Z G955 C 97 -----~--~--~----- ſ-№r:ºr:triae; szi:：:::::：::::：:：:：::：:：::::::：::：::::Tſī::！！！！！！！！！！！！！!！！！！！!！！！！！！！！！！№ae，== №===-！==+==|-→ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- ſ-2----~--~--∞==№ſ）：~·--------~--~--~---- ſ ：------■№t！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！!！！--~~~::2-№taeſae， yº ！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！--№！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！~--~~~~<！--*-*=--~~~~！=+==+==+（<**！！！！！！！！！！！！！！~ & -ae （---）±，±，±，±，±6-（===）-（！！！！！！！！--~~~~~~====*********№.№tae§§·№ ：=） * • •r！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！!！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！!！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！:::::：:::::::：:::::E№.Þe-º--º--.************±-----------！±£№ſēšā£- *-Ē№， №º！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！£§！ ae--~~~~ ~*=~~=?=~~~====*=…=.=…=…=）=）=）=）-（==+==+==~：=…=.=.=…==，，！=）-－-- ！！！！！！！！--№tttttt！！！！！！！EſĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ№،----·---- -G•=· --==~~~~！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！--№:！±~--~~~~ ~~~~:=（-ae-）aeº=--~~~~;~~--~~~~№=====~：：~~=+++==+==~&************（ º ） ----*********** …--~… ---------…-…--•^- *ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ№-£:！Rae • …！）. e.），→ ←→e→→→∞=====：：=?+==~：=?=~::~~=++~~~ 1-2· ·:|----* - -l-. . .!\，’ , | | | '''\'';$! * , ， ， ，| ||§NŠĶſāūſſſſſſſſſſſTTTTTTT} Ķ§§#： N | | |，|-|-|------------ -}į-{ i } | }} | } " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Tº…-… • ·ſy) ſ |-z; .--· *.----S∞ŅA SA， （№"ſſ";№Ëſ， z:-- - - --------£<$±!P--;}{， , ，∞ -Ľ.�·§§---- T 4 "of thiſ | LIBRARYº: mas į šį £}} Š ſ š { º: | № }} ！ §§ }} \; }} £ §§ §ſ. Èſ pºſſº ~~ - - ------ ' ! … （ : · · · 1 — • —---+----------- » №1 ---- º ãº's Laº Yº （~~~§.e ºſi.;-） _____. （№2ŹŹ Źź º | || I || №ſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſmae， -· · · · · · · · · · · -· · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · (, 73. 5 ,C 77 [Reerinted /rom The Library Journal, May, 1910.] CHANGE OF NAME OF CORPORATE BODIES: A SUGGESTION FOR THE CATALOGER BY T. FRANKLIN CURRIER, in charge of Catalog Department, Harvard College Library. THOSE who prophesy assure the librarian to-day that the minor problems of technique are settled, and that now his energies are to be devoted solely to broader questions of policy. Such persons will, I trust, admit that the successful carrying out of the broader policies is helped to a marked de- gree by absolute uniformity and certainty in the matters of technique, but they may forget that these newer policies sometimes necessi- tate the reconsideration of questions looked on as settled, or bring to light new diffi- culties. We shall, in fact, never be in a position to consider that library methods have been definitely settled in all details, but must ever be on the watch for improve- ments suggested and made necessary by new policies. Modern plans for coördination in the library field and for dissemination of in- formation about books call frequently for a wide distribution of catalog cards by libraries and bibliographical institutions, and, conse- quently, for the formation of large card repertories. Cards are now distributed by several of our larger American libraries, by the American Library Association, vari- ous European bibliographical institutions, and more recently, by the Royal Library of Berlin. In this country the Library of Congress, and Columbia and Princeton Universities, at least, are forming more or less complete reposi- tories of cards issued by other institutions, while more than forty depository catalogs of the Library of Congress cards scattered over the United States make known the books available there. This increasing use of the printed card makes uniformity of heading and permanency of the entry much more de- sirable than when each card fulfilled no func- tion beyond the walls of the building housing the book to which it referred. Uniformity is at present made more possible than for- merly by the steady approach towards agree- ment in cataloging practice during the last half century. The recent “A. L. A. Rules” adopted by the English and American library associations have contributed their part to this end; but even this, the latest code, has left some points still untouched. One of these points is the treatment of corporate bodies that have changed their names, and as this is a matter which affects directly the permanency of our printed entries, I have considered it worth while to attempt to for- mulate a satisfactory rule. The matter may not be of sufficiently frequent occurrence in the Smaller library to demand special treat- ment there, but in the larger library, and especially in the consolidated catalogs formed of printed cards from various sources, it be- Comes a problem worth consideration. Cut- ter, the Library School Rules, Linderfelt, and Wheatley are all silent in this regard. The European codes are spared the question be- cause of their custom of treating publications of corporate bodies as anonymous. The only rule touching the problem is in a pamphlet re- cently issued by the John Crerar Library and supplementing the “A. L. A. Rules.” The rule in question reads: “Use in headings the latest form of the name of a corporate body unless the change is the result of consolida- tion, in which case enter serial publications under the latest name, non-serial under the name at the time of issue. . . .” This state- ment agrees fairly well, I believe, with the common practice among catalogers to-day. The rule now proposed is this: Enter each publication of a corporate body that has changed its name under the name borne by the body at the date of issuing the publica- tion in question. With societies and institu- tions, bring together a complete list of the publications under the current name of the body by means of added entries. Insert de- scriptive reference cards under each name ºt)3 35 ©q5.5 , c q 7 stating the changes, and referring, in the case of official bureaus, departments, etc., to each name for the various publications, and, in the case of societies and institutions, to the current name for the complete list. Before testing this plan it may be well to state the essential characteristics of a good catalog rule. First, it should lead to econ- omy of time on the part of the persons mak- ing use of the catalogs. This will be at- tained, if the cards present the facts clearly and with absolute exactness of statement, and if, when the entries are arranged, the seeker will obtain his information directly and, as much as is reasonable, without the mediation of references. Second, a rule should lead to economy of the cataloger's time, and thus should be simple of applica- tion, even mechanical, if possible, and the results attained should be permanent. Does the rule formulated above meet these re- quirements? A few examples selected some- what at random as test cases will help answer this question. Examine first the case of official bureaus, departments, etc., and take as an instance the Meteorological Bureau of Ohio. Having prepared cards under the heading Ohio — Meteorological bureau, for its annual report, and for a “Circular of information” of 1882, we discover that our bureau has since be- come the Ohio Weather and Crop Service. Shall we recatalog the old titles under the new name? It is much better not to change them, but to enter the publications of the “bureau” and of the “service” under these respective heads with clear references stating the change in name. A serial publication, like a report, or a bulletin, continuing through both periods, perhaps with continuous num- bering, should be recorded under each head- ing, with a note explaining that the earlier or the later numbers are recorded under the earlier or later name. This practice econ- omizes our cataloger's time, for it is easy to comprehend, and follow, and it certainly con- tributes to the permanency of our cards. It produces also...an exact and accurate state- ment of the facts of the case. In these ways ... it fulfils a part of our requirements of a sat- isfactory rule. Does it also economize the reader's time by helping him to get his mate- ºrial with the least effort? In the case cited and in the case of other official bureaus, de- partments, etc., I believe there is no loss of efficiency. If the searcher knows the bureau under one of the names but is ignorant of the others, proper reference cards should set him right, and he will find the two groups of cards in the same or adjoining trays. There is even a strong chance that separating the cards into groups will be clearer to him than mixing them together. The same is true of the man who is familiar with the history of the bureau, except that he will arrive at his results more quickly. If, however, the searcher is ignorant of the exact names by which the bureau is known, he will neces- sarily get at the titles from their subject headings where the two sets of cards will be in close juxtaposition. Turning now to societies, let us take as an example the Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations, which published in 1893 a work entitled “Territorial waters.” In 1895, or thereabouts, the society became the International Law Association. Ease in cataloging and permanency of results are again attained by ruling that the book shall be entered under the association’s earl- ier name — that is, the name it bore at the date of the publication of the book. If the book is quoted, as is quite possible, under this name, the reader's time will be saved; but, on the other hand, there is a probability that persons familiar with the association will look for the title under the later name and then, too, the newer association may issue a new edition. These considerations make it de- sirable to have added entries under the sec- ond name in order to save referring back. We shall thus gather together under the current name all the publications of the so- ciety. This leads, to be sure, to duplication of cards, but in our larger catalogs a reason- able duplication is not a matter to be alarmed at” and surely it is a lesser evil than un- necessarily obliging the reader to turn from tray to tray for the sought for title. Other examples showing the usefulness of the pro- posed method are the publications of the various anti-imperialist associations. The “Anti-Imperialist League” became the “New England Anti-Imperialist League” at the time * Consult Mr. C. W. Andrews’ paper on the size of our card catalogs in the Bulletiº of the A. L. A., vol. 3, no. 5. pp. 372-374. of the formation of, and its affiliation with the “American Anti-Imperialist League.” Later on when the New England League severed its connections with the American League it again became the “Anti-Imperialist League.” Under the rule of entering the publications under the latest name it would be very difficult for the cataloger to deter- mine just how to treat this complicated case, and especially so if he did not have at hand fairly complete sets of the league publications or reports giving him the history of the suc- cessive changes; moreover, during the active existence of these various associations the question of changing or reprinting cards would have continually presented itself. With the rule proposed each publication can easily and instantly be permanently disposed of, and, if the exact relation of one organization to another is not known, simple “see also” references will guide the reader without committing the cataloger. ject heading as “imperialism” or “anti- imperialism” the whole collection of titles can be brought together for easy reference, thus satisfying all demands of the student. With the third class of corporate entries, institutions, the advantage of our plan is least obvious, though here again the advan- tages of permanency of cards once made and absolute accuracy of statement outweigh the disadvantages. We are certainly accurate when we enter the “Addresses at the inaugu- ration of J. C. Welling as President of Co- lumbian College, Washington, D. C., 1871,” under Columbian College instead of under the institution's later name, George Washing- ton University. We are by so doing making easier the work of the cataloger by reducing the time he will spend in investigations. We are also, in the long run, saving the reprint- ing of cards. At first sight it would seem as if we were scattering the entries relating to the institution, but if we repeat these titles, by means of added entries, under the current name, we shall, I think, be completely satisfying the demands on our catalog. If, at some future time, the name of the institu- tion again changes, the added entries now under the current name will be corrected and transferred to the new name, necessitat- ing altering the manuscript heading of but one card per title, while, under the older rule, Under some sub- it was necessary to alter the printed headings of the full set of author, subject, and refer- ence cards for each title, or else reprint the entry. - To sum up, in our public catalogs we shall place the publications of official bureaus, de- partments, etc., that have changed their names, each under the name borne by the body at the date of publication of the work in ques- tion. As the various names borne by a body and its successors will be subheads under a place name, it will be easy, with proper ref- erences, for the student to refer from one to the other, for they will be together in one tray or in adjoining trays. With societies and institutions we also place under each suc- cessive name the publications issued during the period that the body bore the name in question. As, in this case, these different groups of cards will be in widely separated parts of the catalog we repeat the complete set of entries under the current name of the body, doing this by means of added en- tries. In our consolidated catalogs of cards from other institutions it would not be prac- ticable to make these added entries, but the use to which these catalogs are put is such that little trouble may be anticipated, espe- cially if references can be inserted of the na- ture of those now being printed by the Li- brary of Congress for similar cases. There is one use being made of the depos- itory sets of Library of Congress cards in which the method outlined would be especial- ly helpful. When, for the purpose of order- ing cards, titles are being looked up in these catalogs with the book actually in hand, the seeker is materially assisted by finding the entry under the name of the corporate body as printed on the title-page. Similarly, in our own catalogs, whenever we look up a title exactly quoted or with the book in hand, it will be found much more easily if the cards are entered by the proposed method. It may be argued that we should, in treat- ing corporate bodies, follow the analogy of persons who change their names, and so enter under the latest form. A person cannot change his identity, even though he changes his name, but, with corporate bodies, Čhange of name frequently means change of func- tions, and often practical change of identity. Moreover, corporate bodies are likely to exist for indefinite periods, thus entries of their publications accumulate in our catalogs in- definitely, making a change of name a more serious matter. Even with the most fre- quently marrying authoress, we may console ourselves that she is mortal and that some day we, or at least our successors, can assign a permanent and final heading for her works. Two minor provisions should be noted be- fore closing. First, if a corporate body is known, currently or successively, by two names which are translations one of the other, enter all its publications under one, and insert a general reference card from the other. Second, when the change of name of a body is very slight, it is frequently ad- visable to adopt the briefer form and enter all the publications under this. In the case of some government departments and minis- tries this plan can be used to advantage, ref- erences being made from all forms in use to the briefer one, | | | ||| OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 03389 6153 |||| » ? }^{ • £ „ Z, Ē § 1º – „4 % º （ 5 – ță šº Þs ÚO uð O |- Q reſ; 3-4 Q +---+ Þº cvj C) #################ffffff;---- ĶĒ#############ſaei ſēžĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ### §§§§§§·5ī£§！ſººſ-