C 518,093
t
GRAD
DT
57
.E321
v.28
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE
AT
DEIR EL-BAHARI
PART I.
PV
EDOUARD
HON. D.C.L., I μ D., Pr.D., LAT.D., HON. F.S.A.
น
CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE;
FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE;
FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON ;
PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA
WITH CHAPTERS BY
H. R. HALL, M.A.,
ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM
AND
E. R. AYRTON
TWENTY-EIGHTH MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON
SOLD AT
1
THE OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.
AND PIERCE BUILDING, COPLEY SQUARE, BOSTON, MASS., U.S.A. /
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., DRYDEN HOUSE, 43, GERRARD STREET, SoHo, W.
B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY, W.; ASHER & Co., 13, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GArden, W.C.
AND HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C.
1907
*
!
....
!
Library of the University of Michigan
The Coyl Collection.
Miss Jown L. Coyl
of Detroit
in memory of her brother
Col.
William Henry Coyl
1894.
EXCNEER
-
...
:
{
"


$
}
IT
57
·E321
V. 28

THE HATHOR-COW.
GREACH
CAIRO
Plate I.
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE
AT
DEIR EL-BAHARI
PART I.
BY
EDOUARD NAVILLE
HON. D.C.L., LL.D., PH.D., LITT.D., HON. F.S.A.
CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE;
FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON;
;
PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA
WITH CHAPTERS BY
H. R. HALL, M.A.,
ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM
AND
E. R. AYRTON
TWENTY-EIGHTH MEMOIR OF
society
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON
SOLD AT
THE OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.
AND PIERCE BUILDING, COPLEY SQUARE, BOSTON, MASS., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, GERRARD STREET, Soho, W.
B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY, W.; ASHER & Co., 13, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
AND HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C.
1907

FUND
PLORATI
HE
EGYPT
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
President
F. G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., DIR.S.A.
Vice-Presidents
THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., | THE HON. CHAS. L. HUTCHINSON (U.S.A.)
F.R.S., F.S.A
PROF. T. DAY SEYMOUR (U.S.A.)
SIR E. MAUNDE-THOMPSON, K.C.B., D.C.L., PROF. AD. ERMAN, Ph.D. (Germany)
LL.D.
THE REV. PROF. A. H. SAYCE, M.A., LL.D.
PROF. W. W. GOODWIN (U.S.A.)
PROF. G. MASPERO, D.C.L. (France)
JOSIAH MULLENS, Esq. (Australia)
H. A. GRUEBER, Esq., F.S.A.
Hon. Treasurers
EDWARD R. WARREN, Esq. (U.S.A.)
bon. Secretary
J. S. COTTON, Esq., M.A.
Members of Committee
T. H. BAYLIS, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.
C. F. MOBERLY BELL, Esq.
THE HON. J. R. CARTER (U.S.A.)
SOMERS CLARKE, Esq., F.S.A.
NEWTON CRANE, Esq. (U.S.A.)
W. E. CRUM, Esq., M.A.
LOUIS DYER, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.)
ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, Esq., M.A., D. Litt.,
F.R.S.
PROF. ERNEST A. GARDNER, M.A.
GENERAL LORD GRENFELL, G.C.B.
F. LL. GRIFFITH, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. G. KENYON, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.
PROF. ALEXANDER MACALISTER, M.D.
MRS. MCCLURE.
THE REV. W. MACGREGOR, M.A.
ROBERT MOND, Esq., F.R.S.E.
THE MARQUESS OF NORTHAMPTON.
FRANCIS WM. PERCIVAL, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
SIR HERBERT THOMPSON, BART.
MRS. TIRARD.
EMANUEL M. UNDERDOWN, Esq., K.C.
JOHN WARD, Esq., F.S.A.
T. HERBERT WARREN, Esq., M.A.
E. TOWRY WHYTE, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
181548
LONDON:
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON LTD.,
ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.
PREFACE.
THE excavation of the XIth Dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari finishes the work which the Egypt
Exploration Fund undertook in 1893, when, on the 7th of February, I set eighty-five workmen to
dig in the Great Temple, one third of which had been uncovered by Mariette.
Ten years afterwards, on November 5th, 1903, I started the excavation of the huge mounds on
the south side of the Great Temple, which I was certain concealed interesting relics of the XIth
Dynasty. Remains of that time had been found in the former work, especially in the court at
the foot of the Hathor-shrine, where one of the finest wooden coffins of that epoch, with all its
paraphernalia, had been discovered. This led me to think that it was a cemetery which lay under
these mounds; and I was very much surprised, when, a few days after having begun, we came
upon a platform, the central part of the temple now completely unearthed, the oldest one which
is to be seen at Thebes.
My first and most pressing duty is to thank all my fellow-workers, without whose valuable
help and persevering labour the work of four winters could not have been carried out.
In November, 1903, a few days after I had started the excavation, I was joined by Mr. H. R.
Hall, whom I had to leave very soon. After my departure Mr. Hall had alone the charge of the
excavations during the whole of the first season, and he directed them in each of the two
following winters before my arrival. In the second season, at the end of October, 1904, the work
was resumed by Mr. Hall and Mr. E. R. Ayrton, whom I joined in January, 1905, and we had the
voluntary help of Mr. H. Garnett-Orme. Again Mr. Hall and Mr. C. T. Currelly started the
digging in November, 1905; I arrived in January, 1906, and Mr. J. T. Dennis and Mr. M. D.
Dalison came to help us, Mr. Dennis in making drawings and photographs, Mr. Dalison in super-
vising the workmen and also making photographs.
During three weeks in December, 1906, before my arrival, Mr. Currelly, assisted by Mr.
Dennis, was in charge of the excavations. Mr. Dalison joined us shortly afterwards, and Mr. Hall
spent three weeks on the site at the end of the work. This has been the last campaign, and there
will be no more at Deir el-Bahari, since we may now say that Deir el-Bahari is finished.
This volume is by no means a final record of what has been found. It is only the first part,
which will have to be completed and corrected on certain points by a second part. When the
text was written last autumn, before the concluding campaign, we were still uncertain as to its
results, and especially as to what we should discover at the end of the passage before the entrance
of which we stopped last year. Some of our views having been modified by our latest discoveries
(1907), we made the necessary alterations in what we had originally written, but nevertheless the
book must still be considered as the description of a work which was yet unfinished. The final
plan, which could only be made when the whole building had been cleared, and therefore could
not appear in this volume, will probably give us further important indications as to the date of
viii
PREFACE
certain parts of the construction. The Plan published in this volume (Plate ii.), which shows the
temple at the end of the third season's work, has been prepared by Mr. C. R. Peers from a
working-plan by Mr. Ayrton (with additions by Mr. Currelly), which was based on measurements
taken by Mr. Peers on the spot at the end of the first season (Jan. 1904). As regards the
shrines of the princesses, it will only be possible to get a definite idea of their size and shape
after a careful sifting and study of the numerous small fragments which are the poor remains of
these beautiful and interesting monuments. This work is being done by Madame Naville.
The plates show the state of ruin in which this temple, unique in its kind, has been
found, and the impossibility of attempting any repairs, not to say restoration.
We are indebted for some very fine negatives to Dr. Borchardt, who took them at the
beginning of the third season. The photographs of the Hathor-cow in the Museum at Cairo
are due to the skilled hand of Brugsch Pasha. The coloured plate of the cow is made from a
water-colour by Mr. M. Reach, and the coloured plates of the sarcophagus of Kemsit from drawings
by Madame Naville. All the phototypes and coloured plates have been executed by the "Société
des Arts Graphiques," at Geneva, which under its former name, Thévoz & Co., made the plates
for several of my previous memoirs. The scanty and fragmentary remains which are seen on
these plates have revealed to us a style of art very little known, and a funereal structure of which
there is no other specimen in Egypt.
Malagny, April, 1907.
EDOUARD NAVILLE.
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
MENTUHETEP II. AND THE XITH DYNASTY.
BY EDOUARD NAVILLE
1
CHAPTER II. THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION. BY H. R. HALL
CHAPTER III. THE TOMBS. BY H. R. HALL AND E. R. AYRTON.
CHAPTER IV. THE SARCOPHAGI OF THE PRINCESSES. BY EDOUARD NAVILLE.
CHAPTER V. THE XIITH DYNASTY AND THE WORSHIP OF NEB-HEPET-RA.
9
43
53
BY EDOUARD NAVILLE
57
CHAPTER VI. THE HATHOR SHRINE. BY EDOUARD NAVILLE
CHAPTER VII. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. BY EDOUARD NAVILLE AND H. R. HALL.
INDEX
63
68
73
(For List of Plates, see Chapter VII.)
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT
DEIR EL-BAHARI.
CHAPTER I.
MENTUHETEP II. AND THE XITH DYNASTY.
BY EDOUARD NAVILLE.
THE question of the number of the kings of the
XIth Dynasty, and of the order in which they
followed each other, is a very difficult one, with
regard to which opinions differ considerably.
These kings all bear the name
name of Antef
or Mentuhetep. How many of these were
real kings, and how many were vassals, or
governors of provinces? This is a problem to
which we are not yet in a position to give a
definite solution. It would be out of place here
to discuss the various systems which have been
proposed; but we are bound to say that none of
the numbers or of the arrangements appears
satisfactory, neither the six kings admitted by
Prof. Steindorff and Prof. Sethe, nor the seven
whose succession Prof. Breasted endeavours to
prove, nor the nine of the list of Prof. Petrie.
As M, Maspero says, the classification of these
kings is still very uncertain, and nearly every
year brings new documents and new names.
The lists of Sakkarah and Abydos mention
only two of these kings. There are more in the
list of Karnak, which is, however, unreliable as
to the order. The papyrus of Turin cannot
safely be quoted, since we do not know the
length of the gap which exists between the
fragment which is supposed to give the
end of the dynasty and the next; so that at
present it is impossible to give a definite
number, and that of sixteen given by Manetho
seems the most probable.
We have now some new information as to the
beginning of the dynasty. The list of Karnak
mentions as Nos. 12 to 15 an Antef with the
title of
a Mentuhetep and two
Antefs, all three with the title
which is
the usual beginning of a ka name. Prof.
Steindorff calls this one of the unexplained
difficulties of the list. But curiously a newly-
acquired stele of the British Museum (No. 1203)
confirms the list in this respect.¹
1
This stele gives a series of three kings in
whose service a high official named Antef
had lived. They are in the following order :-
好
​f
पूধ
These three
names were known before. The first one is
the king for whom was erected the famous stele
with the dogs, Behukaa and the rest. He
is called there
าง
1
2
& f
I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Budge for
permission to make use of this unpublished document.
2 MARIETTE, Monuments, pl. 49.
B
2
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
or He occurs again in an inscription
at Elephantine, in the Abbott papyrus, and on
a stele (now in the British Museum) of a person
called, where his
where his name is written
O
2) Everywhere,
Everywhere, except in the
document first quoted and in a stele at Leyden,
the king's name is enclosed in a cartouche; but
there never are two, one only following the
only following the
Horus or ka name.
The same may be said of the second king
, who is also known from a
monument at Abydos,2 where after his ka
name he is called. On the
stele of his name
30 mm) This last document says that he
is the former Antef's son.
is
written
The third king is less known. The beginning
of his ka name is found in a stele at Cairo
We may thus feel certain that these three
kings had only one cartouche, and a Horus
name. This points decidedly to sovereigns who
did not rule over the whole of the country.
The use of two cartouches seems to be a
Memphite custom which the kings of the first
under their dominion the two parts of Egypt,
Dynasties did not adopt before they had united
under their dominion the two parts of Egypt,
although some of them had already the title of
as these princes of the XIth Dynasty
had.
9
The first Antef and Mentuhetep must have
exercised their power over the southern part of
Middle Egypt, and over a region extending as
far as Elephantine. Although, as I believe, they
came originally from Coptos, they took Thebes for
their capital, and this city retained this position
even when they had conquered or annexed Lower
Egypt. This is the reason why Thothmes III.
mentions them in his list; they were kings who
had reigned at Thebes, and who were worshipped
Alf, which has induced Prof. Sethe to and buried there, and to whom, perhaps, he
пеш
consider him to be king Sankhkara (of)
the last king of the dynasty; but this identifica-
tion is certainly wrong, since this Mentuhetep
is a king with only one cartouche, while
Off has two. The cartouche of this
орец
Mentuhetep, whom we may well call the first
(Mentuhetep I.), is at present found only in the
list of Karnak, as No. 12.3 This list quotes the
sole cartouche of each of these three kings,
following the ; while, where a king had
two cartouches, it quotes the first, for instance
D₂
,
Mentuhetep, or (o
Antef.
¹ BREASTED, New Light on the History of the Eleventh
Dynasty.
2 MARIETTE, Cat. d'Abydos, No. 544.
3 It is possible that we have a mention of this king
(Pl. xii. d), where at the place of the first cartouche we
have the signs.
ffl.
erected statues, as one may gather from the last
excavations at Karnak.
Though these princes were rulers of Upper
Egypt only, and therefore have to be placed at the
beginning of the dynasty, I believe there is one
before them, who may well be considered as its
founder. It is the
صة
4 of the Karnak
list, whom it is natural to identify with the
owner of a stele found by Mariette at Drah Abou
el Negga. He is called?
& 1
7
=
ལ
www
"the hereditary
prince, the first lord of Thebes who satisfies the
heart of the king, the keeper of the southern
door," besides other titles which are not easy to
understand. Evidently he was a man in high
* The two copies of LEPSIUS differ as to the cartouche.
In the latter one, which he says was collated with the
original, there is none.
5 MARIETTE, Mon., pl. 50.
!
MENTUHETEP II. AND THE XITH DYNASTY.
3
position in the southern part of the country,
though he was not a king, since one of his titles
distinctly shows that there was a king whose
subject and even favourite he was. However,
as he appears on the Karnak list with the others
who adopted the ka-name and the cartouche, we
may well call him Antef I. Thus we should
reconstitute the beginning of the dynasty in the
following way :-
Antef I.,
governor of Thebes.
and that of the first king read in the same way,
they are not one and the same person, as was
thought at first.
To these five Mentuheteps we must add a
second new one discovered in the course of ex-
cavations at Deir el-Bahari, namely, Sekha-n-Rā
Mentuḥetep (o
】(Pl. xii.
i, j), and a king, of whom also we have found a
slab, who had been discovered before at El Kab
and Gebelein, namely (Ded-nefer-Rā) Dudu(mes)
[@{{C}]). These two last are
Antef II., Horus Uaḥ-ānkh†, with one
with one [C
cartouche only.
Antef III., Horus Nekht-neb-tep-nefer
念 ​16:
, with one cartouche only.
Mentuḥetep I., Horus Sankh-ab-tauif the XIth.
with one cartouche only.
These four princes, three of whom were kings,
ruled over Upper Egypt only, and we have
every reason to suppose that in their time the
two parts of Egypt were not yet united as one
kingdom.
The other kings whom we know to have
belonged to this dynasty¹ are the following:
Neb-ḥepet Ra I., Mentuḥetep II.
a)
Neb-ḥepet-Ra II., Mentuḥetep III. o
Neb-taui-Ra, Mentuḥetep IV.
D
Ą
certainly of less importance, and there are no
separate monuments of them. They may be
counted among the sixteen kings of Manetho, or
they may perhaps belong to another dynasty than
the XIth. We shall not attempt to find them a
place. The question is, in which order are we to
place the first five Mentuheteps? The first and
last only of the series are mentioned in the list
of Abydos, which passes from Sankhkara to
the XIIth Dynasty. We have no reason to
disagree with the list as to this king, especially
considering that his first cartouche has a different
form from that of the three other ones, which
seem to belong together.
As for the first,
2]), the builder of the
D
temple which we have discovered at Deir el-
Bahari, his ka-name is (Pl. xii. h), “he who
joins the two countries," his "Golden Hawk
name is 4, Qa-shuti, and it seems probable
Sānkhkarā, Mentuḥetep V. (off) that he was the first king of the XIth Dynasty who
The second king of this list is a new discovery,
being known only from our excavations and from
a stele found by M. Daressy, mentioned below.
As we shall see later, though his prenomen
1 The king "Neb-hetep" Mentuḥetep discovered by
Lepsius at Konosso is not included in this list, as his
name is probably a misreading of the prenomen of Neb-
hepet-Ra II. (see p. 7).
ruled over the whole of Egypt. In later times
not only was he called a god and worshipped, but
he was venerated as the author of some event of
great importance; his name was associated with
those of Menes and Aahmes the liberator. It is
natural to suppose that these special honours
were conferred upon him because he put an end
to the period of anarchy which had prevailed
2 SAYCE, FRAZER, P.S.B.A., June, 1893, figs. ii. and
xviii.
4
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI,
Therefore I believe he must be put at the head
of the kings with two cartouches. He would thus
be Mentuhetep II. (Pl. xii. d, g, h). It is he who
built the temple, which after his death and under
his successors was probably used as a burial
place for princesses, who were at the same
time priestesses of Hathor, and who had there
their tombs and their shrines. That seems to be
the reason why we have found in the temple the
names of the two following Mentuheteps, which
1
1
It
before, and that he succeeded in restoring to the is different from that which is read kheru.
kingdom its former extent.
seems evident that has the same reading as
so that these
in the name of the next king,
two Mentuheteps, who I take to be father
and son, would have their first names sounding
exactly alike, though they were written with
different signs. Neb-hepet-Ra, or Ra-neb-hepet,
would be the first name of both. These two
signs, the oar and, which is supposed to
be a mason's square, are very often connected,
especially in a ceremony which occurs often
at the entrance of temples and which, I
believe, refers to the foundation of the build-
ing. We have an instance of it in this temple
(Pl. xii. e). The king is seen making a long
stride, and holding in one hand the oar, and in
the other the. I suppose that it means
that the king is measuring in strides the ground
which is to be consecrated to the god. This
ceremony is called o
ceremony is called, "taking possession
of the oar," or of "the square." The oar has
certainly a symbolical meaning.
come from these shrines.
These two kings were both warriors, and
there is hardly any reason to put one before the
other. The greater similarity of the names and
the fact that he had to fight also the neigh-
bouring nations of Egypt, would induce me to
put o
first, while the great work at
Hamamât of (o
would point to a more
settled country, as is the case also with
Sankhkara. Thus the XIth Dynasty would
consist of two series of kings, those who
reigned only in Upper Egypt, and who had only
one name, and four Mentuheteps, who ruled
over the whole country. It is quite possible
that we may have to insert in the list two or
three less powerful princes.
, the builder of
the temple, is in my opinion the first king of
the XIth Dynasty who joined the two parts of
Egypt under his sceptre, and who ruled over
the whole country. His ka name J seems
to prove it. It is not likely that he would have
taken this name if the task of the restoring his
kingdom to the size which it had under the first
dynasties of the Old Empire had been achieved
by one of his predecessors.
His first cartouche (o has long been read
Neb-kheru-Ra, but the spelling of the Abbott
Papyrus, (), showed that the last sign
The first Neb-hepet-Ra Mentuhetep, whom,
according to the reconstruction of the dynasty
which I here propose, I call Mentuhetep II.,
must have been a very powerful king. His
rule was well established, since he reigned more
than forty-six years, as we know from the
tablet of one of his officials called Meru.2
Nevertheless he has not left many monuments
besides this temple.
The fact of his having ruled over Lower
Egypt is proved by the inscription of one
of his officials who was priest in the Helio-
politan nome, and who had at the same time
an employment at Elephantine; and also by
¹ Since this was written we have found beautifully carved
hieroglyphs showing distinctly that the sign |
and therefore reads hepet.
2 Catalogue of Turin; Stele No. 1447.
3 PETRIE, Season in Egypt, No. 243.
is an oar,
i
MENTUHETEP II. AND THE XITH DYNASTY.
5
Ст


ssssss
2
gopa
} [ä
R
0 0
ΔΙ
A
ورود
た
​AAAAAAA
And


b
Fig. 1.
a fragment in which the king is associated with
Buto.¹
1
All
But the best proof of his being the ruler of
the Delta is his wars against the Aamu. These
wars are recorded in two very ruined fragments
of an historical inscription, where are mentioned
the
BB O these Aamu (fig. 1, a).
The name is written exactly as in the much
older inscription of Una (11. 13, 14). They
wear feathers on their heads. I believe they
were mentioned in another fragment (Pl. xiv. e),
were mentioned in another fragment (Pl. xiv. e),
where a man with a feather is also followed by the
☐
pronoun these, meaning probably that they
were represented on the sculptures to which
these inscriptions belonged. Therefore I con-
sider as being Aamu the foreign warriors, of
whom there were many representations in the
temple; the men with pointed beards pierced
by the arrows of the king (Pl. xiv. a, d, f,
xv. b, c, f, i), or killed by the battle-axes of the
soldiers; also the women carrying their children
in baskets. All we know of the Aamu always
points to their having lived on the eastern
frontier of Egypt, in the Sinaitic peninsula, and
further east; therefore a king who fought them
must have had the command of the Delta. The
same must be said of the
appear in the same inscription (Fig. 1, b).
1 WIEDEMANN, Gesch. p. 227.
who
Mentuhetep II. fought also other nations,
whose chiefs are said to be bowing down before
him (Pl. xiv. b). It is probable that he made
war on the Negroes. A fragment from his
temple, now in the Museum at Geneva, shows a
prisoner of black colour, coming probably from
the Upper Nile. One may suppose that in his
expeditions against the Asiatics the king used
On a fragment of a broken statue, the date
Negro troops, as Una had done long before.
of which it is difficult to fix, but which I
of which it is difficult to fix, but which I
believe to be a little later than the XIth
believe to be a little later than the XIth
Dynasty (Pl. xxvi. d, e), the man who is a
standard-bearer called, is said to be
ነቦ ,, the head of the Negro mercenaries.
The use of black troops was a custom which
began very early, but which lasted very late.
As I said before, I believe Mentuhetep II. to
have been the renovator of the Egyptian
monarchy, which had passed through very
troubled times, and also had been much
weakened by internal dissensions. His title
seems to establish it clearly; but the act
which most strongly contributed to give him a
high position in the memory of the following
rulers, chiefly of the XVIIIth and XIXth Dynas-
ties, is his having chosen Thebes as his capital.
Thus he was the founder of the great power
to which this city rose under the XIIth
Dynasty, soon after his time. We do not know
6
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
a
what he built on the east side of the city. His
constructions there probably disappeared under
the huge buildings which afterwards developed
into the temple of Karnak. The stele of the
XIIth Dynasty, found at Deir el-Bahari this
year (Pl. xxiv.), and his funerary temple show
that he firmly established and gave
considerable extension to the worship of Amon
of Thebes. In this sense the kings of the
XIth Dynasty were Diospolites, as Manetho calls
them; but judging from the inscriptions which
they have left at Hamamât, their native city
must have been Coptos, and their special god
Min, who was worshipped in that city.
seems probable, it is here, was connected with
the sanctuary.
It is probable that in Mentuhetep's time his
temple was one of the largest that had been
built; we may suppose that it was the most
considerable on that side of Thebes, the city
which he had raised to be his capital. He
constructed his funerary chapel during his life;
it is probable that he did not wait till his last
years to lay the first stone and to erect the
walls. He must have begun very soon. The
walls were ready beforehand: the decorations
followed in succession, as events took place,
the record of which he wished to be engraved
in his Memnonium. In this respect Hatshepsu
exactly imitated her predecessor. She reigned
with her nephew Thothmes III. when she raised
her funerary chapel, the great temple at Deir el-
Bahari. To herself during her lifetime was
instituted the worship which was to last after
her death. Mentuhetep had set her the
example. It is not his successor, it is himself
who had the rock cut in the shape of a plat-
form, on which stood a pyramid surrounded by
colonnades of square pillars sheltering walls
covered with sculptures, where the glorious
events of his reign were described. Although
we have no fragment stating it in a positive
way, there seems to be no doubt that even in
his time Mentuhetep was the god of this temple,
where he is represented as living. When the
kings who succeeded him brought him offerings as
to the god of the place, they acted in conformity
to what he had instituted. It was not only after
his death that he had been deified.
From Mentuhetep II.'s time onward we may
consider Egypt as again one kingdom, having
Thebes for its capital. There the king desired
to leave a lasting monument of his reign, in the
city which he had chosen. So far as we know,
Mentuhetep II. (Neb-hepet-Ra I.) was the first
to raise at Thebes what has been called a
Memnonium, a funerary temple which at the
same time should be a memorial of his life.
This is the temple which we have excavated,
and is described in this book. On the walls of
this building, where he was worshipped together
with Amon, he caused pictorial and written
narratives and descriptions to be engraved of
the chief events of his life; those which he looked
on as the most glorious and from which he
derived the greatest pride. His wars are
depicted, and the hunting scenes, of which we
found fragments, give us some idea of his
some idea of his
amusements (Pl. xvi.). His Memnonium is a
sort of compromise between the burial of the
Old Empire, the pyramid to which was linked a
small temple, and the funerary chapel which
under the XVIIIth and XIXth Dynasties is
completely separated from the tomb, and which
is at the same time a place of worship and the
record of the life of the sovereign. Mentu-
hetep's temple is an innovation, and this renders, Apait (Pl. xvii. g, h) the official —
it so extremely interesting, especially as regards
We have found several names of officials
during his reign, from which we shall be able
to date monuments bearing these names. We
have several treasurers,
Nekht,
Дуб Masi, 1 Kereri, and
the question of how his actual tomb, if, as A Dag, treasurer and judge, whose tomb
MENTUHETEP II. AND THE XITH DYNASTY.
7
was discovered by Lepsius, the judge
4,
Bebi, on a large slab, now in the British
Museum (No. 724), from the eastern wall of the
ambulatory, and especially the well-known
chancellor and chief treasurer 40 Kheti
(see below), whose name is that of the kings.
attributed to the Xth Dynasty. A fragment
refers to a man whose name is broken, but who
seems to have been the son of an Antef, and
whose title was
which I translate
"chief of the hunting country" (fig. 2).
IIFRAS
י | |ם
||
Fig. 2.
M
In a sculpture found in the Shatt er-Riggâla,
near Silsileh, is seen the king Mentuhetep II. and
before him a prince called
صة
1
25.
"The
followed by the treasurer Kheti, mentioned
above. Behind the king is a woman holding a
sceptre and a lotus, and above her are these
words: -
royal mother who loves him, Aah." The
question is, whose mother is Aah said to be,
Mentuhetep's or Antef's? In my opinion she
is the mother of Antef who stands before his
parents.
I cannot believe, however, that this Antef
was Mentuhetep's successor. If he had been so,
after his father's death he would have assumed
a second cartouche; but there is no Antef with
two cartouches who may be placed after Neb-
hepet-Ra in the XIth Dynasty. The fact of his
1 Quoted from PETRIE, Season, No. 483.
name being enclosed in a cartouche means that
he was the heir, who was to inherit the crown,
but probably he died young, and never came to
the throne. We might quote several similar
instances, one of the most striking of which is
the prince, one of the sons of Thoth-
mes I., who was already one of the generals of
his father, and who evidently died young.
2
I believe the successor of Mentuhetep II.
appears in a fragment of sculpture from our
"the
temple (Pl. xii. b) as
ים
(royal) son Mentuhetep," carrying a battle-
axe, and holding a bow in his right hand.
The fragment comes from the war scenes. He
is following a tall man whose leg only has
been preserved, and who evidently is his
father. From the fragments which we found
in the excavations it seems natural to suppose
that this Mentuhetep coming after the king
whose ka-name was T
is o
, whose
ka-name 14 appeared several times on the
shrines of the priestesses. This ka-name 4
has long been considered as belonging to a king
called
; but a stone found at Thebes,
for the knowledge of which I am indebted
to the kindness of M. Daressy, gives us the
following name,
which
瑞 ​1,

оо
14
leaves no doubt as to
Neb-hepet-Ra II.³
3
(sic)
being the ka-name of
was
We have come to the same conclusion through
the name of his queen (Pl. xvii. e). We see that
the queen of
AT-
Aashait, and Pl. xii. k, under the signs 14
we read the remains of the first signs of
of the name of the princess, which probably was
followed by a word like, consort.
ים.
2 GRÉBAUT, Recueil, vii., p. 142.
³ See also the note on p. 3.
8
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
The titles of queen Aashait are known to us. | Sadhe,
On one of the fragments coming from the
shrines, behind the king we see:
10 E
7
D
"
"the
99.
royal wife, who loves him, the royal favourite,
the only one, the priestess of Hathor, beloved of
Osiris, Aashait" (Pl. xvii. e). She is said to be
dead, but on the fragment the king is spoken
of as dead also. On another fragment (Pl.
xii. a) she is probably the queen represented
behind the king. Aashait has the title of royal
wife; she undoubtedly was Mentuhetep's queen
and probably the first in rank, but she was not
the only one.¹ We must admit that besides
their regular wives the kings had in their
harîms wives of lower rank called Q, "the
royal favourite." This was already the custom
under the Old Empire, as we know from the
tombs. Here these priestesses of Hathor are
called, "the royal favourite, the only
one;
""
but we cannot suppose that there was
only one at a time; for we find remains of
processions of these princesses, and we must
admit that they lived at the same time, for
they are not said to be dead.
The titles of some of them have not been
preserved; those whose coffins and shrine-
fragments have been discovered,
1
¹ A gold-mounted scarab in the British Museum
(No. 40855) bears her name spelt
with the title,
"chief royal wife." Cf. NEWBERRY, P.S.B.A.
7
xxiv. (1902), p. 251.
2
Kauit,
O
Henhenit,
до
AB-
до
- Kemsit,-!-
↑, Tamait (“The Cat”), are all royal favourites.
Therefore we must conclude that there was a
college of priestesses of Hathor who all had the
title of royal favourites, or that the princesses
of the harîm of the king, probably those who
lived at Thebes, were priestesses of Hathor,
specially devoted to the goddess. This religious
character given to the wives of the king has
nothing surprising about it, considering that
the king himself was a god. All the kings of
Egypt, from the Thinite period down to the
Roman emperors, were gods, and we see in
several instances the kings of the XIth Dynasty
taking the appearance of Amon and Min.²
The king whom I consider to be the successor
of Mentuhetep III., and who would be Mentu-
hetep IV., is
who was more power-
ful still than his predecessor or father, and who
certainly ruled over the Delta, for he drew
soldiers from it. We found his name on a
fragment in the temple. As for
Confl
이우​니​,
1,
Sankhkara, Mentuhetep V., he has not yet
been discovered in the temple. He is chiefly
known through his expedition to Punt. But no
XIth Dynasty mention of that country has yet
been discovered in the excavations, and we
cannot yet say that he, or a thousand years
afterwards the powerful queen Hatshepsu, took
example from Neb-hepet-Ra when they sent
their ships to the land of frankincense.
2 LEPSIUS, Denkm. ii. 150, 14, 19.
9
CHAPTER II.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
1. THE TEMPLE.
ר
By H. R. HALL.
THE XIth Dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari
is the funerary chapel of the king Mentuḥetep
II., who bore the prenomen
!), Neb-
ḥepet-Ra, which used to be read "Neb-kheru-
Rā," till the variant form o
was found
at Deir el-Bahari by us. M. Naville has
stated in the previous chapter his opinion that
there were two kings bearing the name of
Neb-ḥepet-Ra, perhaps father and son, who
spelt their prenomens differently, the elder as
, the younger as 7. If this
is so, the temple was evidently the work of the
clder king, and the younger completed it,
probably adding the shrines of the princesses,
which, as we shall see, may have been after-
thoughts: it is on the walls of these that the
name o
occurs.
The Theban dead had always been buried on
the western bank of the river, under the shadow
of the Kurn, the great stack mountain, sacred
to Hathor, which rises immediately above the
cliffs of Deir el-Bahari. Here the benign cow
Hathor ruled the dead in her capacity as
Mistress of the Waste, sometimes appearing in
serpent-form as Mersegret, "She who loveth
silence." Here, in Tjesret or Zesret, "the
Holy," the necropolis of the XIth Dynasty
Thebans was set, and here at least one, and
probably two, of their monarchs were buried.
The great royal tomb known as the Bâb el-
Hoşân, discovered by Mr. Howard Carter in
1898, is apparently the cenotaph¹ of a king of
have been buried close by, probably in a
this dynasty. Neb-ḥepet-Ra I. must himself
"tomb-
rock-cut tomb in the cliffs at the back of his
temple, though the great bab excavated in
1907 is apparently a cenotaph or
sanctuary" of the royal ka, rather than the
king's actual tomb (see p. 35). The royal
tombs were at that day not far separated
from their chapels; this fact must be borne in
mind. It was not then, as it was in the days
of Thothmes and Rameses, that the monarch's
body was laid in his "August Habitation of
the West," which was constructed "no man
seeing, no man knowing," by the "Overseer
of the Works of the Place of Eternity,"
in the remote valley of the Tombs of the
Kings. The chapels of these later tombs were
1
Though the tomb had never been opened, nothing,
beyond the remains of the offerings, was found in it but
a seated statue of the king in the heb-sed costume,
wrapped up, like a mummy, in bandages, and a small
box, of the same style as the model coffins described on
pp. 49, 50 (CARTER, Ann. ii. 201). This was inscribed
with the name Son of the Sun Mentuhetep," after
which is a gap, which originally contained either the signs.
deceased," or the prenomen, which cannot have
O
ים
been o , but may have been 7. Mr.
Newberry (P.S.B.A. xxii. 292) thought it was
but M. Naville has shown that this name is an
incorrect form, being due to a misreading of
(see p. 7 above).
ך
L..
Uor M
10
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
1
placed on the hither side of the mountain, on The name of the tomb is given us by the stela
the borders of the cultivation in the valley of a certain Tetu, priest of its chapel, who was
itself, and merely pointing vaguely in the buried at Abydos. The name was D
general direction of the tombs to which they, Akh-asut-Neb-ḥepet-Rā, “Glorious
belonged. The two first kings of the XVIIIth
are the Seats of King Neb-hepet-Ra," deter-
Dynasty had been buried in the Dra Abu
'1-Negga, on the hither side of the moun-
mined by a pyramid. The chapel, which is the
tain, with their tomb-chapels adjoining their temple excavated by us, was known by the
same name in its shortened form, Ákh-ȧsut, or
tombs. The kings of the XIIth Dynasty would
have been buried in the same way, had they
Äkh-aset simply. In inscriptions found on the
been interred at Thebes. They, however, pre-determined by the sign of a building,
spot during these excavations the name occurs
ferred the neighbourhood of their favourite
"Lake-Province" of the Fayyûm. Some of the
kings of the XIth Dynasty were probably buried
at Deir el-Bahari, and we cannot doubt that
their tombs were close to their funerary chapels.
For this reason the tomb of Neb-ḥepet-Ra I.
is probably near his temple, while the Bab
el-Hosân may have been (if not the actual
tomb) the ka-sanctuary of his successor, who
added the shrines to the plan of the original
builder, and so to some extent shares with him
the ownership of the temple.
The tomb of Neb-hepet-Ra I. is said
to have been intact at the time of the
royal inquest into the tomb-robberies at
Thebes in the reign of Rameses IX., of
the XXth Dynasty. KLAA
011
"The
Pyramid-Tomb of King Neb-hepet-Ra (life,
wealth, health!), Son of the Sun, Mentuḥetep
(life, wealth, health!), which is in Tjesret
(Zesret); it was intact." Zeser-zesru-Amon
"Holy of Holies of Amon") is the ancient
name of the Great Temple of Queen Hatshepsu
at Deir el-Bahari; and the shortened form
Zesret was from the time of Hatshepsu onwards
used for Deir el-Bahari generally. The tomb
then was at Deir el-Bahari, as we have assumed
from what we know of the custom of the period
before the XVIIIth Dynasty.
which is used specifically for a temple, only;
thus a certain Aakheperka "was priest of the
house (i.e. temple) Åkh-åset" under the XVIIIth
XVIIIth Dynasty temple of Hatshepsu the
Dynasty. But in the inscriptions of the
name Akh-aset seems to signify not a single
building but the place Deir el-Bahari gene-
rally. On a small stela of the XVIIIth
Dynasty found by us find Äkh-áset
synonymous with Zesret : Hathor is called “lady
of Zesret, she who is in Akh-åset,"
we
. (Pl. xxv. e). On another stela
(Pl. xxvi. b) of the same date is mentioned a
"priest of Amen in Åkh-ȧset in the House of
Neb-ḥepet-Rā,"
AS

ти
This (unless it is an example of
apposition, Akh-aset being synonymous with
"the House of Neb-ḥepet-Ra ") makes the temple
within Åkh-åset, not Åkh-åset itself. But that
the word Akh-asut (written later Akh-ȧset)
originally designated not a place but a building
would seem to be shown by its determinatives
A
and it is on the stelae not determined
by, though it is sometimes determined by
alone. We should ordinarily suppose that the
original Akh-asut was then a building at Deir
el-Bahari, the name of which was afterwards,
when the stelae mentioned above were inscribed,
¹ MARIETTE, Cat. Abydos, No. 605.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
11
used for the whole neighbourhood, and included
"Zesret." 1 This building was the tomb and
chapel of king Neb-hepet-Ra which is called
Akh-asut on the stelé of Tetu, and is stated in
the Abbott Papyrus to have been situated at
Deir el-Bahari. And the chapel of king Neb-
hepet-Ra at Deir el-Bahari is the temple which we
have discovered. This, therefore, is the original
Akh-asut. Akh-asut was, until the middle of
the XVIIIth Dynasty, when the series of great
funerary temples on the western bank was com-
menced, one of the most important sanctuaries
of Thebes. In the reign of Thothmes I.it ranked
not far below the temple of Luxor. This we
see from the inscription of Annå in his tomb
at Shekh 'Abd el-Ķûrna. Annå was
missioned to supervise, among other matters
connected with the temples, the weighing out of
the monthly rations of incense to the various
Theban sanctuaries, which he mentions in the
following order: the "houses" of Amen, Mut,
Khensu and Ptah (Karnak), an erased name,
Apet-reset (Luxor), Men ȧsut,
, Alch-
2
asut, and Ḥer-her-Åmen,
com-
1 In favour of this view may be quoted several names
of royal tombs under the Old Kingdom, Uab-asut of
Userkaf, Men-asut of Ne-user-Ra, Neter-asut of Menkauhor,
Nefer-asut of Unas, and Dad-asut of Teta. But the
converse view, that the temple and tomb took their
name from the place Akh-asut, has several arguments in
its favour. The may be the "seats" of the dead
ddd may
мии
. Of the Theban Men-asut we know
It was
nothing, except from this inscription.
probably the funerary temple of a king of the
XIth Dynasty who preceded the builder of
Akh-asut, and may yet be discovered somewhere
in the neighbourhood of Deir el-Bahari or Dra'
Abu 'l-Negga.
From the form of the name ending in,
asut, we might well suppose that both Åkh-asut
and Men-åsut were pyramids; the older royal
tombs with names ending in åsut, quoted in the
note below, were all pyramids. Now on both the
inscription of Tetu and in the Abbott Papyrus the
tomb of Neb-hepet-Ra, which, as we have seen,
must have been close to its chapel, is determined
by the sign. Therefore either the king was
buried here in a pyramid in regular form,
or in a long rock-cut gallery - tomb, the
pyramid itself being but a part of the fune-
rary temple. In the midst of Åkh-åsut we
have discovered what seems to be the base of
the pyramid. There is no tomb in or under
it. Therefore it seems evident that the mer,
A, of Neb-hepet-Ra I., which was
found intact by the Ramesside inspectors, was
a rock-cut tomb, with the pyramidal chapel
Akh-asut close by. This is the building which
we have discovered.
To guard against possible misapprehension,
the fact must be emphasized that the discovery
is an entirely new one. A block bearing the
name of Neb-hepet-Ra I. was found by Mariette
ddd, may mean simply in the course of his investigations of the site,³
and so the necropolis generally, in all these cases quoted;
and A
or
"the Pyramid of Akh-asut cemetery," or "of Men-asut
cemetery." In this case the determinative might be
explicable as referring to the necropolis generally, not to
a particular building. The use of the determinative
might be quoted in support of this explanation. On
this view the necropolis of Deir el-Bahari was always
called Akh-asut, and Neb-hepet-Ra's tomb bears the name
of "Akh-asut Pyramid " because it was situated in the
Akh-asut cemetery. This is the view which M. Naville
would, on the whole, be inclined to prefer.
and he evidently had seen fragments of
columns of the temple also, loose in the
rubbish, from which he deduced the fact that a
"small" temple of the XIth Dynasty had existed
here. But it is quite certain that he did not
3 MARIETTE, Deir el-Bahari, p. 5.
466 Est-ce-qu'à Deir el-Bahari n'existe pas un petit
2 SETHE, Urkunden der 18ten Dynastie, i. p. 71. I owe temple de l'XIe Dynastie qui, il y a quelques années,
this reference to the kindness of Prof. Sethe.
montrait encore aux voyageurs ses colonnes de grès
12
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
2
find any part of the actual temple, nor did
he know precisely where it was. He speaks
of it as "small," which it would not be considered
to be anywhere but at Thebes, and describes
its columns erroneously as "hexagonal" (they
are octagonal). It is possible that the fragments
he had noted were the actual scraps (including
a single base), which until the present excava-
tions were lying on the rubbish near the mouth
of a tomb (No. 15; see p. 52), in the south-west
angle of the cliffs,¹ which is said to have been
excavated by the late Lord Dufferin many years
ago. These fragments were no doubt found some
years before Mariette wrote the passage referring
to the "hexagonal" columns. To judge from his
words (quoted below in the footnote), Mariette
evidently supposed that it had not been long
since the actual temple had been visible to
travellers. No doubt he thought it had been
covered up in modern times. It is, however,
certain that the precise site, size, and nature of
the temple were entirely unknown until the
discovery of 1903, as the whole of its floor was
found to be covered by ancient débris, and in no
place by modern tip-rubbish only. And the
ancient débris has certainly not been disturbed
for a very long time, probably not since the
Ramesside period. In some places the ancient
rubbish lay fifteen to twenty feet deep above
sexagonales?" (Revue Politique et Littéraire, 1879,
p. 560.) We are indebted for this reference to M. Capart.
¹ Arch. Report, 1903-4, p. 7. Mariette says he found
the "stones of the "edifice" of "Ra-neb-kher,
"tout
au fond du cirque et vers l'angle sud-ouest" (Deir el-
Bahari, loc. cit.). This is the position of the fragments
""
mentioned. It is evident that he had no inkling that the
temple really filled up the whole of the remaining space
in the "cirque," and judged too hastily that it was
"aujourd'hui ruiné de fond en comble."
* Other sporadic fragments from the temple seem to
have been found occasionally of late years. Last year I
noted a piece of coloured relief in the Vienna Museum
which certainly belongs to it; but whether this is the
product of some chance pitting by a native on the spot,
or was found in some other place to which it had been
removed in ancient times, is uncertain.
the pavement level, and in no case did the
highest pillars remaining, which are six to
eight feet high, project above it. In this
rubbish were found, besides "pockets" of
scarabs and fragments of blue pottery of the
XVIIIth Dynasty, baskets, tools, and pottery
which cannot be of later date than the Rames-
side period. It is therefore evident that the
pavement level cannot have been seen since the
Ramesside period, at least, and that no part of
the temple was discovered before the present
excavations. Lord Dufferin came very near
finding it when he dug for tombs in the south-
west corner of the cliff-face; and it is probable,
as has already been said, that fragments of its
columns were found by him loose in the rubbish,
but it does not appear that he actually un-
covered any part of the building that is in situ.
The temple is therefore an entirely new discovery.
m²
3
6
We must not omit to note that in 1881
M. Maspero found in the Dra' Abu 'l-Negga, not
far off, an architrave bearing Mentuhetep's name,
with remains which he took to be those of this
king's pyramid, Akh-asut, or, as he preferred to
vocalize the name, "Khou-isiou." The pyramid
is, however, in the Abbott Papyrus distinctly
stated to have been situated in Zesret or
Tjesret (
nti m Zesret), and
Zesret is certainly Deir el-Bahari, not the Dra
Abu 'l-Negga. Also we shall see that the most
remarkable feature of the newly discovered
remarkable feature of
temple is a square erection which is very pro-
bably the base of a pyramid, presumably the
royal pyramid mentioned in the Abbott Papyrus,
It therefore seems most probable that the archi-
trave found by M. Maspero in the Dra' Abu
'1-Negga had been brought at some later time
from the king's temple at Deir el-Bahari, and
that the building near by was not Akh-asut.
3 Hist. Anc. des Peuples de l'Orient Classique, i. (Les
Origines), p. 462, n. 4. "J'en ai retrouvé les restes à
"Drah abou 'l-Neggah en 1881, ainsi qu'une architrave
aux cartouches de Monthotpou et provenant de la
"chapelle funéraire."
"
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
13
In order to make the account of the excava-
tion more intelligible, it seems best to preface
it with a short description of the temple, which
will give a general idea of its plan, appearance,
and chief peculiarities.
On a rectangular platform (AA on the
annexed sketch-plan, which is not to scale), arti-
ficially cut out of the rock, stands the square
base of the pyramid (B), round which is a colon-
nade or ambulatory (cc). Outside the outer
wall of this (DD), which was covered with reliefs,
was another colonnade (EE), which has partially
disappeared. The platform was approached by
Z
I
CLIFFS
J
K
I
E
A
B
A
E
H
C
G
G
1
F
L
Σ
५
IN
N
a ramp (F), in the centre of the eastern side,
which was flanked by colonnades on the lower
level (GG). On the N. and S. sides of the platform
were open courts (HH), their floors level with
those of the eastern colonnades. At the western
end the platform was narrowed into a colonnaded
court beneath the cliffs. In it is the descending
dromos (1) of the royal cenotaph, or great tomb-
like sanctuary of the royal ka. Behind this, at
the base of the cliffs, is a transverse hypostyle
hall (J not to scale; actually much longer in
proportion to the pyramid), with a small sanc-
tuary or cella. Between the tomb-sanctuary
graves of
and the pyramid were the chapels and
the priestesses of Hathor who were buried in
the temple. To the north of these was the
XVIIIth Dynasty shrine of Hathor (now removed
to Cairo), and its forehall (K), discovered in 1906.
(The position of the larger shrine of Hathor, in
the Great Temple, which was excavated by
Mariette many years ago, is indicated by the
letter L.) The whole building was surrounded
by a temenos boundary; a high wall of limestone
flanked it for a considerable distance on the
north and south sides (the northern wall used
to be regarded as the southernmost wall of the
XVIIIth Dynasty temple). The rectangular
court (M) was completed by a low brick wall (NN).
With this sketch-plan should be compared the
detailed plan on Plate ii., and the general views
on Plates iv., vi. and vii.

2. THE SITE.
The Great Temple of Queen Hatshepsu at
Deir el-Bahari, as it stands to-day, with its
ramps, terraces and courts cleared of the rubbish
which had accumulated over them during the
course of ages, and with its famous historical
reliefs conserved and protected from further
damage, is and will remain a monument of the
work of the Egypt Exploration Fund.
And now another temple has been added to
the first. The present-day visitor to Deir el-
Bahari sees beneath the shadow of the great
cliffs of the Theban hills two temples standing
side by side; to the north the splendid terraces
of Hatshepsu's fane, to the south a smaller, much
more ruined building. This is the newly dis-
covered funerary temple of King Mentuḥetep
Neb-hepet-Ra, which has been brought to light
by the renewed excavations carried on by the
Fund during the last three seasons.
The new
temple is by no means so conspicuous as its
fellow: it lies lower, it has no great colonnaded
terraces, no high trilithon gate, to attract the
eye; in fact it seems overshadowed and almost
overborne by the grandeur of its great neigh-
14
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
bour, which rears itself up against the cliffs in
its ascent to the cave-shrines of the gods, high
above the modest emplacement of the temple of
Mentuḥetep. And this is so in fact as well as in
appearance, for the architects of Hatshepsu, in
order to find room to carry out their plan, were
obliged to raise part of the later temple over the
northern portion of the temenos of Mentuḥetep:
the temenos-wall disappears beneath the heavy
mass of the XVIIIth Dynasty Hathor-terrace
which was reared above it. The actual building
of the XIth Dynasty temple was encroached
upon only at its north-west corner, where a small
forehall was built above the XIth Dynasty level
as an approach to the second, smaller, shrine of
Hathor, which, with its splendid image of
the goddess, was discovered during the season
of 1905-6. This explains why Hatshepsu's
architects, instead of building in the exact
centre of the theatre of Deir el-Bahari, placed
the new temple up against the northern slope
of the cliffs, leaving the great space to the
south which had seemed unoccupied until the
work of 1903-4. We now see that they were
compelled to do this by the presence, which we
moderns had hardly suspected, of the older
temple at Deir el-Bahari. This temple, the
newly-discovered one, certainly existed side by
side with the temple of Hatshepsu throughout
the XVIIIth Dynasty, and did not fall into ruin
until the Ramesside period or later. Votive
stelae and figures of personages of the XVIIIth
and XIXth Dynasties were dedicated in it; one
of the pillars by the eastern entrance, another in
the western colonnade, and the wall of the cella at
the western end bear records of restoration by
Rameses II.; Siptah is represented with the
Chancellor Bai on one of the walls, and the relief-
slabs of the main hall as well as the pillars of the
North Colonnade are covered with Ramesside
graffiti, both written and incised (Pl. viii. 6).
Many fine tombs of the XIth Dynasty were
covered up by the building of Hatshepsu's
temple. Some of them have been discovered
beneath it, notably a finely painted sepulchre,
the passage of which runs diagonally from
north to south beneath the central court.
In the long passage-way between the south
retaining-wall of the central court (with the
beautiful relief panels surmounted by hawks),
and the north temenos-wall of the XIth
Dynasty temple, is a tomb which descends
beneath the XVIIIth Dynasty wall. Further,
in the court immediately south of the Hathor-
terrace, XIth Dynasty tombs were found in the
course of the excavations of 1896, notably the
fine burial of Buau-Mentuḥetep (see p. 44).
These last were never covered up by the XVIIIth
Dynasty builders, and it seemed probable that
in the large unexplored space between the
Hathor-terrace and the southern horn of the
semicircle of cliffs which encloses the site, many
further tombs of the XIth Dynasty might be
discovered, if excavations
discovered, if excavations were made there.
Also, since blocks inscribed with the name of king
Mentuḥetep Neb-hepet-Ra had been found in
former years near the great temple both by
Mariette and by MM. Maspero and Brugsch-
Bey, it seemed probable that the temple to
which they belonged, which ought to be at
Deir el-Bahari, or in its immediate neighbour-
hood, might also lie within this untouched area
of the cliff-circus.
more
It was with the object of clearing the XIth
Dynasty necropolis and ascertaining whether
any traces of a building of King Mentuḥetep
remained in the unexplored tract that the
present excavations were undertaken. Both
objects have been attained, but the tombs have
proved less important, the temple
important, than was expected. Omitting the
cenotaph or ka-sanctuary, fourteen previously
unknown tombs have been found and opened,
but of the fourteen none, though several have
yielded fine objects, has been found untouched
by ancient spoilers. The temple of King Men-
tuḥetep, however, has turned out to be a most
remarkable building, of a size and importance
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
15
totally unlooked-for. In size it cannot compare
with the great temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty,
but it is very much larger than was anticipated.
In importance also it does not seem to the lay
observer to compare with Hatshepsu's temple,
but in spite of its comparatively bad preser-
vation, Mentuḥetep's building is from the
scientific point of view fully as important as
that of Hatshepsu. Not only is it the most
ancient temple at Thebes, but it is also the only
temple of the Middle Kingdom which exists in
anything like good preservation. It is not
merely the foundations of it that remain, the
ground plan only that can be traced: its actual
pavements and the pillars of its colonnades are
to a great extent in situ, and so far from being
disappointed that it is in so ruined a condition,
we may congratulate ourselves that it is in so
perfect a state as it is. In fact it is a matter
for wonder, considering its age, and the fine
stone of which it is made, that so much of it
remains. Temples have served as quarries
from the days of Rameses II. till now, and
Mentuḥetep's was no exception to the rule.
For a temple of the Middle Kingdom, therefore,
it is in wonderfully good preservation, and gives
us a previously unhoped-for illustration of the
funerary buildings of that age. Architecturally,
as will be seen, it is of a type not known else-
where. In fact, from the architectural point of
view it is even more peculiar than the temple of
Hatshepsu. And it has also told us much that
was not known before with regard to the art of
the period when it was built. The fragments of
the reliefs which decorated its walls and have
been found in its débris are in many cases of a
style previously unknown, which gives us a new
idea of the art of the XIth Dynasty.
Before proceeding to describe the actual pro-
gress of the excavations, it may be well to give
some idea of the nature of the site and of the
rubbish which had to be removed.
The tract explored lies between the temple of
Hatshepsu and the southern base of the semi-
circle of cliffs which encloses the site. This
tract was covered with confused mounds of
rubbish, like those which were cleared away
from the great temple in the course of the
former excavations of 1893-1899. Visitors who
have not been to Deir el-Bahari since the present
work has been in progress will remember having
seen these mounds from the terrace of the
Hathor-shrine. All have now disappeared, and
in their place stands the four-square platform
and pyramid-base of Mentuḥetep, with its walls
of splendid masonry, its ruined colonnades, and
its central ramp of access on the eastern side.
The rubbish which covered this fine building
has nearly all been carried away by means of
the Décauville railway kindly lent to the ex-
cavation by the Service des Antiquités, and
deposited near the mouth of the wadi between
the cliffs and the hill of Shekh 'Abd el-Ķûrna,
in a position where it covers nothing ancient,
and will not again have to be disturbed.
The character of the ancient rubbish tells us
much of the later history of the temple. The
actual surface of the pavement-level, or rock,
was generally covered with stone chips, actual
débris of the temple-building, in which were
found the fragments of reliefs and the statues
dedicated in the temple. All these were found
broken and smashed, lying in and over the
smaller chips, and thrust up against columns,
which themselves were always broken and in
many cases overthrown. Great slabs of the roof,
painted blue with the usual yellow stars, had
fallen between pillars and on top of one another,
and needed careful work with the crowbar to
disengage them. Everywhere everything was
buried in the stone chips, innumerable small
fragments, of which
which hundreds,
hundreds, belonging
originally to the outer faces of walls, were ·
"maktub," either inscribed with a hieroglyph
or carved with a bit of brightly coloured relief.
These bits often measured not more than two
or three inches across, and all belonged to large-
scale reliefs. It seems almost impossible that
16
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
L.
!.
the scenes to which they belonged can ever be
reconstituted properly. Everywhere the scene
Everywhere the scene
is one of wholesale and wilful destruction; and
we have proof that this destruction was wilful
in the state of the columns, many of which bear
the lines of drill-holes along which they were
to be split, while others have evidently been
actually split asunder in order to make use of
the stone. (See the photograph Pl. viii. 7,
which shows the drill-holes on one of the best-
preserved columns.)
Up to the end of the XIXth Dynasty the
temple was still regarded as holy (see p. 24).
But after that time it was handed over to the
quarriers, who worked their will unchecked
upon the fine sandstone pillars and limestone
walls, regardless of the art with which they had
been adorned a thousand years before, and
sparing neither beautiful relief nor historical
inscription. Hence this wholesale destruction,
which was luckily arrested before the temple
was utterly obliterated, leaving just enough to
tell us what it had been.' In the rubbish left
by the quarriers we found the tools of their
destruction lost or left behind them: a copper
chisel, innumerable wooden mallets, some new
and unused, others worn away and cast aside as
useless, wooden wedges, levers, and hoes, and
large baskets, besides other odds and ends. It
2
¹ It would almost look as if at one time, perhaps before
it was definitely handed over to the quarriers, the whole
temple had been razed or cut down to a certain level,
about nine or ten feet above the pavement. This is
possible, as none of the pillars are now more than seven
feet in height, and the pyramid-base is nine or ten feet
high all over. But this operation cannot have had any
connection with the addition of the forehall of the
XVIIIth Dynasty Hathor-shrine (p. 37), as this is only
three feet above the XIth Dynasty pavement. The idea
was not to level the whole building down to this. Under
the XIXth Dynasty the temple was still used, and the
Hathor-shrine was approached from the XIth Dynasty
level (see p. 36).
The destruction of an old temple by the workmen
"to quarry stone (inscr.
A
of Seti I. at Gebelên), was quite an usual proceeding.
4
3
was not till the time of the XXIst Dynasty, when
Deir el-Bahari began to be used again as a necro-
polis, that the work of destruction stopped. Then
the site of the temple was utilized for burials,
and secondary interments were made in the XIth
Dynasty tombs, which had already been broken
into and violated. Most of the tombs contained
these later burials, all of about the time of the
XXIst Dynasty. The burial of the official
Userkhārā-nekht in Tomb 4 (p. 45) is an instance.
Later burials of the poorest took place in the
rubbish which was now accumulating above the
ruined fame. Bodies were thrust anyhow into
crevices of the walls. Pots containing packages
of entrails (?), or even simply bags of natron,
found in the rubbish are perhaps relics of
the embalmers, who did their work here as else-
where amid the Memnonia. The demotic os-
traka found at the eastern end of the temple
precinct point to some occupation in late times;
but the repairs of the Ptolemies to the temple
of Hatshepsu, in honour of the deified sages
Imouthes and Amenothes, son of Paapis, were
not extended to the XIth Dynasty temple,
which in their time had long since disappeared
from view under mounds of rubbish, which hid
it till three years ago. Finally, the monks of
the monastery of St. Phoebammon, established
on the ruins of Hatshepsu's temple, used the
waste space to the south as a dust-heap, and in
the course of our work we found many objects,
especially ostraka of the VIIth century A.D.,
which were thrown away by them. When the
monastery was abandoned, Deir el-Bahari ceased
to be inhabited, and was left to the owl and
the jackal.
The sadu III
of the temple of king
Menkauhor's pyramid, Neter-asut, was formally forbidden
by the later king Pepi Merira. Apparently the šadu of
Åkh-asut was not forbidden, and continued till the place
was needed as a cemetery.
3 This gives the date of these tools, baskets, etc., as be-
tween the end of the XIXth and beginning of the XXIst
Dynasty.
+ Cf. NAVILLE, Deir el-Bahari, ii. p. 6.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
17
!
L
L..
""
|
In the stone débris (but always close to
the pavement) are found "pockets of small
rubbish, containing the remains of votive offer-
ings dedicated by the ancient fellaḥîn to the
goddess Hathor of Deir el-Bahari. At the
western end of the platform, in the (North)
Court between the two temples and in the
Northern Lower Colonnade was found a regular
stratum of this rubbish, full of little broken
votive offerings, nearly all of which are demon-
strably of XVIIIth Dynasty date, and belong to
no other period. They consist of small cows (the
sacred animal of the goddess) and female figures
in earthenware and blue glazed fayence, votive
eyes and ears (for the cure of blindness and deaf-
ness) of bronze and fayence, small bronze plaques
with roughly-incised cows on them, broken blue
vases and bowls with representations of the
holy cow emblazoned with stars and with spiral
and lily patterns, &c., scarabs and beads, many
on their original strings, and other small
objects of the same kind. These votive
votive
offerings (which will be described later) were
undoubtedly originally devoted in the Hathor-
shrines, and when these became too full were
thrown down by the sacristans into the space
between the two temples, which thus became a
dust-heap, and on to the pavement of the XIth
Dynasty temple. The layer of this dust at the
western end of the latter was never cleared away
(although the columns and walls of that part of
the building bear records of the restorations of
Rameses II. and the devotion of Siptah under
the XIXth Dynasty), and when discovered was
about two feet deep.
The stratification of the rubbish in the
North Court is interesting. The layer containing
the votive offerings did not lie immediately upon
the rock floor of the court; there was a layer of
small chip rubbish between them, which is to be
attributed to the operations of building the
temple of Hatshepsu. This layer filled up and
covered the shafts of one or two XIth Dynasty
tombs in the court, and in it were found broken
vases of Middle Kingdom style (Pl. x., figs. 6, 7),
and remains of the funerary furniture of these
tombs: little wooden men from the boats and
granaries which were always buried with the
dead at that time, and other XIth Dynasty
objects, besides stray scarabs of the XVIIIth
Dynasty. It is evident that the XIth Dynasty
|
tombs were violated without scruple by Hat-
shepsu's builders. Only one or two, among them
that of Buau-Mentuhetep, already mentioned,¹
escaped total desecration, merely because no
more of the stone was wanted; and from this
tomb the mummy had been stolen, though the
coffin, boats, etc., were perfect.
Above this chip-rubbish was the dust-heap
layer, and over this the main stratum of temple
débris, which elsewhere in the temple lay directly
on the pavement or rock level, whenever a layer
of dust did not intervene. In the débris were
found, besides pillars and blocks of the XIth
Dynasty temple, several fragments of cornices,
inscribed architraves and sixteen-sided pillars
of sandstone, bearing the cartouche of Thothmes
III., which evidently belonged to an outlying
building of the Great Temple above the Hathor-
shrine, and had rolled down on to the older
structure.
All over the temple, this débris was covered
by an upper layer of wind-blown dust. When
the baneful quarrying work ceased the site seems
to have been left desolate, and the fine dust
blown by the wind gradually in the course of
centuries covered up the remains of the temple
with a deep stratum of what may be called sand
(though this is not technically a correct designa-
tion) several feet in thickness, which follows
generally the contour of the remains beneath,
forming deep drifts and pockets here and there,
where the heaps of débris were low. In this were
found the poor burials of late date, which
have already been mentioned. Some of these, to
judge by rough ushabtis, were of the XXXth
See also p. 44.
L.-
L
18
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
Dynasty, others probably Ptolemaic or Roman. |
In the North Court was found in this dust layer
a second rubbish-heap, a Coptic one this time.
It was the dust-heap, already mentioned, of the
monastery of St. Phoebammon, which in the
VIIth century A.D. existed amid the ruins of the
Great Temple (see p. 16, above). The tower of
this monastery, which was formerly a con-
spicuous object at Deir el-Bahari, was removed
during the previous excavations. This dust-heap
yielded, besides a large number of Coptic ostraka,
which will be described in a succeeding volume,
various odds and ends, including a fragment of
an alabaster Canopic jar of the Saite period, on
which some monk had, a thousand years after it
was made, drawn the figure of an angel. In one
place at the back of the temple water evidently
had lain for a considerable period, as the dust-
layer was there coagulated to an unusual density
and hardness, and the action of the water upon
it was clearly visible. Above this was the desert
surface, yellow where it had long lain undis-
turbed, upon which were the dump-heaps of
modern explorers.
Pl. viii., fig. 5, shows the nature of the rub-
bish overlying the temple. The columns on the
left are those of the south side of the court at
the west end of the temple. In the centre
beyond the columns we see the mass of confused
stone débris, consisting simply of actual blocks
and chips of the smashed stonework of the temple,
which covers the whole site. To the left of this
is the rock face turning inward and forming the
beginning of the court at the foot of the cliffs
behind. Between the rock face and the stone
débris is a "pocket" of the compact wind-blown
dust, lying where it drifted up against the rock.
Above this and the débris to the right is a
stratum of the water-coagulated wind-blown
dust. Above this is the layer of modern
rubbish shown in the photograph being cleared
off the top of the ancient water-hardened dust.
As the object of the work was to clear the
whole site thoroughly, it was necessary to work
down to the level of the rock, which at Deir el-
Bahari is the natural surface, until tombs or
pavements were reached : if the latter, to follow
their level till the precise nature of the building
reached had been ascertained. When the temple
was found it was seen that its pavement was laid
directly upon the rock, except in one or two
places, such as the south-eastern corner of the
platform (see p. 27). The rock-surface had, in-
deed, been artificially planed and squared in
order to lay the pavement upon it. When
therefore the pavement was found to be non-
existent, it was necessary only to follow the
rock-level in order to take it up again further on.
This considerably simplified operations, as there
was no need to remove pavements in order to
investigate what there might be of earlier date
beneath; the XIth Dynasty temple is the oldest
at Deir el-Bahari.' And in one place only was
there found any trace of a later building built
over the XIth Dynasty level: this was at the
north-west corner, where the XVIIIth Dynasty
forehall of the smaller Hathor-shrine came to
light, at a level about 3 ft. higher than that of
the XIth Dynasty.
The progress of the excavations
may be
traced by a comparison of Pl. vi., fig. 1, with
fig. 2. These two photographs show the two
temples side by side from the same point, high up
on the ghafir's path to the Bibân-el-Mulûk, in
December, 1904, and December, 1905, respec-
tively. In the foreground of both we see the
Great Temple, with its colonnades, the trilithon
gate leading to the Upper Court, and the entrance
to the cave-shrine at the foot of the cliff. Be-
yond this, where in December, 1903, was but a
tumbled waste of rubbish, we see in fig. 1 (Dec.
¹ No re-used blocks of former kings were found. That
bearing the name of Dudumes (p. 3) must be, like
those of Sekha-n-Ra Mentuḥetep (ibid.), of XIth
Dynasty date, if they are not XIIIth. A fragment of a
cartouche of a king, also found, is evidently of
Usertsen III., not of an earlier monarch.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
19
1904) the XIth Dynasty temple emerging from
chaos, and taking form and shape as we see it
in fig. 2 (Dec. 1905), with its symmetrical plat-
form, ramp, and square pyramid-base. Fig. 3
shows it seen in bird's-eye view from the top of
the cliffs, 400 feet above it. This gives a good
idea of the plan (Pl. ii.).
3. THE EXCAVATION: THE XVIIIth DYNASTY
RAMP AND THE NORTH COURT.
Work was commenced on the 5th of November,
1903, by starting to clear the first low rubbish-
heaps at a distance of only a few paces west of
the house which had been built for the ex-
pedition of ten years before, and south of the
lowest colonnade of the Great Temple. The first
discovery, soon made, was that of the wall of
an inclined plane or ramp, 30 ft. long, running
parallel with the outer wall of the second court of
the Great Temple, at a distance of about 50 ft.
from it. The stonework is the same as that
of the Great Temple, and is evidently contem-
porary with it. This ramp-wall ended abruptly
in a confused mass of blocks, but not before it
had become evident that the inclined plane of
the ramp was no longer followed, and that the
building had originally been intended to be
continued in a horizontal line (Pl. vi., fig. 5).
The mass of heavy white blocks soon ends, and all
that appears is the core of fragments of tafl (the
greenish brown argillaceous shale that underlies
the limestone here), which runs on almost up to
the colonnade of the XIth Dynasty temple. On the
south side (excavated April, 1907) only the core
is visible, the facing-wall having disappeared.
It is difficult to make any definite statement
as to the purpose of this erection. At first it
was thought to be a great altar-platform. The
stones belonging to it, as well as others found
in the rubbish above the western portion of the
temple, bore mostly the signs fff, "Beautiful
of Years," roughly traced on them in red paint.
These signs, which are either a quarry mark or
designate the building or particular part of
a building for which the stones were intended,¹
form part of the titles of Thothmes I.
Beyond this building we struck directly west
into the mounds of débris, clearing away the
loose rubbish down to the rock-surface. About
100 ft. further west, a small simple squared
grave (Tomb No. 1) was found, a sahrik as the
Ķûrnâwis call it, which had been entirely dis-
turbed, but contained scanty remains of XIth
Dynasty tomb furniture, belonging either to
it or to some other tomb close by (see p. 43).
Then, immediately to the south, appeared the
remains of a wall (Pl. vii., fig. 7), opposite to
the small wall which may be seen in the plan
of the Great Temple published in the Archaeo-
logical Report for 1894-5, projecting southwards
from the southern enclosure wall. We saw
that the new wall we had unearthed was
its continuation southwards. The central por-
tion had been entirely destroyed. The western
face of this wall was cleared until the workmen
were brought up short by another wall running
west at right angles to the first, and roughly
parallel with the great wall of Hatshepsu's
Hathor-terrace, which lies about 60 ft. to the
north. This wall (Pl. vii., fig. 7) differed entirely
from the first and from any other building
hitherto discovered at Deir el-Bahari.
blocks
blocks (cf. Pl. viii., fig. 1, and I'l. iv.) are
much larger than those of the first wall or
any of the wall-blocks of the Great Temple,
some measuring 6 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in. They are
also much more finely jointed, and are laid in
regular courses of deep and shallow blocks
alternately, with a very thin and light bonding
of mortar or clay. The sandstone base of the
wall (of blocks 5 ft. across and 1 ft. high) is much
more massive and generally finer than the
Its
1 Cf. the incised "Double axes and other signs on
the stones of the various chambers of the Palace of
Knossos (HALL, "The Two Labyrinths," Journ Hell.
Stud., xxv., p. 326). The blocks of the XIth Dynasty south
cross-wall bear the signs, "House of the Ka
(see p. 37).
F
20
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
similar bases of the XVIIIth Dynasty walls.
These base-blocks are also of better stone than
the later ones, being of a hard blue-grey sand-
stone, while those of the XVIIIth Dynasty
walls are of soft yellow sandstone from Silsila
(Pl. viii., fig. 2).
The nearest parallel to this splendid stone-
work seemed to be the XIIth Dynasty mastaba-
walls at Dahshur, and it was evident that we
had discovered at Deir el-Bahari buildings of
the Middle Kingdom in situ. This diagnosis
was not at first extended to the smaller
transverse wall first discovered (Pl. vii., fig. 7).
Its outer blocks, though regularly laid, are much
smaller than those of the great wall, measuring
only a few inches each way, and resembling
bricks. The southernmost wall of the Great
Temple, which this walls joins, is built in the
same way. Both walls were at first considered to
be of the XVIIIth Dynasty. This conclusion
seemed to be borne out by the fact that the smaller
wall was built up against the face of the greater
with a straight joint: the latter had then been
completed first. But it was pointed out by
Mr. Peers that at the same time the face of the
greater and certainly Middle Kingdom wall
had been dressed down after the building of the
smaller wall¹: at the point of junction the
surface of the former is perhaps a centimetre
higher than elsewhere. He was therefore of
opinion that we should eventually find that the
smaller wall, though differing in style from the
larger, was equally of Middle Kingdom date.
This opinion has been abundantly justified: for
in the seasons of 1904-6 we discovered on the
further side of the temple an exactly similar
wall limiting a southern court corresponding to
the northern one, and what was more, a wall of
similar style running at right angles to it
1
¹ Though generally so finely dressed, the Middle
Kingdom wall is, just at this point rougher than usual,
and the marks which indicated the depth to which the
stone was to be dressed down are still visible un-
obliterated on many of the blocks.
towards the east, and evidently the original
temenos-wall of the temple. The other wall on
the north side, which the northern transverse
wall joins in the same way as the southern
transverse wall joins the southern temenos-wall,
is evidently in reality not the southernmost
boundary-wall of the XVIIIth Dynasty temple,
as it had hitherto been considered to be, but
the northern temenos-wall of that of the
XIth Dynasty. The northern temenos-wall
had some sloping courses of stone, with a
coping on top of them, added by Hatshepsu
or Thothmes III., following the course of the
sloping ascent which at one time filled up
the passage between the retaining wall of the
central court (the wall with the hawk-panels)
and the outer (XIth Dynasty) one. The line
of demarcation between the regular courses of
the XIth Dynasty work and the rougher blocks
of the XVIIIth Dynasty is very clear. (See
illustration in the Archaeological Report for
1905-6, Pl. ii., fig. 6).
The space, 60 ft. broad, bounded on the east
by the north transverse wall, on the north by
the Hathor-terrace, and on the south by the
newly discovered XIth Dynasty wall of great
blocks, is known as the North Lower Court. It
was originally larger than it is now, as the
Hathor-terrace was built over part of it. In it we
found first a small chamber of brick, measuring
6 ft. by 5 ft., built on the rock-surface, and with
a plaster flooring. This flooring was broken,
and over it and partly beneath it were found
fragments of wooden statuettes of servants
carrying baskets (like those discovered later,
and described on p. 46), which had come from
rifled XIth Dynasty tombs. It was perhaps the
hut of a watchman stationed here to guard the
tombs in the court. Of these tombs there were
several: one or two had been found during the
excavations of ten years ago; another (Tomb 2)
was found at the western end of the court in
the season 1903-4. It had been violated, but the
skull of the original occupant was found, with
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
21
!
broken brown ware vases and fragments of his
funeral furniture. This was a chamber-tomb of
simple form at the bottom of a shaft 15 ft. deep
was a rectangular chamber in which the dead
body had been placed with its appurtenances.
(See p. 43 and Pl. xi. for plan and section).
The exploration of the great XIth Dynasty
wall soon resulted in a surprise. It proved
to be a mask to a solid mass of mountain-
rock, carefully squared, about
squared, about 15 ft. in
height. At this height the rock ceased, and
was found to be artificially squared on the top
as well as at the side. Examining the surface
of the top, remains of a pavement of heavy slabs
of dull grey sandstone were brought to light. It
was evident that we had here an artificially pre-
pared platform with the remains of building
upon it, probably the XIth Dynasty temple, the
existence of which had already been presumed,
but the situation and character of which were
unknown.
Accordingly our efforts were directed to the
clearing of this platform from above and of the
facing wall from below, and the latter work
included the complete clearance of the court.
This work was continued until, after the wall
had been uncovered, with its base, for a distance
of 120 ft. in a westerly direction, it was brought
to an end by the discovery (January 1st, 1904),
of a transverse wall (Pl. viii., fig. 1), of the
same character as the platform-wall, running off
at a remarkably acute angle (Pl. viii., fig. 10;)
"like the bows of a boat," zê wahid dahabiya, as
the workmen said, N.-E. to the Hathor-shrine
of Hatshepsu's temple, and passing away under
it. The platform of the Hathor-shrine had, as
has already been mentioned, been built over it.
As the exploration proceeded, the platform-wall,
after two complete breaks down to the base-
blocks, became finer and more perfect until the
point of junction with the transverse wall. Here,
and for 20 ft. or so on either side of it, both
walls are intact, with rounded coping-stones in
place (Pl. viii., fig. 10); perfect specimens of
the stonework of the Middle Kingdom, far
superior to any of the XVIIIth Dynasty work
around.
Both walls were set in trenches cut in the
rock 18 ins. below the level of the rest of the
court. In both cases these trenches were made
considerably wider than the walls, in order to
give space for the work of the masons.
The
afterwards unnecessary space was filled up with
rubbish to the level of the court.
Behind the transverse wall, which runs under
the Hathor-shrine, the sloping rock-face, against
which the platform of the shrine is reared, was
found, and the court was thus completely cleared.
This was not finally effected till January 6th,
1904, as progress had latterly been very slow,
owing to the increasing height of the rubbish
mounds. At the end the loose débris came roll-
ing down incessantly from a height of fifty or
sixty feet, far above the Hathor-shrine. Retain-
ing walls of dábsh (fragments of limestone) had
to be built above the transverse wall to prevent
further falls.
It was during the excavation of this court
that the interesting deposit of XVIIIth Dynasty
votive offerings and the Coptic dust-heap,
already mentioned, were found.
4. THE LOWER COLONNADES AND RAMP OF
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE.
Simultaneously with the clearing of the top
of the rock-platform the eastern face of the XIth
Dynasty cross-wall limiting the North Court on
the east was cleared. The platform-wall (the
XIth Dynasty wall of great blocks) was found to
pass behind it eastwards for a few feet, and
then to turn abruptly south at a right angle.
We had therefore reached the eastern face of
the platform. On the following day (December
12th, 1903) a square pillar of grey sandstone,
sculptured with the name and titles of a King
Mentuḥetep with the hawk-name Sam-taui,
"Uniter of the Two Lands," was found (Pl. viii.,
fig. 8, Archaeological Report, 1903-4, Pl. ii.,
L
22
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
fig. 3). This was Neb-hepet-Rā (or, as his name
was then read, Neb-kheru-Rā), the king to
whom the blocks previously found by Mariette
and Maspero belonged. There was now no
doubt that we had reached the XIth Dynasty
temple, and that the previous diagnosis of the
great walls as being Middle Kingdom work
was correct.
The excavation was pushed south with energy.
The Ķûrnâwi diggers were keenly interested in
the new "kenîsa" (church), as they called it,
the existence of which in this spot they had
never suspected. The towáris plied their turyas
(hoes) with a will, the basket-boys flew, and the
rubbish disappeared like magic. Next day a
second column appeared, bearing the name of
Neb-ḥepet-Ra (Pl. viii., fig. 8), and before
sunset a third, with the Mentuḥetep cartouche,
had shown its head amid the rubbish. Simul-
taneously, companion pillars appeared a few feet
east. It was evident that we had a colonnade
of two rows of square pillars, with the cartouches
Mentuḥetep and Neb-ḥepet-Ra alternating upon
them, of the same type as the colonnades of the
great temple of Hatshepsu, but on a smaller
scale. The facing-wall of the colonnade, mask-
ing the rock-platform, had also the same batter
or slope as the colonnade facing-walls in the
Great Temple. Further, it was sculptured in
the same way. Large blocks with portions of a
relief depicting a procession of boats (see below,
p. 25) were found in situ.
the time of Hatshepsu and Thothmes III. In
the Great Temple of Hatshepsu they are sixteen-
sided. Each of the eight-sided columns of the
XIth Dynasty temple bears the royal label of
Mentuḥetep, like the square pillars of the
colonnade.
The use of the simple type of column was
another point of resemblance between the two
temples; and it now seemed in the highest
degree probable that the architects of the Great
Temple had been largely inspired by the older
building of Neb-hepet-Ra, and that we should
find in the latter the same arrangement of
temple platform approached by an inclined
plane or ramp, with a colonnade at each side on
the lower level. The ramp was duly reached
at the end of January, 1904, but as the work of
the first season then came to an end, the labour
of clearing it and finding the south colonnade
on the further side was postponed till work was
recommenced in the ensuing October. Only one
block of the facing-wall of the ramp remained in
position. The top of this slopes in accordance
with the declination of the ramp.
Meanwhile, the clearing of the top of the
platform had resulted in the discovery of round
column-bases of sandstone. A pillar hall had
evidently been reached. Then the lower por-
tions of pillars in situ came to light. They
were octagonal, of the peculiar simple type
known as "Proto-Doric," ¹ usual under the Old
and Middle Kingdom, and still often used in
1
¹ The term is historically incorrect, as these columns
have nothing to do with the Greek Doric order, and is
liable to misconstruction.
2
The discovery of the ramp seemed to give
the main axis of the temple, supposing that
the latter was symmetrical in plan, and that the
ramp was situated in the centre of its eastern
side. Acting on this supposition, in order to
clear the ramp and reach the southern colonnade,
if it existed, it was necessary to drive a deep
trench through the high débris mounds east of
the temple up to the south side of the ramp.
This was done at the beginning of the second
season's work, the ramp was cleared, and the
colonnade found, showing that a correct idea of
2 The architects of Hatshepsu's temple, having to
make their building ascend the hillside, copied on a
larger scale, and in duplicate, Mentuḥetep's idea of the
central ramp flanked by colonnades. The small temple of
Aaḥmes I. at Abydos, excavated by Mr. Currelly for the
Egypt Exploration Fund, which is also on the side
of a hill, was built in terraces, which were, however,
approached from the side (Abydos iii., pl. liii.).
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
23
the nature and extent of the work to be done |
had been formed, and the proper plan of
campaign adopted
The southern colonnade proved to be in far
less perfect preservation than the northern, ex-
cavated in the previous year. Only four pillars
were found to be standing of the original total
of twenty-two, whereas in the other sixteen
still stand out of twenty-six. The sculptured
facing-wall is entirely destroyed except at the
side of the ramp, but, as in the northern colon-
nade, many fragments of its reliefs were found
in the rubbish. These represented chiefly scenes
of war and the chase (see below, p. 39). On
the wall at the side of the ramp is an incised
sketch, about half life-size, of a king pacing
with oar and ḥap on the occasion of the founda-
tion of the temple (see p. 40). Only the lower
part of the body remains, the upper blocks with
the rest of the figure having been quarried away.
This sketch is probably of Ramesside date.
The north colonnade (Pl. iii. 2; vii. 4)
originally consisted of two rows each of thirteen
columns, while the south colonnade had in each
of its two rows eleven columns. This dis-
crepancy is due to the width of the platform on
the south side of the pyramid being less than on
the northern. In the northern colonnade the row
nearest the platform is complete but for column
No. 13 (counting from the ramp) at the N.
entrance of the colonnade, of which only the
base-slab remains. Of the other row only four
(Nos. 7, 8, 9, 12) remain. In the southern
colonnade only one column of the row nearest the
platform (No. 8) is standing: the other three
belong to the further row (Nos. 1, 2, 3, nearest
the ramp). The pillars are broken off short
at a height of from 4 ft. to 7 ft. above the
ground. They were originally 11 ft. or 12 ft.
only in height, and are a little over 2 ft. square.
The upper part of only one was found: No. 3
of the row nearest the platform in the north
colonnade. This has been replaced in position,
giving the original height. The roof above the
entablature was no doubt, as in Hatshepsu's
temple, placed at the level of the pavement of
the rock-platform, which is here 15-16 ft. The
architrave-blocks measured usually 21 in. thick
by 19 in. high. Only fragments of them remain.
The pillars of the colonnade, and the octagonal
pillars on the platform above, which are on
the same scale, were made not of the fine
white limestone which was used for the facing
walls and sculptured blocks of the temple and
for the similar columns of Hatshepsu, but of a
grey-brown sandstone (sometimes almost blue
in tint) which seems to have been specially
affected by Mentuḥetep Neb-hepet-Ra: Prof.
Petrie found it used in the work of this king at
Abydos.¹
Abydos.' At Deir el-Bahari these sandstone
columns are covered with a white colour-wash ;
the hieroglyphs are coloured yellow in the
outer row of the colonnade, and blue in the
inner row. The inscriptions of the northern
colonnade are the same on each pillar, with the
exception that the cartouches alternate; while,
on all, the cartouches are accompanied by the
name and emblem of the goddess of Lower
Egypt, Uazit. The royal labels read (1)" May
ро
799 fog
DII
the Lord of the Two Lands, King Neb-hepet-Ra,
Horus of the North Sam-taui, whom Uazit of the
North loveth, live like Ra for ever!" (2) "May
the Lord of the two Lands Son of the Sun
Mentuḥetep, Horus of the North Sam-taui,
1
xxiv.
Slab, Brit. Mus., No. 628; Abydos ii., p. 33; pl.
24
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
whom Uazit of the North loveth, live like Ra | other pillar is a very well-executed bull; on
for ever!"
At some time, the name of Uazit was
hammered out, and then reinserted. This
alteration may have been made at the time of
Akhenaten's crusade against the deities of
Egypt: the names will then have been ham-
mered out by him and restored afterwards
(possibly by Rameses II.). It must be said,
however, that the second cutting is of the same
style as the rest of the inscription.
-C
۲۰
*ll fol
حيم
Whether, as seems probable, on the pillars of
the southern colonnade the king was said to be
beloved of Nekhebet, the goddess of the South,
cannot be decided, as the upper parts of the
inscriptions, which otherwise were the same as
those on the columns of the northern colonnade,
are destroyed.
As has been said, most of the pillars of the
north colonnade bear incised graffiti and
sketches. There are several rude representa-
tions of boats, one with a naos on board in which
stands an image or mummy. Above this is the
hieratic inscription of the scribe Sutkhi or Seti
MI; below it one of the
one of the scribe
Userḥat, two visitors of the
XIXth Dynasty (Pl. viii., fig. 6). On an-
1
scribe
A statuette bearing the name Userhat was found in
Tomb 12 (p. 51), and in the second season was found
part of a fine stela commemorating Userhat, priest of the
deceased kings Amenhetep III. and Tutankhamen, with
his wife Nefretari, singer of Amen.
another an uraeus spitting red flame; and on
several are roughly-cut figures of men. On
one pillar a number of incised circles of perfect
form with centre also incised, with varying
diameters, show that the Egyptians knew and
used the compass.
used the compass. In this colonnade were
found a number of slips of limestone (dábsh),
on which were artists' and decorators' trial-
sketches in red and black of a royal colossus,
of a prince seated with a monkey beneath his
throne and a very pretty design for a painted
ceiling on the same piece, of a man "breath-
ing the ground before Pharaoh," of a young
bullock walking, and so forth. Taken in con-
nection with the good sketches of the bull and
the uraeus on the columns, this may show that
the colonnade had been used as a sort of school
or practice-ground for scribes and artists, very
probably for those who were employed in con-
nection with Rameses II.'s restorations in the
two temples. The pillars had been re-coloured
in later times, after the erasures and replacing
of the name of Uazit in the inscriptions and
after the scratching of many of the graffiti.
Probably the graffiti are of the time of Rameses
II.; on many of the reliefs from the platform
above are written graffiti dated in his reign.
So that the colouring and painting-up generally
may, at any rate in this colonnade, have been
done by Bai for Siptah, who was much in-
terested in the temple (p. 33). It looks, too, as if
attempts had at one time been made to support
the roof of the colonnade by square pillars and
other erections of brick, some of which still
stand. And if Siptah and his vizier Bai had
their proskynemata to Hathor inscribed on the
walls of the temple and repainted the pillars of
this colonnade, it is not impossible that it is to
them that the attempt to hold up the falling
roof by means of brick piers must be ascribed.
To the existence of one of these brick piers is to
be attributed the preservation of the solitary
fragment of XIth Dynasty relief sculpture which
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
245
is still in its original position in this colonnade. | Colonnade seem to have been covered at an
It is immediately behind the brick pier, and so earlier period, for they are much brighter in
was difficult to get at. It is part of the facing- colour. There also we have, to judge from the
|
wall of the platform, which was decorated with few fragments found, representations of boats
reliefs, an idea afterwards copied by the deco- (Pl. xiv., fig. c), of better style than those of
rators of Hatshepsu's temple. Above a dado North Colonnade. Other reliefs in this colonnade
of two bands of colour, placed at a height of seem to have depicted hunting-scenes, in which
about 2 ft. from the pavement, is the relief, in the king is seen chasing antelopes and other
low work, of a type entirely different from that desert game (Pl. xvi.); and war-scenes, appa-
of the XVIIIth Dynasty and evidently contem- rently describing a campaign in Sinai or
porary with the building of the temple. The Southern Palestine, in which the slain Äämu,
wall of this colonnade was decorated with a yellow men with pointed beards, are seen lying
representation of a procession of boats, proto- in confused heaps upon the ground (Pl. xiv. d).
type of Hatshepsu's representation of her naval
expedition to Punt on her colonnade. But these
boats of the XIth Dynasty were not meant to be
going to Punt: they are small river-boats,
sailing upon the waters of the Nile, which are
represented in the usual conventional way, by
means of blue zigzags. Two of the boats only
remain: the larger of the two is a row-boat,
manned by a number of men. It is not im-
It is not im-
possible that this relief originally represented
the funeral (or the heb-sed) procession of the
king, in its solemn transit across the river from
Thebes to the western bank. The boats we see
are probably two of those following in the train
of the royal funeral barge. They are very like
the wooden model boats found in the XIth
Dynasty tombs both here and elsewhere in Egypt.
These models often themselves represent the
boats of the funeral procession.
Fragments of other parts of this relief have
been found, representing boatmen (Pl. xiv. g),
one of whom has a feather on his head (ib. a),
an Egyptian warrior with a bow, followed by an
Egyptian woman holding a child (ib. f), part
of a procession of foreign captives also, including
a person in an enormous red cloak, followed by
another leading a child. The style is peculiar,
the work being rough and poor, and the surface
has a peculiar dirty and rubbed-down appear-
ance, as if it had been exposed to the air for a
long period of time. The reliefs of the Southern
The pavement of the Northern Colonnade is
perfectly preserved. It is composed of sand-
stone blocks of various shapes and sizes fitted
in with one another (Pl. iii. 2). The pillars in
both colonnades usually rest directly on a square
slab, but in some cases the lower portion of the
pillar is in one stone with the slab below it.
This arrangement is also found at Knossos in
Crete.¹ The pavement of the Southern Colonnade
is considerably broken, but in one place a stone
of it has been preserved which bears the memento
of a pilgrim's visit: two outlines of feet, rudely
incised, in one of which is the inscription
吸
​♡
(sic) "the builder Ptaḥemḥeb.”
Similar outlines of feet occur on the colossal
Osiride figure of Amenḥetep I., found close
by (see below). The same kind of record
is often met with on the pavement of Egyptian
temples.
The width of the pavement in both colonnades
is 15 ft., the northern colonnade is 95 ft. in
length, and the southern 76 ft. The breadth of
the ramp between them is 22 ft., and it appears
to have been about 80 or 90 ft. long originally,
from the entrance of the hall above down to
the level of the colonnades below. The excava-
tion of the ramp was very interesting work. It
had to be started from above, as we had
1
Cf. HALL, Journal of Hellenic Studies, xxv., pl. 14.
26
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
uncovered the top (west) end of it, where it
joined the platform, and discovered the granite
threshold shortly to be described, at the end of
the first season's work. The men therefore
worked downwards through the rubbish, keeping
to the probable slope of the ramp as indicated
by the inclination of the slopes of Hatshepsu's
ramps; and we soon had proof that the angle
of inclination we were following was the correct
one, by the discovery of one of the original
planks of sont-wood with which the ramp had
been paved, in situ, and exactly in the position
and slope required. Following the same inclina-
tion, a few feet further on and down we came to a
second plank, and finally reached the level of the
colonnades, which is that of the rock. At the end
of the second season's work the ramp was built up
again as nearly as possible in its original form.
Near the ramp was found, lying on the colon-
nade level, an Osiride statue of grey sandstone,
originally about 6 ft. high, without a head.
Parts of similar figures, wearing not the long
cerements of Osiris, but the shorter heb-sed
costume worn by the king at the time of cele-
brating the "Festival of the End" (sed), had
been found by the workmen of the Service des
Antiquités not very far off, but just outside the
limits of our concession, during the summer of
1904.
Later on in the second season we found
close to the ramp a much larger and finer
Osiride figure wearing both crowns, of greyish-
white sandstone, with the face, breast, hands, and
lower crown painted red, the beard blue, and the
rest of the figure white (Pl. xxv., fig. aa). It
stands 9 ft. 2 in. in height. On the back is an
inscription of king Amenḥetep I. (see p. 60). It
is evident that this statue was overthrown at an
early period, as on one side of its plinth are cut
several outlines of pilgrims' feet (like those of
the builder l'taḥemḥeb on the pavement close by)
showing where they had stood when they visited
the temple. These were afterwards whitewashed
over, so that it is probable that the figure was
re-erected, either by Rameses II. or Siptah, and
fell again. The head was broken away from the
body by this fall, and was found lying close by.
We do not know how these figures were
placed: they may have formed an avenue lead-
ing up to the ramp. (See the stela with repre-
sentation of these statues, Pl. xxv., fig. b; p. 60).¹
The work of 1907 has disclosed two later
walls, one of large blocks (of which only the
lowest course remains), the other of small
rough stones, running at right angles to the
temple-ramp, on the north side of it, and joining
the unfinished XVIIIth Dynasty ramp men-
tioned on p. 19.
1
5. THE PLATFORM AND THE PYRAMID-BASE.
At the head of the ramp is the red granite
threshold of the principal doorway of the
temple. The doorway was a trilithon of red
granite, like that, still existing, of the XVIIIth
Dynasty temple. The threshold is composed of
three slabs of red granite from Syene, sharply
cut and finely polished. The whole measures
9 ft. by 5 ft. (large-scale plan, Pl. xi., fig. 1). In
the photograph (Pl. vi., fig. 7), we see on either
side of the actual entrance, which is 3 ft. wide,
the emplacements for the standing blocks of the
trilithon, and to the left the socket in which the
door-pivot turned and also the side run or
channel by which it was originally inserted
and could be bodily removed from the socket
and replaced. (See also plan on Pl. xi.)
The granite blocks of the threshold rest upon
roughly squared blocks of sandstone, beneath
which is a stratum of fine yellow sand, which was
strewn upon a layer of small limestone rubbish,
which rests upon the rock. The rock-surface
here begins to fall away from the level of the plat-
form, and in order to preserve the rectangular
1 The head of an Osiride statue of a king, wearing the
white crown only, of the XIth Dynasty blue-grey sand-
stone painted white, red, and black, was found at the
S.-W. end of the temple (see Pl. xiii. g) during the third.
season. So there were probably ḥeb-sed statues of kings
at the further end of the temple also.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
27
shape and level of the latter, it was necessary
to make up the deficiency of rock with finely
packed dábsh. The rock falls away so sharply
at the south-east corner that at that point the
platform is made up for two-thirds of its height.
Careful search failed to reveal any traces of
foundation deposits near the threshold:¹ under
the sandstone blocks was found a fragment of
peculiar drab pottery, with raised ribs and
incised striation (Pl. x., fig. 9).
The east doorway opens into the main portion
of the temple, which lies upon the platform. This
platform, the nature of which has already been
described, is rectangular, and measures 2041 ft.
from N. to S. Its axial length at each side is
151 ft. At the W. end its shape is irregular,
as here the level had to be made by hewing out
the rock, and in the centre a cutting was driven
westwards at the level of the platform to the
foot of the cliffs behind. The platform is then
not an island, but a peninsula, of rock, artificially
squared to a symmetrical shape, cut out of the
rock at the western end, and made up with
packed rubbish at the eastern end, where the
rock, declining to the plain, failed to reach the
requisite height. The excavations of the first
season already showed this, and also told us the
greater part of what we know as to the nature
of the building upon the platform, although
only the north-east corner of it immediately
above the Northern Court and Colonnade could
be cleared. It was evident that on the pavement
discovered in December, 1903 (p. 21), there had
been an upper colonnade, with two rows of
square pillars of less size than those in the
colonnade below. Of this colonnade, which
originally surrounded the temple on three sides,
only the square base-slabs of the pillars (each
1 I may note that careful search was made in every
likely place, as well as under the threshold, for founda-
tion deposits, but none were found. Perhaps a deposit
will eventually be found by chance in some un-likely
place, as was the case with the deposits of Hatshepsu in
the Great Temple.
about 2 ft. square) remain, but a few fragments
of the actual pillars were found. They are of
dark brown sandstone (like the facing-blocks
at the west end of the temple; see p. 35), and
were sculptured with scenes representing the
king being embraced by various deities, as in
the colonnades of Hatshepsu's temple. Two
fragments of the same stone with portions of
figures of goddesses in high relief, almost in the
round, were also found here, evidently more or
less in their original position.
This colonnade was an open one, looking out on
to the North and South Courts and the roofs of
the Lower Colonnades, and thus forming a peri-
style. Its back wall was of white limestone, 8 ft.
thick, with a batter or slope on each face. Both
faces were originally decorated with coloured
reliefs, of which fragments were already found
in the first year's diggings. This wall, of which
considerable remains exist on the north side,
apparently ran round the whole of the temple on
the platform, and was originally broken only by
the granite doorway already mentioned, and by a
similar doorway, which will be described later, on
the west side. The reliefs will be fully described
later, and a few words will be devoted to their
artistic peculiarities at the end of this chapter.
Passing through the doorway, one entered a
hall, the ambulatory round the pyramid, with
pillars of the octagonal type already mentioned.
These pillars are, as has been said, like those of the
colonnades, made of blue-grey sandstone covered
with a white engobé or wash of plaster, on which
appears the royal label of king Mentuḥetep.
The best preserved of them is 9 ft. high. They
measure about 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter: the cir-
cular bases are 4 ft. across.
There were eight
rows of columns on either side of the central axis
of the hall: the intercolumniation measures
7 ft. from centre to centre. Most of the bases
are in position. One of the columns on the left
of the entrance bears the label of Rameses II.
At the very end of the first year's excavations,
it became evident that the four rows of columns
28
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
L
immediately north of the granite threshold con-
tained each three columns only: beyond them
was a wall of heavy nodules of flint which seemed
to bar further progress. This might have been
taken for a mere later excrescence but for the
fact that it was seen that its face was aligned
with the eastern side of the platform, and,
almost immediately afterwards, that it turned
at right angles north, with its north face aligned
with the north side of the platform: the corner
also was seen to be symmetrically placed with
regard to the north-east corner of the platform.
That is to say, this wall was evidently part of
the original design of the temple, an integral
portion of the XIth Dynasty building. That
being so, it seemed possible that this rectangular
mass of stones might well be the pyramid of
the king who built the temple, Neb-hepet-Ra
Mentuhetep, which, we knew, from the mention
of it in the Abbott Papyrus, was situated at Deir
el-Bahari. Work having come to an end two
days after this discovery, the corner discovered
was photographed (Archaeological Report,
1904-5, Pl. iii., fig. 2) and covered up for the
summer.
The first three days' work on the platform
next winter resulted in the exposure of the
whole eastern face, 60 ft. long, of this central
building. The final clearance of the whole
of it was effected in January, 1905, when it
was entirely freed from the rubbish which
the rubbish which
surrounded and covered it.
It proved to be a mass of rubble, 60 ft.
square, with an outer revetment of heavy flint
boulders from the mountain-wadis near by.
This was originally faced with fine limestone
blocks. In only one place, the north-western
corner, has any of this outer facing been pre-
served, showing that the building was originally
about 70 ft. square. The mass is not more than
10 ft. high in any place, the top having dis-
appeared in ancient times. In it were stuck
three trunks of sont trees, for what purpose is
not clear. Two were together at the S.E. corner,
the other at the N.E. corner. The facing does
not slope like that of a regular pyramid, though
it has a slight batter. At each corner had been
the usual torus or angle-bead, painted yellow
with black bands, of which fragments have been
found. Many of the blocks of a heavy cavetto
cornice, which may have existed round the top,
have also been found. It was, then, not a
pyramid itself, but a base or pedestal, on which
was raised a further construction of some kind.
This cannot have been an altar or a sanctuary,
as in that case we should have found the remains
of a step-way giving access to the top. Nor can
it have been an obelisk like that of the Vth
Dynasty sanctuary of Ra at Abu Gurâb near
Abûsîr, excavated by the Germans.'
the Germans.¹ But on this
base may have stood a small pyramid which gave
to the building the appearance of a funerary
monument of a type which we often see depicted
in the papyri of the Book of the Dead. The
pyramid may very well have been built of bricks :
in excavating the ramp a mass of brickwork
was found which may not impossibly have
come from the central building, a few yards off,
2
1 BORCHARDT, Das Re'-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-woser-
Re'. Though the Sun-Temple of Ne-user-Ra has a
funerary character, and some comparison between its
obelisk-pedestal and the central erection of Mentuhetep's
temple may be made, yet the resemblance between them
is merely fortuitous, and implies no real similarity. That
the Deir el-Bahari erection was the pedestal of an obelisk
like that at Abûsîr would be entirely improbable, apart
from the fact that we know that there was a pyramid
here (see above). Rā was not specially venerated at
Thebes (except, later, in combination with Amen), or by
this dynasty.
These pyramids on a base seem to have been charac-
teristic of the Theban necropolis. Cf. those figured in
PERROT-CHIPIEZ, Hist. de l'Art, i. (Égypte), figs. 187-190.
Fig. 188 especially, with its detached door in front, shows
what the central erection may have looked like. The Deir
el-Bahari pyramid, however, had no door in its side. A
pyramid with colonnades round it (with lotus-bud pillars,
however), from a painting or relief, is figured in ROSEL-
LINI, Mon. Civ., pl. cxxxii. 1. That this is not a repre-
sentation of our temple is shown by the shape of the
pillars. It is apparently an elaborate private tomb of the
XVIIIth Dynasty.
L
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
29
L
1
and be part of the débris of the pyramid. In | layer two inches thick, of fine earth; (4) a
the rubbish surmounting the pyramid-base were
found two fragments of thin facing slabs of
white crystalline stone, like marble, which Mr.
Somers Clarke informs me is found in Upper
Egypt. A comparison with the white selenite
(gypsum) facing-slabs of the almost contemporary
Minoan palaces in Crete at once suggests itself.
That these thin slabs of marble could be of
Roman age is precluded by the position in which
they were found, and it seems impossible to
avoid the conclusion that they are of XIth
Dynasty date, and belong to the pyramid;
perhaps the upper part had a thin facing of
white slabs. The use of shining white stone,
such as quartzite, seems characteristic of Middle
Kingdom work, as at Hawara (the "marmor
Parium" of Pliny's description of the Egyptian
Labyrinth).
The central erection is then probably the
base of the small pyramid of king Mentu-
hetep, which is mentioned in later inscrip-
tions under the name Akh-asut A,
"Glorious-are-the-seats Pyramid,” a name which
probably denoted the whole temple building, the
central and most conspicuous portion of which
must have been the pyramid. There is no other
building at Deir el-Bahari which is in the least
like any portion of a pyramid; and therefore,
since there certainly was a pyramid here and
Ákh-asut was certainly here, this central erec-
tion of Mentuḥetep's funerary temple, which
must have been the “house of Neb-hepet-Ra in
Álch-åset” of the stelae (p. 10), must be the
pyramid in question.
7
But the king does not seem to have been
buried beneath it. In 1905 was exca-
vated the interior of the central erection.
The rubble composing it was found to be laid
in regular strata: viz. (1) on the top a layer of
cement of powdered lime and mud; below this
(2) limestone chips and small flints; (3) a thin
¹ See HALL, The Two Labyrinths, J. H. S., xxv., p. 332.
rough layer of great flint nodules like those of
the revetment; (5) a repetition of (3); (6) a
repetition of (4); (7) light rubbish and earth.
These carefully laid strata remind us of the
description of the covering of the tomb of Queen
Nubkhās, wife of King Sekhem-Ra-shedi-taui
Sebekemsauf, which is given in one of the
Amherst Papyri. The papyrus records the
confession of a tomb-robber, who had plundered
the tombs of this king and queen. He told the
commissioners of king Rameses IX (the papyrus
relates to the same occurrences as does the
Abbott Papyrus) that the tomb of Queen
Nubkhas was " surrounded by masonry, closed
up with boulders, protected by rubble, hidden
"by stones, and covered over with kheshkhesh.”
But no tomb was found beneath the boulders
and rubble of the pyramid in Neb-hepet-Ra's
temple. Beneath the seventh layer of rubble
was found simply a pavement of blocks, of
what Dr. Blanckenhorn has pronounced to be a
66
66
form of rock-salt, occupying a small square in
the centre of the mass.2 This peculiar feature of
the erection was on a level with the pavement of
the platform without. Beneath it was a layer
of earth and chips, and some huge flint nodules;
below these two thin strata, one of brown earth,
the other of white shale. Underneath these,
5 ft. below the pavement, was the solid rock.
No trace of a tomb was to be found.
The apparent absence of a tomb raises the
very interesting possibility that the king was
actually buried in a rock-tomb in the vicinity,
the central erection of the funerary temple being
2 It might be supposed that this was the pavement of
a small chamber, in the centre of the pyramid, and that
the rubbish found above it had fallen in upon it, were it
not that this rubbish is carefully packed in strata, and is
evidently the original filling of the sham pyramid. The
purpose of the "pavement" remains therefore unex-
plained. It is, perhaps, best to regard it as merely
another stratum of the filling. Possibly it is not really
rock-salt, but decomposed stone much saturated with
salt.
30
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
not a tomb-pyramid surmounting the royal
burial chamber, but one put up as an appro-
priate architectural feature of the funerary
temple.¹ In the old days, as at Abûsîr and
elsewhere, the kings had been buried in actual
pyramids, in front of which small funerary
temples were erected in their honour. Here at
Deir el-Bahari, under the XIth Dynasty, we
find a pyramid, beneath which the king was
probably not buried at all, in the midst of the
funerary temple, which is now larger than the
pyramid, and has surrounded it on all sides.
The pyramid has shrunk, become atrophied, and
is a mere architectural survival in the midst of
the temple, the real tomb being elsewhere,
possibly a bab in the cliffs at the back of the
pyramid. The approach to a great tomb was
discovered, as had been anticipated,3 during
2
1 With all the usual layers of rubbish, stones, and
rubble, as if the pyramid actually covered the real
tomb. We may compare the sham mastabas in front of
the cenotaph of Usertsen III. at Abydos (WEIGALL,
Abydos, iii., p. 18), or the avowedly sham pyramid of Queen
Tetashera there, which was built simply as a memorial
(CURRELLY, ib., p. 37). These erections were composed
of material excavated from the cenotaph-tombs of
Usertsen and Aaḥmes close by, and it might well be
supposed that the Deir el-Bahari pyramid was in the
same way composed of the material excavated from the
cenotaph or ka-sanctuary immediately behind it (p. 35),
but for the fact that it does not consist of the tafl rock
in which this tomb is excavated. The taf rubbish from
the tomb seems to have been deposited along the line of
the south temenos wall (see p. 38).
2 It has been placed with its attendant ambulatory
between the entrance and the colonnaded court (the
"Säulenhof") of the normal type of funerary temple
under the Old Kingdom (see the hypothetical plan of
BORCHARDT, Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-Re', p. 20).
In the centre of the colonnaded court descends the dromos
of the "tomb-sanctuary," while the cella, corresponding
to the "holy of holies" at Abûsîr, is placed in its normal
position as regards the temple, but at the foot of a
mountain instead of a pyramid. (It will be noted that
there are at Deir el-Bahari no temple-magazines corres-
ponding to those at Abûsîr. At Deir el-Bahari these
must have been separate from the temple, and were
probably of brick; see p. 39).
3 P.S.B.A. June, 1905, p. 180; Archaeol. Report, 1904-5,
p. 4.
|
the work of 1906, but the work of 1907 has
shown that this is possibly not the actual tomb
of the king, but (as has already been noted on
p. 13) a cenotaph or "tomb-sanctuary" of
the royal ka.
4
6. THE CHAPELS AND TOMBS OF
THE PRINCESSES.
West of the pyramid was a
a row of six
shrines, or rather chapels, made on the line of
the western wall of the ambulatory, dedicated
for the service of certain ladies of the king's
harm who were buried here, in rock-cut shaft-
tombs on the platform to the west and north of
the wall and the chapels. Probably because
they were buried here, they are described in
the chapel-inscriptions as possessing the dignity
of priestesses of Hathor.
We have already seen that Deir el-Bahari was
the great Theban necropolis of the XIth Dynasty.
Tombs of this Dynasty were excavated in the
temenos of the XIth Dynasty temple, and some
of them, as we have seen, were covered up by
Hatshepsu when she built her temple close by.
These tombs must have been practically con-
temporary with the building of the temple: we
see it, in fact, as a sort of XIth Dynasty
Westminster Abbey; the king's courtiers and
officials were buried not merely in the court, but
actually in the outer colonnade of his temple,
and the funerary chapel, as at Abûsîr and else-
where, soon became a burial-place.
The tombs found in the North Court during
the first season's work have already been men-
tioned. Those within the temple itself were
found in the outer upper colonnade, which has
been described above (p. 27) as looking north
over the North Court, and at the back (west) of
of
4 Like the Bâb el-Hosân (p. 9), or the "tombs
Usertsen III. and Aaḥmes I. at Abydos, which were
certainly never the actual tombs of those monarchs, who
must have been buried at Dahshur and the Dra' Abu-
l'Negga respectively.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
31
the central building (pyramid-base?). One | temple, which was completed after the death of
tomb (No. 3) was found in the upper colonnade Neb-hepet-Ra I., the unfinished tomb No. 8
during the first year. No. 3 was a complete being perhaps intended for a queen who sur-
chamber-tomb, of the same type as No. 2 (in the vived him, and never was buried here (see
court), and, though disturbed, yielded very p. 47). Similarly one of the shrines was never
good funerary furniture of the XIth Dynasty, completed, the rock never having been properly
which will be found described in Chapter levelled for it.
III. with the objects from Tombs Nos. 4
and 5, in the same colonnade, which were
discovered during
during the second season. Both
contained large uninscribed sarcophagi of
white limestone. No. 6 was an unfinished
shaft. The tombs at the back of the pyramid,
Nos. 7 to 12, were of the same type as the
foregoing, but with deeper shafts. In two
(Nos. 11 and 9), were found the white lime-
stone sarcophagi of their original occupants,
like that in No. 5 in shape, but inscribed
with the names of the dead. In addition, that
of No. 9 is splendidly decorated with carving in
relief, and is unique in its style. It is the finest
sarcophagus of the Middle Kingdom ever found,
and is now one of the chief treasures of the
Cairo Museum. In addition, the fragments
of a similar sarcophagus, with the sculpture
painted, were discovered in tomb No. 10.
The full description of these tombs and their
contents will be found in the chapters dealing
specially with them. Here we are only con-
cerned with the chronicle of their discovery,
and the relation between them and the temple
itself, with the shrines which are next to be
mentioned. They were made after the artificial
squaring of the rock for the building of the
temple, and in accordance with its design, for
all are within the outer upper colonnade, yet
outside the wall of the ambulatory. But at
the same time they were made before the final
completion of the temple, because the pave-
ment was placed in position over them, and in
two cases a column originally stood directly
above the shaft of a tomb.¹ That is to say,
they are contemporary with the building of the
1 Tombs Nos. 9 (see p. 48) and 11 (see p. 50).
The shrines or chapels, which were discovered.
in the second season, are built on the line of the
wall separating the pillar-hall or ambulatory
round the pyramid-base from the outer colonnade
in which tombs 7-12 lie. As is said below (p. 34),
a portion of this wall seems to have been re-
moved soon after its erection to make room for
these chapels, which were evidently not con-
templated in the original plan. The plans of
the chapels are easily traceable, and part of the
contiguous wall-slabs of two of them, beautifully
decorated with coloured sculpture (Pl. xviii.,
upper photographs), are in place. There were
apparently six in all (as there were six tombs
behind them), arranged in two groups, each of
three, north and south of the west doorway.
One (the first south of the doorway) was never
properly built, as has been noted above. The
fragments of their coloured reliefs that have
been found show us that these shrines were inti-
mately connected with the tombs behind them.
They are, in fact, the chapels of these tombs, and
in them the offerings were made to the spirits of
Henhenet, Kauit, Kemsit, and the other prin-
cesses who were buried here. Among these
others, according to the shrine inscriptions, were
Aashait, the actual queen of Neb-hepet-Ra II.
(see p. 8, above), and the princesses Sadhe and
Tamait. Sadhe is apparently a foreign name.
Aashait may have been an Ethiopian (see below,
p. 32); Kemsit seems to have been a negress (see
p. 50); but Henhenet was certainly an Egyptian
of aristocratic type, as her mummy shows
(Pl. x.).
The reconstruction of the chapels will not be
attempted till the second part of this book.
But here it may be permissible to describe
32
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
1
the usual
formulae.
briefly some of the more interesting fragments, sufficiently remarkable. The inscriptions are
which will give an idea of the peculiar character
of the art of the XIth Dynasty as exhibited in
this temple.
Some of these reliefs are very beautiful in
colour and carving. There are two repre-
sentations of King Neb-ḥepet-Ra II. (o),
with his wife, Queen Aashait, standing beneath
the winged sun. One of these is illustrated
Pl. xvii., fig. e. The preservation of the colours
on these reliefs is remarkable, and the feathers
of the winged sun are in the smaller fragment
of the two represented with extraordinary
minuteness of workmanship and delicacy of
colour. The representation of the atef-crown,
worn by the king, with both feathers at the
back, has not previously been met with. Or-
dinarily it is represented as consisting of the
white crown with the feathers fore and aft
The feathers were really placed at each side,
like wings, as we see from the Osiris figures,
which wear it. The fore-and-aft representation
on the flat was a convention, to show both.
But here, in this single instance, we have an
attempt at a view of the crown seen from the
side, but at the same time showing both feathers,
which are represented in a sort of perspective,
the nearer partially hiding the further one.
This is a very interesting little deviation from
the usual conventions of sculpture. Interesting
also is the representation of the white crown
itself, which seems to have been made of straw
or basket-work painted white and bound with
golden bands. The lower part seems to have
been also covered with some material, but the
upper was evidently open straw-work, admitting
plenty of ventilation. On these two fragments
the hieroglyphs are sculptured in the new and
previously unknown style of high relief painted
blue on rectangular labels of red. The con-
trast of colour presented by this arrangement,
the red sun-disk with green wings above, and
the white and gold crown of the king below, is
On these two fragments the faces of the king
but on another piece of relief, on which they
and queen are battered out of all recognition,
are represented in cavo-rilievo (Pl. xii. a), their
portraits are perfectly preserved. The king's
young resolute face, with powerful chin and
square nose, is thoroughly Egyptian. We had
one workman very like him on the excavations.
But the queen's thick lips and flat nose make
her look rather Ethiopian in type. Another
relief (in the same style) is of interest, since it
depicted the great noble Masi walking in
the temple; one of the octagonal columns of the
hall or ambulatory surrounding the pyramid-
base is represented on the relief close by his leg.
From this representation we know that the
capitals of the columns in the ambulatory were
form of column. On another slab (Pl. xvii. d) we
of the simple square type associated with this
have a very quaint representation of the “King's
Favourite, Sadhe," receiving offerings from the
"King's Cupbearer." The cup contains beer.
The small incised inscription above it reads,
"Beer for thy ka! "¹ (mm). Sadhe,
ப
seated and wearing the short wig, stretches out
her hands to receive the beverage from the hands
of the obsequious cupbearer, who is followed by a
remarkable young lady of very attenuated form,
who bears in a rather processional manner an
enormous lily on a long stalk. The inscription
above contains the usual prayer for Sadhe.
1
A large number of fragments of the reliefs
and inscriptions of these chapels have been
found: portions of the gaily-coloured cornices
also, and the green lily-pillars which often
adorned their entrances. It will be an in-
teresting task to try to put all these together
again: the work of assembling the fragments
of the false doors may very well be undertaken
1
Or, "for thyself."
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
33
with fair hope of success, as they are easily
recognizable. In each chapel part of the wall,
probably that immediately opposite the entrance,
was carved to represent the door of the spirit,
which was supposed to communicate with the
tomb beyond. The peculiar character of these
"doors," with their imitation of wooden
originals, is noticeable. In the false doors of the
mastaba tombs of the IVth and Vth Dynasties we
find the same imitation of a wooden original, but
in them the scale is larger, the "door" is more
like a door, and the beams of stone, representing
those of wood, are straight and short.¹
Here
under the XIth Dynasty the door is represented
in miniature, as indeed the chapel itself is an
altered miniature of an ancient mastaba-chapel,
and with the grave-pit on the other side of a
wall, instead of immediately underneath.
The king commemorated in these chapels was
not Neb-ḥepet-Ra I., who bore the Horus-name
Sam-taui, but Neb-ḥepet-Ra II., who bore the
same title for both his "Horus-name" and
his "vulture and uraeus (nebti) name (Pl.
xii. a, k). It may well be that the chapels,
which, as we shall see, are not symmetrical with
the rest of the temple, were the work of Neb-
hepet-Ra II.
7. THE WESTERN END.-With the shrines we
have turned the corner of the pyramid-base and
its accompanying pillar-hall, and have reached
the western part of the temple. Here, on the
XIth Dynasty casing of the pyramid-base, king
Siptah and the chancellor Bai were depicted
adoring some deity or deities, perhaps Hathor
and the deified Mentuḥetep. Siptah, whose
figure is gaudily painted in red, yellow, and blue,
is kneeling on the sign heb in the act of
1 The imitation of the wooden original was always kept
up, even by the heretical disk-worshippers, who in their
reliefs never thought of altering the traditional repre-
sentation of the hallowed door of the Underworld, through
which the ka passed to its offerings (cf. DE GARIS DAVIES,
Tell Amarna, iii., p. 3).
adoration. He wears on his head the atef-crown,
and carries the crook and flail of Osiris. Bai
stands behind him at a respectful distance."
Between the two figures is a religious inscription,
the lower part of which is preserved. This will
be found translated in the second volume.
Close by is an XIth Dynasty pillar bearing an
inscription added by Rameses II.,
www
3
3] (1
^^^^^^
| ୪୪୪
["Re-
newing of monuments carried out by King]
Usermara Setepenra for his father Amen-Rā, lord
of heaven." In this part of the temple were found
two sandstone statues, 4 ft. high, of the well-
known vizier of Rameses II., Paser son of Neb-
neteru. They also are gaudily painted after the
manner of the time, in black, red, yellow and
white, and the inscriptions are in dark blue. One
of these is now in the British Museum (No. 687),
the other at Philadelphia. Near by was also found
a rectangular red granite statue pedestal (seen
in the general view, Pl. 3, a) in the usual form
of a hollow trough, in which the plinth of the
statue was placed. This may have been made.
9
2 Bai is described as
maūt-kheru. This, how-
ever, does not necessarily mean that he was dead when
the relief was made. He is called maūt-kheru and Siptah
bears the attributes of Osiris, because they are adoring
the gods of the dead in the western necropolis. Cf. the stone
plaques with his name, as maut-kheru, from the funerary
temple of Siptah (PETRIE, Six Temples, pl. xvii. 12).
3 SPIEGELBERG, P.S.B.A., xv., p. 523. It is not im-
possible that, as is often assumed, this vizier Paser is the
same person as the viceroy of Kush first mentioned
under Ai, in whose reign he began to inscribe his memorial
niches on the rock of Mashal-kit (Gebel Adda), opposite
Shatawi, in Nubia. Prof. Breasted's apparent assumption
(Temples of Lower Nubia, i., 1906, p. 18) that the existence
of the name of Ai at Gebel Adda was unknown before his
recent visit, and that the Viceroy Paser was “heretofore
supposed to have been in office only under Harmhab," is
curious; the name of Ai is given in Lepsius's copy of
these inscriptions (Denkm., iii. 114 e-h); see also the
ninth (1896) edition of Murray's Egypt, s.l., and PETRIE,
Hist. ii. 241. And that the Viceroy was
governor of
the gold-country of Amon" (BREASTED, .c.) under
Rameses II. (southern niche), seems to have been noted
already by Champollion in 1828 (CHAMP., Notices, i.39, 609).
D
34
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
the western door is of red granite, like that
of the eastern door, already described. Only
the westernmost, or outer, block of it is in place;
the inner one, which contained the socket and
reveal for the door, &c., has vanished. A
block of the wall rests in place on top of part of
the threshold-slab. The portion of wall to the
north of the door, which was not altered by the
addition of chapels, is preserved up to the height
of the dado, and the lower portions of the legs of
the figures of people represented in the paintings
are visible. This fact is of use in enabling us to
determine the probable height of the wall, and so
to arrive at the probable height of the columns
of the ambulatory or pillar-hall, and its roof.
Passing through the door, we enter the west-
ern colonnaded court, in which is the dromos of
the ka-sanctuary (p. 35). In the colonnade
which we have entered are Tombs 7 to 12. The
columns here are octagonal, like those of the
ambulatory round the pyramid-base. There
were two rows, each of eight pillars. Some of
these were placed directly over the tombs; Nos.
7, 9, 11, 12 had each one a pillar over it; only
Nos. 8 and 10 were placed between columns.
All these tombs are placed directly up against
the western face of the wall, beneath the nearest
row of columns.
during the quarrying operations out of a block of
the granite west doorway, close to which it was
found. Trough-pedestals of this kind have some-
times been taken for basins of ablution. No real
basin of ablution has been found in this temple.
The plan of the temple is at the west
end modified. The east front has three rows
of sixteen columns each, reckoning from north
to south, or sixteen rows of three columns
each, reckoning from east to west. But the
west face of the pyramid has a colonnade
of only two rows of sixteen columns each,
instead of three, with the incidental result that
the north and south faces, which have, like
the eastern face, three rows of columns, have
only fifteen columns in each row. Behind this
double row of columns is the surrounding wall
of the pillar-hall, which was originally decorated
with the reliefs already referred to. It is in the
same line with this that the shrines or chapels
were built, with a considerable projection beyond
it to the east, so that they came up to the bases
of the westernmost row of columns, and their
east walls were practically built up against the
columns. It is evident from this that the chapels
were an afterthought, a modification introduced
after the plan of the temple had been settled, but
before it had been completed. The fact also that
the chapels are placed asymmetrically with
regard to the general plan of the temple, the
northern group being at the end of the northern
corridor or part of the pillar-hall, the southern
group opposite the southern half of the west face
of the pyramid-base, points also to their having
been an addition. But the asymmetrical posi-
tion of the western door-threshold, which is
placed not in the axis of the eastern threshold
and centre of the pyramid, but one intercolum-southern cross and temenos-walls has already
niation to the north of it, is evidence that the
addition of the chapels was made before the
completion of the temple, which we can there-
fore with some confidence attribute to Neb-
hepet-Ra II., to whom the erection of the
chapels may well be due. The threshold of
The discovery of this colonnade and the
tombs in it marked the westernmost limit of the
excavations of the second season. During the
remainder of the season the work was trans-
ferred to the southern portion of the temple, in
order to complete the excavation of the
southern lower colonnade and to see if a south
court existed analogous to the court on the
north. The discovery of this court and of the
been referred to. Before, however, describing
these discoveries in greater detail, it will be con-
venient to complete the description of the western
end of the temple as the work of the third and
fourth seasons has exhibited it to us.
The colonnade in which lie Tombs 7 to 12 is,
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
35
so to speak, the portico of a rectangular open
court 65 ft. broad by 75 ft. long, with its centre
line on the axis of the temple. This court has
on the northern and southern sides a colonnade
of a single line of six octagonal columns,
backed by the rock, which is here cut through
up to the base of the cliffs. On the centre line
of this cutting, which is 120 ft. long and 65 ft.
broad throughout between the facing-walls,
descends the dromos of a great rock-cut bab or
hypogaeum, which, in the opinion of Prof. Naville,
is the sanctuary of the ka of king Mentuḥetep
(lettered "Dromos of Tomb 14" in the plan).
This tomb-like cenotaph or subterranean sanc-
tuary will be fully described in the second
part of this book. The chamber, faced with
great granite blocks like those of the tomb-
chamber of a pyramid, and containing a naos
of granite and alabaster, was reached in January
1907. Behind the dromos of this hypogaeum,
and at the western end of the court, is a hypo-
style hall, 60 by 65 ft., at a slightly higher level,
with ten rows each of eight octagonal columns,
placed closely together, and rather smaller than
those in the rest of the temple. Here, contrary
to the practice in the other parts of the building,
the pavement is of limestone blocks, while the
walls masking the gebel are of sandstone. The
reliefs on these walls are of a crude and some-
what peculiar type, not met with elsewhere in
the building (see Pl. xiii. a, c). In the centre of
the rock-face at the west end of the temple is a
small speos or, rather, niche, cut in the cliff.
This once contained a shrine, in front of which,
in the hypostyle hall, was a small cella 22 ft. by
10 ft., with walls of white limestone, sculptured
with fine coloured reliefs. In this cella and in
front of the niche stood a limestone altar, part of
which remains in place, with a shallow circular
depression for libations cut in the sloping top of
the block. The cella, altar, and niche are
placed on the central axis of the temple, like
the ka-sanctuary, pyramid, and ramp. The
whole temple is perfectly symmetrical.
At the S.W. corner of the rock-cutting is
the báb or gallery-tomb, already mentioned
(p. 12). It was explored by us this year (1907);
see p. 52 (Tomb No. 15). At the N.W. corner
is a small pit-tomb (No. 16).
The whole of this portion of the temple, its
reliefs, and the antiquities found in it, will be
described in full in the second volume, where
also the plan and photographs illustrating it
will appear; the work of 1906-7 is not com-
prised in the plan or plates appearing in this
volume. The western limits of the temple were
reached, and the excavation in this direction
completed, on February 22nd, 1907.
Retracing our steps, we see that on each side
of the entrance to the Western Court and
Hall the rock is cut away towards the cliffs on
the south and towards the Hathor-shrine of the
XVIIIth Dynasty temple on the north. On the
south side, at the end of the Southern Court, it
was masked by a brick wall, the remains of
which are much worn, testifying to its having
been exposed to the weather for a long period.
Evidently there never had been a stone facing-
wall here, though there is a low stone boundary,
analogous to that on the N. side described
below, but more
more worn. In this wall the
bricks are laid in alternate courses of headers
and stretchers with thick mortar joints. This
construction also occurs in the case of a brick
door-sealing in one of the XIth Dynasty tombs.
But as it is also found in the case of one of the
brick pillars in the North Lower Colonnade,
which are probably of the XIXth Dynasty, this
mode of construction proves nothing as to the
date of the wall. It is common enough now in
Egypt. It is its position, as part of the western
boundary of the temple, and its appearance of
long exposure, that dispose us to regard this
wall as being, like the tomb-sealing, of XIth
Dynasty date.
On the north side, we have seen that the
western end of the North Court was faced
with a magnificent wall of stone. The rounded
36
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
coping of this was carried, following the same
diagonal line, as a boundary across the platform
to the north of the outermost tomb-shrine, for
a distance of about forty feet. Then it turns
southwards half-left, parallel with the shrines,
for thirty feet, and then west at right angles, in
line with the north side of the tomb-dromos
beyond. This boundary, which is 1 ft. 6 in.
high, marked the limit of the temple in
this direction. It is seen in the foreground of
Plate v., bending round at the base of the
floor blocks of the XVIIIth Dynasty chapel,
described below. At the foot of the brick wall
which masks the mountain on the other side,
and has already been described, are the remains
of a similar boundary. So that it is probable
that this boundary on the north side had
originally a brick wall behind it, like that on
the south side, and that behind this was the rock-
face. But in the reigns of Thothmes I. and III.,
when great building activity existed here, an
alteration and addition were made in this part
of the temple. The ancient brick wall was
demolished and the rock-face cut back several
yards. In the new face of the rock was made
a small speos-shrine of Hathor, partly cut in the
rock, partly artificially built up with heavy
stones. On the triangular space reclaimed was
built a small forehall of approach to the speos.
The easternmost portion of this was actually
placed on the floor of the XIth Dynasty temple,
the large sandstone foundation blocks partially
hiding the ancient boundary. The level of the
new building was about 3 ft. 6 in. above that
of the XIth Dynasty floor. It was probably
approached by a short stepway from the outer
upper colonnade of the XIth Dynasty temple,
which was presumably kept more or less clear,
although, as we have seen, in other parts of the
temple, rubbish was allowed to lie as it fell,
and at the western end of the temple, as well as
in the lower courts, XVIIIth Dynasty votive
offerings, beads, etc., are found in the dust-
layer lying immediately above the pavement.
But on the platform this rubbish was never
more than two feet deep that under the later
XVIIIth and the XIXth Dynasty no part of the
temple was covered by rubbish much deeper
than this is shown by the inscriptions of
Rameses II. and Siptah, who "restored" the
temple, though they did not trouble to clean
its floor!
The first traces of the forehall of the Hathor-
shrine were discovered in December, 1904, at the
end of the first half of the second season's work.
The sandstone entrance door (seen in Pl. v.) was
discovered on December 10th, and identified
then as belonging to the XVIIIth Dynasty.¹ It
bore the end of a royal inscription in relief,
painted blue, of which only the signs Ar
mained (Tokyo University Museum). Owing
to the great height of the rubbish-mounds
above it, from which débris was continually
falling, it was difficult to clear the building
re-
from the immediate front, so it was determined
to leave it until work further to the south
on lower mounds should be completed; this
would enable the high mounds to be cleared
with greater ease, by a flank attack, so to speak.
But during the latter part of the second season
and the first part of the third attention was con-
centrated on the clearance of the Southern Court,
XVIIIth Dynasty building was investigated, and
so that it was not till January, 1906, that the
the entrance-jamb, which had soon after its first
discovery been covered by falling rubbish, was
finally uncovered. Little of the actual building
but the heavy blocks of its floor was found.
There seem to have been fine reliefs in it: part
of one, of yellow Silsila sandstone, with good
painting, represents the prince Sihathor with a
goddess. In the building (see Ch. VI.) was
found a fine black granite squatting statue
of the scribe Nezem, of the XXth Dynasty,
which will be described in Part II. It has
1
Archaeological Report, 1904-5, p. 7; 1905-6, p. 4.
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
87
1
been assigned to the Metropolitan Museum of Here was found the south cross-wall, already
New York.
This forehall led directly up to the speos of
Hathor, which with its beautiful image of the
goddess in the form of a cow, still standing
intact within her shrine, was discovered on
February 7th, 1906. On that day one of the
workmen was bringing down some rubbish from
the face of the excavation when he loosened
a large stone with his turya. Behind it appeared
a hole, a gap in the rubbish. M. Naville was
able to see that beyond was a shrine, built of stone
blocks ornamented with painted reliefs, within
which stood a great life-sized image of the cow-
goddess. Never before had a cult-image of this
size and beauty been found intact within its
shrine.
described, which is exactly similar to the north
cross-wall discovered during the excavations of
the Great Temple and the work of the season of
1903-4. The southern wall is more complete
than the northern, and the position of the door-
way, which had an inscription on each jamb, is
evident. It is only a few feet distant from the
side of the platform. Many of the blocks of
this wall bear the inscription in red paint,
"House of the Ka" (see p. 19). Then
a great part of the South Court, which lay be-
tween the platform and the southern horn of
cliffs, was excavated. The stone wall which
had once masked the side of the platform here
proved to have utterly disappeared. The court
The full description of the cow and its shrine itself ended in a sharp angle, more acute even
will be found in M. Naville's chapter dealing than that of the northern court. In the course
with the subject. In connection with this of the work were discovered many of the frag-
general description of the excavation little more ments of sculpture depicting the war with the
need be said of this important discovery. The Aamu (p. 5, Pls. xiv, xv.), which probably
shrine measures 10 ft. by 5 ft. It is of the same originally belonged to the S. Lower Colonnade,
type, architecturally, as the "vaulted" shrines of and six grey granite standing statues of king
the Great Temple of Hatshepsu. As in the larger | Khakaurā Usertsen (Senusert) III., which had
rock-cut chapel of Hathor on the terrace above, probably originally stood in a row on the plat-
which was excavated by Mariette, the rock walls form above, and had fallen down into the court,
were faced with stone blocks, as the shaly green getting badly broken thereby. All have been
tafl rock is utterly unsuited to sculpture. Only broken off at the knees, and the lower parts of
|
in this case the facing blocks are of sandstone, all except one have disappeared. The heads of
not limestone. The cow bears the name not of four are well preserved, with the exception of the
Thothmes III., who built the shrine, but of his
successor, Amenḥetep II. This king is not
mentioned elsewhere at Deir el-Bahari.
Both cow and shrine were taken down and
have been re-erected in the Cairo Museum, where
they can be seen and admired of all.
8. THE SOUTHERN COURT.-We now turn to
the last quarter of the Temple, and the least
interesting, the South Lower Court. The exca-
vation of the South Lower Colonnade was
completed in January, 1905, and then the
south-east corner of the platform was turned.
nose.
There is, as will be seen from the photo-
graphs (Pl. xix.), a considerable difference
between the portraits, which shows that they
represent the king at different periods of his
life.
•
The oldest portrait is kept in the Cairo
Museum; the other three, including one with
very strongly marked features, are in the
British Museum (Nos. 684-6, Pl. xix. c-e),
which also possesses another fine portrait of the
great king representing him in vigorous old age,
the colossal head of red granite found by Prof.
Petrie at Abydos, in 1901. This also was
38
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
presented to the Museum by the Egypt Ex-
ploration Fund.
|
1905 for the expedition, about a hundred yards
east of the camp. These foundations were only
about 12 feet long, and then ceased abruptly,
no further traces of building here being found.
It
At the angle of the southern cross-wall and
the stone temenos-wall were uncovered some
chambers of brick, compactly built, and covered
with stucco (Pl. viii., figs. 3, 4). The walls of
these chambers are more or less intact up to the
height of 6 or 7 feet, and are 2 to 3 feet thick.
Remains of three chambers exist. The date of this
building seems to be between the XIIth Dynasty
and the beginning of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
is evident that both of the XIth Dynasty walls
were broken down before its erection, as it is
placed upon the ruins of their junction (see photo-
graph in the Archaeological Report for 1905-6,
Pl. i., fig. 5). But fragments of pottery found
in the bricks certainly date to about the XIIth-
XVIIIth Dynasty period. The bricks are
large and well-formed,¹ resembling those of the
XVIIIth Dynasty girdle-wall of the temple of
Deir el-Medina. The plaster with which they
were covered is firm, well-made, and hard. Close
by, between the houses and Tomb No. 13, is a
small wall, only one brick thick and wavy on plan,
in order to give so thin a wall the requisite sta-
bility (see p. 51). This peculiar mode of wall-
building is elsewhere found associated with
buildings of the XIIth Dynasty. One thing
is certain: these buildings are not later than the
Ramesside period. That they could be Coptic is
utterly impossible, as all the objects found near
them are either XIth Dynasty or Ramesside, and
their bricks are not of Coptic form. In Coptic
days, also, these buildings were buried deep in the
débris of the temple. Their purpose is doubtful.
They cannot well be buildings connected with the
solitary tomb (No. 13) that was found in this
court, as they must have been erected after the
The first work undertaken in the third season
(November, 1905) was the completion of the
excavation of the Southern Court. The cross-
wall was followed south until it was found to
join a similar wall running eastwards, just as
the fragment of the northern wall discovered in
the work of ten years ago joins a similar wall
running eastwards, which was then naturally
considered to be the southernmost boundary-
wall of Hatshepsu's temple. The discovery of
the parallel southern wall shows, however, that
both these walls, and the cross-walls, were in
reality of XIth Dynasty work; the long walls
running east and west being, as has been said
above (p. 20), the temenos-walls of Mentuḥe-
tep's temple. The southern wall was followed for
a considerable distance eastward. It had been
covered in ancient times by taft rubbish, which
looks as if it had been carried from an excava-
tion in the tafl rock and tipped in the regular
Egyptian way along the line of the temenos-wall.
The only excavation in the tafl answering the
requirements of the case is that of the great ka-
tomb or subterranean sanctuary in the Western
Court, and it may well be that the rubbish from
this was tipped along the temenos-wall not so
very long after the latter was built. The
Egyptians very often did things in this careless
fashion. Behind the temenos-wall (to the
south of it) is a heavy brick wall. This was
continued eastward into the plain by a low
boundary-wall of brick, the course of which had
been traced during the previous season. This
turns to the north at right angles, thus enclosing
the whole temple in a large rectangular temenos.
The northern side of this was apparently de-
stroyed by Hatshepsu's work. The excavation
of the southern line of it may be seen in the
bird's-eye view (Pl. vi., fig. 3). Connected with
it were some foundation-blocks of the blue-grey
sandstone used in the temple, which were dis-
covered in a line with the new house built in
2
¹ Measuring 13 × 51 × 41 in., while the XIth Dynasty
bricks average 12 × 7 × 3 in.
2 Abydos, iii., pl. xlii.
L
L
L
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
39
XIth Dynasty walls had fallen into ruin. In one
chamber some grain was found. It seems most
probable that they were either magazines or
priests' houses connected with the service of the
temple.¹
The rest of the court was thoroughly cleared
down to the rock floor and the whole cliff-face
on the south laid bare. Evidently there had
been a splendid limestone wall here, as elsewhere
in the temple, to mask the rock face; and a foun-
dation-trench, 7 ft. broad and 18 ins. below the
level of the rest of the court, had been made
along the face of the cliff for the base-blocks,
which remain in position at the extreme W.
end for a length of 15 ft. 6 in. On the plat-
form side the base blocks (5 ft. wide) of the
masking wall of the platform still exist for a
length of 54 ft., and at the apex of the court the
base blocks of both walls join. Here some of
the limestone blocks of the platform wall are
still in position for a length of 8 ft. 6 in. In
front of the W. angle is a brick wall measuring
18 ft. by 5 ft. and 3 ft. 3 in. high, which crosses
the court and ends at the trench at the S. side.
In clearing the court a chamber tomb (No. 13;
see p. 51) was found, with nothing whatever in
it, which seems to be more ancient than the
temple. It is probable that this solitary tomb
had been made in this place under the shadow
of the cliff in the time of the Old Kingdom, and
that when Mentuḥetep's workmen excavated the
rock to make a symmetrical court on the south
side of the rectangular platform, which was
the main feature of the design for the king's
temple, they cut the shaft of this old tomb,
which must originally have been of some
depth, in half. Still further, they hewed a piece
out of it to make room for the base-blocks of
the wall which was to mask the rock-face, and
keep their even line. The violation of the
¹ But not the original magazines of the temple, as they
are of later date than it. The original magazines, which
must have been close by, but have been destroyed, were
no doubt also of brick (see p. 30).
tomb and the filling of what remained of the
shaft with rubbish probably took place at this
time. (For further description of this tomb,
see p. 51, and for plan and section of it see
Pl. xi., where will also be found a sketch
diagram showing its original construction and
later alteration.)
9. CONCLUSION.-I may conclude with a
few paragraphs on certain points of interest in
connection with the art of the temple. Its
architecture will be specially dealt with in the
second volume, by Mr. Somers Clarke.
We have seen that the XVIIIth Dynasty
artists sculptured the rear walls of their
colonnades just as the ancient artists of the
XIth Dynasty had sculptured theirs. Some of
their work reminds us occasionally of that of the
XIth Dynasty sculptors improved and beautified,
and it may be that both the style and subjects of
the sculptures in the older temple were some-
times imitated by the artists of Hatshepsu.
An imitation of the reliefs of the older temple
is perhaps seen in the sculptures of the south-
ern funerary hall on the upper platform of
Hatshepsu's temple. These reliefs have a very
archaïstic appearance, and look like copies of the
work of the Middle Kingdom; no doubt the
walls of the XIth Dynasty temple were decorated
with many such scenes depicting the slaying of
the animals for the funerary offerings, the
bringing of birds and other food for the royal
ka. Of reliefs of this type we have found a good
many fragments belonging to the XIth Dynasty
temple. They depict men gathering reeds, driv-
ing animals, sowing and reaping, and so forth,
for the maintenance of the royal funerary cult
(Arch. Report, 1903, pl. iv.). There are also
dadoes of plants and birds of beautiful execution
(New York), and reliefs of animals (Pl. xvi.),
which no doubt formed part of scenes of the
king hunting in the marshes and deserts. These
2
Cf. similar reliefs of the Vth Dynasty in the funerary
40
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
L
2
Reten-reru
reliefs apparently belong to the south side of
the wall surrounding the pyramid-hall or ambu-
latory. Those depicting the ceremonies of the
Sed-festival (?)¹ and the foundation of the
temple, and processions of priests, magnates, and
warriors (Pls. xiii., xiv.): female slaves bearing
"the god's offerings " from the farms attached to
the temple (Pl. xiii. e); foreigners and court
dignitaries bringing gifts to the king seated on
his throne or standing with the gods behind him,3
apparently belong also to this wall and to the
western end of the temple; while those repre-
senting boat-processions, foreign captives of the
; Pl. xv. f; p. 68), and
the campaigns against the Aamu (Pls. xiv., xv.),
belong to the back-walls of the lower colonnades.
The reliefs of the shrines of the priestesses re-
present these personages and their attendants,
Hathor-cows, &c., besides groups of the king and
queen and the great nobles of the court (Pls.
xii. a; and xvii., xviii.). Some features of the
costumes worn by the royal and priestly per-
sonages have already been mentioned (p. 32).
The weapons of the warriors are noticeable:
especially the great oxhide shield and round
copper axehead, characteristic of the Middle
Kingdom (Pl. xiv. h). The figures of the gods
are, as already at Abûsîr under the Vth Dynasty,
the same as in later times. Amen, who makes
one of his earliest appearances here, wears his
cap and high feathers: even Set appears on the
wall of the Western Court in his traditional
5
4
temple of Ne-user-Ra at Abûsîr, BORCHARDT, Grabdenkmal
des K. Ne-user-Re', p. 37.
¹ Relief of the king, enthroned as Osiris, receiving the
homage of the vizier Kheti.
2 Relief of the king measuring out the limits of the
temple-ground with oar and mason's square, in the cella ;
he small relief (Pl. xii. e), showing the same scene on
the side of a naos on a funerary boat.
3
8 Relief of a foreigner (? a Punite) bringing offerings:
in the Ashmolean Museum. Pl. xiii. g, the king seated.
Fine relief of the king standing with a goddess behind him,
from the cella (1907).
* On the XIIth Dynasty stelé of Usertsen III. (Pl. xxiv.).
5 Brown sandstone relief of the type illustrated Pl. xiii. a,c.
|
guise. Hathor is the deity most often occurring:
a fine relief of her (perhaps repainted under the
XVIIIth Dynasty) has been assigned to the
Museum of Toronto. Everywhere in the temple
the wall-reliefs are surmounted by a frieze of
stars, a stripe of alternating red and blue squares,
and the usual kheker-ornament above
painted red and blue.
The reliefs of the chapels and of the colonnades
evidently have come down to us as they were
originally sculptured, with, in the case of the
chapel-reliefs, the original colour undimmed.
The colouring of the colonnade reliefs has often
gone, and the reliefs themselves have a worn,
rubbed and shiny appearance, which makes it
evident that they had been exposed to the
atmosphere for a long period, whereas the colour
of the chapel-reliefs was preserved in the semi-
darkness of the roofed ambulatory and the
chapels themselves. The colour of the reliefs of
the great wall surrounding the pyramid has
evidently been largely renewed, possibly in
Hatshepsu's time, possibly in the time of
Rameses II. The restored colour is very different
from the delicate XIth Dynasty colouring of
the untouched reliefs from the chapels of the
priestesses.
These XIth Dynasty reliefs are of the highest
interest, as they tell us more of the art of the
XIth Dynasty than had ever been known
before. They vary in artistic quality, some
fulfilling our traditional idea of the rude work of
the XIth Dynasty, while others are of very fine
work. These last may well be the work of the
sculptor Mertisen, who flourished in the reign of
Neb-hepet-Ra, and his school. Mertisen says on
his funerary tablet (C. 14 of the Louvre): “I
was an artist skilled in my art. I knew my art,
how to represent the forms of going forth and
returning, so that each limb may be in its
should walk and the carriage of a woman; the
proper place. I knew how the figure of a man
poising of the arm to bring the hippopotamus
low, the going of the runner," &c. He also tells
L
THE TEMPLE AND ITS EXCAVATION.
41
66
2
us that no man shared this knowledge with him | portrait-relief of the king (all below the mouth
but his eldest son. Now since Mertisen and his is destroyed), discovered during the first season's
son were the chief artists of their day, it is work. The colour is splendid, and the model-
more than probable that they were employed to ling of the face very fine; there is not a bit of
decorate their king's funerary chapel. So that in flat surface in it, and in this respect, its high
all probability many of the XIth Dynasty reliefs relief, and free style, it reminds one of the
at Deir el-Bahari are the work of Mertisen and bull's head and other gesso reliefs from Knossos.
his son, and in them we may see the actual Another fine relief shows part of the figure
"forms of going forth and returning, the poising of a foreigner (possibly a Libyan) wearing
"of the arm to bring the hippopotamus low, the a complicated necklace. The head, which is
going of the runner," to which he alludes on his very well modelled, is bent back: probably the
tombstone. This gives a personal interest to figure comes from a scene of the king striking
these reliefs which is usually lacking in Egypt, down enemies.3
down enemies.3 But other reliefs, such as those
where we rarely know anything of the artists of the brown sandstone retaining wall of the
who created the works we admire so much. Western Court (Pl. xiii. a, c), show an awkward-
We know the names of the sculptor and the ness at which an artist of the succeeding
painter of Seti I.'s temple at Abydos, but the dynasty would have smiled, and which a
name of its architect is unknown. We know sculptor of the XVIIIth Dynasty would have
the name and portrait of the sculptor of some regarded as hopelessly old-fashioned. This
of the tombs at Tell el-Amarna, and we have old-fashioned appearance belongs also to the
the strange picture of the artist Hui in the sculpture of the sarcophagus of the priestess
tomb of Anḥurkhäui at Thebes.' But otherwise Kauit, which no doubt comes from the same
very few names of the artists are directly hands. The drawing of the figures is often
associated with the temples and tombs which peculiar, strange lanky forms taking the place
they decorated, and of the architects we know of the perfect proportions of the IVth-VIth
little more. It was the great Senmut, we and the XIIth Dynasty styles. This work
know, who designed Queen Hatshepsu's temple at reminds us of the rude sculptures which used to
Deir el-Bahari, but the designer of the temple be regarded as typical of the art of the XIth
of Mentuḥetep remains unknown, though its Dynasty, but, with the exception of Pl. xii.,
decorators may have been the Mertisen and his fig. b, is a great improvement upon them.
son who are known to have lived in this reign. On the other hand, we often find work which is
The character of their work, if it is theirs, is little, if at all, inferior to that of the best work
peculiar.
of the XIIth Dynasty,5 and some that reminds
us of the best work of the Old Kingdom."
The remarkably high relief of some of the
shrine-sculptures, especially the hieroglyphs,
is of a style previously unknown (sce Pl.
xvii., figs. c, d, e, f). Some of the figures and
portraits are extremely good, especially Pls. xiii.
c, e, h; and 17 c.
A very good portrait-figure
of the king in relief was found in 1907 in the
cella at the western end of the temple. One of
the best things found is the upper part of a
1 ÄZ., xlii., p. 130.
2 Arch. Report, 1903-4, pl. iv. 13.
3 Cf. BORCHARDT, Ne-user-Re', p. 48.
of beer (see p. 32, above).
4
4 A good example is the slab Pl. xvii. f (Cairo Mus.),
on which we see the priestess Sadhe receiving a bowl
Another good example of
war-reliefs, on which the king is represented whirling
this naïve art is seen in one of the fragments of the
an Aamu round by the leg (Brit. Mus.).
5 (See Pl. xiv. h; xii. g). The beauty of the high relief
of the shrine sculptures has already been commented
upon (p. 31).
E.g., the head of a king and part of the figure of a
42
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL BAHARI.
In fact, the art of Neb-hepet-Ra's reign was
the art of a transitional period. Under the
decadent Memphites of the VIIth and VIIIth
Dynasties, Egyptian art rapidly fell from the
high estate which it had attained under the
Vth Dynasty, and though good work seems to
have been done under the Herakleopolites, the
chief characteristic of Egyptian art at the
time of the Xth and early XIth Dynasties
is its curious roughness and almost barbaric
appearance. When, however, the kings of
the XIth Dynasty reunited the whole land
under one sceptre, and the long reign of
Neb-ḥepet-Ra Mentuḥetep enabled the recon-
solidation of the realm to be carried out
by one hand, art began to revive; and, just
as to Neb-hepet-Ra I. must be attributed the
renascence of the Egyptian state under the
hegemony of Thebes, so must the revival of art
under the XIth Dynasty be attributed to the
Theban artists of his time, perhaps to Mertisen
and his son. They carried out in the realm of
art what their king had carried out in the
foreigner, just mentioned above. The relief, Pl. xiv. b,
of chiefs bowing down, may be compared with the Vth
Dynasty reliefs depicting the same subject, from Abusir
(Ne-user-Re', p. 77).
political realm. The sculptures of Neb-hepet-
Ra's temple at Deir el-Bahari are, then, monu-
ments of the renascence of Egyptian art, after
the state of decadence into which it had fallen
during the long civil wars between South and
North; it is a reviving art, struggling to regain
perfection. And in this fact lies its special
interest.
From this description it will have been seen
that this temple is an important monument of
Egyptian art and architecture. In point of fact,
it is one of the most important that have been
discovered of late years, ranking second only in
historical and artistic importance to the dis-
coveries of the remains of the early dynasties
at Hierakonpolis and Abydos. It is the only
temple of the Middle Kingdom of which any
considerable remains have been found, and on
that account the study of its architectural pecu-
liarities will be most interesting. It is the best
preserved of the older temples of Egypt, and
at Thebes it is the most ancient building that
exists.
In conclusion, I wish to thank Prof. Naville,
Mr. Somers Clarke, Mr. Peers, and Mr. Ayrton,
who have read this chapter in proof, for several
suggestions.
H. R. HALL.
!
43
CHAPTER III.
THE TOMBS.
By H. R. HALL AND E. R. AYRTON.
THE tombs discovered were all, with one possible
exception, of the XIth Dynasty, and therefore
contemporary with the temple.
One only (No. 13) is probably of earlier
date, and at any rate was made before the
building of the temple.
No. 1. Northern Court; at east end. A
simple rectangular grave (sahrik in the
Ķûrnâwi dialect) dug in the tafl floor of the
court. Length, 9 ft. 9 in.; width, 5 ft.; depth,
4 ft. 6 in. Violated.
Contents: a battered mummy, and some
fragments of inscribed papyrus (hieratic), no
doubt belonging to a later burial; six com-
plete pots of coarse dark brown ware, handleless,
and with pointed bases; five fragments of
similar pots; the base of a vase of finer ware;
the base of a pottery vase-stand; a wooden
model vase; one conical vase-sealing of clay;
the top of a wooden lily-pillar from the cabin of
a model boat (Pl. x.; Brit. Mus.); and two
nuts. It is possible that this is an unfinished
shaft like No. 6, and that it was used as a grave
in later times; the XIth Dynasty objects found
in it will then be relics of the violation of other
neighbouring tombs, shovelled in with other
rubbish to cover the later burial.
No. 2. Northern Court; at west end, close
to the wall (Plan and Section: Pl. xi.). A
single rectangular chamber with a rectan-
gular pit of unequal depth. Length of pit,
12 ft.; width, 6 ft. 1 in.; depth at further
end, above the door of the chamber, 14 ft., at
hither end 8 ft. 6 in.
is roughly hewn into steps.
4 ft. 4 in. wide; set toward
the pit, not in the middle. Brick sealing-wall
to door, broken down on south side: height,
3 ft. 5 in.; length, 3 ft. 10 in.; width 2 ft.
11 in.
Laid on a low brick threshold.
Breadth of door-jamb, 2 ft. Chamber: height,
5 ft.; length of north wall, 10 ft. 7 in.; of south
wall, 9 ft. 10 in.; of east wall, 6 ft. 2 in.
total length of ceiling over all, 13 ft. Violated.
The slope at the bottom
Door, 5 ft. high,
the south side of
Contents in rubbish in shaft, XVIIIth
Dynasty, blue beads and other objects, includ-
ing scarabs. In chamber: the perfect skull of
the original owner, a man; a thin horn bangle
(Pl. x.; Brit. Mus.), 2 in. in diameter; frag-
ments of the wooden coffin, of the rectangular box
type, painted white and uninscribed; fragments
of the model boats, including masts, oars, and a
notched rest or crutch for the yard, painted with
black and red spots on white; five men of the
crew, three standing, two seated; two wooden
stands and one of white limestone (Brit. Mus.)
on which the boat was placed (?)—these are
circular in section and in the shape of truncated
cones, two model vases, and other fragments.
Nos. 3-6. On the Temple-Platform. Placed
in a row at approximately equal distances from
each other beneath the floor of the outer upper
colonnade (the pillars of which have disappeared)
facing north. They lie north and south. All
are chamber tombs of the same type as No. 2;
No. 6 was never completed.
44
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL BAHARI.
No. 3. Depth of shaft, at hither end, 10 ft.
5 in.; at further end 15 ft. 10 in.; length
10 ft. 10 in.; width, 4 ft. 5 in. Three steps at
bottom, the lowest very close to the door.
Height of door, 4 ft. 5 in.; width, 1 ft. 7 in.;
breadth of jamb, 2 ft. Remains of brick sealing-
wall, 2 ft. high. Height of chamber, 4 ft. 5 in.;
length, 9 ft. 4 in.; width, 6 ft. 6. in. Violated.
In the shaft was found a poor burial of late
period. The mummy was wrapped in a torn
and dilapidated cloth; no coffin or ushabtis.
In the chamber were found the remains of the
original XIth Dynasty burial. Some of the
cloth in which the mummy was wrapped is fine
and fringed; some, of coarser texture, has a
border of blue lines. The mummy, which was
that of a woman, was in fragments.
in fragments. The
skull (lower jaw missing), two feet, and an
arm (Pl. x.) are now in the British Museum
(Nos. 40924--7). The skull has pathological
alterations; a swelling of the bone on either
side of the head, probably indicating a condi-
tion of inflammation before death. The feet
and hand are very delicate, and the nails of the
latter are carefully tinted with henna. With
these remains were found three pairs of silver
bangles 2 to 3 in. in diameter; one pair is
solid, another wire, the third is hollow and has a
curious toggle-joint. An odd one, of this type,
was also found, and was retained at Cairo.
The others are in the British Museum (Nos.
40929-31),¹ as is also a necklace of bright dark
and light-blue and white cylinder beads with a
plain blue glazed clasp at each end (No. 40928,
see Pl. x.). This object is as characteristic of
burials of this period as is the elaborate funerary
furniture of boats, model granaries, etc. With
the exception of the boat, which was smashed up,
only the small oars remaining, the furniture was
in this tomb well preserved. The chief objects
are a granary of the usual kind, and a model
1 The solid pair weigh 233.5 grs. troy (15.13 grms.)
and 221-3 grs. (14.34 grms.) each; the wire pair 116 grs.
(7·516 grms.) and 115·3 grs. (7·47 grms.); the hollow
pair 107 grs. (6·933 grms.) and 95 grs. (6·155 grms.).
bakery and brewery of unusual type. The
granary has, as usual, its small wooden men
ascending the stairs with sacks of grain which
they are throwing down into the sealed chambers
of the granary through holes left for the purpose,
while a scribe, seated in the court below, keeps
tally (Pl. ix., fig. 5). In
In the other model,
which measures 31 inches by 183, we see a line
of women hard at work grinding the grain with
rollers, which are painted red to represent red
quartzite. A line of squatting men, facing the
corn-grinders, sifts the grain through sieves.
Back to back with them are the bakers, squat-
ting in front of their tall black ovens, and a line
of brewers placing the bread in red vats to
ferment in order to make the beer. A reis stands,
thong-stick in hand, overseeing the work. This
fine model (Pl. ix., figs. 3, 7) has been assigned
to the British Museum, and is now exhibited with
the other VIth to XIIth Dynasty models of the
same kind in the Fourth Egyptian Room (Case
188; No. 40915). The granary has gone to
America. These models, which are always found
in tombs of this age," were placed in them with
the idea that they would turn into ghostly boats,
granaries, bakeries, and slaves, to serve the dead
in the next world. It is the same idea as that of
the ushabti or "answerer," who, when the dead
man" is set to do any of the labours which are
"to be done there in the tomb world, to plough
"the fields, to fill the canals with water, to carry
"sand of the east to the west," answers,
"Here
am I, when ye call!" These little wooden
boatmen, bakers, brewers, and grain-bearers are
in fact all of them ushabtis.³
66
2 A typical series are the tombs of el-Bersha, those of
Beni Hasan, excavated by Mr. John Garstang, and Meir.
The famous models of soldiers from Meir, in the Cairo
Museum, are well known. A well-preserved set of these
models, together with a beautifully painted coffin, also in
the Cairo Museum, was found in a tomb in the Northern
Court at Deir-el Bahari during the former excavations.
The coffin belonged to a treasurer called,
Buau, and in all the outside inscriptions, also Mentuḥetep.
3 Actual ushabtis of the formal type, which are so
common in later burials, are rarely found in tombs of
ما
L
THE TOMBS.
45
L
!
The other objects from this tomb, which have | white limestone sarcophagus of the original
been described above, are (1907) all temporarily occupant (Pl. x. fig. 2), measuring 8 ft. 5½ in.
exhibited in the North (Semitic) Gallery of the long by 3ft. 4 in. broad outside, 7 ft. 3 in. by
British Museum.
2 ft. 2 in. inside, and 3 ft. 1 in. deep. The lid
(broken) was 10 in. thick, and rested on a
ledge 1 in. broad, 4 in. below the lip of
the sarcophagus, which is 54 in. broad. The
sarcophagus is entirely uninscribed. In it,
besides remains of the original burial, was found
the upper half of a round-topped red granite
stela of the XVIIIth-XIXth Dynasties measur-
ing 20 in. by 18 in., commemorating the
No. 4. (Pl. ix., figs. 1, 2.) Of the same type.
Length of shaft at top, 10 ft. 5 in.; at bottom,
10 ft. Width, 5 ft. Least depth, 14 ft. 7 in.;
greatest depth (over entrance to chamber), 16 ft.
5 in. Height of entrance to chamber, 5 ft. 5 in.;
width, 4 ft. 1 in.; height of steps, 1 ft. 1 in.
Brick sealing-wall (broken down); height, 4 ft.;
width, 1 ft. 11 in. (Pl. ix, fig. 1). Chamber:
length, 11 ft. 5 in.; width, 6 ft. 3 in.; height
6 ft. 10 in. Violated.
In the shaft nothing was found. In the
44
A
лиша
2
TIM
"chief scribe of Amen, Duduȧa,
chamber was found a secondary burial of the
son of the superintendent chief scribe of Amen,
XXth-XXIst Dynasty. The coffin, of the Hat-iai, deceased," who is known from other
usual type of this period, was found resting monuments. This stela, which is of fine work-
awry on the slope of the rubbish with which manship, is in the British Museum (No. 706).
the chamber was half filled; it had simply been It will be fully described in the chapter on
thrust into the chamber without any attempt at the later monuments. The inscription chiefly
cleaning out the rubbish or the remains of the consists of adorations to various deities, Amen,
original burial, which had evidently been Rā, Tmu, Shu, Tefnut, Qeb, and others. The
violated a long time before, probably in the
formulae read 1284 3
time of the XIXth Dynasty. The coffin
contained the mummy, with a wooden mummy-, &c., and so on.
www.
cover or board. The dead man was an official
named 8
Userkhārā-nekht.¹
Userkhārā, after whom this person was named,
is apparently King Rameses X., so that he was
no doubt born in the reign of that monarch.
The coffin was covered with bats' dung, and
ancient wild bees' nests were found in the
chamber, which must therefore have been at
least partly open to the sky for some time at a
period posterior to the time of the XXIst
Dynasty.
In the rubbish stood the great rectangular
this age. For specimens see GARSTANG, el Arábah,
Plates iii. and vi. For the wax ushabtis from Deir el-
Bahari, see post, p. 48, description of Tombs 9 and 10.
¹ His title is given as the
(sic.)
|
17, &c.;
ቦን
Of the original burial comparatively little
was found. The mummy had almost entirely
disappeared. Remains of three models were
recovered; a boat with men, a granary, and a
same type as that, already
bakery of the
described, from Tomb 3. Two nearly perfect
necklaces of glazed faïence beads of the same
type as, but larger than, that from Tomb 3
were also found. One of these has alternate
rows of light blue and white, the other of
2 Stelé in the Louvre, No. C. 50. A statue of this
same Duduaa was found by M. Legrain at Karnak in
1903. From its inscriptions we learn that he was a
functionary connected with the worship of Neb-hepet-Ra
in Deir el-Bahari. His father may be identical with the
Hat-aai, "chief scribe of the granaries in the House of
the Aten," whose tomb is described by DARESSY, Ann. ii.,
1 ff. Ḥat-aai naturally abandoned the Aten-cult later
on and became a chief scribe of Amen.
p.
✩
46
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
white, dark blue, light blue, and again white
beads. The first has been assigned to America,
the second to the British Museum.
Loose in the rubbish were found a heavy
stone chisel, measuring 10 in. long, and a wooden
lever, 2 ft. 6 ins. long, which had no doubt been
used by the original plunderers to prize off the
lid of the sarcophagus. Both these interesting
implements are in the British Museum.
No. 5. (Plan and Section, Pl. xi.) Of the
same type. Length of shaft, 10 ft. 5 in.;
width, 5 ft. 2 in.; least depth, 13 ft., greatest,
15 ft. 6 in. The entrance to the chamber, 5 ft.
in height, is closed, not by a brick wall, but by
two tall slabs of sandstone set up endways. The
larger of these measures 5 ft. 7 in. high by 2 ft.
10 in. broad; the smaller 4 ft. 10 in. high by 1 ft.
broad. This stands on a small block, 1 ft. 9 in.
long by 6 in. high. The space between the stones
and walls was filled up with fragments of bricks
and mortar. Height of step down into chamber,
1 ft. 11 in., length of chamber, 11 ft.; width,
6 ft. 2 in., height, 7 ft. 3 in. in centre; the
roof is slightly rounded; the floor irregular in
level. Violated.
In the shaft, remains of two secondary burials
of the XXIst Dynasty were found close to the
surface; the coffins are badly damaged, and
the names of the occupants illegible. Some
feet below were found a head and three forelegs
of cattle. Similar bones of cattle were found in
the chamber itself. The hooves are long and un-
worn, showing that the animals had never been
used for work, so that they were probably
sacred. The horns are of the long curved type
which is that of the horns of the Hathor-cow.
It well be that these are remains of sacred
cows of the goddess of Deir el-Bahari.
may
As in No. 4, a large rectangular white lime-
stone sarcophagus stood amid the rubbish in
the chamber. It also is uninscribed, and exactly
like the other but for the fact that it has no
ledge to hold the lid. It is 9 ft. 4 in. long;
3 ft. 5½ in. broad and 3 ft. 11 in. high without
| the lid, which is 8 in. thick. Part of this, 3 ft.
long, remains in position. The inside depth of
the sarcophagus is 3 ft. The end nearest the
entrance was broken off by the plunderers.
The skeleton of the occupant, a female, was
found in it. The head retains the hair. The
hands are rigidly clenched. It is evident that
the deceased was quite young. Of her parure,
only two fine lentoid beads of carnelian, from
a necklace, were extant (Pl. x. 3; "Objects
from Tombs," &c.).
from Tombs," &c.). Remains of four models, a
boat, a granary, a bakery, and a group of soldiers,
were found. Of this last model, which must
have been like the famous military models from
Meir in the Cairo Museum, two figures of black
soldiers with shield and spear, and several loose
shields were recovered. The shields represent
the usual wooden shields of the period, covered
with black-and-white oxhide.
What
Two important objects from this tomb, which
have been brought back and are now in the
British Museum and the Edinburgh Museum
respectively, are tall figures of female slaves,
carrying baskets on their heads (Pl. ix., figs. 4, 6).
They are nearly 3 ft. high, and are well modelled
and painted. The basket of the one at Edinburgh
was missing. The plunderers had no use for these
things; they merely threw them on one side or
smashed them if they were in the way.
they wanted was the gold and precious stones
on the mummies, and these they took, leaving
in this case only two carnelian beads. In Tomb
No. 2, as we have seen, silver was beneath their
notice. Two fragments of what had been a fine
object have been assigned to the British Museum.
This was a vase-stand of alabaster, carved in
open-work to represent opposed figures of the
vulture of the goddess Mut or Nekhebet (and
possibly the hawk of Horus) with ankh signs
(and probably tat signs also) between the groups,
in a style characteristic of the Middle Kingdom.
The two fragments found (l'l. x., fig. 5) show a
vulture-group and an ankhf.
I
THE TOMBS.
A piece of an alabaster bowl, some broken
earthenware vases of the same type as those
found in Tombs 1 and 2 (with painted ends),
small offering-saucers, and fragments of earth-
enware bowls were found. These last show
traces of burning, and charcoal was found in
them and beneath the sarcophagus. They and
the charcoal may possibly be relics of the
makers of the tomb, not cleared out when the
priestess was buried. Such untidiness would be
quite Egyptian. The cattle bones found in the
shaft have already been mentioned.
47
the door a neat appearance. A large slab of
limestone had formerly closed the entrance to
the chamber.
No remains of the original sarcophagus were
found, but the XIth Dynasty mummy, with
its cartonnage, was lying in fragments in the
south-east corner. Here was found also the
pair of leather sandals illustrated on Pl. x.
fig. 4.
At the northern end of the chamber was
found a square wooden box containing the liver
and other viscera of the deceased packed in a
No. 6, east of No. 3. An unfinished shaft. fine black dust.
3 ft. deep, with nothing in it.
H. H.
No. 7. This is the first of the series of
six tombs (of which one was never completed)
which are situated behind the chapels on the
west of the platform; and although they appear
from their position to bear no particular relation
to the chapels, yet it cannot be a mere coin-
cidence that the names of the occupants of three
of the tombs correspond with names found on
the cornices of the chapels.
We shall probably not be mistaken if we
consider that the chapels were dedicated to the
occupants of the tombs.
When we had cleared away the rubbish which
concealed this tomb (No. 7), it was found that
the original pavement of the temple which
formerly covered the mouth of the pit had been
removed, and the shaft was consequently filled
with broken pieces of stone and paving blocks
from the destruction of the temple.
The plan of the tomb is the same as that of
those on the north side of the platform-a
vertical shaft, hewn out of the shale to a depth
of 16 ft., at the bottom of which is a chamber on
the east.
The doorway had been somewhat roughly cut
and a slab of limestone had therefore been placed
as a lintel, the broken space above being filled
up
with bricks; these were then plastered, giving
In the centre, and lying across the chamber,
was found a painted wooden coffin belonging to
the XXth-XXIst Dynasty; on its breast were
hung garlands made of plaited rush-leaves
threaded on string. This burial was that of a
woman, though the name on the coffin seems to
be the masculine one of Hor-si-aset (?). By the
side of the coffin were numerous fragile stalks
of papyrus and several sticks with leaves bound
to the top.
The date of this secondary burial is the same
as that of the burial of Userkhārā-nekht in
Tomb 4. It is evident that that tomb had been
violated long before the secondary burial, so
that we have the period between the XIXth
and XXIst Dynasties as the probable date of
the spoliation of the temple.
No. 8. This tomb was, like one of the chapels,"
never finished, the shaft having been sunk to a
depth of 5 ft. only; it had then been deserted
and filled up with rubbish almost to the top, on
which was placed a layer of cement composed of
stone chips and lime; on this again was a layer
of mud and sand, and on this bed the sandstone
pavement was laid.
The cutting of this shaft was done with greater
care than was the case in the other tombs.
Its chief point of interest lies in the fact
1 This tomb and chapel may belong to one another
(see p. 31).
i
48
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
+
that the superimposed pavement was quite
independent of that of the remainder of the
temple, so that when the blocks immediately
over the opening were removed, none of the
side slabs overhung the entrance, as was the case
in all the other tomb-pits. This seems to
suggest that the person for whom the tomb was
intended (no doubt a queen or princess) did
not die before the completion of the temple.
The idea of making a tomb for her here
was given up when the shaft had been partly
excavated (cf. No. 6). It may be that this
queen, unlike the other princesses, survived the
king, and so was not buried here.
No. 9. Tomb of Kauit. (Plan and Section,
Pl. xi.)—This tomb was made to the south of
the western entrance of the inner enclosure.
In type it is similar to No. 7, but the shaft is
deeper, being 20 ft. instead of 15 ft. deep. The
greater part of the pavement had been removed
by the plunderers, with the exception of several
blocks at the western end which had been left
in position. These were crudely supported by
beams of sont (acacia) wood wedged into the
sides of the shaft. It is certain that we must
assign this propping to the later plunderers and
not to the original builders of the temple, since
the supports would be totally insufficient to
bear any considerable weight, such as that of
numbers of people passing over, which they
would have had to bear had they been part of
the original arrangements (not to speak of the
column which actually stood right over this
shaft; see below); whereas they would amply
suffice for the needs of plunderers.
The shafts were probably originally filled in
quite solid after the burial had taken place,
often, no doubt, in the same way as No. 8. A
column of the temple-colonnade had originally
stood over the centre of the shaft opening of
No. 9, and this enormous weight can scarcely
have been entrusted to the feeble support of
rough beams of sont wood. A filling, either
solid like that of No. 8, or, more probably, of
From
boulders and nodules of flint (see below), like
those used in the construction of the pyramid-
base (see p. 28), must have been used. Later
on the column was thrown down, the original
filling thrown out, and the tomb violated.
Then the shaft got full of the usual temple
débris to within six feet of the bottom.
this point it was found by us to be packed tight
with heavy lumps or nodules of flint, which kept
in place a great elab of blue sandstone blocking
the entrance to the chamber. This was the
original slab which had been used for the XIth
Dynasty burial, and it had been replaced in
position by the plunderers when they left. A
smaller block had been placed on top of this to
completely seal the aperture. The plunderers
had also replaced a part of the filling of flint
nodules.
On finding this "door" in position we were
of course in hope that the original burial would
be found intact, but were
be found intact, but were doomed to dis-
appointment.
The ancient mummy had been searched, but
roughly tied up again and left in its limestone
sarcophagus.
The sarcophagus, however, amply rewarded
our efforts. This great limestone coffin, now in
the Cairo Museum, was not made of a single
block (as was the case in the tombs on the north),
but in sections which fitted into one another
with marvellous accuracy, being held in place
by bolts, probably of metal, driven through the
corners; these had been removed. The base
was a single large block of limestone with grooves
into which the sides fitted. The lid also of a
single piece of stone fitted closely into the top,
so that its surface was level with the upper edge
of the sides. The whole would consequently
form an air-tight box. In the lid four holes
were bored, by which the lid could be lowered
into position with ropes or bolts. This had been
thrown back and stood against the wall. The
upper edges of the sides had been somewhat
broken in the attempts to remove the lid,
L
سا
L
レ
​THE TOMBS.
49
but almost all fragments of importance were
recovered.
A broad band of sculpture in cavo-rilievo ran
round the sides, representing various funerary
scenes. These scenes will be described in
will be described in
Chapter IV. Above the scenes runs a single
line of inscription-an invocation to the gods
of the dead for a good burial and thousands of
offerings for the "Priestess of Hathor, the only
royal favourite (4) Kauit 1-1
-).
The lid has a single line of hieroglyphs running
down the centre with a similar prayer. (See
Pls. xix., xx.)
""
The whole sarcophagus is a beautiful piece of
work and ranks as one of the best pieces of this
class of early work known to us, if it is not the
very best. Certainly it takes its place in the
Cairo Museum as one of the most valuable
possessions of that museum.
A perfect small model of a wooden coffin, 71
74
in. long, was discovered in the rubbish; it was
decorated in green paint with a line of hiero-
glyphs down the centre of the lid and round the
sides, and bore the name of the deceased. In-
side and originally wrapped in mummy cloth was
a small wax figure of a woman with the name
Kauit written on the breast in hieratic (Pl. xi.). |
Fragments of another box were also found in
the chamber. These models will be further
commented on in the description of Tomb 10,
where a similar model was also found. Amongst
the débris was a beautifully made small diorite
vase, two inches in height (Pl. x., fig. 3).
From the fact that a column base had been
placed over the shaft opening, we see that some
of these tombs were undoubtedly made before
the completion of the temple, but after its plan
had been settled, the platform made, etc.
No. 10. Tomb of Kemsit. This is situated
between two columns to the south of No. 9, and
the plan is the same as that of the preceding
tombs. The pavement had been anciently re-
moved from the mouth, and the shaft was full
of the usual rubbish.
The lower part of the well had originally
been filled with large lumps of flint as in
No. 9. These had been of course shifted by
the plunderers, and the great slab of blue sand-
stone, used for blocking the door of the first
burial, had been tilted back.
Numbers of large sun-dried bricks were
found in the shaft, which had evidently been
formerly placed on the top of the large slab
to seal the opening to the chamber com-
pletely.
The burial chamber was lined with thin bricks
(12 in. x 2 in.) with a white mortar joint, and
covered with a smooth layer of the same mortar
or plaster, the roof being merely the rough shale.
Round the walls, at about one foot from the
roof, is a band (2 ft. broad) of painted scenes
resembling those depicted on the sarcophagi,
the princess in each case being painted black.
Along the top of these scenes is a line of hiero-
glyphs, with the usual funerary formula for the
spirit of the "Priestess of Hathor, the only
royal favourite Kemsit
(-1).
1). These
frescoes will be reproduced in Part II. Only
the base of the sarcophagus was found in situ,
but numerous fragments were discovered in the
rubbish of the shaft, which show us that it was
painted (and partly sculptured) with the same
scenes as that of Kanit (No. 9), and the con-
struction had evidently been the same. That
is to say, the sides consisted of separate slabs,
lowered one by one into the tomb and then joined
together. This sarcophagus (see Pls. xxii., xxiii.)
will be described in Chapter IV. Twenty-seven
of its fragments, which can be more or less pieced
together and show connected scenes, have been
assigned to the British Museum. To the south
of the sarcophagus base were two mummies lying
on some two feet of rubbish. One of these,
which had been stripped and roughly tied up
again, was that of a woman, and undoubtedly
Kemsit herself. The head was twisted towards
the left, as is usual in the XIth Dynasty (cf. the
mummy of the priestess Amenit, also from Deir
E
L
50
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
el-Bahari, in the Cairo Museum),' and, as we
should expect from the paintings in the tomb,
the skull is negroid in type. This mummy is
in the British Museum. The other mummy was
wrapped up and quite perfect, but was in no
coffin, and probably belongs to the XXth-XXIst
Dynasty, being a later burial. Broken ushabtis
of a person named Unf (? for Unnefer,
2x
were found.
·
In a hole broken by the plunderers through
the plaster in the east wall were found
fragments of a small wooden model coffin; and
a perfect model, containing a small wax figure
wrapped in mummy cloth, like that found in the
tomb of Kauit (see also above), but uninscribed,
was found in the rubbish on the floor (Pl. ix.,
fig. 8). These model coffins were decorated
with a blue line of hieroglyphs-a prayer for
the spirit of Kemsit (cf. Pl. xi.). Two such
models with wax figures were probably placed
in each of these XIth Dynasty tombs. They
were, to all intents and purposes, ushabtis. A
box of much the same type, but broader and
without a figure, was found in the great royal
tomb usually called the Bâb el-Hosân (see p. 9),
by Mr. Carter. The bones of a cow were found
near the mouth of the shaft, as in Tomb No. 5
(see above), and somewhat lower down was found
a fragment from a limestone statuette of a man
named Amenemhat (XVIIIth Dynasty), which
was probably thrown in, after the second burial,
from the temple above, where several statues of
officials were placed from the time of the XIIth
to that of the XIXth Dynasty.
No. 11. Tomb of Henhenit. (Plan and Section,
Pl. xi.)-Situated to the south of No. 10, this
tomb had originally been under one of the
columns of the temple.
¹ The idea seems to have been that the deceased
should look through the two great eyes
which
are always painted or sculptured on one side of the coffins
and sarcophagi of this epoch.-H. H.
The pavement had been removed, but when
we discovered the shaft it had been blocked up
by the fall, from the temple above, of a piece of
a large sixteen-sided column (XVIIIth Dynasty).
The shaft was full of the débris of the temple.
The entrance to the chamber had been formerly
closed by two large blocks of sandstone, which
had been only slightly shifted by the plunderers
to allow of the passage of a man's body into the
interior.
Within the chamber was a long limestone
sarcophagus of the same type and construction
as that of Kauit, with the exception that the
long sides, the lid, and the base were each made
of two slabs instead of one, which, of course,
greatly facilitated its removal, also on the top
of the longer side slabs were placed long pieces
of stone with the grooves for the lid. It was,
however, incomplete since the only ornamenta-
tion outside was a line of hieroglyphs painted
green, and two uza eyes on the east side with-
out the customary scenes. On the inside was
the usual line of hieroglyphs, outlined in black,
containing the formula for the ka of
the royal favourite and priestess Henhenit,
DD.J.
1. (See p. 56.)
The lid had been broken into three pieces,
which lay on the rubbish accumulation at the
bottom of the chamber.
Fragments of a large square wooden coffin
were found in the shaft, with a line of hiero-
glyphs painted in green on a white ground;
this, like the sarcophagus, bore the name of
Henhenit, priestess of Hathor, and only royal
favourite (Q
Within the sarcophagus was the mummy of
a woman, no doubt Henhenit, lying on the
cloth wrappings. Her hands and feet are small
and delicately formed, her hair short and
straight (Pl. xl., fig. 8; photograph by Mr. J. G.
Milne). This is a very interesting mummy.
It and the sarcophagus have been assigned
to the Metropolitan Museum of New York.
THE TOMBS.
51
The chamber had been made on too small a
scale for the sarcophagus, and a portion of the
south wall had been subsequently cut away.
No. 12. This tomb is smaller than the three
preceding, the shaft being less than 16 ft, in
depth by 8 ft. in width, as was the case in
Tomb No. 7. The reason is that these two
tombs are partly blocked from greater breadth
extension by their proximity to the low parapet
which runs just behind them.
The door of the chamber was found to be
blocked with a fine slab of limestone (possibly
broken from the XIth Dynasty sarcophagus), a
piece of a later statuette (name Userhat), and
several pieces of stone.
The chamber contained no sarcophagus, and
in the centre, on a heap of mummy cloth, lay
the mummy of a woman, and near by was a
piece of cartonnage.
This was probably a secondary burial, since,
had the object of opening the tomb been merely
plunder (as in No. 9), we should have found
fragments of the sarcophagus. The later burial
seems to have been plundered again at a still
more recent period.
E. R. A.
No. 13. (Plan and Section, Pl. xi.)—In
Southern Court, opened December, 1905. A
chamber-tomb of the same type as the fore-
going, but more roughly made. Completely
made. Completely
plundered and empty.
It would appear that this tomb was made
before the construction of the temple, and it
may possibly date to the time of the Old
Kingdom. It is probably the most ancient
tomb yet found at Deir el-Bahari.
As has been said in the description of the
Southern Court (p. 38), the tomb existed
before the Southern Court of the Temple was
excavated between the pyramid-platform and
the hillside. In the course of Neb-hepet-Ra's
work this tomb-shaft was encountered and was
necessarily shorn of half its depth, the tomb,
no doubt, being plundered at the same time. As
has been said also, the shaft lay exactly athwart
the line of the necessary trench made at the foot
of the hillside in order to hold the foundation-
blocks of a masking or retaining-wall. Hence
the present ground-level at the south end of the
shaft is 1 ft. 6 in. lower than the ground-level
at the north end. A little brick wall was
built up (apparently at the time of the XIth
Dynasty, since the bricks are the same as those
of the entrance-sealings of the XIth Dynasty
tombs) in order to "make up
up" the tomb to
look symmetrical and level when the shaft was
filled after the court had been levelled. The
sketch on Pl. xi. shows how the tomb was cut
down when the court was made.
The original depth of the shaft must have
been about 25 ft.; its present depth is 8 ft.
6 in. to 9 ft.; length, 6 ft. 9 in.; width,
3 ft. 6 in. The irregularly-shaped chamber
measures 8 ft. 7 in. by 7 ft. 9 in., and is
only 3 ft. 7 in. high. The entrance is not in
the centre; on one side of it the chamber wall
measures 4 ft. 6 in. long, and the other 2 ft.
3 in. The entrance is 2 ft. wide; its height is
the same as that of the chamber. Close by is
the small wavy or crinkly wall mentioned on
p. 38, which is probably of X1th Dynasty
date, and may not improbably be connected in
some way with this tomb, as the small brick
ghafir's hut (?) in the North Court (p. 20) was,
no doubt, connected with the tombs in that
court. The large brick chambers in the South
Court, which lie a few feet east of Tomb No. 13,
are, however, probably not connected with the
tombs, as they are of later date (see p. 38).
No. 14. [This number was appropriated to
the tomb-like subterranean ka-sanctuary in
the Western Court before its probable nature
as a cenotaph was known. The descending
approach to this is therefore called on the
plan published with this volume, “Dromos of
Tomb 14."]
No. 15. A bâb or gallery-tomb, like the Bâb-
52
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
el-Hosân and "No. 14," but very much smaller
than these, situated at the S.W. angle of the
Western Court. This was apparently found by
Lord Dufferin in 1859, and its entrance was
visible before the beginning of the present ex-
cavations (see p. 12). The dromos and the
tomb itself were, however, entirely filled with
rubbish, which we cleared out, in order to inves-
tigate it.
In the chamber the rubbish had
become hardened by water which had got in
while the tomb lay open. Full details and
measurements of this tomb will be given in Part
II. The burial had been violated, nothing being
found but a great alabaster sarcophagus, three
times the usual size, without incised inscriptions.
No. 16. A small chamber-tomb, with a pit,
of the usual type, at the N.W. angle of the
Western Court. The pit is 7 ft. long, 3 ft.
wide, and 6 ft. 6 in. deep. The chamber is 6 ft.
long, 4 ft. 6 in. wide, and only 3 ft. high.
Violated, and entirely empty.
H. H.
53
CHAPTER IV.
THE SARCOPHAGI OF THE PRINCESSES.
BY EDOUARD NAVILLE.
THE tombs in which the princesses were buried
have been described in the preceding chapter.
With each tomb was connected a chapel or
shrine. Of these we believe we can trace six.
Many fragments of these shrines have been pre-
served. They have been collected, and com-
pared, and if possible one of the shrines will be
reconstructed for the second part of this book;
but at present we have not yet ascertained the
precise dimensions of all and their exact shape,
so that their description also must be deferred
to the next volume.
In these tombs we found three stone sarco-
phagi of a type characteristic of that epoch.
They are of limestone, and probably contained
in every case a coffin made of wood or of
cartonnage. Of the most perfect, that of
Kemsit, only small pieces remain, which,
however, could to some extent be pieced
together to be copied.' This work was done by
Madame Naville (Pl. xxii. and xxiii.).
As the tombs were small, and the pit leading
to the chamber very narrow, these coffins were
not lowered into the grave in one piece. Each
side was a separate stone, and they were put |
together in the chamber. The coffin of Kauit is
made of six pieces, one for each side, the bottom,
and the lid. It is now put together in the
Museum at Cairo. In the coffin of Henhenit,
1
Altogether several hundred small fragments of the
sarcophagus were recovered. The larger ones, which
alone could be pieced together, twenty-seven in number,
are now in the British Museum.
now at New York, the long sides are in two
halves, so that it consists of eight pieces.
These coffins are examples of three different
degrees of completeness in workmanship, and
that of Kemsit was, as has been said, the finest.
The outside was sculptured, and after the
engraving had been finished it was painted. In
the inside there is no sculpture, only painting.
The coffin of Kauit is completely sculptured.
It was finished not long before it was used for
the deceased. The ink outline drawn for the
engraver is still discernible. There is no
painting whatever; inside, the inscription is
simply drawn in black.
As for that of Henhenit, there is no sculpture
at all other than the inscription and the great
eyes at the side. The cutting of the
hieroglyphs of the inscription is unfinished, part
of them being painted only, and the inside is
blank.
The scenes which are represented on these
sarcophagi remind one of the tombs of the Old
Empire; the religious texts which cover the
wooden coffins of the deceased of the XIIth
Dynasty are still absent. We must compare the
sarcophagi of Kemsit and Kauit with what we
find at Gizeh or Sakkarah, with the tomb-walls
covered with apparent representations of the
present life. There the man is described as hav-
ing obtained all the enjoyments which riches and
high social standing may bring him. He is seen
supervising his labourers in the fields, the hunters
and fishermen who provide for his table game
and fish, all the slaves who have to work for
54
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
*
him, the herds of cattle and flocks of fowls which graphy; they are two regions of the sky.
fill his farms.
It had long been thought that these were
descriptions of his life on earth. Mariette was
the first to show that as they were all alike for
all, they must rather be considered as descrip-
tions of the life which the deceased was to enjoy
in the next world. That life was supposed to be
a repetition of what was held to be happiness in
this world.
Mariette's point of view is all the more justi-
fied since we have here examples of what has
been called the magical power of imitation. The
best, the surest way of granting to the deceased
this happy life is to represent it in painting or
sculpture. The fact of something being repre-
sented causes it to exist. This is the light in
which we are to look at the scenes on the coffins
of the XIth Dynasty. For the first time we
have found coffins not covered with religious
texts, but with scenes of the ordinary life; and
we may suppose that the offerings which are
made to the princess, the granaries where her
food is stored, the cows which provide her with
milk, are part of the riches and plenty which
she is fancied to enjoy in the other world.
1
17, as may be seen in the vignette of
Chapter XV. of the Book of the Dead, is a place
where the sun rises, and where the deceased,
like the sun, receives life and breath. It is
clearly in the East, while, Abydos
is in the West; these two names together, which
are found on nearly all stelae, mean in the
formula as much as "East and West." The
offerings consist of pure water, "a funereal
meal, a thousand cakes, beer-vases, calves, geese,
a thousand rolls of cloth, a thousand of all
good things to the beloved of the great god the
lord of the sky, the royal favourite, the only
one, the priestess of Hathor, Kauit."
On the right side the god to whom the offering
is made is "Anubis on his mountain," who is
also called Amut, when he has the appearance of
a skin on a pole. Besides his other gifts he
grants to the princess" a good burial in the land
of the West, in the tomb in the Underworld."
This coffin is an abridged representation of
the abode of the priestess in the other world;
at the same time it is also her coffin, for the two
large eyes which we see on the left side are
supposed to be those of the deceased looking
through the stone. On both sides we have
doors leading into various parts of the abode of
the princess. On the small side preceding the
long one on the left, we see the offerings made
in the
*
Pa Duat, a room sometimes very
narrow, where the dressing of the god took
The formula in the upper line of each side is place, and where ointments and scented oils
We shall begin the description of these sarco-
phagi with that of Kauit (Pl. xx.), the preserva-
tion of which is perfect. Kauit was, like most of
the other princesses, "the royal favourite, the
only one, the priestess of Hathor." At the same
time she is said to be "beloved of the great
god, the lord of the sky."
it is
that which is found also on the tablets. An
offering is made to a god, but not for him;
for the princess, in favour of the princess. The
god is a mere medium, who has to hand over to
the deceased what has been given him.
On the left side the god is Osiris, "the lord of
Busiris, who resides in the Ament, the lord of
Abydos in all his good abodes." We must not
take the names of Busiris and Abydos in their
strict sense, as belonging to the terrestrial geo-
,
were brought to him. We see very nearly the
same thing at Deir el-Bahari in the which
*
is in the upper court¹; five kinds of ointment are
brought in both places, only the middle one
differs. At Deir el-Bahari we have the
ani of Punt; here in its place is the substance
called. Besides there are two kinds of
Illustrated in Deir el-Bahari V., pl. cxxx.
1
THE SARCOPHAGI OF THE PRINCESSES.
55
balms, brought by one man; balm of acacia
and balm of (?).
The box in front of the attendants may have
contained either the clothing or precious stones
and jewels.
There are five of them in the
of Deir el-Bahari.
*
The large door on the left side seems to give
access to a chamber where the princess is com-
pleting her toilet. A maid places a pin in
her hair; the princess has a mirror in one
hand, and with the other she holds up to her
mouth a cup which has just been filled by the
attendant before her, who says, "It is for thee,
princess; drink what I give thee." This must
be milk provided by a cow close by, which an
attendant is milking; her calf is tied to her
foreleg. We must notice a tear which drops
from the eye of the cow.
These cows, of which there are two, on this
as well as on the other side, belong to two
different breeds. One is hornless; it is a kind
of animal still found in Africa at the present
day. From the painted coffin of Kemsit we
can see that this breed was white with black
spots (Pl. xxii.), blue being used here as a con-
ventional colour for black. The cow with long
horns has a brown hide.
On the right side we have again a door with
two leaves, leading right and left. The door
lintel is adorned with symbolical ornaments,
Osiris,, Isis, and small hawk heads which are
Horus. Again we see the princess at her
toilet; she takes with her hand some of the
scented oil which her maid presents her. The
maid holds a long feather, probably for fanning
the princess. In that chamber we see her
jewels, a pectoral, necklaces, and bracelets, and
the casket which is to contain them. To the
right of the door the princess appears eating;
she has taken a cake or a loaf from the huge
heap of victuals which is in front of her, and
as she is eating and not drinking, it is not
necessary to milk the cows.
On the small side, near the feet, are repre-
sented all the granaries with the bags which
are being emptied. A scribe puts down the
quantities which are brought, and an agent
called Antef supervises what is being done.
A staircase leads to a pavilion where the prin-
when her farmers and vassals bring their taxes
cess sits, as the King does in his Sed festival,'
and contributions in kind, to which she is
entitled, and which are fixed periodically.
On the lid the god is Anubis, the "lord of
Sep residing in the Ament, the lord of Abydos."
These two last titles are exactly like those of
Osiris.
Inside there never was any sculpture; the
inscriptions were only painted.
On the long
the small sides it is said that the funeral meals
faces there are repetitions of the outside; on
and offerings are given to Kauit once by
Nephthys, and the other time by, Isis.
More interesting still than that of Kauit would
have been the coffin of, Kemsit, if
it had been found complete (I'l. xxii. and xxiii.).
It was perfect; it was not only sculptured, but
is now in smail fragments, of which a consider-
also painted; inside there was colour only. It
have been put together, and since the colours
able number are wanting. Those that remain
have been preserved most vividly, the partial
reconstruction has been reproduced, for we
derive important information from the colours.
As has been said, these fragments of this impor-
tant monument have been presented to the
British Museum, where they bear the number
43037. The princess herself is seen only on
a fragment of the inside (Pl. xxiii.), in the
British Museum.
She is black; it seems very
likely that she was a negress. The skull of
one of the mummies found in the tomb with
the fragments of the coffin is of decidedly
negro type. It is probably that of the princess
(see p. 49).
¹ LEPS., Denkm. iii., pll. 76 and 77.
56
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
On the fragment where she is seen two
female attendants bring her basins which pro-
bably contain milk. One of them says to her,
"This is for thee, princess; drink, and be satis-
fied." Above her head her titles are as usual;
she is priestess of Hathor, "who loves her
father, and who is his favourite every day."
As for the scenes depicted on the coffin, they
are very like those on that of Kauit. We find
the two doors with the two eyes. Evidently
the princess was represented attiring herself. A
servant (Pl. xxiii.) brings to her a mirror of red
copper or bronze, and a casket, which she carries
on her head, and which contains her jewels. She
also had granaries, and an agent who oversaw
them; his name is not preserved.
Again we find the two breeds of cows, the
red cow with long horns, and the spotted horn-
The hornless cow alone is milked,
less cow.
while the red one sometimes suckles the spotted
hornless calf. This would show that the milk
of the red cow was not considered as food for
the princess. Among the offerings on small
tables there are stuffed animals (Pl. xxii.), which
I suppose to be hyaenas. We know from the
tombs of the Old Empire that the hyaena was
considered a choice food for the deceased.
But what is most striking in these paintings
is the colours of the attendants. Some of them
are of a reddish brown, the ordinary colour
given to the Egyptians, and others are light
yellow, like the women. As far as we can
judge from the very fragmentary state of the
stone, the chief attendants, those who would
have the highest offices, like the overseer of the
granaries, or the man who brings two purses,
28, probably of precious stones or metal,
صة
are red Egyptians, while the yellow people are
those who bring the ointments, the scented oils
of the
the dressing-house of the dead. It
often occurs in the tombs of the Old Empire
that the women are painted light yellow,
like these men. It has been explained by the
fact that the women, being supposed to keep
indoors more than the men, were less sunburnt,
and lighter in colour; but this explanation
could hardly be accepted in the present case. I
believe we must see here two different races,
the red ones are the Egyptian conquerors,¹ the
yellow ones the old African (Libyan) stock.
According to Lepsius this yellow colour was
000
called & tehen, therefore the &
99
Teheniu, the African nation against
which one of the Mentuheteps had to fight was
the nation of the "Yellows," or, as we should
say,
the "Whites." Another African nation, the
Tamahu, very often mentioned with the Teheniu,
is decidedly white in the conventional represen-
tation of the four races.2 It seems to me that
in this picture on the sarcophagus of Kemsit we
have a reminiscence of the fact that the Egyptian
nation was formed of an African native element
mingled with foreign invaders.
The third coffin of the XIth Dynasty
(Pl. xxi.) which we discovered is severely
plain. As has been said above, it bears merely
sides the two eyes of the deceased. There is no
an inscription half-sculptured, half-painted, be-
other ornamentation whatever. The inscrip-
tions are absolutely the same as those of the
coffin of Kauit. It belongs to "the royal
favourite, the only one, the priestess of Hathor
Henhenit." A curious fact is that the head of
the sign is generally cut off and separated
different line. As noted before, the long sides
from the body; it is even sometimes on a
are in two pieces; box and lid consist of eight
stones.
¹ See La Religion des anciens Egyptiens, lère conférence.
² LEPS., Denkm. iii., pl. 136.
57
CHAPTER V.
THE XIITH DYNASTY AND THE WORSHIP OF NEB-HEPET-RA.
BY EDOUARD NAVILLE.
In the winter of 1905, while clearing the
Southern Court which divides the platform
from the rock, we came across six natural sized
torsos of statues of the XIIth Dynasty, in black
granite, all belonging to the same king,
Usertsen III. . They are all broken
from the knees downwards; the feet of one
only have been discovered, and two of the torsos
are headless. As for the four torsos that
have been preserved with the heads, one is in
08
பப
It is in red granite, but the likeness to the
statues of Deir el-Bahari is very striking.
The king had, in fact, erected a gallery of his
own statues in the temple of Mentuhetep II.
These statues were barbarously broken and
thrown down into the court at a later date.
They must have been broken before falling into
the court, as otherwise we should have found
the fragments now lost.
Usertsen III. was certainly one of the most

།
عالی
BRIT. MUS. No. 926.
the Cairo Museum, the other three are in the powerful kings of the XIIth Dynasty.
British Museum (Pl. xix.).
They are of natural size, not absolutely
similar in features and expression, as if the king
had been sculptured at different ages. We have
in them very good specimens of the Theban
school of work, and of a thoroughly Egyptian
type of face. Another one, of the same type
and belonging to the same school, was found
not very long ago by M. Legrain, at Karnak.
The
beautiful pectoral found at Dahshûr shows him
destroying Negroes and Libyans. In the Delta
it is he who raised the granite-columned hall
with Hathor capitals at Bubastis. There are
various statues of him in European museums.
It is certain that he found the worship of
Mentuhetep II. already established in the
temple. An inscription discovered last winter
by M. Legrain at Karnak reads as follows:-
58
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.

DAPA
صة
مصة
صة
حل
W
୪୪୪ ~
mm ö
W (08
ப
D
"The King Kha-nefer-Ra
Sebekhetep III. of the XIIIth Dynasty) erected
his constructions to the King Neb-hepet-Ra,
renewing what had been done by King Kha-kau-
Rā (Usertsen III.) and King Kha-kheper-Rā
(Usertsen II.) his father."
Thus the father of Usertsen III. had already
begun to offer to Mentuhetep what the inscrip-
some sort of shrine or sanctuary which has been
destroyed. The back bears traces of another stelé
which had been raised against it. The top line
is formed by a very long cartouche containing
all the constituent parts of Usertsen's name.
at the time of the Middle Kingdom.
This comprehensive cartouche occurs frequently
Under the cartouche are two scenes exactly
alike. On the left Usertsen stands before.
both of them he presents a heap of offerings of
Amon, on the right before Neb-hepet-Ra. To
all sorts of food and drink. The gift is made by
tion calls, which are mostly statues or tables
008'
his touching (the offerings three or four
of offerings, gifts made to the god, which always
must bear the name of the giver. The king in the same position. Neb-hepet-Ra wears the
times with his mace. The two gods are exactly
does so because he considers his predecessor double crown, showing that he was lord over the
Mentuhetep a real god like Amon.
We have not found anything of what
Usertsen II. did for Mentuhetep. Usertsen III.
wished evidently to emphasize as much as
possible the religious character of the king of, the divine form.
the XIth Dynasty. No doubt Neb-hepet-Ra
very soon after his death was placed among the
gods to whom a regular worship was offered.
Although every king was a divine being, he was
a greater god than the other kings of his family,
and, like Amenhetep I. after him, was the object
of a special veneration.
two parts of Egypt. Usertsen is followed by
his living ka, his protector, the presence of
whom is necessary to his life. This ka is called
Under the scenes of offerings are two hori-
zontal lines referring to Usertsen, "Life, dura-
tion, and happiness are before the feet of this
good god, the țuat-rekhiu live every day; he
will last through millions of Sed periods in very
great numbers." These are the usual promises
made to the king by the gods, with the mention
We do not know to what circumstance he that the tuat-rekhiu¹ are living. These words
owed his pre-eminence-probably to the fact of refer to beings which are often represented
his having restored Egypt to its former extent under the throne of the king, plovers with
and power, to his having been a kind of second raised human arms perching on the sign
Mena. Usertsen III. was one of
of his most the basket, and generally followed by the words
faithful worshippers. He offered him in his, "they are living." No satisfactory
funerary temple six of his own statues as a gift, explanation can yet be given of this group,
and he did more at the western end of the
temple, close to the entrance of the long passage
leading to a subterranean sanctuary, which
has quite lately been excavated, he erected
a large stele, which was discovered a few
days before we closed the work in March,
1906 (Pl. xxiv.). This stele, in red granite
and of a height of 1 m. 60, is now in the Cairo
Museum. It is quite possible that it stood in
*
1 This line gives us the phonetic reading of the group:
شما
"
.The Abbott Papyrus gives it
still more fully. It speaks of a
* ට
1 J * }
99
tuat-rekhitu," on the walls of which, probably, these
11, the "room of the
beings were represented (MASPERO, Procès judiciaire,
p. 51).
THE XIITH DYNASTY AND THE WORSHIP OF NEB-HEPET-RA.
59
which occurs frequently in the temple of
Hatshepsu.¹ I still believe, as I said before,
that the group refers to the measurement of
time; it is symbolical of a long period which
Lepsius, Brugsch and Mahler consider to be the
phoenix period. These words mean that the
dominion of the king is well established as long
as the plovers (tuat-rekhiu) live, as long as there
will be phoenix periods. It seems to be equiva-
lent to a great number of Sed periods.
Perhaps also we may consider the tuat-rekhiu
as genii who ensure to the king, life,
duration, and happiness, just as the presence of
his ka is his safeguard.
The first line of the vertical inscription gives
the full name of the king. First comes his la
name, then the words preceded by nebti,
which are
91-9 "the divine offspring."
name is, “the scarab." Then comes
the text, which reads as follows:-
The
66
'Royal decree to the prophet of Amon, and
"to the haruspices, in the temple
"and that should be brought to him roast meat,
"whenever a bull should be sacrificed
"in the temple of Amon, the lord of the thrones
"of the two lands who resides at Thebes. This
"was done by His Majesty
"in order to increase the offerings to his fore-
"father King Neb-hepet-Ra, the victorious,
"who will give to King Khā-kau-Ra life,
stability, happiness, health and his joy, on the
"throne of Horus, like Ra eternally."
66
The sense of this inscription is very clear.
The temple of Mentuhetep II. has a college of
priests of various orders. For the food of the
god, or rather of his priests, the baking house
round cakes, and three vases of beer; but it is
has to turn out every day fifty loaves, fifty
not enough. The temple of Amon, on the
Eastern side, has to contribute ten loaves and
two vases of beer every day, above what was
down before. Besides, whenever a bull should
be slaughtered there, some roast meat was to
be brought over. Surely that indicates that
Mentuhetep was the object of very great venera-
"of Amon at Thebes, and to the herald, the tion, since the great god of Thebes himself was
66
priests, the heads of the gardens
also to pay him his tribute of offerings.
We learn from this stele the name of the sanc-
“the haruspices in the temple of King Neb-hepet-tuary in which the offerings were made. It is
"Ra, the victorious, in the cave of Neb-hepet-
"Ra:
"His divine Majesty ordered that should be
“fixed the divine offerings to King Neb-hepet-
"Ra,
"to the amount of loaves fifty, round cakes
fifty, beer three jugs, out of the baking house
"of his own divine offerings
called
the
the valley, or rather the
cave, of Neb-hepet-Ra. This name occurs only
in this place, on this stele discovered at the en-
trance of the sloping passage, the end of which
has just been excavated. On the stele there is
nothing referring to a tomb. From this already
we could conclude that this passage led to a
"regularly every day; and that there should be subterranean sanctuary and not to a funerary
"brought to him offerings
"out of the food-store of the temple of Amon,
"ten loaves, and two jugs of beer
chamber.
Curiously enough, what Usertsen did for
Mentuhetep was also done for himself by one of
"regularly every day over and above what there his later successors, Thothmes III. In the
"was before,
¹ Deir el Bahari, III., pll. 66 and 85, IV., pl. 110; LEPS.,
Denkm. iii., pll. 76 and 77, etc.; NAV., The Festival Hall,
pll. ii., vi., p. 7.
temple at Semneh,2 which evidently was founded
by the king of the XIIth Dynasty, not only did
Thothmes renew in stone what he
Thothmes renew in stone what he says he had
2 LEPS., Denkm., iii. 47-57.
60
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
found made of brick, but he established the
worship of Usertsen III., and fixed the offerings
which had to be made to him. Usertsen is
seen there associated with Dedun, the god of
Nubia, exactly as Mentuhetep is associated with
Amon.
We have no information about the worship
of Neb-hepet-Ra under the kings of the XIth
Dynasty, his immediate followers; but no doubt
Usertsen pursued a tradition which had been
established before him, soon after Neb-hepet-
Ra's death.
Another monument of the XIIth Dynasty'
mentions the worship of Mentuhetep II. It
is a stele found by Mariette at Abydos,
and made for a man called. He is
DIA
AQU
said to be • J & A
AT 78, "The chief herald in the Akh-44
Asu (the temple with its pyramid) of Neb-hepet-
Ra, and the prophet of T
Hor-sam-
taui," who must not be considered as the
god of this name, but as the king himself
deified, whose kɑ name is the same as that of
the god.
One of the Sebekhoteps of the XIIIth Dynasty
renewed what Usertsen II. and III. had done.
We know this from the inscription discovered
by M. Legrain. But it is chiefly the Theban
princes of the great Dynasties XVIII. and XIX.
who seem to have been worshippers of Mentu-
hetep. This is natural, if it was he who chose
Thebes as his capital, and who thus was the real
founder of the Theban monarchy. To him was
to be traced originally the great power which
this city attained, and also the pre-eminence
which the worship of Amon enjoyed after
him.
It is one of the first kings of the XVIIIth
Dynasty, Amenhetep I., who, as far as we
know, did again for Mentuhetep what Usertsen
¹ MARIETTE, Catalogue, No. 605.
had done before. He consecrated
here several of his own statues to the
king. One of them has come down to
us nearly intact. It is now in the
British Museum (Pl. xxv. aa). It was
found near the ramp leading to the
platform (see p. 26). It is 9 ft. 2 in.
high, made of sandstone, and painted.
The king wears the double crown, the
lower one being red and the upper one
white. The whole attitude is that of
the Osirian statues which occur in the
temples; the emblems which the figure
held in its hands have disappeared.
This statue gives us the ka name of
the king, Ka-uaf-tau (?), which was
only known before from M. Legrain's
work at Karnak,2 and the sense of
which appears to be, "Bull, taming
the lands." A stele, which unfortun-
Afately is not complete, shows this statue
of Amenhetep, with another, and
also that of Mentuhetep (Pl. xxv. b).
Amenhetep's figure, wearing the double crown,
and standing in the same attitude as the colossus
of the British Museum, but with a slightly shorter
dress (the sed-heb, not the Osirian, robe), is seen
before a garden in which are planted
four trees. Behind him stands a statue
of Neb-hepet-Ra, whose name is written
wearing the crown of Lower Egypt.
Opposite these two statues is Amon-
hetep I. again this time with the crown of Upper
Egypt, and behind him a king whose name has
been omitted, but evidently is again Neb-hepet-
Ra. The four statues are clothed with the short
dress of the Sed festival, but in spite of this
difference in detail, there is little doubt that
they represent a row of colossi, of which the
British Museum statue is one."
These figures give us a curious example of the

2 Annales du Service, 1904, p. 182.
3 The broken companion figures found near by wear
the sed-heb costume.
THE XIITH DYNASTY AND THE WORSHIP OF NEB-HEPET-RA.
61
..
way in which the Egyptians represented fore- | to have been chiefly military, ". . . of Menthu.
shortening. The statues are leaning, like the the governor of Thebes, the fan-bearer, the head
statue in London, against a thick slab, the of the store-house, the commander of the Negro
thickness of which is seen; but the engraver of troops, the bearer of the standard of the prince of
the stele shows the bodies of the kings as if princes, the bearer of the standard of Eastern
they were separated from the slabs. They are Thebes, the bearer of the standard. . . ." On the
seen from in front, while the heads are still in left leg it is said that he is, "governor of
profile. He evidently desired that the position Thebes."
Thebes." It is not impossible that this monu-
of the hands and the emblems they were holding ment belongs to a date earlier than the XVIIIth
should appear; it would not have been the Dynasty; it may be XIIth or XIIIth.
same if the statues had stood regularly and
correctly in profile; the elbows would have
concealed the hands. This stele accompanies the
statue represented on it in the British Museum
(No. 690). Several headless statues, in the same
attitude, and, like those on the stele, in the sed-heb
costume, have been found during the excavations
and close to the temple.
It is chiefly under the XVIIIth Dynasty that
the worship of Neb-hepet-Ra seems to have been
flourishing. Several steles have been found
in which the king is mentioned or which belong
to his worship. In one of them (Pl. xxvi. a),
which is certainly later than the XIth Dynasty,
Neb-hepet-Ra is seen worshipping Amon, Mut,
and Khonsu; behind him are two goddesses, one
of whom is Hathor. On another one (id., b) we
see a man named Zanefer, who is priest of Amon
as well as of Mentuhetep. Another whose name
is destroyed is said to be a priest of Neb-hepet-
Rā (id., c). On a fragment of a stele a priestess
of Amon brings offerings to Menthu "in Zesret "
and to Neb-hepet-Ra (illustrated on p. 57). I
mentioned before a fragment of a statue of
man called (id., d, e, f). He is
represented as a sitting scribe, who holds before
his knees two naked men. On the right leg we
read the words
a
ла
D ப WI
"... of Neb-hepet-Ra to the ka of the
head of the inner palace, Sobti." I should think
that the cartouche was connected with the name
Neb-hepet-Ra was also connected with the
worship of Hathor. We have found several
specimens of pieces of cloth on which Hathor
is seen issuing from her sanctuary, and coming
down to the river, among the papyrus plants.
Most of those we found are in a very bad state,
and the drawing is hardly recognisable, except
one or two quite good ones which are men-
tioned below. A good one, which evidently was
found in the
found in the neighbourhood of the temple, be-
longs to Mr. de Rustafjaell.' There the cow is
worshipped by a man called Zanefer,,
the steles (Pl. xxvi. b) we have just been con-
perhaps the same who is mentioned in one of
sidering. He is followed by his wife, his wife's
mother, three sons, and a daughter. Under the
head of the cow is), and in front is
the standing king. It is evidently Neb-hepet-Ra,
with an inversion of the signs in the cartouche.
It is not possible to see whether the same king is
being suckled by the goddess. If this cloth or
the statue of the goddess had been consecrated
by a king, he would have put himself under the
But this cloth being made for a
cow's head.
private man, the king mentioned in connection
with the goddess is he who was the special god
of the place, and of whom
was a priest
as well as of Amon.3
1 The Connoisseur, April, 1906, p. 238.
2 A small black granite pyramidion bearing this man's
name was found in the first season's work. It is now in
of a temple, or with some religious employment, the British Museum, No. 493.
as every official of high standing had a rank in
the priesthood, otherwise his appointment seems
3 The two good cloths mentioned as found by us are in
the British Museum, Nos. 43215, 43216. On them
62
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
The XIXth Dynasty kept up the worship of
Mentuhetep. In two tombs which seem to
belong to that time he is mentioned with
he is mentioned with
Aahmes and Amenhetep I. As for Rameses II.
Neb-hepet-Ra does not appear. On one we have a row
of five women bringing offerings to the Hathor-cow;
on the other a woman named Nub-em-ari, above whom
is the inscription
, worshipping
Hathor in human form seated on a throne.
ˇˇˇˇˇ J O O
in the great festival which he caused to be re-
presented in the Ramesseum, and where the
statues of several of his predecessors are carried
on the shoulders of the priests, the statue of
Neb-hepet-Ra comes between Mena and Aahmes
the liberator, near whom is Amenhetep I. No
doubt, even as late as Rameses II., he was revered
as one of the sovereigns to whom Egypt was
indebted for her existence and her power.
63
CHAPTER VI.
THE HATHOR SHRINE.
BY EDOUARD NAVILLE.
THE plan shows where the kings of the XVIIIth
Dynasty erected a sanctuary to the goddess
Hathor in the north corner of the XIth Dynasty
temple. The worship of the goddess here was
certainly very ancient even in the time of the
XIth Dynasty. We saw before that all the prin-
cesses were called her priestesses, at the same
time as they were royal favourites. In the in-
scriptions of the mastabas of the Old Empire the
goddess is often mentioned, and the title of priest
of Hathor is of very frequent occurrence.
However, at present we have not yet found a
part of the temple of the XIth Dynasty which
was specially dedicated to her. It may have
been in the back part of the temple, since Hathor
is the goddess coming out of the
and we saw that the sanctuary of Mentuhetep II.
was called
It is not probable that
Amon alone was worshipped here in the time of
the XIth Dynasty.
.
As for the sovereigns of the XVIIIth, we
know that they were fervent worshippers of
Hathor. In the temple of Hatshepsu there was
a sanctuary of Hathor which originally was
a cave, where, according to tradition, the queen
had been suckled by the goddess. It was in the
southern part of the temple, just above that of
the XIth Dynasty, and built partly over the
enclosure wall. In the back room were pre-
served the sacred emblems of the goddess, cows
probably made of gold or valuable stones. It
is possible that the beautiful alabaster head of a
cow found in 1904 (Pl. xxv. c), and now in the
British Museum, was part of one of them, which
was broken and thrown into the lower edifice.
Thothmes III. did not usurp the sanctuary
which had been built by his aunt, where he
was represented behind her, in the second rank,
as everywhere in the temple at Deir el-Bahari.
He built one in the old temple of Mentuhetep.
Hathor being a goddess who comes out of a
mountain, it was necessary to have a cave;
therefore it was cut in the rock, in the north-
western corner of the temple, which originally
was symmetrical to the south-western, and
where the rock followed an oblique direction
between the dromos leading up to the cliffs and
the Northern Court. A triangle was cut in the
mountain, down to a level 3 ft. above the
old temple, making thus a platform lined on the
north and on the west by vertical rock-facings.
This platform was prolonged over the limestone
enclosure-wall so as to make room for a fore-
hall, to which evidently access was given by a
stairway or ramp leading to a door (see p. 36).
One of the doorposts was also partly preserved.
It bears hieratic graffiti, with proskynémata to
Amon and Hathor, and part of it is now at
Tokyo. In the forehall was little but a mound
of rubbish and the crouching statue in black
syenite of a scribe called Nezem, who lived under
Menephtah and Rameses III. (New York).
When the rubbish was cleared, we could see
on the floor of the forehall the traces of walls,
which seemed to indicate that there had been
64
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
two small chambers separated by a passage
leading from the door to the cave in the middle
of the rock-facing opposite. These chambers
have entirely disappeared.
Not one single
block of the walls has been found; they must all
have been carried away when the temple was
used as
a quarry. Also the blocks which
covered the rock-facings on the West and on the
North have been removed, except the lower
layer, and even that is not complete.
It is all the more remarkable that the shrine
of Hathor has been preserved nearly intact, and
especially that the cow has not been injured.
There has certainly been a fall of rubbish from
the North, which closed the entrance, and saved
the goddess. But when this fall took place the
walls of the chambers and of the facings had
already been carried away; the sanctuary of
the goddess alone had been respected.
The shrine is a cave about 10 ft. long and 8 ft.
high. It is hewn in a rock of a marly nature
which could not be cut to a smooth face.
Therefore it has been lined all round with slabs
of sandstone, on which the sculptures were
executed. The roof is a vault consisting of
two stones abutting against each other, and cut
in the form of an arch. There never was any
pavement; the cow stood on the rough rock.
Originally the shrine was closed by a rect-
angular door. We found a fragment of the
lintel bearing the name of Thothmes III. The
slab over the doorway has disappeared, as well
as the walls of the forehall, on both sides of the
door. The entrance is the only part of the
shrine which is damaged.
There is no doubt that the chapel is the work
of Thothmes III. I should think that he built
it towards the end of his reign. On the left side of
the entrance he is followed by his queen, Merit Ra.
No other personage seems to have been repre-
sented. We know, from the king's tomb, that
Merit Ra survived him. She is the same who
is called in the temple of Medinet Habu,
Hatshepsu Merit Ra. But towards the end
of the reign of Thothmes III. she seems to have
dropped from her name the Hatshepsu and to
have been called only Merit Ra.
Thothmes III. (Pl. xxviii.) stands with his
queen before an enormous heap of offerings,
which he presents to the goddess. These offer-
ings are of the usual type, quantities of cakes,
vegetables, fruits, with a few pieces of meat.
The goddess thanks him in promising to the
king all the life, joy, happiness, and health
which she has in her power.
The goddess is painted very much as she is
in the statue, except that she is of a light yellow
colour, and has no plants along the neck and
shoulders. She steps out of a pavilion which
seems to be made of a coloured cloth. The
lunar disk is between her horns; she suckles a
little boy who is represented also as a grown-up
king under her head. She wears a thick neck-
lace of the kind called menat. Its lower part
surrounds the neck of the king.
Neither the child nor the man has a name;
but there is no doubt that in both cases they
represent the king who dedicated the chapel.
We have a positive proof of it in the temple of
Hatshepsu, where we find a
Hatshepsu, where we find a similar representa-
tion.¹ Here the cow is also in a pavilion, but
she stands on a boat, and the child and the man
both have the name of the queen.
Behind the sanctuary is another scene, where
Thothmes III. appears alone, with hanging arms
in the attitude of prayer. He is worshipping
the goddess, who is in the form of a standing
woman with horns, between which is the disk.
This scene closes the representations on the left
side of the chapel.
On the right they are exactly similar, except
at the entrance, where Thothmes III. is followed
not by his queen but by his two daughters, the
name of one of whom is destroyed. The other
one is Merit Amon, a name very similar to that
¹ Deir el-Bahari IV., Pl. 104.
THE HATHOR SHRINE.
65
of her mother. Her name is enclosed in a car-
touche. Her titles are
7-307-1-90
"the royal daughter, the royal sister, the divine
wife, the ?" These last words show that
she is connected with the worship of Amon.
She is not mentioned among the daughters of
Thothmes whose names are inscribed in his
tomb. This is the only princess of that name
in the XVIIIth Dynasty.
The end representation had suffered much at
the hands of Amenhetep IV. Amon had been
erased, but the restorations have been made
with great care; we do not know by whose
orders, but they are very different from the
careless work done by Rameses II. in the Great
Temple.' Amon is sitting on his throne; before
him Thothmes III. brings frankincense, and
pours fresh water on two altars. The god
answers with the usual promises of long life and
felicity. There are many graffiti on the vacant
surfaces of this scene; they are in hieratic of
the XIXth Dynasty, and belong to an official
called Paraemheb, who occurs in other parts of
the temple.
The chapel was not dedicated to Hathor
alone. Although the goddess takes the promi-
nent place in it, Amon is not forgotten. She is
the mother, but Amon is the father.
We cannot suppose that there was anything
else in the chapel besides the cow; the room is
too narrow. There are no traces even of any
sacred furniture, the only things we found in the
small heap of rubbish which was before her
feet were a few wooden phalli and a fragment of
a stelé (of the same type as that illustrated in
Pl. xxv. e, which was found the year before) on
which the cow is seen issuing from a mountain.
She suckles a king, who is also represented under
her head, but there is no name. She is called
1 In Pl. xxviii. d, f, we see that in the inscription a
sketch for the hieroglyphic picture of Amon has been
made on Akhenaten's erasure, but the cutting of it was
never carried out.
Hathor, "the lady of Zeser, who resides at
Akhu-aset, the princess of the gods."
It seems
The cow, like the slabs of the chapel, is of
sandstone; that is the reason why the legs have
not been detached. She has been cut in an
enormous piece of stone of the full thickness of
the animal, and sufficiently high to reach to the
top of the plumes on its head. She is of natural
size, and in her shape is a perfect likeness of the
cows of the present day. Her colour is a
reddish brown, with spots which look like
a four-leaved clover. These spots are found
exactly in the same form in the pictures of
Chapter CLXXXVI. of the Book of the Dead,
where the cow is seen coming out of the
mountain. In some other texts these spots are
replaced by stars. However, they must not be
considered as conventional representations of
stars, they are copied from nature.
that there are animals with this particular
colour and spots. Probably this was the sign
that they were the incarnation of the goddess,
just as some peculiar marks distinguished the
Apis bull, the incarnation of Osiris. It is quite
possible that the Egyptians valued that par-
ticular coat because the spots reminded them of
stars, and could be considered as star-emblems,
appropriate to the celestial goddess. The head,
neck, and horns of this cow were certainly
originally covered with gold, faint traces of it
may be seen in the nostrils and on the horns;
but the gold must have been very thin, like
the very delicate coating which covers some
statuettes, and which is metal beaten so thin
that the sculpture is made with the same care
as if the coating did not exist. It is the case
with the cow; the sculpture of the head is as
perfect as if it had not been covered by any-
thing, and the taking away of the gold has not
injured it in the least.
In only one place does the image look as if it
had suffered; the face of the king under the
cow's head is damaged, apparently. But
evidently the goddess wore a menat, a heavy
F
66
THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
metal necklace which covered the face of the
king, whose features had to be slightly flattened
or were left rough and unfinished for the fixing
of the necklace. This accounts for the rough
blocking-out of the king's face. The cow wears
between her horns the lunar disk, above which
are two feathers. It is the usual representation
of Hathor, the same as on the steles and in the
Book of the Dead. She is the goddess of the
mountain; she comes out of her cave and goes
towards the river to the marshes, where she was
supposed to have suckled Horus. In the Great
Temple, where she comes to the queen and licks
her hand,' she says to her, "I have wandered
through the northern marshland, when I stopped
at Khebt, protecting my Horus (child)." In the
Book of the Dead, immediately at the foot of
the mountain out of which she comes, we see
quite a forest of high papyrus plants. Here the
only way of representing them was to sculpture
these plants on the sides of the neck. The
water is close to her forefect, and the buds and
flowers reach to the top of her neck.
The purpose of this rather extraordinary
representation is to show that Hathor is the
divine mother of the king, as she was of Horus,
whom she suckled in the marshes of Khebt.
She says it to the queen in the Great Temple,
"I fill thy majesty with life and happiness, as I
have done to my Horus (child) in the West of
Khebt. I have suckled thy majesty with my
breasts. I am thy mother who formed thy
limbs and created thy beauties."
2
We have here a characteristic example of the
aim of Egyptian sculpture. The wish of the
artist was to be understood, and he did not care
whether the way in which he expressed his
thought was unreal and against the laws of
nature. He wanted to show that the goddess,
coming out of a mountain, went into a marsh,
and he placed a bunch of water-plants on both
'Deir el Bahari IV., pl. 94.
2 Ibid., pl. 96, p. 4.
sides of the animal. A Greek artist would never
have done anything disagreeing so completely
with the truth.
However, we have to admire the Egyptian
artist, who by this convention did not spoil the
beauty of his creation. The effect of these
plants is not unfavourable, especially when seen
from the front. It does not divert the attention
from the admirable modelling which distin-
guishes the work, and from the life and ex-
pression which is so marvellously reproduced in
the head. According to the judgment of experts,
this cow is perhaps one of the finest represen-
tations of an animal that antiquity has left us;
but while in Greece we should certainly know
the author of such an admirable creation, in
Egypt it is anonymous. The idea of a statue or
painting reflecting the mind and conception of
one individual man, of being his property, is un-
known to the Egyptians. They may reach, as
in this case, the highest degree of art, neverthe-
less for them it remains a product of industry,
the workmanship of which may be admired, but
of which they do not give the credit to the
author, who remains unknown.
On the neck, between the papyrus buds, we
find the cartouche of Amenhetep II. It was not
added later; it has been engraved at the
same time as the plants; thus it is clear that the
cow was made for him. It is he who is suckled
by the goddess, and who stands under her head.
Are we to suppose that the chapel was not
finished when Thothmes III. died? Nothing in
the sculptures indicates that he was not alive
when the shrine was adorned. Shall we admit
that Amenhetep II. replaced the cow which
Thothmes III. had dedicated with his name by
one bearing his own?
one bearing his own? We have no proof of it,
but it seems probable. Had we any record of
an association of Thothmes III. with his son, we
might imagine that Thothmes III. had dedicated
the cow with his son's name in order to establish
more strongly his titles to the royal power, by
showing that he was the son of Hathor; but
THE HATHOR SHRINE.
67
we have no such record. The cartouche of
Amenhetep is the first one, the coronation
cartouche, showing that he is a king in full
power, who has been crowned and whose "royal
name" has been duly fixed by the priests. We
must conclude that, wishing to make an offering
to the goddess, he caused the cow with his
father's name to be taken out, and his own put
in its place.
Cow and chapel have now been removed to
the Cairo Museum, and constitute one of its
chief ornaments.
68
CHAPTER VII.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
BY ED. NAVILLE AND H. R. HALL.
PL. i. The Hathor Cow: reproduction of a
coloured drawing by Mr. C. M. Reach.
Pl. ii. Plan of the Temple at the end of the
third season (1906). Drawn by Mr. C. R. Peers,
from working plans by Messrs. E. R. Ayrton
and C. T. Currelly.
Pl. iii. (a) General view of the Temple during
the course of the second season's excavations,
showing the pyramid-base uncovered, but the
Southern Colonnade and Court not yet ex-
cavated.
(b) The North Lower Colonnade, showing
detail of pavement and upper part of a column
replaced in its original position.
These two views, which have been consider-
ably reduced in size, were very kindly taken by
Dr. L. Borchardt, in Jan. 1905.
Pl. iv. General view taken at the end of the
third season by M. Chassinat, Director of the
French School in Cairo. This shows on the
right side the descending entrance to the
sanctuary of the royal ka, and beyond it the
mounds which had still to be removed at the
time the photograph was taken (March 1906).
Pl. v. View of the north-western end of the
Temple, showing the entrance of the XVIIIth
Dynasty chapel, and site of the Hathor-shrine,
by M. Chassinat.
Pll. vi.-x. Views of the excavations while
in progress (mostly by Messrs. Hall and Dalison),
and of the tombs of the princesses and objects
found in them, arranged by Mr. Hall. Descrip-
tions given under each. It should be noted that
in Pl. ix. the two views of "models of bakers at
work" are taken of the same object (Brit. Mus.
No. 40915) though separated on the plate for
convenience of arrangement.
Pl. xi. Plan of the granite eastern doorway;
plans and sections of tombs, by Messrs. Hall and
Ayrton. Drawings of model coffins (with one
of the wax figures) found in the tombs of Kauit
and Kemsit, by Mr. Ayrton.
Pl. xii. Fragments of reliefs from the Temple
containing portraits, names, titles, etc., of the
king and his successors; (i) and (j), now in the
Cairo Museum, are the first inscriptions found
of the king Sekhäenrā Mentuḥetep, who possibly
belongs to the XIIIth Dynasty.
Pl. xiii. (g) Head of king Mentuḥetep from
an Osiride statue (Brit. Mus. No. 720), and
reliefs containing portraits of officials, scribes,
etc. The sandstone slabs (a) and (c) are both
from the facing wall at the western end of the
Temple (p. 35): they are of peculiar style.
The rest (except d) are from the walls in the
eastern portion of the Temple: (1) represents
the prow of a boat in the shape of the head of a
ram (showing it to be the boat of Amon), with the
reis or captain standing upon it, and flourishing
his kûrbûg; (e) a woman, the tenant of a royal
farm, bringing her dues in kind; (h) men driving
animals, from the same scene as the fine block
published in the Archaeological Report, 1903-4,
pl. iv. 12; (k) a scribe with his palette under
his arm; (i) the royal hawk; (d) a royal
sphinx, with human hands, holding an offering,
is of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
Pl. xiv. Fragments of reliefs from the South
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
69
Lower Colonnade, representing chiefs, the king's, sculptured sarcophagus of the princess Kauit,
wars against the Aamu, and scenes of boats and now in the Museum at Cairo. (c, d, e) The
boatmen on the Nile; (e) is part of an inscrip- three statues of Usertsen III., now in the British
tion referring to a war (see p. 5).
Museum (Nos. 684-6). (f, g) The same statues
Pl. xv.
Similar scenes of the war against shortly after their discovery, in the court of the
the Aamu, or "Reten-reru" (see p. 40). house at Deir el-Bahari: (g), representing the
king as an old man, is in the Cairo Museum.
Pl. xx.
Linear reproductions of the inscrip-
tions and sculptures on the sarcophagus of
Kauit. By Madame Naville.
Pl. xvi. Slabs with reliefs of animals, from
scenes of the king hunting in the desert and in
the marshes. These were found in the Southern
Court, into which they must have fallen from
the platform above. They therefore probably
belong to the south wall of the ambulatory
surrounding the pyramid.
Pl. xvii. Portraits of the queens and prin-
cesses, with their attendants. From the shrines
or tomb-chapels. (d), the most perfect frag-
ment found, is now in the Cairo Museum. An
attendant offers to the princess Sadhe a cup of
beer. (, ), from the shrine of Kauit, show
the face of the officer Apait.
These various fragments, though very in-
complete, give a very good idea of the art of
the XIth Dynasty. They generally have
preserved their brilliant colours. The photo-
graphs on this plate were taken by Mr. Ayrton.
Pl. xviii. Fragments of chapels: (a, b, c)
are still in situ, forming part of the chapels of
the queens Aashait and Sadhe. The small
fragment below joins (c), giving the head of the
cow and hind quarters of the calf, whom she
is licking. The man standing in the upper
register of (c) is named Antef: the name is
inscribed in minute green hieroglyphs at his
side. Below are fragments, mostly of cornices,
inscribed with the names of the princesses
Sadhe and Kauit, and the record of the offer-
ings made to them. (Photographs by Messrs.
Ayrton and Garnett-Orme.) Specially notice-
able is one with the name of a hitherto un-
known minor deity, Uat-Ra, "who cometh
forth from the horizon,"
ゴ
​&
Pl. xxi. The inscriptions on the sarcophagus
of Henhenit. By Madame Naville.
Pll. xxii., xxiii. Reconstruction in colour of
the scenes on the sarcophagus of Kemsit,
fragments of which, reproduced on Pl. xxiii.,
are now in the British Museum (No. 43037).
By Madame Naville.
Pl. xxiv. The great granite stelé of Usertsen
III., recording offerings made to the sanctuary of
Neb-hepet-Ra Mentuhetep. Drawn by Madame
Naville.
Pl. xxv. (a, d). The Osiride statue in lime-
stone of Amenḥetep I., found near the ramp of
the Temple, and now in the British Museum
(No. 683). Height 9 ft. 2 in. (b) Stelé show-
ing this statue and others, wearing heb-sed
garment; given with the statue to the British
Museum (No. 690). 16 in. by 11 in. (c)
Head of an alabaster figure of a cow (originally
painted red), with eyes inlaid with lapis-lazuli.
The horns, ears, and disk, which have disap-
peared, were probably of metal. It is of
XVIIIth Dynasty work, and the figure to which
it belonged was probably preserved in the
Hathor-shrine in the Great Temple of Queen
Hatshepsu, from which it fell on to the XIth
Dynasty building below. (British Museum,
No. 42179, exhibited in the Third Egyptian
Room, Case 126.) Height 14 in. (e) Stelé
with representation of the Hathor cow suckling
a young king, who may be Hatshepsu (in male
attire), Thothmes III. or Amenḥetep II. (Brit.
Museum, No. 689). Found in 1904. Height
Pl. xix. (a, b). The two long sides of the 10 in. (f) Two fragments of a stelé with
1
70
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
representation of Hathor being worshipped, and the sketched hiero-
by Amenhetep I., with, below, the figures of
attendants, Amenmes and his wife, Amenhetep,
The
who precedes him, with their little son.
representations of baskets, &c., on this stelé are
interesting. Curious flat work.
Pl. xxvi. Linear drawings of various stelae,
recording the worship paid to the deified King
Neb-hepet-Ra. By Mr. James T. Dennis.
(a) has been assigned to the Museum of Bolton,
Lancs.
Pl. xxvii. The Hathor-shrine, showing the
cow in position, when first discovered. Enlarge-
ment of a negative by Madame Naville.
Pl. xxviii. Views of the interior of the
shrine (d, f) show the western end, with a
scene of Thothmes III. worshipping Amen. (f),
enlarged, shows the hieratic graffito containing
the proskynêma of the scribe Pa-ra-em-heb,
glyph of the god Amon (p. 65). (a, b, c, e) show
the frescoes on the side-walls. Photographs by
Madame Naville, Mr. Dennis, and Mr. Dalison.
Pll. xxix., xxx. The cow seen from both
sides, photographed by Emile Brugsch Pasha, in
the Cairo Museum. It is to be noticed that the
papyrus-plants from among which the cow is
supposed to be issuing, and the figure of the
king under her head, have been very skilfully
used by the artist as supports for the great
weight of the head with its horns and heavy
disk and feathers.
Pl. xxxi. Front view of the cow. By Emile
Brugsch Pasha.
For further references to the pages on which
the objects, etc., illustrated are described, see
the Index.
←
END OF PART 1.
INDEX.
INDEX TO PART I.
Aāḥ, queen-mother, 7.
Aamu, wars against the, 5; reliefs of, 25.
Aashait, queen of Neb-ḥepet-Ra II., 8, 32.
Abbott Papyrus, 28.
Abu Gurâb, sun-temple at, 28.
Abûsîr, temple of Ne-user-Ra at, 20, 41.
Abydos, terrace-temple at, 22.
Åkh-åsut, name of pyramid-temple, 10, 29, 60.
Åkhenaten, king, erasures by, 24, 65.
Cella, the, 35.
Cenotaphs, 30.
Chapels of princesses, 30; asymmetrical position of, 34;
reliefs of, 69.
Coffin of Henhenit, 50; of Buau-Mentuḥetep, 44; later
coffins, 45, 47; model coffins, 49, 50.
Colonnades, lower, 21; upper, 27; colonnaded (western)
court, 35.
Colours of Egyptian races, 56; of reliefs, 40, 41.
Alabaster, use of; vase-stand, 46; bowl, 47; naos, 35; Columns, of simple type, 22.
sarcophagus, 52.
Altar in cella, 35; large altar-platform (?), 19.
Ambulatory of temple, 13, 27.
Amenemḥāt, statue of, 50.
Amenḥetep I., statue of, 60.
Amenḥetep II., 66.
Amenmes, prince, 7.
Amon, god, 40, 58.
Anni, inscription of, 11.
Ant, the, of Neb-hepet-Ra, 59, 63.
Åntef kings, 1.
Antef, erpa-ḥā, 3; prince, 7; private persons, 7, 69.
Art of XIth Dynasty, 39, 54, 55.
Bab el-Hosan, the, 9, 30, 50.
Bai, vizier of Siptah, 24, 33.
Bangles, silver, 44.
Baskets, 16.
Bebi, judge, 7.
Boats and boatmen, models, 44; reliefs of, 25.
Book of the Dead, vignettes of pyramids in, 28.
Borchardt, Dr., 30.
Breasted, Prof., theories of, 1, 33.
Construction, of brick walls, 35, 38; of stone walls and
gates, 20, 26; of pyramid, 29; of tombs, 13, 51; of
sarcophagi, 48.
Copper chisel, 16.
Coptic remains, 16; ostraka, 16.
Court, Northern, 20; Southern, 37; Western (upper), 35.
Cow of Hathor, 37, 66; alabaster head of, 69; bones of,
found in tombs, 46.
Cross-walls, northern, 19; southern, 20, 37.
Cretan architecture, comparisons with, 25, 29.
Dag, treasurer, 6.
Destruction of temple, wilful (šadu), 16.
Doorway, east, 26; west, asymmetrical position of, 34.
Duduȧa, stele of, 45.
Dudumes, king, 3.
Dufferin, the late Lord, excavations of, 12, 52.
Eighteenth Dynasty, work of, 17; buildings, 36.
Eleventh Dynasty, 2 ff.
Eyes, represented on sides of sarcophagi, 50; votive, 17.
Brick construction, 38; buildings of XIth Dynasty, 35; Facing-walls, 20, 35; of pyramid, 29.
of XVIIIth Dynasty (?), 38.
British Museum, stele of the, 1; objects in, 43, 49, 69.
Buau-Mentuḥetep, burial of, 44.
Cairo Museum, objects in, 43, 48, 69.
Carter, Mr. Howard, 9.
Cartouches, used to contain names of princes, 7; com-
prehensive, under Middle Kingdom, 58.
Fayence objects of XVIIIth Dynasty, 17.
Forehall of Hathor-shrine, 36, 63.
Foreigners, reliefs of, 25, 40, 68.
Foundation of temple, reliefs depicting, 40.
Funerary pictures, 54; temples, 9.
Gallery-tombs (bábs), 9, 52.
Gods, representations of, 40.
74
INDEX.
Graffiti, Ramesside, 14, 24, 63; of Paraemḥeb, 65, 69; of | Neb-ḥepet-Ra II. (Mentuḥetep III.), king, 3, 33.
Seti, 24; of Userḥat, 24; of Ptaḥemḥeb, 25.
Ḥataai, chief scribe, 45.
"Neb-hetep," king (?), 3, 9.
Neb-taui-Ra (Mentuḥetep IV.), king, 3, 4, 8.
*Nefer-renpitu, name of building (?), 19.
Hathor, goddess, 9, 40; worship of, 61; cow of, 37, 66, Nekht, treasurer, 6.
69; shrine of, 36, 63.
Hatshepsu, queen, temple of, 22.
Hawara, temple of (labyrinth), 29.
Heb-sed (see Sed-festival); costume of, 60; statues, 26, 60.
Henhenit, princess, 8; tomb, sarcophagus, coffin, and
mummy of, 50.
Het ka, "house of the ka," 19, 37.
Nekhtnebtepnefer Antef, king, 2.
Nezem, scribe, statue of, 36, 63.
Niche of the cella, 35.
North Court, 20.
North cross-wall, 19.
North lower colonnade, 21; pavement of, 25; reliefs of,
35.
Ḥez neter, ka and nebti name of Neb-ḥepet-Ra II., 7, 33. Nubemari, name,
Horsiaset, burial of, 47.
Hypostyle Hall, 35.
Ka, house of the, 19, 37; sanctuary of the, 35, 59.
Karnak, discoveries at, 57; the list of, 1.
Kauit, princess, 8; tomb (No. 9) and sarcophagus of, 48,
54.
Kemsit, princess, 8; tomb (No. 10) and sarcophagus of,
49, 53, 55; wall painting of, 49.
Kereri, treasurer, 6.
Kheker-ornament, 40.
Kheti (*Ekhtai), chancellor, 7, 40.
Legrain, M., discoveries of, 57.
Leyden, stele of, 2.
62.
Nubkhās, queen, pyramid of, 29.
Offerings in temple, 59.
Osiride statues; 60; of Amenḥetep I., 26.
Ostraka, 16.
Painting, in tomb, 49; of reliefs, 41.
Paraemḥeb, graffito of, 65, 69.
Paser, vizier, statues of, 33.
Pathological condition in a skull, 44.
Pavements, 25.
Petrie, Prof., 1.
Pit-tombs, 43 ff.
Platform of temple, 21.
Limestone construction, 20; walls, 20;-sarcophagi, 45, Plundering, ancient, 48.
48.
Magazines, 30, 39.
Magic, funerary, 54.
Magnates, processions of, 40.
Manetho, on the XIth Dynasty, 1.
Mariette, discoveries of, 11.
Masi, treasurer, 6.
Maspero, Prof., 1; discoveries of, 12.
Men-ȧsut, name of a Theban pyramid, 11.
Mentiu, Bedouins, 5.
Mentu, worship of, at Deir el-Bahari, 57.
Mentuḥetep kings, 1 ff.; prince, 7.
Merit-Amon, queen, 64.
Merit-Rã, queen, 64.
Mersegret, goddess, 9.
Mertisen (Senmerti), sculptor, 40.
Meru, official, 4.
Models, wooden, placed in tombs, 43 ff.; of coffins, 49, 50.
Monastery of St. Phoebammon, 18.
Mummies, of Kemsit, 49; of Henhenit, 50; later, 16.
Neb-ḥepet-Ra I. (Mentuḥetep II.), king, 3; "house" of,
10; worship of, 57.
Pottery of XIth Dynasty, 27.
Priestesses of Hathor, 8, 30.
Princesses, names of, 8; tombs of, 47 ff.; sarcophagi of,
53 ff.
Processions, reliefs of, 40.
"Proto-Doric" columns, 22.
Ptaḥemḥeb, graffito of, 25.
Pyramid-tomb of Nebḥetep-Ra (Akh-ȧsut), 10; intact in
reign of Rameses IX., 10; pyramid-base of temple,
discovery of, 28; construction of, 29; sham, of Queen
Tetashera, 30; names of pyramids, 11.
Qa-shuti, "golden-hawk" name of Neb-hepet-Ra I., 3.
Quarrying of ancient temples (sadu), 16.
Quarry-marks (?), 19.
Rameses II., restorations by 24, 65.
Ramp, of XIth Dynasty temple, 22; excavation of, 26;
XVIIIth Dynasty (?), 19.
Reliefs, in situ, 22, 25; of upper colonnade, 27; of
chapels, 32, 40; of Western Court and cella, 35, 40;
of warriors, processions, etc., 39, 40; style of, 32, 41;
of forehall, 36; of Hathor-shrine, 65; at Abûsîr, 40.
Robberies of tombs under XXth Dynasty, 10.
INDEX.
75
Rubbish overlying temple, character of, 15.
Ruten-reru, Semitic people, 40, 69.
Sadhe, princess, 8, 31; reliefs of, 32, 41.
Salt pavement, 29.
Sam-taui, ka-name of Neb-hepet-Ra I., 5, 33.
Sanctuary of royal ka, 9, 13, 30, 35.
Sandals found in tomb, 47.
Sandstone construction, 19; bases of walls, 19, 20;
pavement, 35.
Sankh-ab-taui Mentuḥetep, king, 3.
Sānkhkarā Mentuḥetep V., king, 3, 8.
Sarcophagi, construction of, 48; limestone, 45, 48;
alabaster, 52; of priestesses, 53; of Kauit, 48, 54;
of Kemsit, 55; of Henhenit, 56.
Sebekhetep III., stele of, 58.
Sed-festival (heb-sed), 58.
Sekhā-en-Ra Mentuḥetep, king, 3, 68.
Sekhemet, goddess, 40.
Senusert (see Usertsen).
Set, relief of the god, 40.
Sethe, Prof., on the XIth Dynasty, 1.
Seti (Sutkhi), graffito of, 24.
Sham mastabas and pyramids, 30.
Shatt er Riggâla, tablet of the, 7.
Sihathor, prince, 36.
Silver, use of, 44.
Siptah and Bai, inscription of, 33; restorations by, 24.
Skeletons, 43 ff.
Sketches on limestone, 24.
Skulls, 43, 44.
Sobti, official, 5, 61.
Sont-trees, ancient, 28
Southern colonnade, 23, 25; reliefs of, 25; Court, 37;
cross-wall, 20, 37; temenos-wall, 20, 38.
Statues (heb-sed) of Neb-hepet-Ra I., 26, 60; of Amen-
hetep I., 26, 60; ordinary, of Usertsen III., 37, 57.
Steindorff, Prof., on the XIth Dynasty, 1.
Stelae, votive, of XVIIIth Dynasty, 10, 14, 61; mention-
ing Åkh-asut, 10; commemorating worship of Neb-
hepet-Ra I., 61; worship of Hathor, 65.
Stele of Amenmes, 60; of Duduaa, 45; of Sebekhetep
III. (Karnak), 58; of Usertsen III., 58.
Stonework, of XIth Dynasty, 20; of XVIIIth Dynasty,
20.
Sutkhi (see Seti).
Tamait, princess, 8.
Temenos, 20, 38; north wall, 37; south wall, 37.
Tetu, priest of Akh-aset, stele of, at Abydos, 10, 60.
Thothmes III., reliefs of, 64; pillars of, 17.
Threshold, granite, of E. doorway, 26.
Titi, official of Antef Uaḥānkh, 2.
Tjesret (see Zesret).
Tombs, XIth Dynasty, 14, 43 ff.; of princesses, 43 ff.;
tomb-sanctuary" of king (see Sanctuary.
Tools, Ramesside, 16, 46.
Trough-pedestals, 34.
Tuat-rekhiu, the, 58.
Uaḥ-ankh Antef, king, 1, 3.
Uat-Ra, deity, 69.
Uazit, goddess, 23.
Unf, burial of, 50.
Upper colonnade (peristyle), 27; reliefs of, 27.
Userḥat, scribe, graffito of, 24; statuette of, 51.
Userkhārā-nekht, burial of, 45.
Usertsen (Senusert) II., king, 58.
Usertsen III., statues of, 37, 57; stele of, 58.
Ushabtis of Middle Kingdom, 44; of later period, 50.
Votive offerings, 17; cloths, 61.
Walls, stone, 20, 35, 37; brick, 38; construction of, 20;
wall-painting (in tomb of Kemsit), 49.
Western Court, 35.
Wooden beams, 48; planks, 26; sont-wood, 28.
Zanefer (Tjanefer), stelé, pyramidion, and votive cloth
of, 61.
Zeser-zesru-Amon, name of temple of Hatshepsu, 10.
Zesret (Tjesret), name of Deir el-Bahari, 9, 10.
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON LIMITED, ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.
PLATES.
ERRATA IN THE PLATES.
Plate VI. Nos. 1 and 2 have been transposed: No. 1 (Deir el-Bahari, Dec., 1904)
should be on the left-hand side. No. 3: for "Xth" read "XIth."
Plate VIII. 10. For "cocert" read "court."
Plate X. For "Henhenct " read "Henhenit."
Plate XI,
Plan of Tomb No. 2: for "brickword " read "brickwork."
示
​THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE,
DER EL BAHARI.
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
50 60 70 80 90 100 FEET

← not
excavated
1905-6
DROMOS
OF
TOMB
14
5
10
15
20 25
30 METRES
SCALE
22
2
KS
2 Z
28 2
ស
%E%
20%
%<%
WEST
1904-5
BASE OF BRICK WALL
10
12
LINE
5
LATER BRICK
BUILDINGS
א
OF SOUTH RETAINING WALL
TOMB
13
SOUTH
COURT
BRICK WALL
22
Pà
UPP
22
器
​24 2
AS
A
22
ER
KO
K
A
1904-5
COLONN
2
KV
2 22
Z
K
20
SOUTH
9-5061
16
CROSS
SOUTH TEMENOS WALL
L L
H
스
​PIL
22
2
%
22
27
A
UPPER
K
20
2
2
22
% Z
WALL
2 2 20
SOUTH
22 22 22 22 24 2 Z
LOWER COLONNADE
22 28 28 22 22
2 2 2
2
1904-5.
SOUTH-EAST COURT
SHRINE
SHRINE
SHRINE
COURT
INSCRIPTION OF SIPTAH
PYRAMID
BASE
A
2
LAR
HALL
の
​LOMB
7
FORE HALL
OF
HATHOR SHRINE
INE
SHRINE
SHRINE
SHERE
7:7
Z
Z
&
C
O. LO
NN
NADE
2%
ይ
39
ZA
K
24
24
RAMP
L
HATHOR
SHRINE
A
K
20
Z
22%
H
TOMB 5
zNz
Z
KN
TOMB 4
19
90
XIth Dynasty work existing
do
destroyed
XVIIIth Dynasty work existing
do
Rock face
destroyed
Conjectural restorations are
shewn in broken outline.
NORTH RETAINING. WALL
TOMB 2
Z
TOMB 3
Тома бо
2
1903-4
NORTH
COURT
N
E
N
Z
22
四
​2
VA
59
d
d
NNN
n
N
N
S
留
​NORTH
LOWER COLONNADE
Z
Z
Z
2
NORTH-EAST COURT
WATCHMAN'S
HUT
1903-4
Previously excavated
TOMB 1
NORTH CROSS WA
ROSS
HATHOR SHRINE
OF
GREAT TEMPLE
THE LIMITS OF EXCAVATIONS
IN 1903-4
IN 1904-5
TEMENOS
C.R.PEERS
IN 1905-6
from Plans by E.R.AYRTON.
and C.T. CURRELLY.
NORTH
Jan 1907 or M
WALL

Plate III.
General View of the XIth Dynasty Temple.
in January 1905
Borchardt.
Borchardt.
The North Lower Colonnade.
Maou

Plate IV.
121
General view in March 1906.
Chassinat.
Won

Plate V.
The XVIIIth Dynasty chapel, and site of the Hathor-shrine.
Chassinat.

Plate VI.
Deir El-Bahari, Dec. 1905.
Deir El-Bahari, Dec. 1904.
Bird's Eye View of the Xth Dyn. Temple.
X1ch
Digging the Great Trench, Nov. 1904.
H. H.
The XVIIIth Dyn. Ramp.
Excavating the Platform, Jan. 1904.
The Granite Threshold.
Maou

Plate VII.
M. D.
The two Temples from the South.
The Excavation, Dec. 1903.
H. H.
ה
H. H.
The North Lower Colonnade.
Excavating the South Temenos-wall, Jan. 1906.
M. D.
M. D.
The Excavations from the west.
The west facing of the Pyramid-Base, with inscription of Siptah.
M. D.
The North Cross-wall and Court.
H. H.
Maou

Plate VIII.
H. H.
XIth Dynasty wall: North Court.
XIth and XVIIIth Dyn. Walls: North Court.
The south Temenos wall and Brick
buildings, Looking E.
Brick House in southern Court.
H.H.
Raising a Sarcophagus out of a
tomb: shewing Pillars with marks
of quarrying.
S. P H.
XIXth Dyn. Graffiti on a Pillar of the north
Lower Colonnade
Excavation of the western End of the
Temple shewing nature of the Debris. H. H.
Gl
Pillar with Name of Neb-Hepet-Ra north
lower Colonnade
Borchardt
E. R. A.
Salt pavement in the pyramid
North lower cocert showing sharp angle of walls.
court
Mou

Plate IX.
Door of Chamber tomb No 4,
Model of Bakers at work. Tomb No 3.
Sarcophagus in Position. Tomb No 4.
H. H.
H. H.
Model of Servant
Tomb No 5.
Model of Granary. Tomb No 3.
Model of Servant.
Tomb No 5.
Model of Bakers at work. Tomb No 3.
XIth DYNASTY TOMBS AND REMAINS.
Model coffin with wax Figure of the Priestess
Kemsit. Tomb. No 10.

Plate X.
819
Blue Glazed Faïence Necklace. Tomb No 3.
88
OC
Remains of Mummy, Bangles, etc. Tomb No 3.
Leather Sandals.
Tomb No 7
OP
Drab ware Vase.
Objects from Tombs 1, 2, 5 and 9.
Alabaster Vase-Stand. Tomb No 5.
Drab ware Vase.
J. G. M.
Mummy of the Priestess Henhenct. Tomb No 11.
XIth DYNASTY TOMBS AND REMAINS.
Drab ware Fragment from beneath
Temple-Door
UorM
Plate XI



0
1 2 3
Ft.
2
5
A
Sandstone Pavement.
Ft.
H. H.
H. H.
Granite Threshold of east Door, shewing
Relation to Pillars Beyond.
Shaded portions originally covered by walls, etc.
DD Socket and Channel for Ďoor.
B
Section
Plan
C
Tomb No 13
(CC line of Foundation-Trench)
2
5
10
Ft.
Sides
Section of Side
Gebel
B
Sarcophagus
B
A
B
Section
Section


Plan
Tomb No 4
Section
A
Tomb No 2
Plan
(Brickword shaded)
Original Level
Level
Platform
Xlth Dyn.
Tomb
Plan

Tomb No 9 (Kauit).

B
Section
A




Plan
Tomb No II (Henhenit).
0 1 2
5
E. R. A.
Feet
Sketch Section of S. Court
(not to scale)
Shewing construction of Tomb No 13
PLANS AND SECTIONS OF TOMBS.
(A Tomb-Pit: B. Chamber)

HOA VIZAMxTarihe
ด
PATH
F
T
Sides
沉
​元
​HMHS BEFALE
"ETSNEVTRALE
Lid.
Section of Lid.
Lid.
Section of Lid.
Kemsit (Tomb No 10)
Kauit (Tomb No 9)
MODEL COFFINS, CONTAINING WAX FIGURES OF THE DECEASED :
FROM THE TOMBS OF KEMSIT AND KAVIT.
Ends.
Wax Figure.
133
1:2
E. R. A.

Plate XII.
A
D
271
B
LL
F
G
C
E
H
MENTUHETEP II, HIS FAMILY AND SUCCESSORS.
K
Uor M
NOLW

Plate XIII.
LL
F
I
C
A
G
D
B
K
MENTUHETEP II AND OFFICIALS OF HIS COURT.
17
E
H
Uor M
Mчou

Plate XIV.
B
H
E
[1]
A
C
LL
F
D
G
WAR SCENES
Uor M

Plate XV.
A
C
E
H
D
G
LL
F
I
B
WAR-SCENES
Maou

Plate XVI.
E
A
C
D
G
H
HUNTING-SCENES.
B
F
Uor M
Mucu

Plate XVII.
A
F
D
G
RELIEFS FROM THE SHRINES OF THE PRINCESSES.
C
H
B
Uor M
E

Plate XVIII.
RELIEFS FROM THE SHRINES OF THE PRINCESSES.
CULLI
or M

Plate XIX.
A
3032
0000
ZZINIFARANTEE IN WA
000007
16888861
B
D
E
C
F
SARCOPHAGUS OF KAUIT AND STATUES OF USERTSEN III.
G
Moll
1
www
GGOO
W
协
​ww
ԱՐ
000008
2.
Ο ΟΟΣ
888888
RAP TO
www
wwww
AWMA
11101
Roqu
I
KILL L
JI JOM JANAYM-
44
www
D1 5 1 1 7 7 1
0000
20
8888
IV
کام
2000
عدد
|
까
​-HOEDD
Զ
бода
Outside I
T
T
Lid
www
TEKTURAPOPART=E=1="LLAST-MEIS
1110
Lid
A
Hie
HIT
וד
B
أه
www
11
till
*.
Inside
111 TW
شه ام
THE
N
www
ww
ww
A
C
111
of
T
EU + 30
TH
DEL
[[1
SARCOPHAGUS OF KAUIT.
1111
JILL
mw
!!!
ፀባ
Im
חוד
III
www
88
IDLOBBR
о
023
उ
பய
одо
LUT
M
09.
B
www
www
DAY
8815101
D
179
102
IN
008
M.N.del.
UorM
T
Plate XX.




Maou
!
D.
h
1
¡SPMP ? P: P T = LASTA?M COILLA A↓
ww
&
A.2.
A. 1.
www
www ww
LO
C. 1.
www
I LM
C.2
GIG
ww
ALE
D B
لقداد
AMEN
www.
B
wwww
wwww
www
Komly-it-12
&
800 !!
Un
MID
ตก
LAHMXXI <if
Lid
M.N.del.
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SARCOPHAGUS OF HENHENIT.
Uor M
Lid
Plate XXI.







Plate XXII.
ww
ww
ALAY
י
حال



SARCOPHAGUS OF KEMSIT.
M. N. del.
Uor M

Plate XXIII.
1
SARCOPHAGUS OF KEMSIT.
1
ула
Uor M
M. N. del.
Plate XXIV.

目
​90
STELE OF USERTSEN III.
M. N. del.
EDO
wwwww
ww
A
K
Р
HE
JEZ
¿ I f
Ω
www
否
​ww
wwww
事
​www
www
www
ང་
|
JP ZZ
لها لها
10000
APPED
الان
\www
www
Al
ww
ㅁ
​በ ሰ
D
EDP
1110
ww
www
+21:
www
л
00 00
www
www
ww
ব
כ
www
130
шил
1:120
AA
FTI
لكمالا
www
非得
​www
이에 ​의
​mm
www
< B
I mq i Z N E A
*
பபப
양
​I MPSC CGPA F
0000
1 4 88 !!
ת
DO
له
****

SITA
tuff A
Ав
ww
//
ww
www
www
ربى
M
Д
-10)
WWW
Maou

Plate XXV.
E
A
B
C
AMENOPHIS I AND THE WORSHIP OF HATHOR.
LI
F
D
Plate XXVI.

40
B
12.071
THOSE
EIXNEIED
位
​x
A


1201
M
ساری
طل
C CO
E
D
1A0
00
THE WORSHIP OF NEB-HEPET-RA.
C


J. T. D. del.
Dor M
Mou

Plate XXVII.
THE HATHOR-SHRINE.

Plate XXVIII.
A
INC
J. T. D.
B
J. T. D.
C
M. N.
E
*
142
www
e a
141
f
AM
J. T. D.
www.
SCULPTURES OF THE HATHOR-SHRINE.
wwww
D
AA
J. T. D.
M. D.
F
Maou

Plate XXIX.
The Hathor-cow from the left side.
WorM

Plate XXX733
.
THE HATHOR-COW FROM THE RIGHT SIDE.

Plate XXXI.
THE HATHOR-COW.
Uor M

Pending
Preservation
1945

ނ
}
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
UNIV. OF MI
JUL 18 19.
3 9015 03328 2511
PUBLICATIONS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
1. THE STORE CITY OF PITHOM AND THE
ROUTE OF THE EXODUS. Memoir for 1883-4.
By EDOUARD NAVILLE. 13 Plates, Map and Plans.
Fourth and Revised Edition. 25s.
II.-TANIS. Part I. Memoir for 1884-5. By W. M.
FLINDERS PETRIE. 17 Plates.
Part I.
III.-NAUKRATIS.
By W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.
SMITH, ERNEST A. GARDNER
44 Plates and Plans. Secon
XV.-DESHÂSHEH. Memoir for 1895-6. By W. M.
FLINDERS PETRIE. Photogravure and 37 other
Plates. 25s.
XVI.-DEIR EL BAHARI.
1896-7.
By
Pending Preservation MAY
1997
Part III. Memoir for
EDOUARD NAVILLE. Plates LVI.-
d), with Description. Royal
r for 1897-8. By W. M.
th 38 Plates. 25s. (Extra
40 Plates. 10s.)
THE FIRST DYNASTY.
y W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.
IV. GOSHEN, AND THE S
EL-HENNEH. Memoir fo
NAVILLE. 11 Plates and Plar
V.-TANIS. Part II., including
(the Biblical "Tahpanhes")|
Memoir for 1887-8. By V
F. LL. GRIFFITH, and A. S. D
Part II.
VI. NAUKRATIS.
By ERNEST A. GARDNER an
Plates and Plans. 25s.
VII. THE CITY OF ONIAS
OF THE JEW. The Ant
diyeh. Extra Volume.
By
F. LL. GRIFFITH. 26 Plates
VIII.-BUBASTIS. Memoir for 1
NAVILLE. 54 Plates and Plɛ
IX.-TWO HIEROGLYPHIC
TANIS. Extra Volume. C
Part I. THE SIGN P
By F. LL. GRIFFITH.
Part II. THE GEOGRA
Almanack). By W. M. ]
Remarks by Professor HE
Print.)
X.-THE FESTIVAL HALI
(BUBASTIS). Memoir fc
NAVILLE. With 39 Plates.
XI.—AHNAS EL MEDINEH
By EDOUARD NAVILLE, 18
OF PAHERI AT EL KAI
F. LL. GRIFFITH. 10 Plates.
:
DO NOT REMOVE
OR
MUTILATE CARD
XII.-DEIR EL BAHARI. Introductory. Memoir for
1892-3. By EDOUARD NAVILLE.
Plans. 25s.
15 Plates and
XIII.-DEIR EL BAHARI. Part I. Memoir for 1893-4.
By EDOUARD NAVILLE. Plates I.-XXIV. (3 coloured),
with Description. Royal folio. 30s.
XIV.—DEIR EL BAHARI. Part II. Memoir for 1894-5.
By EDOUARD NAVILLE. Plates XXV.-LV. (2 coloured).
with Description. Royal folio. 30s.
D
'art IV. Memoir for 1899-
VILLE. Plates LXXXVII.-
Description. Royal folio. 30s.
Extra Volume. By W. M.
h 49 Plates. (Out of print.)
S OF THE EARLIEST
Memoir for 1900-1. By W. M.
1 63 Plates. 25s. (35 Extra
1oir for 1901-2. By W. M.
181 Plates.
25s.
3YDOS. Extra Volume.
, A. C. MACE, and F. LL.
>8. 25s.
Memoir for 1902-3.
With 64 Plates. 25s.
By
Extra Volume. By C, T.
and A. E. P. WEIGALL, &c.
or 1903-4. By W. M.
With Chapter by C. T.
es. 25s.
25s. (ROMAN EHNASYA.
3.)
Part V. Memoir for
UUAKD NAVILLE. Plates CXIX.-CL.,
with Description. Royal folio. 30s.
XXVIII.—THE XITH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR
EL-BAHARI. Part I. Memoir for 1905-6. By
EDOUARD NAVILLE, H. R. HALL, and E. R. AYRTON.
With 31 Plates. 25s.
XXIX.-DEIR EL BAHARI. Part VI. Memoir for
1906-7. By EDOUARD NAVILLE. Royal folio. (In
preparation.)
OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND: 37, Great Russell Street, London, W.C.
and Pierce Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

{
J
1
2
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT.
Edited by F. LI. GRIFFITH.
I.-BENI HASAN. Part I. For 1890-1. By
PERCY E. NEWBERRY. With Plans by G. W. FRASER.
49 Plates (4 coloured). (Out of Print.)
II.—BENI HASAN. Part II.
PERCY E. NEWBERRY.
Measurements by G. W. FRAGER
Price 25s.
For 1891-2. By
With Appendix, Plans and
37 Plates (2 col.).
III.-EL BERSHEH. Part I.
PERCY E. NEWBERRY.
Price 25s.
34
For 1892-3. By
Plates (2 coloured).
IV.-EL BERSHEH. Part II. For 1893-4. By
F. LL. GRIFFITH and PERCY E. NEWBERRY. With
Appendix by G. W. FRASER. 23 Plates (2 coloured).
Price 25s.
V.-BENI HASAN. Part III. For 1894-5. By
F. L.L. GRIFFITH. (Hieroglyphics and Manufacture,
&c., of Flint Knives.) 10 Coloured Plates. Price 25s.
VI. HIEROGLYPHS FROM THE COLLECTIONS
OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. For
1895-6. By F. LL. GRIFFITH. 9 Coloured Plates
Price 25s.
VII.-BENI HASAN.
F. LL. GRIFFITH.
Arts, Crafts, &c.)
Part IV. For 1896-7. By
(Illustrating Beasts and Birds,
27 Plates (21 coloured). 25s.
ì
VIII.-THE MASTABA OF
PTAHHETEP
AND
Part I. For
AKHETHETEP AT SAQQAREH. Part I.
1897-8. By N. DE G. DAVIES and F. LL. GRIFF(TH.
(Including over 400 fac-similes of Hieroglyphs.)
31 Plates (3 coloured). 25s.
PTAHHETEP AND
IX. THE MASTABA OF
AKHETHETEP AT SAQQAREH. Part II. For
1898-9. By N. DE G. DAVIES- and F. LL. GRIFFITH.
35 Plates. 25s.
X.—THE ROCK TOMBS OF SHEIKH SAÏD.
For 1899-1900. By N. DE G. DAVIES. 35 Plates. 258.
XI. THE ROCK TOMBS OF DEIR EL GEBRÂWI.
Part I. For 1900-1. By N. DE G. DAVIES. 27 Plates
(2 coloured). 25s.
XII.—THE ROCK TOMBS OF DEIR EL GEBRÂWI.
Part II. For 1901-2. By N. DE G. DAVIES. 30 Plates
(2 coloured). 258.
56.
XIL-THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. Part
For 1902-3. By N. DE G. DAVIES. 41 Plate
XIV. THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL A IMENA.
Part II. For 1903-4. By N. DE G DAVIES.
47 Plates. 25s.
XV. THE ROCK TOMBS
Part III.
For 1904-5.
40 Plates. 25s.
XVI. THE ROCK TOMBS
Part IV. For 1905-6.
258.
45 Plates.
OF EL AMARNA
By N. DE G. DAVIES
OF
EL AMARN.
By N. DE G. DAVIE
>
PUBLICATIONS OF THE
For
I. THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI. Part I.
1897-8. By BERNARD P. GRENFELL and ARTHUR S.
HUNT. 8 Collotype Plates. 25s.
II. THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI. Part II. For
1898-9. By B. P. GRENFELL and A. S. HUNT.
8 Collotype Plates. 25s.
III-FAYUM TOWNS AND THEIR PAPYRI. For
1899-1900. By B. P. GRENFELL, D. G. HOGARTH,
and A. S. HUNT. 18 Plates. 25s.
IV.-TEBTUNIS PAPYRI. Double Vol:me for
1900-1 and 1901-2. By B. P. GRENFELL, A. S. HUNT,
and J. G. SMYLY. 9 Collotype 'lates. (N. !
Sale.)
GRAECO-ROMAN BRANCH.
V.--THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI. Part II
For 1902-3. By B. P. GRENFELL and A. S. HON
6 Plates. 25s.
VI.—THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI. Part IV
For 1903-4. By B. P. GRENFELL and A. S. Hu...
8 Plates. 25s.
VII. THE HIBEH PAPYRI. Part I. Doub
Volume for 1904-5 and 1905-6. By B. P. GRENFEL
and A. S. HUNT. 10 Plates. 45s.
VIII. THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI
For 1906-7. (In preparation.)
Part
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS: (Yearly Summaries by F. G. KENYON, W. E. CRUM, and the Officers of the Society.)
Edited by F. LL. GRIFFITH. From 1892-3 to 1906-7. 2s. 6d. each. (1894-5, 38. 6d. 1895-6, 3s.)
THE SEASON'S WORK AT AHNAS AND BENI HASAN. Special Extra Report. 1890-1. 2s. 6d.
AOTIA IHOY" Sayings of our Lord," from an Early Greek Papyrus. By B. P. GRENFELL and A. S. HUNT.
ΛΟΓΙΑ
2s. (with Collotypes), and 6d. net.
NEW SAYINGS OF JESUS AND FRAGMENT OF A LOST GOSPEL. By B. P. GRENFELL and A. S.
HUNT. 1s. net.
ATLAS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. With Letterpress and Index.
GUIDE TO TEMPLE OF DEIR EL BAHARI. With Plan.
COPTIC OSTRACA. By W. E. CRUM. 10s. 6. net.
1
Second Edition. (Out of print.)
(Out of priv.)
OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND: Great Russell Street, London, W.C
Copleyquare, Bot, Mass., U.S.A.
and Pier
1
L