F 899 12܂ Ri2 81ܬܟ01_ Jacoma the estern termi- ܠܩܥܢܥܫܣܠܠܥܝܠܬܓܝ ܠܥܟܥܒ ܝܬܢܩܢܝܥܽܢܛܶܥܺܝܥܺܝܺܫܠܶ University of Michigan ، انه تم التنس نے ما ننت ، ت نے نانا ، نت --- :- ينتش 2.212:4221cjenici ; 22 Prof. Harrington Presented by = = - . . . . . . - . - الامارات ..تورتات - رنز 12pindled);?....222::::'--. University of Michigan OF GENERAL LIBRARY F22 - - - ، تتحسنت و عزت - .,:تم اس ام اس اس ام اس للسمع والحلم ---- From Prof Harrington TACOMA wash den - THE yo *> OF THE- 124** Western Terminus NORTHERN PACIFIC ONA UN WA ΠΑΛΙΑ ΛΑΔΟΛΑΔΟ SEV ANWV: AIN WINE WAVUVIA VOV ONUN RAILROAD RNIA ANAN KINANA WEN AN NI NAV NEVI NB.VN AON SAHAAN IS BAR > 400 ELNEVAL : TACOMA, W, T. THE LEDGER STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTING HOUSE. 1885. Гурт Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1884, by R. F. Radelaugh, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Μ Μ Ε Ν Ο Ε Μ Ε Ν IMPROVEMENTS In liftin111 MAPLE B2B RUS] PUDET SOUND AVE. MYADS PATALPA RAINIER AVE. 11 CELLS IT UNIZIN BUSH 11 . 7 8 9 RAILROAD AVE ALDES MICA ПАфр. 1 10 ALDER + Headquarters Building. Taconica Hotel. Central School Anna Wright Seminary Congregational Church Baptist Episcopal Methodist Presbyterian Fanny Paddock-Hospital Court Horise Depot, Railroad Wharf Coal Bunker and Coal Wharf. 14,15 Sam Mills Flour Mii. Tacoma Furniture Factory Shingle Mill Fourdry Cannery Gas Works *t's · 11 WALI 11:01 CEDARI 12 13 09. DIABI n! 001 11100101 An 111 . FOLBE ITIN 162 TIBBAL 7 Puny 31 ENE RACE ..16 17 18 19 20 21 .22 ,23 LLOG WEST ST A09 EAST 61 > DAMER DD. BEE DAK &* I HOT WHITE 1111111 1111 OFILED IL! WAT FE'S ADU WHITEST . PROSPECT STEET ว่ า PLUM 955 AETII 4219 CARR CHERRY ST FERRYSTENT PARALLEL 3833 3933) ROBE MCCARVER ST BEELS (100 STARA BT 3 A Y 3824 WALNUT © 3828 3928 4028 3827 3927 4027 3529 3629 31729 3829 3929 4029 3427 3527 CIŚNIN CARR's GATES A. $TANDARD (3825 3925 4025 14.125 1924 3323 34233523,36233723,3829,3923>40234123 35241 3522 3425 3525 ASH 372 bilt brot Fozit 9700 Fåba pesa 178 330 3315) EZOD. jačbe 328€).ZZLE .5798).225€ zzve azza 77t Tit Cot 768 1788 TL8 7898 129€ 128 128 0725 9210 pzot pada OZRE PELE 0298 DESE COEDE ozes bezela 317548110518100337581818€ [8128> 81981||319281483818€) -8178 376836188 u 11480 6198bige 6168587?'612€ 1120121101|2100 216€L18ELLE:[219€:LISEZIEL1€€ 218€ 4796) Forge Frite Free 9167219120_19110191061916€ 9188 9122-19198 9188 9168, 1918 1917€,19118 8 825 a B BAILEY 3428 N. P. RR. Kalama Branch PESEM Þzte MADISON R. 31151, 92153315 3415 3515 3615 3715 3815 3915 40,5 4115,4215-4315 YAKIMA N 1422 HED FOTTE ROG DIE +188 Folla 119€ Figa) tuval melaluizel 1186 ETIT TOO Elbe E188 5128 E198 EISE (elte CE LEITE ENTE 426 3324 FERR$ ST ITTEDE T ST 500 3606 3706 3605 3705 380 -14 33 Tool 604€ 609ɛ] kose kobe AVENUE 301273112013212 1313412 3512 3612 3712 3812 3912) 4012 TACOMA 30113171 3211_033113411, 3511 10 36/163711_s 3010 3110 3210 33103410 3510 13610 3710 3408 3508 3608 3708 SMFHFFE'S N. 5 220 ADOTTON 3407 3406 3504 AFE E N 218 tool 3308 ST LYF ST ADD. 31091 3108 13 VISION 815 E M 12 3009 FEHBET Vee 7 BARLOWS 812 i 712 DUB EWIG ADD im A00. 611 A12 6101 AA! COOK'S Adol Арр. NINETEEN 1410 ST 409 408 (209 208 ST 13 207 477 BAKER M7612 407 RT 206 67 205 Tesi AVENUE on 608 8. N 406 NO AWO T. It 1-405 1607 6060 8402 2ND 807 505 A ST. HELENS (2819 M ST 425 1925) 10 324 424 11 11622 1924 1824 1724. ST 61 423 323 1923823 17231-76231,75231423 1323 * 422 322 1922|7822 1722 1622 1522 1422 1322012220 11 22 1022 $! K 16. 1721 421 1321 621 vel 821 1821 1921 1721 | 121, 102, kto 921 1521 1621 1321 1421 12211 720 620 526 320 420 1120 1020 920 820 1920 1820-7720 16201 1520 1420 1320 1220 SI 12191119 919 1019 819 719 619 31915219 5101419 1919) 1819|1719] 1619_519) 141927319 418 318 618 15/8 318 1718 1018 R1918 1918 LEMTS 1418 1318 1618 7518 1818 W1718 [1218] [1118 171717617 417 1017 1317 1217 1117 1817 217 218 517 817 717 1617 917 14/7 1517 616 716 816 1/16 1016 H916 1316 W1216 1716 1816 316 16 216 76 416 516 1616 01516: 1416 YAKIMA AVENUE 1715 1815 715 13151215 1615 615 W15 1515 21415 915 1015 REEDS ADO. 1814 271421614 1514 1414 1314 7214 1014 914 72 814 714 06141 ST 11213 1313 1513 41413 1613 11013 1113 713 813 913 1818,4713 1613 sie12 1512 411412 11712 1312 11212 1112 612 1012 912 TACOMA AVENUE 711 911 1311 1511 1711 17100 1310 1510 710 910 SY 1609 1709 709 109 136 1509 2869 909 1508 1708 1308 1708 708 908 ST 1707 1507 1307 7107 907 2007 1706 1306 1506 1106 2506 0706 @ 2406 107 ST 1305 N105 705 9905 1505 7711 7811 2405 2305 2203 2105 2505 ST RAILROAD 00 1304 704 704 1104 2504 2204 2104 2404 2304 7812 1504 PACIFIC AVENUE AVENUE 1403 1303 903 1003 12032403 803 2003 78/3 7713 2003 1903 N.P.R.R. 2303 2203 2103 7613 7413 1202 11302 100271 902 NO2 802 7814 2002 11902 771476141 75147414 2302 22022102 CAR SHOPS 1001 2301 201 12101 CLIFF AVE. WINTHROPIETAVE 2300 22012100 DOCK ST. 271242 27107 8504 157 SAHMS Abe SPIRINING 512810 O.19018), 18018 2508 2107 WEFFERSON 1906 2308 1806 8007 2607 2106 2307 ARAMS 2009A 7502 18510 8508 8506 18609 909 A C 6008 101h -- Bài1 1101 8110 1 7911 I' 8011 HAON 7712 Ai theks 2018 7912 7363 8012 11 PACIFIC ! 11 -- 10.4 1 18013117913 18014 7914 . $414 8313 97 8 $14 LS E 198 11 1 OT ROT HARBOR 1 PROPOSED 1 9164 9158 - 18 71 14 1 - 1 8615 AVEN 9/19 7/20 no 11 IL 17 L 7321 7e2N !7121 132260 722207122 1 - - MAP - 1s ܙܢܟܐ 11 OF THE CITY OF 1 8103 18004 87051 8509 8507 8505 8503 8410 184081 8406 8409 8407 8405 8403 83071 18305 18303) 8310 8308 8300 8304 8210 8208 18206 $204% 8008 18006 8107 8109 8010 183118309 513 8214 10 18212 8314 8114 AVENJE 8223 8221 18219 8217 215/ 2213 8211 8209 1820 70 8205 IS. 1270 8421 3419841784653413 8317 8315 184221 18420 8418 8416 8325 8323 8321 8319 THIRTYSECOND 8126 81241 8122 8120, 8/18 WRIGHT 834083380833678334168332933088284832683246832283200881808316| 8238 2236 (8234 8232 8230 1822813226 8224 8222 8220 18218 V8216 8327 84357 8433 M 84318429 8427184257 84 8440 8438 1436 184340,8432 848 9428 8331 18322 8239 8237 18235 8233 8231 8229 82273225 8142 8740 8738 3136 813A 8132 8130 8128 813918187 3135 8133] 8/31 8129 8127 1125 8123 8121 B119 8242 1241 1 8688 8636 86348632 B6301 8628 8626 8624 8622 8620 3618 THIRTYSE 8732 8734 8787 18735 18733 8731 8835 8786 2015 ST 8039 18037 8035 8033 8031 80291 8027.8025 2023 1940 7938] 7936 7934 1932 1793077428 17926 17424 179221 7920 7918 S: SLZ778 3108L0708 2008 vog) 9208 18308 0808) 78081 £08) 9808 8802 Otoglu 'S HOD0000000 FOTO 10:1 D000 mm 1000000 00 6162 1764 82649762 1923b2] 6762 1864 ebL) 966) LebL TACOMA ÁVÉRÁCascade. Div. OE28 8637 8635 136338637 8629 8627 HT18 W. T. 75361 EI P10 PACIFIC TERMINUS N.P.RR. 1777 Scale of Feet 500 1000 1,500 COU | 16E6L 17840 PUYALLUP lot & EAST ite Tallinna in tutno 是​在​多多 ​is top is com รับประทาน มี 31. *-sslam RA 11 28 Hot !! POA nh 00 TUA 1- STAND 09 190 DM mail Ini RA geh Sz. Ele SA lah 100 INFINA EVE IPOH SVET 210T OVISION AVE met BOM 19TH ST 10 18"ST Doo ST. AVE BRO Reichen name Bay nible op 2. NE S2 MA 13 ST AGRADA! Mot.com THIS THST 1775 UTA yra IA 13 BHI பழம் பம் EA TA 30110 Winnie 27 मे TWST. 2411 1250 POL A HARRIEREFLECTS Video TAGON KAY LE ンス​を ​22 Amy Cono Openis PRO GERAL DHE CA asm. Og JABAR TOOLS IAKASP:D ODO UOVI .6 A WU C. - $T Անր Հասարը AAG కేసులు NANA Cm horst GB IS. poti JAD 022 KOU BE Lood 1811 200 im 1110 651 13. one D-ST 79 Bestehenden ära Diego OTA YHTEO Tuninga $8 TUT Նարա 06/30 Կա ԹՐ» ԳՐԵՆԱԴ/Կասոնա S. PST JEFFERSON- ST. «ՍԱ T! 16 Us M PRRumE alhi IN LARIA habere 년도 ​리드 ​를 ​ST 15. Rund 2 es MTB ມັນຕິດໄຈ ທີ່ເອົາກຳໄລ SET b1 1** ST. 24 SA RA RAILROAD - 31 8 le TEOL A-ST. PAGIFIG -AVE CLIFF - AVE. dକୁ Brb] 00.0" 22N0 S அங்ககக UNIDO DELIN-ST SIISOR 20. 2011 MORE 21 COM KO NUM CITY OF TACOMA, W. T. Y COURT HOUSE. 1 COU WRIGHT INSTITUTE. 2 ANN AL SCHOOL. 3. CEN PAL CHURCH. 4 EPIS DIST CHURCH. 5 MET EGATIONAL CHURCH. 6 CON T CHURCH. 7 BAP ITERIAN CHURCH. 8 PRE LIC CHURCH. 9 CAT INAVIAN CHURCH. 10 SCA) A HOTEL, W. D. TYLER, Proprietor. 11 TAC AL HOTEL, GEORGE M. KUHN, Proprietor. 12 CEN EAD HOUSE, WILLIAM BRADLEY, Proprietor. 13 HAI HOTEL, W. P. SUNDBERG & Co., Proprietors. 14 SVE NUS HOTEL, J. W. WOODARD, Proprietor. 15 TERI WELL'S HOTEL, W. P. BLACKWELL, Proprietor. 16 BLAS IA NATIONAL BANK, S GEN. J. W. SPRAUGE, President. 17 TACO WESTERN TERMINUS OF N.P.R.R. PUGET SOUND. 1885. 18 MERCHANTS’ NATIONAL BANK,{N. B. COFFMAN, Cashier. W. T. THOMPSON, President. 19 TACOMA SAVINGSBANK, ST. H. WILSON, President. TC. B. WILFLEY, Cashier. 20 NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD SHOPS. 21 TACOMA IRON WORKS, LISTER, HOUGHTON & Co. 22 PLANING MILL, SASH, DOOR & BLIND MFG. CO., P. A. PAULSON. 23 FURNITURE MANUFACTORY, TACOMA FURNITURE MANUFACTURING Co. 24 SAWING AND PLANING MILL, HATCH & Co. 25 TACOMA MILL CO'S SAWING & PLANING MILL, HANSON & Co. 26 TACOMA LAND CO’S OFFICE, ISAAC W. ANDERSON, General Manager. 27 EPISCOPAL CHURCH, FIRST WARD. 28 SALMON CANNERY, FIRST WARD. 29 FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP, FIRST WARD. 30 FANNY PADDOCK HOSPITAL, FIRST WARD. 31 TUB AND BUCKET FACTORY. 32 FLOUR MILL. 33 SAW MILL. 34 GAS WORKS. , { 5 รอ 29289 TACOMA. INTRODUCTION. It is a matter of vital interest to the thousands of people who are now on their way westward, and the thousands more who will soon follow, to know what manner of country this is to which they have determined to come in obedience to that law which has for so many ages been crowding the civilized portion of mankind toward the setting sun until now one complete circuit of the earth has been made. These pages are written to furnish such information concerning TACOMA, as shall enable those who read them to understand why, where and what TACOMA is—to learn what manner of town it, is, and is likely to become and to form something like a defi- nite and accurate notion as to its desirability as an objective point for the emigrant. Cat MTOTUNIV DURI TACOMA, THE WESTERN TERMINUS OF THE- NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD HISTORICAL. In 1873 the place where Tacoma now stands was a wilderness of woods, uninhabited save by a few loggers. In 1878 it was little better. In 1880, two years later, it had, as shown by the tenth census, 720 people. Five years later, namely in 1885, it is an incorporated city of nearly 8,000 people, with well graded streets and sidewalks, sewers, stores, banks, daily newspapers, school-houses, churches and many comfortable homes. In five years a wilderness has become a prosperous city. There must be some power behind such a marvelous trans- formation. One of the objects of the present writing is to point out some of the reasons which, in ten years, have caused Tacoma to germinate and grow at such a rate that in the struggle for commercial supremacy, it has, in point of the rapidity of its growth, outstripped all other towns in Washington Territory-some of which were nearly as large as Tacoma now is when these plateaus were yet covered with the forest. For nearly half a century a railroad across the northern part of the United States, from Lake Superior to tide-water of the Pacific ocean, has been talked about and various schemes, some of them impracticable, have been devised for the raising of the requisite funds for so great an undertaking. Little was accomplished, however, except to draw attention to the resources of the country through which the proposed Northern Pacific Railroad should run, and to discourage capitalists from risking their money in building the road on account of many real and more imagined obstacles, until about a dozen years ago when Jay Cooke & Co., undertook to supply the necessary means. Then began the actual 4 Tacoma, building of the road. When in the natural course of its construction it became necessary as required by the charter, to fix a point on Puget Sound to which the road should be built, and where the business incident to the meeting of ships and rail should be done, the chief men in the railroad company cast about for a suita- ble place at which the road, (considering it as building from East to West), might terminate. considering it a These men felt that a great deal depended upon a proper selection of the ter- minus of the railroad, and they gave much time and attention to the question of its location. w The agents chosen by the company to examine the shore line of Puget Sound with a view to the selection of the most suitable place for terminal purposes were Judge R. D. Rice, of Maine, Vice President, and Capt. J. C. Ainsworth, of Portland, Oregon, the Managing Director for the Pacific Coast, who were appointed Com- missioners by a resolution of the Board of Directors, for the purpose of locating the Western Terminus They were instructed to examine the entire eastern shore line of Puget Sound, After a careful personal examination of the several places that were deemed worthy of consideration and with a knowledge of all their advantages as fully set forth in the reports of the Company's engineers who had made elaborate surveys, the Commis- sioners fixed upon the southern shore of Commencement Bay, as the most eligible site for the terminus and reported accordingly to the Board of Directors. Their report was made to the Company in the latter part of June 1873, and was at once approved by the President and the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors, to whom full power in the matter had been given by the Board; and the work of completing the line from the Columbia river to Tacoma, the chosen termi- nus, was begun immediately upon the approval of the selection made by the Com- missioners. At the next ensuing regular meeting of the Board of Directors on the 10th of September, 1873, the action of the Cominissioners and of the President and Executive Committee in relation to the selection of terminus was formally approvec on the records of the Company by the adoption of the following resolution: " Resolved, That the Northern Pacific Rail Road Company locate and con- struct its main road to a point on Puget Sound on the southerly side of Commencement Bay, in T. 21, N. R. 3 East of Willaniette meridian, and within the limits of the City of Tacoma, which point in the said City of Tacoma is declared to be the Western Terminus of the main line of the Northern Pacific." The “ City of Tacoma,” mentioned in the resolution, was at that time a little hamlet about a mile distant from the main city of to-day, containing, all told, about 200 people who depended for support upon the saw-mill there located. It now forms one of the wards of Tacoma. In accordance with that resolution, the road was located and built from the Columbia River, and the plat thereof filed in the office of the Secretary of the In- terior, giving notice to the Government of the United States and all the world where the railroad was, and where the land granted to the Company on each side of its road was. This once done, the location can not be changed. The action of the Directors was final and permanently fixed the terminus of the road at Tacoma. their LAN Roma W WYMI TID ISE FOTO ! Mount Tacoma 14.444 ft high,as seen from the City of Tacoma . W.T. 3 Historical. 5 When this had been done the Railroad Company purchased 3,000 acres of land for townsite purposes which included the present City of Tacoma. Subsequently, the Railroad Company sold its town property, with the nota- ble exception of a quantity of land sufficient for extensive car and locomotive shops, depot buildings, side tracks and wharves, to the Tacoma Land Company. In addition to this, the Tacoma Land Company bought of the Railroad Company 13,000 acres of the odd numbered sections within six miles of the water front, mak- ing in all sixteen thousand acres of land owned by the Tacoma Land Company be- fore any sales were made by it. A few words here may be proper respecting the structure of the Tacoma Land Company and its relations to the Railroad Company, because these are subjects of considerable inquiry on the part of strangers who are in search of information about Tacoma. Danas The Tacoma Land Company is a corporation organized under the laws of Penn- sylvania, for the purpose of acquiring, holding and selling land at Tacoma. Its in- corporators were the largest preferred stockholders of the Railroad Company. Its capital stock is $1,000,000, divided into 20,000 shares of the par value of $50 each. Of this stock the Northern Pacific Railroad Company owns a majority, to-wit: 10.001 shares; the individual preferred stockholders of the Railroad Company own the remaining 9,999 shares. The Railroad Company, then, owns a majority of the Land Company's stock and the rest of it is held by the principal voting stockholders of the Railroad Company. That is to say, the Railroad Company owns at Tacoma as much land as is covered by the City of Chicago, or St. Louis, or New Orleans, or Baltimore, or San Francisco. It owns 7,260 lineal feet of water front, worth in open market, $250 a foot; and also, a half interest in all the land belonging to the Tacoma Land Company in and around Tacoma, a large portion of which is laid off in town lots of eight to the acre, that sell for $150 to $5,000 each. Hence it appears that the Railroad Company has a deep interest in the growth of Tacoma aside from its interest as a transporta- tion company in the development of a commercial city at its Western terminus. Here, then, is the situation: a transcontinental line of railroad seeks a place to transact' the immense business that must grow up at the point where it discharges the accumulations of freight gathered in a journey across the continent and receives the cargoes of ships from every port on the Pacific ocean. Finding the most suita- ble place, the proper authorities so declare. To take advantage of the immense in- crease in the value of real estate in a growing commercial city, a large quantity of land is secured while it is yet cheap. The increase in the value of this land is measured by the growth of the terminal city. At no other point on Puget Sound does the Railroad Company own a large compact body of land. From the growth of no other place on Puget Sound will the Railroad Company derive a direct benefit. It does not require a man of more than ordinary penetration to see that, with this country new, and lines of transportation still undetermined, when the Northern Pacific people went to work they had it in their power to fix those lines and to name the point where they should converge, This they have done. Nor will it 6 Тасота. seem strange or unnatural that, having chosen the terminal point for these roads and having acquired an immense body of land in its immediate vicinity, they should so conduct their transport-ition business as to enhance the value of that land. This, also, they have done, and still are doing by the simple process of providing and using facilities for transacting a large and growing volume of transportation busine.s centering at Tacoma. Before the Railroad Company acquired its townsite property, the only interest it had in choosing a terminal location was to find a place suitable for the purpose and to which the road could be conveniently built. This was the primary consideration that influenced its officials in making their choice. Having determined on the location they then bought the lands, whereupon, in ad- dition to their interest in Tacoma as a shipping point and railroad depot, they be- came interested in it as landed proprietors and have ever since manifested their inter- est as other men would do, by seeking to increase the value of their holdings. They have had not only the inclination but the power to put in operation forces that have attracted people to Tacoma, and with the influx of people who have found and created meaus of support came also increase in the value of lands. So that al- though considerable has been sold, what yet remains in the hands of the Company is of tenfold greater value than the whole in 1873. Not only this, but given a city of 20,000 inhabitants here on Commencement Bay and one half of the lands now owned by the Railroad and Tacoma Land Com- panies here would be worth many times the entire present value of all the property in Tacoma. That the growth and improvement of Tacoma are identified with the interests of the Railroad Company which had and exercised the power to say where the one great city of the Northwest should be built, is a sufficient assurance that, so far as the railroad iufluence goes (and it is not to be said that this influence is small) nothing will be left undone that would proinote the growth of the Terminal City. GEOGRAPHICAL. To form a definite and correct conception of the location of Tacoma relative to other important places, and to established lines of transportation, it is necessary to know something of Washington Territory in general and of Puget Sound in par. ticular. Washington Territory lies immediately north of Oregon and west of Idaho Territory. It is bounded on the north by British Columbia, the forty-ninth parallel of latitude forming the dividing line until it strikes the waters of the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, when the dividing line follows the middle of the Straits to the Pacifie ocean, which forms the western boundary. Its extreme length from east to west is 360 miles. Its extreme width from north to south is 240 miles. It contains an area of 69,994 square miles. Some idea of its size can be got by comparing it with other political divisions of the world. It is nearly one-fourth as large as the thirteen original States of the Union; nearly twice as great as Ohio; equal to nine times the area of Massachusetts; one-third that of France and is larger than England by 20,000 square miles. Geographical. 7 This immense area is divided into two distinct and very different parts by the Cascade Mountains, which extend from the Columbia River northward entirely across the Territory. Eastern Washington As that part lying east of the Cascade Mountains is denominated, comprises about two-thirds of the entire Territory and is, for the most part, open land adapted and largely used for wheat growing and stock raising. Its size and producing power have earned for it the name of the "Inland Empire." In this section of the Terri- tory there are millions of acres of the best wheat land in America where large crops are grown year after year, with the first failure of crops yet to be reported. For several years wheat growing has been carried on there on a large scale, and the surplus shipped from Portland, Oregon, to foreign markets. California ex- ports one-fifth of all the wheat , exported from the United States. In 1881-2, the quantity exported from that State was 36,978,983 bushels, valued at $36,376,117 and in 1882–3 there was exported 24,354,160 bushels, valued at $25,331,709. Yet there is three times as much wheat land in this Territory as in California. The capacity of the Inland Empire for the production of wheat, cattle and wool is prac- tically unlimited. Two years ago wheat shipments began at Tacoma, and upon the completion of the Cascade Division of the Northern Pacific Railroad, (which is a road now in course of construction leading from the heart of the grain region to Tacona by an almost straight line across the Cascade Mountains, and which will be finished early in 1836), all the wheat raised in Eastern Washington and a large part of that grown in Oregon, which has hitherto been shippel from Portland, Oregon, will be shipped from Tacoma. This because shipments via Tacoma can be and are even now made cheaper and quicker than via Portland and the Columbia River. Western Washington Is all that part of the Territory lying west of the Cascade Mountains. It is a heavily timbered, well watered country, intersected by many small rivers in the val- leys of which is to be found a very productive soil. The uplands, also, produce well wben cleared of timber. On both valley and upland soils grass, fruits and vegeta- bles thrive as well as in any other part of the United States. The most important geographical feature of Western Washington is Puget Sound. Its importance consists in the fact that it affords the only safe and accessible harbors on the Pacific coast of America, north of San Francisco, and that, in conse- quence, the surplus products of an immense scope of country, rich in minerals, in timber and in agricultural lands, must and do find their outlet to the markets of the world by way of Puget Sound. The notion is current that the greatness of the Puget Sound country is all in the more or less distant future. It is true that its resources are all but untouched, their development has just begun; and yet there are only two other places in the United States, New York and San Francisco, where more ocean-going vessels arrive 8 Тасота. . P and depart each year. Puget Sound is already third in importance as a commercial sea port in the United States. It will very soon occupy the second rank. To New York only will it bend the knee. Puget Sound, as the name is here used, includes what is known as Admiralty Inlet, and Puget Sound proper; that is to say, all that body of water which extends from the eastern end of the Straits of Fuca in a general southerly direction for dis- tance of one bundred miles. The Straits of Fuca separate the southern end of Vancouver Island from the . northern part of Western Washington, and connect the Pacific ocean with Puget Sound. They are from 6 to 12 miles wide and 90 long. Cape Flattery is at the extreme end of ihe Straits and is somewhat north of west of Port Townsend, which is at their eastern end and on the western shore of Puget Sound. The general direction of the shores of Puget Sound is nearly at right angles with those of the Straits, so that after turning to the south at Port Townsen the heavy winds which sometimes sweep through the Straits lose their force. From Port Townsend south, Puget Sound is one immense harbor without rocks, shoals or breakers. There is absolutely no obstruction or hindrance to navigation. It branches out in various directions forming numerous islands and bays. It is about 100 miles long and has a shore line of 1,800 miles. At almost any point on this immense water-front, ships could lie at anchor in all kinds of weather. Location of Tacoma. There are nevertheless, many bays that are better protected from the winds than the main Sound channel, and some where, (though elsewhere the wind may blow a hurricane), ships may lie in safety. Of this latter kind is Commencement Bay, on the shores of which Taconia is built. Commencement Bay, as seen from a steamer coming up the Sound when Point Brown, the northern headland of the Bay, has been reached, seems to be the end of the Sound. As a matter of fact, however, it extends 50 miles further south. But at Point Defiance, which forms the southern headland of the Bay, the Sound becomes so narrow and the shore line de- flects so much to the east, that the channel which connects Commencement Bay with the waters to the south, escapes observation. This narrow channel around Point Defiance, known as “The Narrows, nearer meriting the name of an obstruction to navigation than anything else on Puget Sound. The rapid current through the Narrows, changing four times every twenty-four hours, renders it necessary for sailing vessels to employ tug boats if they would go further south than Tacoma. If Tacoma is their destination it is frequent- ly unnecessary to employ tugs. They can and do sail right up to the wharves of the city. Die While it is true that boats of all sizes can go 50 miles farther south, yet the Narrows are a sufficient obstacle to cause ships to prefer to stop before going further south. This consideration had great weight with the Commissioners who selected Tacoma as the terminus of the railroad. No large sawmills have ever been built above the Narrows, though many of the mills draw their timber supply from the Air 。 Lam 低​Greer TALAI III ~ The Tacoma | 灣​蘭 ​用力 ​日​国​国 ​11 |自​: 1. iiiiii ||| 后​, Geographical. 9 Upper Sound country. Nor are there any important towns on Puget Sound south of Tacoma, except Olympia, the capital of the Territory, which is important in a political rather than a commercial sense. Herein is the explanation of the statement that Tacoma, being located at Commencement Bay, is practically at the head of navigation for ocean going vessels. Commencement Bay is about five miles long and has a width of about three miles. It is completely land-locked and protected from storms. The banks for most part are abrupt except at the extreme southeastern end, where the land slopes down to the water's edge. The City of Tacoma extends from the head of the Bay along the southern and western shore, a distance of three miles. The railroads come in, one from the east and one from the south, and, unit- ing at the head of the Bay, continue along the shore under the hill to the wharves, freight depot and coal bunkers, which are located about one mile from the head of the Bay. Townsite of Tacoma. The site of Tacoma has a general slope towards the southeast and the head of the Bay. It is the best on the shores of Puget Sound in point of adaptability of the ground for the purposes of a great city, including as it does, an extensive area of low level land contiguous to the waters of the Sound and convenient for the uses of the heavier business of a city, and also a wide stretch of hill-side rising from the level of the Bay to a height of 300 feet and marked by four distinct and nearly equi- distant plateaus or natural terraces, easy of access, and affording perfect drainage and every other natural convenience for the residence portion of the city. The beauty and healthfulness of this townsite give it rank, in these respects, among the most desirable in the world. The elevation places the resident and pres- ent business portions of the city well up in the region of pure air, thus securing for its inhabitants one of the prime requisites for health. Beginning at the wharves the first terrace or plateau is reached by means of a street graded along the side of the hill up which it proceeds by a gentle rise, fol- lowing the same general course as the railroad, but diverging from it to the west- ward. Where the highest point of the first plateau is reached—a distance of nearly half a mile from the wharves—this street, called Pacific Avenue, changes direction several degrees to the eastward and continues on due south for about three-fourths of a mile further to the railroad shops, with an almost imperceptible descent, crossing the railroad (which has turned to the westward), one mile and a quarter from the wharves. That is, leaving the railroad wharf, the first half mile is up hill, the next mile down hill until the railroad is crossed, but neither up or down so fast that there is any difficulty in driving rapidly the whole length of Pacific Avenue, whether going north or south. Parallel with the course pursued by Pacific Avenue from the point where it reaches the first plateau, run the lettered streets, and at right angles with it, the numbered streets. East of Pacific Avenue and near the edge of the bluff is A Street; west of Pacific Avenue, Railroad Street, both on the first plateau. Going weet, the streets crossed are C and D Streets on plateau No. 2, E Street and Tacoma Avenue on the third plateau, and G Street and Yakima Avenue 10 Тасота. on the fourth. Back of Yakima Avenue for a long distance the land is smooth and nearly level. All these streets, parallel with Pacific Avenue, are nearly parallel with that part of the shore line of the Bay that is south of the railroad wharf. North of the wharf the shore line bends rapidly to the westward. The hill rises abruptly to a height of several hundred feet immediately back of the wharf. From a point on the top of this hill, and just west of the wharf, Division Avenue runs straight back from the Bay, intersecting all the streets and avenues numbered above, which, crossing Division Avenue, continue on to the north but changed in course so as to be nearly parallel with the shore line of the Bay. These details will be readily understood by reference to the plat published here- with. Division Avenue divides the townsite into two distinct parts and is compara- tively level throughout. North of Division Avenue, the land slopes gently toward the Bay, but does not lie in terraces as in the southern part of town. Besides the streets and avenues already mentioned, there are a number of streets running diagonally part way across the town, affording easy grades from terrace to terrace. The streets are so located with reference to the natural contour of the ground, that there is no point which is not easily reached by gentle grades, although chere is a large portion of the town that is more than three hundred feet above the level of the Bay. Starting at Division Avenue and going north along Yakima Avenue, there is a gradual rise. Tacoma Avenue and G Street are nearly level from Division Avenue south, while the streets nearer the Bay slope appreciably toward the south. The highest point in the city is some distance to the west of the corner of 21st and J streets; the lowest, except along the water front, at the corner of 21st Street and Pacific Avenue. The business portion of the city is growing southward and westward up along the first bench above Pacific Avenue, which, at present, is the main business thoroughfare. Pacific Avenue is rapidly filling up with business houses, and C Street, which is parallel and on which is located the Land Company's large office building, the Court House and Daily Ledger office, is destined to receive the overflow from the Avenue, and become the next business street. Lots on C Street, are therefore held at prices which accord with this general expectation, namely: at from $1,500 to $3,000 each, according to location. From the character of the topography of Tacoma as already indicated, the op- portunity for drainage is so apparent that it hardly needs to be pointed out. In no city or town elsewhere, is it practicable to construct a more complete and economical system of sewerage than may and soon will be affyrded here-- one that will take up and discharge into the deep waters of the Bay, the refuse from all parts of the city. So that, the climate favoring in a high degree together with the absence of accumulations of filth, this will continue to be as it clearly is now, one of the healthiest cities in the world. SCENERY. From almost every spot in Tacoma the view of the Bay, valley and mountain, is one of great beauty. As you face the east, there looms up to the right the huge 93 Scenery. 11 form of Mount Tacoma, to a height of 14,444 feet, covered with snow the whole year through, and well supported on either side by the lofty Cascade Mountains, extending north and south of Mount Tacoma, far enough to include one-fourth of the horizon. In frorit, the Bay; to the left, the Sound with its islands; across the Sound, the snow-capped Coast Range. The Puyallup River, which is fed by glaciers at the base of Mount Tacoma, after wandering among the hills for a distance of fifty miles, empties its waters into the head of Commencement Bay. The Valley of the Puyal- up, as seen from Tacoma, is a competitor with the Bay, Sound, islands and coast range for the admiration of those who love what is beautiful and grand in nature. Two or three miles of the lower end of the valley is devoid of timber except the fringe along the river bank; above that for eight or nine miles, the tree tops in the distance, as looked down upon from Tacoma, seem like a carpet of green velvet. The light green of the valley timber shades off into the darker green of the fir trees that cover the uplands. Then a little further on and higher up, comes the hazy blue of the foot-hills of the Cascades; then the white topped mountains against a sky of purest blue. CLIMATE. There is a general impression in the Eastern States that Washington Territory is situated in the far northwest, somewhere near the frigid zone, and that, therefore our winters must somewhat resemble those of Alaska or Siberia. Many otherwise well-informed persons in the East imagine that our summers are short and our winters long, dark and dreary; but how such an impression could have originated it is hard to conceive, for there is absolutely no ground or reason whereon to base it. If our Territory were in the interior of the continent there might be some rea- son for the existence of such an erroneous impression in regard to its climate, be- cause it is a well-known physical fact that the further inland one travels into any of the continents, the more confidently he may expect to find extremes of tempera- ture. The fact that we are situated near a large body of well tempered salt water, fully accounts for the mild weather that we enjoy in Western Washington through- out the fall and winter season, while from regions far east of us, and in the lower latitude, we hear of heavy snow storms and thermometers registering a temperature We have a most equable climate, absolutely free from the sudden and terrible changes of temperature which occur in the Eastern States. The great difference existing between the mild climate of the Pacific Coast and the severe and variable climate of some other regions of the United States need not surprise any person who has given some attention to climatology because the like diversity of climate exists in Europe in the same latitudes. There the winters of central Russia are severe, while the climate of the south of England remains delightful the year round. The nearest approach we have to the latter on our At- lantic Coast is found in Virginia and Maryland that lie between the Chesapeake Bay and the Alleghany Mountains- -of which Washington city might be called the center. The latter place is more agreeable for summer residence than any other city in the eastern part of the continent, and its winters are so mild that already it has below zero. 12 Tacoma. become a great resort at that season for people of wealth and leisure. The temper- ing influence of the waters of the Chesapeake Bay preserves to the Capital city the eguable and delightful climate which has made it such an attractive and agreeable place of residence the year round. Similar physical conditions exist along the shores of Puget Sound, as those which maintain an equable climate around the Chesapeake Bay. Our Sound waters get their influx from the warm Pacific Ocean current which strikes across from Japan to this continent; but here, although we are eight degrees north of the Washington city latitude, we have a much milder climate than its inhabitants enjoy-and for the same reason that the climate of the Isle of Wight off the South of England in a still higher latitude is more delightful and salubrious than that of Washington city-namely, because we are bathed in an atmosphere tempered by a much larger body of temperate waters than the Chesa- peake Bay. We have all the physical advantages of the south of England in respect of climate, and at the same time we are in a considerably lower latitude. No one ever thinks of the south of England or the city of Paris as being away in the far north, and yet the greater portion of the Puget Sound region lies further south than the most extreme southern point of the English coast-indeed a parallel of latitude drawn through the city of Tacoma would run very nearly a degree and a half south of the gay and brilliant metropolis of France. People who neglect to observe these physical facts, express great surprise when they arrive at Tacoma after passing through the snow fields of the far East, to find spread out before their enchanted view, the magnificent panorama of perennial verdure which sur- rounds our great Inland Sea. Our front yards are bright with verdure in what are elsewhere called the winter months, for in fact we have seldom any winter as the people in the East understand the seasons. The mean temperature of the atmos- phere of Tacoma during the year 1884 was as follows, and it is about the, same year in and year out: V October... 48.000 1 April..... ...48.200 November.. .45.700 | May... .,58.000 December.... 32.160 | June... ...66.000 ... January... ....36.20 July, ...63.000 February ..33.200 August..... ...65.000 March ........ .....42.009 | September... ......55.004 A great deal is said about our rainfall, but it is not more than 50 inches in aver- age years-of which about 40 inches fall between the 1st of November and the 1st of March, and 10 inches between the 1st of March and the 1st of November. We have exactly the quantity of rain that is considered proper for an agricultural coun- try, and the light frosts we have occasionally seldom injure vegetation, and these occur mostly in January. It is by no means uncommon to find in the month of November pea and strawberry vines in bloom, and about to produce a third crop, as may be observed in various gardens in the vicinity of our city. We have a more agreeable and healthful climate than that of any city east of the Mississippi river; it is not so warm in summer as to enervate, and yet it is warm enough to be pleasant to the most delicate persons; nor often cold enough in winter to make out of door work or exercise disagreeable. What is called the rainy season begins about the 1st ill 1111 HEEHEER HA , ਉਣੀ ਬੰਨੇ TITUTION ca TA 画 ​Davis Elock. Ainsworth Block. Wright Block, corner Pacific Avenue and Ninth St. Scenery. 13 of November and lasts till the 1st of April, the dry season, so called, occupying the remainder of the year; but the wet season is not all wet nor the dry season all dry. In November, December, January, February and March, there are many clear days, and during the summer season, showers are frequent. Flowers can be seen in the open air in Tacoma during every month of the year. However warm the days may be in summer, the nights are always cool and pleasant. Tacoma is a good place to sleep in and yet the inhabitants are not sleepy. Sleeping well at night they are ready for business during all the daylight hours. In summer the days are very long and in winter correspondingly short. The long morning and evening twilight in summer make the days seem longer than they really are. In June it is light from half past 2 o'clock in the morning until 9 at night. TACOMA AS A SHIPPING PORT. The natural shipping facilities at Tacoma are as nearly perfect as they may be found at any other place in the world. The cars pass directly to and upon the outer edge of the long railroad wharf where the water is of such depth as to easily accom- modate the steamship Great Eastern. The cars therefore go within plank distance of the ship's side. Freight is moved directly from car to ship or ship to car and the expense for the transfer is at its minimum here. Tacoma is practically at the head of navigation on Puget Sound. What that means every one will understand whe takes the trouble to familiarize himself with the history of cities that have grown up all over the United States at the head of navigable waters, where the producer is brought within trading distance of the home market for his products. Tacoma is the nearest safe and commodious harbor the wheat growers, not only of Eastern Washington, but of Eastern Oregon and the Willamette Valley. Before the construction of the railroads all the wheat grown in Oregon and Washington Territory was forced to find its way to the markets of the world by way of the Columbia river. To this fact is due the remarkable growth of Portland, which is at the head of navigation for ocean vessels on the Willamette river. The dangers of the Columbia river bar are well known to ship-owners the world over and no sooner had it become possible to haul wheat by rail to Tacoma than ships were here to carry it to the markets of the world, and the time is not far dis- tant when almost all of the immense wheat surplus of the great basin of the Co- lumbia in Oregon and Washington Territory will go on board ship at the wharves on Commencement Bay. This alone will make Tacoma a great city. It is not only that many men will be employed in handling the wheat, or that there will be profit for Tacoma in supplying the large number of vessels required to ship the immense wheat crops of Oregon and Washington Territory. These are small items. What is of far greater importance is that here the purchase price of the wheat will change hands. This will be the money center of the Northwest. Here will be brought for distribution all over the United States the return cargoes of wheat vessels. Being the money center and the store house for immense quantities of merchandise, it will become a distributing point, a center of trade and manufactures. . 14 Тасота. . This is what every far sighted resident of this city looks forward to. He has seen the same things done at Chicago, at San Francisco, and in a less degree at Portland, Oregon. Ships of the largest size can, and they often do, come into Tacoma without the aid of pilot or tug boat. They sail right up to the wharves, load with lumber, coal, or wheat, and sail out again. Where tugs are not used, and there is frequently no need for them, there is little more expense in coming into and going out of this port than in sailing the same distance in the open sea. To take a ship of 2,000 tons burden into and out of the Columbia river and load her with wheat while there, costs $4,000 more than it would cost to take the cargo here. This is the testimony of disinterested witnesses, giving facts and figures that cannot be gainsaid. Not only is shipping by the way of the Columbia river sub- ject to these excessive charges, but when ships wish to enter the river and when they wish to go out, they are often prevented from doing so for weeks at a time by the rough water at nearly all times to be encountered on the bar at the mouth of that river. During all this time the interest on value of ship and cargo must be added to the other burdens imposed by Nature on Columbia river shipping. There is no time in the year when vessels large or small may not come to Tacoma and go away at pleasure with no bar, pilots, tugs or treacherous sand-bar to molest or make them afraid. From Cape Flattery to Tacoma there is a broad deep channel on which there is always floating dozens of vessels, and the first disaster on account of rough weather or shallow water remains to be chronicled, notwithstanding three times as many vessels pass up the Straits of Fuca during the year as brave the dan- gers of Columbia river bar. Tacoma, then, being at the head of navigation on Puget Sound, is the first safe and accessible harbor, and the first and only point on tide-water reached by the Northern Pacific Railroad, and will soon become the principal wheat shipping port of the Northwest. No wheat has ever been shipped from any other port on Puget Sound. A glance at the map will reveal the reason for this. The Northern Pacific Railroad has no other tide-water terminus from which to ship produce, and even if it had facilities farther north than Tacoma, no wheat would be shipped there since Tacoma lies be- between the wheat country and all towns on the northern part of Puget Sound and is therefore nearer the grain growing country than any other place where rail and ship could meet. COAL. Next in value and importance among the exports, present and future, from Tacoma comes coal. In the foot hills of the Cascade Mountains and within 30 miles of Tacoma, lie immense beds of bituminous coal of the best quality. These coal fields cover a large area about the head waters of the Puyallup river. The Valley of the Puyal. lup affords an easy grade up which runs the railroad upon which this coal is hauled to Tacoma. On both sides of the Valley the bluffs rise precipitately to a height of Coal. 15 hundreds, in some places, thousands of feet, rendering it absolutely impossible to build a railroad from the coal fields to the Sound by any other route than the Puyal- lup Valley at the lower end of which Tacoma is located. Thus it is seen that the countless thousands of tons of bituminous coal now be. ing mined and to be mined near the head waters of the Puyallup must all come to Tacoma for shipment. The thousands of miners to be employed in mining the coal will all draw their supplies from here. Already three mines are worked whose daily output of coal amounts to 1,000 tons, (with an early prospective increase to 2,500 tons), for the mining and shipment of which 500 men and many vessels are re- quired. The immense coal bunkers from which it is delivered to the ships were built by the Railroad Company during the past year at a cost of $100,000 and are located on the water front a quarter of a mile north of the railroad wharf. The shipments of coal have increased so rapidly during the last few years that the coal wharf- situated between the coal bunkers and the railroad wharf-was found to be insuffi- cient. The Bunkers consist of a series of large iron-lined store houses, and have a capacity of 4,000 tons. Over the top of the bunkers run four railroad tracks. The coal is discharged from the bunkers to the ships by means of chutes which are moved by machinery from one point to another as desired and to suit the stage of the tide. There are coal mines at other points on the Sound, but no other mines of pure, bituminous, cooking coal have ever been opened on the Pacific Coast ex- cept those whose output must be shipped, if shipped at all, from Tacoma. This is a fact of the utmost importance as determining the location of iron works at this place and of other manufacturing industries sure to be established at no distant day on Puget Sound. Iron ore in limitless quantities is found in various parts of Western Washington in the vicinity of the coal measures and elsewhere accessible from the waters of the Sound. In the history of iron manufactures where it has been necessary to trans- port the fuel or the ore it has, other things being equal, always been the ore that has gone to the fuel and not the fuel to the ore, because the latter is of less bulk than the former and therefore cheaper to transport. At Tacoma there will be a compromise and ore and coke will meet on the shores of Commencement Bay. The Carbon Hill coal mine, which is the largest on the Pacific slope, has been opened to a capacity of output of nearly 2,000 tons per day. It is located in the foot-hills, at the end of the coal road above referred to, on Carbon river which is one of the tributaries of the Puyallup, and is owned by the Central Pacific Railroad in- terest which recently paid for it the sum of $750,000. The lands embraced in the property so purchased comprise about two sections or 1,280 acres. The improve- ments were then valued at about $200,000, so that the price paid for the land was $550,000. From this may be gained some idea of the value of the lands on the western slope of the Cascade Range in this Territory which include the bituminous coal measures. The present owners of this mine have now in service one large iron steam collier of a capacity of 4,000 tons which is a splendid specimen of raval archi- tecture and which is used in transporting the coal from this city to San Francisco, and another new vessel similar in all respects built for this route is now temporarily in the China and Japan trade. The first of the steam colliers, named Tacoma, pro- 16 . Tacoma. vided by the coal company for this service was wrecked on the Oregon coast on her first trip in February, 1883. MANUFACTURING. The central location of Tacoma, her nearness to the ocean, her commodious and easily accessible harbor, her railroad connections and her inexhaustible mines of pure bituminous coal seem to indicate with unerring certainty that here on the shores of Commencement Bay will be centered not only the commerce of the North- west, but also manufacturing interests of great magnitude. Of raw material there are wheat, wood, iron and wool. In the mines of coal is stored up the motive power. Markets are near. There are lacking but two things, skilled labor and capi- tal. Men of nieans, however, are coming all the time, and to the sawmills, furni- ture factories, foundries and railroad car shops, already in full operation here, will soon be added flouring mills, woolen mills, paper mills and smelting works. There is no place in the United States that offers such inducements to the manufacturer as Tacoma. We now ship away hides and wool and ship back dry goods, boots and shoes. We now ship away lumber and ship back furniture and wooden ware of all kinds. Export wheat and import flour from California. Feed hundreds of tons of sugar beets to stock and import beet sugar from California, where it is made from beets inferior to those grown here, and where one of the largest items is freight on coal shipped from here. We export oats and barley and import chop feed. But the disadvantages indicated are of short life. This almost incomparable field for man- ufactures will soon be occupied—is rapidly being occupied. Capital has arrived, more capital is on the way and more capital will come. We have some skilled labor in nearly all the branches of manufactures and all that may be needed will follow capital. Great is the future of manufactures on Commencement Bay. The manu- facturing establishments now in operation here are as follows: The North- ern Pacific Construction and Repair Car and Locomotive Shops situate near the southern boundary of the city employ, when running to their full capacity of shop room, nearly 200 men, These shops are so well equipped in machinery and tools that they are capable of turning out first-class work of all kinds of rolling stock used on railroads. The coaches recently constructed here are, in point of beauty and strength, equal to the best that have been built in the leading shops of the East. As the traffic of the road increases, creating as it will a demand for an immense amount of additional rolling stock, and particularly by reason of work on the Cas- cade Division, the necessity will arise for largely increasing the capacity and facilities of the Company's shops here involving a heavy increase in the force of men em. ployed. Tacoma has five sawmills, two of which are located on the water-front near the northern boundary of the city, one at the head of the bay in the southern part of the city, and two inland just outside the southern bound- ary. Those on the water-front are supplied with logs in booms which are towed to the mills by small steamers from the various logging camps on the shores of the Sound. One of the two on the water-front is the famous sawmill of Hanson & Co., and is the largest establishment of its kind in the Northwest. This mill cuts 200,000 feet of lumber per day. About 300 men are employed in the various log- ging camps of this concern and in placing the logs ready for use. Messrs. Hanson Manufacturing, 17 & Co., own timber land enough to supply their mill with logs for the next 20 years at the above rate of cutting. They employ in the neighborhood of 150 men. The lumber here produced, except what is sold for local use, is shipped to the San Fran- cisco market. The mill owns five vessels engaged in this trade and one large steam tug, the most powerful on the Pacific Coast. This lumber goes to Chili, Peru, Aus- tralia, China and Japan, and the number of vessels tied to their wharves taking in cargoes, average six per day throughout the year. The other mills mentioned cut about 75,000 feet of lumber per day and in the fact that it is all used in local con- sumption may be had a sign of the rapidity with which Tacoma is growing. A digression on this point of interest is permissable for the purpose of saying that a view westward and southward from the upper stories of the large dew hotel recently built and furnished by the Tacoma Land Company, embraces a larger number of buildings erected within the last 18 months and in process of erection, than can be found in any other town or city of like population on the Pacific Coast. The price of fir logs is $5 to $6 per thousand feet, according to quality. The large machine shop and foundry of Lister Houghton & Co., near the Rail- road shops are notable among the industrial establishments of Tacoma. Here as many as 100 men have been employed at a time. They are fitted up to supply all kinds of iron and brass castings and marine and general machine work. The moulding floor of their new foundry has a greater area than that of any other foundry north of San Francisco. There is also one large furniture factory in full operation employing about 40 hands and turning out the best of furniture of the light colored woods, especially ash, which are now so popular in the Eastern States. Their cylinder office desks in ash are difficult to excel in the line of orna- mental furniture. Another furniture factory will soon be put in motion at the saw- mill of John Carson in the southern part of the city. There are also three sash and door factories running and turning out the best quality of work especially in cedar doors. Also one shingle mill the product of which is sawed shingles of excellent quality. Also two brick yards of large capacity, and a third on one of the opposite shores which finds it market here. Also a fish cannery having a capacity of 10,000 cans of salmon per day and employing 70 hands, in season. The enter- prise of Mr. H. E. Knatvold, has lately added to the manufacturing establishments of Tacoma, a tub and bucket factory, and a shingle mill equipped with improved machin- ery, and located on ground owned by him on the water front. datter GAME AND FISH. Sivut For those who would hunt, there is in the neighborhood of Tacoma a hunting ground where the hunter may forget the existence of such a thing as civilization, and where he may have his choice of game. During the season when hunting is permitted, the slayed deer decorates the meat markets of Tacoma. Of smaller game, ducks, geese, grouse, rabbits and pheasants, there is no end. Puget Sound is the sportsman's paradise. For those who would fish, there is the whole of Puget Sound with its innumerable coves and bays and the river emptying into Commence- ment Bay with dozens of creeks large and small emptying into the river. In the Sound are caught salmon, salmon trout, halibut, tom cod, rock cod, perch, flound- 18 Tacoma. , ders and herring. All of the streams and lakes in this neighborhood are numerously peopled with trout of large size and delightful flavor. But it is the industrial aspect of fishing in this vicinity that most challenges attention to it. Besides the fish that are canned, large quantities are shipped fresh to the interior towns and especially to Portland, Oregon. Hitherto more attention has been paid to salmon than the other varities. Herring which will not unlikely become one of the chief sources of the wealth of the Territory have been neglected. The waters of Puget Sound are alive with these fish. From the wharves at Tacoma and every port on the Sound, mil- lions of them can be seen in the clear waters. The fishing interest, like the coal and the wheat, will also center at Tacoma as being the commercial center of the Sound and the point of distribution, by means of its railroad, to other parts of the world. 90 PLEASURE DRIVES AND RESORTS. Passing by the great sport of yachting on the Sound, the pleasures of which are too obvious to need reciting, it is pertinent to indicate the fields for the pursuit of pleasure on land. For those who would drive, there are good roads. Within three miles south of Tacoma and connected with it by a broad, smooth highway, is the edge of a natural park twenty miles in length and five miles in width, fringed with fir trees and dotted with highly ornamental evergreens and small oak, and here and there a lake bordered with pine and hazel brush. Around and through this, one may drive winter and summer in any direction. It is covered with a thin grass and in early summer with myriads of flowers. The wheels of the carriage move noise- lessly along over the grass, and one could almost believe he was riding over velvet. It has been said and it is doubtless true that no other city in the Northwest is so favored as Tacoma by the close proximity, beauty and attractiveness in all respects of a natural park and pleasure ground. The smooth, level and rolling character of the surface and the arrangement that nature has made in placing the ornamental trees of evergreen and oak in this pleasure ground, practically on the verge of the city, are such as to suggest the hand of art in grently more than its accustomed tri- umph. In the most northerly portion of this park is located the only race track near Tacoma. The land was recently purchased for this use by a company organ- ized in Tacoma and here it is intended to hold the races and fairs. In the adjoin- ing sections at a distance of less than half a mile from the race track is the property known as the Tacoma Lakes and possessing such elements of attraction as are cer- tain to make it the chief objective point for pleasure drives from the city. These lakes, the larger of which is about one mile in length by a quarter of a mile in width and, which though only about four miles from the city, have an elevation of nearly 400 feet, are surrounded by the forest which for the entire distance of shore- line extends to the water's edge. At a distance of about 12 miles and in the open prairie are found what are known as the Gravelly and American Lakes, a region of great beauty, adding much to the attractiveness of the country which immediate- ly surrounds the terminal city. For the more adventurous, for those who love grand scenery and are willing to risk life and limb to view it, there are, besides the grand scenery in view from any part of this townsite, the glaciers of Mount Tacoma within a days journey of where 2) NE WA 2012 St. Luke's Memorial Church. Pleasure Drives and Resorts. 19 acres upon acres of ice, hundreds of feet thick, can be seen. It is these glaciers that give the icy coldness to the waters of the Puyallup river and its tributaries. Add to the resorts mentioned the superb waters of Commencement Bay for boating, and we may reasonably say that Tacoma has in striking degeee and variety a fulness of resources for the entertainment and delight of those who would seek pleasure. PRICES OF TOWN LOTS AND OUTSIDE LANDS. The streets of Tacoma are all 80 feet wide, the alleys 40 feet wide and the ave- nues 100 feet wide. Lots are 25 feet wide and 120 feet deep. The blocks, west of Tacoma avenue, contain 12 lots each; those east of Tacoma avenue, 26 lots each. In that part of town where lots are offered for sale the timber has all been cut down and partially burned up. As far west as Yakima avenue, or 15 blocks back from the water, the streets are opened up and some of them graded and sidewalks are provid- ed. Residence lots can be had at prices ranging from $100 to $1,000, according to ocation. The most desirable lots for residence, however, are not those that com- mand the highest price. Between C street, Tacoma avenue, G street and Yakima avenue there is little choice, except that the avenues are 20 feet wider than the streets. Lots on E street and Tacoma avenue can be had for $400 or $500 each; on G street for $300 or $400 and on Yakima for about the same or a little less. It is usual for a person building a residence to buy two or more lots. Business lots sell at prices varying from $1,500 to $6,000. Lots with good buildings on them can be bought, but it is cheaper to buy lots from the Tacoma Land Company and put up such buildings as are desired. The Land Company sells on time, usually re- quiring purchasers to pay one-third cash and the remainder in a year and to build during that time a house to cost a specified sum. All deferred payments bear inter- est at ten per cent. per annum, which is two per cent. below the current rate. This policy of the company in requiring improvements to be made on all the lots sold has had the effect of preventing real estate speculation and keeping prices of land within reasonable bounds. It has given a healthy tone to the real estate market, restraining to a solid basis the valuations that are placed upon town property. The Company has established a schedule of prices which are raised gradually as the in- crease in population warrants, but there are no sudden and wide fluctuations in prices nor any breaks in the real estate market. Outside lands within a distance of six miles, sell at prices ranging from $15 to $300 per acre, according to distance and quality of contained soil. Some of the better clay loam fir land not cleared, distant from the boundary about two miles by the government survey lines, has recently sold as high as $100 per acre. The terms of sale by the Land Company are one-third cash and the balance in one year. AGRICULTURAL LANDS. Within a short time the fact has been demonstrated that a large portion of our lands that for the last two decades have been considered of no value except for their timber, is in reality more valuable than much of the land that has heretofore been farmed in this neighborhood. So that it can be truthfully said that Tacoma is surrounded by an agricultural country. 20 Тасота. . In the immediate vicinity of the town the odd sections are owned by the Tacoma Land Company which is selling lands to settlers in small tracts, requiring certain improvements to be made and giving time in which to pay most of the purchase money. Of the even sections there yet remains at a dis- tance of five miles from Tacoma considerable land open to settlement under the homestead laws. The lands of the odd numbered sections are owned by the railroad company and are for sale at reasonable prices and on easy terms. There are good wagon roads leading through the timber in various directions so that settlers will only be obliged to make short roads connecting their places with the main roads. The land around Tacoma is of four very different kinds: the valley lands, the hardhack swamps, the clay uplands and the gravelly lands. Of the last named it may be said that they are, for the larger part, of little or no agricultural value. Much of the land of this clas is, however, adapt- ed to the production of vegetables, fruit and grain, being mixed with dark mold that is quite rich. During the spring and early summer they are cover- ed with a short grass and, in many places, wild pea vine that afford excellent pasture. At the top of the hill back of Tacoma, lies a narrow strip of this gravelly land extending back to the prairie or natural park, mentioned above, and which is itself an immense bed of fine gravel on which in spring time grass and flowers take the place of the wild pea vine in the timber. The valley lands are, for the most part, taken up and cultivated, as they are easily cleared and highly productive. The Tacoma Land Company however, owns some land in the Puyallup Valley and the Railroad Company also owns land there. The most valuable body of valley lands in the vicinity of Tacoma is comprised in the Indian Reservation. It is probable that this land will soon be thrown open to settlement. The opening of the Reservation to settlement will en- able a large number of persons to secure farms of great value within a few miles of town. Most of the land near Tacoma is of a clay loam soil, heavily timbered with fir and cedar. On account of the heavy growth of timber on it, this land has, until lately, been neglected. The increased demand for land and for farm products, however, has given such a value to cleared land that in the vicinity of large towns it now pays to clear up this land, which, when once under cultivation, is as productive as the valley land and much more dura- ble The fourth variety of soil is what is known as hardhack swamp land, which is a vegetable mold. Of this there is but a comparatively small quantity. It is found usually in small oval patches of 10 to 100 acres each and invariably requires drainage. It is easily subdued, being covered with a thick growth of small brush which can be cut with a brush scythe. It is also easily drained by cutting a ditch through the rim of clay with which it is surrounded. Agricultural Lands. 21 There are many small creeks running through the country back of Ta- coma and where there are no creeks, water of excellent quality and in endless quantity, is obtained from wells 15 to 20 feet deep. One such well has been known to furnish enough water for 150 head of stock. On all this land except the gravel, as shown, grass, fruits and vegetables thrive. There is no place in the world where it is easier to grow fruits and vegetables of all sorts-except peaches and hot weather fruits-than on the land around Tacoma. The richness of the soil and the moist, temperate cli- mate adapt Western Washington to the growing of grass and the industries connected therewith-stock raising and the dairy. Land suitable for dairy business and stock raising can be bought in tracts of from 40 to 640 acres within a few miles of Tacoma. The price varies from $5 to $50 an acre for 20 unimproved land. TIMBER. Tacoma is in the heart of the most famous timber region in the world, and this is of course one of the greatest sources of its natural wealth. А dense forest of fir trees is visible in all directions from the city, to the east and north across the waters of the Sound, south ward along the railroad and to the west in the rear of the city. The exterior limits of this timber belt are, generally, the summit of the ridge of the Cascade range of mountains on the east, the Pacific ocean on the west; and it extends across the Columbia river into Oregon on the south and through British Columbia and far beyond to the north, approximately 600 to 800 miles long by say 60 miles in width. It has been estimated that within the boundaries named the yield of lumber to the acre will average 25,000 feet, running in some localities as high as 60,- 000 feet to the acre But at the average given, we have in Western Washing- ton alone 172,800,000,000 feet. The amount cut since lumbering began on the Sound some 30 years ago, is estimated at 2,500,000,000 feet, or only a small fraction of the whole, leaving yet to draw upon, the enormous quantity of 170,300,000,000 feet. The drafts that are likely to be made against this supply for a century to come, although undoubtedly great, must when com- pared to the aggregate of standing timber, be comparatively light. Fir, spruce and cedar are the principal growths. There are two grades of timber known in the trade as sap and overgrown, the former yielding some 7,000 feet to the tree and the latter from 8,000 to 15,000 feet. The sap fir does not grow as high as the other, which runs to a height of 120, feet without a limb and sometimes to 160 feet. At present, logging for At present, logging for the mills located on the Sound is done chiefly along the tributary streams, and each successive winter drives the logging camps further back and up the streams. This system of logging will gradually give way to the railroad on which logs are hauled, on trucks specially constructed and adapted for the purpose, from the interior to the shores of the Sound where they are rolled into the water, gathered in booms and towed to the mills. The lumber manufactured on Puget Sound is 22 Tacoma. shipped to England, France, China, Japan, Australia, and the Sandwich Is- lands, the western coast of South America, Mexico and California, and upon the completion of the Cascade Division of the Northern Pacific Railroad the prairie wheat land of Eastern Washington and Idaho will derive the chief supply of lumber from this quarter. CLEARING LAND. The expense of removing the timber from fir land is not so great as might be imagined by strangers from the formidable proportions of the trees. If the tract which it is desired to clear lies in the vicinity of a sawmill or the waters of the Sound and is accessible for logging purposes, the first thing to do, of course, is to take out all the timbers which would do for saw logs. If the timber happens to be up to the average in quality and quantity there is at once available in the stumpage the means to pay a large proportion of the cost of clear- ing, the stumpage being valuable in proportion to its distance from the mill or the shore of the Sound and the expense of moving it. But leaving the aid of the stumpage out of the case, the fir timber may be removed by fire at far less expense than would be suspected by the novice. If the aim is to clear without saying the timber, the necessary operation is a very simple one. The woodman brings into requisition a two-inch auger by means of which he bores two holes in the trunk of the standing tree near the ground, one of which holes is horizontal and the other from a point above the first downward in an oblique direction so as to meet the first, thus forming a continuous passage which serves as a flue. A few hard wood coals are then placed in the hori- zontal bore and these, soon kindling against the resincus walls of the bore, set up a fire which, rapidly increasing, burns its way through the trunk, felling it in a short time. When on the ground, the trunk is disposed of by like means, a set of similar holes being bored and fired every few feet for its entire length. The limbs are then cut off and with the brush in the immediate neighborhood are thrown upon the fires thus made. The stumps of trees that have been cut down are disposed of in like manner. Many trees are so charged with pitch that the single fire used in felling them has continued to burn until the entire trunk has been consumed together with the bark, as far as to the top branches. The pitch contained in the fir timber is the import- ant agent of its ready and comparatively cheap destruction by fire. Hence it is that the cost of clearing the timber from fir land will average only about $100 per acre, at which rate the service can be contracted for. Slashing is done usually in the winter. That is, the small trees and brush are then cut down and the trees felled so that when the dry season arrives the fire will not have the moisture of the sap to contend with and a general burning is accom- plished which saves much labor. The cost of clearing the bottom lands of vine maple, alder, cottonwood and the other light growths common to such lands in this region varies from $40 to $75 per acre. 716 TE EEEFSE NP.BR ID 5) WIN The Coal Bunkers at New Tacoma. Washington Territory. Houses and Cost of Building. 23 HOUSES AND COST OF BUILDING. The number and good quality of the buildings erected during the past year furnish conclusive evidence that there is here a capacity for growth and improvement only to be found in a self supporting community with resources. The cost of building does not differ materially here from the cost of the same class of work in the Eastern States and Mississippi valley. Carpenters wages are $2,50 to $3,00 per day. Brick masons get $5,00 and stone cutters $4,00 per day. Unskilled labor commands $2.00 per day, Rough lumber sells for $10,00 per M feet; flooring for $16,00 to $20.00, according to quality, and finishing lumber for $16,00 to $30,00, the latter price for clear cedar dressed. These are the prices at the mills. If the lumber is to be hauled in the city there will be an additional charge of not more than $1,25 per M for hauling. Brick of fair quality in quanties cost $10 per M. Inferior brick can be had for $8,00 and upwards. The demand for brick during the last summer has been in excess of the supply, which accounts for the high prices named. Very close to Tacoma there is clay of good quality from which ex- cellent brick can be made and, if done on a large scale, at much lower prices than are now paid for a good article. During the coming summer a great many brick buildings will be put up. Stone, of which there is a great abundance and of the best quality, costs $4,50 per yard and dimension stone, 75 cents per cubic foot. The building stone used at Tacoma is quarried at Wilkeson, about 30 miles from Tacoma, and brought to the city by rail. The Wilkeson stone is a beautiful light gray sandstone of great durability. It is largely used for foundations and with the increasing wealth of the in- habitants of Tacoma will be used more extensively for building purposes and docks. This quary of choice building stone is another of the facilities for permanent and substantial improvement possessed by the terminal city and denied to all other towns on Puget Sound. SALE Obat 24 b. Tacoma. Tacoma. RETAIL MARKET PRICES. Bib retail 544 722 5 @ 15 @ per fb... S @ 1 20 18 ... # @ 16 DECEMBER 1ST, 1884. je HARDWARE. It Raisins, Valencias......... 20 Raisins, seedless... 25 Nails H keg, frm 100 to 600 $ 3 75 Corned beef, 2 lb (ans... 40 do dolathing3d fine 700 Baking pd'r, Royal, 16 oz.. 50 do do finishing ..... 4 75 Baking pd'r, Pioneer, 16 oz 50 do 4 @ 6 Candy, stick, per lb....... a 25 Iron, refined bar, 3 lb ... 334@ 7 Candy, mixed, per tb..... 25 17 Iron, Norway, bar tb... Spices, 4 oz cans, assorted. 25 Steel, refined bar, Db.... 16 @ 18 Chicory, per tb.. 15 Horseshoes, fb. 5 .@ Buckets, cedar, painted... 25 @ 40 Hoop iron, tb. Wash tubs, accor'g to size. 25 @ 2 00 Axes, handled. 1 00 @ 1 75 Syrup, per gallon.. 75 @ 1 00 Hatchets..... 50 @ 1 25 Syrup, maple, gallon... 1 00 Door locks P doz.. 4 00 @18 00 Peas, split, per fb. 8 @ 10 Butts, common door doz 1 00 Beans, per ib...... 614 Butts, assorted sizes doz 1 00 @ 200 Pearli barley, tapioca, sago, Strap hinges pair. 75 10 Grindstones fb. 4 Sash weights Ib.. 3 @ 374 O PRODUCE. Shoyels and Spades 75 @ 1 35 Cross-cut saws #foot. 50 @ 1 00 Wheat, per bushel..... Oats, per cwt... 1 50 Hand saws each.... 75 @ 2 50 Screws gross. 15 @ 2 00 Barley, per cwt.. 1 50 Picks and Mattocks each.. 1 00 @ 1 50 Potatoes, per tb... 1 Powder ib...... 25 @ 1 00 Flour per bbl. 4 50 @ 5 50 Shot tb. 10 @ 15 Chickens, per doz. 4 50 @ 5 50 Rope ib...... 15 @ 18 Onions, per Ib.. 11@ 2 50 Cot rope & seine tw'n F Bb 20 Hams, per ib.. 35 @ 25 Axle grease, box.. @ 50 Shoulders per Ib........ 11 @ 12 Lard oil gal.... 14 85 @ 1 50 Bacon, per tb... Eggs, per doz, fresh. 50 @ Belting, 3-in single foot. 60 Belting, 6-in single @ foot. 69 .20 00 @25 00 Hay, per ton... Belting, S-in single B foot. table 93 Chop barley per cwt...... 1 50 Rubber packing pb..... 30 MEAT. GROCERIES. Beef, per lb.. 10 @ 20 Mutton, per fb. 10 16 Eastern lard lb..... 15 @ 20 Pork, per tb. 1212@ 16 California lard per ib... 15 18 Veal, per lb.... 10 @ 18 Cheese per fb.. 16 @ 20 Venison, per fb... 10 @ 15 Butter, per tb... 40 45 Corned beef, per fb. 10 @ 1272 Dried apples per Ib 121%@ 20 Pickled pork, per fb. 15 Dried peaches, per fb. 1272@ 20 Sausage, per tb. 16 @ 20 Soda per lb... 8 @ 10 Bologna, per tb. 16 @ 20 Java coffee per lb. 30 @ 35 Lamb, per tb.... 124@ 16 Costa Rica per tb. 17 @ 20 Rio coffee per fb.. 15 @ 20 HIDES AND SKINS. Tea per tb, best family.... 50 @ 1 00 Crushed sugar per fb.. 14 SALTED. California Csugar per fb. Heavy steer, (over 55), Granulated sugar, per ib. 10 ng @ 8 Salt, per tb.. 1 @ 2 Medium steer, (48@50), Rice, per tb. 8 6 Candles, per box. 2 50 @ 3 50 Light steer, (30@48), per Soap, per box... 65 @ 2 00 Ib.. 522@ 6 Kerosene per case.. 3 00 @ 3 25 Kips.. Arbuckle coffee per ib.... 25 Dairy calf, according to Asrt table fr'ts per 3lb can. 30 quality and weight Asrt pie fr’ts per 3lb can... 17 @ 20 each ... 50 @ 65 Canned vegetables... 17 @ 20 Dry hides, as to quality... 14 Prunes, per tb.... 15 @ 20 Sheep pelts, as to quality. 15 @ 1 00 Currants, per tb..... 12 Tallow... 7 33 0 0 1 75 r 1b...... . . . . . 872 per tb.. per ib. 25 @ • • • • 12 @. Municipal Government. 25 Farm produce of every kind sells readily at good prices; the increase of consumers is more rapid than the increase of production, so that for years to come prices will keep up. Farming is profitable. Of all the articles of farm produce the supply has never in the history of Western Washington been in excess of the demand and until the influx of people from the oider States and from Europe ceases--and this will not probably occur for many years to come—the demand will continue to keep pace with the supply, insuring prices which afford large profits to the farmer. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. The city is governed by a Mayor and Common Council consisting of nine members, three from each of the three wards, together with such other minor officers as are common to municipal governments, including a clerk, a city attorney, assessor, collector, treasurer, street commissioner, two committing magistrates and a marshal, who has supervision of the police. The marshal is elected by the people at large, and the other minor officers, except the trea- surer, are chosen by the council. The treasurer of the county is by the char- ter constituted the treasurer of the city. The aunual municipal election is held on the first Monday of May of each and every year. Tacoma is one of the most orderly communities on the Pacific coast. It is well governed and life and property are under good protection. Crime is of such rare occur- rence and there are so few arrests for petty offences that the business of the committing magistrate has not yet grown to be lucrative. For the purpose of supporting this government and for the repairs of streets and for other public demands the charter confers power: 1. “To levy and collect taxes for general municipal purposes, not to exceed one-half of one per centum per anuum upon all property, both real and personal, within the city, which is by law taxable for Territorial and County purposes, upon the valuation shown by the annual assessment made by Pierce County; and to levy and collect special taxes upon the same asses- sed valuation as hereinafter provided. But all taxes for general and special municipal purposes, exclusive of claims against property owners for improve- ments as hereinafter provided, shall not exceed, in any one year, one and a half per centum of the property assessed.” The County tax proper is 6 mills on the dollar; school tax 6 mills; road tax 1; and road and bridge 1%; Territory 24. The finances of the city are in good condition. CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS. 99 The interests of religion and education are more forward in the extreme West than is usually supposed in the East to be the case. On these points Tacoma is second to no community in the Northwest. We have churches well attended of nearly all denominations. In respect to cost and beauty of 26 Juss Tacoma. Tacoma. structure the Episcopal, called the St. Luke's Memorial, church is in the lead. The walls of this splendid building are of solid stone masonry of the beautiful gray sandstone of the Wilkeson quarry. It was built by Mr. Charles B. Wright, (who has taken such a distinguished part in the affairs of the Northern Pacific Railroad as a President and one of the foremost stock- holders of the company), in memory of a deceased daughter and at a cost of $30,000. It is a beautiful specimen of gothic architecture, occupies a commanding position on C street near the brow of the hill and stands promi- nently in view from the bay and the valley, as well as from many parts of the city. The Presbyterians, Methodists, German Methodists, Scandinavian Methodists, Catholics, Congregationalists, Baptists, Scandinavian Baptists, and Swedish Lutherans, have commodious and good church buildings. A list of the churches with their pastors may be found in the latter part of this book. There is as large a population of earnest Christians in Tacoma as will be found in any community on the Pacific coast. While society does not here revolve so exclusively in church orders as in some Eastern towns, there is yet in each communion a little social world which new comers of even moderate religious inclinations naturally enter. Members of church do not long remain strangers. Considering the popu- lation of Tacoma the educational facilities of the city are not surpassed any- where. There is a large public school building centrally located and built at a cost of $25,000, which for strength and beauty as well as for convenience in the arrangement of its apartments, and indeed as to all of its appointments, is equal to the best school building in the city of San Francisco. In addition to the facilities afforded by the public schools, we have those of another important and attractive educational institution, namely: the Annie Wright Seminary, for girls, endowed by and named after the daughter of Mr. Wright, the same gentleman to whom we owe the splendid stone church mentioned. This seminary is conducted under the auspices of the Epis- copal church, the Bishop of which for the jurisdiction of Washington Terri- tory, the Right Reverend John A. Paddock, has his residence in Tacoma. It is under the immediate charge of Mrs. L. H. Wells, Principal, and the Chaplain officiating is the Rev. L. H. Wells, Rector of St. Luke's Memorial Church. The building which is represented herein by a lithographic view, cost $30,000. It has been endowed by Mr. Charles B. Wright in the sum of $50.000. Preparations are under way for the immediate erection of an institution of like design and architecture for boys, in behalf of which there is a promised endowment of $50,000 from the same source. Leading citi- zens of Tacoma have shown their appreciation of educational facilities, as well as their enterprise and public spiritedness by contributing toward the cost of the building the sum of $12,500. Each of these institutions owns several blocks of the most valuable land in the residence portion of the city which were given by the Tacoma Land Company. arab TIETIESE GIRLS. 130 TOUTLEIE 11 11 MART Central School. Columbia river, and on 4,214 miles up the Columbia Il mounta;. allula Junction, a town on the Hotels. 27 HOTELS. In pursuance of the policy of enhancing the value of their large proper- ty, hereby forwarding the interests of the city in all legitimate ways, the Tacoma Land Company has erected and elaborately furnished in Tacoma a large stone and brick hotel at a cost of about $200,000. This hotel, fashioned after the famous Hotel del Monte built by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Monterey, California, is a finer hotel building than any other now to be found on the Pacific coast north of San Francisco. Pacific coast north of San Francisco. It is five stories in height, and is situated on the cliff in such a position as to overlook the water front of the city for nearly its entire length and to command from its eastern front a view of unparalleled beauty and grandeur. It was opened for the reception of visitors about July 1st, 1884. Situated at an elevation of one hundred feet above the waters of Commencement Bay, commanding a charming view of the Sound, the Puyallup river and valley, of Mt. Tacoma, and of the snow capped Cascade range, within sight of the best fishing and hunting grounds of the Northwest, thoroughly equipped with every modern improvement including electric bells, gas, baths, hy- draulic elevator, steam heat, and an unsurpassed water and sewerage system, it is beyond doubt the most enjoyable summer resort of the North Pacific Coast. A cuisine of peculiar excellence, large well ventilated rooms, and furniture of the latest and best design, insure the visitor every comfort any Eastern hotel of the first rank, can offer. Tourists and business men en route to or from the Sound ports will find this hotel a delightful stopping place. There are at present ten hotels open to the public in Tacoma but they are found barely sufficient at times to accommodate the increasing number of travelers and emigrants. The charges at the hotels are reasonable and range from $1.50 to $3.00 per day. At the restaurants good meals can be had for 25 to 50 cents. Regular table boarding costs $4.50 to $6.00 per week. THE CASCADE DIVISION. In reference to this, one of the most important Divisions of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and the effect of its completion and operation on the growth of Tacoma, the Daily Ledger of that city, in a recent editorial, says: At present Tacoma has railroad connection with the country east of the Cascade mountains only via Portland. The Northern Pacific railroad runs from Tacoma to Portland, a distance of 145 miles, where it connects with the Oregon Railway and Navigation company's road, running from Portland, a distance of of Cascade The Cascade division of the Northern Pacific railroad extends from Ainsworth, a point about twelve miles above Wallula Junction, directly across the Cascade mountains to Tacoma. From Ainsworth this division is already in operation westward as far as North Yakima, a distance of 91 miles, and a large force of men is at work building the road up into the mountains and towards Tacoma. From Tacoma eastward this division is in operation for a distance of 25 miles to South Prairie, and 25 miles more east of South Prairie are nearly ready for the iron. The entire distance from Tacoma to Ainsworth via the Cascade division is 252 miles. Of this, 116 miles are in operation and 25 miles more nearly completed, leaving 111 miles yet to build. Upon these 111 miles a large force of men is now at work on both ends. The railroad company is crowding the work and expects to have it completed early in 1886. The completion of these 142 miles of the Cascade division will give the Northern Pacific railroad company a through line of railroad from Duluth and Ashland, on Lake Superior, and 28 Tacoma. Minneapolis and St. Paul, on the Mississippi river, to Tacoma, its Pacific terminus. Hitherto, everything from the east by rail destined for the northwest country, has passed through San Fran- cisco, California, or Portland, Oregon. Notwithstanding this fact, and others to be mentioned, Tacoma has grown from a hamlet of 200 souls in 1873 to a city of 6000 inhabitants in 1884, and now, in 1885, it contains a population of no less than 8000. In addition to its having been overshadowed by San Francisco and Portland, Tacoma has in the past had to compete with well-established local rivals older than itself farther north on Puget Sound, points first touched by steamers coming from San Francisco with cargoes for distribution among the people of Western Washington. Naturally these points became distributing points for the contiguous territory and formidable rivals to Tacoma. Upon the pretended completion of the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad in 1883, whereby Tacoma obtained for the first time railroad communication with the Mississippi valley and Eastern states, this rivalry ceased to be formidable, for the reason that since that event the great bulk of goods received in this territory from the East has come over the N. P. R. R. via Portland instead of coming over the C. P. R. R. via San Francisco as formerly. This change has. given Portland still greater advantages than she possessed before, but, at the same time, has been of advantage to Tacoma, by causing all freight for points further north to come to Tacoma for distribution. Upon the completion of the Cascade division, early next year, Tacoma will become independ- ent of, and Superior to, Portland as a commercial center, as she has already outranked all other places on the Pacific coast north of San Francisco. To understand the situation, and to appreciate the immense advantage Tacoma will then have over the last of her rivals, it is only necessary to call attention to a few geographical facts. Portland depends for her support chiefly, first, on the business done in supplying the country north of the Columbia river with eastern manufactured goods, secondly, on buying, selling and shipping wheat. The great bulk of her eastern supplies comes over the Northern Pacific railroad to Ainsworth; from Ainsworth h to Tacoma, via Portland, along two sides of a triangle, is 371 miles; from Ains- worth to Tacoma, via the rapidly building Cascade division, along the third side of the triangle, is 252 miles. Freight from all eastern points will soon be brought to Tacoma as quickly and as cheaply as to Portland, and when here will be in the heart of the country to be supplied, instead of 145 miles away. Moreover, , this Cascade division penetrates the great Înland Empire of Eastern Washington, the largest body of wheat growing land on the Pacific coast, and taps the very source of Portland's present wheat supply. Will such of this wheat as is destined to reach consumers by a voyage on the Pacific ocean go to Portland for shipment, where each vessel's cargo must con- tribute $3,000 or $4,000 to pilots, tugs and lighters- not to say anything about exorbitant rates of insurance or delay in getting in and out of the Columbia river, over the bar- or will it come to Tacoma, to be loaded from the cars on to deep water ships, and go on its way rejoicing? The question has already been answered by the fact that shipments of wheat have been made from Tacoma; wheat that had to come to, through and 145 miles past Portland. If it has been found profitable to haul wheat out of Portland warehouses 145 miles to Tacoma by rail for ocean ship- ment, how much more so shall it prove to load ressels here, when the wheat can be laid down at Tacoma as cheaply as at Portland ? Not only must the bulk of Portland's wheat shipping trade be transferred to Tacoma, but the surplus product of the new country now being opened up to settlement and improvement by the construction of the Cascade division will also be exported from here. This new country is as large and as productive as the entire grain growing region hitherto tributary to Portland, and even without the inevitable taking away from Portland, Tacoma in one year will be the shipping point for a grain producing region as large as that which has made Portland a city of 30,000 inhabitants. When the surplus products of this Inland Empire shall be shipped from the wharves of Tacoma, the money paid for it will change hands here; the banks will be here; the interior mer- chants and whea: buyers, who have made advances to wheat growers, will gather here every fall and winter, to sell their grain, get their money and buy supplies for the next year. In a word, Tacoma will be the money center and commercial metropolis of the northwest. This great end the completion of the Cascade division will promote. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Tacoma does not lack for news. There are two daily newspapers published here. THE LEDGER, is an eight-page, forty-eight column morning paper pub- lishing the full report of the Associated Press despatches, The WEEKLY LEDGER is a twelve-page, seventy-two column paper, and circulates extensively throughout the county and territory. Typographically and as purveyors of news, the DAILY and WEEKLY LEDGER are not surpassed on the Pacific Coast. The other daily, THE NEws, is a four page paper of five columns to the page without the Press despatches and published in the evening. Its Weekly is a creditable four-page paper. A commodious Opera Hall has been provided by the enterprise of citi- How to Reach Tacoma. 29 zens where may be witnessed the entertainments given by traveling theatrical companies. Tacoma is the county seat of Pierce county and here are located the Court House which is a fine structure, and the Jail, both of them being well adapted to the purposes for which they were built. Tacoma has two banks one being the Tacoma National Bank, whereof General J. W. Sprague, who has for many years and until recently filled the office of General Superintendent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, is Presi- dent, and the Merchants' National Bank of which Mr. W. J. Thompson is President. HOW TO REACH TACOMA. Daily trains run through between St. Paul and Tacoma, bringing this city into direct railroad communication with the Mississippi valley and the Eastern States. It requires four days to make the trip between the two points. Following are the PASSENGER RATES. 1st class. 2d class. Emigrant. New York to Tacoma, . $131.75 $114.50 $72.50 Chicago to Tacoma. 108.50 88.50 55.50 St. Paul to Tacoma.. 100.00 80.00 50.00 For full particulars apply to CHARLES S. FEE, General Passenger Agent, N. P. R. R. St. Paul, Minnesota. FREIGHT RATES. Emigrant moveables in car load lots, $1.40 per hundred weight. For full particulars apply to J. M. HANNAFORD, General Freight Agent, N. P. R. R. St. Paul, Minnesota. From San Francisco passengers can come to Tacoma all the way by ocean steamer direct to the Sound for $20 cabin fare and $10 in the steerage; or they may come via the Columbia river by steamer to Portland and thence to Tacoma by rail for $27, cabin passage, or $17 in the steerage. The time requir- ed to make the trip is the same by both ways, namely, 4 days. Steamers run regularly to Alaska, all ports in British Columbia and towns on Puget Sound. While the Puget Sound country in its present comparatively undevelop ed state is believed to be one of the best regions of the world for the poor man, it is by no means prudent for emigrants to come here without sufficient means to tide them over until such time as they can establish themselves in a way to earn money. The man who desires to engage in farming by taking a piece of government land should not arrive here penniless. It were better to remain longer at his old home so as to accumulate a good sum ahead over and above what will be needed for the expenses of the trip. And the like advice is applicable to all kinds of pursuits, down even to the common labor- 30 Тасота. ОНА er. There are more chances in Western Washington for the profitable use of capital, great and small, than in any other country of similar area on the con- tinent. HOW TO OBTAIN GOVERNMENT LAND. PRE-EMPTION.--Heads of families, widows or single persons (male or female) over the age of twenty-one years, citizens of the United States, or who have declared their intention to become such, under the naturalization laws, may enter upon any “offered" or "unoffered" lands, or any unsurveyed lands to which the Indian title has been extinguished, and purchase not exceeding 160 acres under pre-emption laws. A fee of $3 is required within thirty days after making settle- ment, and within one year, actual residence and cultivation of the tract must be shown, whereupon the pre-emptor is entitled to purchase the same at $1.25 per acre, if outside of railroad land limits, and at $2.50 per acre if within railroad land limits. A pre-emptor may submit proofs of residence at any time after six months, and obtain title to his land. At any time before expiration of time allowed for proof and payment, the settler may convert his pre-emption claim into a homestead. No person who abandons his residence upon land of his own to reside upon public lands in the same State or Territory, or who owns 320 acres of land in the same State or Territory, is entitled to the benefits of the pre-emption laws. The latter provision does not apply to a house and lot in town. HOMESTEAD.-Any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or has filed his declaration of intention to become such, is entitled to enter one quarter section, or less quantity of unappropriated public land, under the homestead laws. The applicant must make affidavit that he is entitled to the privileges of the Home- stead Act, and that the entry is made for his exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settlement and cultivation, and must pay the legal fee and that part of the commissions required as follows: Fee for 160 acres, $10; commission, $6. Fee for 80 acres, $5; commission, $4. Within six months the homesteader must take up his residence upon the land, and reside thereupon, and cultivate the same for five years continuously. At the expiration of this period, or within two years thereafter, proof of residence and cultivation must be established by four witnesses. The proof of settlement and certificate of the Register of the land office is for- warded to the General Land office at Washington, from which a patent is issued. Final proof cannot be made until the expiration of five years from date of entry, and must be made within seven years. The government recognizes no sale of a homestead claim. A settler may prove his residence at any time after six months, and pur hase the land under the pre-emption laws if desired. The law allows but one homestead privilege to any one person. SOLDIERS' HOMESTEAD.—Every person who served not less than ninety days in the army of the United States during “the recent rebellion,” who was honorably discharged and has remained loyal to the government, may enter a homestead, and the time of his service shall be deducted from the period of five years, pro- AAVAL M UC T2 VI MIC HUIS Juy) z TTTTTU "Annie Wright” Seminary. Appendix. 31 vided that the party shall reside upon and cultivate his homestead at least one year after he commences improvements. The widow of a soldier, or if she be dead or is married again, the minor heirs (if any) may, through their guardian, make a homestead entry, and if the soldier died in the service, the whole term of his enlistment will be credited upon the terms of required residence. Soldiers and sailors, as above, may file a homestead declaratory statement for 160 acres of land through an agent, after which they have six months to file their homestead. This latter entry must be made in person. TIMBER CLAIM.-One hundred and sixty acres of timber land may be taken by heads of families, widows or single persons over the age of twenty-one years. Declaration of entry must be made at a U. S. Land Office, setting forth that the land desired is timber land and unfit for cultivation, and fully described. Such declaration must be advertised at least once a week for sixty days in a newspaper published in the county in which it is located, at the end of which time, if there be no contest of prior claimants, the land may be had by the payment of $2.50 per acre, proof being furnished by two competent witnesse as to the quality of the land, etc. At the end of ninety days the claim is forfeited to the government if the land is not paid for. Government land of good quality may be obtained at a distance of ten miles from Tacoma, and there are scattered here and there a few tracts still unoccupied and subject to entry under the preemption and homestead laws, as near as eight miles from the city. APPENDIX. GAS AND WATER. Tacoma enjoys not only every natural advantage of convenient location, rich tributary agri- cultural land of great extent, and beautiful surroundings, but has been also well provided with those conveniences which every growing city demands and which in turn promote still further growth and development, viž, transportation facilities, gas, and an unfailing supply of pure water. Her means of communication with the rest of the world by land and water are treated of elsewhere. It is of gas and water that we now speak briefly. Gas works of the most permanent and substantial sort were constructed here at heavy cost during the year 1884 by the Tacoma Light and Water Company. These works are situated in the southern part of the city, the gasholder having a capacity of 55,500 cubic feet. The buildings, except the coal shed, are all of brick and are built on a foundation of natural cement. The grounds surrounding the gas works are beauti- fully sodded and adorned with flower beds. The coal from which the gas is made is mined at South Prairie, 25 miles east of Tacoma, on the Cascade division of the Northern Pacific railroad, and is of the most superior quality for gas making purposes, producing gas which for purity and brilliancy is not excelled anywhere else in the United States. These works are capable of produc- ing 50,000 cubic feet of gas every twenty-four hours which would be sufficient to supply a city of 25,000 inhabitants. The works were built with especial reference to their probable enlargement at an early day and their capacity can be doubled at comparatively light expense. Every city can have gas, and nearly every one of consequence does have it, but not every place of the size of Tacoma is provided with such an abundant and unfailing supply of pure water as we have here. The source of our water supply is Spanaway Lake and Clover Creek whose waters fed by springs, unite about ten miles south of Tacoma from where they are conducted to the reservoir for distribution. The reservoir is 250 feet above tide water and is situated in the southern part of the city between two deep canyons which, uniting just below the reservoir, make one still longer ravine leading to the head of the bay. The water system is divided into a high service and low service. The low service is fed directly from the reservoir and has an altitude above that part of the city supplied by it of from. 50 to 200 feet; the highest part of Pacific Avenue is 140 feet lower than the reservoir, so that without fire engines water can be thrown over the highest buildings. The high service is also supplied from the reservoir, but the water is forced into the mains by two Holly pumps run by water power furnished by two creeks in the canons above mentioned The high and low service are entirely distinct but can be made one almost instantaneously by the opening and closing of a few gates; when this is done the pressure on the lower levels is of course very great and sufficient to force several large streams of water over the highest buildings. The reservoir, which has a capacity of nearly 2,000,000 gallons, receives daily from the source of supply 3,000,000 gallons of wa er. Nearly 12 miles of 6,10 and 12 inch iron water mains have been laid along the principal streets and more than 25 miles of gas mains. 32 Tacoma. 66 Following are the Religious organizations of Tacoma: St. Luke's Episcopal Church Rector--Rev. L. H. Wells. St. Peter's Rector-Rev. D. H. Lovejoy. Methodist Pastor-Rev. J. A. Word. Mission Pastor--Rev. J. F. DeVore. German Methodist Episcopal Church Pastor--Rev J.C. Sin Clair. Scandinavian Methodist Church Pastor--Rev. Chas. J. Larson First Presbyterian Church Temporarily supplied, Rev. J. R. Thompson Roman Catholic Church Pastor--Rev. Father Hylebos. First Congregational Church Pastor-Rev. E C. Oakley, First Baptist Church Pastor-Rev. B. S. MacLafferty. Scandinavian Baptist Church Pastor-- Rev. Knut Nelson Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church Pastor-Rev. A. Anderson. Scandinavian Free Church Pastor- German Lutheran Church Pastor-Rev. F. N. Wolf. (The last two organizations have no church edifice as yet.) Young Men's Christian Association President-T. L. Nixon, The coal output from mines in Pierce County tributary to Tacoma, for 1884, amounted to 193.389 tons, value, $773,556. Amount of money spent on streets in Tacoma, 1881-grading, clearing, opening etc.-$14,211.07. Number of transfers of real estate in Pierce County, recorded in the year 1884 was 922; con- sideration $1,027,911; average consideration $999. Following was spent in improvements, buildings, etc.--Gas and water works, $200,000; brick buildings, $156,000; other buildings, $300,035; total $656,035. Average temperature for the year 1884, 49.4°; highest temperature, Aug. 3 89°; lowest temper- ature, Feb. 12, 2°. Rainfall for the year 1884- Month. No. days when rain fell. Inches. January. ..4.93 February .13 -6.72 March. .10 .1.27 April... 13. .4.73 May. 7 .85 June. 13. .2.81 July. 6. ..90 August. 6. ..1.29 September 12. ..3 21 October... .16. .6.73 November. 12 .1.84 December. .17 .4.88 .16..... 141 40.16 Which shows an average for each day when rain fell of 28-100 of an inch. During less than 50 per cent. of the above 141 days did rain fall continuously. On many days merely a shower of an hour's duration occured. Mount Tacoma, 50 miles away, was visible from the city on 242 days out of the year. Average attendance at public schools, 495. Value of public school property in Tacoma school district, $30,000. School expenses for 1884, $9,930.16. Assessed value of City property for 1884.. $2,635,178 Assessed value of Pierce county property for 1884 3,084,197 The valuation is based on an assessment at %s of the actual value of the property. Tacoma Mill Co. cut during 1884, 50,000,000 feet of lumber and 10,000,000 laths; and 72 cargoes of lumber left their wharves, 24 of which went to Foreign ports-China, Japan, Australia, Sand- wich Islands, etc. The Mill Company's pay roll for 1884 was $175,000. Value of Exports from the Puget Sound district for 1884- In American Vessels.. .$1,415,638 In Foreign Vessels.... 243,498 $1,659,136 Total business houses, offices and professional men in Tacoma, 336. Among them are: 5 saw mills, 2 shingle mills, 3 planing, sash and door factories, 1 flour mill, 1 furniture factury, 1 tub and pail factory, 1 fish cannery, 2 foundries, 5 blacksmiths, 3 brick yards, 1 railroad car shop, 2 machine shops, 2 wheelwrights, 4 boat builders, 3 wholesale groceries, 13 retail groceries, 7 dry good stores, 4 clothing and gent's furnishing goods, 1 undertaker. THE TACOMA LAND COMPANY -OFFERS FOR SALE- Desirable Residence and Business Property IN TACOMA, AT REASONABLE PRICES AND ON EASY TERMS. Special inducements given for the location of MANUFACTORIES. : Full information will be furnished upon application, in person or by letter, to ISAAC W. ANDERSON, GENERAL MANAGER. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 240 j DATE DUE 93.94 JUL 31 1992 JUL 02: 1- NOV 27 1092 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 01864 0774 DO NOT REMOVE OR MUTILATE CARD