadway crowded with stages and old-
fashioned traps, some of them looking like Leach's draw-
ings of old London, line the walls. The visitor may sit
on old colonial chairs and settees; he may admire his
face or figure in a colonial mirror, or examine the quaint
old china which the colonial dames used.
Having so far examined the relics of the white men
who drove the Indian back from the shores of the At-
lantic to the desert fastnesses of the far west, one passes
to the room where historical relics of vanished or fast-
vanishing tribes have been made the sole attraction.
- G
->
-
Even though every one is so occupied with his own
career nowadays, as to be hardly mindful of past con-
ditions on this great continent, it is impossible that the
noble redskin should ever become entirely forgotten, or
that people should not pause to remember at times that
the wigwam of the Indian once stood on the very
ground now occupied by our great cities.
To the number of foreigners who come yearly to our
shores the aborigines of America are of more interest
than we imagine. The stranger, unless he is merely
on business bent is generally imbued with the roman-
tic side of a country before he visits it. He has probaº
bly read Fenimore Cooper and Longfellow's Hiawatha.
and authentic instances are not lacking of visitors, naive
enough to think that Indians in full war paint may be
met with on Broadway, or that Buffalo are still hunted
in the Adirondacks. Even the better informed traveler
is often disappointed to find that many days of travel
are necessary before they can reach the remote haunts
of the red man.
3G36



Looking souri.
---
And once arrived there, they would hardly see the
Indian in all his glory. The progress of civilization
has stripped him of his most attractive characteristics.
confined on reservations he has exchanged his wig-
wam or tepee for the frame house, and his picturesque
garments for the misfits made in New York sweat-
shops. The romance of the Indian is gone. Only in
a very few corners hitherto untouched by civilization
one may still find the redskin in his former savage
stage. - -
For studying the history of the Indian, expert an-
thropologists have acknowledged that one cannot hope
to find a better place than the Indian Hall in the Hotel
Astor. Here one may wander in less than an hour
from Alaska to the mountain peaks of Central Mexico,
and in this short time see more of Indian life than one
could possibly see after spending many months of
travel. The Indian
Hall is divided into
eight sections, each
devoted to a certain
type of Indian.
These types are represented by busts, the masks of
which, taken directly from life, give the characteristic
features of the different tribes with absolute correct-
ness. Each section is decorated with the heads of
animals peculiar to the region and also with trophies
composed of articles used by the natives in hunting,
fishing or in their domestic and religious life.
One of the most valuable and important parts of
the decoration is a unique collection of photographs set
in panels for the purpose of illustrating the dwelling-
places, festivals and other matters of the tribe to which
that particular section is dedicated.




----------
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AMERICAN INDIAN Room
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------ -
------ the mountain goat. The de-
HE most southern section
THE ALASKANS
is devoted to the natives
| of Alaska and British
Columbia.
Two splendid busts present
the types of these aborigines,
who, by the nature of their
country, destined to be great
canoenen, chiefly depend on
maritime food.
As their territory abounds
with bear, the head of one is
placed among the many trophies
which adorn the walls of this
section.
The most valuable object is
an elaborate dance-robe made
from the soft white wool of
signs, artistically woven in yel-
low, blue and black, show a
bewildering confusion of totemic objects, such as the
conventionalized heads of bears, eagles, the thunder-bird
and others. A very broad fringe borders three sides of
the blanket. Above it hangs a handsomely carved
wooden tray.
The Alaskans have considerable skill in sculpture
and painting. Almost all of their various household
implements and effects are covered with grotesque in-
agery and handicraft. Typical examples of this art are
the two oars to the right and left of the blanket, the
models of totem posts on the shelves, the models of the
canoe and the several wooden masks which are worn
by the men in the various
ceremonial dances. These
masks, often of considerable
size, imitate mythical persons
and animals, and frequently
have devices by which the
eyes can be rolled and the
mouth or bill opened and
closed.
Manifold are the objects
arranged on both sides of the
bear's head. There are mod-
els of cradles, snow-shoes
and oars. On the left side
hang great horn spoons, a
bow and arrows, a pair or
boots, a wooden club with
which the Indians strike
fishes in order to prevent
their jumping out of the
boats.
In the trophy case to the
right we notice a stone adze,
dark with age, some mocca-
sins and two wooden masks,
one of which imitates the
head of an animal.
The photographs Nos. to 19, which give views of
the country as well as of the life of the natives of
Alaska and British Columbia, are of much interest.
1. A Group of Stick-Siwasu Isolaws in camp at
Mentaska Lake, Alaska.
2. Natives of Point Barrow, the most northern
cape of Alaska. These aborigines belong to the Eski-
mos, who constitute the population of the Alaskan
coast between the Behring Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
3. A Squaw of the Puyallup Indians in Alaska.
4. IN Habitants of Skipegate, a village of the
Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands.
5. Skipegate is a typical village of the Haida. The
huts are built of enormous planks and stand along the
beach at the line of high tide. They are from 25 to
40 feet square, mostly without windows, the only open-
ings being a small door for entrance and a hole in the
roof for the escape of the smoke.
The conspicuous parts are the numerous symbolic
totem posts in front of the houses, often rising to a
height of yo to 80 feet. The carved figures on these
posts are the genealogical records of the family occu-
pying the house. The child usually takes the totem of
the mother. For instance, at the bottom of the post
may be the figure of a whale, over that a raven, then a
wolf and an eagle, signifying that the great-grandfather
of the family on his mother's side belonged to the
whale family, the grandfather to the raven family, the
father to the wolf family and the present occupant of
the house to the eagle family.
The beach in front of these villages is generally
lined with canoes of all sizes, the largest often sixty
to seventy-five feet long and eight to ten feet wide, able
to carry one hundred people.



tº Monrºy Coºs or ºne Tºur. The in
dians of the northwest coast generally burn their dead
and deposit their ashes in small boxes or huts of about
five feet square raised on pillars a few feet from the
ground. The carved poles surmounting the boxes, or
planted near by in the ground, indicate the genealogy
of the deceased persons.
7. Graves of Hanna Indians, near Fort Rupert,
Vancouver Island.
8. Fort Rººt on Vancouver is ºn is a place
of great interest. It has an old trading-place, estab-
lished by the Hudson Bay Company, in the midst of a
large village of the Kwakiutl Indians. The numerous
carved -totem posts, painted with bright colors, the
strange pictures upon the walls of the huts, the many
boats and canoes on the shore the dark forests in the
background, the blue ocean and sky combine to make a
scene so fascinating that the visitor will never forget it.
9. Masset is the name of another picturesque Haida
village on Queen Charlotte Island.
to. A House in Kenogurt. This remarkable hut
is made of broad planks. In the centre of its front
we see a carved totem post, representing a man, be-
tween whose legs an opening leads into the house.
- A Group or Nootka Indians, from Vancouver
Island. This interesting photograph represents two old
chiefs with their wives, whose heads have been arti-
ficially deformed in infancy.
1- A Portasu among the Hanna one of the
strangest things in the life of the Indians of the north-
west coast is their feasts, among which those of the
potash are the most remarkable only chiefs and
wealthy men give these feasts on the occasion of some
important event, such as the succession to a chief-
taincy, the erection of a new house or totem pole, or
in order that a deceased person might be made famous.
The host distributes enormous quantities of blankets,
clothes food and other property to all invited guests.
Some of these Indians have carried the distribution of
with paintings. The
their belongings to such an extent that after the feast
was over they went away absolutely bare.
3. Rºss or as on Assembly House wear roar
Rººt Vancouver Island. In these houses the kwa-
kiutl Indians held in former times their great feasts
and ceremonial dances.
14. The Laxonso Place or Fort Rupee-
15. A Canoe or the Kwakiuti.
16. A Kickup on Native Undergrouwn House in
Nicola Valley, Alaska. These dwellings, sticking up
like mounds from the surface of the ground, were in-
habited in winter, as they gave protection against the
heavy storms.
17. Tºronary Dwell-º or Tuxcº isolaºs in
southern Alaska.
18. Hanna Iºniaws
going to a dance. The
men wear straw hats.
which are decorated
third figure is wrapped
in a beautiful dance
robe of the kind ex-
hibited on the wall of
the Alaska section.
to A. Kwakiuti.
Fºx of Vancouver
Island. The front of
the house shows the
conventionalized paint-
ing of a raven, the
bill of which carved
in wood and fastened
to the wall stands out
for several feet. The
figure below the bird
represents a whale.
------------



----------
------
THE SHOSHONES
T HE second section is devoted to tribes of the
great Shoshonean family, which includes besides
the Shoshones proper, the Bannocks, snakes,
Utes, Pan-Utes, Pi-Utes, Uintahs, Chemehuevi and
others, many of which roam in the vast parks and
beautiful valleys of the Rocky Mountains.
The busts of two chiefs show the types of Sho-
shones. As the mountain goat is the most charac-
teristic animal of these regions, the fine head of one
is placed amidst the beautiful decorations displayed on
the wall. To the left of it are many objects of dress,
as moccasins necklaces of nuts and abelone shells and
a beautiful woman's belt finely embroidered with deli-
cate blue and yellow nearls and with shining copper
nails. Other noteworthy articles are an old-fashioned
adze and a beautiful cradle, the handsome embroideries
which will be a delight to all who appreciate such
works of female art.
The group to the right of the goat is composed of
pipes, a tobacco bag, moccasins, a woman's belt and
ornaments used by the braves to adorn their scalp-lock.
In the centre hangs a breast-cover of numerous tubes
of bone, strung together for the purpose of protecting
the most vital part of the warrior, the heart, against
arrow-shots.
A dried sea-bass of huge proportions fills most of
the space of the opposite wall. It took Mr. John Nestell
one hour and fifty-eight minutes to capture this mag-
nificent specimen, weighing three hundred and thirty-
six pounds. Above it hangs the upper part of a
woman's dress, bordered with bead-work in many deli-
cate colors. You see a pair of leggings with fringes to
the right and left also some tobacco bags, the patterns
of which done in beads and porcupine quills, are strik-
ing examples of Indian art. Some pipes, the bowls of
which are of catlinite a peculiar red stone only to be
found at the Pinestone quarry in Minnesota, a pair of
moccasins and two war implements having horns of
mountain goats instead of hatchets, make this group a
very attractive one.
The views displayed in this section are numbered
from ºn to as inclusive
zo. Baxxock Bºaves Going on rue wºn.
- Baxxock ºuters in was Dºss.
- U - Lºs Daviº B-
-- B-rºooº lºw Bºaves ºn tº a wºn
D- The Blackfoot occupy the mountains of west-
ern Montana. Their peculiar name is derived from the
custom of wearing in winter time leggings and mocca-
sins made from the skins of black animals, tanned with
the hair on. The footwear used in summer is also
blackened. The constant war of the Blackfoot with
the Crows and Sioux has reduced their number from
thirty thousand to only - thousand.


24. Types of Rocky Mountain Indians of various
tribes.
es. A Group or Blackroot Cuters.
26. A Camp or Ute Indians. The Utes inhabit
a great part of Utah, western Colorado and northern
New Mexico. They are small in stature, but wiry, and
of dark color. As large game was scarce in their terri-
tory, they were compelled to trespass on the hunting
grounds of their neighbors, with whom they were in
constant war. If game were altogether lacking, the
Utes did not shun to make a meal of smaller animals,
as rats, mice and snakes. When pressed by hunger,
even crickets and grasshoppers were regarded as proper
food to fill an empty stomach. The poorest and most
miserable among the Utes are the Pan-Utes and pi-
Utes, who wander over the sterile deserts of Nevada.
27. A Wigwam or strosnowes. The Shoshones
proper dwell principally in the valley of the great river
which bears their name, but is also known as snake or
Lewis River. -
28. An Excavement or Ute Ispraws at Los
Pixos.
29. Ute Women in their Lodge.
30 Ute Warriors on Horseback. In their many
raids the Ute bucks were bold and fearless and often
crossed far over the boundaries of their own territory.
It is known that war parties of the Utes pushed through
hostile country as far east as Missouri.
31. Ute Squaw Pºrcuing Texts. As among all
other tribes, so the women of the Utes have to attend
to the general work, as pitching tents, breaking up the
camp or packing the effects on the animals, while the
men, as many travelers have described it look on with
superior laziness. But this custom finds its explanation
in the fact that it was especially in former times, the
principal duty of the men to care for the safety of the
family. As hostile attacks were generally in the form
of sudden assaults, the warriors had to repel them in-
stantly, and for this reason the weapons were never
laid aside.
32. A Group or Cuºus.
33. A Blackroor Eºcampment.
---------
------



THE SIOUX
HE two sections following that of
T the Shoshones are devoted to the
L | Sioux or Dacotas and the tribes
peſonging to this widespread family.
These are the Indians par earcellence.
fully answering the descriptions of the
noble red man given by such authors
as Fenimore Cooper, George Catlin.
Washington Irving and others.
That the Sioux possess many at-
tractive traits can be seen from the
noble face of the young warrior whose
bust stands to the right of the main
entrance leading to the hall. This
bust is not the work of a sculptor in-
cºined to idealize. Its mask was as
was ºne case with all the other busts
taken direct from life and used with
out ºutering a particle. Study the
stro-faces of the other Sioux Indians
and you will surely be convinced that
men like these must be wise in council, great strategists
and leaders in battle. Every inch of their coun
tenances indicates determination courage wisdom and
an elements of character produced by the fierce struggle
for existence which these Indians were compelled to
endure for generations.
Besides the busts, the splendid heads of a bison and
a bighorn or mountain sheep make imposing figures
here, as they truly were the representative animals of
the immense territory once occupied by the Sioux.
The other decorations in the two bays display the
picturesque beauty of the Indian costume to the fullest
extent. Two spears as carried by the Dacotas before
the introduction of firearms are features which attract
our attention. In the centre of the decoration to the
left of the mountain sheep is a beautiful man's jacket.
made of deerskin, embroidered all over with milk-white
pears and totemic figures in red blue and green. To
either side of this piece hangs a pair of leggings, along
the seams of which run broad stripes
embroidered with porcupine quills, col-
ored a brilliant red. A pair of mocca-
sins with embroidery extending even
over the soles, form, together with two
ornaments for the scalp-lock, a peace
pipe and a skull-smasher, a most effect-
ºve group.
The one to the right of the bighorn's
head has in its centre a hunting bag
richly embroidered. To its sides hang
a pair of woman's leggings, which are
shorter than those for the men. The
rest of this group consists of a neck-
lace, a pair of moccasins, a bow and
a peace pipe.
Of great interest are the decora-
----- tions over the window opposite the big-
cº-º-º: horn. In the centre dangles one of the
beautiful bags which the Prairie Indians
use to keep their tobacco. Near it is a
war shield and a green streamer of a
head-dress, both with eagle feathers.
To the left of the bag is a war bonnet,
made of eagle feathers, and having a scarlet-red
streamer. Another pouch, a tomahawk of ancient shape,
a skull-smasher, a pipe and a strip of embroidery, such
as is used for ornaments for the red or blue blankets,
are also worthy of attention.
Of still greater beauty are the decorations flanking
the bison head.
Here again are two of the ancient spears, touching
one another with their points. The decoration to the
left is made up of a pair of leggings, moccasins and a
tobacco bag, all richly embroidered. And further, a
pipe, a tomahawk and two skull-smashers, the stem of
one being covered with bead-work.
The group to the right consists of similar objects,
but has besides a head-dress of porcupine hair, a horse-
tooth necklace and a breast protector made of bones.
The decorations over the door entrance are made up
of two peace pipes and six tobacco bags, embroidered
with beads and covered with porcupine quills.



The Sioux family is a
widespread ethnical and
linguistic group, whose
proper domain are the west-
ern prairies between the
Mississippi and the Rocky
Mountains. The name,
Sioux, is nothing but the
French corruption of the
word madowe's ug, mean-
ing the snakes" or “ene-
nies."
It was used by the Chip-
newas, who for centuries
have lived in bitter war
with them. The latter can
themselves Dacota,” “the
confederated," they who
speak one language." Besides
the Dacotas proper, the As-
siniboines, Crows, Iowas.
--> ------ Kansas, Mandans, Minitaris,
Missouris, Omahas, Osages,
ºtos, Poncas, Arkansas, winnebagos and some other
tribes belong to the same stock.
Though relatives, the different tribes have been in
constant conflict. Especially the Dacotas or Sioux
proper conducted wars, resulting in the cruel extermina-
tion of a number of smaller tribes of their family as
for instance, against the Minitaris and the Mandans.
When the German explorer, Maximian, Prince of wººed.
was at Fort McKenzie in 1833, he witnessed a fierce
assault made by the Sioux upon the Indians in the
neighborhood of that fort.
Tuº Picture, 34, copied from a beautiful engraving
in the work of the above-named traveler, gives a strik-
ing view of this scene, which happened on the 28th of
August, 1833.
as A Maxnaw Village when Lewis and Clarke,
in 1804, made their memorable exploring expedition
across our continent, they found the Mandan Indians
living on the west shore of the Missouri, just opposite
where at present, the city of Bismarck stands.
Here the Mandans lived in several villages made up
of circular huts, the framework of which consisted of
posts, the whole being covered with willows, and
thatched with clay.
The Mandans suffered heavily from the many hostile
attacks of the Sioux. Smallpox also made such ravages
among them that about the middle of last century they
became practically extinct. -
In the foreground of the picture, which is also
copied from a plate in the work of the Prince of wied.
we see two women engaged with the circular bull-boats
made by stretching the hide of a buffalo bull over a
------
36. Hunting the Bureato was the most exciting
and perilous game of Indian life.
To see the mounted braves in swift pursuit of those
shaggy-maned monsters, was a spectacle more thrilling
than that of any other sport. Only the very best horses
could be used for such a purpose. They had to have
not only great courage and sneed, but intelligence
enough to avoid the many dangers which might bring
disaster to the rider.
During the chase it frequently happened that the
buffalo, panic-stricken by the sudden appearance of
men, ran off in a headlong stampede and would crowd
so close together that the legs of a rider, who han-
pened to mingle with the herd would be crushed, ºr
the horse might step in a badger's hole, break a leg and
fall down in which case it happened very frequently
that horse as well as rider was trampled to death by the
sharp hoofs of the fleeing brutes. But the great mass of
the galloping herd, the thundering noise of the enou.
sands of hoofs, the turmoil, the dust, the uncertainty,
and the near proximity and ferocious aspect of the
lumbering throng, furnished excitement enough to any
man able to carry a weapon.
Before the introduction of firearms, the Indians
used to attack the buffalo herds with bow and arrows
only, which they handled with such force that the
arrows were often driven to the feathers into the fleein-
beasts.
3. A Camp or Sioux Iºnians wear Foº Rice is
1833. The drawing made by Carl Bodmer, a German
artist, who accompanied the Prince of wied. gives an
other interesting scene of Indian life. In the fore-
ground we see a number of Indians chatting and smok-
ing. Near this group stands one of the seatiºns upon
which the Dacotas used to deposit the bodies of de-
ceased persons. These scaffolds had a platform six to
eight feet in width, ten to twelve meet in length, and
from ten to fifteen feet above the ground sometimes
two or three bodies were deposited upon one scartola.
wrapped in buffalo robes, which were tightly drawn
and fastened by thongs to prevent their falling to the
ground. This peculiar method of disposing of the
bodies of the dead was adopted as the Indians had no
tools for digging, and as * -
wolves and other carn- -
orous beasts in search of
food would disturn the
bodies if buried in the
ground.
38. A Daº or ºne
Maxin- Lººs. After a
drawing by C. Bodmer.
made in 1833.
ºn A \ºtiºn or ºne
O-ºs-
40. Tuº Last of-Tº-
Bureau os.
To the North American
Indian the Bison or Bur-
falo was the same as the
reindeer is to the Laps, the
seal to the Eskimo the
cannel to the Bedouin
the basis of existence.
The hide of this noble
animal was used for lodge
covers. It was also used
--- -


to make battle shields that were proof against arrows
and spears. The green hide was converted into assos,
soles of moccasins, belts, bags, canoes, and even kettles,
in which the meat was boiled. From the bones the
Indians made their tools, saddles and breast-protectors.
The sinews furnished thread, and the hoofs an excellent
glue. In fact, there was no part of the bison which
was not used for some purpose when the Indian
passed over into the happy hunting-grounds, his body
was wrapped in a buffalo robe.
When by the savage carnage of white game hogs.”
the buffalo became extinct, a great calamity befel the
Indians. Driven by famine, they robbed the white
settlers of their cattle, thus causing horrible wars,
which cost an enormous loss of human life and hun-
dreds of millions of dollars.
41. Rºsting. (An old chief on horseback.)
42. Iºnian Women ºn Culloºn at run on
Foºt Lanaº.
43. A Camp on the Prairies.
44. An Excavement or rue Piº Indians.
When the Prince of Wied made his visit among the
different tribes of the far West, Mr. Bodmer, the artist,
painted this splendid picture, which portrays Indian
camp life, as it was in its height during the first half
of the past century. We see men, women and children,
clad in picturesque costumes, pass to and fro. Groups
of braves, some on horseback, others wrapped in
beautifully painted buffalo robes or in bright-colored
blankets, their weapons or pipes in their arms, discuss
the happenings of the day. Riders come in, and women
carry heavy loads. Horses and dogs swarm every-
where, and in the dstance spreads the camp, hundreds
of tepees and tents, from the openings of which curls
the blue smoke of the campfires to the cloudness sky.
45. A Wister Village or ºne Mºntains we
see in the foreground of this picture some young men
engaged in the stick, or ring game, one of the popular
sports of the Indians. It varies in some of its details
with different tribes, but its essential features are
everywhere the same. The players have straight, slen-
der sticks, which they try to send through a small ring,
as it is rolled quickly along the ground. This ºane,
affording much speed and skill, is in its highest de-
velopment very complicated, and gives to the players,
as well as the spectators, plenty of opportunity for bet-
ting and dispute.
46 A Bison Dance of the Maspas lºss.
Among the dances of the Sioux tribes the bison dance
was one of the most grotesque when in spring the
annual migrations of the buffalo took place, the prin-
cipal dancers, in order to attract these animals, clad
themselves in buffalo hides, with heads and horns, hoofs
and tails still remaining on them. Thus they imitated
all the actions of the buffalo, bellowing and snorting
like the real ones. In these dances the men persisted
until the buffalo appeared. -
47. A Souaw Dance among the sloux. Women
participate in many dances of the Indians, often en-
gaging as partners the young men, with whom they
dance opposite one another or the men and girls
form two opposing lines, or mingle alternately. Ex-
pressions of affection are given frequently. A girl
may rise and dance before a particular man, and after
the dance throw a robe over him and kiss him.
48. A Group of Crow cºrers. The crows in
former times had a very peculiar manner to dress their

hair of the forehead, which they
combed and stiffened in such a way
that it stood up, as seen in the photo-
graph.
49. Sioux Indians or Rosebud
Agency. Giving a was Dance.
The war dance consists of stamp-
ing with the feet, accompanied by quick
jerking motions of the body. The
braves seem to search or follow the
tracks of an enemy. They brandish
their tomahawks, spears and scalping-
knives and accompany these gestures
with the yells which they are accus-
tomed to use in charging their victims.
or the blood-curdling war whoop,
which proclaims victory.
so. Following a Trail. Trailing
is the art of finding and following the
tracks of beasts or enemies. As every
one of the hundreds of different ani-
mals leaves peculiar “signs," it re. snoux
quires great knowledge and experience, isolas
as well as sharp eyes, to read such -
signs. To find and keep the tracks of
enemies, especially those of other Indians, is still more
difficult, as the Indians, when anticipating pursuit, re-
sort to all ruses to destroy their tracks. Therefore they
keen as much as possible on hard. rocky ground, or
travel for a long distance in the bed of a creek or river.
where the feet leave no marks. They double their
tracks and do anything which may baffle the pursuer.
Many instances are known where Indians have proved
to be perfect masters in the art of trailing.
5 Longes of an Assiºneouse cºrer.
The Assiniboines or stone boilers.” separated, as
tradition says from the Dacotas while quarreling over
the possession of a beautiful girl, an indian Helena,
who became the cause of a bloody war between the two
related tribes. The Assiniboines retreated before the
much stronger Sioux to the northwest, and dwell now
near the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan rivers. Their
peculiar name is derived from the manner in which
they cook the meat-by throwing hot stones into the
water.
52. Sioux Girls on Horseback.
Indian women ride astride like the men, often two
or three on one horse, or the husband or sweetheart
in front.
sº. Types or Stoux Iºnians.
The dress of the woman at the left is made of deer-
skin and richly decorated with elk teeth.
54. Types on Ontanas.
ss. A Group or wrºnaco Indians.
This tribe occupies the regions east of the Upper
Mississippi, especially Wisconsin.
*6. Interion of a Maxnaw Curer's Hut.
The lodges of the Mandans are divided by curtains
of willow matting into several rooms, one given to
-
each member of the family. Another
part of the building serves as stable for
the horses. In the midst of the house
is the fireplace, around which buffalo
robes serve as seats. The shield,
quiver, bows and spears hang on poles,
which support the roof. This fine pic-
ture was drawn from life by the Ger-
man artist, Bodmer, in 1833.
57. A Scale Dance of the Mini-
------
When a successful war party re-
turned home, the scalps taken from
the enemies were stretched on small
hoops to dry, and attached to poles,
ten to twelve feet in length. These
poles were either planted in a circle
in the ground or held by women, who
chanted, together with the other in-
habitants of the camp, the praise of the
brave warriors who had won the ghastly
trophies. The dancers turned slowly
about the scalps, keeping together in a
circle. As the dance progressed, the
warriors, who had been in the expedi-
tion, became excited and sprang from the circle to the
scalps they had won vaunting in extravagant terms
their own exploits, and acting over again the taking of
the scalps. The dance was continued throughout the
entire night.
58. A Dance Longe or the Sioux.
The dances are held in a large lodge or log-house.
in which all the dancers and many onlookers gather,
after having prepared themselves for the festivities.
The hair is neatly combed and shining, the faces painted
with bright colors, and the clothing the best which
each individual can afford. The women sit together on
one side of the lodge, while the men occupy the other.
The dances are accompanied with songs and crude
music, as primitive instruments such as drums, flutes
and rattles can give
59. Crow Indians.
This group shows a number of warriors, some
wrapped in beautiful painted buffalo robes. The chief,
to the left, carries an eagle wing as a fan. -
60. Preparing a Rome.
After an animal has been skinned, small slits are cut
in the edges of the skin and then it is spread, flesh
side upward, on a level piece of ground and fastened
down with wooden pegs driven through the slits. When
it has become dry, the women, with a small instrument
shaped like a carpenter's adze, reduce the thickness of
the hide by cutting off thin shavings at each blow.
finally obtaining a perfectly smooth surface and even
thickness. To render the skin soft, the chipped sur-
face is smeared with a composition of fat and brains
of a deer. The work of preparing the skins is a tedious
process, but they become by thus manipulating ad-
mirably adapted to the use intended.

HE fifth section is occupied by tribes of the great
Algonquin stock, which controlled the territory
from Labrador to North Carolina and west as lar
as the Rocky Mountains. The tribes on the Atlantic
coast have either died out or migrated westward, or
been collected into reservations.
Among the tribes represented in this section by
busts and photographs are the Ojibwas or Chippewas,
Arapahoes, Blackfoot, Cheyennes, Delawares, Meno-
minis, Pottawatomis, Sauk, Foxes, and Otos.
Two busts present the personal features of the Al-
gonquins, the one of an Arapaho, ugly-looking with
his peculiar headdress of horns, the other a charming
Chippewa girl, laden with beautiful trinkets.
The noble head of an elk, with powerful horns,
occupies the middle of a rich collection of weapons
and utensils. The most interesting object among those
to the left is a beautiful cradle, in which the Indian
mothers used to carry their babes.
A pair of woman's leggings of
scarlet cloth, embroidered with
broad white strines, a pair of
beautiful moccasins, a handsomely
ornamented dress for a child a
small pouch covered with bead
work and a heavy necklace of but
falo bones show that the Algon-
quin squaw, to adorn herself, has
just as many means at her dis-
posal as her white sister.
A bow, a tomahawk, a war club
and pipe belong to the outfit of
the stronger sex.
The decoration to the right is
also made up of objects pertaining
to men. In the centre we see a
beautiful hunting bag, made by a
Chippewa girl for her sweetheart.
Above hangs a tobacco pouch and
a pair of moccasins. On the right
and left hang a pair of leggings,
decorated with stripes in pale
--------
------
THE ALGONQUINS
yellow and blue with fringes of ermine. Bow and
arrows, a necklace of enormous teeth, and an old-
ashioned tomahawk, make up the rest of this trophy.
The decoration over the window, opposite the elk
head, also contains objects of great beauty. The gem
of it is a dress for a girl three or four years of age,
made of the softest deerskin, which the hands of a
loving mother decorated with bead-work in red, white
and blue. Added to it are the tiny leggings and moc-
casins. Above it and Lehind it are to be seen two broad
belts for women. Next follow cradles and tobacco bags,
all showing the high state of efficiency of the squaws
in adorning even the objects for every-day life.
61. Indians on the Move.
62. Types of Blackroot Indians.
The Blackfoot Indians, numbering about 7, ooo souls,
are now living at the Blackfoot agency in Montana
and at Calgary and Bell River in Washington.
63. A CAMP or Arapanoes.
The Arapahoes, numbering 2,200 souls, live at
Cheyenne agency, Oklahoma Territory, and at Shoshone
agency, Wyoming. While striking in physique, the Ara-
pahoes are not as fine specimens of Indian as the
Cheyennes, with whom they are in friendly alliance.
64. Types or Arapahoes.
65. A Group or Cheyenne Chiefs.
The Cheyennes, numbering about 3.5oo souls, are
divided at present over three agencies, one in Okla-
homa Territory, one in Montana and the third in South
Dakota. Fifty years ago they roamed over the ex-
tensive region between the lower Missouri and the
Rocky Mountains. Physically they have a command-
ing appearance, second to no other tribe of American
Indians. Splendid riders and marksmen, they became
by their fierce, warlike character a terror to immigrants,
who, on their way to California, were obliged to cross
the great plains. Only after many bloody battles the
Cheyennes became subdued.
66. Types or Cuippewa Indians.
The Chippewas or Ojibwas represent one of the
most powerful tribes of North America, their number
counting over 32, ooo. They occupy reservations in




-
-
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi-
gan, North Dakota, and British
Columbia. Living by hunting
and fishing, they are experts
in both. As their country
abounds with lakes and rivers,
they excel all other tribes in
the art of making canoes,
among which the birchbark
canoe is world-famous. The
best to be found anywhere are
also the snow-shoes, on which
they travel in winter over their
lonesome country.
67. T E N + 1 No on the
Mountain Sine.
68. Sauk and Fox Ix-
º ------
* The nºcture is a copy of a drawing made from life
by º while traveling with the Prince of
wied. It shows a number of chiefs and braves in their
original costume. At present the Sauk and Fox live
on small reservations in Iowa and Oklahoma. Many
of their games and creeds have been preserved. Up to
the present time they prefer to live in the old-fashioned
elongated lodges covered with mats.
69. A Cuevº Iºnian in a Sweat Longe.
These peculiar huts consist of a strong frame of
limbs of trees. Before using the lodge is made air-
tight with robes and blankets. Close by the hut a fire
is burning by which stones are heated. The persons
wishing to take a bath, having entered the lodge, squat
naked along the covering. Now a woman brings in the
hot stones and deposits them in the center of the lodge.
Then from a bucket, water is thrown over the stones,
and with a hissing noise is trans-
formed into steam. In a few
minutes the hut is filled
with hot vapor, which in-
duces a profuse per-
spiration. Singing and
chatting, the
men remain
-
-
in the lodge for perhaps a half or whole hour, then they
creep out, run to a near-by stream and plunge into its
cold water. After this they return home for rest.
7o. Buffalos Grazing.
71. AN INDIAN TRAvois.
When Indians are going to move, the women take
down the lodges and divide the lodge poles into two
bundles. The poles of each bundle are lashed together
at the end and are thrown over the saddle of a horse,
allowing the other ends of the poles to drag on the
ground in the rear.
Immediately behind the horse there is lashed be
tween the poles a large oval frame, made from the
limbs of a young tree. It serves not only to keep the
two bundles of poles a sufficient distance apart, but,
having a net of raw-hide thongs, it forms also a come
fortable seat for children or weak persons. Each horse
has its travois; when a sufficient number of horses is
not at hand, then the dogs are pressed into service and
have to drag a travois of smaller poles.
72. Iºnians Drying Mººr roº wºn supply.
When the Indians wish to lay in meat for future
use, they cut it into thin flakes, which they hang on
scaffolds to dry. It is then pounded to powder mixed
with melted tallow and packed into bag-shaped recep-
tacles, called parfleches. The meat so prepared is the
famous “ Pemikan" and will keep in good condition
for several years.
73. Tur Ration Day is the great day of the
month to all Indians living on agencies. Then the
agent, appointed by the Government distributes to each
family or person the ration of flour, coffee pork been
sugar, salt clothes, and other necessities of life to
which the individuals of such tribes are entitled, who
by treaty, gave up portions of their land.
74 ºntº Sportsmen.
7s. Types or Oro Iºnians Liv-
ing on the lower Platte
River, Nebraska.
76. Iºnian Sotºws
Pºrtº A Mººn.
77. Tvrºs or
Anaeanoes.









º
-
-
-
THE IROQUOIS
HE sixth section is given to the Iroquois, the
most famous of all groups of Indian tribes. Once
their territory included parts of Canada, New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan, but it was sur-
rounded everywhere by land of the Algonquin stock.
To the Iroquois belong the Wyandots or Hurons,
Cherokees, Eries, Nottawas, and the tribes which
made up the celebrated “League of the Six Nations".
the Mohawks, Onondagas, Oneidas, Senecas, Cayugas
and Tuscaroras. -
At present the Iroquois num-
ber about 44, ooo. To a greater
extent than all other Indians,
they became agriculturists, live
in permanent villages and have
adopted the ways of the whites.
Two busts, the one of a
Cayuga and the other that of a
Mohawk Indian, give the char-
acteristic features of the Iro-
quois.
As in time past the moose
was frequently found in the for-
ests of the Iroquois, a fine head
of this formidable animal has
been placed among the imple-
ments, which, by good fortune, -------
have come down to our days. ------
The most familiar objects in the
group to the left are a pair of
snow-shoes, by the use of which the hunter was able to
follow game when the snow was too deep to travel
with moccasins. -
Beneath the snow-shoes hangs a war-shield, with
the rough outlines of a bear and a bison painted on
its front. A tobacco pouch and a pair of moccasins
dangle at its sides. Moreover, there are a pipe of
peace, war-clubs, a rattle and a sword-like implement
of war. The most peculiar objects are two hideous
masks beset with hair and
smeared with red and black
paint. They belong to the outfit
of medicine-men, who, up to the
present day, prey upon their
kinsmen by pretending to have
power over the many demons
and witches which threaten the
life of the Iroquois.
Opposite the moose head,
hanging on the balcony, are sev-
eral other masks one of which
is fearfully distorted. To the
right of the moose we see a pair
of snow-shoes, intended for the
feet of pack animals. Partly
covered by these shoes hangs a
hunter's pouch, finely done in
bead-work. Other hunting in-
plements, as bow and arrows, a
powder-flask, another pouch of





smaller proportions,
some horn spoons,
a tomahawk, a war-
club and two more
masks, make up the
rest of the trophy.
Specimens of Iro-
quois basketry are
displayed upon the
shelves.
Authentic illus-
trations of the
original life of the
Iroquois are ex-
tremely scarce. In
uine ones, the num-
bers 78 and 79,
------ ------ have been obtained.
For this reason the
other parts in this section contain views not relating
to the Iroquois.
78. Ruins of the Great Council. House of the
Senecas.
This structure was built of heavy logs. All assem-
blages of the Senecas took place in it.
zo. Inoquois Boy and Girl on Horseback.
80. A Group of Mounted Beaves, ready to go on
the war path. The warriors carry spears, bow and
arrows as well as rifles.
fact, only two gen-
8. As Iºnian Family Traveliss.
82. Types of Indians and Squaws.
83. A Dance of the Sioux.
This picture gives an excellent idea of the gestures
and antics the dancers assume.
84. A Hostile Assault.
85. Squaw's Cutting up a Bull.
86. A Young Brave.
An Indian father gives his son a ride on horseback,
while the happy mother looks on in delight.
87. John Y. Nelson, a white scour and inter-
preter, with his Sioux family.
88. The Burpes of the Ren womax.
This picture shows a squaw carrying her baby and,
at the same time, a bundle of wood.
89. An Encampment of Pawnee Ispass.
The Pawnees were in former times a powerful tribe
of more than thirty thousand souls. But constant wars
with the Sioux, Osages and Cheyennes reduced them to
three or four thousand.
oo: Indians Watering There poºres.
9. A Group of Pawnee and Sioux is pºss.
92. Escampment of Crow isolars.
93. A Village of Cheyenne Indians.


THE AT HAPASCANS
HE Athapascan family is just as far spread in the
West as the Algonquins were in eastern North
America. The most northern tribes of this stock,
the Hare, Dog Ribs, Yellow Knives and Strong Bow
Indians dwell in Alaska, while the most southern tribes,
the Navajo and Anacº inhabit the hottest parts of
New Mexico and Arizona.
Physically the members of this family are well de-
veloped, being often muscular and very enduring. The
splendid busts of a
- - Navajo and Apache
- - give a good idea of
their features.
As might be
supposed from the
enormous distance
which separates the
northern and south-
ern groups of the
Athapascans, they
differ widely in
their ways and
manners of life.
The Athapascans
in Alaska are fish-
ermen, using dog
ledges and nets:
while their relatives
in the south raise
attle and horses
till the soil.
All are great hunt-
ers, following the
track of a deer for
days until it is run
down.
----------
Deer and coyote are the two most characteristic
animals or une -thapascan territory, for which reason
heads of these animals have been placed among th
decorations of the Athapascan section. -
In describing the collections we must call attentiºn
to the small saddle blankets, which gorgeously colored,
furnish a splendid background to them. These blankets
are products of Navajos, who, after they had occupied
their present territory, became preeminent stock raisers,
expert weavers anad metal workers. The beautiful
blankets woven by the women are sold to thousands
annually all over the country, with rude appliances
the men convert Mexican silver dollars into buckles,
necklaces, bracelets, rosettes, ear and finger-rings. Two
of such buckles, showing rich engraving are seen
among the decorations on the wall. Bows, quiver and
arrows, tomahawks, war-clubs, a lasso and a whip, the
handle of which is plaited of horse-hair, are notable
objects. Two dolls are prominent in the decoration to
the right, the one of a brave, the other of a woman in
the best of her garments.
On the opposite wall beneath the head of the coyote,
hangs a richly decorated hunting dress woven belts
of deep red color, a small blanket, yet unfinished a
rope and a whip, both made of horse-hair, quivers with
bows and arrows, a war-club, a flute, some small
pouches and a model of a Navajo cradle are all worthy
of careful study.
The views arranged in this section are the numbers
94 to 107.
94. Types of Navajos.
The photograph shows the features as well as the
garments of an elderly man, a young brave and a
woman. The Navajos are a healthy and hardy race.
Up to the middle of the last century they were great
warriors. As scientists believe, it was this tribe, which,


















coming from the north, by their frequent attacks upon
their ancestors the Pueblo Indians forced these people
to seek refuge by building their houses in the caves or
on top of cliffs, almost inaccessible.
With the introduction of horses and sheep by the
Spaniards, the Navajos became expert horsemen and
raised enormous flocks of sheep. They also maintain
orchards, cultivate the soil, and thus became more
sedentary in their habits. -
95. Another Group of Navajos.
96. A Village or the Yu was.
The Yumas, a small tribe of magnificently built
Indians, have their reservation on the lower colorado
river. As their country is one of the hottest in North
America, they do not give much care to their dwellings
which are rudely put up of cottonwood poles, twigs,
brush and mud. The summer houses are merely sheds,
protecting them from the sun.
97. A Village or Pima Ispraws.
The Pimas are a very peaceable and hospitable
folk, occupying for several hundred years the valley of
the Gila River in Arizona, tilling the ground and mak-
ing some money by selling their beautiful works of
pottery and basketry. The houses are dome-shaped
huts of about twenty feet in diameter, and built of the
same material as those of the Yumas.
98. A Camp of Navajos, near the ruins of Pueblo
Bonito, a former village of the cliff-dwellers.
99. A Group of Navajo workview.
When several years ago the extensive ruins of
Pueblo Bonito in Arizona were explored by the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History in New York the
members of the expedition had a number of Navajos
as workmen.
too. Tutºr Types of Navajos the one at the left,
an old warrior, carrying an old-fashioned shield and
a spear. The man at the right carries a bow and ar-
rows. The man in the centre wears tight-fitting leg-
gings and trousers ornamented with small silver disks.
|-
-
-
-
ion. The Agency
of the Mescalero
Apaches in AR-
ZON--
The reservation
of the Mescalero
Apaches is about
one hundred miles
northeast from El
Paso. The tribe,
here collected, has
about four hundred
and fifty individ-
uals, who either
--- hunting
through the rugged
mountains or pas-
ture their herds of
cattle, sheep and
horses.
Only a quarter
of a century ago, ------- 1---
the Mescalero were
known as the worst of all Indians, and it took many
bloody skirmishes before they were subdued.
toº and ros. Groups or Navajos at Pueblo Bosiro
toº. A Navajo Weaven.
The blankets and other articles of wearing appare
are woven by hand on very primitive looms. But the
women are such experts that they understand to make
their fabrics handsome as well as durable. In former
times these blankets were made of the wool of the
mountain sheep, and woven so close that they were
impervious to rain. They could be taken by the four
corners and filled with water, which they would hold
without leaking. It often took more than a year to
weave such a blanket, and one of the best quality
often brought over one hundred dollars.
tos. Navajo Workmen at Pueblo Boxtro.
toº. A Navajo Moruº.
toº. Sport axioso Navajos.


THE PUEBLO
INDIANS
ERHAPS the
s most inter-
esting of all
sections is that de-
voted to the Pueblo
Indians of New
Mexico and Ari-
zona. As in their
hunting grounds the
antelope and the
jaguar are often
met with heads of
these animals have
been placed amidst
the many trophies
which adorn the
section of the Pue-
blo country, rich in
color, and native
costumes are cor-
Moº-º-º-º: respondingly gor-
geous.
The blankets and belts, woven by the women are
dyed in a wonderful red, the brilliancy of which is
heightened by white, dark blue, bright yellow and green
tints. Samples of such weaving are lavishly distrin-
uted about the walls of the two sections.
The pleasure the Pueblo Indians take in colors as
well as in artistic ornaments shows itself also in the
many beautiful baskets and pieces of pottery displayed
on the shelves. Since almost every village has its
peculiar style of decorating these works of native art.
connoisseurs are able to point out the origin or every
article. -
Among the basketry we notice a large number of
shallow plaques, which are generally used as recep-
tacles for the thin wafer-like bread of the Pueblo
Indians. Their ornamentation varies from geometric
patterns to all kinds of symbols, such as the well-
known thunder-bird, rain clouds, squash blossoms and
many other objects.
We see among the other specimens a number of
strange wooden statuettes, decked with brilliant colors
º
º- |
º
- I
-
-
s
-
|
-
-
and sometimes tufted with feathers. These little
images are "tinus" or dolls, imitations of masked
dancers, who appear in the many sacred festivals cele-
brated at certain seasons.
The tihus" are not idols, nor are they wor-
shiped. They are given to the children at the close
of the great ceremonies for the purpose of impressing
upon their memory the particular features of their
religion. The flute and the shallow drum seen in the
trophy section to the left of the jaguar's head also be
long to the paraphernalia of religious service.
The types of Pueblo Indians are represented by
the busts of four men, a Zuni, a Moqui and two men
from Laguna. The Pueblo Indians are descendants
of the cave and cliff-dwellers, who thousands of years
ago sought refuge from their enemies by building their
homes in the caves or upon the summits of almost
inaccessible cliffs. When over three hundred and fifty
years ago, the Spaniards arrived in these regions, they
found the Pueblo Indians upon the ground where they
live to-day occupying numerous fortified towns and
cultivating the soil.
Their dwelling-places or pueblos, as the Spaniards
used to call them, are made of adobe-sun-dried
brick. In some of the villages the houses are not more
than one story high and are entered through doors in
the side, while the houses of the pueblos are frequently
two, three or even more stories high each successive
story being set back some twelve or fifteen feet from
the front walls of the story below. The usual manner
of entering these dwellings is by ascending ladders out-
side the buildings to the roof, and through holes in
them descending to the interior by other ladders. This
peculiar method was doubtless adopted as a defensive
measure during war times, when it was often necessary
to convert the pueblo into a fortress from which to
repel hostile invasions. When attacked the inhabitants
pulled up the outside ladders, thereby cutting off all
possibility of entrance to their habitations and being
generally well provisioned, they were prepared to with-
stand a long siege. In times of neace men women
and-dren, cats and dogs may be seen running up
and ºwn these ladders rapidly when going into or
coming out of these curious houses.
In all there are about twenty-six of these pueblos in
New Mexico and Arizona. Those of Arizona are built
on top of steep rocky bluffs in so singular a manner


that at a little distance it is impossible for a stranger
to distinguish them from the rocks, of which they ap-
near to form a part.
The Spanish padres had erected chapels and churches
in some of the pueblos, still in a fair state of preserva-
tion. In general the Pueblo Indians are extremely con-
servative and cling to their old religion. These rites
are partly performed in underground chambers, or
kivas" and partly conducted with great pomp in the
open air.
The collection of photographs illustrating the land
and life of the Pueblos is one of the most instructive
ever exhibited. It embraces in all thirty-four views,
running from los to 14
los. The Pueblo or Namee, due north of Santa Fe.
is built around the four sides of a large plaza. The
ruins of many houses, as well as a large church indi-
cate that Nambe in former times was of greater in-
portance than to-day.
too. The Pueblo or Saxoia lies north of Albu-
querque on the west bank of the Rio Grande, we see
in the picture several dome-shaped ovens, standing here
and there along the
walls or on the ter-
------ -
no. The FLure
Dance is one of the
most picturesque re-
ligious performances
of the Hopi or Moqui. It is celebrated in order that
copious rains may descend and rescue the needed corn
crops and save the people from starvation.
it. The Pueblo or Zuni, in western New Mex-
ico, is the most famous among all the pueblos. occu-
pying the summit of a hill, it has been described as a
gigantic mud honeycomb, the numerous houses piled
up lengthwise and crosswise in two, three and even five
terraces, each receding from the one below like the
steps of a flight of broken stairs. -
Everywhere this structure bristles with ladder-poles,
chimneys and rafters, the ladders with carved cross-
pieces at the tops, the chimneys made of bottomless
earthen pots, set one upon the other, and cemented to-
gether with mud, looking like huge bamboo joints.
12. The Oun Ox-Carts of former times were
clumsy affairs, the wheels being frequently a single disk
of wood.
13. A Zu ºl Eagle Cage. In many pueblos the
visitor may set cages, loosely plaited, of cottonwood
twigs, in which the Indians keep eagles. These birds
are captured for their
feathers, which are
used in the sacred
rites and as offerings
to the gods.
14. The Pueblo
or Juºz occupies an









extremely pictur-
esque location in
New Mexico, near
the mouth of a nar-
row canon the walls
of which rise to a
height of two thou-
sand feet.
--> Tu-Pºnio
or S-Claw-en-
joys a most beauti-
ful situation on the
west bank of the
Rio Grande - the
nottery made here
the glossy black
ware is famous. Its
color is produced
by adding a finely
nuverized fuel to
------ the fire, which pro-
--------- duces a very dark
smoke a portion of
which is absorbed by the baking vessels and gives the
desired black color.
16. Tº Pºnto or co-air is situated in New
Mexico. It has a large plaza and several ºvas ºne
circular walls of which project like turrets over ºne
ground.
-- A House - ºne Pueblo or on-aº-
is ºs or Zºº. Albinism, which consists
in the skin and hair being perfectly white occurs quite
often among the Pueblo Indians. The hair of such an
Albino is generally silky and of a dun hue. The nuni
of the eye is a bright red and the iris or white of the
eye of a pale rose color.
to Tuº Pueblo or Tesuque is only one and a
half hour's ride north from Santa Fe. The inhabitants
manufacture pottery, to which they are fond of giving
many peculiar forms, such as all kinds of animals and
images.
* * Cºosa Dºce held in public court of
Zuni-
- Tº Pºlo or sax ºn tº lies southwest ºr
Santa Fe. It has an old Spanish church with two
------
- Tº Pºnto or saw Dourº has four pic-
turesque streets, running at right angles to the Riº
Grande of the many religious ceremonies that held
on August fourth is the most interesting Hundreds
of men women and children, an gayly dressed in native
cºstume perform annually series of rhythmic dances
to which bands of music furnish uncanny melodies.
Fantastically dressed clowns who never tail to create
roars of laughter by their anties. appear from time to
time among the crowd.
*** Tº Pºnto or six in northern New Mexico.
was formerly of large extent, but has in the course of
ºny centuries dwindled down to a small group of
houses with not more than one hundred inhabitants.
The women are expert potters and make a beautiful
white ware, which they decorate with red and brown
---------
** Tº Pºlo or is era is with over a thou-
sand inhabitants, the largest of an Indian villages in
New Mexico. It lies southwest of Albuquerque in a
beautiful country, which is crossed with many irriga-
ing ditches and is extremely fertile.
es. The Pºlo or saw linerosso is a quaint old
tºwn on the east bank of the Rio Grande a crumblin-
church stands near the plaza in which during the ---
rebellion of the Pueblo Indians at the end of the ºth
ºntº a large number of Spanish priests suffered a
horrible death.
* Tur Pºve a steep cliff in New Mexico in the
walls of which many centuries ago, the Indians carved
their dwelling-places.
- The Pºlo or Taos is the most picturesque
in northern New Mexico. The Taos river divides it
into two sections, or rather two great piles of communal
dwellings one structure resembling a terraced pyramid.
rising to the height of five stories and the other tº
seven Taos was surrounded by a high wan with many
loopholes for shooting upon attacking enemies.
as A Monºx House or zuº.
- * soºn view or ºne Pueens or Tºs-
- Tun P-ºn-o or saw Jº on the east bank
of the Rio Grande has four hundrea inhabitants -


------
------
- -------
ºre the aristocrats
- the P-lo
Indians. Their cus-
tons and mode of
life are much net-
- than others of
their trº- The
houses are unusu-
ally clean and well
furnished the ºar
dens orchards and
farms being beauti-
fully kept and
showing everywhere
-idences of thrift.
- * -- is the
------ or all
on Pueblos in
ºrizona. It stands
ºn the summit or a
- - -
iron which the
visitor beholds a
most beautiful pan-
ºrana of the ra.
- Painted Desert Far in the southwest tower
the snow-capped peaks of the San Francisco Mountains.
and due west are hundreds of beautiful buttes and me.
- through which the colorado River has eaten its
studendous Grand Canons walpi is at intervals of two
ºrs the scene of the famous snake dance, which never
fails to attract many white visitors.
- * Scuool in Zºº. Schools conducted by
*merican teachers have been established in several
pueblos. Here we see a class of children at zumi.
as Tº Governor or zºº ºn us one-ºns.
The governor is chosen from the old men - uni-
versal suffrage the only qualification necessary being
wisdom. He holds his office for life and pre-
sides over the council, composed of old men.
The decision of this council is in all matters
regarded as law. The governor is assisted by a
war cºntain a fiscal chief or treasurer, and some
other officers of less importance.
- A Pºlic Count on Plaza in one of
the pueblos.
as Tºur on S-isº Cºuncil -----
- N - M-
- House or a P---L----
- - - - - -
----- B-
------- ---
Pueblo women pro-
duce large quanti-
ties of pottery in
an endless variety
of shapes. This
-the-ar-i-º-c-
orated with orna-
-nts in -ni-
black or red colors.
and then tired.
--> --- - -
--- P- -
S-----
---
-- T -- ~~
--S-D-
is another form or
the prayers for rain.
which are the prin-
ºnal part of the
Honi religion. This
fascinating dance
is the conclusion of many elaborate ceremonies cele-
ºrated annually in the Hopi towns and lasting nine
days. The snakes are believed to be little brothers
of the great plumed water-serpent or rain-god, and the
prayers of the Indians are made to them that they may
** as messengers, bring the prayers to the god, and
move him to send rain.
All kinds of snakes are collected, but principally
rattlesnakes. They are baptized in one of the under-
ground kivas and on the ninth day are carried to the
plaza. Here they are taken up by the snake priests,
who grasp the snakes in their mouth, while other snake-
men, following immediately behind, with their snake-
whips guard the faces of the priests in order
snakes the priests make several circuits around
the plaza. Afterwards the snakes are brought
back to the plains and set free to runn their
mission.
tº Asoºn scene or the Flure pºwer
mentioned under number -a.
| that they may not be bitten. Thus carrying the
- Tº Fºsta or saw Estenax is cele-
brated annually in one of the New Mexican
nu-lo-
-- ------






THE MEXICANS
- HE last section is
T given over to the ab-
origines of Mexico.
The fine head of a
puma and a tiger cat adorn
this section, as these ani-
mals are typical for the
greater part of Mexico.
Together with these tro-
phies are exhibited many
implements and weapons.
The state of perfection the
aborigines of Mexico have
reached in decorative art is
shown by many plaques,
bowls, trays, baskets and
beautiful “se rapes, " or
woolen blankets, interesting
in pattern as well-as in
color.
On the northern wall
we see among war-clubs,
bows and arrows, a quiver,
--------- --- made of jaguar skin. Be-
low it hangs an “olla" or
water jar, and a peculiar net, which the Huichol in-
dians use to carry their goods. Then, there is a native
drill, which is used by the Indians to perforate the
shells and stones which they use as ornaments. The
types of the Mexican Indians are illustrated by two
busts of Huichols. The photographs Nos. 142 to 156.
which show scenes of the life and dwellings of the
Papagos, Cocopas, Pimas and Seris of Sonora and of
Huichols who inhabit the mountains of Zacatecas and
Jalisco.
142. A village of Mexican Isbians tº JAL sco.
The houses built of stones, are conspicuous on
account of their steep roofs.
143. As Indian Pottery Maker of Zacatecas.
144. The brush houses of the Pima Indians are
merely open enclosures made from brushwood. They
are intended to hold off the wind-storms, which sweep
the deserts.
145. A House of a Cocopa Cuneº.
146. A Seal Family or Sonora.
The Seris form one of the most uncivilized tribes
of North America. Especially those living on the
Island Tiburon are cruel savages, who, up to the pres-
ent, cling to cannibalism.
147. A Papago Woman Making Poºtery.
148. A Group of Huichol. Indians.
These Indians are related to the Aztecs, but belong
to the tribes which remained in barbarism, while the
main stock of the family developed and reached a
state of culture culminating in the establishment of
the Aztec empire. The Huichols dwell in the moun-
tainous regions of Jalisco, where they were studied re-
cently by Carl Lumholz, the author of “Unknown
Mexico." As he says, the Huichols became nominally
Christians, but only the
most civilized of them
know how to make the sign
of the cross, and are fa-
miliar with the names of
Maria Santisima, Dios and
Diablo. The majority
cling firmly to the ancient
beliefs and customs. The
women wear short skirts
and tunics of cott on
cloth, sometimes nicely em
broidered. The men wear
shirts held tight around
the waist by a long girdle
artistically woven in wool
or cotton. These girdles,
of which the rich men wear
two or even more, as well
as the pouches, are very
beautiful. In these the
Huichols carry tobacco,
flint and steel for striking
fire. On festive occasions
a man often has ten to
--------------














twelve of such pouches on both sides of his body.
Ribbons of bright color, and straw hats, with plenty
of feathers attached to them, adorn the head.
149. A Huichol. Family, from the pueblo Guade-
lupe, Ocotan.
lso. A Group or Huichol. Indians.
151. AN INDIAN Peopler of the City of Mexico,
selling pottery.
152. Native Huts of the Hurono Country.
153. The Papago Indians live in dome-shaped
houses constructed of mesquite saplings and thatched
with coarse grass. These huts are from fifteen to
twenty feet in diameter and above six feet high, the
entrance being a simple opening two feet wide.
-º-º:
--- ---
º º
-
154. Temples and Gon-Houses of the Huichols.
55. The God of FIRE is the highest of the many
deities of the Huichols. As they believe, he made
many travels, and finally settled down in the temple
of Santa Catarina, which is the most sacred place in
the country. Here the idol of the god, made of solidi-
fied volcanic ashes, and about twelve inches high, arms
and legs only rudimentally indicated, is worshiped by
the Indians. The rude figure of the god is seen in the
centre of the photograph.
156. In pass of Central Mexico. making a tem-
porary brush house.



HOTEL ASTOR
TIMES SQUARE NEW YORK
WM. C. MUSCHENHEIM
THE CULMINATION of YEARs of ARTISTIc stupy





THE HOTEL ASTOR
S the latest addition to New York's
| splendid array of up-to-date hostelries.
Travellers residing at this house cannot fail
to appreciate the fact that a new standard
has been reached in the art so successfully
practiced by the New York bonifaces of an-
ticipating every wish of their patrons. Vis-
itors who would leave New York without
having seen this hotel will miss one of the
most interesting features of the metropolis.
The name of its host is full guarantee that its
cuisine and the contents of its cellars are un-
surpassed.
Located in the very heart of the theatre
district and with every means of transit
within easy reach, it is destined to be the
rendezvous of New York Society during the
matinee, dinner and after-theatre hours.
The building was erected for Mr. Muschen-
heim by Mr. William Waldorf Astor. It was
designed by Messrs. Clinton & Russell, archi-
tects, and built by Mr. John Downey. It is a
model of the most recent development of fire-
proof construction, and the endeavor of the
designers to insure safety of its guests has
led to a method of construction and system
of devices for preventing fires and panics
which make the HOTEL ASTOR unques-
tionably THE fire-proof hotel of New York.
Modern investigation and experience have
proven that in the vast majority of cases
people do not perish in accidental fires through
flames and heat, but lose their lives by suf-
focation. It was with these facts in mind
that the floors were isolated from each other
by fire-proof enclosures around the stairways
and elevators and each floor again divided
into sections. If an alarm of fire is received
at the office, the fire-proof doors leading to
these stairways are closed, but not locked, by
the mere turning of a lever; thus cutting off
each floor or section from the others and in-
suring the confinement of any fire, smoke,
etc., to its source. Besides, each guest room
is provided with an automatic fire detector
which notifies the office if the temperature
of the room reaches 130 degrees Fahrenheit,
so that the well-organized hotel fire depart-
ment can deal with a small blaze before it has
any chance to spread.
The greatest care and attention to details
have been employed to attain the highest
standard and efficiency of service and to add
in every way to the convenience and comfort
of the guests.
The suites and guest-rooms have been
furnished without regard to expense; and
bath-rooms connect with practically all the
chambers.
The Johnson system of temperature regu-
lation has been installed throughout the hotel;
25o electrical horse-power is required by the
vast ventilating plant for its operation.
The elevator service is ample and concen-
trated at the various entrances.
Every room is equipped with a local and
long-distance telephone, besides the ordinary
call-bell system.
Pneumatic tubes despatch the orders to the
different departments.
Electric vehicles of all kinds are constantly
in readiness to convey guests to every point
of the city and suburbs.



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