-

1817
SCIENTIA
ARTES
VERITAS
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
TIEBOR
SI QUERIS PENINSULAM AMENAM
CIRCUMSPICE
GOZDU SLOBOD
MUSEUM

73/
.564
MAM


ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE
ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA;
CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY
COLLECTED DURING
AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA,
IN THE YEARS 1834, 1835, AND 1836 ;
FITTED OUT BY
“ THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA.”
BY ANDRE W SMITH, M.D.,
DEPUTY INSPECTOR GENERAL OF ARMY HOSPITALS;
DIRECTOR OF THE EXPEDITION.
Published under the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury.
M A M MA LI A.
LONDON:
SMITH, ELDER AND CO. 65, CORNHILL.
MDCCCXLIX.
Attention Patron:
This volume is too fragile for any future repair.
Please handle with great care.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY - CONSERVATION & BOOK REPAIR

LONDON:
PRINTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY,
OLD BAILEY.

zool.. mus.
Hermann
1-11-30
20844
01-22-30 H...
PREFACE.
“ The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa,” which
was established in Cape Town in 1833, found itself (on the return from
the interior, in December 1836, of an expedition which it had despatched
eighteen months before) in possession of an extensive and varied collection
of objects of Natural History, many of which were new to science, and many
others, though not new, comparatively little known. The Society, mindful
of its original object,--the promotion of knowledge,-immediately resolved
that descriptions and figures of the new and other objects of particular
interest should, if possible, be published; the more especially as beautiful
representations of all had been made by Mr. Ford, from specimens either
living or recently dead. Desirable as this appeared, the Association saw little
prospect of its being effected without some pecuniary assistance; they
therefore determined to seek the support of the Home Government, and
authorized me to wait on Lord Glenelg, on my arrival in England, and
represent to his Lordship the views of the Association, and how desirous its
members were that the ample stores they possessed should be employed in
the advancement of knowledge. His Lordship, after having satisfied himself
that the publication contemplated might fairly be expected to promote the
interest of science, recommended the Lords of the Treasury to aid the

ii
PREFACE. .
colonists in their laudable enterprise. The proposition of the Right Hon.,
the then, Secretary for the Colonies was favourably entertained, and ere
long I was informed that a portion of the expense of the projected publi-
cation would be defrayed by Government, in order that it might be sold
at a price which would place it within the reach of the generality of
naturalists. On the receipt of this information, I proceeded to make
arrangements with a publisher; and, on the approval by Government of the
terms proposed, the materials for the first part were placed in the hands
of Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co. At this time I expected to be able to com-
plete a part of the work every second month ; but scarcely was the second
part commenced, when serious disease rendered me unequal to almost any
exertion, and no sooner was I differently circumstanced, than I was appointed
to fill a highly responsible and onerous position, which required so much time,
that little leisure could be devoted to the publication I had undertaken. I
think it necessary to state these facts, in order that the Subscribers to the
work may understand why it has been extended over so long a period.
All the illustrations, with a few exceptions, have been executed by
Mr. Ford, who, it has already been stated, made the drawings; and I feel
confident that purchasers will not regret his having been selected. A
cursory survey of the plates will, I think, convince any one that they are
the production of a master's hand—a hand that depicts nature so closely as
to render the representation nearly, if not equally, as valuable as the actual
specimen.
In describing colours, I have almost invariably had reference to the little
but useful work of Mr. Syme, of Edinburgh,* and always employed his
* “ Werner's Nomenclature of Colours.” Second Edition, 1821.

PREFACE.
iii
nomenclature, so that the reader, with this publication in his hand, will
understand exactly what are the colours indicated.
Some of the objects described were collected in the Cape Colony; others
in Kaffirland, a district of country lying along the sea-coast to the eastward
of the colony ; others near Port Natal; but the majority on the belt of
country which was explored by the expedition already mentioned, which
was in breadth nearly 3 degrees, and in length 7}; or, in other words, the
country lying between 25° and 27° 58' east longitude, and 31° and 23° 28'
south latitude.
Considering that the Association contributed not merely the princi-
pal but the greater part of the novelties, and that its members incurred
great expense to acquire them, without any prospect of individual advantage,
I feel it a duty to embrace this opportunity of not only recording that fact, but
also the names of those, who, though residing in a distant part of the globe,
are not indifferent to the promotion of discovery and the advancement of
science. In doing justice to them, however, I must not fail, at the same
time, to discharge a like duty to a resident of this country, who contributed
in a greater proportion than any other individual to whatever success
attended the exertions of the Association,-I allude to Mr. Jameson, of
Liverpool, who spontaneously transmitted to the Society, through Mr.
M'Queen, the sum of two hundred pounds, to be employed in furtherance
of African discovery.
The plates, as it will be observed, have been published in five divi-
sions, viz., Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Pisces, and Invertebrate. Those
of each division have been numbered independently, and the letterpress
descriptions left unpaged, in order that they may be arranged according to
the particular view of purchasers. An index to each division is given, so
6
a
-

iv
PREFACE.
that zoologists may, if disposed, have the plates arranged in four
volumes :_Volume 1, Mammalia ; 2, Aves; 3, Reptilia ; and 4, Pisces
and Invertebrata.
The necessity of bringing this work to a close without containing
more than one part on the Annulosa of South Africa, from the pen of my
friend, W. S. Macleay, Esq., will, I am aware, cause deep disappointment to
naturalists. The rapid sale of the only part he was able to furnish before
he left this country for a distant colony, and the impossibility of now
procuring a copy of it, affords not only the strongest possible proof of its
great merit, but also an evidence of the estimation and respect in which
its author is held.
ANDREW SMITH, M.D.
30th November, 1849.

MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA.
Albertus, A.
Abercrombie, Dr.
Ansdell, T.
Adamson, Rev. Dr.
Ebden, J. B.
Elliott, J. W.
Elliott, T.
Eager, E.
Elliott, Hon. John
Fairbridge, Dr.
Faure, Rev. A.
Fitzgerald, Captain (H.C.S.)
Foster, Captain (H.C.S.)
Fairbairn, J.
Billingsley, W.
Borcherds, P. B.
Buck, J. T.
Bailey, Dr. S.
Brink, P. M.
Breda, P. (Az.)
Bance, J.
Breda, M.
Burton, c.
Berrange, D. F.
Brink, J. G.
Brand, P. B.
Brehm, Joachim
Burrow, Rev. Dr.
Bam, A. G.
Greig, G.
Gregory, D.
Graham, Captain (72nd Regiment)
Grant, Dr. J. (H.C.S.)
Gie, J. C.
Gadney, W.
Cole, His Excellency Sir G. L., G.C.B.
Chiappini, A., sen.
Caffyn, T.
Cadogan, G.
Cloete, Lieutenant-Colonel
Carey, James
Christian, Ewan
Collison, F.
Cloete, P. L., sen.
Cloete, P. L., jun.
Chase, J. C.
Coke, W.
Cheap, Major (H.C.S.)
Clarence, R.
Cuyler, Major-General
Hawkins, W. (H.C.S.)
Hutton, J.
Hough, Rev. G.
Harris, Lieutenant (72nd Regiment)
Herron, H. W.
Heideman, W.
Hodgskin, G.
Hertzog, D. W.
Herbert, G.
Hartley, Major
Harrington, — (H.C.S.)
-
Hutchins, M.
Henderson, Captain (H.C.S.)
Harding, W.
Hitchcock, J.
Hudson, H.
Innes, J. R.
Deneys, J.
Dickson, W.
Dashwood, Captain (H.C.S.)
During, Lieutenant-Colonel (A.D.C.)
Dyce, R., M.D.
Jardine, A. J.
Judge, Rev. E.
Jarvis, H. C.
Kekewich, Hon. Judge
King, James
Edie, Major (98th Regiment)

MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA.-(Continued.)
Kift, B. G.
Korsten, Frederick
Ross, M.
Rogerson, R.
Rutherfoord, H. E.
Riet, J. W. van der
Leisching, Dr. L.
Leisching, W.
Ludwig, C. F. H. von
Lushington, J. D. (H.C.S.)
Levick, James
Lees, Dr.
Mackrill, W.J.
Murray, Dr.
Michell, Major
Malcolm, Sir C., R.N.
M‘Kenzie, C.
Menzies, Hon. Judge
Muntingh, H. G.
Maynard, J. M.
Moore, E.
Mackay, W.M.
Marshall, J.
Merrington, S., sen.
McArthur, Captain (H.C.S.)
McDowall, Dr. (H.C.S.)
Smith, Dr. A.
South African Literary and Scientific In-
stitution
Stoll, Hon. J. W.
Steedman, A.
Silberbauer, G. W.
Smidt, A. de
Smith, Captain J.
Scott, R. H. (H.C.S.)
)
Smuts, J. M.
Skirrow, J.
Smith, Rev. A.
Smith, Captain (H.C.S.)
Staveren, Rev. J. M. Kloek van
Neethling, J. H.
Nicholson, Dr. S. (H.C.S.)
Newnham, T. (H.C.S.)
Tredgold, J. H.
Thornhill, J.
Twycross, G.
Thompson, G.
Thalwitzer, M.
Thomson, Watson, and Co.
Truter, Hon. Sir J.
Tübingen, the University of, per C. F. II.
von Ludwig
Thompson, W. R.
Oliphant, Hon. A.
O'Flinn, Dr.
Okes, T.
Osmond, J.
Pillans, C..
Prince, G. W
Parbly, Major
Polemann, F.
Philipps, Thomas
Verreaux, J. P.
Villet, C. M.
Vaughan, Colonel (98th Regiment)
Watermeyer, F. S.
Wade, Hon, Colonel
Wicht, H.
Wylde, Hon. Sir J.
Wilmot, G. F.
Williamson, R. H. (H.C.S.)
Ward, Joseph
Watermeyer, F. G.
Reitz, F. W.
Ross, H.
MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION.
Dr. A. Smith
E. Tennant
Major Edie (98th Regiment)
Corporal McKenzie
Mr. Charles Bell
John Mintern
Mr. George Ford
Henry Lowe
Mr. John Burrow
James Terry
Mr. Kift
H. Cockkrell
C. Haswell
And Twenty Hottentots.

MAMMALIA.--INDEX.
PLATE
PLATE
27
29
40
10
41
11
.
30
12
31
13
.
.
38
14
32
15
9
7
16
52
17
46
42
46
.
43
47
34
47
34
47
49
Aigoceros equina
Boselapus Oreas, male
female
Bubalus Caama
lunatus
Catoblepas Taurina
Cephalopus Natalensis
Chrysochloris villosa
Cynictis Ogilbyii
lepturus
Damalis (Strepsiceros) Capensis, male
female
Dendromys typicus
melanotis
Dysopes Natalensis
Erinaceus frontalis
Euryotis irroratus
unisulcatus
Brantsii
Anatomy of
Galago Moholi
Anatomy of
Gerbillus auricularis
Afer
montanus
tenuis
Graphiurus Capensis
Herpestes badius
Hippotamus amphibius
Kobus ellipsiprymnus, male
Kobus ellipsiprymnus female
Macroscelides typicus
rupestris
Intufi
brachyrynchus
Edwardii
(Anatomy of)
Manis Temminckii
Miniopterus dasythrix
Mus pumilio
dorsalis
Lehocla
Natalensis
Colonus
Otomys albicaudatus
Petromys typicus.
(Anatomy of)
Pteropus Leachii
Rhinoceros Keitloa
33
3
20
22
21
.
23
48
24
1
25
2
8
19
8
5
26
53
35
44
36
44
36
45
39
45
4
50
6
51
28
bicornis
simus
Sciurus Cepapi
Scotophilus Dinganii
Sorex Mariquensis
varius
Capensis
flavescens
Vespertilio lanosus
minutus
* Plates 18 and 37 not published.



Hy
S. I Ford.
RHINOCEROS KEITLOA
(Mammalia --Platel)



RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.- SMITH.
MAMMALIA.— PLATE I. (MALE.)
ز
Rh. pallidè brunneo-flavus ; cornubus duobus longitudine subæqualibus ; anteriore cylindrico, posteriore
compresso ; labii superioris parte anteriore productâ acuminatâ.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 11 ped. 1ļ unc., caudæ 26 unc., cornuorum 21 unc. - ALTITUDO 5 pedes.
RHINOCEROS KEITLOA—Rep. of Exped. page 44. June 1836.
Colour.—Pale brownish yellow, the brown most distinct upon the head;
the inner sides of the extremities towards the body and the groins somewhat
flesh-coloured ; the inner sides of the knee joints and the hinder part of the
thighs immediately above the joints pale livid black. Eyes dark brown.
Horns dark greenish brown.
Form, &c.— Figure nearly that of Rhinoceros Bicornis, Auct. Skin desti-
tute of hair, rough and slightly irregular, the surface exhibiting a reticulated
appearance, arising from the number of waved or angular fissures by which it
is every where impressed, but more particularly upon the shoulders and outer
surfaces of the hinder extremities. The lower portion of the neck is marked by
several wide vertical furrows, which admit of the head being turned to either
side with greater facility; several of a much smaller size also occur towards
the extremity of the muzzle and around the eyes, evidently for the
purpose
of
admitting the upper lip and the eyelids to be moved with greater freedom.
Head moderately slender ; the eyes very small, and sunk in the orbits; the
nostrils are situated near to the extremity of the muzzle, of a somewhat oval
form, and rather oblique in relation to the axis of the head. The anterior
horn nearly cylindrical, the basal half directed forwards, the distal half
slightly curved backwards; the posterior horn towards its base nearly cylin-
drical, with the distal two-thirds laterally compressed, and having the hinder-
most edge thinnest. Ears somewhat acuminated, edged with short hair
towards their tips ; legs rather short ; knee joints very large; scarcely
any hunch on the shoulders ; the neck rather long. Tail cylindrical till

RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.
within a few inches of its extremity, then laterally compressed and margined
above and below by strong, short and wiry hair.
DIMENSIONS.
4
Feet. Inches.
Feet. Inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the
Length of the anterior horn, following
base of the tail
... 11 11
the curve
1 91
of the tail
2 2
of the posterior horn..
1 9
from the tip of the nose to the
Height at the shoulder
5 0
hinder edge of the occiput.. 2 71
at the crupper
4 10
from the hinder edge of the
Circumference at the middle of the
nostril to the eye
0 111
belly ....
98
from the eye to the ear......... 0 111
The only species yet known with which the present could be confounded,
is the Rhinoceros Bicornis of authors. Between them, however, many well
marked differences are to be discovered ; but as it is our intention to enter
more at length on that subject in the Appendix, we shall only here particu-
larise a few of the external and more palpable ones. In the Rh. Keitloa, the
two horns are of equal, or nearly equal length; in Rh. Africanus, the pos-
terior, in neither sex, is ever much beyond a third of the length of the anterior
horn; the length of the head, in proportion to the depth, is very different
in the two. The neck of the new species is much longer than that of the
other, and the position and character of the cuticular furrows, destined to
facilitate the lateral motions of the head, are very different. Besides these,
many other diagnostic characters might be instanced ; such as the black
;
mark on the inside of the thigh of Keitloa,--the distinctly produced tip of
the upper lip; and the comparatively few wrinkles on the snout and parts
around the eyes, when compared with those on the same places in Rh.
Bicornis, as will be seen by comparing the representation of the present spe-
cies with the next plate.
Considering the acumen which savages display in detecting differences between animals
nearly related, we may, with propriety, infer that the Keitloa has not, at least for many years,
been in the habit of generally extending his range higher than about 25° south latitude. * The
natives at and around Latakoo are only acquainted with two species, viz, Borili (Rhinoceros
Bicornis, Auct.) and Mohoohoo (Rhinoceros Simus, Burch.); and those who were in our employ
declared, when they first saw the Keitloa, that it was not an animal of their country;
and at once
enlarged upon the points in which it differed from Borili. During the discussion, an intelligent
Moharotsi, who was well acquainted with the animal, approached, -called him by his name, and
referred us to districts where we should find specimens in abundance. As he stated, it happened ;
* That individuals of this species have approached Latakoo, or rather the country some sixty miles
to the north of it, we have sufficient evidence in the fact that Mr. Burchell, whose merits as a traveller
can be best appreciated by those who follow him in the same field, is at present in possession of the horns
of an individual which was killed by his hunters.

RHINOCEROS KEITLOA. .
a
though every where the species appeared rare when compared with the others; and, after several
months' wanderings, it was found that only sixty-eight individuals had been seen, eight of which
in one herd, (two of them, not more than half grown,) were disturbed by myself when
feeding near to the banks of a river we were descending. According to the evidence of the
natives, the Keitloa is of a very savage disposition, on which account it is more feared than
Borili, which has also a character for ferocity. Its food consists of small shrubs, or the
more delicate branches of brushwood, in collecting which, the prolongation of the anterior ex-
tremity of the upper lip proves a useful assistant. For a more detailed account of the manners
and habits of this species, we may refer to the Appendix hereafter to be published.
While in the neighbourhood of the Tropic, we heard of two other species of the genus, which
exist still farther to the northward ; but, unfortunately, could not obtain any very circumstantial
evidence concerning them, as the persons who had seen them were only on a visit in the
country they inhabit. One of them was stated to approximate the Keitloa ; the other was de-
scribed as very different to any species previously seen by them, and to have only one long horn
towards the forehead. Now, though descriptions of objects furnished by such persons are
often inaccurate, from the circumstance of their not having been favourably situated for making
correct observations, as well as from a deficiency of language calculated to convey the informa-
tion they actually possess, I have always remarked that even a hasty examination seemed to
supply the savage with more accurate notions of the general characters of animals than it did
the civilized man, and therefore I do not despair of species such as they mentioned being yet
discovered.
It is in regard to the species with the single horn, that we experience the greatest hesitation
in receiving their evidence as credible, and, therefore, it is agreeable to have it corroborated by
the testimony of a man from a very different part of the country, as obtained and published by
a missionary of great research who resided a long time in Madagascar. The individual who
furnished Mr. Freeman with the account of the Ndzoo-dzoo, was a native of the country
northward of Mozambique, and if we admit certain portions of the descriptions to be tainted
with errors, we can recognise in the remainder the genuine habits of a Rhinoceros, and probably
one of the species, with which our informants were slightly acquainted.
“ It appears," observes Mr. Freeman, “ that the Ndzoo-dzoo is by no means rare in Makooa.
”
It is about the size of a horse, extremely fleet and strong. It has one single horn projecting
from its forehead, from twenty-four to thirty inches in length. This is flexible when the animal
is asleep; it can be curled like the trunk of the Elephant, but becomes perfectly firm and hard
when the animal is excited, and especially when pursuing an enemy. Its disposition is ex-
tremely fierce, and it universally attacks man if it sees him. The usual method of escape
adopted by the natives is, to climb up a dense and high tree, so as to avoid, if possible, being
If the animal misses his sight of the fugitive, he immediately gallops off to his haunt ;
from whence it may be inferred that he is not endowed with the power of a keen scent. Should
he, however, espy his object in the tree, woe to the unfortunate native, he begins to butt with
his horns,-strikes and penetrates the tree, and continues piercing it till it falls, when his victim
seldom escapes being gored to death. Unless the tree is of a large girth, he never fails in
breaking it down. Having killed his victim, he leaves him without devouring the carcase.
The male only is provided with the horn. The female has not anything of the kind.”*
seen.
a
* South African Christian Recorder, Vol. i. p.
33.

RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.
With respect to the other Rhinoceros which was said to exhibit a resemblance to the Keitloa,
it
may probably be found to belong to a species which has its principal habitat in northern
Africa, a conclusion to which we have been led from an examination of a pair of horns con-
tained in the museum of the College of Surgeons of London, and which were obtained in
Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt. These horns differ considerably from the horns of Rh. Bicornis, while
as regards form, they approximate those of Rh. Keitloa. Another pair of horns, probably of the
same species, is preserved according to Spaarman,* in the cabinet of the Royal Academy of
Sciences, the foremost of which is twenty-two inches in length, and the hindermost sixteen.
The distance between these horns is scarcely two inches. They differ likewise, he adds, "from
the horns I saw in Africa, and from those I brought with me, in being of a lighter colour, and
straight, and at the same time flat on the sides; so that the hindmost horn in particular, has
pretty sharp edges on the upper part, both before and behind. These horns most probably
came from the northern parts of Africa, as they were purchased at Naples,” &c. Different again
from the above, and from all Rhinoceros horns I have yet seen are two, contained in the British
Museum, which were obtained by Major Denham during his journey in Northern Africa; and
if they do not prove to have belonged to young individuals of Rh. Simus, they will require
to be referred to a species not yet characterised; they are of a lighter colour than any horns
which I have had an opportunity of examining, and along with a peculiarly corneous aspect,
they have a considerable degree of semi-transparency. The horns of Rh. Simus possess more
of the above characters than any others yet known, which circumstance, together with
the fact of which I have been informed by R. Owen, Esq. F.R.S. that clubs of Rhinoceros
horn, about three feet in length have been obtained from Western Africa, (Kingdom of
Dahomy) would lead to a supposition, that either the species discovered by Burchell, or one
with certain of its characters, inhabits Northern Africa.
Now, though I am not prepared to maintain that the horns of each individual of the same
species of Rhinoceros are found to be uniform, as regards size and form, or even that the rela-
tive lengths of the first and second horns are constant in different animals, yet from what I have
observed in the South African species, I do not think we are justified in believing the horns of
the same species to be subject to any great variations in respect to relative length. When the
Rhinoceros of Abyssinia shall have been minutely examined, it will probably be found to be
distinct from Rhinoceros Bicornis, Lin., and be identical with the animal stated by the natives
who communicated with us near the tropic of Capricorn, to be like the Keitloa. The other
species of which they spoke will possibly be identical with the Ndzoo-dzoo and a nondescript:
while the one, from which were obtained the horns referred to as in the British Museum, may
prove either the Rhinoceros Simus, or a third undescribed species.
a
Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, by A. Spaarman, M.D. 4to. vol. ii.
p.
100.


4
OF
RHINOCEROS BICORNIS
(Mammalia Plate 2.)



RHINOCEROS BICORNIS.-LIN.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE II.—(FEMALE AND Young.)
R. pallidé flavo-brunneus, cornubus longitudine inæqualibus; collo ad caput sulco circumdato; oculis
brunneis.
LONGITUDO 10 ped. 11. unc.
RHINOCEROS AFRICANUS, Cuv. Reg. Animal.
Colour.–Pale yellowish brown, with tints of purple upon the sides of the
head and the muzzle ; the groins flesh-coloured; eyes dark brown; the horns
livid brown, clouded with green; the hair on the tip of the tail and the
margins of the ears deep black.
Form, &c.—Head rather deep in proportion to its length, which gives it
an appearance of clumsiness beyond either of the other South African
species; the anterior horn directly over the extremity of the nose, the first
half nearly perpendicular, the last half slightly curved backwards; the pos-
terior horn conical, and often exhibiting an appearance as if the point of a
smaller sized cone had been fixed upon the section of a larger one, which
observation to a certain extent might also be applied to the front horn;
towards their bases both are rough, and more or less distinctly fibrous;
towards the points hard, smooth, and finely polished. Eyes small; the skin
surrounding them as well as that in front of the ears and on the muzzle and
the upper and lower lips, deeply cut by narrow wrinkles; the extremity of
the upper lip scarcely produced. The neck is thick, short, and at its junction
with the head encircled by a deep furrow formed in the skin; the shoulder
with a rudimentary hunch ; the body round and heavy ; limbs rather shorter in
proportion than in R. Keitloa. Tail flattened towards the extremity, elsewhere
somewhat cylindrical; the upper and lower edges near the tip fringed with
thick wiry hair. The surface of the skin rather rougher than in the species
last described, owing to its being intersected by a greater number of wrinkles.
DIMENSIONS.
Feet. Inches.
Feet. Inches.
... 10 11
4 10
1
0
Length from nose to root of tail
Length of anterior horn....
Height at the shoulder
of posterior horn
6?
The relative lengths of the horns vary a little in different individuals, but
the hindermost one in both sexes is invariably much the shortest, and in

RHINOCEROS BICORNIS.
young specimens it is scarcely visible when the other is several inches in
length. In the Rhinoceros Keitloa, again, the young have both horns of
equal length.
The present species, under the name of Rhinoster, has been familiarly known to the colonists
of the Cape of Good Hope ever since 1652. In that year, when the Dutch first formed their
settlement on the shores of Table Bay, this animal was a regular inhabitant of the thickets
which clothed the lower slopes of Table Mountain. The abandonment of those spots by this
animal as a measure of safety, probably constituted the commencement of a forced migration,
which has continued to extend ever since, and which has led not only to the disappearance of
the species from the districts within the present colonial limits, but also in a great measure to
its removal from countries beyond those limits, as far as hunters efficiently armed are accus-
tomed to resort. If a system, such as has hitherto prevailed, continues to exist, and the larger
animals persevere in flying to avoid the effects of fire-arms, the time may arrive when the
various species which formerly may have been scattered, each, in a peculiar locality of a large
continent, will be huddled together; and indeed an advance towards that period is in progress,
as may be inferred from the concentration which is at present taking place in the interior of
South Africa. Though many of the individuals which inhabited the countries where now not
a single Rhinoceros is to be seen, were doubtless destroyed, yet it is equally certain that many
others escaped, and thereby assisted in adding to the accumulation which is in progress in
other localities. Until lately the present was the only species of the genus which was known
to be receding from its native country, but of late another has been led to a like course; and
the Rhinoceros Simus which but a few years ago was common in the neighbourhood of
Latakoo, has, since the more general introduction of fire-arms into that country, almost
entirely ceased to approach within a hundred miles of it. From a consideration of the various
facts which we have collected in relation to the species now under consideration, and which we
shall detail more at length elsewhere, we feel disposed to regard it to a certain extent as a
prisoner in the country it now inhabits, and are inclined to believe the southern extremity of
the continent, and the country along the western coast towards Benguela to have once formed
its favourite residence.
Like the Keitloa, this species feeds upon brushwood and the smaller branches of dwarf-trees,
from which circumstance it is invariably found frequenting wooded districts, and in those
situations its course may often be traced by remarking the mutilations of the bushes. As
it feeds but slowly, and besides passes much of its time in idleness, it must be regarded as a
very moderate eater, and considering it appears to be fastidious in the choice of its food, it is
fortunate for its comfort that it does not require more nourishment. Of the many shrubs
which exist in the localities in which it resides, few comparatively appear formed for its choice,
as it is to be seen approaching many and leaving them again without either injuring a branch
or plucking a leaf. This evident nicety in the selection of its aliment makes it difficult to ima-
gine how so many large animals as are sometimes congregated together within a very limited
space can find sufficient for their consumption. Even admitting that the reproduction of the
parts which the Rhinoceros may devour takes place with uncommon rapidity in the climates
they inhabit, and consequently the shrubs are comparatively soon in a condition to supply ano-
ther meal, yet nevertheless, if these animals consumed in proportion to their bulk, they would
of necessity be forced to be less particular in the choice of their food.


OF
ERINACEUS FRONTALIS
(Mammalia Plate 3.)



ERINACEUS FRONTALIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE III. (FEMALE.)
E. ovatus; spinis varié intertextis ad basin et versus apicem albis, in medio purpurascentibus, apicibus
quibusdam brunneis reliquis albidis; pilis rigidis subnigris aut griseis ; fasciâ frontali albâ; auriculis
oblongis pilis brevibus obtectis.
LONGITUDO 7. unc.
ERINACEUS FRONTALIS, Smith, South African Quarterly Journal, No. 5. Oct. 1831.
ERINACEUS FRONTALIS, Bennet, Proceedings Zoological Society, Dec. 1832.
Colour, &c.--The head and the sides of the neck and of the body blackish
brown, slightly variegated by an intermixture of greyish white hairs; the
forehead and the sides of the neck, immediately under the ears, pure white;
the quills of the back white, each annulated towards the middle with purple,
the points of many of them light brown. The under surface of the neck, the
middle of the breast and belly, and the lower half of the limbs dusky white;
tail black; eyes very deep brown; claws horn-coloured.
FORM, &c.—Body oval, broadest behind and wider in proportion to its
length than in the common Hedge-hog. Muzzle slightly elongated; incisors
.
of upper jaw much separated, those of lower jaw nearly contiguous ; ears
moderately long, and both surfaces thinly covered with short hair, the tips
somewhat rounded. The back and the upper part of the sides densely
covered with spines from an inch to an inch and a half in length, the rest of
the body, the legs and the head thinly coated with bristly hair; tail slender;
limbs very long; toes short; claws blunt and slightly curved.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the nose to the
base of the tail
7 6
of the tail
06
Inches. Lines.
Distance between the tip of the nose
... 1 3
the
eye
and the ear... 0 9
Height at the middle of the back...... 0 5
and the eye
The male, as regards the colours, is like the female.

ERINACEUS FRONTALIS.
This little hedge-hog was first obtained in the districts around Old Latakoo, and on leaving
that place, no additional specimens were acquired. Even where it was best known only a very
few individuals were procured, and according to the natives it was every where rare. It has all
the habits of the common hedge-hog, (Erinaceus Europeus, Lin.) and like it, when surprised,
rolls itself up into a globular mass, in which state it will often remain for hours together while
the object creating its fears continues near it. Some individuals however, are less timid, and
soon attempt to escape.


OP
SNIP
HERPESTES BADIUS
(Mammalia _ Plate, 4.)



HERPESTES BADIUS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE IV. (FEMALE.)
H. badius, subtus pallidior, ad fulvum transiens, dorsi, caudæque pilis sordide flavo et nigro-annulatis ;
caudæ apice nigro ; oculis rubris.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 12 unc., caudce 12 unc. 4 lin.
ICHNEUMON RATLAMUCHI, App. to Rep. of Exped. page 42, June 1836.
COLOUR.-Above bright bay, beneath lighter, inclined to fulvous; extremity
of the tail shining black. On the head, upper part of the neck, and limbs and
tail, the colour is darkest; on the back and upper part of the sides it is
slightly variegated by a fine pencilling of dull yellow and black; each, or at
least most of the hairs being annulated with these two colours in addition to
the bay which is the prevailing tint. Towards the root of the tail the hairs
are marked after the same fashion, only the quantity of brown is greater ;
whiskers black. Ears coloured like the body; eyes red; nails a dark
horn colour.
Form, &c.—Figure very slender; head short, broad between the ears and
slender towards the muzzle ; ears very short; legs of moderate length; nails
nearly straight. The hair is slightly rigid; on the head it is short, on the
body considerably longer, and on the posterior portion of the back, outer
surface of the thighs and the tail it is longest, on some places measuring fully
three inches. On the tail it is laid close, so that though long, this part of the
animal is nevertheless moderately slender. On the ears the hair is very short,
and on their posterior surfaces is almost wanting.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the nose to the
Distance between the point of the nose
root of the tail
... 12 0
and the eye
010
of the tail .......
12 4
between the eye and the
and the upper
Height at the shoulder
4 2
extremity of the ear......... 0 10

HERPESTES BADIUS.
The adults of both sexes are nearly alike in regard to colour and size. In
the young animal there is a distinct reddish cast over the whole body, but it is
much broken by the yellowish and brownish rings which occur on each hair
and which appear in this age upon the head and thighs as well as the back.
At one time I was disposed to regard our animal as identical with Herpestes ruber, Desm.,*
but upon comparing it with the description of the latter as furnished by the author just quoted,
I found it to differ in many points. In our species, the body, as will be seen by a reference to
the measurements, is shorter than the tail; in that of Desmarest, the tail is four inches shorter
than the body; in ours, the tip of the tail is deep black; in his, that part is not described
as being of a different colour to the rest of the animal.
The first specimen of this species we obtained was killed near Old Latakoo, and several others
were seen between that and Kurichane, which lies about 120 miles more to the eastward. The
animal appeared restricted to dry sandy districts abounding in brushwood, and in these, was
occasionally seen running from one copse to another. It is extremely shy, and flies on the
approach of man to its hiding places with great rapidity; hence only a very few specimens were
obtained. Nothing except the remains of insects were found in the stomachs of those we
procured; but if the natives are to be believed, it feeds with avidity also upon lizards, snakes,
mice, &c.
In addition to this and another new species which we shall hereafter figure, five others
inhabit the South of Africa, namely, Herpestes Pharaonis, Desm., H. griseus, Desm.,
H. urinator, Smith, H. tenianotus, Smith, and H. albicaudis, Smith.† Before long, however,
there is every reason to expect additional species will be added to the preceding, as the
Bechuanas I described to us several little quadrupeds clearly differing from any of the fore-
going, yet doubtless belonging either to this genus or to Cynictis of Ogilby.
Encyclopedie Methodique, (Mammalogie, fol. 213.)
+ South African Quarterly Journal, New Series, No. 2, part 1, March 1834.
* The native tribes (not including the Hottentots) immediately north of the colony. Bechuana is the term
which has been invented by themselves to indicate all the clans in that direction who resemble each other
in external appearance, and speak the same language. The import of the word proves the propriety of
its application, bechuana being the plural of chuana, signifying alike or similar.
*


SCIURUS
CEPAPI.
(Mammalia
Plate 5)
UNIV
OF
BICH



SCIURUS CEPAPI.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE V. (MALE.)
-
S. supra ochreus, brunneo-nigro leviter marmoratus; corporis lateribus pedibusque ochreis ; labio
superiore, striâ superciliari, corporisque partibus inferioribus albis, ventre flavo-tincto; caudâ dis-
tichâ, ochreâ brunneo-nigro variegatâ; auriculis brevibus, apicibus obtusis, margine externo versus
apicem emarginato; oculis brunneis.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 73 unc., caudæ 7 unc.
SCIURUS CEPAPI, App. to Rep. of Exp. page 43, June, 1836.
-
Colour.-Face ochry yellow, pencilled with black; the upper part of the
head and neck, the back and the flanks grizzled light ochre-yellow and
brownish black, each hair being brownish black at the base, then ochry
yellow, then brownish black, and finally ochre-yellow; some have their
extreme points blackish brown; the upper surface of the tail is also grizzled
in the same manner as the back, only the proportion of the brownish black
colour is greater, and hence the dark colour is there more conspicuous, and gives
rise in some specimens to the appearance of a number of irregular dark bars ;
the upper lip, a short stripe over each eye, the chin, the throat, the breast,
the belly, and the inner sides of the legs white, sometimes faintly tinged with
yellow; the sides of the head, neck and body, and the outer and hinder sides
of the legs ochre-yellow; the hair of the hinder legs deep black at its base;
anterior surface of ears pale yellowish white; posterior surface dull white;
incisor teeth reddish orange; eyes dark brown ; whiskers black; nails deep
brown.*
Form, &c.--Figure rather slender ; head small; the anterior molar of
the upper jaw very small, subcylindrical with the crown entire; the remaining
four concave, the crowns towards the outer sides divided each into two por-
tions by a fine transverse groove; the anterior molar of the lower jaw semi-
cylindrical, the crown divided into three tubercles; the other three molars
on each side nearly similar to those of the upper jaw; ears short, with a
slight emargination in the outer edge a little below their points; the latter
* The tints vary a little in different specimens.

SCIURUS CEPAPI.
obtuse; legs long; tail depressed, narrow, slightly distichous and pointed at
its extremity; two centre toes of equal length, those of the hinder feet but
little longer than the toe on each side of them; the difference is greater on
the fore feet; nails strong and much curved. The hair is slightly rigid,
and shortest on the head and feet; on the back and under parts it is rather
longer, while on the outer sides of the hinder legs, particularly towards the
base of the tail and on the tail itself, it is much longer still.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the nose to the
base of the tail
7 9
of the tail ......
7 0
of the cranium
1 9
Breadth between the hinder extremities
of the zygomatic arches... 0 11
Inches. Lines.
Length of the fore legs to the tip of
the toes....
2
the hinder legs to ditto...... 3
the tarsus of fore foot ...... 0 6
the hinder foot ..
0 10
0
..
The female, as regards colour and size, resembles the male, and like the
latter is liable to some variation in respect to tints.
The first specimens of this squirrel were observed upon the immediate banks of the Lim-
popo river, in about 24° 20' south latitude. The species was occasionally discovered upon
the
ground, but more frequently upon trees; and when it happened to be surprised in the former
situation, it invariably endeavoured to reach the latter, and if successful, either attempted
to conceal itself in the forks of the branches, or in holes, if any existed, in the trunks, or other
parts. Its flight, when on the ground, was effected with amazing rapidity, and the perpen-
dicular ascent of the tree was accomplished with equal facility. It feeds by day, and,
according to the natives, also by night, and in all the specimens we obtained, the stomachs
were fully distended with berries, &c.


OF
UNIL
SA
HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.
(Mammalia _ Plate 6
6)
MICH



HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.LIN.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE VI. (FEMALE, AND Young.)
H. capite, colli partibus superioribus, dorsoque brunneo-rubris ; corporis lateribus artibusque pallidè
brunneo-purpureo-rubris ; abdomine, labiorum lateribus, palpebrisque pallidè flavo-brunneis ; caudæ
auriumque pilis nigris; nasi pilis flavo-brunneis. Oculis aurantio-brunneis.
LONGITUDO 11 ped. 4 unc.
HIPPOPOTAMUS CAPENSIS, Desmoulins.
BEHEMOTH of the Hebrews.
a
Colour, &c.—The anterior and lateral parts of the head, and the upper
parts of the neck and body brownish red, the former rather lightest. The
brownish red of the back passes insensibly into a light brownish purple red,
which is the colour of the sides and limbs; the belly, the sides of the lips,
and the eyelids light wood-brown, with a faint flesh-coloured blush; the hinder
parts of the body and the belly are freely freckled with small spots of the
same hue as the ground colours, only of darker tints; hairs of tail and ears
black; pencils of hairs on lips, &c., yellowish brown; eyes a clear orange-
coloured brown : hoofs dark horn-colour.
Form, &c.—Figure massive and very heavy, and the entire contour of the
animal suggests to the observer the idea of a form intermediate between an
overgrown pig and a high-fed bull, without horns and with cropped ears.
The head appears broad, compared with its length, and the expression of the
face is singular and unlike that of any other animal, arising principally from the
high position of the eyes. The lips, especially the upper one, are thick and bulg-
ing, particularly their sides, so that when the mouth is shut even the longest of
the teeth are concealed; the nose is broad, and inclined to truncated, and the
gape is very wide; the head immediately behind the angles of the mouth is
considerably contracted, and the forehead is broad, flat and high; the eyes
and ears are very small, and the former are placed before, and but little
below the level of the latter; the ears are extremely short, and their tips
rounded, appearances which insensibly lead to the idea that some portion of
them must have been cut off; their edges are fringed with fine hair, and their
inner surface is thinly coated with a similar material ; the eyelids are promi-
nent and pulpy, which makes the eyes appear as if they were deeply seated,
though, as regards the orbit, they are not in reality so. The neck is short,
thick, and rounded; the line of the back is slightly arched and rather undu-
9

HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.
lated towards the tail. The body almost cylindrical, and the nates are very
full, and behind slightly arched ; the legs are remarkably short, so that when
the animal is standing, the most depending part of the belly almost touches
the ground; the tail is short and moderately robust,--towards the point, ver-
tically compressed and edged above and below with wiry hairs, towards the
base, nearly cylindrical ; teats two, placed close to each other, and pendent
from the udder nearly on a line with the anterior edge of the hinder leg. On
the lips there are a number of small tufts of fine hair, resembling pencils, each of
which, on emerging from the skin, generally consists of four or five hairs that
afterwards split into several others; a few tufts of the same description also
occur on the sides of the head ; the remains of single hairs also occur on the
sides of the neck and body; in young specimens, the number and length of
the latter are greater than in adult ones; the hairs fringing the upper and
lower edges of the tail are rigid and short, and many of them fully half a
line in diameter at the base. Feet rather small for the size of the animal,
slightly depressed in front, and terminated anteriorly by four short, clumsy,
and unconnected toes, each furnished with a small hoof; behind the roots of
the toes, the skin of the foot is loosely connected with the parts beneath,
and is rather pliant and usually marked with several transverse furrows.
a
DIMENSIONS.
Feet. Inches.
Feet Inches.
Length from the edge of the upper lip
Length of the ear...
03
to the tip of the tail ..... 11 4 Height of the shoulder
4 8
of the tail
1 1
Circumference of the thickest part of
of the fore legs to the breast ... 1 10
the body...
10 6
of the head
. 24
2 4.
.
The male and female, as far as colours are concerned, are nearly alike, but
in regard to size they differ materially ; the male is always considerably larger
than the female.
Previously to the establishment of the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope, Hippopo-
tami existed in abundance in all the larger rivers of South Africa; but no sooner did the
colonists direct their attention to the hunting of them, than their numbers began to diminish,
partly from the destruction which was effected by the dexterous employment of fire-arms, and
partly from many individuals having soon migrated, owing to the fear which was excited by
the newly introduced weapons. At present, scarcely one exists in any of the rivers of the
Cape colony, and even but very few in streams within a moderate distance of it. On the
Expedition arriving in latitudes too remote to be readily reached by hunters furnished with fire-
arms, every large river was found to abound in specimens, and in those the animals
appeared,
as they probably did some two hundred years ago much nearer to the southern extemity of
the continent, familiar, comparatively fearless of man, and generally prepared to survey, with
curiosity, any intrusion their haunts. To convey some idea of the numbers in which they
upon

HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.
a
his
.
were found in several of the rivers towards the tropic of Capricorn, it may suffice to state,
that in the course of an hour and a half a few members of the Expedition-party killed seven
within gun-shot of their encampment; several other individuals were in the same pool, and
might also have been killed had it been desirable. One of the survivors was observed to make
escape to an adjoining pool, and in accomplishing that, he walked with considerable rapidity
along the bottom of the river, and with his back covered with about a foot of water.
The Hippopotami feed chiefly upon grass, and for that purpose resort to situations near the
banks of rivers which are fitted to supply their food. In districts fully inhabited by man, they
generally pass the day in the water, and seek their nourishment during the night; but in locali-
ties differently circumstanced, they often pass a portion of the day as well as the night upon dry
land. In countries in which the night-time constitutes the only safe period for their leaving
the water, they are generally to be seen effecting their escape from it immediately before
dark, or are to be heard doing so soon after the day has closed, and according to the
state of the surrounding country; they then either directly commence feeding, or begin a
journey towards localities where food may exist. When, previous to nightfall, they may have
been in pools of rivers, they are generally at once enabled to commence feeding on reaching the
dry land; but when they may have passed the day in the sea, they require commonly to proceed
some distance after leaving it before they find the grass which appears congenial to their
palate. It is not every description of grass that Hippopotami seem to relish ; they often pass
over, in search of food, luxuriant green-swards, which would strongly attract many other animals
which feed upon grass. Besides having a peculiar relish for the grasses of certain situations,
they appear to have a predilection for districts supporting brushwood; and owing to the latter
peculiarity, they are often to be found wandering in localities on which but little grass exists,
when they might have it in the neighbourhood in great abundance, but without the accom-
paniment of wood. The whole of the night is probably not more than is necessary to
admit of the Hippopotamus acquiring sufficient food for its wants; but if that be otherwise, it
certainly prefers to pass what portion of the night may be unnecessary for procuring nourish-
ment upon the dry land, rather than in the water, being generally only seen to retire to the
latter upon light returning.
It is difficult to decide, whether the Hippopotamus prefers the pools of rivers, or the waters
of the ocean for its abode during the day. When an opportunity of exercising a choice exists,
some individuals embrace the one, and some the other. During a journey I some years ago
I
made to Port Natal and the country beyond it, I had numerous opportunities of observing the
footsteps, as made by these animals while entering and leaving the sea ; and on one occasion
my party had an opportunity of opposing a female accompanied by a young one, on their way
to the sea, in which attempt the party proved unsuccessful.
The excrement of the Hippopotamus, in common with that of the Elephant and the Rhino-
ceros, is voided in immense cylindrical masses; and these masses, when examined in the case of
the Hippopotamus, seem principally to consist of comminuted grass, apparently but little altered
by the process it must have undergone, and certainly in a drier condition than it could possibly
have entered the stomach.
With regard to the disposition of the Hippopotamus, that may be described as peaceable and
inoffensive. When the animal is wounded, however, or when it happens to be accompanied in its
excursions upon dry land by young ones, it manifests no trifling degree of ferocity, and instantly
gives chace if in any way interrupted in the course it may be pursuing. The one which my party

HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.
endeavoured to intercept immediately became the assailant, on discovering the object of the
party, and with open mouth rushed towards the man nearest to her; the display of her enormous
mouth, armed with formidable teeth, caused the most advanced of the hunters to retreat, and
those in the rear to pause. The flight of the hunters seemed to encourage the animal in pursuit,
and though the direction they took led her, in pursuing them, to retire from the sea, which she
had intended to enter, yet she persevered in giving chase, until one of the party who, from his
situation, had not had occasion to fly, fired a bullet into her mouth. Immediately after the wound
was inflicted, she, for an instant, stood still, and then retreated with precipitation to the sea, in
which she was afterwards shot, having, contrary to the usual custom of her kind, manifested a
disinclination to retire into deep water, a disinclination, no doubt arising from sensations expe-
rienced from the wound she had received.
The sagacity of the Hippopotamus, though it is no doubt inferior to that of the Elephant, is
nevertheless very considerable. The habits of the animal are opposed to our becoming inti-
mately acquainted with it-yet, from what has been noticed of its adroitness in guarding against
assailants, in avoiding pits dug purposely to entrap it, in conducting its young both in and out
of the water, and in migrating from localities which it may have discovered are not to be longer
held without serious danger, to others not exposed to such inconveniences,—even though to reach
those it may require to make long journeys, are all evidences that it is far from the stupid animal it
has been frequently described. Its memory may be considered tenacious, certainly superior to that
of the Rhinoceros, and possibly equal to that of the Elephant. When once a Hippopotamus has
been assailed in its watery dwelling, and injured from incautiously exposing itself, it will rarely be
guilty of the same indiscretion a second time; and though its haunts may not again be approached
by hunters till after a long period has elapsed, it will survey such approaches, and perform the
movements necessary for its respiration with a degree of caution, which clearly shows, that
it has not forgotten the misfortunes to which an opposite course had exposed it.
The European colonist, not less than the native of South Africa, hunts the Hippopotamus with
great determination and perseverance; the former trusts entirely to fire-arms for its destruction;
the latter again trusts principally to stratagem, as with his weapons alone he is unable
to kill it under common circumstances. The high estimation in which the fatty material
that lies between the skin and the muscular parts of the Hippopotamus, and which is known
in the Cape colony by the name of “ Speck,” is held, is perhaps the principal incitement
which urges the white man's perseverance, while that, as well as the parts beneath it, are
equally objects of desire with the Native. To acquire the incisors and canine teeth, which
are valuable as articles of trade, has also long rendered its capture an object desirable to
hunters. The skin of the animal is likewise an article of profit, as, when cut into stripes and
shaved into tapering cylinders of some feet in length, a ready market is found for them in
the colony, where, under the name of “ Sambucks,” they are employed as substitutes for
, “
riding-whips.


(Mammalia __Plate 7)
II YINI IN IN CI SINTIN
SWIS
SO



MANIS TEMMINCKII.--SMUTS. *
MAMMALIA.PLATE VII.
M. suprà pallide flavo-brunneus; infrà rubro-brunneus ; dorsi squamis versus apices strigâ subfla vâ
notatis ; caudâ latâ, suprà, versus basin squamarium seriebus quinque, versus apicem quatuor, caudæ
apice obtuso ;-oculis brunneis.
LONGITUDO 2 ped. 5 unc.
Colour.-Scales pale yellowish brown, the colour lightest towards their
points, many of which are marked with a longitudinal yellow streak;
parts not covered with scales dusky brownish yellow. Eyes reddish
brown; muzzle black. Nails of the fore feet a pale, dull yellow; those of
the hinder ones brownish yellow.
FORM, &c.—Thick in proportion to its length. Head, anteriorly, some-
what cylindrical; posteriorly, subquadrangular, the sides and under surface
being rather flat, the upper surface slightly convex. Eyes small, situated far
back on the head, and a little below the lower edge of the scales. Ears
rudimentary; the meatus auditorius large, and somewhat ovate. Neck very
short. Body and tail robust, and nearly semi-cylindrical; extremities,
particularly the anterior ones, slender and short; claws five; the three
middle ones of the fore-feet are thick at their bases, slender towards the
points, strongly curved, and beneath longitudinally channelled; the outermost
claw is thick and short, the innermost rather longer than the last, slender and
slightly curved; the claws of the hinder feet are short, flat, strong, and in
close contact with the soft parts, beyond which their points do not project.
The scales covering the upper surface of the head are oval and distinctly
imbricated; those composing the marginal row, on each side of the tail, are
long, divergent, and form a considerable angle with the axis of the animal, in
consequence of which arrangement the sides of the tail appear strongly
serrated. All the scales are finely marked towards their bases by delicate
longitudinal furrows and intervening ridges ; but towards the points they are
level and smooth On the thickest part of the body the scales are commonly
in fourteen rows; on the upper surface of the tail they are, including
the marginal rows, five towards the base, and four towards and at the
point. The scales covering the under surface of the tail, particularly towards
its extremity, are large, and disposed in two rows; towards the base there
* Dissertatio Zoologica enumerationem mammalium Capensium continens auctore Johanne Smuts,
Leidæ, 1832.

MANIS TEMMINCKII.
are three. So far as the five rows exist, the central row appears a regular
continuation of the central row of the back ; but when the change to four
takes place, the continuity is broken.
DIMENSIONS.
Ft. Inch. Lin.
Ft. Inch. Lin.
3
6
the eye
2
0
Length from the tip of the nose
Breadth of the under surface of
to the point of the tail... 25 0
the tail at the base.....
0 5 3
of the tail
1 0 6
Distance between the nose and
of the head
0 1 7
of the fore legs...
0
3
Distance between the eye and
of the hinder legs...... 0 3 6
the ear
0 0 10
Height at the shoulder
6 6
Manis Temminckii is readily to be distinguished from any of the other
species of the genus yet described, simply from the central row of scales upon
the upper surface of the tail terminating some way behind its point. From
Manis pentadactyla, Lin., the species to which it bears most similarity, it is
moreover to be distinguished by all its scales being proportionally larger, and
by those on the head being shaped and disposed differently. The greater
breadth of the tail, and the more divergent character of its marginal plates,
also afford marked characters by which the species is easily to be recognised
from Manis pentadactyla.
Only one solitary specimen of this species was obtained by the expedition before reaching
26° south latitude, and but two more between that parallel and the tropic of Capricorn, though
others were known to have been captured in the latter tract while the travellers were actually
traversing it. It is very questionable if the animal be so rare in nature as the result of our expe-
rience might incline us to believe. Its extreme scarcity probably arises from its having long been
zealously sought after by the natives, who cherish a belief that it either has some influence upon
cattle, or at least that certain observances in respect to it have an effect upon them. Whenever
a specimen, therefore, is secured, it is immediately burned in some cattle pen, which, according
to the opinion of the sacrificer, tends to increase the health and fertility of all cattle who may
afterwards enter the fold. Not many years ago a specimen was captured in the northern part
of the Cape colony, which circumstance renders it probable that the species was at one time
scattered over the whole of South Africa, and that its almost total disappearance from the more
southern districts has arisen from causes such as are now operating to effect a similar result
in the interior.
When discovered, Manis Temminckii never attempts to escape, but instantly rolls itself up
into a globular form, taking special care of its head, which is the only part that is easily
injured. Ants constitute its chief and favourite food, and these it secures by extending its
projectile tongue into holes which may exist in the habitations of these insects or which it may
itself form; and when, by means of the glutinous matter with which its tongue is covered, a
full load has been received, a sudden contraction of the retractor muscles carries both into its
mouth, after which the little animals are immediately swallowed.


ARVO
UNIE
GALAGO MOHOLI
(Mammalia. Plate 8.)
OF
ich



GALAGO MOHOLI.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.--PLATE VIII.
-
G. suprà murinus infrà albus ; artibus externè flavo-tinctis; strigâ inter frontem et nasum, labiis, capitis
lateribus infrà et post oculos albis; caudâ rufo-brunneâ; auribus carneis ; oculis aurantiis.
LONGITUDO e naso ad caudæ apicem 16 unc.
GALAGO MOHOLI, Rep. of Exped. App. page 42, June, 1836.
COLOUR.—The upper parts of the head and neck, the back, the sides of
the body, and the outer and hinder surfaces of extremities intermediate
between pearl and yellowish-grey; the back is finely brindled from the dark
colour of the basal portion of the fur being here and there seen through the
surface tints ; the extremities are of a lighter hue than the other parts enu-
merated, and their outer and hinder surfaces are distinctly tinted with yellow;
the middle of the face, the lips, the sides of the head, below and behind the
eyes, the chin, throat, abdomen, and the upper surface of the fingers white;
inner surfaces of extremities white tinged with yellow. Tail glossy, the
colour intermediate between yellowish-brown and cochineal red,—the fur
is, throughout, of the same colour, that of the other parts is a dark
slate colour except at and near its surface. Ears flesh-coloured, and
the down which is very sparingly scattered over their outer surface is pure
white. Eyes deep topaz yellow; the palms of hands and under surface
of the fingers are of a flesh-colour tinged with brown.
FORM, &c. -Figure slender and elegant. Head broad, subglobular, and
anteriorly terminated by a short, high and almost pointed nose. Teeth 18
in each jaw, viz. incisors %, canines 1=1, false molars i=í, true molars 5. Ears
large, bare, and patulous, their tips rather narrow and slightly rounded ;
the outer margin of each ear has two faint emarginations and the internal or
anterior surface of each is distinctly marked with four or more transverse
furrows, between which are corresponding transverse ridges; the eyeballs and
the pupils large; anterior extremities short and slender ; posterior ones long,
rather robust, and each is terminated by four fingers and an opposable
thumb, the tips of which are dilated and depressed, the nail of the fore-
finger of each of the hinder extremities is narrow, convex, considerably
elongated beyond the soft parts, and obtusely pointed; all the other nails
both of the anterior and posterior extremities small, thin, flat, roundish or
ovate in form, and not extended to the points of the fingers. Tail cylindrical,

GALAGO MOHOLI.
slender towards the base, much thicker towards and at the tip, which arises
from the fur being longer on these parts. On the head, body, and extremi-
ties, the covering consists of a very fine, short, woolly fur; on the tail, and
the
upper surface of the fingers, rather harsher. Palms of the hands and
under surface of the fingers naked.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
09
0 5}
6 4
1
1
Inches. Lines.
Length from the nose to the point of
the tail
16 0
of the tail
8 0
of the head
1 6
of the ears
1 4
Breadth of the ears
1 11
Length of the anterior extremities 26
of the thumb
3
of the fore finger
6
of the middle finger
81
Length of the third finger
of the little finger
of the hinder extremities
of the tarsus
of the thumb
of the fore finger
of the middle finger
of the third finger
of the little finger
5
6
8
8
7
The male and female are of the same size, and the prevailing colours are
alike in both; the yellow tint is rather strongest in the male.
As no correct figures of the internal parts of any of the species of Galago
have yet been published, and as none of the species of that genus are to be
readily procured, and consequently the opportunities of becoming acquainted
with their anatomical characters must rarely occur, I have thought it advisable
I
to avail myself of the materials which I possess, and furnish representations
of the more important and interesting organs of Galago Moholi. These
organs are represented in Plate 8 (bis.), and are -
Fig. 1. A front view of the skull, of its natural size.
Fig. 2. A back view of the skull, of its natural size.
Fig. 3. A lateral view of the skull, of its natural size.
Fig. 4. A front view of the anterior portion of the upper jaw, of its natural size.
Fig. 5. A lateral view of the lower jaw, of its natural size.
Fig. 6. The under or basal aspect of the skull, of double the natural size. The incisor teeth
are disposed in pairs ; each tooth is linear, convex in front, grooved behind towards the point,
and the apex is compressed transversely and formed for cutting. The canines are slightly curved,
the convexity directed forward, and each tooth is provided with a heel or obtuse denticulus
behind, near to the alveolus. The first, or false molar, is longitudinally compressed, and its apex
tridentate, the anterior and posterior denticuli very small; the true molars are crowned with
several distinct points which are separated from each other by deep depressions, and these points
are disposed, when all the teeth of the side are in situ, in two longitudinal rows, the one row upon
the outer, and the other upon the inner, edge of the dental phalanx : the latter row is slightly



4
7
6.
C
to
a
2
10
9
8
a
C
12
C
d
a
a
a
d.
13
d
C
..
9
d
17
h
b
16
15
14
UNIO
OF
GALAGO MOHOLI.
Mammalia _Plate 8. (bis)
MO


GALAGO MOHOLI.
3
-
C
waved, owing to the points of each tooth being disposed rather obliquely. The first and fifth
are tricuspidate, two points on the outer, and one on the inner edge; the second, third, and
fourth quinquecuspidate, two points on the outer, and three on the inner edge; the anterior
point of the inner series of each tooth very small.
Fig. 7. The lower jaw of double its natural size. The incisors nearly horizontal, the four
middle ones very slender, laterally compressed and disposed in pairs, the lateral ones much
stronger, and each slightly removed from the centre-series; the canines are slightly curved, the
convexity directed forward, the false molar is nearly of the same form as the canines, only
shorter, and with a heel or obtuse denticulus behind near the alveolus; the first, second, and third
true molars, quadricuspidate, two points on the outer and two on the inner edge; the fourth, quin-
quecuspidate, two points on the outer and two on the inner edge; the fifth directly behind.
Fig. 8. The trachea, and thoracic viscera,--a the heart, in situ ; b the right lung, consisting
of three lobes; c the left lung, consisting of two lobes.
Fig. 9. The stomach :-a the æsophagus, b the duodenum, c the biliary duct.
Fig. 10. The cæcum :-It is slight, sacculated on one side, and about seven inches in length:
a the termination of the small intestines ; b the commencement of the large intestines : the total
length of the former is 14į, and of the latter 15 inches.
Fig. 11. The spleen.
Fig. 12. A view of the anterior or convex surface of the liver. This viscus consists of three
lobes; the right lobe, a, is entire, the middle one, b, is divided into three, and the left, c, into
four lobules-one of the latter set is bicornate.
Fig. 13. The posterior or concave surface of the liver :-a the gall bladder ; b the gall duct.
Fig. 14. The penis. It is pendent from the pubis, and supplied with an os penis; a the
prepuce ; b the glans, covered with a delicate smooth skin; c the orifice of the urethra ; d the
body of the penis, which is depressed, spatuliform, and with the skin forming irregular longi-
tudinal
ruga,
each of which is beset with slender, retroverted, horny spines.
Fig. 15. The testis ; the epididymis and vas deferens distinctly shewn, the latter proceeding
from the inferior lobule of the former.
Fig. 16. The urinary and genital organs:-a the bicornute uterus, as it appears in the gravid
state ; b b the ligamenta lata ; cc the ovaria—thin, and of a circular form; d d the Fallopian
tubes ; ee the kidneys; ff the ureters; g the bladder; h the urethra; i the vagina.
Fig. 17. The uterus laid open, and the fætus and membranes of the right side exposed :-
a the inner surface of the uterus, covered with delicate spongy points or villi ; b the fætal mem-
branes; c the isthmus, by which the membranes of the one fætus is connected with those of the
other; d a portion of the outer surface of the chorion. This membrane is covered externally
with minute spongy points, similar to those which exist upon the inner surface of the uterus,
and among these points occur a number of somewhat circular bodies like rudimentary
cotyledons. Several of the latter, particularly those which exist upon the isthmus c, are
distinctly cup-shaped ; e the amnion, through which, near to the umbilical cord, are seen the
rudimentary cotyledons; f the umbilical cord attached to the inferior and posterior part of the
membranes ; g the fætus.
In June 1836, when I first published at the Cape of Good Hope, a description of this little
animal, my principal reason for regarding it as distinct from Galago Senegalensis, was, all the
с

GALAGO MOHOLI.
specimens we possessed (nine) had four incisors in the upper jaw, while all the descriptions I had an
opportunity of consulting gave to the Senegal species only two. Should G. Moholi eventually
prove distinct from the latter, there is reason to believe that it occurs in Western as well as
Southern Africa, at least there is a specimen from the Gambia, in the museum of the Zoologica
Society of London, which, as far as size and external appearances are concerned, so closely
resembles ours, that it is difficult to distinguish the one from the other: the upper jaw
of the specimen in question, unfortunately, is slightly damaged, and only one incisor
remains. But admitting that the Zoological Society's specimen and ours are of one species,
that species, in my opinion, is not the true Galago Senegalensis :-a conclusion to which I
have been led by the recent observations of my friend Mr. Waterhouse, while in Paris. He
found in the museum of the Jardin des Plantes, two specimens ticketed Galago Senegalensis ;
the one is certainly of the same species as that in the Zoological Society's Museum, and
measures to the base of the tail eight inches and a half; the other differs from it not only in
size, but also in colouring. According to Mr. Waterhouse's notes the latter is seven inches long;
the upper parts are greyish-yellow; the sides yellow with a brownish tinge, and the under parts
yellow; the hands are a dirty yellow-white; a line between the eyes and the muzzle yellowish;
the tail is pale rusty yellow, the fur of the belly, both at base and apex is of the same colour;
the ears are apparently larger than those of the other specimen, and the fingers longer.” Now,
as only one specimen appears to have existed in the museum at the time the G. Senegalensis was
described by Daubenton, and as his description nearly corresponds with that of the second
individual examined by Mr. Waterhouse, –and whose colouring is given from his notes,-
I think we can have no hesitation in agreeing with him, that the above is the animal which
Daubenton intends to describe when he says—“ length seven inches; the hairs tolerably long
and woolly; the lips and top of the nose is yellow-white; this colour extends between the
eyes and the forehead. The back is yellowish-brown; this colour becomes paler on the flanks,
the
arms, and the thighs, and is yellow-white on the fore-arms, the legs, the belly, and the
chest.” If so, the second specimen mentioned in the Paris collection, is the true Galago Senega-
lensis; and ours, as well as the specimen in the Zoological Society's Museum, and the other
which is in the Jardin des Plantes, is distinct; and consequently Galago Moholi, and is
readily to be distinguished from G. Senegalensis, by having the fur of the belly of two
colours - white towards the surface, and a dark slate colour towards the base.
The first specimens we observed were upon trees close to the Limpopo river, in about lati-
tude 25° south, and from that parallel we continued to observe others as far as we travelled.
During their movements, they evince great activity; they spring from branch to branch, and
even from tree to tree, with extraordinary facility, and always seize with one of their fore feet the
branch upon which they intend to rest. In their manners they manifest considerable resemblance
to monkeys, particularly in their propensity to the practice of ridiculous grimaces, gesticulations,
&c. According to the Natives, G. Moholi is a nocturnal animal, and is rarely to be seen during
the day. The latter it spends in the nests which it forms for itself in the forks of branches,
or in the cavities of decayed trees; and in these nests the females also produce and rear their
young, which are generally two at a birth. Its food consists principally of pulpy fruits, though
there is reason to believe it also consumes insects, as the remains of the latter were discovered
in the stomachs of several individuals we examined.

+

G. I Forn.
CHRYSOCHLORIS VILLOSA
(Mammalia. __Plate 9)
OF
Spic



CHRYSOCHLORIS VILLOSA.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE IX.
C. supra lucidè flavo-brunnea ; corporis lateribus, partibus inferioribusque griseo-brunneis; labiis, mento
strigâque ex angulo oris porrectâ albis; unguibus flavo-albis; vellere villoso.
LONGITUDO 5 unc.
CHRYSOCHLORIS VILLOSA, Smith, South African Quarterly Journal, New Series, Vol. I. page 81, 1833.
-
Colour.—Above shining yellowish brown, faintly brindled with a dark
brown, each hair is slate-coloured towards and at the base, yellowish brown
in the middle, and brown at the point; sides of body and belly greyish
brown. Upper and lower lips, chin, and a well marked oblique stripe
between the angle of the mouth and the sides of the neck yellowish white,
the latter in particular slightly pencilled with brown; upper surface of
snout flesh-coloured ; nails yellowish white.
FORM.-Typical; muzzle rather elongated, semicircular at the apex, flat-
tened above, and for some distance behind the point is denuded of fur,-the
bare space is nearly semicircular. Body rather massive; fur long and rigid-
its length great when compared with that of the other South African species
of the genus. The outermost claw of the fore foot strong and considerably
curved, the second smaller, the third delicate and short; all the claws of the
hinder feet long, slender, and but slightly curved. No eyes visible.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the nose to
the angle of the mouth...... 0 6
Length of the hinder legs......
0 6
0
6
Length of the outer claw of the fore
foot
Total length of the animal
Height
5 0
2 3
a
The genus Chrysochloris, as far as we yet know, is purely an African form; and until the
discovery of the present animal it contained only two species. When Chrysochloris villosa
became known it formed a third species, and latterly a fourth has been described by Mr. Ogilby,
under the name of Ch. Damarensis ;* all four are natives of South Africa. The two species
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1838, page 5.
%

CHRYSOCHLORIS VILLOSA.
first discovered, and the one lately added by Mr. Ogilby, resemble each other as regards the
characters of their fur, and it requires some attention to the individual characters of each
species, to enable the naturalist to distinguish them from each other. Chrysochloris villosa,
however, is so very unlike the other three, that no labour is required to discover its differences.
Chrysochloris aurata and Ch. Hottentota differ materially from each other as regards their
habits, and they form their burrows after a different manner. Of the habits of the present
species we know nothing. It was discovered near Port Natal, and at that time it was wandering
apparently at random upon some meadow ground, which was covered with long grass. In its
stomach were found the remains of insects and their larvæ. The species described by Mr.
Ogilby was obtained on the west coast of South Africa, some four or five hundred miles north
of Cape Town, and bears a considerable resemblance to Chrysochloris aurata.
The following are the species at present known.
Chrysochloris aurata. Desm.
Chrysochloris Hottentota. Smith.
Chrysochloris villosa. Smith.
Chrysochloris Damurensis. Ogilby.


a
సా
MACROSCELIDES TYPICUS.
(Mammalia_Plate 10.)
UNIL
OF
Rich



MACROSCELIDES TYPICUS.-Smith.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE X.
M. capite, dorso, lateribusque pallidè flavo-brunneis, dorso parcè brunneo-rubro penicillato; subtus albus
flavo-tinctus; auribus latis, rotundatis, antice pilis albis vestitis ; lineâ rubro-brunneâ suprà basin
proboscidis, versus frontem prolongatâ.
LONGITUDO corporis 5 unc.; caudæ 41 unc.
MACROSCELIDES TYPICUS, Smith, Zoological Journal, Vol. IV., 1829.*
ܪ
Colour.—The prevailing surface-colour of the fur of the head, back and
sides is intermediate between light yellowish brown and wood-brown; the
colour of the back being slightly broken by an intermixture of some reddish
brown hairs. The under parts are white with here and there a faint tinge of
yellow; the legs are rusty white ; the toes clear white ; the upper surface of
the tail is greyish brown, the lower surface yellowish brown except towards
the tip, where both the one and the other are reddish black; the fur coating
the inner surface of the ears and a pencil of long hairs in front of meatus
auditorius pure white, the fur on the outer or hinder surface is of the same
colour as the back ; proboscis rusty brown, with a more or less distinct reddish
brown stripe above at its base, which occasionally extends along the middle
of the face towards the forehead. Immediately below the surface the fur is
a dark slate colour, and the surface-tints are modified according to the dis-
tinctness with which that tint is seen. The latter also
The latter also vary with age and
season, &c. ; thus in some specimens we find the prevailing colour to be
mouse-grey.
Form, &c. -Figure squat; head behind eyes broad and bulky, before eyes
slender, subcylindrical and terminated by a delicate cylindrical and flexible
snout or proboscis, the diameter of which is nearly everywhere equal; nostrils
small, circular, situated at the point of the proboscis and separated from each
other by a narrow vertical groove; eyes large and prominent, nearly mid-way
between the base of proboscis and ears. Ears rather short, broad and
patulous, the circumference almost semicircular ; with a faint rudimentary
emargination below the most prominent point of the semicircle ; a tuft of long
hair immediately in front of meatus auditorius. Anterior extremities rather
-
* Professor Lichtenstein has invented a new title for this genus; but as that was proposed long after
mine was generally adopted throughout Europe, his of course cannot be admitted. Surely such a mode
of proceeding ought to be discountenanced in every country.

MACROSCELIDES TYPICUS.
short ; posterior extremities long and the tarsi bare beneath. Toes short and
all nearly of the same length, the inner toe of the hinder extremities consi-
derably removed from the others ; nails short, slender and strongly curved.
Tail cylindrical, slightly tapered, and closely covered with short rigid
hairs. Fur long, soft and silky, very dense, and but slightly recum-
bent. For the form of the skull, and the characters of the teeth and of
some of the viscera, vide Plate XV. 1a, 1b, 1c, 1 d, le, 1f, 1g, 1 h,
1
, ,
and li.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the point of the proboscis
Length of the hinder legs
3 3
to the extremity of the tail 9 6
of the tarsus
0 101
of the head including the pro-
of the toes....
0 21
boscis ...
2 2
Distance between the base of the
of the proboscis .
0 6
proboscis and the eye... 0
6?
of the tail ......
4 6
between the eye and the
of the ears
0
8
base of the ear....
0 7
of the fore legs
1 4
Height when standing on all the feet 2 8
The colours of both sexes are nearly alike.
The shape, breadth and shortness of the ears, together with the comparatively dense coating
of fur by which both their inner and outer surfaces are covered, enable us readily to distinguish
this species from any of the others which have yet been discovered in Southern Africa. It is
found inhabiting open, arid plains, particularly such as bear a thin coating of brushwood. It
lives in burrows under ground, the passage to which is usually for some distance below the
surface, almost perpendicular; it vacates these during a great portion of the day, and is
employed either in seeking its food or basking in the solar rays.
To the latter it is very
partial, and for the purpose of insuring the greatest quantum of heat, it usually sits erect upon
its hinder legs, and facing the direction from which the heat proceeds. When disturbed
while occupied in either of the ways mentioned, it flies immediately to its subterranean
retreat, and its progress is effected with such rapidity, that it is impossible to discover
anything either of the form or the real nature of the animal as it advances. On this account
I was familiar with the general appearance it presents on such occasions long before I had
any idea of its real character. It feeds
insects.
The discovery of this little animal in 1828, rendered the institution of a new groupe of
Insectivora necessary. When its characters were indicated in 1829, M. typicus was only
known; at present the number of described species are seven, six of which belong to Southern
Africa and one to Algiers.
upon


MACROSCELIDES RUPESTRIS
(Mammalia _ Platell.)
OF
TCH



MACROSCELIDES RUPESTRIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.----PLATE II.
6
M. capite, dorso, lateribusque pallidè fulvus, nigro-penicillatis ; infrà albus, ochreo-tinctus ; caudâ flavo-
brunneâ, nigro-penicillatâ ; cruribus fulvo-albis ; labio superiore, circuloque oculario albis ; nuchâ,
maculâque post aures vividè fulvis; proboscide fulvo-albo, suprà lineâ longitudinale nigrâ versus
basin ; oculis subnigris.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite, 6 unc.; caudæ 41 ad 5 unc.
MACROSCELIDES RUPESTRIS, Smith. --Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1830; p. 11.
Colour.--The surface-colour of the upper and lateral parts of the head
and of the back and sides of the body intermediate between wood-brown and
sienna-yellow,—the tint darkest on the head, brightest on the back, and
palest on the sides, and on all, more or less distinctly brindled or broken by
the presence of fine black hairs, which are freely intermixed with the fur. The
upper lip, a ring round the eyes, the lower part of the sides and the whole of
the under parts of the body white, faintly tinted with ochry yellow. Legs and
feet tawny white. Tail yellowish brown, darkest above, and pencilled with
black, particularly towards the point. The pape of the neck and the fur
immediately behind the base of the ears bright rufous-yellow; the fur
coating the inner surface of the ears, and the long tuft which guards the
meatus auditorius white; on the outer surface it is partly yellowish brown and
partly dusky white. Proboscis rusty white, with a longitudinal black-brown
stripe above towards the base; whiskers black, some of the bristles white at
the base; eyes almost black; nails a dark horn-colour.
FORM, &c.-Figure rather robust, yet better proportioned than that of M.
Typicus. Head behind the eyes broad and flat; proboscis considerably
thicker at its base than at its apex ; eyes large and situated nearer to the
ears than to the base of the proboscis; ears erect, rather long and of a some-
what oval shape, their inner surface tolerably coated with short fur, their outer
surface almost bare. Tail cylindrical, much thicker at the base than the
apex, and closely covered with coarse hair which, except at the apex, is very
short; inner toe of hinder extremities but little removed from the other toes.

MACROSCELIDES RUPESTRIS.
Fur long, soft, silky, and more recumbent than that of M. Typicus. For the
form of the skull and the characters of the teeth, vide Plate XV. 2 a, 2 b,
and 2 c.
DIMENSIONS.
6
2
0
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the proboscis
Length of the tarsus
1 11
to the point of the tail...... 10
of the toes ....
0 3
of the head....
Distance between the base of the
of the proboscis
0 61
proboscis and the
eyes....... 09
of the ears..
0 92
between the eye and the ear. 0 5
of the fore-legs...
1
Height when standing.....
2 9
of the hind-legs.
36
The colours of both sexes are nearly alike.
6
The shape of the ears, the position of the eyes in relation to the proboscis and ears, the white
ring encircling the eyes, the rufous spot behind the base of each ear, the figure of the proboscis,
the more recumbent direction of the fur, and the greater size of the animal, are external characters
by which this species is readily distinguished from Macroscelides Typicus. Like the last named
species, the
of M. Rupestris is rather extensive: both animals are scattered over a great
portion of the more southern parts of South Africa. The positions it selects for its habitats are
very different to those chosen by M. Typicus : it is invariably found among rocks, and it seeks
its hiding-place either in the caverns of these, or under detached blocks of stone. Insects consti-
tute its food, and during most of the day it wanders in search of them over the rugged surfaces
which characterise the localities it inhabits, and when so occupied, the slightest cause of alarm
drives it instantly to a place of concealment; to attain which, it moves with that extraordinary
rapidity which we have mentioned when speaking of M. Typicus. When uninfluenced by fear,
this as well as the other species appear to walk regularly, but when frightened they seem to
advance by successive leaps.
range


Aten
.
24 saate
04
MACROSCELIDES IN TUFI.
(Mammalia Plate12.)
UNIL
MICH



MACROSCELIDES INTUFI.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—Plate XII.
M. capite, dorso, lateribusque pallidè subochreis, nigro parce penicillatis; subtus albus, flavo-umbratus ;
caudâ ochreâ, brunneo penicillatâ; cruribus fulvo-albis ; oculis subnigris.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 5. unc. ; caudæ 4 unc.
MACROSCELIDES INTUFI.-Rep. of Exped. App. June, 1836.
-
a
Colour.—The surface-colour of the upper and lateral parts of the head and
of the back, and the sides of the body, is intermediate between sienna and
cream-yellow, the tint being slightly broken by the presence of a number of
black hairs which are intermixed with the fur; the upper lip, ring round the
eye, and all the under parts white, with here and there a faint yellowish tint;
legs pale rusty white. Tail as if pencilled sienna-yellow and dark-brown.
The fur on the anterior surface of the ears, and the tuft in front of the meatus
auditorius white, the down coating the outer surface of the ears sienna-yellow;
proboscis rusty white ; eyes almost black ; whiskers black, a few of the bristles
whitish towards base; the nails a dark horn colour. On the upper and lateral
parts of the head and body the fur below the surface is a dull slate colour, and
the same tint is just discernible, close to the skin, upon such parts as are
described to be white at the surface.
Form, &c.—Figure rather slender ; proboscis robust, and considerably
thicker at the base than the apex ; eyes large and situated much nearer to the
ears than to the base of the proboscis; ears erect, long, broad at their base,
but much narrower towards the tips, which are rounded, each has a consi-
derable emargination in its outer or hinder margin about the middle; their
inner surfaces towards the outer margins are coated with short fur, elsewhere
nearly bare; their outer surfaces have a very thin sprinkling of short fur.
Tail rather slender, slightly thicker at the base than the apex, and closely
covered with short rigid hairs ; inner toe of hinder extremities but little
removed from the other toes. Fur rather short, slightly harsh, and rather
a

MACROSCELIDES INTUFI.
strongly recumbent. For the form of the skull and the characters of the
teeth, vide Plate XV. 3 a, 3 b, and 3 c.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the proboscis
to the point of the tail 90
of the head
2 0
of the proboscis
0 5
of the ears
0 9
of the fore-legs
1 3
of the hind legs
3 0
Inches. Lines.
Length of the tarsus
1 0
of the toes
0 2}
Distance between the base of the
proboscis and the eye .
9
between the eye and the ear.. 0 4}
Height when standing
4
0
2
Nothing is known of the male.
The comparatively slender figure of this species and the peculiar colour of the back
and sides, are characters by which it is readily to be distinguished from any of the others
which have yet been discovered in South Africa. To M. Rupestris it makes the nearest
approach, but it differs from that species not only in regard to colour and figure; but also in
having that portion of the head situated behind the eyes much narrower, and its proboscis,
particularly towards the base, thicker. For further differences vide Plate XV. and expla-
nations.
Of the habits of this species we know nothing. Only one specimen, which was obtained
upon the banks of a river near to the Tropic of Capricorn, has come under our observation.
The stomach contained comminuted insects.


NACROSCELIDES BRACHYRHYNCHUS
(Mammalia_Plate 13.)
UNIL
OF
M



MACROSCELIDES BRACHYRYNCHUS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XIII.
M. capite supra dorsoque inter rubro-aurantium et flavo-brunneum, nigro penicillatis ; capitis, corporisque
lateribus pallidè flavo-brunneis, brunneo-penicillatis; labio superiore, oculi circulo, corporisque parti-
bus inferioribus albis; proboscide fulvo-albâ, base lineâ nigro-brunneâ traversâ; oculis subnigris.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite, 41 unc.; caudæ, 31 unc.
MACROSCELIDES BRACHYRYNCHUS, Report of Exped. App. June, 1836.
-
Colour.—The surface-colour of the upper parts of the head and back is
intermediate between reddish orange and yellowish brown, but broken or
obscured by a profuse intermixture of blackish brown hairs, which exist
among the fur; sides of head and body pale buff orange slightly pencilled with
brown. Upper lip, ring round the eyes, and all the under parts white. Tail,
above, deep brown pencilled with ochre-yellow, below, ochre-yellow pencilled
with brown; legs rusty white; fur of ears and tuft in front of meatus auditorius
yellowish white; whiskers partly black and partly ochrey yellow; proboscis
rusty white and crossed at its base, above, by a blackish brown bar; eyes
nearly black; nails black. The fur on all parts of the body, towards the
skin, is a deep slate colour.
Form, &c.—Figure rather squat; head rather slender ; proboscis short
and slightly thicker at base than apex ; eyes large and prominent, rather
nearer to the ears than to the snout; ears erect, long, and oval, their tips
rounded; their inner surfaces with a thin sprinkling of fur towards the outer
margins, elsewhere bare, their outer surfaces almost entirely destitute of
covering. Tail cylindrical and fully coated with short rigid hair, that at
apex rather longest; legs slender; inner toe of hinder extremities consider-
ably removed from the other toes; nails slender and much curved. Fur long,
a

MACROSCELIDES BRACHYRYNCHUS.
rather rigid and strongly recumbent. For form of skull and characters of
teeth, vide Plate XV. 4 a, 4 b, and 4 c.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the proboscis
Length of the hind-legs....
2 8
to the point of the tail...... 8 0
of the tarsus..
0 10
of the head
1 8
of the toes...
0 2
of the proboscis
0 3 Distance between the proboscis and the
of the tail ......
3 6
eye......
0 8
of the ears
0 7
between the eye and the ear. 0 4.
of the fore-legs..
1 2 Height when standing
1 10
As regards colour, both sexes are nearly alike.
not
The present is the smallest species of the genus which has yet been found in South Africa,
and by its inferiority of size it is readily to be distinguished from the species already described ;
the shortness of its proboscis also furnishes a good diagnostic character; and should more be
required, they are to be found in the form of its ears, texture of its fur, &c. Its range does
appear to extend much to the southward of the Tropic of Capricorn; at least, we did not
find many specimens much to the south of that parallel. Like M. Typicus, it appeared to
inhabit open plains, and as no specimens of the species just named were found in the latitudes
where M. brachyrynchus occurred, we may perhaps with propriety regard it as holding the
place on the more northerly plains which M. Typicus holds on those more to the southward.
No opportunity occurred of discovering the nature of the positions in which this species secretes
itself when alarmed or enjoying repose; but judging from the nature of the localities in which
the animal was generally discovered, we little doubt that they consisted of subterranean burrows,
similar to those inhabited by the species we have just surmised it may probably represent in
the more northern latitudes. It feeds upon insects.


MACROSCELIDES EDWARDII.
( Mammalia __Plate 14.)
SNIL
OF
MICH



MACROSCELIDES EDWARDII.--SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—Plate XIV. (MALE.)
M. capite suprà dorsoque pallidè flavo-brunneis, nigro-brunneo effusè penicillatis ; capitis corporisque
lateribus cinereis ; infrà sordido-albus ; cruribus fulvo-albis; caudâ flavo-brunneâ nigro penicillatâ ;
annulo oculos cingente labiisque albis; maculâ ad basin aurium extùs fulva.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 6 unc.; caudæ 5 unc.
COLOUR.—The surface-colour of the centre of the face, the forehead and
the back light yellowish brown, profusely pencilled with blackish brown; the
lateral parts of the head and the sides of the body, below a line carried back-
wards from the base of the ears, ashy grey tinted with pale tawny; the lips,
chin, ring round the eyes, and the under parts of the body white; legs tawny
white; tail yellowish brown freely pencilled with black. The fur which
exists upon
the ears, together with the pencil of long hairs destined to protect
the meatus auditorius pale rusty white; the base of each ear externally is
margined by a bright rufous blotch, which colour also tinges, though less
deeply, the back part of the neck; whiskers black; proboscis black above
and white on the sides; eyes nearly black.
Form, &c.-Figure moderately robust; size intermediate between that of
M. rupestris and M. intufi. Proboscis long, slender, and rather thicker at
the base than the apex; eyes large, prominent, and much nearer to the ears
than to the proboscis. Ears erect, long, narrower than in the other South
African species, of a somewhat oval form, and rounded at the points, the
outer margin of each distinctly emarginate a little below the apex; hinder
toes of hinder extremities considerably removed from the other toes. Tail
very long, cylindrical, and densely covered with short, rigid hairs, which
increase in length towards its tip, where they form a thin rigid and divergent
a

MACROSCELIDES EDWARDII.
brush. Fur, long, soft, silky, and strongly recumbent, particularly on the
head, back, and sides.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the proboscis
Length of the hind legs
2
to the point of the tail 10 8
of the tarsus
1 1
of the head
2 2
of the toes..
0 13
of the proboscis
0 5 Distance between the proboscis and the
of the tail
5 3
eyes ...
0 111
of the ears....
011
between the eyes and the ears 0 51
of the fore-legs.....
2 0 Height when standing ...
2 4
سانہ ماح
coor NOD
Nothing is known of the female.
For the specimen which has enabled us to figure and describe this new species, the Cape
Association is indebted to the liberality of the Messieurs Verreaux, of Cape Town, all zealous
and useful members of the Association. It was killed by M. Edward Verreaux, after whom
we have named it, in one of the central districts of the colony, near to the Oliphant's river,
and in a locality bearing little or no vegetation, except a few dwarf shrubs. In the stomach
were contained comminuted insects. The ears are narrower in proportion to their length than
those of any of the other South African species; and the difference between the colours of the
back and sides is so palpable, and the boundaries of the colours so well defined, that by
these characters alone the species is readily to be distinguished.


4.0.
2 a
1.0
mapaja **))
fara sayo
21
4. V
37
heroidery
4.0
3.0
2.6
16
기
​1.e
1. d
1.9
1h
GhlL
GENUS MACROSCELIDES.
(Mammalia Plate 15).
OF



GENUS-MACROSCELIDES.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XV.
On the plates intended to represent the various species of Macroscelides
having been completed, and the artist prepared to proceed with the plate of
anatomical illustrations, it was discovered that the preparations, which had
been collected to furnish the figures, had either been mislaid or by accident
left at the Cape of Good Hope. It became therefore necessary either to
abandon our original intention, or adopt the only other course open to us,
and furnish representations of such mutilated specimens as we might still be
able to command. Those we found to be very imperfect, yet they neverthe-
less appeared calculated to afford considerable assistance towards illustrating
the diagnostic characters, and therefore of sufficient importance to warrant
us in figuring them.
The skulls we possess are so imperfect, and the sutures so indistinct, that it has not been
found practicable on the present occasion to indicate the forms of their individual bones.
Something like the remains of a longitudinal suture is to be seen towards the middle of the
frontal bone of M. typicus, and an indication of a like division is also to be noticed
in the parietal bones. The division between the parietal and temporal bones is scarcely
if at all indicated. The latter bones exhibit a peculiarity of structure, or at least the structure
in question is developed to a degree which I do not recollect to have noticed in any other
animals. The two tables of these bones throughout their whole extent recede greatly from
each other, and both in the squamous and petrous portions, form large caverns, which,
taken together, are not inferior in size to the cavity of the skull. It is the great convexity
of the outer plate of the squamous portion which produces the lateral projections which
exist above the auditory openings, and which are most strongly developed in M. typicus,
and are well shewn in its skull, figure 1 a. A similar kind of structure also appears to exist in
a portion of the sphenoidal bones. The cavities, of each side, formed by this arrangement of
the plates, communicate freely with each other, but of their contents in the living animal we
cannot speak, owing to the loss already mentioned. The nasal bones are long, linear, and
apparently divided by a longitudinal suture. The nasal processes of the maxillary bones form
towards the orbits almost the whole of the sides of the face, while, anteriorly, the face
consists entirely of the intermaxillary bones which lodge six of the front teeth. The orbits
are large, and not separated from the temporal fossæ ; the zigoma is nearly straight, and
vertically is of considerable width ; it appears to consist of a malar bone lying between the
malar process of the maxillary and the zigomatic process of the temporal bones. The lower
jaw is nearly of the same length as the upper ; its horizontal rami are rather slender, slightly
tapered anteriorly, and at their points are firmly connected by synchondrosis ; the ascending
rami thin, and each furnished with a projecting and convex articular condyle and two coronoid
processes ; the anterior process is in the same line as the condyle, and separated from it by a
deep emargination ; the posterior one extends from the angle of the jaw, is slightly curved
upwards and terminates in a point.

GENUS-MACROSCELIDES.
The corresponding teeth in all the South African species agree in very many points, and thus
the general resemblance may be said to be very strong. Minute examinations, however,
divulge many well-marked differences which are more easily perceived than described. Each
jaw contains twenty teeth, ten on each side. In the upper jaw, the series of one side is
separated from that of the other at the anterior point of the intermaxillary bone ; in the lower
jaw no division exists, the two anteriormost teeth being in juxta-position. For the sake of
convenience, we may consider the teeth of each jaw under three divisions, viz. incisors, false
molars, and true molars. The incisors are six in number, and in the upper jaw are lodged in
the intermaxillary bones ; the false molars are two on each side ; the remainder are classed as
true molars. In M. typicus the teeth of each side are continuous, but in the other species
several of the anterior ones are more or less apart from each other. With respect to form, the
incisors of the upper jaw differ but little from each other, they are all laterally compressed,
the inner surface of each is distinctly concave, and the outer slightly convex, the two anterior-
most ones are slightly longer than the other four, and all have an obliqu cutting edge, the
most projecting point of which is at the front of each tooth. The false molars are very short,
compressed, and slightly bicuspidate, the one point immediately behind the other. The true
molars are quadricuspidate, two points on the outer edge and two on the inner, but the latter
never reach the level of the former; hence the crown of each tooth exhibits an inward slope;
in the hindermost molar the two posterior points are always but imperfectly developed. The
incisors of the under jaw are more compressed than those of the upper; the two false molars
resemble closely those of the upper jaw, the first and second true molars have more the
appearance of false than true ones ; indeed, they might with more propriety be ranked with
the former than the latter; they are strongly compressed and faintly tricuspidate, the points
being disposed in a longitudinal line : the three hindermost molars are quadricuspidate, and
the external and internal points attain the same level.
The following are the parts represented
I a
The upper surface of the skull of M. typicus of the natural size.
1 b The lateral parts of
do.
do.
do.
Ic The lower jaw of
do.
do.
1 d The under surface of the skull of do. of double the natural size.
1 е The lower jaw of
do.
do.
1f The stomach of
do.
1 9 The cæcum of
g
do., together with a portion of the large and small intestines.
1 h The liver of
do., consisting of four very unequal-sized lobes.
1 i The left kidney of
do.
2 α The upper surface of the skull of M. rupestris, of the natural size.
2 b The lateral parts of
b
do.
do.
do.
2c The lower jaw of
do.
do.
3 a The upper surface of the skull of M. intufi.
do.
36 The lateral parts of do.
do.
do.
3 с The lower jaw of
do.
do.
4 a The upper surface of the skull of M. brachyrynchus. do.
4 b The lateral parts of do.
do.
do.
4 c
The lower jaw of
do.
do.


CYNIC TIS O GILBYIL
Mammalia_Plate 16.)
OF
UNIL
ich



CYNICTIS OGILBYII.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XVI.-MALE.
C. supra
-
ochreo-flavus, nigro-brunneo alboque sordido penicillatus; infra sublactifloris; mento gulâque
ad album transientibus; caudâ patulâ fortiter depressâ et ferè distichâ, apice acuto, albo; auribus
externe rubro-brunneis, interne subalbis ; oculis rubris ; unguibus livido-brunneis, versus apices
pallidis.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 15 unc; caudæ, 9. unc.
Colour.—The upper and lateral parts of the head, neck, body, and tail, and
the outer surfaces of the thighs ochre-yellow, freely and delicately pencilled
with blackish brown and dirty white. The latter colours are all that exist to
produce variegations on the parts mentioned, and both occur upon each hair,
—the dirty white at the point, and the blackish brown some short distance
behind it. On the hinder part of the back and upper aspect of the tail, the
blackish brown is most strongly displayed, and produces on both an irregular,
chequered, or brindled appearance. The under parts of the neck, body, and
tail, as also the tip of the latter, and the parts of the extremities not already
mentioned, dull cream-yellow; the chin, upper part of the throat, and lips,
towards the angles of the mouth, dusky white. The hair and fur of the head
and body towards the skin, a rusty slate colour. Ears externally rich red-
dish brown, internally dirty white. Muzzle black; eyes red; nails livid
brown toward their bases, light horn-coloured at the points; soles of the feet
brownish red.
FORM, &c.— Body rather slender; extremities delicate; tail narrow, sub-
cylindrical, and tapering to the point, in which particulars it exhibits a
greater resemblance to Herpestes than Cynictis. The hairy covering is of
two descriptions, fur and hair; the fur constitutes a considerable proportion
of the covering of the head, body, and extremities, but is entirely wanting on
the tail; it is shorter than the hair, and is only to be seen distinctly by sepa-
rating the latter. The hair is long on the back, thighs, and tail, where it
gives rise to a shaggy appearance; it is every where rigid, on the body
strongly recumbent, and on the tail divergent, thereby giving to the latter a
somewhat distichous form. It is in the hairy portion of the covering that
the diversity of colours occur, and which produce the brindled appearance

CYNICTIS OGILBYII.
already mentioned. The ears are short and semicircular; the head is broad
and bulky behind the eye, but slender and subcylindrical towards the muzzle,
which is bare and prominent. The nails are long, slender, and slightly
curved; the curvatures most developed in those of the fore-feet. Besides the
rigid bristles which occur upon the upper-lip, there are also a few of a similar
description upon other parts of the head, such as the cheeks, forehead, com-
mencement of the throat, &c. For the characters of the teeth, and the con-
figuration of the skull, see Plate XVIII. and its letter-press description.
DIMENSIONS.
and the eye
0
Inch. Lin.
Inch. Lin.
Length from the nose to the base of the
Distance between the tip of the nose
tail
15 0
1 1
of the tail
9 3 Distance between the eye and the ears 0 7
of the head
2 9 Height at the shoulder
.. 5
In the female the ground-colour is not quite so bright as in the male, nor is
the brindling so distinct.
The grizzly appearance of the back, and the great villosity of the tail
furnish characters by which this species is readily distinguished from the
others which occur in South Africa.
It inhabits open country, and specimens are frequently to be seen on the barren plains which
exist immediately to the northward of the Cape Colony. Over these they wander during the
greater part of the day, in search of their food, which consists of mice, small birds, insects, &c.
and they only retreat to the subterraneous burrows, in which they are accustomed to pass the
night, when alarmed by the approach of man. They delight to bask in the sun, and when
the calls of hunger are not urgent, they are to be seen, especially in the early part of the day,
seated upon their hinder legs, with their bodies erect, and so placed, as that the greatest
degree of heat shall be enjoyed. They assume the same position when their fears are excited,
by which their range of view is considerably increased. Their common pace is a walk; but
when retreating from real or imaginary danger, they move with great speed; their pace
then is
a sort of gallop, now and then broken by bounds or springs, which they commonly take when
the surface over which they have to retreat, is either broken or coated with brushwood. Inde-
pendently of their being extremely wild and cautious, they are also very savage, and when
secured alive, they display a great desire to bite their captors, and it is not till after they have
been a long time subjected to the sufferings of hunger, that they can be brought to tolerate the
approach or even appearance of man, near to the place where they are confined, without
evincing their savage and pugnacious propensities. When their spirits however are once
subdued, they are tolerably docile; yet they are never to be trusted, inasmuch as they continue
to manifest a treacherous disposition, and will often bite with severity, when only indications
of kindness might be expected.


no
CYNIC TIS LEPTURUS
Mammalia_Plate 17)
UNIV
OF



CYNICTIS LEPTURUS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XVII.
C. subfulvus, ochreo brunneoque penicillatus; dorso, corporisque lateribus pallide subrufo-tinctis ; caudæ
supra dimidio ultimo pilis brunneo-annulatis vestito ; labiis, mento, caudæque apice subalbis ; oculis
rubris ; auribus extus rubro-brunneis, intus subfulvis; unguibus livido-brunneis.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 15 unc.; caudæ 9 unc. 3 lin.
Colour.–Pale buff-orange, the back and sides, particularly towards the
tail, tinted with Dutch-orange, and very faintly pencilled with cream-yellow
and dusky brown. The back and the sides of the neck are also delicately
pencilled with the same colours, which seems to be produced by many of the
hairs of these parts being ringed with pale brown towards their points. The
first third of the tail above is of the same colour as the hinder part of the
back, the other two-thirds are fulvous, grizzled with dull chesnut-brown,-
the latter being the colour of the middle portion of each hair; the under
surface is pale buff-orange verging to cream-yellow. The sides of the head
and the point of the tail are pale cream-yellow, the former sparingly pencilled
with brown. The lips and chin nearly pure white; the edges and inner
surfaces of the ears are buff-orange, the outer surfaces pale chesnut-brown.
Muzzle, whiskers, and ciliæ black : eyes red: nails dark horn-coloured.
FORM, &c.-Typical. Figure rather slender and elegant. Head behind
eyes broad and slightly depressed, before eyes slender and nearly cylindrical;
muzzle naked; nostrils opening laterally ; ears short and semicircular, with
the auditory opening protected by a tuft of coarse hair. Tail long, narrow,
slightly flattened, and pointed; nails slender, slightly curved, and channelled
beneath towards their points. Head ornamented with several tufts of long
rigid bristles, one series on each side of the upper lip, a second on each cheek,
a third behind the angles of the mouth, a fourth about midway between the
angles of the mouth at the commencement of the throat, and a fifth over the
inner canthus of each eye. The covering of the animal consists partly of fur
and partly of coarse hair; the fur, except on the tail, predominates, and

CYNICTIS LEPTURUS.
is considerably shorter than the hair; the latter on the head, body, and
anterior extremities is strongly recumbent, but on the outer surface of the
posterior extremities and the tail it is more or less divergent, and on these is
considerably longer than elsewhere; on the head it is very short. The colour
of the fur is uniform, and the slight variegations which appear depend upon
the markings of the hair. For the characters of the teeth and the form of the
head, see Plate 18, and its descriptive letter-press.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
11
Length from the tip of the nose to
the root of the tail .......... 15
Length of the tail
Height at the shoulder
5
Inches. Lines.
Distance between the point of the
nose and the eye
1 2
Distance between the eye and the
base of the ear superiorly... 0 6
eye ..
9
3
3
The almost uniform colour of this species enables us easily to distinguish
it from the other two found in South Africa,--the comparative shortness of
the hair with which it is covered, and the slenderness of the tail, in which
respect it is more akin to Herpestes than Cynictis, are also available diagnostic
characters.
What has been said touching the habits of Cynictis Ogilbyii will equally apply to the
present animal. It inhabits arid plains towards the Tropic of Capricorn, and, like its congeners,
passes some portion of its time under ground. It feeds upon small quadrupeds, birds, reptiles,
insects, &c.
Though but a few years have elapsed since the genus Cynictis was established, we have
already four well-marked species, belonging to it, all of Africa. The species which fur-
nished Mr. Ogilby with the characters of the group, had, for years, been known as an
inhabitant of South Africa, under the name of Herpestes penicillatus, but the peculiarities which
demanded its removal from Herpestes were only discovered by the above named able naturalist
in 1833. The other three have been discovered since, two of them in South Africa and the
other in Sierra Leon. Of the four, Cynictis Ogilbyii is perhaps the most typical species;
after that C. Steidmanii, then C. lepturus, and, lastly, C. melanurus, Martin.* The two last,
except in the essential characters, present considerable resemblance to Herpestes, particularly in
the character of the hair and the size and figure of the tail.
FORT PITT, CHATHAM,
30th August, 1839.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1836, p. 56.


OF
)
RHINOCEROS SIMUS
(Mammalia Plate 19)
MICH



RHINOCEROS SIMUS.-BURCHELL.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XIX.
-
R. pallidè brunneo-griseus, flavo-brunneo tinctus ; aurium marginibus versus apicem, caudâque suprà
infràque ad extremitatem pilis, rigidis, nigris vestitis; ore bovino; cornibus duobus, anteriore multò
longiore ; oculis flavo-brunneis.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite, 12 ped. 1 unc; caudæ, 2 ped. 2 unc.
COLOUR.--Pale broccoli-brown, the shoulders, buttocks and belly shaded
with brownish purple ; hair edging the ears and the tip of the tail inferiorly
and superiorly black ; eyes yellowish brown; horns and hoofs intermediate
between broccoli and wood-brown,—the hoofs darkest.
Form, &c.—Figure massive. Head longer but more delicate in proportion
than in the other African species ; face concave; forehead prominent and
gibbous. Ears rather long, ovate and pointed, their edges towards the tips
margined with rigid hair. Neck longer in proportion than in the other
species, with three well-marked wrinkles on the nape, two of which continue
visible almost to the throat. Shoulders elevated into a convex massive
hunch; line of the back slightly undulated. Legs stout and the joints
strongly developed and clumsy. Tail vertically compressed at the point, and
above and below fringed with short wiry bristles. Horns situated close to the
anterior extremity of the head, the foremost directly over the point of the
nose, and the second immediately behind it; the first is very long, tapered to
a point, and slightly curved, the concavity backwards, the second is short,
conical, and obtuse at point. Nose truncated, and the mouth shaped like
that of an ox, the upper lip being perfectly square, and without the least in-
dication of a rudimentary proboscis. Nostrils rather small, opening laterally.
a
Ft. In
010
5
DIMENSIONS.
Ft. In.
Length of the second horn.
12 1 Height at the shoulder
2 2
2 11 Circumference of the body
Length from the tip of the nose to
the base of the tail..........
of the tail .....
of the first horn
7
at the crupper
5
3
12
1

RHINOCEROS SIMUS.
2
a
The female is coloured like the male, and her horns, though less powerful,
are generally longer, especially the anterior one.
Mohoohoo, the name of this species among the Bechuanas, is considered by them to be one
of the original animals of their country, and to have issued from the same cave out of which
their own forefather proceeded : in this respect they make a difference between it and Keitloa,
with whose origin they do not profess to be acquainted. Too much attention cannot be paid to
the traditions of savages: what in them often appears calculated only to excite ridicule, may,
properly considered, be often made to furnish the most valuable information. Thus, for in-
stance, by attending to what has been termed a useless tradition, we get to know, not merely
that the Bechuanas believe the founders of their own nation and the animals of their country
originally escaped from a large cave, but also facts of interest touching the geographical dis-
tribution of animals, inasmuch as we may rest satisfied, after being aware of the prevalence of
the tradition referred to, that all the animals we now find in their country, to whose progenitors
the aforementioned birth-place is not assigned, have immigrated thither since the tradition
became current. Every portion, however, of such traditions must not be literally re-
ceived, else we shall find travellers who may hereafter visit South Africa propagating errors not
less detrimental to the progress of true science than those which were circulated by Kolben,
one of the first Cape historians, whose indiscreet credulity led him, to relate most extraordinary
fictions, inter alias, one relative to the powers the Rhinoceros exercised over his horns,-powers
which, had he ever examined into the manner in which these bodies were connected with the
parts around and below them, would have been too clearly imaginary to have warranted
even the greatest lover of the marvellous in believing them.
When Mr. Burchell, who first added Rhinoceros simus to the African Fauna, visited
Latakoo, he found it common in that district, and we have been told by the aborigines that it
was not unfrequently found even further to the southward. Of late, however, it has almost
ceased to exist even in the situations where its discoverer met it, which is accounted for by the
danger to which it is exposed being now much increased from the general introduction of fire-
arms among the Bechuanas.
The facility of discriminating this species is great: the extraordinary length of the first
horn and the hunch on the shoulders are sufficient, even in the distance; but on a nearer view
additional characters are at once visible; among those the peculiar configuration of the mouth is
the most palpable. The form of the latter at once suggests the kind of food upon which the
animal probably subsists, and an examination of the contents of the stomach, which are princi-
pally grass, confirms the accuracy of the inference. Localities abounding in grass are there-
fore the haunts of the Mohoohoo, and to enjoy them throughout the year he is necessitated to
lead a more wandering life than the two species already figured.


SER
PA 3
RUT
Sre
V
Sed
AN
so
09
SA
is
Polt
re
PETROMY S TYPICUS.
(Mammalia_Plave 20)
UNIL
OF



PETROMYS TYPICUS.-SMITH. *
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XX.
P. capite, cerviceque supernè, etiamque corporis lateribus anticè brunneo-griseis, flavo-brunneo delicate
penicillatis; regione nasali, dorsoque rufis; corporis lateribus partibusque inferioribus, flavo-brunneis
griseo admixtis; mento, regionibusque ad oris cingula subochreis; caudâ mystacibusque nigricantibus.
Oculis subnigris.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite, 7 unc. 6 lin. ; caudæ, 5 unc. 9 lin.
PETROMYS TYPICUS, Smith. South African Quarterly Journal, No. 5, page 2.
و
Colour.— The upper and lateral parts of the head and neck, together with
the sides of the body, anteriorly brownish grey, delicately pencilled with
yellowish brown; the space under each ear finely grizzled with white. The
extremity of the nose, the back, and the base of the tail, superiorly, inter-
mediate between reddish orange and chesnut-brown, sparingly pencilled with
black ; sides of body, lower surface of neck and belly, light yellowish brown,
mixed with brocoli-brown. Upper lip, angles of mouth and chin, dark cream-
yellow. Tarsi yellowish-brown. Tail, whiskers, and hairs on margin of ears,
rusty black. Eyes brownish black. Nails a dark horn-colour. Incisor
teeth of both jaws, dark sienna-yellow. Hairs near to the skin, generally a
dirty ash-grey.
Form, &c.—Figure long, and moderately robust. Head rather long; nose
rounded and full—its apex bare and black; the forehead, and upper part of
the head, slightly convex. Ears rather small, semi-circular, and sparingly
covered with short, rigid hair. Eyes moderately large, and rather prominent.
Whiskers long and rigid ; and on each cheek, immediately behind the eye,
-
* For the generic characters of Petromys, see South African Quarterly Journal, No. 5, page 2, (1831);
and Id. second series, vol. i. page 146.

PETROMYS TYPICUS.
a
there is a small tuft of bristles, similar to those forming the whiskers. Legs
rather short; the soles of the fore feet, and the tarsi of the hinder ones, bare,
and of a brownish-black colour. The toes are rather short; and, as well as
the claws, fully covered with fur; the two middle ones of each foot nearly of
equal length, and slightly longer than the lateral ones. Claws short, slender,
and slightly curved. Tail slender, cylindrical, and every where fully covered
with rigid hairs; those towards the tip, much the longest. The fur of the head
and body, is rather long and recumbent, closely set, and rather harsh.
,
The skull posteriorly very broad; above, between the hinder edges of the
parietal and the apices of the nasal bones, flat. The parietal bones are divided
by a longitudinal suture, as are also the frontal ones; the latter are very
broad, so that the breadth between the eyes is unusually great, when com-
pared with other rodents of the same size. The orbits are rather small, and
their circumference, internally, irregular and broken. The malar bones are
well developed, somewhat triangular in shape, and each externally with an
obtuse carina along its middle; the point of the triangle joins the zygomatic
process of the temporal bone. Infraorbital foramen very large. Tympanitic
bulle large, subglobular, and semi-transparent. Foramina incisiva double.
The incisor teeth of the upper jaw are long, and semicircular; the basal two-
thirds concealed in the intermaxillary bone; the apex of the exposed third of
each, with a sharp cutting edge anteriorly ; behind which is a deep notch,
formed to receive the point of the corresponding tooth of the lower jaw. The
incisors of the lower jaw are laterally compressed, and more wedge-shaped at
the points, than those of the upper jaw. The molars of both jaws are eight
in number, four on each side, of nearly the same form in both, and without
true fangs. They are all nearly of the same size; and the crown of each is
crossed by two transverse fosse, formed by the projecting enamel. The
margin of the crown externally entire, and arched ; internally notched ;-and
where this notch occurs, the enamel, with which it, as well as the rest of the
tooth is edged, sends off, in the teeth of the upper jaw, a thin lamella, which
proceeds nearly across the middle of the crown of each, in its course dividing
and leaving a minute oval opening, about half-way between the notch and
outer edge of the tooth. In the teeth of the lower jaw, neither the transverse
lamelle of the enamel, nor the openings, are visible. The rami of the lower
jaw, posteriorly, or those parts which, when they ascend, are distinguished
by the name of ascending rami, highly divaricated. The superior coronoid
process delicate and very small; the inferior one long, pointed, projecting
behind the line of the articular process. The configuration, &c. of certain of
the abdominal viscera, will be understood from an examination of Plate XXI.
-



7.d
1.a
1.6
7.
7.0
DATE
1.9
7
7.
7.k
7.7
77
2.d
2.0
2.a
2.0
2.7
V que
PETROMVS and DENDROMYS.
(Mammalia_Plate 21.)
OF
Magic


PETROMYS TYPICUS. ,
I a.
.
1 c.
A view of the upper surface of the skull, of its natural size.
1b. A lateral view of the skull
ditto.
A lateral view of the lower jaw
ditto.
1 d. The under or basal aspect of the skull, of double the natural size.
le
The lower jaw
ditto.
1 f. The liver, consisting of two lobes, the left deeply trifid.
lg. The stomach, the smallest tube, the oesophagus.
1 h. The cæcum, the longest tube, entering at the small intestines.
1 i. The spleen.
1 k. The right kidney.
11.
The impregnated uterus. This organ is bicornute, and two ova were contained in
the left cornu.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the nose to the base of
the tail..
7 3
of the tail
5 3
of the head
1
Inches. Lines,
Distance between the tip of the nose
010
Distance between the eye and the ear 0 4
Height at the shoulder.........
2 9
and the eye
10
The colours of the female are not quite so clear as those of the male.
;
This little animal is found upon the rocky hills which occur towards the mouth of the
Orange River; and it lives under the loose stones which are strewed over the surface, or in
the crevices of rocky precipices, where such exist. It seems to feed principally upon vege-
tables, and the flowers of certain synganesious plants, particularly those of a species of
Senecio, which, at the time I visited the district in which the animal appears only to exist,
formed its favourite diet. To obtain those flowers, it was frequently observed seated upon
rocks or stones, near to where they were growing; and by means of its fore feet, bringing
them into positions in which they could be conveniently consumed. When feeding, it showed
little fear of man; and unless closely approached, continued actively devouring flower after
flower, although it could not have been insensible to its being observed and watched. When
frightened, however, by too close an approach, it immediately fled to its hiding place; which,
as already mentioned, was either under a loose stone, or in the crevice of a rock; and when it
took to such, under the circumstances mentioned, it seldom left them again, until the object
which had excited its fears had disappeared.
a



EURYOTIS IRRORATUS.
(Mammalia. Plate 22.
)
NIY
OF
vic



EURYOTIS IRRORATUS.-BRANTS.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXII.
E. suprà aurantio-ruber densè brunneo aut nigro-brunneo-penicillatus; capitis, corporisque lateribus
etiamque pedibus similibus sed pallidioribus et lineis minus distinctis; subtus sordidè griseo-flavus
livido-umbratus ; caudâ suprà brunneo-rubrâ, subtus flavo-albâ; auribus rufo-flavis brunneo-penicil-
latis; oculis brunneo-nigris ; villo subrigido.
LONGITUDO ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 8 unc. 1 lin.; caudæ 3 unc. 5 lin.
EURYOTIS IRRORATA, Brants. Het. Geslacht der Muisen Berlyn, 1827.
MUS IRRORATUS, Licht.
Colour.—The surface colours of the upper parts of the head, neck, and body,
are orange red, and umber or blackish brown nearly in equal proportions,
and most intimately mingled, the one colour as if profusely pencilled with
delicate lines of the other. The lateral parts of the head and the body,
together with the extremities, are similarly coloured, only the tints are duller
and paler, and the limits of the different colours not so distinctly defined.
The under parts, from the chin to the tail, dusky greyish yellow, and clouded
by the dark colour which prevails on the deeper portions of the fur. Toes
superiorly dark umber-brown; the point of the muzzle reddish orange. Ears
pale sienna-yellow, freely pencilled with brown. Tail superiorly brownish
red, inferiorly dusky yellowish white. Eyes brownish black ; whiskers red-
dish brown. The inner or concealed portion of the fur a dark slate colour.
Incisors of upper jaw yellow, shaded with reddish orange.
Form, &c.—Head rather narrow, flat behind, anteriorly slightly arched;
muzzle rather compressed, and the hair on its point superiorly quite erect ;
nostrils opening laterally; the tip of the nose about two lines in advance of
the anteriormost portion of the upper lip, the latter divided vertically. Ears
moderately large, rather long, rounded at the points, and slightly fleshy.
Body long and moderately robust; legs short ; tail cylindrical and tapering
to the point, thinly beset with recumbent rigid hair, through which the cu-
ticular scales, arranged in rings, are distinctly visible, the tip with a slender
pencil of rather long and rigid hairs. The three middle toes of hinder feet

EURYOTIS IRRORATUS.
nearly of equal length, the two others much shorter; the two middle ones of
the fore-feet equal, the inner one shorter, but slightly longer than the outer-
most. The hairy covering generally moderately dense, strongly recumbent,
.
slightly rigid, and longest on the back and sides of the body. The incisor
teeth of both jaws, each with a strong longitudinal groove on its anterior sur-
face, the grooves nearest to the outer edges. For further details relative to
the teeth and viscera, see the letter-press for Pl. XXV.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines
Length from the point of the nose to
the tip of the tail ...
11 6
of the tail.....
3 5
Distance from the nose to the eye .... 0 9
eye to the ear...... 0 81
Inches. Lines.
Length of the fore-legs
1 2
hind-legs .
2 5
tarsus of hind-legs ...... 1
23
Height when standing.
8
2
The colours of the female are similar to those of the male.
This is the species which the collector, who commences his labours near Cape Town, will
first acquire. It ranges more to the southward than either of the others, and is even found in
marshy spots close to Cape Point. In such situations it is usually seen near the roots of
bushes or clumps of rushes, and to the densest parts of these it flies for concealment when its
fears are excited. On the other hand, if hunted or more than usually alarmed, it seeks safety
by entering the subterranean burrows with which it is always provided, and which exist beneath
the vegetation in which it generally secretes itself. These burrows are commonly short and
tortuous, and in them the female generally forms her nest and produces her young.
The roots of rushes and other vegetable products appear to constitute the principal food of
this animal, at least such may be inferred from the character of the substances with which the
stomachs of those were filled which I examined. In some, however, something like portions
of insects were also discovered.
The colour of this species is much darker than that of the other two species which inhabit
South Africa, and by that peculiarity it may be readily recognised. In addition to that diag-
nostic character, others, more important and less liable to vary, are furnished by the cranium
and teeth, as will be seen, in detail, by reference to Plate XXV. and its letter-press. The
existence in this species of a longitudinal groove in each of the incisor teeth of the lower jaw
serves to distinguish it from E. unisulcatus, Cuvier, in which they are plain, and the breadth
and depth of the grooves, besides their being more remote from the outer edges of the teeth,
indicate a specific difference between E. irroratus and E. Brantsii. In the former the grooves
are very delicate, particularly in the lower incisors, and close to the external edges of the teeth ;
in the latter they are strongly developed in all, but more especially in those of the lower jaw.


EURYOTIS UNISULCATUS.
(Mammalia Plate 23)
OF



EURYOTIS UNISULCATUS.-F. CUVIER.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XXIII.
E. suprà flavo-rufus, brunneo penicillatus; capitis corporisque lateribus sordido-cinereis, flavo-rufo um-
bratis; subtus pallidè griseo-albus, ochreo tinctus; auribus magnis, patulis, apicibus semicircularibus,
externe et interne flavo-albis, brunneo penicillatis ; villo lanuginoso.
LONGITUDO ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 7 unc.; caudæ 3 unc. 6 lin.
OTOMYS UNISULCATUS, F. Cuvier.
-
Colour.—The prevailing colour of the upper and lateral parts of the head,
neck, and body, intermediate between sienna-yellow and buff-orange, — the
tint much broken by a number of fine umber-brown strie resembling delicate
lines formed by a pencil. The lateral parts of the head and body dusky ash
grey, tinged with the predominant colour of the back ; the under parts, from
the chin to the vent, together with the upper lip and the extremities pale
cream-yellow. The ears internally and externally pale sienna-yellow, pen-
cilled with brown. Tail superiorly dull brownish red, inferiorly dirty rusty
yellow. Whiskers reddish brown; eyes brownish black; incisors dull orange
yellow.
Form, &c.—Head moderately large, sides bulging; muzzle narrow, laterally
compressed; tip of nose bare; upper lip divided anteriorly. Whiskers long,
bushy, and slightly rigid; ears large, patulous, semicircular, thin, and with a
moderate coating of short rigid hair. Body robust; legs and toes short ; claws
nearly straight, pointed and freely covered with rigid hair. Tail cylindrical,
tapered, and thinly coated with short bristly hair, the cuticular scales visible
in rings. The fur consists of two sorts; the one—the predominant-slightly
rigid, particularly on the back; the other which is scanty, is soft, woolly, and
scattered among the latter towards the skin. The first is longest and densest
on the back and sides, and in all situations slightly recumbent. The incisors
of upper jaw, each with a longitudinal curve anteriorly, near to the outer

EURYOTIS UNISULCATUS.
edge of the tooth ; those of lower jaw plain. For further details, see letter-
press to Pl. XXV.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
1 1
2.
1
Inches. Lines.
Length from the point of the nose to
the tip of the tail...... 10 6
of the tail..
3 6
Distance between the nose and the
eye
0 9
between the eye and the ear 0 9
Length of the fore-legs.
hind-legs
tarsi of hind-legs ......
Height when standing .......
1
0}
2
6
The surface colours of the female are rather darker than those of the male.
This species does not occur so far to the southward and westward as E. irroratus ; its favo-
rite resort appears to be arid localities in the central and eastern districts of the colony. Be-
sides aridity and a certain quantity of soft sandy soil, the existence of a shrubby vegetation
appears also essential, at least it is only found in situations so provided. Its existence or non-
existence in a locality is readily ascertained ; if it exists, large hemispherical or irregular
masses, composed of an aggregation of small dry twigs, will be seen, more or less, surround-
ing the stems, of such shrubs as occur, and even often advancing high among their branches.
These masses are formed by the animal, and are traversed in all directions by its burrows.
Under such piles, and in the passages by which they are intersected, the animal seeks shelter
and safety from danger, at the same time, like E. irroratus, it is moreover provided with
deeper-seated retreats, into which it may retire should its comfort or safety appear to render the
step necessary. The last-mentioned retreats consist of subterranean burrows, not extending
beyond the area covered by the accumulated twigs, but much branched; and in all cases in
which we have followed up individuals and secured them, we invariably required first to demo-
lish the superincumbent mass, and then explore the underground burrows. In the latter, the
female generally, though not invariably, produces her young, and these, when discovered, are
enclosed in a nest consisting of soft dry grass.
The general colour of E. unisulcatus is considerably lighter than that of E. irroratus, but
decidedly darker than that of E. Brantsii. The incisors of the lower jaw, being without
grooves, furnish one of the most available diagnostic characters; the great size of its ears,
when
compared with those of the other two species, also affords means by which it is to be
readily distinguished from them.


Mur
EURYOTIS BRANT SII.
(Mammalia Plate 24)
MIC



EURYOTIS BRANTSII.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXIV.
E. suprà pallidè isabellinus, nigro-brunneo-penicillatus; capitis corporisque lateribus griseo-albis, brunneo-
penicillatis; infrà sordidè albus, subochreo-tinctus; pedibus isabellinis; caudæ dimidio proximo
nasique apice rufis; caudæ dimidio ultimo brunneo-rubro; dentibus incisoribus flavis.
LONGITUDO ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 6 unc. 9 lin.; caudæ 3 unc. 9 lin.
EURYOTIS BRANTSII, Smith.--South African Quarterly Journal, New Series, vol. i. page
150.
;
Colour, &c.— The surface colour of the upper and lateral parts of the
head and body pale sienna-yellow, variegated with blackish or umber-brown
---the variegations abundant and resembling delicate streaks made by a
pencil. The sides of the head, neck, and body, are greyish-white pencilled
with umber-brown, and the chin, throat, and belly, greyish-white, with here
and there tints of cream-yellow. The extremities are pale cream-yellow
clouded with sienna-yellow. The point of the nose and the first half of the
tail are reddish-orange; the last half of the latter brownish-red. The ears
externally and internally are a pale ochrey-yellow pencilled with black ;
whiskers brownish-red. Incisors of upper jaw dull gallstone-yellow, lower
ones intermediate between saffron and sienna-yellow. Eyes blackish-brown ;
nails a dark horn colour. The inner or concealed portion of the fur is of a
dull slate colour, darkest on and towards the back. The delicate variegations
arise from the hairs, individually, being blackish brown at the points and
sienna-yellow or greyish-white between the black and the slate colours.
Form, &c.—Figure squat ; head rather large, above slightly convex, late-
rally bulging, the muzzle rounded superiorly, laterally compressed; nose
pointed; nostrils circular and opening laterally; upper lip anteriorly divided
by a vertical groove; whiskers long and slightly rigid ; ears rather small,
fleshy, and semicircular; body robust; legs short and strong; nails slightly
curved and pointed. Tail cylindrical, robust, and tapering from the base to
the point, at the base, closely covered with short rigid hair; towards the tip
the covering is less dense, admitting of the cuticular scales, which are
arranged in circular rings, being seen through it; the very tip of the tail

EURYOTIS BRANTSII.
furnished with a slender pencil of long rigid hairs. The general covering of
the animal is of two descriptions—the one, the predominant, a slightly rigid
hair, the other a woolly fur, which is thinly disposed among the former, and
from being shorter is concealed by it. The hairy portion is strong, recum-
bent, and much longer on the back and sides than on the head and extre-
mities.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the point of the nose
to the tip of the tail ..... 10 6
of the tail
3 9
Distance between the tip of the nose
0 10
Inches. Lines.
Distance between the
eye
and the ear
0 10
Length of the hind-legs
2 7
fore-legs.......
3)
tarsus of hind-legs ...... 1 31
Height of the animal when standing.. 2 9
1
and the eye
The female is a little smaller than the male, and her colours are lighter and
less variegated. In many the colour of the upper parts is pale but clear
sienna-yellow faintly pencilled with brown, and the lateral and under parts
intermediate between cream-yellow and greyish white.
This species is an inhabitant of the interior districts of South Africa, and is never found
towards Cape Town, nor in situations resorted to by either of the others described, though both
of them extend as far north as the country in which it abounds. It resorts to open arid
plains, and is very common in certain places towards the mouth of the Orange River. It lives in
burrows under ground, and these are always formed in situations where neither grass nor shrubs
exist
upon the surface; and, as many individuals are always congregated, the number of holes
by which the subterranean abodes are reached is generally great and they are closely set toge-
ther. In these underground retreats they seek their safety when alarmed, as well as their repose
during the night, and in them the females also produce their young. During the daytime, if
not employed in search of food, most of the inhabitants of these burrows are generally to be
seen, sitting on their hind-legs, upon the edges of their holes, basking in the sun; and so great
is their love of heat, that the utmost pains is taken to enjoy, in every possible way, the full
influence of the sun's rays. They are extremely watchful, and from their effecting a retreat
with great rapidity, it becomes very difficult to shoot them, which if practicable, is the way in
which they are to be procured with least actual labour. To dig them out is a process
toil, as the burrows, though not in general very deep, are so long, so branched, and so connected
with each other, that an area of many yards will sometimes be turned over, and even then pos-
sibly not a specimen be obtained. In their marked disposition to congregate, they differ both
from E. irroratus and E. unisulcatus, but particularly from the latter, more than two of which
are never found inhabiting the same spot, though many others may be distributed over the
neighbourhood. For the characters by which this species is to be distinguished from E. irro-
ratus, see the remarks on that species, and Plate XXV.
of great


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با امن
GENUS
EURYOTIS. BRANTS
(Mammalia Plate 25.)
OF
Mio



GENUS EURYOTIS.-BRANTS.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XXV.
a
a
I a A view of the upper surface of the skull of Euryotis irroratus of the natural size.
16 A lateral view of the skull of
do.
do
1 с A lateral view of the lower jaw of
do.
do.
1 d A front view of the incisor teeth of the upper jaw of do.
do.
le A front view of the incisor teeth of the lower jaw of do.
do.
1f The teeth of the right side of the upper jaw of do., of three times their natural size.
a. The first or anterior tooth; b. second or middle tooth; d. third or bind-tooth.
1g The teeth of the left side of the lower jaw of do.
do.
a. The first or anterior tooth; 6. second or middle tooth; d. third or hind-tooth.
The skull is long and rather narrow, its length, from the anterior extremities of the ossa nasi to the
hinder aspect of the occipital bone, one inch seven and a half lines; its breadth immediately behind
the zigomatic arches eight lines. The frontal bones between and in front of the eyes are narrower
than in the other species; five and a half lines in length. The nasal bones increase suddenly in
width towards their anterior extremities, the increase giving rise to a lateral bulge on each side,
which commences about half way between their two extremities ; length of each bone nine lines.
The molar teeth are six in each jaw, three on each side, and have true fangs; their crowns are inter-
sected by narrow, slightly prominent transverse ridges of enamel, which are separated from each
other by intervening grooves. The first or anterior tooth of the upper jaw has —
ridges; the
second two; the third six, and a small elevated enamel ring which forms the hind-point. The
first tooth of the lower jaw is the longest, and its crown is crossed by four ridges; the second and
third each by two. The incisors of the upper jaw are strong, and slightly arched, their points cut-
ting; each is marked anteriorly, with a deep longitudinal groove near its outer edge. Where the
groove terminates there is a slight emargination, in consequence the tip of each tooth appears
more or less bifid. The incisors of the lower jaw slightly arched forwards, and their points bifid and
cutting; the anterior surface of each tooth with a deep longitudinal groove near its outer edge.
1 h The cæcum, &c., of Euryotis irroratus.
a. The small intestines; b. the large; c. the apical portion of cecum, without cells.
2c
2e
2 a A view of the upper surface of the skull of Euryotis unisulcatus of the natural size.
26 A lateral view of the skull of
do.
do.
A lateral view of the lower jaw of
do.
do.
2 d A front view of the incisor teeth of the upper jaw of do.
do.
2 e A front view of the incisor teeth of the lower jaw of do.
do.
2 f The teeth of the right side of the upper jaw of do.
do.
a. The first or anterior tooth; b. second or middle tooth; d. third or hind-tooth.
The teeth of the left side of the lower jaw of do.
do.
a. The first or anterior tooth; b. second or middle tooth; d. third or hind-tooth.
Length of the skull from the anterior extremities of the nasal bones to the hinder aspect of occipi-
tal bone one inch five lines; width at the hinder extremities of zigomatic arches seven and a
half lines. The breadth of the frontal bones, between and before the eyes rather greater than in
E. irroratus ; length six and a half lines ; the length of the nasal bones seven and a half lines,
and they increase a little in width towards their anterior extremities, but there is not that sudden
enlargement which is observed in the corresponding bones of E. irroratus. The first molar tooth
of the upper jaw has its crown divided by three distinct transverse ridges of enamel ; the second
29
a

EURYOTIS BRANTSII.
by two, and the third has three ridges, and also a very irregular or deeply indented enamel
ring behind the last. The first molar of the lower jaw with three ridges, the anterior of
which is prolonged so as to constitute an edging to the whole of the portion of the tooth in
front of it; the second and third with two ridges, each of which appears distinctly divided
into two lamine, between which there is a portion of bony matter. The incisors of both jaws
are slightly arched, and their points cutting ; each of those of the upper jaw with a slender
S;
groove near its outer edge, and the point slightly emarginate, those of the lower jaw plain,
the points entire and nearest to the inner edges of the teeth. The molar teeth in the animals
of this genus appears to consist of strongly compressed tubes of enamel, each inclosing a portion
of bony matter.
3 a
a
A view of the upper surface of the skull of Euryotis Brantsii of the natural size.
36 A lateral view of the skull of
do.
do.
3 с A lateral view of the lower jaw of
do.
do.
3 d A front view of the incisor teeth of the upper jaw of do.
do.
3 e A front view of the incisor teeth of the lower jaw of do.
do.
3f A view of the under surface of the skull of do. of twice the natural size.
a. The first or anterior tooth; b. second or middle tooth; c. third or hind-tooth.
39 A view of the lower jaw of
do.
do.
a. The first or anterior tooth ; b. second or middle tooth; c. third or hind-tooth.
The skull of this species, particularly towards its hinder extremity, is wider in proportion to
its length than that of either of the other two, and the frontal bones between the eyes
are broader. The length of the skull from the anterior extremities of the nasal bones to the
hinder aspect of the occipital bone one inch five and a half lines, and its width immediately
behind the zigomatic arches seven and a half lines. The length of the frontal bones are six
and three quarters lines, that of the nasal bones six lines. The first molar tooth of the upper
jaw with three transverse, slightly elevated ridges, the second with two, and the third with three,
behind the last ridge of the latter there is a slight, somewhat circular, concavity edged by enamel
forming the hinder portion of the crown of the tooth. The first tooth of the lower jaw with three
transverse ridges, the anterior one continued forwards along the inner edge of the tooth after-
wards curved, first outwards, and then inwards and backwards; the second tooth with two ridges,
and the third with three. The incisors of both jaws slightly arched, their points cutting, and
very slightly emarginate ; each of those of the upper jaw distinctly marked with a narrow lon-
gitudinal groove towards its outer edge, those of the lower jaw also grooved, the grooves so
delicate however as only to be visible when examined with attention near to their outer edges.
3 h The liver of Euryotis Brantsii, consisting of four irregular shaped lobes, some of
which are slightly subdivided.
3 The spleen of Euryotis Brantsii, slender and three-sided.
3 k The kidney of do.
37 The stomach of do.
a. The cardiac orifice; b. the pyloric orifice.
3 m The cæcum, &c., of do.
a. The small intestines; 6. the large intestines; c. the situation of a gland the ducts of which
open on the inner surface of the cæcum. The latter towards its apex, smooth, elsewhere with
several rows of cells.
3 n The inner surface of the apical portion of the cæcum ;~a. the opening by which the
secretion of the glands, already mentioned, is discharged.
30 The vagina and uterus.
a. The vagina; b.b. the cornua of the uterus; c.c. the ovaria.
-


B
А.
GERBILLUS
AURICULARIS. (A Male , B Female)
(Mammalia._ Plate 26)
UNIL
M
3



GERBILLUS AURICULARIS._SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XXVI.-MALE AND FEMALE.
G. suprà fulvus, infrà albus; capite supra, dorso, caudâque brunneo-penicillatis ; cirro albo post aurem
utramque. Oculis profundè brunneis. Caudâ brevi.
LONGITUDO corporis cum capite 4 unc. 10 lin; caudæ 3 unc. 3 lin.
GERBILLUS AURICULARIS.—Smith, South African Quarterly Journal, No. 2, New Series, March 1834.
GERBILLUS BREVICAUDATUS, F. Cuv.-Transactions of the Zoological Society of
London, Part ii. vol. 2, page 144 ; 1836.
Colour.—Male.— The upper surface of the muzzle and head reddish
orange, deadened with a faint shade of brown; the back and sides of the
body intermediate between ochre and sienna-yellow, the former distinctly, the
latter indistinctly variegated with delicate short striæ of an umber brown
hue; the fur of these parts is tricoloured, being of a dull slate hue towards the
base, ochry yellow in the middle, and dark brown at the surface. The sides
of the muzzle, the eyebrows, the sides of the head, the whole of the fore legs,
the tarsi of the hinder legs, and the under surface of the neck and body, all
pure white, except the tarsi, which are slightly tinted with grey. The tail
and outer surface of the hinder legs, towards the body, the same colour as
the sides, the under surface of the former rather lightest. Ears a pale flesh
colour, and behind each a broad tuft of long white hair, most distinctly seen
when on the animal's being excited, the ears are erect. Whiskers brown-
ish red. Eyes deep umber brown. Claws pale yellowish brown.
FORM, &c.--Figure short and thick; muzzle slender, head moderately
broad. Ears rather small, subovate, semicircular at the points, and nearly
destitute of fur. Legs short, and rather slender. Tail robust, tapered from
the base, and thickly covered with short, recumbent, wiry hair. The incisors
of upper jaw slightly arched, and each with a central longitudinal groove
anteriorly; the incisors of the lower jaw compressed, slender, subhorizontal, or
only slightly curved and without grooves. The first or anterior molar of each
jaw largest, the last smallest ; the first of the upper and lower jaw are formed
nearly alike, the crown of each consists of three distinct portions separated
from each other by two deep transverse fossa, the first portion is somewhat
cylindrical, with a cup-shaped cavity at its summit, round which is an edging

GERBILLUS AURICULARIS.
of enamel, the second and third portions have somewhat the form of the Greek
letter ß, each portion with two rounded or oval cavities edged with enamel ; the
second molar of the upper jaw has the crown divided transversely into two
parts, each of which is similarly formed to the two last described portions of
the first molar ; the second molar of the lower jaw similarly divided, but not
exhibiting a resemblance to the letter B; the anterior portion with a slight
transverse fossa at the summit, the last portion convex : the third molar of the
upper jaw, small cylindrical, and with a cup-shaped cavity at its apex, which is
surrounded by enamel; the third molar of the lower jaw consists of a simple
transverse lamina, without any cavity at its apex which is convex like the
last portion of the second molar of the same jaw. Temporal bulle large,
hemispherical and semi-transparent.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the point of the nose to
the base of the tail
4 10
of the tail ...
3 3
Distance between the tip of the nose
and the
eye
08
Inches. Lines.
Distance betwen the eye and the ear. 0 4
Length of the ear .......
0 3
of the tarsus of hind legs...... 0 7
Height when standing .......
2 1
a
The
female (figure B) differs a little in colour from the male ; the upper parts
of the head, together with the back and sides, are intermediate between yel-
lowish brown, and sienna yellow, and all of these parts are variegated as in
the male with short delicate striæ but of a deeper colour ; the extent of white
over the eyes is greater and the post-auricular tufts of white hair are smaller ;
in other respects the two sexes appear much alike.
genus. It
The shortness of the tail and the tuft or fringe of white hair behind each ear constitute
characters by which this animal is easily distinguished from the other species of the
never occurs, so far as I know, within three hundred miles of Cape Town, and all the specimens
which I have seen were procured in the western districts of the continent, principally north of the
Orange river. It is said to be of migratory habits, and seldom to remain for any length of
time in one locality; it flits generally, if not always, during the night, and forms its burrows
in the new districts under cover of the darkness. It generally selects an open grassy plot
for its residence, and if such a spot is to be found in the neighbourhood of brushwood, that
appears to be invariably preferred. Its food consists of small insects, &c.


VOUR
AIGO CEROS EQUINA.
(Mammalia Plate?; Male
UNIL
OF
mich



AIGOCEROS EQUINA.-DESMAREST.
MAMMALIA.--PLATE XXVII.-MALE.
A. corpore extremitatibusque sublactifloribus, humeris, dorso, natibus, artubusque externe rubiginoso-
aurantio-tinctis; capitis lateribus, fasciei medio, pectoreque rubro-nigris; superciliis, fasciâ ante
oculos, mento, regionibusque circa angulum oris et rhenarium albis; jubâ flavo-albâ supernè brunneo-
rubrâ, aurantiâque marginatâ. Oculis aurantio-brunneis.
LONGITUDO ab vertice ad basin caudæ 5 ped. 11 unc.; caudæ 2 ped. 4. unc.
ALTITUDO ad interscapulium 4 ped. 6 unc.; ad prynam 4 ped. 4} unc.
ANTILOPE OSANNE, Geoffr. Collect. du Mus.
ANTILOPE EQUINA, Id.-TAHAITSIE of the Bechuannas.
Colour. - The body and extremities rusty cream-yellow; the shoulders,
back, buttocks, and outer surface of limbs darkened with rusty reddish-orange;
neck pale cream-yellow, with a strong greyish tint; throat yellowish white;
the sides of the head, between the base of the horns and the angles of the
lower jaw, together with the middle portion of the face and breast, chocolate-
red; the hairs of the face are chesnut-brown towards their roots. Belly dirty
white. Tail brownish red. The sides of the head under the ears,
eye-
brows, the anterior part of the lower jaw, the region around the angles of the
mouth, and throat adjoining the muzzle white; from the eyebrow the white
colour is prolonged obliquely downward for some inches towards the angle of
the mouth, and partially divides the dark colour of the cheek from that of
the face. The mane is yellowish white, and is margined with two darker
colours; the external one, which tinges the tips of the hairs is rich brownish
red; the inner one, which is less defined, is intermediate between orpiment
and buff orange. Ears, externally, pale fulvous, tipped with dark brown,
internally white. The inner surfaces of the thighs greyish white. The fore
legs anteriorly, for about six inches above the knee joints, are chocolate-red,
and a narrow stripe of the same colour descends from each knee to the pas-
tern-joint; the true and the accessory hoofs are at their bases distinctly
edged with hair of the same colour, and the whole of the covering of each
ears, the

AIGOCEROS EQUINA.
-
pastern-joint posteriorly is of the same hue. Eyes deep orange-coloured
brown. Hoofs liver-brown. Horns between yellowish and umber-brown.
Form, &c.-Figure robust and elegantly proportioned. Head at and be-
hind the eyes broad and deep, before the eyes comparatively narrow and
delicate,—the transition from the one state to the other sudden. Neck very
thick and powerful. Muzzle small and somewhat semilunar in shape, ante-
riorly prolonged to the edge of the upper lip. Horns directly above the eyes
and strongly recurved, the first two-thirds of each scabrous from elevated rings,
the last third smooth and tapered. The number of rings varies according to
the age of the animal, being generally in a well grown specimen from twenty
to twenty-four, they are commonly most developed near where they cease to
exist, and are generally very faint on the external aspect, probably from their
being worn down by friction; the animal being much addicted to the practice
of rubbing its horns against trees, rocks, &c. The transverse section of
a horn has a somewhat oval shape, the posterior portion being the
broadest. The ears are situated about four and a half inches behind the
horns, and are long, rather narrow and slightly falcated towards their tips;
the tips slightly obtuse and somewhat truncated; internally they are lined
with long soft hair, externally with a short and rigid sort. The crest of the
neck is surmounted with a compressed thin mane which commences a few
inches behind the ears, and terminates on the hollow of the back a short dis-
tance behind the withers; it is highest where the neck joins the body, and lowest
towards its origin and termination. For some inches behind the former the
hair forming the mane, lies forwards, that of the other parts is nearly perpen-
dicular. Withers a little elevated and slightly arched, not however to an
extent to form a sensible hunch. Tail terminated by a small brush of long
hair, the origin of which is sudden and well defined, above the brush the
hairy covering is short, and on the under aspect of the tail very scanty.
Hoofs rather small and each foot is furnished with an unguinal sinus ; in-
guinal pores two; inguinal mammæ four. Hair covering the upper parts
of the neck, the body and the extremities short, rigid and recumbent; that on
the lower part of the neck long and rather shaggy.
a
ܪ
DIMENSIONS.
Feet. Inches.
Feet. Inches.
0 10
0 111
7
Distance apart at points
between the eye and the nose
Depth of the head about midway
between the horns and the
6
2
1
Length from the nose to the base
of the tail
of the tail
of the head
of the ears
of the horns, following the
curve
Distance apart at base
4
8
101
0
ears
0
10
Height at the withers
4
6
2.
at the croup
4
41
3)
11
0

AIGOCEROS EQUINA.
The horns of the female are smaller than those of the male; the neck is
much less robust, and the figure generally more delicate.
The range of this species is very wide, and specimens have been found wherever Southern
Africa has been explored. Not very many years ago the animal was frequently seen within the
northern boundary of the Cape Colony, and if we are to credit the statements of the Abori-
gines, there was a time when it occurred much more to the southward than even the locality
alluded to, and from which it has now in a great measure, if not completely, disappeared. It
is an animal which congregates, and commonly from six to twelve individuals are found asso-
ciated together. Herds of this description are generally met in districts abounding with small
hills or hilly ridges, and to such elevations they appear to resort in preference to the plains.
The number of herds in any given tract is comparatively small, so that the animal, though
generally diffused, is, nevertheless, no where abundant. Its pace is a gallop, which, in ap-
pearance, is of a heavy character, but its progress is amazingly rapid. It is an animal ex-
tremely vigilant, and always appears to be in fear of enemies ; hence, it comes seldom
within the
range
of the hunter's
gun.
Aigoceros equina and A. niger are the only species of the groupe I have seen in South
Africa. Aigoceros leucophæa and A. barbata, I am inclined to believe, are fictitious species
constituted upon bad descriptions of A. equina. In consequence of its being said* that
the only specimen of Antilope Leucopæa now known is in the Museum of Paris, I requested
a friend of mine to apply for permission to take a drawing of it. The request was no
sooner made than M. Geoffroy afforded every possible facility. After an examination of the
drawing, which was made with great care, I had no difficulty in coming to the conclusion that
the Paris specimen was a young male of A. equina; the former differs from the latter only
in wanting the chocolate-red colour on the face and breast; the same want is observed in
young individuals of A. equina-the parts in question are light rufous instead of chocolate-red.
The Aborigines are very acute in recognizing in drawings any of the animals with which they
are acquainted; yet I could never find the man who would admit that he had seen any thing
like the Tahaitsie of Daniels, though I showed his plate of the animal to many persons with
hoary hair, who had been born and had grown old in the very country in which it was said
to exist.
I
* The Animal Kingdom, translated hy Griffiths, &c. vol. iv. page 177.



KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS.
(Mammalia. Plate 28.) Male.



KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS.*
MAMMALIA.-.PLATES XXVIII. AND XXIX.
K. flavo-griseus, aurantio-brunneo obscuratus; maculâ longâ supra oculum, labiis, fasciâ gulari, ellipsique
prynali albis; cornubus procurvis, annulatis ; caudâ flocosâ.
LONGITUDO ab vertice ad basin caudæ 5 ped. 6 unc.; caudæ 20 unc.
ALTITUDO ad interscapulium 4 ped.; ad prynam 4 ped. 3 unc.
AIGOCEROS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS, Ogilby, Proceedings Zool. Society, 1833, page 47.
(Male. Plate XXVIII.)
Colour.—The chaffron, the forehead, the body, the tail, and the anterior ex-
tremities above the knee-joints, and the hinder ones above the houghs inter-
mediate between yellowish-grey and ash-grey ; the tint in many places, parti-
cularly on the back, much darkened and variegated with a dull orange coloured
or russet-brown. The grey is the predominating colour, being the tint of the
basal two-thirds of each hair, and the brown occurs at the tip of each hair, and
also in the form of one or more rings behind the brown points. The eyebrows
and a narrow space under each eye white, which colour is also observed on
the upper lip and on the parts immediately adjoining the hinder and lateral
edges of the muzzle. The sides of the neck and the throat immediately
behind the head are crossed by a narrow white stripe, which extends nearly
from ear to ear, and on the croup and nates, about four inches before the base
of the tail, there is a broad and well-defined white band in the form of an ellipse.
The sides of the head are yellowish-grey, which on the lower jaw is dark-
ened with orange-coloured brown; the latter colour at the points of the hairs as
already described. The outer surface of the ears and legs below the knees and
houghs bright orange-coloured brown. Ears internally dirty white. Eyes
yellowish-brown. The true and accessory hoofs liver-brown, the hair at their
base dirty white. Horns between yellowish and umber-brown.
FORM, &c.- Figure rather robust and heavy ; limbs strong, but not inele-
gant. Head rather long for its thickness, and gradually tapered from the
forehead, having the sides before the eyes convex. Muzzle heart-shaped,
the apex reaching the edge of the upper lip. Ears ovate, patulous and
* Characters of Kobus. Horns in the male only, long, pointed and slightly flexuous; muzzle moderately
developed, somewhat heart-shaped ; no suborbital sinuses nor glands; stature large or rather large ;
frame robust ; hair harsh and long or rather long; tail reaching to about the houghs,

KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS.
a
pointed, internally coated with long soft hair disposed in longitudinal strie,
which are divided from each other by intervening naked spaces, externally
thickly coated with close and short rigid hair. The hair generally is coarse and
wiry, that which covers the chaffron, the lips, the outer surface of the ears, the
anterior extremities and the hinder ones below the houghs, short and dense,
that elsewhere long and shaggy; on the anterior parts of the body the hair is
longer than on the hinder parts, and on the neck longest. On the middle of
the back about a foot behind the shoulders, a small whorl exists, and in front
of that all the hairs of the back are directed forwards, while those behind ex-
tend backwards. Tail cylindrical and tapered, tip tufted with long hair, else-
where the covering is short and dense. Groins nearly bare, no inguinal pores,
scrotum densely covered with short white hair, no unguinal sinuses nor sub-
orbital glands. Eye-balls full; the expression of the eyes fierce, and indica-
tive of ferocity and determination.
Horns placed upon the frontal crest over the posterior angles of the eyes ;
the first half of each extends slightly backward and much outwards, the next
half forwards and inwards with a uniform curvature, the conc
ncavity of which
is in front; in form they are somewhat cylindrical, the first or basal half being
marked with elevated rings, varying in number from twelve to twenty-three,
and extending more or less upon the last half; the rings do not appear in
general to be complete, or at least equally distinct upon the outer side of the
horns, apparently from being rubbed down by friction; the extreme or distal
portion of each horn smooth. Between the annuli the horns are marked with
deep and regular stria, which observe a longitudinal direction.
VISCERA.— The stomach consists of four pouches: the first is very large
and nearly oval, the second, third, and fourth are comparatively small; the
communication between the first and second is very small, between the second
and third considerably larger. The first pouch especially adjoining the en-
trance of æsophagus is lined with numerous slender, but firm and pointed
papilla, each about two lines in length; the second stomach is very muscu-
lar and of a roundish form, internally furnished with loose membranous
folds, each of which is edged with fine hard minute papillæ ; the third is
thinner than the second, and like it is furnished internally with loose mem-
branous folds, but without papilla. Cæcum smooth internally, and not saccu-
lated. The stomach from the entrance of the æsophagus to its lower edge
two feet in length, the greatest breadth of the first pouch 18 inches. Small
intestines 60 feet long ; large intestines 20; cæcum 15 inches. Spleen about
a foot in length, firmly attached to the stomach, and deeply emarginate
on the lower edge. Liver massive, broader than deep, and inferiorly partially


KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS.
(Mammalia Plate 29.) Female.
ICH



KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS.
divided into two lobes by a narrow fissure which extends nearly half way
from the lower towards the upper edge, two small lobuli on its concave sur.
face; gall bladder pyriform, and firmly attached to the concave surface of
the liver, and its lower extremity descends a little below the inferior edge of
the viscus.
DIMENSIONS.
Ft. Inch.
Length from the nose to the base of the tail 6 10
from the nose to the base of the
horns
1 0
Inch. Lin.
Length of the horns
24 0
Distance between the horns at the base 2 0
between the horns at the great-
est curvature outwards ... 11 6
between the points of the horns 8 6
between the nose and the eye 9 6
eye and the ear
4 0
1
8
0
9
of the tail
of the ears.
Height at the croup
shoulder
4
3
4
0
(Female. Plate XXIX.)
The figure of the female is more delicate than that of the male, and the hair
with which she is covered is generally longer. Her general colour is also
paler, owing to there being less of the russet-brown to darken the yellowish-
grey. She has four inguinal mamma.
This animal, which has, from the time it first became known to the Cape Colonists, been
designated by them under the name of " The Water Bok,” was not seen by our party till after
we had passed to the northward of Kurrichane; and if we are to trust the evidence of the
natives, it is never met with to the southward of the high lands, which extend to the eastward
of the locality mentioned. To the northward, however, it is a common animal, and is generally
found associated in small herds of from eight to ten individuals, near the margins of streams.
We were struck from the first with the small proportion of males in these herds, and on re-
marking upon the circumstance to the Aborigines, they gave their testimony in support of the
accuracy of our observations. Rarely, in a herd of twelve, were there more than two or three
males, and of these seldom more than one which might be regarded as mature. The natives
were of opinion that the sexes were produced in about that proportion, and even made use of the
assumed fact in support of the propriety of polygamy as it exists among uncivilized
uncivilized men,
ing that a like disproportion occurred in the human species. A marked disproportion between
males and females I have also noticed in herds of other species of the Antilope tribe, both in
the colony and much nearer to it; but the circumstance was always accounted for in a differ-
ent way by persons with whom I conversed on the subject. It was affirmed that the great
superiority in number of the one, arose from the adult males driving out the young ones from
the society of the herds, and forcing them to live apart until they had acquired the strength
necessary to enable them to hold their place in a mixed society, which was not probably before
some proportion of the elder had ceased to exist, and left room for the few able-bodied to
join company and become active agents in extending to others that line of discipline to which
they themselves had been subjected. It is possible this may be the correct mode of ac-
assert-

KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS.
counting for the occurrence, but I must confess I have never had the good fortune to find herds
of young males living by themselves; though I have been assured by credible persons, that
such had often come under their observation.
When Kobus ellipsiprymnus is feeding, it has the appearance of being a clumsy and unpre-
possessing animal; but, on the contrary, when excited, it is elegant and stately; at such
times it holds its head high, and assumes a lively and spirited position. Its pace is a gallop, and
generally all the individuals of the herd brush off at the same time, each making the best of
its way without endeavouring, as some other of the Antilopes do, to follow in the train of
a leader. When disturbed they generally fly from the places where they are discovered
towards the higher grounds of the neighbourhood, and if unable to reach them, without passing
through water, they manifest neither fear nor disinclination to plunge into the stream-hence
the origin of the name by which they are designated by the colonist. Their flesh is in little
repute, even with the Aborigines, though it is not quite rejected; the dislike to it arises from
its being of a hard and stringy texture, and from exhaling a strong urinous odour. The
flesh of Aigoceros equina is also rather hard, strong, and somewhat unsavoury, its skin like that
of Kobus ellipsiprymnus is thick, very compact and firmly attached to the muscles, and there
are also various other points in which the two animals strongly resemble each other.
In consequence of having found that I could not, upon satisfactory grounds, class Aigoceros
ellipsiprymnus in any
of the yet constituted groupes into which the Antilope family has been
divided, I came at last to the resolution of establishing one to receive it. The value of the
groupe, however, I have not ventured to surmise, being of opinion that in the present state of
the science the naturalist is often hampered by difficulties created merely from an inclination to
accomplish more than is to be done consistent with the knowledge we yet possess. In the
groupe which I propose for the South African animal I feel inclined also to place two Antilopes
of Western Africa, the Koba and Kob of Buffon. These, in consequence of the peculiarities
of their characters, have been variously classed by different authors, and it clearly appears to
me, that if our animal is not to be admitted into any of the already established forms, certainly
the two above mentioned must be equally excluded, while they must be viewed as standing
within the limits of the groupe we propose. The following, in our opinion, will be the species
which will belong to it:-
Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Aigoceros ellipsiprymnus. OGILBY.
Kobus senegalensis, Antilope senegalensis. DESM.
Kobus Adansoni, Antilope, Kob. ERXLEB.


re
*
3
citos
Sot
*****
careers
BUBAI Us CAAMA
(Mammalia Plate 30.
) Male



BUBALUS CAAMA.- OGILBY.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXX.-MALE.
3
B. capite, cervice, corporeque subcinnamomeis; fronte, facie, vertice, maculâ ad basin auris, lineâ cervicali
extremitatibusque externè suprà genu brunneo-rubris griseo nitentibus; oculis pallidè rubro-aurantiis.
LONGITUDO è naso ad basin caudæ 6 ped. 11 unc.; caudæ 1 ped. 41 unc.
ALTITUDO ad interscapulium 3 ped. 100 unc.; ad prynam 3 ped. 6) unc.
HARTBEEST, Sparrman, Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, vol. ii. p. 199.
ANTILOPE CAAMA, Schreb, Goldfuss, pp. 11. 74.; tab. 277
ANTILOPE BUBALIS, Pallas, Erxleb. Gmel. Bodd.
HARTEBEEST of the Cape Colonists.-KAMA of the Bechuanna.
COLOUR.—The colour of the head, neck, and body intermediate between
light brownish orange and yellowish brown; the back, the sides of the neck
superiorly, the outer surfaces of the shoulder and the anterior edge of each
haunch darkest, being nearly of a cinnamon colour. The belly and the
inner surface of the limbs towards the body rusty white. The forehead and
chaffron, from a little below the eyes to the nostrils, are brownish red, and
these two marks are separated from each other by a transverse band, about
three inches in depth, of the same colour as the body. From the forehead
the brownish red colour is continued between the horns, behind which it
spreads out and forms the tint of the crown of the head. From each side of
the dark colour of the crown, a broad stripe of the same hue proceeds down-
wards and forwards, and forms an edging to the base of each ear interiorly,
and anteriorly ; while another stripe of a narrower character and fainter hue
proceeds along the back of the neck, and terminates either at the shoulder or
at the croup.
The same colour occurs also upon all the extremities,
most abundantly on their outer surfaces, above the knees and houghs. At
and for some inches above the joints, it extends almost completely round the
limbs, but higher than that it is confined to the outer surfaces, and even does
not
occupy the whole of these, as a part of the thighs anteriorly and of the
fore legs posteriorly, are of the same colour as the body; on both the anterior
and posterior extremities, it terminates a little above the line of the belly ; on

BUBALUS CAAMA.
the fore ones it is narrow and pointed superiorly, on the hinder blunt, rounded
and arched obliquely backwards and upwards. The brownish red of the parts
described is strongly glossed with grey. The extremities below the knees
and houghs are light yellowish brown softened with grey, except in front,
where each is marked with a narrow stripe of dark hair, most distinct on the
fore legs; the pastern-joints posteriorly are also of a dark brownish red
colour. Lower lip pale reddish brown ; space behind muzzle rusty white.
Ears externally light yellowish brown, internally white; tail above at base
the same colour as back, below white, towards tip reddish brown; horns
between umber and yellowish brown; eyes light reddish orange.
Form, &c.—Figure ill formed and ungainly, the hinder parts not developed
in the same proportion as the fore parts. The height at the withers consider-
ably greater than at the croup, which depends in some measure upon the
greater length of the fore-legs, but chiefly upon the unusual elongation of
the spinous processes of the first five or six dorsal vertebra. The head is
long and narrow, the forehead prominent superiorly, and bearing the horns.
The latter are nearly cylindrical and almost in contact at their bases. The
first two-thirds of each horn is scabrous from a series of elevated rings con-
nected by longitudinal grooves, the last third smooth. The number of the
rings vary according to the age of the animal; thus they are found sometimes
not to exceed ten, at other times there are from sixteen to eighteen: they vary
much also in regard to their perfection, being found in many individuals
not surrounding more than two-thirds of the horns, and in others forming
complete circles, especially upon the first third. In full grown, but especially
in aged individuals, many of these rings are broken and knotted anteriorly,
more particularly those which occur upon the second third. The direction of
the horns is at first backwards, and outwards, then forwards, and slightly
inwards, in a regular curve, the concavity of which is forward; the last third
of each horn is directed backwards and slightly outwards, and lies nearly
at a right angle with the first two-thirds. Eyes large and soft. Ears ovate
and patulous. Muzzle small and shaped somewhat like the head of an
arrow. About two inches below the inner corner of each eye there is a large
flat and nearly circular suborbital gland and the fluid it secretes, which is
viscid and tenacious, is discharged externally by one simple orifice; by this
secretion, the surrounding hair is agglutinated into a hard mass, the appear-
ance and situation of which will be understood from a reference to the figure.
Each foot has an unguinal sinus, and there are two inguinal pores and two
inguinal mammæ. The tail is slender, the first third covered with short, and
the last two-thirds with long hair, the latter is all turned backwards and
a
с

BUBALUS CAAMA. .
forms a compressed fringe or border posteriorly. The hair of the animal
generally is soft, short, and recumbent. On the inner surface of the ears, it
is rather long. Towards the tip of the lower jaw there are a number of
rather long fine bristles.
DIMENSIONS.
Ft. Inches.
Ft. Inches.
0
114
Length from the nose to the base of
the tail
of the tail
from the tip of the nose to the
base of the horns
of the horns
6 11
1 41
0)
Distance between the eye and the
nose
between the horns at the base
between the horns at the tips
Height at the withers
croup
01
102
0
3
103
1 5
1 92
0 7
3
61
of the ears
The female is rather smaller in stature than the male, and the horns are
less powerful, and neither so strongly ringed nor knotted, The colours are
nearly similar.
Wherever travellers from the Cape of Good Hope have reached, they have found the
Hartebeest, and we, besides having actually killed specimens close to the tropic of Capricorn,
,
have also heard of the animal existing much farther to the northward. At the same time that we
had proofs of its residence in the latitude mentioned, we also had evidence that it does not
occur so frequently there as it does more to the southward. In fact, from the parallel where
Bubalus lunata began to occur, Bubalus Caama began to be rare, and from our observation
we would be justified in pronouncing that the former took in a great measure the place of the
latter in all the territory northward of 25° S. latitude.
The circumstance of a species being restricted in its range, and of having its place in an ad-
joining locality taken by a different one of the same genus, without there occurring at the time
any deficiency of the food upon which the former is accustomed to feed, must ever afford a
subject of interesting reflection to the field naturalist. That many species have limits beyond
which they rarely extend, no one will doubt who has studied the animal productions of countries
still favourably situated for actual observation; yet few, probably, will pretend that they have
discovered the causes of such occurrences. Not many observers will be hardy enough to main-
tain that the habitat of a species is limited purely in consequence of its food being limited, since
the majority must know that the substitution of one animal for another often takes place long
before that food fails to exist upon which the one which has ceased to occur is prone to feed.
Can the cause then be the influence of habit? While considering the circumstance, with proofs
of its occurrence actually under our observation, we have occasionally been disposed to ascribe
it to such an influence; but, we always found the conclusion untenable when we recollected that
in all probability many of the instances we had the opportunity of observing could not have re-
sulted from the power of an established habit, such as we supposed, inasmuch as we had often
met individuals out of the favourite range of the species, though these individuals, having all the
peculiarities of their kind as seen within what may be denominated their proper domain, had pro-
bably been produced and reared where we saw them. If, therefore, neither a want of special food,
,
a

BUBALUS CAAMA.
a
a
а.
nor the influence of habit, can be regarded as the cause which limits the range of a species, we
must look for it in something else, and that something, I have no doubt, we shall find to be a law
of the Creator, and that the animals who are under the influence of that law are kept within the
districts destined for their abode, without any exertion of their own will. Many curious facts
in corroboration of this opinion, may be acquired in South Africa, and much is to be found
there calculated to incline us to an opinion that the movements, migrations, &c. of animals are
the result of some imperative impulse, rather than the exercise of a free will. It appears to us
that all species, whose ranges it is intended shall be circumscribed, are formed with dispositions
and feelings suited to the localities which they are destined to inhabit, and that these, which
are co-existent with life, regulate the movements of every individual of the species. As tend-
ing to support this conclusion, we may instance what occurs in South Africa with two species
of Catoblepus (Gnu). During a certain season of the year both species inhabit the same
districts; but during the remaining portion, one of the species resort more to the southward in
large herds, and there feed, though it is exposed to almost incessant danger from the colonial
hunters. The latter, while advancing to the southward, is accompanied a part of the way
by the other species, but on arriving at the southern branch of the Orange River, the one
,
ceases to advance, while the other crosses the stream, and proceeds into the colony year
after year to encounter the colonial hunters, and acquire a food exactly similar to that it might
have secured without migrating. Numerous other instances of a like description we shall
hereafter notice.
The Hartebeest, by preference, inhabits an open country, and hence is generally observed upon
the plains in small herds consisting of from six to ten individuals, and often where the plains are
extensive, many of such groupes are to be seen within the range of the eye. It is a very wary ani-
,
mal, and views with strong suspicion the advance of man, so that unless favoured by special cir-
cumstances, he finds it an animal difficult to procure. When disturbed, the herd generally scam-
pers off in the train of some acknowledged leader, and they are rarely seen when flying, except
in a string, one animal upon the heel of another. Their pace is a sort of heavy gallop, and
though they do not appear to move with rapidity, yet the ground over which they go in a given
time shows that their progressive motion is far from slow. When first they start, they appear ex-
tremely awkward, and generate in the observer an impression that to overtake them must be no very
difficult task. After they have advanced a little, however, the apparent stiffness in the joints
of the hinder extremities disappears, and even the indications of weakness of the hinder limbs
becomes so indistinct, that he is soon satisfied of the inaccuracy of his first conclusion. This
and the Bubalus lunata are the only antilopes of South Africa, which exhibit the peculiarity
alluded to, and have led many to remark their resemblance in this respect to the Hyane and
Proteles Lalandii. In all of these animals there is a disproportion between the development
of the anterior and posterior parts of the body, and each of them appears when in motion as if
its hinder extremities were too weak for the duties they were destined to perform.
a


BUBALUS LUNATUS. (Female)
(Mammalia. Plate 31)
м



BUBALUS LUNATUS.
MAMMALIA.— PLATE XXXI.
B. genis, cervice, corporeque subbadiis purpureo-griseo-lævigatis; fasciâ verticali inter nasem verticemque
brunneo-griseâ, nigro-brunneo-marginatâ ; artu singulo superne et externe faciâ verticali brunneo-
griseo-notato; cornubus illis bovis subsimilibus. Oculis pallidè brunneo-rubris,
LONGITUDO e naso ad basin caudæ, 6 ped. 10 unc.; caudæ, 151 unc.
ALTITUDO ad interscapulium, 4 ped. 6 une. ; ad prymnam 3 ped. 6 unc.
ACRONOTUS LUNATA, Hamilton Smith.
SASSABY of the Bechuanna Kafirs.
وه
a
COLOUR.—The sides of the head below the eyes, together with the neck and
the body, are of a tint intermediate between hyacinth, red, and reddish orange,
and over that, the ground colour, there is a distinct gloss of pale brownish
purple red which gives an appearance similar to that produced when a light
coloured varnish is applied over a dark ground; on the sides of the head and
first half of the neck, the purplish hue is more palpable than elsewhere, and
on the outer surface of the buttocks the ground colour is lighter than on any
other part of the animal. The centre of the forehead and face is a dark
brownish grey, margined on each side with dull blackish brown; on the face
the stripe is of considerable breadth, and its lower extremity, which is angular
and pointed, reaches close to the centre of the muzzle; on the forehead it is
narrow, and above it terminates in the blackish brown hair of the vertex. The
hair between the eyes and the base of the horns, as also that on each side of the
facial stripe, and that which covers the upper lip intermediate between brownish
and reddish orange; a narrow stripe on each side of nostrils light cream-yellow.
The outer surface of the ears brownish orange; the inner surface white. A
mark of a brownish grey colour, and of a similar character to that which exists
upon the upper and outer portion of each leg of Bubalus Caama, also occurs in
a

BUBALUS LUNATUS.
this species. On each fore leg it descends almost to the knee joint, and for
some inches above its termination is darker than elsewhere, and completely
encircles the limb; above the point where the extension commences, the dark
mark is restricted to a portion of the outer and anterior aspects of the leg, and
under the same form in which it exists at the point of union between the body
and limb it ascends upon the outer surface of the shoulder till it reaches within
a few inches of the hunch, where it terminates in an indistinct point. Both
anteriorly and posteriorly the upper portion of this mark is margined with a
stripe of hair of the same colour as that which covers the upper lip; behind,
the colour descends considerably lower than in front, its termination being
not many inches above the knee joint. On the hinder leg the dark mark
occupies the outer aspect of the thigh, and extends from the hough obliquely
upwards and forwards till it disappears immediately above and outside of the
groin ; towards its lower extremity it also completely encircles a portion of
the limb. Below the knees and houghs, the colour is light reddish orange.
The belly and inner surface of the legs towards the body are rusty white or
dull cream-yellow. The hair of the first third of the tail is of the same colour
as the body, that of the last two-thirds is cream-yellow at the root, and dirty
umber-brown at and towards the point. Eyes, light brownish red; muzzle,
black ; hoofs, blackish brown ; horns, light blackish brown.
Form, &c.-Figure nearly similar to that of Bubalus Caama. The head is
rather compressed, posteriorly it is of considerable depth, anteriorly it is
narrow and attenuated; muzzle narrow and shaped somewhat like the letter
V. Eyes large, and about an inch below the internal angle of each, there is
a small bare spot, about four lines in diameter, with a narrow vertical fissure
along its centre, from which exudes, upon pressure being applied, a thin
glairy fluid. The chin and the upper and lower lips are sparingly sprinkled
with rigid bristles. Ears ovate and pointed, their inner surface coated with
long hair disposed in longitudinal bands. The horns are placed on the
summit of the head, each upon a separate and slightly elevated peduncle ;
they first extend outwards and slightly backwards, then outwards and upwards
in a curve, and lastly, towards the points they form a curvature inwards: their
appearance altogether is very similar to horns which are often seen upon
oxen.
The first half of each horn is encircled by a number of slightly raised
rings ; the last half is quite smooth, and throughout the whole of their length
they are nearly cylindrical. The neck is rather slender, and the hunch on
the shoulder is arched and very prominent. The legs are rather slender, and
the hoofs long and narrow. The outline of the back is waved, and strongly
declivous towards the tail ; the latter, towards its base, is covered with short

BUBALUS LUNATUS.
hair; the last two-thirds is fringed posteriorly with long hair, all directed
backwards; the under surface of the tail is bare and the skin soft and
delicate. Teats two, udder and groins covered with short fine hair; no
inguinal pores.
DIMENSIONS.
Ft. Inch.
Ft. Inch.
0 11
6 10
1 31
Distance between the eye and the nose
between the horns at the
base.......
between the horns at the tip
Height at the withers
0
Length from the nose to the base of
the tail
of the tail
from the tip of the nose to the
base of the horns
of the horns
of the ears...
31
1
1
1
4
0
32
1
1
at the croup
3
62
0
7
The colours of both sexes are nearly the same, and little discrepancy exists
in point of size. The upper part of the neck of the male is generally broader
than that of the female, a circumstance observed in most of the antelope
tribe.
Between the appearances of the horns of Sassaby and Caama there are such marked differences,
that we must at once conclude no valid importance ought to be attached either to the form or
direction of horns in the grouping of species. The subocular glands also differ materially in these
two animals; in Caama, they are covered with short hair, similar to that of the other parts of the
face; in Sassaby they are without covering. In Caama, the last portion of the tail is completely
encircled with hair; in Sassaby the sides and upper surface only are so furnished, the under sur-
face being bare. In general appearance the two animals present a strong resemblance to each
other.
The Sassaby has rarely been known to advance to the southward of Latakoo, and at present
but few individuals reach the latitude of that place, which the aborigines ascribe to the dread
the animal has of fire-arms. To the north ward and eastward of Latakoo, however, specimens
are to be seen in tolerable numbers, yet not in the abundance in which they occur in the
country northwards of Kurrichane. While B. Caama seems to prefer the open grassy plains for
its feeding places, the Sassaby apparently delights to resort to situations in the vicinity of wood,
or to such as are actually wooded, and in districts of the latter description large herds are often
observed feeding among the dense brushwood without apparent concern. All the individuals
we saw near to Latakoo were vigilant in watching our motions, and apparently little disposed
to trust themselves within our reach ; while those again on the other side of Kurrichane were
comparatively tame, and though they did not actually resist our approach, yet they often
continued in the situations in which we discovered them, until they were quite within the range
of our guns, and even after being fired at they only retreated slowly, and rarely without frequently
6

BUBALUS LUNATUS. .
turning round as they retired to watch our movements. Their retreat, after each examination of
the kind oned, was commonly preceded by some significant springs or strange gesticu-
lations, such as are often made by common domestic cattle when they are put to flight by any
object which excites their alarm. In point of manners, both the Sassaby and the real Hartebeest
show a considerable resemblance to the bovine tribe, and, except the Gnu, Catoblepas, more
than
any
of the other antelopes.


CEPHALOPUS NATALENSIS.
(Mammalia Plate 32.)
WHIL
OF
M



CEPHALOPUS NATALENSIS.--SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XXXII.
C. rubro-aurantius, dorso natibusque externè brunneo-aurantio-umbratis; capitis cervicisque lateribus,
gutture, abdomineque subochreis. Cristâ verticali rubro-aurantio nigro-brunneoque coloratâ; cornubus
griseo-nigris ; oculis brunneis.
LONGITUDO ab vertice ad basin caudæ, 2 ped. 21 unc.; caudæ 4 unc.
Altitudo ad interscapulium 1 ped. 3. unc. ; ad prymnam 1 ped. 6 unc.
CEPHALOPUS NATALENSIS, Smith.–South African Quarterly Journal, second series,
vol. i. p. 217; 1834.
2
a
Colour.---The face, the upper surface of the neck, the back, the sides, and
the extremities, reddish orange; the back and outer surface of buttocks
darkened with a shade of brownish orange. The sides of the head and neck,
the throat and the belly a light buff-orange. The lower part of the face
near to the muzzle, the upper surface of the neck, the posterior parts of the
hocks, and the pastern joint of each leg strongly blushed with purplish
brown. The sides of the lower jaw, at, and immediately behind the angles
of the mouth, the space between the rami of the lower jaw, and the edge of
the anterior portion of the upper lip, white. One portion of the long hairs
composing the tuft on the crown of the head, the colour of the body, and
the other, the central portion, dark blackish brown. Tail towards the tip
dusky brown, with variegations arising from an intermixture of some dingy
white hairs, towards the root it is of the colour of the body. The hairs on
the inner surface of the ears dusky, on the outer surface purplish brown.
Eyes dark brown. Muzzle black. Horns and hoofs greyish black.
Form, &c.—Body slender and elegantly formed ; limbs long and delicate.
Head rather long and much tapered towards the nose ; chaffron slightly
arched. Under each eye there is a narrow longitudinal black line devoid of
hair, and with a fissure about an inch and a quarter in length along its centre,
through which in the living animal exudes a limpid glairy fluid. The crown of
the head is surmounted by a dense tuft of rather long rigid hairs which conceals
the horns; the latter, which are about an inch and a quarter in length, are
inclined slightly backwards, and are rather thick towards their base, but
-

CEPHALOPUS NATALENSIS. .
slender at the points. Ears broad, short, and pointed ; muzzle and outer
edges of nostrils bare. Tail slightly tufted and bare underneath. Hoofs
long, slender and pointed.
DIMENSIONS.
Ft. Inch.
1 33
0 2
Ft. Inch.
Length from the nose to the base of the tail 2 8
of the tail ........
04
of the head
0 61
of the ears.....
0 21
of the horns
.....
0 11
of the fore legs
0 113
Length of the hinder legs.
Distance between the eye and the ear...
between the nose and the eye
Height at the croup....
at the shoulder...
0
3
1
6
1
3}
Female unknown.
Taking Antilope silvicultrix, Afzelius, and A. mergens, Blain., as the typical species of a
group, we shall find no difficulty in extending it by an addition of several other species of
African origin, which, both in respect of physiognomy and general characters, manifest such
a striking similarity to the typical species, that persons the least accustomed to judge of
resemblances, will scarcely even find a difficulty in indicating them. Hence Cephalopus
must be regarded as a regular and natural group, and one likely to stand when those instituted
upon characters, deduced from the mere modifications presented by aberrant species, will
require to be discarded. The little animal we have here described, under the name of C.
Natalensis, is clearly entitled to a place in the group in question ; and though both it and
Antilope cærulea (H. Smith), have certain characters peculiar to themselves, yet they have all
the requisites essential to rank them in the genus Cephalopus. In both of these species the
female as well as the male is always furnished with horns, and in this respect they differ
from the other species of the group which occur in South Africa,—the females of which are
almost always found without horns, yet individuals are occasionally killed in which they exist;
hence it would appear that their presence or absence ought not to be highly considered in
establishing the generic characters. Both C. cærulea and C. Natalensis inhabit the African
forests; the former towards the Cape of Good Hope, the latter to the eastward about and
beyond Port Natal. They both feed partly upon the grass which occurs among the underwood,
and partly upon the young leaves and shoots of the brushwood and small trees which exist in
the situations they inhabit; and to obtain the latter they may occasionally be seen scrambling
among shrubs, or ascending the stem of sloping trees, so as to reach what they cannot attain
while they are on the ground.


OTOMYS ALBICAUDATUS.
(Mammalia Plate 33.)
UNI
Gt



OTOMYS ALBICAUDATUS.-SMITH.*
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXXIII. (MALE.)
0. supra brunneo-griseus, profundè brunneo-penicillatus; infra sordidè subcinereus; caudâ ferrugineo-
albâ; pilis versus radicem schistosis ; oculis profundè brunneis; auribus magnis.
LONGITUDO ab nasi apice ad basin caudæ 5 unc. 9 lin.; caudæ 2 unc.
Otomys albicaudatus, Smith.-South African Quarterly Journal, vol. i. p. 148. 1834.
Colour.-Head, back, and sides wood-brown, tinged with grey, and spa-
ringly pencilled with umber-brown ; the grey tinge is strongest upon the upper
and lateral parts of the head and neck, the pencilling of umber-brown is very
distinct upon the centre of the face, the vertex, the back of the neck, and the
superior parts of the body, on the upper portion of the sides it is less marked,
and on the inferior portions nearly wanting. The lower parts of the sides,
the belly, the fore-legs, and the inner surfaces of the hinder legs dusky ash-
grey; outer surfaces of buttocks the same colour as the back; feet wood-
brown, tinged with grey. Tail rusty white. Chin and lips white. Ears
internally flesh-coloured, with a purplish tinge, the few hairs which exist
towards their outer edges dusky-brown, the outer surfaces the same colour
as the back. Muzzle flesh-coloured. Eyes a deep rich brown. Teeth, ochry
yellow. Whiskers partly black, partly silvery white. The colours of the
head, neck, and body, as above described, are confined to the points of hairs ;
behind the points each hair is of a pale blackish purple or slate-colour. The
pencilled appearance is occasioned by there being a number of long dark
hairs interspersed among the fur: in some specimens these hairs are in great
numbers, and in them the dark colour is very distinct.
Form, &c.-Figure rather robust. Head broad behind, slightly convex
above; before eyes it is narrow and somewhat cylindrical; nose truncated.
Eyes large and rather prominent. Ears large, patulous, ovate, and pointed,
both their surfaces with a thin sprinkling of short and rather rigid hair. Legs
which we proposed, in 1834, to designate by the term Otomys is very different from that
to which the same term has been applied by F. Cuvier. He employed Otomys as a substitute for Euryotis,
Brants; hence exposed it to be classed as a synonym.
-
The
group

OTOMYS ALBICAUDATUS.
rather short; feet small; nails pointed, slender, and slightly curved; each
has a tuft of long and stiff hair which originate behind its base, and extends
forwards beyond its point, concealing its upper surface. Tail cylindrical
and tapered, everywhere densely covered with short rigid hair. Whiskers
long and feeble. The fur generally is rather long, soft, silky, dense, and
slightly recumbent, on the anterior parts of the head and on the extremities
towards the feet it is short and rather rigid.
TEETH, &c.—Each of the incisors of the upper jaw has a superficial and
rather broad groove along its anterior surface, nearer to the outer than the
inner edge, the apex of the tooth is formed for cutting, and is slightly emar-
ginate. The first of the molars is the largest, the last the smallest. The
crown of the first consists of three transverse portions, which are connected
by two short longitudinal processes, each of which, like the transverse portions,
are margined with a narrow prominent rim of enamel : the second consists of
two transverse portions and a longitudinal connecting process, all edged like
the first : the third is undivided and completely edged with enamel. The
incisors of the lower jaw are sub-cylindrical, pointed, and without grooves;
the molars have their crown divided nearly in the same manner as those of
the upper jaw, and the first and second have the same number of divisions.
Length of skull 161 lines, breadth behind zygomatic arch 8 lines, breadth
between the greatest convexity of the zygomatic arch of one side and the other
9 lines.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
1 0
Inches. Lines.
Length from the point of the nose to
the tip of the tail .....
5 9
of the tail.......
2 0
of the head .....
1 5
Length of the fore-legs
of the hind-legs
Height when standing..
1 9
2
6
The colours of the Female are generally paler than those of the male.
This animal, according to my experience, is confined to the interior of South Africa, and
specimens even in the districts in which it lives are procured with difficulty. I have myself
only met with it in the neighbourhood of Graham's Town, and in the districts north of the
Orange river, but I have reason to believe it occurs here and there between these points. It
inhabits grassy flats, lives in burrows in the ground, and seeks its food during the night. It is
particularly active and bold during rainy weather, and if individuals be known to exist in any
particular locality, some of them at least may be readily procured at such times by placing a
lantern with a light in it upon the ground. They soon approach the light, and may, while
occupied in regarding it or passing to and fro, be easily disabled with a horse-whip, or such
like instrument.
a


Fig. 2
Fig 1
DENDROMYS TYPICUS.
DENDROMYS MELANOTIS.
Mammalia Plate 34.)
Fig 1
Fig 2
GNIR
M



DENDROMYS TYPICUS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXXIV. Fig. 1.
D. supra subferrugineus, lineâ longitudinali nigrâ inter nucham et caudæ basin ; labiis, partibus inferioribus
extremitatibusque interne albis, pallide rufo-tinctis; caudæ pilis superne brunneis, subtus subalbidis ;
oculis nigro-brunneis.
LONGITUDO ab naso ad caudæ basin, 4 unc. 6 lin.; caudæ, 5 unc.
DENDROMYS TYPICUS, Zoological Journal, vol. iv. page 439. 1829.
,
Colour.—The upper and lateral parts of the head, neck, and body yel-
lowish brown strongly tinged with saffron-yellow ; the lips, the lower portion
of the sides, the chin, throat, breast, belly, and inner surface of extremities
white, faintly tinged with rufous. The hair of the ears the same colour as
that of the back. Whiskers brown. Hair on the upper surface of the tail
brown, on the lower surface whitish. Between the nape and the base of the
tail there is a narrow blackish line which follows the course of the spinal
column. Eyes blackish brown; the upper incisor teeth pale ochre-yellow,
the lower, whitish and semipellucid. The hairs of the head and body light
blackish grey towards their roots; those on the back and upper portion of
the sides are of that colour till near their tips.
Form, &c.— Figure slender and elongated. Head small and very narrow
anteriorly ; the nose is almost pointed ; extremities slender, the fore ones
very short, the hinder ones considerably more lengthened. Ears rather large
and oval. The middle toe of the fore feet longer and stronger than the other
two, the wart which supplies the place of the hinder toe small and obtusely
pointed; the outer toe of the hinder feet shortest, the next to it longest, the
third rather shorter than the second, and the inner one shorter than the third,
but rather longer than the outer one; hinder toe very short, and consists of
little more than the nail. Tail long, cylindrical, and rather smaller at the
point than at the base, it is distinctly ringed and each ring consists of a series
of small scales. Nails rather short and slightly curved. The fur of the head
and body is long, soft, silky, and recumbent, that on both surfaces of the ears
and on the lower joint of the leg short; on the tail the little which exists is
short and rather rigid.
a

DENDROMYS TYPICUS,
-
TEETH, &c.—The incisors of the upper jaw are deeply grooved and their
cutting edges slightly notched. The anterior portion of the first molar tooth
is crowned with four robust, obtuse denticuli, the last third of the crown is flat
and exhibits two small cup-shaped cavities ; the second tooth has the crown
slightly concave, and marked with some small cup-shaped cavities; the last
is very small, somewhat cylindrical, and with the crown is flat. The first
molar of the lower jaw is crowned with four robust obtuse points, two towards
its outer and two towards its inner edge, the second has two points near to
the anterior margin of the crown, the remaining portion of the latter is dis-
tinctly concave; the last molar has its crown occupied by two ill-defined points
standing transversely. For views of the teeth, see Mammalia, Plate 21. Fig.
2 a, the upper jaw of the natural size ; 2 b, the lower of the same; 2 c, the
incisors of the upper jaw, double the natural size ; 2 d, the teeth, &c. of the
upper jaw, three times the natural size ; 2 e, the lower jaw and teeth magni-
fied to the same extent.
DIMENSIONS.
Inch. Lin.
3 9
Inch. Lin.
0 71
1 3
Length from the point of the nose to
the base of the tail
of the tail .....
of the head.....
Length of the fore legs
the hinder legs
Height when standing
4
0
1
4
1 0
All the specimens of this little animal which have come under my observation were caught
upon trees, shrubs, and vines, and many of them were procured in the immediate neighbour-
hood of Cape Town. It is very active in its movements, and runs from branch to branch
with great rapidity.

DENDROMYS MELANOTIS.-SMITH,
-
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXXIV. Fig. 2.
D. supra
cinereus rufo-tinctus, infra griseo-albus ; lineâ longitudinali nigrâ, inter scapulas et basin caudæ,
in medio dorsi ; maculâ parvulâ albâ infra aurem, et unâ ante oculum nigrâ.
LONGITUDO ab nasi apice ad basin caudæ 3 unc. ; caudæ 2 unc. 6 lin.
Dendromys Melanotis, Smith. South African Quarterly Journal, New Series,
No. 2, p. 158. 1834.
Colour.-The upper and lateral parts of the head, neck, and body and the
outer surface of the extremities ashy grey with a distinct rufous or rusty tint,
the latter colour is not so deep upon the hinder parts of the body as upon the
head, neck, and anterior parts. The sides towards the belly, the upper lip,
the lower portion of the sides of the head, the chin, throat, breast, belly, and
inner surface of extremities greyish white; a blotch immediately in front of
the eye brownish black. The hair of the ears is dull brown, and under each
ear at its base there is a small tuft of white hairs. A longitudinal black line
on the centre of the back, from the shoulders to the root of the tail. Whis-
kers blackish brown towards their roots, dusky white towards their tips. The
hair of the upper parts of the tail dusky brown, of the lower parts dull white.
Eyes blackish brown; incisor teeth ochry yellow. The fur of the body and
head slate-coloured towards the skin.
Form, &c.—Figure rather more robust than that of Dendromys Typicus ; in
other respects the form of the two animals are very similar. Ears broad, patulous
and rounded at the points, both surfaces sparingly sprinkled with short hair.
Toes long and slender, the inner one of the fore foot rather shorter than the other
two, which are of equal length; nails slender, nearly straight and pointed. The
tubercle which occupies the place of the thumb small and pointed. The
outer toe of the hind-foot is rather short, the two next long and of equal length,
the inner one is slightly shorter, the thumb is short and rudimentary. The
thumb and outer toe are without nails, on the other toes the nails are like those
of the fore feet, long, slightly curved, and pointed. The upper parts of the
tail are rather closely covered with hair, the under parts more sparingly, and
on the latter the scaly rings which encircle the tail are distinctly visible.

DENDROMYS MELANOTIS. .
The incisor teeth of the upper jaw each have a deep longitudinal groove,
the cutting edge is slightly emarginate; those of the lower jaw are plain
and pointed.
DIMENSIONS.
Inch. Lines.
0 8
..
1 1
4
Inch. Lines.
Length from the point of the nose to the
Length of the fore-legs
base of the tail
3 0
of the hind-legs
of the tail
2 6 Height when standing
of the head.....
0 11
The colours of the Male and Female are nearly the same.
1 4
The only examples of this species which I have seen were procured about three hundred
miles to the eastward of the Cape Colony, and all of them were upon underwood at the time
they were obtained. Though it would appear that they are generally found upon shrubs, yet
I am disposed to believe they also resort to the ground, and that probably they have their
subterranean retreats to which they fly in case of danger, as one individual which I dis-
covered upon a small shrub manifested a decided inclination to descend to the ground, and
it would have accomplished its object, had it not been killed just as it was about to abandon
the lowermost twig.


GERBILLUS AFER.
(Mammalia Plate 35.)
GALA
OF
mich



GERBILLUS AFER.--GRAY.
;
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XXXV.
G. capite, dorso, lateribus supernè extremitatibusque externè versus corpus cinereo-isabellinis; capite, dorso,
lateribusque supernè brunneo - penicillatis ; partibus inferioribus artibusque internè albis; oculis
brunneis ; capite anticè attenuato ; vellere in capite rigido et breve, in corpore longiorè et lævigato.
Longitudo ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 61 unc.; caudæ 5} unc.
GERBILLUS AFER, Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 10; 1828.
MERIONES SCHLEGELLI, Smuts, Dissert. Zoolog. enum. Mam. Capen. p. 41; 1836.
GERBILLUS AFRICANUS, F. Cuvier, Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. ii., p. 143; 1836.
Colour, &c.—The ground colour of the head, the back, the upper portions
of the sides, and the outer surface of the extremities towards the body inter-
mediate between reddish orange and wood-brown, the head, back and
higher parts of sides pencilled with deep umber-brown; the hairs towards their
roots dull lavender-purple ; tail coloured like the back, only not so freely
pencilled. The lower parts of the sides, the belly, the chin, the throat, and
the inner surface of the limbs towards the body white; the line of demarcation
between the superior and inferior colours of the sides clearly defined. Tarsi
rusty white. Ears internally a light flesh colour, except towards the margin,
where there is a thin sprinkling of hair of a light umber-brown tint ;
externally they are thinly coated with hair of the same colour as that on the
back. Eyes deep brown; claws of hinder feet towards their points horn-
coloured, towards their base wood-brown, which is also the colour of the claws
of the fore feet. Incisor teeth of upper jaw white, of lower jaw pale reddish
orange.
Form, &c.—Figure slightly robust, and moderately elongated; head rather
lengthened, broad posteriorly, attenuated anteriorly, the point of the nose
subacute. Eyes large; ears long, patulous, and ovate; whiskers long and
rather rigid ; fore legs short; hinder legs long, the claws of both, but more
especially of the fore ones, elongated, slightly curved, and moderately strong ;
those of the fore feet are blunt, laterally compressed, and convex above;
those of the hinder feet vertically compressed and sharp pointed. The fur
covering the centre of the face and the forehead rather short and rigid, that
of the other parts of the head, the body, and the extremities above the tarsi,
long, soft, and recumbent; the hair of the tarsi, toes, and tail short, wiry and
so closely set, as to form a continuous covering.

GERBILLUS AFER.
a
a
Teeth, &c.— Incisors of upper jaw rather slender, protruding about a
line and a half beyond the alveoli, their points sharp and formed for cutting,
the anterior surface of each divided longitudinally by means of a deep and
narrow furrow; the incisors of the lower jaw about twice the length of those of
the upper, moderately strong, and without a furrow. The first molar of the
upper jaw is composed of three divisions, and the others of two, and each
division, as seen in the crown of the teeth, resembles a flattened tube, with
its edges in some almost in contact about midway between the outer and
inner extremities, in others the distance between the sides is throughout
nearly equal or even greater about their middle than at the extremi-
ties. The hinder tooth is much smaller than the second, which again is
considerably inferior in size to the first. The first and second molars of
the lower jaw consist of the same number of divisions as those of the upper ;
the third is entire, and in form is like one of the other divisions. The ossa
nasi are 7] lines in length; the distance between the upper incisors and the
base of the first molar six lines, and the length of a row of molars three lines.
a
Specimens of this animal are to be obtained in abundance at the Cape of Good Hope, and
there is no difficulty in procuring them even in the immediate vicinity of Cape Town. It is
known among the Colonists by the name of Nacht-muis, which appellation it has received
from the circumstance that it rarely leaves its burrow excepting in the night, and that all its
operations are carried on under the cover of darkness. It is commonly found in open plots of
ground, which are clothed with a short grass, and situated in the vicinity of brushwood, and in
such situations a number of individuals generally congregate and form their burrows, extend-
ing them in different directions so as not to interfere with each other. The courses of the
burrows are at first oblique, but after reaching into the soil to about a foot in depth, they com-
monly run horizontally, and frequently are from three to four yards in length, and it sometimes
happens that one intersects or communicates with another in its course.
When young are
about to be brought forth, a nest of soft grass is formed at the distal extremity of the subter-
ranean passage, and in it they are placed until they are able to run about and provide for them-
selves. The nacht-muis rarely continues for any great length of time in one situation; hence
it may be considered as by nature a truly migratory animal. When it leaves one locality to
take
up its abode in another, it performs the journey during the night, and manages its time so as
to be able to form a portion of its new habitation at least, before day-light appears. Specimens
are most readily procured by digging in the course of the burrows, but care must be taken to
ascertain that they are actually inhabited at the time they are discovered, else much labour
may be expended without an individual being captured. The ground immediately adjoining
the holes must be closely examined; and if, on such examination, no recent footmarks can be
discovered, it may be inferred that they are the abandoned burrows of some family which
has taken up its residence elsewhere.


Fig. 2.
Figlo
GERBILLUS MONTANUS. Fig 1
GERBILLUS TENUIS. Fig2
Mammalia Plate 36.
OF
mic
CH



GERBILLUS MONTANUS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXXVI. Fig. 1.
G. capite, dorso, lateribus, extremitatibusque externè versus corpus pallide rufo-flavis, dorso lateribusque
brunneo-penicillatis ; abdomine extremitatibusque internè albis; capite lato breveque ; oculis rubro-
brunneis.
Longitudo ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 6 unc.; caudæ 5 unc.
a
Colour.—The head, the back, the sides, and the outer surface of extremities
towards body, intermediate between sienna-yellow and yellowish brown, the
back and upper parts of sides freely pencilled with umber-brown, the pencil-
lings so arranged as to produce an appearance as if these parts were marked
with small brown blotches; the hairs towards their roots pale blackish purple.
Tail the same colour as the body, the upper surface freely pencilled with
umber-brown; chin, throat, belly, and inner surface of legs towards body
pale cream-yellow or yellowish white. Tarsi towards toes ash-grey; claws
pale cream-yellow. Ears, internally, light wood-brown mellowed with a
flesh colour; externally, the hair is of a broccoli-brown pencilled with sienna-
yellow. Eyes deep reddish brown. Incisor teeth of upper jaw Dutch-orange,
of lower jaw white.
FORM, &c.—Figure robust, and less lengthened than that of Gerbillus Afer,
though in size the two are nearly alike. Head short, bulky posteriorly, and
attenuated towards the nose, which is moderately acute. Eyes large; ears
moderately long and oval : whiskers rather bushy and wiry towards their
origin ; fore legs short, hinder legs rather long, toes shorter than in G. Afer,
and the claws of fore and hinder feet vertically compressed, and more
arched. The hair covering the snout and forehead short and rather harsh,
that of the other parts of the head, the body, and the extremities, as low
as the tarsi, moderately long, soft, recumbent, and closely set. Tail tapered
and densely covered with short, rigid, recumbent hair.
TEETH, &c.—The incisors of the upper jaw are moderately strong and pro-
ject about two lines beyond the alveoli, each having anteriorly a deep longi-

GERBILLUS MONTANUS.
tudinal groove along its centre; those of the lower jaw long, slender, and
plain. The molars are six in each jaw, three on each side, the front one of
upper jaw is largest, and its crown consists of three transverse divisions, each
division a sort of tube, the anterior and posterior sides of which are nearly in
contact, and only connected with the adjoining division at a point about equi-
distant between their inner and outer sides; the second and third teeth consist
of two divisions constituted in the same manner as the first, the last division
of the third tooth being very small and subtriangular. The molars of the lower
jaw are similarly constructed. Length of the ossa nasi 7 lines; distance between
incisors of upper jaw and base of first molar 4} lines ; length of the row of
molars 29 lines. For representations of the Teeth, &c., see Plate XXXVII.
This species inhabits the summit of hills in the country to the north of the Orange River
towards its sources, and is generally found in situations devoid of shrubs, where the grass is
short. Its principal operations are carried on during the night, and under the cover of dark-
ness it seeks its food, forms its burrows, and changes its residence.
The incisor teeth of the upper jaw are much larger in this species than in Gerbillus Afer,
and the distance between the incisors and first molar is less; hence the muzzle is considerably
shorter, and consequently, the head appears more clumsy: there is also a difference as regards
the fur; it is more closely set and better adapted to protect against the greater cold to which
it is necessarily exposed. The nails of the fore feet also furnish diagnostic characters of the
animal, as will be seen by comparing the descriptions of those organs in the two species; the
nails of G. moritanus are vertically more compressed and like those of G. tenuis.

GERBILLUS TENUIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XXXVI. Fig. 2.
-
G. capite, dorso, lateribus, extremitatibusque externè pallide rubro-aurantiis, dorso brunneo-
penicillato ; partibus inferioribus extremitatibusque internè versus corpus albis ; oculis r ubro-
brunneis.
Longitudo ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 4 unc. ; caudæ 4. unc.
a
0
-
COLOUR.— The head, the back, the sides, and the outer surface of the
extremities a clear pale reddish orange; the back freely pencilled with liver-
brown; the hairs towards their root dull lavender-purple; chin, throat, belly,
and inner surface of limbs pure white; tarsi pale ochrey white. The line of
demarcation between the colours of the sides and belly distinctly defined.
Tail the same colour as the back, only lighter, and towards its point many
of the hairs are of an umber-brown tint. Ears internally a pale flesh
colour, externally, pale yellowish brown. Eyes deep reddish brown. Claws
pale wood-brown. Incisor teeth of upper jaw pale Dutch-orange, of lower
jaw pale straw-yellow.
Form, &c.—Figure slender and moderately lengthened; head rather small
and anteriorly attenuated; the apex of the nose rather acute. Eyes large;
ears moderately long and oval; whiskers very long, and towards their origin,
rigid. Hair of the muzzle short and rather strong, that covering the rest of
the head, the body, and the extremities, as far as the tarsi, long, soft, silky,
and recumbent. The hair disposed along the centre of the back not quite
so soft as the rest; hair of tarsi and toes very short and rigid. Tail slender,
cylindrical, and tapering, the hair dense, rigid, and very short, except at the
point, where it is lengthened and forms a thin tuft. Fore-legs short, hinder
legs long; toes moderate; nails pointed, vertically compressed, slightly arched,
and those of the fore-feet longest.
Teeth, &c.— Incisors of upper jaw incurved, moderately strong, and with
sharp-cutting points: they protrude about a line-and-a-half beyond the alveoli,
and each, anteriorly along its middle, is marked with a deep longitudinal
furrow; the incisors of the lower jaw are slender, considerably longer than
a
a

GERBILLUS TENUIS.
those of the upper, laterally compressed, and sharp at the point. The molars
of the upper jaw are constructed much like those of the last species, and each
consists of the same number of divisions, the second and third divisions
of the front tooth differ however a little in configuration, the sides of
the tubes being so compressed as to give the surface of the crown of each
division more or less of the form of the figure 8. The front molar of the
lower jaw is triangular anteriorly, and composed of two distinct portions, the
anterior of which is again sub-divided into two, so that, when the tooth is
viewed laterally, it exhibits an appearance of three divisions; the central con-
cavity of the anterior division, which consists of the two sub-divisions,
resembles somewhat the figure of a club, as painted upon playing cards; the
cavity of the second division is narrow and nearly of equal width throughout;
the second tooth consists of two transverse portions in close approximation to
each other, and the third of one with its centre concave. The nasal bones
are 5} lines in length; the distance between the hinder edge of the incisors
of the upper jaw and the anterior surface of the first molar, where it is in
contact with the alveolar processes, 3} lines ; length of the row of molar teeth
2lines. Zigomatic arch anteriorly flat, thin, and moderately broad, pos-
teriorly narrow, slender and very delicate. For representations of the teeth,
&c., see Plate XXXVII.
This species was first found after the expedition passed to the northward of Latakoo, and
although a number of individuals were seen from time to time, yet only three were captured.
It inhabits open localities, similar to those resorted to by the species already described, and,
according to the statements of the natives, its habits resemble those of G. Afer.
Its size and slender form at once bespeak it as a distinct species, and its anatomical charac-
ters lead us to regard it as more allied to G. Afer than to any of the other South African
species with which we are yet acquainted.


A
B
CAT OBLEPAS TAURINA A . Adult Female. B. Young .
(Mammalia __Plate. 38.)
OF
110



CATOBLEPAS TAURINA.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXXVIII. (FEMALE AND Young.)
-
C. facie, vertice, jubâ, caudâ, medioque pectoris subnigris ; cervice corporeque flavo-griseis ; cervice,
scapulis laterumque partibus anterioribus fasciis verticalibus rufo-brunneis variegatis; artibus flavo-
brunneis; naribus externe valvulis instructis externe nudis; corpore anticè robustâ, posticè gracile
nitide formatâ ; oculis rubri-aurantiis.
LONGITUDO e naso ad basin caudæ 7 ped. 4 unc.; caudæ 21 unc.; altitudo ad humeros 4 ped.
CATOBLEPAS TAURINA ET GORGON, Hamilton Smith.
9
Colour.-Face black or blackish brown; space under the eyes rusty
white; sides of the head pale dusky brown, grizzled with dirty white; upper
lip white, its sides with a rusty tinge ; sides of the lower jaw deep black;
bristles of the sides of the lower jaw, and those which exist and form a fringe
behind each angle of the mouth, deep black. The top of the head, the space
between the horns and the long hair which fringes the neck, superiorly and
inferiorly deep black. Sides of the neck yellowish grey, lightest towards the
black mane, and freely variegated with vertical dark stripes, consisting of
two colours, the one colour greyish brown, and divided by a central stripe
of blackish brown. Shoulders, back, upper portions of side and haunches, a
glossy colour, intermediate between brownish purple-red and yellowish grey ;
the shoulders and anterior portions of the side variegated like the neck, but
more sparingly, with vertical stripes of a light blackish brown colour ; the
centre of the breast between the fore legs, a glossy reddish brown. The out-
side of the upper half of each fore leg rusty yellowish brown, the inside light
grey-brown; the lower half light reddish brown. The anterior edges of thighs
below groins rusty white, the remainder of the hinder legs rusty yellowish
brown. The central portion of the upper or hinder part of the tail dirty
yellowish brown, the other parts deep black. Ears externally the colour of
the body, internally white, tinged with yellowish grey. Eyebrows blackish
brown, the hinder portion of each surmounted by a spot of yellowish brown;
valves covering nostrils black. Eyes light reddish orange; eyelashes
blackish brown.
The colours above described are those most generally observed in this
species, nevertheless various modifications of them are occasionally to be
noticed ; in some the ground colour is almost a sort of drab-grey, with a
strong lustre: the number of vertical stripes also vary in different individuals ;
in some they are more numerous than in the specimen figured, in others
less.
Form, &c.—The form of the head, neck, and anterior parts of the body,

CATOBLEPAS TAURINA.
robust and clumsy; of the posterior parts and limbs, delicate and elegant.
The head is shaped somewhat like that of an ox; the face is moderately
wide, and with a distinct lateral bulge on each side, a short way behind the
nostrils ; facial line slightly arched ; sides of the head flat; eyes rather
large ; eyelashes strong and rigid, as are also the tufts of bristles which are
over the eyebrows; the hairs of the beard are also strong and rigid : about
two inches below the anterior corner of each eye there is a circular bare spot,
about an inch in diameter, through pores in which a tenaceous glary fluid
exudes. Nostrils wide, and superiorly furnished with a sort of valve, lined
internally with short hair, and which at the will of the animal can be so
depressed as to shut completely the openings of the nostrils ; this valve is
bare externally, and is the only part of the nose which is denuded of hair.
Ears ovate, elongated, narrow, and pointed, and the upper or anterior edge
of each is fringed with long hair. The horns are placed above, and con-
siderably behind the plane of the eyes, and at their origin, which is on the
summit of the forehead, they are close together. From their origin they
descend downwards and outwards, then with a curve upwards and backwards ;
towards the base they are flattened or compressed, towards apex cylindrical,
and their surface generally is rough and irregular. The neck superiorly and
inferiorly is fringed with long, closely set, rigid hair ; above the fringe or mane
commences at the hindhead, and ends on the back a little behind the hunch;
on the throat it commences under the angle of the lower jaw, and ends a little
in front of the breast. Shoulders very deep, and surmounted by a moderately
high pointed hunch. Body rounded, and shaped like that of a horse ; limbs
delicately formed, and like those of an antelope. Tail long, reaching to
about midway between the houghs and pastern joints, its tip furnished with a
brush about twelve inches in length ; the hair elsewhere short, that on the
sides rather longest. Hoofs rather broad, large for the limbs, and anteriorly
where they come in contact at their base, there is a tuft of long hair; false
hoofs long, convex externally, concave internally, and fringed at base with
long hairs. The skin of the knee joints in front generally bare, callous, and
rough
DIMENSIONS.
Feet. Inches.
Feet. Inches.
4
0
7
4
3
10
Length from the nose to the base of
the tail....
of the tail.
of the horns ..
Distance apart at base
Height at the shoulder
at the crupper
Distance between the eye and nose
Length of the ears
1
9
1
03
من امر
1
0
7
0
92
2
61
at apex.
1
.

CATOBLEPAS TAURINA.
MALE.— The neck is broader, and the animal generally is stronger made;
the colours are nearly the same as those of the female, only deeper and of a
brighter hue. The horns are stronger, and the mane and hair under the
throat is more bushy.
Young.–Form and appearance clumsy and unseemly. Forehead and face
intermediate between umber and reddish brown, the lower parts of the latter
darkest: the upper parts of the neck and body light yellowish brown washed
with grey: the lower portions of the neck and sides, the legs, and the tail,
intermediate between ash-grey and yellowish grey. Hoofs brownish black.
Ears externally and internally towards tips blackish brown.
This animal and the common Gnu, (Catoblepas Gnu,) are perhaps the two most interesting
and extraordinary quadrupeds which occur in South Africa. Their configuration and their
manners equally excite our wonder, and let our attention be directed to these unitedly or
individually, the curious compound is not but to be perceived. When we survey their form
either while roving at large in their native haunts, or when prostrate at our feet through the
efforts of the hunter, we feel alike with the native population the difficulty of discovering
whether they partake most of the ox, the horse, or the antelope.
When either the one or other of those animals, especially under excitement, stands in front
of an observer, with the head and anterior parts of the body only distinctly visible, the idea of
its strong resemblance to a small ox immediately arises. When again its body and posterior
parts are the portions most conspicuously in view, the likeness to a horse is remarkable; or
when its limbs only are taken in review, it presents a strong similarity to the more typical
antelopes.
As in their form, so likewise in their manners and habits, they manifest considerable resem-
blance to several very different animals; but the ox is the one to which in these respects they
approximate most closely, at least as far as my observations go. A herd of either of the
species evinces in its proceedings much of the manner which is observed among a group of
wild cattle, and no one who has noticed with but common attention the practices of the latter
under various circumstances, will find himself disinclined at times to suppose that he is
while looking on a herd of Gnus surveying a herd of wild oxen of a diminutive size. In their
mode of carrying themselves when alarmed, or when their attention is otherwise excited, the
resemblance is palpable, and in the toss of the head, the plunge, and the kick, which precede
a forced flight, it is not less so. The propensity of cattle to threaten with an attack, as shown
by certain fantastic motions of the head and body, is also regularly betrayed by this and the
other species; and the inclination of wild cattle to survey any thing or any one who approaches
their retreat, even should they have to fly immediately, is also the preponderating tendency in
both the species of Catoblepas. Almost every species of animal which occurs in South Africa,
excepting the Buffalo and the Gnu, retires at once, when even the cause for alarm is but
trifling, prolonging their flight until, in their own opinion, they are out of danger; and although
all do not progress uninterruptedly, yet few if any halt longer at a time than is simply necessary
to enable them to survey for an instant the position of the object which had alarmed them.
a

CATOBLEPAS TAURINA.
The Gnus and the Buffalo, on the other hand, rarely fly immediately on their discovering
noises or appearances which excite their surprise or apprehension ; and although they manifestly
experience feelings which incline them to escape danger by a retreat, yet they appear so
strongly influenced by a desire to acquire some insight into the nature of the danger, that they
rarely depart without first making strenuous efforts to gain their point. That sort of curiosity
often leads both, but particularly the Gnus, to expose themselves to danger greater than that
from which they might readily escape in the first instance, by its inclining or propelling them
to approach the objects of their fears ere they fly, apparently for the purpose of ascertaining their
real nature and character. From this peculiarity in their disposition we often see a herd whose
curiosity may have been roused by wagons and hunters passing in the vicinity of spots, over
which its members may be browsing, scamper towards them, and even approach within musket
shot of them before they halt to carry out their purpose. The discharge of guns often proves,
during these advances, the cause of their halting, and it is rarely that they will take a hint, as
is done by most other animals, from the reception they experience, and turn and fly.
Frequently the only result which follows the discharge of muskets is a momentary halt, a gaze,
a confused rush in no given direction, and then a determined attempt to persevere in the direction
they had been pursuing, even though such should carry them nearer to the position of their
assailants. In proportion as the degree of danger increases, in the same proportion does also
their disposition to persevere and manifest fantastic movements and plunges increase ; and
every shot which is fired at individuals under such circumstances only calls forth further extra-
ordinary gestures, tosses of the head, or wild kicks of the hinder extremities, just such as are
practised by wild cattle similarly situated,
Their gait as they fly bears a strong resemblance to the gallop of a horse, and in their manner
of arranging themselves during their flight, one upon the heels of another, they strongly resemble
many of the larger antelopes.
Both species of Gnu inhabit, during a certain period of the year, the extensive grassy plains
which exist some considerable distance to the northwards of the Vaal River; and at another
period a portion of each, at least, advances to the southward to feed upon the vegetation which
occurs in that direction after the fall of the summer rains. Both species advance simulta-
neously as far as the southern branches of the Orange River, but on reaching those, the species
here figured ceases to advance, and the common species (Catoblepas Gnu) passes by itself
into the Colony. The appearance of the latter is the signal to hunters of all denominations to
prepare for the chase, and though the yearly slaughter is very great, there is apparently no
reluctance in the survivors to renew their periodical visitations. From having for a period of
years attentively observed the proceedings of animals which migrate, I am much disposed to
believe that among them at least two different impulses operate: the one, the result of the will
of the animal; the other independent of that will, and purely an uncontrollable instinct, which
forces them blindly to follow their inclination even when the doing so necessarily leads to
their destruction. Among the animals of the first description, I would rank the Elephant,
Hippopotamus, and Rhinoceros; among the latter the Gnu —the Spring Bok (Antelope
euchore) the Gems Bok (Oryx Capensis,) &c. The facts which have led me to form these
opinions, I shall detail at length hereafter; and although I do not feel that they are sufficient,
either in number or strength, to establish the point, yet they are sufficient to justify me in
surmising such to be probably the law of nature.


GRA P H I URUS CA PE N SIS.
EN
(Mammalia_Plate39.)
OF



GRAPHIURUS CAPENSIS.-F. Cuv. ET GEOFF.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XXXIX.
G. supra cinereus nigro-brunneo penicillatus; fascie, infra oculos, maculâ supra aurium, genis, ventre,
lateribusque corporis albis; caudâ supra flavo-albâ, infra brunneo-rubrâ; fasciâ semicirculare inter
labrum superiorum et partem inferiorem auris, supra oculum transiente, nigro-brunneâ; caudâ
versus basin subrotundatâ, versus apicem distichâ.
LONGITUDO ab apice nasi ad basin caudæ 4 unc.; caudæ 4 unc. 6 lin.
Myoxus OCULARIS. Smith, Zoological Journal, vol. iv. p.
439.
Colour.—The forehead, the upper surface of the head, the upper and
lateral parts of the neck, and the back, and the upper parts of the sides ash-
grey, profusely pencilled with liver-brown, the pencilled appearance arising
from a great number of long and rather rigid liver-brown hairs, being scat-
tered among the soft and light-coloured fur. The upper surface of the tail
yellowish white, the lower surface and the edges inferiorly deep reddish
brown. A blotch over the upper margin of each ear, the cheeks under the
eyes ; a vertical bar in front of each shoulder, and the belly and sides pure
white; the white of the sides rising highest immediately behind the shoulder
and in front of the thigh. A narrow liver-brown stripe on each side of the
head, commencing at the edge of the upper lip immediately behind the muzzle,
and terminating under the ear, forming in its course a sort of semicircle in
order to pass over the eye; lower portion of each shoulder liver-brown.
Upper lip, angles of mouth, lower lip, under surface of neck, and the tarsi
of the anterior extremities rusty-reddish orange, the tint darkest round the
mouth; breast and tarsi of hinder extremities rusty sienna-yellow. Whiskers
partly white, partly liver-brown. Eyes blackish. Incisor teeth pale-yellow.
The basal or concealed portion of the fur, intermediate between black and
lavender-purple :—this colour only seen by deranging the surface.
Form, &c.—Body moderately robust and the extremities very short; head
rather short and broad; face rather flat; cheeks bulging; nose obtuse, the
muzzle bare and the nostrils opening downwards. A pencil of long delicate

GRAPHIURUS CAPENSIS.
a
bristles about midway between the muzzle and the eye, and a few others of the
same description towards the tip of the nose and also above the eyes. Mouth
rather small, the upper lip divided, the furrow extending upwards to the summit
of muzzle ; eyes small and prominent; ears short, semicircular, and thinly
sprinkled with short, rather rigid hairs. Tail bushy, the hair about an inch
in length and rather rigid, generally recumbent, but towards the point diver-
gent to the sides. Tarsi and toes short, the latter four in number on the fore-
feet and five on the hinder ones; they are all directed forwards, the two
middle ones nearly of equal length and longest, the outer one slightly shorter,
the innermost considerably the shortest; soles of the feet furnished with four
warty callous tubercles, and each toe near its point also with a prominent
conical callosity; nails short, weak, slightly curved, and covered by procum-
bent, rigid hair. Teeth :-incisors of upper jaw short, plain anteriorly and
obliquely truncated at the point, the outer edge of each most prominent; in-
cisors of lower jaw long, slightly curved, and flattened, the point of each with
a sharp cutting edge.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the front of the muzzle
to the tip of tail
8
6
of the tail...
4 6
Distance between the muzzle and the
Inches. Lines.
Length of the hinder legs
1
7
of the tarsus of fore legs and
toes ..
0
of the tarsus of hind legs and
toes ..
0 10
Height at the shoulder
5
0
6
eye .
between the eye and the ear
Length of the fore legs.
0
6
1
9
1
1
The individual described is the only adult specimen I met with in South Africa, and the
Hottentot who killed it, stated that it was running to and fro upon the branches of a tree when
,
he first saw it, but that the moment it discovered him it remained motionless. Nothing
is known concerning its habits. A young individual I once saw in the possession of a dealer,
and from it I drew the characters given in my description of Myoxus Ocularis.*
a
Zoological Journal, vol. iv. p. 439.


BO S ELAPHUS OREAS. (Male)
Mammalia_Plate 40.)
ONIL
OF
ICH



BOSELAPHUS OREAS.-H. SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATES XL. and XLI.
B. suprá rufo-flavus purpureo-tinctus, infrà flavo-albus rufo-tinctus; fronte pilis longis, rigidis, flavo-
brunneis, tectâ; facie ante oculos brunneo-rubris ; mento albo ; caudâ penicillatâ; cornubus fortibus
ad basin in spiram convolutis; oculis castaneis.
LONGITUDO e capitis vertice ad basin caudæ 8 ped. 11 unc.; caudæ 2 ped. 6 unc.
ANTILOPE OREAS, Auct.
ELAND of the Cape Colonists.
MALE. PLATE XL.
-
a
Colour.-The sides of the neck, the back, the sides of the body superiorly,
and the outer surface of the extremities towards the body rusty sienna-
yellow, with a pink or purplish shade shining through it; the sides of the
neck thinly pencilled with reddish brown hairs; the lower parts of the sides
and the belly pale cream-yellow ; sides of head and lower portions of
extremities bluish white, strongly tinged with cream-yellow. Forehead clear
yellowish brown, all the hairs toward their root brownish red; the middle of the
face below a line uniting the eyes brownish red, and fading laterally towards
the sides of the head, the centre of the face is darkest, being blackish brown;
portion of face and sides of head near to muzzle rusty white, pencilled with
brownish red; muzzle black; mane thin brownish yellow, shaded with
brownish red, and from the spot where it terminates, behind the shoulders, a
narrow reddish brown stripe extends along the course of the back bone as far
as the base of the tail. Hoofs brownish black, and each edged superiorly
with a ring of brownish red hair, the hair of the fetlock is also of the
same colour. Eyes chesnut brown; eyelashes brownish red. Tail towards
base the same colour as the back, the tuft at its base rusty yellowish brown,
elsewhere brownish red. Mane of dewlap yellowish brown, pencilled with
brownish red.

BOSELAPHUS OREAS.
a
Form, &c.—Head small, for the size of the animal, rather delicately made,
and with a gentle and somewhat ovine expression; neck tapered superiorly
rather deep, and bulky towards chest. Body heavy, robust, and rounded;
limbs elegantly made, and rather slender; hoofs small, false hoofs subhemi-
spherical. Tail slender, with a bushy tuft of long hair at the point. Forehead
rather broad, and covered with a dense coating of long rigid hair, all of which
is inclined backwards and towards the centre of the head; the hair covering
the lower part of the face and the sides is short and recumbent, that on the
under surface of lower jaw longest and very wiry; on the sides of the upper
lip, towards the muzzle, some long bristles, others on the under surface of the
lower jaw. Eyes moderately large, full, and soft ; eyelashes bristly and
long. Lachrymal punctum small, circular, and situated a little in front of
the inner canthus of the eye, in a narrow longitudinal bare stripe, which
extends forwards from the union of the two eyelids. Horns placed on the
crown of the head, upwards and backwards from the eyes ; they slope
slightly backwards and are very thick towards the base, near which each is
so twisted as to exhibit two spiral turns, each turn having superimposed an
obtuse spiral ridge ; the two last thirds of the horns straight, and tapered to
a point. Ears long, narrow, pointed, and internally with three longitudinal
bands of rather long coarse hair, outer surface covered with short hair.
The hair of the neck is abundant, and longer than that on the body ; that of
the mane is reversed, is longer than that of the neck and shortest towards the
hinder part of the shoulders, where it terminates; the hair of the dark dorsal
line, and of the back, sides, belly, and legs rather thinly set, short, and
directed backwards on the body and downwards on the limbs. The hair of
the tail is very short till close to the point, where, in the form of a tuft, it is
nearly eight inches long. Dewlap situated near to the breast; subovate,
compressed, and edged with a fringe of long rigid hair ; muzzle bare.
DIMENSIONS.
.
Feet. Inches.
Length from the horns to the base of
the tail
8 11
of the head
1 52
of the ears
0
9
of the horns ..
2 10
Distance between the eyes and the
horns.
0
41
Feet. Inches.
Height at the shoulder
5
9
at the crupper
5
7
Length of the fore legs ....
2 71
of the hinder legs.
3 9
of the tail ..
2
of the dewlap at its base ... 1 8
6


BOSE LAPHUS
OREAS
(Fem ale & Young :)
(Mammalia
Plate 41.)
OND
OF
MICH



BOSELAPHUS OREAS.
FEMALE AND YOUNG. PLATE XLI.
Colour.— Female.---Forehead cream-yellow, tinted with yellowish brown;
rest of head purplish white, tinted with cream-yellow; neck wine-yellow,
tinted with hair-brown; back, upper portion of sides, and outer surface of
extremities towards body pale sienna-yellow, deadened with pale broccoli-
brown; lower parts of sides, belly, and extremities towards hoofs dirty white,
slightly tinted with cream-yellow. Hoofs and horns light liver-brown; tuft
of tail rusty yellowish brown.
Form.-Figure elegant, and very delicate as compared with that of the
male; limbs slender and finely turned ; mane short and reversed; a little
long coarse hair on the centre of the forehead. Horns long, straight, and
rather slender, somewhat spiral towards and at the base, with a rudimentary
ridge on the spire. Dewlap narrow, and nearly the whole length of the
under edge of neck; tuft of tail smaller than in the male.
Young:--The prevailing colour in young specimens is a tint intermediate
between reddish orange and yellowish brown, which tint only ceases to be the
prevailing one when the animal has attained to full maturity. In specimens,
apparently full grown, the tint described is often very distinct, particularly in
females, and in the latter it continues longer to be the prevailing colour than
in the male. In some middle-aged females there are indications of vertical
white stripes on the sides, which are distinctly visible on one in the British
Museum.
a
Elands are generally found associated in small herds, each herd commonly of from eight to
fourteen individuals, and more than two adult males are seldom met, even in the largest herds.
They appear at one time to have ranged over the whole of Southern Africa ; but of late few
have appeared within the limits of the Colony. In the districts they inhabit they are often
observed upon the plains, but more frequently near to mountains or broken hilly tracts, to
which they retire upon being disturbed in the open country. They ascend hills, or even
mountains, with great ease, and wind their course over peaks of the latter which appear almost
impassable. While retiring, they generally arrange themselves in single file, and they only
vary from that course when hotly pursued, and when the effort of every one is to effect escape
in any way possible.
When young, or but little advanced in years, and not over-fed, Elands are rather fleeter
than a Cape horse ; but when older, and more especially if in good condition, they are so heavy
and unwieldy, as to render it no very difficult task to come up with them, provided they have
but little advantage in point of start, and be hotly pursued at once. In the event of their not
being closely approached soon after they start, they are rarely overtaken, unless the chace be
continued with fresh horses, as, when once they have run for a considerable distance, they
either improve in speed, or, on the contrary, the horse diminishes in a greater proportion.

BOSELAPHUS OREAS.
a
When put to flight they invariably, if they can exercise a choice, run against the wind; and
from their so constantly adopting that course, there cannot be a doubt that they are conscious
of the advantages it affords.
The hide of the Eland, particularly that of the neck, is very thick, and is highly esteemed as
soles for shoes; the rest of the hide, on account of its toughness, is much sought after by the
farmers, being valuable as traces for horses. Its flesh is highly esteemed as food; and from
the animal being on these various accounts so useful, it is much hunted by the Boers, which
accounts for its being now so rarely met within the boundaries of the Colony.


UNIT
DAMALIS (Strepsiceros) CAPENSIS.
)
( Mammalia Plate 42. Male)
non



DAMALIS (STREPSICEROS) CAPENSIS.
MAMMALIA.-PLATES XLII. AND XLIII.
D. superne rufo-griseus, inferne albus, corpore postice strigis verticalibus albis notato ; lineâ vertibrale albâ
;
et facie, fasciolâ angulare ejusdem coloris, signatâ ; cornubus spiralibus carinatis; collo sub-jubato.
DAMALIS STREPSICEROS, H. Smith; Griffith, Translation of the Animal Kingdom of Cuvier, vol. v.
ANTELOPE STREPSICEROS, Auct., Koodoo of the Cape Colonists.
PLATE XLII.-MALE.
Colour.— The upper and lateral parts of the neck and body, together with
the extremities, rufous grey, the grey tint most distinct on the neck and
shoulders ; the breast, under surface of body, and inner sides of buttocks
rusty white.
The forehead, chaffron, and sides of the head immediately
behind the angle of the mouth dirty rufous, the cheeks and sides of the head
posteriorly rusty grey;—the colour of the face broken by the intervention of
an angular narrow white bar, which extends from one eye to the other, and
has its most depending point or angle on the middle of the chaffron; the
hair edging it superiorly, as well as that towards the base of the horns, being
in general rusty brown. The sides of the head are variegated with several
small irregular white spots, one in front of each ear, one under each lower
eyelid, and one on each cheek; the eyebrows, the chin, and the lips are also
white. The muzzle black. The ears externally rufous grey, internally rusty
white; the mane light rusty brown. Between the shoulders and the base of
the tail there extends a narrow white line in the course of the vertebral
column, and from this line there descends seven or eight vertical lines of the
same colour, part of which are situated on the sides of the body, and part on
the outer aspect of the buttock. Tail posteriorly brown, anteriorly white,
the tuft forming its point dark reddish-brown. Eyes brownish red. Horns
light brown with a faint greenish tinge; posterior aspect of fetlock joint
reddish-brown. True and false hoofs brownish black, and the base of the
latter narrowly edged with hair of a reddish-brown colour.
a

DAMALIS (STREPSICEROS) CAPENSIS.
.
Forms, &c.—Figure moderately robust and elegant. Head superiorly
broad and rather bulky, toward the muzzle narrow and tapered; the forehead
is flat and square, the chaffron straight and the muzzle moderately broad.
Eyes full, soft and expressive. Horns robust and situated on the top of the
head, almost in contact at their base, but wide apart at their points, and each,
as it diverges from its base, takes two spiral turns and is furnished with a
narrow ridge or keel which follows the course of the wreaths described. At
the base the horns are robust and rather rugous, then somewhat compressed,
-the points are cylindrical sharp and directed outwards and forwards. Ears
large and patulous, especially towards their middle, they stand obliquely
outwards and are acute at the point. The neck is robust, rather long,
fringed both above and below, with some long and coarse hair which supe-
riorly forms a sort of mane, about three and a half inches high, and which
extends from the base of the horns to the hinder edge of the shoulders ;
inferiorly the long hair is irregularly disposed and forms a thin shaggy coating
to the throat. Body rounded, the shoulders well developed, and about equal
in height with the crupper. Limbs elegantly formed and towards the hoofs
very slender. Tail slender and at its termination has a tuft of long coarse
hair, which reaches to within a few inches of the houghs. Hoofs narrow and
anteriorly rather pointed ; false hoofs, short, cylindrical and pointed. Hair
generally very short; muzzle bare ; dewlap slightly developed.
.
DIMENSIONS.
Feet. Inches.
Length from the horns to the base of
the tail
0
of the head
1
6
of the ears ....
0 8
of the horns.....
3
0
Feet. Inches.
Height at the shoulder...
4
0
at the crupper
0
Distance between the horns at points 2 7
Length of the tail
1 7
4
PLATE XLIII.-FEMALE.
COLOUR.-Rather paler than that of the Male, the number of vertical stripes
generally greater, some of them occasionally bifurcate, and the white is less
pure,—the upper part of the forehead between the ears is generally mottled
rusty brown and white.



DAMALIS (Strepsiceros) CAPENSIS.
( Mammalia, Plate 43. Female.)
GNV
OF
Pic


DAMALIS (STREPSICEROS) CAPENSIS.
Form, &c.-Figure rather more delicate than that of the Male, and its
head superiorly narrower. No horns; neck long and slender; tuft of tail less
bushy. Length from the horns to the base of the tail five feet five inches,
height at the shoulder three feet eight inches.
The Koodoo, like the Eland, is generally found associating in small herds of from four to
eight or ten individuals. Its favourite resorts are the slopes of low hills and the banks of
rivers, which are thinly sprinkled with brushwood or trees, and in districts in which it exists it
is looked for in those situations. It feeds upon buds, shrubs, and grass.
When the southern parts of Africa were first colonised, Koodoos were frequently discovered
even in the vicinity of the locality where Cape Town now stands. The efficient weapons of the
European hunters, however, soon diminished the number, and now specimens are rarely to be
found within the Colony, which extends in an easterly direction about six and in a northerly di-
rection about three hundred miles. Even beyond these limits the animal is at present compara-
tively rare, partly from colonists hunting it on the ground of the aborigines, and partly from
the natives themselves being to some extent supplied with fire arms, and therefore now more
able to kill it, which they eagerly do whenever opportunities offer, not more from the importance
of its flesh as an article of food than from the value of its skin, arising from its peculiar
durability and pliancy as an article of harness for horses, &c.
The Koodoo is an animal naturally shy and timid, and on being disturbed in its retreats,
immediately takes to flight, and so long as no obstruction to its retreat occurs, it moves briskly
and quietly along, but if closely chased so as to feel itself in danger, the male often turns on
the pursuer, faces him with determination, and manifests a strong propensity to defend himself
and his companions. Its gait is elegant, its pace a moderately swift gallop, and while pro-
gressing it often springs over distances with great agility, and its bounds are frequently very
expansive. It produces one young one at a birth.



1
2
1. SOREX MARIQUENSIS.
2. SOREX VARIUS.
(Mammalia_Plate 44.)
OF



SOREX MARIQUENSIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALJA.-PLATE XLIV. Fig. 1.
-
S. superne brunneo-ruber; inferne pallidior et griseo-tinctus; villo versus pellem griseo-nigro; caudâ
cylindracea, ad basin obessa, versus apicem attenuata ; auribus semicircularibus, fere nudis; villo
rigido.
LONGITUDO e rostri apice ad basin caudæ 3 unc. 4 lin. ; caudæ 1 unc. 10 lin.
3
Colour. The surface colour of the head, back, sides, extremities, and tail
brownish red, the head and tail lightest ; the throat, breast, and belly the
same colour, only lighter and with a distinct tint of pearly grey. Colour of
under surface light greyish black. The thin sprinkling of fur which occurs
on the anterior surface of ears the same colour as that of the back. Whiskers
greyish black. Incisor teeth white ; naked extremity of snout purplish black;
claws brownish red.
Form, &c.—-Figure slender, and tapered both anteriorly and posteriorly.
Head small and terminated by a short slender somewhat cylindrical snout
which anteriorly is slightly bifurcate, and with a small cylindrical nostril in
each division. Eyes small, and rather nearer to the ears than the apex of
Ears moderately large, semicircular, and their anterior surface
sprinkled with only a fine short hair, the meatus auditorius externus covered by
the recumbent fur of the parts in front of it, and also by that which edges the
lower lobe of the ear. Tail cylindrical, thick at its base and tapered towards
the point, the latter with a delicate pencil of rigid hairs. Extremities short
and slender; toes of fore feet short, the three middle ones nearly equal and
rather longest; those of hinder feet longer, particularly the middle ones.
snout.
a
DIMENSIONS.
In. Lines.
In. Lines.
Distance between the tip of the nose
Length from tip of nose to base of
tail....
Length of the tail
3
4
and the eye
0
5
1
10
Height when standing
1
3
The only specimens of this species I have seen, two in number, were obtained in a wooded
ravine near the tropic of Capricorn, and when discovered they sought concealment under some
decayed leaves which were accumulated under a small shrub.

SOREX VARIUS.-SMUTS.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE XLIV. Fig. 2.
S. superne griseus rufo-tinctus ; inferne griseus, pallide rufo-tinctus; rostro ad basin valido, versus
apicem attenuato ; auribus fere in villo abditis; caudâ cylindracea fere æquale, crinibus rigidis tecta ;
villo mollissimo et subcrispo.
LONGITUDO e rostri apice ad basin caudæ 3 unc. 10 lin. ; caudæ 1 unc. 10 lin.
SOREX VARIUS, Smuts. Diss. Zool. enumer Mamm. Cap. p. 108, Leyden, 1832.
Colour.—The outer surface of the head, back, and sides finely pencilled
yellowish brown and pearl grey, the colours so finely blended as to appear
a sort of rusty silvery grey; the lower portion of the sides, the chin,
throat, belly, and extremities towards body rusty ash-grey. Lower portions
of extremities and tail wood-brown, the latter tinted with yellowish brown.
The fur inside of the surface intermediate between lavender-purple and greyish
black. Edges of upper lip and under surface of snout dirty white; incisor
teeth white. The proportion of yellowish brown varies in different specimens
and in those in which it is most abundant the grey tint is but faint.
Form, &c.-Figure slender. Head small, snout rather robust, its point bare
and anteriorly slightly bifurcate, with a small circular nostril in each division
with elevated edges. Ears semicircular and almost concealed in fur, a part
of which exists on the anterior surface of the ears themselves. Tail cylindrical
and with a delicate pencil of rigid hairs at its extremity, elsewhere it is coated
with short strong hairs. Extremities slender and short. Claws of fore feet
rather long, and only slightly curved. Incisors of upper jaw strongly arched
downwards from base, those of lower jaw horizontal till near the point, which
is slightly bent upwards and received within the upper jaw. Fur long, soft, and
cottony on the body, shorter on the head, and very short on the snout and tail,
where it approaches in character to hair. On the head and body it is slightly
frizzled.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from point of nose to base of
tail
3 10
of tail
1 10
Inches. Lines.
Distance between the tip of the nose
and the eyes.....
.. 0 61
Height when standing................
1 10
Inhabits the southern and eastern parts of the Cape Colony, and is usually found where
brushwood exists in abundance.


3
1
62
A
al
2
1. SOREX CAPENSIS.
2. SOREX FLAVESCENS.
Nammalia Plate 45.
GNIE
OF
BICH



SOREX CAPENSIS.-GEOFF. St. Hil.
MAMMALIA.— PLATE XLV. 1.
S. supra cinnereo-brunneus, subtus flavo-cinnereus; rostro antice integro ; caudâ breve cylindraceâ.
LONGITUDO e rostri apice ad basin caudæ 4 unc.; caudæ 1 unc. 5 lin.
SOREX CAPENSIS, Geoff. Annal de Mus. tom xvii., p. 184. .
Colour.—The upper and lateral parts of the head, the back and upper
parts of the sides, the extremities and the tail intermediate between broccoli-
brown and chestnut-brown ; lower parts of sides, belly, breast, throat, chin,
and inner surface of extremities intermediate between ash-grey and yellow-
ish grey; anterior surface of ears the colour of the body, only paler, posterior
surface flesh coloured ; muzzle brownish red ; whiskers partly liver-brown
and partly bluish white; claws horn-coloured.
Form, &c.—Figure slender. Head small, and between the ears broad and
arched, in this respect different from Sorex flavescens, which is rather con-
tracted. Muzzle moderately robust, the point bare and entire ; extremities
slender ; tail cylindrical and slightly tapered to the point.
DIMENSIONS.
..
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines
Length from the tip of the nose to
Distance from the ear to the
eye
0 5}
the base of the tail
4 0
the eye to the tip of
of the tail ......
... 1
5
the nose
0 5}
Height when standing.
... 1 3
When in Paris some few weeks ago, I was informed by M. Geoffroy St. Hillaire, that he con-
sidered the Shrew which had been described as Sorex Capensis to be identical with Sorex Indicus,
and he was of opinion that the individual which formed the type of the species was actually
obtained from the Mauritius. The specimen here figured and described, however, was cer-
tainly an inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope, and as it is smaller than either the species
which is found in the Mauritius or that which is known under the name Sorex Indicus, I have
considered it as an example of the Sorex capensis of Geoff. It inhabits rocky situations in
Southern Africa, and is found most abundantly in the Cape District. It is readily to be
distinguished from Sorex flavescens by the tip of its muzzle being entire, by its colour, and
by its head being shorter and less conical.

SOREX FLAVESCENS.- GEOFF. Sr. Hil.
-
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLV. 2.
S. supra rufo-flavus, subtus flavo-cinnereus ; villo breve rigido; rostro elongato anticè bifido; auribus,
magnis, semicircularibus, fere nudis.
LONGITUDO e nasi apice ad basin caudæ 4 unc. 4 lin; caudæ 21 lin.
SOREX FLAVESCENS, Geoff. St. Hil. Mem. des Mus. d'Hist. Nat. tom xv.
COLOUR.—The back and the upper parts of the sides broccoli-brown, dis-
tinctly tinted with light yellowish-brown,—the tint of the upper surface of the
head darkest; the lower portion of the sides and the under parts, wood-
brown; the chin, throat, sides of neck and breast strongly tinged with dull
reddish orange; the fur, at its base, slightly inclined to pale bluish black.
Tail rusty grey; ears, anteriorly, pale yellowish brown; muzzle black;
whiskers partly reddish brown, and partly bluish white; extremities wood-
brown, exteriorly and anteriorly faintly tinted with yellowish brown; nails
white.
Form, &c.—Figure moderately robust. Head small, superiorly slightly
compressed, anteriorly conical, the muzzle prolonged, cylindrical, and its
apex slightly bifid, the two portions, one towards each side, inclined
slightly outwards and forwards, as will be seen by reference to fig. 6 2. Ears
semicircular, with, anteriorly, a sprinkling of fine short fur, and the inferior
margin of each, as well as the oblique septem behind the meatus auditorius exter-
nus, fringed with some rather coarse white hair. Legs short and rather robust ;
toes strong, rather long, and armed with short, very crooked, and pointed
claws. Tail cylindrical, and tapered from its base to its apex. Fur short,
rigid, and closely recumbent; hair of tail very short, and rather scanty, the
tip of the tail with a rudimentary tuft of short white hairs.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from the tip of the nose to
Distance from the ear to the eye......
06
the base of the tail ...... 4 4
the eye to tip of the
of the tail......
1 9
nose ...
7 1/3
Height when standing.....
1 4
This species, first described by Geoffroy St. Hillaire, is quite distinct from that which was
previously recognised by Desmaret* and others as Sorex Capensis. Both the one and the
other, however, occur in the same localities, and both are occasionally found in rocky situations
in different parts of the Cape District. They are also occasionally found in wooded ravines,
and when they occur in such situations they are found most frequently under decayed vegetable
matter, or else about the roots of shrubs and small trees.
Encyclopedie Methodique Mammalogie, page 152, No. 241.


1
2
1. MUS PUMILIO.
2. MUS DORSALIS
(Mammalia Plate. 46)
UN
OF
ICH



MUS PUMELIO.- SPAR.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLVI. Fig. 1.
M. superne griseo-album, castaneo et subnigro parce penicellatum ; dorso lineis quatuor longitudinalibus
subnigris variegato ; capite gracile ; pilis recumbentibus ; auribus ferrugineis.
LONGITUDO e nasi apice ad basin caudæ 4 unc.; caudæ 3 unc. 6 lin.
a
Colour, &c.—The ground colour of the upper and lateral parts of the
head, of the back, the sides of the body, and the outer surface of the extre-
mities, grayish white, sparingly pencilled with chestnut and liver-brown, and
the back besides is variegated with four longitudinal liver-brown stripes,
each about a line in width. From the point where the stripes commence, at
the anterior part of the back, a single line, alike in width and colour, extends
forwards along the back of the neck and down the face till it is lost on the
latter between the eyes,-this and the four on the back are distinctly though
sparingly pencilled with a bright deep reddish orange. The sides and angles
of the mouth, the chin, the throat, the breast, the belly, the inner surface of
the extremities towards the body, and their entire circumference towards the
toes, rusty white. Ears externally and internally intermediate between
chestnut- and orpiment- orange. The upper surface of the tail is liver-brown,
the under surface yellowish brown. The incisor teeth of the upper jaw are
light reddish orange, those of the lower yellowish white; whiskers and eyes
liver-brown. Hair towards the base a slate colour.
Form, &c.-Figure moderately slender. Head small and narrow, the
muzzle prominent, slightly obtuse, and projecting but little beyond the
incisor teeth of the upper jaw; ears moderately large and posteriorly semi-
circular. Hair rigid, moderately long, and recumbent. Extremities slender,
the hinder ones rather long, and the three middle toes of each of equal length.
Tail cylindrical, long, and densely covered with short rigid hair.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from nose to base of tail......... 4 0
of tail
3 6
Inches. Lines.
Length of tarsus and toes of hinder ex-
tremities
0 11?
Height of the animal when standing 1 7
....
.
This mouse occurs in every part of Southern Africa which has yet been visited and is gene-
rally descried in spots more or less densely covered with underwood. In these situations large
accumulations of dried leaves, branches, &c., are often to be observed surrounding the stems
near to the ground of some of the larger shrubs, and in the interior of these masses Mus Pumelio
forms its burrows, constructs its dwelling place, and produces and rears its young.

MUS DORSALIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLVI. Fig. 2.
M. superne pallide rubro-aurantium subnigro-penicellatum ; dorso lineâ longitudinale subnigrâ notato;
capite postice lato; rostro obtuse et obesso; pilis longis rigidis recumbentibus.
LONGITUDO e nasi apice ad basin caudæ 4 unc.; caudæ 4 unc. 6 lin.
a
Colour, &c.—The surface colour of the upper and lateral parts of the head,
the back, the sides, and the outer surface of the extremities, a pale buff or
reddish orange, profusely pencilled with liver-brown: the back with a liver-
brown stripe, about a line in width, extending between the base of the neck
and the root of the tail. Lips, chin, space round angles of mouth, throat,
belly, and inner surface of extremities, rusty white; legs towards toes rusty
sienna-yellow; muzzle an uniform rusty ochre-yellow ; eyebrows reddish
orange; ears anteriorly and posteriorly deep reddish orange. Eyes liver-
brown. Hair towards the root slate-coloured.
Form, &c.—Figure rather robust; head, posteriorly, broad; anteriorly,
narrow and tapered. Muzzle rather full, compressed, and slightly obtuse.
Ears rather large, and posteriorly semicircular. Hinder extremities strong
and rather long. Hair of head, back, and sides, long and rigid; of belly
short and rather soft ; everywhere recumbent; hair of tail short, rigid, and
closely set.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Length from tip of nose to base of tail. 4 0
of tail
4 6
Inches. Lines.
Length of tarsus, toes, and claws of
hinder extremities
1 2
Height of animal when standing ... 1 10
This little mouse occurs only sparingly within the limits of the colony, but abundantly beyond
the Northern Frontier to the north of the Great Orange River.
The width of its head poste-
riorly, and the bulk of the muzzle furnish characters which enable us readily to distinguish it
from Mus Pumelio, even without taking into account the greater length and rigidity of its
hair, and the existence only of one dark stripe along the back.


3
2
MUS LEHOCLA. Fig. 1
MUS NATALENSIS. Fig. 2.
MUS COLONUS. Fig. 3.
(Mammalia_Plate 47.)
NIU
OF
CH



MUS LEHOCLA.--SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLVII. Fig. 1. MALE.
M.
superne, pallide rufus subnigro penicillatus, inferne rufo-albus ; auribus magnis, expansis, fere nudis,
margine externo semicirculati; pilis rigidis ; caudâ longâ subnudâque.
LONGITUDO capitis corporisque 4 unc. 9 lin.; caudæ 5 unc.
Mus LEHOCLA. Report of Expedition into Interior of South Africa, App. p. 43, 1837.
-
9
Colour.—Head, back, and sides, pale buff orange, or light sienna-yellow.
The middle of the head, of the back, and the upper parts of the sides freely
pencilled with liver-brown; the outsides of the extremities the same colour as
the sides, the dark hairs only less abundant. The lower parts of the sides,
the belly, the throat, the chin, and the inner sides of the extremities rusty
white; ears pale purplish brown, with a scanty sprinkling of liver-brown
hair ; eyebrows white; whiskers pale brownish red; tail intermediate
between light brownish red and yellowish brown; eyes black; incisor teeth of
both jaws pale yellow.
FORM, &c.—Head rather long, posteriorly of moderate width, anteriorly
narrow and tapered; apex of nose subacute and immediately behind the
point the parts bulge considerably, having in this respect more of the cha-
racter of a rat than of a mouse. Ears short, broad, and patulous, the outer
edge subovate or semicircular. Eyes large and prominent. Whiskers mode-
rately bushy, hairs rather long and somewhat rigid. Body moderately
robust; limbs rather long; toes and nails of fore feet rather short, nails of
hinder feet long and curved; tail long and thinly coated with short rigid
hair; hair of the head and body long, closely set, and slightly rigid, re-
sembling in its nature that of a rat; incisors of upper jaw short, slightly
curved, and moderately robust; of lower jaw long, slightly arched and
slender.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
Inches. Lines.
Length from tip of nose to base of tail 4 9 Length of tarsus, toes, and claws of
of tail
5 0
hinder extremities
0 10
Height of animal when standing
2 0

MUS LEHOCLA.
Female. The colours, &c. not known.
Inhabits the districts around Latakoo, and is found in localities more or less densely covered
with brushwood. It forms burrows in the soil, near to the roots of shrubs, and is also occa-
sionally observed in masses of decayed vegetable matter, which occur here and there in situa-
tions abounding with underwood.

MUS NATALENSIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLVII. Fig. 2. MALE.
M. superne flavo-brunneus nigro brunneo-penicillatus ; infra rufo-albus; auribus ovatis subnudis ; caudâ
parce pilis brevibus rigidis sparsâ.
LONGITUDO capitis corporisque 5 unc.; caudæ 4 unc.
Mus NATALENSIS, Smith, South African Quarterly Journal.
Colour.—Ground colour dull yellowish brown, profusely pencilled with
deep umber-brown, the points of many of the hairs and the entire of others
being of that colour ; the lower parts of the sides and the outer surface of the
extremities pale yellowish brown, very faintly pencilled with brown; chin,
belly, and inner surface of extremities rufous white; tarsi dull white; fur
towards base slate coloured ; skin of tail, as seen under the hair, light
brownish red, the hair umber-brown. Ears brownish purple red, tinted with
flesh-red, hair on their inner surface tawny, on their outer surface umber-
brown ; whiskers partly liver-brown, partly reddish brown. Eyes black;
incisors of upper jaw deep orange, of lower light straw-yellow.
FORM, &c.—Body moderately robust; head rather long, nose pointed, the
head posteriorly moderately broad. Ears long and oval. Eyes large; legs
short, nails blunt and considerably curved. Fur on body short, soft, and
copious ; on head and tail rather stiff ; on the latter, on which it is only
thinly scattered, short and rigid ; apex of tail slightly tufted.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
09
Inches. Lines.
Length from the nose to the base of the
5 0
of the tail
4 0
tail ...
Length of the fore legs
Height when standing
1 9
The colours, &c, of the female are not known.
Inhabits the woody districts around Port Natal, and is said to enter frequently the huts of
the natives.

MUS COLONUS.- LICHT.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLVII. Fig. 3.
;
M. superne flavo-brunneus nigro brunneo-penicillatus, infra griseo-albus; mento-guttereque albis; caudâ
superne brunneâ infra albâ; auribus ovatis, singulorum apice semicirculari.
LONGITUDO capitis corporisque 3 unc. 6 lin.; caudæ 2 unc. 6 lin.
Mus Colonus, Smith, South African Quarterly Journal.
COLOUR.— The ground colour of the upper parts of the head, the neck, and
all the back, pale yellowish brown, pencilled profusely with liver-brown; the
sides of the head, neck, body, and the outer surface of the extremities towards
the body wood-brown, the two last sparingly pencilled with brown; belly,
insides of extrentities and tarsi, pale rufous white; chin and throat white.
Hair on outer surface of ears rufous, on inner surface brownish red ; whiskers
variegated liver-brown and yellowish brown. Eyes black. Incisor teeth of
upper jaw Dutch-orange, of lower pale straw-yellow. Tail, above umber-
,
brown, beneath dirty white.
Form, &c.—Figure rather robust; head posteriorly moderately broad,
anteriorly pointed. Ears oval, the apex of each nearly semicircular, the
external and internal surfaces coated thinly with short and rigid hair. Legs
short, nails short, strong, curved and blunt. The fur or hair of the back and
head short and rather stiff, of the sides and under parts soft and downy. Tail
covered with short rigid hair. Eyes large and prominent.
DIMENSIONS.
Inches. Lines.
0 7
Inches. Lines.
Length from the nose to the base of the
tail..
3 6
of the tail
2 6
Length of the fore legs
Height when standing
1
3
The colours of the male and female are nearly alike.
Inhabits the eastern districts of the Cape Colony, and is found in localities coated with
brushwood. It either resides in burrows under ground or in masses of decayed vegetable
matter, which occur commonly in the situations it inhabits.


SA
OF
b
PTEROPUS LEACHII
Mammalia Plate 48)



PTEROPUS LEACHII.--SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE XLVIII.
P. capite superne, dorso, brachio, antibrachioque plene pilis brunneis sordidis vestitis ; alarum mem-
branâ
pone brachium lanosâ ; gutture, abdomine, extremitatibusque inferne brunneis, viridi-griseo-
tinctis ; caudæ dimidio posteriori libro; oculi cantho anteriori oris anguloque in linea eadem
verticali,
Pteropus Leachii, Smith. Zoolog. Journal, vol. iv. page 433, 1829.
Temminck, Monog. de Mammalogie, onzième, page 88, 1835.
Colour.—The upper surface of the head and neck, the back and the
extremities superiorly dull umber-brown; the sides of the head and neck, the
throat, breast, belly, and under surface of extremities a colour intermediate
between hair-brown and clove-brown (a sort of dirty greenish-brown); nostrils
and point of lower jaw liver-brown. Toes of the hinder extremities brownish
red; claws sienna-yellow. Wing and interfemoral membranes between
brownish red and chocolate-red; the phalanges of the anterior extremities
yellowish brown. In some specimens, the fur of the upper parts is tinted
in places with yellowish brown, and below, especially on the breast and belly,
it is occasionally observed of a slight rusty yellow tinge.
FORM, &c.—Figure rather robust; head large ; forehead prominent; face
rather flattened; nostrils tubular, and opening laterally ; eyes moderately
large, situated nearly midway between the nostrils and the ears, the anterior
canthus of eye directly over the angle of the mouth. Ears moderately long,
rather narrow, and slightly rounded at the point, externally and internally
without covering, a few hairs only on inner surface towards meatus. Incisor
teeth small, in pairs; molars, six in the upper jaw and seven in the lower.
Vide plate-a, teeth of upper jaw, b, teeth of lower-both as seen from
above. Fur generally very short, soft, and silky, that of the sides of the
neck, throat, and anterior edge of the breast much the longest, that on the
alar membrane, adjoining the flanks and anterior extremities, the shortest,
and very thinly set: on other parts where it occurs, it is dense and thickly
set. The two first joints of the anterior extremities thickly covered below
and above with fur, the portion of hinder extremities near to body covered
but not so thickly, the more distal portion with only a sprinkling of coarse

PTEROPUS LEACHII.
hair. Thumb armed with a strong claw, the small claw of first finger directly
in front of the distal end of the first phalanx of second finger. Wing mem-
branes thin, and posterior to fore-arm veined from before backwards ; towards
body two of the veins are larger than the rest ; one begins near to axilla, and
terminates before it reaches the hinder edge of the wing, its course obliquely out-
wards and backwards; the other commences a little in front of base of hinder
leg, and extends outwards and backwards to within about three lines of the
margin of the wing. The interfemoral membrane edges the coccyx and
inner side of the hinder extremities as far as the tarsus ; it is deeply emar-
ginate--the emargination of the figure of the letter V reversed. At the tarsus
it is about half an inch in width, and the latter increases a little as the angle
it forms with the portion of the opposite side is neared. Tail rather more than
half an inch in length, the last half free and projecting beyond the inter-
femoral membrane. Toes rather strong, all of equal length, and armed with
strong curved claws.
DIMENSIONS.
1
In. Lines
Length from nose to base of tail... 5 3
Length of head
.. 1 9
antibrachium
3 2
tail...
08
Expanse of wings.....
... 18
Distance between thorax and thumb
when wings are extended
4 0
In. Lines.
Length of thumb, including claw ...... 0 9
1st joint of forefinger .... 51
1st joint of second finger
1
1st joint of third finger ...... 2
0
1st joint of fourth finger ... 1 11
2
O O
FEMALE.-As regards colours, the two sexes are nearly alike,
-
During the season when the grapes are ripening and ripe, specimens of this Bat are
easily obtained in Cape Town and its vicinity; at other periods they are less readily procured.
Though it is not restricted to Cape Town and its neighbourhood, it occurs nowhere else in the
same abundance. One or two specimens have occasionally been procured far in the interior ;
and I was told when at Latakoo, that a large Bat was often seen about the garden in the
fruit season, which, from the description given, I am inclined to believe is, if not the common
Cape species, at least a Pteropus.
Though I heard much while at the Cape of the large species (Pteropus Hottentotus,
Tem.) I never, during my residence there, was so fortunate as to obtain a specimen.


ICH
OF
GNIY
a
DYSOPES NATALENSIS
( Mammalia _ Plate 49.)



DYSOPES NATALENSIS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.-PLATE 49.
D. corpore superne inferneque sordido-brunneo-rubro ; alis membranâque interfemorali pallide brunneo-
rubris ; facie parce pilis rigidis brevibus tectâ.
LONGITUDO è nasi apice ad basin caudæ 2 unc.; caudæ 1 unc. 6 lin.
Colour.— Fur above and below dull brownish red, that on the under parts
lightest; the tint at the base and surface nearly, if not quite, the same.
Wing and interfemoral membrane slight chocolate-brown; phalanges the
same colour ; toes and claws light brownish-red.
FORM, &c.— Figure rather slender; head narrow; ears rather large, and
triangular, apex pointed, base very broad; external and internal divested
of hair. Nose bare, thin, rounded anteriorly, and projecting over the upper lip,
the nostrils opening downwards and forwards on its anterio-inferior edge.
Wing membrane very thin ; wings, from anterior to hinder edge, rather
narrow; antebrachial membrane triangular, arising from apex of shoulder, and
inserted into the anti-brachium nearly midway between its two extremities.
The hinder edge of the wing nearly straight, shewing only a slight projection
at the extremity of each of the phalanges ; the edge internally attached to
the hinder leg a little behind the tarsus. Interfemoral membrane large, and
somewhat seven-sided ; the tail projecting considerably beyond it, where the
two hinder sides meet; it is attached to the hinder extremity of the body, and
to the inner side of each hinder leg throughout its whole length. Thumb
short, slender, and armed with a small crooked nail. Toes of hinder ex-
tremities laterally compressed, slender, and each with a large, highly-curved
nail, at the base of each of which there is a scanty tuft or pencil of long,
rather coarse hair. The tail is long, and tapers to a point, rather more than
half, from its base, inclosed in the femoral membrane, the remainder is quite
free. Fur of the back, throat, and belly, short, silky, and closely set ; face thinly
sprinkled with short rigid hairs, or rather bristles ; anterior edge of ear at

DYSOPES NATALENSIS.
a
base also edged with a few rigid hairs. Incisor teeth of upper jaw two, small,
cylindrical, pointed, and much apart, one towards each canine; incisors of
lower jaw closely set, and fill up completely the space between the canine
teeth ; the latter in each jaw, long, slightly curved, and pointed. Grinders of
upper jaw, 6; of lower, the same number.
DIMENSIONS.
.....
1
6
In. Lines.
Length from the apex of the nose to the
base of the tail....
2 0
of the tail .......
1 6
of the head
0 6
Expanse of wings
9 6
In. Lines.
Length of anti-brachium.
1 5
first joint of second finger.
middle finger ... 1
third finger ... 1 51
fourth finger ... 1 1
6
The specimen of which the preceding is a description, was killed near to Port Natal
on the margin of a thick forest. It made its appearance in the dusk of the evening, and had
not been long on the wing before it was in my possession. It is the only individual of the
species I have seen.


VESPERTILIO LANO SUS.
(Mammalia_ Plate 50)



VESPERTILIO LANOSUS.-SMITH.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE L.
V. corporis colore superne flavo-brunneo, pilis argenteis variegato, inferne rubri albo, pilis ad basin nigro
brunneis; auribus externe emarginatis; membranâ interfemorali postice ciliatâ ; pilis lanosis
subcirratis.
LONGITUDO è nasi apice ad basin caudæ 2 unc. 3 lin.; caudæ 1 unc. 6 lin.
-
Colour.—The fur of the upper and lateral parts of the head, of the neck,
and of the back, three coloured, viz., towards, and at the point, dirty white,
or pale sienna-yellow, at the middle intermediate between brownish red and
yellowish brown, and towards, and at the base liver-brown; the points of
some of the hairs of the back are silvery white. The fur of the sides of the
head, the throat, the breast, and the belly, is dirty reddish white towards the
surface, and towards the base pale liver-brown, that which is thinly sprinkled
on the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane at its base, is dirty white.
Wing and interfermoral membranes dark brownish red. Ears pale brownish
purple-red, tinted with flesh-red.
FORM, &c.—Figure slender; head broad ; ears rather large and somewhat
semicircular, the outer edge (helix) immediately below the highest point
emarginate, or as if a small portion of it, nearly a line and a half in length,
had been cut out, at the lowermost point the ear is truncated ; tragus, long,
narrow, and slightly curved. Nose depressed, bare, and rounded, the nostrils
situated on its edge, one on each side. Wings from anterior to posterior
edge rather wide ; from tip to tip rather short; the antebrachial membrane
extends from the point of the shoulder to the base of the thumb. The
interdigital spaces much veined ; the veins close to the sides of the body,
numerous, and slightly oblique. Interfemoral membrane large and five-
sided, the two hinder sides where they unite form a prominent angle behind,
at which the tail terminates ; this membrane, like that of the wings, is freely
veined, the veins nearly all with a slightly oblique course from the sides
a

VESPERTILIO LANOSUS.
backwards toward the tail, which extends along the middle of the membrane.
Hinder feet, small, slender, and superiorly thinly sprinkled with short hair ;
the claws rather long, moderately strong, and not much curved. Thumb
about two lines long, and very slender, the claw short, slightly curved and
pointed. The first finger reaches to the distal end of the second joint of the
second finger, the fourth, and the membrane connected with it at its point
form a prominent semicircular or subtriangular projection, which extends con-
siderably beyond any other part of the hinder edge of the wings. The ears,
externally, are thinly covered with short hair. The face, head, neck, back,
breast, and belly, with rather long and frizzy hair, much resembling wool.
The base of the interfemoral membrane superiorly, with a thin sprinkling
of short hair of the same description ; hinder edges of membrane fringed with
very short, rather rigid hair.
DIMENSIONS.
In. Lines.
Length from the nose to the base of
the tail.....
2 3
of the tail......
... 1
6
of the head
0 7
Expanse of the wings
9 10
In. Lines.
Length of the anti-brachium
1 41
of the first joint of first finger... 1 2!
second finger 1 2
third finger
1 21
fourth finger 1 21
In respect of colours, the male and female of this species are nearly alike.
The only specimens I obtained were killed in a wooded district stretching along the
sea-shore, about two hundred miles to the eastward of Cape Town. Like other species
of the genus, it appears as night sets in, and may then be seen flitting from spot to spot
along the open spaces which exist here and there in different parts of the forest.


UN
OF
CY
VESPERTILIO MINUTUS.
(Mammalia - Plate 51.)



VESPERTILIO MINUTUS.--TEM.
MAMMALIA.- PLATE LI.
V. superne,
vellere rubro-brunneo, infra flavo-brunneo versus basin rubro-brunneo; alis membrana inter-
femoralique brunneo-rubris ; auribus subovatis, margine externa emarginata.
LONGITUDO e nasi apice ad basin caudæ 2 unc. 6 lin. ; caudæ 2 unc.
Vespertilio, Hottentota et Capensis, Smith.-South African Quarterly Journal, New Series, vol. i. 1832.
و
Colour.-The fur of the upper and lateral parts of the head, neck, and
body, deep reddish brown, towards base inclined to liver-brown, below the
same colour tinted at the surface with pale yellowish brown. Wing and
interfemoral membranes intermediate between brownish red and liver-brown;
antibrachium and phalanges yellowish brown tinted with flesh-red. Ears
light yellowish brown clouded with pale aurora-red ; apex of nose flesh-red ;
eyes dark liver-brown.
Form, &c.— Body rather broad; head small; nose bare and slightly
truncated, nostrils apical and directed forwards. Eyes small; ears subovate
and as wide as they are high, the outer margin of each a little below the
point slightly emarginate; tragus narrow, about half the length of the ear,
and slightly curved forwards, its apex arched. Thumb short and slender,
claw small and much hooked; the termination of the first finger about
midway between the first and second joints of the second finger. Wing
membranes faintly veined ; interfemoral membrane rather large, subtri-
angular, and posteriorly pointed, the tail not extended beyond the mem-
brane. Fur moderately long, soft, and silky. Muzzle with a number of
short, rigid hairs.
The incisor teeth of the upper jaw four, in pairs, close to the canines,-of
the lower six, all contiguous, small, and multicuspidate, the points blunt;
canines large and pointed ; molars of upper jaw four, of lower five, each
with one or more points on the outer edge, and with a more or less concave
heel internally; the first molar both above and below, much the smallest.
Length from the nose to the base of the interfemoral membrane 2 inches
and a half; of the tail 2 inches; expanse of wing 12 inches ; length of the
antibrachium 1 inch 8 lines.
Inhabits wooded districts throughout the whole of Southern Africa. It commences to
seek its food about dusk; continues on the wing throughout the night, and retires to caves
in the rock, or cavities in decayed trees, as daylight appears.

SCOTOPHILUS DINGANII.--Smith.
MAMMALIA.—PLATE LIII.
S. superne villere viridi-brunneo, infra viridi-flavo; alarum membranâ purpureo-brunnea ; caudæ particulâ
i
ultra membranam interfemoralem extensâ; capite magno; labiis crassis.
LONGITUDO e nasi apice ad basin caudæ 3 unc. 6 lin.; caudæ 2 unc.
Vespertilio Dinganii, Smith.--South African Quarterly Journal, New Series, vol. i. 1832.
Colour.— The fur of the upper and lateral parts of the head, neck, and
body intermediate between honey-yellow and dull orange coloured brown ;
of the under parts light honey-yellow. Wing and interfemoral membranes
light reddish brown shaded with brownish red. The muzzle anteriorly, the
upper lip and the ears yellowish brown tinted with flesh-red and faintly
clouded with pale brownish red. Antibrachium and the phalanges inter-
mediate between brownish red and lake-red. Ears light brownish red, with
a tint of flesh-red. Wings and interfemoral membrane deep purplish brown.
FORM, &c.--Head rather large; nose broad, full, and rather square; sides
of head over upper lip prominent, nostrils projecting and opening for-
1
wards; ears subovate and broader than high ; tragus long, narrow, linear
and subfalciform, its apex slightly rounded. Body rather robust; wings
moderately large; antibrachium long and strong. Thumb slender, weak,
and slightly hooked; the first toe reaches nearly to the second joint of the
second toe. Interfemoral membrane rather large, posteriorly triangular, the
tail projecting slightly beyond its point. Toes of the hinder feet moderately
strong and nearly of equal length ; claws strong and much curved. The
nose and the sides of the head, towards the upper lip, thinly covered with
short coarse hair ; the rest of the head, neck, and body, densely coated with
a fine, silky, rather long fur. Interfemoral membrane towards its base with
a few short rigid hairs both on the upper and under surface.
The incisor teeth of the upper jaw, in the specimen described, two, small,
conical, and pointed, one close to each canine; those of the lower jaw six,
closely set, small, laterally compressed, and each more or less bicuspidate.
Cunines large, slightly curved, and pointed. The first molar, both above and
.
below, conical and pointed ; the others with several pyramidal points.
Length from nose to base of tail 3 inches 6 lines ; length of tail 2 inches ;
length of antibrachium 2 inches 3 lines ; expanse of wings 12 inches.
Specimens of this species are rarely procured in South Africa. The one I possess, and
another which I saw in the possession of a trader, were both obtained in the country between
Port Natal and Delagoa Bay. The former, when it was killed, was flitting to and fro on
the margin of a forest, about sixty miles to the east of Natal.



SCOTOPHILUS DIN GANII.
(
Mammalia, Plate 53.)
PICH
SO



IN
OF
1
MINIOPTERUS DASYTHRIX
Mammalia Plate 52)
mic



MINIOPTERUS DASYTHRIX.-TEM.
MAMMALIA.— PLATE LII.
M. superne rubro brunneus flavo brunneo-tinctus, capute dorsique parte posterioris griseo brunneo-umbratis,
infra pallide brunneo-ruber flavo-brunneo tinctus; lateribus, abdominisque parte posteriore sordido-
albis ; auribus acuminatis, margine externâ versus apicem emarginata.
LONGITUDO e nasi apice ad basin caudæ 2 unc. 9 lin.; caudæ 1 unc. 3 lin.
Vespertilio Natalensis, Smith.--South African Quarterly Journal, New Series, vol. i. 1832.
a
nose
COLOUR.—The fur of the upper part of the head, neck, and body,
intermediate between chestnut-brown and yellowish brown, that of the
head and posterior part of the back tinted with broccoli-brown. On the
under parts the general colour is a dull, pale brownish red, tinged with wood-
brown ; the flanks and hinder portion of the abdomen, dingy white. The
wing and interfemoral membranes intermediate between wood-brown and
yellowish brown, in places strongly tinted with pale reddish orange. Ears,
tragus, and nose, nearly the same colour as the wing membranes.
Form, &c.—Head, posteriorly rather broad, anteriorly narrow;
rounded, the nostrils at its apex close together, and each with a raised
margin ; ears broad at the base, narrow towards the apex, which is
pointed, the external margin of each slightly emarginate a little below
the point; tragus narrow, subfalciform, and pointed. Eyes small, and
,
situated close to the ears. Body moderately full ; wings rather wide;
interfemoral membrane large, somewhat triangular, and envelopes the whole
of the tail. Toes of hinder feet short and nearly of equal length, claws slender
and much curved. Alar membrane much veined, one large vein extend-
ing obliquely from the mesial extremity of the antibrachium to nearly the
apex of the fourth finger; anterior to this, towards the body, the veins extend
in straight lines from the antibrachium ; toward the finger their direc
tion is obliquely outwards and backwards. Behind the first-mentioned vein
one portion of the more delicate ones, which are numerous, extend across

MINIOPTERUS DASYTHRIX.
towards the fourth finger, and another portion, more or less directly back-
ward toward the hind margin of the membrane, and by crossing the former
give rise to a number of small square compartments.
The incisor teeth of the upper jaw four, in pairs, wide apart, one pair
close to each canine, the first of the two bicuspidate, the second simple and
pointed ; incisors of lower jaw six contiguous, the hindermost of each side,
which is in contact with the canine tooth, the largest. The canines are
conical and pointed, each with an elbow at the base on the inner side.
Length from the nose to the base of the interfemoral membrane 2 inches
9 lines ; length of the tail 1 inch 3 lines; expanse of wings, including body,
11 inches 6 lines ; length of antibrachium 1 inch 9 lines.
Inhabits the eastern parts of the Cape Colony, and also the districts to the north-
ward and eastward of the frontier, more particularly those on the Southern Coast.



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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