INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 2 HE 7260 455 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste ANTHRACO-SILICOSIS (Miners' Asthma in Anthracite Mines) ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF OF LABOR ISSUED BY UV 22 1935 AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Anthraco-silicosis (miners' asthma) is a chronic disease of the lungs in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by scar tissue caused by breathing excessive amounts of coal dust. Where Contracted Anthraco-silicosis is contracted in hard-coal-mining operations. The most hazardous operations are: Chamber mining Pitch mining Hand loading Rock drilling Rock-working operations Dry-slate pickers Car operating How It Occurs Anthraco-silicosis is caused by breathing very small particles of hard-coal dust. The particles too small to be seen are the most dangerous. They lodge in lung tissues and through irritation cause the normal lung tissue to be replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. The chance of getting anthraco-silicosis depends upon: 1. The amount of silica in the dust. 2. How long the worker has been exposed to the dust. 3. The smallness of the dust particle. 4. The concentration of the dust; that is, the number of particles in a cubic foot of air. Although anthracite coal dust is probably the more hazardous, all coal dust is hazardous, and workers should be protected breathing excessive against amounts. 19314°-35 (2) Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of anthraco-silicosis are shortness of breath, cough, pain in chest, decreased chest expansion, increased susceptibility to lung infection, and general- ized lung changes shown only by an X-ray examination. No one symptom is sufficient to prove a case of anthraco-silicosis and no case is established without an X-ray examination. What To Do About It If a worker suspects that he has anthraco-silicosis, he should immediately report to a doctor. Cases should be reported to the State Labor Department in order that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. The prevention of anthraco-silicosis lies entirely in keeping the dust from getting into the air. 2. Control dust at point of origin, by use of local exhaust systems or wet methods, or a combination of both. 3. Provide adequate general ventilation of all work places to eliminate stagnant air and to reduce the dust concentration, which should not exceed 50,000,000 particles of any dust or 5,000,000 particles of pure silica (under 10 microns in size) per cubic foot of air. 4. Wet the roadbeds of haulageways to prevent the rising of dust. 5. Provide mechanical loading devices together with liberal use of water. Provide respirators only for limited exposures. (3) 6. Blast only at the end or after the working shift, and allow sufficient time for dust to settle before the next shift goes on. 7. Make frequent dust surveys and analyses to determine the exact dust hazard. Do not take chances with the health of your workers. 8. Have medical examinations, with lung X-rays, of your employees at intervals not exceeding 1 year. Remember that most workers with simple an- thraco-silicosis may safely continue at work if the dust hazard is removed. FOR WORKERS 1. If your employer does not provide medical examinations (with lung X-rays), have it done your- self before working in a mine, and thereafter at least once a year. 2. Take care of your health, and particularly do not neglect colds. 3. Use the protective methods and devices supplied by your employer. com- This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data from special anthracite dust studies. When further studies are pleted, another booklet will be issued with special reference to the bituminous-coal-dust hazard. For further information or advice as to preven- tion of Anthraco-Silicosis, write to the Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) о } INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 2 1264 ic Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste MAI 12 1936 ANTHRACO-SILICOSIS (Miners' Asthma in Anthracite Mines) ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED OF ID STATES or LABOR AMERICA ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1936 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Anthraco-silicosis (miners' asthma) is a chronic disease of the lungs in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by scar tissue caused by breathing excessive amounts of coal dust. Where Contracted Anthraco-silicosis is contracted in hard-coal-mining operations. The most hazardous are: Chamber mining Rock-working operations Dry-slate pickers Car operating Pitch mining Hand loading Rock drilling How It Occurs Anthraco-silicosis is caused by breathing very small particles of hard-coal dust. The particles too small to be seen are the most dangerous. They lodge in lung tissues and cause the normal lung tissue to be replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. The chance of getting anthraco-silicosis depends upon: 1. The amount of silica in the dust. 2. How long the worker has been exposed to the dust. 3. The size of the dust particle. 4. The concentration of the dust; that is, the number of particles in a cubic foot of air. Although anthracite coal dust is probably the more injurious, any coal dust may be harmful, and workers should be protected against breathing excessive amounts. (2) DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STATES OF A Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of anthraco-silicosis are shortness of breath, cough, pain in chest, decreased chest expansion, increased susceptibility to lung infection, and general- ized lung changes best shown by an X-ray examination. No one symptom is sufficient to prove a case of anthraco-silicosis and no case is established without an X-ray examination. What to Do About It If a worker suspects that he has anthraco-silicosis, he should immediately report to a doctor. Cases should be reported to the State Labor Department in order that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. The prevention of anthraco-silicosis lies entirely in keeping the dust from getting into the air. 2. Control dust at point of origin by use of local exhaust systems or wet methods, or a combination of both. 3. Provide adequate general ventilation of all work places to eliminate stagnant air and to reduce the dust concentration, which should not exceed 50,000,000 particles of any dust or 5,000,000 particles of free silica (under 10 microns in size) per cubic foot of air. 4. Wet the roadbeds of haulageways to prevent the rising of dust. 5. Provide mechanical loading devices together with liberal use of water. Provide respirators only for limited exposures. 56909°-36 (3) 6. Blast only at the end or after the working shift and allow sufficient time for dust to settle before the next shift goes on. 7. Make frequent dust surveys and analyses to determine the exact dust hazard. Do not take chances with the health of your workers. FOR WORKERS 1. Take care of your health, and particularly do not neglect colds. For your own protection and the protection of your fellow workers, you should not work where you may be exposed to silica dust if you have or have had tuberculosis of the lungs. Remember that most workers with simple silicosis who have no infection of the lungs may safely continue at work if the dust hazard is controlled. 2. Use the protective methods and devices supplied by your employer. JA This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data from special anthracite dust studies. When further studies are completed another booklet will be issued with special refer- ence to the bituminous-coal-dust hazard. For further information or advice as to prevention of anthraco-silicosis, write to the Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. о (4) INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 3 HD 7260 455 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste ARSENIC POISONING ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF or LABOR AMERICA ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. O. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1935 15 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Industrial arsenic poisoning occurs as a skin irrita- tion or as a system poisoning. Where It Is Found Workers most likely to be exposed to arsenic are: Acid dippers Galvanizers Arsenic roasters Artificial flower makers Artificial silk makers Balloon (hydrogen) workers Bronzers Chemical workers Color makers Curriers (tannery) Cut glass workers Dye makers Electroplaters Enamel makers Felt hat makers Fertilizer makers Firework makers Fur handlers Glass mixers Glaze mixers Gold refiners Insecticide makers Lacquer makers Lead smelters Metal refiners Paint makers Paris-green makers Picklers Pitch makers Rubber mixers Sheep-dip makers Sulphuric acid workers. Tinners Tree sprayers Wood preservers How It Occurs Arsenic poisoning in the form of skin irritation occurs chiefly from breathing, or contact with, dust of arsenic compounds. It attacks the skin and lining of the mouth, (mucous membrane), throat, and nose. The breathing of arsenic in the gaseous form, arsine, poisons the system. It attacks the blood, blood- forming organs, and nervous system. Some of the more dangerous arsenic compounds are lead arsenate, used as a tree spray; paris green, used in 19315°-35 (2) insecticides; arsenic oxide, as a preservative of hides, skins, and furs; and arsenic sulphide, as a hair remover in tanneries. Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of poisoning by arsenic and its com- pounds are skin ulceration; loss of nails and hair; inflammation of the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs; brown discoloring of the skin; perforation of the bone- like part of the nose; muscular weakness; paralysis; and diarrhea. Arsine poisoning is usually acute; its symptoms occurring generally a few hours after breathing the gas. These symptoms are weakness, severe severe headache, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, anemia, shivering and chills, and stomach disorders. What To Do About It Workers exposed to arsenic compounds who suspect arsenic poisoning should immediately report to a doctor. Cases of arsenic poisoning should be reported to the State Labor Department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. Provide exhaust ventilation to remove arsenic dust, fumes, and gases at the point of origin. 2. See that all workrooms are well supplied with fresh air. 3. Segregate arsenic processes whenever practicable. 4. Provide gloves, respirators, and other protective equipment in a clean, efficient condition. Use respi- (3) rators only for limited exposures. Where exhaust ventilation is impracticable, provide positive pressure helmets. 5. Supply individual towels, showers, hot and cold water, separate lockers, and separate lunchrooms, and require their use. 6. Floors, walls, and benches should be vacuum cleaned, or wet cleaned and swept, at least daily, and preferably outside of working hours. 7. Have the air of workrooms tested periodically for arsenic. 8. Provide periodic medical examinations on workers exposed to arsenic. Affected workers who are not disabled should be transferred to other work. FOR WORKERS 1. If possible, have a medical examination before working in arsenic processes, and yearly thereafter. 2. Wash your face and hands well, before eating and after work. Don't eat in workrooms. 3. Take a shower after work, if showers are provided. 4. Keep street and work clothes separate. 5. Use the protective equipment supplied, and don't interchange it. 6. After illness from arsenic, return to work only on doctor's orders. This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to prevention of arsenic poisoning, write to the Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) о INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 4 НД 7260 ust Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION זא DEPARTME UNITED STATES OF or LABOR ISSUED BY AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. W2 1935 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Carbon monoxide poisoning is a condition, usually acute, due to breathing that gas, which combines with the red coloring matter in the blood (haemoglobin) and prevents the carrying of oxygen to the tissues. Where It Is Found Carbon monoxide gas is found frequently in industry. Workers most likely to be exposed to carbon monoxide are: Acetylene torch workers Bakers Blast-furnace men Blasters Blockers (felt hats) Brick burners Carbide makers Charcoal burners Chargers (foundries) Coal-tar workers Core makers Drying-room workers Flue cleaners Foundry workers Garage mechanics Gas workers Kiln tenders Lime burners Linotypers Methane (synthetic) makers Miners Monotypers Patent-leather makers Puddlers Phosgene makers Refiners (metal) Sewer workers Steel and iron workers Stokers Smelters Wood-alcohol distillers How It Occurs Carbon monoxide poisoning may result from breath- ing air containing more than 0.01 percent of this gas. The severity of the poisoning depends upon the amount of carbon monoxide in the air, length of time exposed, and degree of exertion. The danger is all the greater because the gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and nonirritating. It gives no warning sign of its presence, 19316°-35 (2) and a victim may suddenly collapse without previous symptoms. But in the milder acute cases there are usually definite warnings. Signs and Symptoms Commonly, in mildly acute cases, there will be headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, or confusion. Severely acute poisoning is indicated by partial or com- plete unconsciousness, convulsions, severe head pains, irregular breathing, pallor, muscular pains, loss of reflexes. Death may result. What To Do About It When a worker feels any effect of the gas he should quickly reach fresh air and rest until the symptoms pass. When a victim has collapsed from carbon monoxide poisoning, remove him to fresh air and apply prone pressure method of artificial respiration. Send for a doctor, and in the meantime keep the body warm, as pneumonia easily develops. Cases should be reported to State Labor Department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. See that all workrooms are well supplied with fresh air. 2. Provide exhaust ventilation to remove carbon monoxide at point of origin, when possible. 3. Keep appliances and equipment in good order and carefully adjust flame, burners, and drafts to reduce formation of gas. (3) 4. In garage operations, install an effective ventilat- ing system for the workroom, or provide means to remove gas direct from exhaust pipe of the car. 5. Provide gas masks or oxygen-breathing apparatus for emergency use and where positive exhaust methods are impracticable. 6. Maintain a first-aid department and instruct employees as to methods of artificial respiration. 7. Have the air in workrooms tested periodically for carbon monoxide. Remember that as little as 1 part of gas to 10,000 parts of air may be dangerous for con- tinuous exposure and the hazard greatly increases when more than 0.04 percent of gas is present. FOR WORKERS 1. If possible, have a medical examination before undertaking work where there is a known hazard of carbon monoxide. Persons with anemia or any chronic disease should not do work with gas exposure. 2. If you feel any symptoms of carbon monoxide, get quickly to fresh air and rest until completely re- covered. 3. After illness due to acute poisoning, do not return to work except on the doctor's orders. a This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning, write to the Division of Labor Stand- ards, United States Department of Labor, Wash- ington, D. C. (4) о INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 5 HE 7260 455 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste CHROMIUM POISONING ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED OF STATES 10 LABOR of AMERICA ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Industrial chromium poisoning is a chronic disease affecting the skin and the upper respiratory passages (breathing system) resulting in irritation or ulceration of the skin and the lining of the nose and throat. Where It Is Found Chromic acid and its compounds are used a great deal throughout industry. Workers likely to be exposed to chromium are: Aniline compound workers Artificial flower makers Bleachers Blue printers (cyanotype) Calico printers Chrome workers Chromium platers Color makers Crayon makers Dye makers Wallpaper printers Dyers Enamel makers Glass colorers Glass workers (pottery) Ink makers Linoleum makers Lithographers Mixers (rubber) Mordanters Wood colorers and hard- eners Paint makers Pencil (colored) workers Photoengravers Photographic workers Steel (chrome) workers Tannery (chrome) workers How It Occurs Chromic acid and its compounds have a caustic action on the skin and mucous membranes. This caustic action may start from a crack or abrasion in the skin being in contact with the dust, liquid, or vapor of these compounds. Once the caustic action has begun, it may penetrate deeper and deeper. The erosion (eat- ing away) takes place slowly, and those affected may be unaware of any injury. The condition brought about is usually not painful. Chromic acid or its compounds very rarely poison the system. 19317°-35 (2) Signs and Symptoms The most frequently affected parts are the knuckles, hands, arms, and the septum of the nose. The symp- toms of this occupational disease are: 1. Dermatitis (skin inflammation). This is an eczema-like condition which may show as an inflammation, blisters, or pimples. 2. Ulcers (chrome holes). These may vary in size from a pinhead to about one-half inch, and may be on the skin or in the nose. What To Do About It When a worker has any of the symptoms of chrome poisoning, he should immediately obtain medical aid and should not return to work until the sores have healed and a doctor has given his consent. Cases should be reported to the State Labor Department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. Reduce contact of chromium with the skin, wherever practicable. 2. Remove chromium dust and vapors at their origin by exhaust ventilation. In plating tanks, the exhaust should be so located that the air is drawn laterally across the top into ducts extending along one or more sides of the tank. Isolate chromium operations as far as practicable. 3. Floors, benches, and tables should be cleaned, at least daily, and preferably outside of working hours. Maintain floors about plating tanks as dry as prac- ticable, and of cement or other nonabsorbent material to allow thorough cleaning. Provide adequate drains. (3) 4. Supply individual towels, showers, hot and cold water, separate lockers and separate lunchrooms, and require their use. 5. Provide rubber boots, gloves, and aprons to reduce contact with chromium solutions. Use clean and efficient respirators for limited exposures only. 6. Provide protective ointments, such as lanolin, vaseline, petrolatum, for the use of workers. 7. Have air of workrooms tested periodically for chromium. Remember that chromium dust or vapor in the air should be less than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters (353 cubic feet) of air. 8. Maintain medical supervision of workers. Ex- amine workers periodically for chrome sores, ulcera- tions, or inflammations. Transfer affected workers to other work. FOR WORKERS 1. Wash and dry hands at least at noon and after work. 2. Use showers after work, if available, and wash thoroughly. 3. Wear gloves, aprons, boots, and other protective equipment supplied. 4. Have separate work clothes and keep them clean. 5. Apply for first aid immediately for any cut, scratch, or skin infection, regardless how slight. Ja This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to the prevention of chromium poisoning, write to Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) о INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 6 GA 7260 455 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste MERCURY POISONING ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR OF AMERICA NOV 22 193 ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Industrial mercury poisoning is a chronic poisoning of the system, resulting chiefly from breathing mercury vapor, fumes, or dust. Where It Is Found Among the workers likely to be exposed to mercury are the following: Acetaldehyde makers Acetone makers (synthetic) Amalgam makers Arc rectifier makers Barometer makers Blowers (felt hats) Bronzers Cap loaders Calico printers Color makers Disinfectant makers Detonator fillers Detonator cleaners Detonator packers Explosive primers Electroplaters Felt-hat makers Fulminate mixers Fur handlers Fur preparers Gilders Induction furnace workers Devil operators (felt hats) Mirror silverers Dye makers Metal refiners Lithographers Laboratory workers Manometer makers Mercury smelters Mercury miners Mercury vapor lamp makers Mercury solderers Mercury-salt workers Mercury-pump workers Mercury-boiler workers Photographic workers Tannery workers Thermometer workers How It Occurs Mercury poisoning results chiefly from breathing mercury vapor, fumes, or dust; from swallowing it; and from absorbing it through the skin. Where the metal is used, the chief danger is from breathing the vapor. 19318°-35 (2) In fulminate workers, mercury poisoning more often takes the form of a skin disease known as mercury eczema. vi Signs and Symptoms Chronic poisoning is the commonest form of this disease. It results from the gradual absorption of mer- cury, and may not show any outstanding signs until after weeks of continued exposure. Acute industrial mercury poisoning results from absorbing large amounts of mercury. It has definite and pronounced symptoms which occur early. The chief symptoms of mercury posioning are in- flammation of the mouth; loosening of the teeth, sore- ness of the gums, excessive saliva, and muscle tremors. What To Do About It If a worker exposed to mercury suspects that he has mercury poisoning, he should immediately report to a doctor. Cases should be reported to the State Labor Department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. Provide exhaust ventilation to remove mercury dust, fumes, or vapor at the point of origin. Segregate mercury processes whenever practicable. • 2. See that all workrooms are well supplied with fresh air. 3. Provide and maintain gloves and aprons in a good and clean condition. Use respirators only for limited exposures. Where exhaust ventilation is impracticable, use positive pressure hoods (supplying fresh air from an outside source). (3) 4. Provide individual towels, showers, hot and cold water, separate lockers, and separate lunchrooms, and require their use. 5. Have air of workrooms tested periodically for mercury. 6. Floors, walls, and benches should be vacuum cleaned, or wet cleaned and swept, at least daily, pref- erably outside of working hours. Floors and benches should be of nonabsorbent material. 7. Provide periodic medical examinations of workers exposed to mercury. Affected workers, who are not disabled, should be transferred to other work. FOR WORKERS 1. If possible, have a medical examination before working in mercury processes, and yearly thereafter. 2. Brush your teeth at least daily after work. 3. Wash your hands and face well, before eating your lunch and after work. Don't eat in workrooms. 4. Take a shower after work, if showers are provided. 5. Keep street and work clothes separate. 6. Use the protective equipment supplied, and don't exchange it with others. 7. After illness from mercury, return to work only on doctor's orders. ལ་ This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to prevention of mercury poisoning, write to the Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) о INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 7 но 7260 4 55 DEPARTMEN Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste • LEAD POISONING ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION UNITED STATES OF or LABOR ISSUED BY AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON 4Vojt UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 10 WASHINGTON: 1935 4. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents - What It Is Lead poisoning is a chronic disease resulting from the absorption of lead salts into the body. Where Contracted Lead poisoning occurs in many industrial processes. Workers most likely to be exposed to lead are: Babbitt makers Color makers Compositors Cut-glass workers Electrotypers Enamel makers Enamelers Glaze dippers Insecticide makers Lacquerers Lead compounders Lead miners Lead-pipe makers Lead refiners Lead smelters Paint makers Paint removers Painters Plumbers Putty makers Rubber compounders Solderers Stereotypers Storage-battery makers Tetraethyl-lead blenders Tree sprayers Typefounders How It Occurs Lead poisoning results mainly from breathing lead dust and fumes. Other ways through which lead poisoning has resulted are swallowing lead compounds, and by absorbing them, such as when using tetraethyl lead. Once lead gets into the body, it circulates in the blood, and is finally deposited in the bones. It is very difficult to get lead out of the bones. 19319°-35 (2) Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of lead poisoning are many; some of them are: Headache Dizziness Colic Constipation Loss of weight Convulsions Blood changes Anemia Palsy Neuritis Weakness Blue line gums Joint pains Twitching Paralysis Prevention What To Do About It When a worker suspects he has lead poisoning, he should seek the advice of a doctor. Cases should be reported to the State Labor Department, so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. on FOR EMPLOYERS 1. Remove lead dust and fumes at their origin by exhaust ventilation. Use wet processes where practicable. 2. See that all workrooms are well supplied with fresh air. 3. Keep all lead compounds in tightly closed recep- tacles. 4. Provide clean, efficient respirators only for limited exposures. 5. Floors and workbenches should be vacuum- cleaned, otherwise use only wet brushing and sweeping. Cleaning should preferably be done after working hours. Floors should be of cement or other nonabsorbent material, to allow thorough cleaning. (3) 6. Supply individual towels, showers, hot and cold water, separate lockers and separate lunch rooms, and require their use. 7. Have air of workrooms tested periodically for lead. Remember under some conditions as little as 1.5 milligrams of lead in 10 cubic meters (353 cubic feet) of air is recognized as the maximum safe concentration. 8. Have periodic medical examination of all lead workers at least every 6 months. Transfer leaded workers to other work if not disabled. FOR WORKERS 1. If possible, have a medical examination, including a complete blood examination, before working in lead processes. Workers having blood discases should not work with lead. 2. Brush your teeth at least daily after work. 3. Wash your hands and face well before eating your lunch and after work. 4. Take a shower after work, if showers are available. 5. Don't bring your lunch into the workroom, and don't eat in workrooms. 6. Don't exchange respirators with others. 7. After illness due to lead, return to work only on doctor's orders. T This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to prevention of lead poisoning, write to Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) о INDUSTRIAL HEALTH and SAFETY SERIES No. 8 HS 1260 uss Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste BENZOL (BENZENE) POISONING ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED OF LABOR D STATES OF AMERICA ISSUED BY NOV 2 2 1021 Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. J Price 5 cents What It Is Benzol (benzene) poisoning is a chronic disease affecting the blood-forming tissues, resulting in a disease in blood cells. Where It Is Found Benzol is widely used throughout industry, espe- cially in using and making industrial solvents. Work- ers most likely to be exposed to benzol include: Airplane-dope workers Artificial-leather makers Benzol-still men Blenders (motor fuel) Brake-lining makers Cementers (rubber) Compounders (rubber) Degreasers (fertilizer and leather) Driers (rubber) Dry cleaners Dye makers Enamel makers Enamelers Engravers Explosive workers Glue workers Lacquer makers Lacquerers Linoleum workers Nitro-benzene makers Nitrocellulose workers Oilcloth makers Paint-remover makers Paintmakers Paraffin workers Phenol makers Photoengravers Pyroxylin-plastic workers Reclaimers (rubber) Shade-cloth makers Shellac makers Shoe finishers Varnish makers Varnishers Vulcanizers How It Occurs Benzol (benzene) poisoning occurs from inhaling benzol vapor or fumes. Once in the lungs, it is dis- solved in the blood. It evaporates easily, and there- fore gets into the air very readily. Chronic poisoning is more common and results from continually breathing small amounts of benzol. The result is a form of blood disease in which red-blood cells are not formed. 19320°-35 (2) By breathing large amounts of benzol, acute poison- ing occurs, in which the victim quickly becomes un- conscious, with paralysis of the breathing system, and death often follows. This is not a common type of poisoning, and usually occurs as a result of an accident or in cleaning vats, tanks, etc. Benzol (benzene) should not be confused with ben- zine. Benzol is highly poisonous and is obtained from coal tar, while benzine is fairly nonpoisonous in com- parison to benzol, and is obtained from petroleum. Signs and Symptoms In mild chronic cases there will be headache, dizzi- ness, loss of appetite, nervousness, and sleeplessness. Severe chronic poisoning is indicated by anemia, hemorrhages, vomiting, reduction in white- and red- blood cells, and weakness. Acute poisoning is usually indicated by breathless- ness, excitement, delirium, convulsion, unconsciousness, paralysis of the breathing system, failing sight and death. When a victim has collapsed from benzol poisoning, remove him to fresh air and apply prone pressure method of artificial respiration. Keep warm and send for a doctor. What To Do About It A worker exposed to benzol (benzene), and suspecting benzol poisoning, should immediately report to a doctor. Cases should be reported to the State Department of Labor so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. Provide exhaust ventilation to remove benzol fumes at the point of origin, in order that they may not get into the air and then be breathed by workers. (3) 2. See that all workrooms are well supplied with fresh air. 3. Use substitutes for benzol wherever practicable. 4. Keep equipment in good order and inspect fre- quently for escaping benzol. 5. Provide gas masks only for limited exposures and emergencies, where exhaust ventilation is impractica- ble, use oxygen-breathing apparatus or positive pressure hoods. Provide gloves and aprons when workers are using liquid benzol. 6. Isolate benzol processes when practicable. 7. Have air in workrooms tested periodically for benzol. Remember that more than 1 part of benzol in 10,000 parts of air is recognized as dangerous. 8. Maintain medical supervision of workers, in- cluding periodic complete blood examinations. FOR WORKERS 1. If possible, have a medical examination, to include blood examination, before going to work in benzol process. Persons who have a tendency to bleed, anemia, or any blood disease, should not work where benzol is used. 2. Use the gas masks, gloves, aprons, and other protective equipment given to you. 3. After illness due to benzol poisoning, do not return to work except on the doctor's orders. ཀེ This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of data. For further information or advice as to prevention of benzol poisoning, write to Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) O INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 9 HD 7260 455 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste SILICOSIS ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR ISSUED BY AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. 0. 1905 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Silicosis is a disease of the lungs in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue due to breathing air containing silica dust. Where Contracted Silicosis may occur in any industry where dust con- taining silica gets into the air. The chief hazardous occupations are: Abrasive powder makers Abrasive-soap makers Blasters (sand) Brickmakers Carborundum makers Coal miners Core makers Excavation workers Foundry workers Glass makers Glass mixers Granite quarriers Hard-rock miners Metal grinders Pottery makers Pneumatic rock drillers Polishers Stone finishers Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers Vitreous enamelers How It Occurs Silicosis is caused by breathing very small particles of dust. The particles too small to be seen are the most dangerous. They lodge in lung tissues and through irritation cause the normal lung tissue to be replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. The chance of get- ting silicosis depends upon: 1. The amount of silica in the dust. 2. How long the worker has been exposed to the dust. 3. The smallness of the dust particle. 4. The concentration of the dust; that is, the number of particles in a cubic foot of air. 19321°-35 (2) Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of silicosis are: Shortness of breath; decreased chest expansion; inability to do as much work as before; increased susceptibility to tuberculosis; lung changes, as scar tissue, shown only by an X-ray picture. No one symptom is sufficient to prove a case of silicosis, and no case is established without an X-ray picture. A person with advanced silicosis usually has tubercu- losis also. In the opinion of most physicians, workers who have silicosis not complicated with tuberculosis may safely continue to work, pro- vided the dust hazard is removed or controlled. What To Do About It If a worker has reason to believe that he has silicosis, he should immediately report to a doctor having a knowledge of industrial diseases. Cases should be reported to the State Department of Labor so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. The prevention of silicosis lies entirely in keeping the dust from getting into the air, and therefore, prevention is mainly an employers' problem. 2. Control dust at point of origin by use of local exhaust systems or wet methods, or a combination of both. Wetted dust may dry out and re-enter the air; therefore dust must be removed and disposed of. 3. General ventiliation will help reduce silica con- centration, which should never exceed 5,000,000 particles of pure silica (under 10 microns in size) per cubic foot of air. (3) 4. Clean floors, walls, and benches regularly by vacuum, or wet brushing and sweeping, and preferably outside of working hours. Wet down foundry floors at frequent intervals. 5. Have sand-blasting done only with articles com- pletely enclosed or protect workers by positive pressure masks (supplying clean air from outside source). Use respirators only in emergencies and for limited exposure. 6. Have medical examinations, with lung X-rays, of your employees at intervals not exceeding 1 year. Remember that most workers with simple sili- cosis may safely continue at work if the dust hazard is removed. 7. Make dust surveys and analyses frequently to determine exactly the dust hazard in your plant. Do not take chances with the lives and health of your workers. FOR WORKERS 1. If your employer does not provide medical exami- nations (with lung X-rays), have it done yourself before undertaking work in silica dust, and thereafter at least once a year. 2. Take care of your health, and particularly do not neglect colds. 3. Do not fail to use the protective equipment sup- plied by your employer. ་ This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to the prevention of silicosis, write to Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) о INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 9 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste SILICOSIS ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OP OF LABOR ISSUED BY AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1936 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is Silicosis is a disease of the lungs in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue due to breathing air containing silica dust. Where Contracted Under certain conditions silicosis may occur in any industry where dust containing silica gets into the air. This hazard is known to exist in the following occupa- tions: Abrasive-powder makers Abrasive-soap makers Blasters (sand) Brickmakers Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers Glassmakers Glass mixers Granite quarriers Hard-rock miners Metal grinders Pottery makers Pneumatic rock drillers Polishers Sanders Stone finishers Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers Vitreous enamelers How It Occurs Silicosis is caused by breathing very small particles of silica dust. The particles too small to be seen are the most dangerous. They lodge in lung tissues and cause the normal lung tissue to be replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. The chance of getting silicosis depends upon: 1. The concentration of the dust; that is, the num- ber of particles in a cubic foot of air. 2. The amount of silica in the dust. 3. The size of the dust particle. 4. How long the worker has been exposed to the dust. (2) DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STAstons and Symptoms Sign§ The symptoms of silicosis are: Shortness of breath; decreased chest expansion; inability to do as much work as before; increased susceptibility to tuberculo- sis; lung changes, as scar tissue best shown by an X-ray picture. No one symptom is sufficient to prove a case of silicosis, and no case is established without an X-ray picture. A person with advanced silicosis often has tuberculosis also. In the opinion of most physicians, workers who have silicosis not com- plicated with tuberculosis may safely continue to work, provided the dust hazard is removed or controlled. What to Do About It If a worker has reason to believe that he has silicosis, he should immediately report to a doctor having a knowl- edge of industrial diseases. Cases should be reported to the State Department of Labor so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Prevention FOR EMPLOYERS 1. The prevention of silicosis lies entirely in keep- ing the dust from getting into the air, and there- fore prevention is mainly an employers' problem. 2. Control dust at point of origin by use of local exhaust systems or wet methods, or a combination of both. Wetted dust may dry out and re-enter the air; therefore dust must be removed and disposed of. 3. General ventilation will help reduce silica concen- tration, which should never exceed 5,000,000 particles of free silica (under 10 microns in size) per cubic foot of air. 56910°--36 (3) 4. Clean floors, walls, and benches regularly by vacuum, or wet brushing and sweeping, and preferably outside of working hours. Wet down foundry floors at frequent intervals. 5. Have sand-blasting done only with particles com- pletely enclosed or protect workers by positive pres- sure masks (supplying clean air from outside source). Use respirators only in emergencies and for limited exposure. 6. Make dust surveys and analyses frequently to determine exactly the dust hazard in your plant. Do not take chances with the lives and health of your workers. FOR WORKERS 1. Take care of your health, and particularly do not neglect colds. For your own protection and the protection of your fellow workers, you should not work where you may be exposed to silica dust if you have or have had tuberculosis of the lungs. Remember that most workers with simple silico- sis who have no infection of the lungs may safely continue at work if the dust hazard is controlled. 2. Do not fail to use the protective equipment sup- plied by your employer. རྨོང This pamphlet contains merely a brief sum- mary of available data. For further information or advice as to the prevention of silicosis, write to Division of Labor Standards, United States De- partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. о (4) INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 10 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste WOOD ALCOHOL POISONING (Methyl Alcohol and Methanol) ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMEN UNITED STATES OF or LABOR AMERICA ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is 6 آنان Wood alcohol poisoning attacks the nervous system. It frequently affects the nerves of the eye, causing partial or total blindness. Where Found Some of the occupations in which workers may be exposed to wood alcohol poisoning are: Manufacturing: Artificial silk. Artificial leather. Linoleum. Boots and shoes. Antifreeze. Colors and chemicals. Explosives. Manufacturing and using varnish and shellac. Manufacturing and processing rubber. Finishing felt hats. Making artificial flowers. Making hats. Dyeing fabrics. Cleaning metals. Polishing. How It Occurs The handling of wood alcohol may cause local in- flammation of the skin or some absorption of the poison, but the chief danger lies in breathing the fumes. Where the poison is absorbed rapidly and in large amounts, it strikes at the nerve tissues and often results in acute or even fatal intoxication. If the worker recovers, he may suffer partial or total blindness. Wood alcohol poisoning on the job, however, is usually chronic, the (2) DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AM 9 result of breathing small amounts of the fumes over a period of time. The poison accumulates in the tissues and is difficult for the body to throw off. The extent of the injury to a worker depends on how promptly the condition is detected and the hazard is controlled. Signs and Symptoms Although the symptoms of wood alcohol poisoning may also be produced by other poisons, the most char- acteristic symptom of wood alcohol poisoning is blind- ness. Some of the other symptoms are: Irritation of the nose and throat, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, convulsions, mental disturbance, impaired eyesight, vomiting, chills, subnormal tem- perature, and irregular heart action. What To Do A worker who thinks he detects signs of wood alco- hol poisoning should talk over with his fellow workers ways of safeguarding against the poison, and should call the management's attention to the hazard. If symptoms of poisoning persist or are marked, he should consult a doctor at once. If a worker is overcome, he should be removed to the fresh air and kept warm, and medical aid should be summoned immediately. All cases of wood alcohol poisoning should be re- ported to the State labor department, so that steps may be taken to correct conditions and to protect other workers. Prevention WHAT EMPLOYERS SHOULD DO 1. Inform all workers about the possible dangers of wood alcohol poisoning, about the measures taken to protect them, and about proper first-aid treatment. (3) 14-3668 2. Provide personal protective equipment for workers who must actually handle the compound. 3. Provide good general workroom ventilation. 4. If possible, isolate processes using wood alcohol; or enclose these processes and provide local exhaust ventilation to draw off escaping fumes at the point of origin. 5. Inspect all mechanical exhausts and all ventilating equipment regularly to make certain that it is operating effectively. Make use of the standard tests and mea- suring devices for maximum concentration of wood- alcohol fumes in the air; if you are not equipped to make these tests, call in an expert (200 parts of wood alcohol per million parts of air is the maximum safe concentration for prolonged exposure; many authori- ties state that it cannot safely be more than 100 parts). Because of the cumulative effects of the poison, try to keep concentration below the maximum permitted. 6. Provide adequate medical supervision for workers who may be subjected to the hazard. Encourage them to report any conditions which they suspect to be dangerous, or any symptoms of poisoning. Thoroughly investigate all such reports. Make certain that all illnesses resulting from exposure to wood alcohol are promptly treated. Do not allow anyone who has been affected by the poison to return to work until he has completely recovered. Correct immediately the con- ditions responsible for the poisoning. Prevention WHAT WORKERS SHOULD DO 1. Remember that early treatment may prevent serious disability from wood alcohol poisoning. 2. Never take wood alcohol in any form internally. 3. Since use of alcoholic beverages may increase susceptibility to wood alcohol poisoning, avoid them in excess. 4. Cooperate with management in promoting safe working conditions, and use the equipment supplied for your protection. Futher information and advice on the preven- tion of wood alcohol poisoning may be obtained from your State Labor Department, or from the Division of Labor Standards, United States De- partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) 14-3668 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 11 :t Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT · UNITED OF LABOR STATES OF AMERI ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cents What It Is The most serious danger from carbon tetrachloride poisoning is in its effect upon the liver. It may also cause irritation of the respiratory tract, dermatitis, or nervous disturbance. Where Found Some of the occupations in which workers may be exposed to carbon tetrachloride poisoning are: Mixing, cementing, and vulcanizing rubber. Manufacture and use of lacquers. Perfume making. Electroplating. Degreasing operations. Dry cleaning. Manufacture and use of fire extinguishers which contain this poison. How It Occurs Prolonged exposure to carbon tetrachloride may re- sult in chronic inflammation, which is frequently fol- lowed by infection of the skin. The fumes irritate the eyes and the membranes of the respiratory tract, and excessive exposure may cause acute or fatal congestion of the lungs; or, inhaling a sufficient amount of the fumes may result in unconsciousness. Either acute or chronic exposure may lead to fatty degeneration of the liver. (2) Signs and Symptoms Although the symptoms of carbon tetrachloride poisoning may also be produced by other poisons, some of the more usual symptoms are: Mental confusion and ex- citement. Loss of appetite. Nausea. Jaundice. Irritation of the mem- branes of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Inflammation or infec- tion of the skin. Headache. Unconsciousness. What To Do A worker who thinks he detects signs of carbon tetrachloride poisoning should talk over with his fellow employees how to safeguard against the danger, and should call it to the management's attention. If the symptoms of poisoning persist or are marked, he should consult a doctor at once. If a worker is overcome by carbon tetrachloride fumes, he should be removed to the fresh air and kept warm, and medical aid should be summoned immediately. If he has stopped breath- ing, artificial respiration should be given and continued until a doctor says that the effort is useless. A person who has been dangerously exposed to carbon tetra- chloride fumes should be taken to the hospital for im- mediate treatment in order to alleviate the serious effects on the liver. All cases of carbon tetrachloride poisoning from in- dustrial exposure should be reported to the State labor department, so that steps may be taken to correct conditions and to protect other workers. Prevention WHAT EMPLOYERS SHOULD DO 1. Inform all employees about the hazards in han- dling carbon tetrachloride or in breathing its fumes. (3) 14-3671 Encourage them to be alert in detecting early signs of injurious exposure and to report whatever they find. 2. Provide good general workroom ventilation. 3. If possible, isolate processes using carbon tetra- chloride; or enclose these processes and provide local exhaust ventilation to draw off escaping fumes at the point of origin. 4. If fire extinguishers containing carbon tetra- chloride are used in your plant, inform your employees of the danger in using such apparatus in enclosed spaces. 5. Provide air-line respirators or self-contained oxygen breathing equipment for those who must be exposed to excessive concentrations in an emergency. 6. Regularly inspect all mechanical exhaust and ventilating equipment to determine whether it is work- ing effectively. Use the standard tests and measuring devices for maximum concentration of carbon tetra- chloride fumes; if you are not equipped to make these tests, call in an expert. (One hundred parts of carbon tetrachloride per million parts of air is generally con- sidered the maximum allowable concentration for pro- longed exposure.) Because the effects of the poison are cumulative, try to keep concentration below the maximum permitted. Prevention WHAT WORKERS SHOULD DO 1. Cooperate with the management in maintaining safe working conditions. 2. Use all equipment furnished for your protection. 3. If any sign of skin irritation appears after han- dling carbon tetrachloride, avoid further contact by using proper personal protective equipment. 4. Persons with chronic liver or kidney disease should not look for employment where there may be exposure to carbon tetrachloride poisoning. 5. After illness from exposure to carbon tetrachloride, return to work only with the doctor's permission. Further information or advice on the preven- tion of carbon tetrachloride poisoning may be had from your State labor department or from the Division of Labor Standards, United States De- partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) 14-3671 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 12 1 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste Carbon Bisulphide Poisoning (Carbon Disulphide) ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR or AMERICA ISSUED BY Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 5 cento What It Is Carbon bisulphide poisoning affects chiefly the nerv- ous system, and may cause temporary or even perma- nent mental disturbance. Where Found Some of the occupations in which workers may be exposed to carbon bisulphide poisoning are: Making: Artificial silk. Carbon bisulphide. Explosives. Insecticides. Processing cellulose. Mixing, drying, reclaiming, cementing, and vul- canizing rubber. Extracting sulphur. Preparing or using some enamels. How It Occurs Carbon bisulphide poisoning is practically always caused by breathing the fumes, although slight amounts may be absorbed through the skin and may cause local inflammation. The fumes when inhaled affect a person somewhat like chloroform, and a worker who has been exposed to excessive amounts may be overcome. Car- bon bisulphide poisoning in industry, however, usually results from prolonged exposure to the fumes in small concentration. The compound is highly volatile, throwing off fumes at ordinary room temperature. Signs and Symptoms Many of the symptoms of carbon bisulphide poison- ing-headache, weakness, dizziness, digestive disturb- ance, impaired vision-are similar to those resulting (2) from other poisons. The poison attacks the nerve tissues. It may cause slight or marked neuritis, or loss of sensation in certain parts of the body. It often causes mental disturbance, such as irritability, dullness, or serious mental confusion and insanity. It takes a long time to recover from such mental disturbance; and if the poisoning is severe, there may be permanent injury. One attack may predispose to a second. What To Do A worker who thinks he detects signs of carbon bisulphide poisoning should talk the matter over with his fellow workers and with the management. Where the symptoms are definite, he should consult a doctor at once. If a worker is overcome by carbon bisulphide fumes, he should be removed to the fresh air and kept warm, and a doctor should be summoned immediately. If breathing has ceased, artificial respiration should be given until normal breathing is restored, or until a doctor says that the effort is useless. All cases of carbon bisulphide poisoning on the job should be reported to the State labor department, so that steps may be taken to control the hazard and to protect other employees. Prevention WHAT EMPLOYERS SHOULD DO 1. Inform all employees about the possible danger of carbon bisulphide poisoning, and the measures for their protection. 2. Provide good general workroom ventilation. 3. If possible, isolate processes using carbon bisul- phide, or enclose them, and provide local exhaust ventilation to draw off escaping fumes at the point of origin. 4. Provide airline respirators or oxygen containing breathing apparatus for use in emergencies when work- (3) 14-3609 ers must enter a place where the fumes are or may be excessive. 5. Prevent live steam or heat from coming in contact with carbon bisulphide fumes, for they are highly in- flammable and in sufficient concentration an explosion may result. 6. Inspect regularly to see that all mechanical equip- ment to control this hazard is in effective working order. Prevention WHAT WORKERS SHOULD DO 1. Remember that early detection and treatment of carbon bisulphide poisoning may prevent serious dis- ability. 2. Cooperate with the management and with fellow workers in maintaining safe working conditions, and use all protective equipment provided. 3. After illness due to exposure to carbon bisul- phide, do not return to work without your doctor's permission. 36 Further information and advice on the preven- tion of carbon bisulphide poisoning may be ob- tained from your State labor department, or from the Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (4) 14-3669 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SERIES No. 13 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste Carbon Dioxide Asphyxiation (Suffocation) ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF of LABOR ISSUED BY AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor WASHINGTON, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents What It Is Carbon dioxide causes suffocation when it replaces air that contains the oxygen necessary for life. It is a colorless, odorless gas, heavier than air, and is present in large amounts in some natural gases. Carbon dioxide may collect in excessive amounts in certain industrial operations. Where Found Workers who may be exposed to suffocation from carbon dioxide are: Alkali-salt makers. Carbon dioxide makers. Carbonated-water makers. Charcoal burners. Divers. Drying-room workers. Fertilizer workers. Glue makers. Miners. Pottery workers. Sewer workers. Silo workers. Sugar-refinery workers. Tannery pitmen. Tunnel workers. Vatmen. Vault workers. Vintners. Well cleaners. How It Occurs Carbon dioxide is present in harmless amounts in the general outdoor air. It may accumulate in exces- sive quantities where one or more people are caught in air-tight vaults. The gas is liberated in processes where fermentation occurs and may accumulate in a (2) 14-3670 DENTED BY TED STATES OF AUSSICA layer above the fermenting materials, replacing the air. Workers who enter places where carbon dioxide has gathered may suffocate quickly and may die unless they are removed to the fresh air at once. Often others going to their rescue are overcome. Carbon dioxide asphyxiation may occur in a silo that is partly below the ground or that is so tightly closed on all sides above ground that a dead space lies above the fermenting ensilage. Carbon dioxide asphyxiation may also occur inside the vats used in breweries or in the manufacture of linseed oil. Enough mash or pressed hulls may be left to throw off excessive carbon dioxide, so that workers who enter the vats to clean them may be overcome. Signs and Symptoms Excessive carbon dioxide may cause headache, rapid breathing, and faintness. A person may become excited and may struggle to get where he can breathe normally; but such effort only increases his need of oxygen to the point of helplessness. Exposure to carbon dioxide in fatal concentration causes collapse and unconsciousness after a few breaths. Sometimes the effects are so sudden there is no sign that the person has tried to escape. What To Do If lack of oxygen in the air is suspected, one should leave the place at once and should not return until it has been sufficiently aired to remove any inert gas which has collected. If a worker has been overcome, he should be removed immediately; but always with the precaution that there is help at hand to remove (3) the rescuer himself should he be affected. If the affected worker has stopped breathing after being removed to the fresh air, artificial respira- tion should begin at once. He should be kept warm, and medical aid should be summoned. Cases of asphyxiation by carbon dioxide should be reported to the State labor department, so that steps may be taken to control the hazard and to protect other workers. Prevention WHAT EMPLOYERS SHOULD DO 1. Determine whether any operations in your establishment may expose workers to excessive amounts of carbon dioxide. 2. Do not assign to one person the task of cleaning vats, silos, or other confined places where carbon dioxide may have accumulated; but send a second worker along to remain on watch outside, prepared safely and quickly to remove the worker who enters, should he show signs of being affected. 3. Inform all employees of any possible danger and of the measures to prevent accidents. 4. Provide the means for testing the air to detect the presence of excessive carbon dioxide before the worker enters a suspected place. (Lower a canary or small animal to make sure of sufficient oxygen in a confined space; or, a lighted lantern will not burn where there is not enough oxygen to support life.) 5. Use compressed air to remove excessive carbon dioxide or wash and flush the area with water. 6. Provide proper emergency equipment. Provide air-line respirators or self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus for those who must enter areas which cannot (4) be adequately ventilated. Do not permit anyone to enter such confined areas without a life line attached. 7. Make certain that there is always someone at hand who is familiar with approved methods of resuscitation and who knows how to render first aid. Prevention WHAT WORKERS SHOULD DO 1. Cooperate with the management in avoiding exposure to carbon dioxide, and use the protective equipment provided. 2. In case of accident, keep your head but act quickly. Use every possible means to get air into the space. If there is no one else to help, use a pole or a rope to push or pull the victim to a position where you can remove him without entering the dangerous zone yourself. 3. Learn the approved methods for performing artificial respiration. 35 Further information or advice on the preven- tion of carbon dioxide asphyxiation may be had from your State labor department, or from the Division of Labor Standards, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. (5) 14-3670 H 22 7260 21.5 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL SKIN DISEASES (Dermatoses) INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 1 DEPARTMEN UNITED STATES OF LABOR of AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Skin diseases resulting from industrial exposure may occur in almost any field of work. Any foreign sub- stance can be irritating if it is in continuous contact with the skin. Skin irritations most frequently result from poisonous or irritating chemicals, greases, heat, cold, dust, friction, plants, and infections. HOW SKIN DISEASES OCCUR 1. Oil and grease may injure the skin by blocking the pores and hair follicles and introducing infection therein. 2. Chemical irritants or caustic agents may harm the skin directly. 3. Substances, such as naphtha, petroleum, or benzol, that dissolve and remove the natural oil of the skin, are injurious. 4. Infections of the skin may arise from hides, wastes, and other materials containing disease-producing germs. 5. Scratching, brushing, or constant rubbing of the skin injures it and opens the way for infection. 6. There are great differences between people: in some the skin is easily irritated by contacts quite harm- less to others. WARNING SIGNS OF INDUSTRIAL SKIN DISEASE These are so varied that it is impossible to list them all. Early irritations are usually shown by a little reddening of the skin, with itching and burning. Blisters, swellings, and frequent boils may be the first signs of industrial skin disease. These signs are usually limited to exposed parts of the skin. 149598°39 (2) WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT On any sign of skin disorder, no matter how slight it seems, consult a doctor. Do not attempt to treat yourself; to do so may make matters worse and require a longer time to heal. Cases should be reported to the State labor department so that conditions may be cor- rected to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected skin disease may develop into a dangerous illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Reduce contacts or irritants to the skin of workers as far as possible. 2. Eliminate dust by effective exhaust ventilation at the points of origin. 3. Have a physician perform patch tests on workers before allowing them to use potentially irritating substances. Sensitive workers should be placed at other work. 4. Constantly and continually emphasize personal cleanliness to the workers. Provide adequate washing and bathing facilities and individual lockers. Encourage change of clothes for work. Education in cleanliness prevents many unneces- sary cases. 5. Provide gloves, aprons, boots, and other protective equipment when it is feasible to use them. 6. Instruct workers in hazards of the substances handled. 7. Obtain medical and chemical advice on the best protective measures (such as ointments, etc.) for specific irritants and see that they are used. (3) It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Keep the skin as clean as possible. 2. Remove oils and greases with thorough washing. 3. Avoid unnecessary contact with irritating substances and solvents which remove the natural oil of the skin. 4. Avoid self-treatment. See a doctor, for each case requires different treatment. 5. Apply for first aid for any cut or break in the skin, no matter how slight. 6. Report any skin symptoms promptly. 7. Wear gloves, aprons, and other protective equipment provided. Use protective ointments supplied. 8. Remember that cleanliness is one of the best safe- guards against infection of the skin. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents (4) Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste HI 7260 455 THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF ANTHRACO-SILICOSIS (Anthracite Miners' Asthma) INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 2 DEPARTMENT UNITED OF STATES OF LABOR AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Anthraco-silicosis is contracted in coal-mining opera- The most hazardous are: tions. Chamber mining. Pitch mining. Hand loading. Rock drilling. Rock-working operations. Dry slate picking. Car operating. Shot firing. HOW ANTHRACO-SILICOSIS OCCURS Anthraco-silicosis results from breathing very small particles of coal and silica dust over a long period of time. The smaller particles are the most dangerous. Lodging in the lung tissue, these particles are retained and gradually set up a scar-tissue reaction which slowly reduces the efficiency of the lungs. Any coal dust in large amounts is harmful, but anthracite dust is the most injurious. The degree of anthraco-silicosis caused depends upon the amount of silica in the dust, the average size of the dust particles, the amount of dust in the air, and how long the worker has been exposed. WARNING SIGNS OF ANTHRACO-SILICOSIS The early changes are detectable only on careful examination by a doctor. Gradually increasing short- ness of breath and chronic cough should make a worker suspicious that he may have developed anthraco- silicosis. No diagnosis of anthraco-silicosis can be established without an X-ray examination. The changes are very gradual. 160871°-39 (2) " ADERIUS WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT OCT If a worker suspects that he may have anthraco- silicosis, he should consult a doctor immediately, being sure to tell the doctor of the exposure to anthracite dust. Cases should be reported to the State labor department or State department of mines so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery of anthraco-silicosis makes for a milder and more curable sickness. Late or neglected anthraco-silicosis may cause a long dis- abling illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Remember that the prevention of anthraco-silicosis lies in keeping the dust from getting into the air which workers breathe. 2. Control dust at point of origin by local exhaust systems, by wet methods, or by both. 3. Provide adequate general ventilation. Dust con- centrations should not exceed 50,000,000 particles of any dust or 5,000,000 particles of free silica (under 10 microns) per cubic foot of air. 4. Wet haulageways to keep down the dust. 5. Provide mechanical loading devices with plenty of water for wetting. 6. Permit blasting only at the end of the working shift, or after it. Allow time for dust to settle before the next shift goes on. 7. Make frequent dust surveys. 8. Provide respirators, but only for limited exposures and not as a substitute for dust control measures. 9. Do not take chances with the health of your workers. Encourage them them to have medical examinations. (3) It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Take good care of their general health. Do not neglect colds. 2. If you have or have had tuberculosis of the lungs, you should not work where there is dust for your own sake as well as for the pro- tection of your fellow workers. Simple silicosis and anthraco-silicosis need not prevent you from working where there is no dust hazard. 3. Use the protective methods and devices supplied by your employer. Do not exchange respirators with other workers. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (4) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF ARSENIC POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 3 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR OF ." AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be exposed to arsenic poison- ing are: Acid dippers. Aniline workers. Arsenic roasters. Artificial flower makers. Artificial silk workers. Bleaching-powder makers. Bronzers. Chemical workers. Color and dye makers. Copper smelters. Curriers (tannery). Electroplaters (especially copper). Enamel workers. Felt workers. Galvanizers. Glass workers. Glaze mixers and dippers (pottery). Gold refiners. Insecticide workers. Lacquer workers. Lead workers. Nitrocellulose makers. Paint makers. Paper glazers. Paris-green workers. Rubber workers. Sheep-dip workers. Tinners. This list is not complete. There are many other in- dustrial fields where arsenic poisoning does occur, but less frequently. HOW ARSENIC POISONING OCCURS Tree sprayers. Wood preservative work- ers. Zinc workers. Chronic arsenic poisoning arises chiefly from breath- ing over a long period of time air containing dusts or sprays of arsenic compounds. Absorption through the skin is slight, but arsenic is easily absorbed if swallowed (dirty hands, etc.). Acute arsenic poisoning arises from larger doses of arsenic compounds. The compounds of arsenic such as lead arsenate, paris-green, arsenic oxide and arsenic sulphide are among the more dangerous forms. 160872°-30 (2) DEPOSITED OY THE JAN 17 40 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WARNING SIGNS OF ARSENIC POISONING Frequent headaches, chronic skin eruptions or some bronze discoloration of the skin, loss of hair, loss of appetite, nausea, and irregular diarrhea are the signs which should warn the worker to be suspicious of chronic arsenic poisoning. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT If a worker suspects he has been poisoned by arsenic compounds he should consult a doctor, being sure to tell the doctor of the exposure to arsenic. All cases of arsenic poisoning should be reported to the State Labor Department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a milder and a more curable sickness. Late or neglected arsenic poisoning may mean a long dis- abling illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE. PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Remove arsenic dust and/or fumes at point of origin by exhaust ventilation. 2. In addition, provide adequate fresh-air ventilation for all workrooms. 3. Provide gloves, respirators, and other protective equipment. Respirators should be used only for limited or emergency exposures. If exhaust ventilation is impossible, provide positive pres- sure face masks. 4. Segregate arsenic processes whenever practicable. 5. Supply individual towels, hot and cold water, showers, lockers, and lunch-room facilities. (3) 6. Vacuum-clean floors and work benches, or permit only wet brushing and sweeping. Cleaning should be done outside of working hours. 7. Have air of workrooms frequently tested for arsenic. 8. Provide for medical reexamination of all arsenic workers at least every 6 months. Insist on complete and continuous record of the findings. 9. Instruct workers in the toxicity of arsenic. 10. Encourage workers and foremen to report early complaints. Affected workers who are not disabled should be transferred to other work. It Is Recommended that Workers Should— 1. Have a medical examination before working in arsenic processes. Workers physically under par should not work with arsenic. 2. Attention to personal cleanliness is very important. The hands and face should be thoroughly washed before eating and after work. Clothes should be changed after work. 3. Food should not be taken into the workrooms. 4. Use repirators, gloves, aprons and other protective equipment provided. Do not exchange respira- tors with others. 5. Obtain a medical reexamination at least twice a year. 6. After an illness, return to work only on the doctor's orders, and then to other work, if possible. 7. If sick, always tell your doctor of your exposure to arsenic. It may help him to arrive at a diagnosis. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (4) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents HI 7260 .455 Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 4 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR OF AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be exposed to carbon mon- oxide in amounts sufficient to be injurious are: Acetylene workers. Bakers. Blasters. Blast-furnace workers. Blockers (felt hats). Brick burners. Carbide makers. Charcoal burners. Chimney sweepers. Coal-tar workers. Core makers. Drying-room workers. Enamel workers. Firemen (city). Flue cleaners. Foundry workers. Garage mechanics. Gas (illuminating) workers. Gas engine mechanics. Kiln tenders. Lead smelters. Lime burners. Mercury smelters. Methane (synthetic) workers. Miners. Patent-leather workers. Phosgene workers. Puddlers. Pyroxylin-plastics workers. Refiners (metals). Sewer workers. Stokers. Smelters. Tunnel workers. Welders. Wood-alcohol workers. Zinc workers. This list is incomplete. The hazard of carbon mon- oxide exists wherever there is combustion or burning of any fuel, especially when the fuel is not completely burned. Any flame or slow combustion may create enough carbon monoxide to be dangerous unless there is plenty of free ventilation. HOW CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING OCCURS Carbon monoxide poisoning results from breathing air containing the gas. The severity of the poisoning depends upon the amount of carbon monoxide in the air 160873°-39 (2) DEPOSITED BY THE JAN 17 40 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the duration of exposure. Carbon monoxide quickly combines in the blood and interferes with the proper transport of oxygen to the tissues. WARNING SIGNS OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Carbon monoxide gives no warning signs of its pres- ence in the air. It is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and is not irritating. Acute poisoning with collapse may thus occur without forewarning if there is much of the gas present. Carbon monoxide may be mixed with gases which do have an odor and therefore the presence of such a smell does not prove the absence of carbon monoxide. The signs which should make a worker suspicious of carbon monoxide poisoning are: Headache, flushed face, dizziness, and weakness. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT If a worker suspects that he has been poisoned by carbon monoxide, he should consult a doctor, being sure to tell the doctor of the exposure to the gas. A worker who feels any of the acute effects of carbon monoxide should get into the open fresh air as quickly as possible and remain quiet until discharged by a doctor. A per- son who has been overcome should be removed to the fresh air AT ONCE and given prone pressure artificial respiration. A doctor should be summoned at once. If no one at hand knows how to carry out artificial res- piration, call the Fire Department, the Gas Company, or the Police Department for aid. Artificial respiration must be begun at once and kept up continuously, until the victim recovers or a doctor pronounces it useless to continue. DON'T QUIT TRYING: IT MAY SAVE A LIFE! (3) Cases of carbon monoxide poisoning should be reported to the State Labor Department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a milder and more curable sickness. Late or neglected carbon monoxide poisoning is often fatal. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should- 1. Remove carbon monoxide at point of origin by ex- haust ventilation. In garage operations install effective ventilation; when motors are left run- ning, remove gas direct from exhaust pipes of cars to the outside of building. 2. In addition, provide adequate fresh-air ventilation for all workrooms. 3. Keep appliances and equipment in good order. Attend to adjustments of flames, burners, and drafts to reduce to a minimum the formation of carbon monoxide. 4. Provide gas masks approved for carbon monoxide by the United States Bureau of Mines for emergency use. 5. Periodically test air of workrooms for carbon mon- oxide. Remember that as little as 1 part of gas to 10,000 parts of air (0.01 percent) is dangerous for prolonged exposure. Con- centrations as high as 0.04 percent offer a greatly increased hazard. 6. Have medical examination of all workers reporting signs suspicious of carbon monoxide poisoning. Affected workers who are not disabled should be transferred to other work. 7. Instruct workers in hazards of carbon monoxide. (4) It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Keep alert to defective ventilation and situations in which the gases of burning fuel of any kind may get into the air. 2. Report to your employer any condition which might make carbon monoxide form or accumulate. 3. If sick, tell your doctor the exposure to carbon mon- oxide. It may help him arrive at a diagnosis. 4. Report complaints early. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (5) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste HD 7260 Mes THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CHROMIUM POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 5 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR of OF AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be exposed to chromium poisoning are: Acetylene workers. Aniline workers. Artificial flower makers. Battery workers. Bleachers. Blue printers (cyanotype). Chrome workers. Chromium platers. Crayon makers. Dye workers. Electroplaters. Enamel workers. Frosters (glass and pot- tery). Glass colorers. Glaze workers (pottery). Linoleum workers. Paint makers. Photographic workers. Photoengraver workers. Printers. Rubber workers. Steel workers (chrome). Tannery workers (chrome). Vulcanizers. This list is incomplete. There are other industrial fields where chromium poisoning does occur, but less frequently. Waterproofers (paper and textile). Welders. HOW CHROMIUM POISONING OCCURS Chromic acid and its compounds have a caustic action. This burning, destructive action occurs when the dust, vapor, or liquid comes in contact with a crack or abrasion in the skin. Once started, the caustic gnawing may dig deeper and deeper. Chromium com- pounds rarely cause general systemic poisoning. WARNING SIGNS OF CHROMIUM POISONING Ulcers (commonly called "chrome holes") on the skin of the hands, arms and about the openings of the nose are the most frequent signs of chromium poisoning. 160874°-39 (2) DEPOSITED BY THE JAN 17 '40 NITED S OF These ulcers are painful there may also be redness and itching of the skin and a burning sensation in the eyes. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT When a worker suspects he has chromium poisoning he should consult a doctor at once, being sure to tell the doctor of the exposure to chromium compounds. He should not return to work until the sores have com- pletely healed. Cases of chromium poisoning should be reported to the State labor department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected chromium poisoning may be a dangerous ill- ness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE. PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Reduce contacts of chromium compounds with skin as far as possible. 2. Remove chromium dust or fumes at their points of origin by exhaust ventilation. 3. Isolate chromium operations as far as practicable. 4. Thoroughly clean floors, benches, and tables daily, preferably outside working hours. Maintain floors about plating tanks as dry as practicable. Pro- vide adequate drains. 5. Supply individual towels, hot and cold water, showers, lockers, and lunch-room facilities. 6. Provide rubber boots, gloves, and aprons to reduce contact with chromium solutions. 7. Provide protective ointments for use of workers. (3) 8. Have air of workrooms tested frequently for chromium. Remember that chromium dust or vapor (droplets) should be less than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters (353 cubic feet) of air. 9. Maintain medical supervision with reexamination of workers every few months. Transfer affected workers who are not disabled to other work. 10. Instruct workers in the toxicity of chromium. Constantly emphasize personal cleanliness of workers. 11. Encourage workers and foremen to report early complaints. It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Thoroughly wash and dry hands at least at noon and after work. 2. Take showers after work. Use separate work clothes and keep them clean. 3. Wear gloves, aprons, boots, and other protective equipment supplied and use ointments as in- structed. 4. Keep fingers away from the face and especially the nose. 5. Apply immediately for first-aid for any cut, scratch, or skin infection, no matter how slight. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (4) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste 4D 7260 DES THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF MERCURY POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 6 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF LABOR OF ་ AMERIC : Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be exposed to mercury poisoning are: Acetaldehyde (synthetic) makers. acid (synthetic) Acetic makers. Acetone (synthetic) mak- ers. Alcohol (synthetic) mak- ers. Amalgam workers. Bronzers. Browners (gun barrels). Calico printers. Cap loaders. Cyanogen gas workers. Disinfectant workers. Detonator workers. Dye makers. Electroplaters. Explosive workers. Felt hat makers. Fur workers. Induction furnace work- ers. Laboratory workers. Liquid mercury (metal) workers. Mercury miners. Mercury salt workers. Mercury smelters. Mercury solderers. Metal refiners. Mirror silverers. Photographic workers. Porcelain workers. Tannery workers. Welders. This list is incomplete. There are other industrial fields where mercury poisoning does occur, but less frequently. HOW MERCURY POISONING OCCURS Mercury poisoning results chiefly from breathing mercury vapor, fumes, or dust over some period of time. Mercury also may be absorbed from swallowing mercury compounds or through the skin. Poisoning is usually gradual and chronic. Once mercury gets into the body it is very difficult to get rid of it entirely. WARNING SIGNS OF MERCURY POISONING Chronic poisoning occurs very gradually and often without conspicuous warning signs. A sore mouth with excessive watering, loosening of the teeth, grad- 160875°-39 (2) DEPOSITLE BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA JAN 17 40 ually appearing loss of appetite, and feeling habitually tired are the most notable warnings. There may be some skin irritation, especially among fulminate workers. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT When a worker suspects he has been poisoned by mercury he should at once seek medical advice, being sure to inform the doctor of the exposure to mercury or mercury compounds. He should not return to work except on doctor's orders, and then to other work, if possible. All cases of mercury poisoning should be reported to the State labor department so that condi- tions may be corrected to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treat- ment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected mercury poisoning may be a danger- ous illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE. PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should- 1. Remove mercury dust, fumes, and/or vapor at point of origin by exhaust ventilation. 2. Vacuum-clean workroom surfaces or permit only wet brushing and sweeping. Cleaning should be done after working hours. Floors, walks, bench- es, and all other structural surfaces should be of nonabsorbent material. 3. Do not allow containers of mercury to remain un- covered, even at room temperature. 4. Provide adequate fresh air ventilation for all work- rooms. 5. Provide gloves, aprons, and other protective equipment. 6. Provide clean respirators, of type approved for mercury by the United States Bureau of Mines, for limited or emergency exposures. (3) 7. Supply individual towels, hot and cold water, showers, lockers and lunch room facilities. 8. Periodically test air in workrooms for mercury. 9. Provide medical reexamination at least every 6 months for all workers exposed to mercury. Insist on complete and continuous record of these findings. Affected workers who are not dis- abled should be transferred to other work. 10. Instruct workers in toxicity of mercury. 11. Encourage workers and foremen to report early complaints. It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Have a thorough medical examination before working in mercury processes and at least every 6 months thereafter. Workers physically under par should not work with mercury. 2. Attention to personal cleanliness is very important. The teeth should be brushed at least daily after work. Thorough washing of hands and face before eating and after work is important. A change of clothes and a shower after work are very helpful, especially in dusty occupations. 3. Never take food into the workrooms. 4. Use respirators, gloves, aprons, and other protective appliances supplied. Do not exchange respir- ators with others. 5. If sick, always tell your doctor of your exposure to mercury. It may help him in arriving at a diagnosis. 6. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Alcohol increases the mercury hazard. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (4) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste HD 7260 USE THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF LEAD POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 7 DEPARTMENT UNITED G STATES OF LABOR OF AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be exposed to lead in suffi- cient quantity to be a source of poisoning are: Babbit makers. Enamel workers. Gasoline workers (tetra- ethyl lead). Glass workers. Glaze dippers. Insecticide makers. Lacquerers. Lead burners. Lead compounders. Lead miners. Lead refiners. Lead smelters. Lead metal sprayers. Paint makers. Paint removers. Painters. Printers. Putty makers. Red-lead workers. Rubber workers. Sandpaperers (paint). Storage-battery workers. Tetraethyl-lead blenders. Turnplate workers. Tree sprayers. Typefounders. Welders and torch cutters of painted steel. Zinc miners. Zinc smelters. This list is incomplete. There are other industrial fields where lead poisoning does occur, but less fre- quently. HOW LEAD POISONING OCCURS Lead poisoning results mainly from breathing lead dust or fumes over some time. Lead also may be absorbed from swallowing lead compounds, or through the skin. Poisoning is usually gradual and chronic. Once lead gets into the body it is very difficult to get rid of it entirely. WARNING SIGNS OF LEAD INJURY The signs which should make the worker suspicious of lead poisoning are: gradually increasing weakness, frequent headaches, dizziness, constipation, loss of appetite and weight, pallor, diffuse abdominal cramps (colic), and joint pains. 160876°-39 (2) DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT JAN 17 40 When a worker suspects he has been poisoned by lead he should seek the advice of a doctor, being sure to inform the doctor of the exposure to lead. All cases of lead poisoning should be reported to the State labor department, so that the conditions may be corrected to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected lead poisoning may be a dangerous illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Remove lead dust and/or fumes at their point of origin by exhaust ventilation. 2. Provide adequate fresh-air ventilation for all work- rooms. 3. Provide clean, efficient respirators. They are to be used for limited or emergency exposures only. 4. Vacuum-clean workroom surfaces or permit only wet brushing and sweeping. Cleaning should be done after working hours. Floors, walks, benches, and all other structural surfaces should be of nonabsorbent material. 5. Supply individual towels, showers, hot and cold water, lockers, and lunchroom facilities. As 6. Periodically test air of workrooms for lead. little as 1.5 milligrams lead per 10 cubic meters (353 cubic feet) of air is recognized as the maximum safe concentration. 7. Have medical reexamination of all lead workers at least every 6 months. Insist on complete and continuous recording of these findings. Af- (3) fected workers who are not disabled should be transferred to other work. 8. Instruct workers in toxicity of lead. 9. Encourage workers and foremen to report early com- plaints. Lead poisoning is mild if detected early. It Is Recommended That Workers Should- 1. Have a medical examination, including complete blood studies, before working in lead processes. Workers physically under par should not work with lead. 2. Attention to personal cleanliness is very important. The teeth should be brushed at least daily after work. Thorough washing of hands and face before eating and after work is important. Workers should have a change of clothes and a shower after work, especially those in dusty occupations. 3. Never take food into the workrooms. A quart of milk per day should be consumed by every worker in lead processes. 4. Use respirators, gloves, aprons, and other protec- tive appliances supplied. Do not exchange respirators with others. 5. Obtain a medical reexamination at least twice a year. 6. After an illness, return to work only on doctor's orders, and then to other work, if possible. 7. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Alcohol greatly in- creases the lead hazard. 8. If ill for any reason, always tell your doctor of your exposure to lead. It may help him arrive at a diagnosis. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 (4) Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste HI 7260 THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF BENZOL (BENZENE) POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 8 DEPARTMENT UNITED OF STATES of LABOR AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be exposed to benzol in sufficient quantity to be a source of poisoning are: Airplane-dope workers. Aniline workers. Artificial leather workers. Benzol-still workers. Blenders (motor fuel). Brake lining makers. Coal tar workers. Coke oven workers. Degreasers (leather and fertilizer). Dry cleaners. Enamel workers. Explosives workers. Gas (illuminating) work- ers. Lacquer workers. Linoleum workers. Nitrobenzene workers. Nitrocellulose workers. Oilcloth makers. Paint workers. Phenol workers. Photographic workers. Printers. Pyroxylin-plastic workers. Rubber workers. Shade-cloth workers. Shellac workers. Shoe finishers. Varnish workers. This list is incomplete. There are other industrial fields where benzol poisoning does occur, but less frequently. HOW BENZOL POISONING OCCURS Benzol (benzene) poisoning occurs from absorbing benzol by inhaling the vapor. As benzol evaporates easily and at low temperature, it gets into the air very readily. Chronic poisoning results from long continued exposure to small amounts of benzol vapor. This causes injury to the blood-forming structures. Acute poisoning follows inhalation of large amounts of the vapor. In this form unconsciousness may come on quickly and suddenly. It is frequently fatal. Benzol (benzene) should not be confused with ben- zine. Benzol is derived from coal-tar, benzine from petroleum. Benzine is far less poisonous than benzol. 160877°-39 (2) DEPOSITED BY THE JAN 17 40 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WARNING SIGNS OF BENZOL POISONING The signs which should make the worker suspicious of chronic benzol poisoning are: Frequent headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite, increasing pallor, and weak- ness. Acute poisoning progresses rapidly, but there is forewarning in breathlessness and excitement. These are quickly followed by loss of consciousness. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT A worker suspecting benzol poisoning should report to a doctor at once, being sure to inform the doctor of the exposure to benzol. Cases of benzol poisoning should be reported to the State labor department so that steps may be taken to protect other workers. A worker collapsing from acute benzol poisoning must be immediately removed to the open air, kept warm and, if necessary, given artificial respiration. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected benzol poisoning is a very dangerous sickness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Remove benzol vapor at its point of origin by exhaust ventilation. 2. Provide adequate fresh air ventilation for all work- rooms. 3. Use less toxic substitutes for benzol wherever prac- ticable. 4. Keep equipment in good order and inspect regularly for leaks. (3) 5. Have air in workrooms tested frequently for benzol. Remember that 0.5 part of benzol in 10,000 parts of air (50 parts per million) is recognized as the maximum safe concentration. 6. Isolate benzol process as far as practicable. 7. Never allow a person to enter a tank or enclosed space that has contained benzol until it has been thoroughly ventilated. All persons entering such tanks or spaces must be equipped with an air-line mask and rescue harness, and be under the observation of an outside attendant. These same precautions should be observed for tanks being cleaned with benzol. Provide gas masks, approved for benzol by the United States Bureau of Mines, or air-line masks for those exposed to excessive amounts in an emergency. 8. Provide gloves, aprons, towels, and washing facili- ties, especially when workers are using liquid benzol. 9. Have medical reexamination of all benzol workers at least every 6 months. Insist on complete and continuous records of these findings. Affected workers who are not disabled should be transferred to other work. 10. Instruct workers in toxicity of benzol. 11. Encourage workers and foreinen to report physical complaints early. Benzol poisoning is mild if arrested early. It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Have a thorough medical examination, including blood studies, before working in any benzol process. Workers physically under par should not work with benzol. 2. Use the respirators, gloves, aprons, and other pro- tective equipment supplied. Do not exchange respirators with others. (4) 3. Obtain medical reexamination at least twice a year. 4. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Alcohol increases the benzol hazard. 5. If sick, always tell your doctor of your exposure to benzol. It may help him arrive at a diagnosis. 6. Report conditions when the vapors of benzol (smell) seem excessive. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (5) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste HD 7760 Mer THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF NITROUS FUMES POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 14 DEPARTME • ENT UNITED D STATES OP of LABOR AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Nitrous fumes are liberated from nitric acid, espe- cially when it comes in contact with such materials as organic substances (paper, wood, cloth, leather, and so forth), metals, or air. The hazard of nitrous fumes poisoning also exists wherever an electric arc or an explosion causes extreme heat in the air. Burning celluloid or photographic films give off large quantities of these fumes. Workers most frequently exposed to nitrous fumes poisoning include: Acid workers. Aniline makers. Artificial leather workers. Bleachers. Calico printers. Collodion makers. Damascening workers. Dye makers. Electroplaters. Etchers. Explosives workers and users. Galvanizers. Hat workers. Miners (blasting). Nitrators and nitrate salt workers. Nitrocellulose workers. Nitric acid workers. Nitrous acid workers. Photoengravers. Picklers (metals). Pyroxylin plastics work- · ers. Sulphuric acid (Chamber process). Torch cutters (metals). Tunnelers (blasting). Welders. workers The list is not complete. There are other industrial fields where nitrous fumes poisoning does occur, but less frequently. HOW NITROUS FUMES POISONING OCCURS Nitrous fumes are brown or reddish gases decidedly heavier than air. The fumes consist of a mixture of gases, all of them irritating and dangerous. These gases have two injurious effects; they irritate and injure the lungs and skin, and also are poisonous to the 160878°—39 (2) 1 DEPOSITED BY THE JAN 17 40 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA whole body. In nitrous fumes poisoning the severe reactions are usually delayed 6 to 24 hours. Late filling up of the lungs with fluid may cause death 36 hours or more after exposure. The effects depend upon the length of exposure and how much of the fumes are breathed in. Some people are very much more susceptible than others. Long exposure to small amounts of the fumes can cause chronic damage, especially to the lungs and other internal organs. WARNING SIGNS OF NITROUS FUMES POISONING As the fumes are colored brown or reddish brown and are heavier than air, they should be easily seen and scrupulously avoided. A spasmodic cough, sensation of choking and smarting of the skin warn of exposure. Those signs which should make the worker suspicious of chronic nitrous fumes poisoning include: Headaches, loss of appetite, constipation, chronic cough, weakness, and corrosion of the teeth. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT Any worker exposed to nitrous fumes sufficiently to cause him to cough and be uncomfortable should be removed to the open air and given absolute rest. He must remain quiet even though he has apparently recovered, for he may become dangerously ill 6 to 24 hours later if he exerts too soon. If coughing continues he should be given oxygen at once and continuously. Do not attempt to help the victim to breathe by artificial respiration unless his breathing has ceased. A doctor should see the victim as soon as possible. The poisoned worker should be watched for 24 hours, even if he feels better temporarily. If a worker suspects he has chronic poisoning from small repeated exposures to nitrous fumes, he should (3) see a doctor, being sure to tell the doctor of the exposure to the fumes. All cases of nitrous fumes poisoning should be reported to the State labor department so that other workers may be better protected. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected nitrous fumes poisoning may be a dangerous illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should- 1. Remove nitrous fumes at the points of origin by local exhaust ventilation. 2. Instruct workers in the hazards of nitrous fumes and in the methods of protection. 3. Encourage workers and foremen to report early signs of irritation. 4. Never permit a worker to return to work after poison- ing by the fumes until so ordered by a physician. Workers coughing from nitrous fumes, no matter how little, are best hospitalized (ambulance) and kept under observation for at least 24 hours because of the danger of delayed edema of the lungs. Such a victim, even though apparently recovered, must not be allowed to make the slightest unnecessary effort. 5. Have regular periodic determinations of nitrous acid compounds in the air of workrooms. The recommended maximum safe concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 10 parts per million parts of air. 6. Provide air-line helmets for limited and for emer- gency exposure. Workers exposed in enclosed spaces (cleaning tanks, and so forth) should always be under the observation of an attendant (4) outside with equipment available to aid in prompt rescue. It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Remember that breathing brown nitrous fumes is dangerous, even if there is no immediate effect. Beware of these fumes! 2. Always use the protective equipment provided. In repairing leaks or in entering any place charged with these fumes, always wear air-line helmets. 3. If, after exposure, difficulty in breathing occurs at home, immediately send for a doctor and tell him of the exposure. The distress may not begin until some hours after inhaling the gases. 4. Never clean up spilled nitric acid without wearing an air-line helmet. Keep nitric acid away from wood (sawdust), paper, cloth, leather, or other similar materials. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (5) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents HD 7760 USE Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF METAL FUME FEVER INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 15 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF OF LABOR AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most frequently exposed to the hazards of metal fume fever include those who work with the following metals when they are heated, either alone or in combination: Aluminum. Antimony. Brass. Magnesium. Nickel. Selenium. Silver. Tin. Zinc (smelting and galva- nizing). This list is not complete. Metal fume fever may occur wherever metals are heated to high temperatures. Most cases arise among brass founders, zinc smelt- ers, welders and "metallizers." Cadmium. Copper. Lead. Manganese. HOW METAL FUME FEVER OCCURS Metal fume fever arises from the breathing of fine particles of burned metal in the fumes given off when these metals or alloys are exposed to great heat. These particles (fumes) are very small and pass into the lungs easily. They cause general disturbance of the whole body several hours after exposure, rarely sooner. This reaction is often brought on by later chilling of the body, as in going home from work or getting into bed between cold sheets. WARNING SINGS OF METAL FUME FEVER If, several hours after being exposed to metal fumes, the worker feels a dryness in the throat, a feeling of weakness and nausea followed by a chill and fever, he 160879°-39 (2) 21 STAT FEB T 140 should suspect he has metal fume fever. Following the chill there is heavy sweating and great weakness. Impurities in the metals, such as arsenic, antimony, lead, magnesium, manganese, and mercury, may also cause poisoning because they are all poisonous. The extreme heat of welding and "metallization" creates metal fumes. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT If a worker suspects he has metal fume fever, he should call a doctor, being sure to inform the doctor of the exposure to metal fumes. Remember that the chill and fever come on several hours after exposure to the fumes. The warning signs and prevention of poi- soning with lead, mercury, arsenic, manganese, and chromium are described in other pamphlets of this series. All cases of metal fume fever should be reported to the State labor department so that conditions may be corrected to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Severe or neglected metal fume fever may cause long disabling illness and much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Remove metal fumes at point of origin by exhaust ventilation. 2. Provide air line masks or helmets where such exhaust ventilation is impracticable. 3 Instruct workers in the hazards of metal fumes. 4. Encourage workers and foremen to report early evidences of exposure to the fumes. (3) 5. Have air tested for metal fumes or dust contamina- tion periodically, particularly if brass, arsenic, lead, manganese, or mercury are present in the metals worked with. It Is Recommended that Workers Should— 1. Use all protective devices such as masks, helmets, gloves, or shields provided. Never exchange masks or respirators with other workers. 2. Avoid breathing in the metal fumes when exposure is accidental. 3. Report all illnesses to the management and all con- ditions where metal fumes get into the air. 4. Avoid chilling or exposure to cold after work. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (4) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste ا أسفر 7760 USA THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF AMMONIA POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH series No. 16 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES OF OF LABOR .• AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most likely to be subject to the hazard of ammonia poisoning include: Acetylene workers. Ammonia workers. Ammonium salt workers. Artificial silk makers. Boneblack makers. Bronzers. Calcium carbide makers. Coke-oven workers (by- products). Cyanide makers. Dye workers. Explosive workers. Fertilizer workers. Galvanizers. Glue makers. Lacquer makers. Mirror silverers. Nitric acid makers. Petroleum refiners. Refrigerating plant work- ers. Refrigerator workers. Sewer workers. Shellac makers. Shoe finishers. Soda makers (Solvay proc- ess). Tannery workers. Tinners. Varnish makers. Gas (illuminating) work- ers. This list is not complete. There are other industrial fields where ammonia poisoning occurs, but less fre- quently. HOW AMMONIA POISONING OCCURS Ammonia is a colorless gas that can be compressed to liquid form. The liquid form of ammonia is used in refrigeration. If suddenly released from pressure, it boils with almost explosive force. Ammonia is ex- tremely soluble in water. Commercial "ammonia” is a solution of the gas in water and is a strong alkali. This solution gives off the gas readily. The gas is extremely irritating and has a strong smell. It irritates the eyes, breathing passages, and the skin. Strong solutions or the concentrated vapor cause caustic burns of the skin (or eyes). If the vapors are inhaled there may arise such extensive irritation of the lungs. that the victim dies. Chronic poisoning from small doses of the vapors is very rare. 160880°-39 (2) JAN 17 40 DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED SVALOR DE AMERICA WARNING SIGNS OF AMMONIA POISONING Ammonia is so pungent and irritating that small amounts are quickly smelled. Smarting of the eyes and skin warns that the gas is free. Difficulty in breathing indicates that the amount in the air is dangerous. Redness and itching of the exposed parts of the skin warn of injury there. Some people are much more sensitive to irritation from ammonia than others. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT If a worker is conscious of the strong smell of am- monia and feels the irritation of the gas on his eyes, he should seek the fresh air at once. If a person is over- come by ammonia (sudden leak), he should be removed immediately. If breathing has stopped, prone pres- sure artificial respiration should be begun at once. A doctor should be summoned. If no one on hand knows how to carry out artificial respiration, call the Fire De- partment, the Gas Company, or the Police Department for aid. Burns on the skin or the eyes should be bathed at once in freely running water as first aid, and the victim should consult a doctor as quickly as possible. All cases of ammonia poisoning should be reported to the State labor department so that conditions can be remedied to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Severe or neglected ammonia poisoning or burns may cause long disabling illness with much unnecessary discom- fort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should- 1. Remember that the primary factor in preventing ammonia poisoning is the installation and careful maintenance of the proper equipment. (3) 2. Instruct employees in the hazards of ammonia poisoning, emphasizing the necessity for especial precautions for the eyes. 3. Instruct employees in the technique of artificial respiration or make arrangements with the Ameri- can Red Cross or the United States Bureau of Mines to do so. 4. Encourage workers and foremen to report early and "minor" exposures to ammonia. 5. Provide protective equipment such as rubber gloves, ointments, goggles, respirators, or air-line helmets for use in emergencies. Only respirators and/or helmets approved by the United States Bureau of Mines for ammonia should be used. 6. Never permit anyone to enter a tank or enclosed space where ammonia vapors may be unless equipped with an air-supplied respirator, rescue harness, and under the constant observation of an outside assistant. It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Cooperate with the management in avoiding places where ammonia vapors exist. Use the protective equipment such as rubber gloves, ointments, goggles, respirators, and so forth, provided. 2. Learn how to perform the Schaeffer prone pressure method of artificial respiration. The local Ameri- can Red Cross chapter or a local Boy Scout Master will teach this. 3. Be especially careful of ammonia irritation of the eyes. Chronic injury and acute burns often cause severe permanent damage. Any eye injury from ammonia should be seen by a doctor as soon as possible. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 (4) Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste !] 7260 VERDA THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF MANGANESE POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 17 DEPARTME UNITED OF BD STATES OF LABOR AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Workers most exposed to the hazard of manganese poisoning include: Battery (dry) makers. Bleaching powder makers. Calico printers. Chlorine makers. Dye workers. Enamel workers. Glass workers. Linoleum makers Manganese grinders. This list is not complete. There are other industrial fields where manganese poisoning may occur, but much less frequently. Manganese dioxide work- ers. Manganese ore workers. Manganese steel makers. Pottery workers (espe- cially glaze workers). Varnish workers. Zinc Ore workers. HOW MANGANESE POISONING OCCURS Manganese poisoning results from absorbing man- ganese through breathing manganese or manganese dioxide dust or the fumes from the fusing of manganese steel. Manganese is also absorbed through the skin. In the milling of manganese ore much dust is created. Manganese affects chiefly the nervous tissues of the body. While manganese poisoning is rarely fatal, severe cases usually suffer life-long crippling incapacity. WARNING SIGNS OF MANGANESE POISONING The following signs should make a worker in man- ganese suspicious of chronic poisoning: Increasing sleepiness, increasing slowness of speech and expression- less face, trembling of the hands, legs, or head, and a sense of stiffness in the muscles. These may come on either singly or together. 160881°-39 (2) DEPOSIT WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT JAN 17 40 OF AMERICA UNITED STA If a worker suspects he has manganese poisoning, he should consult a doctor, being sure to inform the doctor of the exposure to manganese. All cases of manganese poisoning should be reported to the State labor depart- ment so that the health of other workers may be guarded. Do not return to work without the doctor's consent. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected manganese poisoning is a long and disabling illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Remove manganese dust and/or fumes at the points of origin by exhaust ventilation. 2. Provide clean, efficient respirators of a type approved for manganese by the United States Bureau of Mines. They are to be used for limited or emer- gency exposures only. 3. Vacuum-clean workroom surfaces or permit only wet brushing or sweeping. Cleaning should be done after working hours. Floors, walks, benches, and all other structural surfaces should be of non- absorbent material. 4. Supply individual towels, showers, hot and cold water, lockers, and lunchroom facilities. 5. Have a medical reexamination of all manga- nese workers at least every six months. Insist on complete and continuous recording of these findings. 6. Instruct workers in the toxicity of manganese. (3) 7. Encourage workers and foremen to report early complaints. Manganese poisoning is relatively mild if detected and arrested early. It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Attention to personal cleanliness is very important. The teeth should be brushed at least daily after work. Thorough washing of the hands and face before eating, and after work, is important. Workers should change clothes and have a shower after work, especially those in dusty occupations. 2. Never take food into the workrooms. 3. Use respirators, gloves, and other protective devices Do not exchange respirators with supplied. others. 4. Obtain a medical examination at least twice a year. 5. Return to work only on doctor's orders after an ill- ness and then return to other work, if possible. 6. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Alcohol greatly in- creases the manganese hazard. 7. If ill for any reason, always tell your doctor of your exposure to manganese. It may help him arrive at a diagnosis. 8. Promptly report early complaints to the manage- ment. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (4) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste HD THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF INJURY FROM ACIDS AND ALKALIES INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 18 DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES Of OF AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1939 E UNITED S., SEP- 1-o' ** THE F AMERICA INDUSTRIAL SOURCES S Workers most exposed to injuries from corrosive or caustic acids and alkalies are those working with: Acetic acid. Ammonia. Carbolic acid. Caustic potash. Caustic soda. Hydrobromic acid. Hydrochloric acid. Hydrofluoric acid. Acetate manufacture. Artificial silk manufac- ture. Bleaching. Bronzing. Chemical manufacture. Damascening. Dyeing. These chemicals are used especially in the following processes: Electroplating. Explosives manufac- ture. Galvanizing. Nitric acid. Nitrous acid. Oxalic acid. Picric acid. Soda ash. Sulphuric acid. Trichloracetic acid. Lead compound manu- facture. Leather processing. Nitrocellulose facture. manu- Ore purification. Paper manufacture. Pickling (metals). Pigment manufacture. Printing. Rubber manufacture. Soap manufacture. Tanning. Textile manufacture. Glue manufacture. There are many other in- This list is not complete. dustries where these or other acids and alkalies are a hazard if carelessly used. (1) HOW INJURIES FROM CORROSIVE CHEMICALS OCCUR Corrosive chemicals tend to "burn" the skin or mu- cous membranes. How bad the burns are depends upon the concentration of the acids or alkalies and how long they are in contact with the body. Certain acids "fume"; these fumes are dangerous. Particularly dangerous are the reddish-brown fumes which arise from nitric, nitrous, and certain other acids. (See In- dustrial Health Series pamphlet No. 14, The Causes and Prevention of Nitrous Fumes Poisoning.) Many com- mercial acids may contain poisonous impurities which can be absorbed by breathing. Burns of the eyes are especially serious. Nitric acid turns the skin and hair a bright yellow. Hydrofluoric acid is the most corrosive of all: it will even corrode glass. Weak alkalies or acids (such as soap, dilute acetic acid, and so forth) may cause chronic skin dis- orders after long contact. (See Industrial Health Series pamphlet No. 1, The Causes and Prevention of Industrial Skin Diseases (Dermatoses).) WARNING SIGNS OF INJURY Caustic or corrosive chemicals cause intense smarting when they touch the skin. This smarting may some- times diminish in a few minutes because of numbness, but attention should never be delayed. Fumes may cause a choking sensation and irritation of the eyes and nose. Sudden burning of the eyes must have immediate attention. Milder or more dilute caustics may cause chronic skin irritations, with dry, sore cracks in the skin or sores which heal slowly. Weakness, hoarseness, chronic cough, and some decay of the front teeth should warn a worker of possible chronic acid fume poisoning. (2) WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT At the first sign of smarting or burning of the skin the worker should immediately rinse the affected part with plenty of water. Such rinsing should be con- tinued until the burned area regains a normal color. Clean, running water is best. Any clothing soaked with the corrosive should be removed so that no more of it gets onto the skin. Chemical burns should not be bandaged until seen by a doctor. Avoid using neutralizing agents. Plenty of water is safest. Chemical burns of the eyes should have the same first aid-IMMEDIATE, thorough rinsing with clean, running water (a drinking fountain is satisfactory.) A doctor should be consulted as soon as possible. Any worker exposed to acid fumes that cause him to cough and make breathing uncomfortable should be removed into the open air and given absolute rest. Nitrous fumes are especially dangerous. A doctor should see the poisoned worker. If a worker suspects he has chronic injury from acids or alkalies, he should consult a doctor, being sure to mention what he has been working with. All cases of injury from corrosive chemicals should be reported. to the State labor department so that other workers may be better protected. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. Late or neglected injury may result in a long, dangerous illness with much unnecessary discomfort. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended that Employers Should— 1. Instruct all employees in the hazards arising from corrosive chemicals and the precautions to be observed in their handling and use. (3) 2. Encourage workers to report early and minor injuries. 3. Provide adequate special equipment for the safe handling, storage, transport, and utilization of corrosive or caustic chemicals and keep this equipment in first-class condition by frequent inspection and maintenance. 4. Remove fumes at points of origin by local exhaust ventilation, using corrosion-resistant materials. The disposal of fumes must be such the recon- tamination of the atmosphere is impossible. 5. Supply personal protective equipment such as rubber boots, aprons, gloves, and goggles and insist upon their use. 6. Supply clean, running water readily accessible to all employees working with corrosive chemicals. Install and maintain quick operating showers for emergencies in workrooms where concen- trated corrosives are used or stored. 7. Keep floors as dry as possible, avoiding spillage. 8. Never permit a worker to return to work after acid fume poisoning until so ordered by a physician. (See Industrial Health Series pamphlet No. 14, The Causes and Prevention of Nitrous Fumes Poisoning.) 9. Have regular periodic examination of the air in workrooms. 10. Never allow a person to enter a tank or enclosed space that has contained concentrated acids until it has been thoroughly ventilated. Per- sons entering such tanks or spaces must be equipped with an air-line mask or helmet, rescue harness, and be under the constant observation of an outside attendant. These same precau- tions are to be observed for tanks being cleaned with commercial acids. (4) It Is Recommended that Workers Should- 1. Help the management maintain safe working condi- tion by promptly reporting any defects in equip- ment, or the smell of escaping fumes. 2. Report promptly all injuries, no matter how slight. 3. Use all safety devices furnished for protection. 4. Immediately rinse with large quantities of water any local burn, no matter how slight. 5. Remember that burns of the eyes are very serious. Goggles are the best protection. If burns occur, use only water and have a doctor see the eye as soon as possible. Promptness in rinsing is most important. 6. Never" mop up" spilled acid with organic material such as sawdust, waste, or cloth. Never leave spilled acid or alkali unattended; someone must be there to prevent other workers from stepping into it. 7. Never enter a tank which has contained corrosive chemicals or clean such a tank with acid without suitable protection. 8. Avoid acid fumes which irritate or cause coughing. These fumes are dangerous. 9. Remember that crude commercial acids may con- tain poisonous impurities such as arsenic. If not feeling well, consult a doctor, being sure to tell him of all exposure. It may help him arrive at a diagnosis. Industrial Health Is Your Problem Apply These Principles For Safety (5) U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE POISONING INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 19 DEPARTMENT UNITED OF LABOR STATES of AMERICA U. S. Department of Labor Division of Labor Standards 1940 DEPOSITED EY THE UNITED STAVES OF AMERICA INDUSTRIAL SOURCES Places and operations where workers are most likely to be exposed to hydrogen sulphide poisoning include: Gas works (coal coking). Blast furnaces. Chemical laboratories. Glue factories. Chemical factories: Especially those mak- ing- Dyes. Pyroxylin plastics. Sulphides. Sulphuric acid. Cellulose factories. Fat-rendering plants. Fertilizer plants. Mines. Paper mills. Petroleum wells and re- fineries. Viscose Rayon factories. Rubber factories. Sugar refineries. Sewer maintenance. Soap factories. Tanneries. Fur processing plants. This list is not complete. Hydrogen sulphide is a by-product of many chemical reactions in industry and is formed in the decomposition of animal or vegetable waste material. It is also liberated from many min- erals and mineral oils and is likely to arise wherever sulphur compounds exist. Therefore, Therefore, sewer mainte- nance men, service and repair men, and helpers may be subject to the same exposure as other workers in those plants where hydrogen sulphide occurs. HOW HYDROGEN SULPHIDE POISONING OCCURS Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a colorless gas with an odor resembling that of rotten eggs. However, in high concentrations of the gas, when it is most dangerous, this odor is not apparent. The gas is heavier than air and therefore tends to settle to the bottom of vats, tanks, and sewer wells. It is inflammable and, in certain concentrations, explosive. It dissolves in water, from which it is driven again by heat. 219777°-40 [1] Poisoning occurs from breathing the gas; it may be almost instantly fatal. The greater the concentra- tion of the gas the less noticeable is the odor; therefore one cannot rely upon the sense of smell to warn of danger. Almost all cases of acute poisoning are due to accidental leaks, carelessness in handling, or entering enclosed spaces where the gas may have accumulated. Very small amounts inhaled over a long period of time may cause chronic poisoning. Exposure increases sus- ceptibility; after mild poisoning, workers are more easily poisoned by further exposure. Hydrogen sul- phide is both a local irritant to the eyes, nose, and throat and a general poison causing paralysis, uncon- sciousness, and death in a few minutes if larger quanti- ties are breathed. WARNING SIGNS OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE POISONING Acute poisoning may come on so rapidly that there are no warning signs. The rotten-egg smell, smarting of the eyes, cough, and sense of burning in the chest warn of smaller, though dangerous, amounts of the gas in the air. Though the cough may disappear after the exposure, there is still danger of death from pneumonia or fluid in the lungs 12 to 48 hours later. Cramps in the leg muscles, poor memory, mental depression, weakness, sweats, and frequent boils should make an exposed worker suspicious of chronic hydrogen sulphide poisoning. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT If a worker is conscious of a strong smell of hydrogen sulphide, he should seek the fresh air at once. He should warn all others to stay away from the area in which the gas is escaping and report the condition promptly. In case a worker is overcome by the gas, [2] he should be removed to the open air immediately, but the rescuers must be protected by air-line masks or helmets. Artificial respiration should be started on the overcome worker immediately and continued at least until a doctor arrives. The artificial respiration should never be stopped in order to summon a doctor. The overcome worker must be kept warm and should later be sent to the hospital, even if he recovers quickly. If a worker suspects he has chronic hydrogen sulphide poisoning, he should consult a physician, being sure to inform the doctor of the exposure to the gas. All cases of hydrogen sulphide poisoning should be reported to the State labor department so that conditions can be remedied to protect other workers. Remember that early discovery and early treatment make for a shorter and more curable sickness. DON'T WAIT UNTIL THE DAMAGE IS DONE! PREVENTION It Is Recommended That Employers Should— 1. Remember that the primary factor in preventing hydrogen sulphide poisoning is the installation and careful maintenance of proper equipment to handle the gas where it is likely to accumulate. Constant vigilance is required in order to prevent accidents. 2. Make frequent determinations of the hydrogen sul- phide concentration in the air of work places or where the gas may accumulate. Concentrations greater than 20 parts per million of air are dan- gerous. 3. Provide sufficient exhaust ventilation for the re- moval of the gas at its points of origin. 4. Instruct employees in the hazards of hydrogen sul- phide, emphasizing the necessity of NOT relying on [3] the sense of smell for higher and most dangerous concentrations of the gas. 5. Instruct employees in the technique of artificial res- piration or make arrangements with the American Red Cross or the United States Bureau of Mines to do so. 6. Encourage workers and foremen to report early and "minor" exposures to hydrogen sulphide. 7. Provide protective equipment such as air-line hel- mets or proper gas masks for use in emergencies. Only respirators and other similar devices ap- proved by the United States Bureau of Mines for hydrogen sulphide should be used. 8. Never permit anyone to enter a tank or enclosed space where hydrogen sulphide gas may be (sewers, vats, storage rooms, etc.) without his being equipped with an air-supplied respirator and rescue harness and then only when under the constant observation of an outside assistant, who should likewise have proper respiratory protection available. It Is Recommended That Workers Should- 1. Cooperate with the management in avoiding places where hydrogen sulphide exists. Use the pro- tective equipment (such as respirators) supplied. These are intended for emergency use only. 2. Avoid any accidental contact of sulphide reagents with acids; do not drop any sulphide reagents into sewers which may contain acids. 3. Report immediately any leaks or conditions where hydrogen sulphide is getting into the air. Keep out of this area and keep others out likewise. 4. Learn how to perform the Schaeffer prone pressure method of artificial respiration. The local Ameri- can Red Cross or a local Boy Scout master will teach this. [4] 5. Remember that victims of acute hydrogen sulphide poisoning may be saved by immediate removal from the poisonous atmosphere and prompt and continuous artificial respiration. 6. Never enter a tank, enclosed space, or a place where there is danger of accumulated hydrogen sulphide without wearing an air-supplied respirator, a rescue harness and life line, and without having an outside assistant standing by. Do not try to rescue an overcome worker without such protec- tion and without an outside assistant. 7. If sick for any reason, always tell your doctor of your exposure to hydrogen sulphide. him arrive at a diagnosis. It may help U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1940 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents [5] Occupational Diseases Cause Human Waste на 77 THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF ANTHRAX INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERIES No. 20 UNITED DEPARTMENT OF STATES OF LABOR .. AMERICA Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor 1941 ANTHRAX-WHAT IT IS Anthrax is a contagious disease caused by certain germs (spores or bacilli) that may be found on animal skins, hides, hair, wool, bones, bristles, or carcasses of infected animals. WHERE IT IS FOUND Workers most likely to be exposed to anthrax are: Leather workers. Bone meal workers. Brush makers. Butchers. Carpet makers. Cattle salesmen. Curriers. Farmers. Fertilizer makers. Freight handlers. Fur workers. Gelatine makers. Glue makers. Hair workers. This list is incomplete. The hazards of anthrax exist wherever anthrax germs (spores or bacilli) exist. Anthrax germs may exist wherever infected animals or animal products are processed, handled, or stored. Longshoremen. Meat inspectors. Shepherds. Shoddy workers. Slaughterhouse workers. Stablemen. Tannery workers. Taxidermists. Veterinarians. Warehouse workers. Wool workers. HOW IT OCCURS Anthrax germs may enter the body through cuts and scratches which may be so small as to be unnoticed. The germs may, but less frequently, enter the lungs through the nose and mouth. Among humans, the germs may be spread by contact, and in the same manner they may be spread among animals. But most often the germs may spread from animals or animal products to man. 423437°-41 (2) DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The earliest evidence of anthrax on the skin is an innocent-looking small pimple or boil. Frequently a small dark spot may appear in the center of the pimple or boil. Swelling of the affected area usually follows shortly. At this stage the pimple or boil may be pain- less or may cause a burning and stinging sensation. Fever also occurs at this stage. Later, general infec- tion may result which is often fatal if not properly treated. When anthrax germs enter the lungs, an extremely severe condition arises, the symptoms of which are similar to pneumonia, namely: fever, cough, pain in the chest, and prostration. Death usually results when anthrax germs infect the lungs. WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT Anyone working in any of the occupations listed above should consult a physician at the first sign of a boil, pimple, or infection and carefully and fully explain to the physician his occupation and the materials that have been handled. No worker having open cuts or scratches, or raw surfaces however trifling, should work until the wound is completely healed or is adequately covered by a proper dressing after being thoroughly washed or other- wise treated by a physician. PREVENTION It Is Recommended That Employers Should— 1. See that factory buildings are well lighted and well ventilated. Floors and walls should be of such type and materials as can be easily washed, and, if necessary, sterilized. (3) 2. Have tables, workbenches, and seats scrubbed daily with soap and hot water. 3. Remove at the point of origin dust arising from manufacturing operations. Other dust-producing oper- ations which cannot be conveniently ventilated should be done in an isolated room so constructed that it may be readily cleaned. All dust and refuse should be destroyed daily by burning. 4. Use vacuum-type cleaning for the removal of dust. 5. Provide adequate medical service for the immedi- ate treatment of suspected cases of anthrax boils or furuncles. 6. Furnish employees with impermeable aprons, leggings, or rubber boots in all operations where the body may contact water used in tanning, scouring, boiling or bleaching of animal products listed above. 7. Furnish approved respirators to employees en- gaged in handling and sorting or in dusty manufacture. 8. Furnish overalls and impermeable gloves or mitts (not harmful in themselves) to workers engaged in handling the animal products "as received." 9. Strictly supervise the wearing, maintenance and storage, in separate lockers, of personal protective equipment. 10. Provide adequate dressing and washrooms with separate lockers for street and work clothes, located outside the room where manufacturing operations are conducted. An adequate supply of hot and cold run- ning water, toilets, and drinking facilities should be provided. 11. See that no food is brought into the workrooms, and provide a separate room for eating purposes. Em- ployees should be required to take off their work cloth- ing before entering any eating room and wash their hands, arms, neck, and face before eating or leaving premises. (4) 12. Maintain high standards of housekeeping. It Is Recommended That Employees Should— 1. Carefully follow all health and safety instructions. 2. Wash your face, hands, neck and arms before eating. Do not eat in your work clothes. Do not eat in the workroom. 3. Take a hot shower after work. 4. Use the protective equipment provided for your protection, and do not use the equipment of others nor loan yours. 5. Examine your skin daily. If any suspicious spots or pimples are seen, see a physician at once. Don't forget to inform him of your occupation and the ma- terials you handle. 6. Cooperate at all times with your employer in making your workplace safe. 7. Report cases of anthrax infection to your State Labor Department so that steps can be taken to protect other workers. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1941 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents (5) i W ÷ : .. :