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JA wº.J.'ſ. ' Tº, º.º.º. ºf º NL [[№ſ summºnluminºrintinºuminimummºniºutinum * gº is as a s = sº º sº sº sº as s = º ºs s º sº sº, sº see s = * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ºfºrtmut Fº ==******~*~*~*~*********… ----|- ::::::：： șī£®£§§§§§） ſaeſyfºſſſſſſ?- #######i*####### #{{{3}}{{8}}}{{#if:}};}; ș * º *#* ±§§§§&----��:*; Ë############## ## Ë ºſº, º · , * « , wº}, ? -- «*r ... *ſ* .* ‘... » ~ Lºſ* *…* «$ * ;* ș4 ?? +***** .* ► } ）} # ſ șå *} ș*'. **� |-' + x º , *** ». » - ,|- * * ș* ; { • *»... * 'r- -->& |-* … -- ... º.º.º.º. ºº:: # 3. * - * tº jº: c & & sº--ºš: º, **, *, *- * ~" ºf ; ; ; ; * * J. sº º, wr *... ** { “. f w AN , ACCURATE HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF ALL TIHE ORDERS OF HANIGHTHOOTD AT TPF, ESIC N T EXIST IN G. I. N E U R O PIE * —see&GS)-3-(9&es a TO WIFI ICH ARE PREFIXED A criticAL DISSERTATION UPON THE ANCIENT AND PRESENT STATE OF THOSE EQUESTRIAN INSTITUTIONS, AND A PREFATORY DISCOURSE ON THE ORIGIN OF KNIGHTHOOD IN GENERAL, THE WHOLE INTERSPERSED WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES. / BY A. AN of FICER OF THE CHANCERY OF THE EQUESTRIAN–SECULAR AND CHAPTERAſ, ORDER OF SAINT JOACHIM. --- V O I, U M E T H E F I R S T. --- Virtus repulsae mescia sordidae, Intaminatis fulget Honoribus : Nec sum?t, aut ponit secures Arbitrio popularis Aurae / - A | Hon. Ole II. L. III. Y. | ao Mitlº Atee twº ill eyeº &A'1'tti ºpe tº 11: *. - — = ºaf.ºrg.º.º.º.º.ug. Jeff. A sº- I,0NDON. PRINTED FOR J. WHITE3 FLEET-STREET. (ENTERED AT, starron ERs HALL Accor DINo To Act or PARLIANIENT.) • t C. R. ‘F65 3. . 43.5" Printed by W. C. Brügge wayw, Herrlichkeit, Hamburgh. Gwen” 5- gº? 14724. º 2 v, A. DISSEPTATION ty PON THE EXISTING STATE OF KNIGHT. HOOD IN EUROPE; …” AD ID RESSED * TO THE PAIGHT HON Olſ RAIBLE HORATIO LORD WISCOUNT NELSON, BARON NELson of the NILE, AND of BURNHAM- THORPE2 IN THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK5 A VICE-AD- MIRAL OF THE BLUE SQUADRON OF HIS MAJESTY's FLEET, DUKE of BRONTÉ IN THE KINGDOM OF SICILY, KNIGHT-COMPANION OF THE MOST HONOURABLE IV). ILITARY ORDER OF THE BATH2 SENIOR KNIGHT OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER OF THE TURKISH CRESCENT, OF THE FIRST CLASS, SENIOR KNIGHT-GRAND-CROSS OF SS THE ROYAI, SICILIAN ORDER OF SAINT FERDIN AND S AND of MERIr, AND Knight-grand-commander OF THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS EQUESTRIAN2 SECULAR AND CHAPTERAL ORDER OF SAINT JOACHIM, €tC. etC, etc. My Lord, Fºxtrºnx is generally considered as the tutelary Divinity of Dedications, IV. I shall not, however, sacrifice at her shrine, nor invoke her aid, on the present occasion. Would I were the younger Pliny! But your Lordship's titles form the truest Panegyric! and 'tis under the auspices of so great a name, I presume to present the Public with the following work. In its present garb, it may not perhaps, be unworthy the attention of a Nobleman, who is at once a HERo and a Scholar—who is the boast of his own country, and the wonder of every Nation. The subject is certainly interest- ing, since it is immediately connected with the history of the times; and it is particularly so, with respect to the British Empire, as so many of the natives of the united Kingdoms, have not disdained to accept foreign Honours \ V This, My Lord, is by no means a dedicatory Epistle. It is in truth, a Dissertation, which is addressed to your Lordship, and for very evident T{23 SOP1S. , You, My Lord, are invested with four distinct Orders of Finighthood; and you have gained them, as such. distinctions were once won, upon the fields of Crecy, of Poitiers, and of Agincourt! They are so many Tro- phies of your bravery! The Bath, was the first apparent mark of your So- vereigns Favour, and those of the Crescent and Saint Ferdinand were g purposely instituted to crown your Triumphs. Without your Lordship's knowledge, or 'participation, His Highness the Grand-Master, and the general Chapter of the Order of Saint Joachim, unanimously requested you to accept the dignity of Iºnight- VI -- \ Grand-Commander; and that Order, and the three first mentioned have all received additional lustre, by your mame's being enrolled in the record- ing page of their annals. That the origin of Chivalry must be ascribed to the Crusades, is a superfluous ob- servation, to those who are well versed in modern History. In the present age, it is universally allowed to be a prerogative which appertains (but not exclusively) to every So- vereign, to institute, such equestrian bodies. * Illustrious Personages may Hikewise even now, form such Orders * “In the thirteenth Century, not only the Hing, “but the Earls also, conferred Knighthood. The Earl “of Gloucester having proclaimed a tournament, knighted “his Brother WILLIAM; and Simon de MonTEpoRT, “Earl of Leicester, conferred the same honour upon * GII BERT de CLARE.” * See CLARR's Hist, pag. 4. Vol. 1. (Clark quotes from Camden's Britannia, page CCXLVI.) VII themselves, when authorised so to do, by the sanction of their rulers. * The equestrian Order of Saint * “In the year 14oo. Philibert de Miolans, a Gentle- “man of Burgundy, founded this Order on account of his “having brought from the East, some relicks of Saint “George, which he had deposited in a small chapel “built for their reception, near the Parish Church of “Rougemont.” * So far Clark in his concise History of all the Orders of Knighthood, pag. 179. Vol. 1. To this we shall add, that it was founded by Phi- libert de Miolans, and several pious gentlemen and nobles of the County of Iłurgundy, for the purpose of escorting such Pilgrims and devout Persons as passed through the Mountainous parts of that Country, in their way to, or on their return from the holy Land. These Christian Zealots having in those Days of feudal Anarchy been frequently despoiled and maltreated by bands of. Robbers, who infested the Helvetic, German, and Italian frontiers, of that part of France. This Order flourished uninterruptedly during the space of near four Centuries, It was successively under the Protection of the Dukes of Burgundy; of the Emperor CHARLEs the Vth of the Spanish Branch of the House of Austria—and of the most christian Kings, until the Epoch of the Revolu- tion. The Badge, was a Saint George and the Dragon, of pure massy Gold, It was worn through the third Coat VIII: y , GEORGE of the Franche-Comté, or of the County of Burgundy, is an evident proof of the truth of this assertion. button hole, Susspended from a narrow, rich, sky blue Watered Ribbon. No one could be a Knight, unless he was a native of the County of Burgundy. . . It was necessary also, that he should possess a feudal Lordship of a certain Revenue; and to ensure, his admission, he was likewise obliged to produce sixteen quarters of uninterrupted and uncontaminated Nobility, as well by maternal, as paternal Descent. Besançon, the Capital of the Franche-Comté, was the chief Seat of the Order. It thcre possessed a noble Mansion, called the IIostel of Saint George, in which were deposited the Archives; and therein, was a magnificent Hall, distinguished by the Name of the Patron. The Senior Knight, was the Master, and Guardian, or Warden, of this knightly Brothcrhood. It was under the immediate Protection of the King; and maintained its independance against all Court influence, and Ministerial Mandates, The Prince de Montbarey, formerly Minister of the War Department in France, was one of the Finights, As was the late Baron de Malseigne; who under the Monarchical Government, was a Marèchal des Camps, and became afterwards, a Major-General of Cavalry in the Service of the King of Prussia. From that gallant and distinguished Officer, we received the above Account of this ancient and honourable Order. Note of the Editor. f Ix Such, My Lord, were likewise the origins of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, or of Malta— of the Finights-Templars—and of the Teu- tonic Order. * They were founded and endowed by Individuals, anima- ted by a romantic Spirit of Chivalry; by a high Sense of honour and justice; and by a religious enthusiasm, pecu- liar to the age in which they lived. The Roman Pontiffs—the Emperors-- } * Great, and powerful, as they once were, the so- vereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, and the teutonic were founded by humble Pilgrims. The former was established and endowed by the Merchants of Amalfi: the latter, by those of Bremen and Lubeck. The more pious Crusaders, united themselves into chosen Bands, for the Defence and Protection of these charitable In- stitutions. By the sagacious Policy of the Popes, they were incorporated, and the edifice of their grandeur, was raised on such solid foundations, as to have outstood the shocks and revolutions, of seven eventful Centuries. These facts, are well ascertained in the Annals of those Orders, Note of the Editor. X all the crowned Heads of Europe, confirmed, enriched, and patronised these; and successively established various Orders of Knighthood, in their own dominions. That of Malta, has now subsisted and flourished during the space of near eight hundred years: and the Finights who rescued the holy city from the hands of the Infidels, and those who so bravely defended Saint John d'Acre against the Caliphs of Egypt, are to be considered as the Forerunners of the NELsons, the SMITHS, and the ABERCROMBYs, who have reaped Laurels on the same me- morable Soil. K “. The confirming these Orders, and the instituting others, whose Grand- Masterships were associated to the Sovereign Dignity, were acts of wis- dom, such as prove the judgement Y1 } and foresight, of the Princes who governed Europe, in those rude and illiterate times. For, My Lord, * the Crusades, and Chivalry their offspring, have doubtless been the prolific Parents of modern navigation—of manufactures—of commerce—of arts and sciences—of elegant learning, and courtly politeness! * The Crusades, are events unexampled. Operated by the zeal and policy of St. Bernard and the spirit of Knight-Errantry, which, from the days of Charle- magne, animated the Nobles and Gentry of the Christian States; for upwards of six Centuries, they have had a marking influence on the destiny of Europe. The Asiatic campaigns of the Crusaders, lasted above four hundred years; and the fact is not less indubitable than indisputable, that their martial expeditions into those remote regions, contributed to perfect the art of navigation, in which the Northern Nations had made but little progress. Prior to the first Crusade, the We- netians, and the Genoese, were the only people who were conversant with those matters. These holy wars, introduced also to the knowledge of Europe, many aliments and articles of general utility, of which she was ignorant before; (viz. Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, XII f Every century, since the first Institution of the Hºnights of Saint John, has given rise to new equestrian foundations! Every Sovereign has constantly maintained the splendor of those Orders which he found i | Flax, Hemp, Cotton, and many drugs and medicinal Plants.) And thus laid the foundations of her subse- quent manufactures and commerce. The Crusaders like- wise, gradually imported the Usages, the polite Man- ners, and the Learning of Cónstantinople. These, became progressively diffused throughout the various parts of our Continent, and were still further augment- ed by the overthrow of the Eastern Empire; the dis- persion of many noble and learned Greeks; and the fostering Protection of the Medici. Succeeding Princes, in Italy, France, Germany, and England, by their liberality and patronage, have advanced, what- soever is connected with arts and sciences, commerce and navigation, society and manners, as nearly as possible, to the highest state of perfection. And we must not omit observing, that the Troubadours, and the old Romancers; those Forerunners of Tasso, Ariosto, and our modern Dramatists and Novellistes, 3 T€ Tuxuriant branches, of the same vigourous and fruitful Stock, A. Note of the Editor. XIII j existing, and in the last Century (18oo) every kingly Sovereign, has augmented their number! Nay more —in the German Empire, My Lord, His Imperial Majesty, the late Em- peror Leopolo, and the late and present Monarchs of Prussia, most } solemnly and authentically recognised and sanctioned, an illustrious eques- trian Corps, formed like those which were instituted during the holy wars. Formed, by a band of Princes and Nobles, whose names reflect the highest honour upon that knightly Militia, and upon their august Fa- milies—upon the Country which gave them birth; and upon the age in which they lived. —I mean, the Chapteral Order of Saint Joachim; of which a particular relation will be given in the following work. But, to return to our Subject. “When the XIV. * > . & *- ... xxº" -* ~ superior Power of the Caliphs and Sultans prevailed, and the Teutonic Knights were expelled from Syria, and Palestine; Germany was the Country, in which those brave wariors took refuge. There, they sought for Shelter—in that land they took root—and there they flourished! r The western Empire, as reestablish- ed by CHARLEMAGNE, has ever been the mother, and the nurse of those knightly Institutions, which are at once courteous and warlike. From that Country, have successively sprung the various Orders of Knight- hood, which are diffused throughout Christendom. - From that Country, My Lord, most of your brave Compatriots, . de- rive their origin!—to that land, do they owe their laws and religion!— and from thence, have they chosen a xv King to reign over them, and to pro- tect and defend, that religion and those laws | To that Country, Europe stands indebted for the art of print- ing: an art, without which, the Heroic deeds of many a Knight, would have remained unknown, and “Wasted its sweetness on the desert air!” Men are not even wanting, My Lord, who maintain, that Britain owes the Forefathers of her NELSoNs, and her Smiths, to the borders of the Elbe; and to those shores which are bathed by the Baltic! And why, may it not be as honourable for your Lordship, and Sir WILLIAM Synsey SMITH, to derive your Descents, or trace your Pedigrees, from a bold Saxon, or a hardy Dane, who intro- duced the WITTENAGEMOTE, the trial by jury, and the first rudiments of navigation, as it is for the noble Per- xv.1 cevals to trace theirs from the Lords of Ivry—or the illustrious House of PERcy, from the race of Williers de L'Isle-ADAM 3 l 2 - * * It now becomes proper, to ob- serve, that the number of Orders existing in Europe, is not so consi- derable, as is genenally imagined. They amount, in all to * Sixty Six. * It is believed, by/most Europeans, that every Sovereign-Prince of the Empire, is likewise Sovereign of an Order of Knighthood, This however is not the case. Foreigners are led into such an errour owing to a local cause. In Germany, there are numbers of Electoral, Archiepiscopal, Episcopal, and Provostal Chapters; and all these Chapters, have distinctions, such as Crosses, Ribbons, and Stars, which, in appearance, are Finightly. They are, all, without exception, composed of Noble- men of the first quality; and many of the Cannons, constantly appear in a secular habit. A Traveller, not well informed of, or not well versed in the Constitution of the Germanic Body, immediately concludes they are Knights of so many Orders. By the Treaty of West- phalia, the Archbishopric of Magdebourg, the Bishoprics 'of Halberstadt, Minden, Cammin, and two or three more, were secularised, and given to the Elector of xv.11 To convince your Lordship, of the exactness of this statement; I shall class them in the following manner: there are three Chapteral, which elect their own Grand-Masters, one Papal, eight Imperial, thirty two Royal, five Electoral and Archiepiscopal, thir- Brandenbourg, as indemnifications, for the Sufferings of His States, during the war of thirty years. The Chapters of these Sees however, still subsist, and the Prebends are bestowed upon Laymen. Near two hundred and fifty Gentlemen, are thus provided for: each wears his Star, his Cross, and his Ribbon, Saltier-wise, and in the imiddle of each Star, is a representation of the Prussian Eagle. . . . The maintaining these Chapters in , their original state, at the period of the Reformation, is a manifest proof of the sage moderation, of the Pro- testant Reformers: and the protecting, and preserving them inviolate, even to this day, is equally so, of the wisdom and justice of a long succession of great and good Princes. By these meaus, the Sovereign is enabled to recompense merit of every denomination, iior do his largesses become burthensome to the subject. Neither the treasure of the state, nor the civil-list, are in any shape affected or encumbered by these royal benefactions. * Note of the Editor, # * y * XVIII ...e." teen Ducal, or Princely, and four, destined particularly for the fair Sex. In all civilized States, during a Period of seven Centuries, Orders of Chivalry, have constantly maintained their existence. º In such States, these incentives to perform and achieve deeds of Glory; these rewards destined to crown mili- - tary valour and prowess, and to re- compense personal merit; will for ever exist. The splendid Medal and the gorgeous Chain, bestowed by the Batavian Re- public—the Swords, the battle axes of honour, and the three coloured Scarfs, presented by the hand of a Chief-Consul—or the magnificent Aigrette, conferred by the Ottoman Empire—are to every intent the same, as the Ribbon and Badge, with which * His Britannic Majesty invested your * - § x Ix . f Lordship; or as the one, which the noble victor of CAMPERDown, received from the Emperor of Russia. Even in the days of Cromwell, which breathed every Spirit, save that of courteous gallantry; Whitelock, the Ambassador from the Protector, to the Court of Sweden accepted the Order of the Amaranth, from the famous CHRISTINA, . Her Majesty in- vested him with the Ensigns, upon its first institution; nor did the Pro- tector express any disapprobation. Studious as the Successors of that extraordinary Princess, have been to institute other Orders, it appears, strange, My Lord, that they never have renewed the once celebrated Order of the Amaranth. But the very Subjects, she abandoned, rescued it from oblivion, and it still exists in the form of the most illustrious, and best XX - composed Society, in the civilised world. - During the fifteenth, and sixteenth Centuries, the Sovereigns of Europe, continually cimented their Alliances - and Friendships, by a mutual ex- change of their Orders. Your Lord- ship cannot be ignorant, that nine Kings of France, were successively invested with the Ensigns of that of the Garter. CHARLEs the VIII, was the first, and Louis the XIII. was the last of these Princes. This mutual ex- change of Orders of Knighthood, had for several ages, previous to the Re- formation, regularly taken place be- tween the Princes who then reigned; and the Subjects of one Kingdom, frequently received a knightly Badge, from the hands of a neighbouring Monarch. But the Reformation, how- ever beneficial, was a circumstance, XXI which, for obvious reasons, cooled that cordial intercourse, which had so long subsisted, The distracted State of the Continent, during the memorable war of thirty years, and the great rebellion, which in the seven- teenth Century, raged in England, seem to have put a final stop to all such courteous and gallant intercourse between Sovereigns, and to have de- barred their subjects, from receiving those precious and distinguished gifts. But in our days, the spirit of Chivalry is revived—like the eastern Phoenix, it has arisen from its ashes on the banks of the Nile, and in the very Country where it received its first existence. As MARLBoRough was created Prince of Mindelheim and Nellenburg, for saving the Empire by the gain of the ever glorious battle of Blenheim, XXII so was NELson created Duke of Bronté, for saving the Royal Family of Naples, on the point of falling into the hands of ruthless enemies!. Upon the coasts of Holland, DUNCAN has led two Ad- mirals captive. SMITH, has acquired Laurels on the Baltic, and on the plains of Syria!—and many other Britons, such as Art.LTT, and Pock- I.INGTON, R raw, and CALCRAFT, HEIR, and BLouvr, BUTLER, and WILsory, have well deserved of the Emperor and the Empire by honourable and distinguished services, rendered to the Prince and the State, in the brightest career of military glory. Their ser- vices—and the distinctions they have received, are all recorded in this work, which is consecrated to Knighthood. To those, My Lord, who reflect little, it may appear singular, that so many British Subjects, and those too XXIII 2 of high Rank, should be invested with Orders of foreign Finighthood.”— But the reason is evident, they have * It is worthy of notice, that England is the only Country wherein there is no established Military Order, as in the Hereditary Imperial States—In Russia—in Trance—Spain — Portugal—Sweden—Naples—Savoy— Prussia–Florence—the Dutehy of Würtemberg––Hesse- Cassel—and several other States of the Empire: nor any for Artists, as at Rome, in France, and in Sweden, where Sciences, and the liberal Arts, and their Profes- sors have not been overlooked. & In the united Empire, no one who is an Officer in the Army, or Navy, or who enjoys any Post under the Crown, or in Virtue of the Fiings Commission, under the Sign manual, can accept, or wear, any Forcign Order, unless His Majesty’s most gracious Permission, be first had and obtained to that Effect, and in conse- quence of His Royal Warrant, is duly registered in His Majesty’s College of Arms. This, is a favour, which the King has never refused: and now, indeed, it would be highly invidious to refuse it to any one. In all other Cases, save those above mentioned, alº other British Subjects can accept any Order, or Title, without applying for, or receiving Permission. They cannot, however, assume, or wear the same in the States of His Majesty. To have the Power so to do, they must apply to a Member of the College of Heralds, who obtains for thein a warrant \ from the Earl-Marshal, commanding the College to XXIV rendered great services to other Powers as well as to their own Country: and in truth, personal distinctions, being the rewards of individual virtue and va- lour, are remunerations most grateful to every one. Upon beholding them, they always suggest the idea of Prin- cely favour, and uncommon merit. That your Lordship may long enjoy your honours—that you may long live an ornament to your Family —and a blessing to, and the defender of your Country, is the sincere wish of My Lord, Your Lordship's most obedient and most devoted Servant THE EDITOR. examine their Diplomas, (and all being regular, and . according to the Laws of Honour and of Arms) to regis- ter the same, and assign such Persons their Rank aecordingly, The Fees of Office, for a traisaction of this Nature, | are, we are informed, very moderate. Note of the Editor. t A. T'REFATOHTY DISCOURSE * | RELATIVE TO OHDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD IN GENERAL, ..It * remains to the Recorder of Character to la- “ment, that relish of Satire and invective, that “PoiGNANCY or FLAvour which quickens the Ap- *petite, and renders it so grateſul to the Palate of “Modern Depravity, but which, however ſervid “may be His love of Pirtue, He endeavours in “vain to infuse into Her Praise; the unattempered “Sweetness of Panegyric induces Satiety and “languor—It is taken up with no Ardour, perused “with no Avidity, and laid down without any “Regret. The venerable Oak never looks so noblé, “as when Eurus agitales its Boughs. «Had Sallust chosen for His Subject the God- “like Integrity of Cato, instead of the ſell profli- “gacy of Catiline, the envious Scythe of time “would, ages since, have swept away his pregnant * See sketches of eminent Lawyers, by L. T. Hede, P. 233, XXVI 2. *\ “Sentences, and deprived us of all Knowledge of “that Elegant Historian“. & What must be the existing State of Mankind, when an Adept holds this Language?! Yet these are the shrewd and acute Reſlections of the learned and elegant Author, of a Work replete with Anecdote, Wit, and Erudition. Of a Work of infinite Merit and celebrity; a Master-piece of Composition, and of the most judicious Discri- allination, * May I hope for. Pardon, when I employ a Metaphor, such as the Art of painting not inappositely suggests to me on the present Oc- casion? Since, with Respect to their Taste for Littera- ture, the Nations of this Age, have especially sat for the Picture delineated in the quotation, They, are competent to determine, whether the Charac- teristic likeness, is genuine and well preserved, or whether it be not a Carricature, * - Certain it is, those who may imagine, that in perusing the following Pages, they will find Aliment for their Malignity, in the shape of Calumnious Anecdote: or Matters worthy their Attention, as containing Doctrines favourable to the Subversion of Religion and Government, and to the Destruc- tion of established Forms of jurisprudence and Police, (by which alone, Republics, as well as Prmpires and Kingdoms, are maintained in a State of Social Order)—Such Pieaders, will most indus XXVII bitably, be much disappoiſſed, in their too San- guine Expectations. JThe Pictures which are displayed in this Exhi- bition, will possess a strong Family resemblance. Like the Portaits of the Queen-Mother, in the once celebrated Gallery of the Luxembourg; 3. Kindred Affinity will be found to pervade-the whole. This Compilation, is solely undertaken for the English Traveller, and the Student of modern History. Before we enter upon the Work, it will how- ever, be expedient and proper, to give some Account of the Origin of Knighthood, and to add the Opi- nions of the most eminent writers upon this in- teresting Subject. It will hardly be denied, that Valour occupies a distinguished place among the most excellent , Virtues; as it attracts the Admiration of Strangers, may sometimes of Enemies, and the love of Friends, For a generous Enemy always esteems warlike Prowess, even in his Opponent; and when, de- prived of personal Strength , or the favour of Fortune, he cannot attain the palm, he yet rivals him in magnanimity; so that Valour, if it cannot always command Love, yet must remain the Object of Admiration. This being admitted, it has ever been impos- sible that suitable rewards should not follow such distinguished Virtue. The modes in which Prin- XXVIII • ees are accustomed to confer the Marks of their favour on those who have deserved well, are various: But this Reward of warlike Prowess, of which it is our Intention to say something, oc- cupies not the lowest rank among the Modes of testifying their favour and Kindness. For the Institution of Orders of Knighthood, as a recompense for the heroic Achievements of a Hero, is traced to the highest Antiquity. * Although it cannot be denied, that many Military Orders, seem also to have been instituted from quite a different Cause, the promotion of Loyalty, literary pursuits, and other Virtues; and are conferred on those who have deserved well of the Prince, or of the State. T An Equestrian Order may be defined thus. It is a Society, of Persons illustrious either by their Birth, their warlike, or other distinguished Quali- ties; instituted by a Prince, or Potentate posses- sing the right to ſorm such an Institution, bound to observe the Rules laid down by the Founder. Iſ therefore we look back to the beginnings of this laudable Institution, we must conſess that the Origin of the Orders of Knighthood is not easy to be traced. For some refer to too remote a period, when they tell us that Pharaoh the King of the * vid. AUBERT. MIRAEU's de origin equestr. Lib. I. cap. I, + MIRAEU's l. c. *>, XXIX Egyptians instituted such; resting on too slight an Argument, which they do not scruple to draw from the sacred writings, where it is said: “That “Pharaoh honoured Joseph with a Golden chain, “and a Ring as a testimoy of the Royal favour.<< Genes. c. 41. v. 42. from whence they conclude that Ioseph was invested with the Dignity of some Order of Knighthood—But as the delivery of a Ring, or a Golden Chain, does not imply the in- vestment with an Order; but is only a public testimony of favour; such as is frequently at this Day, cónferred on men who have acquired parti- cular fame, or gained the peculiar favour of the Prince ; it follows that the Origin, or Institution, by no means appears from this Example. Other- wise Mardochaeus clothed by Ahasuerus the King of Persia, with a purple Robe'. Esther c. 8. v. 15 might claim the like honour. * Others, assert that the Romans had already Orders of Knighthood—” to enter into the dis- cussion of which, is foreign to our subject and to \ our intention. † * conf. Giustiniani historie Chronologiche dell'origine degl'ordini militari. ** Onuphr. Panvinius de civitate Romana pag. 1 o. 11. f vid. Alex. ab Alex. L. 2. c. 29. C. Boffin. de orig. Rom. p. 253. Sallengre in thesauro Antiquit. Roman. Tom III. p. 1031. 1932. P. Nolden de Nobilitate, Cap. VI. n. 66. XXX | Others, from the observation of Justus Lip- sius, attribute the origin of this dignity to the Germans; because among them the first honour of the youth was to be adorned with a Shield and Lance by the Prince; on which they were con- sidered as members of the State, whereas before, they were considered only as part of the Family to which they belonged. Corn. TAC. de moribus German. C. 13. which solemnity has a striking resemblance to the Custom of the present day, by which the young Nobility attendant at Court are declared, by the Prince, capable of bearing arms, which is done by girding on them a Sword, and sometimes Striking them on the Ear. If we inves- tigate thereason why a Knight, on his creation is to submit to a Blow on the Ear, some maintain that this usage was observed by the King of Bohemia towards WILLIAM of Holland, when he conferred Knighthood upon him at Becka: the King saying—“remember that the Saviour of the World “was buffeted, and scoffed before the high Priest!” but others affirm, that is done with this view, that he may consider this blow as the last, and may never Submit to receive one in future from any other person; and this seems to be the case, from the Ceremonial of the Teutonic Order, adduced by HARTKNoch in Chr. Pr. P. II. c. I, when the Prince creating the Knight addresses him in these Words: “Bear this Blow, and never XXXI “submit to another!” and without doubt, this Ceremony has no small resemblance to that, which among the Romans was called, “Manumissio per vindictam,” for at the time of the Manumission from the hand of his Master the Slave received from him a blow accompanied with these Words: “I declare you to be free according to the Custom of the Romanssº, from whence Claudianus * calls this felicenz injuriamt — . . . . ... Others, as Ingulphus, recount the Ceremonies of the Saxons; - and some as, John of Salisbury, those of the Normans, in the Creation of Knights, P. which however differ widely from our Customs, as; these Nations thus only conferred on the newly greated Knights, the Privilege of at last bearing Arms as a man; but by no means introduced a select Society or Order—unless they were called by the general Name of Knights, as at this Day in Germany the Nobles of the Provincial States are comprehended under the Appellation of Ritter- schafft, or Knighthood; although the latter are in fact not to be confounded with the former. Most of the Writers on the Military Orders, therefore, ascribe their Origin to the twelfth cen- * obs, Hall. Tom. II. obs, III. s. 5. ** Claudianus in IV. Con, Honorii v. 62I. t vid. Shulting, in juris pr. Anti. Justin Lib. I. Inst. Caii Tit I. S. I. For ASTERIU's de emancipatione equesiri, wºn twelytſyaft titatijen. Cap. III. p. Io. P. vid. Miraeus in orig. Lib, I, c. I. *-- >k-k-k & XXXII t tury, as PAPEBrochius in analectis ad Acta S. Georgii cap. IX. To III. Mensis Aprilis f. 155. a. whose words are these: “Those deceive or are themselves “willingly deceived; carried away by the desire of “flattering; who look for the beginnings of the “Military Orders before the twelfth century:“ and then a little farther on : “If we wish rather to “write what is true than what is pleasing, we “must say, that the praise of this most Salutary “Institution is due to those, who, with Godfrey “of Bouillon restored the Kingdom of Jerusalem; “and by entering into a Society for collecting toge- “ther, and protecting Strangers, which they bound “by some Vows, gave rise to the Orders of the “Hospitalers, and the Templars, afterwards so “famous over the whole Globe.<< For in Imitation of These, various Orders of Knighthood under various Titles, Patrons and Constitutions, were afterwards erected by almost all the Powers of Christendom—With Papebrochius, agree unanim- ously Aubert. Miraeus”, Francisc: Memnenius”, and Christ. Gryphius. f. Yet it cannot be wholly denied, that the Ensigns of the Roman Knights, and the Rewards usually distributed for distinguished Achievements in War, * de orig, ord, Equestr. Lib I. cap. II. * in deliciis Equestribus p. 73. 2ſſgemeineš Čiflotiſješ Lexicon Sub voce Orbetſ. † Won Stitter a £rten—p, 8. S. 3, ¥xXIII 6pened, as it were, the way to the Institution of other Orders; which Subject, the Observations of Hallens,” submit to an examination equally learned and worthy of Knowledge. º Having therefore traced the Origin of the Equestrian Orders, I think it necessary to consider the persons, who may be honoured with this Fie- ward of Virtue—They are called Equites (Knights) whether they be males or females. he Word. Eques (a Horseman or Rider) is not improperly derived from equus (a horse) or from equitaudo (riding on Horseback). For they are called Cava- lieri, by the Italians; Cavalleros, by the Spaniards; Chevaliers, by the French; Śt it t c 1 by the Ger- mans and Belgians; and Margogh, by the Cam- bro–Bretons, from equitando *. To which may also be referred the Word Cabalcators from the Arabico—Latin Glosses, called by the Italians Cavalcator. So says Du Fresney in his Glossary under this Word; where, and also under the Word JEques, he introduces several Significations: That Persons of both Sexes may be distinguished by the Order of Knighthood, no Body will deny, unless he will at the same time contradict the usage of the present Day. From whence it follows; that the Object of the Orders, is not always one and the same; because the natural weakness of Women; * Observat, Hallens, Tom. II. Obr. IF. ** \Tennen, in delic, Equi. p. 46. S- ׺k XXXIV seldom acquires a claim to the Rewards of Valour; and Heroic Actions against the perpetual Enemies of the Christians, as they are called, are seldom achieved by them. In general, to be a Candidate for the Distinction of an Order, a noble and ancient descent is requi- red, “for the Knightly Dignity, says Memnenius * “argues true Nobility from the Father.” See an Example in Goldastus in his Steid)30&nbcſm P. I. 1o et 57. where you will find Laws promulgated at the Coronation of Maximilian I. and Charles V. that those who wished to be received into an Order of Knighthood, must be able to reckon four Gene- rations—which Nobility (according to the Laws of the Order) is not seldom extended to the Mother: although without doubt Orders are also found, which by no means Slight the learned, and those who have deserved well of the Republic of Letters: To cite only one Example, but that a suſhciently illustrious one; that which is called the Saxon Order of PALMS, in common Language, The Society for promoting the Cultivation of Frnits, whose Members consisted of one King, many Electors, Princes, Comtes, Noblemen, and a great number of lmen illustrious for their learning. ** * I. c. p. 62. * See George NEUMARCK in the new-sprouting Palm Tree, and Christopher Juncker of the Saxon Orders of Finighthood, XXXV. As to what relates to the Kinds of Knights, Mesiger l. c. divides them into three. I. Knights of the Collar, who receive from the hand of the Chief who creates them, a Collar, a Chain, or a Crown, as a Symbol of their Admission into the Order; for example, Knights of the Golden Fleece. 2. Religious Knights, or Knights of the Cross, as the Knights of St. John. _ " - " ... • . 3. Golden Knights, or Knights of the Golden, Spur. * But as in our times the first and the last have almost been reduced to one; so that although the Spur or the Collar be sometimes wanting, yet the Knights of the first, and the last Kifid, are usually comprehended under the general Appellation of Secular Knights. Others, as Elias Ashmole, and from him. Gryphius p. 7. divide the Orders into Eccleſiastical and Secular. Others, make a new division of Knights, into native and created. The native, generally Nobles, descended from ancient families, are called, as abovementioned, the Ritterschaft. Although there is now a trite proverb still Commonly in use; “a Knight is dubbed not born”—” which Adage however is subject to not a few Exceptions; as for Example, the Prince-Royal of Prussia, from the moment of his Birth is immediately a Knight of the Prussian Eagle. See the Statutes of this Order sº- * Memnenius l.c. P. 70. xxxvi s. 3. in Gryphius p. 39. But Knights created are properly those, who may acquire to theniselves the name of a certain Order, and retain, to the Day of their Death, (unless in Case of good cause of Deprivation) the Ensigns belonging to its recei- ved from the Master of the Order or his Deputy. The Ceremonies, which are generally observed in the Creation of Knights, vary according to the variety of the Countries or Statutes—in general, says Memnenius i.e. the Candidates are accustomed to receive the Dignity of Knighthood, by their Shoulders being gently struck with a drawn Sword; and with bended Knees; (unless they are of Supe- rior Rank to the Person who confers the Honour ;) with the addition of words conceived in a Solemn form. * Which custom still obtains at the Cre- ation of Knights, made by the Emperor, or King of the Romans, on the Day of his Coromation.” Hence that memorable Example of King James I. of England, who from a natural Antipathy, could not look upon a drawn Sword, without the greatest horror; and in performing the Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter, turning away his Eyes, in- tended to strike the Earl of Essex on the Shoulder with a drawn Sword, but by mistake gave the Earl a Wound in the Cheek; as Gundling, in “the - * see Cerem, Rom. lib. I Sect VII, de equite a Summo Pontfice facto, * Goldast, in politischen Reichshaendeln P. III. P. 153. Spcner in jure publico. P. V. p. 66, &r x º XXXVII European States” relates. The Ceremonies which are used in the Creation of the Prussian Knights, of the Order of the black Eagle, may been in Gryphius p. 417. # The Object of Orders, as well secular as eccle- siastical is various—For every one who is compe- tent to institute an Order of Knighthood, may determine the object of it, such as appears to him. most agreeable or most useful. It is therefore usual for the nature and Object of the Order to be inserted in the Rules and Statutes, promulgated by the Founder, whence appears, the Duty incum- bent on each Knight, binding himself by such Constitutions. º, w e shall terminate this discourse with a Pas- sage from the general Dissertation on Knighthood, which is prefixed to the elegant and useful His- tory of all the Orders of Europe, by Mr Hugh Clark. His definitions of these Equestrian Bodies are perfectly just and conclusive. “The different Orders of Knighthood are divided “into two classes; the first consists of the Religious, “which not only includes the defence of Princes, “the State, and of Christianity, but also by parti- “cular Vows, and other Rules, is rendered intirely “Subject to the Chief. - The second Class com- “prehends the military, which Sovereigns have XXXVIII “established to encourage the nobility, and cherish “emulation among their Subjects in the wars, and “the management of state Affairs.“ See Clark's concise History of Knighthood; Page 4. vol. I. XXXIX ADVERTISEMENT. The following accurate account of all the Orders of Finighthood, at present existing in Europe, is compiled from various authentic pieces in Manuscript: from the historical collections of Eichler, and M. Archenholtz, (late Librarian to His Serene Highness FREDERIC II. & Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel,) and particularly from original Documents, deposited in the Archives of several modern Orders, which by Commands of the Sovereigns, have, by the Secretaries of those Orders, been especially communicated to the Editor. To which are added copious explanatory notes, and illustrations, drawn from Collin's Peerage; Clark's concise History of Knighthood; and many eminent Authors, who have wrote upon the Subject. In the Body of this Compendium, will be found the Names of those British Noblemen and Gentlemen, who are, or have been invested with foreign Orders, during the reign of His present Majesty: and in most instances, the causes, for which they have received those distinctions, are impartially demonstrated, This work is calculated for the information of those who study modern History, or who travel on the Continent. * § L i THE For Lowing, ARE THE Existing ORDERs of KNIGHTHooD, of which AN Account Is GIYEN, JN THIS Volume, * & * .* SECTion I, BF THE ECCLESIASTICAL AND CHAPTEPAL f EQUESTRIAN ORDERS, page 3. Of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem; for- merly the Knights of Rhodes—now the Knights of Malta. Instituted 1048. . . . . . . . . 1 2. Of the Teutonic Order. Instituted i 101 . . . i8 3. Of the Order of St. Joachin). Instituted 1755. , 32 ^, 2’ SECTION II, \ P A PA I, O R D E ſº, 1. Of the Order of the golden Spur. Instituted *559. º * t & * * sº • * * © * © * * 94 SECTION III. I M P E RIA L Q J D E R 8. 1. Of the Order of Saint Constantine. Instituted 313. * * º * * & º e sº & * * º © © l O I — of Saint St. Stephen of Hungary. 2. — Instituted 1764. . . . . . . , , , , . 113 XI,J. 4. 3. e 7. / Of the Order of Maria-Theresa-Instituted 1757. -35–— of Saint Andrew of Russia. Insti- tuted 1698. . . . . . . . . . . . . . of Saint Alexander Newsky. In- stituted 1725. 4. & © º © y 4 º 4. º 9. º —— of Saint George of Russia. Insti- stituted • * * * © * * e «» 4. 9 & & — of Saint Wolodimer. Instituted 1782. º º º * -* * & 4- 3. wº. Q * * • º of the Turkish Crescent. Insti- -as-s tuted 1799. º * * e º * o © © & º + p. SECTION IV, R O Y A. L. O. R D E R S. Of the Order of the holy Ghost of France. In- stituted 1578. . . . . . . . . . . . . -s-sm. — of Saint Lazarus of France, In- * stituted 1607. . . . . . . . . . . . . * . g e of Saint Louis of France. Insti- *-* *-m- tuted 1695. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -*-mº of Military Merit of France, In- stituted 1759. . . . . . . . . . . . . —— of Saint Michael of France. In- stituted 1469. * & * • º © © * , * • º of Charles the third, or the im- maculate Conception in Spain. Institüted 1771. —— of Calatrava. Instituted 1158. . © ——— of Alcantara. Instituted 1170. . . 1 18 183 189 193 2O5 21 O 223 226 XLII page 9. Of the Order of Saint James of Compostella. Instituted 1175. . . . . . . . . . . . 228 of Montesa. Instituted 1317. . , 237 # º 1 O,-- , The Royal Orders are classed, according to the dates of the respective Monarchies, and accord- ing to the Rank they hold in each respective State. Thus—Charlemagne, was sole King of France, in 768.—Aurelius, in Spain, in 768– and, Egbert, in England, in 8oo. The Prin- cely Orders, are classed according to the Rank of the Sovereigns who created them. The Or- der of Sincerity of Bayreuth, is now the second Order of the King of Prussia, and is known under the denomination of the Order of the Red Eagle; and, the Order of Saint Anne of Hol- stein, is become the fourth Order of the Rus- sian Empire. The Order of Saint Constantine, although created by a Greek Emperor, is now the second order of Naples and Sicily. XI, III \ The Names of such British Subjects, who are in- vested with foreign Orders, and who are particularly mentioned in the course of this f work. Order of Malta. { The Honourable Emma Lady Hamilton. Sir Home Popham. Sir Richard James Lawrence. Order of Saint Joachim. Right Honourable Horatio Lord Wiscount Nelson, Duke of Bronté. f Order of Saint Constantine. Sir William D’Arley. Order of Maria-Theresa. Sir William Aylett, Sir Robert Pocklington. Sir Edward Michael Ryan. Sir Thomas Granby Calcraft. $ LIV ; Sir William Heir. Sir Charles Burrel Blount. Sir Edward Gerald Butler. Sir Robert Thomas Wilson. Sir James Williams. Order of St. Alexander Neusky. Right Honourable Adam Lord Wiscount Duncan. *~ Order of St. George of Russia. - Major-General L'Loyd. * Order of the Crescent of the Ottoman Port, Right Honourable Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson, Duke of Bromlé. ; f Right Honourable Thomas Earl of Elgin and Kin- cardin. s" Right IHonourable Lord Hutchinson. Right Honourable Lord Heith, Captain-Hutchinson. Honourable Major-General Sir Eyre Coote. f XI,V Sir Hichard Bickermon Bart, and Knight–Banmeres. Lieutenant Sir—Withers, of the Royal Navy. several other Generals, Admirals, and Field-off- cers, in the Service of Great-Britain, have been honoured with this Order; but their Names are unknown to us. Upon the close of the last Campaign in Egypt, the Badge assigned to the Knights, of the second Class, WaS cónferred upon eight hundred British . Officers. Order of Saint-Louis of France. Sutton of Clouard. Order of the Sword of Sweden. * Sir William Sydney Smith. t N- Order of the Polar Star of Sweden. | Late Sir J7'illiam Chambers, YI,VI Order of Vasa of Sweden. Late Sir John Hill. f * Order of the white Eagle of Poland. Right Honourable George Earl Macartney. Sir Benjamin Thompson. z Order of Saint Stanislaus of Poland. Right Honourable George Earl Macartney. Sir Benjamin Thompson. Sir William Neville Hart. Order of Saint Januarius of Naples. Sir John Acton Bart. \ | order of Saint Ferdinand of Naples. Right Honourable Horatio lord, Wiscount Nelson Duke of Bronté. Sir Thomas Troubridge Bart. XLV 1'ſ si, Alexander hail part. si, Samuel Hood. Sir Benjamin Hallowell. Sir Thomas Lewis. - t \ Order of Saint Hubert of the Palatinat. - \ - The late Right Honourable George Nassau Clavering, Earl Co wper. Order of Saint Stephen of Tuscany. Sir John Acton Bart. * \ Order of the Happy Alliance of Saxe- Hildburghausen. Brigadier-General Sir Levett Hanson, Chamberlain to H. S. H. the Duke of Modena. Order of Saint Anne of Holstein. | Sir John Dick. of Braid, Bart. Y LVIII Jº- Order of Merit of Holstein. Sir John Peter. Major-General Thomas Robert. Caplain William Hoberts. Captain David Hoberts. ^ Order of Saint Catherine of Russia. D Her Royal Highness the Heigning Duchess of Würtem- berg, Princess Royal of Great-Britain. & 2-SSNeºs- SECTION I". * zº or The - ECCLESIASTICAL AND SECULAR CHAPTERAL ORDERS. —-------— I. of the KNIGHTs HospitaLERs or the order OF SAINT JOHN or JERUSALEM, who were afterwards called Knights of Rhodes, and now Knight of Mala. Instituted in the year 1048. —-asses essee— Tur Infant state of this Order of Knight- hood was extremely feeble. It is indis- putably the oldest and most famous Equestrian Confraternity, that ever existed since the Establishment of Christianity. It has served as the Model from which every other Order has been copied. And its Reputation has been diffused throughout A - -- , 2 - * * z- w • the whole World. * In the beginning of the IX. Century, the Merchants of Amalfi in the Kingdom of Naples, who traded to Syria, and commonly visited the holy Places at Jerusalem, were desirous of having a Church in that City. The Caliph of Egypt, RomeNson-MustESAPH, granted them Permission to build one in the Quar- ter belonging to the Christians; and it was situated opposite to the Chapel of the Resurrection. They consecrated it to the Honour of the blessed Virgin. Mary; and erected a Convent for the Religious, or Monks, of the Order of Saint-Benedict, whose especial Duty it was to receive and entertain such Pilgrims as came there. This Church was called Saint Mary the Latin; to distinguish it from the others, in which the Latin Customs were not observed. * “When the holy land began to grow famous by “the expeditions of CHRISTIAN Princes, this Order of “the Hospitalers had its beginning, or rather resto- “ration, by GIRARDus; for the origin is attributed to “Johannes HIRcANU's MACHABEUS; or John, Pa- “triarch of Alexandria; who, for his liberality to the “poor, was surnamed Eleemosy marius.” See CLARIt's Hist, p. 57, Vol. 2. , --~~ . ºy ------ tºº º O In Process of time, the Number of Pil- grims augmenting very considerably; an Hospital was built on the Side of the Church of Saint Mary the Latin. This edifice was particularly destined to receive Male Per- sons only; the Sick and infirm, as well as the Healthy. It was under the Direction of a Master, or Rector, who was nominated by the Abbot of Saint Mary's; and an addi- tional Chapel was erected to the Honour of Saint John the Baptist, for the use of this Institution. . - A certain Gerard, who was a native of the Island of Martigues, on the Coast of Provence, was the first who had the Inspec- tion thereof; and some years afterwards, Godfrey of Bouillon,” having conquered the City of Jerusalem on the 15. of July log 9. he was so touched with the mild and compassionate conduct observed in the * From a collateral Branch of that Royal House, PHILIP D'Auv ERGNE Prince of Bouillon, a Post-Captain in the British Navy, is the lineal Descendant and Chief of the Family of GoDF Rex of BourLLon; the Conqueror and first CHRIST1AN King of Jerusalern. This happened in the following manner. The Heiress of a younger branch of the House of Bouillón, was married to the Chief of that of La Mark; and the Heiress of that Fannily, was married . to the Great-Marshal Duke of Bou ILLoN. - * * * - Note of the Editor. Hospital of Saint Mary the Latin; that he made a Donation to it of several Estates, situated in France; and which were Parts of his Property. * • - Some other Persons, distinguished by their Rank and devout Munificence; imi- tated the Liberality of this Prince: and by such means the Revenues of the Hospital were considerably augmented. + So circumstanced, Gerard and his Bre- thren thought it might be advantageous for the Hospital, to separate it from the jurisdiction of the Abbot and Monks of the Convent of Saint Mary the Latin; and to # (C. They had in several parts of Christendom 20,000 j “manors; in England the Lord Prior of the Order was * accounted the prime Baron in the realm.” See CLRR’s Hist. p. 48, vol. 2. + “In the year 11oo J ordan Briset, a rich and reli- “gious man, built them a house near West-Smithfield, “called St. John of Jerusalem; and from , their great “austerity of living, they obtained vast possessions in (t England; before what belonged to the Templars was “settled upon them. In Warwickshire they had Lands “in Grafton, Chesterton, Preston, Bagot, Whitmarsh, “Newbold, Pacie, Bilney, Ricton, Dunsmore, Halford, “Anstie, and other places; by the gift of sundry persons.” See Clark's Hist, p. 58, vol. 2, establish a particular congregation under the Protection, and to the Honour of Saint John the Baptist. Such is the reason why they were henceforward called the Hospitalers, or Brothers of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem; or the Johannists. In the year 11 13. Gerard received from Pope Pascal the II, a Confirmation of those Donations which had been made to the Hospital; His Holiness took it under his Apostolical Protection; and after the Death of Gerard, ordained, that the Inspectors, or Rectors, should be chosen from the Bro- thers-Hospitalers, who were the Admi- nistrators of the Hospital. Gerard died in the year 1118.-to him succeeded Raymond du Puy, a native of Dauphiny; who the first, assumed the Title of Master. Until that Period, the Hospitalers had no written Rules by which they were governed, But Raymond du Puy, connected and bound together the Brotherhood, in a more firm and consistent manner, by giving them . . Rules in writing; and by exacting, or en- joining, the strict observance of the three — 6 — solemn Vows, of Poverty, Chastity, and Obedience to their Superior. He, likewise adopted some of the Rules which were ob- served by the monastic Order of Saint Au- gustin, insomuch that this Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, has ever been classed in the Number of those who observe the Rules of the Augustins, - This first Grand-Master afterwards sepa- rated the Hospitalers into three Classes.— The first, consists of Gentlemen, who are destined to defend the faith, and to protect the Pilgrims. The second, is formed of Chaplains and Priests, for the Church.- And the third, is composed of Serving Bro- thers, who are not Gentlemen; but who in time of war, must serve as the Militia of the Order. . . . - The Grand-Master likewise introduced the Custom of receiving the Knights into the Order with certain Ceremonies; which in 1130 were approved of, and ordained, by Innocent the II, the then reigning Pontiff. In time of war, the Knights must distin- guish their Flags, or Colours, with a large white Cross upon a red field; and till now, f * * \ • . . . - • 'A' .. - . ~~ - º ,’ & t *” & * * - - . -- - - & . . such are the arms of the Order. - Although. it has arisen, so as to become the first Eques- trian. Order; nevertheless the Members thereof, were not denominated Knights, until they bravely conquered, and wrested brated Island of Rhodes. . . . . . As the City of Jerusalem, as well as that from the Hands of the Infidels, the cele- of Acre, had in 1187 submitted, and surren- dereditself to Saladin the Caliph of Egypt; the Order retired to Marget in Phaenicia: (a City then belonging to them; but which they lost in 1285.) In 1191. when the Christians had again become Masters of the City of Acre, the Knights established them- selves there, and made it the chief Seat of the Order. - . - But on the 18th of May 1191. the Sultan - Mulec-Seraph, having taken the above City . . by Storm: the Knights repaired to the Island of Cyprus, and settled themselves in the City of Limisso. There they remained during a Period of eighteen years; until, in 1309. having conquered the Island of Rhodes, and some others of less Note; they established themselves in the former, under the Govern- – 6 — ment of their Grand-Master, FULR de VIL- LARET. During the space of two hundred and thirteen years, they possessed these Islands in a state of unmolested tranquillity. On the 15th of December 1 524. Soliman the second, that ornament of the Ottoman Empire made himself Master of all their Dominions. After this Misfortune had befallen them, they successively retired to Castro, Messina, and Rome. At length, on the 24th of March 1530, the Emperor CHARLEs the vih- gave them the Island of Malta, on condition that they should protect and defend the same; and repress the depredations, which the . Turkish and Piratical Rovers, were in the habit of perpetually committing, * * “After the loss of the Isle of Rhodes, they removed * to the Island of Malta, which with Tripoli and Gozo « were granted to them in fee by the Emperor CHARLes V. “A. D. 1530, under the tender of OIlê Falcor yearly tC) “the Viceroy of Sicily, and to acknowledge the King tº of Spain and Sicily for their Protector. $ 2 .S. “In May 1663, they were besieged by Solyman, {{ with a navy of 160 gallies full of Turkish Soldiers, “and loo vessels with Provisions. The Siege was & sustained for four Months by the bravery of the *Knights, and the conduct of their Grand-Master John , - 9 — This Island is about twenty french Leagues in Length, and twelve in breadth, It contains two Cities, Civita-Vecchia, and la Valette; and about fifty Villages. Their Chief (who styles himself Grand-Master of the Hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem, and Guardian of the Poor of our Lord Jesus Christ) resided at la Valette until 1798. when the French under the command of Bo- naparte made themselves Masters of the Island. The Order was Classed at that Pe- riod into eight Languages, or Nations, viz. * de la VALETTE; so that the Turks, on the eighth of “September, in the same year, were obliged to raise “the siege, and leave behind them 3000 of their men, “and most part of their Artillery, At Malta on that “day, an annual procession is solemnly made, in me- “mory of their deliverance.” “These Knights are in number 1 ooo; 5oo must “reside in the Island of Malta, the remainder are dis- “persed at their seminaries in Spain, Germany, Italy “and France, and at any Summons are to make their “personal appearance. They had a Seminary in England “till the suppression of it by King HENRY VIII., and “they still appoint one to whom they give the title of “Grand Prioſ of England.” See CLARIt's Hist, p. 49. Vol. 2. 1. Provence; 2. Auvergne; 3. France; 4. Italy; 5. Arragon; 6. Germany; 7. Castile; and 8. Anglo-Bavaria; which last was added thereto, by the late Elector Palatin Charles Theodore de Sultzbach. That Prince con- ferred upon the Order all the Estates of the suppressed Society of the Jesuits, situated in Bavaria; and which, at the time of their suppression, had been united to the Electoral Domains. Charles Augustus Prince , of Bretzenheim, was the first Grand-Prior of this Nation, or Language. He was invested therewith in 1786; and resigned that dignity in 1799, immediately upon the Death of the Elector. The Grand-Master, as well as the Car- dinals, enjoys the Title of Eminence; añd the Grand-Officers of the Order, , are as follows: 1) The Grand-Commander, is the oldest Member of the Language of Provence. 2) The Marshal, of that of Auvergne. 3) The Hospitaler, of that of France. 4) The Grand-Admiral, of that of Italy. . 5) The Grand-Conservator, of that of Arra gon. 6) The Grand-Bailiff, of that of Germany. 7) The Grand-Chancellor, of that of Castile, 3) And the Turcopolier,” or Captain-Gene- ral of the Cavalry, of that of Anglo- Bavaria. In time of war, the Knights wear over their Cloaths a Scarlet Surcoat in the form of a Dalmatic, which is embellished before and behind with a broad white Cross ; such being the Armorial bearing of the Order, But in time of Peace, they wear, when in Ceremony, a long black Mantle, on the left side of which is sewed a Cross of white Linen, having eight equal Points. And sk Turcopolier, is a Term appertaining to the Order of Malta, which, previous to the Reformation, was the Title of the Chief of the Language of England. Tur- copole signified anciently in the Levant, a Light-Horse- man, or a kind of Dragoon. The Turcopolier had, in this Quality, the Command of the Cavalry, and of the English Marine Guards of the Order. The military Orders gave this Name to those light-armed Cavaliers, who were the Esquires, or Serving-Brothers, of the Finights-Hospitalers of Sãint John, or Finights of Malta, of the Templars, and the Teutonic Finights. & Note of the Editor. whatsoever be their ordinary Dress, this Cross must be worn by such as are Bailiffs, or Grand-Crosscs, and Commanders of the Order. Upon their Breasts, or from the Button hole of their Coats, they wear a si- milar Cross of Gold enamelled with white: it is surmounted with an Imperial Crown for such Knights, as are of that Language, (Germany) and with a Regal one for those of the seven other Languages. The Device” which is in the four widest Angles of the Cross, indicates to which Language the Knight belongs. The ordinary Dress of the Grand-Master consists of a Cassock, or Surcoat of black Tobine or Cloth; it is open before, and is * An Imperial Spread Eagle, denotes the German Tongue, or Nation: a Fleur-de-Lis, the Provençal, the Auvergnat, and the French: a Castle, that of Castile : a Lion, that of Leon, or Arragon: and those of Italy, vary according to the States of the Princes, in which the Commanderies are situated. Some adopt the Impe- rial Spread Eagle; others the Fleur-de-Lis; in Conse- quence of their Possessions being in such, or such Do- minions as appertain to Princes of the Houses of Austria, or Boulbon. Note of the Editor. girt about his Body with a Belt, from which hangs a Purse to indicate, that he is the Treasurer of the Poor and needy: over this he wears a Garment of black Velvet, upon the left side of which, the Cross of the Order appears. He likewise wears the same round his Neck, pendant from a rich black watered Ribbon, of the Breadth of three fingers. The Mantle which the Knights receive, when they take their Vows, is black; and on the Ribbon of the Order, the Mysteries of the Passion, Sufferings, and Death of our Lord and Saviour, are represented in Embroidery. The sleeves of this Mantle, are about a Yard long, and one and a half in breadth. The Ends are pointed. The Dress of the Knights-Grand-Crosses, when they assist at divine Service, is a sort of Garment, called Clocia, or Cloak. It is open before, and has large Sleeves, and on the left Shoulder, and Breast is the Cross of the Order: The jewel-Cross, or Badge, is worn pendant from the Ribbon. They wear their Swords upon such Occasions. When they assist in Council, they wear the same Dress buttoned: the Grand-Cross is reserved only for the / * worn upon the Breast, but the Sword, and Ribbon of Investiture, are laid aside, being grand Ceremonies of the Order, * - - - From the time of its Foundation until the Loss of the Island of Rhodes, this Order flourished in a State of unabating Splendour; and when established at Malta, it rose again from its Ashes. Its Situation seems at present extremely precarious. The English are at this juncture Masters of the Island; and a Schism prevails amongst the Members. The Transactions relative to this illustrious Body of Christian-Militia, so long and so justly considered as one of the strongest Bulwarks of Europe; and which have taken place since it was cap- * “When the Grand-Master dies, they suffer no vessel “to go out of the Island till another is chosen, lest the “Pope should interfere in their election, which is con- “ducted as follows: the several Seminaries name two “Fünights each, allowing also two for the English; and “those sixteen from among themselves choose eight; « those eight choose a Knight, a Priest, and a Serving- “Brother; and they three, out of the sixteen Great / “Crosses, elect the Grand-Master.” See Cranic's Hist. pag. 50. Vol. 2. tured by the French in 1798, are of so extraordinary and complicated a Nature, that time alone can unravel them. The last Grand-Master, duly elected, was Ferdinand Baron de Hom Pesch. On the 17th of July 1797. he succeeded to that Dignity upon the Death of Emmanuel de RoHAN de Poll- dux, the last Grand-Master. The Bailliwick of Brandenburg, now an Appanage of the Royal Family of Prussia, is a Branch of this Order, which at the time of the Reformation was dismembered therefrom. It was con- firmed to the Elector of Brandenburg by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. and the De- corations worn by the Knights of this Branch, are in every respect similar to those of the Order of Malta. Of this Order, a junior Prince of the House of Brandenburg is always Grand-Master. H. R. H. Prince FERDINAND of Prussia, great Uncle to His reigning Majesty, is at present invested with that Dignity; to which the King of Prussia enjoys the exclusive Nomination. - On the 24th of Nov. 1798. PAUL the first, Emperor of Russia, assumed the Dignity of Grand-Master of this Order. In 1799. His Imperial Majesty conferred the Ensigns, thereof, upon the Honourable Emma Lady HAMILTON, Wife of the right Honourable Sir William HAMILTON, Knight of the Bath, late His Britannic Majesty's Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary to the Court of Naples: and upon Sir Home Popham, a Captain of the British Navy, who received the Permission of His Sovereign to assume and wear the same. Lady Hamilton's Talents and accom- plishments are so well known, that no one will be surprised at such an Act of Gal- lantry, on the Part of the Emperor. Her Ladyship has acquired the Friendship of the Queen of Naples, and of all the Royal and Illustrious Personages, to whom she has been presented; by that respectable and amiable Conduct which wins the Heart and suffrages of every one. Sir Home Popham's Abilities as a Naval Oſficer, justly rendered him worthy of this knightly Distinction. Sir Richard James LAwRENCE, is like- wise a Knight of this Order. * 17 — Ladies can be admitted into the Order of Malta. According to old Customs, they are styled Sisters-Hospitalers. At present, they are denominated Dames: there are likewise Dames Grand-Crosses. Although we have derived equal Assis- tance and information from Mr. Clark's “concise History,” with respect to the Notes we have added to that of the Order of Mal- ta, and for which he has our particular Thanks; nevertheless, we must request the Reader to observe, that with equal justice we might have quoted, “the History of the Knights of Malta, by the Abbé de Vertot,” “Brydone's Tour,” and several modern writers, whose works treat of this Order, and who express themselves in nearly the same terms. With regard to some other Orders, to which notes are annexed, we have frequently elucidated the text, by Passages drawn from the above very genuine Source. Our obligations to that ingenious Historian, are similar to those for which he is indebted to the “Histoire des Ordres mi- litaires, ou des Chevaliers,” which welikewise have frequently, and profitably consulted. * *r vs. xx -º ~ y II. - OF THF ORIDER OF THE RNIGHTS OF THE HOLY CROSS; O R. OIF THE T E U T O N I C O R D E. R. £- Instituted A. C. 1191. Amosos, the many Military Orders, the Institution of which was occasioned by the Crusades in Syria, this Order is one of the e * most considerable, and most reputable. * * Nothing can be a more striking Proof of the in- consistent Changes, to which human Establishments are exposed, than the original Basis, on which this Order was founded; and its present State. For its pri- mitive Institution, subsequent wealth, and immense temporal Possessions, it was indebted to the pious Charity of the Merchant-Adventurers, of the IIanseatic Towns of Blemen and Lubeck; who traded to the Holy- Land. In process of time, it became more formidable than the Hanseatic League itself: and when reduced to a decadent State, its Spoils, its mutilated Fragments, were of such magnitude, as to augment the extensive Domains of the August House of Brandenburg; and to enforce its Claims to the regal Title. Though much reduced in Power and Riches, the Teutonic Order, still holds a respectable Rank in the Cinpire. The Its Origin is nearly the same as that of the Order of Saint John The commen- cement of its establishment, is to be ascribed to a devout German, who, with the Per- mission of the then existing Patriarchs, built and endowed an Hospital for the sick Pilgrims, who were his Countrymen; and likewise a Chapel to the Honour of the Mother of our Saviour. In a short time, many pious Germans were disposed to main- tain so excellent an Institution; the Men of Bremen and Eubeck, in particular, distin- guished themselves to a most eminent de- gree, and exhibited the utmost zeal for the good of this Foundation. They not only Grand-Master, is a Sovereign Prince; the Commanderies, are richly endowed; and no one is admitted as a Knight, who cannot prove two and thirty Quarters of uninterrupted and unsullied N obility. Thus, were benevolent Zeal and munificent Commerce, the Founders of this Order: but unmindful of, and ungrateful towards, the Authors of its Existence; it excludes from its Bosom, all such as are connected with Traffic; and who cannot produce, “those Boasts of Heraldry,” which are considered as requisite, and indispensably Necessary, to ensure their Reception. Mote of the Editor. $º *= Q O assam& º courageously protected the Pilgrims, during the Siege of Acre, (the Ptolomaeus of the ancients) but many of them became Hospi- talers, and took care of the wounded and - sick. J Many Persons of high Bank, likewise attended on the Hospital; and Pope Cae- Hestin the III. formally instituted this Society into an Order, under the title of, the Bro- thers of the German House, and of the Hos- PITAL of OUR BLESSED LADY of Jerusalem. His Holiness permitted them to elect a Chief from amongst their own Members; and thereupon, they unanimously nominated HENRY de WALLPoTT, * a Person descended from a very ancient and noble Family, and who in the year 1191. had become a pro- fessed Monk of the Order of Saint Augustin. The Ensign of the Order, is a black Cross with a Border of Silver; and it is worn upon a white Mantle, on the left Side. The Knights also bear this Cross with their * The Lineal Descendants of the Family of Henry de WALLPoTT, are at present reigning Comtes of Passen- heim. The Chief of that House is always a Finight of the Teutonic Order. Note of the Editor, — 2 I - Arms, upon a white field; in the same man- ner as was granted to HENRY de WALL- PoTT, in 1193. by the Pope above men- , tioned. They have likewise the same Cross upon the left Breast of their daily outward apparel; and round the Neck, they usually wear a Gold black enamelled Cross, sur- mounted with a knightly Helmet of massy Gold, covered with a coating of dark blue enamel. This Cross is somewhat of an oblong form; and it is worn suspended from a rich watered black Ribbon of the breadth of three Fingers. But this Cross has been frequently altered and augmented; and JoHN de BRIENNE King of Jerusalem, in 1206 adorned the same with a Cross of Gold. Herman de SALZA, the fourth Grand- Master of this Order, having by his con- summate Prudence and superior Abilities, found means to terminate the unhappy dis- sentions existing between Pope Honorius the III, and the Emperor FREDERICK the II. that Prince, being desirous of conferring upon the Grand-Master a Signal Mark of his Gratitude, he to that end, not only granted the Dignity of Prince of the Em- pire, to him and his Successors; but like- wise gave him his especial Permission, to charge the Arms of the Order with the Im- perial Eagle. His Holiness, as a Proof of his Esteem, presented him with a Ring of great value; enjoining him to wear the same constantly. Since that Epoch it has ever been customary, so soon as a new Grand-Master is elected, to invest him with this Ring, in memory of a transaction equally meritorious and remarkable, g the Adminis- tration of ConAAD Landgrave of Thuringia, the fifth Grand-Master, Louis the IX. King of France, embellished the four Points of the Cross, with four Fleurs-de-Lis of Gold, as a Remembrance of the Sense he enter- Finally; in 1250. durin tained of the Services rendered to him by the Order. The Knights acquired so much Repu- tation, and such great Esteem, by their Valour, as induced ConRAD Duke of Mas- sovia and Cujavia, to send an Ambassador in 1229. to their Grand-Master, Herman de SALZA, demanding his Friendship, and re- ſ * Fy .* questing that General, in case of need, to assist him with his Forces against the Prussians. - Wishing to attract the Order into his States, the Duke granted to the Knights, the Countries of Culm and Lobau ; and whatsoever they might conquer from the Prussians; to the end that the latter might be deprived of all their Possessions, in his Dominions. This Donation he sent to the Grand- Master; and it was afterwards confirmed by Pope GREGoRy the IX. During the regency of Herman de SALZA, the Order of the Knights Pop TE-GLAIvEs, * - \ * “In the year 1186, MAINARD first preached Chris- “tianity to the LIvon IANs, and erected the Bishopric “of Riga; but his Successors meeting with many diffi- “culties in the year 1200, ALBERT thean Bishop of “Livonia instituted this Order in imitation of the “Teutonic Finights, with design to extirpate idolatry, “and promote the Gospel. He prescribed to these “Knights the Cistercian rule and habit, viz. a long * white mantle and black hood; on the T3reast two “Swords in saltire, whence they had the title of * Brethren-Sword-Bearers,” f *, existing in Livonia, , under their General Volquin ScHENK, was, by the Command of the Pope above mentioned, united with this Order. This Union was effectuated at Rome in the year 1238. according to some Opinions; f “Their Statutes were something like the Knights “Templars; and they vowed obedience and chastity. “Pope INNocers T III. confirmed this Order, which “became fully instituted, A. D. 1203; but because they “could not of themselves accomplish their end, about “the year 1237. they were united to the Teutonic “Order, and submitted to their rule and habit; by “whose help they overcame the Livonians, and brought “ them to the Christian faith. Thenceforward the * Grand-Master of Livonia acknowledged him of “Prussia as superior, until Walter de PLETTENBER g, “their Grand-Master, separated this Order from their “obedience to the Teutonic. Finally, A. D. 1561. “GoTHARD de Fif TLER, the last Grand-Master, “followed the Example of the Grand-Master of Prussia, “and became Subject to the Crown of Poland, sur- “rendering to King S101smon D II. tle City and Castle “of Riga, and all the Lands, Charters, Privileges etc. “of this Order; receiving in exchange the Dukedom “of Courland, to him and his Heirs for ever; so the “Order expired after 357 years continuance.” See CLARIC’s Hist, pag, 87. Vol. 2. or in 1234. according to others. The Knights were then become so powerful, that they were nearly Masters ºf all Livonia and Prussia; insomuch that they erected nine Bishoprics, viz. four in Prussia, and five in Livonia. They likewise founded Elbing, Marienburg, Thorn, Dantzig, and Königsberg in Prussia, and several other Cities of less Importance, in the same Country. º r • In 1295. they compleatly subdued all Prussia, and reduced it intirely under their domination; although it had five times revolted against them. - The Order made no small progress like- wise in Livonia, where it became Master of Courland and Semigallia; and in 1233. it brought the whole Province under its absolute Dominion. This illustrious Order being so power- ful, the principal cares of the Knights were turned towards the maintaining themselves in the Possession of their conquests; and to repel the attacks of their hostile and for- midable Neighbours. Their Territories were frequently in- vaded by them, and on that account they were compelled to wage heavy wars against the Natives of Lithuania and Russia. Although they gained considerable advan- tages over these People; nevertheless, such Successes were more than counterbalanced by the Loss of their principal Establishment, at Acre in Syria. This disaster happened during the Administration of ConBAD de FEUCHTwANGEN, the XI. Grand-Master. In 1291. MULECH-SERAPH, Sultan of Egypt, made himself Master of that City, and the remainder of the Knights were obliged to quit that Country. - Expelled from Syria, they formed a mo- mentary Establishment at Venice. Soon after they chose Marburg in the Country of Hesse, as the chief Residence of the Order; and even now a magnificent Palace belong- ing thereto, still subsists in that City. Powerful Considerations however, in 1306. induced GoDFREY de HoHENLoHE, the Grand-Master, to transfer the Seat of the Order to Marienburg in Prussia; and since then no Provincial-Grand-Master has existed in that Country. f - The Order not only suffered on account of the burthensome Wars in which it was - engaged; it was convulsed and torn by in- testine Divisions, during a long series of years. Under ihe Administration of the Grand-Master, CoNRAD de JUNGINGEN, ULADIslaus JAGELLON, the then reigning Ring of Poland, endeavoured to profit by these internal feuds. With the assistance of WITHold, Duke of Lithuania, he at- tacked Prussia ; but the General of Livonia coming opportunely to the Aid of the Grand-Master, in the year 1403. Peace was concluded between Poland and the Order. This Peace was of no long Duration. It was broke by ULRICH de JUNGINGEN. Such an Infraction of Treaties, made it ne- cessary for UIADISLAUS JAGELLON to com- bine his whole Forces with those of his Father, WITHold. By these means, the King assembled an army of 150,000 Men, with which he attacked the Army of the Grand-Master, amounting only to 83,000. The Battle began near the Village of Ton- .*- nenberg, on the 15th of July 1410. O. S. and the Slaughter was prodigious on both Sides. The most authentic Accounts of those Times, maintain that the Poles lost 60,000, and the Knights 40,000 Men, in this memorable and well fought Engage-, ment. . . . . The Government of the Order becoming * * extremely oppressive, several Countries and Cities formed an Alliance against the Knights. It was concluded at Marienwer- der; and in 1453. , the greatest Part of Prussia had detached itself from the Order, and, put itself under the Protection of the King of Poland. g This Transaction. gave rise to a War. equally violent and bloody. In 1466. Peace WaS concluded by the interposition of the Pope; and at Thorn, the following Treaty was made, and ratified by the Polish Mo- narch, CASIMIR the IV. and the Grand- Master of the Order: viz. that Pomerelia and the Territories of Culm and Michelau, and likewise the Cities of Ermland, Ma- fienburg and Elbing should be ceded to the Crown of Poland; and, that the re- * º ** A º — 29 — mainder of Prussia should appertain to the Order; the Grand-Master receiving the In- vestiture thereof; it being considered as a Fief belonging to the Kingdom of Poland, and held by military tenure. At length, in the XV. Century, the Knights were totally dispossessed of Prus- sia. ALBERT de Brandenburg, their Grand- Master, having embraced the Lutheran Religion, Sigismund King of Poland, his Cousin, solemnly invested him with the Sovereignty of that Country. This Event took place at Cracow, on the 5th of April 1525; and thus Prussia became a possession of the House of Brandenburg. From that Period it has been denominated Ducal Prussia; and FREDER1c the III. Margrave of Brandenburg, and Elector of the holy Roman Empire, in 1701. procured the same to be erected into a Kingdom, the Emperor Leopold the first, having granted an Im- perial Concession to that Effect. In the mean time, Walter de KRon BERG, the new elected Grand-Master, retired to Mergentheim in Franconia, and styled him- self, Administrator of the Grand-Master- - 3O — / ship in Prussia, and Master of the Teutonic Equestrian Order, in the Countries of Ger- many, Italy, and their Dependencies. As such he was recognised as a Sovereign Prince of the Empire; was likewise received as a Member of the Circle of Franconia; and the Order has enjoyed these Dignities . to this Day. In 1790. the possessions of this Order were divided into XI. Bailliwicks: viz. 1. Alsace; 2. Austria; 3. Tyrol; 4. Coblentz, 5. Franconia; 6. Biesen; 7. Westphalia; and 3. Lorraine; which are of the Roman Catholic Communion; and 9. Hesse; 10. Thuringia; and 11. Saxony: which three last, are of the Lutheran Faith. But such Protestants as are admitted, must in all other Respects conform to the Statutes of the Order; and attend the Chapter at Mer- gentheim, whensoever it is held. * A * “The second Branch of this Order is for Protes- “tants: they have a House at TJ trecht, wherein to “transact their business, and in which the Secretary “resides. The Method of Admission into this Branch “being somewhat singular, we shall here mention it. “The Nobles of Holland, if they propose a Son to be The Emperor J oseph the II. diminished very considerably the Possessions of the Order, situated in his States: and the late Treaty of Luneville must have deprived it of two principal Bailliwicks; those of Alsace and Lorraine. The present Grand-Master, is His Royal Highness the Arch-Duke CHARLEs-Louis, second Brother of the reigning Emperor of Germany, born Septbr. the 5th 1771. He succeeded to that Dignity upon the Death of his Uncle the late Elector of Cologne. “a Knight, go to Utrecht; they enter his name in the “register, and pay a large Sum of Money to the use “of the Poor maintained by the Order; and the Person “whose Name is entered, succeeds in Rotation.” See CIArk’s Hist. pag. 61. Vol. 2. III. | OF THE EQUESTRIAN SECULAR AND CHAPTERAL ORDER. ‘OF SAINT JOACHIM. Instituted June the 20th A. C. 1755, —=&ºa- Ts lo48. as related in the foregoing pages, many devout and pious Persons were in- duced to institute an Order for the Defence and Safe-guard of the Pilgrims, who visited that Country, which is equally celebrated, on Account of the Birth and Passion, of Jesus Christ. To administer to the sick and needy—to heal the wounded—and to pro- tect the feeble against the Arm of the Strong—were the Duties especially assigned to this Christian Militia. It was composed of the Flower of the Nobility and Gentry, who from all parts of Europe, repaired to the holy Land. This Order, as already observed, has successively been denomi- nated, the Brothers Hospitalers of Saint John of Jerusalem; the Knights of Rhodes; 2’ and lastly, of Malta. Its Institution gave rise to that, known by the Appellation of the Teutonic. This was instituted in 1131, and was composed of natives of Germany, and none others. Of these Orders, we have given a cir- cumstantial and exact Account, respecting , their rise, progress, and present State. It now becomes our Duty to speak of one, founded in 1755, in a manner similar to those above mentioned; but for pur- poses more suited to the modes of living 8-> and Spirit of the present age, Q. On the 20th of June 1755, the eques- trian, secular, and Chapteral Order of Saint Joachim was instituted by several Princes, and Nobles of the highest Rank, in Ger- many, and by several military Men of very great Distinction ; and those, who the first were investcd therewith, were named, “The Knights of the Order of Jonathan, Defenders of the Honour of Divine Pro- vidence.” The Duke of SAxE-Copuſ.g.; the Duke of WüRTEMIBERG-OELS ; ‘ Prince Picco- I.OMINI; the Comte de CLARY and AL- G. — , 54 — DRINGHEN ; the Baron D’EIB ; the Cheva- lier FACHINER de Trauenstein; M. KEck de Schwarzbach; the Comte de KollowRATH- KRAKowSKY; the Baron de MILCHLING ; the Baron MosFP de FILSEck; the Comte de Nost ITz; the Baron REICHLIN de Mel- degg; M. WIEDERSPERGER de Wiedersperg; and the Baron de ZoDEL de Giebelstadt, were the first original Founders of this illustrious Equestrian Corps. His Serene Highness CHRISTIAN FRAN- cIs Duke of Saxe-Cobourg (an elder Brother of the celebrated Field-Marshal-Duke) was the first Grand-Master. He was elected and installed on the 20th June 1756, being the first anniversary Day of the Foundation. His Serene Highness exercised the Functions attached to this Dignity, during the space of seventeen years; and the Order acquired additional lustre, by the names of the Princes of NASSAU-SAARBRUCK, and SULKowsLY ; and those of several Reigning- Comtes; Comtes, and Barons of the Em- pire; and other Persons of Note; being added to those of the original Founders. r i This Prince resigned the Grand-Master- ship in 1773. His Highness, however, had the Satisfaction of being long a Witness to the Progress and Augmentation of the Order; and lived until the 18th of Septem- ber 1797. On the third of August 1773. His High- ness FRANCIS-XAvTER reigning Comte of Montfort, and of the holy Roman Empire, was, by the general Chapter unanimously elected to fill the Dignity of Grand-Master of the Order, vacant by the Resignation of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg; and during his Administration, Numbers of, Persons of Distinction were installed with much Ce- remony. A sudden Death deprived the Knights of their second Grand-Master, on the 24th of March 1780. upon which, His Highness GEORGE-CHARLES-Louis, reigning Comte of Leiningen-Westerbourg, * Lieutenant- 2" * It is a very remarkable Circumstance, and particu- cularly worthy of Notice, that in the tenth Century, a marriage was solemnised between Hermannus Billung Duke of Saxony, and Hildegardis of Westerbourg. * A * , * * This Prince by the Marriage of his thrice great Grand- General of Infantry in the Service of the united Provinces, and Knight of the Royal- Order of Merit of Prussia, and of that of Fidelity of Baden, ; was called to the Grand-Mastership by the unanimous Voice of the general Chapter. * The third Grand-Master was pleased to accept this Dignity; and on the 4th of Nov.br. 1784. he took possession thereof, with the accustomed Formalities. On the 19th of March 1787. His High- ness was removed from this transitory Daughter Wulfhildis, with Henry the III. surnamed Nio So Ancestors of His Britannic Majesty. Hildegardis of er, Duke of Bavaria, was one of the immediate Westerbourg, his Consort, was of the Family of His Highness the Grand-Master. It is clearly proved in the Genealogy of the House of Brunswick; of which the following is an Extract. The LINE of BILLUNG. “Hermanus Błllung, the Son of Billung, of Stu- “beckeshom, a Person of great Eminence in Luneburg, “was created Duke of Saxony on the Elbe, A. D. 960. “by the Emperor OTTo I. in reward of the signal ser- “vices he had rendered the Emperour. He married “Hildegardis of Westerburg, by whom he had two “Sons and two Daughters, and dying A. D. 973, was Life, and from the Government of the Order, to the great Grief of the Knights- Brethren, and His Highness CHARLES- Gustavus, reigning Comte of Leiningen- Westerbourg, who had been elected Coad- jutor on the 4th of Novbr. 1784, succeeded to his late most illustrious Father, on the 16th of May 1787. It was in 1767. that the first Grand- Master, and the majority of the constitu- tional Representatives of the Order, were induced through a principle of devotion, to suppress the Name of Jonathan, and in “succeeded by his eldest Son Benno or Bernhard I. “who died A. D. 1 or 1, when his eldest Son Bernhard II. “became Duke, he married Bertrada, Daughter of “Harold II. King of Norway, and died in 1062. “Ordulph, his eldest Son, succeeded to the Dutchy, “and died loyá. By his first Wiſe Gisela, Daughter “of Olaus, Hiing of Norway, he had one Son, Magnus, “who succeeded his Father in lo'74, and dying in 1106, “was the last Duke of the Saxons of this race. By his “second Wife, Sophia, Daughter of Geysa II. King “of Hungary, he had a Daughter, Wulfhildis, sole “Heiress to the Dukedom of Saxony, who was married “to Henry III. surnamed Niger or the Black, Duke of “Bavaria as before observed.” * See CozzIns’s Peerage Vol. I. pag. 9. the Place thereof to substitute that of: IN HONour of THE DIvi NE PRov1DENCE; of which this Order had till then borne the glorious Surname of the Defenders, But it was not until 1775. that the second Grand-Master, and the general Chapter, unanimously thought proper, solemnly to confirm the same, in memory of the Day, rendered auspicious, by the Deliverance of his late Majesty, STANIs LAUS-Augustus, King of Poland, who in 1771, was by the especial Interposition of Providence, mira- culously rescued from the Hands of those execrable Assassins, who had conspired against the Life of the best of Princes, and of Men. In a word: Reasons of the utmost consequence having in a course of Time (1779–1785) rendered a Revision of the Constitution of this Order, a measure of indispensable necessity; to the end that such Changes, as were suitable to existing Circumstances, might be made, with regard to the Statutes thereof: in 1785, a decree of the general-Chapter was the result of lts Deliberations: which, renewing and recti- fying the Act of its first Foundation, con- *. - *0 39 tºº stituted this Knightly Militia, under the name of: “the Equestrian, Secular, and “Chapteral Order of Saint Joachim, the “blessed Father of the holy Virgin Mary, “the Mother of ou! Lord and Redeemer “Jesus Christ!” Unfortunately, the sudden Death of the third Grand-Master, prevented him from giving a new, solid and salutary Constitution to the Order, as it had been resolved upon by himself, and his prede- cessor. But the Epoch the most interesting to this Foundation, being reserved for the year 1737. it was not 'till then-that it was raised to so high a degree of perfection, as it has , attained at present; and that, through the indefatigable Zeal, and Wisdom of the fourth Grand-Master, and of those Mem- bers, who composed the General-Chapter of the Order. His Highness, walking in the Foot-Steps of his two immediate Prede- cessors, and assisted by the most judicious Co-operators, was enabled to establish the truest Principles of Probity and Economy in the Administration of the Order: and they spared no possible efforts to avert all pre- varications, and to render this Institution useful to the Nobility and Gentry of both Sexes, by the Establishment of Comman- deries and other benefices, which have been endowed to that intent. g * Although these Benefices, are not at this juncture, of sufficient importance to merit much Attention; nevertheless, the Resto- rers of this Chapteral Order, will ever con- sider themselves as sufficiently recompensed for their painful, but honourable labours of so many years, if some individuals of the indigent Nobility, and especially young Persons, shall obtain a little relief, and some assistance with respect to their Wants; and they are encouraged to anSWer for it, that magnanimous Persons of opulent Fa- milies (which are fertile in great and good men, who have the wellfare of mankind really at Heart) will continue to enlist themselves under the banner of this Order, and second by their generous and open Countenance, an institution, the glorious, humane, charitable, and virtuous ends of which, give it a right to pretend to univer- sal Approbation, and to aspire to that flou- z rishing state, which we have reason to flatter ourselves it will attain, provided that the Propagation and Prosperity thereof shall answer the expectations we hitherto have been authorised to form. On the 17th of June 1798, 'the IVth Grand-Master expired at Paris. So early as the Month of February 1793. the French Army, under General Custine, had taken possession of all the States of His Highness, which were situated on the left side of the Rhine; he was conducted a close prisoner to Paris, and was, until the hour of his Death, strictly confined in the Abbey of Saint-Germain. In 1787. FERDINAND - CHARLEs, the eldest Son of the Grand-Master, last men- tioned, was postulated by the Order as presumptive Successor to that Dignity: on the 27th of June 1798, he was unani- mously elected Grand-Master; and on the 7th of Septbr. installed, in a manner suitable to the then existing State of Cir- CunlStan CeS. During the Regency of the fourth Grand-Master, the Order was solemnly and tºº 42 *J formally acknowledged and sanctioned by His Apostolic Majesty LEoPold the second, King of Hungary and Bohemia; and that only a short time previous to his Election to the Imperial Dignity. This Event, His Highness was pleased, to announce to the Order, by the following Rescript, bearing date Heiningen August the first 1790, “You will see by the present, that our “well beloved Son, CHRISTIAN, has ren- “dered an essential Service to our Order, “in obtaining permission from the Council “of War, of his Apostolic Majesty, the King “of Hungary and Bohemia, to wear the “Badge thereof; this will authorise the “whole Army to wear the same Distinction; “that is to say, such as may be hencefor- “ward invested there with. Our Son was “obliged to transmit the Statutes to the “Council of War; which was pleased to “praise, and to approve the same. We are “happy to have it in our power to make “you acquainted with so desirable an “event; and we send you herewith, an “authentic Copy of the Royal concession.” * COPY. “His Majesty, in consequence of the “Deliberation of, the Council of War, “bearing date, the twenty third of last “month, having been most graciously “pleased to grant to the Sub-Lieutenant “Comte de Leiningen, His Royal Permission “to wear the Cross of the Order of Saint “Joachim; the Commandant of the Regi- “ment is therefore charged to give infor- “mation of the same to the said Sub- “Lieutenant.” * Signed BENDER. Comte de Balliet de L.A.Tour. HILLE, Secretary, June the eleventh-1790, Shortly after his Accession to the Impe- rial Throne, His Majesty, as a mark of his Princely Affection, was pleased to nominate the Comte CHRISTIAN de Leiningen to the Dignity of Chamberlain of the Imperial Palace. This event, (the acknowledgement of the Order by His Imperial Majesty), was indeed of a nature so important to the Order, as to induce His Majesty FREDERIC *º 44 – WILLIAM the second, late King of Prussia, to acknowledge it in a similar manner. On the twenty seventh of April 1791. a Royal grant was most graciously issued, to the following effect: CoNCESSION. , In Favour of M. de Cronhelm, Lieute- nant and Adjutant of the Regiment of light Infantry, by which permission, is granted him to wear the decoragion particularly appertaining to the Commanders of the Order of Saint Joachim, in conformity to the Statutes of that Order, 2 “His Majesty the King of Prussia, my “Sovereign, having learnt from M. de Voss, “Colonel-Commandant of the Regiment “of light Infantry, that M. de Cronhelm, “Lieutenant and Adjutant of the said Re- “giment, was installed at Grünstadt in the “Empire, as a Knight of the Order of Saint “Joachim; and that he is at present a Com- “mander of the said Order, which Dignity, “may in process of time, be of singular “Advantage to him: being however obliged “by the Statutes, to wear the Decorations “assigned to the Commanders of the said “Order; he most humbly requests His “Majesty, to grant him his most grácious “permission to that effect.” “His Majesty, therefore, in consequence “of the Resolution taken by his Ministers, “the twenty fourth of last Month, has “most graciously granted to the said Lieu- “tenant de Cronhelm, His Royal Permis- “sion, to the end that he may publicly “wear the Decorations, especially apper- “taining to a Commander of the said “chapteral Order of Saint Joachim, in con- “formity to the Statutes thereof; and make “use of the same, upon all Occasions, “without hindrance, or molestation; pro- “mising to Lieutenant de Cronheim, in “virtue of the concession issued from his “Council, to protect and maintain him in “the enjoyment of this Privilege, so often “as shall be necessary.” “And thereupon the said M. de Cron- “helm, and all and every one, whom it “may concern, must regulate themselves “conformably to these presents.” “In Witness whereof, the said grant “was sealed with the Royal Seal, and signed — 46 — “by the Ministers of State, and the Chiefs “of the Department of the Order. Done “and given at Berlin, the 27th April 1791.” (L.S.) By His Majesty's special command Worr, LNER. “We, the underwritten, do hereby “attest, that the present Copy, is in all “respects conformable to the original; and “that in consequence of the desire mani- “fested to us, we have signed the same, “and have caused the Seal of the light “Infantry-Regiment, to be affixed thereto. “Done at Mittenwald the goth of May “1791.” “The Council of War of the Regiment “of light Infantry.” “The Colonel Commandant of the Re- “giment of light Infantry.” (L.S.) DE Woss, Schneider, Auditor. The recognising and sanctioning this Order, was, on the part of their Imperial and Prussian Majesties, a measure extre- mely judicious. Knightly Confraternities of this kind have no other View than to maintain and protect good Order, and to strengthen and defend the lawful Power of the Sovereign; whereas on the contrary, , all popular Societies tend evidently and absolutely to undermine and destroy the former, and to intirely eradicate, or com- pleatly annihilate the latter. On the 20th of June 1795. the Prince CzETwPRTYN's KI, was invested with the Ensigns of Grand-Commander, Since the accession of the Vth Grand- Master, to the regency of this illustrious Order, it has, notwithstanding the war which raged so long in the Empire, con- tinued in a State, highly prosperous and flourishing. Several Persons of Distinction have been enrolled as Knights, Comman- ders, and Grand-Commanders: and His Majesty the reigning King of Prussia, has solemnly and authentically acknowledged this equestrian Institution, in the same form and manner, as was in 1791. practised by his late Royal Father. But the event which has stamped an in- delible Mark of Celebrity on the Order, is the Nomination and Reception of NELson, that illustrious Hero of the Age, in Quality of Grand-Commander, of this equestrian Militia. Although the Order of Saint Joachim can boast of Princes of the Houses of Saxony and Nassau, and of many Nobles of the oldest, and prime families of the German Empire, who have been invested with this Dignity; yet do the Knights of the present, and so will all those of future generations, ever consider this as a circum- stance, which to the whole Body, is of the highest moment and importance. Upon that Basis, will henceforward be established, the everlasting edifice of its Fame and Glory. On the 14th of Septbr. 1801. the general Chapter thought proper, unanimously, to confer this Distinction upon Horatio Lord Wiscount NELson, Duke of Bronte, and the Chancellor was especially commissioned to give Orders to the Master of the Cere- monies to the end that it might be offi- cially announced to that Nobleman. This was done by a letter in date Septbr. the 29th 1801, that being the Birth-day of this great and unrivalled Commander. In truth what Day, could, on all accounts, be so suitable? It is at once the anniversary Feast- day of the chief of the angelic Host, and of the Birth of one of the brightest Ornaments of the Navy of Great Britain. Did we live in ages of Roman, or Barbaric Superstition, such a peculiar combination of Epochas, as the foregoing, would be considered as pro- phetically Auspicious. Might we be allowed to compare human exploits, to those which are divine; or the Efforts of a Mortal, to those of a Celestial being; how justly could the Parallel be drawn upon the present Oc- casion ? the heavenly warrior, appears to have been the scriptural Archetype of the Hero, who fought for his God—his Country —and his Sovereign! The agitations which accompanied the conclusion of the last war, having prevented the new-elected Grand-Commander from communicating the Decree of the general chapter to his liege Sovereign; and from obtaining the Royal approbation, to accept and wear the Insignia of the Order; that illustrious Body was not therefore apprised of those so much wished for Events, until ID ~ 5O ~~ carly in the commencement of the year 1802. The approbation of His Britannic Majesty, and the Consequent acceptance of the Con- queror of Aboukir, were then formally noti- fied to the Chancellor, as the principal organ of the General-Chapter; and those notifica- tions were couched in terms the most polite and the most expressive. Thus has this Chapteral Order been amply gratified by the solemn and authentic recognition of the King of Great Britain; and by the reception of a Nobleman, from whose Name, every Order must acquire a brillancy, which, time, the Devourer of all things, can never efface, or eclipse. On the second of April 1802. all the accustomed formalities, as prescribed by the Statutes, having been scrupulously observed; and previously gone through; the Chancellor presented the usual Diploma to the General- Chapter, which, by the willing suffrages of all present, having received the unanimous Sanction of the Deputies of the different Classes, was then signed by His Highness the Grand-Master—countersigned by the Chancellor—and the great Seal of the Order being solemnly aſfixed thereto; the same. with the apropriate Ensigns was imme- diately transmitted to Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson, a Peer of the united Kingdoms; and Duke of Bronte, and a Magnat of the ancient and loyal Kingdom of the two Sicilies. *. - Although the Order is at present under the administrétion of a Comte; yet must it be observed, that he is an independant Sovereign of the holy Roman Empire; and who enjoys his seat and suffrage at the Diet of that venerable Body. Indeed, none other, save a reigning Sovereign, can, according to the constitutional laws, be elected to the Dignity of Grand-Master. His Highness, who now holds the reins of Government, is in the same Class with, and of equal Rank to the Houses of Hapsbourg and Nassau; previous to their being advanced to the im- perial Dignity: and the Order is intitled to a distinguished place amongst those which are chapteral: we mean that of Malta, and the Teutonic; the former of which is go- verned by a Gentleman, chosen from the Bosom of the Senior Bailiffs; or Grand- - 52 – Commanders; or Grand-Crosses; of that Order. Since its first Institution, Ladies have been admitted into the Order of Malta: and that of Saint Joachim, being likewise chap- teral, the same Principle has been adopted, with respect to its general Organisation. It is at present composed of His Highness the Grand-Master; of His Excellency the Grand-Prior; of thirteen Grand-Comman- ders; (all Persons of the first Distinction) of seventeen Commanders; and forty four immediate Knights; who are men invested with honourable Employments—who by Birth, are Noblemen, or Gentlemen—and whose lives and conduct are highly irre- proachable. There are two young Noble- men, who are Expectants: one Lady Grand- Cross: nine Ladies of the small Cross: and nine Gentlemen, Members, ad Honores. *sºvº(3)(QQQ 9&zº- – 53 — Of the Constitution of the Order, and of the Qualities necessary to be admitted therein. - This secular and equestrian Order has always one Grand-Master, elected for life: the other Members, are Persons of both sexes, and are classed as follows: A) The Male in Grand-Commanders; Commanders; Knights-immediate; or junior - * Knights; and Expectants; - B) The Female in - Ladies-Grand-Crosses; Ladies wear- ing the small Cross; and Ladies Expectants. - The Members of this secular and eques- trian Order, are not limited to any certain or fixed number. Birth and Virtue open the road. to all Gentlemen : and it depends upon every one to be admitted as a Grand-Com- mander; as a Commander; or as a Knight, only; according to their option. The Sons of Noblemen, and Gentlemen, can be ma- triculated as Expectants, as soon as they are born; and so on to the Age of nineteen. — 54 — By that means, they have the hopes to ob- tain a Commandery so much the sooner. They have likewise an advancement with respect to the Stipendium, and they continue advancing in Rank, with respect to the Order. But, as soon as an FX: ectant has reached the 20th year of his Age, and possesses all the Qualities which entitle him to his ad- mission, then he will be knighted, and re- ceive the Cross. Princes, and the Sons of reigning Grand- 'IVTasters, have the same right, with this difference: viz. if they, think proper to pos- tulate the Cross innmediately, they can have it as Knights; Commanders; or Grand-Com- manders; but, it must be observed, that this grace is accorded without prejudice to the Seniority of the older Expectants, or Knights, who cannot thereby be deprived of their rights to a Commandery. Only those who are really of hereditary Nobility, and gentry bearing Coats of Arms, can ever be admitted, as Knights; Com- manders; or Grand-Commanders. The Counsellor of the Order forms the only ex- ception. He being chosen as having studied * – 55 — the Laws; and as such being obliged to superintend the observance of them in every respect; it therefore follows, that it is not necessary he should be a Nobleman. But, he must have the Title of Counsellor to the reigning Grand-Master; and remains a Knight, only, without being capable of be- coming a Commander; or a Grand-Com- mander. In the military line, only those who have the rank of superior officers, can be made Knights; or Commanders; and only those who have the rank of a Field-Officer, can be admitted as Grand-Commanders. In the civil rank, no one can be invested with the Finsigns of Knighthood, unless he is advanced beyond the Age of a Scholar, or a Student. Those only can be admitted as Commanders; or as Grand-Commanders; who have employments at Courts; res- pectable and first rate-Offices under Govern- ments; or the rank of actual-privy-Coun- sellor of state: notwithstanding this Res- triction, nothing can exclude from the Com- manderies attached to the Knights-Com- manders, and Knights-Grand-Commanders, — 56 — | those, who in their Turns, become entitled to such Benefices. Those who are incapable of being ad- mitted or received as Knights etc. etc. of this equestrian Chapteral and secular Order, are as follows; Such as are accused of blasphemy; such as are guilty of high-treason; rebellion: or felony to their Sovereign. Those who desert their Service in time of war; or are cashiered with Ignominy. Those who have acted contrary to every principle of duty, Conscience and honour. The Badge, appertaining to the Knights, Commanders, and Grand-Commanders, Con- sists of a gold Cross with eight points, the whole enamelled in white. In the middle, and on both sides, is a laurel Crown ena- melled on a flat Circle. Upon the foreside, is the figure of Saint Joachin in a green dress, with a white sash round the Body; from his left Shoulder is suspended a white scrip, and, upon his Head, he wears a green cap, according to the oriental Fashion. In his left hand is a Shepherd's Crook. Upon the reverse is a green Cross-pattée. This Cross hangs by a large gold Ring from a knightly helmet of massy Gold, and is worn suspended from a dark green watered Ribbon. The Grand-Master wears over the Coat, from the right Shoulder to the left side, a Ribbon of the breadth of the hand: to the loop of which is attached the Grand-Cross. He likewise wears a Star upon his Coat, such, as will be mentioned hereafter. The secular Grand-Commanders, wear the same cross suspended from the same Ribbon, and over the Coat likewise. The Grand-Commanders, who are Ecclesiastics, wear the same Cross suspended from the same Ribbon; but it is worn en Sautoir; or about the Neck. All the Grand-Comman- ders, seculars and ecclesiastics, wear a Star upon their coat, similar to that of the Grand- Master. The cross assigned to the class of the Commanders, is likewise similar to the one worn by the Grand-Master, and the Grand- Commanders, Seculars, as well as Eccle- siastics; but it is something smaller. It is worn en Sautoir, and is suspended from a - 58 — $ Ribbon of the breadth of three ſingers. All the Commanders, Seculars and Ecclesiastics wear a Star upon their coats; of which a Description will be given. The Knights wear the small cross attached to a Ribbon, nearly equalin breadth to that worn by the Commanders. It is worn suspended from the Neck; but, they have not the Silver Star embroidered upon the coat, as have the Commanders. The Grand-Master, and the Grand-Com- manders, wear upon the left breast of their coats, a Star of eight points embreidered in Silver; in the middle, on a white satin ground, is embroidered a green cross-pattee surrounded with a laurel Crown: around all which ; upon a border of dark green Velvet; is embroidered the Motto, JUNXIT AMICU's AMoR, in letters of Gold. The whole is terminated with the date of the creation, 1755. in figures of Gold. The Commanders, wear on the left Breast of their coats, a Star of Silver, bear- ing eight points. . It is of the dimensions of three inches taken from the Diameter of the ~\ > circle; which circle is ornamented with a green Cross-pattée. Excepting on occasions of Solemnity, those who are secular Grand-Commanders; or are superior Officers; or who enjoy a Commandery; are free to wear, ad libitum, the Decorations of Knights, or Comman- ders; and so they can appear in the ordi- nary Assemblies. In like manner, it is per- mitted to all and every ecclesiastical and secular Grand-Commander; although not in possession of a Commandery; to wear, ad libitum, the Decorations of Knights, or Commanders. Finally, it is permitted to all, the Knights; Commanders; and Grand- Commanders, to wear the cross of Knight only, pendant from a Ribbon two fingers broad, and attached from the second to the third button hole of their coat; save when they assist at the Assemblies of the Order. The Expectants wear the Ribbon (of the breadth of two fingers) so disposed that it passes from the second to the third button hole of the coat. It is formed into a Knot, lºmº 6o smsº ſ on which is embroidered in Silver the Words, CRESCAM, UT PRosIM! All the Knights are constantly obliged to wear some Badge, and that, in an osten- sible manner. In case they do not, they will be fined for such omission. The first time, the Fine will amount to one Ducat; and the second, to two Ducats; which will be appro- priated to the Order, ad pios usus, and by neglecting more and more, to appear with the Insignia, such omission shall be for- mally and officially reported to the Order; and the refractory Member, shall be deprived of his Dignity. The Knights, Commanders, and Grand-Commanders, are obliged, ac- Cording to their respective ranks, to add to gs, the their Scals and other armorial bearing Insignia of the Order. The Uniform worn by the Grand-Master, consists of a Waist-coat and small cloaths of Superfine white cloth; the coat is of superfine Scarlet-cloth, lined with white; the cuffs and collar, are of dark green Vel- vet; the buttons are white; and thereupon, a green cross-pattée is engraved, according to the rules of Blazonry. The coat is distinguished with two sil- ver Epaulettes embroidered, and adorned with a green cross-pattee. The Grand- Master has four such crosses, upon each Epaulette; the Grand-Commanders, three; the Commanders, two; and the Knights, one. The Sword is decorated with a Knot of green and Silver. The Grand-Master wears his Hat bordered with a point D'Espagne of Silver, and adorned with a white Feather. During the Assembly of the general Chapter, and on all days of Solem- nity, the Grand-Master, the principal Mem- bers of the Chapter, and such Hnights as then reside at the Court of the Grand-Master, appear in Boots and Spurs, and carry a Cane, a la Militaire; and, in their Hats, which are plain, they wear a green Cockade, and likewise an Aigrette, or plume of green and white Feathers. When at the Residence of the Grand- Master, all the Knights are obliged to appear constantly, with the Uniform; and each Knight, wheresoever he may be, is in duty bound to wear it as 'much as possible. Nevertheless, all who appertain to the eccle- — 62 — siastical body; and those who are still attached to the military Service; are exempt- ed from such regulation. To the latter, it is not even permitted to appear otherwise at the general chapter of the Order, than with the Uniform of their respective Corps. The Aspirants to the Order may wear the Uni- form; save with this difference: the two - Silver Epaulettes must not be embroidered, nor ornamented with the green Cross. This secular and &uestrian Order has established a particular Class to distinguish the noble, virtuous, and meritorious actions of Persons of every rank: it is denominated THE CLASS of Honor, ARY MEMBERS. In which can be admitted Persons who are of the civil ranks of Society ; and who are justly distinguished for their merit and learning. They have no right however to expect any advancement to the Dignity of Knight; Commander; or Grand-Commander; nor to obtain a Commandery. These Members of Honour wear a cross which is nearly like to that worn by the Knights: it is ; inch in length, and is worn at the button hole of the waist-coat, pen- dant from a Ribbon of the breadth of two fingers. But, it is not surmounted with an Helmet; nor are the laurel crowns on the circular parts. Both the attributes of the Order, which are on each circular part, are surrounded with a green bordering; on one side, is the inscription, NoDILI, and upon the other, CoRDI. 2^NNSYSJ' Of the Reception and investiture of the Members of the Order. All those who desire to be received, or to be inscribed, as Expectants, in this equestrian Order, must nominate a Spon- sor, who is either a Grand-Commander; a Commander; or a Knight thereof; and who shall present him to the Grand-Master. Unless this formality is duly observed, no one is, or shall be admitted therein. The Sponsor undersigns the Petition, by which the Postulant requests permission of the Grand-Master, to be allowed to pro- duce his Proofs, ad rem: and likewise – 64 — therein announces the place of his Birth, and of his actual residence. The Grand-Master, in the ordinary Chapter, then accords such permission to the Postulant; on condition that he shall produce the proofs of his Nobility; or of his extraction as a Gentleman; before the nearest prefecture, which shall, be esta- blished in the Neighbourhood of the Postu- lant. The Prefecture, sends these Proofs to the ordinary Chapter; to which it adds its conscientious Advice, and opinion there- upon. To this, the Chancellor annexes the report of the Master of the Ceremonies, and of the Herald: and presents the said In- strument to the ordinary Chapter, with his opinion. All Memorials, and justificative Proofs; being first duly and scrupulously examined in the ordinary Chapter; the reception is granted, or rejected, according to the plu- rality of the Voices of such Members as are present, Each Postulant must give in his genea- b logical table, accompanied with his Chris- tian and family Name; and with the Arms of the family emblazoned, according to the laws of Heraldry. It is only necessary, however, that this Extraction, and descent as a Gentleman, shall, be proved on the side of the Father, since: the Proofs indispen- sable towards his admission originate by no means with the Mother; except, so far as regards the legitimacy of birth, in the state of lawful wedlock. This genealogical table is, meant to prove, in a concise and summary manner, the different degrees of descent and filiation; accordingly as they are therein specified. It must be accom- panied with a certificate respecting the cha- racter and reputation of the Postulant; which is certified and signed by three Gent- lemen who are established, or who are in Offices of Responsability. This Instrument must be, sub vidi Nobili; and with the Seals of the Arms' of the Witnesses annexed thereto. . It must likewise be authentically legalised before the Magistrate of the place where it is executed: or, by the represen- tatives of some equestrian, or gentlemanly body; to which the Postulant may belong: E. sº — 66 — tö the end, that full and certain belief, may be, judicially, and extra-judicially, given ...to the same. With respect to the admission into this Order, all certificates and acts executed by Notaries, are intirely excluded. In case the Postulant, or his Parents, have lately received a grant of hereditary Nobility, he is bound to produce the origi- nal Diploma, or a Copy, certified and lega- lised in due form. Likewise the lineal Descent and conjugal filiation, must be proved, as in the foregoing Article. Parents, or Guardians, who desire to have their Children, or Pupils, inscribed as Expectants, undersign the Petition to that effect, which is to be presented to the Grand- Master. The Baptismal certificate is annex- ed thereto; and it is therein expressed, that it is the Pastor of the Parish, ipso facto, who gives it. This certificate must be 'duly legalised, ab Ordinario loci, to the end that full and certain belief, may be, judicially and extra-judicially, given to the same. Over and above all this, no Expectant shall be created a Knight, untill he has strictly fulfilled áll the Obligations which are pre- scribed by the Statutes. Those who shall be received as Mem- bers, ad Honores, must produce their Bap- tismal certificate, in the same forma pro- bante; and moreover, an attestation signed and sealed by three Knights of the Order, proving the lawful and conjugal Birth of the Persons to be received; that they are esteemed, pro ingenuis; and, that no ob- jection can be made against their manners, and good calling. All these proofs, nevertheless, do not by any means give an undoubted and in- disputable right to be received as a Knight of this Order. On the contrary, the Order most absolutely reserves to itself the choice of the Postulant: insomuch that the recep- tion depends intirely upon the free Will of the Grand-Master, and the ordinary Chapter. Upon receiving an assurance, in due form, that the reception is granted, a day is fixed for the investiture. All the Knights of the Order, present, assemble in a body; they pay their Respects to the Grand-Master, and accompany him to the Chapter-Hall, in the following Order. ease" The Herald opens the Procession. The Knights, The Commanders The Grand-Commanders. The six Deputies of the Order, two and two. A- The highest Secular Chief-Capitular (present), with the Book of the Statutes. - - The other Secular Chief-Capitulars, two and two. * 'The highest ecclesiastical Chief-Capi- , tular, (present) carries the holy Bible. The other ecclesiastical Chief-Capi- tulars, two and two; next comes The Postulant; on his right hand-side walks the Master of the Ceremo- nies, bearing the Sword of State. The Grand-Master alone. * The Coadjutor, and Grand-Prior; if they be present." The Chancellor, and the Treasurer. When the Grand-Master has taken his place, and is seated upon the Chair of State, under the Canopy, the Chancellor and Trea. lºgº -69 * surer take their places; the one on his right hand, and the other on the left. The Books of the laws are laid upon the table, which stands on the right hand. Each Person present, takes his proper place; two Iünights covered, and holding their Swords drawn, stand, the one on the right hand, the other on the left, of the Grand-Master; but at some distance from the Chancellor and Treasurer. And, in the same manner, two others stand, one on each side the Door of the chapter-Hall, and withinside. Here- upon the Herald receives the Sword of State from the Hands of the Master of the Ceremonies, and remains with it by the side of the Grand-Master. Meanwhile the Master of the Ceremonies conducts the Postulant to a station opposite to the Grand-Master; but at some little distance. After the Chancellor has pronounced a Speech relative to the Duties of the Order; and after the Peni Creator is chanted to the sound of Instrumental-Music; the Master of the Ceremonies conducts the Postulant into a particular Room, and once more recommends to him the fulfilling the Duties of the Order; and that he shall earnestly resolve so to do; and henceforward, remain faithful and adhere to the obser- vance thereof. This done, the Postulant is habited with the Uniform, and is recon- ducted to the Grand-Master; who, during the ceremony, is surrounded by all the ecclesiastical and secular Officers, accord- ing to their respective ranks. After the Postulant has answered this Question of the Grand-Master: “If it be his free Will, “and earnest desire to be admitted into “this secular, chapteral, and equestrian Or- “der of Saint Joachim; and to take part in “fulfilling the duties and obligations which “form the Basis thereof; to the honour of “God, and for the benefit of mankind?” With—YES!—the two senior Chief-Capitu- lars bring, the ecclesiastical one the Bible; which he lays on the Knees of the Grand- Master; and the secular one, the book of the Statutes; which he presents to the Chan- cellor, and delivers to him. The Postulant then kneels on both Knees at the Foot of the Chair of State; and laying his three fore fingers of the right hand upon this Passage $º & * — 71 – of the Gospel of St. John, “in the beginning was the word etc.”—he repeats, word for word, the oath, which the Chancellor pro- nounces. Thereupon, all the secular Knights put on their hats, and drawing their Swords, remain in one posture, until the ceremony of investiture is intirely con- cluded. The Oath being taken; the Bible, and the Statutes, are again placed on the table, Then the Grand-Master rises from the chair of State, and the postulant Kneeling, receives from him the customary stroke of Knighthood, with the Sword of State; this done, the Grand-Master raises him, making use of the following form of words: “A Knight is a free man and no Servant; “therefore he must bend himself only “before the law; but otherwise, he must “be Master' over himself and his Passion.” When girding the Sword about him ; the Grand-Master says to him : “Weapon and Arms are given to a “Knight to fight for God and Religion ; to “defend the Person of the Sovereign, and “his State ; and even to sacrifice his Body “Life, Blood, and fortune for their Service: “to protect the honour of the Order; and “in case of need, his Brethren and Sisters “likewise; on that account shall a Knight “embellish himself with this Ornament, “which is the noblest and most worthy!” Whilst the Spurs are putting on; which is performed by the two junior Knights; the Grand-Master says: “A Knight shall feel in himself the { { calling, and shall not want any encourage- “ment to succour the poor and needy, the “Widow and the Fatherless he shall be “ever disposed to do good, in such wise “that his right hand Knoweth not what his “left-hand giveth !” When the Gloves are presented to him, the Grand-Master says: - “So clean and white as they are; shall “be the conscience of a Knight, and each “of his Actions.” .Whilst the Grand-Master suspends the Cross (which Badge, the Treasurer presents to him) around the Neck of the new made Knight, He says to him: “This Cross is received by a Knight of “Saint Joachim, as the Sign which clevates “him to the rank, and intitles him to the “Alliance and Friendship of his Brethren; “take it meritoriously; and wear it all your “life worthily, to the glory of God; to the “splendor of the Order; and, to the especial “honour of yourself!” . Upon putting on the Hat, the Grand- Master pronounces the following Words: “Concord and good intelligence are the “surest promoters of general happiness; “the foundation Stones of prosperity; and, “the only means by which this Order can “attain the ends for which it is established!” Lastly—The Grand-Master gives the Kiss of Peace to the new made Knight, with-these Words: “Love and Peace be with us!” After the Te deum laudamus is chanted to the sound of Trumpets and martial Music; the Master of the ceremonies; the Grand- Officers; and all the Knights ; who are present; embrace the new made Knight; \ each one according to his respective rank. In case the Day destined for holding the general chapter should take place on the pay of the investiture; then, so soon as the ceremony is over ; the new Knight; and all those who have not seat and voice, shall retire: but when the Session is over, they are immediately reconducted to the Chapter-Hall, by the Master of the cere- monies. A procession is thereupon formed to the banquet Hall; which is opened by the Master of the ceremonies, carrying the Sword of State, before the Grand-Master. The new made Knight follows him; after- wards come all the other Members present, two and two, according to their respective rank: lastly—the Chancellor and the Trea- surer, close the procession. On the Day of investiture, the new made Knight enjoys the rankimmediately after theGrand-Master. Accordingly as circumstances, with respect to religion, may make it necessary; the Grand-Master possesses a discretionary power to perform the ceremony, in the chapel of the Order; in which case it is the Duty of the Mäster of the ceremonies to regulate all matters relative thereto; in a manner consistent with the functions of divine Worship. * In case a Knight is to be received who lives at some Distance from the place of the chief Residence of the Order; the Grand- Master delegates the Power of granting the investiture, to the Senior, and most honour- able Members, (who live in the neighbour- hood) and they take care that the Solemnity is performed in the most proper manner, When even this, from circumstances, is totally impracticable; then, all deficiencies, with regard to the above formalities, are compleatly remedied, and supplied, by means of the most ample letters-patent. The reception of a Member, ad honores, is performed in the cabinet of the Grand- Master, in presence of the Chancellor; the Treasurer; the Master of the ceremonies; and a certain number of Knights. After the Grand-Master has proposed this question to the Candidate, “If it be his free and earnest will to be “admitted as an honorary Member of the “order of St. Joachim; and to employ his “means in future, to the glory of God, to “the prosperity of the Order, and to the “good of mankind 2° He answers Yes! takes the Oath Kneeling; and receives from the Grand-Master the Insignia: But, on this occasion the stroke of Knighthood is omitted. Each Member of the Order, after he has taken the oath personally must deliver in the same in writing. It must be in his own hand writing; signed with his own hand; sealed with his family Seal; and, delivered to the Chancellor, who deposits it in the Archives, --na:3&ºeº- Respecting the Class of Ladies of the Order; of the Proofs required for their Reception; of the Insignia appertaining to this Class; of the Solemnities observed on their Re- ception; and, of their respective Duties, S \ N With Regard to the fair Sex, this Chap- teral Institution is not limited to any certain Number. Noble Birth, and good Extraction; as being descended from a Gentleman; or the being married to a Gentleman, whose Dirth and Conduct are unexceptionable; º \ x Fºs- f - 77 — intitles every Lady, or Dowager of a Gentle- man; and every young unmarried Lady; to be received. — They are distinguished in the following Manner, Ladies- Grand-Crosses; b Ladies wearing the small Cross; and Ladies - Novices. – * Thus, they are classed in the Register; and take Rank accordingly; deriving from their Dignities such Benefits and Ādvantages as are particularly attached thereto. * Each Noble Lady; Gentlewoman; or Wi- dow; can be immediately received as a Lady- Grand-Cross ; or she can be received as a Lady wearing the small-Cross, until she is in possession of a Commandery. — But so soon as she is in the immediate possession of that Dignity, she is obliged to be received as a Lady-Grand-Cross. …’ A young Lady must be at least sixteen years of Age before she can be admitted to the Honour of receiving the small-Cross; and cannot be invested with the Dignity of Lady-Grand-Cros until she enjoys a Com- mandery. — But should a young Lady be betrothed to a Gentleman, in that case, she tºmºs 7 8 &ºmmº- \ can Petition the Grand-Master to be ad- mitted as a Lady-Grand-Cross; and after receiving the Diploma, can assume the in- signia of a Lady-Grand-Cross, on her wed- ding day. Princesses, and the Daughters of reign- ing families, can receive the Insignia, as Ladies-Grand-Crosses, so soon as they are baptized: nevertheless, such reception can in no wise prejudice the rights and claims of the older Members, with respect to the Commanderies attached to this class. Every Gentleman has a power to pro- cure for his Daughter, (even in her tender youth,) a right to a Commandery, and as making a part of her future Dowry, he can have her inscribed, or matriculated, as a No- vice, as soon as she is born; and until she is in the sixteenth year of her Age. From that period, she will regularly advance to the enjoyment of a Commandery, according to her turn; and without interruption. > So soon as the sixteen years are accom- plished, the Lady-Novice must be formally received and admitted to the honours of the small Cross, otherwise she will lose her; claims to a Commandery. * / A young Lady, wearing the small Cross, and who marries a Man who possesses not hereditary Nobility; or who is not strictly speaking a Gentleman; does not, thereby deprive herself of her right to a Comman- dery. But, she cannot attain to the rank of Lady-Grand-Cross, previous to her being in the actual possession of a Commandery. . Until she is invested therewith, she must continue to wear the Insignia of a Lady of the Order; unless her Husband be created a Nobleman; or procure some employment, which in titles him to the rank of a Gentle- Illa Ił. * As personal virtue; hereditary Nobility; and gentility of descent, or Extraction; in- title Ladies to be admitted into this eques- trian foundation, and chapteral Order; so, on the contrary; a vicious Life; corrupted Morals; and disorderly Manners; are an in- superable Bar. All those are formally and absolutely excluded, whose conversation, life, and manners, are repugnant to the principles of Religion, Morality, and female Honour. When on such accounts, a Lady is denounced to the Order, by a Knight there- { \ of, as having insinuated herself therein; (although her Life and Conduct are such, as render her unworthy of being received;) then the Right appertains to the Grand- Master, and to the general-Chapter, to de- grade so unworthy a Person; and to deprive her of the Insignia; and that, without even being obliged to name the accuser—Never- theless, the Person so degraded, has a Right to examine the Protocol of the general- Chapter, to the end that she may exhibit her Defence. — Thereupon, the Counsellor of justice is obliged to plead her cause; and that in the Manner the most advantageous for her Reputation and Honour. — Should it however be proved that such a Lady is really innocent; in that case, the denouncer shall be named, and as a Calumniating Bro- ther, shall be degraded, from the Order; and expelled from its Bosom. — To Accusations preferred, or denunciations made by anony- mous Persons; by such as are guided by Malice, or credulity; and who are not Finights of this Order, no Attention will be given.—They shall, in toto, be deemed false; scandalous; and ill founded; and treated as such. As this equestrian, secular and chapteral Order has chosen the holy Joachim as a Model for Imitation ; and as an Example whose virtues are ever worthy the Imitation of all good Men; so is it the particular Duty of the Ladies to regard the Piety, the Resignation, the Patience, and the peaceable domestic Virtues, of the holy Anna, his Spouse, (the Mother of the blessed Virgin Mary) as patterns worthy their especial Imitation, Moreover, the Ladies who are received, are obliged to observe the Practice of all the Duties which are specified with respect to the Knights: that is to say, so far, as is consistent with the difference of Sexes. They must endeavour to distinguish themselves, above other Women, by the Practice of every moral and social Virtue: and must conscientiously fulfil the Duties attached to their Sex; and which especially appertain unto them, as Wives, Mothers, and Mistresses of Families. Inviolable Fidelity in the Marriage State: Tenderness and carefulness, with Regard to the Persons and Education of their Children: Mildness and Bencficence towards their Inferiors and F Servants: and, Charity and Generosity towards the Poor and Needy, the Widow and the fatherless, ought ever to be the cardinal Points of the Compass of Life, by which they must steer their Conduct; and regulate the whole of their Lives and Actions. Moreover, they are obliged to take the three following Vows. 1) As well in the single as in the married State, they shall educate Children as .* true Mothers ought to do: that is to say, such as are intrusted to their care, in the first Instance; and such as are their own, in the second. They must endeavour to make them useful Members of the State to which they belong; and must further and pro- mote the Education of other young people. 2) Each Lady of the Order, must distin- guish herself, with respect to her Apparel, by wearing none but ho- norable and decent Dresses. 5) Each Lady of the Order, must avoid Playing at Games of Hasard; and never play deep upon any Occasion; since gaming has but too often been ; ! and still too frequently is, the Ruin of many Families. To the fair Sex, who are received into this illustrious, equestrian, secular and chapteral Institution, are assigned the same Insignia as those which are attributed to, and worn by the Knights: save, that in the Place of the golden Helmet, the Cross is surmounted with a golden Death’s Head, placed upon two Cross bones. This Emblem is meant to point out to the Ladies the Fra- gility of human Beauty: to make them never lose Sight of their latter End: and, as a reflecting mirrour; whenever they look thereupon; to show that the christian and moral Virtues are far superior to all external Charms; and are in Reality the only Basis on which can be built, true Felicity in this World; and a happy Eter- nity in the one which is to come. The Ladies-Grand-Crosses wear, the Cross attached to a Ribbon of the Breadth of three Fingers; of the same Colour as that worn by the Knights. It is worn round the Shoulders in such a Manner, that the - 34 — Cross is pendant on the Middle of the Breast: and, upon the left Breast is worn the silver Star, in the same Manner as by the Grand-Commanders. The Ladies, wear the small Cross attached to a Ribbon of the Breadth of two Fingers; and it is arranged with a Knot and Iloop so as to be worn upon the left Breast. The Ladies-Novices wear upon the left Breast, a Knot of Ribbon, upon which is embroidered in Silver, the Word, VIRTUTI The Ladies-Grand-Crosses, and the La- dies of the Order, are obliged constantly, to wear the Insignia. In Case of Non-Per- formance, they are liable to the same Pu- nishments, and Forfeitures, as those to which, in similar Cases, the Knights are exposed. On such Days, however, as are not considered as Days of Ceremony; or, are not especially observed, as being conse- crated to the Solemnities and Festivals of the Order; it is permitted to the Ladies- Grand-Crosses, and to the Ladies of the Small Cross, to wear the Insignia of the Ladies-Novices; but the latter can wear their distinctive Badge, when in full Dress only. On the 20th of June, and on the 4th of November, as likewise on all the Feast- Days of the Order, all such Ladies, as are decorated therewith, in case they present themselves, or appear at the Court of the Grand-Master, must be dressed in black Silk; and the unmarried, in white; made up after the Mode of the Country: on other Occasions the Dress and Colour depend upon themselves, intirely. Each Noble Lady, or Gentlewoman, who desires to be received into this illus- trious Institution, must chuse herself a Sponsor, or Curator, either a Knight, Com- mander, or a Grand-Commander, who is obliged, without, delay, to present her Pe- tition to the Grand-Master. He must than present to the ordinary Chapter, the Proofs of her Nobility and virtuous Life; which must be attested by three Nobles, or Gent- lemen: and he must take care that every point relative to the future Reception, shall be duly observed, as in the Case of those who are received as Knights thereof. When the Reception is accorded, and the Lady is in the Neighbourhood of the Grand-Master, — 36 —. * then are the following Ceremonies of In- vestiture, observed upon such Occasions. The Lady appears in a black Silk Dress, if she is married, or a Widow, and in a white one, in case she is unmarried; she is assisted by two Ladies, or Ladies-Grand-Crosses of the Order; and likewise by her Sponsor, or Curator; and, is conducted by the Master of the Ceremonies into the Chapter-Hall, where she takes place immediately opposite to the Grand-Master. Thereupon, the Chan- cellor, in a short Speech, announces the Duties and Obligations of the Order; and when the Lady has answered the following Question, * • * “If it be her true and earnest Desire “to be received into the illustrious “chapteral Institution of St. Joachim; “and to take part in the fulfilling the “Duties thereof, to the Glory of God, “to the Honour of herself, and to the “Benefit of Society!” - with—Yes!—then must she take the Oath of the Order, according to the usual For- mulary; and whilst so doing, she must lay the three fore Fingers of her right Hand, — 67 — ^ upon the left Breast; and afterwards deliver the same in writing. This Instrument must be executed in the same Manner as is prescribed in Cases of the Reception of the Knights of the Order. It must be under- signed by her Sponsor and Curator; and, finally be delivered to the Chancellor, who deposits it in the Archives. This done, the Grand-Master invests her with the Insignia; in doing which he is assisted by the tWO Ladies Assistants. The Grand-Master says to her: º “This Cross is received by a Lady of “the Order of Saint Joachim, as the “Sign which elevates her to the Rank, “and intitles her, to the Alliance and “Friendship of her Brethren, and Sister- “hood; and as a Proof that she has “bound herself to pay due Obedience “to the Statutes thereof. Take it meri- “toriously, and wear it all your Life “worthily, to the Glory of God! to “the Splendour of the Order! and, to “the Honour of yourself!” - Instead of receiving the Accolade; as is usually conferred upon each Knight, on the z -- 88, - Conclusion of the Ceremony of Ris Re- ception - the new-elected Lady presents her right Hand to the Grand-Master; and suc- cessively to the Chief-Capitulars, then pre- sent. When a Lady is received, who resides at too great Distance from the Place of Re- sidence of the Grand-Master; the same Cer remonies are observed, as in Cases of Inves- titure of Knights non-present. Persons of the fair Sex, although not distinguished by hereditary Nobility, or genteel Extraction; but who distinguish themselves by a virtuous conduct, and by Nobility of Heart; are in titled to receive this Order, as a Recompence of Honour conferred upon Actions of Merit. To that Intent, a particular Class is founded, which is denominated The Class of Honorary Relatives of the Order; No unmarried Person can be received into this Class. Such Persons only are in- titled to be invested with this Distinction, as are married to a Man in Possession of hereditary Nobility; or, to a Gentleman: or, to a Person who exercises some public and honourable Employment; or, whose true Nobleness of Heart; severe Virtue; Liberality to the Poor; Knowledge and Practice of domestic Oeconomy; and Zeal for the Education of Youth; render them worthy, and capable of receiving this ho- nourable Distinction, Such Honorary Relatives, must content themselves with the Rank especially assigned to them. Unless married to a Gentleman; or unless their Fathers, or Husbands receive a Grant of hereditary Nobility; or are in- vested with such Offices as are deemed equivalent thereto; they never can be ad- vanced to the Dignity of Lady; or Lady- Grand-Cross. But, should such Events, as the forementioned take place; then, in Case they think proper to sollicit such advan- cement; it will be assuredly accorded to them. The Insignia, worn by such Persons, are the same as those assigned to those of the Male Sex, who are received ad Honores; and are worn, attached to the Ribbon of the Order, and affixed upon the left Breast. Their Reception is performed in the same \ – 90 — Manner, as is exemplified respecting the Male Sex ; or, “accordingly as may be or- dained by the ordinary Chapter. The Fees of Honour ordained by the general w Chapter. of the most illustrious Equestrian Order of Saint Joachim, to be paid to the Chancery, by those who shall be received Finights - Companions; upon their Tºeception therein; are thus regulated, *Till December the 31st 1800. every. Postulant who shall have exhibited the Proofs required by the Statutes, shall be received upon paying the Fees of Honour, in the following Proportions. - * - Species-Ducats. . 1). The Grand-Master pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of . . . . . . . . . .452 2). The Coadjutor, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of . . . . . . . . . . . 452. 's Species-Ducats. & 3) A Grand-Commander, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of 4) A Commander, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of . . . . . . . . . . 5) A Knight, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of . • 6) An Expectant, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of . . . . . . . . . . 7) A Lady Grand-Cross, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of e ‘º e º us g 3) A Lady honoured with the small Cross, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of 9) A Lady Fºxpectant, pays as Fees ‘. . of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of . . . . . . . . . . 10) An honorary Member of the Make Sex, pays as Fees of Honour to the Chancery, the Sum of 11) An honorary Member of the Fe- male Sex, pays the same . . 226 164 82 140 80 5O 5 O 50 ! Qºmº 9 Q * , From January the first 1801. no one can be admitted into the Order upon paying the Fees specified in the above Statement; unless he can prove that one of his An- cestors; or at least a Brother, or Sister of his great Grand-Father; has been a Member thereof, before the year 1801. This especial Preference, accorded to such Families, is meant as an eternal Remembrance of their having assisted at the original Foundation: and all others who wish to be admitted, after this Period, must submit to the paying one fourth more than the Sum mentioned in the List of Fees: or, in general, what- soever the Chief-Chapter shall think proper. The Fees of Honour, and Chancery-Fees, being duely acquitted; each Member; ac- cording to his Rank; receives the Diploma; the Ensigns and Statutes of the Order, and, the Act of Matriculation. Upon being raised to a higher Rank, each Member is, as it were, repaid the first Sum which he already paid at the Time of his Reception; as the same is allowed to him in the Account of his Admission Fees; and is deducted from the Fees of Honour: thus a w Knight pays upon Admission 82 Species- Ducats; upon becoming a Commander, he pays only the Difference, or 82 Species- Ducats more; and so on, with Respect to the Dignity of Grand-Commander; in Pro- portion. & SECTION II. N 'OF THE ) PAPALORDER or KNIGHTHOOD. —alºs SSNster- c T. OF THF ORIDEF- OF T H E G O L D E N S P UR. Instituted A. C. 1559. Berowº we enter into an Historical Detail of this Order; it is necessary to observe, that these Knights must be distinguished from those who are created Knights on the Coronation, or Marriage Days of Emperors and Kings; and who likewise at the same Time receive the Spurs of Honour. The latter are alone intitled to the Appellation of EQUITEs AURATI. - Some Historians are inclined to believe that Pope PIUs the IV. instituted this Order at Rome, A. C. 1559. Nevertheless, accord- l — 95 – . ſing to the Opinion of the learned Father HELiot, it does not appear likely that this Pope gave the Title of Golden Spur, to the Order he instituted; but in all Probability, his own Name. S- And in Fact, there exists a Bull of Pope PIUs the Vth bearing date 1569. in which the Knights of this Order are especially de- nominated—CHEvaliens Pres, or ProRUM. Knights of the Creation of PIUs. It is true, however, as it is asserted by PETER de BELLor, in his Treatise on the Origin of Knighthood: that the Knights Piorum or of Pius, have been created just in the same Manner as those of the Golden Spur. FAv1N says: that these Knights have been called of the Golden Spur, on Account of their having the Permission of wearing it; and, that in the Diploma of Reception which is given to them, they are named—SACRI PALATII LATER ANENSEs, Comites, milites, et equites aurati. But the gold Cross formed with eight Points, and enameled with red; from the lower Part of which is suspended a gold Spur; and which is the Badge of that Order: is not the Ensign which Pope PIUs the IVth gave to those Knights of his Creating, ( t The Decoration he gave them, consists of a Gold Medal, on one Side of which is the Image of Saint Ambrose; and on the other, the Arms of the reigning Pontiff. The Account given by the Abbé GIUs- TINIAN1, concerning the Creation of those Knights of the Piorum Order; throws much Light upon that Transaction. He even alledges and quotes a Passage from the Original-Bull, containing the following Expressions. “Insigniaque dictorum militum piorum “esse volumus imaginem B. Ambrosii Ep, “ab una parte alicujus pendentis aurei, et “ab altera parte insignia nostra, vel pro “tempore existentis Pontificis etc.” Consequently it is very likely that Pope PIUS the IVth did not create this Order of the golden Spur: and those Orders to which — 97 — he really give his Name, have met with the same fatality which has befallen those of Saint Peter and Saint Paul; of the holy Virgin of Loretto; and many others of Papal Création. Such Orders are either intirely sup- pressed; or those who are Knights thereof, are Officers in the Chancery of his Holiness. At one Period, there were at least five Hundred of these Knights of the Piorum Order; and each of them received an annual Salary amounting to 200 L. Sterling; or there about. Our Author says, the Pope con- ferred great Privileges upon them. He not only granted them the Title of Comites Sacri Palatii, by Virtue of which they could create Doctors and Notaries, and likewise legitimate natural Children; but they en- joyed many Benefices, even when married. They were exempted from all other Juris- diction; and stood immediately at the Foot of the Papal Throne. All these Privileges may be equally attributed to the Knights of the Piorum Order, and to those of the Golden Spur. The former enjoy nothing more of this Kind, since they are totally G suppressed: and all that the Knights of the Golden Spur retain thereof, consists in the Title of Sacri Palatii comites et equites aurati; which is conferred upon them in the Diploma of their Reception. * * Mr. Clark considers the Pope as Sovereign of no fewer than eleven Orders of Knighthood. He classes them in the following Manner. Saint George in Rome. Saint George at Ravenna.-Saint Peter and Saint Paul.— Jesus and Mary.—Jesus Christ.—Saint Mary the Glo- rious.-The Order of Pius.-Of the holy Ghost at Rome, Of the Golden Spur in Rome.—Of Loretto.— And, of the Virgin Mary. This accurate Writer, will however, we trust, forgive us, when we quote a Pas- sage from Mr. Eichler, our Original, to prove the Dormancy, or non-Existence, of this equestrian Legion. “The Orders—he well observes—which were insti- “tuted by Pope Pius the IVth have met with the same “Fatality, which has befallen those of Saint Peter and “Saint Paul; of the holy Virgin of Loretto; and many “others of Papal Creation. They are either intirely “suppressed; or those who are Finights thereof, are “Officers in the Chancery of His Holiness.” The Papal Orders which are suppressed, never enjoyed a high Reputation; and such as still exist, must be classed with the pious Guilds and Societies of Penitents, which still subsist in most of the Catholic States. Our local Knowledge of Italy, and of the Papal Court, authorises us to maintain : that the Order of – 99 — the Golden Spur, is the only one which enjoys any Consideration as appertaining to the pontifical Domi- nions. So long as the Republic of Venice existed. whenever her Minister, or Ambassador was recalled, on receiving his Audience of Leave, His Holiness con- ferred this Order upon him, with much Solemnity. Artists, and Men of Letters, of real Merit; are fre- quently complimented therewith, by the Sovereign Pontiffs. Crement the XIVth (Ganganelli) especially bestowed it upon Sir John Francis Ravenet; the Son of the celebrated Engraver, whose Works are so well known in-England; to which Country he was invited by the munificent Protection of II. R. H. FREDER1c Prince of Wales, Father to His reigning Majesty. M. Ravenet died in the environs of London. Sir John, his Son, was educated in that Metropolis. When the Royal Academy of Parma was founded by the Infant Don PHILIP, he was especially chosen by the late Comte de Caxius, to be the Professor of engraving, of that noble Institution. This-Gentleman is likewise a Finight of the Order of Merit, and a Captain in the Service of the rcigning Duke of Parma. Having passed the early Part of his Life in the Capital of Great-Britain; he readily acquired the English Language; and progressi- vely became acquainted with the Litterature, the His- tory, and the Laws and Customs of Great-Britain. His grateful remembrance of, and Affection for that Nurse of his youthful Days: his Politeness to every English Traveller, who visits Parma: his hospitable and con- vivial Qualities; and his Worth, as a Husband, a Father, and a Friend; all intitle him to a distinguished - 1 OO t-sº place in this Knightly Phalanx. The Choice of the Comte de Caylus, is alone sufficient to substantiate and stamp his Merits as an Artist.—As these Orders were conferred upon Sir John Ravenet, with the express Permission, and intire Approbation of the Infant Duke, his Sovereign; the Appellation of Sir—incontestably appertains to him. Sir John GALLINI, who married a Sister of the late Earl of ABINonon, is a Knight of this Order. Such an Alliance, gave him a just Claim to this Distinction, * Note of the Editor. j º 1 O1 {-º- ºr * SECTION III. OF SUCH ORDERS or KNIGHTHOOD AS ARE OF IMPERIAL , CPEATION. --> <><-- I. OF 1 THE ORIDER OF SAINT CONSTANT IN E. Instituted A. C. 313. This is at present the second Order of the Kingdom of Naples., 2^NN&\\S-> .* Constantise the great, is by some Histo- rians, considered as the Founder of this Order. The motives which induced the first of the Christian Emperors, to create an Order of Chivalry; are ascribed to the fol- lowing Causes. Constantine was requested by the Senate to assist them against the Tyrant MAXENTIUS ; and he solemnly en- gaged to espouse their Cause. When en- K ! camped in face of the enemy, he was appre- hensive of hasarding a general engagement, as the Forces, which MAXENTIUs had under his Command, were numerous. Nevertheless, a celestial Meteor appear- ing in the Air, in the Form of a luminous Cross; on which were displayed the Words: IN Hoc SIGNo VINCEs! he was thereby cncouraged to attack his enemy; and a Victory equally memorable and glorious, crowned the Efforts of this Heaven inspired, and adventurous Commander. Providence having thus manifestly de- clared itself in Favour of the Emperor; he, after a Success so unhoped for, and so mi- raculous; was pleased to grant to the Chris- tians, the free Exercise of their Religion: and when drawing towards his latter End, he was baptised by EUSEBIUs, in 337. It is asserted by some, that after the above-men- tioned Victory, the Emperor not only had this Cross embroidered in his Standards and Colours; but that he likewise created a Military Order in Honour thereof, A. C. 313. But as vain and credulous Men imagine, when advanced in years, that they will be the more honoured if they can induce others to believe they are older than they really are; so likewise do we find the same Principle exist with Respect to ORDERs of KNIGHT- HooD: each endeavouring to make its Origin remount as high as possible; and thinking to acquire Precedency by such imaginary Antiquity. *. Such, in fact, is the true State of the Case with Respect to the equestrian Order of Constantine; which has at certain Periods been denominated the Illustrious Order, of the Golden Angel; and at others, that of Saint George. The Abbé GIUSTINIANI, who intitled himself a Knight and Grand-Cross of this Order, asserted at Venice in 1692, that it is the most ancient of all others. It is however a vain attempt to endeavour to discover any traces of modern Knight- hood, previous to the twelfth Century; and the learned Father Papebrock, says of the Order of which we are speaking; and the Origin of which is ascribed to the Emperor CoNSTANTINE the great: that “those who wish to impose upon “themselves; or those who study to “impose on others, by the Means of “Flattery and superficial Knowledge; “will alone endeavour to discover, and “ascertain the Existence of this Order “previous to the 12th Century.” ,- To prove the Antiquity of this Order, they produce Letters from Pope LEO, in date 456. which were addressed (it is said) to the Emperor MARCIAN; whereby that Pontiff confirmed the Order under the Rule of Saint Basil: and likewise other Letters from the Emperor LEo the first, of the year 489. are quoted to the same Purpose. It is true such Letters exist in the Archives of the Court of Rome; but on that Account they are not less spurious and supposititious; having been first depositcd in the Archives in 1533. together with other Documents and Charters, of a nature equally suspi- cious. The Truth is, that these are Copies of the identical Pieces—they were made out by Order of the Emperor Is AAc-ANGE- LUS COMNENUs, in 1190. and, were after- wards renewed at Rome. * 105 ** This Emperor, whom GIUSTINIANI calls the reformer of the Order ; might on the contrary, have very probably been the Foun- der of it; and have intitled it the Order of CoNSTANTINE, on account of the Emperor of that Name, from whom the Comnenian family considered themselves, as lineally descended.— It is not less probable that he might name it after himself, ANGELUs, or the Angelic ; and finally, the Order of Saint George, since it was created under the im- mediate Protection of that Saint and Martyr. Indeed, according to the best Authorities this appears to us to be the most reasonable and just antiquity which can be granted to this Order.—So much of its Origin.—It is our prescrit intention to give an exact Description of the Ensigns and Robes which are worn by the Knights thereof. * The Sign of the Order, which the Knights wearlikewise on the left side of their Mantle, is a red Cross somewhat in the form of four Fleurs de Lis, joined at the extremities, it is surrounded with a border of Gold; and thereupon are embroidered the four Letters J. H. S. V. the meaning of which is, IN Hoc — loé — SIGNo VINCES! — The name of Jesus Christ, which is expressed by these two Letters X. and P. is in the middle; and these two Let- ters A. and O. are placed, one on each side of the Monogram of our Saviour. - “. The great Collar of the Order which is * worn over the mantle, around the Neck; consists of fifteen enamelled Shields of Gold, of an Oval form; on each of which the Let- ters X, and P. appear in the form of a Cypher, or Monogram. The middle Shield is somewhat larger than the others.--It is surrounded with Oak- and Laurel Leaves inter-twined; and from the lower part of it is suspended the Effigy, or Image of Saint George in compleat armour; on Horseback; and in the act of striking the Dragon. The Council of the Order is composed of fiſty Senators, who are Grand-Crosses; and when the Grand-Master assists in State therein; his apparel and Robes are as follow. —The West and small-Cloaths are of Im- perial Scarlet; the Stockings and Shoes, are the same.—Above this West is worn a West or Cassock of Silver richly embroidered; N wº 1 o'7 * which has wide Sleeves, and descends as low as the Knees.—This West is made fast round the Body with a Girdle lined with Scarlet Velvet, richly studed with Silver; and about the Neck, with two rich Cords of Gold and Scarlet Silk; having large tassels at each end, hanging down, quite to the ground.—On the left side of the Mantle, the Cross of the Order is richly embroidered in Gold. The Cap worn by the Grand-Master, is after the Macedonian fashion. It is one Span high; and is made of Crimson Velvet Tined with white Satin.—The four sides are turned up; and on each appears the Mono- gram X. P. embroidered in Gold.—It is like- wise adorned with a black ostrich feather.— The Grand-Crosses; the Number of whom amounts to fifty Persons, wear a blue West and small Cloaths; and over the same a white West which descends as low as the Knees,—Their Stockings and Shoes are also white; the Girdle they wear, is of red Velvet; and their Mantle, which is of blue Damask lined with white, is not so long as that of the Grend-Master.—They are likewise in- *** Y titled to wear the great Collar of the Order; and their Cap, which is of blue Satin, is turned up on the four sides; and on each appears the Monogram above mentioned.— This Cap is adorned with a white Ostrich Feather. In times of war; or when they fight for the faith; the Knights must wear a Surcoat over their usual apparel. It is of white stuff, in the form of a Scapulary; and in the centre, the Cross of the Order is embroidered in red. The Popes had conferred the Grand- Mastership of this Order on the House of CoMNENUs, for ever; but in 1699. ANDREw- ANGELUS-FLAVIUS CoMNENUs, Titular Prince of Macedonia and Duke of DRIVASTo; the last of this House; who had enjoyed that Dignity for many years; resigned the Grand- Mastership to FRANCIS FABNESE, the then reigning Duke of PARMA; to him and his Heirs for ever.—This Resignation and Do- nation were solemnly approved of by Pop E INNocFNT the XII. and confirmed by a Brief bearing date October the 29th of the same years. | — 109 - In 1735 the Ducal House of FARNESE became extinctin the male Line; by the death of ANTHoNY the last Duke. Don CARLos the eldest Son of PHILIP the W. King of Spain, and of ELISABETH FARNESE, the sole Heiress of that Family; then succeeded to the Dutchies of PARMA and PLACENTIA ; and to the Grand- Mastership of this Order.—This Prince was afterwards successively Grand-Duke of Tus- cANY, and King of Naples. Upon his quitting Parma, he commanded that the Archives of this Order should be safely transported to Flor:ENCE; and upon his Accession to the Throne of Naples (the same precautions having been taken) he then declared the Order of SAINT ConstANTINE to be a Royal Order; and annexed it to the Crown of Naples, for ever.—Until the Creation of the Order of SAINT JANUARIUS in 1733. it was the first, or SouvBREIGN ORDER of that Kingdom. Since that Period it has been considered as the Second.—At present it is equally numerous and well composed. Sir William D’Arley, Captain of Mari- nes in the Service of His Britannic Majesty, is a Knight of this Order. We are informed i, | .* * 1 1 O - he commanded a Company of that praise- worthy Corps, on board the Ship, which conducted Their Sicilian Majesties from Naples to Palermo; and received this, as a token of their princely Gratitude. In truth, these Sovereigns have never suffered any occasion to escape, of bestowing suitable recompences upon all those who have ren- dered them any Service. On the 6th October 1759. Ferdinand the fourth Commenced his Reign; and it has been one continued suite of Clemency and goodness: nor can we forget, that during the Revolutionary War, he was the only crowned Head, or Sovereign Prince, who twice commanded his Armies, against those of his enemies. His Majesty, though only fifty years of Age, is the oldest Crowned Head in Europe. Since this Order has been united to the Crown of Naples, it is divided into four Classes: those of Grand-Crosses, Grand- Commanders, Commanders and Knights: and these again, into Cavalieri di Justizia, ard Cavalieri di Grazia : or Knights re- ceived in Virtue of their being Persons of ancient Nobility; or in Consequence of the &sº 11.1 * * Favour of his Majesty. The Grand-Crosses wear the Cross of the Order round the Neck, pendant from a plain broad Sky blue Rib- bon. The Grand-Commanders, and Com- manders, wear a similar Cross; that worn by the latter is something smaller than the one worn by the former; and so is that of a Grand-Commander still less than that of a Grand-Cross. Their Ribbons are of a pro- portionate Breadth likewise. The Knights wear the small Cross from the button hole of their Coat: it is attached to a narrow plain Sky blue Ribbon. Father Hypot. ITUs HELIOT, in his His- tory of all the ecclesiastical and secular Orders; be they conventual or equestrian; and Father Honor. IUs de St. MARIE, of the Order of Bare-footed Carmelites, in his his- torical and critical Dissertations upon an- cient and modern Chivalry: have given a most ample and learned Account of this Order: but as to say more thereupon, would infinitely surpass the Bounds of this Com- pendium; the curious Reader is referred to the Works in Question. - I L Q - The Knights of the four different Classes, wear the Cross embroidered upon their Coats; but of different Dimensions. As well as the Order of Malta, this Order has its great Officers, under various Deno- minations; and they are always chosen from amongst the Chief Nobility of the Kingdom. The Dignity of Grand-Prior is especially attached to the archiepiscopal See of Nola: a City celebrated in History; since it was there that AUGUSTU's CAESAR breathed his last. * == eºs Williº, e.See º ºes&inº &= * “The Time of the Institution of this Order is un- “certain ; some placing it under Constantine the Great, “ and others, with more appearance of reason, under the “Princes of the Imperial House of Commenes, of whom “it is said that four and thirty have been successively “Grand-Masters of it. Howerver this may be, it is certain “the Order fell into disuse, and was not thought of “until CHARLEs V. revived it; declared himself the ‘ Grand-Master of it; and appointed his natural Son “Don JoH N of Aºstria, his Deputy. The Order was “divided into three Classes. 1. The Grand-Collars, who “were fifty in Number, and who regulated all the “others 2 The profest Finights and Barristers. 3. The “Finights in waiting.”, Such is Mr. Clark’ Account of this Order; which he intitles—“Saint George in Italy.”—See Vol. i. p. 1 og. ... We do not agree with him, as to most of the above Points. His Description of the Collar and Badge, is more exact and faithful. Note of the Editor. II. • OF THE IMPERIAL AND ROYAL ORDER. OF SAINT STEPHEN OF H UN GARY dº O.P. OIF SAINT STEPHEN THE KING. Instituted A. C. 1764. Although the Institution of the Order of Saint Stephen was subsequent to that of the military Order of Maria Theresa; never- theless, the junior precedes the elder. This Imperial and Royal Order was instituted by the Empress-Queen MARIA THERESA in 1764; in Commemoration of Saint Stephen, the first Christian King of Hungary; and in the Hereditary States it ranks imme- diately after that of the golden Fleece. The Emperor Jose PH the second, when King of the Romans, was the first Knight who was invested with the Insignia. This Ceremony was performed with much Solemnity by } II ... •- 1 14. — the august Foundress, in the Chapel of the Imperial Palace, at Vienna. In the Castle at Inspruck, in titled the Residence, is a fine historical Picture representing that event. This, is considered as a civil, or diplomatic Order, and is divided into three Classes; and although the Dignity of Grand-Cross is reserved solely for the Arch-Dukes; Princes of Sovereign Houses; and Noble- men of old and distinguished Families; yet are the Honours of the second and third Classes; of Commanders and junior Knights; frequently conferred upon Persons, * who are indebted to their Merits alone, for having recommended them to the favour of His Imperial Majesty, According to the Tenor of the Statutes, it is composed of one hundred Knights; in which Number, the Sovereign, the Princes of the Blood, and Cardinals, are not in- § * According to the Statutes of the Orders of St. Stephen and Maria Theresa the Rank of Lord, mamely of Baron, shall be granted, upon their Demanding the same, to all snch Grand-Crosses, Commanders, and Knights, as do not possess that Dignity; and the usual Diploma shall be expedited gratuitously, cluded. These Knights are divided into the three usual Classes. The Grand-Crosses, are limited to twenty: the Commanders, to thirty: and the junior Knights, to fifty. Thie first, are addressed by the Title of Ex- cellency. The Badge, is a Cross-pattée of Gold. It is enamelled green, and is surmounted with the 'antique Regal Crown,' which is peculiar to the Kingdom of Hungary. On one Side, is the Effigy of the Patron, enamelled, sproper, and on the Reverse, on a field gules, appears argent, a Patriarchal Cross (the Arms of Hungary) between the Letters— M.T. F.” (Maria Theresia Fundator) Argent. The Crosses and Ribbons, vary only as to y k “Maria Theresia Fundator”—as being considered King of Hungary : the Hungarians acknowledging Il O Queen. When the Empress MARIA THEResA visited them, in the Midst of her Troubles (with which she was overwhelmed, soon after her Accession to the He- reditary States) and painted her distressed Situation to the general Diet, extraordinarily assembled; the Magmats all drew their Swords, and unanimously exclaimed: Moriamur pro rege mostro Maria Theresta t * Note of the Editor. — 1 16 — Size and Dimensions; and with those only Differences, the same are worn by the three respective Classes. The Mode of wearing the Badge, varies likewise according to the different gradations; it is regulated, con- formably to the usual Ordonances touching those Matters; and as they are clearly announced, in the Statutes of the Order of Maria Theresa. The Ribbon assigned to this Order, is composed of three equal Stripes. The one in the Middle, is Crimson, and the two lateral, are dark green. It is richly watered. The Grand-Crosses, wear a Star of Silver, on the left Side of their upper Apparel. It is in the Form of a radiated Sun: the rays being numerous, and alter- nately of a pyramidical, and an undulated Form. The Center, is of crimson Velvet; and thereupon, a patriarchal Cross, and the Letters M. T. F. (Maria Theresia Fundator) are embroidered in Silver. In Allusion to the Name and sacred Character of the Pa- tron Saint Stephen; and to that of Her Majesty the Empress-Queen; the Collar is composed of double S. S. surmounted with Hungarian Crowns; and of the Cypher #. ) } t º 1 17 *ºmº \ surmounted with the Imperial Diadom. These Monograms are so disposed and con- nected together, as to form the Collar; and from a rose placed in the Middle, is sus- pended the grand-Cross of the Order. f O —eeeeºlºtlººses— III. OF THE I MPERIA L MILITARY ORD E Fl Wr MARIA THERESA; Instituted June the 18th A. C. 1757. me…) º A\\\\\lline.co 6.W.º.º.e- His Imperial Majesty, FRANCIS the first, and Her Apostolic Majesty, the Empress- Queen, from a particular Affection towards the Army; and in Order eminently to reward the manifold Proofs which it had given, of Loyalty, Prudence, and Valour; thought fit to add Lustre to the military Character, by establishing a new Order of Knight- hood; and endowed the same with all such pre-eminences, as might, in any respect, contribute to the accomplishment of a Design so laudable. With a View to so important an Object, His Imperial Majesty was pleased to assume the Dignity of Grand-Master of this military Order of Maria Theresa; and did publicly declare himself to be the CHIEF, Sovrn EIGN, and GRAND-MASTER thereof. In this Quality, it was the principal Object of his care, not only to render the commencement of this f Order auspicious, by the solemn Reception of his illustrious Brother, Prince CHARLEs of LoRRAINE ; and of Field-Marshal Comte de DAUN; in their Nomination to the first and second Grand-Crosses; but also to promote- its further Increase, by subsequent Pro- motions. - His Imperial Majesty, in the next Place, considered it to be his especial Duty to establish the internal, and external Consti- tution of this military Order, upon a firm Basis; to determine thereby its essential Propérties, and its Difference from all other Orders of Knighthood; and by provident r care, to ascertain every possible Means of * contributing to its Reception, Advancement, and Continuance; as well as to its Consi- deration and Splendour. Consistently with these Maxims, this Order is to be considered as having been founded and instituted from the 18the of June 1757; and is to be nomi- nated— “THE MILITARY ORDER of MAP:IA ...” -- 1 C O - THERESA ;” with a View of thereby mani- festing the most perfect Approbation of the manifold Merits of the Imperial Army; and of consigning to latest Posterity arenowned Memorial of its unexceptionable Conduct. The Office of Grand-Master is inalienably annexed to the Person of the reigning Prince, or Head, of the Archducal House of Austria; who is, or shall be the Sovereign of all its Hereditary Kingdoms and Terri- tories; and the Possession thereof shall not, for any cause whatsoever, be separated from such Sovereign. Moreover, the fol- lowing Principle is inviolably established, that no Person whatsoever ... shall, on Account of his high Birth, long Services, Wounds received from the Enemy, or for- mer Merits; much less from mere favour, or the Recommendation of others; be re- ceived into the Order; but that those only, who shall have fully and honourably dis- charged their Duty, and have signalised themselves by a particular Act of Valour; aided the military Service, by able and be- neſicial Councils, and contributed to their Execution by distinguished Bravery, shall wº Ö be admitted. To prevent all Deviations, or Exceptions from this Rule; the Sovereign Grand-Master is himself bound to maintain the strictest Observance thereof. . This Order is to be conferred upon all Officers who serve in the Imperial Armies. Those who are attached to the Infantry, or Cavalry; to the Hussars, Artillery, Miners, or Engineers, from the highest to the lowest Rank; including therefore Ensigns and Cornets; may all aspire to this Dignity, without any the least Reference being had to their Religion, Rank, or other Circum- Stan CéS. * This military Order of Knigthood is not limited to any Number; but always con- sists of so many Grand-Crosses and Knights, as may render themselves worthy thereof; for, the greater its increase and number, the better will the beneficial Design of its institution be accomplished. The Members of this Order, consist of two Classes, * namely Grand-Crosses and * In 1765. the late Emperor, Joser H the second, added an intermediate Class; and those Officers who compose the same, are denominated Finights-Com- * -* I-22 ---- Knights; and all those are received as Knights, who may distinguish themselves by some singularly brave Action; but the Grand-Crosses are designed only for those, who may have united valour with such prudence of conduct, as may have had a beneficial influence on the fortunate issue of any particular military enterprize. The Grand-Crosses wear pendant from a Scarlet hand breadth Ribbon, richly wa- tered (having in the middle a white stripe, and worn scarf-wise over the right shoulder) a golden white enamelled octangular Cross; on one side of the escutcheon in the center, is represented the name of his Imperial Majesty, FRANCIs the first, and that of his beloved and august Consort, Her Apostolic Majesty the Empress Queen, in cypher, manders. These Knights wear the Cross round the Neck, saltier-wise, It is somewhat smaller than the one which characterises the Knights-Grand-Crosses; and something larger than the one which is worn by the junior Finights; to distinguish it more particularly, it is surmounted with an Arch-Ducal Crown of massy Gold, and is worn from a Ribbon of the Breadth of three Fingers. Note of the Editor, \ within a wreath of laurel, and, on the other side, the Arms of the Arch-Duchy of Austria, with the Motto—For TITUDIN1; the Knights wear, on the Breast, through a button hole of the coat, 3r waistcoat, a similar, though smaller cross, pendant from a Ribbon of two fingers breadth, and of the same colours. Upon the left sides, of their upper apparel, or Mantles, the Grand-Crosses wear a Star of Silver. It is in the same form as the cross; and the points thereof are connected together with a chain-work of gold em- broidery. In the center, appear the Arms of. Austria: gules, a Bar, argent: which are the colours of the Ribbon. To be received into the Order, three essential points are requisite; viz. 1. the brave action which intitles the Candidate thereto, must be properly described. 2. The Description must be confirmed by com- petent proofs. 3. The Chapter must con- stitute an impartial enquiry, whether the proof be, in any wise defective; and whether the action described be of a nature to merit the grand, or Small Cross, Guided by the foregoing principles; the chapter is enabled to pronounce a solid jugdment upon all and every military fact which may be submitted to them; and con- sequently to discover whether the Order is justly demanded, upon the Merits alledged, whether the Grand-Master, may be advised to receive the Candidate, and then, whether the grand or smaller cross be the object; or whether the achievement be unworthy of any regard. The following is the Form of Election and Investiture, as ordained by His Impe- rial Majesty. 1) “Every one of the Grand-Crosses and Knights present; beginning with the junior and advancing to the senior; shall deliver his opinion respecting the merits alledged in the Memorials; as well as on the validity of the certificates to be entered on the minutes.” 2) “The President of the chapter shall then collect the suffrages; decree according to the opinion of the majority; and transmit to us the sentiments of the Chapter, together with the original memorials, certificates, and minutes, in which the vote of each shall be particularized; in order that we, as Grand-Master, may found our resolution thereupon; and either confirm or reject the proposition of the chapter: or issue further orders in respect thereof; we reserving to Ourselves, as Grand-Master, the ultimate decision, to which the decree in Chapter is only preparatory and by no means con- clusive.” 3) “But as we shall always entrust the Commission of presiding at the Chapter to one of the Grand-crosses, present with the Army, according to our pleasure; we deem it at the same time necessary, in order that the said Chapter of the Order may never be rendered inactive, to provide such Grand- Crosses with a power of substitution; in case of indisposition; which substitution, however, must always be granted in writ- ing; and to none other than to a Grand- Cross; preferring the senior, if he be not absent or prevented from attendance.” 4) “When the confirmation of the decree in chapter shall have been issued by us, a S Grand-Master; and the Advancement of the — 126 — Candidates for the Order signified upon a list under our signature ; it is our gracious will, that our favour, as Grand-Master, be assured to such candidates in the most so- lemn manner. In pursuance whereof, he who may have received from us the autho- rity to preside at the Chapter; or whosoever he may substitute and empower for that purpose; shall notify in a particular missive to the Candidates their approaching pro- motion to Knighthood; observing, at the same time, the day and hour when this solemn transaction is to take place.” 5) “On the day preceeding the ceremony, notice shall be publicly given upon guard, that we have deemed the Generals and Offi- cers whose names will be then mentioned, on account of their prudent and gallant conduct, worthy of being received into the Order, either as Grand-Crosses or as Knights; and that, in pursuance of our gracious com- mand, the promotion is to take place at the appointed time, ’on the following day, at head-quarters; for which purpose the other Generals, and the Staff, and other Officers are to attend there, in order to assist at the z solemn reception of the Candidates into the Order.” ~! Y - 6) “On the following day, the Grand- Cross, duly authorized, shall make known to the assembly, in a short speech, our decree, as Grand-Master, in respect to the particular merits of the Candidates; and, at the conclusion, he shall decorate the Grand Crosses with the Ensign of the Order, scarf-wise, and the other Knights by appending the same to a button hole of the coat or waits coat, amidst the sound of Trumpets and Keltie-drums; and read the following admonition: “Receive by the most high Command “of the Emperor, Grand-Master, from “my hands the Ensign of the military “Order of MARIA-THERESA. This shall “serve as an evidence of your Achieve- “ments, and your Reception into this “Order, dedicated solely to prudence “and valour. Avail yourself of it to the “honour of God; to the Service of the “most illustrious Arch-House, and the “defence of our Country !” } 2. Whereupon the Candidates shall con- gratulate and embrace each other; and the same ceremony will then also be observed among themselves by the Grand-Crosses and Knights. THE CEREMONIAL Observed at the solemn Installation of His Royal Highness the most Serene CHARLEs Duke of Lor- RAINE, Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, and of the commanding Field-Marshal LEO- Pold Comte de DAUN, into the military Order of MARIA-THERESA, in the Imperial and Royal Pa- lace at Vienna, on the 7th March, 1758. His Majesty the Emperor, as Grand- Master of the newly founded military Or- der of MARIA-THE RESA, having graciously resolved to confer, in Person, this Order upon the two first Grand-Crosses, viz. His Royal Highness the most Serene CHARLEs Duke of LORRAINE, and His Excellency Field-Marshal Comte Leopold de DAUN; the Chancellor of the Order, 1st, “notified in a separate letter to each of the Candidates his nomination, by com- mand of his Majesty; appointing at the same time the day and hour their solemn installation should take place.” 2dly, “due notice was thereupon given to all the Generals and Staff-officers present, to appear on the appointed day and hour, at court, in the respective uniforms of their rank, in order to assist at the said solemn ceremony of knighthood. The door keepers of the chamber were commanded to admit all superior military Officers, and all those persons who have entrance into the drawing- room, into the second Anti-chamber, where the solemnity was to take place.” 3aly. “At the time appointed His Majesty the Emperor, as Grand-Master, habited in uniform, and preceded by the Officers of the Order, chamberlains, privy counsellors, and high officers of the court (to whom the proper notification had been made for their appearance, at the appointed hour, in their military dress); and more immediately I by the Great Marshal of the Court, bearing the Sword of state erect and unsheathed, and attended as usual by the Captains of the Guards and the great Chamberlain, re- paired to the second Anti-Chamber, where the Generals, Staff, and other military Of- ficers, were assembled; and where this solemn Act was to be performed, and his head being covered, ascended the Throne, which had been erected upon a haut-pas, or broad step, under a canopy, and was of three degrees in the same form as at investi- tures of Fiefs of the Empire; the officers of State, the Chancellor of the Order, the Generals and Staff Officers, as also the fficers of the Order, retiring to their respective place.” * The Imperial Great Chamberlain was then sent to bring in the Candidates, who had till then remained in the Archducal Josephine Anti-chamber, and having con- ducted them to the haut-pas, or broad step of the Throne, in the second Anti-Chamber, (which haut-pas was then ascended by His Royal Highness the most illustrious Duke Charles of Lorraine) they took their station; and standing there, they attended to the speech of the Chancellor of the Order, and remained so during the ceremony of receiv- ing Field Marshal Comte Leopold de Daun into the Order; the said Field Marshal Comte de Daun continuing to stand in his place below the haut-pas, and opposite to His Imperial Majesty until the Chancellor called him to be invested with the Ensign of the Order.” 4thly. “On the right side of the Imperial Throne, and below the haut-pas, there was placed against the wall, a table, covered with red velvet, on which were four cushions of red velvet embroidered with Gold, and thereon the two Patents and Ensigns of the Order; near the said table stood the Treasurer and Registrar of the Order.” 5thly. “As soon as the Candidates were arrived at their above mentioned stations, and the great Chamberlain had retired to his place, the Chancellor of the Order ap- proached the Imperial Throne and having Knelt on the highest step to receive the imperial Commands, he thereupon retired and remained at his place on the haut-pas. He then addressed a short speech to the assembly, and particularly to the two Can- didates for the Order; in which he briefly dwelt upon thein stitution and general object of the Order, as well as upon the merits of the candidates who had been nominated thereto.” 6thly. “Whereupon the first candidate for the Order, namely His Royal Highness the most illustrious Duke Charles of Lorraine, being, by a given sign of the Chancellor, called to the Throne, knelt, with both knees, upon a cushion of red velvet embroidered with gold, which had been previously placed, by the great Usher of the Chamber, on the highest step of the Throne, at the feet of his Imperial Majesty." 7thly. “The Charicellor then received the Ensigns of the Order from the hands of the Treasurer, and delivered the same to His Majesty, the Grand-Master, who invested the above mentioned most illustrious Can- didate therewith, pronouncing the fol- lowing words: ,, “Receive from Our hands the Ensign of “the Military Order of Maria Theresa. \ — 153 - “This shall bear witness of your achieve- “ments, and constitute you a Member of “this Order, dedicated solely to prudence “and valour. Avail yourself of it to the “honour of God, the service of Our house, “and the defence of the country.” 3thly. “His Majesty thereupon embraced the most illustrious Duke, he still kneeling; and the latter retiring to his former station upon the haut-pas, the cushion, upon which His Royal Highness had knelt, was removed by the Great Usher of the Chamber.” 9thly. “The Installation of the second Grand-Cross having been performed in the like manner, and the solemnity ended, His Imperial Majesty descended from the Thro- ne, and retired to the closet in the Order as before.” D I R F C T I O N S Relative to the solemn observance of the annual Feast of the Military Order of Maria Theresa at Vienna. t I. The Grand-Crosses and Knights, re- siding there, are to be formally invited by the proper persons to the Feast of this Order. II. On the day of the Feast, all the Knights of the Order of Maria Theresa, as well as the Grand-Crosses of the Order, shall, have ad- mittance into the Council Chamber, whence they will have the honour of accompanying His Imperial Majesty, the most illustrious Grand-Master, to the Chapel or Church of the Court. * III. The procession to the chapel of the Court shall be in the following order: 1st Pages of Honour. 2d. The Chamberlains and privy Coun- sellors in their regimentals. 34. The Knights and Grand-Crosses, ac- cording to seniority, wearing the Ensign of the Order attached to their respective ribbons, habited also in the General’s uniform, or their regi- mentals. 4th. The mostillustrious Grand-Master of this Order likewise in rich uniform, wearing besides the golden fleece pendant from a red ribbon, the great ribbon of this Order; the two senior Grand-Crosses present will accompany His Imperial Majesty, their most Gracious Grand-Master; and then follow the Great Chamber- lain and the Captains of the Guard of Halberdiers and Life Guard, in the same manner as they usually at- tend His Imperial Majesty to chapel. 5th. The Ambassadors follow immedia- tely the person of His Imperial Ma- jesty, who thus proceeds to the cha- pel or church of the Court. IV. The choir of the chapel or church of the court shall be hung with red damask, as on Christmas and Twelfth Days 5 and the Anthem shall be prepared for His Ma- jesty the Emperor. V. The rest of the preparation in the chapel or church of the Court shall be made as usual, with this difference only, that a long bench shall be placed for the Grand- Crosses, and several benches cross-wise for the Knights, as is usually done in the church of St. Stephen, when the Military attend at the Feast of thanksgiving, and Te Deum Laudamus. A VI. After the sermon and high-mass, the procession will return in the order above described. * . * The Orders of Maria Theresa, and Saint Stephen, being of Imperial creation; we have classed them as such. But in case (which heaven avert!) a Prince of another family, was elected Emperor and King of the Romans; then, according to the letter of the Statutes; the Order of Maria Theresa, would become royal; and be attached to the Person of the Prince, who should be the head of the House of Austria; and so likewise would that of Saint Stephen; which is, and ever has been, constantly denominated—“of Hungary.”—Mr. Clark, when treating of Maria-Theresa, assigns thereto the Ribbon which distinguishes that of Saint George of Russia: as to that point, he seems not to have been well informed. In his, whole account of the Ordcr of Saint Stephen of Hungary; or Saint Stephen the King; he in like manner, has committed three mistakes; not less palpable than evident: 1st. By uniting an Italian with an Hungarian Order; 2dly. By giving to the former, a constitutional organisation, which appertains to the latter; And 3dly. by attributing to the Hun- garian Order, the Ensign of that of Saint Stephen. Pope and Martyr; or, Saint Stephen of Tuscany; which was founded by the Grand-Duke Cosmo de MED1 cIs, in 1561, and which, since the day of its institution, has uninterruptedly flourished. The simple fact is, that the two Orders never had the smallest connection with each other; save during the short period, which elapsed * As © f Eight British officiers having received the Cross, as junior Knights of this Order, we shall give a particular and authentic narrative of the Circumstance which occa- sioned their being honoured with this mark of Imperial Favour. Such Matters are worthy the page of History. They reflect the highest lustre upon the nation—individually, upon the brave men, whose glorious Actions deserved so rare and so signal a recom" pense—and collectively, upon the Regi- ments in which they served. - An Historical Pelation of the Action fought on the 24th. of April, 1794. at Villers en Couché, by the I5th light Dragoons, His Imperial Majesty, in recompense of the gallantry displayed by the 15th. light Dragoons, on the above occasion, granted to each Officer the Medal and between the Emperor Leopold's succeeding to the here. ditary States in Germany; and his resigning the Grand- Dutchy, to the Arch-Duke FERDINAND, his second Son. They, then, for a moment, acknowledged the same Sovereign. Note of the Editor. Ary tºº 158 - Ribbon of Maria Theresa, accom- panied with a gold chain, in allusion ‘to the reign of Edward III. (the first founder of a Military Order in England) it being then the grand Symbol of Military Merit and Knighthood. “Between four and five o'clock in the { morning of the 24th of April, 1794, the Im- perial Corps Leopold Toscano, since called that of the Archduke Joseph, consisting of eighty-six men, in conjunction with the - 15th regiment of British lighthorse, amount- ing to one hundred and eighty-six, received orders to march, under the command of Lieutenant-General Otto; the Hussards were commanded by Major General Lenkeresky, formerly colonel of that regiment; Major, now Lieutenant-Colonel Aylett, comman- ded the 15th light Dragoons; Major Pock- lington had the left Squadron; Major, then Captain Ryan, was entrusted with the right, to which were attached the following Of- ficers; Major, then Captain Calcraft; Cap- tains Blount, and Wilson; Majors, then Lieutenants, Keir and Butler.” “They commenced their march against } • - 139 * the collected force of the French, from a place called Fontaine au Targue, in the Cambresis; the enemy stood in order of battle about three miles distant, their right wing being there supported by Villers en Couché. The whole strength amounted to about ten thou- sand men, horse and foot; the allied troops received orders, as they advanced, to trot, gallop, and then to charge; within twenty yards of the French, the officers exclaimed Pive L'Empereur ! or long live the Empe- ror! and instantly plunged upon the enemy; the French cavalry was drawn up in front of their infantry, and on the first shock precipitately wheeled off towards the two flanks, of the infantry; so that our flank squadrons reached the French cavalry before it had got clear off its own infantry; a ter- rible discharge of musquetry was, however, poured into our center by the enemy’s battalions that stood disengaged; Major Aylett, in charging the enemy's line, at the head of the 15th regiment, was pierced through the body with a bayonet, and his horse was wounded in two places; Captain Ryan's horse was severely wounded; Cap- — 14 o – tain Calcraft’s horse was likewise, shot in two places; the horses belonging to Cap- tains Blount, Wilson, and Major Butler, were also wounded under them. Having broken through the enemy's line of infantry, they lost no time in endeavouring to reach their cavalry, which it was naturally pre- sumed would rally behind the foot, so that they attacked it before it could form; the allies charged sword in hand, and continued to make dreadful havoc amongst them till they got under the cannon that was planted at Bouchain, and kept playing upon them; reinforcements of cavalry and infantry were sent against them; yet if their numbers had been greater, our Troops would have entered the town with the flying enemy; being, however, extremely fatigued, they thought expedient to retreat, which they effected with regularity and order; Captain Ryan had charge of the rear guard; Major, then Lieutenant, Butler, was under his com- mand; every inch of ground was disputed, and the retreat was conducted without hurry, in order to give sufficient time for their camp, that lay at Landrecies, to be pre- pared for the enemy. When they approa- ched Villers en Couché they found the enemy's infantry, (which they had broken, but could not entirely destroy through the want of men,) drawn up in order of battle and presenting a menacing front; nothing remained for them to do but to endeavour to extricate themselves by a coup de main; Major Pocklington and Captain Ryan de- termined, in concert, to make a feint, affecting to advance against the Troops that were assembled, and had already marched from Bouchain, and then suddenly changed front, charging the enemy's in- fantry with so much fire and rapidity, that they lost few men, considering the multi- tude they had to oppose; even the reporter, Barrere, in one of his elaborate speeches to the National Assembly, has the candour to acknowledge, that the 24th of April, was a day of slaughter to the French; by the best accounts the Allies could collect, and from the most accurate observation that could be made, it appeared, that the loss of the enemy's infantry amounted to near six hundred men, and that of the cavalry was gº 142 sº at least equally great. The loth regiment of French hussars was almost annihilated. The Allies could only carry off three pieces of artillery, which were presented to His Imperial Majesty; they might have taken sixty had they been sufficiently numerous, and had their reserve, consisting of heavy horse, advanced at a seasonable moment, and not have lost time by missing the direct road to the scene of action. The column which the english attacked was advancing to relieve Landrecies. On the 23d his Im- perial Majesty was at Valenciennes, and on that day the French had pushed their ad- vanced posts as far as Bermerain St. Marie, between Valenciennes and Catillon, to which place the Emperor was going on the 24th of April; it was, therefore, of the last importance to check the intermediate progress of the enemy; by instantly attack- ing and defeating him; for had the French succeeded, his Imperial Majesty must have been surrounded and cut off from the allied army. It may be asked, how so Small a body of men could be ordered to attack in the face of so formidable a force? This is answered by observing, that the French did not, at first, appear in such numbers, and the advanced allied troops were to have been reinforced by some British heavy cavalry, and that part of the army which lay encamped in the neighbourhood. The troops that behaved so gallantly were apprised of the Emperor's danger (in con- sequence of General Otto's instructions) and acted upon that impulse. To their valour his safety was most unquestionably owing.” “As so signal an exploit was performed in the presence of His Imperial Majesty; and the same having been most explicitly ascertained by the Generals in Chief, and superior Officers; the Emperor was most graciously pleased to command His Excel- lency the Baron de THUGUT, to commu- nicate to Lieutenant-Colonel Ayrett and the other Officers concerned therein, His Princely resolutions thereupon: this was done in the following manner:” &ºmº 144 sº Copy of a letter from His Excellency, the Baron de THUGUT, to Lieu- tenant Colonel AYLETT. SIR, The Emperor remembers with satis- faction the distinguished proofs of valour that you, and the other Officers of the 15th light Dragoons, manifested, on 24th April 1794, near Cambray. His Majesty regrets, that the Statutes of the Order of MARIA- THERESA, confirmed by a constant custom, forbids the Cross of this Order, strictly na- tional, being conferred on Officers so worthy of being decorated with it; but wishing to give you, as also your honourable com- panions, a public mark of his particular esteem, his Majesty has commanded a medal to be struck, to perpetuate the re- membrance of this brilliant Action, and has ordered me to offer to them the only impressions which have been struck, except one, which is placed in the Imperial Cabinet of Vienna. In fulfilling the intentions of His Imperial Majesty, I beg you, conse- quently, to receive for yourself, Sir, and to – 146 – distribute to the other Officers who, on the memorable 24th of April, 1794, fought under your Orders, the medals which I have delivered to Captain RYAN. I have the honour to join the assurances of the highest consideration; and likewise of being, SIR, Your most obedient humble Servant Vienna, March 5th 1798. Le Baron THUGUT. To Lieut. Col. AYLETT. ! On the 19th of June 1798. this mark of Emperial grace and favour; as conferred by His Majesty FRANCIS the II. was notified officially in the London Gazette. We shall insert the subjoined extract therefrom, which was communicated to us, together with all the justificative pieces and memo- rials; relative to this transaction. From the London Gazette of June 9, 1798. “A letter from Baron THUGUt to Lieu- tenant-Colonel AYLETT, and an attestation of Major-General Count MEERFELDT hav- ing been humbly submitted to His Majesty by the Officers who served in the detachment of His Majesty’s 15th regiment of light Fº Dragoons, at the action near Cambray on the 24th of April, 1794, His Majesty has been graciously pleased to grant to each of them his Majesty's royal permission to wear the medals conferred on them by the Emperor of Germany, in testimony of the high sense entertained by His Imperal Ma- jesty of their distinguished conduct on that occasion.” And on the second of June 1801. the annexed royal concession, dated from Downing-Street, announced to the whole British Empire, and to all Europe; that His Imperial Majesty had ultimately conferred upon the Officers, hereafter named, the Dignity of Knight of the Imperial military Order of Maria-Theresa; and that His Bri- tannic Majesty had granted them, His Royal licence and permission, to accept and wear this most honourable knightly Dis- tinction. - * Downiirg-Street, June a boi. A letter, of which the following is a copy, having been humbly submitted to his Majesty by the undermentioned Officers, who served in the detachment of his Ma- - 147 —- \ jesty's 15, regiment of light Dragoons in the action of Villers en Couché, near Cam- bray, on the 24th day of April, 1794, His Majesty has been graciously pleased to grant to each of them his Royal licence and permission to accept the rank of Knight of the Impérial military Order of MARIA- THEResa, and bear the Insignia thereof; the same having been conferred upon them by the Emperor of Germany, in testimony of the high sense which his Imperial Ma- jesty entertained of their distinguished conduct upon that occasion. Major William Aylett, now Lieute- ºnant-Colonel in the Army. * Captain Robert Pocklington, late Ma- jor of 15th Dragoons, Captain Edward Michael Ryan, now IMajor in the Army, º Lieutenant Thomas Granby Calcraft, Lieutenant-Colonel of 3d Dragoon Guards. Lieutenant William Heir, Major of 6th Dragoon Guards. Lieutenant Charles Burrell Blount, late Captain of 16th light Dragoons. Y º 143 tºº-ºº-ºº. Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, now • Major of 87th regiment of Foot. Cornet Robert Thomas Wilson, , now Major in Hompesch's regiment of *- mounted Riflemen. . . . . . . . . ) / * Y -- Copy of a letter from his Excellency Lord MINTo, his Majesty's En- voy extraordinary and plenipo- tentiary at the Court of Vienna, tC) Lieutenant-Colonel William AYLETT. - Vienna, November 7, 1800. * SIR, * , I have received from his Excellency, Baron THUGUT, eight Crosses of the Order of MARIA THERESA, which the Emperor has been pleased to confer on yourself and seven other Officers undernamed, of the 15th Re- giment of light Dragoons, who distin- guished themselves in a most gallant action, near Villers en Couché, on the 24th of April, 1794. º His Imperial Majesty had already testi- fied the high sense he entertained of the brilliant and important service which the — 149 — regiment performed on that occasion, by presenting the Officers engaged with a me- dal, struck for the purpose of commemo- rating that distinguished action, and afford- ing to those who achieved it, a lasting testimony of his approbation and gratitude. It was deemed at the time, worthy of the Cross of MARIA THERESA; but at that pe- riod, a doubt was entertained, whether this Order could be conferred on foreigners: that difficulty being now removed, his Im- perial Majesty avails himself with pleasure of the occasion to evince his high esteem for the regiment, as well as his regard for the individuals, by investing with this dis- tinguished Order of Merit, gentlemen who have proved themselves so worthy to wear it. In transmitting to you, Sir, these Crosses, to be distributed to the Officers for whom they are destined, I cannot omit the opportunity of expressing the satis- faction I have experienced from the share which my situation here has afforded me in a transaction which, while it does honour to the liberality of His Imperial Majesty, *** -es gº 1 5o *- and throws so much lustre on the corps, and on those who are immediately COIl- Černed, reflects, at the same time, credit on the country to which they belong, Aº I have the honour to be SIR Your obedient, humble Servant signed IVIIINTO. To Lieutenant-Colonel Axlet.T. In 1796. Lieutenant-Colonel JAMEs WILLIAMs, for his very meritorious Con- duct; during the war just terminated; re- ceived the Imperial military Order of MARIA THERESA, from the reigning Emperor, FRANCIs the II, Eighteen years unceasing Attachment to the House of Austria; and the many brave and gallant Actions, by which he made himself so conspicuous on the Danube and the Rhine, during the last Turkish, and the late momentous war; have justly intitled this active and intelligent Officer to so signal and honourable a mark of his Master's favour. Lieutenant-Colonel WILLIAMs may be considered as the most able naval Commander in the Service of the Emperor. } -eeeeeeeee- or THF order OF SAINT ANDREW of RUSSIA. Instituted 1698. gº | —=º.º."ºse— ſittiwVºccee’ilnus' ~ His Czarish Majesty, PETER ALEXIEwiTz the first, justly surnamed, the great; insti- tuted this Order in the year 1698. to reward the Services of those who had distinguished themselves by their bravery in the wars against the Turks. The Badge, is a Gold spread Eagle ena- melled black. The beak and claws are of Gold, and upon each head it bears an Im- perial Crown. Upon the Eagle, is displayed a Burgundian Cross, or Cross of SAINT ANDREw, in dark blue, with a small gold border: and, SAINT ANDREw appears there- upon depicted in natural colours, wearing a gold sash around the loins. On the four corners of the cross, are these four letters in Gold, S. A. P. R. which are the initials of Sanctus Andreas Patronus Russiae : and the same is the Device, or Motto. The Badge, or jewel, is surmounted with a large Impe- rial Crown, and in the middle, is inserted a ring, with which it is attached to the collar, or Ribbon. This Ensign is usually suspended from a broad Sky blue watered Ribbon; which is \ worn scarf-wise over the right Shoulder; but on Days of Solemnity, it is pendant from the Collar, and appears on the middle of the Breast. This Collar or chain consists of three particular links, or parts, which are connected together with gold Rings. They are disposed in this manner. In the middle is the Imperial Eagle, as already described, and on its breast, is a red Shield, on which is painted SAINT GEORGE on Horseback, in the act of killing the Dragon. On one side of the above mentioned part, is a Shield of dark blue with a small gold border; where- upon is the letter A. indicating the name of the Empress ANNE Ivanow NA, who renewed the Order, and embellished the Collar; this Shield is surmounted with an Imperial Crown. On each side, are disposed military Trophies, consisting of flags, colours, and slandards, in white, red and green: and underneath, are arranged drums, cannons, and various kind of armour. On the other side, is a SAINT ANDREw's Cross of dark blue, with a small gold border; and in the four extremities, the four letters S. A. P. R. appear in solid Gold. The whole Cross is surrounded with a circular glory; the rays of which are alternately enamelled. More- - over—upon the left side of their daily upper apparel; or Mantles; the Knights constantly wear an eight pointed Star of Silver, the rays of which are embroidered. (Of these rays the upper, lower, and lateral ones are somewhat longer than the intermediate four.) In the middle, is the Cross of SAINT ANDREw, of an azure Colour; it is displayed on an escutcheon of Silver, which is sur- rounded with a broad circle of pale blue; and thereupon are embroidered, two Angels holding an Imperial Crown of Gold; pre- cisely above the middle of the Cross. The remainder of this circle is filled up with the Motto in the Russian language, which is - 154 — embroidered in letters of Gold, The Robes, are; a Surcoat of Sky blue, and a Mantle of Scarlet, richly embroidered in Gold, This Order is conferred only upon the Nobility of the first Rank; upon Sovereign Princes ; and upon Foreigners of the highest Distinction. It is justly esteemed the most illustrious Order of Russia. >k -. - 2^SNYAGºs S-2 - sº, * “PETER the great instituted this Order in the year * 1698, and chose for its Patron St. ANDREw, (on “account that this Apostle, according to tradition, was “the founder of Christianity among the Moscovires.) “His motive for instituting it, was, to animate his “nobles and chief Qfficers in the wars against the “Turks; and he conferred it on those who had sigma- “lized themselves in his Service.” “The Knights, are people of the first Rank in that “Empire; and they are highly considéred over all “Europe.” See CLARR’s Hist, pag. 139, Vol. 2. W. OF THE OF O EF: OF SAINT ALEXANDER-NEWSKY IN RUSSIA. In stitute d 1 725. --SSSSS-- . r" ºv I His Order, which is commonly called the Red Rinson of SAINT Alexaspen ; was in- stituted by Her Imperial Majesty the Cza- rina CATHERINE in 1725. Prince MEN- z1Kof was created the first Hnight, and the Insignia were conferred upon him with unusual Solemnity. The Badge, is an eight pointed red ena- melled Cross of Gold; in the middle, is the figure of SAINT ALEXANDER-NEwsky on horseback, cloathed with a Gold Cuirass; and, upon the four points the Device, or Motto, is displayed in the Russian language. In Latin—thus–PRO LABorº E3 PATRIA.— In the four angles, are so many spread Eagles; each adorned with an Imperial * 156 tº gº Crown. This Ensign is suspended from a broad Ponceau watered Ribbon, which is worn scarf-wise over the right Shoulder. The Knights, wear upon their left Breasts an eight pointed Star, the rays of which are embroidered in Silver; and the four central, are somewhat longer than the four angular. In the middle of this Staris an escutcheon of Silver, on which the letters S. A. (the initials of the Patron's name, SANCTUS ALEXANDER) are interlaced and embroidered in Gold. The Cypher, or Monoch AM, is surmounted with a black Ducal Cap, turned up with Silver, and beset with ermine. This is surrounded with a circle of ponceau, on which the Motto, in the Russian lan- guage, is embroidered in letters of Gold. Beneath the same, and disposed Crosswise, appear two branches of Laurel. This Order is somewhat less esteemed than that of Saint Andrew. Nevertheless— every one who is invested with it, must have, at least, the Rank of Major-General: nor can that of Saint Andrew be conferred upon any one, unless during a certain time, he has previously worn the Order distin- \ f — 157 — { guished by the Appellation of-THE RED RIBBoIN. In 1797, the right honourable ADAM LoRD DUNCAN, Wiscount Duncan of Cam- perdown; gained a most signal Victory over the Dutch fleet, in which two Admirals were made Prisoners; and some Russian Ships of war, having been present in that Engagement; His late Imperial Majesty, PAUL the first, was pleased to confer the Ensigns of this Order upon his Lordship; and to accompany, the same with a letter, highly expressive of the Esteem and Friend- ship he entertained for that distinguished naval Commander. Lord Viscount. DUNCAN afterwards re- ceived the permission of His Britannic Majesty to wear the Insignia. ~~ VI. w- -º- º of THE IMPERIAL AND MILITARY ORDER OF SAINT GEORGE of RJ SSIA ; Instituted A. C. * © - t - --> & 6-- - \ $ * < & x *. Norwardsvaraise the repeated appli- cations we have addressed to the Chanceries of the two following Orders; with the in- genious Mr. Clark, we are compelled to lament, that our historical Materials, res- pecting them, are, by no means abundant, The mines may be rich; but they are remote from the seat of our studies; and we have found the Annalists, of these Russian Or- ders, either unable, or unwilling, to favour us with such information, as, by the express Authority of several Sovereign Princes; we have received from the Archives of their respective Orders. And here, it may not be improper, to testify and express, to Her Serene Highness the Duchess Dowager of Deux-Ponts; to their Serene Highnesses the reigning Dukes of Saxe-Weimar and Wür- temberg; and to His S. H. the reigning Land- grave of Hesse-Cassel; our most grateful and intire thanks, for their princely Patro- nage of our enterprise; and for the very ample communications (relative to the Or- ders of , which they are the Sovereigns) with which, we, have been honoured and favoured by their commands. Nor ought we to conceal it from those, who may deign to peruse the following Pages; that our obligations rare not less great to the Noble- man, who is the immediate Patron of this work; so far as concerns two Orders of re- cent and memorable institution; and in like manner to those gallant British Officers, who have been decorated with the military Order of Maria Theresa: for, the statement of facts, with which we were not well. acquainted. t Her late Imperial Majesty, CATHERINE the II. was the institutress of this Order. It is purely military; and is destined as an appropriate recompence, to be conferred l — 16o — upon Officers of all descriptions; who shall have served the Prince and the State, with zeal, bravery, and to good purpose. The principles of its composition, are nearly the same, as those of its prototype, that of Maria Theresa. The Badge, is a Cross-pattée, of Gold. It is enamelled grey, with a small red bor- der. On the center, on one side, is a repre- sentation of Saint GEORGE striking the Dra- gon; and on the reverse, is an inscription, and date, in Graeco-Russian characters. This is worn pendant from a rich black watered Ribbon; which is striped and bor- dered with orange. The Order being formed into four Classes, the Knights of the first, wear the Ribbon scarf-wise over the right Shoulder; and a Star of a particular form, is embroidered on the left side of their upper garments. The second Class, wear the Cross round the Neck, pendant from a narrower Ribbon; and a Star, somewhat Smaller than the one, worn by the first Class. The third Class, wear a Cross somewhat smaller, and a Ribbon somewhat narrower than those worn by the forementioned; but in the *Y- — 161 — same manner as the second. This Class, has no Star on their outward apparel. The Knights of the fourth class, wear theirs attached to a still narrower Ribbon, which is passed through the button-hole. When the Peace of Tschesne was made between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Porte, in 1776: the Imperial Aulic-Council of war, decided, that the Cross of Knight-Commander of the second class, of this Order, should be conferred upon. Major - General HUMIFREY - Evans LLoyd ; who had served with great distinction in the Armies of the Empress, and had long enjoyed: a considérable Por- tion of her favour. tinfortunately, a cir- cumstance of small mābment, interrupted the Harmony, which had subsisted be. tween the Sovereign and the Commander: and her Imperial Majesty, from caprice, and without any just, or sufficient reason; thought proper to annul the Nomination. As an Officer, General LLow D was equally well acquainted with the Theory of war; and with what more immediately regards actual Service. He was, by Birth, a Gent- T. t — 162 — leman; by Education, a Scholar: and though addicted -to, and a lover of a Military Life; he was a finished Courtier. In his Conduct and manners no man united more the austere Virtue of the old Roman, and the urbanity of the wellbred English- man. In Succession, he had visited most of the Courts in Europe, and was well known to, and much respected by the So- vereigns: particularly by the Empress Queen IMARIA - THERESA the Emperor JosłPH II.4— Prince FERDINAND — and the reigning Duke of Brunswic. . In the midst of philo- sophical retirement, he composed his His- tory of the seven years war; which will ever ensure him a distinguished place in the Temple of Military Historians; and a high rank in the Republic of Letters. His view of the different Courts, and States of Eu- rope; as they were situated at that period; is a masterpiece of oratory, and is not in- ferior to the characters of eminent Men, drawn by the Lord Chancerton CLAREN- Don, General LLoy D died at Huy, in the Country of Liege, in 1783, and by all who knew him, the loss of this Excel- &º 163 — lent Officer and estimable Man, was sin- Gerely lamented and regretted. “His saltern accumulem donis, et fungor inani Munera !” ...” —sesseldºlesee- I' — 164 — * VII. of THE IMPERIA L ORDER } OF S A IN T W O L O D IM E R. Instituted Octbr. the 3d. O. S. A. C. 1782. gºt \\\\illine, coee -mee-> \\ !” 6.W.º.º. <-eam- This Order, is denominated a civil, or diplomatic Order. It was instituted on the 5d. of October 1782, by Her late Imperial Majesty, CATHERINE the second; and was intended as A Reward for those, who might merit her favour, by having served with distinction in the civil departments. Its composition is similar to that of Saint George. The number of the Grand-Cros- ses, amounts to ten; that of the Comman- ders of the first Class, to twenty; the third consists of thirty Commanders of inferior rank; and the fourth, of Sixty, who are styled junior knights. There is moreover, a fifth class, which is reserved for those who have filled any civil employment, du- — 165 — ring the space of thirty five years; and who thereby, are intitled to demand it. The Emperor PAUL the first, by not conferring the orders of Saint GEORGE and Saint Worlop1NIER, instituted by the Em- press CATHERINE, did in fact, silently abolish them. The present Emperor has renewed these Noble Institutions; and Has given them additional Statutes. To eluci- date, as much as possible, their present state, we shall add the following rescript; which on the 12. of December O. S. 1801. was solemnly notified to the Russian Em- pire, by His Imperial Majesty, ALEXANDER the 1st. We ALEXANDER I. Emperor of all the Russias etc. etc. To distinguish true Merit, in either the civil or Military Line, a grate- ful Country has appointed different ho- nours; and appropriated to every degree of Merit a mark of its regard. Among others, the Order of the holy Martyr and Hero Saint GEORGE, has been instituted as a reward for bravery and military Actions; and the Order of the holy and Apostolic Prince — 166 — Wolod IMER, as a recompense for peace- ful civil virtue. When our beloved Grand mother, the blessed Empress CATHERINE the great, founded these Equestrian Corps, in order to assure true Merit of its just reward; and in particular Statutes, explained the Rights, by which they were to be ac- quired; and had appointed the knights themselves, to watch over their mainte- nance: She solemnly took it upon herself, and her Successors, to be the Patrons of the same, * It is universally known to what nu- merous glorious Actions, and distinguished performances, both in war and peace, this institution has given Birth. How often have the Russian Warriors braved the terrors of Death on the field of battle, in order by their Victories, to draw upon themselves the grateful regards of their Country; and then to be honoured with the Order of the Victorious Martyr 2 Di- stinguished Actions in peace, and the ex- ertions of civil Wirtue, in the administra- tion of justice, and the police of the — 167 — Empire; have equally found encouragement in the Order of St. Wolod IMER. — Since the publication of the new Statu- tes of the Russian Orders, in the year 1797, rewards, with the insignia of St. GEORGE and St. Wolod IMER, have fallen into disuse: Tho' the first of these Orders as well as its Statutes, was by our father (now. resting with God) the Emperor PAUL PE- TRowITz, of glorious Memory, on the day of his coronation, solemnly confir- med. - Now we, designing to restore these Orders, in all their force and extent: The titles to the obtaining of the Order of St. Wolod IMER, according to their proper nature, not having for them, any parti- cular clear Authority; and not being so defined by the Laws; find it necessary, to prevent all partiality; and in the Sense of the 5th. and 16. Article of the Statutes of this Order; thus to explain and complete the same. º Besides Persons whose Merit is perso- nally known to Us, the Order of St. Wo- LoDIMER, upon representations to the * 1630 tº-e y chapter, from the 1st. Department of the Directorial Senate, and from the three first Colleges, may be conferred on, 1st. Any civil officer, who receives from his Superior; or from all his Colle- gues, of the place where his post is; a cer- tificate of his having, by his Talents, or Industry, brought in order any remarkably neglected Affair, and turned it into a legal course: also , on any one, who as Presi- dent of a district, has by his own Industry, and his influence on his Colleagues, termi- nated a Business, which had been neglected 2. 3. or more years; without neglecting any thing else, by which the general course of business might be impeded. 2. Oſficers who particularly contribute to the conclusion of all affairs submitted to their Inspection, within the legal Term; and who, during the course of 6 years, have received neither punishment nor Re- roof from higher Authority. 5. Any one, who, besides the usual district of his Office, brings to a Satis- factory termination an Affair entrusted to him by the Government, and which re- tºº 169 *} quires long Application and distinguished Talents or knowledge. 4. Whoever as President of a juris- diction; or Superior of an Establishment for Education; forms a proportionate num- ber of Subjects, fit to be afterwards em- ployed with honour, in their several Capa- cities. * 5. Whoever with particular Judgement and disinterestedness, terminates a criminal Process; in which, the fate of several Per- sons, or the restitution of a considerable Sum of money to the Crown, depends. 6. Whoever being chosen by the Nobi- lity of his Government and circle, has ser- ved with Zeal; without reproach; and to the general Satisfaction of the Nobles: but not till he has passed 3 terms (be it out of Rotation in the Service,) and is chosen for the 4th. time for 3 years. * 7. Whoever by distinguished prudence and tried Virtue, has acquired so far the confidence of his Countrymen, as to have been several times employed in carying on expensive Lawsuits; who is known in his Circle, or whole Government for a Pro- tººd 17o -- moter of peace; and who can produce an unquestionable testimony of it, from the whole District, 8. Whoever in distress, occasioned by: fire or water, or similar. Occurrences, with the risk of his life; either of his own accord or induced by promised Rewards; saves the lives of lo or more Persons; be it at diffe- rent times; also, whoever in times of ge- neral scarcity; or of contagious distempers, relieves, and by disinterested Arrangements, shall lighten the distress of a whole circle, so the place of his Residence: (to be attested by the certificate of the Inhabitants of the place itself, when such circumstance shall happen.) * 9. Whoever by the Acquisition of distin- guished knowledge in Husbandry; or at his own expence and labour; has evidently contributed to the advantage of the Govern- ment to which he belongs; or that of a whole province. / lo. The Inventor of any plan, tried and accepted by the Government, by which without burdening the subject, the Reve- nues of the Empire may be increased, by – 171 —- # at least 1oo, ooo Roubles; or whoever has really contributed to improve the Police and Laws of the Empire; in what line soever it may be. All Farmers general and Surveyors, however, ; whose outbidding, or abating the pries to the Crown, is connected with their own calculations and advantages; are inti- rely excluded, 11, Whoever sets on foot a new In- vention; or founds a new Institution in any one of the 5 Kingdoms of nature; which, after the experience of some years, may visibly contribute to augment the revenues of the Imperial Crown. 12. Whoever by his uncommon Talents and labours in the sphere of human Know- ledge, has attracted the attention not only of the Russian, but of the most distinguished learned Societies in foreign Countries; and that, in such a manner, that his Works may be received as classical; or at least, in the judgements of the learned, arc Systematical. May these principles; to which we add the Articles appointed in the Statutes, respecting the years of Scrvice; be from this time, the only base of all presentations to the Order of the Apostolic Prince Wolo- dimer; whose Statutes are, in this manner, together with those of the Order of the holy Martyr and conqueror St. George, explained; and which we add to the Statutes of the Russian Orders, published in 1797; restor- ing at the general Chapter, also the Chapter of these Orders, according to their former principles; and leaving the appointment of the amount of the Pensions to the propor- tions of the general Chapter. * Having in this manner opened to all kinds of true Merit, the road to Honour; and by exact determinations of their rights, assured them of their reward; we wish that the spirit of emulation, which enlightens the citizen in his peaceful endeavours; and animates the Deeds of the Warrior; may be to the Russians the only Base of their Sen- timents and Actions, and direct all their Exertions, intirely to the glory and ad- vantage of their grateful Country. Given at St. Petersburg Dec. 12. o. S. 1801. * Signed by the Emperor's own hand ALEXANDER. * w w wº, w ºr VIII. — 173 — OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER OF THE TURKISH CRESCENT. Instituted August 1799. --~~~ It is an event, which forms a memorable Aera, in the Annals of the eigteenth Cen- tury; that the Ottomans, against whom the first Order of Knighthood * was established; should have instituted a military one, to recompense the bravery of a Christian, and a Hero, and expressly to commemorate a victory, gained on their own Coasts, and upon which, depended their existence as a Nation. A victory, such as will hencefor- ward be regarded as the most compleat one, ever obtained, since the Creation. But what may we not expect from the unri- * Thät of Malta: the venerable progenitor of every knightly Order. It was professedly and avowedly founded to combat and exterminate the Mahometans. Note of the Editor. *º 174. - valled courage, and transcendant genius of a NELson 21 / If the Order of the Garter * was insti- tuted by the great EDwARD, from a prin- ciple of the most refined courtly gallantry: of a gallantry conformable to the Spirit of * The Order of the Garter, was instituted by Edward the IIId, in honour of the Countess of Salisbury, of whom he was enamoured. At a Ball, this Lady in dausing let fall her Garter, which happened to be a blue one, and the Fiing having taken it up, caused his passion to be remarked by so gallant an action. This incident, occasioned some Mirth amongst the Courtiers. The Countess betrayed her vexation thereat; and the Hing wishing to appease her, exclaimed in the lan- guage of those times—Honx Sorr QUT MAL Y PENSE : to prove that he had not any improper design. He added—“that he would confer such Eclat upon that “Garter, that those who had dated to treat it as an “Object of derision, should thenceforward €Steena “themselves most fortunate in being permitted to wear “such a one.” (This happened, say some Authors, in 1345, or in 1350. according to others.) Shortly after, Edward instituted the Order of the Garter, under the auspices of Saint George, who is acknowledged in England as the Patron of that Kingdom. The prophetic prediction of the royal Founder, has been invariably verified. * Note of the Editor. º his age: if the Order of the golden Fleece; * some few years later, owed its origin to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, from a motive gallant, but not equally delicate; and if that of Saint Michael of France, f was founded by Louis the XI., under the : * Cotemporary writers maintain, that Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, instituted this Order from motives of piety, and to prove his zealous attachment to the Catholic faith. He established it to excite the Himights to expose their lives for the Church, in imi- tation of the Argonauts, whom Poets feign to have hasarded theirs, that they might conquer, and bear away in Triumph the golden Fleece : the object of their perilous Expedition. Others, who were initiated into the secret History of that age, pretend, that it was founded in honour of his favorite Mistress, a Lady of rare beauty, and who was remarkable for the quan- tity and fineness of her golden Tresses. When we consider the great number of illigitimate children, of which this amorous Prince was the Father; the latter conjecture appears to be the most probable. Note of the Editor. + This Order was instituted in the fifteenth Century, by Louis the XIth, in memory of the Archangel Saint Michael; who, it was affirmed, had been seen com- batting against the English at Orleans, insomuch that he constrained them to raise the Siege. Note of the Editor. R f – 176 — inspiration and guidance of timid bigotry and hypocritical devotion: well may we maintain, that the Imperial Order of the Turkish Crescent, was.established upon the purest principles of the antique Chivalry; it was purposely founded to remunerate warlike achievements, and knightly prowess. This premissed, it is superfluous to add, that the ever glorious battle of Aboukir gave birth to this Order; or, that Sultan SELIM the third was the Founder. * It was instituted, to reward, the rare and unexampled exploits of Honario Loko Viscount NELSoN, Duke of Bronté, and with a view to be conferred upon those Subjects who might well deserve of the Turkish Empire. The distinguished Suc- * The Order of the Crescent, was sent to Lord Visconnt Nelson, by Sultan Selim the III, in August 1799. as a Mark, (as his Minister the Grand Vizier, expressed in his letter to that Nobleman) of the Sul- tan’s esteem for his private Character. After the battle of Copenhagen, and the final expulsion of the French from Egypt; the Sultan (as wrote to Ilord Nelson officially by Lord Elgin) was so highly satisfied at His Lordship's describing himself as a Finight of the Crescent (which he did in the treaty with the Court of { wº- 177 *º cesses of the Army, under ABERCROMBY and Hutchinson, on the ‘plains of Egypt, and the weighty Services of Lord KEITH, and the Royal Navy, linder his Command, have induced the sublime Porte to extend this Order much beyond the bounds of its pristine Institution. It has been formed into two Classes: it has been successively conferred upon all the Commanders in chief, and superior Officers; naval as well as military; and finally—the Insignia of the second Class, have been presented to eight hundred British Officers, who served in that expedition. The Decorations, are - composed of a Badge, or Medallion of an oval form; on which are represented upon a field azure, argent a Crescent, and a Star argent in the Center. The whole is sur- rounded with Diamonds. The Ribbon is / Tenmark, for a suspension of hostilities) that he de- termined to add a Ribbon and Medal to the Star; arid invested Lord Elgin, Lords Hutchinson, Lord Heith, and some Géneråls and Admirals with the Order, Medals of a smaller size, were given to many Oſficers of subordinate Rank. Extract of a Letter addressed to the Editor. M tºº 178 sº red. The Knights of the first Class wear it Scarf-wise, with the Badge appendant; and on the left side of their upper Apparel, is embroidered a Star of Silver in the form of a radiant Sun, bearing in the center the Star and Crescent, on a field Azure. The Ensigns which distinguish the Knights of the second Class are the same; with the following variations: the Medallion is some- what smaller than that assigned to those of the first Class, and is not ornamented with Jewels—the Ribbon is not so broad— it is worn saltire-wise—and the Junior Knights have no Star. t For the Materials which have enabled us to compose this short History, we are in- debted to the communication we received from a Nobleman; whose Modesty, equal to his Valour and Merit, alone prevents us from naming him, on the present Occasion. To this we shall add; THE CERENTONIAL OF INVESTITURE observed By His Highness the Captain Pacha, when; by the Command of the Sublime Porte; he conferred the Imperial Order of — 179 – Knighthood of the Turkish Crescent upon Sir Richard Bickerton Bart: and Knight Banneret, and ſeveral other na- val Officers in the Service of His Bri- tannic Majesty. On the morning of the 8th of October 1801, the Admiral, accompanied by the Turkish Admiral of the Gallies, and Suite, and those Officers of the navy who had been particularly selected; proceeded from Gene- ral Hutchinson's Tent, to the Tent of His Highness the Captain Pacha, and were re- ceived by the whole Turkish line, under Arms, with Music playing and Colours flying. When they alighted and approached the tent (which was open in the front) they observed the Captain Pacha, seated upon a most magnificent Sopha; attended by the Pacha of Egypt, the chief General of his Highness's Army, and the Reis Effendi. The three latter were seated on the same Sopha, and rose at their approach; but his Highness received them sitting. They were placed in Chairs on each Side the Sopha: the Admiral on the right of the Captain Pacha. The General Officers of the Turkish Army tº s 18O gº and navy stood at the back of the Chairs; behind them were ranged his Highness's retinue, arrayed in their different Badges of Distinction, and round the Tent, in front, were drawn up, his body Guards. . His Highness was dressed in a white Robe of beautiful Persian Satin, over which was, the Robe of State, worn only on par- ticular Occasions, made of the finest red cloth; on it were placed, below the Breast, two Agraffes, or Clasps, of large Diamonds, and in a Sash of rich Satin, round his waist, gº was fixed a dagger; the handle of which, was so thickly covered with Diamonds, as to render it impossible to discover of what other Materials it was made. On his Head, he wore a superb Turban, with rows of pearls placed on the different folds. His rich Dress, and venerable figure; made a most interesting appearance. The other Grandees who were seated on the same Sopha, were as magnificently dressed in all respects; excepting the red Robe. Having been served with Coffee and Sweet-meats, according to the Custom, the Ceremony began, by his Highness investing & tºº 181 ºn tº the Admiral with a Pelisse, the Star and red Ribbon, and Medal, of the Order of the Crescent; all of which, being properly ar- ranged, he was desired to kneel; at which time the grand Signor's Firman was read, impowering his Highness to confer the Ho- nour of Knighthood; which was immedi- atcly performed on the Admiral; upon whose rising, a Royal salute was fired, and other demonstrations of Satisfaction, agreeable to the Turkish Custom. - The Admiral having retired to his seat, the Senior Post Captain was invested in the same form with the Pelisse and gold Medal, and was afterwards Knighted; and then the other three Captains in Succession. zºr’ Fours!Masters and Commanders, and Lieutenant Withers, were then Knighted in the same manner; but only received a gold Medal of the Order without the Pelisse. The same ceremony was performed on Ge- neral Hutchinson, and the General Officers of the Army, the day before. General Hutchinson and Sir Richard Bickerton, were invested with the Insignia of the first Class. The other General Offi- \ cers, Post Captains, and Masters and Com- manders with those of the second; there being only two Classes, ‘appertaining to this Order. * During the whole of the Ceremony Music was playing. After it was finished, a long History was read, stating the Power and magnificence of the grand Signor, and con- sequently the value which was to be set upon the different honours conferred. This finished, the new created Knights, were regaled with Sherbet ; they then arose, wearing the Insignia with which they were invested, and departed, mounted on their Horses, in the same form they had observed upon their coming thither; at which time, another salute was fired. This Ceremony was performed on the Spot where the Battle of the 21st was fought, which decided the fate of Egypt. —wº- SECTION IV. OF SUCH ORDERS AS ARE OF ROYAL INSTITUTION. \ se ease. Wººllllſ, eeee *Sees&invº Gº- I. OF THF ORDER OF THE HOLY GHOST IN FRANCE. Instituted 1578. This Order * was instituted by HENRY the third King of France, on Whit-Sunday 1578; since that day had been particularly auspicious to him. On that day, in the year * When HENRY the III. instituted this Order, he conferred upon the Knights, the Title of Commanders, as it was his intention, to bestow on each of them a Commandery, assigned upon the ecclesiastical bene- fices; in the same manner as is practised in Spain. But the Pope and the Clergy, refused their Consent to this measure. As Mezeray relates, some Author has asserted, that the King took the model of this Order from one to which it much resembled; and which was *- *-*s wºme 184 Mºs" 1673, he was elected King of Poland; and in the following year, he on the same day succeeded to the throne of France, on the death of his Brother CHARLEs the IX. His Majesty declared himself Grand- Master; and annexed that dignity to the Crown of France, to be enjoyed exclusively by the most Christian Kings, his successors, Owing to the civil wars which raged during the reign of this Prince; the Order was con- siderably diminished. On this account, that great Prince, King HENRY the IV. renewed it in 1590, and augmented and embellished the Characteristic Ensigns. This Order is in France, simply called: Le Cordon bleu. also called—“Of the holy Ghost.”—The latter, it is said, had been instituted by Louis de Tarente, King of Jerusalem and Sicily and Comte de Provence: and that the original Statutes had been shewn to Henry at Venice, when he passed through that city, on his re- turn from Poland. This Order, was likewise named— *L'ordre au droit Desir!” and with their Arms, and upon their habits, the Knights bore these words—“Si Dieu plaist?” as a Device. Some Historians add, that they wore a Knot of Gold, as the Emblem of friendship, Note of the Editor, * *-ºsmº 1.85 emasº ! A The principal Feast-day, is observed on the 31st of December; his Majesty and the Knights, formerly assembling in the Church of the Augustins at Paris, at two in the Afternoon. - • ? The Badge, was originally a Collar of Gold, consisting of red enamelled Lillies, surrounded with flames; and Cyphers, ef the founder's name in while enamel; the whole disposed alternately, In its place, was substituted an eight pointed red enamelled Cross, with an high border of white; and in the centre, a Dove argent, having a red Bill and Feet. In the four angles, are four fleurs de Lis of Gold; and the eight points, are terminated with so many Brilliants. The Knights usually wear this Cross suspended from a broad Sky blue watered ribbon; which is worn scarf-wise, over the right shoulder: but on solemn Festivals, they wear it attached to the great Collar, and pendant on the Breast. This Collar consists of three alternate Tinks. The first is composed of a golden Helmet with a plume of white feathers; it is surrounded with Arms and military n * 186 (º Trophies, in red, white, and blue, The second Link is a flame of Gold terminating in eight points; and in the middle is a red fleur de Lis. The third Link is formed by the Letter H. signifying the name of the Tounder, HENRIGUs; it is surmounted with a royal Crown, and the whole is surrounded with a celestial glory. These Links are joined together with small gold Rings; and form the Collar, in the following manner: the military Trophies are placed the first; then comes the fleur de Lis; and after this, the Founders Name.— Then again the fleur de Lis, and, lastly, the military Trophies. The Knights also wear an eight pointed Star upon their out- ward apparel. It is embroidered in Silver, with a Pearl, or Bead, at the extremities; in the centre is a Dove, as the Emblem of the Order; and in the four angles, are so many fleurs de Lis. On days of solemnity, the dress of the Knights, is of white Silk and Silver tissue; and over all is a long Mantle of black Vel- vet, lined with rich Orange-coloured tabby. This Mantle is bestrewed with gold flames \ C. º. 187 tºnsº in embroidery; and surrounded with a border composed of fleurs de Lis of Gold, and Silver lacs d’amour; arranged alter- nately. Besides this, they wear a short green Mantle of Cloth of Silver. It is bestrewed with Doves in silver embroidery, and lined with rich orange-coloured tabby. The Device, or Motto, is: BENo1st St. ESPRIT | No one can be invested with this Order, unless he professes the faith of the Church of Rome. * 2-RSNNGº"J' * “The number of persons that compose it, is by the “Statutes limited to one hundred, exclusive of the So- “vereign or Grand-Master. ‘ Of these, four Cardinals, “five Prelates, the Chancellor, the Master of the Cere- “monies, the Treasurer, the Register, and the Provost, “are styled Commanders, without being considered as “Knights; though they usually wear the Badges or “Insignia of the Order. All are to profess the Roman “Catholic Religion; and the Knights are to prove the “nobility of their descent for an hundred years and “upwards; but no proofs of this kind are required of “the Commanders; whose offices or honors are com- “monly sold at a regulated price. The King of France “is Sovereign or Grand-Master of it; and by the Sta- “tutes, this office is imalienably annexed to the Crown; “but he cannot exercise its functions until after his “coronation; when he is installed, with much Ceremony * Sovereign of this Order. To be a Knight of it, it is “necessary for all, except Princes of the Blood, to have “attained the age of thirty three, and to have been ad- “mitted into the Order of Saint Michael ; into which “even the Princes must enter, before they can be ad- “mitted into the Order of the holy Ghost; which they “may be at sixteen years old. The Dauphin only is “excepted from this rule, he being received into both “Orders on the day of his Birth. The Commanders are “not Knights of the Order of St. Michael, and hence & arises the difference between their styles and titles, * and those by which the Finights are distinguished; “ the Knights being called Chevaliers des Ordres du * Hoy; and thé Commanders, if ecclesiastics, Com- * mandeurs de l’Ordre du St. Esprit; if Laymen, Com- (‘mandeurs des Ordres du Hoy.” — . See CLARK's Hist, pag. 221. Vol. 1, * 189 Lºmº - . . . . II.' or the oxbºrº OF OUR LADY of MOUNT-CARMEL AIN.ID SAINT LAZARUS or JERUSALEM. Instituted in France A. C. 1607. -->NSºSS- * > Hing Henry the fourth of France instituted this Order of our Lady of Mount CARMEL, as a Signal Proof of his Piety and devotion towards the Mother of our blessed Redee- II].62T.-- To this end, he wrote to his Minister at Rome, to obtain from Pop E PAUL the Vth the Apostolicál confirmation.— His Holiness gave his Consent to this measure, by a Bull bearing date, February the 16. 1607, and he empowered His Majesty to nominate the Grand-Master; who could create as many Knights, as he thought pro- per.— * Amongst other Privileges which they received, Permission was granted them to marry: and even after the Death of the first Wife, they can take a second, although she is a Widow.— * As the King was desirous of providing Revenues for this Order; He by Letters Pa- tent in date July 1608. abolished the Dignity of Grand-Master of the Order of Saint LA- zARus;* and all the Commanderies, Priories, * The Order of Saint Lazarus, which in process of time, became the parent of two very noble knightly foundations, (the former in France—the latter in Savoy, or Piedmont) was instituted upon a principle of bene- volence. The particular Duty of this illustrious con- fratermity, was, to superintend, and heal those who were labouring under the Ravages of the leprosy ; and to that end, a celebrated Hospital at Jerusalem; of which Saint Lazarus was the patron, was especially consigned to the Brethren, as a receptacle for lepers.- This Order, owing to the continual warfare maintained by the Saracens, was, in a manner, destroyed; or, in a state approaching to extinction; until the Princes of Europe, were by the exhortations of Pope Urban the II. and the preaching of Saint Bernhard, induced to form the bold and adventurous enterprise, of expulsing the infidels from the holy land. These pious men were regularly embodied; and under military disciplina. On the commencement of the Crusades, they gained great reputation, by their Provvess and warlike achievements, and acquired the favour of Baldwin the A — 19 1 – and Prebends, belonging to the same, and the collation to which, depended upon the Grand-Master; were annexed to that of our Lady of Mount-Carmel.— It was not therefore the newly created Order which was united with that of Saint LAZAR Us, as some suppose; but on the contrary, the latter was associated to the one of our Lady of MoUNt-CARMEL.- second, King of ‘Jerusalem. During the reign of this Prince, they were in a state of the highest prosperity, under the direction and authority of a Grand-Master. In 1150, they pronounced the three vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity, in the presence of William, Patriarch of Jerusalem; and conformed themselves to the monastic rules of Saint Benedict. The Finights previous to their reception, were to exhibit proofs of the legitimacy of their extraction—that their ancestors were Christians—that they were Gentlemen, by pater- mal and maternal descent—and that their reputations were irreproachable. In 1590. Pope Innocent the VIII. endeavoured to incorporate them and all their estates in France, with the Knights of Malta; and His Holiness published a Bull to that purpose. This stretch of Papal prerogative, had not, however, any effect in that Fingdom. In 1572 prior to that event, Pope Gregory the XII. united those of the Order in Italy, with that of Saint Maurice, then recently founded by Philibert- Emmanuel Duke of Savoy; and in 1608, this Order This matter being ſinally, adjusted, His Majesty was pleased to confer the Dignity of Grand-Master of these united Orders, upon PHILIBERT de NEREs.TAN, his Cham- berlain; who previously, had so been of the Order of SAINT LAzARUs. Thereupon, he took the Oath to the King in Person. His diploma gave him the Title of, ,, Grand-Master of the Order of ,, our Lady of Mount-Carmel, and of Saint ,,LAZARUs of Jerusalem". His descendants were recognised and confirmed in the Possession of that Dignity. In 1645. Louis the XIV. was pleased to invest CHARIES ACHILLEs de NERESTAN, with the Grand-Mastership; and it was con- firmed to him by a Bull from Pope INNo- CENT the X. which was solemnly promul- in France, was united to that of Notre Dame de Mont- Carmel, which had been instituted by Hemiry the IVth. Marriage is permitted to the Knights of these Orders; and they can enjoy pensions assigned upon ecclesiastical benefices. In France, previous to the memorable Re- volution of 1789, this Order was possessed of five Priories, and one hundred and forty Commanderies, situated in different, parts of that Hiingdom. Note of the Editor, ** ºn 193 gº promulgated to that effect. At that Period, the Grand-Master and the Knights assumed the Appellation of, “Fünights of our Lady “of Mount-Carinel, and of SAINT John of “JERUSALEM. “ The Badge, is an eight pointed Cross enamelled; on one side the colour is ama- ranth, and in the middle, is a figure of the Virgin Mary, on an escutcheon of Gold. The other side is green, and in the middle is the image of SAINT LAZARUs. Each point is terminated with a Pearl, or Bead of Gold; and in the four principal Angles, are four fleurs de Lis. This Cross the Knights at first, wore attached to a rich, broad, watered Amaranth coloured ribbon; which hung scarf-wise, over the left shoulder; but the Serving Brothers wore it suspended from a chain, without any ribbon. Previous to the Grand-Mastership of the MARQUIs de DANGEAU; who in 1695. was invested by Louis the XIV. with that Dig- Inity; the Order had not any particular robes, or Uniform. IN — 194 – This Nobleman, however, thought pro- per to ordain one: and it was so contrived as to distinguish respectively the different Ranks of the Knights. t The Robes of the Grand-Master consisted of a Dalmatic of Silver tissue; over which he wore along Mantle of Amaranth coloured Velvet, abundantly bestrewed with fleurs de Lis of Gold, and with Monograms, or Cyphers; and Trophies of Victory; richly embroidered in Gold and Silver. The Mo- Nogram or Cypher was the name of MARIA, placed between two Regal Crowns, º - The Dress of the Knights, was a Dalma- tic of white Satin, upon which was a Cross of proportionate length and breadth; and therein the Colours green and brown, pre- dominated equally. Above this they wore a long ample Mantle of Amaranth coloured Velvet; and on the left side was embroidered a Cross of a tawny colour, bearing the effegy of the Virgin Mary, in the center. They commonly wore a cap of black Vel- vet adorned with black Ostrich feathers, and a small white Heron Plume in the middle. Although the Arms of the Knights *. gº 195 sº } were generally surrounded with a Collar; it was not worn in the Ceremonies; as it had never received the approbation of the King. It was of Gold, and displayed the name of the Mother of our Lord—M. A. disposed in Cyphers interlaced. The Knights usually held their assem- blies, or Chapters, in the Church of the Carmelites; but the great festival, was kept in that of Saint Germain des Prez. The Knights, as well Ecclesiastical as Secular, were obliged to pay 1ooo french Livres, as Fees of Honour; and the Chaplains and serving Brothers, one half of that Sum. Such was the state of these Orders under several successive Grand-Masters, until 1779, when His Royal Highness Louis STANISLAUs. XAvTER, Comte de Provence, next Brother of His late Majesty Louis the XVI, being Grand-Master of these united Equestrian Confraternities; He, with the King's approbation, thought proper to sepa- rate them. Saint Lazarus then became the first Order; and our Lady of MoUNT-CARMEL, the second. The former was divided into tºº 1.96 *ºmma ** -- two Classes: the first is intitled the Class of Grand-Commanders; the second, that of Commanders. The Ribbon they wear is of a rich watered pale green colour: that of the Grand-Commanders is of the breadth of the hand; that of the Commanders, is some- thing narrower. The Crosses vary in size: each is surmounted with a regal Crown; and they have undergone some changes. This Cross is worn pendant round the Neck, by both Classes of Commanders. The Grand-Commanders wear upon their upper apparel a small Star formed of Silver spangles, with a Border, composed of spangles of Gold. In the middle, is a small square ended Cross of Gold, on which the Motto, Armis et Atavis, is engraved in Italic Characters. The Star of the Commanders, is of the same form; but something smaller. It is of plain green silk embroidery, and the Cross of Gold, with the Motto, appears in the Center. This Order, from that Period, has been conferred only upon Persons of the highest Distinction. / * 197 amº The Order of our Iºady of Mount-Car- mel, was, thenceforward, annexed to the Eleves of the Ecole Militaire. It is still distinguished by the Amaranth coloured Ribbon; and the Cross has undergone very little; or no alteration, * * ^ ^- * i a. * * * * ~ ... r. ' #. i t t e A w * ~ * + A R / 4. * # ? - * OF THE -, - A. .* .. * * ~ + \ } ~ * ~ * .A. º.º. - MILITARY ORDER . . . . . . A . * * - -, * * * w” “... ? ! ( > * A K. . .” F ( * r . 9F, , ; J. : is tº * . . . . w SAINT LOUIS or FRANGE. : * * Instituted A. C. 1693. \ --> <><--- - ****** *** *s-tº-v-- - Fire HENRY the third of France was ever inclined to reward the valour and merit of His Officers and Soldiers: on that account he not only instituted the Order of CHRISTIAN FRATERNITY; * but he founded * The reader will certainly not be displeased with some account of this Order. King HENRY the third was the founder; and this Prince endowed it for the support and maintenance of such Officers and Soldiers, as had been wounded, or disabled, in his Service. Unfortunately for that deserving class; the civil war, (which was the offspring of blind fanatic Zeal, and factious Ambition;) rendered abortive His Majesty’s endeavors to effectuate a plan so noble. His Successor HENRY the IVth adopted it, and pursued it more suc- cessfully. He made a donation of a Hostel in one of the fauxbourgs of Paris, to the members of this Bro- and erected an Hospital for the maintenance of such old, wounded, and disabled Sold- iers, as had served their Country and King with distinction. Those who were received, wore upon their Mantles an Anchor-formed Cross of white Satin, surrounded with a border of blue silk. In the middle,' was an escutcheon of blue Taffety, on which was embroidered a fleur de Lis of Gold. Around the Cross, were these Words: Pour avoir bien serviſ or: Pour avoir fidèlement serviſ Rut neither this Prince; nor even the great HENRY the IVth ; (and still less Louis the XIIIth) ever had the satisfaction of bringing their Designs to maturity. therhood; and assigned them ample Revenues, which were sufficient for all the purposes of the Institution. Upon the Assassination of HENRY, the Order fell into decay; and was compleatly abolished by Louis XIV. This great Monarch (of whom the present race of men, entertains every day an higher opinion) by establishing the royal Hospital of Invalids, and instituting the mi- litary Order of Saint Louis; bestowed upon his Vete- rans a more suitable maintenance, and a more respectable Mark of distinction, than they could derive from the perpetuation of the Order first mentioned. Note of the Editor. Although, by Letters Patent, in dale A. C. 1633. the last named Monarch, did institute a military Society, or Order; which was denominated, the Confraternity of Saint Louis. It should seem as if the Glory of so great and noble an entreprise was particu- larly reserved for that accomplished and distinguished Prince Louis the XIVth; since he not only built a magnificent Hos- pital for his veteran Officers and Soldiers; which is well known by the name of L’Hot EL DES INVALIDEs ; but he nobly re- compenced the fidelity and valour of his Officers, with Marks of distinction and honour. To that end, in 1693. he created this military Order, under the title of that of SAINT Louis; and endowed it with a elear Revenue of 3oo, ooo french Livres; or about twelve thousand Pounds Sterling: which, at that Period was a considerable Sum. The Badge, is an eight pointed white enamelled Cross of Gold; with Gold beads at the extremities. In the middle, is a round Shield of red; and thereupon is the Effigy of SAINT Louis, cloathed in Gold Armour, and covered with a royal Mantle: he holds in his right Hand a Crown of Laurel, and in his left, one of Thorns. This Shield is surrounded with a Circle of dark blue, upon which appear the Words, Ludovicus MAGNUs, instituit 1693. in Gold Letters. On the other side, upon a similar shield, is a drawn Sword of Gold: it passes through a Laurel Crown, which is bound at the bottom with a white ribbon. This Device * is surrounded with a circle of dark blue, upon which is the motto of the Order: BELLICAE VIRTUTIs PRAEMIUM ; in Gold Letters. Four fleurs de Lis of the same Me- tal, fill up the spaces of the four principal angles. f The Knights wear this Cross suspended from a rich flame coloured watered ribbon, of the breadth of two fingers; and attached to the button hole of their upper apparel. The Grand-Crosses, wear upon the left side of their coat, or Mantle, a large Star, of Gold embroidery: it is in every respect si- milar to the Cross: the image of the Patron appears in the center; and it is surrounded *** *º with the Inscription, as above mentioned. - We ... The Grand-Crosses wear the Cross suspended from a broad, rich, flame coloured watered ribbon; it is worn scarf-wise, over the right shoulder: the Commanders wear a similar cross and ribbon, and in the same manner; but they have no Star, upon their coats, or mantles. The King of France is always the Sove- reign Grand-Master of this Order. When first instituted, it was composed of twelve Grand-Crosses, and twenty four Comman- ders. The number of the Knights was not limited, and it depends upon the King to augment them. No one can have this Order, unless he has behaved with bravery in war; or “has served the Crown during the space of twenty eight years. Since its first Institution, it has under- gone some alterations. The number of the Commanders and Grand-Crosses has been augmented: but the essence of the Foun- dation remains as established by Louis le GRAND. For an action of astonishing bravery performed in the East-Indies, when the N / French were at war with the native Princes; the late Chevalier Sutton de Clonard, (who is supposed to have been lost, on Board the Squadron of Mr. de la Peyrouse) received this Order at the age of twenty five. He was in every respect, one of the most gal- lant and accomplished Officers of the French Royal navy; and in Society, one of the most amiable and -interesting of Men. Good Sense and good Humour; affability and humanity; formed the Basis of the Character of this unfortunate young Hero. He was a native of Ireland: but his family, which is of the Roman-Catholic Communion; had been long settled and naturalised in France. Had he lived, he bid fair to become a NELSoN; and to have had his Name in- scribed in the same Temple of naval Prowess and Glory. It is worthy of Notice, that the Cheva- lier de Clonard was invested with the En- signs of this Order, in the Hotel of the Marquis de Noailles in London; when he was Ambassador from the Court of France to that of Great Britain. The Chevalier's eldest Brother, Comte Sutton de Clonard, is, at present, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Service of His Britannic Majesty. This 6. was conferred on "no one who did not profess the established faith of the Country. * . . . - & \ IV. - 205 - OF THE ORIDER OF MILITARY MERIT IN FRANCE. Instituted A. C. 1759. “Fair Peace is my Delight, not Fleury's more.” * l •ºes fºllºilº, oee ~eseº .#iº- *Runwºº Notwithstanding the mild and pacific disposition of this wise and able Minister; whose only views, during a patriotic and virtuous Administration, were to heal the wounds, occasioned by the long and disastrous wars of Louis XIV. and by the profligate and unprincipled regency of the Duke of ORLEANs: yet was this judicious and venerable man, from a principle of strict equity, and natural justice, induced to suggest and encourage the establishment of a military Order; to be conferred only upon such Officers as professed the different confessions of the protestant Faith. His Royal Master; who obtained, and justly merited, the title of well-beloved; adopted *º- \ and pursued the sage and beneficent coun- cil of His Eminence; and, in 1759, His Majesty was pleased to institute the Order, which at present deserves our attention. , As that of Saint Louis was founded, during a period of bigotted fanaticism; (which may, with more reason, be attributed to the pre- judices still existing in the 17th Century,) than to the natural inclinations of Louis the XIVth; it was particularly expressed in , the Statutes of that Order—“that Protestants “were especially excluded; and incapaci- “tated, from being invested, therewith.” This appeared unjust to the benevolent Fleury. The Protestants, in the Swiss and German troops, were subsidiary Auxiliaries to the french Armies; these Regiments were composed of natives of Countries, which had long maintained a natural and neigh- bourly Alliance with the Gallic Monarchy. They were upon every principle of gra- titude, attached to the King and the King- dom. When Majesty was reduced to the 1ast expiring Gasp; these bands remained faithful to its cause; nor did they belie the sacred trust which had been reposed in them. | A ( s ºn 2O7 * * In war, the Officers, had undergone equal toils and perils, with the national Troops; they had equally endured the changes of Seasons—the intemperature of different cli- mates—the fatigues of marches—the crav- ings of hunger, and the sufferings of thirst:-and in the day of battle, they were alike exposed to be wounded and mutilated, or to expire on the bed of honour. His Majesty's Princely Heart felt the force of these combined considerations; the Order of Military Merit was founded; and in the Page of History, at least; will exist as an eternal monument of the just Munificence of Louis the well-beloved. No one can re- ceive this Order, save Officers who are pro- testants. A * Protestant in a French Regi- * With respect to this point, we remember to have seen one example to the contrary. In 1780, we person- ally knew, at Strasbourg the Baron de Coehorn; who though a Protestant, and serving in a french Regiment, was a Finight of this Order. This nobleman was a native of Holland: he was great-Nephew to the cele- brated Engineer of that name, who was the worthy rival of the great Wauban ; and was successively Major, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Colonel-Commandant of the Regiment Colonel-General Dragoons. This exception \ \ ment, and a Roman Catholic, in a foreign one; are alike excluded. As to all other points, the Statutes by which it is regulated, are similar to those of the Order of St. Louis. In that of military Merit, there are four Grand-Crosses; two of whom, are of the Helvetic, and two of the f(Ferman Nation: and eight Commanders; four of the former, and four of the latter. The number of im- mediate, or junior Knights, is not limited. The first wear the Cross, pendant from a broad, plain blue ribbon; which is worn scarf-wise over the right Shoulder; and a Star of Gold (of the form of that of Saint- Louis) having a sword saillant, surrounded with a laurel Crown, in the Center, is em- | to the fundamental principle of the Statutes, is, we believe, the only one they ever experienced. It may be ascribed to the Friendship of that loyal Nobleman, the Duke de coigny, for the Baron de Coehorn. The / Duke was Colonel-General of all the Regiments of Dragoons, in the french Service. Note of the Editor. + So much was this Order esteemed previous to the year 1789. that IHis Sereme Highness the late reigning £rince of Anhalt-Coëthen was one of the Grand-Crosses. Note of the Editor. broidered on the left side of their upper ap- parel. The second, wear the ribbon and the Cross after the same fashion; but have no Star. The junior Knights wear the small Cross, according to the usual mode, when an Order is composed of three Classes. It is attached from the third to the fourth Coat- Button hole, and is suspended from a narrow plain blue ribbon. The Badge, consists of a Cross of the Maltese form. It is of Gold enamelled white; and on one side, upon a field azure, appears a Sword-saillant: this is surrounded with a circle of blue, on which is the Device Pro VIRTUTE BELLICA" in Gold letters. The reverse, presents a crown of laurel proper, on a field azure. The sur- rounding circle, is as aleready described, and thereupon is the following inscription. LUDovic US XV. instituit Anno 1759. * ==º". 69**cºunt, ~ “...º.º.º. tºº — 2 1 O - , V. OF THE ORDER OF SAINT MICHAEL of FRANCE. Instituted A. C. 1496. —-eeee!cºlesee— Louis the ELEventh instituted this Órder in the ninth year of His reign, at Amboise.” He did so in obedienee to the Testamentary Orders, given by Charles the seventh, + His * The Founder ordained that the Number of Knights should not exceed thirty-six, of which he should be the chief; and that they should wear a collar of Gold composed of escalop Shells linked tC) each other, and connected together with small chains of Gold: from which should be suspended the image of the Archangel fighting the Dragon and trampling him under his feet. This Device was allegorical. Under the form of St. Michael, his most Christian Majesty meant to personify himself: the Dragon, was the Emblem of his enemies. The Motto—Immensi Tremor Oceani 1–corresponded with the vain Presumption of this crafty and faithloss Monarch. Note of the Editor. + CHARLEs the VIIth (the Father of Louis the XIth), when he took the Field, bore the image of Saint Michael, in his Standards, or Colours. Note of the Editor. - 2 1 1 —- Father; whose intention it was, had he lived, to have established a Regal Order of Knighthood; since no one existed in France at that Period. During the reign of this Prince; of Charles the VIII; his Son; of Louis the XII. (that excellent Prince, so justly called the Father of his People) of FRANCIs the first, (the restorer of Letters in our Part of the Conti- nent) and of HENRY the II; this Order flour- ished, and was universally classed with those of the Garter and the Golden Fleece. But during the two regencies of CATHARINE de MEDIC1s, it was so prodigally and indiscriminately given to every one; and its value was diminished to such a degree; that in allusion to its particular Ensign (the Collar) it was contumeliously denominated— “Le collier & toute Bete!“—the Collar for “every Beast" /—At length, in 1574. HENRY the third united it with the Order of the holy Ghost; but only so far, as that all the Knights of the holy Ghost should at the same time be Knights of Saint Michael; on that account it was permitted them to sur- round their Arms with the Collars of both Orders; and they were generally called— Chevaliens Des ORDREs du Roi; or— Knights of the King's Orders. - The Badge, is an eight pointed Cross of Gold, not enamelled; and at the extremity of each point, is a Gold Bead. It is sur- rounded with a white Border; and in the center is a Shield Argent, on which is the image of Saint Michael, with the Dragon. In one hand, he holds a flaming Sword; and in the other a Chain, with this Sentence upon a label, IMMENSI TREMOR OCEANI' In the four principal Angles, are four fleurs de Lis of massy Gold: this national Distinction accompanies every one of the French Orders. The Knights wear this Cross suspended from a broad, rich, black, watered ribbon; which is worn scarf-wise, over the right Shoulder. On Solemn Festivals, They wear it upon their Breasts attached to, and pendant from an interlaced Collar of Gold, beset with Escalóp Shells- Upon such Occasions, they wear on their left Breasts, a Cross- pattée: it is embroidered in Gold: and on the upper and lower ends and on the right | side, is the Letter * P. embroidered in Gold. On the left, is an F. In the center, is a Gold circular Shield, upon which is embroi- dered the ANGEL MICHAEL and the Dragon. On his left Arm, he holds a blue Shield upon which appear L. R. or Ludovicus Rex; in Gold Letters. In his right hand is a flaming Sword. The principal Angles, are adorned with four thunder-Bolts, in rich embroidery HENRY the second, when he came to the Throne, ordained in the first Chapter of this Order, which He held at Lyons, in 1548. that the Knights, should in future wear over their black Garments, a Mantle of Linen interwoven with Silver; and that on both sides, and on the bottom, His Device of Chivalry should be embroidered: viz. Three Crescents of Silver interlaced, sur- rounded with Ensigns and Trophies of Ho- nour and Victory; and the whole bestrewed with Tongues and Flames of fire. - This was a refined compliment paid by that King to the celebrated DIANA de *-These Letters must be placed thus, P. F. P. P.- the meaning of which is, pro Fide, pro Patria A Note of the Editor. — 214 – Po1TIERs; and was consistent with that Love of Allegory, and Taste for Devices, or Emblems, for which the 16th and 17th Centuries, were remarkable. The Cap is of Crimson Velvet with the same embroidery. The Mantle of the Chan- cellor is of white, and the Cap of Crimson Wolvet. The Master of the Ceremonies; the Treasurer; the Registrar; and the Herald; wear Mantles of white Silk, and caps of the same materials. Several distinguished Per- sons of the Protestant faith; several Men of great learning; and many celebrated and ingenious Artists have been honoured with this Order, During the Reigns of the last Princes of the House of VALoIs; profligate and de- generate as those times were ; it was even then, conferred upon that ornament of the Gallic Nation, the illustrious MICHAEL de MoINTAIGN.E., Rob ERT DUDLEY Earl of Leicester; the favourite of Queen ELIZABETH ; was a / \ — 2 15 — Knight of this Order. With the consent and approbation of that incomparable Prin- cess, he assumed the Ensigns, and was solemnly installed with much pomp, in the principal Church of Warwick. * —mº «ºsºm- * Exclusive of the five Royal Gallic Orders, of which we have given the histories, Mr. Clark enumerates no fewer than twenty. They are as follows. La Sainte Ampouille, or Holy Phial: the Genet: the Star: the Broom - Flower: the Ship, or Double Crescents: the Thistle of Bourbon : the Porcupine : Jesus Christ : the Cordeliere : The Dog and Cock: the Ermine: Christian- Charity: the Passion : Saint Mary-Magdalen : the Crown-Royal : the Golden Shield: Saint George in Burgundy: The Yellow String : the Holy Hosary: and the Bee. According to tradition, the first dated from the Coronation of Clovis. Be that as it may, it sub- sisted 'till the Revolution; and we doubt not the curious Beader will be well satisfied with the account given by - Mr. Clark; and for which, we refer to the original work. The Institution of the Order of the Genet, is ascribed to Charles-Martel. It is said to have been founded in 726; and that of the Broom-Flower, in the 13th Century, by LoIIIs IX; better known as Saint Louis. ' The Order of the Ship, or Double Crescents, was instituted by the same Prince in 1269; and that of the Thistle of Bourbon, in 1370. by Louis the Good, Duke of Bourbon; although only a Prince of the Blood. Louis Duke of Orleans was the Founder of the Order of the Porcupine, in 1593, to solemnize the Birth of his eldest Son; and in the foregoing Century, Saint Do- mimick established that of Christ (in 1206) to encourage the good Catholics to exterminate the Albigeois, Thus, Piety, Love, Ambition, Births, Marriages, Deaths, and the Munificence of Princes, have at different Pe- riods, all contributed to augment the Number of these Foundations. Subjects as well as Sovereigns: Noble- men and Gentlemen, as well as Princes of the Blood: Monks as well as Laymen, have alike sown and reaped in the extensive and fruitful Fields of romantic Chi- valry. Iſ Saint Dominick signalised himsclf, surely we may forgive the devout 2nne de Brctagne for insti- tuting the Order of the Cordeliere, to commemorate the IDeath of Charles the VIIIth, her first Husband 3 –If the Order of the Dog and the Cock was really insti- tuted in the year 5oo by Lisoye de Montmorenci, in Antiquity at least, it far outstrips every other Order, save that of the holy Phial. FRAN cIs, the last Duke of Britany, the Father of the Princess AN NL, just men- tioned, was the Institutor of the Order of the Erning. It dates from 1450, and was not of long duration. Of the Order of Christian Charity, we have given a ſull account in that of Saint Louis. The Order of the Passion, was short-lived. When instituted by CHAP.LEs the VIth, the military Orders were so numerous, that this—breathed and expired!—We come now to an Order, that of Saint Mary-Magdalen which was founded by a private Gentleman; John Chesnel de la * — 217 — Chapronay; but it may rather be deemed a religious Association, (such as that of the Moravians) than an Order of Knighthood. But why does our Fellow-La- bourer assign to the Crown-Hoyal, a place amongst the French Orders? Although Charlemagne was Fiing of g France, as well as Emperor of Germany, that, in the present Instance, by no means justifies his so doing. Consistently with his account, this Order, was expressly instituted to encourage the martial Spirit, and recom- pence the warlike exploits of the Friezlanders; and had no relation to France, whatsoever. Were it per- mitted to hasard a conjecture, it seems not improbable, that it is owing to the original Institution of this iden- tical Order, that His Britannic Majesty, bears the Im- perial Crown on an Escutcheon Gules, in the Center of his hereditary Arms. The Golden Shield, was fi social Order. Louis the Second, Duke of Bourbon, surnamed the Good, instituted it on the 1st January 1363, as a princely New-years Gift for his Courtiers. Saint George of Burgundy, which reclaims Philibert de Miolans, a Gentleman of that Province, for its Founder, underwent a very different Fate from nearly all the Foregoing. The Yellow String, was an Order imagined by Charles de Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, and afterwards of Mantita. Le Wassor, in his excellent IIistory of Louis XIIIth, frequently mentions this whimsical Institution; and describes it as having been equally ridiculous, and unseasonably founded. The Holy Ho- sary, and the Bee, which close this motley Bead-Roll, were the offspring of the mystic devotion of one Prin- cess, and of the refined Gallantry of another. The former, was instituted by Anne of Austria, the Motlier of Louis the XIVth, the latter, by the Dutchess du J}{aine, the Wife of the eldest natural Son of that Prince. They neither of them survived their Royal Patronesses. Of these twenty Orders, that of the Sainte-Ampouille, subsisted 'till the Revolution; as we have already observed. With respect to all the others, they either became extinct, previous to the 16th Cen- tury; or were suppressed by Louis XIV. when he founded and endowed that of St. Louis. We except, however the Order of St. George of the County of Burgundy, which maintained its Ground until the National-Assembly destroyed every Order. As to the Order of the Bee, it was a social Order; and though instituted by a Princess of great merit, yet an Historian cannot well assign it a place amongst the Chapteral, or Sovereign Orders of Finighthood. Having inadver- tently omitted to insert in its proper place, a brief Account of the Order of the Star, and a short Com- mentary thereupon; we shall terminate the Note with that Maater. Hobert the Son of Hugh Capet instituted this Order in lo22. It flourished during a long period, but at length becoming venal owing to the distressed State of the Finances, occasioned by the wars with the English, it was finally suppressed in 1469. by Louis XI. when he founded that of Saint Michael. Note of the Editor. VI. OF THE ORDER OF C H A R L E S T H E THIRD, OJHL THE IM M A CULATE CONCEPTION, Instituted A. C. 1771. f * * ~ ºr w = This Royal Order was established by CHARLEs III. King of Spain; a Prince who was successively Duke of Parma and Placen- tia—Grand-Duke of Tuscany—and King of Naples and the two Sicilies. In 1759 upon the Demise of Ferdinand VI, he peaceably ascended the throne of the Spanish Mo- narchy, amidst the contending politics of Europe, and the violent commotions caused by the war of seven years. His Majesty was a Prince who possessed all the Virtues which adorm private life, and most of those we are taught to consider as ornaments even to Royalty. It was to testify his gratitude to the Omnipotent for the Birth of a Son, and to prove to the Christian world his > deep-rooted Piety, and firm belief in the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary: that he resolved upon founding an Order of Knighthood, which should bear his Name. The Badge, is a Cross of the Maltese form; it is enamelled white, with a Gold Border, and is surmounted with a Regal Crown. On the principal side, is the Effigy of the holy Virgin. She is depicted in a drapery of white flowing robes, and is covered with an Azure Mantle. This Costume is expressive of, and bears an immediate Allusion to the union of the French and Spanish National colours: His Majesty being the fourth Prince of the branch of Bourbon-Anjou who enjoyed the Kingdoms of Spain and the Indies. On the reverse of this Badge, appear the Letters cIIIo in a Cypher as here represented; this is surrounded with the Motto—Pirtuti et Merito—in roman claracters, and in the four Angles, are so many fleurs-de-Lis. This Order is divided into four Classes. The Knights who are styled Grand-Crosses, wear the Iewel pendant from a broad sky blue Ribbon, with a white Border; it is richly watered, and is worn scarf-wise over - Q Q ſº. - the right Shoulder. The Star is of Silver, and is the counter part of the Chief side of the Cross; the Image of the Virgin appearing in the Center. It is worn on the left side of the upper Apparel. The Knights of the second Class, wear the Insignia in the same manner; but no Star is assigned to this Class. The third and fourth, wear the small Cross from the third Coat Button-hole. It is suspended from a narrow Ribbon, alike in colour to the Grand-Cordon. The essential difference between the two last Classes, is, that those who form the third, are denomi- nated “Knights-Pensioners‘‘, and receive an annual income from the Treasury of the . Order: But the Knights of the fourth do not enjoy any Emoluments. As the Royal Founder endowed his favorite Institution with princely Munificence, its Revenues are of proportionate Magnitude. The Order was principally enriched by the great Dona- tions it received from the King, who granted thereto the vast Estates of the House of Ximenes. In the year 722, Don Garcias Ximenes had instituted an Order of Knight- hood, under the appellation of “the Oak of * 22 2 - Navarre"; upon which he bestowed Lands to a great Amount. This Knightly Brother- hood was in great estimation during several Centuries; but becoming dormant, or obso- lete, the manors and Lordships, which had formed the original foundation, reverted to the family of Ximenes. Upon the extinction of this ancient race, its extensive Posses- sions devolved to the Crown, and by a Royal Schedule, his Catholic Majesty annexed them inalienably to the Order of the Imma- culate conception. This Order was institu- ted in 1771. and no one is honoured there- with but Persons of the highest Nobility. By the King's express Commands, it ranks immediately after the Order of the Golden Fleece (which His Majesty confers as Heir- General to the Houses of Burgundy and Spanish-Austria) and precedes the four fol- lowing, although they are of much greater Antiquity, and not less Illustrious. **Sºº-- VII. of the Murranx order w OTE CALATRAVA, Instituted A. c. 1158. “, This Order was instituted during the Reign of SANCHo the IIId King of Castile, who having conquered the Castle of Calatrava, which was an important Fortress, belonging to the Moors of Andalusia, gave it to the Knights-Templars; and they being incapable of maintaining themselves in the Possession of this Strong-Hold, restored it to the King. The Defence of a place. of such great consequence, was thereupon undertaken by Don RAYMoRD, a native of Bureva in the Kingdom of Navarre, who was then Abbot of Saint Mary of HITEno, a Convent of the Cistercian. Order. His courage and enterprising Spirit, were seconded by the Aid he received from many Persons of con- - siderable Note, and to them, the King made a donation of the Castle. There, the f – 224 — Order was estabished in 1153. Its Numbers were much augmented, under ALPHonsus the Noble, King of Castile, and that obliged the Knights to solicit the nomination of a Grand-Master, who might take upon him the Government. DON GARCIA's de REDON, was the first invested with that Dignity. The chief Seat of this Order, was at Cala- trava. It having been approved of by Pope ALEXANDER the IIId in 1164. INNOCENT the IIId confirmed it in 1198. At first, the Knights wore a white Robe and a Scapulary, such as were worn by the Cistercians; but Pope BENEpict the XIIIth accorded then a dispensation, which exempted them from wearing this Habit, and PAUL the IIId, granted them permission to marry; but once only. º Their Arms are, a red Cross-fleury, displayed on a golden Shield; or, according to some, the Cross is green, and the lower point is charged with two Handcuffs. The Cross as first described is now the Badge of the Order; it is worn on the Breast, pen- dant from a broad red Ribbon. The Knights chose their own Grand-Master. Don GAT- CIAS LoPEz de PARDILLA, was the last ca- nonically elected. After his Death, which happened in 1489, FERDINAND and ISABELLA thought proper to annex the Grand-Master- ship to the Crown of Castile; and that measure, met with the Approbation and Consent of INNocent the VIIIth who then filled the Papal See. This Order at present possesses Eighty Commanderies, in various Parts of the Spanish Dominions. — 226 – VIII. OF THE MILITARY ORDER OF A. L. C. A N T A R A Instituted A. C. 1170. This Order is so called from a City, situated upon the Tagus, in the Province of Estra- madura; which was wrested from the Moors in 1212, by ALPHoNsus the IX, King of Castile. This Prince, at first entrusted it to the Guard of the Knights of Calatrava, and two years afterwards, it was confided to those, who were named, “of the Pear- Tree“ *. This was an Order, GolyIEZ FER- * This was a military Order, and was intitled—“the “Order of Saint Julian of the Pear-Tree.” It was established in the Kingdom of Leon in 1170, and sanctioned by the Popes, ALEXANDER the III. LUCIU's the III. and IN No cen T the III. FERDIN AND the II. Hing of Leon assumed the Protectorship, and GomTEz TERNAND Ez was the first Grand-Master. The original Arms of the Knights, were : on a gold Shield, a green Cross fleury; and in the middle of the Cross was a gold Shield, on which was blazoned a Pear-Tree, — 227 — NANDEz had instituted in 1170. and in 1177. being then under the rule of Saint Benedict; it had been approved by Pope A1ExANDER the IIId. The Knights of the Pear-Tree were T no sooner in possession of the City of Alcantara, than they denominated them- selves “Knights of Alcantara‘‘; and took for their Device, or Badge, a Gold Cross Fleury, enamelled green; which they still wear upon the Breast, pendant from abroad green Ribbon. After the total defeat of the Moors, and the conquest of Grenada, the Grand- Mastership was united to the Crown, during the reign of FERDINAND and ISABELLA; and the Knights having demanded Permission to be married; in 1540, it was granted to them. proper. AI phonsus King of Leon, having taken the City of Alcantara from the Moors, he besiovved it upon the Grand-Master of Calatrava, who afterwards gave it to the Knights of Saint-Julian of the Pear-Tree. The Knights, of themselves assumed the title of “ Knights of Alcantara,” and abandoning their first Arms, they bore a green Cross ſleury, as we have observed already. Note of the Editor. IX. OF THE ORDER OF SAINT JAMES OF SPA IN. Instituted A. C. 1175. ** *mº ſºmeºmºsºs \ According: to the opinions of some Histo- rians, this Order was Instituted by RAMIRO the first, King of Galicia, in 846. immedia- tely after having gained at LoGRoNo, a most memorable and glorious Battle against * In Spain, this Order is popularly called—“Saint James of the Sword”—since it is a military Order, and its Arms consist of that Weapon. The Cannons-regular of Saint James of Compostella, the Capital of Galicia, perceiving that the Pilgrims (whose zeal led them to visit the Peliques of Saint James, which are enshrined in the Cathedral of that City) were ill-treated by the Moors; believed they should protect their devout Guests from the Insults and barbarous Usage of the Infidels, by causing Sundry Hospitals to be built for their Reception. This Establishment was scarce formed, when thirteen Gentlemen offered to protect them; and it was to that Circumstance the Order owed its origin. It is generally maintained by such Historians as have wrote upon this Subject, that the Order was approved * -- -** — 229 — the Moors; when, it is said, they left 70,000. Men upon the field. This Circum- stance; so peculiarly fortunate; was attri- buted to the miraculous Intervention, and âssistance of Saint JAMEs. He was seen by many during the engagement, holding in his Hand a white Banner, on which ap- peared, a red Sword in the form of a Cross. So remarkable an event, induced the King, to institute a Brotherhood, under by Pope ALEXANDER III. in 1175, and by Pope INNo- cENT III. in 1198. The Knights at first observed the Rule of Saint Augustin, and pronounced their vows. But they were afterwards dispensed from the observance of that Ceremony, and Permission was granted them to marry. When this Order commenced its establish- ment, the Arms it assumed were-or, a Sword Gules, charged to the Center with an Escalop Shell of the same. This Order, the most considerable of those which subsist in Spain, (and of which the Ring is the Grand-Master, since FERDIN AND and Is ABELLA ob- tained that Dignity from Pope ALEXANDER WI.) has changed it Arms since its first Institution. At present, they consist of a Cross in the Form of a Sword, having the Pommel shaped like a Heart reversed; and the Ends of the Hilt, or Guard, each terminating with a Fleur-de-Lis. This ancient and renowned Order, is richly endowed in CASTILE and in Por Tuo AL. Note of the Editor. the Title of the Order of Saint James, for those Gentlemen who fought with him in that Battle: and he granted, as Arms to the same, a red Sword on a Gold field, with this Motto: RUBET ENSIs SANGUINE ARA- BUM! (red is the Sword with the Blood of the arabs'). To maintain the truth of this narration, it is pretended, that this Bro- therhood, was by the Pope, some short time after, converted into an Order of Knight- hood. But to refute this Opinion, it is only necessary to remind such writers, of the date, they are pleased, with so much ingenuity, to assign to this Order. f It is well Known that Armorial bearings were first in use, in the 10th or the 11th Centuries. According to the Opinion of others, its Origin remounts to the year 117 of FERDI- NAND the second being, then, the reigning King of GALIGIA and Leon. The incursions and depredations of the Moors, who attacked, and disturbed the Devotions of the Pilgrims, when they went to Compostella, to visit the shrine of Saint — 231 — James; gave rise to the establishment of this Order. The Cannons regular of the Order of Saint AUGUSTIN, established at Saint ELI- GIUS, possessing a Convent in Galicia, which was endowed with considerable Revenues, were induced, from motives of Piety, to erect two Hospitals (upon the road, called the high-way to France) and which were capable of lodging and protecting their pious Visitors. Not long after, thirteen Gentlemen chose the same Apostle for their Protector: and after the example of the good Fathers, They made a vow to secure the road, and to repel the incursions of the infidels. These Gentlemen made a proposal to the Cannons-regular of Saint Eligius, to unite their present possessions, with those of the Cannons; and such as they might obtain in future; in-somuch, that hence- foreward they should form one community. As these Knights were already Masters of more than twenty Castles, the Cannons did not make the smallest difficulty to unite with them. In time, they were subjected to the Knights, and they are at present their Chaplains. This union happened in 1170. and in 1175. the Order was confirmed by Pope ALEXANDER the third; Don FERDINAND FUENTES EN CALADA, being the first Grand- Master. * The Badge, is a Gold red enamelled Cross, in form of a Sword, which the Knights wear upon the Breast, suspended from a rich plain red ribbon: and the Robes of Ceremony are a long white Mantle, with the same Cross embroidered in red, upon the left shoulder. The rest of the Dress is black, either Silk, or Velvet; and made up according to the old Spanish fashion. The Hat is black; it is adorned with white Ostrich Plumes, in the midst of which is One small red feather. Pop E ALEXANDER the third, gave rules to the Order, for its internal Government. He ordained, that the dignitary, who in their Language is denominated—El Treze; or the thirteenth ; should henceforward, and for ever, be the next in Rank, immediately * * 235 mºmº after the Grand-Master: enjoying preceden- cy before all Commanders. . The second Dignity, is that of Grand Prior; which is especially attached to the Cannons of Saint Eligius. * Y--- The third; is that of the Grand-Com- mander. Previous to the Grand-Mastership's being inalienably united to the Crown of Spain (which happened in 1523. under the Ponti- ficate ef ADRIAN the VIth) The Knights possessed the privilege of Electing their Chief; and they had the power of degrading, or deposing him, if they thought proper. The Emperor CHARLEs the Vth as King of Spain, ordained a Council to be formed, which he denominated, “the Council of the Orders, ; and it is now the Superior-Gene- ral, not only of that of Saint James, but likewise of those CALATRAVA ArcANTARA and MoWTEs A. This Council consists of a President and eight Knights, two of each Order—and, in all matters relative to the Ecclesiastical, or secular Jurisdiction; or with respect to ecclesiastical alone; it pos- sesses for ever, just the same power over these Orders, as the King himself does as Administrator. The Authority of this Tribunal extends over two Cities; two hundred and twenty Burghs; and Seventy five Villages: of these, two Cities, and one hundred and seventy eight, as well Burghs as Villages, are the peculiar Property of the Order of Saint James. This, is the richest and most power- ful of the four, since it possesses eighty four Commanderies: amongst which are the Grand-Commanderies of Castile, of Leon, and of Montaluan, in the Kingdom of Arragon. These eighty four Comman- deries enjoy a revenue amounting to the Sum of 230,000 Ducats: and their right of patronage extends over two hundred Priories, Rectories, and Benefices of inferior value. The Order is classed into four Provinces: namely—Castile, Leon, Old-Castile and Arragon. The Knights still take the Vows of po- verty, Obedience, and Conjugal Chastity; to which they add a fourth—“to defend and “maintain the immaculate conception of the “holy Mother of Jesus Christ"? — 235 — When a Person will be received, as a Knight, he must exhibit genealogical Proofs, certifying four regular Degrees, or descents of uninterrupted and uncontaminated No- bility: as well on the side of the father, as of the Mother. & 'Tis true, that during a long Period, the Nobility on the side of the Mother, was not required; but since 1653. it has been ordain- ed otherwise by the General Chapter. The novices are obliged to serve on board the Gallies, during the space of Six Months; and during one Month, they must reside in a Convent to the end that they may learn the rules of the Order. The number of the Knights amounts to about Six hundred. They have the privilege of seating themselves, and remaining covered in the presence of his Majesty. When a Knight dies, the Commander of the nearest Commandery, is obliged to nourish and maintain a Pauper, during the term of forty days; besides the performance of the usual Services of requiem, which are observed on these Occasions. * This Order is likewise conferred upon Ladies of Quality; but they must remain unmarried. * eºseºWººlliſ), sees sº ºš...}º sess - * This Order, which is generally denominated the Order of SAN JAoo di ComPosTELLA, was once, the most richly endowed, and the most potent, of all the Spanish Orders. At this juncture, the exact date of its original Institution, cannot be determined with chro- mological precision. Some ascribe it to RAMIRo King of Leon, in the year 837, others to FERDIN AND the first, King of Castile; some to Alphonso the IXth, and a fourth Class of Historians, to FERDINAND the II. King of Leon. These authorities, are so various and contradictory, that it is become impracticable for the Antiquarians of the present day, to decide any thing finally, respecting the Authenticity of a fact, which has been so much controverted. As to us, we must leave the matter undetermined. Certain it is, that the Knights were wealthy, powerful, and formidable. Prior to this Order's being mnited to the Crown of Spain, it was in the actual possession of many Colleges, Hospitals, Villages, Monasteries, Castles, and fortified Cities, in the different Provinces of Spain and Por- tugal. Note of the Editor, 3. OF THE M I L I T A R Y O R. D. E. R. OF IMONTES.A. Instituted A. C. 13i'7. -**@@@@@oa- sº This is the fourth military Order of Spain, and it is usually distinguished by the Ap- pellation of, “our Lady of Montesa.” In 1317, it was instituted at Montesa, a city in the Kingdom of Walencia; and its estab- lishment, may be ascribed to the anni- hilation, or destruction of the Templars. This Order was confirmed by Pope GRE- GoRy the IX. and the Statutes are nearly the same as those of Calatrava. The Knights observe the Rules of the Cistercians. The Badge is a red Cross Fleury; it is worn scarf-wise pendant from a plain red ribbon, and a similar Cross is embroidered on the 'left side of the upper Apparel. The original endowment of this Order, was much augmented by its being incor- -sº porated with that of Saint GEORGE d’AL- FAMA, which was instituted in 12 ol. The Antipope BENEDICT the XIII. who was recognised in Spain, as lawful Pontiff, united this Order with that of our Lady of Montesa, and so consolidated, they remain at present. * The Grand-Mastership is attached to the Crown, as well as those of the three foregoing. * In the Number of its original, or ancient Orders of Knighthood, Spain surpasses even Italy; or at least the pontifical States. Nor is it much inferior to France, or the hereditary States which acknowledge the domi- nation of the House of Austria. The laborious Clark mentions fourteen. We shall give the Nomenclature of each, with a short Comment.—The Oak of Navarre : The Lily of Arragon : The Lily of Navarre : Saint Saviour: Our Lady of Mercy : The Dove : La Croce della Scama : The holy Hosary of Toledo : The Band, or Scarf. The Ladies Order of Saint James : The Ladies Order of Calatrava - The Ladies Order of Mercy: The Order of Truxillo - and, of Saint George d’Alfama. Of the first, we have made mention. It gradually declined, many ages ago; and its noble pos- sessions have contributed to endow the flourishing Order of CIIARLEs the III. If the Sturdy Oak has not been able to withstand the Shock of Ages, can we wonder that the Lilies of Arragon and Navarre, like those of the Gardens and Vallies, should have faded, withered, and undergone the same Fate? | ? FERDI- N AND Duke of Pegnafiel, a Castilian Prince, instituted the former in 141 o, as iNon GAR cIAs Iſing of Castile, had endowed the latter, in the course of the 11th Cem- tury. One, was founded to celebrate a Victory: the other, as an Act of Thanksgiving for a miraculous Cure. Both these, have been long extinct; and their Lomains have augmented the wealth of the five exist- \ ºrums 239 immºng sº ing Orders. . When Spain was divided into many distinct Kingdoms, each maintained unceasing war with the Moors: and each had its rhilitary Order, or Posse-Comitatus, which was disciplined, well-armed, and marched on all occasions, Kings—hereditary Prin- ces–Nobles–Finights—Gentlemen–Nay - the Clergy likewise—all founded Orders, and made Head against the common Enemy. Trom the tenth to the fifteenth Century, the Right of instituting, or founding Orders of Chivalry, seems by no means to have been preciscly defined, or limited, in either the Flench or Spanish Nior:archies. The Order of Saint Saviour was estab- lished in 11 18, or 1, 20, upon the principle of waging war against the Infidels: and that of Our Lady of Jºſercy, in 1218. for the Redemption of Christian i. e. Catholic Captives. A lively writer of the last Century. justly remarks, “ that the Establishment of this Order, “was a Proof of the Piety, but not of the Courage, cr “Good-Sense of those who instituted it.” It subsists to this day, as it ever has done—“a Guild, or Holy “Brotherhood;” and, indirectly encourages the Barba- resques Corsairs, (in the Hopes of making rich Prizes) to keep Privateers constantly cruising on the Spanish Coasts. From a Certainty that the Captives who fall into their Hands, will be speedily redeemed; and that they will receive an ample Ransom, , Woltaire (the Writer we allude to) considers these religious Societies; and the Treaties which the European Powers conclude with the Regencies of Algiers, Tripoly, and Tunis; as holding out perpetual Allurements, and never-failing Aliment, to the Cupidity of the Chiefs of those pira- tical States. The Order of the Dove, was a production of the 14th Century. Joran the first, Hing of Castile, instituted it in 1379. But this Prince dying before it had taken deep-Root, its Existence was momentary, Castile appears to have been the—magma Mater Ordi- mum et Equitum 1–JoriN II. King of Castile, augmented their Number by the Foundation of the Croce della Scama : but—the Crown, and the four military Orders (like the Serpent of Aaron) have long since swallowed up its Grainges, Farms, and Manors / In 1206. Saint Dominick, when in France, having instituted His Order, for the purpose of converting or exterminating the Albigeois ; six years afterwards (in 1212) Roderick, Archbishop of Toledo, was led to initate so saint-like an Example. The good Prelate founded one, and named it “the Order of the Holy Hosary.” The Finights were under obligation to say a Rosary, every day, in honour – 24o — ^ of the blessed Virgin; and between whiles, to restrain tle Incursions of the neighbouring Moors. Mystic and ceremonious Devotion — Finight-Errantry— profound ignorance—and a high sense of honour, were the prominent Features, and especial Characteristics of that Period, which dates from the first Crusade, and ter- minates with the Reformation. “ The Order of the holy Hosary”—says Clark—“soon fell into Disuse.”—He might have added—“ and being not opulent, was im- “mediately consigned to the Tomb of its venerable “Founder.”—We come now to the Order of the Band, or Scarf; which we are told was instituted in 1330. by ALPHoNsus XI. another Castilian Monarch. Of this obsolete Institution, our worthy Brother gives a very exact account; and to prove that PHILIP V. revived it, he winds up the whole with a Note from—“Edmon- “son’s compleat Body of Heraldry.”—We will not determine whether, or no, Mr. Edmonson was as able an Historian, as he was an Herald-Painter. His matchless Talents in that Line, might induce a Deputy- Earl Marshal to make him an Herald-Extraordinary; and Frederic Lord North, to procure for him the Place of Deputy-fiing at Arms of the Order of the Bath. But since the days of Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surrey, (that liberal Protector of all Artists and Men of Genius) and of the Lord-Treasurer Oxford (the Patron of thosé VWriters who have immortalised the age of Queen ANNE) we have never heard that the Marshal’s Staff, in strange Hands; or the white-wand of Treasurer in any Hands ; have had suffrcient Magic to animate Historians, or inspire Poets' Mr. Edmonson, may be in the Right. We knew not before, that such an Order exists in Spain, at this juncture. The Ladies Orders of €alatrava, of Saint James, and of our Lady of Mercy, are collateral Appendages which remain annexed to the knightly Corps, which bear the same titles. Of the Histories of these, we have given the most interesting outlines, The Order of Truxillo, of incertain Institution, has long been incorporated with the Order of Alcantara; and Saint George d’Alfama, founded in 1201. (to terminate this Note Heraldically) was in 1369 “united to, and took the Name and Arms of our Lady of Montesa / " A Practice universal in Spain; where a younger Brother of some very old Family constantly espouses, and assumes the Name and Arms of the Heiress of another. Note of the Editor. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. cº-º- ºr---4-- * ~ *------wºrry *****rºr, ºr ** grº: • . . . . rººz. * ºxº. ºº ºr v Kºš s . , - y ‘. . - ºf ſº º - - ** - - ºr . , ‘. . ...! : * ; - * ... 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