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º
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2. . º º - º . º
sº. º ..º.º. º d º º 㺠gºº...? *:::::: º ×
º: iº 33

STEPHEN DECATUR:
commodore AND POSTCAPTAIN
º:
º º IN THE
NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES,
-- - and * ...;
NAVY-com MissionER º - § {}.
intensreased with mirr soners or THE onioisºnocars, -
AND Ach iEvent ENTs of THE AMERICAN NAVY. *-
SECOND EDITION REVISED
with wrontasy abortions; connaissa skercurs or .
º
some distinguished contemporaries of cow. beca.
TuR-A Naval RegistER—List of THE NAvy, &c.
º
HILDREN-THEY ARE THE PRoPERTY of our countax."
Toast of Com. Decatur's Father, 1804.
****
§,” “...º.º. 33.33; ; BY S. PUTNAM WALDO, ESQ.
Compiler of {& Robbins' J ournal,” author ofthe “President's
Tour,” “Memoirs of Jackson,” &c. &c.
: ER. D. CookE.
Middletown, (coxx.)



























STATE or coxxPCTICUT. s.
L. S. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the eighth day of
January, in the forty-fifth year of the Independ-
ence of the United States of America, S. Putnam Waldo,
of the said district, hath deposited in this office the title
of a Book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in
the words following, to wit:—“The Life and Charac-
ter of Stephen Decatur; late Commodore and Post-Cap-
tain in the Navy of the United States, and Navy-Com-
missioner: interspersed with brief notices of the origin,
progress and achievements of the American Navy. “Our
Children, they are the Property of our Country.”—Toast
of Com. Decatur’s Father, 1804. By S. Putnam Wal-
do, Esq. Compiler of “Robbins' Journal,” author of the
“President's Tour,” “Memoirs of Jackson,” &c. &c.
In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United
States, entitled “An Act for the encouragement of learn-
to the authors and proprietors of such copies,
times therein mentioned.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . & - CHAS. A. INGERSOLL,
. . . . . . . Clerk of the District of Connecticut.
A true copy of Record, examined and sealed by me,
Clerk of
f the District of Connecticut.










to the
SECRETARY, commissionERs, officers,
AND SEAMEN, x
* . . or the
NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES,
AccomplishED AND GALLANT MEN,
PERMIT an American Citizen, as a small tribute of ad-
miration for your naval science, nautical skill, and gal-
lant achievements, to offer this volume to you. He
hopes to find a shield for its imperfections, in the frank-
ness and candour of your characters. It would be the
consummation of vanity to suppose that any efforts of his,
could elevate the character of STEPHEN DECATUR
in your estimation; and it is a real consolation to reflect
that it cannot be depressed by the manner in which it is
pourtrayed. The very brief and imperfect notices of
the achievements of the American Navy, as connected
with the Life and Character of Commodore Decatur, will
be excused from the extreme brevity with which they
are alluded to. The splendour of your achievements
has given to the American Republic, an exalted rank
through the Eastern World—the hopes of the Western
Hemisphere are fixed upon the American Navy.
With undissembled respect, -
I am your admiring fellow-citizen,
S. PUTNAM WALDo.






PREFACE
To THE SEcond Edition.
*esº-
THE rapid sale of the first Edition of this Volume, was the i-
ducement for publishing the present very large Edition. The wri-
ter is, of course, precluded from saying any thing of the merits of
the work, in regard to the manner in which it is executed : but he
will certainly escape the imputation of vanity, when he assures the
candid reader, that, in “point of fact” it has been pronounced
a curate by those who were best calculated to judge of
sº racy. # º:
g. The volume contains the first minute biography of any of the
º, distinguished heroes, who commenced their naval profession in the
American School in the Mediterranean Sea. The writer began,
s prosecuted, an d ended the memoir with a solicitude which was sensi-
°bly felt by himself, but which he could not possibly impart to the
readers of this rapidly written volume. º . .x. º , j. -
T. e author, since the publication of the first Edition, has enjoy-
ed the pleasure ofinterviews with distinguished officers of the navy,
who have condescended to peruse it; and whose gentlemanlike ci-
wility has pronounced it correct. Their opinion gives a value to the º º
volume, which the writer certainly did not attach to it himself. .
The Publisher of the present Edition has spared no pains or ex-
. 3 add to the little value the work originally possessed. The ..
* Miniature Memoirs” of Baisakinge, Pontsa, Lawrence,
1 *








vi PREF Ace.
and MacDonough, were furnished by another hand; and what-
ever merits or defects they contain, cannot be attached to the wri-
ter of the volume. The succinct sketch cf the American Navy
was also from another hand, and will be Judged of, upon the same
principle. :
The list of the Post-Captains, Masters-Commandant, and Lieute-
nants, with their places of birth, date of Commissions, and sta-
tions, must be interesting te every reader—more especially to their
immediate friends. The list of Midshipmen will excite interest
also. Although these accomplished young gentlemen are in a minor.
grade, and have a long list of seniors above them, they may re-
flect, with proud satisfaction, that they are in the station, in which
STEPHEN DECATUR commenced his career, and from which he
ascended to the acme of human glory. N.
The liberality and the taste of the Publisher has ornamented the
º volume with four elegant copperplate engravings, executed rapid-
oung artist, who is already a promising candidate for fame,
in the admirable “GRAphic Art.” These will certainly impart
a value to the volume, and compensate for the want of interest in
its composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3
should the same indulgence be extended to this, as has been
shewn to the other productions ofthe writer, it will add to the zeal
which he feels in a work, which now engrosses his attention—
w Middletown, August 1821. … -
tº sketches ofAmerican Naval Heroes in the War of the Revolution."



-9999-
CHAPTER i.
(stroductonx.
NAVAL Heroes identified with Naval Glory—Commercial enter-
prise of Americans—British Jealousy against American Colo-
nies—First dawning of Naval Glory amongst Americans—Con-
stellation of Ocean-Warriors—STEPHEN DEcAruk. P. 13
cHAPTER II.
Decatur's birth—Birth-places—Difference between beginning and
ending great names—Brief notice of Decatur's ancestors—His
father, one of the original Post-Captains in the American Navy
—Dedication of his sons to the Republic—The inestimable va-
lue of the Legacy. N. x 20
CHAPTER III.
Extinction of Naval Power and Naval Spirit at the close of the
Revolution—A Seventy-four presented to Louis XVI.-Conjec-
ture concerning her—Astonishing effects of NAvAL Power—
Encroachments upon American Commerce and humiliation of
Americaia Seamen—Act of Congress 1794 for building six Frig-
ates—Enthusiasm excited by it—Frigate Constitution—Achieve-
ments of Truxton, Little, &c.—Anecdotes of the elder Decatur
and Tryon—Midshipman Stephen Decatur. 30
CHAPTER IV.
Stephen Decatur’s early education—Peculiar advantages enjoyed
by him—Enters the frigate United States as Midshipman 1798—
Promoted to Lieutenant—Cruises in the West-Indies against the
French—Enters the brig Norfolk as 1st Lieutenant 1799–Sails
to the Spanish Main— ite-enters frigate United States—Barba-
rism of French and Spanish to American Seamen—Victories of
Truxton, Little, &c.—Humiliation of the French—Peace with
France—Rewards for heroism. - ºid




viii centests.
CHAPTER V.
Progress of the American Navy—Reduction of it by Act of Con-
gress—Amount of it in 1801—Lieut. Decatur's views and de-
termination—Depredations of Barbary states upon American
Commerce—Measures of the American government—Decatur
enters into the first Mediterranean squadron as 1st Lieut. of the
frigate Essex—His unremitting vigilance as a disciplinarian—Ad-
dress to his seamen. . gº 53
CHAFTER vi.
* Kieut. Decatur sails in the frigate Essex to the Mediterranean,
3% 1801, in the first American Squadron—Hazard of this enterprise
—Captain Sterrett's victory in the Schooner Enterprise—impa-
tience of Lieut. Decatur in a blockading ship—He returns to
America in the Essex—National glory and National taxes--Lieut.
Decatur joins the second Mediterranean Squadron as 1st Lieut.
ef the frigate New-York—Sails to the Mediterranean—inces-
sant attention to duty—Returns in the New-York to Ameri-
ca. . § . 65
CHAPTER VII.
Lieut. Decatur ordered to take command of the brig Argus—
Fortunate and unfortunate ships—Ideas of seamen concerning
them—-He sails in the Argus, and joins the third Mediterranean
Squadron under Com. Preble—Com. Preble and the Emperor
of Morocco–Decatur leaves the Brig Argus, and takes command
of the schooner Enterprise—Disastrous loss of the frigate Phila-
delphia—Lieut. Decatur captures a Tripolitan corsair, and calls
her “ Ketch intrepid”—Rendezvous at Syracuse—Brief sketch
of Jussuff, Bashaw of Tripoli—Sufferings of Capt. Bainbridge
and crew—Lieut. Decatur volunteers to attempt the destruction
of the frigate Philadelphia. 82
chapter viii.
improper estimate of battles—Lieutenant Decatur sails for Tripo-
li in the Ketch intrepid—Baffled by adverse winds—Diminution
of provisions—Reaches the harbour of Tripoli 16th Feb. 1804–
loses the assistance of the Syren and the boats—Enters the har-
bour with the Ketch intrepid—Boards the Philadelphia, follow-
ed by Morris, Lawrence, Macdonough and the crew—Compels
, the Turks to surrender—Sets the Philadelphia frigate on fire,
and secures his retreat—Gen, Eaton and Caramalli-Consterna-











contents. ix
CHAPTER IX.
Lieutenant Decatur promoted to the rank of CAPTAIN–Prepara-
tions for a general attack upon Tripoli–Capt. Decatur takes
command of a division of Gun-boats—Lisparity of force be-
tween his and the enemy's—He grapples and captures a Tripo-
litan boat—ls bearing for the squadron with his prize—Hears of
the treacherous murder of his brother, Lieut. James Decatur—
Returns to the engagement, and followed by Midshipman Mac-
donough and nine seamen, boards the enemy's boat—Slays the
Turk who slew his brother, and bears his second prize to the
squadron—Other achievements of the Squadron, Bombards, and
Gun-boats—Effects of the attack upon the Bashaw, and Tripo-
Titans. - --- 124
CHAPTER x.
Capt. Decatur receives' high commendations from Com. Preble—
Grief at the death of Lieut. J. Decatur—Notice of him—Pro-
posals of the Commodore to the Bashaw—Renewal of the attack
upon Tripoli–Capt. Somers, Lieuts. Wadsworth and Israel en-
ter into the squadron of the enemy's boats with the Kepch intre-
pid as a fire ship—She explodes!—Awful effects of the explosion
—Reflection—Notice of Lieut Wadsworth—oom. Preble su-
perseded by Com. Barron–Brief notice of EdwańD PRE-
BLE, - 141
&;
CHAPTER xi.
Capt. Decatur takes command of the frigate Constrtution—
Perfection of discipline in the American Navy—He takes co
mand of the Frigate CoNGREss—Peace with Tripoli—Emanſ
pation of Capt. Bainbridge, his officers and seamen—Mee
between them and Capt. Decatur, American officers and se,
of the Squadron—Captain Decatur returns to America
frigate Congress—Visits his father, Commodore becatur,
ladelphia—He is appointed Superintendant of Gun-boat
ries Miss Wheeler, of Norfolk, (Vir.)—Supersedes C
ron, and takes command of the frigate Chesapeake
the Chesapeake”---Captain Decatur takes con
Southern Squadron as CoMºMonoRE.
Commodore Decatur takes command of the F
Interview with Capt. John Surnam Car f peace---
ritish Naval Officers on American sta -
ment, ºf War---Declaration of War
mease disparity of Naval force betw

























genren
Com. Decatur puts to sea from New-York, June 21st 1812---
Makes an extensive cruise and enters the port of Boston---Sails
from thence 8th October---Upon the 25th captures the frigate
MACEponi AN---His official account of the action---Length of,
and incidents in the action---Meeting of Com. Decatur and Capt.
Carden---Dreadful slaughter in the Macedonian---Arrival of
frigate United States and that ship at New-London---Reception
of Flag at Washington---Arrival at New-York---Reception
there---Com. Decatur's humanity. - 178
CHAPTER XIII.
Honours conferred upon Com. Decatur---He takes command of a
Squadron---Immense disparity between American and British
Naval force on the American coast---jlist of both---Com. 19eca-
tur sails from New-York in Squadron---ºlis ship struck by light-
ning---Sails for a British 74---Retreats to New-London---Pre-
pares for defence---Ragees---British Squadron---Contrast be-
tween Hardy and Cockburn---Stratagems of War---Passport for
the bodies of Lawrence and Ludlow---Com Decatur attempts
to escape---Blue Lights---Steam frigate---Challenge to the ene-
my---Impressed seamen---1)ignified and humane officers---Com.
Decatur and Com. Macdonough. - 208
CHAPTER XIV.
Com. Decatur dismantles the frigates United States and Macedonian
---Achievements of the Essex, Capt. Porter---Expedition to the
Fast-Indies resolved upon by the Navy Department---The
Squadron for that service---Com Decatur designated as com-
mander of it---Sails in the frigate President, encounters and
beats the frigate Endymion, and surrenders to the whole British
Squadron---His official account of the action---Additional parti-
lars—Falsehoods of an English editor, and the consequences
them—The remainder of Com. Decatur’s Squadron, Hornet
d Peacock. - * . ... . . . . . . - º, º º: º - 247
ir returns from his fourth cruise---Reception---PFA cF.
tenes of domestic felicity---Depredations of Barbary
By whom instigated–-Squadron to chastise and humble
m. Decatur appointed to command the first Mediter-
on in 1815---Victory over Algerine Admiral---
if the Dey---indemnifies Americans and concludes
ce---Com. Decatur demands and receives in-
wnis and Tripoli for British violations---
hristian captives--- Restores them to























contents. *... . - X
i
chapTER xvi.
Recapitulation of Com. Decatur's achievements &c. in the Medi-
terranean in 1815--- Rewards by promotion---Necessity of diffe-
rent grades of office---Arduous duties of 1}epartment of the Navy
---Board of NAvy Commission Erts established---Com. Decatur
appointed Navy Commissioner---Duties of the Navy Commis-
sioners---itesponsibility of the office---Naval Architecture---
Rates of Ships---Comparative power---Annual expense of ships
of different rates---improvement in Ship-building---Inventions—
Assiduity of Com. Decatur---Honours paid him---Difficulty of
designating officers—Com. Macdonough...Com. Barron. 287
CHAPTER XVII.
Com. Barron solicits a command in the Navy...Com. Decatur’s
opinion as to his re-admission into the Navy...The unfortunate
misunderstanding between them...It eventuates in a challenge to
single combat, from Barron to Decatur... Duelling. Result of
the meeting...Immediate effects of it... Honours to the remains .
of Com. Decatur...Funeral ceremonies at his interment...His
CHARACTER. . 314
ADDITIONS TO THE SECOND EDITION,
Sketch of the Life of Com. Wm. Bainbridge. z 343
º do. Com. David Porter. – 351
do. Capt. James Lawrence. 358
do. Com. Thomas Macdonough. 363
A succinct sketch of the Navy from its commencement. 368
Navy Register. Board of Commissioners for the Navy... Navy List
...Captains...Masters Commandant...Lieutenants...Midshipmen
Vessels of War of the United States...Table shewing the cost of
the Navy when in service... A table shewing the places of birth,
and number of the different grades of officers in the Navy...Navy
Yards.



LIFE AND CHARACTER
STEPHEN DECATUR, &c.
CHAPTER I.
[INTRoductory.]
Naval Heroes identified with Naval Glory—Commercial enterprise
% # , § § % % . . . .
of Americans—British jealousy against American Colonies— ... : " :
First dawning of Naval Glory amongst Americans—Constellation ,
of Ocean-Warriors—STEPHEN DECAtuk.
º
Stephen Decatun's name and glory are so inse.
parably identified with that of the American Navy,
that it is almost impossible to contemplate the high
renown of the last, without as ociating with the ex-
hilirating reflection, the splendid and unsurpass
achievements of the first. Decatur and the navy (if
the figure is allowable) went on from infancy, hand
in hand, supported and supporting—“growing º,
each other's growth, and strengthening wi
other's strength,” until they both acquired the
fied and noble attitude of manhood.
















º
º
f 4 LIFE
OF
º
§
Until the auspicious era of seventeen hundred and
ninety-eight, Americans themselves scarcely knew
that the Republic had a naval force, and in that me-
. morable year, Stephen Decatus commenced his
naval career. In the naval warfare with France,
and it was nothing else but naval warfare, the glory
of the infant American navy burst upon the world
like the sun-beam through a dark and lowering cloud.
This constituted the first period of the navy and of
Becatur’s naval life. - -
The warfare with the Barbary powers, especially
with Tripoli, again called into action the decreasing
energy of the American navy, and the increasing ar-
dour of our naval officers and seamen. The glory
of our navy, and the achievements of our officers, re-
sounded through the three great continents border-
ing upon the Mediterranean, the greatest and most
renowned of seas. This constituted the second pe-
riod of the navy. It commenced with the nineteenth
century, and was the brilliant commencement of De-
catur’s renown. - * .
The second war between the American Republic
and the British Empire, formed the third period of
our navy, and the rapid and splendid progression of
The short n
Th aval warfare with Algiers, which im-
me diately followed the conclusion of the war with
Britain, presented Decatur to the world in the two-
fold capacity of Conqueror and Negociator. It aug-
ted the renown of the American navy—it was
º
*
ete consummation of his glory. As Nayy

















stephen Decatur. 15
Commissioner, he displayed the knowledge he had
acquired in active service.
This rapid glance from the commencement to the
termination of these imperfect Sketches, is made, to
elucidate the reasons for the manner in which the
work will be attem If a biographical memoir
may be compared to a perspective painting, it will be
the design of the writer to keep Stephen Decatur
upon the fore-ground, and in the relief, to present
slight views of the “origin, progress and achievements
of the American navy.” Whether the delineations
will be correct, and the lights and shades judicious,
must of course be left to the plain, urostentatious
observer, and to the acute, fastidious and acrimo-
nious connoisseur. However grateful approbation
might be to the writer, he is fully determined not to
be carried to any high degree of elevation by com-
mendation, nor sunk to the least degree of dejection
by censure. As he is confident he cannot give en-
tire satisfaction to himself, he has little hope of im-
parting it to the reader.
The thirst for Nº
"Aval, glory, unconnected with the
s introduced
into the American navy, during the administrations
of the venerable John AnAms and Thomas Jepper-
son. A spirit of commercial enterprise, without a

















portance. But th is was the result of individual exer-
- tion, and not of national patronage. The ocean, the
, great natural highway of nations, invited Americans
to whiten its bosom with their canvas. Even before
the British crown began to encroach upon the rights
of its American colonies, the thousands of American
merchant ships were navigating every sea. The
productions of every clime, from China to Califor-
nia, were poured into the lap of the rising colonies.
The hardy and intrepid seamen of America were
seen in every ocean. They were seen amidst the
terrifying waves of the North, encountering the tre-
mendous whale, whose evolutions and spoutings
would seem to appal the stoutest heart. Even a dis-
tinguished British admiral, who, for amusement, had
joined an American whaling party, was lost in asten-
ishment at the adventurous spirit of American sea-
men, and lost his fortitude in the threatening dan-
ger that surrounded him.
American seamen were also seen, enduring the
blasting rays of an equinoctial sun, and bearing home
their country all the varied productions of the
al regions. Wherever a ship could navigate
ceans, our energetic and dauntless navigators led
- igating enterprise. It is readily ac-
idged, that at this early period of the history
ir country in its rapid progress to national glo-
merchants and seamen thought of little else
he rapid accumulation of wealth. But let
* s practical knowledge, to the theo
1, that our countrymen, by these
























stephen pre ATUR. 17
ty of navigation—fearless intrepidity, to scientifie
acquirements.
The British nation, for a long period before her "
deadly jealousy commenced a systematic oppression
of her American children, was the almost undisputed
mistress of the ocean. She claimed that she had ,
wrested the trident of Neptune from his hands, and
that the four continents ought to be tributary to her
wealth and power. That government, ever watch-
ful of national glory, and as its handmaid, ever in-
satiable in amassing national wealth, looked with a
suspicious eye upon the American colonies, although
they constituted the most brilliant gem in the British
diadem. When the infatuated policy of Britain
drove them into a contest with the mother-country,
every thing considered, the most powerful nation in
the world, the confederated states had not a single
armed vessel floating upon the ocean. But they
had the most accomplished navigators, and the most
intrepid seamen. It was, however, no time to com-
mence the establishment of a naval force. The coun-
try and its resour 2es, were literally in possession of
its implacable enemy, when that tremendous and
awfully unequal contest commenced, wi h terminat-
ed in the most glorious revolution of the eighteenth
eentury.
But, during the sanguinary progress of the revo.
lutionary struggle, the latent sparks of that blaze of
glory which now envelopes the American Na §: ; ; ; ; *...*::::: &
flicited themselves wit h the most cheering bri
at that systematic, regulated cour
















18 live or "
which for the last quarter of a century has led our
naval heroes to certain victory. It was not the ma-
jestic course which now marks our ships and our
fleets, as the orbits point out the course of the pla-
nets—it was rather like the comet, whose eccentric
course and flaming face defy calculation, excite won-
der and raise fear. . . . . . . . .
* Would the limits and the design of this work per-
mit, I might carry the reader along through the
whole gloomy period of the revolutionary struggle,
and show, that with means apparently wholly ineffi-
cient, the naval spirit of Americans, evinced itself
in a manner calculated to excite the unbounded ad-
miration of their friends, and the fearful apprehen-
sions of their enemies. But it must not here be omit-
ited, that the “Old Congress” took measures, as ear-
ly as 1776, to establish a naval force, when the re-
sources of the country were next to nothing. With
a few little ships, which grew up, as if by magic, and
which seemed like rude intruders upon the ocean, a
I Harry, a Manly, a Biddle, a Jones, and a Preble,
spread consternation amongst the enemy, and for
themselves acquired fame, lasting as immortality.
Particulars must here be omitted; but the inquisi-
eader may readily find them in the publications
at period.
We approach now toward that auspicious epoch
the history of the American Republic, when the
ld Council of the nation literally began the navy
Republic—for there was not, twenty-five
º, a single vestige remaining of the naval














- stEPHEN DEcAruk. 19
force commenced in the war of the Revolution. It
was in this navy, that the brilliant constellation of
gallant ocean-heroes arose with a splendour that il-
lumines the modern history of the Republic.
In the midst of this constellation, STEPHEN DE-
CATUR shines with resplendent glory, a star of
the first magnitude. To delineate his life and cha-
racter, it is readily admitted, requires the hand of a
master. The writer approaches the task with a
trembling solicitude, most sensibly felt, but wholly
indescribable. Relying, however, upon that indul-
gence and candour, which has given to his “ Me-
Moirs” of one of the first ornaments of the ARMY
of the Republic * a favourable reception, he will en-
deavour to present to his countrymen a faithful and
accurate portrait of one, who was the first ornament
of the American Navy. § º
* Gen. Andrew Jackson.


. * º CE ApTER H.
Decatur's birth—Birth places—Difference between beginning
and ending great names—Brief motice of Decatur's ancestors—
His father, one of the original Post-Captains in the American
Navy—Dedication of his sons to the Republic—The inestimable
value of the Legacy.
STEPHEN DECATUR, who, from the humble birth
of a Midsh ipman, rose to the highest grade of of.
fice yet established in the Navy of the American
Republic, was born upon the Eastern Shore of Ma-
ryland, Worcester county, upon the 5th day of Janu-
ary, A. D. 1779.
Although to the general scholar, the precise time,
and the certain place where a distinguished man was
born or educated, or where he first exemplified indi-
cations of his future greatness, seem to be of but lit-
tie importance, yet these points have been contest-
ed with such an unyielding stubbornness by the an-
cient and modern literati, that they assume a facti-
tious consequence, which, intrinsically seems not to
belong to them.
place that derives all its consequence from the
one great man, who first inhaled air in it,
ll contend for that frail claim to local honour
frail it well may be called; for surely it cannot
ºperceived how the birth of a great man, who has
red a title to lasting fame by his own science,
ius, or heroism, can impart fame to the place of
















STEPHEN DECATUR. 21
his nativity, any more than the glory of a man’s an-
cestors can immortalize his descendants. But every
traveller must visit the place of a great man's birth,
however obscure it may be. . * , º,
No country upon earth, within the period of the
two last centuries, which limits the age of civilized
America, can boast a more extended catalogue of
great men in the State, the Church, the Army, the
- Navy, and in the walks of Literature and Science,
than ours. But when we come to trace their places
of birth; the seminaries where they obtained the ru-
diments of knowledge, or completed their education,
and the ancestors to whom they trace their origin, it
will be found that a very great proportion of the most
distinguished men of our Republic, came into exist-
ence in some of the most obscure villages of our
new country—were educated in the most humble
schools, and can trace their genealogy to some of
the most obscure citizens of our Republic.
It is usual with the writers of Biography to give,
sometimes a brief, and oftentimes a prolix sketch of
the ancestors of the subject of his memoirs. This
may serve to eke out a volume; and for want of in-
teresting incidents in the life of the subject of it, he
may interlard it with matter wholly extraneous. It
may serve another purpose—it may gra : c. . . . .
pride of family aristocracy, who exhibit the archives
of their ancestors as evidence of their own merit, and
by the aid of heraldry, display splendid coats of
arms in the family-hall. It is almost enough to ex-
cite the admiration of an English reader to be told





% me of the blood of the Tudors or Stuarts” is
coursing sluggishly through the veins of the modern
hero of a memoir; and although the present legiti-
mate princes of the British Empire have but little le-
gitimate blood amongst their subjects, it would un-
doubtedly be highly gratifying to learn that he can
claim consanguinity, or even some affinity with the
house of Brunswick.f. - gº -
The American reader, however much he may de-
sire it, can seldom be gratified, in tracing a length-
ened genealogy of his distinguished countrymen,
It may well be doubted whether any of the original
European inhabitants of Maryland, the native, and
Pennsylvania, the adopted state of Decatur, or in-
eed of any other of the ancient colonies, even
bught of bringing across the Atlantic, any family
archives, or any evidence of family ancestry. Ar-
dent in the pursuit of civil and religious liberty, they
little cared about proving their descent from an ar-
bitrary royal family, or a degenerated nobility who
had deprived them of both. Indeed, it may be
dou oted whether our ancestors had any noble blood,
excepting th at noble blood which rouses all true Ame-
and Englishmen too, to revolt at civil and

















stephen Decatur. sº 33.
dangers of the ocean, and all the appalling horrors
of Indian warfare, than to submit to the abused pre-
rogative of a crown, or the arrogance of an insolent
high church priesthood. They came here to begin
a Republic, and to begin their own names : and surely
it is far more gratifying to see a new-born Republic,
rising in strong majesty, than to behold ancient em-
pires and kingdoms tottering to their fall. It is also
infinitely more gratifying to behold the present ge-
neration of Americans beginning names for them-
selves, than to see them ending those that were ren-
dered illustrious by their ancestors.
These hasty remarks are not made with a view of
extirpating from the breast that noble sentiment
which induces the descendants of great Statesmen,
Heroes and Scholars, to cherish, venerate and de-
fend the ſame of their ancestors; but to impress the
idea thus forcibly expressed by one of the master.
painters of human nature;— -
“The deeds of long descended ancestors,
Are but by grace of imputation ours.”
The reader may be led to suppose from the pre- º
ceding remarks, that Decatur was of the humblest º
origin, and that the obscurity of his family is about
to be mentioned in order to increase the lustre
his own achievements. Not so-the object wi
impress upon the mind of the youthful reader,
timent which ought to be unceasingly reiterated
through the Republic, that the principle of family
aristocracy, prostrates the very genius of our con-
stitution. The rising youth of America sh
‘. . . . * ,

















24 LIFE 6 F.
scorn to repose in listless inactivity, riot in the
wealth, or bask in the fame of their ancestors. No-
thing but personal merit, and deeds of actual re-
nown, entitles a man to be enrolled with worthies,
or hold a niche in the temple of fame.
How ignoble would Stephen and JAMEs Dec A-
TUR have appeared, if, instead of devoting them-
selves to their country, and achieving deeds of glory
as the foundation of their own fame, they had su-
pinely reposed upon the high rank and reputation
of their gallant father. . 3.
The family of Decatur was of French extraction
in the paternal line—upon the maternal side, it was
of Irish extraction. Could it be indulged in a bio-
graphical memoir, what a capacious field is here
opened to “ expatiate free” upon the prominent
characteristics of Frenchmen and Irishmen We
might paint the chivalrous gallantry of the one, and
the ardent and romantic courage of the other—we
can only say, they both were most happily and glo-
riously united in Stephen Decatur—under the name
of an American. & -
His grand-father was a native of La Rochelle, in .
France, celebrated for the refinement and taste , sº
which prevails in the large cities of that ca ptivating
and charming country. Although amongst the ear-
ly emigrants from European nations, Frenchmen in-
can t
ded but a small proportion, many of the most
nguished men of the middle and southern States
race their origin to that people. The same
. aglishmen, Scotsmen, Irishmen,
s that drove E











sterhen pesatur. 25
siastical oppression, also compelled some of the
persecuted * Hugonots in France, to seek an asy-
lum in America, which has most emphatically been
denominated “The asylum of oppressed humanity.”
What were the motives of Decatur's ancestor to
emigrate, is lost in the oblivious shade that is spread
over that interesting period of our history. He
landed in Rhode-Island, a State which owes its ex-
istence to an high sense of religious liberty.
Having soon discovered the excellence of a go-
vernment where freedom of thought, freedom of
speech, and freedom of the press, had dissipated the
monkish gloom and sullen terror which enveloped
and chained the human mind in the regions where a
subtile, aspiring, corrupt and detestable priesthood
held dominion, he relinquished all idea of returning
to his native land—married a lady of Rhode-Island,
and settled at Newport, situated upon the most
charming island bordering upon the American con-
It was here that Stephen Decatur, the father of
our hero, was born. What were the pecuniary cir-
cumstances of this family, at this period, is unk -
. . . to the writer, and is of but little conseq *:::::3%
Germans, &c. to the New World—civil and ecº
reader. That adventurous s
rises the name of Decatur, i



















*
tropolis of the then American colonies. Having
previously become acquainted, and enamoured with
the ocean, he resorted to that element as the theatre
of his exertions, his fortune and his fame. '...º.º. 3
From what has previously been said, the reader
will nothere expect a biographical notice of the dis-
tinguished father of the subject of these Sketches.
His life deserves the record of a much abler hand
than that which is now attempting to pourtray that
of his gallant and illustrious son. A mere miniature
will only be attempted. He entered into the matri-
monial state early in life, before the fine feeling of
an affectionate heart had been cooled by intercourse
with a deceitful, friendless and cruel world. His
bosom companion was the daughter of an Irish gen-
tleman by the name of Pine. Having been pre-
viously instructed in the theory of navigation,
he commenced his nautical life in the merchants'
e, at that auspicious period, when commercial
was the sure passport to sudden wealth.
fascinating charms had no attractions for the
º 3 phen Decatur, when put in competition
with naval glory. No sooner had our infant navy
embraced the ocean, than his ardent spirit led him,
nongst the very first of the naval heroes of 1798, to
his services to his country. Let it be re-
at at that period, the tº
ers who had distinguished th























stEphrin pecATUR. 2.
vice apparently so pregnant with difficulty and ha-
Notwithstanding the blaze of glory which now en-
circles our naval officers, it is no more than justice to
the first class of naval commanders to say, that they
share equally in the glory acquired for the Repub-
lic by our naval achievements. They were the first
teachers of that admirable system—that inimitable
discipline—that unequalled police which has ever
distinguished the American navy. Ask the gallant
ocean-warriors of the second war between the Re-
public and the British Empire, where they acquired
that unparalleled nautical skill which is as necessary
as dauntless courage—and they will refer you to
the school of Truxton, the senior Decatur, and
his cotemporaries; and afterwards to PREBLE, and
his coadjutors.
The elder Decatur was first appointed to the
command of the Delaware sloop of war, and conti-
nued in the same command, until the patriotic mer-
chants of Philadelphia, presented to their country
a noble frigate, named after that noble city. It may
almost be said that she was built for the Decaturs,
for she was first commanded by the father in the na-
val warfare with France, who lived to see her de-
stroyed by the son, when in the hands of a Tripoli-
tan Bashaw. He continued in the co
t
certain victory, and protecting American commerce
ºrrºr, 3. At the conclusion o
sº º . . . in the command of the
Philadelphia, teaching his gallant crew the path te














º *
retired to the bosom of his beloved family, near t
city of Philadelphia. Here this veteran son of
Neptune beheld from year to year the rising glory of
the navy—and, what consummated his temporal fe-
licity, the ſame of his beloved sons, Stephen and
James. Sitting between them at a public naval din-
ner, a few years before his death, he was congratu-
lated by some of the guests upon the happiness he
enjoyed in his family. Turning his animated eyes,
alternately toward his two sons, and uttering forth
the sentiments of his noble and patriotic heart, he
exclaimed,—“Our Children—they are the
property of our countay,”—a sentiment that
would have done honour to the Decii of Rome,
which led them to die for the Republic. The
if his sons beamed with the ardour of filial af.
n—their hearts swelled with patriotism—the
guests were electrified with joy. The noble vete-
ran retired from a scene almost too joyous to be en-
dured. He lived to lament the death of his son James
—ended his active and patriotic labours in the year.
1808, and closed a life which rendered him lament-
ed and honoured in death.
Thus much, and thus only, can here be said of the
life of the father of Stephen Decatur. He sleeps
at and good men who have shed a lus-
y of the Republic. His memory
rished and held in fond remembrance by
ntrymen, as well for his own exalted worth,
he inestimable legacy * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o emulated his virtues—pur,
legacy he left his country in


















stephen becatur. 29
sued the path he pointed out to fame—clothed them-
selves with laurels of unfading splendour, and es-
sentially advanced the glory of the American Re-
public. • š. -- . . . .
The reader is now asked for a while to withdraw
his attention from the beloved and cherished name
of the Decaturs, and follow the writer while he at-
tempts, imperfectly, to give a brief view of the ori-
gin and progress of the American Navy until that
period when Stephen Decatur, the leading sub-
ject of these Sketches, entered into the service of his
country as a Midshipman. From that period, to the
day of his death, his biography must necessarily be
blended with brief notices of the progress and
achievements of our navy. His spirit seemed to be
infused into every breast that was led upon th
ty deep in our conquering ships. He seemed to
the genius of Victory, hovering over our floating bul-
warks, and shedding its radiance even in the hour of
disaster.








%
Extinction of Naval Power and Naval Spirit at the close of the
Revolution—A Seventy-four presented to Louis XVI.-Conjec-
ture concerning her—Astonishing effects of NAvAL Power-
icroachments upon American Commerce and humiliation of
American Seamen—Act of Congress 1794, for building six Fri-
gates—Enthusiasm excited by it—Frigate Constitution—Achieve-
ments of Truxton, Little, &c.—Anecdotes of the elder Decatur
and Tryon—Midshipman Stephen Decatur.
When the war of the Revolution ended in the ac-
knowledgment of American Independence, the civil
fathers of the Republic had a duty no less arduous to
form in the Cabinet, than her gallant army had
. ieved and just concluded in the field. It would
be but repeating, what the writer attempted to re-
mark upon this subject in another publication”—it
is, therefore, introduced in this place.
“Destitute of a government of their own making,
they had before them the lights of antiquity, and the
practical knowledge of modern ages. With the scru-
timizing research of statesmen, and the calm delibe-
ration of philosophers, they proceeded to establish
a constitution of Civil Go ernment, as the supreme
x The establis hment of this Consti-
perhaps, without a parallel in the history
d world. It was not the unresisted
** as: -- rº iº º, sº sº.





















sTEPHEN DECATUR.
mandate of a successful usurper, nor was it a govern-
ment imposed upon the people by a victorious army.
It was digested by profound statesmen, who aimed
to secure all the rights of the people who had acquir-
ed them by their toil, their courage and their pa-
triotism. They aimed also to give to the govern-
ment sufficient energy to command respect.
“To the people of the American Republic, a
stitution was presented for their deliberation, at
for their adoption. It was adopted not with entire
unanimity, but by a majority of the people, suffi-
ciently respectable to give its eperation a promising
commencement. The people, having emanci
themselves from the power of a British monarc
having successfully resisted his lords and his
mons, looked with jealousy upon those who
called to the exercise of the power which they had
themselves delegated to their own countrymen. The
excellency of the constitution was tested by the
practical application of its principles; and the pa-
triotism, and integrity, of all the early officers who
derived their power from it, were acknowledged by
their admiring countrymen.”
These great statesmen were called upon, not to
direct the resources of the country, for resources she
had none: they were called upon to create them, and
then apply them to the proper objects. So far as
national power depends upon national wealth, t
confederated states were as feeble as a reed sha ---
by the wind. Involved in debt without a trea
-the veteran soldiers of the revolution yet ble
rated
















§
...: y almost swept from the ocean, by the
ruthless carnage of a Vandal foe—our country de-
predated and cities burned, all, all presented to the
eye and to the imagination of our ancestors a dreary
and outspread scene of desolation.
At the conclusion of the revolutionary struggle,
few little ships that had performed such roman-
, and chivalrous deeds of noble daring, were con-
verted into merchantmen. At this period, a single
Seventy-four had been built and fitted for sea, de-
º gned for that prodigy of a man, Paul Jones, pre-
viously mentioned. A line-of-battle ship in the na-
vy of France, having been wrecked upon the Ame-
rican coast, our grateful forefathers, as one acknow-
Europe who ever looked upon America except with
best and most unfortunate of the Bourbons.
It is left to vague and undefined conjecture, what
results would have been produced had this ship of
the ine been retained by our government. That
whi :h, ike the daught *rs ( f the horse-leech, con-
!ht h re suffered her to moulder aw
s, and never have hoisted the “star-span .
š






























STEPHEN DECATUR. 33
opinion diametrically opposite. Some rising and
ardent Decatur of that period, would have sought
for the command of her—he would have made her
the floating seminary for the instruction of American
seamen, in naval tactics, frigates and sloops of war
would have grown up around her, as a rallying point;
and the first spoliation upon our rapidly increasing
commerce would have met with a prompt and v n-
dictive chastisement. § 3: .
But American commerce was left to the fate,
doomed to be inflicted upon it by the belligerent
powers of Europe. Yes, the same powers, which, º
toward the close of the last quarter of the eighteenth
century, preyed upon our merchants with fearless
impunity, now, at nearly the close of the first quar-
ter of the nineteenth century, dare not pollute the
deck of the humblest American craft that ploughs
the ocean. º, º sº tº º
But it was necessary for American statesmen, in
the dawn of our national greatness, as it is now,
when it is rising towards its meridian splendour, to
conform their measures to. the actual state of the
country. It is wholly in vain to attempt to force a
free and intelligent people into the adoption of mea.
interests. W : first began to
they little thought of providing defence ag
&



























ture invasions of our rights upon our acknowledged
territory, or upon the ocean, the great highway of
all nations. Having thoroughly learned the evils of
a large standing army, in time of peace, they re-
luctantly retained the scanty pittance of a military
force, scarcely sufficient to supply the few garrisons
then scattered over our immense country.
But naval power and naval men is what is em-
braced in the object of this work. It would be a
theme upon which we might expatiate with all the
rapture of increasing delight to trace the origin and
progress of that tremendous and resistless power
which ancient and modern nations have created for
non the ocean. From the ancient Car-
e, to England, which has not inaptly been call-
ed the modern Carthage, we might show how na-
tions, small in territory and population-without the
means of extending dominion, and scarcely able to
protect themselves by land defences, have rolled on
How came Holland once, and
England now, to wield the sceptre of power in the
%.3%. , . " :offers
East and in the West Indies, and fill their
with their treasure?—By their naval power. How
pain, in the reign of Philip, to menace, and
!—By her naval power. It was the ele-
t defeated the Spanish armada, on the coast




























3TEPHEN DECATUR. 35
Trafalgar". How has it come
to pass that the best portions of Asia have lost their
ancient dominion, and are now colonies of European
nations?—By naval power. Pages might be swell-
ed with this “swelling theme.” But, rapidly to an-
ticipate what will hereafter be more minutely notic-
ed. What preserved the immense territory of the
West from the desolations of a Vandal army which
seemed to be irresistible, in the second war with
Britain The naval power upon Lake Erie. What
protected the wide and wealthy regions of the North,
in the same war, from the ravages of an insatiable
foe 2 The naval power upon Lake Champlain. And
to fill the climax, to do justice to which would re-
quire “a muse of fire to ascend the highest heaven of
invention,” what made the cross of St. George and
the Turkish Crescent bow to American prowess ?—
The naval power.
France and Spain at T
* The profound sagacity and wary policy of Ameri.
can Statesmen, who set the intricate machine of go-
vernment in operation under out Republican Consti-
tution, well understood the overwhelming bankrupt-
cy in which the British Empire was sinking, or ra.
ther sunk, by her immense naval force. They
sought to bestow upon their beloved
N. ng of 3. . national debt. º .
£ • very humourous poem of this period makes Admiral V ille-
neuve thus express himself:-
i. º º So now, mes sages sirs, we must give up de notion, º
Republic rich
And let England peaceily governºoga,
A* old Neptune wont grantus de rule of de sea,
He may give his damn'd pitchfork to Nelson for me.”










36 LIFE or "
human sagacity, however, could, at that time, foresee
that American commerce would soon become the di-
rectroad to sudden national wealth, although they must
have known, that an extended commerce could not
long be protected, without a naval force, nor a naval
force be supported without commerce. England,
the imperious, and then und isputed mistress of the
ocean, wielding the trident of Neptune over every
sea, beheld American canvas in every latitude.
Her jealousy was roused. Her armed ships search-
ed our vessels for “contraband goods,” impressed
our seamen, and immured them in their “floating dun-
geons.” Other petty naval powers, whose power
on the ocean is now merged with that of Britain, the
naval dictator of, because the most powerful nation
in, Europe, followed her example of aggression, as
feeble whappets follow in the train of a ferocious
mastiff. The pride of American seamen, arising
from the national glory of America, acquired in the
glorious revolution, was compelled to succumb to
the mandate of every puny whipster who could show
a gun upon his deck. It was not voluntary submis- :-
sion , but submission “ex necessitate rei,”—the ne-
cessity of the case—a most painful necessity.
The national resources had been almost exclu-
rived from individual wealth—and that
! for years been committed to the ocean
•riod, lost sight of









STEPHEN DECATUR. 37
power of the American Republic. Contending for
crowns which sat loosely upon the fearful heads that
sustained their ponderous weight, and dreading to
see them fall, these nations, although contending
with each other, seemed to unite in trying to blast
the growing power of America. :
The Barbary powers, whose corsairs hovered
over that portion of the ocean where some part of
our enterprising merchantmen were pursuing their
lucrative business, plundered their vessels, and made
slaves of their crews. The greater commercial na-
tions, with more power, and also with more huma-
nity, endeavoured to extirpate American commerce,
and check the rapid progress of American wealth.
They possessed naval power, of which our Repub-
lic was then destitute. Our patriotic rulers, as soon
as they found our country in possession of the means
adequate to the hard task of supporting our natural
rights upon the ocean, began to devise “ways and
means” to do it. . .
It would require more pages than the limits of this
volume will admit, to epitomize the diversified ar-
guments resorted to by the most eminent of Ameri-
can statesmen, in favour of, and against an efficient
naval power. Some of them looked upon the “thou-
sand armed ships” of England, and despaired.
They saw also the Russian, French, Spanish, and
Danish fleets, and dismissed all hopes of ever cop- .
ing with any naval power. But Washington was
still alive; and guiding the high destinies of our Re-
public in peace, as he had done i
** . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4



Revolution. His prescience readily suggested to
his great mind the indispensable necessity of a naval
force to protect our extensive and extending com-
merce. Negotiation, to be sure, had obtained some
indemnification for spoliations upon it; but the most
successful negotiations have always been made at
the mouth of the cannon. Our rulers could no long-
er endure the thought, that our citizens, who had
sought an “home upon the deep,” should become
victims to every prince who could send out a few
cruisers, with a rapacious crew. They were deter-
mined that American citizens, pursuing a lawful
commerce upon the ocean, should, as they ought, be
protected there, as others pursuing lawful business
on land. This was not the gasconading threat of a
nurse who only brandishes the rod before the eyes
of a truant child, without daring to strike; it was the
decisive language of a parent, having a right to com
mand, and power sufficient to enforce his decrees.
The year 1794, the auspicious period which laid
the foundation of our naval power, ought to be com-
memorated with equal enthusiasm as that of 1776,
which made the declaration and laid the foundation
for American Independence. The first hull of a fri-
gate that was laid by our government, was the key-
stone to the triumphant arch of American glory. If
cy might be indulged upon a subject which needs
ts fictitious aid, we might see Neptune approach-
r shores, and surrendering his trident to the
rs of Columbia, when the first American fri-
gate was launched into the bos n of the deep. The












stephen DECATUR. 39
writer, then a boy, may hope to be indulged for ex-
pressing now the enthusiasm he felt, when he beheld
the frigate Constitution launched from a Boston
ship-yard. This untutored enthusiasm was occasion-
ed, not by knowing, then, the immeasurable power of
a navy, but from the immense assemblage of animated
citizens who witnessed the animating scene. They
might have exclaimed—“There is one of our pro-
tectors upon the ocean—while she swims, she will not
only protect our individual wealth, but she will man-
fully sustain our national rights upon the waves.”
What might have then been prophecy, is now histo-
ry. .
Proceeding with that caution and judgment which
must mark the course of our rulers, they authorised
the building of only four frigates of forty-four guns,
and two of thirty-six. The amount of the force was
infinitely of less importance than the recognition of
the principle, that a naval force was necessary for
the protection of our territory and our commerce.
The elder 6tephen Decatur was amongst the first
Post-Captains who were appointed to command our
infant navy. An opportunity was offered in the
short war which occurred in the administration of
Adams, between America and France, to call into
operation our naval force. Indeed that war was
nothing but naval warfare.
It is readily admitted that the achievements of sin-
gle ships or fleets, in the bloody and desperate con-
tests which invariably follow upon the





forces nearly equal, sheds a lustre upon the officers
and seamen, and even upon the names of the vessels
engaged in them, which is seldom awarded to the
less brilliant, although no less valuable protection
which is afforded to merchant vessels by public arm-
ed ships. The American navy was commenced for
the purpose of extending protection to American
commerce, and not to encroach upon commercial
rights upon the ocean. But when naval warfare
became necessary to accomplish the great objects of
our administration in establishing a navy, our early
Post-Captains did not shrink from what was then
1 a doubtful contest. x: {
vements of the gallant and skilful Trux-
Little ought never to be forgotten, although
their splendid victories in the war of 1798, with
France, have almost been buried in oblivion, in the
splendour of the victories acquired by the pupils of
the first list of our naval commanders; yet when Ame-
ricans cease to hold their early deeds in our naval his-
story in fond remembrance, they will forget the first
iry upon the ocean, which stimulated American
youth to search for ſame upon that element. The
eulogy of Truxton is not so often to be found in the
records of corporation dinners--votes of thanks—
esentation of swords, and the assemblages of an
admiring populace, as those of his gallant followers
naval warfare, who so richly deserved every ho-
ir and reward which a grateful
º º º ha y ebestowedu sº t ź :m .* But Ameri

























stEPHEN DECATUR. 41
could not
tance of naval protection, and as to the ingratitude
of Republics, it has become proverbial. : .
When Truxton, in the Constellation, compelled the
superior French frigate Insurgente to strike her flag,
the naval power of the French empire almost vanish-
ed, and that of America commenced. When he
maintained a contest with a line-of-battle ship,
through a long night-battle, and compelled her to
seek for safety by flight, her commander, not then
- knowing his antagonist, declared, that “he must
have been an American ; for no other peopl * on
earth could load so rapidly,–fire so accurately,–
and fight so desperately.”
The elder Decatur, in the mean time, with his gal-
lant associates in the several ships under their com-
mand, were sweeping marauding picaroons from the
ocean, and convoying our richly laden merchantmen
to their destined ports. Besides the immense
amount of individual property thus saved to the own-
ers; the revenue alone arising to the government
from this source, amounted to a sum greater than the
whole expense of building and supporting the navy,
up to that period. If this fact does not appeal to
then duly appreciate the value and impor-
the lovers of national glory, it surely must to the wor-
shippers of individual and national wealth. s
However rapidly we wish to glide over this sub-
ject, and trace the younger Decatur in his career of
naval glory, we ought again to pause and offer up a
tribute of undissembled admiration to the old vete-
ran ocean-warriors, who, amidst perils that would













º
pointed out the path to America that so shortly has
led her almost to the zenith of national greatness.
The world at that time was literally girdled with
floating batteries, and all seemed to be pointed at
our immense commerce, and our humble navy. Nel-
son declared that in this little germ of naval power,
he saw the future rival of Britain. Pride, and fear,
and avarice, all conspired to wish and attempt an
extermination of our gallant infant navy. Even at
this period, although at peace with England, and
fighting our worst enemy, an insolent admiral com-
manded the gallant and vigilant Tryon of Connecti-
cut, and then commanding the ship Connecticut, to
“come under his lee” as a token of submission, or
an acknowledgment of inferiority. He instantly
cleared his ship for action, and ordered all hands to
quarters. The admiral sent an officer on board to
know whether the order was heard, and if so, why it
was not obeyed. “It was heard,” said Capt. Try-
on, “and the reason why it was not obeyed, you rea-
dily perceive, is, that all my hands are at quarters,
ready to defend this ship.” Either fear or admira-
tion prevented a repetition of the order, and the little
ship rode on the windward side of the admiral, with
her peak up, and her banners waving. ; :
seem to appal the very Genius of Victory herself
In the first cruise the elder Decatur made in the
as he wished. As she was approaching toward
»n, she was descried at a distance by Capt.
aring tow ard him. Owing to thick wea-















STEPHEN DECATUR. 48
ther, or some other cause, the Captain did not disco-
ver the character of his approaching visitor, and
cleared ship for action. His officers and crew were
elated at the prospect of a tete a tete with some
Monsieur Capitaine. They were deprived of that
pleasure, and enjoyed that of welcoming upon the
station the noble Philadelphia frigate. After ex-
changing the usual civilities, Commodore Decatur
asked Captain Tryon, “if his ship was a good sail-
er 7”—“She will sail with French Picaroons,” said
Captain Tryon, “but I do not know how she would
sail with the Frigate Philadelphia.”—“Are you dis-
posed to try it !” asked the Commodore. “If you
please, sir,” was the answer. The sailing-match
was had; and in the specified time, the little ship
Connecticut ran the Philadelphia “hull down” twice.
The next day Captain Tryon and his officers par-
took of a splendid dinner on board the Philadelphia,
when Commodore Decatur jocosely said, “I’ll ex-
change ships with you Captain Tryon.”—The
younger Decatur at this time was serving as Mid-
shipman in the frigate United States; and little
thought he should one day destroy his father's ship
in the harbour of Tripoli.
Innumerable instances might be mentioned to show
the veteran firmness of the American post-captains
and seamen of that day. Thank heaven, the spirits
of these men survive in their successors, and, in
allusion to them, we may exclaim,_4mor patriº
“ vires acquirit eundo.”—The love of country aug-
º
ith as it advances.
ments its stren









* Stephen Decatur's early education—Peculiar advantages enjoyed
by him—Enters the frigate United States as Midshipman, 1798
–Promoted to Lieutenant—Cruises in the West-Indies against
the French—Enters the brig Norfolk as 1st Lieutenant, 1799–
Sails to the Spanish Main—Re-enters frigate United States—
Barbarism of French and Spanish to American Seamen—Victo-
ries of Truxton, Little, &c.—Humiliation of the French—Peace
with France—Rewards for heroism. * * º:
ALThough Stephen Decatur came into existence
on the shores of the Chesapeake, in Maryland, yet he
can hardly be said to be a native of that State. The
residence of his parents, for years before his birth,
had been in the city of Philadelphia—and they only
left it, as many distinguished citizens had done, in
consequence of the possession of that important place
by the British forces in the war of the revolution.
Upon evacuating it, Decatur’s parents returned to
their former residence there when he was but three
months old.
In this noble city, which has with much propriety
been called the “Athens of Columbia,” Decatur
was reared, educated, and prepared for the im-
portant and splendid scenes through which he was
acquire an accomplished education, and dignified
. nt, and th at ar dent spirit of emulation
which stimulates noble minds to noble deeds, can





















stephen Decatus. 45
catur. His father held the first rank amongst expe-
rienced navigators, and his house of course would
be the resort of men the most enterprising and ad-
venturous. The reader can almost now, through the
“mind's eye,” behold Stephen and James, suspend-
ing for a while their literary studies, and rapturous-
ly listening to the narrations of their father, as he oc-
casionally returned from the bosom of the boister-
ous ocean to that of his tranquil family. It would
naturally direct their attention to that reading which
described ancient and modern achievements upon
the sea. In addition to the advantages afforded by
the best libraries and accomplished instructors, these
aspiring youths, who may be called the Decatii, had
often under their eyes, and of course under their ad-
miration, many of the surviving veterans of the Re-
volution. After their “ young ideas had been taught
to shoot,” and their expanded intellects began to
dawn, they were amidst that body of wonderful and
profound statesmen who commehced the gigantic la-
bour of beginning the Republic under the Constitu-
tion in 1789. They beheld the majestic form of
Washington presiding with awful solemnity over
the anxious councils of the nation. They witnessed
the rewards and the honours then bestowed upon
those whose wounds and scars were received in the
great struggle for American Independence. They
learned from time to time the encroachments made
upon our commerce; and they must have heard much
of that debate, than which, a more important one
never occupied the deliberations of our civil ſa.

tains
thers:– “Shall, the Republic have, on shalt.
she not have a Navy.” They witnessed, and par-
ticipated in the rapture which pervaded all the great
commercial towns in our country, when the first
keels of our armed ships were laid.
Passing over numerous interesting incidents in the
early education of these youths, (for they cannot yet
be separated,) at the ages of fifteen and seventeen
their whole views were directed towards the navy,
and their studies calculated to prepare them for the
duties of naval stations.
At the earliest organization of the navy, their fa-
ther, as previously mentioned, was appointed first
to the command of a sloop of war, and soon after
to that of the Philadelphia frigate. His sons, stimu-
lated to enthusiasm by his example, soon after fol-
lowed it, and followed him in the pursuit of naval
fame. It is not known to me in what ship, nor un-
der what commander, James first sailed; and he can
no more be mentioned in these Sketches until his
tr gical death, avenged by Stephen with an heroism
unexampled, must be alluded to.
Commodore Barry, one of the earliest Post-Cap-
in the American navy, obtained for Stephen
the warrant of a Midshipman in 1798, and
ediately entered on board the frigate United
& then com handed by that a > * *
uch forgotte
#















STEPHEN DECATUR.
vigation, to that actual practice which enabled him,
after many years had rolled over his head, and after
passing through many scenes of desperate carnage,
and appalling horror, in the same ship to conquer,
and, for the first time, to add a British frigate to the
American navy. . ..
But we must not here anticipate the numerous
achievements of Decatur, nor the progress of the
navy as connected with them. It is the design to
detail them in succession, and in as succinct and
perspicuous a manner as the writer is able to per-
form the task. He must again express his deep so-
licitude, when reflecting upon the difficulty, delica-
cy, and interesting nature of the subject. He dares
not hope for applause, and scarcely hopes to avoid
censure. But as he would not be very highly elated
by the one, nor very deeply depressed by the other,
he will continue his delineations, however imperfect-
ly they may be designed, or however unskilfully
they may be coloured. This volume shall at least
be a sincere, however humble tribute of the respect
the writer wishes to offer to the memory of Decatur,
and to the fathers and protectors, and augmentators
of the naval power of America.
The United States frigate, for a consideral
Midshipman Decatur entered her, was e …
in the ar duty of protecting, and convoying
American merchantmen, and chastising or destroying
the contemptible swarms of French and Spanish p
caroons that then infested the ocea * * *














LIFE of
fallen in with a French national ship of su-
force, during the naval warfare with France,
it would not have been left for his favourite Midship-
man, Decatur, to have led the frigate he then com-
manded to gain the first frigate she ever conquered
—nor would the glory of Decatur, although then just
entering the years of manhood, have been postpon-
ed to the contest with the Barbary powers.
While in this frigate, he was promoted to the rank
of Lieutenant; an evidence of his progress in his
darling profession—of the attachment of his com-
hander—and of the confidence of the administra-
ion. The frigate, from long cruises, needed re-
It would seem that a young officer, having been
long subjected to the severe duty to be unceasingly
performed on board a frigate in the early stages of
naval life, would pant for temporary repose, at least.
‘ngeance and Berceau, aroused him to a pitch
husiasm
, which perhaps needed the restraint























STErrign orca Te R.
wishes of his heart. But while he was thus pro-
gressing in his profession—disappointed himself,
and perhaps disappointing the high expectations of
his too sanguine friends, he was acquiring that prac-
tical skill in naval tactics—that mysterious art of
commanding freemen, and, at the same time, securing
their attachment and respect, so indispensably ne-
cessary in a naval commander. It was in these early
schools, that Decatur acquired this master-art in his
profession. ~ .
The U. States frigate having been fitted for sea,
Lieut. Decatur entered her in the same capacity in
which he left her. The naval warfare with France
still continued, and continued by Frenchmen and
Spaniards with a rapacity, barbarity, and diabolical
cruelty, which assimilated the first mentioned, gal-
lant and humane people, to the well known sullen
and execrable character of the last. They preyed
upon American ships and American commerce, like
ravenous wolves upon innocent. and unprotected
flocks. In their treatment of our noble American
- sailors, they seemed to forget that they belonged to
the human race. They were flogged, lacerated, al-
most starved, and what was the “unkindest cut of
all,” insulted as belonging to a cowardly, imbecile,
and mean nation, which had neither the power nor .
disposition to protect their commerce, or avenge the
injuries of her citizens. The name of an American,
which was a glorious passport through the world,
after the war of the revolution, was thus sunk, tra-
duced, degraded, and sneered at by every petty na-







50 Life of
wal power in Europe. England, though not then the
decided mistress of the sea, behaved with more re-
spect, and although she was then able, as she has
since proved, to annihilate every fleet in Europe,
was guilty of comparatively no insult or injury to
Americans; Englishmen knew that Americans were
too much like themselves to “Kiss the hand just
rais’d to shed their blood.”
But retribution soon trod with vindictive terror
upon the heels of transgression; and taught trans-
gressors that their ways were hard. The thunder
directed by Truxton, Little, Stewart, Tryon, Bar-
ry, &c. and their rising officers and seamen, asto-
nished these insolent foes, as much as the volcanoes
of Etna and Vesuvius alarm the natives of Sicily and
Naples. After the victory over the Insurgente, La
Vengeance, La Berceau, Diana, Flambeau, &c. the
haughty tone of these boasting Hotspurs was lower-
ed down even to mean supplication. Yes, a com-
mander of a French armed ship having captured an
American merchant vessel, addressed the master of
her in terms like these, “Capitaine, you see dat I
se you ver well ? Le Diable !! I ver much fear
ke myself, by some dem Americaine ship—
and pray, Capitaine, do tell de Americaine officers dat
I treat a you ver well, so dat dey may treat me ver
well, ven I be prisoner too".”
* Lest this singular humiliation of an imperious officer may be
ht too highly coloured, I would state that it was communicat-
y Capt. David Churchill, of Connecticut, who was himself pri-
to this officer. His word will never be doubted. . .











st EPHEN DECAT 9R. 5 i
Decatur continued on board this favourite United
States Frigate, advancing towards that perfection in
his profession to which he afterwards arrived, until
peace was negotiated with France.
The peace with France, suspended, for a time,
the operations of the gallant little navy of the Re-
public. Some of the senior officers of the navy re-
tired to the bosoms of their families, admired by the
commercial portion of the community, and conscious
themselves that they had served a country well,
which they loved better than they did themselves.
Although in a government like ours, every man may
fearlessly express his opinion, as to the degree of
munificence that government ought to bestow upon
those whose lives have been devoted to its protec-
tion, in the field and upon the ocean, yet the govern-
ment only can settle the question. To pour out the
treasures of the nation upon fortunate and victorious
officers in the army and navy, at the expense of the
people who supply the treasury by their humble and
unnoticed industry, might alarm an intelligent and
free people, who vigilantly scrutinize every mea-
sure of the government; especially those which re-
late to money concerns. Monarchies, whether des-
potic or limited, always lavish favours upon those
who support or augment the glory of their crowns.
This gives splendour to the few, and reduces the
many to poverty. The recent dukedom granted to
Arthur Wellesly, Duke of Wellington, would have
afforded, if properly distributed, domestic comfort





52 , LIFE OF
to thousands of the English peasantry, who have 3.
been driven to insurrection for the want of food.
But extreme cases never fairly test a principle,
any more than an argument that proves too much.
The question is, whether the American Republic
has not hitherto been too stinted in its bounty to its
gallant defenders ? The fathers of our gallant navy,
who retired to the shades of private life, with gar-
lands of laurel bedecking their brows, retired with
them alone. The treasury had been enriched by their
toils, their perseverance, and their valour—indivi-
duals rolled in wealth around them, by the protection
they had afforded—yet they retired with no reward
but that applause which their valour had entitled them
to. When communing together, they might well say,
as WASHINGToN, in his last communication to PuTNAM,
said, “Republics have always been UNGRATEFUL.”
The names and the memories of Truxton, Little, the
anior Decatur, Barry, the senior Morris, Tryon,
º, Preble, and the rest of the fathers of our navy,
: cherished and remembeued with delight by eve-
# midshipman and lieutenant, who learned from
them the skill, the discipline, and the whole system
of naval tactics which enabled them to secure to
themselves the high honours and copious rewards
which their country has bestowed upon them. Whe-
. . . ceptors are to be forgotten by others,
of respect to be shown to them,
uncils to decide. Even the
Washington yet remain without










STEPHEN DECATURA . 53
CHAPTER V.
Progress of the American Navy—Reduction of it by Act of Con-
gress—Amount of it in 1801—Lieut. Decatur's views and deter-
mination—Depredations of Barbary States upon American comi-
merce—Measures of the American government—Decatur enters
into the first Mediterranean squadron as 1st Lieut. of the frigate
Essex—his unremitting vigilance as a disciplinarian–Address to
his seamen. -- . . . . . -
- In the preceding chapters, the Life of Decatur
has been traced from his birth, to what may be call-
ed the first period of his naval progress from a Mid-
shipman to a first Lieutenant. In pursuit of the de-
sign of this work, we must now revert back to that
period of our Republican government, when the im-
portant question whether the American navy should
be augmented beyond its small beginning, or not,
was agitated. - --
It is not the business of the historian, or bio
pher, to search for the motives, or to investigate th
measures of statesmen. This question called into
exertion the finest talents in our country; and in the
administration of John Adams, our national council
embraced an assemblage of men who would have
done honour to any country.
It was intendedbriefly to collate the argument
favour of, and against the extension of the naval
force, commenced by the Act of 1794. The inte
tion is relinquished for the more exhilirating












LIFE OF
lightful task of recording, with a pleasure which can
be but poorly expressed by language, that the ad-
vocates for naval power, by the irresistible force of
reason, supported by the most brilliant eloquence,
sonvinced our rulers of the necessity of naval de-
nce. In 1798, the navy was augmented from sia.
to twenty vessels of different rates. It would be
useless to give a list of them. In the succeeding
year they were increased to thirty-two, and, what
them convinced our statesmen of the indispensable
necessity of a gradual increase of the navy, provi-
sion was made for building Six Seventy-Fours.
. But, lest the country should be burthened with
public ships which were unfitted for service, hanging
like a dead weight, and while exhausting the public
treasure, could add nothing to the p
ngress, toward the close of Mr. Adams' adminis-
n, authorised the Executive to dispose of such
sels as should be deemed of the above character.
e wisdom of this measure has since been clearly
monstrated to the entire satisfaction of those who
are acquainted with the ponderous and inextin-
guishable debt in which Britain is involved, and
probably will be as long as she remains a kingdom.
Aisha. immense navy is that which gives her
ndless power; yet our cautious states-
hat it had been one great means of
boundless debt. -
ent of the administration of
1801, our Republic was at
tions in the world; of
















STEPHEN DECATUR,
course, large standing armies upon land, which had
no enemy upon land to conquer; and large fleets
upon the ocean, which had no hostile fleets to en-
counter, were deemed inconsistent with the public
interest. The voice of the people called for an eco-
nomical expenditure of the public treasure, a
chose rather to see the national debt discharged
g
.
than to see it increased by any splendid projects for
the gratification of national or individual ambition.
That portion of the public ships which was adjudged
useless to the nation, was sold, and converted into
merchantmen. The policy of that measure is no
longer doubted. . .
But the determination of the administration, whol-
ly to suspend the building of the Seventy-Fours,
when materials to a very large amount had been
accumulated for that purpose, disappointed and al-
most disheartened the friends of an efficient naval
power. It had recently been seen what a very small
naval force had accomplished in the naval war
with France, then the second naval power in t
world. It had been seen, and it had been felt, what
an immense augmentation of national wealth had
been secured, and what a vast amount of individual
property had been saved from sacrifice by our gal-
lant countrymen, with a few armed ships, who car-
ried our arms where they found our enemi
In this warfare, as already shown, the senior and
junior Decatur had taken an active part, although
neither of them had acquired those laurels which the
one, in the highest, and the ot ter, from the low















% & &
58. LIFE OF
to the highest but one in the grade of officers, had
sought to obtain. The father retired; but the son
still adhered to that profession for which he seemed
so peculiarly designed, and in which he was destined
to act so conspicuous a part. > -
"The following ships, in 1801, after the reduction
of the navy, composed the whole naval force of the
Republic.—United States Frigate, forty-four guns,
the President, Constitution and Philadelphia, of the
same force; the Chesapeake, of thirty-six guns, the
Constellation, Congress and New-York, of the same
force; the Boston, of thirty-two guns, the Essex,
Adams, John Adams and General Greene, of the
same force. . < §
With these few public ships, and which were un-
der the necessity of undergoing, previously, frequent
repairs, was the American Republic to depend upon
her rank upon the ocean. It was a hard case—but
Stephen Decatur was never born to despair; nor
º was he born to despair of the naval glory of Ameri-
ca. He had a mind, capable of foreseeing the fu-
ture greatness of his country, and a heart big enough
to encounter all the dangers which might be endured
in advancing its glory. z . . . . . . . . . . º, º . . . .
When he entered into the naval service, it was not
done merely to wear an epaulette upon his shoul-
der, or a sword by his side, to excite the unmeaning
admiration, and stupid stare of the rabble.—He had
a country to save, and her injuries to avenge. He
knew full well that the service into which he had en-
tered, was a service pregnant with peril, and encir-








STEPHEN DECATUR, 57
cled with danger. This consideration, which would
have induced a timid mind to retire to the peaceful
shades of private repose, only served to stimulate
him to pursue the hazardous path which he had en-
tered. Although at this period he might have left
the navy with the reputation of an accomplish-
ed young officer, yet this would have been too
humble ſame for him. And yet, it is not doing jus-
tice to his character to say, that personal fame was
his only object. He was a sincere lover of his
country; and was determined, whether in a humble
or exalted station, to defend its rights, and secure
its independence as far as his own exertions could
accomplish that great object. .
The little American Navy had but a short respite
from action, after the arduous duty it had performed
in the predatory warfare carried on against Ameri-
can commerce by the French, until seasonable chas-
tisement induced them to make a peace with America.
The class of officers of Decatur’s grade, had in that
contest, begun, and well begun their naval educa-
tion. They had acquired that practical knowledge
of naval tactics which qualified them to move in
more exalted stations; and the country may now
congratulate itself that an opportunity was then pre-
sented to call into operation the skill and the valour
of the youthful pupils of the American Navy. .
To every historian, the history of the barbarous,
cruel, and sometimes destructive warfare, which the
Barbary States, bordering upon the Mediterranean,
have, for centuries past, carried on against the whole





à8 LIFE OF
commercial world, is perfectly familiar. It is left
almost wholly to conjecture to determine why na-
tions, powerful upon the ocean, have so long per-
mitted the property of their subjects to become a sa-
crifice, and their subjects themselves to become
the victims of these merciless hordes of inhuman
wretches. The little kingdoms of Morocco, Algiers,
Tripoli and Tunis, ever since the discovery of the
magnetic needle has so immensely extended the com-
merce of the world, have preyed upon that com-
merce, and made miserable slaves of those who car-
ried it on. Not sufficiently powerful to draw forth the
vindictive punishment of great naval powers, they
have, nevertheless, been powerful enough to plun-
der merchant vessels of all nations, and reduce their
crews to horrid bondage. Had the sanguinary and
powerful monarchies of Europe, instead of contend-
ing for each others’ crowns, and encroaching upon
each others’ dominions, reduced these ferocious
sons of Ishmael, and worshippers of Mahomet, to
obedience and fear, they would far better have serv-
ed the cause of humanity. It seems to have been
reserved for the American Republic, situated more
than three thousand miles from these enemies of all
mankind, to reduce them to complete submission—
or that submission which is occasioned by fear. In-
deed, there is no other way for that portion of the
world called Christian, to secure itself from the dis-
ciples of Mahomet, but by exciting their fear. They
have such a deadly and implacable hatred against
Christians, that they think they render the most ac-









STEPHEN DECATUR. 53
ceptable service to their tutelar deity by immolating
them upon the blood-stained altars of Mahomet.
The most solemn treaties that can be negotiated
with them are bonds no stronger than a rope of sand,
unless they are compelled to regard them by a force
sufficient to menace them into a compliance with its
provisions. .
At the commencement of the nineteenth century,
American commerce was expanded over the world.
Much of it was spread upon the bosom of the Medi-
terranean, within the reach of those contemptible
Barbary States already mentioned. Encouraged by
the supposition that the American Republic, situated
as they supposed in a wilderness across an immense
ocean, would afford no protection to its adventurous
merchants, they preyed upen them with impunity.
Having long received tribute from nations which
they knew to be powerful, they supposed Americans
to be the last people on earth who would dare assail
the Turkish crescent. Their vessels and cargoes
were considered as fair plunder, and the only way
to redeem her citizens from the most miserable bon-
dage which the diabolical cruelty of Mahometans
could inflict upon Christians, was supposed to be by
paying an exorbitant ransom." § . . . . . .
The American government adopted a sentiment
worthy of its rising greatness, that the whole commu-
nity is degraded when one of its members suffers.
‘Casting an indignant frown across the Atlantic, and
over the Mediterranean, it beheld at home its little
gallant navy, and saw its officers and seamen impa-



tiently panting for naval glory, and for an opportu-
nity to pour out vengeance against these unsanctified
heathen—these spoilers of unprotected innocence—
these butcherers of mankind. Disdaining to suppli-
cate for favour or forbearance from those whom they
could drive from imperious insolence to humble sub-
mission, they scorned the very idea of paying tri-
bute, unless it was at the mouth of the cannon. If the
world once paid tribute to Caesar, it was because
Caesar had power to enforce it. The American go-
vernment, knew too well the noble pride of Ameri-
cans, to see them paying tribute to miserable Moors,
Algerines, Tripolitans and Tunisians. There is a
real dignity in graceful submission to irresistible
power; there is a kind of pleasure in obedience
when paid to a great potentate; but to see real
power sinking down before arrogant weakness, as it
cannot be endured by a gentleman, neither ought it
to be endured by an independent nation. At this
period the common sentiment of Americans was,
* Millions for Defence—Not A cent for Tri-
BUTE.” It was uttered by the faltering tongue of
age, and it hung upon the lisping lips of infants.
Decatur, if not already in his glory, clearly saw
the shining path that led to it. He had not that un-
tutored and blustering courage which sometimes, by
fortunate circumstances, crowns a rash fool with lau-
rels, but had that cool, regulated and scientific forti-
tude, which almost invariably carries forward a great
. mporal fame. If an hackneyed expression
dmissible upon a subject so elevated, it might be










STEPHEN pec ATur. 3;
said that Decatur was born to achieve victories “se-
oundum artem.” He did not wish to leave to the
uncertain and variable fortune of war, those con-
quests which are to be obtained by systematic, and
regulated courage. At this period of his life he had
acquired the first rudiments of naval tactics. He
had studied his profession thoroughly, and was well
prepared for admission to the practice of it.
The first squadron fitted out for the Mediterra-
nean was placed under the command of Commodore
DALE, who was amongst the earliest Post-Captains
appointed by Congress. Decatur was ordered to
the Essex Frigate as her first lieutenant. He had
for some time enjoyed all the blandishments of fa-
shionable life, and moved in its most exalted circles.
He had participated in all the charms of refined so-
ciety, and, delighted himself, he imparted delight
to his associates. But he had higher views than
those which limit the mind of the mere man of fa-
shion. That effeminacy which is almost invariably
produced by a devotion to the unmeaning ceremony
of modern high life and fashionable amusements,
could not impose their paralyzing effects upon this
ardent child of fame. He hailed the time when he
was removed from the pretty amusement of pacing
the parlour, to the more manly duty of pacing the
deck. .
The duty of a first Lieutenant on board of a fri-
gate is vastly more arduous and difficult than those,
who are unacquainted with naval discipline, imagi .
Although not in absolute command, it is to him the
z 6





Captain looks, in the first instance, for the regula-
...tion of the ship, and to him the crew are perpetual-
ly looking for instruction in discipline, and in their
duty". Every thing is to be reduced to perfect sys-
tem, and nothing must be left to accident or chance.
The economy of a ship of war most nearly resem-
bles that of a perfect piece of machinery;-the parts
must all move in unison, and must operate upon each
other according to the original design. To be sure,
a single ship or a fleet are both liable to be encoun-
tered by the elements as well as by enemies; and
although they can conquer the latter, they are some-
times compelled to bow to the irresistible power of
the former. It would border upon a truism to say,
that the utmost exertion of human skill and energy,
are feeble when compelled to struggle against the
decrees of that Power which “rides upon the wings
of mighty winds,” and agitates the bosom of the
mighty deep. Even in the perilous hour, when
“rude Boreas blustering railer” seems to hold un-
controlled dominion over the watery element, and to
defy the efforts of man, there, order and system
is to be observed, and, even when sinking in a
wrecked ship, an American seaman chooses to go
down, stationed at his quarters. But when ap-
proaching an enemy—clearing ship for action—
- * Commodore Decatur, when he afterwards captured the Ma-
cedonian, thus speaks of his first Lieut. W. H. Allen.—“To his
unremitting exertions in disciplining the crew, is to be imputed the
x us superiority of our gunnery, exhibited in the result of this





STEPHEN DECATUR. - 63
beating to quarters—and discharging all the minute
duties which, separately considered, would seem to
a landsman too trifling to detail, but which, in the
result, produced such a tremendous effect, the utmost
order and most perfect system must be unremittingly
observed. -> w - ...”
Lieutenant Decatur, when he entered the Essex
Frigate, brought with him, not only the most un-
daunted courage, but the practical skill of an ac-
complished naval disciplinarian. He also brought
with him the manners and deportment of a gentleman-
officer. He knew, in the sphere in which he mov-
ed, he had a right to command, and to enforce obe-
dience; but he chose rather to have the noble fel-
lows in the ship submit to their duty through volun-
tary choice, than by powerful coercion. He pos-
sessed the admirable faculty of infusing into the
minds of seamen, the ardour that inspired his own
exalted heart, and of rendering the strict, and some-
times severe duty of his men, their highest pleasure.
It might be hazardous, to say that no other young
officer in the navy possessed all these qualities; but
it is fearlessly asserted, that no one possessed them
in a higher degree than Lieut. Decatur.
Assiduously employed in preparing the Essex for
the first important armed expedition from the new to
the old world, he thus addressed the whole-souled
tars of the ship:—“CoMRADes—We are now about :
to embark upon an expedition, which may terminate in
our sudden deaths, our perpetual slavery, or our im-
vortal glory. The event is left for futurity to deter.


§
º L*FE OF
mine. The first quality of a good seaman, is, person-
al courage,_the second, obedience to orders, the
third, fortitude under sufferings ; to these may be
added, an ardent love of country. I need say no
more—I am confident you possess them all.” Such
an address as this, from such a man as Lieut. Deca-
tur, to such men as American seamen, some of whom
had recently been led to victory by Truxton, and
all panting for fame, must have operated like a shock
of electricity. In a very few words, it conveyed
the ideas of an officer, ardent in the pursuit of glory
—prepared for good or ill fortune—determined to
be obeyed—glowing with patriotism toward his
country, mingled with cordial affection for his men.
Looking to his Captain as his authorized comman-
der, he was uniformly respectful to him, and thus set
an example to his crew which corresponded with his
previous precepts. He had learned the salutary
... lessons of obedience, before he aspired to the au-
thority of commanding. . . . . . . . .





stEPHEN DECATUR. 65
CHAPTER. vi.
fieut. Decatur sails in the Frigate Essex to the Mediterranean,
1801, in the first American Squadron—Hazard of this enterprise
—Captain Sterrett's victory in the Schooner Enterprise—Impa-
tience of Lieut. Decatur in a blockading ship—He returns to
America in the Essex—National glory and National taxes—
Lieut. Decatur joins the second Mediterranean Squadron as 1st
Lieut. of the frigate New-York—Sails to the Mediterranean—
Incessant attention to duty—Returns in the New-York to Ame-
**Cº., . . 2. … x
In 1801, the American squadron, under command
of Commodore Dale, weighed anchor, and left the
waters that wash the shores of our free Republic, to
carry our arms into the renowned MediterrANEAN,
which laves the shores of the most renowned nations
of ancient or modern centuries. Decatur had taken
an affectionate leave of his justly venerated father,
and the highly refined and literary circles of his nu-
merous friends and connections. It is difficult to
conceive of a separation of friends more interesting.
The dignified and patriotic father, who had spent
some years in the highest station in the navy when
contending with civilized men, had now to dismiss a
beloved son from his arms, who was destined to con-
tend with merciless barbarians, who are totally re-
gardless of the laws of civilized warfare. His admir-
ing companions of both sexes, who full well knew, and
duly appreciated the goodness of his heart, and the



66 LIFE OF
urbanity of his manners, could hardly endure the
thought that he should expose himself to become a
victim to his thirst for fame. But his resolution was
taken, and irrevocably fixed; and the sun might as
well have been divorced from the ecliptic as to di-
vert him from his purpose.
The reader may well pause again and reflect upon
the immense importance, and imminent hazard of
this expedition. To those the least acquainted with .
history, the cruel depredations of the Barbary States
upon the whole commercial world for centuries, are
known, and the indescribable ors of slavery
amongst these uncivilized erate followers.
of Mahomet, have alway ited ineffable dismay.
Nations bordering upon them, for years, and we
may say, for centuries, have attempted in vain to
reduce them to submission; and only secured them-
selves from their rapacity by paying them tribute.
Since the year 1805, expeditions to the Mediter-
ranean, have become familiar; and, by our officers
and seamen, rather considered as pastime and amuse-
ment, than as entering into a hazardous and doubt-
ful contest; but let it be remembered, that until 1801,
no American armed ship or squadron had ever pass-
ed the streights into that sea, which had so long
been infested by barbarian corsairs—let it also be
remembered that Stephen Decatur, was one of
those who led the van in the acquisition of the ſame
which has since shone so conspicuously upon the
American navy in the Mediterranean. This requir-
At the most consummate fortitude. It might then,












STEPHEN DECATUR, &
although in a minor station, be said of Decatur, as
it was said of one of the first heroes of the revolu-
tion:—HE DARED To LEAD, where ANY DARED Te
Follow.” x .
No event of any deep interest occurred in the
squadron in its passage to the Mediterranean. The
solicitude of Commodore Dale, of the Captains,—
of all the Lieutenants and Midshipmen, and indeed
of every seaman, down to the youngest boy, may
well be conceived. From the close of the revolu-
tionary war to that time, no American national ship
had probably been seen sailing into the Mediterra-
nean. British fleets and ships of every description
were riding triumphant in the Atlantic and in that
renowned sea. Flushed with the recent victories of
the Nile and of Copenhagen, although at peace with
the Republic, the officers would look with that ma-
lignant jealousy which characterizes the feelings of
Englishmen toward our countrymen, upon a little
squadron of American ships, boldly sailing over the
theatre of their own glory. It could hardly be ex-
pected that that intercourse which always passes be-
tween armed ships of nations at peace with each other
could be avoided. Decatur, second in command of
the fine little frigate Essex, would not then shrink from
a visit from any Admiral, of any grade, whether of
the white, red, or blue, or of any Post-Captain, or
Lieutenant in the British navy. That ship, as well
as the rest of the squadron, was in prime condition.
Such intercourse did pass; and, as declared at that
period, excited the admiration and jealousy, although





LiFE Qº
not then the fear, of the gallant ocean-warriors of the
“fast anchored isle.”
Commodore Dale conducted his squadron into the
Mediterranean, without delay—declared the port of
Tripoli to be in a state of blockade; and, according
before the port to enforce it. The thunder-struck
Tripolitans remained in harbour with all their force,
not daring to risk an encounter with a new and un-
expected enemy. This put a sudden end to their
ravages upon American commerce, which, for eigh-
punity. .
But the inactive, though vigilant duty of blockad-
ing an enemy, although of superior force, suited not
the ardent and adventurous spirit of Decatur. It
was his business, however, to obey the command of
his then superiors. The wary and cautious mind of
Commodore Dale was well convinced, that the little
squadron under his command was only calculated to
afford protection to his countrymen, not to commence
offensive operations against their enemies. Indeed,
sively, as appeared from the conduct of the gallant
nd n wer to be forgotten Sterrett, com IIla I)der of the
. his º vent is mentioned as connect ed wit h the squad-
in which Decatur sailed, and was the first bril-
t achievement of the American navy in the Medi-
… sº e … ." sº

















STEPHEN DECATUR. 68
lating it to the writera few years since.—“Lying off
the island of Malta, so celebrated in ancient and
modern history, a Tripolitan cruiser bore down upon
our schooner, and gave us a broadside. It was in-
stantly returned. For two glasses [two hours] the
contest was terrible as can be imagined. She low-
ered the Turkish crescent to the stars and stripes—
but the cheers for victory had scarcely ended, when
the cruiser hoisted her red flag, and poured into us
another broadside. The contest was renewed with
renewed desperation. She again struck; and when
Capt. Sterrett was approaching her, it was a third
time renewed. The indignation manifested by the
captain and crew is indescribable. I left my sta-
tion as purser of the ship, was handing cartridges
to the men, and distinctly heard the Captain exclaim,
“Sink the damned treacherous creatures to the bot-
tom.” The slaughter became dreadful on board
the corsair, and the commander prostrated himself
on the side of his ship, and, with his own hands, flung
his own-flag into the sea. Capt. Sterrett, being in-
structed not to make any prize, from his quarter-
deck, ordered the perfidious Turk to throw all his
guns, ammunition and arms of every kind into the
sea, and tell his master this was the only tribute he
would ever after receive from Americans.”
| Such was the interesting relation of a spectator
and an actor in this first and signal victory of an
American ship over a barbarian corsair. Its au.
thenticity cannot be doubted, as it is confirmed in
all the material circumstances, by the publications





70 -- kiFE or *
that period. While the reader feels indignant at the
perfidy of the Tripolitans, he cannot doubt their des-
perate courage in this bloody conflict. But the con-
sequences to the vanquished barbarians, when they
returned into port, shows the difference between an
humane and generous nation, and a despotic and vin-
dictive power. The former would receive, even
with applause, a defeated commander who had brave-
ly defended his ship. Not so with the ferocious de-
scendants of Ishmael, whose hands are against eve-
ry man, not only against all the rest of mankind, but
against their own inhuman clan. The Bashaw of
Tripoli would rather approve than condemn the
perfidy of his captain towards Capt. Sterrett—but
to be conquered by a Christian—to strike the flag of
Mahomet to a sect, deemed by him as only dogs,
could not be endured. The miserable and forlorn
commander, without even the form of a trial, with
his wounds still bleeding, received five hundred bas-
tinadoes, and was compelled to ride through the
streets upon an ass, to excite the furious contempt of
the enraged populace.
This victory, although it might now be deemed a
trifle, when compared with the tremendous conflicts
which have since given so many victories to Ameri-
can fleets and ships, was nevertheless of immense
nportance to our country. Such consternation was
roduced by the loss of the corsair, and the terrible
lishment of the commander, that the alarmed Tri-
politans deserted the corsairs fitted for sea, nor could
found to supply those which were prepar.
t




















stEPHEN occAruk, 71.
ing for service. This first victory of Sterrett and
his crew produced an effect upon Tripolitans, even
greater than Hull's first victory did upon English-
Hłęh. -->
While Captain Sterrett was thus signalizing him-
self in a contest with barbarians, Decatur, as first
Lieutenant of the Essex, was compelled to perform
the duty belonging to a mere blockading ship. He
was too generous to envy this gallant champion the
laurels he had gained by his valour; but he ardent-
ly wished for an opportunity to emulate his valiant
deeds by his own achievements. . . . . .
Decatur was in the situation of one of the ancient
heroes—“Compelled to perform his duty, yet ana'ious
to gratify his inclination.” It is undoubtedly a most
fortunate circumstance for the naval glory of our
country, that our early commanders in the navy ex-
ercised caution in avenging the injuries received
from our enemies upon the ocean. Had rashness
marked their measures, they might indeed have
shared with the glory of those who have gloriously
fallen in “unequal combat;” but this would have
secured no lasting benefit to their country, in whose
cause they had embarked, and whose permanent in-
terest it was their duty to pursue. Furthermore,
the commanders of armies and of fleets have no
right, wantonly to sacrifice the lives of the men,
who have either voluntarily or coercively been plac-
ed under their command. Men are not ammunition
to be expended at the pleasure of an ambitious lead
er, who might gain applause by sacrificing t



72 life of
victims to his unhallowed ambition. Commodore
Dale knew too well the amount of his force to ad-
vance into a contest where so many chances were
against him. Had he commanded the force which one
of his successors, Preble, afterwards commanded,
his name might now be as glorious as his. But he
accomplished the great object of his government in
sending him, with the first American squadron, into
the Mediterranean—the protection of American com-
merce in that sea. One of his officers, Capt. Ster-
rett, commanding the Enterprise, was compelled to
fight his ship single handed; and he did it to admi-
ration. Had Decatur been placed in his situation,
he would have displayed the same courage; but he
was reserved for a future display of that noblest of
virtues.
Commodore Dale, having accomplished the ob-
ject for which he was dispatched with his squadron
to the Mediterranean, returned with it to America.
Lieut. Decatur returned in the Essex ; and was re-
ceived by his friends and countrymen with those de-
monstrations of respect, which might be expected
from the character he had previously established.
He had made his entry upon the theatre of his future
glory. He had received ocular demonstration of
the predominant sentiment of the Mahometans of
Africa—inveterate malice against his countrymen,
and a determination, iſ within their power, to extir-
pate Americans from that sea upon which an im-
mense portion of their commerce was carried on.
ld made farther advances in his favourite pro-






sTEPHEN DECATuk. 73
fession, and had studied the character of the fero-
eious enemy he had afterwards to encounter. º º
The American government had made no essential
additions to its navy in the absence of Decatur–
that is, to that part of it which was calculated for
distant expeditions. Not a hull of a Seventy-four
had yet been laid, and not a single frigate had yet
been added to the little gallant American navy. Al-
though, as previously mentioned, provision had been
made for building six line-of-battle ships, and the
materials partially collected, the national authorities
did not then see fit to prosecute this noble endeav.
our to afford this mode of protection for American
commerce and American territory. National econo-
my was then, as it ever ought to be, the fashionable
doctrine. That little, stinted economy which will
sacrifice a future, although an almost certain good,
to save a little present expense, is by no means mean.
ed here; but that economy which was calculated to
save the Republic from that never-ending, that
constantly increasing, load of taxes, which tears
from the hard earnings of patient industry almost its
whole amount to increase the phantom ef glor
One of the best kings, who ever filled the th
the Bourbons, when urged by th
minister of any king, to adopt som
to advance the glory of his re.
my subjects. I wish for no grea


















h are fonder of national glory than
“We can inform Jonathan what are the inevita-
ble co being too fond of glory. Taxes
upon every article which enters into the mouth, or
covers the back, or is placed under the foot; taxes
upon every thing which is pleasant to see, hear, feel,
smell, or taste; taxes upon warmth, light, or locomo-
tion ; taxes on everything on earth, and the waters
under the earth—of every thing that comes from
abroad, or is grown at home; taxes on the raw mate-
rial, taxes on every fresh value that is added to it by
t ie industry of men; taxes on the sauce which pam-
and
pers man’s appetite, and the drug that restores him
to health; on the ermine which decorates the Judge,
the rope which hangs the criminal; on the poor
's salt, and the rich man's spice; on the brass
f the coffin, and the ribbands of the bride; at
at board, couchant or levant, we must pay !
ool-boy whips his taxed top—the beardless
es his taxed horse with a taxed bridle
§ º




















sº urying him. i º º .
Such is the language of a subject of the king of
Great Britain, who participates as much as a subject
can in the glory of Nelson and Wellington. Ame-
ricans ponder with inexpressible delight upon the
fame of Decatur and Jackson ; but the tears of dis-
tress, occasioned by excessive taxation, thank hea-
ven and our rulers, are not yet mingled with the
smiles of triumph. The shouts of a famishing popu-º
lace, following in the train of a returning conquer-
or, whose plaudits are rendered feeble for want of
that food which has been exhausted by an army or
a navy, can afford but a miserable satisfaction to a
conquering hero, when recollecting that his glory
has been acquired by robbing the people of the
loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more,” was
the exclamation of the magnanimous Brutus over the
body of the ambitious and bleeding Caesar. It is
not, that Americans are less fond of national glory,
or less enthusiastically cherish the memory of its
heroes, than Englishmen, but it is because they bet-
ter understand the nature of true national glory,
that which produces the greatest happiness to the
º, at the beginning of the nineteenth century,
American government had commenced the syste
g
* Edinburgh Magazine,













te in every latitude. Better understanding
the true interest of the Republic, and the path to
true glory, it only sought for sufficient power to de-
fend our territory at home, and protect our commerce
upon the ocean. To the everlasting glory of our
rulers, they never led us into an offensive war, ei-
ther upon land or water. Let the proud and impe-
rious parliament of England boast of the wealth she
can draw from the two Indies—and then let her be re-
minded of the distress, the misery and the agony she
has spread over many of the finest portions of the
globe, by means of her immense navy. Can the
tained history of Lord Hastings in India–
fate of Hyder Ali, and the Nabob of Arcot
asantry—But we turn from the horribly disgust-
ubject to the more exhilirating one of tracing
innocent progress of the American navy, and the
by which Decatur reached the acme of fame
is exploits upon the ocean. .
America in the Essex, a small
n to Ameri
ºš. § § .
chasm occurred in his performance of naval service.
- quadron was soon fitted for the same de-





























stephen becatua. 17
yet seen fit to advance its naval force sufficiently to
enable its naval commanders to act vindictively
against the ferocious, yet contemptible Barbary
States. Severe chastisement they most assuredly
deserved; but Tripolitans were permitted, a little
longer, to shield themselves in fancied security, and
vainly to imagine that Americans would no longer
spread dismay amongst them.
The second Mediterranean squadron was eom-
manded by the senior Commodore Morris. Lieu-
tenant Decatur exercised a patience which his sub-
sequent vehement, and we may say impetuous cour-
age would lead the reader to suppose he did not
then possess. He continued in the navy, under the
certain presumption that the government of his coun-
try would shortly be convinced of the necessity of
more energetic measures against the Mahometan
pests that infested a sea over which American com-
merce was so much expanded, and so much exposed. .
In the second squadron, he sailed as 1st Lieut. of
the frigate New-York, a ship whose name no longer
but a hulk, at the commencement of the second war.
Kingdom of Great Britain, and barely esca §
fare, to destroy her, but who chose, N.













Life of
choicest. prod uctions of science and lite-
ig occurred in this squadron of sufficient
rtance to render a minute detail of its opera-
s necessary; indeed, it would be inconsistent
§
incessantly employed in imparting naval instruction
im on board the New-York ſtigate. When he,
ad her, he had a crew to discipline, who were
strangers to him. But a good seaman sin-
pects and cheerfully obeys a good officer,
nt he meets him; and although long ser-
was placed, such is the declara-
is own officers, “ He seemed, as if
º

































stephen decatur. 73
indispensably necessary for the government to pur-
sue this course, that necessity does not in the least
diminish the difficulty it often imposes upon officers.
It is admitted that an officer can generally enforce
obedience to his commands over men whose names
and faces are as much unknown to him as those of
the enemy he may have to encounter; but that obe-
dience which is solely the result of fear of punish-
- ment, is vastly different from that which proceeds
from respect and attachment. *
During the time that Lieut. Decatur filled the
very important station of 1st Lieutenant of the fri-
gate New-York, which was once the flag-ship of the
American squadron in the Mediterranean, that ship
rendezvoused at the island of Malta. It is well known
that this is the island so interesting in sacred history,
as the place where Paul the Apostle, with 275 others, .
was wrecked—where he was entertained by the then
barbarians—where he shook a deadly and venomous
viper from his hand unhurt—where he healed the ſa-
ther of Publius, “ The chief man of the Island,” and
from whence he departed for Syracuse", another ren-
dezvous for the American squadron seventeen c
turies after the visit of St. Paul to that renowned
city. Malta also is one of the most interesting
islands mentioned in profane history. It was here the
Knight-Templars, who claim an antiquity equal to, if
not more remote than the “Wisest man of al
§ * * * * who bl ilt the Temple at Jer º • . Inm
he Acts of the Apostle," chap. xx,

















tire of
days, been the resort of many of the “ thouz
sand armed ships” of the vaunting “Queen of the
Ocean.” In 1803, it was under the dominion of
Great Britan; and Sir Alexander Ball, once a fa-
vourite officer of Nelson, and also a patron of the
oble Bainbridge, Porter, &c. while in slavery, was
In Ol
governor of the island. .
This place was the resort of many British naval off-
cers at this period. Elated and flushed with the then
recent victories of Copenhagen and the Nile, they
felt as if American naval officers were but mere no-
vices in the naval profession. They might possibly
heard of the victory of Truxton in the Constel-
over L'Insurgente, and of Little, in the Boston
over Le Berceau, and other gallant deeds in
wal warfare with France. But to conquer and
ments of Duncan, Jervis and Nelson, consi-
-- They ha d forgotten, per- .






















stEPHEN DECATUR.
power, even wink disdainfully at the sword and
the epaulette he wore as the reward for his previous
services. As America and Britain were then at
peace, and as the more dignified British officers at
_Malta were uniformly courteous to those of Ameri-
ca, the conduct of a few vaunting Hotspurs in the
British navy, will not be minutely detailed, nor the
consequences that flowed from it, animadverted
upon. Suffice it to say, the determined and high-
minded Decatur, supported the dignity of his sta-
tion, the infant glory of the American navy, and the
honour of his country. The controversy eventuat-
ed in the premature death of a British officer, and
the temporary suspension of Lieut. Decatur’s com-
mand.
The civil power of the island interposed its salu-
tary authority, to stop the effusion of blood upon
what is called the “field of honour;” but which
might more properly be called the yawning gulf,
whose voracious jaws equally swallow up the noble
champions of their country, and the rash children of
desperation, Lieut. Decatur was ordered to return
to America, as a passenger in the frigate Chesa-
might be led to suppose that Decatur was degrad.
ed. Far otherwise. No sooner was his whole cons.
duct investigated, than he was appointed to the com.
mand of the noble Brig Argus. He immediate
returned to the Mediterranean, and went on
victory to victory, until the Genius of Victory her.
self claimed him as her favourite son,














- -- ordered to take command of the brig Argus—For-
—He sails in the Argus, and joins the third Mediterranean Squad-
rom under Com. Preble—Com. Preble and the Emperor of Mo-
rocco–Decatur leaves the brig Argus, and takes command of
the schooner Enterprise—Disastrous loss of the frigate Philadel-
phia—Lieut. Decatur captures a Tripolitan corsair, and calls
her “Ketch Intrepid”—Rendezvous at Syracuse—Brief sketch of
Jussuff, Bashaw of Tripoli—Sufferings of Capt. Bainbridge and
crew—Lieut. Decatur volunteers to attempt the destruction of
the frigate Philadelphia.
After Lieut. Decatur returned to America in the
cond Mediterranean Squadron, he was ordered by
e Navy Department to take command of the brig
gus. It might be deemed rather fanciful by a
% fastidious reader, to remark, that it was a
#.
nate circumstance with Lieut. Decatur, at this
iod of his eventful life, that he had never yet held
ommand in a disgraced ship. Indeed there ne-
as been but one disgraced ship in the American
navy. But more of this hereafter. Although seamen
len, I believ … . . . . tº not be denied, that no class




































STEP HEN DEcATUR.
robbed by an enemy, lost many of her men by eon-
tagious sickness, or has often been driven on shore
by gales, it is sometimes difficult to ship a crew for
her. This sentiment is, if possible, more prevalent
with the seamen in the naval than in the merchants’
service. With a high sense of honour, and proud of
the name of an American, they will hardly enlist
under an officer who has even been unfortunate—
much less if he has been degraded. This almost un-
accountable influence has an equal control over
their minds in regard to the ship.
Decatur had acted as Lieutenant on board the
United States frigate in the short naval warfare with
France, and in the Essex in the early stages of the
warfare with Tripoli. Although these frigates had
not then acquired the fame which is now attac led
to their names, they had been almost constantly in
commission since they were first fitted for sea, and
had rendered services which can hardly be estimat.
ed. The Argus, to which he was ordered as com-
imander, bears a proud name with American seamen
The Argus was a fine vessel of her class, mount-
ing eighteen guns. Although the command of a Se-
venty-four, or a frigate, gives to the commander a
uperior rank to him who commands a sloop of war,





















erial, as the duties devolving
e same. To one wholly unac-
system of naval tactics, it would
to observe the inimitable preci-
ich every operation is performed on
some of our systems of milita-
become master of his profes-




















STEPHEN DECATUR.
of the two first were his brothers, and every one of
the last ought to swim or sink in defending the
rights, and in advancing the glory of his country.
Numerous interesting incidents, of no greatimport-
ance, however, might be mentioned, which took
place in the passage of the Argus across the Atlan-
tic, and up the Mediterranean. But why swell the
volume with the minor events of a man's life, when
it is so exceedingly fertile with those of a more ex-
alted character? When he arrived in that sea, which
was shortly to resound with the ſame of his gallant,
and I may say romantic, and perhaps desperate,
“deeds of noble daring,” he joined, as previously
ordered, the squadron of Com. PREBLE.
In the very brief and imperfect notices which have
been made of the rise, progress and achievements of
the navy of the Republic, as connected with the life
of Decatur, we now have reached the second period-
of the naval renown of our country, as the period of
s command may emphatically be denomi-
xx. a first. Yes, Truxton may be called the
ather, as Preble may be denominated the Precep-
tor, of the brilliant constellation of gallant ocean.
warriors, who now grace the Naval Register of our
country.
It would be a most
these imperfect sketc º, º
Stephen Decatur, if he were able to blend with them
a suitable eulogy on the character of Preble, his
use, would lag far behind the feelings of those who
rateful task for the writer of
d character of
º




















life of
ed under that truly great naval officer, and
“Fall in the ear profitless as water in a sieve.”
Preble was, like Decatur, bred a seaman. He
early saw the gathering storm which hung, in low-
ering darkness, over the wide spread, and rapidly
spreading commerce of America. He knew it must
be protected, or withdrawn from the ocean, the high-
way of nations, which, like the highways on land, is
infested with robbers. He did not sink down in des-
pair, and lament that the merchants of the Repub-
lic should be suddenly driven from the seas, but ear-
ly tendered his service to his country to aid in pro-
ting it. His active services did not escape the
e of a government, ever wishful to bestow its
urs upon those whose merit richly deserved
hem. The eyes of the nation were fixed upon Pre-
ble as the leader of that gallant band of heroes who
wer destined to avenge the injuries sustained by
our countrymen from the wretched descendants of
Ishmael, and the merciless followers of Mahomet.
The choice of him, for that gigantic underta king,
evinced the penetratin gº º.º. %
Fearful of involving t
ncrea -


















stEPHEN Decatus.
cient measures were resolved upon by the Ame
government, and pacific language was chang
that of open defiance.
The year 1803 forms an era in the history of the
American Navy. A small force was still in the Me-
diterranean, and the accomplished, energetic and
gallant Preble was appointed to the command of a
squadron consisting of the Constitution, 44 guns—
Philadelphia, 44–Argus, 18–Syren, 16—Nautilus,
16—Vixen, 16—and Enterprise, 14. Twenty-five
years ago, such a squadron as this, coming from the
American States, weuld have excited the sneers of
every naval power in Europe; but fifteen years ago
they saw this little squadron accomplish what the
largest fleets had never done.
Com. Preble hoisted his broad pendant on board
the frigate Constitution. Lieut. Decatur, as he had
been previously ordered to do, surrendered the com- º
mand of the Argus, and took command of the schoon.
er Enterprise, which, when commanded by the gal- nº
lant Sterrett, had been so distinguished. At the time
Com. Preble arrived at Gibraltar, he found that the
subjects of the Emperor of Morocco, in Moorish
ad upon the rights of Ameri-
can commerce. Although his primary object was
inister salutary chastis 'ripolitans,
on his way” to his ultimate destinati
his arrival, Commodores Rogers and Bainbridge had
indicated to this Prince of the Moors what he m
expect from Americans, if his subjects continued their



















º
‘edations upon American commerce. But this
perious representive of the Sultan in Africa, seein-.
ed then to care little or nothing for a distant, and by
him a despised power, although his armed ships had
been captured and detained by its commanders.
He or his officers had ordered all American mer-
chantmen to be detained, and some had actually
been seized. Com. Preble had ordered his squad-
ron to bring in all Moorish vessels. Thus, in few
words, stood affairs with Morocco, when, on the
5th October, 1803, Decatur’s new commander, the
decided Preble, anchored the noble Constitution,
and the little Nautilus, in the bay, within half a mile
f the strong circular battery in the city of Tan-,
!. He was joined by the frigates New-York,
John Adams, Com. Rodgers. It was a proud
for American seamen, to behold this little §
squadron riding at anchor before an Emperor's
powerful battery, waiting the event either of a pa-
cific interview, or a tremendous contest. Every ship
as kept clear for action, and every man at his quar-
rs night and day, every thought was fixed upon
e decision of Com. Preble and the emperor of Mo-
rocco.
Upon the 6th, the Emperor
20,000 troops on the beach, in fu

























3TEPHEN DEcATUR.
.
the last created but little joy. It was no § tim
ceremony.—Preble was a man of business,
business must be done; and that without delay-
had more important concerns with the Bashaw of
Tripoli, than he had with the potent Emperor of
Morocco. Upon the 8th, the Emperor condescend-
ed again to look upon Com. Preble's little squadron.
Upon the ninth, the American Consul" was permit-
ted to communicate with the Commodore, and as-
sured him, that all American ships detained should *
be released, by order of the Emperor, and that the
this was the venerable James Simpson, who was appointed
by President Washington as consul at Morocco, soon after the
organization of the American government. He scarcely saw hi |
native country again to the day of his death in 1820. He had ... '
erected a beautiful mansion-house upon a commanding eminence in
the vicinity of Tangier, which he dignified by the name of Mount
Washington. While the author of these sketches was writing a
description of the Desert of Zahara, of the manners, habits and
customs of the Wandering Arabs, and of the Western coast of Afri-
ca, from the narration of the worthy and ingenuous Capt. Robbins,
so long a slave to the Arabs, he often mentioned this venerable
consul as the most benevolent friend of Christian slaves and Ame
rican seamen. It was to the exertions of this excellent man at
Tangier, and ty, Hon. WILLIAM WILL-
- #. wretched slaves have been re-
3:...”
ocean, e the distress occasioned by the el
LAND, the miseries inflicted by man, and from you have enj






























shore the next day.
Upon the 10th, the undaunted Commodore, hav-
ing given orders to the commander of his squadron
in his absence, to prepare for the worst, went ashore
with only four attendants", in full uniform, and com-
pletely armed. He was as fearless on shore in Afri-
ca, as he was on board of his squadron in the bay
of Tangier. His admiring countrymen in the squad-
ron, were gazing with anxious and silent expecta-
tion for the result of the interview ; but the Commo-
dore and his suite, of which the American consul
was one, walked through the double files of Moorish
dragoons with as much composure as they would
paced the quarter-deck of the frigate Constitu-
h was prepared to defend them, or to spread
amongst the Meors. The Commodore was
ested, not ordered, to lay aside his arms, which
he declined. He, with the venerable Ame-
can Consul, approached the Emperor, who was ar-
yed in all the magnificent splendour of an eastern
spot, and surrounded by an immense retinue of
is, guards and slaves. The Emperor asked
Emperor would give audience to the Commodore on












stephen decatua.
The awe-struck Emperor, immediately gave orders º
for the testoration of all American ships, and con-
firmed the treaty of 1786. The Commodore revok-
ed his orders to capture Moorish vessels, and thus,
in a few days, brought one of the most powerful of
the Barbary States to the terms of peace.
Decatur, in the schooner Enterprise, had for some
time lain off the island of Malta, preparing for the
contest which he concluded must be entered into,
when Com. Preble was ready to direct his whole
forces against Tripoli. He had infused into the bo-
soms of his officers and seamen the noble ardour
that inspired his own. Commodore Preble, having
settled his affairs with the Emperor of Morocc
was now preparing to accomplish the great obje
of his expedition—the complete subjugation of
poli. º
During this period, Capt. Bainbridge, in the fri.
gate Philadelphia, (whose first commander was De-
catur’s father,) with the Vixen Sloop of war, lay be-
fore Tripoli, and, with this small force, completely
blockaded that important port. On the last day of
October, the Philadelphia, lying about fifteen miles
from Tripoli, Capt. Ba ge discovered a large
A. ºf ºl. Tº..…. between him and the
š
chase to her, and



















ridge, and his no less gallant officers and crew,
upon the happening of this dreadful disaster. He
was even in a worse predicament than the heroic
Trowbridge in the Culloden upon the ground. He
was compelled to remain immoveable; and, unable to
aid, was only a witness of one of the splendid victo-
ries of Nelson. Bainbridge and his crew, while the
frigate floated, would have fought all Tripoli single-
handed. But his irreversible fate was decided—the
ship could not then be moved, and he was compell-
ed, when an overwhelming Tripolitan force assailed
him, to strike the banner of his country to the cres-
cent of Mahomet, and, with his noble crew, to be re-
duced to the most abject slavery, which the most
merciless of human beings can inflict upon civilized
man. The whole crew exceeded three hundred
mericans; and they were immediately immured in
dungeon. In this crew were Bainbridge, Porter,
Jones and Biddle-names familiar to every Ameri-
an who knows or appreciates the glory of his
ry. And here I have the infinite satisfaction
ording an instance of mi tual attachment, per- %:…
arallel in the history of the most ro-
ridge, his officers









stEPHEN DECATUB. 2. 93.
confined in a tower which overlooked the bay of Tri-
poli. They beheld their gallant countrymen, waſt-
ing triumphantly in their floating bulwarks, and knew
that the day of their redemption would one day
come. They knew that a Preble, a Decatur, and
the whole band of unconquerable warriors from the
“land of their home,” would not forget them. They
knew what they had done in Morocco, and what they
could do in Tripoli. Yet might they well say with
the first of geniuses, “ Disguise thyself as thou
will—still, slavery, thou art a bitter cup.” They
could not help thinking of their country—their
friends; and, what to an ocean-warrior, perhaps, is
dearer than all, the laurels they wished to gain in
chastising the diabolical wretches, who, by an un-
avoidable disaster, and not by their courage, now
held them in degraded subjugation.
But we turn from a picture, coloured in the dark-
est shades of human calamity, to one of the bright-
est ornaments of the human race. Lieutenant De-
catur, on the 14th of December, sailed from Malta
with the Schooner Enterprise, and laid his cours,
for Tripoli. The Tripolitans had seen this little
Schooner before, and t er already knows what
'ripoli, he engaged an













&
# 94. . . Life or ºg
whether to detain or release the captured vessel.
Upon investigation, he found that there were on
board two very distinguished Tripolitan officers,
and that the commander of her, in the most dastard-
ly manner, had attacked the Philadelphia frigate
when driven on a rock. He farther learned that on
this occasion he fought under false colours; and that
when the heroic but unfortunate crew of the Phila-
delphia could no longer resist the immense force
brought against her, he boarded her; and with the
well known ferocity of a Mahometan, plundered the
officers of the captured frigate. Here the exalted
character of Decatur began to be developed. He
was then, as he ever was, a lamb to his friends—a
lion to his enemies. He had before his eyes the
beloved frigate which had fallen a victim to misfor-
tune and to demons. But, adhering rigidly to the
rights of war, he manifested no resentment against
humbled and trembling wretches now in his pow-
ër. His great spirit scorned to make war upon
weakness, or triumph over a fallen-foe. He indig-
nantly disposed of the crew arded the papers
of the vessel to the American iment—took her
into the service of his try, and gave her a
name which she afterw so well s d
The Kerch INTREPID.
otwithstanding the loss of the fine fi
phia, and the bondage of her nobl sº
materially reduced the force of Com. Pre
quadron, that veteran offi as not to b
•
*
|
d from attempting to a




































stEPHEN DECATUR. 95.
ject of his government in sending him to the Medi-
terranean. Fortunately for his own fame, and for
he lasting glory and benefit of his beloved country,
le united the most eooi deliberation, with the most
dauntless courage. The first enabled him to pre-
pare well for the tremendous contest which lay be-
fore him. He might have exclaimed, in the language
* of an inimitable, although not a very modern Bard:
“The wide, th’ unbounded prospect lies before me,
* But shadows, clouds, and darkness sit upon it.”
The second enabled him, when entered into the
dreadful brunt of devastating warfare, to brave
death in its most appalling and horrid forms. In
Lieut. Decatur, he recognized a chivalrous warrior,
who, amidst a host of dangers and the strides of *
death, thought less of himself than he did of his
country and his crew. Fortunately was it, we mi
- again say, that there was such a man as Preble,
such a time, to command, such a man as Decatur.
He wanted nothing to stimulate him to the most dar-
ing attempts. At that youthful period of his life, his
courage rather needed restraint than excitement.
Preble, as commander o ittle squadron in the
Medi n, w e measure situated as
º s, when sommanding his little army at
|
upon the fate of this army, it must not be incau-
ly exposed.” The gallant Commodore mig
sº





























96 -- LiFE of
ty of her merchants, and the redemption of my coun- "
trymen from slavery, depend upon my small force, it
must not rashly be carried into a contest, where so
many chances are against its success.” -
He selected the harbours of the cities of Syracuse
and Messina for his general rendezvous in the Medi-
terranean,—occasionally lay off the island of Malta,
and sometimes carried his squadron into the bay of
Naples. No portion of this globe could afford the
ardent hero and the classical scholar a more sub-
lime subject for contemplation. Except some sec-
tions of the immense American Republic, no part of
our world seems to have been created upon a scale
so wonderfully grand. It is calculated to inspire the
m ost exalted views of the boundless greatness and
incomprehensible wisdom of creative power. Out
countrymen were here almost in view of Etna and
Vesuvius, which have for ages spread desolation
over the cities at their bases. The gulf of Charybdis,
- the place where Euphemia once was, and where the
hideous desolation of earthquakes are yet visible,
through Calabria, were within a few hours' sail. In
addition to this, it has been the theatre of the most
important events recorded in ancient or modern his-
tory. The min
y • * * of the historian, the scholar, th
poet and the warrior, seems to be irresistibly hurri
ck to the days of antiquity, and traces the e
d the works which have so astonishingly de
the moral, physical and intellectual facult























STEPHEN DECATUR. & 97
* the first stamp. The region in which they moved,
and the object they had to accomplish, were both
calculated to stimulate them to that pitch of unparal-
leled enthusiasm, which led them to the achievement
of such unparalleled deeds. • :
The renowned city of Syracuse is situated upon
the island of Sicily. The historian will readily re-
collect its former grandeur and importance; but the
writer has enjoyed the infinite satisfaction of learn-
ing its present state, from some of the accomplished
officers of Commodore Preble's squadron, and other
American gentlemen, who have recently explored
the island of Sicily, and resided in the city of Syra-
cuse. This island was once the region of fertility;
and while the Roman legions were striding from con-
quest to conquest, over what was then called “the
whole world,” this island was literally their grana-
ry. . The climate is altogether the finest that can be
imagined. The soil produces not only all the ne-
cessaries, but all the luxuries of life. The ancient
Syracusans carried their city to a pitch of grandeur,
second only to that of Rome. It can hardly be believ-
ad in the nineteenth century, that this single city, in
seldiers, and ten thousand horsemen; but such was
the fact. And when it is mentioned that her navy
amounted to four hundred vessels, the assertion would º
most seem to be incredible; but it is no less true.
At that period of their history, the Syracusans flour.
ished by war-they afterwards became degenerat-
y peace. Rome conquered Greece by arms,










98 LIFE of
and was herself conquered by the refinements of
Greece. It was easy for the clans which composed
what is generally called the “Northern Hive,” in
the fifth century of the Christian era, to conquer them
both. They only had to conquer a people by arms,
who had conquered themselves by effeminacy. The
Saxons, from whom Englishmen and Americans
principally derive their origin, led the van of that
myriad who precipitated themselves upon the an-
cient nations of Europe, and established those which
now so completely eclipse their former splendour.
The Gauls, Franks, and other clans, followed in their
train, and European nations are now what the Ro-
mans, Grecians, Carthaginians, and other ancient
nations were, about the commencement of the Chris-
tian era; and London, Paris, and other cities are
now, what Rome, Syracuse, and other cities were
them. . * *
While at anchor in the harbour of Syracuse, Lieut.
Decatur, and his brother officers, frequently went on
shore, and explored this city of ancient wealth, re-
finement and grandeur. In point of extent, the resi-
% dence of the Lieutenant, when in America, (although
Philadelphia is the largest city in our Republic,) it
would bear but a feeble comparison with Syracuse.
it is twenty-two miles in circumference; although
its limits could then be discovered only by the moul-
dering ruins of its ancient boundaries. Although
he natural ch the country remain the same,
creative power brought







STEPHEN DECATUR. * - 99
nerated, effeminated, and vitiated descendants of the
ancient Syracusans, had so scandalously degraded
the noble ancestors from whom they descended, that
the officers of Commodore Preble’s squadron, saw
nothing in them to excite their respect—much less
their admiration. - > •
But Decatur was not ordered by his government
to sail in an American armed ship to the Mediterra-
mean, for the purpose of visiting the tombs of Archi- º
medes, Theocritus, Petrarch and Virgil, or to return
home and amuse and delight his countrymen with the
present state of the “classic ground” which these
splendid geniuses have rendered sacred. His busi-
ness was to conquer a barbarous foe bordering upon
another portion of the Mediterranean, who never had
any more pretensions to the productions of genius,
than they have to the exercise of humanity. He
perfectly understood the ancient character of the
Syracusans, and from ocular demonstration, had
plenary evidence of their modern degeneracy. As
the squadron rendezvoused there to obtain water
and fresh provisions, the officers and seamen had
.* occasion frequently to be on shore within the city
by night and by day. Although the American Re-
public was at peace with the Neapolitan govern-
ment, yet there was no individual safety when in-
tercourse became necessary with its vindictive and
sanguinary subjects. From many interesting narra-
tions of many of the accomplished officers of Com- -
modore Preble's squadron, the fact may be asserted,
that the Syracusans, who were amongst the most no 3.
*





100 . LIFE OF
ble of the ancients, are amongst the most degraded
of the moderns. Their sordid and mercenary rulers
exercise a boundless, undefined and unrestrained
power over the miserable and degraded people—
they, in hopeless despondence, prey upon each
other; and, like Macbeth, having long waded in
blood, may as well advance as to recede; and, as if
blood was their aliment, they make a business of as-
sassination. • Armed with concealed daggers, stilet-
toes and knives, our unsuspecting officers and sea-
men were assailed when the earth was shrouded in
darkness, and sometimes escaped with their lives by
putting their assailants to death. Lieut. Decatur,
with his favourite associate, Midshipman Macdo-
nough, having occasion to be ashore until evening,
the latter was assailed by three of these armed as-
sassins. He placed himself against the wall of an
ancient ruin, and defended himself with his cutlass.
He severely wounded two of the assailants, the third
fled; and for safety ascended to the top of a build.
ing—was pursued by Macdonough, precipitated
himself to the ground, and met with the reward of
his infernal thirst for blood, in instantaneous death.*
This is no place for grave and prolix reflections—
they belong to the writers of ethics, and not to the
biographer; but it is utterly impossible to avoid the
inquiry, how the human heart can become so com-
sletely divested of the feelings of humanity, and be
etamorphosed into those of beasts of prey !—and
those portions of the world, where the arts and
es not only once flourished, but may be said




s TEPHEN DECATUR. 101
almost to have originated, should now be reduced to
a state far worse than that which is naturally sa-
vage 2 Many portions of Asia, Europe and Africa,
bordering upon the renowned Mediterranean sea,
are now inhabited by races of men far less magnani-
mous, and little less ferocious, than the aborigines
who roam through the boundless wildernesses of
America, where science never diffused its lights, and
where civilization never imparted its refined bless-
ings. - : -
While at Syracuse, Lieut. Decatur was incessant-
ly employed in preparing his crew for the unequal,
the daring and desperate contest in which he was
shortly to enter. His arduous and impatient soul
panted for an opportunity to avenge the injuries of
his country, and above all, to relieve his countrymen
from the dreadful state of wretchedness to which
they were reduced by their slavery under Jussuff, at
that time, reigning Bashaw of Tripoli.
It will not, I trust, be deemed a digression—in-
deed, upon second thought, it is no digression at all,
to make a brief allusion to the blood-thirsty demon
who sat upon the blood-stained throne of Tripoli,
while Decatur was pouring out the vindictive wrath
of an injured Republic, upon his no less blood-thirsty
Jussuff was, to the reigning family of Tripoli,
what Richard IH. once was to the reigning family
of England. He was a remote heir to the throne of
the Bashaw, filled by his father. The certain pro-
gress of t he king of terrors, or the sanguinary hand
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 9 * .* . . . .




102 LIFE OF
of some other assassin, might have placed him upon
the throne, according to the laws of succession, (if
they have any in Tripoli,) without ascending it with
his hands reeking in the blood of his father and his
eldest brother. Both of these he had murdered;
and his next oldest brother, Hamet Caramalli, ap-
prehending the same fate, sought a refuge from un-
natural death, by fleeing into Egypt Having no
other rival, this modern Cain mounted the throne of
his father and his brother; and, as he had acquired
it by violating the laws of God, of Nature, and of
Man, he endeavoured to support himself upon it, by
re-acting the same tragical scenes which carried him
to it. The “compunctious visitings” of conscience,
the monitor in the human breast, excited no horrors
in his callous and reprobate heart. A gleam of hor-
rid triumph seemed to shed a baleful and blasting il-
lumination over his blackened and bloody soul. He
“grinned horribly a ghastly smile” at the fate of his
innocent and exiled brother, and gnashed his teeth
at the gallant Bainbridge, his noble crew, and the
rest of American prisoners then in his dungeons.
It was in vain for Mr. Lear, then American Consul,
by all the melting and impassioned appeals he could
make to the obdurate heart of this devil incarnate,
to obtain the least mitigation of the indescribably
wretched bondage to which his beloved country-
men were reduced. As well might the lamb bleat
*...* * for mercy in the paw of a tiger, or the child attempt
to demolish the Bashaw's castle with his wind-gun.
Ir, Lear was compelled to be an agonized specta-











stEPHEN DEcArup. 103
tor of the accumulated and accumulating miseries of
gallant Americans, who had left the regions of hap-
piness—the arms of fathers, mothers, brothers and
sisters—of wives and children, to redeem by their
courage, their own countrymen, who had previously
been enslaved. The powerful arms of Bainbridge
and his crew, which, at liberty, would have scatter-
ed death amongst a host of Turks, were pinioned and
lashed together, and driven to the shore; and, in
taunting derision, commanded to cast their swim-
ming eyes upon their shipmates, then wafting in the
bay of Tripoli; and to heave forth the sighs of
hearts, already bursting, for the land of their homes.
But I must retract, not a tear was dropped; not a
sigh was heaved; for revenge had closed the flood-
gates of grief, and American hearts, beating in bo-
soms truly American, panted for nothing but ven-
geance upon their demoniacal oppressors. º
The Bashaw, who might well be compared to the
toad which wished to swell itself to the size of the
ox, repesed in fancied security. He cast a malig-
nant glance at the little squadron in which Decatur
was one of the distinguished leaders. He saw in the
bay spreading before his city, his batteries, and his
castles, a noble American frigate, (the Philadel phia,)
and the pride of the American navy—upon which
the “star-spangled banner” once triumphantly wav-
ed, now added to his naval force ; manned by a dou-
ble crew of Tripolitans, and with the Turkisherescent
waving on its mast. He saw its once gallant crew,
miserable slaves in his ewn gloomy dungeons; an



#64 : £1 F8 ep’
in anticipation, feasted his cannibal appetite upen
all the victims which the American squadron could
add to his list of Christian slaves. :
Decatur's fearless and noble soul was not only
aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiastic courage,
but it was absolutely inflamed with desperation to
behold his former companions in the navy thus de-
graded—thus humiliated—thus subjugated. But,
like a lion growling at a distance, and indicating to
his foe their future fate, he was restrained by a su-
perior power, from rushing too presipitately upon
the barbarous enemy he wished instantly to encoun-
ter. All personal considerations were completely
merged and lost in the agony he felt for his brother
officers and seamen in slavery. He had taken his
life in his hand, and seemed anxious to offer it tip,
if so decreed by the God of battles, for the redemp-
tion of his endeared countrymen. But the gallant,
the noble, and yet cautious Preble, his almost ador.
ed commander, knew full well that the means in his
hands must be directed with the utmost caution to
accomplish the end he had in view. With no less
ardour than Decatur, he had a far greater responsi-
bility as commander in chief of the little American
squadron. He could not endure the thought, that
hi favourite officer should fall a victim to his des-
rate courage; and the gallant Lieutenant was, for
trained from attempting the desperate and
tic enterprise.
hardly within the compass of the human ima-















STEPHEN DECATUR. 105.
of glory. AND or country”.”
stances so well calculated to inspire the soul of an
ardent and chivalrous hero, like Decatur, as the si-
... tuation of the Philadelphia frigate and her gallant
crew. She was built in the city where he had spent
the days of his boy-hood—where he obtained the ru-. w
diments of a polite education, and the theoretical
principles of naval tactics. In addition to this, his
beloved and gallant father was her first commander.
for previous years, he had served in our infant Na-
vy, were held in “durance vile” by the vilest of
wretches who bear the form of man. These were
enough—but let not the cool reasoners upon human
motives and human passions sneer when it is said,
that a consideration paramount to all these swayed
his noble heart—His country was DEGRADED.
That, indeed, was enough for him; for his whole
life evinced that his country was first in his heart—
first in his arm, and first in the hour of appalling
danger. To that country his immortalized father
had dedicated him—to that country he had volunta-
rily devoted himself. Had he not been educated
in a Christian country, it would seem as if he had
taken his system from the doctrines taught by Ly-
surgus to the ancient Spartans.—“Obedience to the
laws—respect for parents—reverence for old age
—inflexible honour—undaunted courage—contempt
History, Ancient and Modern.
of danger and of death —and, above all, the Love -
vide Professor Tytler's Lectures, on the elements of Gene al













*
To recapture the Philadelphia, was absolutely im-
practicable, as the writer has been assured by some
of the accomplished officers of Commodore Preble's
uadron. She was moored under the guns of thé
Bashaw's castle and his extensive and powerful bat-
teries; and was herself completely prepared to join
them in repelling any assailant that should approach
her. There were these alternatives—She must ei-
ther be destroyed, consta ntly blockaded, or suffered to
escape and commit depredations upon the commerce,
and outrage upon the citizens of the country who
built, equipped and manned her.
Decatur, with the most impassioned and fervent
appeals to the Commodore, entreated him to permit
an attempt to destroy her as she lay at her moorings.
It was an attempt so pregnant with danger, and ap-
proaching so near to certain destruction, that the
heroic, though cautious Preble hesitated in granting
the request. The imminent hazard of the enterprise
was pointed out in such a manner as was calculated
to allay the ardour of the most romantic heroism.
But Decatur, rising above the ordinary calculations
of chances—retiring into his own bosom, and form-
ing his judgment from his own exalted gallantry,
ok no counsel from fear, but volunteered his ser-
ses to his superior officer, to command th e despe-
; l und erta ki n & . sº º it. a *

















STEPHEN DECATUR.
was increased as the danger of the attempt was mag-
nified. At this early period of his life, he seemed
to have revived the spirit which pervaded the hearts
of men in the “Age of Chivalry ;” and to hav
adopted the ancient axiom, “the greater the danger
the greater the glory.” But let it be remembered
that Decatur sought for glory, only by the discharge
of duty.
Uniting the most consummate sagatity, with the
most daring courage, he selected the little Ketch In-
trepid, which as previously mentioned he had him-
self captured, in full view of the bay where the Phi-
ladelphia was moored. He was aware that if the
expedition should prove successful, it would render
the mortification of the insolent Bashaw doubly se-
vere, to see a little vessel which lately belonged
to his own marine force, boldly advance under the
guns of his battery and castle, and destroy the largest
ship that belonged to his navy. A ship too which
he neither built nor honourably captured, but which
became his by the irresistible laws of the elements.
No sooner was it known that this expedition was
to be undertaken, than the crew of Lieut. Decatur
volunteered their services—ever ready to follow
their beloved commander to victory or to death.
Other seamen followed their example. Nor was
this the most conclusive evidence of the unbounded .
confidence placed in his skill and courage. Lieut.
tur; and for the expedition took the Brig Syren, and
Charles Stewart, also volunteered under Deca





LIFE of
a few boats; and, to show still farther the high es-
timation in which he was holden—Lieut. James
Lawrence, and CHARLEs Morris, and Thomas
MacDonough (then midshipmen) entered on board
the Intrepid with Deeatur. What a constellation of
rising ocean-heroes were here associated! . They
were then all young officers, almost unknown to
fame. Now their names are all identified with the
naval glory of the American Republic. -
#








stern EN secatur. 19
s
Improper estimate of battles—Lieutenant Decatur sails for Tripo-
li in the Ketch Intrepid—Bailed by adverse winds—Diminution
of provisions—Reaches the harbour of Tripoli 16th Feb. 1804–
Loses the assistance of the Syren and the boats—Enters the har-
bour with the Ketch Intrepid—Boards the Philadelphia, follow-
ed by Morris, Lawrence, Macdonough and the crew—Compels
the Turks to surrender—Sets the Philadelphia frigate on fire,
and secures his retreat—Gen. Eaton and Caramalli–Consterna-
tion of Bashaw—Joy of American prisoners—Small force of Com-
modore Preble. , . .
The readers of history are extremely prone to
attach importance to battles upon land or upon sea
in proportion to the numbers engaged in them, and
to bestow a greater or less degree of applause upon
the victors on the same principle. Nothing can be
more fallacious. The battle of New-Orleans, in
America, in point of courage and generalship, equal-
led that of Waterloo in Europe; and the event we
- are about to record, i
was equalled, by the
ictory at Copenhagen. We
it surpassed, if indeed it
do not here speak of the consequences which follow-
ed to the different countries, but of the heroes who
achieved the victories; and it is fearlessly asserted,
that, when every circumstance is taken into con
ration, the fame of Jackson, in the one, v
ill vie
§§.. crews of the Ketch Intrepid and
tº
side-
with that of Wellington, and Decatur’s, in the other.











the brig Syren were made up, the utmost dispatch
was used in preparing them for the expedition.
The Ketch was fitted out as a fire-ship
should be necessary to use her as such. The Brig
and the boats accompanying her, were to aid, as
circumstances rendered it necessary, and to receive
the crew of the Ketch if she was driven to the neces-
sity of being blown up.
Upon the 3d day of February, Decatur weighed
anchor in the little Intrepid, accompanied by Lieut.
Stewart, in the Syren, who was also accompanied
by the boats. A favourable wind would have waft-
ed them to their destined port in less than five days; "
but for fifteen days, they encountered the most bois-
terous and tempestuous weather. Instead of en-
countering a barbarous enemy, they were buffeting
he waves and struggling for life with a tumultuous
and agitated sea. Nothing could be better calcu-
lated to repress the ardour of Decatur and his little
nd. His provisions were diminished and almost
ended; and although not a murmur escaped from
ips of the humblest seaman, it may well be ima-
d what must be their reflections, when liable
hour to be swallowed up by the waves; and,
escaped them, to be famished with hunger .
n’s mouth, b














STEPHEN DECATUR. 111
with the Turkish Crescent proudly waving at her
head. The apprehensions arising from storms and
famine were suddenly banished by the prospect of a
glorious victory or a glorious death. Lord Nelson,
when entering into the action of Cape St. Vincent,
exclaimed, “ Glorious Victory—or WesTMIN-
stER Abbey”.” Decatur might have exclaimed—
“THE PHILADELPHIA FRIGATE–ok A Monum ENT
IN PHILADELPHIA CITY.” .
It had previously been arranged between Decatur
and Lieut. Stewart, that the Intrepid accompanied
by the boats which had been attached to the Syren,
should enter the harbour at 10 o’clock—with the
utmost possible silence bear down upon the Phila-
delphia, and take her by boarding. But as if fate
had entered its veto against the success of the expe- º
dition, the Syren, with all the boats, by a change of
wind, were driven from five to ten miles from the
Intrepid, leaving Decatur, with only seventy volun-
teers in this small Ketch. The moment of decision
had come. His provisions were nearly expended,
and the expedition must have been relinquished for
º * … º.º.º. º.º.º.º.º.º.
** To the common reader, the exclamation of Nelson may not .
be altogether intelligible. It has, for some centuries, been custo-
mary in England to entomb the bodies of Heroes, Statesmen, Poets,
&c. in “Westminster Abbey,” as one of the highest honours that -
can be bestowed upon the “illustrious dead,” and to erect a mo-
nument or statue near them. The great Doct. Johnson, in the
of death, ------. . . . . .” -- . . . . . . . ~...--. . . . . . ---...----
in Professor Silliman's Journal.
3%
was consoled, when told that his body would be
The reader will find an elegant description of














: - . . life or *
- - •
that season, unless the object of it was now accom-
plished. He knew that his gallant little crew were
as true to him as the needle, by which he directed
his Ketch to Tripoli, was to the pole. Wherever
he would lead, he knew they would follow. Having
a Maltese pilot on board the Ketch, he ordered him
to answer the hail from the frigate in the Tripolitan
tongue; and, if they were ordered to come to an
anchor, to answer, that they had lost their anchors
upon the coast in a gale of wind, and that a com-
pliance with the order was impossible. He address-
ed his gallant officers and men in the most animated
and impassioned style—pointed out to them the glo-
ry of the achievement, which would redound to -
themselves, and the lasting benefit it would secure
to their country—that it would hasten the redemp-
tion of their brother seamen from horrible bondage,
and give to the name of Americans an exalted rank
even amongst Mahometans. Every heart on board
swelled with enthusiasm, and responded to the pa-
triotic sentiments of their beloved commander, by
wishing to be led immediately into the contest.
Every man was completely armed—not only with
the most deadly weapons, but with the most daunt-
less courage. .
The reader may form some faint conceptions of
he tremendous hazard of this engagement, by learn-
g that the Philadelphia was moored near the Ba-
her full broadsides of




























stephen Decatur. i i 3
ed directly into the harbour, and were all mounted
and loaded with double-headed shot. Two of the
Tripolitan’s largest corsairs were anchored within
two cables' length of her starboard quarter, while a
great number of heavy gun-boats were stationed
about the same distance from her starboard bow.
As the Bashaw had reasons daily to expect an at-
tack from Com. Preble's squadron, the Tripolitan
commander of the Philadelphia had augmented her
crew to nearly a thousand Turks. In addition to all
these formidable, yea, appalling considerations,
Decatur and his noble crew knew full well, that after
having entered into this dreadfully unequal combat,
there was no escape. It was a “forlorn hope”—
it was victory, slavery, or death—death perhaps by
the hands of the Turks—perhaps by the explosion 3:33. . . . .”
of the Intrepid. .
As soon as darkness had concealed the Ketch º
from the view of the Tripolitans, Decatur bore slow-
ly into the barbour, and approached the numerous
magazines of death which were prepared to repel
or destroy any assailant that should approach. The
light breeze he had when he entered the harbour,
died away, and a dead calm succeeded. At 11
o'clock, he had approached within two hundred
yards of the Philadelphia. An unbroken silence
for the three preceding hours had prevailed; re- .
minding the poetical reader of the expressive cou-
“A fearful silence now invades the ear,
And in that silenee all a tenºest fear.”











answered as previously directed, and the sentinel
supposed “all was well.” The Ketch gradually
approached the frigate; and when within about fifty
yards of her, Decatur ordered the Intrepid's small
tur
boat to take a rope and make it fast to the fore-
chains of the frigate, and the men to return imme-
diately on board the Ketch. This done, some of
the crew, with the rope, began to warp the Ketch
along-side the Philadelphia. The imperious Turks
at this time began to imagine that “all was not
.” The
. tact with the frigate–Decatur, full armed, darted
li ng upon her deck, and was immediately
follo
wed by Midshipman Morris. For a full minute
lowed their commander, and were
lowed by the whole of the little crew of the Intrepid.
A scene followed which beggars description. The
fusion which the unexpected assault occasioned.
T hey rushe upon deck from every other part of the .
er. Decatur and his crew formed a
e Ketch was suddenly brought into con-































stEPHEN pro ATUR. 115
impossible to ascertain the number slain; but it was
estimated from twenty to thirty. As soon as any
Turk was woun ded, he immediately jumped over-
board, choosing a voluntary death, rather than the
disgrace of losing blood by the hand of a “Chris-
tian dog,” as the Mahometans universally call all
Christians. Those who were not slain, or who had
leaped overboard, excepting one, escaped in a boat
Decatur now found himself in complete possession
of the Philadelphia, and commanded upon the same
deck where his gallant father had commanded be-
fore him. But in life, he was in the midst of death.
He could not move the frigate, for there was no
wind—he could not tow her out of the harbour, for
- he had not sufficient strength. The Bashaw's troops
commenced a tremendous fire from their batteries
and the castle, upon the frigate. The gun-boats
were arranged in the harbour; and the two corsairs
near her were pouring their fire into her starboard
quarter. Decatur and his gallant companions re-
mained in the frigate, cool and collected, fully con-
vinced that that was the only place where they could
defend themselves. Finding it totally impossible to
- withstand, for any length of time, such a tremen-
dous cannonade as was now bearing upon him, he
most combustible parts, and run the hazard of escap
ing with his officers and seamen, in the little Intr
id, which still lay along side of her. It was a me
ment, pregnant with the most awful, or the
º
























1 16
- After
nd his asso-
toke,
:- - - - -2 iladelphia. As the fl
loaded cannon in the frigate, they were
the harbour, without any injury, and those pointing
into the city of Tripoli, to the great damage and con-
ternation of the barbarous wretches who had load-
ºn hem to destroy our countrymen.
wholly impossible for those unaccustomed to .
scenes like this, to form a conception of the feelings
of Decatur and his comrades upon this occasion.
. Their safe retreat was next to a resurrection from
the dead. Not an American was slain in the despe-
rate rencontre, and but four were wounded. Commo-
dore Preble might well exclaim to Lieut. Decatur
: . . . . . . . . . . . . ining his squadron, as an ancient Baron to
t—
s: thou art twice a conqueror,
For thou bringest home full numbers.”
Equally impossible is it to imagine the feelings of
Capt. Bainbridge and his companions in bondage
, one after the other—those pointing into








































№ae，
7% e V.S. /rz/weze Pºzzzzzze， waeze Złoczºny··vzrůſºew «por a ro，... Zº zºrºs sržniczºw，she surrenders.ºwn.§
zº zozeeover, orºſzºrºv ***w* ºº wożenżer， «ažºs zorzársá）. Zºroa， ſer & tão， moore« under
ſhaw & Bazzerves & ºwzºrov， z že wrth aerº mem rzzså om ſøør， & Zozºły zzzzzz.conquer the crewoºnaar z000
mer… º， y ſer recovery izraeſ. zraewch woor， zorož， ses « terraezze arpzosťovae,wżſzeZecatur & ***crewsfaeſy
&#enemzeº žatverze， & så?».ſae
§§





stephen Decatur. 117
upon this almost miraculous event. They heard
the roar of cannon in their gloomy dungeon, and saw
the gleaming light of he flames; but knew not the
cause. Upon learning the cheering tidings, joy
º converted their chains and cords to silken thre us.
. If was a presage of their deliverance, and foretold
to them a glorious jubilee.
The highest reward a gallant and aspiring officer
can receive is Promotion; and to promote, is the
most difficult duty of our government. If by a suc-
cessful enterprise like that just described, a junior
naturally expects promotion, and the last, so far as
they can, seem to demand it. Senior officers, not
having had an opportunity to signalize themselve º
feel the very excess of mortification at seeing a
nior carried over their heads for any reason w
ever. It was this that all but drove the galla
lamented Lawrence to a resignation. It would
miliar with every critical reader of our naval histo-
. if some, his greatest achievement, there was
no intermediate grade between a first Lieutenant
ed for the destruction of the Ph ------------ *i...
s holden by his brother officers, who º
is, that they voluntarily consented, that he











































should be promoted over them; thus furnishing
“confirmation, strong as proof of holy writ,” of the
consummate skill and gallantry of Decatur, and of
the exalted magnanimity of his brother officers.
Capt. Decatur remained with the squadron of
Com. Preble at their rendezvous until the spring of
1804, enjoying with his admiring comrades the high
reputation he had acquired. Far, however, from
being satisfied with one glorious achievement, he
only considered it as the beginning of a life of glory.
The unvarying modesty of all our naval chain-
pions has become proverbial. It is not that affected
modesty which made Caesar for a time decline a
crown, and then accept of it; but that real dignified
modesty which is a concomitant of real and exalt-
ed worth. So far from gasconading boasting, they
seldom speak of themselves or their achievements;
and instead of monopolizing the applause which the
world is anxious to bestow upon them, they rather
seem solicitous that their comrades should fully par-
cipate with them in the ſame they have acquired.
*
A. iterary correspondent of the writer, when request-
ed to furnish some memoranda of one of our most
distinguished Post-Captains, thus expresses himself:
–“ With respect to anecdotes drawn from private
amunications, as far as my own observation has eº-
ed, Capt. ********** is a man of such singular
esty, that in the course of an unreserved acquaint-
h him for some years, I do not remember ever -
m speak, in detail, . ** -
of any incidents con-


















stephen Decatur. 118
he had accomplished, and only looked forward t
himself, or are highly interesting to the public.” A
more perfect picture of Capt. Decatur could not be
drawn. He always seemed to have forgotten what
the temple of Fame, through the long and brilliant
vista of deeds of immortal renown. *
Com. Preble, fully sensible of the deficiency of
...his squadron in vessels of a smaller class, negotiat-
ed with the king of Naples for the loan of two bom-
bards, and six gun-boats. Nelson, when command-
ing immense squadrons of ships of the line, declar-
ed that “ Frigates were the eyes of a fleet;” and gun-
boats were to Preble, what frigates were to him.
This great man and veteran officer had the scantiest
means to accomplish a most important end. But as
the gallant Henry V. with his little army before
Agincourt, “wished not for another man from Eng-
land,” so Preble wished not for another keel, ano-
ther gun, or another man from America. His obl
soul converted his little squadron into a powerful
fleet, and surrounded by such officers as Decatur,
Somers, Stewart, Lawrence, Morris, Macdonough,
Trippe, and others then less known, and perhap
equally gallant, his comrades were magn ified it
While Com. Preble was thus preparing to nego-
tiate with the tyrannous and murderous Jussu
the mouth of his cannon, and to send his ultim
in powder and ball, Mr. William Bal §§
eviously been a consul from America
irranean, conceived the daring and ro



















120 tire or
ject of restoring Hamet Caramalli to the throne of
Tripoli, which had been usurped by the reigning
Bashaw. Hamet had relinquished all hopes of re-
a throne which had always been acquired
by blood and assassination. Like a philosopher,
he had retired to Egypt, where the Beys of that an-
cient kingdom extended to him their protection and
their hospitality. To use his own language, as trans-
lated into ours, he—“reposed in the security of peace
—had almost ceased to repine for the loss of his throne,
and regretted only the lot of his unhappy people, doom-
ed to the yoke of his cruel and tyrannical brother.”
Novel language this, to be sure, in the mouth of an
Ishmaelitish Mahometant How much his “unhappy
people” would have been benefitted by his reign,
cannot now be determined; as he is not amongst
the “legitimate sovereigns” who have in later times
d through the blood of their own subjects to
es from which they were driven by the public
;—thrones which tremble beneath them, and
1 they maintain only by the strong arm of pow-
me few Americans, from the American squadron,
joined Eaton, and many natives of various tribes,
languages A.



















sterhEN DECATuR.
instances are left us upon record of princes, wh
have been exiled from their thrones and kingd
who have enjoyed either of them upon their rest
tion. The houses of Stuart, Bourbon and Brag,
furnish the commentary. The expiring hopes o
. Caramalli, were bri ghtened up Ł y the ardent and
romantic Eaton, as a sudden gust elicits a spark from
the faint glimmering light in the socket. He cast a
longing eye toward the dangerous throne of Tripoli,
more than half a thousand miles distant, between
which and himself stretched an immense desert, se
cond only in barrenness and desolation to that of
Zahara. But nothing could repress the ardour of
Eaton. The idea of an American, taking from the
land where Pharaoh once held the children of Israel.
in captivity, an exiled prince, and placing him upon
n
grateful Caramalli, if an Ishmaelite can be §§ 3.33%
took leave of his Egyptian friends, and
§ himself under the ban ner pfº º aton. º H sº
#


























of incon &
Life of
uous materials, called an army, moved
they m ight have anticipal ed from the nature of the
country. After passing about six hundred miles,
º they reached the city of Derne, which they trium-
phantly entered, and at least found some repose and
a 3. S up ply x for the i r im In e d iat e wan tS. … .
The reigning Bashaw, in the mean time, had aug.
mented his garrisons to three thousand Turkish
troops, and an army of more than twenty thousand
Arabs were encamped in the neighbourhood of the
º strong city of Tri poli. However contemptuously
he might smile at the force which surrounded his ap-
proaching brother, by land, and however file he
st
He had seen the gallant Capt. Decatur
ful looking for of judgment” harrowed his guilty
soul, when he beheld the whole of Com. Preble’s
, upon the first week of August; approach-


















stephen pecatur. 123
prisoners, from the American government, to enable
him to support the vain and gorgeous pageantry of
royalty, he demanded the sum of six hundred thou-
sand dollars for their emancipation, and an annual
tribute, as the price of peace. This, Mr. Lear in-
dignantly rejected. He left it with such negotiators
as Preble, Decatur, &c. to make the interchange of
powers, and to agree upon the preliminaries of a
treaty. - ------ - . . . . . . . - -
After having stated that the whole of Com. Pre-
ble's squadron lay before Tripoli, the reader may
have been led to suppose that it was a very formi-
dable force. But to prepare the mind to follow him
and his comrades into the harbour, and to pursue
him to the very mouths of the Bashaw's cannon upon
his batteries, in his castle, and on board his cor-
sairs, gun-boats, and other marine force, mounting
little less than three hundred cannon—Let it be re-
membered that his whole squadron, including th
Neapolitan bombards and gun-boats, mounted less
guns than one completely armed Seventy-Four, and
one Frigate. His squadron consisted of one frigate,
three brigs, (one of which had been captured from
the enemy,) three schooners, two b in
eader not to hope;






















CHAPTER IX.
Bieutenant Decatur promoted to the rank of Captain—Prepara-
tions for a general attack upon Tripoli–Capt. Decatur takes.
command of a division of Gun-boats—Disparity of force between
his and the enemy's—He grapples and captures a Tripolitan
boat—ls bearing for the squadron with his prize—Hears of the
treacherous murder of his brother, Lieut. James Decatur—Re-
turns to the engagement, and followed by Midshipman Macdo-
nough and nine seamen, boards the enemy's boat—Slays the
Turk who slew his brother, and bears his second prize to the
squadron—Other achievements of the Squadron, Bombards, and
Gun-boats–Effects of the attack upon the Bashaw and Tripoli-
fans. - w º -
CAPT. Decatur, at this time, (August 1804,) was
placed in the first grade of officers in the American
Navy; and, to remind him of the gallant achieve-
ment for which he was there placed, his commission
bore date the memorable 16th day of February, 1804.
He also received a vote of thanks, expressed in the
most applauding terms, and also an elegant sword,
for the destruction of the Philadelphia frigate.
These high honours were amongst the first of this
nature bestowed upon the officers of the Navy.
They were more gratifying to such a mind as De-
catur’s, than it would have been to have captured a
f merchantmen, and to have shared largely in











stephen decatur. 125
ment and commander, he sought only to show the
world, by his future conduct, that he deserved them.
There being but one frigate in the squadron, and
that commanded by Commodore Preble, there was
yet no national ship in the Mediterranean, of a rate
that corresponded with Capt. Decatur's grade. But,
little did he care in what sort of vessel he served
his country, so be it he could efficiently aid in com-
pelling the imperious Jussuff to bow to American
prowess; and, after being humiliated, to release
from bondage the noble and gallant Bainbridge-
his gallant officers and seamen—and all the Ameri-
cans holden in Mahometan slavery.
Commodore Preble had made the best possible
preparations he could, with his limited means, to ef-
fect his ultimate object. The two preceding squad-
rons sent from America to the Mediterranean, under
Commodores Dale and Morris, had gone but little be-
yond mere blockading ships—for this was all they
could do. The American government, in the sea-
son of 1804, used every exertion to prepare a respect-
able augmentation to Commodore Preble’s squadron,
and in the mean time, he was preparing to make
“demonstrations” upon Tripoli rather more impres-
sive than those made by ten times his force upon
ſe'Henry, fort Bowyer, and fort St. Phillip, by
immense British squadrons, in the war of 1812, in
fort Mc’.
America.
After having been baffled for a 1
verse winds, he reached the harbo
the last week of July. The Bashaw a
ong time by








guise the real apprehensions he felt, by exclaiming
of fighting.” He had not yet sufficiently studied the
Am erican character; and needed a few more lessons
hend it. He was soon to learn that Americans upon
the ocean were not like the children of Israel, or the
descendants of Ishmael.
Captain Decatur was selected by Commodore
Preble to command one division of the Gun-boats,
and Lieut. Somers the other. The duty imposed
upon them was of a nature the most hazardous; as
from the little water they drew, they could come al-
most in contact with the Bashaw's batteries and cas-
the, where the numerous gun-boats of the Tripolitans
were stationed. As this was one of the most des-
hich Capt. Decatur was ever called to display his
desperate courage, the reader will indulge the wri-
ter in detailing it particularly, as related to him by
one of the officers on board the Constitution, lying
in full view of the bloody scene.
#
a bombards, each carrying a mortar of thirteen
les, were commanded, one by Lieut. Comman-
it Dent, and the other by first Lieu.
were c Om l manded,
. Robinson, of
titution. The Gun-boats were thus arran
ing each a brass twenty-six pounder.
g-
º -

































stephen Decatur. 147
The Constitution, the Brigs, and the Schooners,
were to be situated to cover them from the fire of .
the batteries and the castle, and to silence the tre-
mendous cannonade expected from more than two
hundred pieces of heavy ordnance mounted in them,
and on the marine force of the enemy. Although
the squadron had been long in the Mediterranean,
the unceasing vigilance and assiduity of Com. Pre-
ble, Capt. Decatur, and the rest of the officers and
seamen, had kept it in the most complete prepara-
tion for any service. The Bashaw was also prepar-
ed to receive them, and, (as he confidently expected.)
to repulse them. Preble had not the most distant
wish to enter the city with his small force. He was
determined, if possible, to destroy the naval force,
the batteries, and the castle of the enemy, and con-
quer them into peace upon his chosen element.
Upon the 3d of August, the gales had subsided,
and the Commodore resolved to commence an at-
tack. The disparity of force between Preble and
the Bashaw at Tripoli, was much greater than that
of Nelson and the king of Denmark at Copenhagen.
At about half past ten o’clock, the two bombards,
from signals previously arranged, stood in for the
town, followed by the whole squadron, in the most
gallant style. More than two hundred of the Ba.
shaw's guns were brought to bear c
enemy, were one heavy armed Brig—two Scho
ers—two large Gallies, and nineteen Gun-boats, e.
º of superior force to those command ed by Lapt. De
American squadron. Included in this force of the






128 Life of
catur and Lieut. Somers; as they mounted each a
brass twenty-four pounder in the bow, and two smal-
ler guns in the stern.-The number of men in each
boat of the enemy, were forty. In the six boats o
rur squadron, were twenty-seven Americans, a
thirteen Neapolitans each; but as the latter, in close
engagement, remained aghastin awe-struck astonish-
ment, and declined boarding, they were of but little
Thus, then, at the commencement of the engage-
ment between the rival gun-boats, the different forces.
American. sº . Tripolitan. . .
sº Gun-boats 6, *::: . . . . * #
American, 169 ) Officers ) l Guns, . 57
*:::::::::: and , {* officers and seamen, 7.6
“*” “y seamen y |
To “make assurance doubly sure,” the enemy's
gun-boats were stationed directly under cover of the
Bashaw's batteries, and within gun-shot of them.
So perfectly confident were their commanders of a
decisive victory, that the sails of every one of them
quadron as to afford every possible aid to his two
ba ds and his si n-boats: but his ulterior
• ----- - - - st shot into the bat-
in-knowing that if he
in his den, his affright-
*

































stephen Decatur. 129
&
spectators, were crowded to overflowing, to behold
the triumph of Mahometans over Christians. .
At a little before 3 o'clock, the gallant Commo-
dore made signal for general action. The bombards
advanced; and with a precision and rapidity, per-
fectly astonishing, poured their shells into the city.
The immense force of the Bashaw immediately open-
ed their whole batteries upon the squadron, from the
land and in the harbour. The Constitution, the
Brigs, and Schooners, advanced within musket-shot
of them, and answered the fire of the enemy.
Capt. Decatur, in the leading gun-boat of his di-
vision, followed by Lieutenants Bainbridge and
Trippe, in Nos. 5 and 6, bore impetuously into the
midst of the enemy's windward division of nine Gun-
boats, consisting of the men and guns before men-
tioned. He had previously ordered his three boats § 3. ...
to unship their bowsprit, as he and his dauntless com- .
rades resolved to board the enemy. Lieut. Somers
and his division, were to follow and support C:
Decatur's; but his and Lieut. Blake's boats had
fallen so far to leeward, that it was impossible.
Lieut. James Decatur, of No. 2, however, brought
his boat into his intrepid b
tered into the engagem
with him. A co
gined.
structive struggle with swords, sabres,
















§ eeded. º C > a p --- r -
ned Il manned—leaped on board her—
ſu
was followed by only fifteen Americans, (little
than one third of the Tripolitans in numbers,) a
the space often minutes made her his prize.
this moment, the American Gun-boats were
tº within range of the Bashaw's batteries,
h opened a tremendous cannonade upon them.
- m 3dore Preble, perceiving the imminent dan-
ger, and the almost inevitable destruction of Capt.
l ecatur’s division of boats, immediately ordered the
signal for retreat to be made. In the heat of the
battle of Copenhagen, Lord Parker ordered the sig-
mal for retreat to be made. One of Nelson's officers
bserved it, and reminded the Admiral of the cir-
cumstance. He immediately raised his glass to his
one-blind eye—declared he “could not see it”—
he hazard of his life, for disobedience of or--
º ne of his greatest vict »ries. It was
us signals on board the Co
ess Preble then advance




























stephen Decatus. 13t
upon transgression, rer mained for Cap # Decatur, be- it.
fore he left the blood-stained harbour of Tripoli.
s gallant brother, Lieut. James Decatur, no less
daring than himself, had captu red a Tripolitan Gun-
boat; and, after it was surrendered to him, its com-
mander, with diabolical perfidiousness, combined
with dastardly ferocity, shot him dead, just as he as
stepping upon the deck! While the Americans were
recovering the body of their slain commander, the
Turk escaped with the prize-boat. As Capt. Deca-
tur was bearing his prize triumphantly out of the
harbour, this heart-rending catastrophe was commu-
nicated to him. *
Instinctive vengeance, sudden as the electric
shock, took possession of his naturally humane and
philanthropic soul. It was no time for pathetic la-
mentation. The mandate of nature, and of nature's
God, cried aloud in his ear—“Avenge a brother’s
sloop.” With a celerity almost superhatural, he
changed his course—rushed within the enemy’s
whole line with his single boat, with the gallant Mac. º
ºdonough and nine men only as his crew ºf His pre-
2^ vious desperate rencontres, scarcely para Jeled, and
never surpassed in any age or country, seem like
f itself. compared with what immediately
Like an an night, in the days of
hivalry, he scorned, on an oe 1:1-2 : * > . .
arnish his sword with the blood of vassals. His
object was to board the boat that contained the
and treacherous commander, whose hands




































132
This gained, he forced his way through a crew of
Turks, quadruple the number of his own, and like
an avenging messenger of the King of Terrors, sin-
gled out the guilty victim. The strong and power.
ful Turk first assailed him with a long espontoon,
heavily ironed at the thrusting end. In attempting
to cut off the staff, Captain Decatur furiously struck
the ironed part of the weapon, and broke his sword
at the hilt. The Turk made a violent thrust, and
wounded Decatur in his sword arm and right breast.
He suddenly wrested the weapon from the hand of
his gigantic antagonist; and as one “doubly arm’d,
who hath his quarrel just,” he closed with him; and,
after a long, fierce, and doubtful struggle, prostrated
him upon the deck. During this struggle, one of
Decatur’s crew, who had lost the use of both arms,
by severe wounds, beheld a Turk, with an immense
atal blow at his adored commander.
. mediately threw his mutilated body between
the falling sabre and his Captain's head—received
a severe fracture in his own, and saved for his coun-
one of its most distinguished champions, to fight
its future battles upon the ocean.
While Decatur and the Turk were struggling for
y throat of death, the exasperated and
rushed impetuously forward in de-
fence of their respective Captains. The Turk drew
concealed dagger from its sheath, which Decatur
ized at the moment it was entering his heart—
w his own pistol from his pocket, and it































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surrenaereº) in « »norment zwazº was aes coºrwe, anº wła， zº zrzez for /* evew ºedºw ** ººøy-zzzsåa, oz. bozzzzz-zzzzzz zz^*
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stephen Decatur. | 3:
“To his long account, unanointed, unanneal’d,
With all his sins and imperfections on his head.”
Thus ended a conflict, feebly described, but dread-
ful in the extreme. Capt. Decatur and all his men
were severely wounded but four. The Turks lay
killed and wounded in heaps around him. The
boat was a floating Golgotha for the dead, and a
bloody arena for the wounded and dying. Capt.
Decatur bore his second prize out of the harbºr,
as he had the first, amidst a shower of ill directed
shot from the astonished and bewildered enemy;
and conducted them both to the squadron. On board
the two prizes, there were thirty-three officers and
men killed, more than double the number of Ameri-
cans under Decatur, at any one time in close en-
gagement. Twenty-seven were made prisoners, nine-
teen of whom were desperately wounded—the whole
a miserable off-set for the blood of Lieut. Decatur,
treacherously slain." The blood of all Tripoli could
not atone for it, nor a perpetual pilgrimage to Mecca
wash away the bloody stain.
While thus particular in describing this unparal-
leled achievement of Captain Decatur, it is impossi-
ble to overlook the achievements of his other asso-
ciates in the Gun-boats. The gallant and lamented
Lieut. Somers, as he could not join Decatur as or-
dered, with his single boat No. 1. attacked five full
armed and full manned Tripolitan Gun-boats—com.
mitted dreadful slaughter amongst th ni, an
them upon the rocks in a condition dreadf
12









134 LIFE or
tered. Lieut. Trippe, whose name will for ever be
associated with courage, as well as that of Midship-
man Henley, with only nine men beside themselves,
rushed on board an enemy's Gun-boat—slew four-
teen, and made twenty-two prisoners, seven of whom
were badly wounded. Lieut. Trippe received
eleven sabre wounds. Lieut. Bainbridge, also dis-
tinguished himself for saving his disabled boat and
gallant crew from almost certain destruction,-and
beating off the enemy. º º
The Bombards, by the rapid and accurate direc-
tions of shells, spread as much consternation in the
city as the squadron did in the harbour. The skil-
ful and fearless Com. Preble, in the noble Consti-
tution, keeping his ship in easy motion, was found
wherever the greatest danger threatened; and, by
frequently wearing and tacking, gave perpetual an-
noyance to the enemy, and afforded to the smaller
vessels of his squadron, constant protection.
The enemy, driven to desperation, by the loss of
their boats, and by the numerous hosts of their com-
rades slain upon land, as well as those who fell un-
der their immediate view, attempted to rally, and
regain what they had lost. They were suddenly
foiled by the Brigs and Schooners, who acted a no
less gallant part in this desperate ocean-affray than
all the rest of this immortalized squadron. They
ttempted a second time; and met with a second
withstand an American squadron,
§












st EPHEN DECATUR. 135
they sought a covert under rocks, a natural, and un-
der batteries and castles, artificial defences. …
At a little before 5 o'clock, the whole squadron,
with their prizes and prisoners, moved majestically
out of the harbour; and left the Bashaw to examine
and reflect upon the consequences of the third visit
which DECATUR had made him ; the last under the
immediate command of the veteran Preble, his com-
mander in chief. i
The reader, who has past his early, advanced and
closing years of life, in the tranquil scenes of retire-
ment, can form but a faint idea of the sensations of
the officers and seamen of Com. Preble’s squadron,
when they met each other after this desperate and
most unequal combat. Every one would naturally
inquire, “How many were killed and wounded in
the Frigate—how many in the different Brigs,
Schooners, Bombards and Gun-boats.” It was for
Capt. Decatur to make the answer. “Many are
wounded, my comrades, but not one is slain, but my
brother.” He might have said, -“If you have tears
to shed, shed them now.” Well might the tears of
grief be mingled with the smiles of triumph upon
this saddening intelligence. “Death loves a shin-
ing mark”—and when JAMEs DECATUR fell, the
American Navy lost a brilliant ornament—Com.
Preble a favourite officer—Capt. Decatur a brother
he loved as he did himself, and our Republic a most
gallant and accomplished ocean-warrior. But like
Nelson, he died in the arms of victory, a eath
was most signally avenged.



136 § LIFE OF
As represented by an officer of the Constitution,
when Captain Decatur, Lieut. Trippe, Macdonough,
Henley and most of the officers and seamen, belong-
ing to the Gun-boats, joined the squadron, they look-
ed as if they had just escaped from the slaughter-
house. Their truly noble blood was mingled with
that of Mahometans and crimsoned the garbs of those
who would never be stained with dishonour.
The injury sustained by the squadron sinks into
nothing, when the danger it was exposed to is con-
sidered. This was owing to the consummate nauti-
cal skill and coolness of our officers and seamen,
and to the stupid, sullen ignorance and consterna-
tion of the enemy. To them the 3d of August was
a day of dreadful retribution. A furious tornado
not more suddenly drives the feathered race to their
coverts, than did the first discharges from our squad-
ron, the frenzied Turks, who came to witness its dis-
comfiture. From the representation of an intelli-
gent officer, once of the Philadelphia, then a pri-
soner to the Bashaw, it is learned, that every one in
the city fled, who could flee. Even the troops in the
batteries and castle dared not mount the parapet to
discharge the cannon. The affrighted Bashaw, with
a Mahometan priest, concealed himself in his bomb-
proof room; and undoubtedly responded to the roar
of Christian cannon by pitiful orisons to the Prophet
of Mecca. It was as fruitless as the prayers of the
Philistines to Dagon or Ashdod. His slaves, who
º had no covert, buried themselves in sand to escape
the bursting bombs. Alth sº
t
it was a scene of








stephen pecatun.
blood and carnage, there is enough of the ludicrous
in it to excite a smile in the American reader. It
clearly evinces that those who are most boastful and
imperious, when possessed of real or supposed pow-
er, are the most mean, pusillanimous, and contempti-
when convinced of their weakness. . º §
if here present the reader with the sentiments
of a distinguished Turk, in the language of an Ame-
rican officer, then a prisoner. He asked the officer
—“If those men that fought so were Americans, or
Infernals in Christian shape, sent to destroy the sons
of Mahomet the prophet? The English, French * ..."
and Spanish consuls have told us that they are a
young nation, and got their independence by means
of France. That they had a small navy, and their
officers were inexperienced; and that the
merely a nation of merchants; and that by ti
their ships and men, we should get great ransom
-Instead of this, their PREBLE pays us a coin
shot, shells and hard blows; and sent a Decat
in a dark night, with a band of Christian dº
fierce and cruel as the tyger, who killed ou H
. urnt our ships before our eyes”.”
first attack, the city of Tripoli st



















iginally, one hundred and twenty
n. Forty-seven were killed—twenty-six wound-
ed, who, with the remainder, were taken prisoners.
Three full-manned boats were sunk, with every soul
on board ; and almost every deck of the enemy's
vessels, within the range of American cannon, was
swept of its crew. ºf . . . . . .
In consequence of the destruction of the Philadel-
phia frigate by Decatur, the barbarism of Jussuff,
the bloody Bashaw, was increased against Capt.
Bainbridge and his officers and seamen in bondage.
But Commodore Preble and Capt. Decatur, aided
by the magnanimous and philanthropic exertions of
Sir Alexander Ball, once a favourite officer with Nel-
son, and then at the Island of Malta, found means to
alleviate the dismal gloom of their bondage. A gal-
ant naval commander like Sir Alexander Ball, could
dure the thought that a gallant hero like Bain-
e from such
&: ves.
After the 3d of August, the humbled Bashaw be-
relent. But his conviction was more the re-
alarming fears, than of a consciousness of
ºrrºr ible-hearted Decatur treated hiS
hers with the greatest humanity.
t yersuaded Comr n o ſ Ol
ge and his noble crew, should suffer indignity or
dressed with the utmost care;






























stephen becatua. 139
although a species of revenge calculated to “heap
coals of fire upon the head” of a subdued enemy, yet
it must have melted an heart of adamant. The Ba-
shaw knew that one of his officers had basely slain
the brother of the exalted Decatur; and could not
comprehend the motives of his humanity. His sa-
vage subtilty augured evil, even from an act of pure
benevolence. But when he heard the restored and
wounded Tripolitans exclaim in the rapture of en-
forced gratitude—“The Americans in battle are fiercer
than lions, and after victory, kinder than Mussulmen,”
his savage heart began to soften. But, without a
great ransom, he would not release a single pri-
soner who belonged to the Philadelphia frigate.
From the 3d to the 7th of August, Com. Preble,
Capt. Decatur, and the rest of the officers and sea-
men, had but little time for repose after th
ous toils in reaching the harbour of Tripoli, and
administering to the Bashaw a portion of American
vengeance. They were all incessantly enga fed in
preparing for another visit. Capt. Decatur had be
come perfectly familiar with the theatre of action on § §
which the American squadron was now acting
its
various parts. Every scene was drawing toward
the developement of the tragedy. The imperious
tone of the Bashaw was lowered, as his hopes of safe-
ty diminished. He however would surrender no pri-
soners without a ransom beyond what Com. Pre-
ble thought himself authorised by his governme --------
offer. He rather preferred to have Consul




















ure of
negotiate upon land; and he felt confident of his
powers to negotiate with his invincible squadron.
Capt. Decatur, indeed all the officers of every
grade, and every seaman, exerted every nerve to
aid Com. Preble. They stood around him like
affectionate and obedient children around a beloved
and dignified parent, anxious to learn his precepts,
and prompt to obey his commands. He stood in the
midst of them in the double capacity of their father,
and a representative of his and their country. He
knew they would follow wherever he would lead,
and would lead where necessary prudence would
prevent him from following. Well might the aston-
ished Turks compare them to lions; for they had
proved themselves irresistible in battle—generous
and noble in victory. 3. º . . . . . º.








* STEPHEN DECATVR, 141
CHAPTER X.
Capt. Decatur receives high commendations from Com. Preble-
Grief at the death of Lieut. J. Decatur—Notice of him—Propo-
sals of the Commodore to the Bashaw—Renewal of the attack
upon Tripoli–Capt. Somers, Lieuts. Wadsworth and Israel en-
ter into the squadron of the enemy's boats, with the Ketch Intre-
pid as a fire-ship—She explodes —Awful effects of the explosion
—Reflection—Notice of Lieut. Wadsworth–Com. Preble su-
perseded by Com. Barron–Brief notice of Edward PREBLE.
CAPT. Decatur, having thus far taken such a dis-
tinguished and leading part in all the gallant achieve-
ments in the naval warfare of America against Tri-
poli, it became indispensably necessary to be some-
what minute in describing them, in order to present
him to the reader.
For his unparalleled bravery, desperate courage,
and unequalled success in the battle of the 3d of Au-
gust, Com. Preble could bestow nothing but his
highest and most unqualified commendation. This
was not the mere effusion of an admiring comman-
der, surrounded by his victorious comrades around
the festive board, after a signal victory, but it was
officially announced to the whole squadron in a “gene-
ral order” upon the 4th. The Commodore knew well
where to bestow applause, and when to make, or ra.
#
ther to recommend promotion. His general order
is
in the Navy Department; and as to promotion, it was
out of the question, as Decatur, although but twen-




142 z LIFE or
ty-five-years of age, had reached the highest grade
in the American Navy.
Amidst the congratulations in the squadron for the
successful issue of the first attack upon Tripoli, a
silent gloom irresistibly pervaded the hearts of the
officers and seamen. It was not caused by con-
templating upon the arduous and yet uncertain con-
test which they were directly to renew. Inured to
duty, and familiar with victory, they were total
strangers to fear. But Lieut. JAMEs DECATUR
“ was dead!” While they were floating triumphant-
ly upon the waves of the Mediterranean, his body
was reposing in death upon its bed, and his gallant
spirit had flown to heaven. The shouts of joy over
all Britain for the victory of Trafalgar, were min-
gled with groans of grief for the death of Nelson.
No less pungent was the sorrow of intrepid Ameri-
cans at the fall of Lieut. Decatur. .
He had unremittingly pursued the duty of the na-
... val profession from the time he entered the navy,
until the day he was basely and treacherously slain.
It is inconsistent with the design of this volume, to
go into a minute detail of his life. The life of his
admired brother is the object of it. Suffice it then
to say, that by a long course of assiduous duty, in
various ships of the American navy, and under dif-
ferent commanders, he secured to himself the confi-
lence of his superiors, and the approbation of his
overnment. The post assigned him upon the 3d
of August, evinced the high estimation in which he
was holden by the discerning and penetrating Com.






STEPHEN DECATUR, 143
**
Preble. The manner in which he discharged the
duty imposed upon him, and the manner in which
he fell, have already been mentioned. His memo-
ry is embalmed with those of Somers, Wadsworth,
and Israel, who followed him into eternity, thirty
days after he left the world, and who made their
exit from the same sanguinary theatre upon which
he fell. * , : ? .
The fearful, yet temporising Bashaw, through the
medium of a foreign consul, offered terms to Preble .
which he indignantly rejected, as degrading to his
government. Upon the 7th, another attack was re-
solved upon, and the squadron arranged in order to
execute it. The effect desired was produced. A
heavy battery was silenced—many bomb-shells and
round shot were thrown into the town—and although
the damage to the enemy was not so essential as the
attack of the 3d, it increased the dismay of the Ba-
shaw.—Amongst the Gun-boats engaged in this se-
cond attack, was one taken from the enemy by De- .
catur. She was blown up by a hot ball sent from
the batteries, and Lieut. Caldwell, Midshipman
Dorsey, and eight seamen were killed; six were
wounded; and Midshipman Spence, with eleven
seamen, were rescued unhurt from the waves.
Two days afterwards, Commºdore Preble took a
deliberate view of the harbour in one of the Brigs,
in order to determine the best mode of commencing
a third attack. I '3? & . . ; : ::::::::: 3
He gave “no sleep to the eyes nor
slumber to the eyelids” of the sullen and incorrigi-
ble wretch who wielded the sceptre of blood-b
º






*
144 Life of
ten power over his subjects, the wretched and de-
graded race of beings, who were dragging out a
miserable existence in Tripoli. The hopes of the
American prisoners increased, as those of the Ba-
shaw and his troops diminished. The terms for
ransom were lowered more than two-thirds; but
Preble and Decatur had become stern negotiators,
and Mr. Lear chose to let them continue their diplo-
matic skill. * . . . .
The prospects of a protracted warfare—at an im-
mense expense to the American government; the
tedious and gloomy imprisonment of nearly half a
thousand Americans in the dungeons of a barbarian,
amongst whom were some of the noblest hearts that
ever beat in human bosoms—the probability that
more American blood must be shed in effecting a
complete subjugation of the yet unyielding Bashaw,
induced Com. Preble to offer the sum of eighty
thousand dollars as a ransom for the prisoners, and
ten thousand dollars as presents, provided he would
enter into a solemn and perpetual treaty with the
American government never to demand an annual
tribute as the price of peace.
The infatuated and infuriated Bashaw rejected
these proposals with affected disdain, mingled with
real fear. Com. Preble had nothing now to do
but to renew his naval operations. He could enter-
tain no rational hopes from the romantic and chival-
ttempt of Gen. Eaton, who had entered Derne
e Ex-Bashaw Caramalli; and with whom he
made a treaty. This unfortunate prince, with














stephen decatur.
his gallant general, and his rabble army could no
sooner have entered the city of Tripoli by land,
guarded by more than 20,000 well armed Arabs,
than one of the reigning Bashaw's gallies could have
sunk the frigate Constitution.” He, therefore, left
it wholly with the American consul to arrange affairs
with the august court of Tripoli, while he was de-
termined to “manage his own affairs in his own
way,” with his squadron in the harbour. .
Capt. Decatur, the next in command to Com.
Preble, his confidential adviser, and the idol of eve-
ry American in the squadron, stimulated the whole
to the exertion of their utmost energy. º To repel
the idea that the pacific offer of the Commodore
arose from apprehensions of defeat, the bombards
occasionally disgorged their destructive contents,
into the city; when upon the 27th Aug. another ge-
neral attack was made with such effect as to induce
the Bashaw to renew negotiations for peace, but no.
thing definitive was effected. Upon the 3d Septem-
ber, another attack was made, to the very great inju-
ry of the Bashaw's batteries, castle and city.
Although but few Americans had lost their lives
in the various battles, yet the vessels of the squadron
* See Chap. VIII. However much the reader may admire th•
almost unparalleled exertions of Eaton in the causeof.Caramall, and
regret the misfortunes of both, still the cool and reflecting states.
man could never give his sanction to a project so extremely .
cult of accomplishment, with means so wholly incompetent."
tim to his own romantic ambition,











LIFE of
had suffered very considerable injury. Capt. De-
catur proposed that the Ketch Intrepid, so often
mentioned, which he had captured himself, and with
which he had destroyed the Philadelphia frigate,
should be converted into a fire-ship, and sent into the
midst of the enemy’s gallies and gun-boats to com-
... plete their destruction. To this the Commodore ac-
ceded—loaded her with one hundred barrels of pow-
der, and one hundred and fifty shells; and fixed
upon the night of the memorable 4th of September,
for the daring and hazardous attempt.
Capt. Decatur would gladly have commanded the
expedition, and probably from his seniority might
have claimed the command; but his generosity to
his beloved brother officers induced him to wave an
opportunity of adding another to the numerous lau-
rels that composed the garland of victory upon his
brow. Capt. Somers volunteered his services and
signated as the commander; he was imme-
joined by Lieuts. Wadsworth and Israel, and
sufficient number of gallant seamen.
ulthough Capt. Decatur was but a spectator of
|ly tremendous scene that followed, the read.
y be gratified by a succinct account of it as re-
by an accomplished e ye-witn ess, to the writer.
evening was unusually calm, and the sea scarce-
ae ented the smallest wave to . we That
. *…
























stEPHEN pecatur. 147
to conduct them to their destination, and receive the
crew after the match was applied to the fatal train.
At a little before nine o'clock, the Intrepid, followed
by the convoy, moved slowly and silently into the
infer harbour. Two of the enemy's heavy gallies,
with more than a hundred men each, encountered -
the fire-ship, unconscious that she was pregnant with
concealed magazines of death." They captured her
of course, as the little crew could not withstand such
an overwhelming force for a moment. It being the
first prize the Tripolitans had made, the exulting
captors were about bearing her and the prisoners
triumphantly into port. The crew were to be im-
mured in the same dungeon with Capt. Bainbridge
and his crew, who had worn away eleven tedious
months in dismal slavery. To Somers, Wadsworth
and Israel,
-- “One hour of virtuous liberty was worth
A whole eternity of bondage,”—
re


















3 § .
captured, mutually agreed to make voluntary sacri.
fices of themselves, to avoid slavery and to destroy
the enemy. In support of this, the writer is authoris.
ed to state, that Capt. Somers, directly before enter.
ing into this enterprise, declared that “he wald
never be captured by the enemy, or go into Turkish
bondage.” . . . .
It is entirely beyond the reach of the most fertile
imagination to form an adequate conception of the
reality of this awful scene. The silence that pre-
ceded the approach of the Intrepid, was followed by
the discharge of cannon and musketry, and ended
y the fearful and alarming shock of the explosion.
ry living Christian and Mahometan, within view
hearing, stood aghast and awe-struck.
. For . the º rst, the on ly, and the last time in his life, :
Capt. Decatur was excited to a pitch of agonizing
ress. With agitated strides he paced his deck
it his eyes into the harbour where his gallant
ther, thirty days before, was treacherously slain,
c. ; intemplated upon º the fractured and man gled
bodies o f Somers, Wadsworth and Israel, sinking to .
ted to bedev the cheek of a warrior, it was a time to
rould have been spent in ul
aths of his bro.





































stEPHEN DECATur.
immediately succeeds some violent convulsion
nature. :
his own “reflections and remarks,” wit
iter could be allowed to blend
the incidents
and events he records, this momentous occurrence
might justify them. It will, however, only be observ-
ed, that Capt. Somers’ memory has sometimes been
assailed by those whose timid and scrupulous sys-
tem of morals, evinces a “ zeal without knowle dge.”
Admitting that he made a voluntary sacrifice of him-
self, his officers and his crew, to avenge the injuries
of his country and rescue his numerous countr ymen,
in full view, from bondage. Let the severest ca-
suist that ever perverted the plain dictates of con-
science, by metaphysical subtlety, be asked if every ... . .
man who enters the Navy or Army of his country,
does not voluntarily expose himself to death in de-
fending its rights, its honour, and its independence?
o º:
No matter in what ma nner death is occasioned, so :*:::::::::::::::::
be it the sacrifice adds to the security and advances
the glory of his country. Whether it happens in
the midst of opposing hosts—in single combat-or
as that of Somers and his companions did, by volun-
their country’s weal. To those who form their sys-
tems exclusively from the records of Inspiration, ex-
amples from them might be quoted; and the instance,
mies, W ill not, b.




























lect that Rome herself was twice saved from destruc-
*tion by the voluntary sacrifice of the Decir.’ ”
The writer hopes to be indulged in a brief allu-
sion to the gallant, the accomplished, the lamented
Lieut. Wadsworth, with whom he had the honour
and enjoyed the pleasure of some acquaintance. His
birth-place and residence was in Portland, the me-
opolis of the State of Maine, and in the immediate
eighbourhood of the great Preble. To a very ele-
ant person, he added the captivating charms of a
mind highly refined. His situation placed within
his reach all the fascinating enjoyments of fashion-
able life; but a participation in them, could not ren-
der him effeminate. The previous examples of Ste-
phen and James Decatur inspired his ardent bosom
with a thirst for naval glory, and this was enhanced
by the renown acquired by his distinguished towns-
man, and naval father, Com. Preble. He repaired
ºr ed sea, whose waves are bounded by
e sight of which, the American squadron was
hantly waſting. He did not envy, for envy
IIICI in his noble heart; but he wished to
nulate the gallant deeds of his brother officers.
The disastrous, yet splendid affair of the 4th of Sep-
* - b er, has been briefly detailed. W adsworth, upon
atal, awful night, left the world in a blaze of


































º stephen decatua.
Com. Barron. His work was “ done and w
“Far away o'er the billow,” his virtues and gallan
try are commemorated by a monument in his native
town, the voluntary tribute of his admiring friends
to his inestimable worth.
* While the American squadron was achieving such
unparalleled deeds in the Mediterranean, the Ame.
rican government, yet unadvised of its splendid suc- .
ce. s, dispatched an additional squadron to that sea.
From the state of the naval register, and the rank of
the Post-Captains, the new squadron could not be
supplied with officers without designating one who
was senior to Com. Preble. This devolv 3. pon
Com. Barron, who arrived upon the 9th of Septem-
ber, 1804. 3. . . . . . ºf
To an aspiring hero just entering the path of fame,
and anxious to reach its temple, a sudden check to
his psogress is like the stroke of death. It was not
so with Com. Preble when he was superseded by.
done;” and he surrendered the squadron to his se
nior as Gen. Jackson did his army to Gen Pinckney
when there was nothing to do but to enjoy the
He immediately gave the command of hi
ite frigate the Constitution, to his favou
3 America. º º º º
messsed and whoj


































navy—a period of sple adid and “ successful
iment” with our ships, and of naval instruction
**
ź%
******* ment had become cemente d by common toils,
common dangers and common victories. The war-
worn and veteran Preble gave the parting hand to
officers as a father to his children, and th s ig- -
l of departure to his seamen as to a numerous
group of admiring domestics. The first manifested
a dignif ed regret, mingled with conscious pride—
the last gazed with noble grief, upon the last visible
piece of canvas tha t w afted their belove d comman-
n chief from their view.
Fully persuaded that the reader may be gratified
fith a very brief sketch of the life of Capt. Deca-
avourite commander, and his immediate pre-
upon the 15th August, 1761.
ventu ous spirit in early life, could º
ed by his friends, than by pro-
º i. th of a Midshipman in the lit-
uddenly created in the war of the
ered the ship
experience to our officers and seamen. Their ºf






































stephen ;
Decatus.
Brig of superior force, lying in the harbour of Pe-
gain her by the violen
ral Duff of thirty-six guns—compelled her to strike
her flag—and was prevented from conducting her
triumphantly into an American port, by the explo-
sion of the prize, immediately after her capture.
The humane crew of the Protector picked up about
forty of the Admiral Duff’s crew, and every other .
soul on board perished. Thus early did our naval
he bes show that genuine humanity is ever blended
with true courage. ,
He next entered the sloop of war Winthrop as first
* Lieutenant, under Capt. Little. Finding a British
nobscot, Lieut. Preble conceived the daring project
of taking her by surprise. Capt. Little concluded
to make the hazardous attempt. Preble was plac-
ed at the head of forty seamen; and all were cl
in white frocks. Upon the night in which the de-
sign was to be executed or defeated, as the fortune
of naval warfare should determine, Capt. Little r
near a considerable battery of cannon on
He was hailed by the enemy most vociferous
exclaimed—" You will run aboa ºr sº sº
co- | º answered— * Aye aye, S * * * º
aboard.”—and instantly jumped into the Brig,
lowed by only fourteen men, as the rest cou
t motion of the ve
the Lieutenant was preparing



























* No, Sir, we have more than we want; we
Americans, enabled them to distinguish each other,
even in darkness. That part of the crew who had
gained the deck jumped over-board, and swam
followed their example and leaped out of the cabin-
abin, where he found the officers either in bed or
oice, “J
§
- *** *5* * suring them that resistance was vain; and
might, to them, prove disastrous. The astonished
British officers could in vain call their men to quar-
ters, for they had made a passage through the waves
the shore. They surrendered as gracefully as
could; and as Preble was conducting his prize
if port, the batteries opened upon it, and the
poured a harmless shower of musketry.
amongst the most gallant deeds of the na-
‘. º :::::: *
e of the gallant Decatur, he was
fied with one noble achievement as



































stephen Decatur.
ry were not extinguished—they were only smother-
ed—they were to be revived again into a blaze by
the cheering breezes of national prosperity.
. It is not known to the writer that Lieut. Preble
took any part in the naval warfare with France in
the administration of Adams. The conclusion may
fairly be made, that he did not; as he certainly
would have been “heard from?" if he had. But this
In 1801, he was appointed to the command of the
well known frigate Essex, as Post-Captain, and pro-
ceeded to the East Indies to afford protection and
convoy to the American trade in those seas. Not
long after his return, he was designated by go- .
vernment to take command of that squadron in
which he, Capt. Decatur, and the brilliant list of
American ocean-warrio ºr, sociated with th {{ m, were ; º
to give weight and character to American naval
prowess, amongst distant nations, who before ki
Americans only as a nation of merchants, and
whose commerce, and citizens, some of then
In tracing the life of Capt. Decatur from the tin
Com. Preble took the command of the American
squadron in the Mediterranean, until he retired from
it, the writer was under the unavoidable necessity of
blending with it that of the Commodore. It need
not be here repeated.
At the time he lef
come the theatre
.
the Mediterranean it had
his fame. His glory wa

































liar to the Pope at Rome; and although the squad
ron belonged to a distant and Protestant nation, he
declared, that “ All Christendom had not effected in
centuries, what the American squadron had accom-
plished in the space of a single year.” The name of
Preble, as commander in chief, and of Decatur his
leading champion, resounded through all the mari-
time nations upon the shores of the Mediterranean.
Not only Tripoli, but all the Barbary powers bor-
dering upon that sea, were held in check, and their
indiscriminate depredations upon all the commercial
world trading in its ports, enjoyed, in a greater or
less degree, the benefits arising from the presence,
the vigilance and the achievements of the American
squadron. Even the jealousy of British naval offi-
cers, for a time, gave place to the effusions of invo-
luntary admiration. -
But it was in the bosom of his own beloved
country, where the veteran Commodore received
demonstrations of respect and approbation most
rateful to his patriotic and noble heart. Particu-
lars must be omitted. The American government,
ly at ted with his nautical skill, and duly ap-
preciating his invaluable services, employed him to
assist in arranging, systematising and advancing the
naval establishment of the Republic. He had con-
quered Tripoli into a peace, which was concluded
a few months after he returned to America. A
ote of thanks, and a medal, were presented to him

































heart of ev d seaman who ever served
under him. It is enough to say that Stephen De-
carua, never ceased to express his unqualified ad-
miration of the immortal Preble, until he was ren-
and adored naval patron into eternity.











Capt. Decatur takes command of the frigate Constitution—Per-
" fection of discipline in the American Navy—He takes command
of the frigate Congress—Peace with Tripoli—Emancipation of
Capt. Bainbridge, his officers and seamen—Meeting between
them and Capt. Decatur, American officers and seamen of the
Squadron—Captain Decatur returns to America in the frigate
Congress—Visits his Father, Commodore Decatur, at Philadel-
phia–He is appointed Superintendant of Gun-boats—Marries
Miss Wheeler, of Norfolk, (Vir.)—Supersedes Com. Barron, and
takes command of the frigate Chesapeake—“ Affair of the Chesa-
peake”—Captain Decatur takes command of the southern
Squadron as CoMModore.
T. Decatur, upon the retirement of Com.
ble, from the American squadron, in the Medi-
ean, found himself senior to all the officers of
iginal squadron, and next in command to Com.
on, who un additional force with it, and
3. *...º mand of the whole. º
he noble frigate Constitution,
ficers and seamen who had so
mmediate orders of Com. Pre-
f a high de r sponsibili-















ſº
sº
stEPHEN DECATUR.
begin to develope their permanent qualities, h
so intently and assiduously pursued the duties of his
profession—had passed through so many grades of
office—had seen such a diversity of service, and had
fought so many battles, that he had become qualified
for any station in the navy.
As the very respectable force brought into the
mented the American squadron, the most efficient
operations were probably expected to be immediate-
ly commenced. But the Bashaw. was already suf. « . ;
ficiently humbled. Negotiations were opened upon
shore, and the united squadrons had save a
perform than the sluggish and irksome duty of stand-
ing off and on, and awaiting the result of the delibe.
rations at the Bashaw's palace.
Capt. Decatur, after such a long series of ince
sant duty, might well be supposed to need re.
of his new commander, he remitted no p















LIFE of
red under the accomplished Preble;
Discipline has been acquired by all the
American officers, and to a degree of perfection un-
in even to the oldest veteran Admirals of Bri-
who now enjoy the benefits of centuries of pre-
aval experience, whereas scarce a quarter of
rapturously contemplating the splendidachieve-
of Decatur, the reader is exceedingly prone
the causes which have produced such
effects. Even his



























stephes decatus.
soundest policy. Superior skill to the enemy, gi
an advantage next to that of superior courag t :*
although Americans cannot pronounce all their ene-
mies inferior in the last, it is perfectly honourable
to conquer them by superiority in the first; and to
maintain that superiority by concealing the causes
of it from them.*. Gen. Washington, when indeco-
rously interrogated, asked the inquisitive meddler—
“Can you keep a secret, Sir 2"—Certainly, I can.”— º
“So can I, Sir,” the profound General replied. The
student of military tactics can find treatise piled
upon treatise, from the pens of subalterns up to Ma-
jor-Generals, and from the humble pamphlet to the
ponderous octavo. Still it may be asked, have our
officers in the army surpassed, or have they equalled
those of the navy in an uniform system of discipline?
After the lapse of some time, Capt. Decatur was
removed from the Constitution to the frigate Con-
*. After a few naval victories in the war of 1812, a distinguished
British writer, on the capture of the Bower, -ºr
“The fact seems to be but too clearly esta
. periority is owing.”—Another British writer a
bitterness of grief, the loss of the Macedonian, says: “It a
additional groun at and to inquire seriously into the s
causes which ha our relative circumstances
to this new enemy, so what they have ha
contend with.” It is trusted they never will learn the
American naval tactics—and the Practice of them they
disposed very soon to try again—A writer of as
ry, directing how to dress a dolphin, gravely says—"1


























arge of any duty assigned him, he pursued the
ne undeviating course of discipline on board the
Congress, as he ever had done from the days of his
earliest promotion. Wherever he commanded, he
possessed the rare faculty of infusing amongst the
crew the spirit that pervaded his own bosom. Un-
der him, rigid discipline became a pleasing pastime,
Negotiations in the mean time were lingering and
. p ogressing, delaying and advancing in Tripoli.
The severe animadversions in the American Jour-
ls at that day upon this subject, belong not to this
volume. Whether the government ought to have
supported and ratified the unofficial treaty made by
n. Eaton, with the Ex-Bashaw, and to have re-
latter to his throne; or to have rejected
y Mr. Lear, an accredited agent of the
ment, are questions not here to be discussed.
phen, - r ca: run, who had so nobl and courag 3-
iving the reigning Bashaw to nego-
nd or voice in this diplomatic
of sixty thousand
irty thousand




























stephen decatur.
knows that peace was .
zardous, and, perhaps, (if continue d.) a doubtful . . .
test—that ample provision was made for the freed
and security of the Americt .
noble and gallant Bainbri sº-º-º-º-º-º:
and seamen, and other American citizens, to the
number of near half a thousand, who had been i icar-
cerated in dungeons for som
less than eighteen months, were imme
charged without the least ransom, would
ingly give his assent to this treaty.
Amongst all the consequences flowing
peace with Tripoli, no one was so perfec
culated to swell with exultation su
catur’s, as the restoration of the pri
he enraptured 1


























ide, their admiration for the cham-
iberty, and anxious once more to fol-
glory of their beloved
- y , wh ich had long
n restrained -
Capt. Decatur, upon the conclusion of peace with
ipoli, took his departure, in the frigate Congress,
m the Mediterranean, in which he had served
y four years, under Commodores Dale, Morris,
able. His fame had become familiar with
pe and Cardinals of Rome—with Italians,
ns, Sicilians, and Sardinians, even before it
evements were in a degree under-
ion over the heads of his seniors, by their vo.






























sterhen Decatur.
satisfy a hero of such consummate modes
catur. But the spontaneous effusions of adm
“Bursting uncan'd from ev’ry gen'rous heart"
could not but be grateful and exhilirating to feelings
like his.
Upon his arrival at Philadelphia, he immediately
repaired to the country residence of his veteran and
venerable father in the vicinity of that city. The
interview between such a father and such
must have been one of the most interesting t
be conceived by the most fertile and glowi
nation. It must have been conducted by “Th
that breathe, and words that burn.” The fa
lived to behold one son but just advanced
years of manhood, loaded with honours which
have graced an aged veteran. He had lived, (such
is the fate of battles and the decrees of heaven) to
weep the fall of another son, treachero
But this tribut º




















pay—some entered into the merchant service, as
did the seamen generally.
qualifications of Capt. Decatur to conduct the affairs
ordered to superintend the Gun-Boats,
º d increased to a v ery considerable amount
le, while our squadron was absent in the Me-













stephen Decatus.
ommander of Frigates to superintend Gun, Boats,
would seem to them, like an eagle which had soa
upon a shrub. Superficial indeed, is such reason- º
ing. The man of innate greatness, is never too ex-
alted, to devote attention to things that are small,
and never so small, but that he can readily compre-
hend things that are great. Decatur in a Gun-Boat,
was like Decatur in a Line of battle ship.–He could
not become small by being in a small place. º
His duty was now of such a nature, as to afford
him frequent opportunities to enj the accomplish- .
ed and refined society of the larger towns upon the
sea-board. From the age of nineteen, to this period
of his life, he had been almost constantly upon the
waves. Excepting upon the occasional and very
short periods he was in American ports, he had
been, by his profession, completely excluded from º
all society excepting that which he found in his own
ships. More congen ial spirits, to be sure, could
not be associated, than those who were there bound
together by the “three fold cord” of common toils,
common dang ommon s rictori is. S uch a
& º broken;” nor was it.
ligament could : N .
broken by Decatur, when he entered into the fash.
ionable circles of Norfolk in Virginia. . .
It was no ordinary transition for an ocean-
like Decatur, to leave the thundering the
Mars, and make his debut amidst the fascint
blandishments in the ºf Venus—where inst
of p irry ing the thrust of Turkish spears a











































Cupid. His ears, which had long
with broadsides and batteries of cannon, were now
soothed “with the soft lulling of the lute.” He could
not, however, descend to the level of the mere effe-
minate courtier; and, “albeit, unused to the melting
d,” he could not “pen doleful ballads to his mis-
. tress’ eyebrow.” º
º Capt. Decatur, although he had the polish of the
"dignified gentleman, never divested himse
engaging and frank simplicity of the seaman. His
noble yet tender heart, had lost none of its finer
feelings by the scenes of blood, carnage and death,
through which duty and courage had called him to
nified females of our Republic, such a character
must be an object of real admiration. To their high
r hearts and their fortunes upon such
n the ocean and in the field, may return to their
chies, the marriages
most generally mere “matt
of state,”
g been stunned
elf of the
To the most accomplished , elevated and dig-
honour they have most unhesitatingly bestowed their
sers of our Navy
lestic circles and find a rich reward for their
e endearing attachment and intelligent so-
3.3% & 3. ince and princess join
o unite two crowns than two





































countess, to combine extensive domains tog
(ether,
and often find themselves disjoined for ever. T
roll along in miserable splendour through life, t
mented and tormenting to the grave. - - - - - - - - - -
In our young and rising Republic, especially
amongst its galiant and heroic sons, and its exalted º
and refined daughters, no marriage-articles, except
tutored pen and unpractised heart of the writer
Without resorting to the inflated language of ro-
§
Capt. Decatur continued in the superintendance ; :
of the Gun-Boats, for a considerable period, and
the effect of the system. introduced amongst t º
was visible to every naval eye. But he was shº
to be remo ved from this service to a nother,
of greater imp . .
the single one of a mutual exchange of hearts, are
necessary. To speak of the marriage of the gene-
rous and heroic Capt. Decatun, to the justly cele-
brated, and accomplished Miss Wheeler of Nor-
folk in Virginia, is a subject too delicate for the un-
mance, it may simply be said, that this union was
the consummation of mutual bliss, and the source of
uninterrupted felicity to the husband and to the wife, º
until it was dissolved by the premature stroke of
*
unfortunate occurrence, in the
º: º ke, althoug º

































§
170 LIFE of
writer most sensibly feels the delicacy of the subject.
From this portion of these memoirs, he must neces-
sarily glance forward to the conclusion; and when-
ever the names of Decatur and Barron are mention-
•ed in relation to each other, it will be done with the
most scrupulous regard to truth; and if errors inter-
vene, they shall not be intentional. It is not the bu-
siness of the biographer to obtrude his opinions upon
the reader; but to furnish a faithful detail of facts
and occurrences from which he can form one for
himself. z
Toward the close of the year 1806, the British
sailors on board a prize, ordered for Halifax, rose
upon the prize-officer, conducted her to an Ameri-
can port, and deserted from the service of their
a country. Some time afterwards, four men from a
* British cruiser, (the Halifax.) lying off Norfolk, Vir.
made their escape, arrived at Norfolk, and imme-
enlisted under Lieut. Sinclair, and were en-
red on board the Chesapeake, for which ship the
ieutenant was recruiting. The commander of the
cruiser pursued the men—identified them, and de-
manded them of Lieut. Sinclair, who as junior offi-
ir, referred him to Capt. Decatur.
Whatever might have been the decision of the
in, if he had had power to decide the question,
oo well understood his duty to arrogate to him-
jº. º i y which he did not posse - s. Lieut.
erving under the commander of the
. . him v as he accountable for his 3%
ould not interfere,
I

















stephen Decatur. 171
men were not surrendered. At about the same
time, four British seamen deserted from the Melam-
pus, a British vessel, and were entered, on board
the Chesapeake. Mr. Erskine, the then British M
nister in America, applied to the government to
surrender these British subjects, as they were de-
clared to be; but the government did not interfere,
Admiral Berkley, then upon the American station,
ordered Capt. Humphreys, of the Leopard, to take
these men by force, if not surrendered upon being
claimed. & ,
Thus in brief, stood affairs with the Chesapeake
frigate, when in the month of June, 1807, Com. Bar-
ron put to sea in her as her commander. Capt.
Humphreys fell in with the Chesapeake at sea; and
after hailing her, sent an officer on board with a let-
ter to Com. Barron, containing Admiral Berkley's
orders; assuring the Commodore that his duty com-
pelled him to execute them. Com. Barron ret
for answer, that there were no deserters on boa
the Chesapeake. Capt. Humphreys laid the Leep-
ard close along side the Chesapeake—hailed * ...º
again, and receiving no satisfactory answer,
Leopard poured into her a full broadside. T
Chesapeake struck her colours without firing a gu
Two British Lieutenants and a number of Mid
men immediately went on board the Chesape
took three deserters belonging to the Melamp
to the Halifax, and some American seat
quisitive reader can gratify a more m

















%
than can here be satisfied, by perusing the trial of
Com. James Barron, which followed after this disas-
‘. . trous event.
Capt. Decatur was ordered to supersede Com.
Barron in the command of the Chesapeake—a most
painful duty; as he had served under Com. Barron
in the Mediterranean, after he superseded Com. Pre-
ble in the command of the American squadron in
that sea. But it was not for Capt. Decatur to
decline the command of this ill-fated ship, in
1 807, any more than it was for his favourite friend,
Capt. Lawrence, in 1813, who fell gloriously in de-
fending her. His language was—“Don’t give up
the ship.” . -
The “Affair of the Chesapeake” just briefly men-
tioned, produced a ferment through the whole Re-
public. From New-Orleans to Canada—from the
A lantic to the waters of the Missisippi, there seem-
d to be but one exclamation—“My voice is still
for war.” The recent achievements of our gallant
little Navy in the Mediterranean, under Preble, De-
catur, &c. had rendered every keel that belonged to
her, dear to Americans. They considered the Che-
~~ eak . traced, and the fa me of the whole
* ****** measure tarnished, by this outrage- .
ion of our national dignity and rights upon
the injury and t






















stephen Decatur.
Commodore” Decatua, in the frigate Chesa-
peake, was ordered to take the command of the
Southern Squadron. It was impossible for him to
foresee what would be the result of the late unwar-
rantable and outrageous attack upon the frigate he
now commanded. He knew, however, that a nation-
al ship, when traversing the ocean, was as sacred as
national territory; and that to attack it, in a hostile
manner, would justify the most vigorous defence.
He would never strike that flag under which he had
so long sailed, and under which he had so often con-
quered, unless it were to an overwhelming superiori-
ty of force.
From the period Com. Decatur entered into the
command of the Southern Squadron in the Chesa-
peake frigate, until he was called upon for the dis-
charge of more important duties, he devoted himself
with unwearied vigilance to the interest of that por.
tion of the yet small American Navy that was in
commission. . *
Were the writer disposed to swell this biographi-
* As this is the first time the appellation of
attached to the name of Decatur in this wor
be led to suppose, that Commodore is a title in the navy his
that of Captain. The rank of Captain is the highest yet
ed in the American Navy. A Commodore is the sen
squadron, and as circumstances might happen, may be a J.
Commandant, a Lieutenant, or a Midshipman. Even Con.
and Com Macdonough, had not been promote
one conquered at Erie, and the other at Champl
wards promoted, Perry's commission was date.
and Macdonough's 11th Sept. 1814,-the days of
. 15 *













cal memoir to three ponderous octavos, as Boswell
has the Life of Johnson, he might detail the numer-
ous minor incidents of Com. Decatur’s peculiarly
interesting life, in the pleasing and interesting scenes
of peace. In those charming scenes, he imparted
high animation, and innocent hilarity to every circle
he honoured by his presence. Although the gentle-
man officer upon the quarter-deck, he was “all the gen-
tleman” in the parlour. He was easy, frank, and ac-
cessible as a companion, and resorted to every fa-
miliarity not inconsistent with personal dignity, to
banish that reserve which a consciousness of his su-
periority inspired in his associates. In those placid
scenes, he seemed to wish for every one who sur-
rounded him, to forget what he had been, and to re-
gard him only for what he there was.
But the subject paramount to all other considera-
ons in the mind of Com. Decatur, was, that of the
nerican Navy. Of that he never lost sight; and
he considered every other enjoyment, amusement,
and pleasure, as secondary to those he partook in,
when advancing its prowess and seeing its glory
*













* stephen Decatua. 175
ment, and held himself in constant readiness to exe-
cute them.
The Berlin and Milan decrees of the Emperor of
France, and the Orders in Council of the court of
St. James, produced a tremendous effect upon the
vastly extended commerce of America., They
amounted almost to a war of extermination against
American commerce, and the wreck of it which re-
mained, was sunk by the embargo laid by Congress
upon American vessels. The “restrictive system,”
was justified by its advocates upon the principle of
Lew Talionis, or the law of retaliation. What effect
it produced upon the commerce of the Republic, or
what coercion upon its enemies, has been demon-
strated by its operation. From 1807 to 1812, Ame-
rica could hardly be said to be at peace or at war %.
with the great belligerent powers of Europe. Good
cause for open hostilities it had against more than
one of them; but the pacific policy of our rulers
chose to exhaust the last efforts of Negotiation, be-,
fore they resorted to the last evil, a War. º
But the causes for war between America and Bri.
tain, were constantly accumulating; and, like the
latent fires of Ætna and Vesuvius, increased in ma-
lignity the longer they were suppressed. Britain at
this period was not only the greatest, but almost e
conquered, but he had nearly annihilate d th * fle
of France, Spain and Denmark; and the only
son why that of the powerful Autocrat of Rus




















not suffer the same fate, was, because his wary poli-
cy dictated to him not to expose it to certain destruc-
tion. . •
Although distant nations scarcely ranked Ameri-
ca with naval powers, yet the proud and jealous Mi-
nisters of George III. full well knew what the infant
Navy of the Republic had accomplished in the At-
lantic, at the close of the eighteenth, and in the Me-
diterranean, at the commencement of the nineteenth
century. The names of Truxton, Preble and De-
catur reminded them of their own Duncan, Jervis
and Nelson. Although the British government
could not obliterate the fame of these American na-
. val heroes, they wished to annihilate the little Navy
in which they had acquired it. Hence the rude and
outrageous attack upon the frigate Chesapeake,
which Decatur now commanded, but which he did
not command when she surrendered. Although the
British government diplomatically disavowed the
act, and tendered satisfaction and atonement, yet it
secretly rejoiced that she became such an easy vic-
tim. Her naval commanders imagined that her fate
was the forerunner of that of every deck that carried
to the American Navy, amongst the causes
h jealousy, was the almost boundless ex-
| been the carriers of almost all the bellige-
in Europe; and although Britain her.
pated in the benefit of this “carrying

















STEPHEN DEcATUR.
trade,” she could not endure that the Republic
should rapidly grow rich and powerful by means
of it. /
Com. Decatur, while in the Chesapeake frigate
as commander of the Southern Squadron, had the
double duty of watching British armed ships con-
stantly hovering upon the American coast, and en-
forcing the acts of the government regarding Ameri-
ean vessels. -






* *
CHAPTER xii.
*
ommodore Decatur takes command of the Frigate United States-
Interview with Capt. John Surnam Carden, in time of peace—
British Naval officers on American station before the commence-
ment of War—Declaration of War against G. Britain—Immense
disparity of naval force between America and Britain—Com.
Decatur puts to sea from New-York, June 21st, 1812—Makes an
extensive cruise and enters the port of Boston—Sails from thence
8th October—Upon the 25th captures the Frigate MAcEpon IAN
—His official account of the action—i.ength of, and incidents in
the action—Meeting of Com. Decatur and Capt. Carden— %;
Dreadful slaughter in the Macedonian–Arrival of frigate Unit-
ed States and that ship at New-London—Reception of Flag at
Washington–Arrival at New-York—Reception there—Com.
Decatur's humanity. - a. * : * : * -
…” -
mand of the frigate United States, which was again
ed for sea, and put in commission. Exhilirating
d must have been the reflection, that he was
mander of the noble Frigate in which
ommenced his naval career in the humble capa-
y of Midshipman. A retrospective view of the
s through which he had passed—the variety of
sels in which he had served and conquered—the
jus commanders whom he had assiduously
upported, were calculated t es
d the most complacent delight,






























stephen pecatur.
solicitude. It was in his very nature to “press for-
ward to the mark of the prize of his high calling.” .
The glory he had acquired, and the high standing he
held in the records of fame, instead of producing su-
pineness, rather excited his vigilance. He knew
that the character he had acquired, must still be sup- .
ported; and although he could scarcely hope to sur-
pass the deeds he had already achieved, he was de-
termined not to tarnish the brilliancy of them, by
the rust of inaction. While the great Achilles was
supinely reposing in his tent, the blustering Ajax
was exciting the admiration of Agamemnon, and
even the anxiety of Hector.
Com. Decatur, “through the mind's eye,” saw
the storm which was gathering, and even lowering,
over his beloved country. Perfectly well acquaint-
ed with the power and the disposition of the enemy
the Republic was to encounter, he leoked forward
to the contest as to a dreadful struggle in which
equals were to engage. Having one common ori- §§
gin, but no longer any common interest, he knew
that when Americans and Englishmen, the descend.
ants of Saxons, met each other in hostile array it
would be an encounter, fierce in the extreme, º
would remind the classical reader of ancient bat.
“When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of wa
So confident were the statesmen, who g
destinies of America, that the just and e












terms on which she would negotiate, would even-
tuate in peace, that they were less vigilant in pre-
paring for war, than they would have been under a
. differe nt state of things. The military spirit of Ame-
ricans upon land, was almost lost in the luxuries
which sudden wealth occasions; and the declara-
tion of the facetious K night in regard to his soldiers,
might with some propriety be applied to ours-
“ They were the cankers of a dull world and a long
peace”—and although they might afford “food for
powder and fill a pit” they were little calculated at
once, to meet the veterans who had recently con-
hence the disasters of the army, in the campaigns
of 1812 and 13, which awakened that martial fire
fire
that went on “ conquering and to conquer,” in
preserved, our few ships, and kep
at readiness for any emergency. What
important, Com. Decatur, and the
#.













sternen pse Arun.
ed officers, were in the bosom of the country, rea
at a moment's warning to enter again into its at
The seamen too, who had served under them, were
idy and anxious to fly instantly to their standards
when called.
Com. Decatur, after he took the command of the
frigate I nited States, visited most of the naval ports.
presen iration into the bosom
acute penetration he discovered every error, in ey
ry species of naval armament, and with match!
tive.
Those kinds of courtesies and civilities whi
lly are interchanged between civil naval of
ging to different nations at peac







































ent,” said the ingenuous Decatur. “But,” said
Carden, (with that refined and elegant irony which
one gentleman can practise upon another without of
fence,) “suppose, in the course of events, we should
meet as enemies, what, Sir, do you imagine would
be the consequences to yourself, and to the force you
$3 . Why, Sir,” said the hero of
the Mediterranean, (giving full credit to the gallan-
try of Carden, without forgetting what was due to
his own character,) “if we should meet with forces
undoubtedly be a severe one; but the flag of my
country should never leave the staff from which it
waved, as long as there was a hull to support it.”
warriors have contemplated each others' characters,
after the frank expression of such exalted senti-
ments? Over a vast expanse of ocean from the place
* British ships, which for years previ-






































stEPHEN DEGATUR. 183
the reflections of a beam from the lustre of Ne
“Drewa up in a little briefauthority—
Most confident of what they were least assurd,
Play'd most fantastic tricks before high heaven”— tº
and although, to pursue the quotation, they might
not have “made the angels weep,” they excited the
indignation of their own more dignified countrymen,
and the sovereign contempt of such men as Rodgers
While Americans are ever prompt to pay due re-
spect to the merits of H otham, Hardy, and . den,
even though enemies, they feel an ineffable disgust
at such beings as Humphreys and Bingham—Cock-
burn, Beresford, and Stackpole. Lest this lan º:...:
hesapeake bay, and
ident's house, a



















Passing over numerous interesting incide ---
life of Com. Decatur, of minor importance however,
we now approach to that period when the constitut-
sorted to every measure eonsistent with th
ic an “ appeal to arms ;” and publish-
world a manifesto, detailing the causes for
measure; declared that war existed
United States o a, and the Unit-
ates of Americ
t Great Britain. It was not for the
ficers and seamen of the Navy, nor the officers and
Sldiers o discuss the question, whe-
hi declaration was founded in jus ice, neces-
~~~~ ld although the ardent politi-
it was the business




































: ships of often resistless
power, was a contest entered into between rival n:
tions upon the watery element with such an immense
disparity of force. The list of the naval force of
Britain, from 1812, when war commenced, to 1815,
when it ended, numbered from seven hundred and
fifty to one thousand sail—from first rates of 120
sumed to rais ile flag against th
nihilate the handful of American ships it was con-
cluded by British officers that it was only necessary
orce in 1812 will appear to that of
























which will never be obscured
admiration of the reader, that Com. Decatur,
ery officer and every seaman on board the frigate
1 States, was in complete readiness X.
rºº Om New-York, 21 St.







stephen pecatus.
li, in the administration of Jefferson. But he
n (in the administration of M Adison,) to ---.
into a contest with the ocean-warriors of B º
that traversed the ocean as their equals, smiled at
the idea that any should presume to oppº se them.
Better understanding the nature of naval service
than to suppose, that, because Americans had con-
quered Frenchmen and Tripolitans, they could, of
course, conquer Britons, his utmost solicitude was
excited; and, after commencing his cruise, he assi-
duously endeavoured to impress upon the officers
and seamen of his ship, the magnitude and import-
ance of the service upon which they had entered
In his First Lieutenant, W. H. Allen, he recogni
the perfect seaman, and noticed, with admirati
the accuracy and precision with which he discipl
ed the crew. Instead of reposing in his cabin,
suffering that ennui which listlessness prod
om. Decatur was constantly on the alert.
affected greatness whit































. º § & º
ish force. Although a number of
the frigate United

was farther augmented. They -------
guries of the additional laurels which wer
Com. Decatur, in the frigate United States, s
from Boston on the 8th October, upon his set º
cruise. Instead of encountering the foe, his ship
endured severe struggles in gales of wind; but she
was destined
enemy. gº. 3 & 8 & . ; ; ,
Nothing else of note occurred, until the memora-
cious morning, the cheering notes—“A sh --
to windward,” resounded through the noble fri-
gate. Every heart on board swelled with enthu-
siasm, and needed nothing to arouse them to cour-
age. The cool and collected, yet animated man-
ner of the Commodore, infused confidence and he-
ºr rism into every bosom. The ship was instantly º
ared for action—and all hands repaired to qua
º
ficial account of the action which
º












































the best sailers in the British service. The
being to windward, had the advanta ge of engaging
us at his own distance, which was so great, that for
the first half hour we did not use our carronades,
and at no moment was he within the complete effect
of our musketry or grape—to this circumstance and
rh wa the time, I ascribe the
unusual length of the action.
The enthusiasm of every officer, sea . . . . . . . . .
rine on board this ship on discovering the enemy— `
their steady conduct in battle, and precision of their
fire, could not be surpassed. Where all met my full-
est expectati -
º
the crew, is to be imputed the obvious a rufa
ty of our gunnery exhibited in the result of the con-
Subjoined is a list of the killed
oth sides. Our loss, compared
enemy, will appear small. Amongst o
you will observe the name of Lieut. Funk,"
%



































« “A po vſtº uſ !
Źctory obtaine? & the Z.S. sae? Zněte， Stazes o/º/-//www.s over å å ºrºžar， ſayeszył ºff, Jºaoºwian aº 88 zums. 77：e
tinue，ºom， zes; & z.， the Zºeſte«.stazes zacz ºznam zºzzer?—7 wow», «ez – zwe-ſzawowzºrzazae wazº-36/*?：）?º aº «…

stephen bec. Turt. 191
in a few hours after the action—he was an officer of
great gallantry and promise, and the service has sus-
tained a severe loss in his death.
The Macedonian lost her Mizen-mast, fore and
main top mast and main yard, and was much cut up
in her hull. The damage sustained by this ship
was not such as to render her return into port neces-
sary, and had Î not deemed it important that we
should see our prize in, should have continued our
cruise. …
With the highest consideration and respect, I am,
sir, your obedient humble servant.
(signed) STEPHEN DECATUR.
List of killed and wounded on board the United States.
Thomas Brown, New-York, seaman; Henry
Shepherd, Philadelphia, do.; Wm. Murray, Boston,
a boy; Michael O'Donnel, New York, private ma-
rine; John Roberts, do. do.—Killed.
John Mercer Funk, Philadelphia, Lieut. ; John
Archibald, New-York, carpenter's crew; Christian
Clark, do. seaman; George Christopher, do. or-
James, do do.; John Laton, do. private marine-
Wounded.
On board the Macedonian there were thi
killed, and sixty-eight wounded.sº Amon











192 tire or
mer were the beatswain, one master's mate, and the
school-master, and of the latter were the first and
third lieutenants, one master's mate, and two mid-
shipmen.
* For brevity, modesty and perspicuity, we may
safely challenge the admirers of the official accounts
of our naval victories to produce any one that sur-
passes this of Com. Decatur’s. Admired they ge-
nerally are, not only by the American reader, but
even Englishmen, in the midst of the chagrin and
mortification they feel while reading them, involun-
tarily express their admiration. In speaking of the
capture of the Macedonian, and Decatur’s official
account of it, a distinguished British writer thus for-
cibly expresses himself:—“While we see British
- superiority upon the ocean thus disputed, and the
victory of Americans thus described, we know not
which most to admire, the heroism of Decatur in
capturing the Macedonian, or his modesty in describ-
ing the battle.” ~ -->
One great cause of exultation at our naval victo-
ries, has been the very short time in which they have
been achieved. Com. Decatur assigns the reason
for the “unusual length of the action,” (only 90 mi-
nutes)—“The enemy, being to windward, had the
advantage of engaging us at his own distance, &c.”
nguage of the naval court-martial who tried
3rlosing his ship, is this—“The court is of
previous to the commencement of the
--
g











STEPHEN DECATUR. . 193
gage, an opportunity was lost of closing with the
* enemy.”—It was “an opportunity lost,” to Com. De-
catur, by the “ over-anxiety” of Capt. Carden.
“Closing with the enemy,” was a lesson which the
commander of the frigate United States thoroughly
learned, and effectually practised in the Mediterra-
nean during the war with Tripoli; and had he
been so fortunate as to have had the weather-
gage of the Macedonian, and Nelson had been a
spectator of the contest he would have exclaimed of
Decatur, as he did of his favourite Collingwood at
the battle of Trafalgar—“See in what slyle the noble
fellow carries his ship into action.”
Com. Decatur had on board his frigate a little boy,
whose father, a noble seaman, had died and left the
little fellow and his mother in poverty. As the Ma-
cedonian hove in sight, and the seamen of the Unit-
ed States frigate were clearing ship for action, the
noble lad ran up to the Commodore, saying—“Cap-
tain, I wish my name might be put down on the
—“Why so my lad 7” “ So that I can dra
share of the prize-money, Sir,” answered the young
hero. His request was granted; after the Macedo-
nian struck, the Commodore called the lad to him—
“Well, Bill, we have taken her, and your share of
the prize, if we get her safe in, may be about $200
—what will you do with it?”—“I’ll send half of it
to my mother, Sir, and the other half shall send a
school.” Delighted with a spirit so noble, a
so affectionate, he took the fine little fellow
º . 17 . . .











%
194 LIFE of
. i’s war-
rant—attended to his education—and he now bids
fair to emulate and possibly to equal the achieve-
protection—obtained for him a Midshipman
ments of his noble patron. ‘. . . . .
In the hottest of the engagement, and at the mo-
ment the mizen-mast of the Macedonian went by the
board, a seaman actively engaged in working his
gun, exclaimed to his comrades—“Aye, aye, we
have made a Brig of her,” Being overheard by
the Commodore, he said, “Well my boys, take good
sight at your object, and she will soon be a sloop;”
and immediately turning to another gunner, said—
“My good fellow, aim at the yellow,” [a stripe in
the Macedonian between wind and water, “ her
rigging is going fast enough; she must have a little
more hulling.” A favourite comrade of one of the
seamen having fallen desperately wounded by his
side, he exclaimed, “ah, my poor fellow, I must at-
tend to the enemy a few minutes longer, his colours
must soon come down; and then I will attend to
. you”—“Let me live till I hear that,” said the ago-
nized hero, “ and I shall want attention from no-
body.” : ... . . .
That admirable seaman, 1st Lieut. W. H. Allen,
in this action, beheld the practical result of the dis-
cipline he had introduced into this noble ship, and
unrivalled crew, and which occasioned Com. Deca-
tur’s high commendation. So rapid was the firing,
lso completely was the frigate at one time enve-
in fire and smoke, that the crew of the Mace-
gave three cheers, supposing her to be on







stEPHEN DECATUR. 195
fire. Their cheers were soon converted to groans
by the thickening messengers of death which pour-
ed into their ill-fated ship.
After the Macedonian struck her colours, and her
commander ascended the quarter-deck of the United
States, a scene peculiarly affecting followed. With -
a dignified grace, he approached Com. Decatur and
offered him his sword. With a benign suavity, and
a manner wholly unassuming, the Commodore said,
“Sir, I cannot receive the sword of a man who has
so bravely defended his ship, but I will receive your
hand.” It was the hand of Capt. John Surnam Car-
den, with whom he had the interesting interview
mentioned in a preceding chapter. Upon recogniz-
ing each other, silence was the most impressive elo-
quence. The fortune of battles had placed one gal-
lant hero in the hands of another; and they stead-
fastly looked at each other with that kind of feel-
ings which would be disgraced by any description.
The affable grace of Com. Decatur, put the gallant
Carden as much at ease as a conquered hero could be
placed in the hour of defeat. He had left his ship
almost a complete wreck, and could discover but
little of the effects of the severe conflict in the frigate
that had so effectually conquered he ** º The J. ſace- ---
donian, when she struck, was in a state little better
than that of the Guerriere, Java and Peacock; the
last of which sunk even before the whole cr
be taken out, and the two others were a
by the captors and sunk,
But the injury done to the ship is for










the slaughter made amongst the crew is considered.
An officer of the frigate United States, besides com-
municating many other interesting particulars, thus
expresses himself:-" After securing our prisoners,
I was sent on board the prize to assist in fitting her
out, which we did in a few days under jury-masts.
I assure you the scene she exhibited just after the
action, was distressing to humanity. Fragments of
the dead were distributed in every direction—the
decks covered with blood—one continued agoniz-
ing yell of the unhappy, wounded victims: a scene
so horrible of my fellow-creatures, I assure you,
deprived me very much of the pleasure of vic-
tory.”
It will be recollected that the official report states
the killed on board the Macedonian to be 36—wound-
ed—68. Fifty-three of the wounded died afterwards
of their wounds; making 89 in the whole;—more
the Americans in all their
lives than were lost by
battles with the Tripolitans! And, what will astonish
every reader, who has not, like the writer, critical-
ly examined every official report to ascertain the
fact—this loss of human lives on board the Macedo-
nian, by instant death or wounds which proved mor-
tal, was greater than that of the Americans in every
º ries were won; and also in the victory upon Lake
shing is it that this loss is only six less than
hat sustained by the Essex, of 32 guns, in the un-
ſleled contest with the frigate Phºbe of 36–
luring the war with Great Britainſ Equally
à.
* . . ------- - - - tº . * . . . ------ # ºr " * . w ... % . -
one of the actions between single ships, where victo-











STEPHEN DECATURs z 19.
and sloop of war Cherub, of 28—of the President 44.
with the Majestic (razee) frigates Endymion, Pomo-
ne, Tenedos, and brig Despatch—and of the Argus of
18 with the Pelican of 21 guns !—
An important duty yet remained for Com. Deca-
tur to perform—to conduct his ship and his shatter-
ed prize over an immense and wide spread ocean,
filled, in almost every direction, with vigilant and
powerful enemies, and to reach an American port.
Although the uniform courtesy and hospitality of the
Commodore, made Capt. Carden “forget that he
was a prisoner,” yet he might well hope to be re-
captured; and see the frigate United States, with
the Macedonian, entering a British port. But ano-
ther destiny awaited the persevering Decatur. It
was for him to carry into port the first British fri-
gate ever captured by a single frigate; and it was
for the little town of New-London, in Connecticut,
to be the first to welcome the returning conqueror,
with the trophy of his victory.
He entered that port upon the 4th day of Decem-
ber, 1812, with the frigate United States in prime
order; and the noble Macedonian which exhibited
ocular demonstration that “ she had seen service.”
Although once amongst the newest, and by all, ac-
knowledged the first rate frigate in the whole immense
navy of Britain, she now belonged to the “ Navy
List” of America. The arrival of Com. Decat r
called forth every demonstration of joy that -
evinced by the patriotic citizens of New-L
That town and its vicinity, had always been a
17 ±











Life or
to British rapacity, ever since the British crown
commenced the trade of war upon Americans. Its
citizens now had before their eyes one evidence at
least, that the claws of the British Lion might be
rendered harmless by the talons of the American
Eagle. , - *
But little room can be spared for notices of the
numerous and flattering evidences of joy, evinced at
the arrival of Com. Decatur at New London. The
Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council of that ci-
ty, presented him their thanks. They could offer
no higher proof of their admiration. A splendid ball
was given in honour of the laurelled hero. He was
charmed, again to witness the scenes of innocent
festivity; but the fascinating tones of the violin, and
the changes and promenades of graceful nymphs,
were no more pleasing to him, than the shrill sound
of the Boatswain's pipe, calling all hands, and the
animating thrill of the bugle, summoning to the bat-
tles of his country. . . .
Upon his arrival at New-London, he immediate-
ly despatched one of his accomplished and brave
Lieutenants, Mr. Hamilton, to Washington, with the
#
flag of the Macedonian, and his despatches. Lieut.
Hamilton arrived at the metropolis upon the even-
i. ig of the 8th December. A more happy combina--
nation of circumstances cannot be imagined. It
as upon the evening of a ball given in honour of
e naval officers generally, and more particularly
to one of the first of that gallant band, Cap
Charles Stewaar. Not only the beauty and fa-
















stephen Decatur, 199
shion of the city, but much of the patriotism and ta-
lents of the Republic were drawn together upon the
joyous occasion. The graces were presiding over
the festivities of the hall, and directing the move-
ments of the “mazy dance.” A whisper ran rapid-
ly through the party, like a shock of electricity
around a combined circle. It was suddenly an-
nounced, that another flag of a British Ship of War
had been brought to the city. Every heart was pal-
pitating with joy, and “forgot its previous raptures.”
The party dismissed their delightful amusements,
and waited for the “full fruition of joy.” It was
incipient joy when Lieut. Hamilton entered the hall
—it was joy consummated, when the noble Capts.
Hull and Stewart triumphantly bore the flag of the
Macedonian through the enraptured assembly, and
presented it to the dignified and elevated Mrs. Madi-
son who was present. Those who had not the hap-
piness to witness this scene may—
“—Talk of beauties that they never saw,
And fancy raptures that they never knew.”
The Secretary of the Navy, Hon. Paul Hamilton,
his wife and daughter, were also present and pass-
, ed the embraces of the father, the mother, and the
sister, with Lieut. Hamilton. Assembled around
the festive board, one of the managers gave
toast-
around





200 Life of
* .
“Commodore Decatur, And the officers AND
crew of THE FRIGATE UNITED STATEs.
The tender and impassioned language of affec-
tion and admiration, was instantly changed to the
most enthusiastic plaudits. The hall reverberated
with the glory of Decatua. Memory called to
view the capture of the Ketch Intrepid—the destruc-
tion of the Philadelphia Frigate—the battle with the
Tripolitan Gun-Boats—the death.of the Turk who
murdered Lieut James Decatur—and the flag of the
Macedonian was suspended in the hall, with those of
the Guerriere and the Alert. : 3.
Com. Decatur, in the mean time, was preparing
to conduct the frigates United States and Macedonian
to New-York. He arrived in that port with them
upon the first day of January, 1813, having been
many days detained by adverse winds. He anchor-
ed the Macedonian at the Wallabout for repairs, and
left the deck of the frigate United States, to enter
snce more the city from which he sailed in one hour
after the declaration of war was officially announced
to him. •
It would be totally inconsistent with the limits and
design of this volume to enter into particular details
of all the manifestations of respect shown to Com.
Decatur. He could not be indifferent to them; but
Com. Decatur here met with two former
his modesty made him shrink from the glaring dis-
ciates when in the Mediterranean—Capts. Isaac










stEPHEN DEGATUR.
of America. An area of about 20, by 10 feet, was
*
Hull, and JAgob Jones. The last he had, by his
valour, emancipated from a bondage of eighteen
months in a Tripolitan dungeon—he now saluted
him as a champion, victorious over a superior Bri-
tish force. He forgot the victory of the frigate
United States over the Macedonian, when contemplat-
ing that of the Wasp over the Frolie. !
The corporation, and citizens of New-York, ever
foremost in rewarding patriotism and valour, dis-
played their hospitality upon the occasion of Com.
Decatur’s arrival, in a style of splendour unsurpass-
ed. It was not a mere dinner to which he was in-
vited—it was to a scene elucidating the highest
taste, the finest arrangements, and the most noble
sentiments. A capacious hall was colonnaded with
masts of ships, and the flags of all the world were
suspended upon them. Upon each table was a min-
iature ship, displaying the “star-spangled banner”
filled with water, and a miniature of the United :-
States frigate was floating in it. A mainsail 33, by
16 feet, was suspended in the rear of the artificial
lake, upon which was painted the American Eagle,
holding in his beak a scroll with these words—“Our
childh EN ARE THE PROPERTY of our country.*.”
One beautiful transparency represented the Ame.
rican Eagle, holding in his mouth three medallion
* A reference to the second chapter of this volume, w i lexplain
the appropriate meaning of this sentiment—worthy of e b st Re-


















202 Life of
Upon one was inscribed “ Hull, and the Gues-
RIERE”—on another—“Jones and the Faolic”—on
another—“DECATUR AND THE MACEDONIAN.”
—August 19th 1812–The frigate United States
taking the Macedonian, Oct. 25th, 1812–The
Wasp taking the FRollic, Nov. 18th, 1812. Upon
displaying these inimitable representations, the
whole company expressed their feelings by nine
animated cheers.
ed, but cannot be described. After they retired,
amongst various other sentiments given on the occa-
sion, was the following, which although it has rather
too much of that species of humour called punning,is
nevertheless extremely forcible, when understood.
d the keels often hulls*—Jones who raised
DECATUR, who gave the finishing
The corporation of the city of New-York, also
gave to the whole crew of the frigate United States,
a splendid dinner, in the same hall in which Com.
Decatur dined.
%
*
ire frigate wafted,
not t
lding four 74's and six Frigates,
The feelings of these gallant men may be conceiv-
—“The three naval Architects—Hull, who at one
Another splendid transparency represented the fri-
gate Constitution taking the GUERRIERE in a blaze
tur dined., The decorations were precisely as
described excepting the lake in which the min-
- d, which was filled with grog, but
st excess amongst those well




























stephen decatua. " 203
disciplined sailors. The crew exceeded 400, and .
were neatly dressed in blue jackets and trowsers,
scarlet vests, and glazed hats. As they marched
from the frigate to the City-Hotel, reiterated ap-
plauses were given by the citizens. The splendour
of the hall—the miniature lake and frigate—and
above all, the transparencies of the victories of the
United States, Constitution, and Wasp, carried their
astonishment almost to delirium. The boatswain's
whistle kept them in perfect order, and “Yankee
Doodle,” from the inimitable band of the Macedo-
nian, inspired them with ardent patriotism. After
dinner, the boatswain thus answered Alderman Wan-
derbilt’s elegant address.
“In behalf of my shipmates, I return our sincere
thanks to the corporation of the city of New-York, … ?
for the honour which they this day have done us.
Rest assured, Sir, that it will be always our wish,
to deserve the good opinion of our countrymen.”
Three hearty cheers, from the whole crew, evinced
their approbation of the boatswain's sentiments. ,
They then drank to this toast, so perfectly in cha-
racter with American tars— - *
“4merican ships, all over the ocean.”
At this time, Com. Decatur, and his accomplish
Lieutenant, W. H. Allen, entered the hall.
presence of the Commodore heightened their pre-
vious rapture. He gave as a toast— .
* Free trade and no impressments,”














º-
.
204 Life os
which was received with an enthusiasm peculiar to
sailors. He communicated to them the request of
- the managers of the Theatre, that they would attend
in the evening; and the whole pit was appro priated
ed them nearly in these words—“ Sailors —Your
orderly and decorous conduct this day gives me
high satisfaction. Continue it through this even-
ing; and convince the hospitable and patriotic citi-
zens of New-York, that you can maintain the same
order in the midst of amusements, as you have done,
when sailing upon the ocean and conquering the ene-
my.” It was answered by the well known and re-
of the Macedonian again cheered them with patriot-
ic airs. Excepting the lowering of an enemy’s flag,
this world could not afford a scene more exhilirating
to such a man as STEPHEN DECATUR. :
One act of noble munificence in this truly noble
crew, must not be omitted. Upon receiving their
prize money, every one of the seamen immediately
paid two dollars each, making a fund of nearly nine
hundred dollars, for the benefit of the orphan chil-
dren of John Archibald, who died by wounds receiv-
º Macedonian. Com. Deca-
n the action with the
es, and received from the father of Archibald, an
dress of thanks ------->
guage of a grateful heart. But he loo
tude more forcibly than he expressed it. C
spectful salute of sailors. The admirable band
is, couched in the impressive lan-
for their accomodation. The Commodore address-
º
placed the money in the hands of suitable trus-

























- stephen Decatur. - 205
catur, upon this, and on numerous other occasions,
punctiliously restored, or liberally paid for. Capt.
§§
º
º
e
“A giance sends volumes to the heart,
While words impassioned die.”
The benevolent, the humane, the generous De-
enjoyed—“ the luxury of doing good.” It was not
to his friends alone, to whom he extended the help-
ing hand of humanity—to his enemies, when not in-
consistent with his duty, he was a ministering angel
of mercy. ... “
When he took possession of the Macedonian, he
found her filled, not only with every munition and
material of war, but with almost all the luxuries of
the palace. He found an opportunity to repay the
accomplished and gallant Capt. Carden for the ma-
ny civilities he had shown to American officers,
while upon the American station. Every thing in
the ship which belonged to the government as prize,
he scrupulously accounted for; but every individual
article that belonged to the officers and seamen, he
Carden had the finest band of music in the British
Navy, and the choicest supply of wine, &c. for hi
own cabin. These and other conveniences to the
amount of nearly a thousand dollars, Com. Decatur
paid him for. Let the face of the commander of t
Poictiers 74, be crimsoned with shan * b.
dies; and that these noble

























%:::::::::::
206 - Life of
*
never shifted their dress, until they were exchanged,
and arrived in a cartel in America”. Let another
fact connected with the Macedonian which this same
Capt. Jones was appointed to command, be men-
tioned by way of contrast between the American and
British governments, and between American and
British naval officers. The following is an extract
from the Muster-Roll of the Macedonian, when cap-
tured by Com. Decatur.
“Christopher Dodge, American, aged 32, prest
by the Thisbe, late Dedaigneuse, shipped in the
Macedonian, July 1, 1810. . .
Peter Johnson, American, aged 32, prest by the
Dedalus, entered August 24, 1810. .
John Alexander, of Cape Ann, aged 29, prest by
the Dedalus, entered August 25, 1810.
C. Dolphin, of Connecticut, aged 22, prest by the
Namur, late Ceres, entered August 4, 1810.
Major Cook, of Baltimore, aged 27, prest by the
* Royal William, late Mercury, entered Sept. 1 0,
1810. ‘. . . . . . . . . "
William Thompson, of Boston, aged 20, prest at
Lisbon, entered Jan. 16, 1811, drewned at sea in
boarding an American.
* * When the gallant seamen of the late ship Wasp arrived at the
seat of government, the Secretary of the Navy, and other gentle-
men visited them in their destitute situation: the Secretary shook
hem each by the hand—applauded them for their gallantry in ac-
n, and fortitude under privations; and gave orders for an imme-
ly of every comfort and convenience. These n * ...
rds would fight desperately against the
atl for their country. ‘. . . ..














stephen Decatur. . 207
John Wallis, American, aged 23, prest by the
Triton, entered Feb. 16, 1811, killed in action in
the Macedonian' ~
John Card, American, aged 27, prest by the North
Star, entered April 13, 1811, killed in action in the
Macedonian " --> .
Let the vaunting “Queen of the Ocean” boast of
her thousand ships and matchless commanders; and
as Macbeth shuddered at the ghost of Banquo, let her
shudder at the ghosts of Thompson, Wallis and Card,
compelled to fight their own countrymen, and per-
haps to spill their brother's blood. But their blood
has been avenged, so far as man can avenge; and
it is for that Being who “reigns in the armies of
heaven above” to administer eternal justice. .






CHAPTER xiii.
Honours conferred upon Com. Decatur—He takes command of a
Squadron—lmmense disparity between American and British
Naval force on the American coast—List of both—Com. Deca-
tur sails from New-York in Squadron—His ship struck by light-
ning—Sails for a British 74—Retreats to New-London—Pre-
pares for defence—Rasees—British Squadron—Contrast be-
tween Hardy and Cockburn–Stratagems of War—Passport for
the bodies of Lawrence and Ludlow—Com. Decatur attempts to
escape—Blue Lights–Steam Frigate—Challenge to the enemy
–Impressed seamen—Dignified and humane officers—Com.
Decatur and Com. Macdonough. … 3. * -
Com. Decatur might now be said to be at the ze-
nith of glory. Honours flowed in upon him in such
rapid succession, that if the thirst for fame and the
appetite for glory could ever be satisfied, he might
well say “it is enough,”—and yet, when acknow-
ledging the honours conferred upon him and his gal-
lant officers and seamen, his unassuming language
was “may they stimulate us to acts more pro-
tioned to their approbation.” It might well
le asked what deeds could Decatur perform, that
would be “more proportioned” to the highest ap-
probation that could be bestowed, than what he had
achieved? I do not here allude to his last
º by those of his early life, an d such, I trust,
%













ste hen DECATUR. 209
is the opinion of the readers of these imperfect
sketches. w
Promotion he could not receive, for at twenty-
five, he reached the highest grade of office in the
American Navy. The almost endless series of pro-
motions in the Navy of Britain, opens a wide door
§
Admirals, and vice-Admirals—Admirals of the white,
the red, and the blue, and Rear-Admirals almost ad
infinitum, afford titles of honour to a numerous host
of officers, whether they have earned them by deeds
of valour, or acquired them by court favouritism.
The titles of duke, earl, marquis, viscount, baronet
and knight, are also within the gift of the crown;
and it will be recollected that plain Capt. Broke of
the Shannon, was “dubbed a knight” for capturing
by a fortunate circumstance, the ill-starred frigate
Chesapeake, after she had fairly beaten the Shan-
!) One - -
The most grateful reward to the gallant and noble
Decatur, was the thanks of his government and the
applause of his countrymen. They were far high-
er in his estimation, than a dukedom, or peerage
with a princely estate torn from the hard earnings
of humble and patient industry. These he enjoy-
ed in full fruition. Nor were they new honours to
him. Ten years before, he received from Gon.
gress, his commission, a vote of Thanks, and a
sword.
The Congress of the United States voted
heir thanks to Com. Decatur, his Officers and
. 18 +











210
Seamen, for the capture of the Macedonian—a gold
medal to him, and a silver one to each of his of.
ficers. * * . . . .
The State Legislatures of Pennsylvania and Mas-
sachusetts also voted thanks to the Commodore, his
Officers and Seamen—and the Legislature of Virgi-
nia presented elegant swords to him, and to Lieuts.
W. H. Allen, and J. B. Nicholson, for the same
achievement. … e. -
The Citizens of Philadelphia, (for “ those who
knew him best, loved him most,”) presented him
with..a sword of pure solid gold, of little less value
than one thousand dollars. Perhaps the pecuniary
value of it ought not to be mentioned; as neither
the givers nor the receiver thought of it in any other
point of view, than as a token of admiration on the
one part, and an evidence on the other of consum-
mate skill, gallant courage, and devoted patriotism.
Sumptuous public dinners, and splendid public
balls, were given to the Commodore wherever he
could be found; and had duty or inclination led him
to travel by land, he unquestionably would have
been urged and almost compelled to have eaten and
danced his passage through the whole Republic. But
rather preferred to make another attempt to fight
his passage o'er the ocean, through the thickening
ips of the enemy, which, at this period, almost en-
ircled the whole country.
Som. Decatur, soon after his return to America,
m his second brilliant cruise, was appointed to the
º



















stephen decatus. 211
glorious association of ideas. The writer h
United States (his flag-ship,)—the frigate Macedo-
nian, Capt. Jones—and the Sloop of War Hornet,
Capt. Biddle. These gallant and persevering offi-
cers devoted themselves, with unceasing assiduity,
in fitting their ships for sea. The Frigate U. States
and the Sloop Hornet, notwithstanding the first had
recently captured a first rate British Frigate, and
the last had sunk a British ship of superior force,
needed but little repairs; yet the Macedonian was
rendered almost a wreck, and needed thorough re-
pairs. The Squadron was fitted for sea by the 24th
May, 1813. 3 - - -
While preparing this Squadron for sea, Com. De-
catur, Capts. Jones and Biddle, enjoyed the high
satisfaction of learning the splendid victory of the
noble and gallant Com. Bainbridge, of the frigate
Constitution, over the British frigate Java, Capt.
Lambert, and that of Capt. Lawrence, of the Sloop
of war Hornet, over the British sloop of war Pea-
cock, Capt. Peake. The history of Naval warfare
scarcely affords a parallel with these two victories.
The new and elegant ship Java’ all but sunk in the
action, and was afterwards blown up as a worthless
wreck—her commander mortally wounded—66 me
, killed, and 170 wounded. The sloop of war.
cock, one of the finest of her class, sunk even
fore the whole of the conquered crew could be g ot-
ten on board the Hornet. What enhanced the in-
terest of these victories, was the delig htful and vet
quently, in the later periods of Com. Decatur's life



















recurred back to his Mediterranean achievements,
How forcibly may we recur to them in this place
Bainbridge, Jones and Biddle, were once in the most
dismal bondage in Tripoli—Decatur and Lawrence
led in the destruction of the frigate Philadelphia,
which hastened their emancipation They commenc-
ed their naval intimacy in scenes of common dan-
gers and common misery—it had now advanced to
the high exultation of common victories obtained by
them all, over the mistress of the ocean. Never had
a whole class of men so much reason to admire each
other, as the American Naval officers, who began
their career of sufferings and victory in the Mediter-
nean, and who have so gloriously conquered in the
tlantic. 3. . . . . . . . . . . .
The immense disparity of Naval force between
America and Britain at the commencement of the
war, has been alluded to in general terms. It may
gratify the reader to learn more particularly the
force of the enemy, when the undaunted and fearless
Decatur, commenced his third cruise. The state-
ment is derived from a source which will not be dis-
l, as it comes from the very loyal Mr. Steele,
annual “ Navy List, of the Royal Navy of
tain” and their several “Stations” is made
inspection of the “Lords Commissioners
iralty,” and more particularly under that
following ships to
813, assigns the





































stEPHEN DEcATUR.
--- Royal Oak
Bellona 74 Geo. M'Kinley, es
Revolutionare 44 P. L. Woolcombe
part of that force. Some of them were then on our
BERMUDA STATION.
Names. - guns. Commanders,
Minerva 32 R. Hawkins, esq.
Frolic, brig 18 —Whinyates.
Sylph 18 Wm. Evans.
Muros, brig 14 Lt. C. Hobart.
London papers of the 10th of January, stated.
that a squadron of 19 sail of the line, several large
frigates, (razees) and 5 bomb vessels, would instant-
ly proceed to the coast of America, to bombard some
of the principal ports. The following are named as
COaSt.
KR'r Ad. L’d A. Beauclerc.
Egmont 74 Joseph Bingham esq.
La Hogue 74 Hon. T. B. Capel.
Norge 74 L. S. Regnier, esq.
Abercrombie 74 C. W. Fahie, esq.
*Theseus 74 Wm. Prouse, esq.
Woolcombe, esq.
º º • Going first off the we era hand.






















Desiree 36 Arthur Farquahar.
Neimen 38 Samuel Pym.
Mutine, brig 18 N. D. Courcy.
CRUISING OFF THE WESTERN ISLANDs.
Elephant 74 C. J. Austin, esq.
Dublin 74 R. Henderson, esq.
Inconstant 36 E. W. C. R. Owens, esq.
Hermes 20 Philip Browne, esq.
Rolla, brig 10 Wm. Hall, esq.
HALIFAX STATION.
. “. . . . . ( Ad. Sir J. B. Warren, bt.
San Domingo 74 %. Charles Gill.
jerland 74 Thomas Baker, esq.
*...* | Rear Ad. Cockburn, kt.
w arlborough . 7. . } Capt. B. H. Ross. .
Poictiers 74 Sir J. P. Beresford, kt.
Ramilies 74 Sir Thomas Hardy, bart.
2-4 50 Robert Barrie, esq. .
40 A. R. Kerr, esq. º
38 James Saunders, esq.
38 E. P. Epworth, esq.
38 J. A. Gordon, >
38 P. B. V. Broke, esq.
38 E. P. Brenton, esq., * : * :
38 Hassard Stackpole, esq.
Parker, esq.
t Byron, es 4. . º











stephen decaror.
Maidstone
Orpheus
AEolus
Laurestinus
Fawn
Tartarus
Wanderer
Arachne, brig
Arab do.
Atalanta do.
Colibri do.
Curlew do.
Goree
Heron, brig
Martin
Morgiana”
Moselle, brig
Recruit
Sophia, brig
Magnet, do.
Ratler
*P lumper, gun brig
Variable
Holly, schr.
Bream, do.
- Cuttle, do.
* Fierce, do.
. Mackerel, do.
* Lost near Eastpert, Maine.
D. M. Maurice, esq.
A. Gordon, esq.
Lt. J. Bray.
Lt. S. S. Treacher.
Lt. C. D. Browne,
º Lt. W. L. Patterson • *
Geo. Burdett, esq.
Hugh Pigott, esq.
Lord J. Townsend.
Thomas Graham, esq.
Thomas Fellows, esq. .
John Pasco, esq.
F. Newcomb, esq.
C. H. Watson, esq.
John Wilson, esq.
Frederick Hickey, esq.
J. Thompson, esq.
Michael Head, esq.
*
Hon. H. D. Byng.
Wm. M'Culloch, esq. -
John Evans, esq.
David Scott, esq.
—Mowbray, esq.
H. F. Banhouse, esq.
N. Luckyer, esq.
R. R. B. Y
Yates.
















The following vessels were on the Jamaica and
Leeward Island Stations, and on passage to the
West Indies, the 1st of January : .
- • . }º Laforey, bt.
Dragon - 74 Capt. F. A. Collfer.
Arethusa 38 %
Sybelle 38 C. Upton, esq. convoy.
*Southampton 32 Sir James Yeo.
Jason 32 Hon. Wm. King.
Narcissus . 32 J. R. Lumley.
Mercury (en flute) 28 C. Milward.
Garland & — Davies.
Coquette John Simpson.
*Cya Thomas Forrest.
Light B. C. Doyle.
John Skekel.
James Stuart.
D. Barber. } convoy with
W. H. Smith. the Sybelle.
A. F. Westropp.
Henry Jane.
H. O'Gready.
; Henry Haynes.
Lieut. Bligh.
G. J. Evely:
Bold, brig
Crane
Dauntless
vian, brig =

















stephen decatur. 217.
Liberty, cutter b. 14 Lieut. G. M. Guise.
Morne Fortunee, b. 14 J. Steele.
Netley, sch. 14 G. Green.
Spider, b. 14 F. G. Willoch.
Elizabeth, sch. 12 Lieut. Edward F. Droyer.
Rapide, do. 12 N. W. Pere.
Algerine, cutter, 10 D. Carpenter.
“Dominico, g. b. 10 Robert Hockings.
Opossum, do. 10 Thomas Woolridge.
Ballahon, sch. 8 Norfolk King.
Green Linnet 6 . º
#Subtle 8 Lieut. Charles Browne.
NEWFOUNDLAND STATION.
bart.
Antelope * {{...}.
Capt. Edward I
Hyperion 32 W. P. Cumby, esq.
Electra 18 Wm. Gregory, esq.
Hazard 18 John Cooksley, esq.
#Alert 16 Lieut. Wm. Smith.
Juniper 8 N. Vassal.
The Guerriere, the Macedonian, the Java, the Pea.
cock, and the Frolic, once belonged to this List.
The names of the first, and three last, although
kes.
* Lost on the Bahama Keys. ,
Jack's Favourite.
+ Captured by the Essex.
















218 . . . . LIFE or . *
the same timbers were afterwards added to the Ame.
rican Navy List. . . . . . . . . º. º.
Again,_* Look upon THAT Picture, and then upon
this.”—it would make the reader think of “ little
Iulus” following after “Anchises.”
NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 1813.
President 44 Com. Rodgers.
United States 44 Decatur.
Constitution 44 Capt. Lawrence.
Macedonian 38 Jones.
Congress 36 Smith.
Chesapeake 36 Evans.
Constellation 36 Stewart.
New-York 36 Repairing at Washington.
Boston 32 do. do.
Essex 32 Capt. Porter.
Adams 32 Morris.
John Adams 26 Ludlow.
Alert 18 -
ornet 18 *
. . . ." 16 Lieut. Allen.
16 Mast. Com. J. Bainbridge.
14 Lieut. Blakely.
14 Grandisor
idious disciples of the “ Doctrine of
would feel that wonder, which is the ef.
* . . that the government
its Naval 'officers,


















STEP
HEN DECATuR.
º
should presume to expose a ship or a seaman to the
destruction of such an overwhelming superiority of
force. The government and its officers knew what
had been accomplished, and were not to be deterred
by fear from further attempts. They took no coun-
sel from that paralyzing passion in the breast of do-
tards. . -
Com. Decatur received his sailing-orders with ex-º
ultation, and Capts. Jones and Biddle panted for an
opportunity to gather further laurels. º
Upon the 24th of May, the Commodore's broad
pendant waved from the head of his favourite fri-
gate United States. The “Star-spangled Banner”
held the place once occupied by “ St. George's
Cross” on the Macedonian; and the little Hornet
still retained her stings. They passed into the
sound; and when off Hunt's Point, the main-mast of
the Commodore's ship was struck with lightning,
and his broad pendant came down; being compell-
ed, surely, in this instance, to yield to a “superior
Force.” It entered a port-hole—went down t
after hatchway, through the ward-room, into th
Surgeon's room—tore up his bed and put out his
candle—then passed between the skin and eil-
ing of the ship, and tore up about twenty n
her co at the water's edge. The
nian, but 100 yards astern, hove her top-s:
fearing the fire might find its way to th
The Squadron, however, was soon ag.
sail. - -
Upon June 1st, a
* *


























# %
220 LIFE OF
the harbour of New-London. Immediate sail was
made for her, and a prize was already taken in an-
ion. At this moment the remainder of the Bri-
quadron—a 74, a Razee, and a frigate, show-
2d themselves, coming from their covert behind Mon-
tauk Point. This force was almost as irresistible
as the lightning from which the American squadron
had recently escaped; and it made good its retreat
into the harbour of New-London; not, however, un-
til the Commodore's ship gave the razee a few shots
from her stern chasers. * ,
| Such are the sudden changes in the fortune of
naval warfare. The Commodore found himself.
blockaded in the same port into which he lately con-
ducted the first British frigate as a prize, that ever
entered an American harbour. -
Expecting from the great force of the enemy an
immediate attack, the squadron was prepared, aided
by the military force at forts Trumbull and Gris-
wold, to give Sir Thos. M. Hardy a reception as
arm and more effectual than his adored Nelson
d at Copenhagen. -
As this is the first time Razees have been mention-
ed, some readers may wish for a description, of what,
Merly be called a non-descript in
They are actually 74 gun-ships,
of their decks cut down, and the
ler guns which are of but little
agements. They aredeemed by
safull match for two first rate
iralty of Old Englan
**





























sTEPHEN DECATUR. 221
ter seeing their finest frigates for the first time bow-
ing to an equal force, designed these mongrel bul-
warks of her prowess, for contests with American
frigates, and denominated them razees ' If a double
entendre were allowable upon a subject that ought
to excite contempt, we might safely venture to say,
that in single combat with a plain American 44, they
would be razeed of more deck and more guns than
what the British naval architects would approve of
The admiralty of Britain, by this measure, bestow-
ed the highest compliment upon American officers
and seamen, and virtually acknowledged their own
inferiority in conflicts between equal forces—and the
crown would probably have knighted the comman-
der of a British razee for capturing an American fri-
gate. .” .
Com. Decatur moored his squadron five miles
above the town, and took every precautionary mea-
sure, in conjunction with the United States' forces
in the forts and the Connecticut militia, which im- º
mediately appeared, to prepare for a vigorous de-
fence. His presence and example inspired confi.
dence in every bosom, and imparted the ardent glo
of patriotism to every heart. Although Com. De-
catur, Capts.-Jones and Biddle, their officers and
seamen, were driven, force wholly irresistible
by them, from their chose .” i t . . .
midable force still menacing t
yet, spirits like theirs were new
spair of the Republic.”
amiliar with scenes of c

























LIFE of
most horrid forms, and the second and the third had
endured the horrors of a lengthened bondage amongst
the most ferocious and merciless of barbarians—and
all had been in victorious conflicts with the mistress
of the ocean. . a -
It would not comport with the intended limits of
this volume, to detail all the minor events that took
place in the naval and military forces at, and near
New-London, during the long period the American
Squadron was there blockaded. The British Squad-
ron under Sir Thomas M. Hardy, was at all times.
too formidable to attack and too vigilant to escape.
It originally consisted of the Ramilies, 74, Sir T.
M. Hardy–Valiant, 74, R. D. Oliver—Acasta, 40,
A. R. Kerr–Orpheus, 36, H. Pigott. The Statira,
38, H. Stackpole, (“sister-ship” of the Macedoni-
an Hogue, 74, and Endymion, 44, after-
: l; besides Tenders, Barges, Boats, &c.
omas could diminish or augment his
there were always British
w days’ call.
ight be considered as a fortunate circumstance
e citizens of Connecticut and New-York, resi-
dºm s enemy as Sir T. M. Har-
mande waters. The inhabitants
aters and the bor of the Chesapeak
a different destiny where the sang
in, held dominion. Hardy,































stEPHEN DECATur. . 223
scorned to make war upon unresisting weakness.
But let the fate of Hampton, Havre de Grace, French-
town and Fredericktown be remembered; and to
place Cockburn upon the very pinnacle of infamy
for “scorn to point its slow unmoving finger at,” let
the wanton destruction of the Capitol, the Presi-
dent's house, the National Library, and the dilapi-
dations upon the Naval Monument at Washington
be brought to light. It is almost with a blush I men-
tion the name of this paragon of infamy upon the
same page with the valiant Hardy, who never violat-
ed the established principles of civilized warfare.
Scarcely a living animal was taken from the islands
or the main, without they were paid for, or offered
pay refused". No defenceless villager was driven
in despair from his burning mansion; no unn
ed female suffered violence from bru
This truly noble Hero knew his duty to his g and
country, and he performed it. His squadron cap-
tured every merchantman within its reach. One de-
tachment of it destroyed a large amount of shippin
at Pettipaug—another made a “ demonstratio
on the borough of Stonington, and were repulse,
the unparalleled heroism of the citizens. He would
most gladly have recaptured the Macedonian, and

















224 LIFE or
and magnanimous as himself, was placed as a watch-
man upon these wooden walls of the Republic. Sir
Thomas could do nothing but smile at the gasconad-
ing thr it of one of his officers, “ That they meant
to have the Macedonian, if they followed her into a
corn-field.” Undoubtedly they would have rejoiced
to reap such a prize in any field. But Com. Har-
dy’s “ system of navigation” would hardly admit of
gathering a crop on such an element. . .
Although Com. Decatur and Com. Hardy would
prefer an ocean-battle to obtain a conquest, yet stra-
tagem has always been practised to obtain the same
object. Such was resorted to by the commanders
of the Valiant and Acasta, to decoy Com. Decatur
into the hands of the enemy. About the middle of
. June, these ships left their stations—captured a
* . . . ...º.º.º.º.º. essel, and assured the master of her, that
nt had struck upon a rock, and that the
. . . ier to Halifax for repairs,
she should sink. In a
le 19th June, the day upon which war was
year preceding, the American flag was
that of the British on board their
ron. Had that flag been taken in action with
1 force, there would
. - - - e been more mean-
n it. They could distinctly see the American
upon the mast of the Macedonian. . .
in the 25th a scho : . . .3
at New-York, by a Mr. Scudder, wh
in additional Frigate and a
g


















stephen Decatur." 225
knowledged the fact, exploded near the British
squadron, destroyed some boats and about 100 men.
Com. Hardy, probably supposing it to have origi-
nated in Com. Decatur’s squadron, sent the follow-
ing note on shore by a flag of truce. º
“The inhabitants of Stonington, New-London,
and the vicinity, are hereby informed, that after this
date, no boat of any description shall be suffered to
approach or pass his Britannie majesty's squadron,
lying off New-London, flags of truce excepted.
Given on board his Majesty’s ship Ramilies, the
26th June, 1813. .
x. T. M. HARDY, Capt.”
Although the gallant and lamented Gen. Pike,
died by a British stratagem still more unusual than
this, yet Com. Decatur, as the reader will present-
ly learn, proposed a different mode to take or destroy
the British squadron than by that of blo ! . .
with fire-ships, or torpedoes.
Com. Decatur, about the first of Septem
ceived from Com. Bainbridge the original I
passport for the Brig Henry, fitted out by the
lifax, and to bring to their native land the bodi
the gallant and lamented Capt. Lawren
The object was to enable Com. Decaturt
§. ension of the same passport,

















226 LIFE OF
manding officer of this station, for the Henry to pro-
ceed to New-York with the bodies. The Commo-
dore immediately despatched Lieut. Nicholson with
a flag of truce, and a letter addressed to Sir T. M.
Hardy, “ or the officer commanding H. B. M. Squad-
ron off New-London.” Capt. Oliver of the Valiant
was the “officer commanding.” Lieut. Nicholson
was ordered to lie by with his boat, in weather ex-
tremely boisterous, and was refused the privilege of
coming to the leeward of the Valiant for protection.
An officer was sent on board the flag-boat—the de-
spatches were sent to Capt. Oliver, with the original
passport. After an hour's detention, a letter was
sent on board, to Com. Decatur, informing him that
his letter and the passport would be sent to Com.
Hardy, then at Halifax .
• The feelings of Com. Decatur on receipt of the
letter, can neither be described nor conceived. In
consequence of this refusal, the bodies of these sleep-
ing heroes were transported by land, from Salem
through Massachusetts and Connecticut to New-
. That this refusal should not appear too glar-
ing an outrage upon humanity, it ought to be men-
tioned that Capt. Oliver, subsequently, when it was
too late to have effect, granted the request:
While Com. Decatur’s squadron was rendered
thus inactive, and driven from the ocean, a “fresh
hieved a deed which produced inexpressible as-
nt in the enemy, and joy as inexpressible
icans. As Com. Perry's victory upon
















STEPHEN DECATUR. 227
Lake Erie was the first gained over the enemy in
squadron, as Capt. Hull's was the first over a single
ship, they have been echoed and re-echoed, until it
might be supposed that the thirst for praise itself,
would have been saturated. This capture of the
British squadron upon Lake Erie is an anomaly in
the history of naval warfare. Although Nelson had
taught the manner of breaking through an enemy's
line, yet it was for Com. Perry to leave his own dis-
abled ship in the hands of his Lieutenant, who re-
luctantly struck her flag—take the ship'of the next
officer in command, almost uninjured, and despatch
him on another service—then with his fresh ship,
aided by the gallantry and skill of her former com-
mander, in bringing fresh ships into close action, to
gain a decided victory, is surely without a parallel.
Com. Perry and Capt. Elliott set a new example;
whether it ever will be followed, must be left for fu-
ture naval conflicts to determine. Particulars must
here be omitted; but they may be learned from
Com. Perry's three official letters to the Secretary of
the Navy; and his three civil letters to Maj. º
Harrison. The General aided the Commodoi
obtaining the victory upon water—the Commodor
in return, aided the General in conquering upon
But such are the sudden reverses of those who
travel the road to ſame, that they are often compe
ed to mingle the tears of grief with the smiles of
triumph. Scarce had the exhiliration of joy exc
edin the bosom of Com. Decatur by the victory up














on Lake Erie subsided, before the death of one of
his former favourite lieutenants was announced. Af.
ter the capture of the Macedonian, Lieut. W. H.
ALLEN, was promoted, and ordered to take com-
mand of the Argus, the first armed vessel that De-
catur commanded. He carried the American minis-
ter to France, and repaired to the Irish channel,
where, in a short time, he captured British property
to the amount of $2,000,000, as they confess; yet
they admired the hand that struck them, it
was raised with so much dignity and fell with so
much humanity. When Capt. Allen fell himself,
nobly fighting the Pelican upon the 14th August, and
was buried in the midst of the enemies he had so
nobly fought, their demonstrations of respect for his
character, speak his highest eulogy. He was in-
terred with the honours of war; and the American
flag under which he had gallantly fought, enclosed
his reliques as they were borne to the vault, where
his slain midshipman Mr. Delphy had previously
ten deposited. Like the gallant Lawrence, he
lessly fought—he nobly fell—and was—
trangers honour’d, and by strangers mourn'd.”
Jpon the 4th October, Com. Decatur abandon-
ed the fort he had erected on Dragon-Hill—descend-
ed the river about three miles, determining to watch
:very possible opportunity to escape from his irk-
and disheartening situation. It was doubtless
ome for Com. Hardy to blockade, as it was




















for Com. Decatur to be blockaded—they both pre-
ferred a more active and glorious service. But the
fortune of war had placed them in this situation;
and if it had been the pleasure of their several go-
vernments, that they should have remained in it dur-
ing life, they must either have fought their way out
of it, submitted to it, or left a service from which
they derived their highest enjoyment.
The vigilance of the blockading squadron was
such, that no opportunity, for a long time, occurred
to attempt an escape with any hopes of success.
Indeed, it was the bounden duty of the British
squadron, to prevent Com. Decatur’s escape, or to
capture or destroy his ships; and if they had failed
to do one of them, every officer in the enemy's
squadron would have met with the severe punish-
ment which a British naval court-martial, invariably
inflicts for the most trifling omission of duty, or com-
mission of error.
It is always the policy of war to obtain the most
correct intelligence of an enemy's situation—the
amount of his force—his movements, and, if I
ble, his intentions. The British almost invariably
have their emissaries in the midst of their º mies.
It is easy, from the similarity of lang ºn
pearance, to introduce their own sul
weakness or corruption of man, it is not hard, e
to bribe their enemies with gold. That the Briti



















230 tire or
born incredulity, unless of that stubbornness which
is often the last subterfuge of guilt. The citizens
of New-London and Groton had passed through the
very extremity of sufferings, inflicted upon them by
the most execrable of traitors—Benedict Arnold;
and the most remote suspicion of treason, could not
for a moment attach itself to them. Their patriot-
ism in the first war between the Republic and Brit-
ain—and the avidity with which they flew to arms
in the second, to defend Com. Decatur's squadron,
most forcibly repels the least imputation of disaffec-
tion. But they had in the midst of them, either for-
eign emissaries, or domestic traitors, from some-
where; and they could not detect them. Even the
chosen followers of the Redeemer innocently har-
boured and caressed an unknown traitor; and if an
American accepted of “thirty pieces of silver,” or
thirty thousand of gold, to betray his country, it is
not to be regretted if he has met with the fate of Is-
cariot. % z:
But let the language of the noble, the patriotic,
and, in this instance, the indignant Decatus, speak
for itself. . . . .
“ New London, Dec. 20th, 1813.
“Some few nights since, the weather promised
an opportunity for this squadron to get to sea, and
it was said on shore that we intended to make the
attempt. In the course of the evening two blue
ts were burnt on both the points at the harbour's







3%
stEPHEN DECATUR. 231
doubt, but that they have by signals and otherwise,
instantaneous information of our movements. Great
but unsuccessful exertions have been made to de-
tect those who communicate with the enemy by sig-
nal. The editor of the New-London Gazette, to
alarm them, and in hope to prevent the repetition of
these signals, stated in that newspaper, that they had
been observed and ventured to denounce those who
had made them in animated and indignant terms.
The consequence is, that he has incurred the express
censure of some of his neighbours. Notwithstand-
ing these signals have been repeated, and have been
seen by 20 persons at least in this squadron, there
are men in N. London who have the hardihood to
affect to disbelieve it, and the effrontery to avow
their disbelief. I am, sir, with the highest conside-
ration and respect, your very obedient and humble
Serºvant,
(Signed) STEPHEN DECATUR.
Hon. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. º
Here let the gloomy subject rest. The bos m sº
of the patriot cannot be disturbed by it; and as to
the traitors who “burnt the two blue lights,” if still
in existence, may their pillows be pillows of thorns
—may their sleep be agony ; and may they even be
deprived of tears to appease the gnawings of guilt,
until they confess it, and become the subjects of hu-
manjustice, and, if so decreed, of divine mercy.
Com. Decatur, Capts. Jones and Biddle, as they
eould not escape, and as the enemy would not at




232 Life of
tack them at anchor, turned their attention to a new
species of naval armament, invented by that une-
qualled mechanist, Rob ERT Fulton. As it is em-
braced in the object of this work to blend with the
biography of Com. Decatur “brief notices of the
origin, progress and achievements of the American
JNavy,” it is deemed useful to furnish the reader with
his opinion, and that of other distinguished naval
characters, of Fulton’s Sre AM FRIGATE.
w “JNew-London, January 3, 1814.
We, the undersigned, have this day examined the
model and plans of a vessel of war, submitted to us
by Robert Fulton, to carry 24 guns, 24 or 32 pound-
ers, and use red hot shot, to be propelled by steam
at the speed of from 4 to 5 miles an hour, without the
aid of wind or tide. The properties of which ves-
sel are: That without masts or sails, she can move
with sufficient speed; that her machinery being
& guarded, she cannot be crippled; that her sides are
so thick as to be impenetrable to every kind of shot—
and in a calm or light breeze, she can take choice
of position or distance from an enemy. Consider-
ing the speed which the application of steam has al-
ready given to heavy floating bodies, we have full
confidence, that should such a vessel move only four
miles an hour, she could, under favourable circum-
stances, which may always begained over enemies’
vessels in our ports, harbours, bays and sounds, be
rendered more formidable to an enemy than any
kind of engine hitherto invented. And in such










%
š
stephen DECATuR. 233
case she would be equal to the destruction of one or
more 74's, or of compelling her or them to depart
from our waters. We, therefore, give it as our de-
cided opinion, that it is among the best interests of the
United States, to carry this plan into immediate ex-
ecution. . ſº -
(Signed) STEPHEN DECATUR.
3. J. JONES.
J. BIDDLE.
.New York, Jan. 10, 1814.
We, the subscribers, having examined the model
of the above described vessel of war, to be propell-
ed by steam, do fully concur in the above opinion
of the practicability and utility of the same. <
(Signed) SAMUEL EVANS.
L. WARRINGTON.
3. LEWIS.” .
º
It is to be regretted, that this novel, floating en-
gine of destruction had not been in readiness to test
its power upon the Royal Navy of Britain in the se-
cond war; and although a third one is to be depre-
cated, it is ardently hoped by every lover of the
Republic that in a future war with that or any other
power, such engines or some others, may protect our
“ ports, harbours, bays and sounds” from the de
predation of every hostile intruder.
To return to Com. Decatur, and his blockaded
ading him. Capt. Moran, had been captured and
20 *



was on board the Ramilies. Sir Thomas remarked
to him that –“ Now that two frigates were off, of
equal force to the United States and Macedonian, he
should have no objections to a meeting taking place,
but that he could not allow the challenge to come
from the English commanders.” Capt. Moran was
paroled—came on shore, and without knowing Com.
Decatur, mentioned the circumstance in his hearing.
He immediately despatched Capt. Biddle in a flag
of truce, with a challenge from the American com-
manders. The crews of the United States and Ma-
cedonian were called, and laconically addressed.
Com. Decatur said—“Officers and seamen—You
will shortly be called upon again to try your skill
and valour. This ship and his Britannic Majesty's
ship Endymion of equal force will speedily try their
strength. You are accustomed to victory, and you
will not tarnish the glory you have already won. I
The ardent, yet modest Capt. Jones, addressed
his officers and seamen nearly a
lads—the Macedonian was once conquered by Ame-
rican tars, and she will soon have an opportunity to
gain a victory herself. You have not forgotten the
Sloop of war Frolic, and you will shortly be intro-
duced to the Frigate Statira. My lads—our cruise
will be short, and I trust a very profitable one.”—
Three hearty cheers were given in answer to these
have no fears for the result.” * .
s follows-“My
. e commanders
Statira on board the Ramilies,









STEPHEN DECATUR, 235
and modestly said to them—“Gentlemen, here are
two letters for you—it rests altogether with you to
decide the matter.”—Capt. Stackpole answered—
“’Pon honour, sir, it is the most acceptable letter I
ever received.” Capt. Hope of the Endymion was
less boisterous and probably more courageous.
All was animation in the frigates United States
and Macedonian. The officers and seamen were
anxious to be led immediately into the contest—
when lo! the Borer sloop of war came in, and in- -
formed that the invitation had been finally declin-
A correspondence followed upon this subject be.
tween Commodores Decatur and Hardy, and Capt.
Stackpole, quite too prolix for insertion at length.
A paragraph from Stackpole's letter will be intro-
duced to show the difference between him, and those
who know what belongs to an accomplished officer
–In his letter of January 17th 1814, he says:–
“The honour of my king, the defence of my
country, engaged in a just and unprovoked war, ad-
ded to the glory of the British flag, is all I have in
view.” ~ -
# º 3. * :::::: §º .
The “honour of his kin g and country” would not
be much advanced by having those affairs of state
settled in the cabin of the Statira, by Capt Hassard
Stackpole, which belong to the ministers of his Ma.
jesty at St. James.
The commander of the frigate Statira, (if men a












236 - LIFE OF
: * : *.
*
things have any analogy) would have been more ap-
propriately located in the British brig Swaggerer,
16 guns, (see preceding Navy List.)—To be excu-
sed for a little pedantry, “ Statira” signifies a sus-
pension of wrath, and the meaning of “Swaggerer”
is, like the old Almanacs—“familiar to the meanest
capacity.”
Com. Decatur thus elegantly and pointedly con-
cludes his letter of January 19th — -
“Whether the war we are engaged in be just or
unprovoked on the part of Great Britain, as Capt.
Stackpole has been pleased to suggest, is consider-
ed by us as a question exclusively with the civil-
ians, and I am perfectly ready to admit both my in-
competence and unwillingness to confront Capt.
§
Stackpole in its discussion. I am, Sir, with the high-
est consideration and respect,
(Signed) STEHEN DECATUR.
º To Com. Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Bart. &c.”
Com. Hardy finishes the correspondence upon this
subject in these terms —
“I beg to assure you, Sir, I shall hail with plea-
- sure the return of an amicable adjustment of the dif-
ferences between the two nations, and have the ho-
signed thos. MASTERMAN HARDy.
om. Stephen Decatur, &c. &c. &c. N. London.”
&







STEPHEN DECATUR. 237
It really excites astonishment that two officers
like Sir T. M. Hardy and Capt. H. Stackpole en-
gaged for the same “king and country” should hold
language so diametrically opposite—but—“ who
shall decide when doctors disagree.” %
It will be recollected that the sentiment given by
Com. Decatur at the dinner furnished his crew
at New-York was—' FREE TRADE, AND No IMPREss-
MENT.” To ensure the one, and prevent the other,
were the great causes for which he was then, and al-
ways had been contending, both with Christians and
Mahometans, for Mahometan slavery is not much to
be preferred to Christian impressment. He was em.
phatically “The Sailor's Friend,” and would exert
every nerve to relieve them from distress, or restore
them from bondage. - ºgº.º.º. &
In April, 1813, a father came to New-London to
rescue a son from bondage. It was an aged man by
the name of Alfred Carpenter, of Norwich, (Conn.)
If there can be any thing like good fortune in bon-
dage, it was so for John Carpenter that he had been
in a British ship five years with Sir T. M. Hardy, or
others like him. A flag of truce was immediately
despatched to the Ramilies, with the father. He
was courteously received on board. Sir Thomas
witnessed the embrace of the father and son, with
::3%
the rapture of a benignant heart—immediately dis
charged the worthy and grateful seaman who had
become a favourite, and gave him the ecessary do- .
cuments to obtain $2300 as wages and prize-money, . . .













238 life or
Let the language of this magnanimous enemy speak
his eulogy. -
º
Hip RAMILEs.
. of Block Island, April 29, 1813.
“Sir—I have the honour to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your letter of yesterday’s date, and in re-
ply I beg leave to say, that it is far from the wish of
the commander in chief on this station, to keep any
subject belonging to the United States, on board
any of our ships of war. I have therefore sent
by the bearer of this, John Carpenter; and if I
thought there was another citizen of the United
States on board the ship I have the honour to com-
mand, he should be sent by the same conveyance.
I have directed the Orpheus to land all the priso-
ners she has on board, by getting proper receipts
for them, and if the government of America do not
think proper to send back the few men who have un-
f rtunately fallen into their hands, I shall acquit
myself of having done every thing in my power to
lessen the hardships attached to the fortune of war;
and shall, (though with much reluctance) in future
be under the necessity of sending all the prisoners
to Halifax or Bermuda. I have sent by the flag of
* Capt. Hudson, who was captured by the Ra-
r him, with the other prisoners?
gent for British priso-






















stephen Decatur. 239
In March, 1814, Capt. Thomas B. Capel became
commander of the British Squadron off New-Lon-
don, in the La Hogue, 74. Com. Decatur discover-
ed that Capt. Stackpole had an American seaman,
impressed in August 1803, and that he had been in
the Statira six years. His name was Hiram Thay-
er, of Greenwich, (Mass.) Com. Decatur despatch-
ed Lieut. Hamilton with a flag to demand his dis-
charge. Stackpole refused to discharge him, al-
though the evidence of his nativity was as clear as
that of the Prince Regent, under whom he served.
The father of Thayer arrived at New-London in
search for his lost son. .
I cannot deny myself nor the reader the pleasure
and the indignation of inserting an extract of Com.
Decatur's letter to the Secretary of the Navy, and
Capt. Capel's to him upon this subject. Pleasure,
to discover the goodness of the Commodore's heart,
and Capt. Capel’s urbanity—indignation at the dia-
bólical wickedness of the gasconading Stackpole
towards unresisting wretchedness. Let official do-
... cuments tell the rest. . . . .
:*: &
Extract.
U. S. S. United States, N. London, March 8th, 1814. &
Sin, John Thayer, the fat her of Hiram, assures
me that the certificate of the selectmen, the town. º
clerk, and the minister of Greenwich were forward. *
ed some time ago to Mr. Mitchell, the resident agent .
for American prisoners of war at H º


















not know the reason why he was not discharged
Ilêh. - •
The son has written to the father, and informed
him, that on his representing to Capt. Stackpole
that he was an American citizen and would not fight
against his country, that Capt. Stackpole told him,
“if they fell in with an American man of war, and he
did not do his duty, he should be tied to the mast, and
shot at like a dog ' " -
On Monday the 14th inst. John Thayer request-
ed me to allow him a flag to go off to the enemy,
and ask the release of his son. This I granted at
once, and addressed a note to Capt. Capel, stating
that I felt persuaded that the application of the fa-
ther, furnished as he was with conclusive evidence
of the nativity and the identity of the son, would
induce an immediate order for his discharge. The
reply is enclosed. The son descried his father at a
distance in the boat, and told the 1st lieutenant of the
tatira that it was his father; and I understand the
feelings manifested by the old man , on receivi ig the
hand of his son, proved beyond all other evide the
property he had in him. There is not a doubt left
on the mind of a single British officer, of Hiram
Thayer's being an American citizen—and yet he is
tained, not as a prisoner of war, but compelled, un-
r the most cruel threats, to serve the enemies of his
shi p, as to be appointed
&


























stephen decatus. 241.
him from the British government about 250l. ster-
ling. He has also assured his father, that he has al-
ways refused to receive any bounty or advance, lest
it might affor d some pretext for denying him his dis-
charge whenever a proper application should be
made for it.
I am, sir, &c.
STEPHEN DECATUR.
CAPTAIN CAPEL's LETTER ENCLosed.
H. B. M. Ship La Hogue, ºff
N. London, 14th March, 1814.
Sir—I have the honour to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your letter, together with the certificates of
exchange and discharge from parole, forwarded to
you at the request of Col. Barclay the commissary-
general of British prisoners of war; and I beg to
return you my thanks for your polite attention.
I regret that it is not in my power to comply with
your request, in ordering the son of Mr. John Thay-
er to be discharged from H. M. ship Statira, but I
chief by the earliest opportunity, and I have no
doubt he will order his immediate discharge".
I am sir, &c.
THOMAS B. CAPEL, Capt.
Commanding H. B. M. Squadron off N. Lo ... ---
To Com. Decatur, Com. U. S. Squadr











242 . LIFE of
It is with delight, wholly inexpressible, that such
instances of humanity and philanthropy are record-
ed. They serve for a time to make—“Grim vi-
sag’d war to smooth its wrinkled front,” and to af.
ford some refutation of the melancholy and pathetic
exclamation of another of the poets of nature—
“Man’s inhumanity to man,
Makes countless thousands mourn.”
Should the examples of such officers as the noble
Decatua, and the no less noble HARDY, find imita-
tion with all the officers of the American Republic
and the British Empire, the time might come, when
le Eagle and the Lion, as well as the Lion and the
imb would lie down together—and the sound of
the Lute would be heard where the Clarion of war
resounds,--It is worse than futile to expatiate upon
the hackneyed idea that Americans and Englishmen
have one common origin and ought to be friends.
Let the British parliament learn from the “Lords
Spiritual” who carry the “sanctity
into its senate, and mingle it with “the pure ermine
of justice” that adorns its “Lords Temporal” that
harmony is not to be obtained by insolence and in-
justice"—and that a race of men like Americans,
it Lord Erskine, in July, 1820, thus addressed the
and –“Remember to be just;-we stood above all
§ . for justice and equity, let us be














STEPHEN DECATUR, 243
when injured, will always obtain redress—and that
Englishmen, when invading this sacred right will al-
ways be compelled to submit. -
While Com. Decatur was thus cut off from dis-
playing his skill and valour upon a more extended
theatre, the reader has been furnished with a few,
out of the numerous instances of his active attention
to every thing relating to the navy and to seamen,
that came within his immediate observation. This
tended in a degree to dissipate the languor which
inaction will produce in the most active spirit.
The summer and autumn of 1814, presented to
the view of Americans, many objects calculated to
excite their deepest solicitude, and to call forth their
highest energies. The fleets and armies of the
“Allied Sovereigns” of Europe, in the van of which,
our enemy went on conquering and to conquer, had
restored every “legitimate sovereign” that could
be found, and a sullen peace followed in Europe.
The British ministry had disgorged their unoccupied
troops upon our northern borders, with some of their
and
tinguished naval commanders, had a decided supe-
riority of force to Com. MacDonough. The com-
mand of Lake Champlain, at this momentous crisis,
was of more importance, perhaps, than that of any .
other of the interior waters upon the continent of
America. The hopes of the Northern and Middle
States were fixed upon the gallant Macdon,
§ ź











*
244 3. º Life of
No one could participate more deeply in those feel-
ings than Com. Decatur, who was precluded from
participating in the danger of his admired friend.
Decatur and Macdonough had gone hand in hand in
the great Mediterranean school, and in the desperate
conflicts with the Tripolitans. The latter, then in a
minor station, had followed the former in defending
against the attacks of Syracusans, with their da ggers
and stilettoes—the second that gained the deck of
º the Philadelphia after him, and valiantly succoured
him in conquering the host of Turks, and destroying
the frigate—and, to complete the climax of unsur-
passed deeds of “noble daring,” he was his main
support in that unequalled centest with the Tripo-
litan Gun-Boats in avenging the death of Lieut. De-
After this ra pid sketch, I leave it for the reader
5 judge what must have been the rapture and ex-
ation of C om. Decatur, when the splend id and
oriou s victory of September 11th, 1814, was an-
nounced! Had he gained the victory himself his
joy would not have been exceeded. It was not On-
ly that his admired friend and former associate had
added to the laurels he had previously won, but that
one of the m ost important sections of the I epublic
d from the depredations of such a Vandal
devastated the western frontier—the bor-
Chesapeake—and the Metropolis.
… - ſº ardest fought battles and




























knew the immense consequences a victory would
have been to themselves; and the slaughter amongst
them was dreadful. Com. Macdonough's fleet was
at-anchor in Plattsburgh bay, and the immense Bri-
tish army as confidently expected to witness a sud-
den victory over him as commander in chief, as the
hosts of Tripolitans did, when he was a Midship-
man under Com. Decatur. The disappointment of
both was equal ; and they fled with almost equal
precipitation when they heard the roar of American
cannon, and witnessed the destructive effect of the
unequalled gunnery of American seamen. The ad-
mirable order in which Com. Macdonough had ar-
ranged his fleet, has ever been spoken of, as evinc-
ing the utmost nautical skill, and naval science. His
ship, the Saratoga, for a considerable time, bore
nearly the whole weight of the enemy’s fire. Her º
starboard side had nearly every gun dismounted.
Had he at this period, struck his flag to a force so
much superior, not even a whisper of censure would
have been heard; but it was at this portentous mo-
ment, that the character of Macdonough developed
itself. With perfect self-possession, he winded his
ship—brought a fresh broad-side on Com. Downie’s º
ship—compelled her to strike her flag—then sprang
a broad-side upon another ship—compelled her to .
strike also, and the victory was obtained. This
faint sketch is only given to carry along with the
memoirs of Com. Decatur the greater achieve
of our Navy; and more particularly, those






246 LIFE OF º
associates in the Mediterranean. He had previous-
ly enjoyed the satisfaction of congratulating many
them for their skill, valour and victories over a
powerful Christian enemy, as he once saw them as-
sist in compelling Mahometans to bow. His joy
was enhanced when he embraced his gallant friend
MacDonough as one of the “conquering heroes.”

$TEPHEN DECATUR • 247
CHAPTER xiv.
Com. Decatur dismantles the frigates United States and Macedonian
—Achievements of the Essex, Capt. Porter—Expedition to the
East-Indies resolved upon by the Navy Department—The
Squadron for that service—Com. Decatur designated as com-
mander of it—Sails in the frigate President, encounters and beats
the frigate Endymion, and surrenders to the whole British squad-
ron–His official account of the action—Additional particulars—
Falsehoods of an English editor, and the consequences of them—
The remainder of Com. Decatur's Squadron, Hornet and Pea-
cock. . x
CoM. Decatur remained at New-London with his
squadron through that part of the season of 1814, *
during which there was any reasonable hope that he
might escape the British blockading force, and put
to sea with his ships. When the season arrive
which precluded all hopes of escaping, he move
the frigates United States and Macedonian to the
head of navigation in the river Thames, for ships of
heavy burthen, and dismantled them. The Sloop
of War Hornet, he ordered to remain at her station
as a guard-ship.
At the commencement of the year 1815, the Navy
Department determined to make an attempt to send
a squadron to the East-Indies, to protect American
commerce in those seas, and to annoy the enemy in












248 Lips of
that region. It was well known what the gallant
and determined Capt. Porter had accomplished in a
single frigate, the little Essex, in another quarter.
The history of naval enterprise and perseveraace
does not afford a parallel to that which he accom-
plished. He literally swept British commerce from
an immense ocean. His little frigate, in her eccen-
tric course, spread as much consternation amongst
British merchants, as the comet once did amongst ti-
mid women, and men who think and act like timic
women. No human calculation could determ
where the Essex would strike, or what she would
burn. The Lords Commissioner
if the whole Ad-
miralty of Britain despatched ship after ship, and
squadron after squadron—the “north gave up, and
the south kept not back”—almost every thing of
British that could float, was despatched to catch the
little Essex. She had taken from British purses two
million dollars, a ufficient to build six. 74 . gun-
ships; and to cap re her, cost the treasury of En g-
and five million dollars—of course sufficient to build
^ - ~ But while enjoying a short
* ~ **** * * ~ * labours, under the supposed pro-
tection of a neutral port, a British squadron under
. Hillyer, after being all but conquered himself,
key the and desperate defence she
, whether the same Essex is
of the Royal Navy. As she

























STEPHEN DECATUR.
*
in a neutral port, so her gallant commander, after
his enemies had violated the law of honour, return-
ed to his country and his duty, without being ex-
changed for a Captain of the British Navy”.
However unpropitious the prospect might be of
an American ship or squadron escaping the enemy's
ships which lined our coast, and choked our sounds,
bays, and harbours, the Navy Department resolved
to send every armed ship to sea, that could reach it
by escaping the enemy, or fighting a passage through
them. Our Naval officers reversed the maxim of
the British knight who declared that—“ It was bet-
ter to die with rust, than to be scoured to death
with perpetual motionſ.” They felt as impatient
out of water as the leviathan, which majestically .
maintains his dominion in the mighty deep.
The squadron designed for the important cruise
to the East-Indies, and the commander, will be di-
#
rectly mentioned. The Hornet was still at New-
London under the command of Capt. Biddle. H
was ordered, if possible, to escape from the harbou
of New London by the blockading squadron there
and reach New York thr le squadron off th
Hook, consisting of a number of frigates, slo
war and a razee. Capt. Biddle had a duty o
treme difficulty to perform in reaching the harbour
of New-York; but with the most admirable skill,
vide Com. Porter's official report.















º
upon the night of the 18th November, he eluded the
vigilant watch of the British squadron at New-Lon-
don, passed through that off New-York, and join-
2d the other ships of the American squadron. This
achievement alone entitles Capt. Biddle to an high
rank amongst accomplished navigators.
The ships and officers of this squadron consisted
of the frigate President, Com. Decatur—Sloops of
war, Hornet, Capt. Biddle—Peacock, (new) Capt.
Warrington, and Tom Bowline, (storeship,) Lieut.
Hoffman*. A little embarrassment arose at the Na-
vy Department in consequence of designating Com.
* As this is the first time the name of Lieut, B. V. Hoffman has
occurred in these sketches, it may gratify the reader to learn that
he was a Lieutenant on board the Constitution, Capt. Stewart, in
the distinguished action on the 20th February, 1815, between that
ship and the two ships of war Cyane and Levant. The year before,
the Cyane engaged a French 44 gun frigate and fºught bar until a
sº .
sh 74 came up and took her—and but a short period before
it, she engaged a frigate, 14 gun-brig and five gun-boats, and
them off, for which the commander deservedly received the
nours of knighthood—yet, with the assistance of the Levant, of
… uns, she and her consort both struck to the Constitution, most
hatically called “Old Iron-Sides.” Lieut. Hoffman was de-
with the Cyane to America—through all the enemy's
red at New-York, and elegantly described the action in
o the Secretary of the Navy. Capt. Stewart says in his
“He gallantly supported the reputation of an Ameri-
uch a mendation, from such an officer as Capt.
it. Hoffman a fit associate for Com. Deca-
er in the Constitution, in the ac-
*





















stephen decatun. * 251
Decatur as commander of the President. Com.
Rodgers had recently returned from a cruise in that
ship, and, as she needed repairs, the command oft
Guerriere, nearly ready for sea, was offered to him
He preferred retaining the command of the Presi-
dent, which had been offered to Com. Decatus.
Thus circumstanced, Com. Rodgers, with his cha-
racteristic magnanimity, gave the choice of ships
to Com. Decatur, who took the President.
The squadron was fitted for sea by the 14th Jan-
uary. Cen. Decatur, fully aware that if he got to
sea, he must go through a host of enemy's ships,
cautiously determined to sail singly himself, and de-
signated the island of Tristan d’Acunha" as: the
place of rendezvous for the squadron.
Upon the evening of the 14th January, 1815,
Com. Decatur and his officers took leave of the gal-
lant and accomplished officers of the remaining ships
of his squadron—some of them, alas! for the last
time, weighed anchor in the noble frigate President, …
and, with his pilot, attempted to put to seaf. Th
* For an interesting and elegant account of this island, see .
lectic Magazine.
t When Com. Decatur dismantled the frigate United Stat
and was appointed to the command of this squadron, his officers:
crew urgently hoped that they might follow their beloved com-
mander to any ship and through every danger. They remain
together. It will be remembered that the gallant and lamented
LAwarnce was removed from the noble Constitution and his crew,
with whom he had become familiar, to the ill-starred Ches
her crew, to whom he was almost an entire stranger. The













#
LIFE of
º
official account of the occurrences that followed, are
detailed by Com. Decatur in his letter to the Secre-
tary of the Navy, in a style so far surpassing any
other description that could be given, that it is here
offered to the admiration of the reader.
H. B. M. Ship º .
At Sea, Jan. 18, 1815.
Sir, The painful duty of detailing to you the
particular causes which preceded and led to the
capture of the late United States frigate President,
by a squadron of his Britannic majesty’s ships (as
per margin) has devolved upon me. In my com-
munication of the 14th, I made known to you my
intention of proceeding to sea that evening. Owing
some mistake of the pilots, the ship in going out,
rounded on the bar, where she continued to strike
heavily for an hour and a half. Although she had
broken several of her rudder-braces, and had re-
ceived such other material injury as to render her.
eturn into port desirable, I was unable to do so
m the strong westerly wind which was then blow-
It being now high water, it became necessary
rce her over the bar before the tide fell; in this
succeeded by 10 o'clock, when we shaped our
ahead; we immediately haul.
ssed 2 miles to the northward















stEPHEN decatun. 253
of them. At daylight, we discovered four ships in
chase, one on each quarter and two astern, the lead-
ing ship of the enemy, a razee—she commenced
a fire upon us, but without effect. At meridian, the
wind became light and baffling, we had increased
our distance from the razee, but the next ship astern,
which was also a large ship, had gained and conti-
nued to gain upon us considerably; we immediate-
ly occupied all hands to lighten ship, by starting
water, cutting the anchors, throwing overboard pro-
visions, cables, spare spars, boats and every article
that could be got at, keeping the sails wet from the
royals down. At 3, we had the wind quite light;
the enemy who had now been joined by a brig, had
a strong breeze and were coming up with us rapid-
ly. The Endymion (mounting 50 guns, 24 pound.
ers on the main deck) had now approached us with
in gun shot, and had commenced a fire with her bow
guns, which we returned from our stern. At 5
o'clock, she had obtained a position on our star-
board quarter, within half point-blank shot, on which
neither our stern nor quarter guns would bear; v
were now steering E. by N. the wind N. W. -
mained with her in this position for half an hour, in
the hope that she would close with us on our broad .
side, in which case I had pre pa red my crew to boº º
but from his continuing to yaw his ship to mail
his position, it became evident that to closew
his intention. Every fire now cut some is sº
or rigging. To have continued our course under
- #



















*
Life of
these circumstances, would have been placing it in
his power to cripple us, without being subject to in-
jury himself, and to have hauled up more to the
northward to bring ourstern guns to bear, would have
exposed us to his raking fire. It was now dusk,
when I determined to alter my course S. for the pur-
pose of bringing the enemy abeam, and although
their ships astern were drawing up fast, I felt satis-
fied I should be enabled to throw him out of the com-
bat before they could come up, and was not without
hopes, if the night proved dark, (of which there was
every appearance) that I might still be enabled to
effect my escape. Our opponent kept off at the
same instant we did, and commenced at the same
time. We continued engaged steering south with
steering sails set two hours and a half, when we
completely succeeded in dismantling her. Previous-
ly to her dropping entirely out of the action, there
were intervals of minutes, when the ships were
broadside and broadside, in which she did not fire
a gun. At this period (half past 8 o'clock) although
dark, the other ships of the squadron were in sight
and almost within gun-shot. We were of course
mpelled to abandon her. In resuming our for-
mer course for the purpose of avoiding the squad-
ron, we were compelled to present our stern to our
tagonist—but such was his state, though we were
bosed and within range of his
hat he did not avail himselfo
- tha he did no avail hi





























STEPHEN DECATUR.
course until 11 o'clock, when two fresh ships of the
enemy (the Pomone and Tenedos) had come up,
The Pomone had opened her fire on her larboard
bow, within musket-shot ; the other about two ca-
bles' length astern, taking a raking position on our
quarter; and the rest (with the exception of the
Endymion) within gun-shot. Thus situated, with
about one fifth of my crew killed and wounded, my
ship crippled, and a more than four-fold force op.
posed to me, without a chance of escape left, I deem- .
ed it my duty to surrender. 3.
It is with emotions of pride I bear testimony to the
gallantry and steadiness of every officer and man I
had the honour to command on this occasion, and I
feel satisfied that the fact of their beating a force
equal to themselves, in the presence, and almost
under the guns of so vastly a superior force, when
too, it was almost self-evident, that whatever their
exertions might be, they must ultimately be captur-
ed, will be taken as evidence of what they would
have performed, had the force opposed to them been
It is with extreme pain I have to inform you that
Lieutenants Babbit, Hamilton and Howell, fell in
the action. They have left no officers of superior
If, Sir, the issue of this affair had been fort
I should have felt it my duty to ave reet
to your attention Lieutenants Shubrick



















r. They maintained through the day the repu-
tion they had acquired in former actions.
#
* Lieut. Twiggs, of the marines, displayed great
zeal; his men were well supplied and their fire in-
comparable, so long as the enemy continued within
musket range. 3. .. 3
Midshipman Randolph, who had charge of the
fore-castle division, managed it to my entire satis-
From Mr. Robinson, who was serving as a volun-
teer, I received essential aid, particularly after I was
deprived of the services of the master, and the se-
were loss I had sustained in my officers on the quar-
ter-deck.
Of our loss in killed and wounded, I am unable
at present to give you a correct statement; the at-
tention of the surgeon being so entirely occupied
with the wounded, that he was unable to make out
a correct return when I left the President, nor shall
I be able to make it until our arrival into port, we
having parted company with the squadron yester-
day. The enclosed list, with the exception I fear
of its being short of the number, will be found cor-
rect, º, ºs * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
or twenty-four hours after the action it was near-
calm, and the squadron were occupied in repair-
he crippled ships. Such of the crew of the
sident as were not badly wounded, were put o
d, were pu
ind part of my
pa.






























stephen Decatur.
crew were put on board this ship. On the 17th
had a gale from the eastward, when this ship lost
her bowsprit, fore and mainmast and mizen topmast,
all of which were badly wounded, and was in conse-
quence of her disabled condition, obliged to throw
overboard all her upper deck guns; her loss in kill-
ed and wounded must have been very great. I have
not been able to ascertain the extent. Ten were
buried after I camé on board, (36 hours after the
action;) the badly wounded, such as are obliged to
keep their cots, occupy the starboard side of the
gun-deck from the cabin-bulk-head to the mainmast.
From the crippled state of the President’s spars, I
feel satisfied she could not have saved her masts,
and I feel serious apprehensions for the safety of
our wounded left on board.
tion has been paid by him, to myself and officers
that have been placed on board his ship, that deli-
cacy and humanity could dictate.
I have the honour, &c.
The loss on board the fri gate President, 3. was 2s
º
º
º º much have underrated the disa ster *: whic h, i n t he es-
22 *













ned the ultimate loss of the frigate President,
of the President remaining on the bar at
New-York “an hour and an half” to those who could
not be mistaken, it was certain she remained there,
violently beating and thumping, in a strong wester-
ly gale for more than two hours, without any one's
fault; and, being heavily laden, for a very long
cruise, serious fears were entertained that she would
go to pieces. And here one of those misfortunes
which no sagacity could foresee—no prudence pre:
º vent—and no skill avert, and which renders science,
presence of mind, and fortitude equally unavailing,
happened to the skilful, the cool and dauntless De-
cATUR. His ship, rendered more fit for the dock
than the ocean, was propelled forth by an irresisti-
ble wind, and, although navigated with superior skill,
was driven into the midst of a foe more than four
times her force", in the night season. She still
would sail; and the obj ar er was,
to call into operation those masterly manoeuvreings
which had so often enabled American ships to es-
cape from an overwhelming superiority of force, and
which entitles our naval officers to app
less than that which they have receiv
... a s. º io. : force . . . . " º
st an escape from the enemy
a chase of the President,
the sole































object of Com. Decatur; and if to engage
quer the leading ship of the enemy, of equ
with his own, would contribute to that object
º, 1.
tainly was justifiable to make the attempt, although
his prize might afterwards be recaptured and his
own ship taken. He did make the attempt and the
Endymion was effectually conquered—her guns were
silenced,—and she omitted to fire upon the Presi-
dent, when the best raking position was afforded
her; while the frigate President, carrying royal,
studding-sails, and near effecting an escape,
again attacked by the Pomone and Tenedos, and the
JMajestic and Despatch were within gun-shot. The
rigging of the President being further injured by this
fresh attack;-finding resistance vain, and escape
impossible, for the first, and only time in his life, "
Com. Decatur lowered his flag. He had gain ed a
decisive victory; and, if the common result of vic.
tory had followed, the Ame rican ban ner would now
wave upon the noble J. and her name
appear in the I *ican Navºr
































ficer) up
iteness with which one brave man always
lemeans himself toward another, immediately re-
turned it to him who had always so nobly used it.
He did not forget to return Com. Decatur Lºs sword
for seven days, as Com. Hillyer did that of the gad-
x lant Capt. Porter, and then to say, “it is in my ser-
vant's possession, until the master may please to call
A fact which does not appear in Com. Decatur’s effi-
cial letter of the 18th January ou ght to be mentioned.
Capt. H ope had on board the Endymion during the
action, 1 Lieutenant, 1 Master's-mate, and 50 sea-
men from the Saturn, in addition to his own crew—
an d yet he was beaten.
Why Com. Decatur, should not have mentioned
H, can be accounted for only from that
sle of modesty, which restrains a brave man
n
Decatur’s arrival at Bermuda, the
was paid to him by the civil, naval
thorities of the place. His well esta.




























but in those of ignorance and sullen stupidity, a dan-
gerous and troublesome evil. The editor of the Ber-
muda Royal Gazette, (not however until he felt him-
self secure by the return of Com. Decatur to Ameri-
ca) published in his paper an outrageous falsehood,
calculated to cast a shade upon the brilliant ſame of
the Commodore. Amongst other falsehoods he
stated that “ The President struck to the Endymion,
and that after she struck, Com. Decatur concealed 68
men in her hold to rise upon the prize crew "" Capt.
Hope, of the Endymion, disclaimed all knowledge of
the article, until he saw it in the Gazette, and ex-
pressly contradicted it. The Editor still persisted;
and Mr. R. B. Randolph, one of the Midshipmen of
the President under Com. Decatur, and who still
remained in the Island, chastised the Editor in the
King's Square, (to use the Midshipman's language,)
“in the most ample and satisfactory manner.”
Nor was this all. The governor of the Island de-
clared, offi : *
- icially, that—“ in justice to himself—to
Capt. Hope, and to the British nation; and in com-
mon justice to Com. Decatur, who is not present to
defend himself”—the scurrilous publication must be
retracted, or he would no longer continue to be “h.
majesty’s printer.”—Probably the Editor who toº
his first degree from Mr. Randolph upon his
and choosing not to be advanced any f
he arcanum of discipline, and to secu
















from the crown, retracted with submission as mean,
as his slander was impudent. . . . . . . . . . . ;
It was said that Capt. Carden received thanks in
England for his defence of the Macedonian. He de-
served them as much as Capt. Broke did a knight-
hood for taking the Chesapeake. The opinion of
the Court of Inquiry concerning the loss of the fri-
gate President, is as highly commendatory to Com.
Decatur as the vote of thanks for capturing the JMa-
cedonian. I regret that its length forbids an inser-
tion entire. A few extracts will be given.—“The
primary cause of the loss of the President was her
running upon the bar as she was leaving this port.”
—“Her hogged and twisted appearance after she
arrived at Bermuda, must have been the effect of
that unfortunate accident.”—“The striking of the
President on the bar, cannot be imputed to the fault
of any officer who was attached to her.” As to ef-
fecting an escape, the Court say—“No means, in
our opinion, were tely to be attended with suc-
cess, as those which were adopted by Com. Deca-
tur.” As to the action with the Endymion, it is said
—“In this unequal conflict, the enemy gained the

















º stepHEN DECATUR.
less of danger.” And, finally, “That his conduc
and the conduct of his officers and crew, were high-
ly honourable to them, and to the American Navy,
and deserve the warmest gratitude of their country.”
The Secretary of the Navy, after bestowing the
most flattering commendations upon Com. Decatur,
says—“It would have been equally unjust to your
merit, as well as to my sentiments, and feelings, to
have passed over this investigation with a formal
approbation.”
The writer has been thus minute, and he fears
tedious, in detailing the particulars of the loss of
the frigate President. To give an account of a vic-
tory is much easier, than to assign a reason for a
disaster—a defeat we cannot with propriety denomi-
nate the loss of the President. In common with his
countrymen, the writer participated in the temporary
gloom which pervaded the country, when it was an-
nounced—“The frigate President is captured by the
British, from Com. Decatur !” It was almost simul-
taneous with the annunciation of peace between
the Republic and Britain; and the joy excited
by the one, was es
But no sooner was the occurrence understood, than
a new cause for triumph was afforded for our naval
victories, and every one was ready to exclaim, in
š. the lan guage of the C ourt of inquiry wh vestigat-
ed the subject—" The ENEMy GAINED. A ship, but
THE victory was ours.”
* The reader will naturally inquire what became
sentially damped by the other.

















&
of the Hornet, Ca pt. Biddle, and Peacock, Capt.
Warrington, which belonged to Com. Decatur’s
Squadron. It would be a delightful employ, to give
a minute account of these noble Sloops of War, and
- their gallant commanders while in this squadron.
A brief one will be attempted. -
Pursuant to Com. Decatur’s orders, they pro-
ceeded unmolested to the Island of Tristan d’Acun-
ha, as the place of rendezvous appointed by him.
The Hornet separated from the Peacock in a chase,
two days out. Upon the 23d March, 1815, as Capt.
Biddle was about to anchor the Hornet at the north
end of Tristan d’Acunha, he fell in with one of the
largest armed, and best fitted Brigs in the British
navy, and commanded by one of the most distin-
guished of the younger class of British naval offi-
cers. It was the Penguin, Capt. Dickinson, mounting
20 guns. Admiral Tyler loaned him 12 men, from
the Medway, 74—and he was directed particularly
tº cruise for the Young Wasp. mu ch superior in her
armament to the Hornet. The little Hornet, in the
lands of Capt. Biddle, nobly supported the fame
she acquired in the hands of the heroic and lament-
ed Capt. Lawrence.
Capt. Biddle, in his letter to his beloved com-
mander, Com. Decatur, of the 25th March, says–
on the firing of the finst gun, to the last time the
to minutes.” After surrendering the
pt. Biddle received a dan gerous wound i




























stephen becatua.
!! Twenty men were killed or
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” he Penguin, and thirty-five wounded.
in the Hornet 1 killed, 9 wounded. The Penguin
was so completely riddled in her hull, and her rig.
ging so effectually demolished, that Capt. Biddl
scuttled and sunk her—the second ship of superior
force, that the Hornet had sent to the bottom.
Toward the close of the action, the gallant Capt.
Dickinson exclaimed to his 1st Lieut. Mc' Donald,
—“The fellows are giving it to us like hell—we
must get on board,”—and in a few minutes after, fell
dead upon his deck, with a terrible shot.—Capt.
Biddle asked Mc’Donald why he did not board the
Hornet? He answered—“ He did try—but found
the men rather backward—and so you know we
concluded to give it up.” . . .
The Peacock, Capt. Warrington, joined the Hor-
net, a few days after this brilliant victory—remain-
ed at Tristan d’Acunha, according to Com. Deca.
tur’s instructions; and then sailed for the East-In-
dies.—Upon the 27th and 28th April, chased a
strange sail, supposed to be an Indiaman, until she
was discovered to be a ship of the line; which, up.
. | English colours—showed a rear
commenced firing upon the H.
º to
Admiral's flag, and comment
net--The chase lasted 42 hours! a *;
e language of Capt. Biddle
Com. Decatur of June 10th, 1815
the most painful reluctance, and
conviction, that it was indispensable, in
prevent a greater misfortune, that I could bi
23
º
s *



















º
mind to consent to part with my guns.” One of
Capt. Biddle’s accomplished officers remarks, after
describing the imminent danger they were in, and . .
their fortunate escape—“Never has there been so
evident an interposition of the goodness of a divine
Father—my heart with gratitude, acknowledges his
supreme power and goodness.” A heart thus grate-
ful to a Divine Father, would raise a fearless hand
in fighting his enemy. When every hope of escape
had vanished, and the shot were whistling through
the Hornet, the exhausted Capt. Biddle mustered his
worn-out officers and crew—thanked them for their
unparalleled exertions, and told them they might
soon expect to be captured. “Not a dry eye,”
(continues the officer) “was to be seen at the men- :
tion of capture. The rugged hearts of the sailors, like
ice before the sun, wept in unison with their brave
commander.” :
Upon the arrival of the Hornet at St. Salvador
upon the 9th, June, without anchor, cable, or boat,
and but one gun, Capt. Biddle received news of
Peace. The Hornet returned safe to America; and
the veteran Decatur, welcomed the gallant Biddle,
. Iron"—a squad-
ron never surpassed either in coi g an equ
with one of the remainder of his
ock cruise
leclared, prosecuted and ended, since the Peacock sailed;
m. Decatur returned triumphantly from the Mediterrane-
the same time Capt. Warrington returned with the Pea-
a nine months. A war against Algiers had




















stephen Decatur. 267
ever a British naval officer looks with complacency
upon the frigate President at Spithead, let him re-
member the shattered Endymion,-the sunken Pen-
guin, and the mortified rear. admiral (name unknown)
whose cannon could not sink, and whose skill could
not capture the Hornet or Peacock. In regard to the
whole of this little squadron, then, we may again re-
“THE ENEMy GAINED A ship—The victory was
oups.” . * ... . . . . . . •


Com. Decatur returns from his fourth cruise—Reception—Peace
ratified—seenes of domestic felicity—Depredations of Barbary
powers—By whom instigated—Squadron to chastise and humble
them—Com. Decatur appointed to command the first Mediter-
ranean squadron in 1815–Victory over Algerine Admiral–
º Consternation of the Dey—Indemnifies Americans and concludes
a Treaty of Peace—Com. Decatur demands and receives indem-
nification from Tunis and Tripoli for British violations—Demands
release of Christian captives—Restores them to Naples, and is
honoured by the King—surrenders squadron to Com. Bain-
ge, and returns to America-Com. Bainbridge's respect to







stephen decatus. 269
and were not the repetition of ceremonious attentions
calculated to “pall upon the senses,” and splendid
spectacles, like beauty made familiar, to “fade in
the eye,” they might well have again surrounded
the festive board, and displayed another transpas
rency:—“THE PRESIDENT BEATING THE ENDyMr-
on, Jan, 15th, 1815.” But the exalted sentiment
in the Declaration of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, in
the first war with Britain, and which was rendered
secure by the second war just closed, is:—
“Enemies IN WAR–IN PEACE, FRIENDs.”
Could the noble Decatur, and the no less noble
HARdy have now met, they could cordially have re-
ciprocated the sentiment expressed by the last, even
when in sight of the first with a superior force—“I
shall hail, with pleasure, the return of an amicable
adjustment of the differences between the two na-
tions”.” These “ differences,” would have been
“adjusted” in the cabin of Com. Decatur's frigate,
been clothed with diplomatic powers. The formal
exhibition of credentials, int erchange of powers, pro-
tocols, sine-q. , ultimatums, et cetera, et cetera,
§ ten “cleared for action,” and
º brought their minds to the subject
carried their ships into combat. "
Com. Decatur was now in the enjoyment
vide chap. xiii-challenge,
º
vide C.



















Luv lºt; i. iless storms” of war,
feated by the passion of men, and those of the
elements by the winds of heaven, he had no muti-
lated limb to torture or deform him. From boy-
º Jod he had been in the thickest showers of the
messengers of death, and the king of terrors had
º trode around him, and often encrimsoned him with
the blood of his foes; but these dangers he had es-
caped almost unhurt, and might have said with his
admired friend Com. Macdonough, after the car-
nage around him had ceased, and he untouched.
“ There is a power above, which determines the fate
of man.” It was not the destiny of Com. Decatur
to die by the hands of foreign enemies.
Although he had long been inured to the fatigues,the
anxieties, the privations, and the ruggedness of na-
val warfare, and had reaped so largely of the con-
uest-wove wreaths of garlands, in two" hemis-
| innocent, and fascinating charms of peace. Al-
he was as fearless and death-daring as Rich-

















stEPHEN DECATUR.
ard in war, he had, unlike him, other employments
in peace than “To view his own shadow in the sun,
and descant upon its deformities,” or to “lay plots
and form inductions” for the murder of his kinsmen
or his companions. Although he was delighted
with, and imparted delight to public assemblies and
splendid levees, yet it was in the bosom of his own fam-
ily where his happiness was consummated—for there
he found his own heart, and carried into it the heart
he received for it. His kindred, by blood, had
been farther diminished by the death of his venera-
ted father, and perhaps by others. The death of
this noble father must have severed one of the strong
ligaments that bound his gallant son to this world.
Could he have survived the war with Britain, as he
did that of Tripoli, and have rejoiced with his coun-
trymen in the augmented renown of his son, and the
increased glory of the American Navy, he might
well have exclaimed to his Creator—“ Now let thy
servant die in peace.”
But these charming scenes, in w
had passed. It was not merely with one o
bary powers—it was with every one c
had preyed upon American commerce or ci
ng the last war, to violate the law of


















%
neutral ports, by capturing American ships and sea-
#
As these injuries from Barbarians were chiefly
sustained during the war with Britain, and, as a bel-
ligerent, she possessed a right to do America all
the harm she could, perhaps it will be deemed equal-
ly justifiable in that power to have let loose upon us
the Savages of Africa, as well as those of America.
That the ravages in the Mediterranean sea and
ports upon Americans, by the Barbary powers, in
1813, 1814, and 1815, were encouraged or caused
by Englishmen, is easily demonstrated, and will be
very briefly attempted. .
Tobias LEAR, Esq. once the private Secretary
and confidential friend of President Washington, had
for many years been American consul-general at the
Barbary states. It will be recollected that he ne-
gotiated the peace with T
'ripoli, while Com. Deca-
catur was lying before that place in the Constitu-
tion, and Congress. At the commencement of the war





stEPHEN DECATUR. 273
Algerine fleet of 5 Frigates, 3 Corvettes, 2 Brigs, 1
Xebec, 1 Schooner, and several Gun-Boats and Row-
Gallies, sailed from Algiers. At near the close of
the year 1812, orders were given in London for
stores to equip the ALGERINE NAVY, to the
amount of ONE HUNDRED Sixty Thousand Dol-
LARs. A very short extract from Consul Lear's let-
ter will be all the other reason that will here be giv-
en as to the cause of the war with Algiers. He says
—“I had reason to think the conduct of the Dey of
Algiers, toward the United States, was instigated by
the British ; as it was universally acknowledged
by the public functionaries, and others in Algiers,
that the government of the United States had been
remarkably faithful in the fulfilment of their trea-
ty stipulations with the Dey and Regency of Al-
giers.”
But however the war was occasioned, it will
fly be shown how it was conducted and c














%
e Macedonian, 36 Capt. Jones.
Conste llation , 36 Capt. Gordon.
War, Ontario, 18 Mast. Com. J. D. Elliot.
* Lieut. Downes.
Lieut. J. B. Nicholson.
Lieut. T. Gamble. N.
, ; Spitfi Lieut. A. J. Dallas.
§ Torch, 10 Lieut. W. Chauncey.
35 º: E.
Schooner, F
Com. Decaturrendezvoused at New-York, with his
uadron, as one instrument of negotiation, and with
‘uctions from the President of the U.S. as another.
dfrom New York, 20th May, 1815, and reach-
9—sailed round the harbour with his squad-


























STEPHEN DECATUR.
75
might have given them more names of ships, cap-
tured from Britain, than the whole of Com. Deca-
tur’s squadron. *
* Com. Decatur having learned that despatches
were instantly sent off to the Algerine fleet, announc-
ing his arrival at Gibraltar, immediately passed the
straits into the Mediterranean, in pursuit of it, fear-
ling it would reach a “neutral port.”
The celebrated Hammida, was the Algerine Ad-
miral, and sailed in the frigate Mazouda. He had
excited the unbounded admiration of the Dey, by
his unceasing activity, and the terror of defenceless
merchantmen by his diabolical rapacity. Upon
June 17th, Com. Decatur, in the Guerriere, had the
w
good fortune to fall in with the Admiral's frigate,
which had separated from the fleet—gave him two
broadsides—brought down the Turkish crescent—
killed thirty of the crew, and amongst them the re-
nowned Hammida; and took 406 prisoners. Upon
the 19th, captured an Algerine Brig of 22 guns and
Correctly concluding the ene my's fleet had reach
ed a neutral port, he shaped his course, with his
prize and prisoners for Algiers. He arrived there
* The facts from which the following brief
gathered from the official letters of Com. DEcArun
ºn, Esq. to Hon. . . y




















sq., (who was a joint negotiator with hi
8, he immediately despatched a letter
dent of the United States, to the Dey,
to have a fair opportunity to negotiate
ter, the Dey
sul, on board the
he utmost cour-
tonly invaded the rights



















































stephen Decatua. . 277
mida is killed.” With a look of incredulity, min-
gled with that contempt which a Mahometan is taught
by his religion to feel towards Christians, and which
he never relinquishes until contempt gives place to
fear, he denied the fact. Hammida's Lieutenant,
who was a prisoner in the Guerriere, was called in,
who tremblingly acknowledged the truth of the as-
sertion. The dismayed Port-Captain said that he
was not authorised to make a treaty ; and besought
that hostilities might cease, until a treaty could
be negotiated on shore. Said Com. Decatur:
“Hostilities will not cease until a treaty is made;
and a treaty will not be made any where but on board
the Guerriere.”
The Port-Captain, and the Swedish Consul went - º
on shore. The next day, June 30th, the Port-Cap-
tain and Swedish Consul came out again to the Guer-
riere, with full powers to negotiate. The articles
of a treaty were presented to them, by the American
Commissioners, which it was declared would not
be varied in any material point. The Algerine.com-
missioners insisted that property taken from Ame
ricans should not be restored, as it was .
into many hands. It was answered, “As it was un-
justly taken it must be restored or paid for.” The re-
linquishment of tribute from America, was the most
difficult point to settle; as the relinquishment to that
power might lead to a relinquishment to all others,
tory. “If you insist upon receiving pow





















§ š
278 lire or
bute.” said the Commodore, “you must expect to re-
ceive BALLs with it.”
The unyielding firmness of the American Com-
missioners—added to the force which they had
to compel a compliance with their reasonable
demands, induced the Dey to ratify the treaty the
same day it was made, (June 30th, 1815.)
One of the Dey’s courtiers, while this sudden ne-
gotiation was going on, thus addressed the British
Consul:—“You told us that the American Navy
would be destroyed in six months by you, and now
they make war upon us with three of your own ves-
sels they have taken from you.”
Thus was a very important treaty negotiated in
forty-eight hours, giving to the American govern-
ment and citizens, privileges and immunities never
before granted by a Barbary State to any Christian
power. The treaty consists of twenty-two articles,
and is too long for insertion in this volume. In
consequence of obtaining just such a treaty as was
demanded, the captured frigate was indignantly
given up, to appease the lacerated feelings of the
º d to sa e him from the assassination of his
es. The brig was given up, upon the re-
ish consul, and a Spanish merchant,


















stephen Decatun. 278
Omar, Dey of Algiers, learned that the Bey of Tunis
had violated our treaty with that power, by permit-
ting a British ship of war to take two prizes of the
Abellino from the neutral port of Tunis, during the
war with Britain. He left Algiers 8th July—ob-
tained water and refreshments at Cagliari on the
15th–and, on the 25th, anchored in the bay of
Tunis. The Commodore communicated with the
American consul, and immediately demanded am-
ple satisfaction. The Bey, although he had a pow-
erful marine force between him and the American
squadron, acceded to the demand of $46,000, and
paid the money to Mr. Noah, agent for the Abellino,
upon the 31st. Upon paying the money, the prime
minister's brother, who fluently spoke English,
turned to the British consul, then in conference with
.Com. Decatur, and indignantly said, “You see
Sir, what Tunis is obliged to pay for your insolence. . .
I ask you whether you think it just, first to violate
our neutrality, and then to leave us to be destroy-
ed, or pay for your aggressions * Such an
terrogatory from a Mahometan to a Chr x
have made Hamlet exclaim—“That
Tripoli, and anchored thereupon the 5th. A























stroyed the frigate Philadelphia—and but two days
from eleven years since he, with the gallant Macpo-
wough and a little crew, fought the unparalleled bat.
number—captured two full-manned boats with one
of Lieut. Decatur. Here too was the theatre of
Somers', Wadsworth's and Israel's glory, and their
glorious voluntary deaths. If gallant spirits above,
are permitted to witness scenes below, with what
rapture must the spirits of these immortalized heroes
have hovered over the American squadron, waſting
triumphantly upon the waves from which they as-
cended.
From the deck of the Macedonian, a visible trophy
months, gloomily incarcerated—from which his pre-
sent commander in chief, with the great Preble, re-
and whose noble prize he now com-
3.
s, the American consul at Tripoli, and
ion to an American cruiser
~~~~ d re, in diately m




























stephen pecatur. 281
chief, my master, the son of the Prophet, eleven
years past, demanded of the great Preble, $600,000,
as tribute and ransom, and received but $60,000.”
The Commodore might have answered—“Your de-
mand arose from your wickedness in enslaving Ame-
rican citizens—ours arises from justice in claiming
indemnification for your violation of our treaty. The
American government paid the $60,000 out of com-
passion to your master, and we demand about half
of it back as a matter of right—The money must be
immediately paid to the American consul.” It was
paid.
Com. Decatur demanded the restoration of two
Danes, and eight Neapolitans from bondage. They
were restored, and came on board the Guerriere to
hail their “Deliverer.”
Com. Decatur sailed for Syracuse, the principal
rendezvous of Com. Preble's squadron in 1803 and
1804, where the then Lieut. Decatur, with Stewart,
Lawrence, Morris, Macdonough and other young
and gallant ocean-warriors, digested thase plans and
expeditions that began that reputation which each of
them have so nobly advanced since, and which mi
who ever existed. The squadron reached t
3
::g












. Com. Decatur, after sufficiently repairing, sailed
for the Bay of Naples, and arrived there Sept. 2d.
Every officer in the squadron well knew, that in this
bay, Nelson once received the most unbounded hon-
ours, and that in this bay, captivated by the fasci-
nating charms, and depraved by the diabolical heart
of Lady Hamilton, he impressed a stain upon his
escutcheon which the splendid rays of his glory
could never conceal. The murdered Neapolitan
. Marquis Caracciallo, will never be forgotten by the
readers of Nelson's biography”.
. The noble Dec atur, with a fame untarnished, and
with a grateful heart, arrived here to acknowledge
a favour, years before received from the king of Na-
ples, or two Sicilies, and to m
fair hus addressed the King.
ples, or tv . . ake a suitable return
for the obligation. Through the M
º Guerriere, Naples, Sept. 8, 1815.
Sin, I have the honour to inform your excellen-
. ate negotiation with the Bashaw of
anded and obtained the release of



























stephen decatur. 283
to his majesty the grateful sense ente rtained by our
government, of the aid formerly rendered to us by
his Majesty during our war with Tripoli.
With great respect and consideration, I have the
honour to be your excellency’s most obedient ser-
Vant. ź. ------. .
STEPHEN DECATUR.
His eacellency the Marquis Cercello,
Secretary of State, &c. &c.
The Marquis, after acknowledging the receipt of
the letter, and laying it before “ the king his mas-
ter,” thus proceeds.
. . . . . . . . . . . º. . . . JNaples, 12th Sept., 1815.
SIR,-His Majesty has ordered me to acknow.
ledge this peculiar favour as the act of your generosi.
ty which you have been pleased to call a return for
the trifling assistance which the squadron of your
nation formerly received from his royal governme ;
during the war with Tripoli.
In doing myself the pleasure of manifesting this
sentiment of my king, and of assuring you, in his
name, that the brave American na ~
find in his Majesty's ports the best
Secretary of
















* When Com. Decatur received this acknowledg-
me nt from the king of the T wo Sicilies, his noble
and generous heart felt a higher satisfaction than
-> wh n Nelson, from the same source received the
Title and Dukedom of Bronte.
The Commodore, in a letter to the Secretary of
the Navy, of August 31st, says—“I hope to find the
elief squadron from America,”—He sailed for Gi-
ar, and there enjoyed the satisfaction of finding
le friend Com. Bainbridge, in the noble line-
tle-ship Independence, the first American ship
of her rate that ever anchored in the bay of Gibral.
tar. She was accompanied by the Congress, Chip-
nac, Erie, &c. and both Squadrons formed
BAINBRIDGE.
he arrive of Com. Bainbridge at Gibraltar
:liefs ſuadron, the officers of his Britannic
rmy, were as much irritated with the
pper Canada. The “Sara.
sburgh, Septem er 11th.
: splendid sortie from that fort,



























found Mr. Shaler and his countrymen in the enjoy--
ment of the peace negotiated a few weeks before by
He then proceeded to T. ipoli, and foundthe vigilant *::
Decatun had suddenly settled affairs with that bar-
barian power. It is easy to imagine the feelings of
the noble Commodore upon reaching the bay of Tri-
poli. It was there the fine frigate Philadelphia was
lost upon the rocks, under his command—and it
was in the dismal dungeon now in his view, where
he, Capts. Porter, Jones, Biddle, and his fine crew,
lingered away eighteen tedious months in a bondage
indescribably wretched. Had war existed, the cas- § ...? §§
tle where he was immured, would have been demo-
lished by his squadron in one hour.
He then sailed for Tunis and found the dism:
Tunisian Bey had given all that Decatur de
"ed,—showed him his squadron, and took his le
He then sailed for Malaga, having missed Co
Decatur, who was either at Messina repairing
fleet. o. at Naples, receiving the
e made the Commo
ependence, where afterw
f the United States p
No man deserved hi

























squadrons formed a junction at that place—and he,
with infinite satisfaction, lowered his broad pendant,
and saw that of his noble friend in life and at death,
triumphantly waving over a noble fleet of Seven-
teen Sail: a fleet, a commander, officers, and sea-
men, never surpassed, if ever equalled. sº
Eleven years before this period, the little squadron
of Com. Preble had excited the admiration of the
friends of the Republic, and the consternation of her
enemies. The achievements of this, had produced
unspeakable astonishment. Com. Bainbridge, in
speaking of the Barbary powers of Africa, says—
“The only mode of convincing these people is, by ocu-
lar demonstration.” Com. Decatur says—“The
only sure guarantee we can have for the maintenance
of the peac concluded with these people, is the
in the Mediterranean of a respectable naval
four-times daily repeated orisons, and their devo-
hometan rapacity.





















Recapitulation of Com. Decatur's achievements, &c. in the Me-
diterranean in 1815–Rewards by promoticn—N ecessity of dif-
ferent grades of office–Arduous duties of Department of the
Navy—Board of NAvy Commission ERs established—Com. De-
catur appointed Navy Commissioner—Duties of the Navy Com-
missioners–Responsibility of the office—Naval Architecture—
Rates of ships—Comparative power—Annual expense of ships of
different rates—Improvement in Ship-building—Inventions—As-
siduity of Com. Decatur—Honours paid him—Difficulty of de-
signating Officers—Com. Macdonough-Com. Barron.
CoM. Decatur arrived in America in the Guerriere,
upon the 12th day of November 1815, having ir-
rendered the other ships of his squadron to Com.
Bainbridge, and which returned in the squadron with
him. Com. Decatur had been absent from Ameri-
ca one hundred and eighty-seven days. It may afford
gratification, as it surely must excite astonishment
to the reade . to r capitulate in few words, t e ser-
e performed, and the deeds achieved by the
uadron under his command during this period—
e time in which a single merchantman us
tes a voyage from an American to an
and back again. In this little peri



































nean, killed the Algerine Admiral with 30 of his
crew, and took 406 prisoners. *
3. Captured a large Algerine Brig of war, with
170 prisoners, and sent her to a neutral port.
4. Negotiated a most advantageous treaty with the
Dey of Algiers—obtained indemnification for
captures of American merchantmen, &c. &c. and
released a Spanish consul and merchant from bon-
dage, * •
- - 5. Demanded and obtained indemnification from the
kingdom of Tunis, for suffering the British to vio-
late the neutrality of their port by taking Ameri-
can vessels. . .
Demanded and obtained from the kingdom of
Tripoli indemnification for the same cause, and
European Chr
ored to the king of the Two Sicilies, eight of
- bjects rescued from Turkish bondage—re-
º is grateful acknowledgments and assur-
of favour to the “brave American nation.”
ed down t he Mediterranean and surrendered
is squadron (except the Guerriere) in prime





















lumbus, (the first of whom first doubled the Cape of
Good Hope, at about the same time the last discover-
ed the continent of America) down to this period .
(1820) for a parallel with this accurate statement.
Had Com. Decatur, with his squadron, gone merely
upon a sailing “match against time,” as his skilful
father did against Capt. Tryon*, he would have
been far more successful than his progenitor. But
how must the admiration of the reader be augment-
ed when he reflects, that during this period he con-
quered one of the most powerful and warring king-
doms of JMahomet into peace—compelled two more
refractory kingdoms of the Prophet of Mecca to bow
to American prowess, and, after restori Christian N.
captives to their homes, received -
his movements in this justly renowned exped
reminds one of the passage of the electric
ry object it strikes, at one moment raising wonder,
at the next exciting consternationſ
In this, Decatus's last expedition to the Medi-
terranean, he clearly evinced the five great qualifi
cations of an accomplished naval commander—NAu
that of a writer in Que
out of heaven.
















290 are jº
Ry IN Action. The two last he had but little op-
portunity to call into operation; for the renowned
Hammida, in the heaviest Algerine frigate Mazouda
with a crew of from 450, to 500, was slain at the
first broadside from the Guerriere, and at the second, º
his lieutenant struck the Turkish crescent to the
American banner. º
Com. Decatur's arrival from the Mediterranean,
. §§ joy amongst his asso-
| pursued, received the
º qualified approbation of
: American government; and his countrymen,
with an undivided voice, gave him a rank amongst
the first Heroes and BENEFActons of the Republic.
It was ever the happiness of Com. Decatur to
know that his reputation was constantly progressing
by every successive act of his naval life, and that in
no single instance had he the mortification to per-
ceive that it was retrograding. To impute this to
mere “good fortune,” would be a miserable eulogy
upon his active worth and positive merit. A contin-
led series of fortunate events, not unfrequently gives
mporary eclat, to the man of mere negative qua-
ies. It is a fortuitous ſame, however, which van.
ishes, with the uncertain and capricious whims of ---
fortune which gave it existence. Stephen Deca-
run left nothing to be decided by fortune, :
















STEPH w DECATUR. 291
skill, energy, and perseverance, was the credit due,
and to him was it justly given.
In a preceding chapter, the subject of having a
variety of grades of office, as affording a reward for
gallant deeds by promotion, was with extreme de-
ºference, however, suggested. It is not for the biog-
rapher to obtrude his own opinion upon his reader,
or the public. But since slightly mentioning the
subject, the writer has carefully examined all the
Reports of Naval Committees, and the official opin-
ions of the different Secretaries of the Navy, and
may certainly allude to them without the charge of
arrogance.
The Report of the Naval Committee of Novem-
ber 1814, states that, “The nation with whom we
are now at war (Great Britain) is said to have about
a thousand public ships; to command which, she has
not less than two hundred ADMIRALS, often differ-
ent grades, ascending from rear Admiral of the blue,
to the Admiral of the fleet.”
This able committee recommended the appoint-
ment of officers above the grade of Post-Captain,
(now the highest) which would of course be A
rals. It has already been seen that even the Alge
rines had one Admiral at least, until Com. Decatur
encountered him in a single ship, and killed him in
action.
The Hon. William Jones, the vigilant and active
y of the Navy, during almost the who
ind war with Britain, thus forcibly and e
expresses himself upon this subject –“C.
ns of long and honourable standing, cannot















contrast the cheerless prospect of promotion in the
naval service, with the rapid and high distinction
which their military brethren, with equal, but not
higher pretensions, have attained.” -
Let the “contrast” be presented to the reader.—
Two-fifths, if not one half of the whole force of the
Republic in the second war, was in the Navy. In
The ARMY were 8 Major-Generals, and 16 Briga-
dier-Generals. The immense number of Colonels,
Lieutenant-Colonels, Majors, Captains and Lieuten-
ants, may be easily calculated upon the principles
upon which the army was organized.
The Navy had and still has but three grades of
office—Post-Captains, Masters-Commandants and
Lieutenants; the title of Commodore, as previously
remarked, arising solely from the eircumstance, of
being senior officer in a squadron. It is presumed
that some of our venerated and gallant Post-Cap-
tains have held that immoveable rank (unless it be
by removal from the Navy) for more than twenty-five
years. Although the subject is a “cheerless” one
indeed, I hope to be pardoned for the levity of re-
º
to the dignit º d —ſ y s - go
thave not yet seen fit to give to our noble Navy





















STEPHEN DECATUR. 293
the Navy Department upon the retirement of Mr.
Jones, in his first communication recommended the
creation of the rank of Admiral. He thus cogently
assigns the reason—“It has been seen and lament-
ed, that for want of this grade of command, the gal-
lantry of a subordinate officer could be rewarded by
promotion, while his gallant superior officer must re-
main stationary.” . - .
In 1814, out of the immense navy of Britain, she
had but ninety-nine 74s in commission, and she had two
hundred and nine admirals—besides twenty-seven,
upon half pay ! In 1820, in the House of Lords there
are thirteen Peers of the Realm raised to that high
dignity for naval achievements. Perhaps the asse-
veration of Shakespeare's ever-living facetious
knight, will apply to this case—“It is ever the way
of this, our English nation, to make too much of a good
thing;” and if a boundless national debt, and inter-
minable ramifications of taxation, are “good things”
the blessings of them have been somewhat increas.
ed in this way.
But, while pouring out the effusions of our grat
ful hearts in admiration of our peerless Naval Cham
pions, let us not diminish our confidence in the un-
equalled government of our majestic Republic. In
the course of these hasty sketches, the caution of






















our bitterest enemies—it imparts to our countrymea
the richest blessings. To say, they have been
too stinted in their economy, in regard to the Navy;
and illiberal in their rewards to our naval heroes,
. . . . . would require an arrogance which but few, even of
our untutored, unthinking and visionary politicians
possess. But as ours is a government of the peo-
ple, the people may fearlessly, although respectful.
ly express their sentiments of the government. The
voice of the people must and will prevail. To re-
sist it, if it were possible, is not just, and if it were
just, is not possible. It is presumed then, that our
Civil Fathers will in a proper time, and in a proper
manner, bestow those rewards by rank and emolu-
ment, which our gallant Ocean-Warriors so richly
deserve. - ..
Mr. Secretary Hamilton, Jones and Crowninshield,
and the most distinguished Post-Captains, all con-
curred in the opinion of the indispensable necessity
of creating a Board of Navy Commissioners. The
great and diversified duties of the Navy Depart-
ment had so accumulated, that it became wholly im-
practicable for the most capable and laborious se-
cretary to discharge the duties of it with honour to
alſ and advantage to the nation.—The Naval
!e of 1815, discovere -
# lili 3. of: sub rdi º ate agents.



















STE Phe
N DEcATUR. 295
3d. The great latitude allowed commanders in al-
tering, repairing, and finishing their ships.
Congress, in the session of 1815, established the
board of Navy Commissioners, and the President,
by and with the advice of the Senate, appointed
Com. Rodgers, Capts. Hull and Porter, to the high
and important duties of the office. Never was there
a more judicious selection of officers. They were
all veterans of the “Mediterranean School.” The
first was the vigilant watchman over American cem-
merce and seamen during the war in disguise with
Britain, and dared to return the fire of a British ship
of War. In open war the frigate President, drew af.
ter her an immense portion of the British fleet, and
enabled a vast amount of American property to
reach our shores in safety. The second, brought
down the first British flag of the first British
frigate that ever struck to an equal force. The
third, when an impudent British commander of
a force something inferior to him, bore down
upon the Essex, almost sunk him in eight mi-
nutes. He sent the first British flag to Washing.
ton. With the Essex he s wept British commerce º
where could we stop it . .
rained the coffers of British merchants, an
sury of England of wealth sufficient to build
º . the Medi-
ºri
rranean, and the retirement of Capt. Hull,
eded him as a Navy Commissioner.
º
highly important and very responsible duties of
n detailing her achievements.

















§
296 lire or
station, f need say nothing to those who have had
the patience to peruse these ir perfect sketches of
his life.
The duties of a Navy Commissioner, (so far as the
organization of the government, and the navy of
America and England have an analogy) corresponds
with that of a Lord of Admiralty in the latter coun-
try. It is always the part of wisdom to accumulate
- wisdom even from the experience of enemies; and
- although our commanders, seamen, discipline, naval
skill, &c., have been proved to be decidedly supe-
rior to their enemy’s, yet it might be erroneous to
say that they have not derived, in past times, some
benefit, in this respect, from the first maritime pow-
er in the universe. . . . N.
* The duties of the board of Navy Commissioners
are as multifarious as the vast variety of Naval con-
cerns; and although the President of the United
º States, and the Secretary of the N avy have a para-
mount authority, yet, through this board, almost ev-
ery important measure originates. From volumin-
ous reports and documents the following brief out-
line is collected. The Board,
1. Determine the various classes of ships to be built,
2. Establish regulations for the necessary expendi-
tures and the correct accounting for them.














stEPHEN DECATurt.
5. Regulations for flotillas, and for every species of
harbour defence.
6. Regulations for Navy-yards, Arsenals, depot of
stores, materials, &c.
7. Regulations for cruising ships, ships in port, for
the recruiting service, officers on duty on shore,
and on furlough.
8. A system for hospitals, and the medical depart-
ment. : . º
9. Regulations for the conduct of Pursers, fixing
their emolument—mode of accounting and secur-
ing seamen from undue advantages.
10. Regulations for the examination of the officers
of the Navy below Master-Commandant—classing
them in the scale of merit—determining promo-
tions, and the applications for warrant appoint-
ments. i.
These important duties, with all their various ra-
mifications, surely must need the most comprehen-
sive views, and the most minute acquaintance with ... º.º.
naval science. They also require the most unceas.
ing vigilance and application. No wonder that
abuses should have crept into the Navy, and that a
succession of Secretaries should have urged an es-
tablishment of such a board. These abuses have ,
been corrected, and the pecuniary affairs of the Na-
vy are now as accurately adjusted as the accounts
§
of an educated merchant.
Although confidence, to a certain
reposed in every agent of the Re
cenfidence ought ever to be und
hand of responsibility. The guar










298 LIFE or
will never adopt the sentiment of an English minis-
er, who demanded from Parliament “necessary con-
fidence;” and who was answered by one of the
greatest statesmen who ever graced the councils of
- Britain. “...Necessary confidence in the public agents,
is at best but a necessary evil, and ought not to be
reposed.”. Our rulers, thanks to the stubborn
and unyielding resistance against corruption, have
not yet passed “..Acts of Indemnity”,” to shield en-
croachments upon the Constitution, and peculations
in the treasury from punishment.
Com. Decatur brought into this board his whole
experience—his whole vigilance, and his unspotted
integrity. In his brother commissioners, he found
men like himself, devoted to the best interest of the
Navy and the country. A new era commenced in
our growing naval establishment. Order was
brought out of confusion, and system was substitut-
ed for derangement. They were to the Navy, what
the unequalled Hamilton once was to the Treasury.
It might be supposed that this was a relief from
his arduous duties upon the ocean. Ask Com.
Rodgers and Capt. Porter if it were so? Ask them
if their perpetual duties, do not excite unremitting
solicitude, and call forth every exertion of the mind
Even the details of common busi-
e nothing but ordinary attention,
fjudgment, is irksome and fa-
necessity of improvement,
discovered, and of invention,
intly been passed to shield a British mi-

























stephen decapua. 299
where some new regulation is necessary–add again,
the exposure to censure, when mistaken, and the
cold and hesitating approbation when right, and the
official duties of a Navy-Commissioner will assume
an aspect far from captivating, but these duties must
be performed. - -
Naval Architecture; more than any one in the
whole circle of the arts, requires original genius,
taste and judgment. The ancient orders of archi-
tecture, in erecting temples, palaces and mansions
upon earth; and the little improvement, and great
injuries they have sustained by modern architects,
are easily learned by the commonest ability, and re-
duced to practice by mere mechanical ingenuity.
So plain is the road in this art, that he who reads
may run in it; and if by ignorance or wilfulness he
strays from it, he gets involved in an inextricable
labyrinth of blunders, from which he can only be
relieved by retracing his wandering steps. But in
the erection of Ships, there can hardly be said to be
an established principle, for where there is, there may
be uniformity. Why is it often said that such and
such a ship is the best sailer in the American or Bri-
tish Navy’ Why did Com. Decatur say so of the
Macedonian” and why was his noble father in the
Philadelphia, beaten by Capt. Tryon in the Conne
ticut, in a sailing match Why did the naval archi
tects of Britain take models from the wretc he
sapeake, when broken up, when she 3.
together the most ill-constructed,
can Navy It was owing event
wer their own. If the President a
º




























the squadrons
ached British
erutinizing the wrecks of them. They are the only
models they will ever have in their ports, unless
they are gained by the same overwhelming superi.
ority of force.
Although our N
- sº ſavy cannot number the years con-
tained in a quarter of a century, yet, in point of
elegance, strength, power, and celerity, our ships
most decided - - -
idedly surpass any that have floated upon
the ocean from the days of Carthage to this age.
Witness the escapes of the Constitution, Argus, Hor-
net, Peacock, &c., and the victories of every one of
the most signal instance of rapidity in movement,
- Com. Decatur’s second
ef sketch made fro


























stephen Decatum. 391
All the foregoing are commanded by Post-Captains.
4. Eighteens to Sirteens, are Sloops of War. All
are pierced and mount more guns than they are re-
gistered at. Besides these, there are Schooners,
Fire-ships, Bombards, Gun-Boats, Tenders, Cutters,
É.
&c., &c. . . . :- - - - - - -
In the American Navy are Seventy-Fours, Forty-
fours, Thirty-sives, Sixteens, Brigs, Schooners, Gun-
Boats, &c. w º
The comparative force of Seventy-Fours and For-
ty fours, (although at first it may excite surprise) is
as one to three. It is demonstrated thus: a 74, at
one round, discharges 3224 lbs. of shot; a 44 dis-
charges 1360 lbs. As the class of ships is increas-
ed, the force is increased, in proportion of one
three. Seventy-fours are stronger in scantling,
thicker in sides and bottom, less penetrable to shot,
and less liable to be battered. A Seventy-four is a
fair match for three 44's in action. To give the fri-
gates the most favourable position, two at the quar-
ter and stern, and one abreast of the 74. From the
superior weight of metal in th lestructive batter y
of the 74, the frigate abreast would be dismasted
sunk with two broadsides. In the mean time, th
quarter and stern of the 74 mi
















War is at least as one to two; and nearly the same
asoning will apply to them as to 74's and 44's.
The Cyane was frigate built, and mounted 34 guns;
the Levant, 21, and yet the gallant and accomplish-
Capt. Charles Stewart, (from whose enumera- %
tions the preceding statement was collated.) captur-
ed them both in 40 minutes. *
Having very briefly alluded to the erection and
armament of ships, I will with still greater brevity sº
allude to the expense of both, premising that the as-
tonishing saving of money has been effected by the
Inuela able exertions of the Secretary and Commis- -
sioners of the Navy. Twenty years ago, the ex-
pense of building and equipping a 74, was estimat-
ed at $342,700; only seven years ago, at $300,000.
* . . . The expense of a 74, and of consequence, of every
description of ships, is reduced nearly one third.
The annual expense of a 64, in commission in 1812,
was estimated at $202,110; its annual expense now,
20) including repairs, is 188,529 64; a 44 gun
'rigate, $133,985 73; a 36 gun Frigate, $110,557
a Sloop of War, $59,069 42 ; a Brig, $39,774
a large St $23,350, and small, $6,452;
º writer prefers “official






































who knew not their importance. He was no lor
er engaged in bringing down the Cross of St. George
. in the Atlantic, or the Turkish Crescent in the Me-
diterranean. His pursuits attracted no attention
from the world, which must always have a brilliant
object before it to produce its admiration. But the
acute penetration of a Crowninshield in the Navy
Department, and df a Rodgers and a Porter
in the Board of the Navy, full well knew and duly
appreciated his surpassing excellence. As our Na-
vy has justly become the favourite of the Republic,
James Monaoe, President of the United States, and
by the Constitution, Commander in Chief of the ma-
ritime, (as well as the military force,) was here ena-
bled to discover the profound science of Com. De-
catur in naval tactics. He had before, in common
with our countrymen, participated largely in the en-
thusiastic rapture produced by his unequalled victo-
ries in the Mediterranean sea, and on the Atlantic
ocean; he here had an opportunity º to notice the
theory of that almost mysterious system, which ena-
º
. bled him. no less than his dauntless bravery t
achieve them. Comparisons have always been jus
ly pronounced odious, and will not be entered
are accomplished coinma ºrrºr a
doubtedly acquired s
ession from books;























s
Amrist. Lu, uis se jors, doubt it. There was one
more senior to him, and he could not doubt
e nation.
hich his nt and patriotic father had devoted
ha ware that he must first understand it.
º
ally badly con-
-- the
# -
timed all the “ scoveries

originated wherever they did. At the same time he
knew where they did originate. He knew that th
first claimed invention was not original with En-
glishmen. He knew that the invention of the Steam
Frigate “ with timbers impervious to water,” by
that unparalleled mechanist, Fulton, the model of
which he examined at New-London, when blockad.
ed there, by an immensely superior force, was made
many months anterior to any pretensions of an En-
glish architect. As to “iron cables,” he knew that
they had been used on the Delaware river, on the
banks of which he spent his early life, long before ...’
an English architect knew their use". As to “iron
knees,” he knew that Com. Truxton showed an
American naval architect the “iron knees” of the
frigate Insurgente, captured by him. in the little Con-
stellation, in 1799. All these improvements be-
came familiar with Americans, before Englishmen
pretended to have discovered them. º
§ x ~ %
While England claims to be the mother of Ameri-
ca, let her not forget that the child will not for ever
bear the unprovoked rod of his parent. Nor-
“Lick the hand just rais’d to shed its
. * The writer, in investigating thi -
one of the oldest and most experien
land. He commenced the business a

















mes he surpasses his progenitors in sci-
. Decatur, although ever ready to meet the
enemies of his country, in combat, never detracted
from their skill or gallantry. He would as readily
acknowledge the real skill and prowess of an En-
glishman as a Turk, both of whom he had conquer-
ed, and both of whom he had treated with humanity
and respect, when he had vanquished them. He
was aware that his countrymen were as inventive, in
improving the construction of ships, as they were
skilful in navigating and fearless in fighting them;
and preferred the real superiority of his own, to the
a
gasconading boasts of another nation.
But while Com. Decatur was thus engaged in ad-
vancing the permanent force of the American Na-
vy, temporary relaxations from the intensity of ap-
plication to his official duties, enabled him to parti-
cipate in the captivating enjoyments of accomplish-
society, beside that which the metropolis afforded.
tree states lay in their claim to him as a citizen
yiand, because he was born in it—Pennsyl-
scan. idopted it, and Virginia, because
the source of his most ex-
It is not necessary to
Sest claim to citizenship;






















































stEphes decatua. 307 … . .
respect and admiration. It was not the unmeaning
and idolatrous veneration which a degraded and hu-
miliated people pay to monarchs and princes who
have no claim upon their affection, and which pro-
ceeds more from fear than attachment—it was the
voluntary effusion of heart, proceeding from a
knowledge of his inestimable worth, and an acknow-
ledgement of the incalculable services he had ren-
dered the Republic.
• The refined and patriotic citizens of Baltimore,
ever prompt in serving their country themselves,
and equally ready to manifest their respect for those
e, presented Com. Decatur with a superb
plate, upon each piece of which was this
inscription— . …
“The Citizens of Baltimore, to Com. Deca.
Tua.”
“Rebus gestis insigni—ob virtutes dilecto”.”
Although the classical examiner would readily see
from this inscription that the citizens of Baltimore
conveyed the truth admitted by all, that Com. De-
catur, was “Distinguished for his heroism, and ad-
mired for his virtues,” yet some observers might
The citizens of Norfolk
blic worth of Com. D






















%
life of
. public dinner. It is upon such occasions, that
the frank and unsophisticated sentiments of generous
bosoms are elucidated. Surrounding the festive
board, and casting their eyes upon the Hero of the
Mediterranean, they gave in unison, this sentiment
—than which nothing could be more forcibly con-
ceived, or elegantly ex pressed. .
“THE CREscent—its lustre was dimm
* … ... ; . § d, even
by the twinkling of our STARs.”
| Such a sentiment was worthy of the present gene-
ration of Virginians, amongst whose fathers, in the
war of the Revolution, were WashingtoN, JEFFER-
son, MADison, Monroe and PATRick HENRY. It
compelled Com. Decatur to take a sudden retros.
pect of his eventful life in the Mediterranean—his
capture of the Intrepid—his destruction of the Phi-
ladelphia frigate, and his unparalleled conflict with
At Petersburg, in that patriotic state, they were
no less ardent in their attachment to the favourite,
and favoured Decatun. After receiving every pub-
lic demonstration of respect that could be shown,
he gave the following, modest, ingenuous, and grate.
1zens of Petersburg—They render
se for services, which they themselves
wew him best.”




















stephen Decatua.
swer will be inserted. “I beg the committee, com-
posed of names with which my earliest and most
agreeable ideas are associated, to accept my warm-
est thanks for the very flattering sentiments you
have expressed toward me.”
The events in the N.
* Department, not imme-
diately connected with the life and character of
Stephen Decatur, cannot be enlarged upon. From
the time he entered upon the arduous duties of a
Navy-Commissioner, his mind was completely en-
grossed by them; every other object was of secon-
dary consideration. Amidst these duties, however,
he participated in the captivating enjoyments of the
metropolis. He enjoyed the society of the great
men of our great Republic, there stationed to man-
age its vast concerns. He here appeared in the c a-
pacity of a Statesman, and excited no less respect
than when he appeared in the more dazzling cha-
racter of a Hero. With the Secretary of the Navy,
his brother Commissioners, and naval officers, he
was perfectly at home; and surely, amongst all th
r rulers, no one surpasses, 1
naval defence. With a se





















power of land batteries, the experience of modern
warfare evinces clearly, the vast superiority of bat-
teries that are floating. With our majestic ships of
the line, our frigates, sloops and Brigs, Americans
can carry our arms where they find our enemies, and
make them flee from where they are found. If they
dare intrude upon our harbours, they will meet with
that novel, that tremendous, that almost resistless
engine of death and destruction, the stEAM FRIGATE.
To be sure our immense frontier is to be guarded
by armies, and fortifications ; but even there, a mov-
ing rampart of high-minded men, is found to be vast-
ly more efficient than stationary forts, redoubts and
. breast-works. .* Present to the enemy our flying ar-
tillery, and a rampart, formed by a front, bristled
with bayonets, and led on by brandishin 3. swords, an
enemy will much sooner retire than they would from
a fort which they might besiege with safety at a se-
by starvation, or conquer by an overwhelming su-
Seriority of force. But the writer, in this volume,
jelongs, with all its “imperfections and errors to the
ºy. It was only intended to show, that a movea-
e is every where preferable to a stationary
st di
ficult duty, and, in a personal
ost liable to censure, that Com.



































Stephen Decatus.
Navy, and his brother Commissioners, they related
• one from the highest to the lowest grade of office rs.
But in restoring officers to commands, after they had
been suspended from them by arrests, inquiries, and
trials, and after the term f suspensions, after inqui-
ries and trials, had expired, exposed them to the
persona . . . nimadversions of every naval officer who
had been implicated. .
The President of the United States, during the
period of Com. Barron’s most important command,
thus expresses himself—“Of the various executive
duties, no one ew.cites more anarious concern, than that
of placing the interest of our fºllow-citizens in the
hands of honest men, with understanding sufficient for
* their stations. No duty at the same time is more diff-
Numerous instances upon this subject might be
mentioned; but perhaps no one so signal as that of
the Mediterranean in 1819 can be alluded to. The
particulars are not sufficiently known to the write
to give a minute detail: e th
mits of this work would them.
say, he was arrested by Com. Stewart—
his command to which his j unior succee lec % º
ived at th ernment to accou











under arrest! His unspotted life—his unexampled
§ modesty—his achievements in the wars a gai nst
Turks and Englishmen, induced them all to hope
that he was “not guilty.”
No one could possibly enter into the feelings of
the endeared Macdonough, like STEPHEN DECATUR.
He had been his favourite Midshipman in the Medi-
terranean—he had followed wherever he led, and
where but few others would follow. He had seen
him add one of the most splendid trophies to the na-
º val prowess of America over England—he must
have hoped that he had not even made a mistake in
his duty. But what was the admiration of the no-
ble Decatua, wh en he found his beloved frie d, as
noble as himself, ingenuously acknowledging that
he had been mistaken 2 MacDonough had often
achieved victories over the enemies of his country
—he here achieved his greatest—it was a victory
over himself. Com. Decatur enjoyed the infinite
satisfaction of seeing Com. Macdonough immediate-
ly after placed in the highest command which one,
ºmmandi ig a single ship, in the American N avy,
1. Barron, whose name stands the third in the
... . . . . .” equence of the well known


























stephen pecator. 315
**
Ž
sº
dicted upon the honour of the American Nav
The writer hesitates as he approaches the subject
From that disastrous affair, more than from any
other cause, arose the second war between our
peaceful Republic and imperious Britain; and, if
any calamity greater than war to our country, could
have visited it, it essentially contributed to the tra-
gical—the disastrous death of Stephen Decatur.
*
27.












Life of
Com. Barron solicits a command in the Navy–Com. Decatºr's
opinion as to his re-admission into the Navy—The unfortunate
misunderstanding between them—it eventuates in a challenge to
single combat, from Barron to Decatur—Duelling—Result of
the meeting—Immediate effects of it—Honours to the remains of
Com. Decatur—Funeral ceremonies at his interment—His CHA-
The writer approaches to the conclusion of these
sketches, with a solicitude, if possible, greater than
that which he has experienced in the progress of
them. His blood almost congeals as he writes—his
heart throbs at every sentence—and his feeble pow-
ers sensibly experience their insufficiency to pour-
a sentence upon a deed which has spread mourning
through our vast Republic. To his Country, and to
Sreator, is he accountable. Stephen Decatur’s
me would acquire no new tint of lustre by an at-
combatant. A Dearborn could not blast
f a Putnam, by attempting to erect the
-t-.... …, ns. Com. Bar **.
a fallen hero,

































stephen Decatur. 315
impairing the living reputation of Com. Barron, so
nothing will be omitted to defend the memory of
Com. Decatur—consecrated by death. Defend, did
I say ? let me retract—his memory needs not the
defence of the living. His posthumous fame can
neither be augmented by eulogy, nor diminished by
As a Navy Commissioner, Com. Decatur had an
important official duty to perform; and for the per-
formance of it, he was accountable to his superiors,
to his country, to his conscience, and his Creator.
Let his decision have affected whom it might, the re-
putation, the honour, and the glory of the American
Navy, were ever first in his thoughts, first in his
words, and first in his deeds. Having been devot-
ed to the naval service of his country by his noble º
father, and by his own ardent heroism, he had ever
manifested a readiness to spill his blood, and spend
pole-star; and his views were as undeviatingly fix-
ed upon it, as the needle points to the pole. He
had arisen from the lowest to the highest grad
command in actual service, and for ever submi
the orders of his superiors, and the decisions o
val tribunals, without an animadversion. W
called upon to decide upon the conduct of ot
roved or disapproved as his well-inform
dictated. Personal attachments




















§
responsible duty of a judge of merit and demerit to
perform. It would require some being “more than
m n” to satisfy all, and in some instances, decisions
might meet with reprehensions, from those who were
“less than man” ought to be. His motto in this ca-
pacity was—“Be just, and fear not.” When called
upon by official duty to decide a question which
might affect his senior in the Navy, he as fearlessly
and as impartially pronounced his judgment, as in
the case of the youngest Midshipman. Unspotted
himself as an officer, he made himself the standard
of naval character. Alas! the model was too per-
fect for universal imitation, and he perhaps too un-
yielding and too tenacious, in adhering to it. The
honour of the American Navy was to him as the vir-
tue of a wife was to Caesar—“ It must not only be
chaste—it must be unsuspected.” If there ever was
degeneracy in the Nav ways too exalt-
ed to sink to it, and too e be approached
solicited the Navy Department for a re-instatement,
i his comm and i n the Navy. Com. Deca tur had
rved, under him in the Mediterranean, in 1804,
eeded him in the command of the Chesa-






















stephen Decatur. 317
Navy. He did express it in his official capacity,
and in interviews with officers of the Navy.
As to the “ affair with the Chesapeake,” in 1807,
however deeply it might have wounded the honour
of the Navy, he had nothing to do. Com. Barron
had suffered the disabilities which a court-martial
adjudged; and those disabilities had ceased—the
time of his suspension from service had expired.
But, Com. Decatur, frankly, and unreservedly de-
clared, that “he entertained, and still did entertain
the opinion that his conduct as an officer, since that af.
fair, had been such, as ought for ever to bar his re-
admission into the service,” at the same time unequi.
vocally declaring, that he “disclaimed all personal
enmity towards him.” º
As to the sentence of the court-martial, although
approved by th of the United -
Com. Barron d be “cruel, and unm
ed,” and furt —“It is the privilege of a
man deeply h n by that decision,"
3%
since the promulgation of that s
ron endeavoured to exculpate h .
* , §§ tation* •



le jealous enemies of our rising Na-
pored over it with malignant satisfaction—
faction it will ever be to them to discover
ection between our accomplished and gallant
fficers. While Americans lament the per-
ltercations between Perry and Heath, Deca-
and Barron, &c., our enemies rejoice at them.
s explanations and recriminations,
dores Decatur and Barron, ended
. the last to meet the first in the
f single combat, and which he accepted".
is no place to enter into a dissertation upon
㺠3% duelling, nor will it be attempted. It
tors of our Republic to enact
to Judicial Tribu-
he Ministers of

















stephew Decatua. - 319.
puerile and execrable sense of honour which is foun-
ded upon the mere unmeaning punctilios of modern
refinement, modern effeminacy, and modern degene-
racy. That sense of honour is meaned, which led
our ancestors to proclaim us free—to scorn submis-
sion to tyrants—to face them upon ocean and upon
earth, and to pour out their richest blood for their
country. Their arms were turned against the ene-
mies of the Republic, and not against each other
While the officer of genuine honour will avoid
the infliction of a wound upon the reputation of his
superior, equal, or inferior, he will equally avoid
that unrestrained resentment which calls upon him
to violate the laws of Earth, of Heaven, and of Hon-
our itself. It is impossible to ascertain the degree
of moral guilt between him whose provocation rous-
jºš. e, and him whose ven-
ºnly with blood. Alas!
rn the destruction of many
on that Acellema—“ The fie
would present an awful chasm in our greatne.
The twenty-second day of March,
be kept as an anniversary of grief—a d
tation. Upon that fatal, bloody day, the
plains of Bladensburg by the hand of a
he was approaching
º
oice of human























“ Erring and inconsiderate mortal, forbear! Al-
though it is not given you to pierce the impervious
veil which still conceals unknown worlds from your
view, yet pause and reflect! Remember your coun-
try to which you have devoted yourself—to which
your service and life belong—and which has so
abundantly rewarded your valour! Remember the
enemies you have fought—the victories you have
won—the dangers you have escaped—the glory you
have acquired. Remember the declaration of your
sainted father—“Our children an E THE PRoPER-
y of our country.”—Remember your brother
whose fate you escaped, and whose death you aven-
ged—Remember your surviving relatives and asso-
ciates, who now anxiously await your fate—Remem-
ber the tender and affectionate companion of your
bosom, whose throbbing and agitated heart, in breath-
less expectation and horror, listens the report of the
f shot. And, above all imber that Pre-
Providence which h ed you in the
ath, in justifiable warfare, and tremble
thought of entering into a contest in open vio-
#
on of his decrees. Is fame your object? you
already reached its temple. Is vengeance
design it must not be—that belongs to heav-
Return, therefore, to your exalted station, and
osom of your anxious family.” ". .
monitory voice from the heavens above,
crying aloud from the ground,” dis-,




































stEPHEN DECATUR.
the dictates of philosophy—the claims of his coun-
try—the entreaties of his real friends, and his own
conscientious scruples, in regard to the propriety of
the act, to meet his unrelenting opponent in the field
of single combat; and there, arm to arm, furnished
with deadly weapons, to decide a controversy which
nothing but the capricious determination of
could put to rest.
The accompanying friends of the militant parties,
after the “dreadful notes of preparation” were
sounded, silently waited the result. The incompa-
rable military skill of the combatants, so often suc-
cessfully exercised against the enemies of their
country, was alas! too fatally skilful upon this aw-
ful occasion. At the same moment they both fired
—at nearly the same place both inflicted a wound—
at the same moment they both ſell—one mortally,
the other severely wounded.
.Com. Decatur was accompanied to the place al-
lotted for the shocking catastrophe, by Com, Bain-
bridge as his second, and his surgeon. Com. Bar
ron was accompanied by Ca .
Capt. Elliott, as his s
On d, a n dº his surg eon. £3. 3. § No. expla n ation took. p : º
upon the field. The result of the interview has been
briefly, for it could not otherwise be detailed. Who
can, even at this lapse of time, expatiate c º
gushing wound of Decatur in retrospect? Who
not have been petrified with horror th
held the life's blood of this unsuri
soning the turf of his native count
by the hand of a native countrym























* .
When the wounded combatants viewed each other
at but a few paces distant, with whatagony must their
fixed eyes have gazed? Not from the agony of their
wounds—for mere pain of body, any man of fortitude
will bear without a groan. But “a wounded spirit,
who can bear?” While yet the lamp of life was un-
extinguished in either of them, the well-nerved arms
which just now pointed the deadly weapons, from
ich issued the unerring messengers of death, were
w tremblingly extended in token of reconciliation.
h! why could not these stern, unyielding devotees
of the delusive phantom of false honour, one hour
before, have said to each other, “Live, And I will
Live also tº
Com. Decatur was removed to his mansion-house
Washington, languishing in the agony of approach-
: dissolution. A sudden and violent convulsion in
scarcely have produced a more agitat-
Indeed the laws of nature had been vio-
ºne of its fairest works had been pros-
Every object, from those of the first mag
those of the most trifling con
ioned, and every thought was in-
the forms which tender sensi-

















































stEphes decatur.
The sublime and exalted contemplations of the .
hero's soul, were scarcely interrupted by the agony
of his body. While nature was struggling to retain
its agonizing grasp upon this world, his celestial
spirit was panting for the regions of immortality:
but his immortal soul was not summoned hence, un-
til his lips pronounced his decided disapprobario
of the MANNER IN which HE FELL. His denuncia-
tion against duelling, was like a voice uttered from
the tomb. Decatua's last faltering exclamations
were a denunciation against the duellist.
His death left a chasm in the Navy which
be presumptuous to say cannot be filled; but whi
it is confidently said, cannot be filled better. It pro-
duced a sensation in the metropolis, at the moment
it was announced, and through the country as the
saddening intelligence spread, which never had been
experienced since the fall of Hamilton, who like
him, died in the midst of his glory and usefulnes
and who like him, acknowledged the guilt ol
which th e deep
tended to the inc


















324 Life or
eulogies upon the character of the deceased hero;
but lest a recorded resolution, upon the subject of
his funeral or badges of mourning, might be constru-
ed into an approbation of the mode in which he di-
ed, it was deemed far more judicious to leave it to
the spontaneous, and voluntary effusions of sorrow-
ing hearts to manifest grief in a way the most appro-
priate to the melancholy occasion.
Upon the 24th, the metropolis was thronged by
the largest concourse of the public authorities, civil,
ral and military, foreign ministers, strangers of
nction, and citizens, that was ever witnessed
rt a similar occasion, since the corner-
stone of the Capitol was deposited, and the founda-
tion of the city was laid.-The deepest sorrow was
epicted upon every countenance—the great busi-















es and Heads of De art.
President of the United
M embers of the Senate and House of Representa-
tives. .
United States.
Officers of the Army of the United States.
The Mayors and other Civil Officers of the District.
Foreign Ministers with their Suites, and Consuls of
Foreign Powers.
. The Citizens.
The military honours of the solemn occasion,
were rendered by the truly excellent Marine Corps,
under the orders of their accomplished commander, .
Major MILLER. As the procession began its solemn
movement, minute guns from the Navy Yard were
commenced; and were continued during the proces-
sion and funeral service. The same cannon which
had so often announced the splendid achievemer
of Decatur, now marked the periods in bearing
e
remains from his late abode to the tor
verberating thunder mournfully ecl
metropolis, and the surrounding reg
ced the approach of a sleeping hero to th
metery. When the volleys of musketry
forth the last token of respect to the sacred
it was known that all that was mor
was concealed from human view,
º longe ot e earth— his e. alted and it
28






































to heaven, and his character, his fame and his glory
During these solemn and impressive ceremonies,
Com. Barron was languishing upon his couch with
the wound received at the moment that was, which
1. Decatur to the tomb; the thunder of
º, ºr . . . guns, and the discharge of musketry
must have vibrated through a heart tortured to ago-
ny. His destiny was yet uncertain—he was upon
the verge o
he verge of two worlds, uncertain to which the next
hour might consign him. 3. He remembered that the
living Decatur said to him —“I have not chal-
lenged, Noa Do I intend to challenge you—your
Life Depends upon your self, AND Not upon me.”
Can there be a pang in death more excruciating than
his reflections must have been He might have ex-
. ‘. . . . “o P rovidence, extend thy care to me!
For Nature sinks, unequal to the combat,
And weak Philosophy denies her succours.”
But Com. Barron still survives; and survives it
is confidently hoped, to be an ornament to the naval
| custom, which hurried one of the most gal-
lant and noble spirits into eternity, and which,
between the departed Decatur and the surviving Bar-
º mon affair of honour. It did not ori-
personal hostility of the parties—it







































stephen decatua.
a faltering voice over his bloody and mangled
corpse, as JMonmouth did over Percy’s :
“ Lie there, great heart—the earth that bears thee dead,
Bears not alive, so high a gentleman.” º
Decatus is dead—and if he must have died in the º
midst of his years and glory, would to heaven he
had fallen upon his own deck, like L
LEN, and BURRows ' Then mig ºw. .
language of a bard whose genius was as exalted as ->
his heroism — - * * *
tº —— Sampson hath quit himself
Like Sampson —and heroically hath finished
* A life heroic.” - º; . . .” * . . .
The course of his life points out a brilliant orb for
the ocean-warrior to move in—the manner of his
death, a destructive vortex to shun. But living, he
was admired—dying, he was lamented, and his me-
mory will be cherished infon H remembrance, as long
as ardent patriotism, fearless courage, and exalte
virtues, shall receive an approving sentence in the
Hereafter, when the
towering monument, as imperishable as D
his toils and his dangers, the traveller will lin
º º ith who dev i. t es his e a rly years to t I
ove effemin


























enjoyment, and meets f enemies in foreign
climes, torescue his countrymen from bondage? Such
a man was Decatua. Are we enraptured with the
dauntless heroism of a warrior who dared to meet a
foe whose power is deemed irresistible Such DE-
Do we admire the judge who dares to
:e which may endanger himself?
§§ ge was DecATUR. Are we tortured into
the agony of grief that an exalted spirit should fall a
victim to the delusive phantom of false honour *
Alas! Decatur so fell. “What a fall was there,
my countrymen.” - §33. . . .
The whole character of the subject of these biog-
STEPHEN DECATUR was created and consti.
tuted for an ocean-warrior. His whole nature was
peculiarly adapted to the perilous and brilliant
in the most tremendous scenes. To his natural
adaptation for a seaman, ll the auxiliary
r * : * r * * He first made him-
theoretical navigator
ocean lost half of
























































DECATUR. 329
§
hever escaped his attention, and the most important
never exceeded his comprehension. The various
manoeuvreings of a ship, or a squadron, were as fa-
miliar with him, as the evolutions of an army to the
scientific military officer. Whether encountering
the enemy in the humble galley, or breasting the
shock of battle in the majestic ship, h * into ac-
tion as if the Genius of Victory hovered over him,
and gave him conquest in anticipation. When in
the midst of an engagement, he fearlessly and un-
dauntedly soared in columns of fire and smoke, and
with the fury and velocity of lightning, charged up-
on the astonished foe. His own personal safety oc-
cupied not a single thought—his fearless soul was
engrossed with the safety of his crew and his ship,
and the destruction of the enemy. But the moment
the thundering cannon ceased their terrific roaring,
and the battle-fray was ended, he was changed into
a ministering spirit of mercy. Over his slain ene-
my, he dropped a tear—to a wounded one, he im-
parted consolation—he mingled his :- sighs with the
groans of the dying, and rendered every honour to
the gallant dead. º
Whether encountering an overwhelming host of
furious Turks, equally regardless of honourable
combat, and thankless for favours after they were
conquered—or wresting victory from a more mag
Terrible and fearless in battle—Mild and h
s: i vil * Jºº º ... . º ---. -- º º º º º
ſh
y
1.
t
o
%


















the world afforded. To his ſuperi rank, he
was respectful—to his equals, generous and affec-
tionate—to his inferiors, mild, humane, and conde-
scending—he was the seaman's friend. As a disci-
plinarian, he never spared himself, nor would he
permit any under his command to be spared: but
he had the peculiar felicity of rendering the sever-
est duty the highest pleasure. He governed his
men more by the respect and love he secured from
them, than by the exertion of the power with which
he was clothed. He infused into the bosoms of his
officers and seamen, the noble and patriotic ardour
which inspired his own exalted heart. They would
follow him. wherever he led, and would lead wher-
ever he ordered. They were as true to him as their
souls were to their bodies; and would suffer them
to be separated before they would desert him in the
hour of peril. When designated as a judge of the
merits or demerits of his brethren in the naval ser-
vice, his philanthropy led him to give full credit to
their virtues in exalted or humble stations, while his
stern integrity made him a dignified censor over
|
But however high he stood in his profession as a
naval commander, it was in the mild and captivat-
ing scenes of peace, where he shone with unclouded
. e temple of benevolence—
mind was refined by literature and science—his
his person, he was a little above the middling
ather delicately though elegantly form-
tenance was all expression. His e





































sterhen decatur.
discovered that inquietude which indicates an ar-
dent mind; and although it beamed with benignity,
it evinced an impatience for action. While his man-
ly and dignified virtues eommanded respect, the
suavity of his manners invited to familiarity. His high
others; and, with the majesty of virtue, to repel
with indignation, the,most remote suspicion of his
own honour.
But his love of country was his crowning glory.
His whole life was a commentary upon the noble
sentiment of his noble ancestor.
‘Our Children ARE the property of oua Coun-
For his country he lived—for his country he fought
—his countrymen will cherish and admire his me-
mory, until the name of his country itself shall be
extinguished in the final consummation of all things.










§
[The splendid “Naval Victories” achieved by Americans over
Britons, in the second war between the American Republic and
the British Empire, occasioned a great variety of “Nautical
Songs,” calculated for almost every variety of taste. None of
the Naval Heroes called forth the effusions of the Muse with
more rapture than STEPHEN DECATUR. The following pro-
duction, except the 3d verse, appeared soon after the capture of
the MAcEpon IAN. The elegant author” will excuse one pro-
saic verse for being introduced amongst his highly poetical ones.]
Tune—“To Anacreon in Heaven.”
1. To the court of old Neptune, the god of the sea,
The sons of Columbia sent a petition, .
That he their protector and patron would be ;
When this answer arriv'd free from terms or condition:
º “Repair to the sea;
“You conq’rors shall be;
“And proclaim to the world that Columbia is free :
“Beside , my proud trident DECATUR shall bear,
º A. And the laurels of Victºry triumphantly wear
ii. The Tritons arose from their watery bed,
And sounding their trumpets AEolus attended;
º Who summon'd his Zephyrs, and to them he said,
“Old Neptune Columbia's cause has befriended.
“As the world you explore, *
“And revisit each shore, º
“To all nations proclaim the glad sound evermore;
“ That DECATUR old Neptune's proud trident shall
he laurels of victºry triumphantly wear!”












stephen Decatur. × 3-
III. In that sea where the Crescent long proudly had ' '.
The sons of Mahomet the Christians enslaved;
There DECATUR repair’d, and the Turk fiercely
brav'd,
And there from dire bondage the Christian he saved.
3. . . . . . ...; : The Crescent soon bow’d,
º ‘Fore his thunder so loud,
And his lightning, resistless, dispell'd the dark cloud
Which Allah's disciples and demons had spread,
The terror of man—now no longer the dread.
IV. The Naiads, in chariots of coral so bright,
Skimm'd swiftly the wide, liquid plain, quite enchanted;
Soon the proud Macedonian gladden'd their sight,
And DECATUR advancing, with courage undaunted;
They saw with a smile,
The fast-anchord Isle,
Resigning the laurels obtain’d at the Nile ! .
And when V ictory crown'd braw e Columbia's cause, : º º
The Trumpet of Fame shook the world with applause,
§
To see the great mandate of Neptune recorded,
When tracing the records of Lybian Jove,
To find where renown to brave deeds was awarde
There WASHINGTON'S name,
In raptures she cries, “Here DECATU
On the p ag 2 which the deeds of brave V WA











numerous effusions of the pathetic and elegiac muse. The bril-
ion and harmonious numbers of the following irre-
; liant imagina i
memoirs. The reader will recollect that the eminence in the
vicinity of the metropolis, called Kalorama, was the residence of
the great Epic Poet of America, Joel BARLow—that he died in
France when Ambassador—and that the body of Decatur was
deposited in his family tomb.]”
Methought I stood on Kalorama's height,
Reclining, pensive, on Decatur's tomb,
When, lo! a form divinely bright,
Descends, while floods of light the dreary place illume 1
And thus address'd me, with a heavenly grace —
Has never graced the rolls of Fame,
What brought thee to this sacred place,
. &:… .º.º: ‘. . .33. . . . . . . trickles down thy
º eace ful sh º













stEPHEN DEcArur.
And dost thou shed the feeling tear
O'er his reliques that slumber here?”
*Tis true, said I ; I here deplore
The gallant hero, now no more;
Who, like a youthful Hercules,
Subdued his savage enemies!
And who at a maturer age, .
Encounter’d Britain's hostile rage; .
And dared with more than equal foes contend—
While Victory and Fame his glorious course attend-
And whose dread cannon shook Barbaria's shore,
While Algiers trembl’d at the thund'ring roar.
Alas! he slumbers with the dead; -
The light'ning of his eye is gone
And cypress wreaths entwine around that head, , 3 x ::.; ,
Where Glory her bright halo shed;
And darkness hovers o'er that face
Which beam'd with every social grace-
Where manly courage shone.
Nor does the muse alone
But floods of sympathetic tears are shed:
Columbia mourns her hero dead,
With weeping eyes, and with dejected head;
And sable clouds of wo the nation overspread.
Scarce had Î ceas'd, when thus the power again —
“No more indulge thy pensiv e strain,
grief is useless, and thy sorrows vain—
and behold his triumphs o'er the main tº
When on a craggy rock I stood,
Which overhung the ocean-shore,
Beheld the tumult of the flood,




















º saw two warlike ships engage,
And heard the cannon's thundering
With hostile fury and destructive rage;
roar
!e ;
Reverberate through rocks, and roll along the shore;
* Midst clouds of smoke the starry flag was seen,
Waving in triumph, o'er the dreadful scene;
While shining through the battle's storm,
I saw the brave DECATUR'S form;
His arm like lightning, dealt the fatal blow,
And hurl’d Columbia's thunders on
Th e battle's di .
The scene of sorrow disappear'd.
When, lo! again my wondering eyes
Saw Fame, bright goddess, glittering in the skies :
H heard her golden trump resound
With an immortal strain,
the foe:
n no more is heard—
* &
While bursts of glory flash'd around,
And brighten’d all the main :
“Hear, mortal, hear! the wonders
thou hast seen
Give but a glimpse of his immortal fame;
I might display a more expanded scene,
And with new glories grace Decatur’s name
But hark I hear a louder sound,
While all the listening nations round,
The immortal praises of DECAT
But thou couldst not endure the dazzling sight—
For how can mortal eyes sustain such heavenly light?”
§ { ... .
. ift
Like peals of thunder, bursting on my ear ;
UR heart
sº













stephen Decatun.
Recapitulation.—Squadrons, Ships, Sloops of War,
Brigs, Schooners and Gun-Boats, in which Stephen DE-
catua served or conquered; the time when, the capacity
in which, and in what Wars. . .
Wºmes of . In what wars,
Y’rs. Ships and Duty and Achievements. Commanders,
Qffice * . &c. &c.
—|Frigate U. Studying the Theory of Navall -
1798|States, Mid-Tactics, and reducing it to Prae- With the
shipman and tice. * g º FRENch
Lieutenant. || & . º REPUBLIc.
1799 Br. Norfolk, Practicing and teaching Naval Com Truxton
1st. Lieut. Discipline. . “ Decatur.
1800Frigate U.]Disciplining Crew—Convoying Capt. Little.
jStates, Lieu-i Merchantmen—Chastising “ Tryon.
|tenant. Frenchmen. “ Barry.
1801|Frigate Es- MEDITERRANEAN. With
isex 1st Disciplining Crew, in Naval TRIPoir.
Lieutenant. Tactics and Nautical skill; a-i . . . . .
roasing their courage. Com. DALE.
1802|Frigate New Disciplining crew, teaching Na-Com.MoRRIs,
York, 1stival gunnery, police of the ship,
Lieutenant. |&c. &c. Returned to Americal Sterrett.
º |in the Chesapeake. º
—|---|---— - PREBLE.
ºffs Argus, Disciplining crew, teaching tac-
Lt. Com’dt.}tics, nautical skill, modes of at- Lt. Stewart.
& 6 |Schooner En-Auacked and captured Tripolitan]
terprise, Lt.jcorsair, and two distinguished
Com'dt. commanders, named the captur-
led vessel KETCH INTREPID,
*
1804|Ketch Intre-Boarded, and captured Frigatº
pid, 70 men, Philadelphia, of 54 guns,
4guns, Lieut. men. Killed 30, wounded 1
1'dt, and burned the ship, under
shaw's battery and castle
|16th, [none killed.}
29
º . . & “3.




























º
LIFE OF
Yºrs. Ships and Duty and Achievements.
In what wars,
Commanders,
&c.
Gun-Boats. gun-boats of 3 guns and 40 men
Senior Offi-leach. Captured an enemy's
cer, large boat, bearing out his prize
%: |—James Decatur treacherously
slain. Returned to the combat,
with a Midshipman and 8 men,
|captured the Turk's boat who
slew his brother, and shot him
|dead. In both prizes 33 officers
land men slain—Lost not a man.
Aug. 3. . . .
“|Frigate Con- Crew disciplined by PREBLE,
stitution. and needed no more disciplining.
Rank from negotiation on shore.
&
º
Congress.
. ss. negotiations at the Bashaw's pa-
Captain.
|lace. Returned to America up-
1804|Division of In No. IV. 1 gun, charged 9|
Frigate Blockading enemy, and awaiting|
With
TRIPoin.
PREBLE.
Somers, &c.
Macdonough
J. Decatur.
Henley.
Trippe.
| Captain. Blockading enemy, and awaiting|J. Bainbridge.
Com. BARRon
ś
|on conclusion of Tripolitan war.
Atlantic.
| Teaching the peculiar disci-
attack, singly or in squadron.
Frigate Cruising on the American coast;
|Chesapeake watchng foreign armed ships,and
and the enforcing acts of Congress.
Comm.
|pline for Gun-Boats; modes of
Peace,
or
“War in
Disguise.”
------ ... . . . ... 32. Frigate |Preparing for what might come;|
U. States, visiting ports, &c. &c.
1812. Frigate | 1st Cruise.
U. States. Sailed in a Squadron comman-
Captain, ded by Com. Rodgers.
§º
| Captured H. B. M. Frigate!
wº
GREAT
BRITAIN.
Jones.
Rodgers.
Macedonian, 49 guns, Oct. 25.



































STEPHEN DEGATUR.
sº
f
Names of
Ships and
Duty and Achievements.
Office. 3. .
In what wars,
Commanders,
&C.
SquadRON. 3d Cruise.
Frigates Driven into New-London Har-
U. States, bour, by a superior British
Macedonian. Squadron, and blockaded; at-
Sloop of War tempts an escape; Challenges
Hornet. enemy ; examines Steam-Boat;
|impressed seamen, &c. &c. &c.
Bainbridge.
Lawrence.
Stewart.
Porter.
Perry. . .
Macdonoughs
Chauncey.
4th Cruise.
Beat the Frigate Endymion,
- and surrendered to the whole
Sl's of War, British Squadron; Jan. 15, re-
Hornet, turned on parole. *:::::::... * *
SQUADRON.
Frigate
President,
º “
Burrows.
Allen.
Biddle. -
gº &c, & º, --
Sau ADR on | MEDITERRANEAN.
Frigates Captured Algerine Frigate Ma-
Guerriere, |zouda ; killed Hammida, and 29
Macedonian, . June 17
T815
Constella- Captured Alg. Br. 22 g. 19
tion. Arrived at Algiers 29
Made a Treaty 30
Sl’s of War, Ar. at Tunis, demand.
Ontario, as indemnification
Epervier,
ta5,
1325,000 Aug.
Schooners Arrived at Messina, repaired,
Flambeau, left captives
Spark, Arrived at Naples
Spitfire, - &
Torch. Arrived at Gibraltar, and
joined Com. Bainbridge
opºl
- --- ~~ July 31 °
Arrived at Tripoli, demanded|
%:… º.º. . . . ." ... ." ...", ſº sept, 3
|Communicat, with the king, 8
Navy-Com- Arranging affairs of Navy with
missioner.
º
cers, &c. &c. º
single
Combat, ho
pied March 22, in defending thef
honour of the American Navy.
is
Arrived in America Nov. # :::::



















































ADDITIONS TO THE PRESENT
EDITION.
I. Brief views of the most important events in
the lives of Com. Bainbridge, Com. Porter,
Capt. Lawrence and Com. Macdonough,
contemporaries of Decatur.
II. Succinct sketch of the American Navy
from its commencement. §
III. A List of the Officers of the Navy, to wit.
Secretary, Navy-Commissioners, Post-Cap.
tains, Masters-Comm'dts, and Lieutenants,
with their present stations, and also a list of
Midshipmen. .
IV. A complete list of the Vessels of war of
the American Navy and stations in 1821,
with other valuable tables.
gº




[As the Publisher of this Epirion has seen fit to ornament º
with an elegant Frontispiece, consisting of a group of Hºnors #3
surrounding the immortalized Drcarun, it is deemed expedient
to introduce into the Volume a Miniature Memoir of the gallant
. Baisarman, Ponter, Lawrence, and MacDonovah, his
Contemporaries in war, in Peace, and in Glory. The Sketches
were furnished to the Author by a gentleman, whose genius has
: raced mullum in parvo, and whose modesty inhibits me from * - X.




comMoDORE
WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.
-9999–
WILLIAM Bainbridge, was born at Princeton,
New-Jersey, May 7th, 1774. His father was a
respectable Physician of that place. He received
his education under the care of his grand-father,
John Taylor, of Monmouth County; which consist-
ed of the ordinary branches of English instruction
and the French language.
At the age of sixteen, he commenced a clerk-ship
in a counting-house at New-York, and after a short
service, went to sea in the employ of Miller and Mur- .
ray. His services and conduct, were so satisfacto.
ry to them, that at the age of eighteen, they gave
him a mate's birth in the ship Hope, in a voyage to
Holland. During this voyage, the crew mutinied,
in a gale of wind, and had nearly succeeded in throw-
ing the Capt. overboard, when Bainbridge, hearing
the alarm, took a pistol, (which was however desti-
tute of a lock.) and by the assistance of an Irish ap-
prentice-boy, seized the ringleader, and restored or
der on board. At the age of nineteen, he had com. .
mand of a ship in the Dutch trade, and continued in
command of various ships in the European trade









til 1798. In 1796 on a voyage from Bourdeaux to
8t. Thomas, with but four small guns and nine men,
he was engaged by a British schooner, commanded
by a Sailing-master, mounting nine guns and man-
ned with thirty-five men. After killing several of
her crew he compelled her to strike, and as the two
countries were at peace, indignantly sent her away
to make report of her action. .
In July 1798, and without application from him,
he was offered the command of the U. S. schooner
Retaliation of fourteen guns, which he accepted un-
der a Lieutenant's commission, conditioned that he
should stand first of that grade for promotion.
In the fall of that year the Retaliation, in cruising
to windward of Gaudaloupe, was captured by two
French Frigates and a Lugger. General Desfour-
neaux was on board of one of these Frigates on his
passage to take command of the Island in place of
Victor Hughes. To demonstrate a seeming friendship
towards our government, arising from political mo-
tives as it would appear, he proposed that Da inbridge
should take his ship and return to the United States,
when at the same time, other American vessels of
much greater value, were retained and their crews
treated as criminals. Perceiving the flimsy thread
his finesse, Bainbridge replied that he wished ei-
r to be considered a prisoner of war, or to have
mmission restored, with liberty to cruise against
erce of Franee, agreeably to instructions
ment. The General, after threaten-
rican to the sword, sh b --
























cow, william Baisºnings. 345
Retaliation be found cruising against the French,
ordered him to proceed to the United States, with
his ship and forty of his crew. Soon after his re-
turn, an exchange was effected; and he again sailed
on a cruise to the West-Indies, in the brig Norfolk,
of eighteen guns, under the commission of master-
commandant; during which cruise he compelled a
Privateer of sixteen guns to run ashore, and captured
another, with several merchant vessels, and destroy-
ed a number of barges.
On his return from that cruise, he sailed in a
squadron, for the protection of the United State
trade, to Cuba; and on ieaving that station, wa
sented with an address, from the America
chants, concerned in the trade, in testichony {{ r.
vigilance, perseverance, and urbanity w
marked his conduct during his arduous command on
that station,” and the “essential services which he
had rendered to his country.”
On his return to the United States in 1800, he
sailed in the Frigate George Washington,
Dey of Algiers, as agreed upor
º º
was well received by the Dey, who
with an elegant Turkish sabre in
appearances soon changed. Ava

































#
346 com. william BAINBRIDGE.
carry his ambassador and presents to the Grand
Seignior of Constantinople, under pretence of a sti-
pulation in our treaty with him. This treaty, how-
ever, related only to our merchant vessels, but as the
Frigate was then in harbour, and completely in his
power; and as the Dey threatened in case of refusal
to imprison every American in Algiers, he was un-
der the necessity of complying.
This expedition was however favourable to our
government. The American flag being entirely
unknown to the Grand Seignior, three Officers were
sent in succession, to inquire what ship it was, and
what flag she bore-they knew not what was
meant by an American Frigate, and it was not until
Capt. Bainbridge explained that America was the
New World, that they had any conception of the
country. The messengers from the Dey were or-
dered on board the Capudan Pacha, (or Turkish High
Admiral's ship,) who tore the letters, spat and
stamped upon them, and rejected the presents with
indignation. The Dey was ordered to declare war
gainst France within sixty days. At the same time
against F
Com. Bainbridge was received with marked atten-
tion. The Algerine flag, which he had been com-
pelled to carry at his mizen, was ordered to be haul-
º, ... wn, the American shifted to its place, and Com.
e An
tº º rewarded with presents. * .
ent order of his ship, and fine healthy
his crew, seemed to be a convincing
5f the Seignior, that the “new



























cow, william BAINBRidge. 347
sº
world” which he represented, must be already
great and powerful. … . . . . .
In December, the George Washington sailed for
Algiers, with the ambassador's secretary to give an
account of the unfortunate result of his embassy; .
where he arrived on the 21st Jan., having touched
at Malta to land some Turks, as a favour to the Ca-
pudan Pacha. Finding that Captain Bainbridge
was in favour with the Turkish Admiral, (who was
related to the Grand Seignior by marriage,) and
learning likewise the order of the Grand Seignior,
the tyrant was so effectually humbled, that he re-
leased four hundred prisoners, and declared war
against France. The consul and other French sub-
jects then in port, were received on board the George . . .
Washington; and after landing them in Alicant,
Capt. Bainbridge arrived at Philadelphia April 1801, . . . ...:
receiving from his government the highest approba-
tion for his conduct during this delicate service.
in June following he again sailed to the Mediter-
ranean in the Essex, where he was employed in
protecting American and other neutral ships, against
Tripolitan cruisers, and from whence he returned to
New-York in J uly, 1802. º §
In July 1803, he sailed in the Frigate Philadel.
phia, to join Com. Preble's squadron in the Medi-
terránean. Off Cape de Gatt, he fell in with, and
captured the Mirbohar of 22 guns and 110 men,
from Morecco, and re-took an American B
by her, a short time previous. On board th
har they found orders by which it appeared ti














from thence to the Pacha's Castle.
348 cow, william Rainbridge.
Emperor of Morocco was about commencing depre-
dations upon American commerce. The capture
of this ship put an end to hostilities, and a perma-
ment peace was established.
In company with the Vixen, Capt. Bainbridge
then proceeded to blockade the harbour of Tripoli,
and on the 31st Oct. seeing a strange ship, gave
chase to her, and when within four miles and an half
of the harbour, unfortunately ran upon a pile of
rocks; which, as it appeared, were not laid down
on our charts. This was indeed a dilemma, not
foreseen, and which could not be overcome. Guns
were thrown overboard, water started and the fore-
mast cut away, but all to no purpose. The enemy's
Gun-Boats immediately commenced an attack, which
was sustained six hours, when she turned so far up-
on her side, that the guns could not be brought to
bear; and Capt. Bainbridge was under the necessi-
ty of surrendering, but not until he had first thrown
overboard every article of value, drowned the ma-
gazine and scuttled the ship. The Officers and
crew were then seized by the Algerines, stripped
without ceremony of whatever was found upon them
valuable, and conveyed by the boats on shore, and
§:
he treatment which they received, was far more
than they had reason to anticipate. After the
ing of the Philadelphia by Decatur, on 16th
804, they were closely confined, not so much
w to make them suffer, as through fear of








com. william Bainbridge. 349
The bombardment of the town—the burning of
the Philadelphia—the explosion of the Fire-ship,
and the various attacks made upon the Town, all
passed within their view ; and at one time, a twenty-
four pound shot passed within a few inches of Bain-
bridge's head; still they were compelled to remain
inactive witnesses to the efforts of their countrymen.
At length a treaty was concluded by Col. Lear,
and the sum of sixty thousand dollars having been
paid to the Pacha, the officers and seamen were li-
berated, June 3d 1805, after nineteen months con-
finement, and embarked on board the squadron.
Soon after Com. Bainbridge returned to the United
States. % .
After various commands in the peace establish-
ment, at the declaration of war with Great Britain in
1812, he was ordered to the command of the Con-
stellation, and from thence to the Constitution. In
company with the Sloop of War Hornet, he set sail
on a cruise to the East-Indies, and having parted
with her, running down the coast of Brazil, fell in
with the British Frigate Java, a new ship, carrying
49 guns, and upwards of four hundred men. She
had on board more than one hundred supernumera-
ry officers and seamen, destined for the East-India
service. The action continued one hour and fifty-five
minutes, when the Java was left a mere wreck, with
not a spar standing. The commanding officer, Capt.
Lambert, was mortally wounded. It being
impossible together to the United States, the priso.
ners and baggage were taken out, and the ship blown








*
350 COM. WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.
up. Her loss in killed, was 60, and between one
and two hundred wounded. Nine were killed on
board the Constitution, and twenty-five wounded,
and among the latter was the Commodore.
The victory was brilliant, and in the highest de-
gree honourable to Com. Bainbridge; but not more
so, than the kindness and courtesy, which he mani-
fested towards the prisoners while under his charge :
and as a characteristic of our Naval commanders gen-
erally, we are proud to add, they have given ample
testimony that they are as “gentle in peace,” as
“ dauntless in war.” Having conquered, the ex-
pectations of their country are answered, and they
no longer consider the conquered enemy a foe. The
Constitution being in a decayed state, the Com, was
induced to abandon the contemplated cruise, and re-
turn to the United States. He was soon after ap-
pointed to the command of the Eastern Station, and §
to the superintendance of building the seventy-four
at Charlestown. At this time, he is with the squad-
ron up the Mediterranean, in command of the Co-
lumbus 74 gun-ship. With a reputation still unsul-
lied, America is proud to enroll him among the first
of her sons.



CoM DAVID PORTER.
—see—
COMMODORE David Porter was born at Boston,
Feb. 1st, 1780. His father was an officer in the
Navy, during the Revolutionary War, and was dis-
tinguished by his courage and daring spirit.
The first voyage undertaken by the subject of this
sketch, was in a trading vessel, commanded by his
father, to St. Domingo. Whilst at the port of Jere-
mie, in that island, a press-gang attempted to board,
and were gallantly repelied, with the ioss of sev era!
killed, on both sides. Young Porter, who was then
but sixteen, had his share in the engagement. One
flected much praise upon the Captain, and his crew.
In his second voyage, he was twice impressed by
the British, but effected his escape; and returned
home, in the winter season, in a suffering condition,
for want of clothing.
Soon after this, he entered the United States
Navy, as Midshipman; sailed in the Constellation
with Com. Truxton, and in the action with the
French Frigate Insurgente, distinguished himself,
by the gallantry of his conduct, when advanced
to the rank of Lieutenant, it was by dint of merit,
having no friends to bring him into notice. Joining




%.
------- and ſºft
%
352 & OM, DAVID PORTER,
the U. S. Schooner Experiment, commanded by
Capt. Maley, they proceeded on a cruise to the West
Indies, fell in with a number of Brigand barges,
when he was again brought into honourable notice.
He was likewise employed in boats, cutting out
vessels, where he greatly distinguished himself by
good judgment, and personal prowess.
Whilst on that station, he took charge of a small
Pilot-Boat, mounting five small swivels, taken from
the tops of the Constellation.
Falling in with a French Privateer, mounting a
long twelve pounder, with several swivels, and hav-
ing forty men, he determined to engage her. The
contest was for some time doubtful, but the Priva-
teer at length surrendered, having lost seven killed,
een wounded. Porter had several killed,
º, ºn i.
but none wounded. A prize which the Privateer
had in company, was likewise taken. His conduct
on this occasion, was highly spoken of by his com-
mander. In his second expedition to the West In-
dies, with Capt. Charles Stewart, they were like-
wise successful in operating against the Privateers.
In the first squadron to the Mediterranean, Porter
was first Lieutenant of the Enterprise, Capt. Stew-
art, and rendered himself very conspicuous, in an
engagement with a Tripolitan Corsair, of much
greater force, which, in the event, was compelled
to surrender. .
On another occasion, with an expedition of boats,
h 3 entered the harbour of Tripoli, to destroy a num-
. ber of vessels laden with wheat, which service was



COM, DAVID PORTER, -353
performed effectually; but in the engagement, he
received a ball through his thigh.
Nothing of consequence occurred after he receiv-
ed his wound, until the 31st Oct. 1803. Porter had
been previously transferred to the Frigate Philadel-
phia, as first Lieutenant, under Capt. Bainbridge;
and was on board when she ran aground, at that
date, near the harbour of Tripoli; was taken posses-
sion of by the enemy, and the crew made prisoners.
It will be unnecessary to detail the particulars of
that disastrous affair, as the facts are generally so
well known. It is sufficient to add, that during a
long and dreary confinement, he never suffered him-
self to sink into despondency, but applied himself
closely to his study; thus preparing the way to
become a still more useful member of his country
and of society. A treaty of peace having at length
been concluded with Tripoli, the officers and crew
of the Philadelphia were set at liberty, and sailed
to join the squadron at Syracuse. Porter having
been appointed to the command of the U. S. Brig
Enterprise, proceeded to cruise in the Mediterra-
hean. .
Passing the streights of Gibraltar, he was attack.
ed by twelve Spanish Gun-Boats, pretending to sup-
pose she was a British Brig. Although their weight
of metal was vastly superior, he soon compelled
them to sheer off. - .
After an arduous service of five years, he return-
ed to the United States, was married to Miss Ander-
son of Pennsylvania; and afterwards took command


COM. DAVID, PORTER, %
of the Flotilla on the New-Orleans station, where
he rendered important services in enforcing the em-
bargo and non-intercourse laws. In this service he
likewise ferreted out,and captured a French piratical
schooner, which had so long infested the Chesa-
peake, as to attract the attention of government.
At the declaration of War with Great Britain, in
1812, he sailed from New-York, in command of the
Essex, fell in with, and after a short engagement,
captured the British Sloop of War Alert, Capt.
Laugharne.
Returning to the United States, to refit, he again
put to sea Oct. 27th, 1812, and proceeded to the
coast of Brazil, agreeably to instructions from Com.
Bainbridge, where places for rendezvous had been
agreed upon between them. On that coast he fell
in with his majesty's Packet Nocton, out of which
he took £11,000 sterling, in specie. About this
time, he heard of the capture of the Java, by Com.
Bainbridge, and of his return to the U. S.; like-
wise that the Hornet had been taken by the Mon-
tague, and that the British force on that coast was
considerably increased, and were in pursuit of him.
He therefore abandoned his ground, and ran down
as far as Rio de La Plata; from thence to the Pa-
cific Ocean, and reached Valparaiso, March 14th,
1813. Sailing from thence down the coast of Chi-
li, and Peru, he brought too a Peruvian corsair, and
found on board twenty
-four Americans held as prison-
iberated, throwing her guns and ammu.
: ; ued cruising for seve-










com. DAVID poRTER,
ral months in the Pacific, capturing great numbers
of British vessels. Two were given to the priso-
ners; three sent to Valparaiso, and three to Ameri-
ca. Most of the ships taken mounted several guns.
He therefore equipped one with twenty guns, and
gave the command to Lieut. Downes, calling her the
Essex Jr.
The numerous prizes taken, furnished him abun-
dantly with provisions, clothing, and naval stores;
so that, without inconvenience, he was enabled to
keep at sea for a long time. From the spoils of his
enemy, he had now under his command a little squad-
ron, which spread devastation, and became the ter.
ror of those seas. Merchants, not only in the Ports
of the Pacific, but in Great Britain, groaned under
the weight of losses; every arrival bringing a
catalogue of captures. Although ships were sent
after him into the Pacific, the China Seas, off New-
Timor, New-Holland, and the river La Plata; still
the manner in which he cruised, completely eluded
their vigilance. Shunning the American coast, he
was either lying among the desolate groups which
form the Gallipagos islands, or in the open seas.
At length, Lieut. Downes returned from Valparaiso,
whither he had sailed to convoy the prizes, and
brought intelligence, that Com. Hillyer was expect-
ed at that place with the Frigate Phoebe, of 36 guns,
and two Sloops of War. He had become gluted
with spoils, and the easy captures of Merchantmen
were not calculated to raise him to that zenith of
fame, after which he aspired. As an opportunity
now appeared to pres in which it was probable








#.
COM. DAVID Port TER, .
he might meet the enemy on equal terms, he deter.
mined to embrace it; and after running into the Isl-
and of Nooaheeva, to repair, proceeded to Val-
paraíso. While here, at anchor, Com. Hillyer ar.
rived, but contrary to anticipation, with a Frigate
superior in size to his, and accompanied by the
Cherub, Sloop of War, both fitted out with picked
crews, expressly for this enterprise. Their force
amounted to 81 guns, and 500 men, with the crew
of a Letter of Marque. That of the Essex of 46
guns, and 255 men. The Essex Jun, being design-
ed for a store ship, mounted ten 18 pound carron-
ades, and ten short sixes, with but 60 men.
This disparity of force would not permit the ven-
ture of a general action. He therefore endeavoured
to provoke a challenge from the Phoebe, although
vastly superior to the Essex, but without effect.
. Fearing an addition would be made to their force,
he wished if possible to make his escape.
On the 28th March, a gale came on, and the Es-
sex parting her cable, the Com. thought that a more
favourable opportunity would not occur, to pass the
enemy, and sail was therefore ordered to be immedi-
ately made. On clearing the harbour, a sudden squall
carried away the main-top-mast, and finding it impos-
sible to return, he ran into a bay at some distance from
his formeranchorage, expecting that the enemy would
respect the neutrality of the port, but in this he
was disappointed. Both ships now drew up, and
ifferent times in getting springs
but they were as often shot away;









com. David Poater. 357
leaving him exposed to a raking fire from the ene-
my. In this situation, his chief dependance was
upon three long twelves from her stern, which were
managed so dexterously that the enemy were oblig-
ed to haul off, and repair. His crew were not, how-
ever disheartened, although morally certain of
being conquered. . . . . . . . .” -
The conflict was sustained with unabated fury,
until resistance was ineffectual, when the flag was
struck, and the ship resigned to an overwhelming
force. Out of 255 men, 58 were killed, 66 wound-
ed, and 31 missing; making in all 154. The spec-
tacle was truly horrid; and when the officer came on
board, to take possession, he turned from the spec-
tacle, as if sickened at its sight,
It was with difficulty that either the Essex or
Phoebe, could be got into the harbour of St. Sal-
vador, both being very much injured, the latter
having 18 shots in the hull, and some of them 3 feet º
under water.
Capt. Porter and his crew were soon after paro-
led, and returned to New-York. On landing, a car.
riage was provided for him, and drawn by the popu-
lace, to his lodgings, with shouts and acclamations,
The mere loss of the Essex, could hardly be con-
sidered unfortunate, as she had done more injury to
the enemy's commerce than the rest of the Navy to-
gether.
Since the close of the war, Capt. Porter has been
in various commands, and is at this time, one of the
Navy-Commissioners, enjoying alike the confidence
of government, and the love of his country.






T. JAMEs LAwRENCE.
-eeeees—
CAPT. James Lawrence, was born at Burlington,
New Jersey, October 1st, 1781. His fath
Lawrence Esq., was an eminent counsellor at la
of the same place. By the death of his mother, he
was left in infancy in charge of his sisters. Affec.
tionate-in disposition and ardent in his attachments,
he ever entertained towards them the warmest grat-
itude, for their tenderness and care in his early
º 1 as midshipman in the service
f his country, at about the age of sixteen, where
strict attention to the discharge of his duties,
both of officers and seamen.
A the declaration of war with Tripoli, he was
promoted to a Lieutenancy, and volunteered his servi-
ces as first Lieut. under Decatur, in destro ying the
Frigate Philadelphia, one of the most brilliant and
rprises ever undertaken and executed by
the U. S. and was again
command of Gun Boat No.
Wi en, W Aroris and
ºr 2 - rgus. 3 #2% º























cApr. JAMEs LAwar.Nce.
Hornet. At the commencement of the war in 1812,
he sailed in the Hornet Sloop of war, under Commo-
dore Rodgers. His second cruise in the Hornet,
was in company with Com. Bainbridge, who com-
manded the Constitution. While coasting off the
Brazils, he fell in with the Bonne Citoyenne, a Bri-
tish ship of war, and chased her into St. Salvador.
Notwithstanding she was of superior force, Law-
ence sent her a challenge, which was refused, al-
thoug ed his honour, that no other Ameri-
can vessel should interfere.
Leaving St. Salvador, on the morning of Feb.
24th, off Demarara, he fell in with the British Brig
Peacock, Capt. Peake, of equal force. The con-
test commenced within half pistol shot, and in fif.
teen minutes the Peacock hoisted signals of distress, #g
being in a sinking condition from the fire of the Hor-
net. Every exertion was made to keep her afloat
until the prisoners could be removed, but notwith-
standing, she went down with thirteen of her crew,
and three American tars, who nobly perished in re-
lieving a conquered foe. Among the slain, was
Capt. Peake. He received two wounds: the last
proving mortal. He was laid in the cabin, and with
his flag for a shroud, and ship for a sepulchre, this
brave sailor sunk to rest; an interment worthy of
so brave a man.








capt. James Lawrence.
ing, to the honour of our tars, a subscription was
::...: d each man supplied from his own ward-
to shirts, a blue jacket and trowsers.
Capt. Lawrence was received with great applause
on his return to this country, having in the interim
been promoted to the rank of Post Captain. Soon
after his return he was appointed to the command of
the Frigate Constitution; but the next day to his
great chagrin, the order was countermanded, with
directions to take the Chesapeake then lyi
ton. This ship was considered the worst in the Na-
vy, and the circumstance of her having been dis-
graced in the affair of the Leopard, acquired for her,
among sailors, the reputation of being an unlucky
ship; so much so, that it was with difficulty crews
Four successive letters were written by Lawrence
to the Secretary of the Navy, requesting to be con-
d in the command of the Hornet, but receiv-
ready for sea at Boston, the British
ºn, Capt. Broke Commander, appear-
arbour, hoisting signals expressive of a
The Shannon was one of the best ships
in the best manner,
for the express



















cArt. JAMEs lawaenuk. 361
lenge, although sensible of the disparity under which
he laboured. He had formerly challenged the Bon-
ne Citoyenne, and should he now decline, it might
occasion public, remarks to his distredit. To his
crew, he was a stranger, and even in the midst of
the customary harangue previous to the engage-
ment, murmurs of dissatisfaction were heard fi
them. A Portuguese replied to Capt. Lawrence,
complaining that they had not received their prize
money, .
It was a critical moment, and the Captain there.
fore thought it advisable to order the purser ſo give
them checks. Under these embarrassing circum-
stances the action was fought, June 1, 1813.
The vessels manoeuvered until within pistol shot,
when both, at about the same instant opened their
broadsides. The Chesapeake had the advantage,
until unfortunately by the death of three men, shot
from the helm, successively, the vessel lost her way
and caught by the anchor, in one of the Shannon's
after ports. In this situation the enemy's guns were
brought into a raking position, killing or wounding
the greater part of the crew. Capt. Lawrence had
at this time received a mortal wound, and although
destruction appeared inevitable, exclaimed, “ don't
give up the ship.” The enemy soon after board-
ed, and the strife was at an end. Lawrence lan-
ed. He was wrapped in the flag of the Chesapeake,
and conveyed to Halifax Shann
At his interment, the Briti














362 capt. James Lawrence.
the last sad honours to him who so bravely fought, .
and who now no longer was their foe. By order of
government, a vessel was soon after dispatched to Ha-
lifax, in which his remains were conveyed to his na-
tive State, and deposited with his fathers. 2:...”
Deeply as may be regretted the fate of the en-
gagement, we have no cause to lament, as nothing
of honour was lost in the conflict. The name of
Lawrence, with his worthy associates who fell on
th











—-ºº::-
THE father of Capt. Thomas Macdonough, resided
in the County of New-Castle, Delaware, on a farm
called the Trapp. He was conspicuously eminent
in the practice of Physic, and in the year 1775, was
appointed Major in Col. John Haslett's Regiment,
raised by the State of Delaware, but did not long
continue in the service. After the close of the re-
volutionary struggle, he received the appointment
of Judge, which office he held until 1796, at which
time he died. His eldest son, James, was with Com.
Truxton in the engagement between the Constella-
tion and Insurgente; at which time he lost his leg
and which rendered it necessary for him to retire
Thomas Macdonough, the subject of the present
sketch, entered the United States' service, under
a Midshipman's warrant, not long after the death of
his father. After serving some time in our Navy,
he sailed with the little fleet up the Mediterranean,
where he (with other young officers,) rendered him-






















#
cow. Thomas MacDonough.
The following incident displays his firmness and
decision of character. A merchant's Brig, came in-
to port, whilst Capt. Smith was on shore, and an-
chored ahead of the Syren. A short time after, a
British Frigate, then lying in port, sent a boat on
board the Brig and came off with one man more
than she went with. Macdonough learning that they
had impressed an American, overtook her with an
armed gig , and rescued the man, alo ng- side of the Fri-
gate. The Englishman, after threatening to take the
man by force, says, “you are a very indiscreet young
man, what would you have done if I had been in the
boat?” “I would have taken the man, or lost my
life.” “What, Sir, would you attempt to step me,
were I now to undertake to impress men from that
Brig.” “To convince you I would, you have only
to make the attempt.” Soon after, seeing the En-
§
1'.
The Englishman, after sailing around the
g, returned again to his Frigate.
Syracuse, once the seat of all those virtues which
dorn the human mind and render men good and
, is now unhappily one of the most vicious and
ed on earth; robberies and assassinations are
mere as pastime. While at this place,
gh was detained on shore one night, till
ºul Spected



























com. Thomas MacDonough. 365
upon they drew their poniards and attacked him.
By spirited exertions he succeeded in wounding two,
while the other took to his heels. Macdonough pur-
sued him to the roof of the Barracks, from whence
he threw himself, with the loss of his life.
No incident of consequence occurred in the life of
Macdonough between the Tripolitan war, and that
which commenced with Great Britain in 1812. He
was then appointed to the command of a small Nā-
val force on Lake Champlain, for the purpose of pro-
tecting our frontiers.
fence, as there was reason to suppose that if the ene-
my had been successful in the affair at Baltimore,
York, by the fleet then on our coast, and on Albany
by the Northern Army. º sº
Thus stood affairs, when Sir George Prevost, with
14,000 men, took up his march, intending to dislodge
Gen. Macomb from his post, at Plattsburgh. Capt. --> lº
Downie, commanding the British Squadron, was or-
dered at the same time to attack the American force,
which was believed to be of consequence in their
Macdonough was apprised of their intentions, and
decided to receive them at anchor. On the 11th of
Sept. 1814, the enemy anchored in line, 300 yards












•
2
ow. Themas MacDonough.
tered condition. The loss of the Americans was
52 killed, and fifty-eight wounded: that of the Bri-
tish 84 killed, and 110 wounded.
Immediately after the action commenced, a game
cock on board, flew up the fore-hatchway, light-
ed on the bell, and crowed with all his might, until
the bell was struck by a shot and knocked in pieces.
He then flew into the rigging, and continued crow-
ing until the action ceased. Many of the seamen
considered it as a prelude to victory.
A precipitate retreat was made by the British ar-
my, leaving our troops in quiet possession of the
country which they had vainly essayed to conquer.
The two contending armies, and thousands of spec-
tators, were in full view of the e 3% gement, awaiting
with breathless anxiety, the issue of the battle. The
occasion was pregnant with importance. It was to
decide,whether the inhabitants should be driven from
possession of their fire-sides. The result was all
that could be desired or expected.
can Eagle rode triumphant, and the country was re-
stored to tranquility.
precipitate retreat—The Ameri-
3: In con e :... ... : . . ….: .3: … ::::::: . ~
Congress with appropriate medals, were presented
sm. Macdonough, with medals and swords to the
ines. The State of New-
res of land, and the State of
ſº















com. Thomas MacDonough.
. ny of his brilliant achievement on the Lake, but for tº
the exalted opinion entertained of his private cha-
The numerous, and flattering demonstrations of
respect, which the gallant and accomplished Macdo-
nough has received from Congress, the State Legisla-
tures, and Corporations, are known to most readers.
No one could hardly be more gratifying, than the pre-
sentation of a splendid sword from the Legislature of
New-York, which was delivered in the city of Hart-
ford, Conn. But the present of a sword from the off-
cers and seamen whom he commanded in the Medi-
terranean, was the most unequivocal evidence of re-
spect that can be conceived. It speaks volumes of
niary value is forgotten, when it is looked upon as a
token of respect. ..
The arrest of Com. Macdonough by Com. S
art, produced great excitement. But the correct-
ness of the procedure was acknowledged by the in-
genuous Macdonough; and he was appointed to the
command of the Ohio, 74, which command he now
sustains.











NAVY FROM its commenceMENT.
THE germs of the Naval Establishment of the United States,
are to be found in the ordinances of the Revolutionary Congress of
It consists of the Navy, properly so called, and the Marine
Corps. Under the Confederation however, little was, or could
be done towards perfecting a respectable Naval Establishment.
The history of the Maritime war of the Revolution, is a history of
the gallant efforts of individual enterprise. Scarcely a single pub-
c armed ship sailed under the direction of the Continental Con-
nor were the fiscal concerns of the country sufficiently pros-
support the expenses of a maritime establishment.
provision for the establishment of a Navy under the pre-
sd with a view to prevent and punish the depre
ine Corsairs, on the commerce of the United Sta
zed the purchasing or building of four ship
o of 36 guns each. Under its fostering care,
n to assume respectability and power. Vessels of *:::::... .
mensions were built; docks were erected for the con-
g them, and every thing evinced a determi-
Government to create a permanent and ef.
i 1801, therefore, may be consi–
American Navy, under the Fede-


































The Act of the 28th of February 1803, authorized t ...”
dent to cause fifteen gun-boats to be built, which number was sub-
sequently extended to two hundred or more, and was designed to
form a line of harbour defence. This may be considered as the
commencement of the gun-boatsystem. The loud cry for retrench-
ment, which was heard in all parts of the country, induced the go-
vernment to adopt this system. It was however soon found whol-
ly inadequate to the security of the National flag from insult, and
the protection of a widely extended commerce from depredation.
It therefore grew into disrepue, and was partially abandoned on
the 30th of March 1812, by an Act of that date which directed that
the gun-boats then in commission should be laid up, and those not -
in commission be distributed in the several harbours on the mari-
time frontier most exposed to attack. By the Act of the 27th of
February 1815 they were ordered to be sold. From 1801 to 1812,
may therefore be considered as the second epoch in the Navy of the
United States. This period is memorable for the war of the Med-
iterranean with the Regency of i'ripoli. In this short conflict, the
American Navy challenged the admiration and acclamation of
Europe. It was here that galaxy of American Naval heroes, who,
in the late war with Great Britain crowned themselves and their g
The history of this period is full of the enterprise and energy of
ficers and seamen, and is distinguished by the most daring acts of
office
* ... 4
including one 74 and three 44s of those provided for by t
2d of January, 1813. The act of the 20th of April, 1
provision ng of three steam Batteries.
**.*




























370 HE N.A vy, &c. *
be reckoned from the 18th of June 1812, until the
which, though short in point of time, was fall and r
glorious achievements. During this eventful pe
hardihood, the inextinguishable valour of the An
shone conspicuous. º
, the
haracter
From these considerations and the prevailing sent ments of the
people, there can be no doubt but that the United States is destined
to become a powerful maritime nation. That it should aim to become
such, so far as may be necessary, for all defensive purposes, is un-
doubtedly its true policy; a policy founded in wisdom, and sanction-
ed by experience. But this does not require as some have suppos-
ed, that we should have a navy equal to that of Great Britain, and
which would enable us to dispute with her the dominion of the
ocean. From geographical and local considerations, we must al-
ways have great advantages over the British or any other power,
maintaining a maritime war upon our own coast. From the
reat distance, and the difficulty of obtaining supplies, it is impos-
ible for any European nation to maintain a large naval force upon
ast for any length of time, not to take into consideration the
and vicissitudes to which such an armament is exposed, upon
it and dangerous coast, deprived of the benefit and security
. nd harbours, and of its utter inability to remain on the
tain seasons. From these and other considerations,
. tly small, would be adequate to the purposes of
; more especially, if, as during the late war, our officers
amen maintain a decided naval superiority.
not to be disguised that a respectable naval establishment is
th a heavy expense, and should one be acquired be-,





























sation, as with an individual, it is infinitely easier to increase than
to diminish expenses; and with either, when a system of expendi-
ture has been adopted, although it was entirely unnecessary at the
time, it is extremely difficult to abandon it, or even retrench upon
it afterwards. It is scarcely possible to observe too much caution
in guarding against the extension of the public expenditure. If
it is, that all governments, whatever may be their form or spirit,
tend to a constant increase of expenditure. We need not imagine
that the United States forms no exception to this principle, inas-
much as that for the first year after the organization of the federal
government, its revenue was but between 3 and 4 millions, and the
present year an estimated revenue of more than 20 millions, leaves
a deficit of more than the whole revenue at the period referred to.
These observations are not made from any views unfriendly to
a navy, but to show the necessity of proceeding gradually, and of
observing due caution in its extension. The friends of a navy have
. no occasion to be over solicitous. The spirit of the nation is in their
favour, and it would be more conducive to the objects they have in
view, that it should be repressed rather than excited.
Whoever considers the vast extent of our country, its rapid
advancement in population, wealth and resources; the industry and
enterprise of our citizens, the undefined and almost unknown re-
gions of public lands, which, whilst they constitute a national do-
main, that, under a proper system of management, would ultimate-
ly afford a revenue adequate to the whole public expenditure, pre-
sent every variety of surface and of soil, which invite the residence
of man, and promise a rich reward to agricultural industry, and an
immense increase of population, must be sensible of the ultimate ca-
pacity of the United States to sustain a large maritime power. T hey
will likewise, we believe, be sensible that it is neither necessary nor
expedient to increase our Navy any faster than may correspond with
the developement of the resources of the country. It is also most
devoutly to be hoped, that the public mind will never become so
perverted upon this subject as to sanction the opinion, tha
power. We want a navy for a shield, not for a scourg.


































372 sketch of the Navy, &c.
Great Britain, the “Mistress of the Ocean.” Her naval supre-
macy is now undisputed; she has maintained a long and successful
career of naval warfare and glory; she has vanquished and nearly
annihilated the maritime power of every nation in Europe; she has
had her Drakes, her Collingwoods, her Vincents and her Nelsons,
and what has been the result? What has the nation acquired by
the toils and exertions of two centuries? By the sacrifice of a hun-
dred millions of lives, and ten hundred millions of treasure? If any
have doubts as to these inquiries, we would refer them to the
people of that country to remove them. Let them ask the widow
whose husband was killed in the battle of the Nile, the mother
whose sons fell at Trafalgar, or the farmer whose stoºk has been
º y the tax-gatherer. Let them listen to the sighs of two mil-
rs—to the indignant voice of a once brave and mag-
. it now degraded, oppressed and starving population,
groaning ander the weight of an intolerable system of taxation, and
struggling as in the last effort of despair, to throw off the chains
which bind them, or break them over the heads of their oppressors.
| Such are the fruits of a spirit of dominion and glory. A far
nobler destiny we trust awaits our country. The temple of her
naval glory can never be raised at the expense of her prosperity
and happiness. Her greatest glory, it is to be hoped, will ever
cons st in her republican institutions, in a free press, and free suf-
in the equality, liberty, independence and intelligence of
her citizens; in that exemption from external wars and internal
violence, resulting from representative authority, and a pacific
policy; in the justice of her government, the magnitude of her
s and the ex ent of her territory, population and resources.
%






















* *
Register of the officers of the navy including midshipmen—list of
vesse 'ar of the United States, with their stations, in 1821 ; togeth-
er with other valuable, authentic documents.
NAVY SECRETARY.
The office of Seeretary of the navy was established by act of Con-
gress, 1793.; from him are issued all orders to the navy relating to the
•oncerns of the establishment. The office is held at the discretion of
the President of the United States.
Secretary, Tsºn. Tº sº.
Smith Thompson, Washington City, N. York. 6000 00
Chief Clerk. . . . . . . . . .
Benjamin Homans, do, Mass. 2000 00
Ireland. ; 1600 00
Clerks. ... . . . . .: x -
John Boyle, : do. £3 #. . . . . ;
John H. Sherburne, do. N.Hampshire|1400 00
Charles Hay, do. Virginia, 1400 00
Henry Rich, do. Mass. 1000 00
Maine, 800 00 N.
William Righter, I do. . 410 00
TOWRD OF COMMISSIONERS FORTHENAVY.
Thomas Filjebrown, jr. do.
Pennsylvania
*
This board was created by act of congress in 1815, to assist the See-
retary in the discharge of his duties; the board is attached to the office
of secretary of the navy, under whose superintendanee all the duties of
this body are conducted relating to the obtaining naval stores and mate-
rials, and the construction, armament, equipment, and employment,
of vessels of war, as well as other concerns connected with the estab- º
lshment. The proceedings of this body are always subject to the
inspection of the President of the United States.
John Rodgers, President, wºn City, M
do.
Isaac Chauncey, -
David Porter, do.
Secretary, 3. *...*
Jame3. k à Paul di ngs,
Charles W. Goldsborough,
Clerks. i.
John Green,

















Post
cAPTAINs
NAVY List.
MASTERs.
Captuins.
Alexander Murray,
John Rodgers, ---
James Barron,
William Bainbridge,
Thomas Tingey,
Charles
Charles Morris,
Arthur Sinclair,
Thomas Macdonough,
Lewis Warrington,
Josep *
- {º}. M. Crane,
James T. Leonard,
James Biddle,
Charles G. Ridgely,
5 March, 1799)||Má.
#2 § 3. ... # * * *
|4 do
‘ph Bainbridge, |
Dates of Commis- where wº. ~ ioned.
sions. | º where stationed.
born.
1 July, 1793|Md.
2 May, do. Vir.
May, 1809|N.J.
*
y :-
s 74, *
Washington.
*ś4.
Navy.
ence 74.
Comms. Navy.
N. Yard, Norfolk.
|do. New-York,
Constitution Fri.
3 March, 1813|Dei.
º 0.
- Virginia, Norfolk, Virginia.
11 Sept. 1814|Del. , Qhio, 74.
do.; Virginia, Fri. Guerriere.
|N. Jer. Steam Ship Fulton.
. Frigate U. States.
‘k Lake Champlain.
Philadelphia.
Constellation Fri.
Baltimore.
Comg, S. Harbour,
12-A
11 Sept. do IP ... }*.
10 Dec. do. Penn. Ree
Newport, R. I.
ey Ship Cyane.
|Fri. Macedonian.
ug.
d. Washington.
- - cul º: Boston.
|France, New-Orleans.
- e Champlain.
Conn. N. Yd. Portsmouth.



















































































MASTERS AND LIEUTENANTs.
359
do. Conn.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do."
Penn,
Md.
do.
-:::: . Penn.
Md.
England
ºf S. Car.
Vir.
| Penn.
Sloop Ontario.
Surveying coast.
Washington 74.
New-York.
Norfolk, Vir.
Baltimore,
Washington, N. Yd.
Gosport, Vir.
Portsmouth N. H.
, Franklin 74.
Charlestown.
Independence 74.
Baltimore. § &: . .” . . .
Philadelphia,
*
Where born.
Virginia,
Connecticut,
Massachusetts,
Rhode-Island,
New-Jersey,
Virginia,
Virginia,
South-Carolina,
Rhode-Island,
|New-York,
Pennsylvania,
Pennsylvania,
|South Carolina,
New-Hampshire,
Pennsylvania,
Virginia,
Rhode-Island,
Pennsylvania,
South-Carolina,
New-Hampshire,
Massachusetts,
Virginia,
New-Jersey,
Massachusetts,
Maryland,
Virginia,
3.
Where Stationed.
Furlough.
New-Orleans.
Philadelphia.
Newport, R. I.
Gosport, N. Yard.
N. Yard, New-York.
Dolphin.
Recruiting, Philade
Baltimore
Frigate Constellation,
New-York.
Philadelphia.
New-York.
John H.
Edmond
Alexander J. Dallas,
John B. Nicholson,
Beekman V. Hoffman,
Jesse Wilkinson,
George Budd,
Thomas A. C. Jones,
Joseph S. M'Pherson,
John Porter,
William B. Finch,
William B. Shubrick,
Benjamin W. Booth,
Alexander Claxton,
Charles W. Morgan,
Name and Rank.
P. Kennedy,
18 April, 1818
| Nºi, º,
N. Jersey
}Md. Baltimore.
Philada recruiting.
Virginia,
N. York,
Virginia,
Virginia,
Virginia,
* : * Lieutenants.
Francis J. Mitchell,
George Merrill,
Joseph Nicholson,
Raymond H. J. Perry,
Lawrence Kearney,
William H. Watson,
Foxhall A. Parker,
Edward R. M'Call,
Daniel Turner,
William H. Allen,
David Conner,
John Gallagher,
Thomas H. Stevens,
Henry S Newcomb,
James P. Oellers,
William M. Hunter,
John D. Sloat,
William H. Cocke,
Matthew C. Perry,
Charles W. Skinner,
Joseph Wragg,
Samuel W. Adams,
John R. Madison,
George Pearce,
Frederick W. Smith,
commissions.
º ward R. Shubrick,
N. B. The Lieutenants are placed in
Pennsylvania, . . . .
. Recruiting, Boston.
New-York, N . .
Recy
rder corresponding to the dates
|Brig. Enterprize.
|. .
|Schooner Nonsuch.
|Norfolk.
Franklin 73.
skett's Harbour,
g ship Alert. º,




















































Mºi. P. Mº"
Bladen Dulany,
70
g harles #. *. .
Francis H. Gregory,
John M. M. ry
Robert Spedden,
John H. Clack,
Philip H. Vorhees,
Benjamin Cooper,
William L. Gordon,
Silas Duncan, N.
James Ramage,
Dulany Forrest,
John Tayloe, jr.
David Geissinger,
Robert F. Stockton,
Thomas S. Cunningham,
Isaac M'Keever,
John P. Zantzinger,
ºharles E. Crowley,
Henry Gilliam, :
• William D. Salter,
Charles S. M'Cawley,
John H. Bell,
. Newell,
Vallette,
. Spencer,
Francis B. Gamble,
William Laughton,
Nelson Webster,
Richard Dashiell,
Thomas T. Webb,
John Percival,
Charles T. Stallings,
Withiam W. Taylor,
%
James M'Gowan,
Nathaniel L. Montgomery,
William A. C. Farragut,
George B. M’Culloch,
William Lowe, .
§§ ards,
Walter G. Anderson,
Stephen Champlin, .
Richard G. Edw
W. K. Latimer,
William M. : § wine-
§%
LIE UT ENANTS,
|Pennsylvania,
|Connecticut,
. £10. 3
|District Columbia,
New.
|England,
jQeorgia,
|New-York,
{Connectic
|Maryland,
|Massachusetts,
tº do. z
Massachusetts,
North Carolina,
Pennsylvania
|Lake Cha
Washington 74.
Frigate Macedonian.
New-Orleans.
Constellation.
Frigate Congress,
Corvette Cyane.
Brig Spark.
New-York.
Porpoise. ;:
Washington City.
Not on duty.
Constitution.
Alligator.
Furlough.
Constitution.
|Sloop Cyane.
Charleston, S.C.
jFurlough. .
Ontario.
Constellation.
Constellation.
Furlough.
Philadelphia.
|Columbus 74.
Frigate U. States.
Constitution.
Independence 74.
Sloop Cyane.
Gosport, Va.
Charlestown, Mas
Baltimore.
|Sloop Ontario,
Newport, R. I. % ...
New-York.
Frigate Guerriere.
Washington 74.
|Sloop Erie.
New-Orleans.
Philadela. recruiting.
Gosport, Va.
Newport, R.I.
On Furlough.
Washington, N.
Frigate Macedon
Sloop Cyane. .
Frigate Constellation.
Independence 74.
Gun Boat, 158.
Gun Boat 168.
Columbus 74.
Frigate Macedonian.
|Frigate Constell
plain.
Virginia
New-J ºrsey,
|New-Jersey,
Ireland,
----- º *
Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
do.
|South Carolina,
Pennsylvania,
North Carolina,
Georgia,
New-Jersey,
New-York,
New-Jersey,
Virginia,
Virginia,
$, º:
Maryland, ~
Virginia,
ſłº,
New-Jersey,
|London,
Pennsylvania,
Virginia, :-
{Rhode Island, *
Maryland, | º
do. ian. º
iMaryland,
|Massachusetts,
|Maryland,
Virginia,
Marinº, -.




















LIEUTENANTs.
3
7.
John Evans,
Benjamin Page, jr.
John T. Ritchie,
John A. Wish,
John Gwinn,
William A. Weaver,
Thomas W. Wyman,
James L. Morris,
John A. Belsches,
Andrew Fitzhugh,
William M. Caldwell,
John K. Carter,
Joseph K. Cross,
Abraham S. Ten Eick,
Thomas S. Hamersley,
John White,
William M. Robbins,
Robert Field, :
Hiram Paulding,
J. D. Williamson,
Uriah P. Levy,
Enoch H. Johns,
harles Lacy,
Clernent W. Stevens,
Tharles Boarman,
French Forrest,
Edgar Freeman,
Thomas A. Tippett,
William E. M'Kenney,
William I. Belt,
Charles H. Caldwell,
William Jameson,
James W. H. Ray,
William Boerum,
Charles L. Williamson,
Charles Gaunt,
C
t
Ralph Vorhees,
James Nicholson,
Robert E. Searcey,
Thomas H. Bowyer,
Alexander Eskridge,
Ebenezer Ridgeway,
Thomas A. C.
§ . A. Conover,
* Archibald S. Campbell,
William Taylor,
George W. Isaacs,
John C. Long,
Sloop Peacock.
Philadelphia.
Washington City.
Sloop Peacock.
Columbus 74.
Franklin 74.
Washington 74.
Columbus 74.
Norfolk. ;
Frigate Congress.
Charlestown, Mass,
Frigate Guerriere.
Sloop Ontario.
Franklin 74.
On Furlough.
Sackets Harbour.
New-Orleans.
Frigate Macedonian.
Porpoise. º
Philadelphia.
Baltimore.
Philadelphia.
New-York.
Washington N. Yard.
Columbus 74,
Erie, Pa. .
Frigate Constellation.
Brig Enterprize.
Columbus 74. . . .”
Independence 74.
Norfolk, Va.
Frigate Guerriere.
New-York. 2.
Sloop Ontario.
Frigate Macedonian.
John Adams. * … .
Sloop Cyane.
Mediterranean. .
|Washington N. Yard.
Columbus 74. .
Sloop Hornet.
Franklin 74.
Franklin 74.
Gosport, Va.
Columbus 74.
Columbus 74.
|Independence 74.
New-York.
New-York.
Frigate Java.
|S. 74,
Norfolk, recruiting
|New-Jersey,
England,
Maryland,
South-Carolina,
Maryland,
|Maryland,
|Massachusetts,
* New-York,
Virginia,
Virginia,
Maryland,
New-York,
|Maryland,
|Massachusetts,
Maryland,
New Jersey,
New-York,
New-Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Maryland,
New-Jersey,
Maryland,
Maryland,
Maryland,
New-Jersey,
Maryland,
New-York,
Maryland,
Connecticut,
Virginia, .
Maryland,
New-York,
New -Jersey,
New-Jersey,
Virginia,
|New-Jersey,
Massachusetts,
|Tennesee,
Virginia,
Virginia,
Massachusetts,
jNew-Jersey,
Virginia,
Virginia,
Connecticut,
zºº. {N w-H
Massachusetts,
º do. :
New-Hampshire,
ampshire,
stoop Hornet.
steam Frigate.






















§
372 LIEUTENANTs.
Henry W. Ogden, New-Jersey, John Adams.
John H. Lee, , Virginia, |Frigate Congress.
Walter Abbott, Massachusetts, Frigate Congress.
James M. M'Intosh, Georgia, Enterprize.
Josiah Tatnall, Georgia, Frigate Macedonian.
William Temple, Virginia, Baltimore.
George M’Cawley, Pennsylvania, Columbus 74.
Hugh N. Page, |Virginia, John Adams.
James A. Perry, | |Rhode Island, Mediterranean.
Archibald M’Neal, South Carolina, Frigate Constitution.
John A. Cook, District Columbia, Washington N. Yard.
William Inman, New-York, | Franklin 74.
Joel Abbot, Massachusetts, , Charlestown, Mass.
Lewis E. Simonds, Massachusetts, Independence 74,
John M. Dale, Pennsylvania, Frigate Congress.
Peleg K. Dunham, Rhode Island, Columbus 74.
Harrison H. Cocke, Virginia, Enterprize.
William H. Mott, |Pennsylvania, New-York.
William I. M'Cluny, Pennsylvania, Charleston, S. C.
Albert G. Wall, iVirginia, Frigate U. States.
Ephraim D. Whitlock, New-Jersey, Norfolk, Va.
James F. Curtis, jMassachusetts, Independence 74.
James Goodrum, Virginia, |Noton duty.
J. B. Montgomery, New-Jersey, Sloop Cyane.
Horace B. Sawyer, Vermont, Washington 74.
Cornelius K. Stribling, South Carolina, Frigate Constellation.
James F. Legare, South Carolina, Schooner Nonsuch.
Joshua R. Sands, New-York, New-York.
Allen B. W. Griffin, Maryland, Sloop Peacock.
Richard M. Potter, Pennsylvania, Frigate Guerriere.
John L. Cummings, |New-Jersey, Philadelphia.
Samuel A. Eakin, France, Columbus 74,
Frederick S. Gibbon, Virginia, Schooner Lynx.
John J. Young, New-York, {Baltimore.
Charles H. Bell, New-York, Sloop Ontario, a
Abraham Bigelow, |Massachusetts, Sloop Ontario.
Otho Stallings, Maryland, New-York.
Zachariah W. Nixon, ... [Massachusetts, Furlough,
Henry C. Newton, Virginia, Washington 74.
Frank Ellery, Rhode Island, Newport, R. H.
New-York, ilndependence 74,
rederick G. Wolbert, º Philadelphia.
Walter Newcomb, |New-Hamp. Columbus 74.
Joseph R. Jarvis, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; ; ; *... º.º.
Thomas W. Freelon,
iwashington 74.
Columbus
New-York,
| w-York,
























MIpship M.E.N.
John H. Abbot,
Thomas S. Brown,
James A. D. Brown,
Samuel Barron,
Horatio Beatty,
Russel Baldwin,
Henry Bruce,
John Bubier,
Edmond Byrne,
John P. Bird,
Timothy G. Benham,
James G. Boughan,
Frankiin Buchanan,
Arthur Bainbridge,
Joseph Bowman,
Littleton M. Booth,
Arch. R. Bogardus,
Benjamin F. Bache,
Oscar Bullus,
Abraham Bennet,
Edward Barnwell,
Robert S. Builus,
George S. Blake,
Joshua Barney,
Theodorus Bailey, jr.
Joseph R. Blake,
Thomas O. Bruff,
Thos, M*K, Buchanan,
Edward Boutwell,
James Bradford,
Joseph R. Brown,
John Q. A. Boyd,
John E. Bispham,
S. M. Brackenridge,
Richard Barker,
Edward O. Blanehard,
Mass.
Conn,
Conn.
Virginia.
HD. C.
Jacob Crowninshield,
James H. Clinton,
|William Campbell,
James E. Calhoun,
N. York. John A. Carr,
Mass.
Mass.
Penn.
|Samuel B. Cocke, .
Robert B. Coffin,
Charles E. Cutts,
Delaware.
Conn.
Md.
Penn.
N. Jersey.
Penn.
Virginia.
N. York,
Penn.
John Cassin,
amuel T. Cooper,
Oscar Davis,
Charles P. Derby,
Thomas O. Davis,
Richard Dominick,
S, Dusenberry, A. M.
George D. Dodds,
N. York,
Delaware.
N. York.
N. York. |
irginia,
Lou.
Hugh Dulany,
Gaston Devizack.
Henry Dyson,
Thomas Dornin,
Samuel F. Dupont,
Marmaduke Dove, jr.
Albert E. Downes,
Charles Ellery,
Christoph. T Emmet,
Frederick Engle,
Henry Etting,
George W. Bleecker, N. York. Robert Y. Fairlie,
Thomas H. P. Cooper, -
|John R. Coxe,
Virginia,
N York.
N. Hamp.
Penn,
Mass.
Jersey.
*
D. C.
Mass.
R. I.
Ireland.
Md.
N. Jersey. - -
|David C. Farragut, A.L.
|James M. Freeman,
"Penn.
Virginia.
|Henry Eagle, jr.
Francis B. Ellison,
Thomas Evans,
Ken.
Benjamin Follet,
Augustus Barnhouse,
John S. Chauncey,
Joseph S. Cornwell,
Enos R. Childs,
James M. Cutts,
Thomas B. Curtis,
Edward. V
Augustus Cutts, ,
David ‘gº. am,
Joseph S. Cannon,
Robt. B. Cunningham
: 5 jº:
% . Carpender* N. York, §
Delawa
* V irginia. } i
M
N. York,
Md.
Mass. .
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
|William Foster, A. M.
. . . . . . . . |George B. Forrester,
N. York.
L. M. Goldsborough, D
jJacob E. Giflemeyer,
|Daniel Goodwin,
Benjamin S. Grimke, S.
Thomas R. Gerry,
ºf
N. York.
N. York.
Penn.
Tenn.
Mass.
N. York.
N. York,
N. York.
Georgia.
























374
John Graham, nº
Samuel Gaillard,
Moses H. Hunter,
Levy M. Harby,
Joseph L. C. Hardy,
Edward W. Hamilton,
James Hodge,
Joseph Hull,
Thomas R. Handy,
John F. Howell,
George N. Hollins,
Thomas Hayes,
John Heth, .
William H. Horner,
Harry D. Hunter,
John L. Harris,
William S. Harris,
William L. Howard,
Hubbard H. Hobbs,
John E. Heron,
Alexander Hossack,
Abraham Hossack,
Zucivs C. Haylin,
Alex. H. Hopkinson,
Robert Harris, jr.
Peyton T. Henley,
Stern Humphreys,
Patricius Hepburn,
Andrew A. Harwood,
Charles E. Hawkins,
milton,
Penn. |Stephen B. Lassalle,
#
Miss HIPMEN.
Thomas King,
|William H. Kennon,
Stephen B. Kingston,
Richard Kennon,
T. W. Le Compte,
|George F. Leverett,
Edward A. Lansing,
Md.
Penn.
Charles Lowndes,
Christopher Lowndes,
Virginia. Arthur Lewis,
Andrew K, Long,
John H. Little, s
John L. Luke,
Edward S. Lewis,
James H. Lardner,
Samuel Lockwood,
N., ersey. C. H. A. H. Kennedy,
S. C. Virginia.
N. Hamp.
N. York.
Penn.
Ireland.
Virginia.
Penn.
Virginia,
S. C.
Virginia.
Md.
John Ha
Penn.
Ken.
N. Y.
Penn.
3: * Penn.
Tenn.
N. Y.
Virginia.
Virginia. | . . .
. Y. Charles W. Minchin,
William B. M'Lean,
| |Richard Mackall,
Penn.
Ken.
"Vir.
Conn.
Penn.
N. York,
Md.
Daniel H. Mackay,
Virginia.
N. York. David W
S. C. Samuel Mercer,
N. Y.
Charles V. Morris,
ind. John H. Marsh
rk. º B. Mil
#
ris,
Joseph Moorhead, Ohio.
W. MºRorie, N. C.
|Daujel S. M.:Cauley,
Michael Mahony,
* ... ::::::... ... < Joseph Mattison, N. J.
N. York. William W. MºRean, Penn.
N. York. Joseph Myers, * . . . . .
vir. Robert F. Marºn, s. ca.
*** ***ś §
ler, Georgia.









































MIpship M.Ex.
Wra. c .
Wm. D. Newman, .
Md.
Joseph B. Nones,
Wm. B. Nicholson,
John S. Nicholas,
Thomas H. Newman,
Edwin B. Newton,
Lloyd B Newell.
Joseph M. Nicholson,
Nowland,
Frederick Neville,
Patrick H. Overton, º
-8.2. Garret I. Pendegrast,
Thomas Pettigru,
º Charles T. Platt,
Rºdward Price,
Samuel B. Phelps,
John E. Prentiss,
Jott S. Paine,
William Pollard,
John F. Pelot,
Alex. B. Pinkham,
- Richard S. Pinckney,
David H. Porter,
John W. Palmer,
Robert Porter, º
Levin M g
Reuben R.
D. C.
Georgia. -
John M. Rinker,
N. c.
George F. Pierson,
William P. Piercy,
William H. Pennock,
ºne.
N
N
Virginia.
Ohio.
Kentucky.
S. Car.
N. York.
N. York.
Conn,
Virginia.
yº.
Mis
ia. Joseº
souri.
John Rudd,
John Reed, jr.
Thos. M. Randolph,
Pierre C. Rion,
John G. Rodgers,
{
Cad Ringgold,
Nat. B. Richardson,
Hillary Rhodes, -
Richard Stewart,
John L. Saunders,
John Swartwout,
David R. Stewart,
Robert M. Summers,
William F. Shields,
|Irvine Shubrick,
Joua. W. Sherburne,
Roger C. Shaw,
|Merritt S. Scott,
G. W. Sommerville,
|John H. Smith,
§§§.
|William Seton,
ey. George W. Simms. D. C.
k. Thomas O. Selfridge, Mass. A
William Shaw, .
Charles H. Starr, V.
T
Ch
Md. Victor M. Randolph,
N. York.
}Herman Rutgers, N. York.
iWm. W. Rittenhouse, Penn.
Hugh C. Sweeney,
John M. Sullivan,
William Skiddy,
N. York.
Ten.
Francis Sanderson,
Jesse Smith,
|Edward C. Rutledge, N.C.
Penn.
Mass.
Virginia,
France.
Penn.
Md.
Virginia. .
Kentucky.
H. H. Van Renuselaer, N. York.
Virginia.
Md.
Penn.
Geºrgia.
Georgia.
Kentucky.
G. Smith, Md.
























































#
vessels of war.
Cle. ..s. whittington, Md.
John Tompkins, Kentucky. … º
Benj: Tallinadge, jr. Conn. William S. Walker, N. H.
William B. G Taylor, N. C. Oliver W. Wood, R. Island
Alexander Thompson, N. York. Thom ****#..…..” rtrinia.
Richard Taylor, jr., Virginia, George F. Weaver,
John L. Thomas, Md. James P. Wilson,
Samuel S. Turner, Mass. Thos. B. Worthington
Griffin Tompkins, N. York. William G. Woolsey,
Charles C. Turner, Virginia. Rolla Weems, D -
Henry W. Tibbs, Virginia. |Mason Wilson, Tenn.
Robert T. Thorburn, |Charles Wilkes, jr. N. York.
Ge P John W. West, -- §
3eorge P. Upshur, Virginia. James B. Wright, Virginia.
. * --~~ gmit Dudley Walker, • Mass.
James B, witherell, M
Conway Whittle, Virginia.
ºš.….: - iHampton Westeott, N. Jersey
Williams, Md. William C. Whittle, Virginia,
en B. Wilson, N. York. ... . . ;
1. S. J. Washington, Vrginia.
am C. Wetmore, N. York.
Henry D. Zantzinger.
*…:
vessels of war of the UNITED STATEs.
Names and Force Whº where built. Present station.
Alert, "Guns 18 Capſ |- — Receiving vesseſ at Norfolk.
Alligator, schr. 12, 1820, Boston, Cruizing for slave ships off
Asp, 2Pure'd Baltimore, Not in service... [Coast Afri.
olum 74; 1819, Washington, Medºn, protecting commerce.
44; 1797, Boston, |Sailed May 13, for Med. Sea.
36 do. Ptsºnth, N.H. Norf. May 28, from a cruise in
#6 do. Baltimore, in the S. Sea, [the China Seas.
- t N. York, fitting for sea.
# 1820, Norfolk, Norfolk, good order.
: Pur. Norfolk, (Oct. 1820, on survey'g service
14, 1821, Philadelphia. Phil. fitting for South Sea.
8| 1813, IBaltimore, New York, repairing.
1797, Baltimore, Pensacola, with despatches,
1815, Philadelphia, N. York, fitting for South.
do. New-York, New-York, good order.
|Philadelphia, Norfolk, in ordinary.
Washington, Pensacola, with Am. Com'rs.
on, just fro















































}.
Surprise, 815, Not in service.
United State 1797, Philadelphia, Norfolk, repair
hington, 74] 1816, Ptsmth, N.H. New-York, in ot ar
is New-Orleans State of preservation.
Charleston, S. C.
do, in Commission.
* † 67, .#. . . . . . .” Tender at Washington.
g { 76,8. 72 | Norfolk, Va.
TThe fºllºwing vesseſ are on the Lakes-most of Tºm are
covered, and in a state for preservation. .
hamplain, Allen, 1 ; Burrows, 2 ; Boxer, 2; Centipede, 2:
onfiance, 37; Eagle, 20 ; Nettle galley, 2 : Linnet 16;
atoga, 26; Ticonderoga, 17; Viper galley, 3–Lake Erie, Detroit,
18 ; Ghent, 1 ; Lawrence, 18; Niagara, 18; Porcupine, 1 ; Queen
Charlotte, 14.—Lake Ontario, Chippewa, 106; Jefferson, 22; Jones,
22; Lady of the Lake, 1 ; Mohawk, 56; Madison, 22; Orleans, 106:
Oneida, is ; Pike, 28 ; Superior, 64; Sylph, 20; 14 Gun-Bo: : " . .3
Table shewing the cost ºf the Wavy when in servic
The following is a copy of a statement, which appeared in Niles Regis.
ter, Oct. 7, 1820, which shews the annual cost of each description of
Vessels of which our navy is or will be composed when in service.
w ---> --> or pay and Fer provis- For inar- |Repºrs &
§: ºº | $.". |;
sistence of
on board. w - tº ºr
397,845 2,474 60| 25,000ſ,50 9.
44. 70,048 - - 5 25] 17,500}1,3 133,985 3.
36; 58,751 00; 35,573 84, 1,532 35; 13,500;1,200 110,557
921 20 7,500 800, 59,060
3,000 600; 3
ź
17.56% ºf 921 20, 7,3
| 12,273 02| 611 * 3,00





































$78 tº NA vy REGIsrer. 2."
ºf TABLE
Shewing the places of birth, and number of the different grades
. of officers in the navy. -
#
Where born.
;
!*
! . . .
º
i
:
!
New-Hampshire,
Massachusetts, .
Rhode-Island, . 10}
Connecticut, ºf tº
Vermont, | | | 2
New-York, . |
New-Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Lelaware,
Maryland,
Virginia,
North-Carolina,
South-Carolina, ..
Georgia, , 4.
Kentucky, ; ; ; ; 1
Tennessee, , 1. -
Ohio, s . 3.
Louisiana, X. 3;
District of Colum. | 2
England, 4; 1.
Ireland, 1 2 3
Scotland,
%. France, 1. 14 1. 5
Flanders, 1. º
Germany, . 1. . 1
West-Indies, 1 . - , ; ; 1
Not stated, _j ||_|_|_|_|_*}_3|2||_ 29
* Totals, Hilºlºlº 3444|12|352.76; 11 9124; 9:20, 6'892
fº
|
!
2
.
4.
1.
1.
0|
:
º
1.
4.
i
:
:
i
;
4.
i
º 2
1.
()
i
1.
3
0
.
1.
1
0.
1.
3.
r
|
1.
f
3
1.
i
1.
;
NAVY YARDS.
There are six navy yards occupied by the United,States, viz.: No.
1, at Portsmouth, N. H. of 58 acres cost $40,000 Charles Morris,
Capt. Commandant.—No. 2, at Charlestown, Mass. of 34 acres (exclu-
sive of extensive flats) cost $39,214, Isaac Hull, capt., commandant-
at New-York, of 40 acres cost $40,000, Samuel Evans, capt. com-
it.—No. 4, at Philadelphia, of 11 acres cost $37,000, Alexander
Murray, capt. commandant.-No. 5, at Washington, D. C. 37 acres
cost $4,000, Thomas Tingey, capt, commandant and navy agent, Ste-
§
he sin, master commandant.—No. 6, at Gosport, Vir. 16 acres cost
$12,000, John Cassin, capt. commandant.
º º . º 2. º-º- . . º sº
: soft, gt us each ; one at Portsmouth,
º There are now. ing shi
* Boston, Philadelp d Norfolk. Al
one at New-York, and Boston.




























§
%
§
§
%
º .
*
§ §
º §
§ §