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B9960
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UNIVERSITY O
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THE
THE
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1817
• LIBR
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MAR
OF MICH
MICHIGAN.
MICHIGAN
RIES.N
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A··
I
Jeandar
Achtzehnter
Jahresbericht
über die
Realschule I. Ordnung, die Provincial-Gewerbeschule
·
und die
Handwerker - Fortbildungs - Schule
zu Münster
für das Schuljahr 1868-69,
mit welchem
zu den am 22., 23. u. 24. August stattfindenden Prüfungen und Schlussfeierlichkeiten
ergebenst einladet
Startupljenje mat
der Director
Peter Münch.
Vorangeht eine Abhandlung des Herrn Realschullehrers Heinrich Höne:
Remarks on Lord Byron's life, character and opinions.
$25
B9940
A 78.

Münster, 1869.
Drud der Coppenrath'schen Buchdruckerei.
De Mar már meg
Remarks on Lord
on Lord Byron's life, character
and opinions.
Introduction.
When, a few years ago, I was called upon to write an essay entitled „Goethe's Faustus
compared with Byron's Manfred", the inquiry into this subject could, of course, not be
limited to those two dramatic poems; on the contrary, the life of the poets and their
literary character in general were to be taken in due consideration. Therefore, though
I had been an old acquaintance of the noble Lord, - if this may be called an acquain-
tance, I knowing him, though unknown to him, a kind of intimacy arose between
us which went increasing, the more I courted it. Being fully aware, that this pretension
might draw upon me the reproach of ridicule, considering the difficulty to get into the
friends' circle of one who rather shunned society and despised ninety nine out of hun-
dred of his fellow creatures, yet I not only insist upon it, but mean even now to under-
take the difficult task to introduce still more company to this so much feared misan-
thrope. Those who will venture upon this trial may, before hand, be told, that Lord
Byron whose friends were few in number, whose intimate friends were fewer still, was
like most men, not at all insensible to the incense of admiration, and thus we may
safely hope that he, who perhaps disdainingly would refuse our love or friendship, will
gladly accept our homages.
Though these modest lines bear the rather high sounding title „Remarks on Lord
Byron's life, character and opinions", the reader must not expect more, than the limited
space of a Realschool programme, as it is called, will permit. This cannot be but a sketch
and a very short one, only a general outline can be drawn; yet it is our plan, every
now and then, to relate at full length such particulars, as, though seemingly unimport-
ant in themselves, cast some light upon his character and opinions. For there can be
no doubt, that a poet or any author whatever, though his literary productions must
form the chief test of a judgment borne upon him, ought not to be looked at merely
as an author, but that his whole life, his doings and likings, his social qualities, his reli-
gious and political principles, as far as they appear in his manner of living in general
and in some single incidents in particular, should not be neglected. And if, in doing
so, we find that an author's life and writings admirably agree with each other, that he
1*
4
has been true and sincere, that he does not wish others to believe, what he does not
believe himself, in a word, that the author is the very man, our affection and admira-
tion, methinks, will not a little increase. Such is exactly the case with Lord Byron.
But liable, as we are, in relating single facts without their manifest connexion with
the whole, to make false statements by misconstruing their motives, we shall endeavour
carefully to refer the reader either to Lord Byron's own testimony or to such authorities,
as are universally considered to be well conversant with the subject they have treated.
In order to avoid too numerous references which, besides being a great bore both for
the writer and the printer, generally are a useless addition, since nobody ever will
look at, much less control, them all, the sources that have been consulted may here be
given once for all. They are:
1) Byron's life, letters and journals by Th. Moore. London, 1860.
2) Lord Byron's sämmtliche Werke. Herrausgegeben von Dr. Adrian. 1. Theil:
Lord Byron's Leben. 12. Theil: Nachtrag zu Byron's Leben.
3) The poetical works of Lord Byron. London, John Murray, 1863.

I. Lord Byron's life.
In writing the life of a poet, different chapters are naturally marked out by the order
of his literary productions; it being, however, our intention chiefly to look at Byron as
man, not his literary career, but rather the different periods of the life itself ought to
decide on the arrangement of the subject.
Supposing that whoever takes the trouble to cast a hasty look at this composition,
knows Corn. Nepos' little book ,,vitae excellentium imperatorum", it will be allowed to
quote, in the beginning of this chapter, the Roman historian's memorable words by
which he introduces the Athenian hero Themistocles: „Hujus vitia ineuntis adolescentiae
magnis sunt emendata virtutibus, adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur....
Qui cum minus esset probatus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familiarem
negligebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam
cum judicasset sine summa industria non posse eam extingui, totum se dedit rei publicae,
diligentius amicis famaeque serviens . . . . . Quo factum est, ut brevi tempore illustra-
retur." This whole passage may, mutatis mutandis, be applied with the same justice to
Lord Byron, as it has been to Themistocles. Sed ab initio est ordiendum.“
Byron's ancestors. Lord Byron was the descendant of a noble family. His
ancestors accompanied William the Conqueror to England. Among them there were
mail-covered barons,
,,who proudly to battle
Led their vassals from Europe to Palestine's plain",
as he tells us in one of his early poems; and though history does not afford any strong proofs
of this being the truth, we are rather pleased to be of the poet's opinion. ¹) With certainty,
1) Compare Moore p. 1.
5
LO
Sayfala
however, we know that at the siege of Calais and on the fields of Cressy, Bosworth and
Marston Moor in this last battle especially we hear of four Byron's, all brothers, having
been present at the action - this family was one of the chief props of the English kings.
Their valiant achievements were kingly rewarded: Henry VIII., on the dissolution of the
monasteries, conferred, by a royal grant, Newstead Abbey, church and priory, with the
lands adjoining, upon Sir John Byron the Little with the great beard. Greater honours,
though less lucrative, were bestowed on these faithful servants of the crown by Charles I.
who, in the year 1643, created Sir John Byron, great grandson of Sir John Byron the
Little, Baron of Rochdale in the county of Lancaster. During the civil wars, that prov-
ed so fatal to the unfortunate Charles, the name of the Byrons is strictly connected
with the varying fortunes of the king; it is found on nearly every page of history;
seven brothers of the family are mentioned as fighting on the field of Edgehill.
Nearly a century then elapsed before a member of this famous family again created
sensation of any importance, and we are sorry to say that the sort of notoriety, then
attached to them, was not at all of a pleasing character: the grand-uncle of our poet
killed, in a duel, his relation and neighbour Mr. Chaworth, and had to stand his trial
before the House of Peers. Not long after this sad affair, when the public hardly
had finished talking about it, another Byron ran away with the wife of Lord Carmarthen
and actually married her, the husband having obtained a divorce; and this was no other
than the poet's father. It was only too soon, that the lady's eyes were opened as to
the rashness of this inconsiderate step: captain Byron had made love to her revenues
rather than to her person, and when these were squandered, in a short time, as was to
be expected from a fellow who, for his licentious and extravagant manner of life, was
called Mad-Jack-Byron (der Hans Narr), he left her and their only child, Augusta,
abandoning them to the most lamentable state of misery and wretchedness.
Mad Jack, being again entangled in pecuniary embarassments, was, immediately
after the death of this poor deceited creature, on the look-out for another victim, and
strange to say after such precedents - he had not to wait long before his endeavours
were crowned with success. For this time it was a rich heiress of one of the noblest
families in Scotland, she being a descendant of the Stuarts. Miss Gordon of Gight, this
was the bride's name, had her fate prophesied by some Scotch rhymer in a ballad, of
which we will quote only two lines, acquainting us at once with the lady's riches and
the captain's bad reputation:
,,Ye 've married, ye 've married wi' Johnny Byron,
To squander the lands o' Gight away.“
For this rather lengthy account of the noble lord's ancestors we may be excused
by telling the reader, that some of Byron's friends have ascribed to him such a pride
of ancestry, that they believed him to have preferred the fame of being a descendant
of the Byrons of Normandy to that of being the author of Childe Harold and Manfred.
Byron's birth, infancy and boyhood. Mr. and Mrs. Byron first resided on their
estate in Scotland and then removed to France, where the reckless husband, instead of
paying off his old debts, contracted new ones, and to such a degree, that the whole
6
estate of Gight was to be sold; and this once rich heiress was, in the space of two
years, reduced to a miserable allowance of 150 1. per annum, which she had been for-
tunate enough to save from the universal ruin. It was quite natural, we think, that
the lady did not like any longer to keep company with such a wretch, and we cannot
but approve of her resolution, to leave him to his foolish tricks, herself returning to
London, where she hired lodgings in Holles street. Here George Gordon Byron was
born on the 22nd of January 1788. His mother living now separated from her husband, he
was the only child of this union, and to this circumstance Lord Byron himself calls
our attention by the following interesting remark: ,,I have been thinking of an odd
circumstance. My daughter, my wife, my half-sister, my mother, my sister's mother, my
natural daughter and myself, are, or were, all only children . . . . . Such a complica-
tion of only children, all tending to one family, is singular enough, and looks like fata-
lity almost. But the fiercest animals have the fewest numbers in their litters, as lions,
tigers, and even elephants, which are mild in comparison." Learning hereafter that the
poet was superstitious and inclined to fatalism, we do not wonder at all, that this really
curious circumstance should have made a deep impression on his mind. He, more than
once, has made allusion to it, and we do not think to be wrong in supposing, that the
famous line in Manfred (III, 1): „The lion is alone, and so am I," has sprung from this
very same source.
Mrs. Byron soon after left London and retired to Aberdeen, where, with only one
servant, the nurse of her boy, she led a quiet life, mixing little or not at all with
society. Here it was, that her unruly husband once more tried to slip into the good
graces of his wife; but the sad experience of the past, as well as the never ceasing
fooleries and villanous tricks, in which he even at that time indulged, prevailed upon
her to prefer a final and complete separation. Thus the poor boy was, for the first
years of his life, left to the exclusive care of Mrs. Byron and his nurse, and we must
confess, though a mother may be as clever in point of education as a father, Mrs.
Byron certainly was not, and many of her sex are not the want of a father's steady
hand is most severely felt in this instance. Little George grew up to be what the French
call an enfant gâté" or an enfant terrible". He had his own will, and always knew
how to manage it, to have his own way; his mother only reprimanded him, when she
had worked herself up into those furious fits, during which she would scold him in such
harsh and unseemly terms, as rather exceed the proper limits of a reasonable education.
In spite of all this, his mother was, with the exception of these outbreaks of fury, to
which the little fellow, as he himself acknowledges, gave frequent occasions, a well edu-
cated, very sensible, good natured lady, and Lord Byron's tenderness towards her is
manifested by numerous proofs of filial duty and affection.)
Whatever faults we may find with such a petticoat education, we are indebted to
the nurse for those sublime poems, known by the name of ,,Hebrew Melodies". Nurses
generally are as fond of story-telling, as they are famous for gossipping. To this rule
magy tetter deal
Ma
2) See Byron's letters to his mother, written during his first journey; Moore p. 88 and the following.
7
the one in question was no exception, and we know that the boy took great delight
in her stories, legends and songs, as most of us have done at the same age. She
also taught him to repeat a great number of the Psalms, the first and the twenty third
being among the earliest that he ever committed to memory. And Professor Wilson,
who is no slight authority in these matters, asserts in the most decided terms: „Out of
these lessons arose, long afterwards, the Hebrew Melodies; but for them they never
would have been written, though Byron had studied Lowth on the sacred poetry of the
Hebrews all his life." In support of this opinion we will quote the following lines of
one of Lord Byron's Letters to Mr. Murray, his publisher, dated Ravenna, October 9.
1821, when the lord was 33 years of age: „Send a common Bible of a good
legible print. I have one, but, as it was the last gift of my sister, (whom I shall pro-
bably never see again,) I can only use it carefully, and less frequently, because I like
to keep it in good order. Don't forget this, because I am a great reader and admirer
of those books, and had read them through and through before I was eight years old."
In a day-school at Aberdeen, the first he was sent to, he learned little or nothing;
he did not acquire the knowledge of a single letter, though knowing by heart whole
pages, in consequence of hearing them so often repeated. As soon as this defect was
discovered, a change took place, and much for the better. A good conscientious master
found no great difficulty in getting the clever boy for such he was, though he never
took great interest in, or showed auy considerable exertion concerning, the regular school-
business safely and speedily through the labyrinth of the A, B, C. Now a new
passion took possession of him: he became a passionate reader, especially of history, which
he preferred to all other kinds of writings. And this enthusiasm for historical works,
or rather for historical events, was not one of those, so common among the younger
generation, that die away nearly as quickly as they have been called into existence; on
the contrary, it accompanies the poet through life, and wraps a substance af reality
round all his works, the want of which disagreeably strikes us in many works of his
professional brethren.
•
Next he became the pupil of a Grammar School 3) Highly amusing it is, here to
follow our young friend more closely and to observe, how he gets on with his comrades,
about one hundred and fifty in number, how amiable and affectionate his behaviour
is towards such, as have succeeded in taking possession of his heart, how terrible an enemy
-as far as a boy can be terrible he proved against those, by whom he thought himself
seriously offended. It would lead us too far, if we attempted to relate only part of the
numerous anecdotes, which this period is able to furnish; therefore, the following, as
particularly illustrative of his character, has been chosen as a fair example. When once,
3) Any one desirous to get a fair idea of the general character of these schools, we refer to an essay
in „Programm der Kölner Realschule 1868:,,Mittheilungen aus dem englischen Schulleben“ von Dr. H.
Schmick." They are what we call a gymnasium, preparing the pupils for the university. The head master
of a Royal School in which the writer of these lines has been resident Assistant, advertises in the following
manner: „The course of education pursued at this school is very extensive, and is so arranged, as to meet
the requirements of pupils intended for the University, the Army, or Navy, or Mercantile pursuits.“
✔
·
2)
"
# # # #;
8
on the way from school to his lodgings, he was insulted by one of his school-fellows,
the latter was lucky enough to escape the punishment, which the resentful George in-
tended to inflict upon him. On their next encounter Byron attacked his antagonist,
though he was accompanied by several friends who, of course, took his side, and having
gained a complete victory, got home nearly out of breath. When the servant inquired
into the cause of his excitement, the boy told him the whole affair, adding that he had
paid off a debt by beating a boy according to promise; for that he was a Byron, and
would never belie his motto: „Trust Byron". This motto of the Byron family „Crede
Byron" had formed the strict rule of conduct of most of his illustrious ancestors, and
their youngest descendant has shown, in more than one instance, that he also did not.
think this ornament of his arms an insignificant, hollow sound, but a venerable precept
by which his line of couduct was to be ruled.
His progress in the single subjects, taught at this school, cannot have been very
remarkable; he generally was one of the rearguard in his class, except when matters of
great and uncommon interest, if delivered by a clever master, roused him from his in-
attention and indifference. Then he would, for a time, get up to the vanguard, soon,
however, retiring again to his former post, less honourable, it is true, but comfortable
enough. He was a stranger to ambition in this respect, whereas all his thoughts and
endeavours were turned upon how to beat the other boys in strength and activity of
the body, and in all kinds of out-of-door-exercises. He, indeed, ascribed to his personal
prowess, strength and agility the greater value, as a lameness in one of his feet seemed
to have excluded him from the glory of being an excellent sportsman. The consciousness
of this defect, inconsiderable as it must have been, frequently haunted him, and was
not seldom the cause of moments of melancholy, as may be concluded from an answer
he gave to one of his friends, who represented to him, in their brightest colours, all
the advantages with which Providence had endowed him: „Ah, my dear friend, if this
(laying his hand on his forehead) places me above the rest of mankind, that (pointing
to his foot) places me far, far below them."
An attack of scarlet fever caused an interruption of his studies, not unpleasant to
him, and very memorable for us, since from the farm-house in the Highlands, to which
his mother now removed for the sake of his health, the gallant boy made frequent
excursions to the mountains, and the sight of those wild solitudes, where Nature seems
to have worked with particular energy and magnificence, made an impression upon his
juvenile mind, which never left him, which may be traced even in the works of his
later years, when fresh sights (Alps etc.) renewed his memory. We do not mean to
say, that the visit of this mountain scenery really awakened in him, as it were, the genius
of poetry, that now, all at once, the poetical vein was opened. No, Byron was at that
time eight years old and probably as little a poet, as any one of us at the same period
of life; but a decided affection for the beauties of nature, combined with a fertile ima-
gination and a rare power of memory, treasured up all these materials, in order to make
use of them at the proper time. To this assertion no reasonable objection can be made,
so much the less, if we consider Byron, as we ought to do, to have been, from
9
infancy, endowed with extraordinary powers, with the embryo of genius, enabling him to hear,
to see and to feel, where the common crowd passes by without any impression on their minds.
Dulwich and Harrow Schools. In Mai 1798, Byron, in his eleventh year, succeeded
to the title of Lord. How this could happen so soon, there being at the time of his
birth several other lawful heirs, is a question of no importance, we only have to state
here his promotion from „Georgius Byron" to Georgius Dominus de Byron", which took
place by the death of his grand-uncle, the lord of Newstead Abbey. Now his guardian,
the Earl of Carlisle, persuaded Mrs. Byron to take her residence in England and to
send the young lord to an English school. Though we do not approve of frequent
changes of teachers and schools, particularly in this case, where only a steady, never
swerving system of education allowed some hopes of success, yet, his removal from
Aberdeen to Dulwich was accompanied with beneficial rather than fatal consequences.
If we abstract from those little extravagancies which were the natural effect of his
newly flattered pride, of the sudden transition from poverty to riches, that could
not fail to produce a total revolution in a mind like his,) we have every reason
to rank this time next to that passed at Harrow school, upon which our friend always
looked back with pleasure und satisfaction. This opinion we base on the statements
of the head master of the school, Dr. Glennie, who always speaks in the most
benevolent terms about his early charge, and ever after, even in the midst of his sub-
sequent errors and transgressions, that disgrace his life, entertained for him a sincere
affection and the liveliest interest. „I found him", these are the very words of that
worthy gentleman, „enter upon his task with alacrity and success. He was playful,
good-humoured, and beloved by his companions. His reading in history and poetry was
far beyond the usual standard of his age, and in my study he found many books both
to please his taste and gratify his curiosity." This evidence has the more worth, since
the endeavours of the doctor were seriously hindered, and interfered with, by the mother
who, in spite of all suggestions and remonstrances of Dr. Glennie, the Earl of Carlisle,
and others, never ceased meddling with those things, which she was utterly ignorant of.
Details are superfluous; it is enough to state that the difference of opinion between the
schoolmaster and the mother so frequently was the topic of their conversation, that it
became a public secret. How could it be otherwise? Mrs. Byron always used to get
into a great rage, and did not know then or, at all events, forgot to manage her voice,
so much so that more than one of these violent disputes must have been overheard. One
day, when again a terrible battle of this kind had been fought, one of the boys took
the liberty to observe to his noble friend: „,Byron, your mother is a fool," to which the
other answered gloomily: „I know it“.
A boy knowing or believing his mother to be a fool, can hardly be a dutiful son:
there may be a kind of affection, but an affection, not supported by real love, by a
4) Lord Byron, after the day of his accession to the title, is said to have asked his mother, whether
she perceived any difference in him, since he had been made a lord, as he perceived none himself.
Moore, p. 10.
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founded respect, will never lead to that tender union, which so largely contributes to
maternal happiness, or rather wholly and exclusively constitutes it. And if this foolish
mother is nearly the only female member of society, that takes part in the boy's edu-
cation, or with whom he comes in contact, ought we, then, to be astonished that
the boy, and after he is grown up, that the man does not entertain a high opinion of
the whole sex? Add to this the lamentable scenes, that so often occurred between Cap-
tain Byron and his wife, and of which young George had been the unwilling eye-
and ear-witness, and you will easily conceive, how it was possible, that Lord Byron,
when a mere youth, was no friend of the fair sex, that, on the contrary, he took all of
them in aversion, and resolved never to marry. 4) If, nevertheless, Lord Byron treated
his mother with great kindness and amiableness, if he never acted contrary to her wishes,
but in all things acknowledged her natural authority, we have to ascribe this circum-
stance, what to the good qualities of the mother, who was not always a fool, and what
- as we think, for the greater part, to the son's strong sense of filial duty.
The next important change in the course of his education was his leaving Dulwich,
whence he was sent to Harrow. Harrow is a public school in the neighbourhood of
London, frequented by the sons of the highest aristocracy. Here the young lord, at first,
felt very uncomfortable, in consequence of the totally different style of his new compa-
nions, and more so in consequence of his great deficiency in school-learning. The Rev.
Dr. Drury, then head master, succeded, however, in soon accustoming him to his new
situation. He was kind and benevolent, at the same time severe within the proper
bounds, not harsh though, and no tyrant. Having been told that the boy's ignorance
was not altogether his fault, he treated him accordingly, and the affectionate, respectful
way, in which Byron ever after mentions this gentleman, is the best proof of the doctor's
success, and does great honour to both the parties. We do not know, how we could
better illustrate this period, than by listening to Dr. Drury's own narrative, the correct-
ness of which nobody will be inclined to doubt. „Mr. Hanson, Lord Byron's solicitor
consigned him to my care at the age of 13½, with remarks, that his education had
been neglected, that he was ill-prepared for a public school, but that he thought there
was a cleverness about him.
and I soon found, that a wild mountain
But there was mind in his eye.
colt had been submitted to my management.
His manner and temper soon convinced me, that he might be led by a silken string to
a point, rather than by a cable; on that principle I acted.
I replied (to Lord
Carlisle): He has talents, my Lord, which will add lustre to his rank." Let Byron him-
self add the details, necessary to complete these general remarks: „Peel (Sir Rob.), the
orator and statesman, was my form-fellow, and we were both at the top of our remove
(a public school phrase). As a scholar, he was greatly my superior; as a declaimer
and actor, I was reckoned at least his equal; as a schoolboy, out of school, I was always
in scrapes, and he never; and in school, he always knew his lesson, and I rarely,
4) He even entered a bet, that he never would marry, fifty guineas to one, and has actually paid
them, as soon as this ,,happy" event had taken place. Dr. Adrian vol. I. p. 9.
•
but when I knew it, I knew it nearly as well. In general information, history etc.
George
I think, I was his superior, as well as of most boys of my standing.
Sinclair
was a friend of mine, and used at times to beg me to let him do my
exercise, - a request always most readily accorded upon a pinch, or when I wanted
to do something else, which was usually once an hour. On the other hand, he was
pacific and I savage; so I fought for him, or thrashed others for him, or thrashed
himself, to make him thrash others, when it was necessary, as a point of honour and
stature, that he should so chastise
My friendships were with me pas-
sions (for I always was violent) but I do not know, that there is one which has endured
till now. That with Lord Clare began one of the earliest, and lasted longest. . . . . I was
a most unpopular boy, but led latterly, and have retained many of my school friend-
ships and all my dislikes except to Dr. Butler, whom I treated rebelliously, and have
been sorry ever since. Dr. Drury, whom I plagued sufficiently too, was the best, kindest,
(and yet strict, too) friend I ever had and I look upon him still as a father".
To this we have to add but few observations. The „unpopular boy", as he modestly,
perhaps proudly, calls himself, was not so unpopular, as he likes to tell us, in proof
of which his many friendships may be alledged, together with the satisfaction with
which he ever after renewed his Harrow acquaintances. A great many of these youth-
ful attachments owe their origin to quite a peculiar source. Byron has been charged
with pride of ancestry, and justly so. He frequently boasted of it, and his school-fellows
gave him the nickname „the old English baron". Yet his friends are, for the most
part, not to be found among men of rank or station in life, but among those who were
his inferiors, thus enabling him to enjoy the satisfaction of being their protector.
Respecting his proficiency in the different branches of learning, we cannot expect much
from a boy, who rarely knew his lesson, and gladly „allowed" a friend to do his exer-
cise for him. That for a mind of Byron's cast the course of instruction, as it is gene-
rally adopted in England, and, with some modifications, throughout the continent, did
afford no convenient food we do not at all wonder. Are there not a great many Byrons
nowadays, and would it not be committing an inexcusable wrong to lay the fault exclu-
sively to the charge of the pupils? Much of it lies with the teachers, more perhaps with
the whole system. Every body admits that ,,something is rotten in the state of Denmark."
Or, who is there whose self-sufficiency has not, at times, been wounded, whose belief in
the infallibility of the system has not been shaken, when reading the complaints, made
by the directors of Gymnasiums and Realschools in our Prussian provinces? There seems
to be a good will, but the way is yet to be found.") The writer of these lines himself
sadly feels the sore, and though he be not able to point out the proper medicament, he
may perhaps, from the sincere wish for a final relief, which would be a lasting benefit
Added
11
•
mplete and t
5),,I mean first the stupendous number of subjects for learming, then the overwhelming mass of
knowledge, claimed from the scholar in each of them, and finally the superabundance of formal and the
want of ethic elements of instruction." Dr. Boening in the ,,Programm der Realschule zu Brom-
berg 1868."
2*
12
both for the schoolinasters and the pupils entrusted to their charge, find some excuse
for giving vent to this touchy and so frequently, though as yet uselessly, repeated com-
plaint. Happy the young man who knows how safely to steer his course through the
nine-classed school!
It not rarely happens, (and the most pedantic schoolmasters cannot help allowing
the correctness of this remark,) that exactly those boys who, during their stay at a public
school, are not so lucky as to be favoured with flattering prognostics for their future,
who are pointed at as good-for-nothings, and set up as warning examples to their
schoolfellows, turn out to be clever men, and fill up a decent or even an eminent station
in life, such as the short-sighted professor has never dreamt of. Thus it was with
Byron. A boy who in class ,,wanted to do something else", who rarely knew his
lesson", may often have given occasion to serious and well-deserved reproaches on the
part of the indignant tutor; yet this same boy has worked his way excellently, and more
than realized the prophecy of the more clear-sighted Dr. Drury, that his talents
would,,add lustre to his rank". And how did he manage this? „I was never seen
reading, but always idle, and in mischief or at play. The truth is, that I read eating,
read in bed, read when no one else read, and had read all sorts of reading, since I was
five years old." The consequence of this strong passion for reading which, by the by,
never left him, was, that in all that general and miscellaneous knowledge, which alone
is useful for the world, he was making rapid and wonderful progress, so as to put
him far above the boys of his, and even higher classes. Whatever he read he made
his own by reflecting on it seriously and gravely; thence his habit to retire to the
solitary parish church-yard, where he used to sit for whole hours, musing and dreaming,
always on the same tomb; the others called it Byron's tomb. Here we are to look for
the first and true germs of that poetry which was soon to astonish the world. He had
rhymed before this time, but must have been a stranger to real poetry without a certain
stock of positive learning, without that faculty of discernment and the elasticity of feel-
ing, which, even in extraordinary men like him, cannot possibly sooner be developed.
Now let us hasten to Trinity College, Cambridge, October 1805.
Cambridge.
""
Who with the weight of years would wish to bend,
When Youth itself survives young Love and Joy?
Ah! happy years! once more, who would not be a boy?"
1
The sad feeling expressed by these simple words, (Childe Harold II, 23) now seized
upon our noble friend's mind; according to his own confessions it was one the deadliest
and heaviest feelings of his life, that he was no longer a boy. Should this be the con-
sequence of the consciousness of an ill-spent youth? We don't think so, we are rather
inclined to suppose, that the Eheu fugaces, Posthume! Posthume! labuntur anni",
(Hor. carm. II, 14) which he wrote some years after, was dictated by a praiseworthy
ambition, that fillled him with regret about his having done nothing as yet, to make
his name known to mankind, to ,,add lustre to his rank." We ascribe these mournful
accents to his aversion for a world which, perhaps at that time already, he hated,
13
foreseeing that it would not understand him, but with the deadliest weapons persecute
him; we ascribe them to a kind of shyness, such as might overcome the gladiator who,
though conscious of his strength and agility, the first time enters the arena reluctantly,
which is to be for him the way to triumph or to the grave.
Lord Byron felt lonely in this new sphere; but this did not last long: new acquain-
tances were made, new friendships formed, his gaiety returned, his usual course of life
was again adopted. He read little of what they wished him to read, but much of what
was not strictly required from a student of Trinity College. If it did not intrude too
much upon the limited space of our programme, we should display before the reader's
eye the list of books, which he himself enumerates as having been read by him; their
titles would fill, at least, three pages and more. His reading comprehended the most
different branches of learning, history, literature, aud science, of all times and of all
nations, and we do not know of any author or any man whatever, that has perused such a
startling and really amazing number of works. To the course of lectures delivered by
the fellows of the College, he paid no great attention, and those worthy gentlemen may
have been not a little shocked, when they read in the poet's ,,Hours of Idleness" lines
like the following:
Map
,,Happy the youth in Euclid's axioms tried,
Though little versed in any art beside;
Who, scarcely skilled an English line to pen,
Scans Attic metres with a critic's ken.
What, though he knows not how his fathers bled,
Though marvelling at the name of Magna Charta,
Yet well he recollects the laws of Sparta.
Dull as the pictures which adorn their halls,
They think all learning fixed within their walls;
In manners rude, in foolish forms precise,
All modern arts affecting to despise."
Surely, they must have been shocked, in seeing a reckless youth trampling on the
idol of their hearts; but surprised they cannot have been. For the noble lord, indulg-
ing in one of his excentricitics, had cultivated a very peculiar friend, the finest in
the world, a tame bear", whom he intended to ,,sit for a fellowship". Does not this
afford a nice pendant to the other Englishman, famous by the anecdote, that he desired
the university so and so, to confer upon his horse or ass I forget which, and it does
not much matter, the degree of A. M. (Artium Magister)? Do you want an explica-
tion? I dare say, no; but if you do, here it is: „Se non è vero, ben trovato."
Besides the bear we find some other and worthier friends. To give a list of them
without any additional observations, would only be tedious; therefore let us be satisfied
with one remarkable instance. Hobhouse is the man that deserves the honour of being
the representative of Byron's college friendships, and he deserves it in more than one
respect. The poet calls him his alter ego", and this weighs heavy with one who is
no friend of many words, especially not of flattering, hollow and insignificant ones. In
14
accordance with this circumstance is the other, that Hobhouse had the honour of being
remembered by his illustrious friend in the last moments of his life, where his name
was pronounced in the same breath with that of the poet's dearly beloved daughter Ada.
How did this intimacy originate? Is it, because Hobhouse was ,,the most entertaining
of companions and a fine fellow to boot"? This is most likely to have given the first
impulse to it, since amusement enjoyed together, pleasures shared, commonly form the
primary link of juvenile friendships; but this alone cannot have placed him above all
the rest. No, it was that Lord Byron had many obligations to Mr. Hobhouse, and
Hobhouse none to his friend, which had not been cancelled and more than repaid.
Byron tried to pay off the debt he had contracted by publicly acknowledging his friend's
literary merit, by following his well-meant advice and subduing to his criticism, and
chiefly by dedicating to him the fourth Canto of Childe Harold. This dedication has
the following fine passage, remarkable for its tenderness and sincerity: „It is not extra-
ordinary that I should recur. . . to one, whom I have known long and accompanied
far, whom I have found wakeful over my sickness and kind in my sorrow, glad in my
to a friend
prosperity and firm in my adversity, true in counsel and trusty in peril,
often tried and never found wanting." This would make an excellent funeral speech,
and as such it is really meant, the news of Hobhouse's death having just come from
England.) John Cam Hobhouse was born June 27. 1786, and died June 3. 1869; he
survived his friend by 45 years. What would have become of Byron, had he reached four-
score and three? Another Goethe?
Det g
So much for the student; what shall we say about the man? We have already
alluded to his strong taste for bodily exercises, and we find him, here again, spend-
ing all the time not given to reading, in riding, swimming, rowing, fencing etc.
Another of his passions was that for dogs, one of which, Boatswain, he has immortal-
ized by the following epitaph: „Near this spot are deposited the remains of one who
possessed beauty without vanity, strength without insolence, courage without ferocity,
and all the virtues of man without his vices. This praise, which would be unmeaning
flattery if inscribed over human ashes, is but a just tribute to the memory of Boat-
swain etc." If we add to this, that, in a letter to a friend, Byron says he had now
lost every thing except old Murray" (a servant), it cannot be denied that this looks
like misanthropy; but if, then, we think of those sad experiences, the poor boy had
already made, of those serious attacks, the young man was exposed to from all sides,
there may, perhaps, be an excuse for this hatred of mankind in him who thought
As for us, we do not
himself hated by nearly all of them, and had reason to do so.
hesitate openly to confess that we approve of this particular misanthrope, who was kind
to every body that came near him, who was a steady friend, and the protector and
benefactor of the poor and needy.
It is with great regret and as much reluctance, that we now call the attention of
the reader to the morals of Byron. The young lord could not resist the temptations
❝) Kölnische Zeitung, 6. Juni 1869, in the article,,Lord Broughton".
15
99
that have ever proved the stumbling-block for so many men of his age, and, passionate
as he was in every thing, we are sorry to say that also in this respect he beat his
fellow-students in irregularities and dissipations. In after years, and this aggravates
the blemish, there is no great change for the better to be seen, though we cannot sub-
scribe to the opinion of Spalding who, in his history of English Literature, asserts that
the poet's libertinism was on the increase till his death. We abstain from all further
remarks about this grievous fault, not being able to adduce excuses strong enough to
clear our friend's fame; by and by, however, the glorious deeds shall be told by the
brilliant lustre of wich part of this darkening shade will be removed.
His coming of age, 1809. The child is father to the man", is an old saying
which, whether it be true or not, I should like here to turn to profit by shortening
the following sketches. Lord Byron's character and opinions are formed already, his
education is finished: he enters upon the world to try the forces he has acquired, to
show what he has learned, in short, to plant his glorious standard in the literary battle-
field, to defend which he willingly would sacrifice his heart's blood. We repeat it once
more, his character and opinions are formed, when he left Cambridge, or, which nearly
amounts to the same, when he came of age, though we fully agree with those who
consider travelling no mean way of instruction. His travels may have had the effect
of producing some slight modifications in his character, they did by no means form or
alter it; they may have called forth many a new idea, they may have furnished many
a subject to the all-seeing and all-piercing eye of genius, but they could not seduce
him from the way once entered upon. This is the point of view from which we have
to look upon the years he spent in foreign countries: under the Albanian dress there
beat the heart of a true-born Englishman.
Now back to the year 1809. How did the lord celebrate the important event of
his coming of age? Let him answer himself: „Did I ever tell you, that the day I came
of age
I dined on eggs and bacon and a bottle of ale? For once in a way they are my
favourite dish and drinkable; but as neither of them agree with me, I never use them
but on great jubilees, once in four or five years or so." Should the reader think it a
matter of no great importance to know what Byron ate or drank on such or such a
day, we cannot but allow him to be in the right, and it is only as a fit occasion
to tell him something about his temperance in general, that this insignificant fact
has slipped in here. We learn from the statements of his friends, Moore, Hobhouse,
and others, that he liked supper-parties late at night, that he would sit up and drink
„deep", with a cheerful party, till the cock reminded them of the parting-hour; yet,
notwithstanding all this, he was, on the whole, a most temperate and sober man, drink-
ing little, eating less, living for instance for a very long time entirely on vegetable
diet, „ncither fish nor flesh coming within his regimen." (Letter to Mrs. Byron,
June 25. 1811.)
He takes his seat in the House of Lords. „If you read any speeches of mine, it
will be in the House of Lords", was the boy's reply, when a friend of his mother's had
expressed the hope that, some time or other, he should have the pleasure of reading his
16
speeches in the House of Commons. Alas, poor boy! Little he thought, at that time,
(1797; he was 9 years old) that the realization of his hopes should give him no great
satisfaction. He was, it is true, as good a man by rank, fortune and talent, as most
of the M. P. s, yet, by a strange turn of his character, he had never courted the
societies of his equals, so that, in this moment where he had to face them, he felt very
uneasy, the consciousness of his solitary station rushing upon him with all its oppressive
violence. But, lonely as he was he intended to remain. „When Lord Byron entered"
I quote from the narrative of a friend and relative of the Lord's, Mr. Dallas,
,,the Lord Chancellor quitted his seat and went towards him with a smile, putting out
his hand warmly to welcome him; and, though I did not catch his words, I saw that
he paid him some compliment. This was all thrown away upon Lord Byron, who made
a stiff bow, and put the tips of his fingers into the Chancellor's hands.
When,
on his joining me, I expressed what I had felt, he said If I had shaken hands
heartily, he would have set me down for one of his party, but I will have nothing
to do with any of them, on either side; I have taken my seat, and now I will go
abroad." This, in a young man of 21, may seem imprudent, even arrogant, and we
are not prepared to force another opinion upon any one who, perhaps influenced by a
prejudice against the new M. P., likes to think so; as for us, however, we call it a
manly behaviour, allowing us a clear insight into the innermost soul of one whom the
world did not understand, of one who, conscious of, not fearing, his being alone, has
spoken the memorable words „The lion is alone, and so am I.“
Ilis travels. Very pleasant, I suppose, it would be to the reader, if we could
accompany the noble lord who, after having taken his seat, goes abroad. But we must resist
this temptation to enjoy all the pleasures of travelling over a large portion of the civilized
world, which would be enhanced by the company of an amiable, cheerful cicerone,
for such Lord Byron was; we must be satisfied, time and space rigorously prescrib-
ing our plan, hastily to follow our friend into the different climes without stopping
at this village or that town, without looking at those works of nature and art which
would occupy our attention too long. Only the names of some of the most celebrated
places will be mentioned here, and those also for no other reason, than to show the
reader that Byron was a man to whom the Homeric „πολλῶν δ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ
róov ¿yro“ may justly be applied.
First journey, 1809-1811: Lisbon, Seville, Cadiz, Gibraltar, Malta, Actium, the
Morea, Missolonghi, Mount Parnassus, Delphi, Thebes, Athens, Smyrna, Ephesus, Con-
stantinople, the Troad. Second journey, 1816-1824: Lake Leman, Bernese, Alps,
Simplon, Milan, Verona, Venice, Ferrara, Rome, Ravenna, Pisa, Genoa, Ithaca, Cepha-
lonia and once more Missolonghi, 1824, where his death ensued after he had been on
the continent more than seven years in succession.
The feelings which actuated his soul, when the bark that should bring him to
distant zones had unfurled her ,,snowy sail", cannot be better described than in his
own words:
17
,,As some lone bird, without a mate,
My weary heart is desolate;
I look around, and cannot trace
One friendly smile or welcome face.
And ev'n in crowds am still alone,
Because I cannot love but one."
Disappointed love, the want of a home to cheer him, pecuniary embarassments, and
last, but not least, his solitary position which obliged him to fight alone against a
world of inward and outward foes, these were the source from which such accents could
flow. Is not this enough, or too much, for one man to bear? But all this,,non fregit
eum sed erexit“. „It is odd," he tells us himself, „but agitation or contest of any kind
gives a rebound to my spirits, and sets me up for the time." Such a cast of mind, that
made him bear with singular and extraordinary resignation all the blows which a
malignant world or fate, or whatever you may call it, directed against him, and half
of which would have been sufficient to crush any other man, was an exquisite privilege,
and we are glad to say, he enjoyed it to the very last moments of his life. So much
the better for him. „Man never is, but always to be, blest," says Pope in his Essay
on Man, and though all mankind can be said sadly to illustrate the truth of these
words, yet Byron, being never at ease within himself, besides leading a continual war
with the world, and ,,war to the knife," seems to be the most striking example. Just
fancy a man who in the space of one year eight or nine times had come into very
disagreeable contact with the law in consequence of debts, who had only been saved
from prison by the privilege of his rank, who had alienated the affections of his wife,
was abandoned by her (see next chapter) and condemned by the world. Had he been
careless about the reproaches of his fellow-creatures, he might have easily withstood
this fearful charge, but, despite his being possessed of a good deal of self-satisfaction,
the natural attendant of his knowing and feeling his superiority, he was no less sensi-
tive to the blame of others, than he was to their applause.
His marriage. A wife would be my salvation. I am sure, the wives of my
acquaintance have hitherto done me little good. * * is beautiful; but very young, and,
I think, a fool. But I have not seen enough to judge; besides, I hate an esprit in
petticoats. That she won't love me is very probable, nor shall I love her. But on my
system, and the modern system in general, that don't signify." This modern system,
alluded to in the passage just cited, is, perhaps, not so general as Byron pretends it
to be; but, at all events, there is much truth in his words, and if he openly declared
this system to be his, and acted accordingly, the moralist will be less severe upon him,
seeing the large number of accomplices.
It was on the second of January 1815, that his marriage took place. The bride
was Miss Milbanke. Tired of the irregular course of life he had led hitherto, ,,man
delights not me nor woman either," he was, with no great difficulty, persuaded by
his friends to become the suitor for the hand of that lady. How far the „system" had
exercised its disastrous influence upon his love and affection, we could not tell; certain
it is, that he brought into marriage a good will and the sincere wish to found a com-
fortable home; certain it is too, that he has been unjustly attacked by those who
3
18
represent him as having been induced by the riches of Miss Milbanke, by which he
intended to repair the ruined state of his pecuniary affairs. For, as is well-known,
Byron so little cared for money, that he did not even avail himself of the profits of his
works, till he was forced to do so, in order to procure the means of subsistence for
himself, or of gratifying his ardent desire to benefit others.
If it be true, what I remember having read somewhere, that great men rarely will
make good husbands, this union had but little chance of proving a happy one, Byron
being a great man in the most eminent sense of the word. There were, however, par-
ticular causes of the annoyances and vexations that soon after blasted the life of the
newly married couple: in the first place, a distraction of his mind from which he
suffered not unfrequently, and next, the consciousness of his having been the victim
rather, than the chief actor, in this important transaction; for they had hurried him into
matrimony and not allowed him time to come to it of his own accord, which he, no
doubt, would have done. These circumstances were more than sufficient to make him
behave coldly and sometimes even unmannerly towards his wife, and thus give occasion
to serious differences. On the other hand, there were too many women meddling with
his family affairs, and as his extravagant manner of life, which it was impossible to
strip off all at once, called forth many a just complaint, calumny at last succeeded in
representing him as little better than a monster, or a madman, fit for Bedlam. Par-
ticulars are useless: Lady Byron leaves her husband all on a sudden, without giving
any previous notice, as if she were going on a visit somewhere; this is the end of the
business.
Towards the close of the year 1815 their daughter Ada had been born; the sepa-
ration took place in the beginning of 1816. Those, who charge the noble lord with
the exclusive responsibility of this sad event, we refer to the following passage of a
letter to Mr. Moore, March 16. 1816: „For I do not believe and I must say it, in
the very dregs of all this bitter business that there ever was a better, or even a
brighter, a kinder, or a more amiable and agreeable being than Lady Byron. I never
had, nor can have, any reproach to make her, while with me. Where there is blame,
it belongs to myself, and if I cannot redeem, I must bear it.
I still, however,
think that, by being placed in even a tolerable situation, I might have gone on fairly.
This needs no further explication. That Lady Byron was not a Xantippe, we willingly
agree to; that she was such an angel as Byron fondly describes her, we can hardly
believe, knowing his inclination to overcharge his own faults, and his ambition, as it
were, to draw the darkest possible portrait of his „devilish" soul; but that the public,
in particular the newspapers, have assailed him with as much injustice as violence, of
this we are perfectly convinced. Byron's sincerity cannot be doubted, considering that,
in subsequent years, he has done all and every thing to bring about a final recon-
ciliation, to rejoin those links, which had been loosened and broken against his will
and even without his knowledge; and nobody has ever heard him speak about his wife,
but with the greatest delicacy and tenderness, such as would not allow the slightest
shade of blame or reproach to tarnish her reputation. Mr. Moore is of opinion, that
during the lifetime of a man of genius, the world is but too much inclined to judge
CC
19
him more by what he wants, than by what he possesses, and so let us hope with
him that Time and Justice will do much in his favour;
and a good deal they have
done already.
Departure from England 1816; his death 1824. On his leaving England he takes
his last farewell from Lady Byron in the most touching terms. (,,Fare thee well". Works
p. 468.) His heart was bleeding, bleeding from an incurable wound, inflicted by the
arm which once embraced him; every feeling had been shaken, his pride, which not a
world could bow, had bowed to her; by her forsaken, his soul forsakes him now:
,,More than this I scarce can die."
What would have become of him, had he remained in England, this is a question,
the answer of which I should not like to venture upon, but there is every reason to
congratulate the poet on his departure. A new life, new scenes, a new field for activity,
were the fittest remedy for restoring the health to such a hopeless patient, since it is
anything but likely that, in the midst of all these overwhelming vexations, his elasticity
of mind would have proved powerful enough to save him from the brink of despair.
,,A man ought to do something else for society, than write verses; actions, I say,
not writing, least of all rhyme." These are, it is true, strange words from the mouth
of him, who has delighted millions of people by his rhymes; but still, „action" is now his
watchword, the field of battle Switzerland, Italy and Greece. We cannot follow him -
and 'tis a great pity -to Switzerland, where the grand mountain-scenery offered
refreshing nourishment for his impaired health both of mind and body; we must leave
him alone on his tours round Lake Leman, that inspired him with some of his most
beautiful verses, (Prisoner of Chillon); there is no time either to trace his steps in
Venice, which the writer of these lines regrets the more, as it would waken in him some
pleasant reminiscences of his own; nor are we allowed to join, with our noble friend,
the society of the Carbonari, that had raised the standard of revolution; we are to
stand afar, and look like idle spectators upon what he thought a just and noble struggle
of a nation against their intruding oppressors, a struggle in which the illustrious
subject of these pages was always at the head of affairs, sparing no time nor trouble,
shrinking from no difficulties and, more than once, risking his liberty, and even his life.
Let it be sufficient, therefore, here to remark that he was a man, take him all in all,
a man who knew not only to manage the pen but also wield the sword, a man who
took an intense interest in all that was great, noble, sublime. The revolutions in France,
Spain, Italy, but above all that in Greece, proclaim, with their thundering voice, his
glorious name throughout the world. Yes, it is the revolution in Greece, more than all
others taken together, that shows us the noble lord in such a shining, brilliant crown
of glory, as might rouse the envy of ancient and modern heroes.
In a letter to Mr. Moore Byron had written: „If I live ten years longer, you will
see that it is not over with me. I don't mean in literature, for that is nothing; and
it may seem odd enough to say it was not my vocation. But you will see that
I shall do something, -the times and Fortune permitting,
- that like the cosmogony
of the world will puzzle the philosophers of all ages." He then adds this but too true
3*
+
C
20
and sad prognostic: „But I doubt whether my constitution will hold out." The 13th of
July, 1823, is the ever memorable date, on which our hero embarked for his last and
greatest enterprise, for this,,something" which should puzzle the world. He made his
first stay at Cephalonia, whither, at the news of his arrival, the different factions im-
mediately sent their agents, to engage him in their respective interests. If you know
what it is to be a king, a prime minister, a commander-in-chief, you will agree
with me that it is not an easy task to discharge the duties of all three at the
same time; yet Byron actually has united these three dignities in his person, though
he went on pursuing his simple and uniform course of life. And well aware of the
serious obligations, which are the necessary attendants of such high stations, he
considered it a matter of the greatest importance to keep afar from all party
machinations, the better to become acquainted with the total disorganization under which
the political affairs of Greece laboured. Thus free from prejudices, into which the bustle
of incessant intrigues would have dragged him, had he moved in the midst of them,
and armed, besides, with all the informations necessary to guard him against deception,
he continued his way to Missolonghi, where he thought his presence and his money
would be most available. On his arrival, January 5. 1824, the whole population, says
Mr. Moore, crowded to the shore to welcome him: the ships anchored off the fortress
fired a salute as he passed, and all the troops and dignitaries of the place, civil and
military, accompanied him, amidst the mingled din of shouts, wild music, and discharges
of artillery, to the house that had been prepared for him. The Roman emperors, when
returning from their glorious expeditions, entering the eternal city on their triumphal
car decked out with the richest tapestry, may have been not a little proud, and we
gladly forgive them a feeling so natural in every one who has done a glorious deed.
There is, however, always a kind of sad feeling, which prevents us from joining the
shouting crowd that welcomes their victorious general, a feeling which did not trouble
the Roman people, owing to the state of civilization of that time, but which no christian
will be able to suppress. I mean the pitiful sadness that would befall us, were we to
be spectators of a triumph, in which a number of the foremost prisoners of war are
made to walk through the streets, loaded with chains, and stared at as if they were as
many wild beasts. Byron's triumph was of another nature: he had not made any one
his slave, no, he came to set at liberty those who had been enslaved by others; he came
not an emperor attended by a fearful army, no, he came alone, bringing with him nothing
but his noble heart and his money as far as it went. Such a triumphal procession
never has been seen before nor will be hereafter, and we perfectly understand the
emotion of Count Gamba, our hero's friend, who tells us that he could scarcely refrain
from tears.
More particulars about this period, one still more interesting than the other, all
of them equally honourable to Lord Byron, we cannot indulge in, for
'Tis time this heart should be unmoved,
""
Since others it has ceased to move.
Seek out less often sought than found
A soldier's grave, for thee the best;
21
Then look around, and choose thy ground
And take thy rest."
These lines, which the poet wrote on his last birthday, (January 22. 1824.) sadly
assure us that the thought of his death was now predominant in his mind: he knew,
or at least felt, that either the Turks, or the Greeks, or the climate would prevent him
from returning to England. Alas! his forebodings had not deceived him. After three
months of a busy life, to which nothing short of enthusiasm for a noble cause could
have furnished the necessary forces, he expired on the 19th of April, without having
the consolation of seeing any favourable change in the disorders of the Grecian affairs;
nevertheless he died the death of a hero, for after having sacrificed his time, his means,
his health, he now gave his life! what could he do more?!
O, what a fall was there, my countrymen!
Then I, and you, and all of us fell down.
(Shakesp. Jul. Caes.)
II. Lord Byron's character and opinions.
Writing the life of a man without alluding every now and then to his character
and opinions, without allowing a glimpse, as it were, at the secret springs by which
this life is put in motion, is a thing next to impossible; and so we have, in the pre-
ceding pages, had occasion more than once to point out some of the most salient features
of the noble lord's character. True to our principle of preferring details to philosophical
reflection, of laying a particular stress upon a single fact or a single expression, we
shall endeavour also in this part, which, of course, from the reason just given, will be
short, to relate such incidents as, besides being interesting, seem to be most illustrative
of his character. Whether we shall succeed in avoiding repetition altogether, we are
not quite certain, but we promise to do our best, in case of repetition, to make things
at least appear in another light.
Lord Byron's politics. Would it be too much to call Byron a great politician?
To Mr. Murray he writes (Jan. 22. 1814.): „If you hear any news of battle or retreat
on the part of the Allies (as they call them), pray send it. He (Napoleon) has my
best wishes to manure the fields of France with an invading army. I hate invaders of
all countries, and have no patience with the cowardly cry of exultation over him, at
whose name you all turned whiter than the snow to which you are indebted for your
triumphs." Comparing with this passage the „Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte", (Works
p. 460) it is not difficult to perceive that he was the great friend and admirer of the
French Emperor, whose fall he sincerely laments.
Less friendly he behaves towards the Germans, and though being myself one of
them, I must nevertheless write down here the abusive names by which he gave vent
to his dislike against our nation. The epithets given to them in general, and particu-
larly to the Austrians, are really not appropriate to win our affection; for who would
like to be compared to the Huns, or to be called a tyrant, a barbarian, a blackguard
etc.? Whose indignation is not kindled, when he hears one of our most popular national
22
heroes spoken of in such disparaging terms as the following: „I remember seeing Blucher
in the London assemblies, and never saw any thing of his age less venerable. With the
voice and manners of a recruiting sergeant, he pretended to the honours of a hero,
just as if a stone could be worshipped because a man had stumbled over it"? These
are, it is true, no flattering sounds for a German ear to listen to, so much the less as
the events of the last years have done a great deal to promote that union, we have so
long wished for in vain. Still, there is, to our opinion, a kind of charm about this
sincere, open, blunt way of speaking, which rather makes an agreeable impression, if
compared with that of Byron's great contemporary and our countryman Goethe. As for
my single self, I always prefer a man, who has got an opinion and does not hesitate
with a loud and fearless voice to declare it before the world, to another who either has
no fixed principles or wants the courage to profess them.
Those princes, who wage war for no other reason than ambition, may lend an attent-
ive ear to the beautiful lines in Childe Harold (I, 42):
There shall they rot Ambition's honoured fools!
Yes, Honour decks the turf that wraps their clay!
Vain Sophistry! in these behold the tools,
The broken tools, that tyrants cast away
27
By myriads, when they dare to pave their way
With human hearts to what! a dream alone."
Who is there that, having a spark of justice left in him, would for a moment scruple
to subscribe to this serious lesson which is but too often neglected?
But, though he wrathfully looks at these unjust wars in which ,,the young, the
proud, the brave" must fall to deck one boasted chief's unwholesome reign, he incessantly
endeavours to inflame the spirits of those who sigh under the yoke of oppression,
reminding them, however, of the vital truth, that none but they themselves can redress
their wrongs:
,,Hereditary bondsmen! know ye not
Who would be free themselves must strike the blow?"
Should these be not considered sound politics, yet they ought to be respected as
those of a man who spent for them his time, fortune and health, and, at last, died a
hero for the sacred cause of Liberty, leaving behind a glorious name, ,,aere perennius."
Well, so might somebody ask, why, if Byron really was a great politician, did he
take no part in home affairs? why did he make no use of his seat in the House of
Lords? We are at a loss to give a satisfactory answer, but we suppose that he turned
his view another way, not only because he did not feel at ease in his own country,
but also because he saw at a distance a greater and nobler work, in which to partake
would bring more honour to himself and confer a greater benefit upon others. Twice,
however, he made his appearance in Parliament; the first time was on the 27th of
February 1812, on the occasion of the frame-work bill; the second time, April 21. of
the same year, he made a splendid speech in support of the Earl of Donoughmore's
motion for a committee on the Roman Catholic claims. We will go not so far in our
eulogy, as to compare our friend to a Cicero, a Demosthenes, or to any modern orator
of first rank, but we are perfectly persuaded, especially after the perusal of the second
23
speech, which unites all the requisites of a rhetorical composition, that Lord Byron
could have turned out a famous M. P., had he at all inclined that way.
His religion. Byron was no atheist. There is not the slightest doubt that
he was one of those who have erred and strayed like lost sheep, who have done
those things, that ought not to be done, and left undone those things, that ought
to be done", yet he was not so "black", (to use his own expression,) as people
generally believed him to be. Let us put down here a few of the chief ac-
cusations that have been invented, and having added each time his own defence, we
will conclude with some other general remarks to clean him from these terrible reproach-
es. In a satire called „Anti-Byron" the author had tried to prove Byron an atheist and
a systematic conspirator against law and government, and that his scandalous works
had the most pernicious effect upon civil society etc. The answer was: „Like the fly
in the fable I have got upon a wheel which makes much dust; but, unlike the said fly,
I do not take it all for my own raising," and in a subsequent passage he adds: „He
is wrong in one thing I am no atheist." In the same simple manner he refutes the
charge of being a Manichean: „I am no Manichean nor Any-chean.
(6
While in Cephalonia, he entertained a lively intercourse with a certain Dr. Kennedy,
and in one of their conversations about religious subjects, Byron expressly disclaims
being one of those infidels who deny the Scriptures, and wish to remain in unbelief; on
the contrary, he professes himself desirous to believe, as he experienced no happiness
in having his religious opinions so unfixed.
How, then, it may be asked, could these injurious opinions originate and hold, in
spite of the clearest assertions to the contrary on the part of Byron? The poet had,
in one of his dramas, entitled Cain, made use of expressions by which the devout or
rather bigotedly orthodox protestants, or presbyterians or whatever they call them, felt
seriously shocked. But that Lucifer or Cain cannot be introduced upon the scene talking
like the „Bishop of Lincoln", is a matter of course, and those gentlemen do not seem
to be well conversant with the old Miracle plays, and Byron's poem is of the same
order in which I find 7) for instance the following dialogue between God and one
of his angels:
Angel. Eternal Father, you are doing what is not right, and will cover yourself
with shame. Your much beloved son is just dead and you sleep like a drunkard.
God the Father. Is he then dead?
Angel. Ay, that he is.
God the Father. Devil take me if I knew anything about it.
This sounds like downright blasphemy, and it is not Cain or Lucifer, or any other
fiend, that speaks so irreverently, no, it is an angel who calls God the Father a drunk-
ard, and the latter himself utters a curse. So Byron is quite right in saying: „If
Cain be blasphemous, Paradise lost is blasphemous"; Milton's Satan, indeed, does not
behave more submissively, nor is he more orthodox than Byron's Cain or Lucifer. And
7) Lewes, Life of Goethe p. 452. Scherr, Geschichte der deutschen Cultur p. 171.
what ought we to say about Goethe's Faustus, in that famous passage of the prologue
in heaven, where the wager between Mephistopheles and the Deity is brought out upon
the scene? Here Byron again gives us the clue: „Like all imaginative men, I, of course,
embody myself with the character while I draw it, but not a moment after the pen is
from off the paper."
There are, in Byron's letters and journals, a great many other passages all tending
to this same point, to convince the public that he had no such opinions as the charac-
ters in his poems; but we have at our disposal stronger arguments, against which, as
we think, it would be ridiculous to battle. Is it possible, that a man who from infancy
till death was a sincere admirer and a diligent reader of the Bible, a man whose works
are adorned with the finest specimens of sacred poetry ever written (Hebrew Melodies), a
man who in the House of Lords so fervently defended the catholic cause that the most
enthusiastic catholic could not have done better, a man who had his natural daughter
Allegra educated as a strict catholic in a convent of Romagna, who, on the occasion
of this same daughter's death, wrote on the tombstone the words,,I shall go to her, but
she shall not return to me," (2nd Samuel, XII, 23), is it possible, we ask, that this
man should have been an atheist? A sceptic he was, a freethinker, but no more.
There are more things in earth and heaven, than are dreamt of in your philosophy,
Horatio", he says, reminding us strongly of Faustus sitting at the desk in his gloomy
study, brooding over the Bible. But scepticism combined with a sincere wish to become
a faithful believer is something widely different from atheism. Acknowledging this
sincere wish which clearly speaks from more than one page, Mr. Moore is of opinion
that it is a scepticism whose sadness calls far more for pity than blame; there being
discoverable, even through its very doubts, an innate warmth of piety, which they had
been able to obscure, but not to chill."
""
24
A
Superstition. Strange it is, that a thinker like Byron was superstitious to the
highest degree. In 1814, during a visit at Newstead Abbey, he fancied he saw the ghost
of the Black Friar, which was supposed to have haunted the Abbey from the time of
the dissolution of the monasteries; of which apparition he gives a fine description in, his
Don Juan: „It was no mouse, but lo! a monk" etc.
When about to leave Italy, he begged from a lady as a memorial some trifle which
she had worn, whereupon the lady gave him one of her rings, in return for which he
took a pin from his breast and presented it to her. The next day he wrote the fol-
lowing lines:,,I am superstitious, and have recollected that memorials with a point are
of less favourable augury; I will, therefore, request you to accept, instead of the pin,
the enclosed chain, which" etc.
He believed also in the unluckiness of Friday, so much so, that once he returned
from the house of a lady to whom he intended to pay a visit, without having done so,
because he remembered that the day was a Friday. And another time he is said to
have sent away a Genoese tailor who brought him home a new coat on the same omi-
nous day. Whether there are many that believe in ghosts, I do not know, but that
the superstitions concerning Friday and memorials with a point are still very common,
nobody will doubt who has the good luck to be acquainted with ladies, among whom
25
they are flourishing more than ever; and it was in order to do them a good turn that
I have told them that even men like Byron could allow themselves to be influenced by
the same superstitions.
Byron's generosity, kindheartedness and goodness, serving at the same time as
Conclusion.
Let us begin this last chapter with the words of a German critic, who concludes
an essay on Byron's Manfred with the following observations: ,,So wird uns die ge-
dankenmässige Betrachtung des Manfred nicht allein mit Bewunderung der schöpferischen
Gestaltungskraft, sondern zugleich mit der schmerzlichsten Theilnahme für Lord Byron
erfüllen, welchen die bornirte Lieblosigkeit noch im Tode unchristlich verdammt. . . .
der sich selbst nicht allein in seinen Werken ein,monumentum aere perennius' gegrün-
det, sondern sich auch in seiner wahrhaft jugendlich begeisterten Hingabe an die Idee
der Hellenischen Freiheit mit sich selbst versöhnt, und durch seinen ruhmvollen Opfer-
tod . . . . alle die unseligen Verirrungen seines vielbewegten Lebens gesühnt und ge-
adelt hat." (Dr. Gantzer in Herrig's Archiv, Band 19.)
Other critics, and critics of first rank, express themselves in nearly the same
terms, and we are glad such opinions are gaining more ground from day to day.
For, indeed, Byron was an amiable, kindhearted and goodnatured man; though a devil
when in fury, he would not harm a child when in his ordinary state of mind. Of his
charity and his kind disposition towards his fellow-creatures there are so many examples,
that we are quite puzzled, if called upon to choose from them for our purpose; „he
never", so says an intimate friend of his, ,,met with objects of distress without affording
them succour", and thus the charge of avarice, this good old-gentlemanly vice, as he
jestingly calls it in his Don Juan, cannot at all be justified, considering that the in-
stances alledged in proof of it do not show more than that Byron did not wish to be
robbed or cheated.
Certainly, he was not every man's friend; but is this a blame? is it not rather
honourable to be wary in concluding friendships? is it not an excellent lesson which
Polonius gives to his son Laertes? (Hamlet I, 3.)
The friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
""
Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel;
But do not dull thy palm with entertainment
Of each new-hatched, unfledg'd comrade."
He had but few friends, but these he grappled to his soul with hooks of steel, and
they have all of them publicly borne witness to his honour. Has he been harsh, unpolite,
or even rude, well, who is not, if an unwelcome guest intrudes upon his comfortable
solitude? And those Englishmen, who made vain efforts to be introduced into the
presence of the noble lord, who, if I may say so, actually lay in wait for him, when
he passed the streets, and stared at him as if he had been a monster, have to ascribe
it more to their own unmannerly behaviour, or, so much we will allow, to. a personal
shyness of Byron, than to real misanthropy, that their requests were very seldom
complied with.
4
26
But what about his morals? His extravagancies and dissipations, his manifold
sins and wickednesses which, in the prime of manhood and intellect, he indulged in,
he has confessed even more sincerely than we should have liked; and there is every
reason to hope that these upright confessions were accompanied by as sincere a repent-
ance, that they came from an humble, lowly, penitent heart. At any rate, it was not
our business to exhibit them before our reader, we rather preferred casting the veil of
charity around them, and turning our looks to the better and more luminous side of
the picture; and it is our opinion that he, in his later years, more than expiated his
transgressions by glorious deeds of humanity. In fact, it is with great consolation that
we can look upon the end of his life, where he came to be persuaded that man lives
for man, and that only in as far as he is working for Humanity his efforts can bring
permanent happiness. ")
Numerous are the honourable tributes offered to the illustrious lord's memory by
his contemporaries, and one of them may form a suitable conclusion to our essay; they
are verses taken from a poem of one of his friends, Samuel Rogers. (Moore, p. 539.)
,,He is now at rest;
And praise and blame fall on his ear alike,
Now dull in death. Yes, Byron, thou art gone,
Gone like a star that through the firmament
Shot and was lost, in its excentric course
Dazzling, perplexing. Yet thy heart, methinks,
Was generous, noble
noble in its scorn
Of all things low or little; nothing there
Sordid or servile.
and, if in thy life
Not happy, in thy death thou surely wert;
Thy wish accomplish'd; dying in the land
Where thy young mind had caught ethereal fire,
Dying in Greece, and in a cause so glorious!
Thou art gone;
And he who would assail thee in thy grave,
Oh! let him pause! For who among us all
Tried as thou wert even from thine earliest years,
When wandering, yet unspoilt, a highland boy
Tried as thou wert, and with thy soul of flame;
Pleasure, while yet the down was on thy cheek,
Uplifting, pressing, and to lips like thine,
Her charmed cup ah, who among us all
Could say he had not erred as much and more ?“
8) Lewes, Life of Goethe p. 519; comp. p. 479.
Schulnachrichten.
A. Curatorium und Lehrer-Collegium.
Curatorium
I. der Realschule:
Herr Geheime Regierungs - Rath Oberbürgermeister Offenberg, Vorsitzender; die Herrn Stadtrath
Proß, Geheime Reg.-Nath Profeffor Dr. Winiewski, Officialats-Rath Pfarrer Schlun,
Director Münch, Mitglieder.
II. der Provincial-Gewerbeschule:
Herr Reg.-Rath König, Vorsigender; die Herrn Regierungs- und Schul-Rath Müller, Stadtrath
Proß, Geheime Regierungs-Rath Professor Dr. Winiewski, Director Münch, Mitglieder.
Lehrer Collegium
I. der Realschule:
Münch, Director; die Herrn Overberg, katholischer Religionslehrer; Bedmann, 1. Oberlehrer;
Hoffmann, 2. Oberlehrer; Weber, 3. Oberlehrer und Bibliothekar; Schildgen, 4. Ober-
Lehrer; Raßmann, 1. ordentl. Lehrer; Höne, 2. ord. Lehrer; Verron, 3. ord. Lehrer;
Erdmann, 4. ord. Lehrer; Wallbaum, wissenschaftlicher Lehrer und zugleich Gesang- und
Turnlehrer; Frede, Zeichenlehrer; Zum Egen, 1. wissenschaftl. Hülfslehrer; Dr. Greve,
Probe-Candidat und zugleich stellvertretender Hülfslehrer. Außerdem unterrichteten an der Real-
schule die Herrn Gewerbeschullehrer Dr. Lorscheid, Pastor Thilo, evangelischer Religions-
lehrer; und die Probe-Candidaten Eisenhuth und Dr. Luthe.
-
II. der Provincial-Gewerbeschule:
Münch, Director; die Herrn Dr. Lorscheid, 1. Gewerbeschullehrer; Hanemann, 2. Gewerbe-
schullehrer. Außerdem unterrichteten an derselben noch die obengenannten Herrn Overberg,
Hoffmann, Erdmann und Thilo.
4'
28
B. Unterricht.
I. Realschule.
Prima.
Ordinarius: Herr Oberlehrer Beckmann.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Die besondere Sittenlehre; die vierte und fünfte Periode der
Kirchengeschichte; Wiederholungen aus dem früheren Unterrichtsstoffe. b. (evang.) Die Lehre von den
christlichen Gnadenmitteln. Kirchengeschichte: Reformation.
Deutsch. Literatur-Geschichte von Opit bis Göthe. Gelesen: Ausgewählte Stücke aus Lessing's
Werken. Die Haupttheile der Logik. Dispositionen und Auffäße.
Latein. Gelesen aus Virgil Aen. VI. ganz und V. zum Theil. Livius XXII. und XXIII.
Grammatik in Verbindung mit den schriftlichen Arbeiten.
Französisch. Gelesen: Britannicus von Racine, l'Avare, le Misanthrope, Les Femmes savantes
von Molière und la Révolution d'Angleterre von Guizot. Wiederholungen aus der Grammatik. Exer=
citien und Extemporalien.
Englisch. Gelesen: Ausgewählte Stücke aus Herrig's Handbuch der englischen Literatur und
Richard II. von Shakspeare. Wiederholung der Grammatik. Schriftliche Arbeiten.
Geschichte und Geographie. Geschichte der neueren Zeit nebst Wiederholungen aus den ande-
ren Theilen und aus der Geographie, zum Theil in französischer Sprache.
Physik. Mechanik. Wiederholung und Erweiterung der Lehre vom Magnetismus und von der
Elektricität.
Chemie. Wiederholung und Erweiterung des Pensums der Secunda. Die schweren Metalle.
Uebungen in der qualitativen Analyse. Die technisch wichtigsten Mineralien, deren Vorkommen und
Krystallform. Ein kurzer Abriß der Geologie.
Mathematik. Stereometrie; stereometrische Aufgaben. Wiederholung der Trigonometrie und
Anwendung derselben auf die Lösung von Aufgaben. Beschreibende Geometrie. Wiederholung der
Gleichungen zweiten Grades mit mehreren Unbekannten, der Progreſſionen, der Zinseszinsen- und
Rentenrechnung. Die wichtigsten Säße der combinatorischen Analyſis und im Anschluß hieran die Wahr-
scheinlichkeitsrechnung und der binomische Lehrsag für positive und negative, ganze und gebrochene
Exponenten. Die wichtigsten Reihen. Die Gleichungen dritten Grades. Mathematische Geographie.
Zeichnen. Fortgesette Uebungen im Freihandzeichnen; Aufgaben aus der Perspektive und
Schatten-Construction; Aufnahme nach Modellen; Planzeichnen.
Gesang, 2 Stunden für jeden Schüler, überhaupt 3 Stunden combinirt mit den übrigen Klaſſen.
a. Sopran und Alt 1 Stunde. Einübung der oberen Stimmen vierstimmiger Lieder und Chorgesänge.
b. Tenor und Baß 1 Stunde. Dasselbe. c. Chorgesang.
Ober - Secunda.
Ordinarius: Herr Oberlehrer Schildgen.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Die Lehre von der vorchriftlichen und christlichen Offenbarung.
b. (evang.) (f. Prima.)
Deutsch. Poetik, Tropen, Wiederholung aus der Sazlehre, die Periode. Dispositionen, Chrie,
Auffäße. Gelesen: Balladen Göthe's, die Glocke, mehrere lyrische Gedichte und Wilhelm Tell von
Schiller.
Latein. Wiederholung aus der Grammatik, Exercitien und Extemporalien. Gelesen: Cic. or.
in Catilin. I.; aus Livius lib. XXI.; Caes. lib. V.; Virg. lib. II,
29
Französisch. Geleſen : Nouvelles pittoresques von verschiedenen Verfaſſern. Grammatik. Cor-
rectur der Exercitien und Extemporalien.
Englisch. Gelesen: The Natives of America von Robertson. Grammatik. Correctur der Erer-
citien und Extemporalien.
Geschichte. Kurze Wiederholung der griechischen Geschichte; die Geschichte der Nachfolger
Alexander's; Geschichte der Römer; gelegentliche Wiederholung der wichtigsten Epochen der deutschen
und preußischen Geſchichte.
Geographie. Geographie von Europa unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Deutschland; Ver-
gleichungen; gelegentliche Repetitionen der außereuropäischen Geographie.
Physik. Magnetismus und Elektricität. Wiederholung und Erweiterung der Lehre von der
Wärme.
Chemie. Die Metalloide. Stöchiometrie und die dahin gehörigen Rechenübungen.
Naturbeschreibung. Im Winter: Protozoen, Polypen, Radiaten, Mollusken; systematische
Uebersicht des ganzen Thierreichs. Im Sommer: Das natürliche System im Anschluß an das Linnéische,
Excursionen.
Mathematik. Geometrie: Wiederholung und Abschluß der Planimetrie; Lösung geometrischer
Aufgaben; Goniometrie und ebene Trigonometrie. Algebra: Wiederholung der Potenz-, Wurzel- und
Logarithmen - Rechnung; Wurzelgleichungen, fymmetrische, reciproke und eingekleidete Gleichungen;
Progressionen.
Rechnen. Die in die kaufmännischen Verhältnisse einschlagenden Rechnungsarten.
Zeichnen (comb. mit Prima). Fortsegung der Uebungen aus Secunda b.; Perspektive, Linear-
und Planzeichnen; Zeichnen nach Modellen und nach über der Natur geformten Gyps-Abgüſſen.
Gesang. (. Prima.)
Unter-Sccunda.
Ordinarius: Herr Oberlehrer Weber.
Religionslehre. a. (kath.) Die Lehre von der vorchriftlichen und von der christlichen Offenba=
rung. b. (evang.) (f. Prima.)
Deutsch. Lectüre ausgewählter Balladen von Schiller, von Göthe's,,Hermann und Dorothea";
Memorir- und Vortragsübungen; Prosodie, Metrik, die Tropen und Figuren; Dispositionen u. Auffäße.
Latein. Wiederholungen aus der Grammatik; Exercitien und Extemporalien. Gelesen: Caes.
de bell. Gallic. IV., V.; Ausgewähltes aus Dvid.
Französisch. Grammatik nach Plötz 2. Theil, Repetition 2. 1-29; dann L. 29-46. Gelesen:
Jean Sobiesky ou la campagne de Vienne von Salvandy. Exercitien und Extemporalien.
Englisch. Wiederholung der Formenlehre nach Gantter; dann einzelne Partien aus der Syntax.
Gelesen: Ausgewählte Stücke aus Weeg's Chrestomathie. Exercitien und Ertemporalien.
Geschichte. Der Orient und die Griechen.
Geographie. Die außereuropäischen Welttheile. Kartenzeichnen.
Physik. Vorbegriffe. Die wichtigsten Geseze des Gleichgewichts und der Bewegung der festen,
flüssigen und luftförmigen Körper. Die Lehre vom Magnetismus, von der statischen Elektricität und
der Wärme.
Naturbeschreibung. Im Winter: Wiederholung der Wirbelthiere, die Insekten mit besonderer
Berücksichtigung der Käfer und Schmetterlinge. Im Sommer: Wiederholung des Penfums der Tertia,
das Wichtigste aus der Physiologie der Pflanzen, die wichtigsten natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien im
Anſchluß an das Linnéische Syſtem, Uebung im selbstständigen Beſtimmen der Pflanzen, Excursionen.
Mathematik. Wiederholung und Erweiterung der Planimetrie. Geometrische Aufgaben. Glei=
chungen ersten Grades. Eingekleidete Gleichungen, Potenzen, Wurzeln und Logarithmen.
Rechnen. Wiederholung der Procent-Rechnungen. Mischungs- und Theilungs-Rechnung.
Zeichnen. Fortsehung der Uebungen aus der Tertia; Linear- und Planzeichnen.
Gesang. (. Prima.)
30
Tertia.
Ordinarius von Coetus A.: Herr Höne.
B.: Herr Berron.
"
"1
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Wiederholung und ausführliche Behandlung verschiedener Abſchnitte
des Katechismus; einzelne Partien aus der Religionsgeschichte. b. (evang.) (5. Prima.)
"
Deutsch. Der zuſammengefeßte Sah; Lectüre verschiedener Muſterſtücke; Uebungen im Vor-
trage; Auffäße.
Latein. Wiederholungen aus der Formenlehre und der Casuslehre; die Tempora und Modi;
Exercitien und Extemporalien. Gelesen: a. Nepos: Miltiades und Themistokles; b. Caesar: Bell.
Gall. lib. I.
Französisch. Plöß' Grammatik, II. Theil von Left. 1–29. Ausgewählte Stücke aus Ebener's
Lesebuche, Stufe II. Exercitien und Ertemporalien.
Englisch. Die Formenlehre nach Gantter. Als Lectüre wurde Weeg's Chrestomathie benugt.
Exercitien und Extemporalien.
Geschichte. Geſchichte der Deutschen, beſonders preußische Geschichte.
Geographie. Geographie von Europa mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Deutschlands; Karten=
zeichnen.
Physik. Einzelnes aus der mathematischen Geographie und der Lehre vom Magnetismus und
von der Wärme.
Naturbeschreibung. Im Winter: Repetition der Säugethiere; Vögel und Reptilien. Im
Sommer: Morphologie; Bestimmung einer Anzahl Pflanzen der Umgegend; botanische Excurſionen.
Mathematik. a. Geometrie: Die Planimetrie vom Lehrſage des Pythagoras bis zur Ausmeſ-
ſung des Kreiſes; geometrische Uebungsfähe. b. Algebra: Die Grundoperationen mit einfachen und
zuſammengeseßten algebraischen Ausdrücken; Gleichungen vom ersten Grade mit einer oder mehreren
Unbekannten.
Rechnen. Wiederholung der Decimalbrüche, die abgekürzten Rechnungen mit Decimalbrüchen,
Ausziehen der Quadratwurzel aus Zahlen, Flächenberechnung.
Zeichnen. Fortgesette Uebungen im Zeichnen von Umrissen; Anfang mit Schattirungen in zwei
Kreiden; Linearzeichnen. Größere Aufgaben aus der Perspektive; Zeichnen nach Modellen.
Gesang. (5. Prima.)
Quarta.
Ordinarius: Herr Erdmann.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Die Lehre von der Gnade und den Gnadenmitteln; die bibliſche
Geschichte von der Sendung des heiligen Geistes ab; die Kirche in ihren Festen und Ceremonien.
b. (evang.) Biblische Geschichte des A. T. nach Zahn; 4., 5. und 1. Hauptstück des Katechismus.
Memorirt sind einige Psalmen und Kirchenlieder.
Deutsch. Lehre vom erweiterten und zusammengezogenen Sahe, orthographische Nebungen; Lec-
türe aus Bone, Theil I.; Declamationsübungen; Auffäße.
Latein. Repetition der Formenlehre; Lehre vom Gebrauche der Casus; accusat. cum infinit.
ut, ne, cum und ablat, absol. Exercitien, Extemporalien und Lectüre aus Nepos: Aristides, Cimon,
de regibus.
Französisch. Grammatik nach Plök, Theil I. von Lektion 60 bis zu Ende. Gelesen wurden:
Ausgewählte Stücke aus Ebener's Lesebuche, Stufe I. Exercitien und Extemporalien.
Geschichte. Geschichte der Griechen und Römer mit kurzer Einflechtung der Geschichte der wich-
tigsten Völker des Orients.
Geographie. Die außereuropäischen Welttheile; Kartenzeichnen.
31
Naturbeschreibung. Im Winter: Innerer Bau der Säugethiere und specielle Behandlung der=
ſelben. Im Sommer: Bestimmung und Beschreibung einer großen Anzahl Pflanzen der Umgegend nach
dem Linnéischen Systeme; botanische Excursionen.
Mathematik. Die Planimetrie bis zum Pythagoreischen Lehrsage; geometrische Aufgaben.
Rechnen. Wiederholung der Bruchrechnung; die Decimalbrüche; Regel de Tri in gewöhnlichen
Brüchen und in Decimalbrüchen; Procent- und Vertheilungsrechnung.
Schreiben. Deutsche und lateinische Schrift nach vorgeschriebenen Mustern.
Zeichnen. Fortgesette Uebungen im Zeichnen von Umriffen, Blättern, Blumen, Verzierungen,
Köpfe; Anfang mit Schattirungen; Körperzeichnen.
Gesang. (f. Prima.)
Quinta.
Ordinarius: Herr Rahmann.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Das vierte Hauptstück des Katechismus bis zur Lehre von der
Gnade; die biblische Geschichte des N. T. bis zur Apostelgeschichte; die kirchlichen Zeiten und Feſte.
b. (evang.) (f. Quarta.)
Deutsch. Wortlehre; der zusammengesette Sat; Lesen und Analysiren des Gelesenen; Decla=
mation; orthographische und grammatische Uebungen und Aufsätze.
Latein. Wiederholung des Pensums der Serta; Deponentia; unregelmäßige Verba. Mündliche
und schriftliche Uebersetzungen. Memoriren von Vocabeln und Säßen.
Französisch. Plög' Grammatik, I. Theil von §. 1 bis §. 60.
Geschichte. Sagen des Alterthums; die wichtigsten Punkte aus der orientalischen und griechi-
schen Geschichte.
Geographie. Geographie von Europa. Kartenzeichnen.
Naturbeschreibung. Im Winter: Säugethiere und Vögel. Im Sommer: Beschreibung einer
großen Anzahl Pflanzen der Umgegend. Botanische Excursionen.
Rechnen. Theilbarkeit der Zahlen; Bruchrechnung; Regel de Tri in Brüchen.
Schreiben. Deutsche und lateinische Schrift nach vorgeschriebenen Mustern.
Zeichnen. Die Elemente der Formenlehre; Linien in verschiedenen Richtungen, Maßen und
Verbindungen nach den von dem Lehrer an der Tafel entworfenen Vorbildern; nach Vorlegeblättern,
Blätter, Blumen.
Gesang. Die leichteren Durtonarten. Stimm- u. Treff-Uebungen. Ein- u. zweistimmige Lieder.
Sexta.
Ordinarius: Herr Wallbaum.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Die drei ersten Hauptstücke des Katechismus. Die biblische Ge=
schichte des A. T. b. (evang.) (f. Quarta.)
Deutsch. Wortlehre, der einfache und einfach erweiterte Sat; Lesen und Erklärung prosaischer
und poetischer Stücke; Declamiren; orthographische und grammatische Uebungen und Auffäße.
Latein. Die Formenlehre bis zu den verb. depon. Mündliche und schriftliche Uebersetzungen.
Memoriren von Vocabeln und Säßen.
Geographie. Die außereuropäischen Welttheile. Kartenzeichnen.
Naturbeschreibung. Im Winter: Beschreibung von Säugethieren mit besonderer Berücksichtigung
der Hausthiere. Im Sommer: Beschreibung einer Anzahl Pflanzen der Umgegend. Excursionen.
Rechnen. Die vier Species in unbenannten und benannten Zahlen; Regel de Tri in ganzen Zahlen.
Schreiben. Deutsche und lateinische Schrift nach vorgeschriebenen Mustern.
Gesang. Kenntniß der Noten. Stimm- und Treff-Ucbungen. Ein- und zweiſtimmige Lieder.
Die Turnübungen leitete im Sommer-Semester in sechs wöchentlichen Stunden der Turnlehrer
Herr Wallbaum, den dabei Herr Erdmann unterstüßte.
32
Themata
zu den von den Abiturienten angefertigten Prüfungsarbeiten.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) 1) Auf welche Gegenstände erstreckt sich das unfehlbare Lehramt
der Kirche und in welcher Weise wird es ausgeübt? Der Beantwortung werde eine kurze Aufführung
der ökumenischen Concilien angeschlossen. -2) Nach vorgängiger Begriffserklärung erläutere man die
Regeln über die Imputation mit Rücksicht auf den Grad der auf die Handlungen einwirkenden Freiheit.
b. (evang.) Angabe des Unterschiedes zwischen einer symbolischen Handlung und einem Sacrament und
Nachweis des Unterschiedes zwischen der Taufe des Johannes und dem Sacrament der heiligen Taufe.
Deutsch. Werth und Segen der Arbeit.
Latein. Uebersehungen aus Livius XXIV., 41.
Französisches Exercitium.
Englisch. Elizabeth's conflict with Philip II.
Mathematik. 1) Ein Dreieck zu construiren aus der Summe zweier Seiten vermindert um die
dritte, dem Radius des eingeſchriebenen Kreises und dem Radius des der dritten Seite angeschriebenen
Kreises. -2) Von einer Kugel, deren Radius r15,3, ist ein Segment abgeschnitten, dessen Mantel
sich zum Mantel eines Kegels von derselben Grundfläche und Höhe wie 8: 5 verhält; wie groß ist der
Inhalt des Segmentes ? 3) Die Seiten und Winkel eines Dreiecks zu berechnen, von welchem man
den Radius des umgeschriebenen Kreises r 11,9473, die Differenz zweier Seiten bc 2,27
und die Differenz der zu diesen Seiten gehörigen Höhen h" h' 2,2643 fennt. 4) Eine Rente
von 600 Thlr., welche 15 Jahre lang am Ende eines jeden Jahres fällig ist, soll in eine Rente von
800 Thlr., welche ebenfalls am Ende eines jeden Jahres ausgezahlt werden soll, umgewandelt werden;
wie viele Jahre kann diese Rente bezogen werden, wenn man die Zinseszinsen zu 5% rechnet?
=
We do dan,
Mechanik. Auf einer schiefen Ebene, deren Neigungswinkel a 23° 7' 4", liegt eine Last
Q 127 ; wie groß muß eine unter einem Winkel P 5° 4' gegen die schiefe Ebene geneigte
ữ;
Kraft P sein, damit die geringste Vergrößerung derselben hinreicht, den Körper, dessen Reibungs-Coeffi=
cient p. 0,23 ist, aufwärts zu ziehen ?
ppt do
Physik. Auf eine Glaskugel fällt unter einem Winkel a 27° 14' rothes Licht auf; welchen
Winkel macht der nach zweimaliger Brechung und einmaliger Reflexion austretende Strahl mit dem
einfallenden? Der Brechungs-Exponent n sei gleich 1,6.
—
Chemie. 1) Wie verhalten sich die Löſungen der Zinkorydsalze gegen Reagentien ? 2) Erhikt
man ein Gemenge von 7,5 Gramm Chlorsilber und Bromsilber in einem Strome von Chlorgas, so
bleibt das Chlorsilber unverändert, während das Bromsilber in Chlorsilber umgewandelt wird. Die
Gewichtsverminderung beträgt 0,9468 Gramm. Wie viel Chlorsilber und wie viel Bromſilber war in
dem Gemenge?
Themata
zu den von den Ober-Secundanern zur Versehung nach Prima
angefertigten Prüfungsarbeiten.
Deutsch. Kenntniſſe ſind beſſer, als Reichthum.
Ein lateinisches, französisches und englisches Exercitium.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) 1) Was lehrt die Kirche über das Verhältniß der 3 Personen in
Gott zu einander, und welche Frrlehren haben sich hiergegen erhoben? 2) Welche Eigenschaften muß
eine Offenbarung besitzen, um den Anspruch machen zu können, als eine göttliche anerkannt zu werden ?
b. (evang.) Nähere Darlegung des Inhalts der drei ersten Bitten des Gebetes des Herrn nach den
Erklärungen des Katechismus.
Mathematik. 1) / 2 x² −3 x + 2 + √ 3y²+4y+2=5; x(2x−3)+y(3y+4)=9.
2
2) Man kennt von einem Dreiecke die Summe zweier Seiten 672', den von diesen Seiten ein-
33
geschlossenen Winkel 84° 20' und die dritte Seite 480'. Man berechne die anderen Winkel und
Seiten. 3) Ein Dreieck zu construiren aus dem Radius des umgeschriebenen Kreises, der Differenz
zweier Winkel und einer der diesen Winkeln gegenüberliegenden Seiten.
Themata
zu den in Prima gelieferten Auffäßen.
Deutsch. 1) Entzwei' und gebiete! Tüchtig Wort; Verein' und leite! Beff'rer Hort. 2) Mäßig=
keit und Mäßigung. 3) Licht- und Schattenseiten des Lesens. 4) Leicht ist der Tadel, schwer die Kunst.
5) Molière's Leben und Schriften. 6) Wie die Zucht, so die Frucht. 7) und 8) Themata nach freier
Wahl. 9) Inhaltsangabe der Minna von Barnhelm. 10) Sein und Schein. 11) Worte und Thaten.
12) Wie gelangt man am sichersten zum Wohlstande? (Klaſſen - Arbeit.) 13) Macht der Gewohnheit.
14) Das gute Beiſpiel und ſein Einfluß. 15) Durch Kampf zum Sieg. 16) Gut macht Muth.
Französisch. 1) Expédition des Argonautes. 2) Les Huns sous Attila. 3) Charles - Quint
devant Alger. 4) Europe (limites, mers, golfes, détroits). 5) La Saint-Barthélemy. 6) Jacques I,
roi d'Angleterre. 7) Fernand Cortez. 8) Rodolphe de Habsbourg. 9) Albuquerque, fondateur de
l'empire colonial des Portugais aux Indes. 10) Solon à la cour de Crésus. 11) Incendie de Moscou.
Englisch. 1) Foundation of the maritime power of Athens. 2) Peter the Hermit gives the
first impulse to the crusades. 3) The first crusade. 4) Quarrel between Norfolk and Bolingbroke.
(Rich. II, 1st Act.) 5) Charlemagne at home in his peaceful occupations. 6) The Trojan war, as
told by Homer. 7) Abolition of royalty in Attica. 8) The anabaptists in Munster. 9) Croesus
and Solon. 10) Elizabeth's conflict with Philip II. (Abiturienten-Arbeit.)
Themata
zu den in Secunda gelieferten deutschen Auffäßen.
Ober-Secunda. 1) Verschiebe nicht auf morgen, was du heute thun kannst. 2) Ein gutes
Gewissen ist ein sanftes Ruhekissen. 3) Die Feuersbrunst. (Nach Schiller.) 4) Die Vertreibung der
Könige aus Rom in ihren Folgen. 5) Virgil's Leben. 6) Die Aeneis in ihrem Inhalte und in ihrer
Einrichtung. 7) Des Lebens ungemischte Freude ward keinem Jrdischen zu Theil. (Klassen - Arbeit.)
8) Laokoon. (Nach Virgil.) 9) Rom und Karthago beim Beginne des ersten punischen Krieges. 10) Mü-
Biggang ist aller Laster Anfang. 11) Der lyrische Eingang in Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. 12) Das Leben
des Livius. 13) Zusammenhang der vier Scenen im 1. Acte in Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. 14) Kennt=
nisse sind besser, als Reichthum. (Klaffen - Arbeit.) 15) Arbeit ist Segen. 16) War der Aufstand der
drei Ürkantone gegen den Kaiser Albrecht nach Schiller gerechtfertigt?
Unter-Secunda. 1) Das Pferd. 2) Bericht über den Schaden eines Unwetters. 3) Die
Sueven (nach Cäsar). 4) Das Schloß am Meere (nach Uhland's Gedicht). 5) Das Gewitter (nach
Schwab's Gedicht). 6) Vergleich der Küstengestaltung Europa's mit der der anderen Welttheile. 7) Der
Abend des 11. April. (Eine Scene). 8) Ueber den Nugen der Eisenbahnen. 9) Pflanze und Volk. (Ein
Vergleich.) 10) Vergleich des west- und ostindischen Archipels. 11) Einer der Charactere aus Hermann
und Dorothea (yon Göthe). 12) Außerdem wurde eine Reihe von Arbeiten in der Klasse angefertigt,
theils Dispositionen, theils Briefe, theils Geschäftsauffäße.
story-3
10
5
34
Unterrichtsfach.
Katholische
Religionslehre.
Evangelische
Religionslehre.
Deutsch.
Latein.
Französisch.
Englisch.
Geschichte.
Webersicht den in den Bealschule eingeführten Lehrbüchen.
Lehrbuch.
Klasse.
Overberg, gr. Katechismus
Overberg, biblische Geschichte
Martin, Religionshandbuch
Siemers, Kirchengeschichte
Zahn, biblische Geschichte
Kurt, christliche Religionslehre
Kurs, Abriß der Kirchengeschichte
Raßmann, Leitfaden
Raßmann, Lesebuch.
Bone, Lesebuch 1. Thl.
Bone, Lesebuch 2. Thl.
Geographie.
Natur-
beschreibung.
Physik.
Chemie.
Mathematik.
Gefang.
Ebener, 1. Theil
Ebener, 2. Theil
A

•
•
•
•
Schultz, kleine lat. Grammatik .
Schult, Nebungsbuch
Schultz, Aufgabensammlung
*Gantter, Grammatik I.
*Gantter, Grammatik II.
•
•
Plötz, Elementar-Grammatik
Plöt, Schul-Grammatik
·
P15, nouv. grammaire française
•
•
•
•
•
Weeg, Chrestomathie .
*Weeg, Uebungsbuch
Herrig, Chrestomathie
Welter, Weltgeschichte I.
Welter, Weltgefchichte II. u. III.
•
•
VI.
VI.
•
VI.
VI.
VI.
VI. V.
VI.
V.
VI.
VI.
VI.
·
VI.
VI.
•
+
•
•
•
V
V
•
V. IV.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
·
V.
IV.
IV.
V.
V.
V.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
III.
III.
IV.
IV.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
*Püt, Grundriß I.
·
*Püß, Grundriß II. u. III.
Meurer, Leitfaden
Püt, vergleichende Geographie
Stieler, Atlas
Schilling, Zoologie
Karsch, Flora
Trappe, Leitfaden .
*Andriessen
chellen, Rechenbuch
Meier, Geometrie I.
Meier, Geometrie II. .
Meier, Geometrie III.
Hoffmann, geometrische Aufgaben
Heis, Algebra.
Bremicer, Logarithmentafeln
Neumann, Taschenliederbuch
Ert, Sängerhain
Stein, Kirchenlieder.
Draf, Gesangbuch)
und im Chor.
Jin Chor.
IV. | III. II. b. II. a. |
| |
Die mit * bezeichneten Schulbücher werden vielleicht im nächsten Schuljahr durch andere erfeßt werden.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
II. b. II. a.
III.
II. b.
II. b.
II. b.
II. a.
II. a.
II. b.
II. b. II. a.
II. b. II. a.
HE
II. a.
II. a.
II. b.
D
II. b. II. a.
II. b.
II. b. II. a.
II. b. II. a.
II. b.
II. b.
II. b.
II. b. II. a.
II. b. II. a.
II. b. II. a.
II. a.
II. a.
II. a.
II. a.
II. a.
II. b.
I.
I.
II. a.
II. b. II. a.
II. b. II. a.
II. b. II. a.
I.
I.
1.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
II. Provincial-Gewerbeschule.
Obere Klaſſe.
Ordinarius: Herr Oberlehrer Hoffmann.
Religionslehre. a. (kathol.) Die Lehre von der Kirche, der Person des Erlösers und den hh.
Sakramenten der Buße und des Altars. Einige Partien aus der Religionsgeschichte. b. (evang.) (f. Prima
der Realschule.)
Mathematik. Stereometrie; stereometrische Aufgaben. Beschreibende Geometrie. Analytische
Geometrie, Kegelschnitte. Die ebene Trigonometrie nebst Anwendung derselben auf die Auflöſung von
Aufgaben. Potenzen, Wurzeln, Logarithmen. Gleichungen zweiten Grades. Progressionen. Zinses-
zinsen- und Rentenrechnung.
Rechnen. Wiederholung der Rechnung mit Decimalbrüchen; abgekürzte Rechnung mit Decimal-
brüchen, Kubikwurzel. Die gewöhnlichen bürgerlichen Rechnungen.
Mechanik und Maschinenlehre. Allgemeine Begriffe und Geseße der Mechanik. Zuſammen-
segung, Zerlegung und Gleichgewicht der Kräfte. Schwerpunkt, Guldin'sche Regel. Stabilität. Reibung.
Die mechanischen Potenzen, zusammengesette Maschinen, Wagen. Allgemeine Bewegungsgesehe, freier
Fall, Wurfbewegung, Centralbewegung. Trägheitsmoment, Pendel, Centrifugalkraft und Centrifugal-
pendel. Mechanische Arbeit. Lebendige Kraft. Die wichtigſten Gefeße der Hydromechanik.
Physik. Optik. Wiederholung und tiefere Begründung des übrigen Lehrſtoffes.
Chemie. Wiederholung der anorganischen Chemie. Qualitativ-analytische Uebungen im Labo-
ratorium. Titrirmethode. Aus der Technologie: Die Metallurgie des Eisens, die Papierfabrikation,
Wolle, Seide, Gerberei.
Mineralogie. Die wichtigsten Mineralien nebst deren Zuſammenſegung, Kryſtallform, Vor-
kommen und technischer Benuzung. Einiges aus der Geologie.
Bauconſtructionslchre. a. Constructionen in Stein. Einleitung, Untersuchung des Bau-
grundes, Fundirung, Anlage der Brunnen, Roste u. f. f. Steinverbände für Mauern, Pfeiler und
Bögen. Die Conſtruction und Stärkenbeſtimmung der Bögen und Gewölbe, so wie ihrer Widerlager.
Die Anlage von Treppen. Eindeckung der Dächer. Das Wesentlichste der Baumaterialienkunde.
b. Säulenordnungen. — c. Constructionen in Holz. Eigenschaften und Auswahl des Holzes, Bearbeitung
desselben. Die vorzüglichsten Holzverbindungen. Die Fachwände, Sprengwände, Balkenlagen, Dach-
ausmittelungen, Dachstühle, Häng- und Sprengwerke. Holztreppen. d. Bauveranschlagung.
Zeichnen. a. Linearzeichnen, Architekturzeichnen nach Vorlagen und Entwürfe nach Anleitung.
Maschinenzeichnen nach Vorlagen und Modellen. Schattenconſtruction und Iſometrie. — b. Freihand-
zeichnen nach Vorlagen und Anleitung zum Entwerfen.
Modelliren. Anleitung zur Behandlung des Thons und der Werkzeuge. Modelliren von
Ornamenten.
་
5*
Religionslehre. (ſ. ob. Kl.)
Mathematik. a. Geometrie: Planimetrie, geometrische Aufgaben mit geometrischer und alge=
braischer Lösung. b. Algebra: Die Grundoperationen, Gleichungen vom ersten Grade mit einer oder
mehreren Unbekannten, eingekleidete Gleichungen.
Rechnen. Bruchrechnung. Decimalbrüche. Regel de Tri. Procent, Gewinn- und Verlust-
rechnung. Zins- und Rabattrechnung.
Physik. Einleitung. Grundbegriffe aus der Mechanik der festen Körper. Gleichgewicht und Be-
wegung der flüssigen und luftförmigen Körper. Magnetismus, Elektricität und Wärme.
Chemie. Die anorganische Chemie. Stöchiometrie und die dahin gehörigen Rechenübungen.
Zeichnen. a. Linearzeichnen nach,,Stuhlmann, Zirkelzeichnen". Architektonisches- und Maschinen-
Zeichnen nach Vorlagen und Modellen. b. Freihandzeichnen nach Vorlagen.
Themata
41
zu den Prüfungsarbeiten der Abiturienten.
Mathematik. 1) Ein Dreieck zu construiren aus dem Umfang (a+b+c), einem Winkel (A)
und dem Radius (p) des eingeſchriebenen Kreiſes. 2) Von einer Kugel, deren Radius r 13" ist,
soll ein Segment abgeschnitten werden, so daß sich der Inhalt desselben zu dem Inhalte eines Kegels
von derselben Grundfläche und Höhe wie p: q5: 2 verhält; wie groß ist: a. die Mantelfläche des
Kegels, b. die zum Kugelsegmente gehörige Calotte? 3) Man kennt von einem Dreieck den Inhalt
J = 58,285, die zu einer Seite gehörige Höhe h7,336' und den Winkel an der Spize
A 94° 2' 37"; das Dreieck zu berechnen. 4) Auflösung der Gleichung: (x − y) (x² + y²)
61
xy; x
x 3
y 3
xy.
20
Mechanik. 1) Eine Kugel, deren Radius r = 20", ist um zwei horizontale Zapfen, welche in
der Verlängerung eines Durchmessers angebracht sind und einen Radius von 0,4" besigen, drehbar. An
der Peripherie der Kugel wirkt in einer Ebene, die senkrecht zur Drehage durch den Mittelpunkt der
Kugel geht, eine constante Kraft von 600 &. Wie groß ist die Beschleunigung der entstehenden roti-
renden Bewegung und wie viel Umdrehungen wird die Kugel nach einer Minute gemacht haben, wenn
die Kugel aus Eisen zum spec. Gewicht 7,2 besteht und der Coefficient der Zapfenreibung p. = 0,08 ?
2) In einer Eisenbahnkrümmung, deren Krümmungsradius p700', soll sich ein Zug mit 36'
Geschwindigkeit bewegen. Wie viel muß die Erhebung des äußeren Schienenstranges betragen, damit
in Folge der entstehenden Centrifugalkraft keine Entgleisung entstehe, wenn die Spurbreite der Bahn
4' 10" beträgt? 3) Das Trägheitsmoment eines geraden dreikantigen Prisma's zu bestimmen,
dessen Höhe gleich h, deſſen Grundfläche ein gleichseitiges Dreieck mit der Seite a ist, wenn die Drehare
durch den Schwerpunkt der Grundfläche parallel einer Seite der Grundfläche gelegt ist.
Physik. 1) Der Stiefel einer Luftpumpe habe ein Volumen v = 48 Kubikzoll; der Recipient
ein Volumen v′ = 240 Kubikzoll; nach wie vielen Kolbenzügen wird die Dichtigkeit d' der Luft im
1
n
Recipienten noch
von der Dichtigkeit der atmosphärischen Luft sein? — 2) Beschreibung und
Erklärung des Regenbogens. -3) Die wichtigsten Erscheinungen und Gefeße des Elektromagnetismus.
Chemie. 1) Die Papierfabrikation. 2) Die Verbindungen des Schwefels mit Sauerstoff. 3) Wie
viel Gramm Braunstein, Kochsalz und englische Schwefelsäure (H, SO,) gebraucht man zur Darstellung
von so viel Chlor, um einen Glascylinder von 0,6 Meter Höhe und 0,3 Meter Durchmeſſer mit dem=
ſelben zu füllen?
2
Deutsch. Nußen der Wälder.
P
36
20
Untere Klaffe.
Ordinarius: Herr Dr. Lorscheid.
J
1
15
=
37
7:
III. Handwerker-Fortbildungsschule.
1. Zeichnen.
1. Klasse. Linear- und Freihandzeichnen für Maurer, Zimmerleute, Steinhauer, Schreiner,
Schlosser, Schmiede u. s. w. nach Vorlagen. Anleitung zum Entwerfen.
II. Klasse. Fortgesette Uebungen im Freihandzeichnen, insbesondere Arabesken und Ornamente
mit Verzierungen. Zeichnen nach Modellen. Zeichnungen, die auf die Gewerbe der Schüler
Bezug haben. Linearzeichnen.
III. Klasse. Anfangsgründe im Freihandzeichnen. Zeichnen von einfachen Linien und Figuren,
von Arabesken und anderen Verzierungen.
2. Deutsch.
I. Klasse. Geschäftsauffäße und Briefe.
II. Klasse. Orthographie und Geſchäftsauffäße.
III. Klasse.
Orthographische Uebungen und kleinere Geſchäftsauffäße.
3. Rechnen.
I. Klasse. Bruchrechnung wiederholt. Gerade und umgekehrte Regel de Tri. Ketten-, Procent-,
Zins- und Gesellschaftsrechnung. Verschiedene Aufgaben aus dem praktischen Leben. Nach
Raßmann's Rechenbuch für Handwerkerschulen.
II. Klasse. Rechnen mit Brüchen. Regel de Tri in ganzen Zahlen und Brüchen.
III. Klasse. Die vier Species in ganzen Zahlen. Regel de Tri in ganzen Zahlen.
Die fähigeren Schüler der ersten Klasse erhielten Anleitung in der Berechnung der
practisch wichtigsten Flächen und Körper.
4. Religionslehre.
I. Klasse. Das Kirchenjahr. Die h. Schrift, Tradition und die Lehre von der Kirche. Das
ökumenische Concil. Das Leben mehrerer Heiligen.
II. Klasse. Die Kirche in ihren H. Zeiten, Festen und Ceremonien; das Leben mehrerer Heiligen.
III. Klasse. Das Kirchenjahr. Die Verfassung der katholischen Kirche. Die Kirchengebote. Die
h. Sakramente der Buße und des Altars. Der Ablaß. Das Leben mehrerer Heiligen.

an der Realschule.
an der Provincial-
Gewerbeschule.
Lehrer.
Prima.
Physir 3 St.
Religionsl. 2 St.
3 St.
Deutsch 3 St.
Beckmann, Oberlehrer, Latein
Ordinarius der Prima. Französisch 4 St.
Geschichte 3 St.
Mathematik 5 St.
Münch, Director.
Dverberg,
Neligionslehrer.
Uebersichts-Tabelle über die Verwendung der Lehrerkräfte und die Vertheilung des Unterrichts.
Realschule.
Tertia
Hoffmann, Oberlehrer,
Ordinar. d. ob. Gew.-Nr.
Weber, Oberlehrer,
Ordin. d. Unter-Secunda.
Schildgen, Oberlehrer,
Ordin. d. Ober-Secunda.
Raßmann,
ordentl. Lehrer,
Ordinarius der Quinta.
Höne. ordentl. Lehrer, Englisch 4 St.
Ordinar. der Tertia A.
Verron, ord. Lehrer,
Ordinar. der Tertia B.
Erdmann, ord. Lehrer,
Ordinarius der Quarta.
Wallbaum, Lehrer,
Ordinarius der Sexta.
Frede, Zeichenlehrer.
Bum Egen, Hülfslehrer.
Dr. Knickenberg,
Probe-Candidat.
Dr. Greve,
Probe-Candidat.
Eisenhuth, Probe-Cand.
Dr. Luthe,
Probe-Candidat.
Thilo, Pastor,
evang. Neligionslehrer.
Dr. Lorscheid,
Gewerbeschullehrer,
Ordinar. der unt. Klasse.
Hanemann,
Gewerbeschullehrer.
Tüshaus.
206.ga
Ober-
Secunda.
Relig. L.2St.
Deutsch 3 St.
Latein 4 St.
Mathem.5St.
Französ. 4St.
Englisch 3 St.
Physik 2 St.
Naturb. 2 St.
Zeichnen 4 St.
Geschichte und
Geogr. 3 St.
Unter-
Secunda.
Physik 4 St.
Chemie 3 St. Chemie 2 St.
A.
Religionsl. Neligionsl. Deutsch3St.
2 St.
2 St.
Mathem.5St. Physik und
Naturb. 2 St. Naturb. 2 Єt.
Deutsch 3 St. * Latein 5 St.
Latein 4 St.
Geschichte und Geschichte und
Geogr. 4 St.
Geogr. 3 St.
Französ. 4St.
Englisch 3 St.
Religionol. 2 St.
*Deutsch3St.
Französ. 4St.
Engliſch 4 St.
B.
Mathematik
6 St.
Deutsch 3 St.
Latein 5 St.
Nelig. L.2St.
Latein 5 St.
Französ. 4St.
Englisch St.
Gesang 3 St.
Zeichnen 2St. Zeichnen 2St. Zeichnen 2St. Zeichnen 2 St.
Schreiben 1 St.
Mathem.6St.
Physik und
Naturb. 2 St.
*Geschichte u.
Geogr. 4 St.
Quarta.
Deutsch 3 St.
Geschichte und
Geogr. 4 St.
Religionsl. 3 St.
Naturbeschr. 2 St.
Französisch 5 St.
Mathematik 6 St.
Deutsch 3 St.
6 St.
Latein
Geschichte und
Geogr. 4 St.
Quinta.
Religionsl. 3 St. Religionsl. 4 St.
Französisch 5 St.
Deutsch 4 St.
Latein 6 St.
Rechnen 4 St.
Naturbeschr. 2 St.
Sexta.
Rechnen 4 St.
Religionsl. 2 St.
Latein 8 St.
Naturbeschr. 2 St.
Deutsch 5 St.
Geschichte 1 St. Rechnen 5 St.
Geographie 2 St.
Gefang 1 St.
Zeichnen 2 St.
Schreiben 2 St.
Geographie 3 St.
Gesang 1 St.
Schreiben 3 St.
•
Provincial-Gewerbeschule. | Handwerker-
Fortbildungs-
Schule.
a. Obere
Klaffc.
Physik 2 St.
Mathematik 3 St.
b. Untere
Mathematik 8 St.
Neligionsl. 2 St.
Physik 4 St.
·
Bau-Constr. 3 St.
Zeichn. in j. Kl. 14 St. (dav, 12 comb.
Modelliren 2 St.!
Relig. in b. 19
1 St.
Deutsch in b.
1 St.
19
Deutsch in a.
1 St.
Religionel. (comb. mit Cötus I.)
Chemic 3 St. Mathematik 11St.
4 St.
Mineralogic 1 St. Chemic
Gesamtz.
∞ Id. Lehrst./
Relig. in c.
1 St.
Rechnen in a.
1 St.
Zeichnen in e.
3 St.
12
22
20
Relig. in a. 20
1 St.
23
Zeichnen in a.
3 St.
22
23
Deutsch in c. 22
1 St.
Rechnen in v.
1 St.
Rechnen in c.
1 St.
Beichnen in b.
3 St.
Rechnen in a.
1 Ct.
23
21
22
00
8
20
1
4
7
24
24
Zeichnen in c. 3
3 Ct.
39
C. Verfügungen der Behörden
von allgemeinerem Intereſſe.
Unleserlich
1. Verfügung des Königl. Provincial-Schul-Collegiums vom 9. September 1868. -
oder unsauber geschriebene Arbeiten der Abiturienten sind nicht anzunehmen. Diese Bestimmung ist
namentlich vor dem Beginn der schriftlichen Prüfung den Examinanden bekannt zu machen und von
dieser Eröffnung in den Eingang des Protokolls der schriftlichen Prüfung ein Vermerk aufzunehmen.
2. Verf. derselben Behörde vom 12. November 1868.- Zeugnisse Behufs der Meldung zum ein-
jährigen freiwilligen Militairdienst sind nur dann auszustellen, wenn die Lehrer- Conferenz der Ansicht
ist, daß die vorschriftsmäßigen Bedingungen erfüllt sind.
3. Verf. des Ministeriums der geistlichen, Unterrichts- und Medicinal - Angelegenheiten vom 31.
März 1869. Ein Wechsel der Anstalt innerhalb des Probejahres bedarf in jedem Falle der Geneh-
migung der Aufsichtsbehörde derjenigen Anstalt, bei welcher der Candidat das Probejahr begonnen hat,
und diese Genehmigung darf nur ausnahmsweise aus beſonderen Gründen ertheilt werden.
MY LA
D. Chroni k.
1. Realschule.
1. Am 2. October fand die Aufnahme neuer Schüler statt und wurde die nachträgliche Versehungs-
prüfung abgehalten. Am 3. und 5. wurden die neu aufgenommenen Schüler geprüft und am 6. be=
gann der Unterricht.
2. Die durch den Tod des Herrn Rolef erledigte erste Hülfslehrerſtelle wurde, wie am Schlusse
des vorigen Schuljahres, von dem Probe - Candidaten Herrn 3um Egen verwaltet und nach Vollen-
dung des Probejahres vom 1. April ab demselben übertragen. Am Anfange des Schuljahres ging
Herr Dr. Meinhold, der die zweite Hülfslchrerstelle verwaltet hatte, zu dem hiesigen Gymnasium
über, und wurde mit der Verwaltung derselben der Probe-Candidat Herr Dr. Gerh. Greve aus Mün-
ſter betraut.
3. Mitte Februar wurde Herr Divisionsprediger Jordan nach Celle abcommandirt und so ge-
nöthigt, die Stelle als evangelischer Religionslehrer, die er seit Herbst 1865 mit Hingebung und Eifer
zum Segen seiner Schüler verwaltet hatte, niederzulegen. Mit dankenswerther Bereitwilligkeit über-
nahm unter Genehmigung der zuständigen Behörden sofort provisorisch Herr Zuchthausprediger, Paſtor
Thilo, den Religionsunterricht, der auf diese Weise keine Unterbrechung erlitt.
4. Am 21. März beging die Schule in gewohnter Weise die Vorfeier des Geburtsfestes Seiner
Majestät, unseres Königes Wilhelm I., bei welcher Herr Realschullehrer Erdmann die Festrede hielt.
5. Die Klaſſenprüfungen, welchen Herr Provincial-Schul-Rath Dr. Schulz und Mitglieder des
Curatoriums mehrere Male beiwohnten, wurden vom 12. Febr. bis zum 5. März unter der Theilnahme
des Lehrer-Collegiums in der Art abgehalten, daß jede Klasse einen ganzen Tag geprüft wurde.
6. Ostern beendete Herr Dr. Knidenberg, der im Winter-Semester den deutschen und lateini-
schen Unterricht in Tertia A. ertheilt hatte, mit Genehmigung des Herrn Ministers das Probejahr und
ging als Lehrer an die höhere Privat-Lehranstalt in Telgte über. Es traten als Probe-Candidaten ein
die Herren Jos. Eisenhuth aus Münster und Dr. Werner Luthe aus Haltern.
7. Am 18. April (am Sonntage Jubilate) empfingen 30 durch einen besonderen Unterricht des
Herrn Religionslehrers Overberg vorbereitete jüngere Schüler zum ersten Male die heilige Communion
K
40
aus der Hand des Hochwürdigsten Herrn Weihbischofes Boßmann, der am 30. Mai (1. Sonnt. Trin.)
43 Schülern die h. Firmung spendete, wofür wir ihm hiermit den Dank der Schule auszusprechen uns
gedrungen fühlen.
8. Auch in diesem Jahre sind von dem Hochwürdigen Dom - Capitel und von der hieſigen Armen-
verwaltung dem Berichterstatter dieſelben Beiträge, wie im vorigen Jahre, zur Unterſtüßung würdiger
dürftiger Schüler überwiesen worden, was dankend hier zu verzeichnen wir nicht unterlassen wollen.
9. Der regelmäßige Gang des Unterrichtes wurde durch längere Abhaltungen der Lehrer nicht
gestört und erlitt demnach nur durch die feſtgeſeßten Ferien eine zeitweilige Unterbrechung. Es dauerten
die Weihnachtsferien vom 24. December bis zum 4. Januar, die Osterferien vom 24. März bis zum
7. April, die Pfingstferien vom 15. bis 19. Mai.
Namen.
10. Am 2. Auguſt fand die mündliche Abiturienten - Prüfung der Ober- Primaner, welche vom
5. bis 10. Juli die Prüfungs- Arbeiten angefertigt hatten, statt, und fungirten dabei Herr Provincial-
Schul-Rath Dr. Schulz als Königlicher Commissarius und Herr Geh. Regier.-Rath Dr. Winiewski
als Local - Schul- Commissarius. Ein Schüler bestand die Prüfung nicht, sieben erhielten das Zeugniß
der Reife und zwar vier unter Dispensation von der mündlichen Prüfung.
Confession. Geburtsort. Geburtsdatum
katholisch Sendenhorst 1. Decbr. 1847 genügend
dto. Münster 21. Mai 1852 vorzüglich

1 Reinhold Brūning
2| Franz Ludorff
3 Heinrich Niermeyer
4 Paul Prok
5 Ernst Rahmann
6 Josef Thomann
7 August Triep
Brädicat
d. Prüfungszeugniffes.
21. Juli 1850
3. Jan. 1852
gut
genügend
evangelisch Potsdam
katholisch Münster
dto. Haltern 9. April 1850 genügend
dto. Wiedenbrück 26. Aug. 1851 gut
Willint 26. Juni 1849 gut
dto.
Berufsfach.
Deconomie
Studium der neueren
Sprachen
Postfach
Kaufmannsfach
Verwaltungsfach
Kaufmannsfach
Deconomie
11. Am 7. Auguſt wurde die vorschriftsmäßige Ascensionsprüfung der Ober - Secundaner abge-
halten, nachdem dieſelben vom 19. bis 24. Juli die schriftlichen Arbeiten angefertigt hatten.
II. Provincial-Gewerbeschule.
1. Das über den Anfang des Schuljahres und die Ferien oben Geſagte gilt auch hier.
2. Die Klaſſenprüfungen wurden am 1. und 5. März abgehalten, und hatten wir auch in diesem
Jahre dabei des Besuches des Curatoriums uns zu erfreuen.
3. Vom 19. bis 23. Juli fertigten die Schüler der oberen Klaſſe die schriftlichen Prüfungsarbeiten
an. Da die mündliche Prüfung erst in einem der letzten Tage des Schuljahres ſtattfinden wird, so kann
das Ergebniß erst im nächsten Programm angegeben werden.
4. Am 11. Auguſt wurde die Ascensionsprüfung der Schüler der unteren Klaſſe abgehalten.
III. Handwerker-Fortbildungsschule.
1. Der Unterricht im Winterhalbjahr begann am 5. October, im Sommerhalbjahr am 12. April,
nachdem jedesmal auch ein Termin zur Aufnahme neuer Schüler angesezt worden war.
2. Am 22. Auguſt wird die Vertheilung der Prämien auf der Aula stattfinden. Der Ober-Präfi=
dent von Westfalen, Herr Geh. Staats-Miniſter Dr. von Düesberg, Excellenz, hat auch in diesem Jahre
der Schule zwei silberne Denkmünzen zur Aushändigung an die beiden würdigſten Schüler geschenkt,
wofür Hochdemselben ihren ehrerbietigsten Dank abzustatten die Schule sich für verpflichtet erachtet.
41
I. Realschule. Prima
Klaffe.
Tertia
Quarta
Quinta
Serta
Ober-Secunda
Unter-Sccunda 60
61
66
Frequenz im
Schuljahre
1867-68
[II. Provincial=_Obere Klaſſe
Gewerbeschule. Untere Klässe
Im Ganzen
Frequenz im
Schuljahre
1866-67
Schüler
im im im
Winter Somm. Ganzen
18
21 18
37
30
Im Ganzen | 293
7
18
E. Statistik.

18 18
21
62
69
71
39
40
320
7
18
60
62
67
38
40
303
7
14
Davon waren
kathol. | evang. | jüdiſch
16
18
52
53 11
52
12
31
5
35
4
257
44
7
14
237
| |
3
00 LO
5
7
3
1
19
Aus-
wärtig
19
19
3
00 LO
11
11
43
33 13
23
16
9
28
74
5
129
3
15
Neu aufgenommen
wurden
Apparate und Unterrichtsmittel.
Herbst Oftern im
1
2
5
2
∞ ∞ LO
5
2
10
27
Ganzen
1
2
7
21
21
11
38
101
4
16
25
21
4
18
16
25 21
Totalsumme | 318 | 324 | 345 | 278 | 48 | 19 | 147 | 90
306
252 35
19
131 77
12
89
an der
Realschule
an der
Gewerbeschule
Im Ganzen 319 285
294 262
25 23
28
25
3
23
12
3
15
334
277
38
154
89
15
104
274
264
296
240
37
116
91 22
113
an der
Realschule
an der
Gewerbeschule
27
22
29 23
6
23
19
21
2
110 24 134
Im Ganzen 301 286
325 263 43 19
139
16
16
| 117
III. Handwerker-Fortbildungsschule.
Die Zahl der Schüler betrug im Winter 145, im Sommer 132, im ganzen Schuljahre 188. Neu
aufgenommen wurden im Herbste 59, zu Ostern 43, im Ganzen 102. Von den Schülern waren 106
auswärtig und 82 einheimisch.
F.
Es wurden in diesem Schuljahre erworben:
27"
1. Für das phyſikaliſche Cabinet durch Ankauf: eine Sonnenuhr; eine Eismaschine nach Toselli;
eine Eismaschine nach Carré; ein Tubus mit Stativ, einem terrestrischen, drei astronomischen
Ocularen und einem Sonnenglas von Steinheil in München.
27"
2. Für das chemische Laboratorium durch Ankauf: ein Schlösing'scher Gasofen und ein Spectro-
ſtop à vision directe von Hoffmann.
3. Für die Naturalien-Sammlung a. durch Schenkung: von Herrn Regierungs-Rath König zwei
Psittacula undulata, ein Picus viridis und ein Troglodytes parvulus; von Herrn Buchhalter Althoff
6
42
ein Schädel von Phocaena communis; von dem Secundaner Lorsbach einige Mineralien; von dem
Tertianer Rost ein Talpa europaea; von dem Quintaner Edinge ein Fulica chloropus; von dem Quin-
taner Th. Nagel ein Corvus pica; b. durch Ankauf: ein Skelet einer Krähe, eine Holothurie, eine Me-
duſe, ein Teredo navalis, ein Pyrosoma atlanta, drei Froschlarven, ein Arctomys marmota, ein Rhi-
nolophus hyposideros, ein Meles taxus, ein Arvicula arvalis.
4. Für den Zeichenapparat a. durch Schenkung: Wiebe, Skizzenbuch Heft 57-63, Armen-
gaud, public. industr. B. XVIII., Lfrg. 5-10 von dem Königl. Handels - Ministerium; b. durch
Ankauf: Möllinger, Bau-Constructions-Vorlagen; Günther, Vorlegeblätter zum Elementarzeichnen.
5. Für die Bibliothek a. durch Schenkung: C. Gruner, Johannes Kepler, 1. Theil, Lang=
kavel, Botanik der spätern Griechen von dem Königl. Unterrichts-Ministerium; Courcelle Seneuil,
Theorie und Praxis des Geschäftsbetriebes in Ackerbau, Gewerbe und Handel, Feldges, Anleitung
zur Kenntniß der Seidenstoffe von dem Königl. Handels-Ministerium; Chevalier, recueil des rap-
ports du Jury international, 13 vol. von der französischen Ausstellungs-Commiſſion zu Paris; Geſchichte
und Statiſtik der russischen Gelehrten- und Schulanstalten, Uebersicht der Thätigkeit des russischen Mi=
niſteriums der Volksaufklärung in den Jahren 1862-64 vom Herrn Prov.-Schul-Rath Dr. Schult;
Thilo, Geschichte der preuß. Hauptbibelgesellschaft von der Direction der preuß. Hauptbibelgesellschaft;
Spiers, dictionaire général français-anglais von dem Herrn Buchhändler Mitsdörffer; Rosen=
thal, Convertitenbilder, 1. und 2. Bd., Thomas, Geſchichte von England, 1. Bd., Gindely,
Rudolf II. und seine Zeit, 2 Bde., Clarus, die heilige Mathilde, Heuglin, Reise nach Abessinien,
Springer, Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte, Rochholz, deutscher Glaube und Brauch, 2 Bde.,
Freytag, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, 5 Bde., Hettinger, Apologie des Christenthums,
2. Bd., Montalembert, die Mönche des Abendlandes, 3., 4. u. 5. Bd., von dem bei der Realschule
bestehenden Lefevereine als Fortsetzung der in den früheren Programmen angeführten Schenkungen;
b. durch Ankauf wurden Lehrer- und Schülerbibliothek aus den etatsmäßigen Mitteln in angemessener
Weise vermehrt.
Den Schenkgebern spricht die Schule für die obigen zahlreichen und werthvollen Geschenke den
besten Dank aus.
"1
Von 8
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
G. Schlussfeierlichkeit.
Sonntag, den 22. August, Vormittags 11 Uhr:
Vertheilung der Prämien an Schüler der Handwerker - Fortbildungsschule.
Montag, den 23. August:
1
8½ Uhr Serta:
2
81/2
9
Quinta:
Quarta:
9
912
91/2-10
Tertia B.:
10 -10½
1012-11
11 -11/2
112-12
Prima:
12
-121/2 Untere Gewerbeſchul-kl.: Chemie, Herr Dr. Lorscheid.
2
"/
//
"
"/
//
"
"
"
Oeffentliche Prüfung.
Religionslehre, Herr Overberg.
Latein, Herr Raßmann.
Geometrie, Herr Erdmann.
Englisch, Herr Verron.
Tertia A.: Französisch, Herr Höne.
Unter-Secunda: Geschichte, Herr Weber.
Ober-Secunda: Deutsch, Herr Schildgen.
Logik, Herr Bedmann.
Dienstag, den 24. August.
Morgens 7 Uhr:
Vormittags 9 Uhr:
Feierlicher Schluß-Gottesdienst in der Ignatiuskirche.
Entlassung der Abiturienten.
Darauf Bekanntmachung des Ascenſus und Vertheilung der Cenſuren.
Das neue Schuljahr beginnt Dienstag, den 5. October, an welchem Tage Morgens 8 Uhr ein
feierliches Hochamt in der Ignatiuskirche abgehalten wird, nach welchem um 9 Uhr der Unterricht be-
ginnt. Wer durch Krankheit an der pünktlichen Rückkehr nach den Ferien beim Wiederbeginn des Un-
terrichts verhindert sein sollte, hat davon sofort durch Einsendung einer Bescheinigung des Arztes an
den Director Anzeige zu machen. In sonstigen Fällen ganz dringender Abhaltung muß vorher beim
Director Urlaub nachgesucht werden. Jede andere nicht auf diese Weise im Voraus entschuldigte Ver-
spätung ist straffällig.
Anmeldungen neuer Schüler für die Real- und Provincial-Gewerbeschule nimmt der Unterzeichnete
Freitag, den 1. October, im Schulgebäude entgegen. Die Anmeldung muß unter Vorlegung der Zeug-
niſſe ihrer früheren Lehrer, resp. der Abgangszeugnisse von den schon besuchten höheren Lehranstalten
durch die Aeltern oder deren Stellvertreter geschehen, welche für die auswärtigen Schüler die Zustim=
mung des Directors zu dem von ihnen zu wählenden Kosthause nachzusuchen haben. Es wird darauf
aufmerksam gemacht, daß auswärtige Schüler in Wirthshäusern nicht wohnen und auch später ohne
vorherige Zustimmung des Directors und Ordinarius ihre Wohnung nicht wechseln dürfen, daß sie da-
gegen bei wahrgenommenen Uebelſtänden auf Anordnung der Schule jederzeit ein anderes passendes
Kosthaus zu beziehen verpflichtet sind.
Die Nachprüfungen finden am 1. October Nachmittags von 2 Uhr ab, die Aufnahmeprüfungen
am 2. und 4. jedesmal von 8 Uhr Morgens an statt.
Anmeldungen neuer Schüler für die Handwerker-Fortbildungsschule werden Sonntag, den 3. Oc-
tober, Vormittags 10 Uhr, in dem Schulgebäude entgegengenommen; der Unterricht beginnt am
4. October.
Münch.

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