SIGHTS
AND
SCENES
IN
OXFORD
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SIGHTS AND SCENES
IN
OXFORD CITY
AND UNIVERSITY
:

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THE UNIVERS
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SIGHTS AND SCENES
IN
OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY
·

VAUS & CRAFTON
HOM
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675747
GENERAL VIEW OF OXFORD.
This is a view of Oxford as it may be seen from the octagonal chamber of the cupola on the roof of the Sheldonian Theatre. In this general view the most conspicuous objects
are the dome of the Radcliffe Library, the spire of St. Mary's Church, and the tower of Merton College. The roof of the Bodleian Library may be seen in the fore-
ground. All who have ever recorded their impressions of a first view of Oxford have remarked on the excessive beauty of the scene. The architectural effects, with
which hardly any other city can compare, are brought out by the clear atmosphere; and, in summer, the trees and gardens give relief to the grey masses of stone. In
addition to this view from the Sheldonian, there are also several other good general views of Oxford to be got; but this is among the best.

SIGHTS AND SCENES
IN

OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY
DESCRIBED BY
THOMAS WHITTAKER, B.A. EXETER Coll.
AND
Illustrated with 101 Plates after Original Photographs by Gillman & Co.
With an Introduction by
GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A.
CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED
LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
GRAD
LF
528
.W54
1898
1
GRAD / BUHR
Gift
4/0164
AUD
GENERAL VIEW OF OXFORD
ADDISON'S WALK
CLIFFE LIBRARY
BODLEIAN LIBRARY
...
ALL SOULS' COLLEGE AND ST. MARY'S CHURCH
ALL SOULS' COLLEGE QUADRANGLE AND RAD-
ROOM
...
•••
··
ALL SOULS' COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE, SHOWING
THE TWIN TOWERS
BALLIOL COLLEGE ..
BALLIOL COLLEGE-THE DINING HALL…..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
LIST OF PLATES.
...
...
...
...
BOTANIC GARDEN, THE
BRASENOSE COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE
BRASENOSE COLLEGE-THE DINING HALL
BRASENOSE COLLEGE-THE JUNIOR COMMON
•••
Frontis.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
PAGE
171
147
151
149
51
53
89
131
77
73
79
BRASENOSE COLLEGE, WITH RADCLIFFE LIBRARY
AND ST. MARY'S
BROAD WALK IN SPRING
CATHEDRAL, THE EAST End
CATHEDRAL, THE WEST END
CHRIST CHURCH CRICKET
CRICKET GROUND-OXFORD
UNIVERSITY V. THE AUSTRALIANS IN 1893
...
...
………
...
…….
···
...
...
...
...
...
CHRIST CHURCH-DINING HALL
CHRIST CHURCH-DINING HALL STAIRCASE
CHRIST CHURCH FROM ST. ALDATE'S
CHRIST CHURCH FROM THE MEADOWS
CHRIST CHURCH-NEW BUILDINGS
CHRIST CHURCH-PECKWATER QUADRANGLE
CHRIST CHURCH-THE LATIN CHAPEL …….
CHRIST CHURCH-TOM TOWER AND QUADRangle
...
...
...
...
...
...
PAGE
75
35
33
33
189
27
35
2 I
37
29
25
31
19
со
CHRIST CHURCH-TOM QUADRANGLE, SHOWING
CATHEDRAL TOWER AND DINING HALL
COLLEGE BOAT-RACE
CLARENDON PRESS, THE ...
CLARENDON PRESS, THE OLD, AND THE SHEL-
DONIAN THEATRE
TOWER...
CUDDESDON College
DIVINITY SCHOOL
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLege
...
VIEW
...
...
...
...
•
OXFORD CITY AND
CONVOCATION HOUSE
CORNMARKET STREET, LOOKING TOWARDS TOм
...
...
...
•
:
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
··
...
EXETER COLLEGE CHAPEL-THE SCREEN
EXETER COLLEGE GARDENS, WITH BITS of Old
SCHOOLS AND BODLEIAN
EXETER COLLEGE-THE QUADRANGLE
GODSTOW
HERTFORD COLLEGE QUADRANGLE
HERTFORD COLLEGE QUADRANGLE, ANOTHER
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
………
4
...
...
...
...
...
PAGE
23
45
81
197
87
185
165
213
85
65
61
63
209
105
107
AND UNIVERSITY.
HIGH STREET AND CARFAX CHURCH
IFFLEY CHURCH
IFFLEY MILL
...
INDIAN INSTITUTE ..
ISIS, THE FROZEN...
JESUS COLLEGE
JESUS COLLEGE QUADRANGLE
KEBLE COLLEGE
KEBLE COLLEGE CHAPEL...
LILY BED ON THE CHERWELL
...
LINCOLN COllege...
...
FOUNDER'S TOWERS
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
···
...
•••
··
•••
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
MAGDALEN COLLEGE CHAPEL
MAGDALEN College-CLOISTERS AND Bell and
•••
..
...
:
...
•
MAGDALEN COLLEGE FROM THE BRidge
MAGDALEN COLLEGE FROM THE MEADOWS
MAGDALEN COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE OF ST. JOHN
THE BAPTIST
MANCHESTER NEW COLLEGE
MANSFIELD College
………
...
...
...
•
:
...
:
...
PAGE
181
203
201
93
191
67
69
IOI
103
2II
71
121
125
129
123
127
175
173
MARTYRS' MEMORIAL, THE, AND CORNMARKET
STREET
NEW
MERTON COLLEGE FROM THE GARDENS
MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY
Merton COLLEGE-MOB QUADRANGLE
NEW COLLEGE CHAPEL
NEW COLLEGe-CloisterS AND BELL TOWER...
NEW COLLEGE-ENTRANCE AND GATEWAY
NEW COLLEGE GARDENS
NEW COLLEGE GARDENS
NEW COLLEGE-NEW Buildings
NEW COLLEGE, SHOWING CHAPEL, TOWER, AND
OLD CITY WALL
NEW EXAMINATION SCHOOLS
HALL
...
...
NUNEᎻᎪᎷ BRIDGE...
NUNEHAM COTTAGES
···
OLD SCHOOLS TOWER
ORIEL COLlege
...
EXAMINATION SCHOOLS
...
...
...
··
...
...
...
•••
...
..
··
...
………
...
Grad
...
...
:
9:
...
...
...
LIST OF PLATES.
...
D:
...
...
...
...
...
ENTRANCE
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
PAGE
183
169
171
167
I 21
115
117
I
III
113
119
109
139
141
205
207
59
159
Oriel ColleGE—QUADRANGLE
ORIEL COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE, WITH MERTON
TOWER...
FORD
...
...
...
OXFORD CASTLE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY TRIAL EIGHTS AT MOULS-
RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY
...
RADCLIFFE LIBRARY
...
...
••
...
...
...
...
PEMBROKE COLLEGE AND ST. ALDATE's...
PEMBROKE COLLEGE-FIRST QUADRANGLE
PROCESSION OF THE BOATS, THE LAST...
QUEEN'S COLLEGE From HIGH STREET...
QUEEN'S COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE
RACE OF THE TORPID EIGHTS
...
:
...
RIVER, INSTANTANEOUS VIEW OF THE
ST. EDMUND HALL
...
...
...
...
...
…….
...
...
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE-GARDEN FRONT
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE-INNER QUADRANGLE
ST. MARY'S CHURCH PORCH
ST. MARY HALL-QUADRANGLE...
...
...
...
...
•
…….
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
9
PACE
163
161
187
215
39
4I
199
135
137
193
9 I
155
195
133
49
47
153
157
IO
SHELDONIAN THEATRE, THE INTERIOR
TAYLOR INSTITUTION, THE
TRINITY COLLEGE CHAPEL
TRINITY COLLEGE-FIRST QUADRANGLE
TRINITY COLLEGE-THE LIME WALK
UNION SOCIETY'S ROOMS
I
OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY.
...
...
..
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
...
PAGE
83
179
59
57
55
177
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FROM THE HIGH STREET
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, THE
WADHAM COLLEGE...
WADHAM COLLEGE THE GARDENS AND CHAPEL
WORCESTER COLLEGE
...
•••
···
...
...
...
...
PAGE
145
143
99
95
97
43
INTRODUCTION.
T is nearly four hundred years since Doctor Thomas Klorbius, of Coblentz,
writing with some
some diffidence to Master Ortuinus Gratius, of Deventer,
established the fact that
be "a
one person cannot
member of ten
universities. "Vos estis incongruus," said Klorbius (mildly interjecting
"parcatis mihi") to the great Ortuinus, who had ventured this im-
proper phrase. But if it be incongruous that a man should be a
member of ten universities at once, is there not also some incongruity in a dead member
speaking of a live body? The present writer, not by any means to his own satisfaction,
has for many years been in something like this position towards Oxford.
He might,
indeed, at any moment, by simple statutory and pecuniary processes, reinstate himself in
certain empty rights; he believes that he actually possesses the proud privilege of having
books printed at the Clarendon Press with signs after his name denied to others.
But to
be in the proper
live English sense a member of a University, a man must be a resident
member of a College-he ought, I at least think, to be on the foundation of a College
-and to be this for any longer time than the charmed period of undergraduation is
not granted to everyone. Ulysses parted from Circe and Calypso willing from them

T
I 2
!
OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY.
unwilling; some of us part from Oxford under exactly opposite conditions; and in neither
case, perhaps, is the lover the most trustworthy historian of the beloved. Yet this difficulty
may be surmounted. Only let me say that I have always thought the most fortunate man
in the history of English letters to be Robert Burton: for he lived all his days in Oxford,
and he wrote the (C
Anatomy of Melancholy."
As I turn over the plates and the letterpress of the book to which I have been
asked to write this brief Introduction, the "things that are long enough ago" naturally
come back in more than sufficient numbers. Since my time (the middle of the sixties)
Oxford, I suppose, has changed with something more than the change of a generation in the
less outward part of its life; there can be no question that it has in the more outward
observed that change in almost superabundant measure. Some humorists have said that the
extraordinarily decaying tendencies of the stone of which the place is built are symbolic;
others that a beneficent Providence, knowing that University and Collegiate authorities.
would never let well alone, provided them with materials which at once require renewing
every two or three hundred years at the farthest, and have the grace to look venerable
long before the two or three hundred years are past. Whether the accommodations thus
vouchsafed have not been in more ways than one somewhat recklessly abused of late years
I do not propose here to discuss at any length. Oxford, the spiritual Oxford, has cer-
tainly gone far and fast since the days when it was still only preparing for flight with
the brand-new wings with which the first Commission had furnished it. Then Colleges
were as a rule in bodily numbers contemptible to present eyes; there were, I think, in
my time only two-Christ Church and Exeter-which had more than a hundred under-
graduates. The general decree that all the don-world should be married had not gone
K
--
INTRODUCTION.
13
forth; and imminent as was the legislation which threw the whole system of fellowships
into dislocation by breaking the connection between them and the Church, it might have
seemed very distant.
distant. I do not think that dons (though I was never a don) fussed much
about boards of studies and such-like things. Inter-collegiate lectures were only beginning:
I think a tutor of my own, the present Master of Balliol, was the first who had any,
and I remember that we did not welcome strangers gladly in the previously uncrowded
lecture-rooms of Merton. The disciples of Modern History (even then a perfervid race)
fretted at being yoked with Law; and it was still a mark of rather daring modernity
that a
man had learnt to call for trumps.
Nevertheless the Goths were at the gates, and the Colleges generally had already
begun hospitably to build lodgings for their entertainment. I fear Merton set the example
(at least after a considerable interval previously) of these erections. Why Mr. Butterfield
designed, or why the College accepted the building in which I spent the greater part of
my undergraduate days—and which, a little healed of its more raw disgraces by time, but
still looking like a slightly decorated packing-case set up on
on end at no particular angle
to anything, still overlooks the meadows-I never could understand. It was not uncom-
fortable to live in; it had from the south end of the top storey a glorious view; and,
and, as
I used to point out to my visitors, it possessed the inestimable advantage that when you
lived in it you could not see it. At any rate it fired other Colleges to emulation.
Christ Church built its huge and, in comparison with Merton, not hideous front towards
the river exactly during the years of my time. Balliol, I think, followed next and then
they all went helter-skelter, till it seems the once trim front-lawn of Trinity is shut out
from the eyes of men, and half the High westward of St. Mary's has been transformed
14
OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY.
by an irruption of Brasenose. To remember the Angel is now almost as rare as to be
on the side of the angels; and something like five undergraduate generations have passed
since they widened Magdalen Bridge to give a tramway room.
Few who see the present
ruin of the Broad Walk can imagine what it was, not three decades ago, though, of course,
it was nothing like perfect even then; and in one of the plates that follow I observe
tumblers on the table of a hall apparently prepared for dinner! Is it possible that the
undergraduates of the present day drink out of tumblers instead of from the College plate?
Have the colleges got no plate? Did the last Commission make them sell it? Have
they presented it to the town in that fever of fraternisation which, I understand, it was the
greatest glory of the late Mr. T. H. Green to have brought about? I cannot answer
these questions. But I can quite understand why no "Anatomy of Melancholy" has proceeded
from Oxford of late years if undergraduates have to drink out of tumblers instead of
silver, or even (if agricultural depression and the multiplication of men require it) authentic
pewter itself.
Let it not, however, be supposed that there is
is a
tone of depression other than
agricultural about these remarks. I confess that I am not sorry that I was at Oxford in
the May of 1865 rather than in this present (at time of writing) May of 1895. 1295
(for 1265 would have been too early by a few years) might have suited me better still.
But still I am disposed to think that there is nobody at the present day more to be
envied than an
an Oxford undergraduate of twenty in such a month of May as
we have
partly had. The observation has I think been made more than once before, that though
it would be the height of bad taste in an Athenian (the term is not merely Dryden's, it
is as old at least as Lyly) to extol his mother University at the expense of others,
INTRODUCTION.
15
it is legitimate to call attention to the fact that those others very rarely seem to excite
in their own nurslings the peculiarly fanatical affection which "Athens" does in all the
best of hers. The charm is manifold, and like all really potent charms it cannot be fully
analysed. There may be other towns, University or Cathedral, which possess individual set
pieces of greater landscape beauty-this position if not affirmed need not be denied. But
where from Exeter to Durham, and from Canterbury to Carlisle, from the towers that
look down on Severn to those that border Cam and Ouse, will you find anything like
the variety of the charms of Oxford to the eye? How many cities are there that, with a
refinement of coquetry, have provided themselves beforehand with such different view-points
as Hinksey and Bagley and Headington? How many have made themselves so worthy
of the preparation afterwards? No doubt "Jericho" is not exactly beautiful, but then
Jericho is not Oxford, nor are the parts about the Boiled Rabbit (I have met Oxford
men of late years who do not know what the "Boiled Rabbit" is); no doubt the new
"Boiled Rabbit"
regions about the parks might be Hammersmith. But these things are only excrescences.
In nothing, as it seems to me, does the attraction of the place, for the mere visitor
as well as for the resident, more consist than in the way in which that attraction is
divided and dispersed. Oxford does not fling itself in one bold appeal upon you and
acknowledge defeat if that fails. The High, the Broad, the Radcliffe Quadrangle, the
view northwards from the Meadows, even St. Aldate's, would each of them be enough
for a much more than ordinary town to pride itself on. Oxford gives them all, and a
great deal more too. Not only can the interior of no College be neglected without loss,
but there is hardly a bye-street which does not contribute something to the general effect.
In fact these same bye-streets, separating and contrasting the different Colleges themselves,
'
16
OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY.
bestow a grace, a curious attraction, which the juxtaposition of all or most in one set
piece could never attain. Oriel Street and the Turl, the Long Wall and Holywell Street,
are not merely, as the French say,
"channels of vicinal communication." They are,
whether intended or not (the best things never are intended), a cunning device for multi-
plying points of view, subdividing without reducing picturesque effect, and giving the whole
the complex and passionate charm of that Romantic literature of which it is the embodi-
ment—a genuine embodiment this time-in stone and lime.
As for the minuter and more separate beauties, an introduction is not a guidebook,
and the succeeding plates will perform far better than any verbal description the task of
setting them before those who do not know them and bringing them in remembrance be-
fore those who do. Southey (it was the only bad thing that he ever said of himself or
that is ever said of him on good authority) says that he never dreamt of Oxford. He
was unhappy. There is, I should say, no place which so often reproduces itself in the dreams
of those who are fortunate enough to be dreamers, and into whose spirit its spirit has
once entered. A man's own College will generally, but not necessarily, be most prominent
in these dreams—not necessarily, for it is the glory of the place that the Collegiate and
the University attractions interpenetrate each other and make a sort of community of goods
in an Oxford memory. I think I dream of the Magdalen cloisters and open-air pulpit as
often as of anything in Oxford, and yet I never had any relations with that College, nor,
so far as I can remember, ever knew intimately a single Magdalen man.
Certain things
seem especially to belong to the general patrimony and panorama of the place as it ex-
ists in memory-the fragments of wall in New College and Merton Gardens; the famous
or once famous passion - flower of St. John's; the copper beech in Wadham, and that
S
INTRODUCTION.
17
uniquely complete and satisfying scheme of domestic architecture which the same College,
alone of all those either of Oxford of Cambridge, presents: the magnificent unpre-
tendingness of Tom Quad: the admirably twisted front of University-a dozen and
hundred other things of the same kind, or rather of kinds infinitely different.
or of
How much of the genius of the place may enter into anyone who merely visits
and does not belong to it is of course very difficult to say. I can remember visiting
it for the first time as a boy with no very clear prospect of ever having more
to do
with it, and thinking that this was the one place for me-which thought the gods we e
kind enough to fulfil but very partially. I cannot, I confess, imagine anyone fully
relishing Oxford without a combination of tastes and predilections which it would be wrong
to enumerate, because the collection would of necessity be somewhat arbitrary and personal.
But it is certain that for such full enjoyment not a few things which may be uncontro-
versially stated are desirable, if not positively necessary; besides, what is of
of course of
most obvious and immediate importance, the eye to see. There must be some love for the
past and some knowledge of it; some sense of that historic continuity of which there is
not, even in this still not quite disinherited country of ours, any such variously organic
representative in the form of a town as Oxford; some sympathy with or at least some
conception of the great movements (some of them not so distant) of which it has been the
home; some remembrance of the men who have lived, and died, and read, and felt, and
sometimes fought within or around its walls; some touch of imaginative compassion for
all the fantastic and fallacious hopes, all the dreams sent from the ivory gate, that have
flitted thicker than any motes in its thousand chambers.
And if there seems to be any danger of sentiment getting too high-strung, it will
a
18
OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY.
not be unimportant to superadd to other tastes that particular one,
"low" as we are
hypocritically wont to call it, which concerns. creature comforts.
creature
Croakers sometimes say
dismal things about the decadence of food and drink in Oxford; they talk of undergradu-
ates chiefly consuming tea and jam, and such-like things. But "let us hope it isn't true.”
It is difficult, almost impossible, to believe that hundreds even of married dons can have
allowed their cellars to be denuded, and their kitchens to lose those secrets-the famous
fondus of Brasenose, the dressed crab and hare-soup of Merton, the wild fowl of Christ
Church. It is still more inconceivable that though "Oxford night-caps" may be seldom
put on-they were rather obsolete even thirty years ago-thousands of intelligent youth
should permit the decay of cider-cup and the obsolescence of spiced ale. Let us
not get
into the habit of believing evil-speakers.
For it takes all sorts to make a world; and a university, a world in no such very
small microcosm, is founded on all manner of arts. I should be as sorry to hear that
Oxford consisted merely of students as to hear that there were no students in it; for
the latter fault would soon cure itself and the former would be a permanent national mis-
fortune. For those who really wish to drink deep of the spring-they are never likely to
crowd even a few Colleges-let there be every opportunity, let them indeed be freed from
certain disabilities which modern reforms have put on them. But exclude not from the
beneficent splash and spray of the fountain those who are not prepared to drink very
deep, and let them play pleasantly by its waters. There is no place so good to play in;
and they are likely, in their subsequent experiences elsewhere, to find more than enough
places which are fit for nothing but work, and fit enough for that.
GEORGE SAINTSBURY.


Messenbach
CHRIST CHURCH-TOM TOWER AND QUADRANGLE.
Christ Church was finally constituted by Henry VIII. in 1545-6; having been projected by Cardinal Wolsey on a still more magnificent scale, and the foundation-stone
laid in 1525. The original name of Cardinal College was changed first into King's College and then into Christ Church. Tom Tower was added by Sir Christopher
It has its name from the great bell brought from the Abbey of Osney, where it bore an inscription to the effect that it resounds in praise of
Thomas. "Great Tom" weighs 17,000 lbs., and the clapper 342 lbs. At 9.5 every evening, the hour for closing the gates of all the Colleges, it strikes 101 strokes.
This was the number of students at Christ Church before 1854. The Great Quadrangle, known as "Tom Quad," measures 264 feet by 261 feet.
19

Agdre & Sleigh
CHRIST CHURCH FROM ST. ALDATE'S.
Here the west front of Christ Church is seen from St. Aldate's Street. The six-sided tower with domed roof, conspicuous in the view, is Tom Tower. The gateway
beneath the tower leads into Tom Quadrangle. This is the principal entrance to Christ Church. Along one side of St. Aldate's Street extends the façade, 400 feet long.
The entrance is at the centre of this. To Wolsey is due the panelled gateway itself. The tower, which he began, was not completed till 1682. Its completion was due
to Sir Christopher Wren. The great bell, known as "Great Tom," contained in the tower, has been recast five times. It now bears an inscription dated 1680.
Further allusion is made to it in the text of the preceding view. The statue over the gate on the interior is that of Queen Anne; over the exterior, that of Wolsey.

21

25
#
B

CHRIST CHURCH-TOM QUADRANGLE, SHOWING CATHEDRAL TOWER AND DINING HALL.
In this view, the Hall is seen on the right. At the south-east corner of the Quadrangle, the west front of the Cathedral is seen. Tom Tower is on the side opposite the
Cathedral. The massive Perpendicular Bell Tower, over the staircase leading to the Hall, was erected in 1878-9. In this tower, the Cathedral bells, the vibration of
which endangered the Cathedral tower and spire, are now hung. The spire of the Cathedral is 144 feet high. It is probably one of the earliest in England, but the
upper part has been rebuilt. As designed by Wolsey, the whole of this Quadrangle was to have been surrounded by a cloister. In the restoration by Bodley and
Garner in 1878, Wolsey's original battlemented parapet was replaced. The arches and rib-mouldings indicative of the design for the cloister have also been restored.

23


MIC
Radre & Sleig
CHRIST CHURCH-PECKWATER QUADRANGLE.
Peckwater Quadrangle is of Palladian architecture. It derives its name from the Inn of Radulph Peckwether, Mayor of Oxford in the time of Henry III., which occupied
the site. Three sides of the present quadrangle were erected in 1705, under the superintendence of Dean Aldrich. On the south side is the Library, begun in 1716,
but not finished till 1761. Of the Library, the lower storey serves as a picture-gallery. It was formed by General Guise, and is especially remarkable for works by the
earlier Italian painters. There is a portrait of General Guise by Reynolds. On the staircase is a statue of Locke, by Rysbrach. The upper library is 142 feet long, 30
feet wide, and 37 feet high. The collection of books consists of the donations of Dean Aldrich, Archbishop Wake and others. There are also MSS. and Oriental coins.
25

Q
CEEDE
600
XE
00
21120

CHRIST CHURCH-DINING HALL.
The Hall of Christ Church is the largest and finest in Oxford, and is perhaps the finest refectory in England. Its length is 115 feet, width 40 feet, height 50 feet.
finished by Wolsey in the Late Perpendicular style. The carved roof of Irish oak has pendants decorated with the arms and badges of Henry VIII. and Catherine of
Aragon. It is dated 1529. Plays were witnessed here by Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. Here Charles I. in 1644 assembled his Parliament consisting of 45
Peers and 118 Commoners, who, as a secession, sat in opposition to the Parliament at Westminster. The Hall is lined by about 120 portraits. Portraits of Wolsey and
Henry VIII. (Holbein), of Queen Elizabeth (Zucchero), of Locke (Kneller), and of Canning (Lawrence), are included. All the pictures have the names attached.

27

anging you

CHRIST CHURCH-NEW BUILDINGS.
These New Buildings were erected in 1862-6, and contain fifty sets of rooms. Opposite to them, at the end of the Broad Walk, is a recently planted avenue leading down to
the side of the Isis. The river at the part here reached is of considerable width, and here the College boat-races take place. The walk by the river is lined by the
College barges. By turning down the Broad Walk and passing into Merton fields, a good view is obtained of Merton College. On the west one of the best views of
the Cathedral is to be got. The Christ Church Walks, of which the present scene gives a glimpse, are altogether a mile and a half in circuit. Here the Cherwell joins
the Isis. The meadows adjacent to the Broad Walk are still sometimes flooded; but a "New Cut" has been made to obviate floods.


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CHRIST CHURCH-THE LATIN CHAPEL.
The Latin Chapel is the outer aisle of the Cathedral, north of the choir. The Cathedral itself was once the church of the priory of St. Frideswide, a princess who
became prioress of a nunnery about 730. The greater part of what remains of St. Frideswide's Church is of the twelfth century. Since 1546, the Cathedral Church
has served both for the Cathedral of the diocese of Oxford and for the chapel of Christ Church. This union of a Cathedral with a collegiate foundation gives Christ
Church a unique character. The Latin Chapel is so called from the service having been formerly read in it in Latin at the beginning of each term. It is said
to have been built about 1350 by Lady Elizabeth Montacute. The stalls and desks, of the time of Wolsey, were originally placed by him in the choir.
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THE CATHEDRAL, EAST END.
The east end of the Cathedral was entirely rebuilt by Scott in 1871. He made out the
original design from the fragments built into the east wall, and reproduced a
great wheel window with two round-headed ones below instead of a decorated
insertion which had been filled with stained glass in 1854. Beneath the east
window is a reredos of sandstone and red marble, designed by Bodley (1881).
THE CATHEDRAL, WEST END.
In the restoration of the Cathedral chiefly carried out between 1872 and 1875, the
organ was erected at the west end. The seating was renewed and the choir re-
paired. Carved stalls and wrought iron canopies were erected for the dean and
canons. A new bay was added to the nave, and a portico opened out into the
great Quadrangle. A fine lectern was presented by the Censors of the House.
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CHRIST CHURCH-DINING-HALL STAIRCASE.
This staircase leads to the Dining Hall. At the foot of the staircase is the entrance to
the Cloisters. These are of the fifteenth century, but have lately been restored.
The foundations in the centre, discovered during the alterations, are thought to
belong probably to the monastic buildings of the twelfth century. Close by the
Hall is the kitchen. It is an interesting specimen of the ancient English style.
BROAD WALK IN SPRING.
The avenue of elms seen in the view encloses the Broad Walk. This avenue is one of
the finest in England, though some of the trees are now very old and decayed.
Here on the evening of "Show Sunday "-the Sunday before Commemoration
Day in June-members of the University with their friends and others take a
promenade. The Broad Walk communicates at each end with the river-side.
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CHRIST CHURCH FROM THE MEADOWS.
The Walks of Christ Church intersect and enclose a meadow of 50 acres, originally the gift of Lady Elizabeth Montacute to the Priory of St. Frideswide. This priory, the
earliest institution in Oxford, was one of the convents of which the revenues went towards the endowment of Christ Church by Wolsey. St. Frideswide's Church be-
came the cathedral of the diocese of Oxford as well as the chapel of Christ Church. The meadow is on the promontory formed by the confluence of the Isis and the
Cherwell. An avenue of elms, dating from the Restoration, encloses the Broad Walk. This walk itself was raised by Bishop Fell with the earth removed in excavating
Tom Quadrangle, and again by Dean Aldrich with earth removed from Peckwater. To the right of the Broad Walk are seen the New Buildings.

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PEMBROKE COLLEGE AND ST. ALDATE'S.
Pembroke College, originally Broadgates Hall, was founded in 1624 by James I. at the cost of Thomas Tesdale, of Glympton in Oxfordshire, and Richard Wightwick, Rector
of Ilsley, Berks. It obtained its name from William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, who was Chancellor of the University when it was founded. The buildings are almost
entirely modern, having scarcely anything earlier than 1670. Among the celebrated members of this college was Samuel Johnson, who occupied the rooms over the
original gateway. By the side of Pembroke College is St. Aldate's Church. The east end is covered with Virginia creeper. St. Aldate's Church was restored in 1863,
but a small Norman arcade is preserved. The south aisle was built (1335-6) by Sir John Ducklington, a fishmonger, more than once Mayor of Oxford.
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PEMBROKE COLLEGE-FIRST QUADRANGLE.
In this view of the first quadrangle of Pembroke College, the Gateway Tower should be noticed. A passage leads to the second, grass quadrangle. On the west is the
new hall, by Hayward, which dates from 1848. It is a reproduction of the late fifteenth century type. On the south is the chapel, dating from 1732. The interior,
which had been very plain, was beautified in 1885. The present library was once the hall, and consists in large part of the old refectory of Broadgates Hall, the
academical foundation which formerly occupied the site. In the library are preserved some of the College remains of Samuel Johnson, with his bust by Bacon, and
two other relics, namely, his china teapot and the little wooden desk on which he wrote his Dictionary. In the hall is his portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

4I

WORCESTER COLLEGE.
Worcester College was founded in 1714 by Sir Thomas Cookes, of Bentley in Worcestershire, Bart. It occupies the site of Gloucester Hall, which began with the foundation,
in 1283, by John Giffard, of a small house for Benedictine monks from Gloucester. After the dissolution of monasteries, the Hall was (in 1560) conveyed to the
President and Fellows of St. John's College; but it had fallen into decay. The views of Worcester from the gardens are superior to the view from outside. Five old
monastic buildings (rebuilt in the fifteenth century) are noteworthy. The chapel, on the site of an old Perpendicular one, is in the modern classical style, and dates
from about 1780. The gardens are large and beautiful. They contain a sheet of water called "Worcester Pond," a well-known skating place.
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​THE CLARENDON PRESS.
The Clarendon Press, or University Printing Office, is in Walton Street, in the northern suburbs of Oxford. It was erected out of the Press Fund, from profits accumulated in
the business of the old Press, which was removed to the present building in 1830. It is a Classic building. The architect was Mr. Daniel Robertson, under whose
superintendence the front with the south wing was erected. The remainder was completed under the direction of Mr. Blore. The south side of the building is appro-
priated to the printing of Bibles and Prayer Books. The north or "Learned" (called also the "Classical") side is assigned for the printing of all University documents,
all books which the delegates of the Press themselves undertake to publish, and those which are sent in by private authors or publishers.

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ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE-INNER QUADRANGLE.
St. John's College was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas White, a merchant who had been twice Lord Mayor of London. It occupies the site of a Hall dedicated to St. Bernard,
and founded for the education of Cistercian monks by Archbishop Chichele in 1437. The Inner Quadrangle was built by Inigo Jones in 1631. The colonnades are
in the style of the Renaissance. On the south and east sides of the Quadrangle is the Library. This, besides a collection of books and MSS., contains a portrait
of Charles I., with what is said to be the whole Book of Psalms written in his hair and the lines of his face. A portrait of Archbishop Laud is also preserved. The
Library likewise contains the cap and the walking-stick of Laud, for whom part of it was built by Inigo Jones. The other part is Elizabethan.

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VAUS&CAMPTON.
FEAST
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE-GARDEN FRONT.
The Gardens of St. John's College occupy about five acres.
They are open free to the public, and have always been a favourite resort of visitors. They are considered the
most beautiful in Oxford. In this view the east or garden front of the Library is seen. The picturesque character of this battlemented front, with its oriels and creepers,
comes out especially when it is viewed with the moonlight on the sweep of lawn in front. The gardens were laid out by "Capability" Brown and Repton. They are
rich in trees and are the haunt of nightingales. An open-air Masonic fête in the Gardens of St. John's is one of the features of Commemoration Week. Secluded as
they appear, they are not far from the thoroughfare of St. Giles's, upon which the front of the College looks.
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BALLIOL COLLEGE.
Balliol College was founded in 1263 by Sir John Balliol of Barnard Castle, father of John Balliol, to whom Edward I. gave the crown of Scotland. His plans were after-
wards carried out by Devorgilla his widow. Her actual statutes are still in the possession of the College, and are dated 1282. Balliol disputes with Merton the claim to
be the earliest collegiate foundation in Oxford. John Wycliffe became Master of Balliol about 1360. During his mastership he made the first translation of the Bible.
into English, the date of which is 1380. The present College buildings include nothing earlier than the middle of the fifteenth century. In the view, the south front
facing Broad Street is seen. This is an erection of Waterhouse, to replace the Henry the Sixth buildings, which were taken down in 1868.
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BALLIOL COLLEGE-THE DINING HALL.
In this view is seen the spacious back quadrangle of Balliol, with its trees. The new hall, seen here, is from the design of Waterhouse (1877). The lower storey, and the
broad flight of steps, should be noticed. The doorway is surmounted by an ornamented gable with open tracery. This hall is one of the most capacious in Oxford.
In the interior it has an open roof, west gallery, and organ. The organ is the gift of the late master, Professor Jowett. There is a portait of Wycliffe, which is a copy
of the original at Lutterworth. Other interesting portraits are those of Jowett, of Browning, and of Mr. Peel, the Speaker of the House of Commons, taken before he
vacated the Speakership and became Viscount Peel. At the farther end of the room, high up on the wall, are old paintings of the founder and his wife.

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TRINITY COLLEGE-THE LIME WALK.
Trinity College was founded in 1554 by Sir Thomas Pope of Tittenhanger, Hertfordshire. It was built on the site of Durham College, founded about 1286 by Richard de
Hoghton, Prior of the Cathedral Convent of Durham, for the reception at Oxford of students from that Benedictine monastery. The present structure is, with the ex-
ception of a few doubtful fragments, all of later date than the time of Sir Thomas Pope. In the Library is a chalice which belonged to St. Alban's Abbey. This is one
of the few now existing that date from before the Reformation. The trellised avenue known as the "Lime Walk" is a part of Trinity College Gardens. These are
extensive and well laid out, with yews and other evergreens, shrubs and flowers. Commemoration garden-parties and other festivities are frequently held here

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TRINITY COLLEGE-FIRST QUADRANGLE.
The First Quadrangle of Trinity College, seen in this view, is surrounded by interesting objects. On one side are the chapel and the President's house, on another the New
Buildings. On the east side of the front lawn stands Kettel Hall, a picturesque specimen of domestic architecture. It was called after its founder, Dr. Ralph Kettel,
President of Trinity, who died in 1643. The Chapel of Trinity and its tower, which are Grecian in style, were built by Dr. Bathurst, President, about 1694, from
Aldrich and Wren's design. In the previous chapel there was fine music when the refugee court of Charles I. was at Oxford. The Hall and Library of Trinity are in
the Second Quadrangle. The Hall was rebuilt in 1618-20. The Third Quadrangle, designed by Sir C. Wren and built 1667-82, has its east side open to the garden.

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OLD SCHOOLS TOWER.
The Old Schools, now devoted entirely to the purposes of the Bodleian Library, were.
once used for lectures in the Faculties. Till the New Schools in High Street
were built, the University examinations were held in the rooms on the ground.
floor. The central Gate Tower presents on the inside the five Roman orders
of architecture one above another. It was built by Thomas Holt (1619).
4
TRINITY COLLEGE CHAPEL
Trinity College Chapel was built by Dr. Bathurst, President, about 1694, from Aldrich's
and Wren's design. On the north side is the alabaster altar-tomb of Sir Thomas.
Pope, the founder, and Elizabeth Blount, his third wife, with effigies. The
chapel contains an elaborate screen and altar-piece by Grinling Gibbons. The
painted ceiling, by Peter Berchet, has for its subject the Ascension.
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EXETER COLLEGE GARDENS, WITH BITS OF OLD SCHOOLS AND BODLEIAN.
Exeter College was founded in 1314 by Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter and sometime Lord High Treasurer of England. At first called Stapledon Hall, it soon
became known as Exeter College. It is the fourth in point of antiquity among the Colleges of Oxford. In the Garden (called the Fellows' Garden) is the new
Library by Scott (1856). This is seen on the left. The chestnut tree at the corner, which overhangs Brasenose Lane, is known as "Heber's Tree," because it
shaded the rooms occupied by Reginald Heber when at Brasenose. Some fig-trees were planted by Bishop Kennicott, the Hebraist, a former Rector of Exeter.
The ivied backs and buttresses of the Bodleian and part of the old Schools, with the Great Dome of the Radcliffe Library, may be seen.
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EXETER COLLEGE-THE QUADRANGLE.
The large and gravelled Front Quadrangle of Exeter College is here seen. On the right in the view is the chapel, by Scott (1857), the exterior of which is well seen from the
Quadrangle. Opposite the chapel is the hall, not seen in the view. This was built by Sir John Acland in 1618. It has a fine timber roof and Perpendicular windows.
The entrance gateway leads from Turl Street, and belongs to the west front of the College. This front is 220 feet in length. The gateway was rebuilt in 1595, 1703,
and 1834. In 1834 the whole front was newly faced. A passage by the east end of the chapel leads into the second Quadrangle. The block of buildings comprising
the north front of the College, which faces Broad Street, was built about the same time as the chapel by Sir Gilbert Scott.

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EXETER COLLEGE CHAPEL-THE SCREEN.
Exeter College Chapel is considered the masterpiece of Sir Gilbert Scott. It was built in 1857 on the site of a fifteenth-century chapel. It recalls the Sainte Chapelle at
Paris and the choir of Lichfield Cathedral. In the view, the object presented is the richly sculptured and inlaid screen dividing the ante-chapel from the chapel itself.
Exeter College chapel is in the Early Decorated style of Gothic architecture. It is apsidal, and is 100 feet high. Canopied stalls in carved oak from designs by Mr.
Bodley were added in 1884. In 1890 there was placed on the south wall a piece of tapestry designed by Sir E. Burne-Jones and executed by Mr. William Morris, both
Honorary Fellows of the College. The subject is the Adoration of the Magi. The figures are life-size.

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JESUS COLLEGE.
Jesus College was founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. The initiative came from Hugh Price, Treasurer of St. Davids; but Queen Elizabeth contributed much of the timber
for the buildings, and hence took the title of founder. The title of "second founder" is given to Sir Leoline Jenkins, who had the chief part in "re-edifying" the
college after the Restoration. It was at first intended exclusively for Welshmen, and is still to a great extent a Welsh college, though half the fellowships are now open
without restriction as to place of birth. The front, seen in the view, is in Turl Street, and faces Exeter College. It was erected in 1856, in the style of the English
collegiate architecture of the sixteenth century. The chapel window of the old front was carefully restored, and served as a key to the style of the rest.
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JESUS COLLEGE QUADRANGLE.
Here is seen the First Quadrangle of Jesus College, containing the chapel, which is the building seen on the left. Beyond the front of the College may be seen the tower of
Exeter College chapel. The chapel of Jesus is filled with oak wainscotting throughout, contemporaneous with the building itself. The consecration took place in 1621.
The east window was added in 1636, but had been blocked up when, in 1855, it was re-opened and filled with stained glass by Powell. The whole of the chapel was
restored in 1864 by Buckler. It contains the tomb of Sir Leoline Jenkins, and the monument of Sir Eubule Thelwall, the builder of the Principal's House, 1621. By
Sir Eubule Thelwall the hall was completed. It has an elaborate carved screen, and a fine bay window, which is an ornament of the Inner Quadrangle.
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LINCOLN COLLEGE.
Lincoln College was founded by Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1427. Double gateways open on Turl Street. To the right, on leaving Lincoln, is Exeter.
The tower gateway of Lincoln College, with groined vault, leads to the North Quadrangle. In this Quadrangle is the Hall, built by Dean Forest in 1436, and externally
little altered since that time. The South Quadrangle contains the Chapel, which was built by Lord Keeper Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1629. Built in Perpendicular
Gothic, it is fitted up with oak and cedar in the revived Classic taste. The windows have choice painted glass of Dutch or Flemish origin brought from Italy in
1629. Of Lincoln College John Wesley became a Fellow in 1726. The pulpit from which he may have preached remains in the ante-chapel.
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BRASENOSE COLLEGE-THE DINING HALL.
Brasenose College was founded, in 1509, by the joint benefaction of William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton of Prestbury. It was an amplification
At Stamford, where, in the fourteenth
of an older Brasenose Hall. The name is due to this Brasenose Hall having on its door a knocker in the shape of a nose.
century, a body of students and professors, having migrated from Oxford, tried to set up a rival university, there is still a house called Brasenose Hall. On the gate.
was a twelfth-century knocker in the shape of a nose, which was probably carried off in 1334 by the Brasenose emigrants. In 1889 the house was bought by
Brasenose, and the knocker placed in the College Dining Hall. This Hall, except for an eighteenth-century fireplace, remains practically in its original state.
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BRASENOSE COLLEGE, WITH RADCLIFFE LIBRARY AND ST. MARY'S.
From the new Quadrangle of Brasenose College the dome of the Radcliffe Library, and the spire of St. Mary's Church, are seen close at hand. Other objects of interest in
Brasenose are the chapel and the library. The chapel was finished in 1666. It is said to be from designs by Sir Christopher Wren. It combines Classic and Gothic
forms in the manner of the architecture of that period. The roof was brought from the chapel of St. Mary's College, which once stood in the Corn Market. This
College was founded by Henry VI. in 1435. The roof brought to Brasenose Chapel is of rich fan-tracery work, painted blue and gold in 1860. There are two pre-
Reformation chalices and patens. The east window has Gothic tracery. The library was finished in 1663, and is said to be also by Wren.
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BRASENOSE COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE.
One view of the old Quadrangle of Brasenose is here given. On the south side of the Quadrangle the Hall is entered by a shallow porch, over which are sixteenth-century
busts of Alfred the Great, and of John Scotus Erigena. In the Quadrangle there was formerly a statuary group of Cain and Abel. This was removed and broken up
in 1881. In 1887 the decision was finally taken to add a new Quadrangle. New buildings, comprising a gateway tower, a residence for the Principal, and sets of rooms
for undergraduates, have accordingly been added to Brasenose. This extension of the College to the southward has given an elaborate Gothic façade to High Street.
Such a new frontage had been thought of as early as 1720. Designs for the buildings, of that and subsequent dates, are preserved.
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BRASENOSE COLLEGE-THE JUNIOR COMMON ROOM.
This picture represents a "Common Room" for undergraduates on the model of the Common Room where the Fellows meet for social intercourse. The Junior Common
Room of Brasenose began about 1780 in the form of a social club called the Phoenix Club. The example of having a Junior Common Room has since been
followed by other Colleges. For the use of the members, books, magazines, and newspapers are provided. Of the Brasenose Club the celebrated Reginald Heber
was a member. A fine chestnut in the gardens of Exeter, which overshadows the rooms he formerly occupied on the ground floor at a corner of the Quad-
rangle, still bears the name of "Bishop Heber's tree," as was mentioned in the text of the plate of Exeter Gardens.
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CENGERER GOSCH L
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THE OLD CLARENDON PRESS AND THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE.
The Sheldonian Theatre was built by Sir C. Wren at the expense of Archbishop Sheldon, then Chancellor of the University, in 1664-9. It was imitated from ancient theatres,
especially the theatre of Marcellus at Rome. The heads, sometimes called "the twelve Cæsars," are copies of sportive masks. The octagonal cupola was added by
Blore in 1838. A few yards distant is the old Clarendon Press. This was erected in 1713 by William Townsend, partly from the profits of the sale of Lord Clarendon's
"History of the Rebellion," the copyright of which was given to the University by the author's son. Having succeeded the Sheldonian as the University printing
office, the old building was itself succeeded by a new building in 1830. It is now used for the offices of the Registrar of the University and for other official purposes.
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THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE-INTERIOR.
In the Sheldonian Theatre the annual "Commemoration" of benefactors of the University is held, at which prize compositions are recited and honorary degrees conferred.
on distinguished men. The Commemoration of 1834 is here represented. Graduates and strangers fill the seats below. Dignitaries of the University and ladies
occupy the lower seats of the semicircle. In the gallery are the undergraduates. The ceremony is the installation of the great Duke of Wellington as Chancellor of
the University. The Duke sits in the Chancellor's chair. On both sides of him are ranked those who are about to receive the degree of Doctor; the majority being
officers who have served in campaigns with the Iron Duke. The flat ceiling, conspicuous in the view, was painted by Streater, Serjeant-Painter to Charles I.
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DIVINITY SCHOOL.
The old Divinity School is the basement storey of Duke Humphrey's Library-the original portion of the Bodleian. It was begun in 1426, and finished as a theological
lecture-room in 1480. Its peculiar feature architecturally is the stone roof, with its arches and pendants. About 1550, in the time of Reforming zeal, the fittings of the
interior and the lead of the roof were carried off; but the building was afterwards restored, and has since been used for various purposes. In the Civil Wars it was
used with the other schools as a storehouse for corn and as an armoury. Towards the end of the seventeenth century it was restored to its present state under the
direction of Sir Christopher Wren. Adjoining is the Apodyterium, where the Vice-Chancellor's Court is held.


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CONVOCATION HOUSE.
The Convocation House forms a basement-storey to a part of the Bodleian Library. Admission may be obtained to it by a door at the western end of the Divinity School, to
which it is adjoining. An architectural feature is the fan-tracery of the roof. All matters requiring the assent of Convocation-which consists of qualified Masters of
Arts-are decided here. No statute, for example, is binding until it has received the assent of Convocation; and in Convocation is transacted all the formal business of
the University except what belongs to Congregation-a body with a more restricted membership. The Convocation House is used for conferring degrees attained by
examination. On a "degree day," the seats at the upper end are cccupied by the Vice-Chancellor, Proctors, and Doctors, the lateral benches by Masters of Arts.

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BODLEIAN LIBRARY.
The Bodleian Library was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley (1544-1612), a retired diplomatist and sometime Fellow of Merton College. It was opened in 1602. The most
ancient portion of the library had been founded by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV., and built in 1445-1480; but, in the meantime, it had been
despoiled by the Commissioners of Edward VI. (1550), and disfurnished by the University (1556). The Library now contains over 440,000 printed volumes and
30,000 MSS. It is particularly rich in Oriental, and especially in Hebrew, literature. By Act of Parliament it can claim a copy of every book entered at
Stationers' Hall. It is open to graduates of the University, and to others on presenting a satisfactory recommendation.
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RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY.
Adjoining it is the Radcliffe Observatory.
Adjoining it is the Radcliffe Observatory.
The Radcliffe Infirmary is on the Woodstock Road.
It was founded by the Trustees of Dr. Radcliffe, and was opened for the re-
ception of patients on St. Luke's Day, 1770. It stands in about five acres of ground given by Thomas Rowney, who was also a benefactor in other respects. Additions
have been made from time to time, including a large ward in the rear. The chapel of St. Luke, in the Early English style, by Blomfield, was erected in 1867, through
a gift of the late Mr. T. Combe, of the University Press. The Infirmary is mainly supported by subscriptions, donations, and collections. A special Hospital Sunday
Fund, established in 1873, has been the source of an augmentation of income. In aid of the institution the Radcliffe Sermon in Commemoration Week is preached.
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INDIAN INSTITUTE.
The Indian Institute closes the east end of Broad Street. It was founded as a centre at once for Englishmen who, as members of the University, are preparing for Indian
careers, and for Indians who come over to England for study at Oxford. It includes a small Museum, -illustrating the industries, natural history, and religious and
social life of India, a Library, Lecture Rooms and Reading Rooms. The buildings were erected in 1882, from designs by Mr. Basil Champneys. They were finished
by the completion of the west front in 1893. They are in "Oriental-Elizabethan" style, the style of the English Renaissance, mixed with some Oriental detail.
In the entrance lobby is a Sanskrit inscription, dedicating the building to Eastern sciences for the common use of English and Indian members of the Aryan race.
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WADHAM COLLEGE.
For the endowment of Wadham College, estates were purchased by Nicholas Wadham, of Merifield, Somerset. After his death in 1609, his widow, Dorothy, daughter of Sir
William Petre, in pursuance of her husband's purpose, erected buildings for the society, and made a considerable addition to its revenues. The College was built upon
the site of the monastery of the Austin friars. Of the monastic buildings nothing remains. The first stone of the College was laid in 1612. The buildings exhibit a
mixture of architectures, the Gothic being described as of unusual merit for the time. The front, of three storeys, is seen in the view. It has a well-proportioned gate-
way-tower. The groining at the entrance is Perpendicular. Besides the chapel, the hall-which contains many portraits-and the gardens, are especially pleasing.

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WADHAM COLLEGE-THE GARDENS AND CHAPEL.
The Chapel of Wadham manifests with special distinctness the general characteristics of the architecture of the College. Though not older than the beginning of the seven-
teenth century, it resembles in design and detail the Perpendicular of the last decades of the fifteenth century. The whole of the work is said to have been executed.
by a body of Somersetshire masons. As the buildings recall the Perpendicular of the West Country, it has hence been supposed that the architectural traditions of the
religious houses of Somerset had still some vitality even at so late a period. In the interior of the Chapel, the Jacobean stall-work deserves attention, and the painted
glass is harmonious. The east window was painted by Van Linge, 1621. The gilt clock outside was designed by Sir Christopher Wren, once a commoner of Wadham.
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THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.
The University Museum, in the Parks, is sometimes called the "New Museum," to distinguish it from the Old or Ashmolean Museum. The first stone was laid in 1855, and
the building opened in 1860. The Museum was intended for the promotion of the study of Natural Science, and was erected at the charge of the University. In 1872
an additional wing was added by the Clarendon Trustees, containing the lecture-rooms and laboratories of the department of Experimental Philosophy. Besides work-
rooms, laboratories, and a dissecting-room, there are provided abundant specimens. Under the roof of the Museum is the Scientific Library and Reading-room. Hither
the trustees of the Radcliffe Library have permitted the books on Natural Science to be transferred. The Library in the Museum is now properly the Radcliffe Library.

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KEBLE COLLEGE.
Keble College was built by subscription (£45,000 being first raised), as a memorial to the Rev. John Keble, Vicar of Hursley, sometime Fellow and Tutor of Oriel
College and Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford, and author of the "Christian Year." The Royal Charter by which, in 1870, it was incorporated, declares
it to be "founded and constituted with the especial object and intent of providing persons desirous of academical education, and willing to live economically, with
a College wherein sober living and high culture of the mind may be combined with Christian training based upon the principles of the Church of England." The
buildings are of variegated brick; and this, together with the style of architecture, gives them an appearance different from that of the other Colleges.
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KEBLE COLLEGE CHAPEL.
Keble College Chapel, designed, like the College itself, by Butterfield, was founded by the late W. Gibbs, of Tyntesfield, who devoted to its erection over £30,000. It
was dedicated on St. Mark's Day, 1876. The interior height is 70 feet, the breadth 35 feet, the length 124 feet. The painted glass and mosaics deal with Old and New
Testament subjects in such a way as to illustrate the ideas of the "Christian Year." Christian saints are represented in mosaic panels on each side; Greek and Latin.
doctors in the four side-windows above. In the chancel, on one side is a large mosaic of the Crucifixion; on the opposite side is one of the Resurrection. The
South Transept has been fitted up as a memorial chapel to Canon Liddon. The decoration throughout is elaborate.

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HERTFORD COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE.
Hertford College faces the Bodleian. This College has a rather complicated history. About the year 1282, Elias de Hertford founded Hertford, Hert, or Hart Hall. In
1740 Dr. Richard Newton, then Principal of Hart Hall, obtained a charter of incorporation for the Society under the title of Hertford College. The endowments
proving insufficient, the College was dissolved in 1805. A part of the property of the dissolved College was transferred to the University, and the Hertford Scholarship
endowed therefrom. The remainder was transferred to Magdalen Hall, founded by Bishop Waynflete in 1487, the history of which also is rather complicated. In
1874 Magdalen Hall was dissolved, and the Principal and Scholars, together with certain Fellows, were incorporated again as Hertford College.


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HERTFORD COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE: ANOTHER VIEW.
This is another view of Hertford College. Since the College was re-incorporated with its present title in 1874, after the dissolution of Magdalen Hall, considerable improve-
ments in the buildings have been carried out. The front, facing the Bodleian and New College, having been built early in the century in the Palladian style, the new
centre of the block was added by Mr. T. G. Jackson. The new Palladian gateway, facing the Bodleian, is thought to have very much improved the buildings archi-
tecturally. This was erected in 1890. There are a few remains of the old buildings in the Buttery and Hall. The lodgings of the former Principals exist, but are now
converted into rooms for undergraduates. The Chapel was consecrated by Archbishop Potter in 1716. Some remains still exist of the original Hart Hall.
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NEW COLLEGE, SHOWING CHAPEL, TOWER, AND OLD CITY WALL.
New College was founded in 1386 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, and sometime Lord High Chancellor of England. It was intended as a complement
to the school, founded also by William of Wykeham, at Winchester; its original name being "St. Mary's College of Winchester in Oxford." The buildings are in the main
the work of Wykeham himself, who was an architect as well as an ecclesiastical statesman. The Belfry Tower, seen on the right, was built on the site of a
bastion of the city wall, and was intended for defence as well as ornament. This, with the cloisters, was the latest work of Wykeham. The Chapel is a noble
example of earliest Perpendicular architecture. The buildings, as seen here in their external aspect, remain very much as they came from the hand of the founder.
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NEW COLLEGE GARDENS.
The garden of New College is enclosed on three sides by the ancient walls of the city. These walls, by a covenant between William of Wykeham, the founder, and the Cor-
poration-still preserved in the muniments of the city-the College is bound to keep in repair. Thus they remain as an example of old civic fortification. The parapet
and the bastions, with their loopholes for arrows, and the walks along the battlements, are in a perfect state. The iron gate and railings at the entrance of the garden were
brought from Canons, the seat of the Duke of Chandos. In the centre of the garden is the "Mount," which in early summer displays foliage of many-shaded green.
In autumn the walls are clothed with crimson by luxuriant creepers. The gardens are among the most beautiful in Oxford.
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the gateway.
This is another view of the gardens of New College. The picturesque effect of the Chapel and tower beyond should be noted. The mound covered with shrubs rises opposite
From a door in one corner of the garden the "Slype" or "Slip" is entered. Another picturesque view may be thence obtained of the bastions, with the
bell-tower and chapel. The gardens, as has been remarked in connection with the previous plate, are surrounded on three sides by the ancient bastioned walls of the
city. These remain as they were in the Civil Wars. In the Tower, Protestant members of the College were imprisoned during the reign of Henry VIII., as a
correction, by the Warden, Dr. London. One of the Fellows is said to have died there of cold and starvation.
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NEW COLLEGE-CLOISTERS AND BELL TOWER.
These picturesque Cloisters measure 130 feet by 85 feet. They are remarkable for their ribbed roof, which resembles the bottom of a boat. With the Belfry Tower, they are
the latest work of William of Wykeham. They were consecrated by the Bishop of Dunkeld in Scotland in 1400, together with the bells in the Tower, then only three
in number, the area being at first intended as a private burial-place for the College. The Cloisters have forty Perpendicular three-light windows. A good view of the
detached Belfry Tower is hence obtained. In 1643, they were used as a dépôt for the royal military stores. There are interesting inscriptions on the pavement and on
the walls. In the view the west end of the Chapel is seen. The west window was painted by Jervais from Sir Joshua Reynolds's cartoons.

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NEW COLLEGE-ENTRANCE AND GATEWAY.
In this view are seen the entrance and gateway of New College, which however, in their unpretending character, give no adequate idea of the varied attractions of the interior.
Surmounting the gateway there are, in three Gothic niches, statues of the angel Gabriel, the Virgin, and the founder of the College. The Virgin is in the centre, the
angel and the founder are kneeling on each side. On the left there is the Chapel, of which other views are given. Adjoining the Chapel at its east end is the dining-hall,
the oldest in Oxford. This completes the north side of the First Quadrangle. In the distance, beyond the second court, a glimpse may be obtained of the gardens.
These form the subject of other plates. A west doorway just outside the Chapel opens into the cloisters
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NEW COLLEGE-NEW BUILDINGS.
These four-storeyed new buildings are from the design of Sir George Gilbert Scott. They are said to be the best example of modern collegiate buildings, though some object that
they lose repose and dignity by their great height. They were built for the accommodation of thirty-six students in 1878. Additional rooms and a tutor's house were
added in 1886 under the direction of Mr. Basil Champneys. The New Buildings face on one side the Belfry Tower and the old fortifications on which the north tran-
sept of the Chapel has been grafted; on the opposite side is Holywell Street. They are themselves in what is called the "Slype " or " Slip." This is a strip of ground.
entered from a door in one corner of the garden. This door opens through what was once an old postern of the town.
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NEW COLLEGE CHAPEL.
New College Chapel was restored by Sir Gilbert Scott (1879). The roof is of rich.
workmanship, and higher than the original roof. At the east end, the canopy
work of the reredos has been restored by Mr. Wyatt in stone, from the design of
one of the original canopies. The niches of the reredos are filled with statues.
illustrative of the Te Deum. The panelling and cornice above the stalls are new.
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MAGDALEN COLLEGE CHAPEL.
Magdalen Chapel was originally completed in 1480. Since then it has undergone
many vicissitudes. It was restored by Cottingham in 1833. In 1857-60 the
windows were filled with painted glass by Hardman. In 1864-5 the statues of
the reredos were added. A small chapel has been restored to receive the tomb
of Richard Patten, father of the founder, William of Waynflete.

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MAGDALEN COLLEGE FROM THE MEADOWS.
Magdalen College was founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete, successively Head Master of Winchester and Eton Colleges, Provost of Eton, Bishop of Winchester and
at the same time Lord High Chancellor of England. Its history in the Stuart period was eventful. During the Civil Wars it was strongly Royalist. The re-
sistance of the society afterwards to the attempt made by James II. to impose a Roman Catholic upon it as President is celebrated, and is recounted at length in
Macaulay's "History of England." In the view, the Cherwell, the bridge leading over it to High Street, and Magdalen Tower are seen. The Tower, of Perpen-
dicular architecture, is 145 feet high. From its summit, every May-day morning at five o'clock, a Latin hymn is sung by the choir habited in surplices.
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MAGDALEN COLLEGE-CLOISTERS AND BELL AND FOUNDER'S TOWERS.
On the right in this view is seen the Founder's Tower, on the left the Bell Tower. The Founder's Tower, which is the great gate of the College, contains on its first floor a
state banqueting room, lighted at each end by a grand oriel window. Here are preserved some tapestry hangings presented to the College by Prince Arthur, son of
Henry VII.
The Cloisters are of the date of the founder, William of Waynflete. They have been restored in the present century; but the original character, includ-
ing the details, has been well followed. They surround on four sides a grass quadrangle. The grotesque figures placed round the quadrangle on bold buttresses were
probably not designed for those places. In a MS. in the College Library they are described as symbolical of the virtues and duties of college governors and students.
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MAGDALEN COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST.
The Quadrangle of St. John the Baptist, Magdalen, is distinguished by its canopied projecting pulpit of stone. From this pulpit the University sermon was formerly preached.
on St. John the Baptist's Day, to a congregation assembled in the quadrangle. The court below was strewn with rushes and brushwood, and the buildings were dressed
with green boughs, in commemoration of the Baptist's preaching in the Wilderness. The custom fell into disuse about 1750. Instead of the sermon from the open-air
pulpit, a sermon is now preached in the College Chapel. In the view of the quadrangle, part of the Chapel is seen. The west doorway should be noticed. The beautiful
design is said to be without precedent. Over the doorway, in niches, are figures of St. John the Baptist, St. Mary Magdalen, St. Swithin, Edward IV., and the founder.

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MAGDALEN COLLEGE FROM THE BRIDGE.
Magdalen Bridge, from which this view is taken, was formerly the entrance to Oxford from London by coach. Visitors now usually approach from the Great Western or the
London and North Western Railway station at the opposite end of the town. The present western entrance is very much inferior to the original eastern entrance over
the Bridge, no interesting buildings being seen at first. Magdalen Bridge spans the Cherwell. It was built in 1779, and widened in 1882-3 to make room for a tram
way. The width of the old bridge was 26 feet inside the parapets, with a carriage-way of 18 feet. The width of the added portion is 20 feet. The present width is
thus 46 feet inside the parapets. The carriage-way over the new bridge is 32 feet in width.
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THE BOTANIC GARDEN.
The Botanic Garden was founded by a bequest of Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, 1622. It was the first piece of ground publicly set apart in England for the scientific
study of plants. The first Curator appointed was John Tradescant, whose collections became the basis of the Ashmolean Museum; but he died before occupying
the post. Besides the garden proper, containing living plants systematically arranged, there is a Herbarium, a Museum, and a Library of Botanical works. The
Herbarium contains both modern and ancient collections of dried plants and parts of plants. The "ancient" collections consist of specimens described previous to
Linnæus. A collection of rare exotics is housed in the new Conservatories, erected 1893-4. The gateway was designed by Inigo Jones.
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EDMUND HALL
St. Edmund Hall derives its name from its founder, Edmund Rich of Abingdon, who was Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Henry III., and was canonised by
Innocent V. as St. Edmund of Pontigny, where he died. In 1557 it came into the possession of Queen's College. This society obtained the perpetual right of nominating
the Principal. On the next vacancy in the office of Principal it will be incorporated with Queen's College. The buildings date for the most part from about 1650. The
entrance seen is in Queen's Lane. Queen's College is opposite, on the left. Beyond St. Edmund Hall, on the same side, is the Church of St. Peter's-in-the-East. This
is one of the oldest and most interesting churches in the city. The chief feature is the Norman crypt, dating from the twelfth century.


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QUEEN'S COLLEGE FROM HIGH STREET.
Queen's College was founded in 1340 by Robert de Eglesfield, chaplain to Queen Philippa, wife of Edward III. Many Queens of England have since been benefactresses.
Brasses of the founder and others are preserved in the bursary. In the buttery is the horn of Eglesfield, still used on "Gaudy" days as the loving cup. The present build-
ings are modern. The rebuilding was carried on from 1692 to 1716 by Wren and his pupil Hawksmoor. The classic front, with its pedimented wings and central
gateway, should be noted. The gables at either end are surmounted by stone statues of Jupiter and Apollo, and figures emblematical of Geography, Mathematics,
Medicine and Religion. The cupola, supported by columns over the gateway, covers a statue of Caroline, consort of George II., who gave £1,000 for college buildings.

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QUEEN'S COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE.
The gateway of Queen's College leads into the large turfed Quadrangle seen in the view. The Quadrangle is surrounded on three sides by a raised cloister terrace. In the
Second Quadrangle is the library, founded by Bishop Barlow, who died in 1691, the year before the present buildings were commenced. It is one of the most extensive
in Oxford, now containing 95,000 volumes. It has much elaborate wood-carving by Gibbons. The hall, nearly adjoining, contains many portraits of benefactors. It
was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The present Chapel of Queen's, dating from 1714, is in the Classic style of that period, like the rest of the buildings; but in it
is preserved some stained glass painted by Van Linge for the old Chapel in 1635. The eagle bears date 1662.

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NEW EXAMINATION SCHOOLS.
The exterior of the New Schools, in High Street, is here seen. The view shows the north front. These schools were opened in 1882, and cost about £100,000. The architec-
ture is in the style of the Renaissance, mixed with original design. Mr. T. G. Jackson was the architect. From the entrance hall, comprised in this picture, there
are approaches to the spacious Examination Rooms, occupying an upper floor. These were used as public assembly rooms first in 1883, when a concert and conversa-
zione were held in aid of the Royal College of Music. More recently they have been used for the lectures and social gatherings of the University extension students at
the Summer meetings held in August. Over the entrance portico are two panels, carved in relief, representing an examination and the conferring of a degree.
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NEW EXAMINATION SCHOOLS-ENTRANCE HALL.
This large Entrance Hall is surmounted by a louvre, supported on an oaken roof. It has a mosaic pavement. The three arches support the gallery. By passing underneath,
the corridor of the north wing is entered. This leads-through a smaller waiting-room, the roof of which is supported by marble columns-into the west corridor, con-
nected by a second hall with the south corridor. From the corridors the viva voce examination rooms are entered. There are two staircases, one in the south corridor,
with a decorated ceiling, and one in the west corridor. The staircases lead to the ante-chambers of the three spacious rooms where the written examinations take place.
These Examination Rooms occupy the upper floor of three sides of the quadrangle, and will accommodate over five hundred candidates at separate tables.

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE.
According to a tradition, accepted as true in the last century, University College was founded by Alfred the Great. In reality, its foundation was due to a bequest by William
de Lanum, Archdeacon of Durham, who died in 1249. The first purchase with this bequest was made in 1253, and the first statutes date from about 1280. The College
did not occupy the present site till about 1343. In the view is seen one of the quadrangles. The Chapel of University College has some stained glass windows by Van
Linge, 1641. The screen and cedar wainscotting, by Gibbons, have been preserved. A new library, by Scott, was built in 1861. It contains statues of Lords Eldon and
Stowell. In 1893 was erected a monument to the memory of Shelley, whose brief connection with the College is well known,
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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FROM THE HIGH STREET.
The scene here presented has been described as the finest sweep of street architecture which Europe can exhibit. On the right is Queen's College. Beyond is All Souls'
College, and beyond that the spire of St. Mary's Church. Still farther in the distance on the same side is the spire of All Saints' Church. Opposite Queen's and All
Souls' is University College. The venerable appearance of this College is due rather to the soft oolitic stone of which it was built than to the actual antiquity of the
present buildings. These date only from the period between 1634 and 1675. They are in the style of that period. The College itself of course is much older. The long
and imposing front is built on a curve. It has two tower gateways, three oriels, and a multitude of ogeed gables.
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ALL SOULS' COLLEGE AND ST. MARY'S CHURCH.
All Souls' College was founded in 1437 by Henry Chichele, sometime Fellow of New College, and successively Bishop of St. Davids and Archbishop of Canterbury.
Except four Bible-clerks, the College has no undergraduate members. It is a College of Fellows; and several of the fellowships are only tenable in connection
with University professorships or other offices. The principal entrance, as seen, is from High Street, by the western tower gateway. To the right, on leaving
All Souls', is the Church of St. Mary the Virgin (the University Church). It was built under the superintendence of Adam de Brome, almoner of Eleanor of
Castile. The tower is a structure of the thirteenth century. The spire was probably completed in the early fourteenth century.
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ALL SOULS' COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE, SHOWING THE TWIN TOWERS.
In this Quadrangle of All Souls', Hawksmoor's twin towers should be noticed. Other objects of interest at All Souls' are the Hall, the Chapel, and the Library. The Hall and
the Library both date from the last century, and, though spacious, are not considered good, architecturally. The Library contains 70,000 books, many of them legal.
It was founded by Colonel Codrington, a former Fellow of the College. The Chapel was consecrated by Archbishop Chichele, the founder of the College, in 1442.
is in Late Perpendicular style. In the succeeding times it suffered much destruction, and was re-embellished according to the varying taste of different periods. It was
successfully restored by Scott in 1872. The reredos is considered the most splendid in Oxford, if not in England. It formed the chief feature in the original decoration..
It

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ALL SOULS' COLLEGE QUADRANGLE AND RADCLIFFE LIBRARY.
In this view of the Second Quadrangle of All Souls', the Radcliffe Library is conspicuous, rising behind the picturesque cloister or piazza. Of the objects of interest in All
Souls' College itself something is said in the text of the other view of the Quadrangle. The Chapel, as is there remarked, is of special interest. It is of the T shape,
with an ante-chapel. In the ante-chapel are brasses to Richard Spekynton, a Fellow (1490), and to Philip Polton, Archdeacon of Gloucester (1461), and a double effigy to
two scholars who died on the same day, December 24, 1510. The Hall contains a portrait of Jeremy Taylor, who was a Fellow of the College. Other celebrated
Fellows were the physician Linacre (1484) and Sir C. Wren (1653). In the Library are three hundred designs by Wren for the building of St. Paul's Cathedral.

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ST. MARY'S CHURCH PORCH.
This Italian porch, on the south side of St. Mary's Church (see p. 147), was built in 1637 by Dr. Morgan Owen, Chaplain to Archbishop Laud. Over it is a statue of the Virgin
and Child. The porch was restored in 1865 by Sir Gilbert Scott. Architecturally it forms an exception to the general character of the buildings: the body of the church
being Perpendicular. The present chancel, which is very long and lofty, was erected from funds left by Lyhert, Bishop of Norwich, who died in 1472; the nave and aisles
were built in 1488, under the direction of Sir Reginald Bray. In this rebuilding all the old chapels disappeared, except the monumental chantry of Adam de Brome on
the north. At the west door, as is recorded in a modern inscription, is the grave of Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.

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RADCLIFFE LIBRARY.
The Radcliffe Library was founded by Dr. Radcliffe, physician to William III. and Mary, and to Queen Anne. He left £40,000 for its construction, besides smaller sums for
a librarian, purchase of books, etc. The foundation-stone was laid in 1737, and the Library opened in 1749. The building is from the design of Gibbs. It is 100 feet in
diameter, 140 feet in height. The Library was originally called the Physic Library, being intended to promote the study of Medicine and Natural Science, but the Rad-
cliffe collection of books has been removed to the University Museum in the Parks. The Radcliffe Library is now used as a reading-room in connection with the
Bodleian, and is properly called the "Camera Bodleiana." Over the door is the portrait of the founder by Sir Godfrey Kneller.
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ST. MARY HALL-QUADRANGLE.
St. Mary Hall was originally the parsonage house of the rectors of St. Mary's Church. In 1325, Edward II. gave the church with all its appurtenances to Oriel College.
By Oriel College, in 1333, the parsonage house was converted into a separate place of education. Afterwards it became an independent academical hall. The
Quadrangle, seen in the view, is irregular, of various dates. The eastern side, built about 1750, is due to Dr. King, then Principal. The western front was begun by Dr.
Dean about 1830, and continued by Dr. Hampden, afterwards Bishop of Hereford, who succeeded him in 1833. In the south-east corner are the small dining-hall and
chapel, built about 1640 by Dr. Saunders. Of St. Mary Hall, Sir Thomas More and Sir Christopher Hatton were members.
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ORIEL COLLEGE.
Oriel College was founded by Edward II. in 1326, at the suggestion of Adam de Brome, his almoner. A mansion on the present site is said to have been bestowed on the
College by Edward III. This was called Le Oriole. The word Oriole, Oriel, according to one derivation, comes from Oratoriolum. The "small oratory" being some-
times in a recess, the word was applied to projecting windows or a projecting apartment. Another derivation is from aureolum, gilded; from which word, it is said, came
Oriol, a portico, recess, or small room, more private and more ornamented than the rest. The present buildings date from between 1620 and 1640. In the view the gateway
tower and oriel window of the front are seen. The ogee gablets are a feature both of Oriel and of University College, built a few years later.

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ORIEL COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE, WITH MERTON TOWER.
Of Oriel Quadrangle the Hall and the Chapel form the side facing the entrance. They were both finished in the first half of the seventeenth century. They are said to be with-
out striking architectural merit, but they admittedly form one of the most picturesque bits of Oxford building. The bold projecting porch and the flight of steps in the
middle are plainly seen. On each side is an oriel window. Over the porch are three statues; above, the Virgin; below, Edward II. and Charles I. The Hall has an
open hammer-beam roof and glazed louvre. The Chapel has plain Jacobean stalls with Renaissance windows. In the possession of the College is the cup of Edward II.,
with a Latin inscription recommending sober potations. Another relic is the cocoa-nut cup, in silver gilt, of Bishop Carpenter, of Worcester, once Provost (d. 1476).
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ORIEL COLLEGE-QUADRANGLE.
In this view of the Quadrangle of Oriel College, the entrance is seen. This is opposite the Hall, represented in another picture of the Quadrangle. The ceiling of the gateway
is of stone, groined with fan-tracery mouldings. Over the doorways are shields carved in stone, with the arms of the different benefactors. Besides the outward or
principal Quadrangle there is a second or inner one. The buildings on the eastern side of this date from 1719, and are by Dr. John Robinson, Bishop of London. The
western wing was built in 1729, by Dr. George Carter, Provost. The Library, by Wyatt, dating from 1788, is on the north side of the second Quadrangle, on the site
of a room originally erected in 1444. In the Common Room beneath the Library is a painting of the Italian poets by Vasari.
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CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
Corpus Christi College was founded in 1516 by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal. The Quadrangle seen in the view, remains much as it was left by
the founder. In the middle is a cylindrical dial with a perpetual calendar, constructed by Robert Higgs the mathematician, 1605, and described by him in a MS. in
the College Library. On the side opposite the entrance is the founder's statue, not seen in the view. The Hall has over the daïs a panel picture of Fox. The
Chapel contains a fine altar-piece by Rubens. The Library has valuable MSS. and a collection of the classics of the Aldine Press, purchased by the founder. In the
statutes of Corpus is the first official recognition of Greek in the studies of the University.
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​MERTON COLLEGE-MOB QUADRANGLE.
Merton College was first founded at Maldon in Surrey, 1264, and removed to Oxford before 1274, by Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, and Lord High Chancellor of
England. So far as documentary evidence is concerned, it can claim to be regarded as the first English College, and its statutes have formed a model for those of all
subsequent collegiate institutions both at Oxford and Cambridge. The Library or Mob Quadrangle, seen in the view, has been little changed since its erection about
1380. The Library was built about 1380 by William Rede, Bishop of Chichester. Over one of the passages by which the Mob Quadrangle is reached is the treasury,
dating from 1274. This was built by the founder entirely of stone, with a high-pitched ashlar roof. It contains the documents originally deposited there.

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MERTON COLLEGE FROM THE GARDENS.
The garden of Merton College is small but beautiful. It is bounded by the portion of the old city wall which formed the south-east angle of the fortifications. A terrace
nearly level with the top of the walls, which are covered with ivy, has seats formed in the bastions looking over Christ Church Meadows. Hence a view is obtained of
the south front of the College. The garden was laid out by Gilpin. Formerly the east wall was defended by a morass. Water was brought by a cutting from the
Cherwell. This cutting runs under Magdalen. Where the morass was there is now the nursery garden. The Chapel of Merton, with its tower, is an object of special
interest. There are two exceptionally perfect brasses. The lectern is a rare pre-Reformation example; it is of the fifteenth century.
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ADDISON'S WALK.
Addison's Walk is a part of the Magdalen Walks. These are formed by a meadow
attached to the College, encircled by the arms of the Cherwell, and intersected.
by avenues of trees, along raised dykes. Addison's Walk is on the north. From
it a view may be obtained of the deer in the park. The deer-park is surrounded
by an embattled wall, and is filled with fine old trees.
MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY.
Merton Library was built by William Rede, Bishop of Chichester, about 1380. The
windows on the east side retain their original painted glass, and the original en-
caustic paving tiles remain. The Library is divided into Arts, Theology, and
Medicine. In Medicine it is specially complete. It abounds in ancient bibles,
and has several curiosities, such as Caxton's first edition of Chaucer.
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MANSFIELD COLLEGE.
Mansfield College is theological and non-residential. It is intended primarily for the training of Congregational students for the ministry, and these not undergraduates but
men who have already graduated. Students of other denominations may be admitted. The College was founded in 1886 by the Trustees and Council of Spring Hill
College, Birmingham. The present buildings were erected in 1888. The name is derived from the Mansfield family, who gave the original endowments. Mansfield is
in modern Gothic, and is from designs by Mr. Basil Champneys. The Chapel is built north and south instead of east and west. At the entrance are statues of early
Fathers; and in the interior, statues of divines from Wycliffe onwards. The Chapel forms the east of the open quadrangle, in which the buildings are arranged.

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MANCHESTER NEW COLLEGE.
Manchester New College is a similar foundation to Mansfield, being non-residential, and intended for the theological training of students who have already graduated.
College adheres to its original principle of freely imparting theological knowledge, without insisting on the adoption of particular theological doctrines." Its members
are chiefly Unitarians. It was founded in 1786 at Manchester as the Manchester Academy. In 1853 it was removed to London. Later the Council decided to remove
it to Oxford, and in 1889 it was formally inaugurated in temporary rooms. The memorial stone was laid in 1891, and in 1893 the College was opened. The new build-
ings form a small quadrangle, with entrance tower and gateway on the east side, Chapel and Library with Lecture-rooms south and north.

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UNION SOCIETY'S ROOMS.
The Oxford Union Society was founded in 1823 " for the maintenance of a Library, Reading Rooms and Writing Rooms, and the promotion of debates on any subject not in-
volving theological questions." Meetings were first held in the College rooms of the members in rotation. At length, in 1852, the present premises were purchased by
the Society. The Library contains a collection of about 40,000 books. The old Debating Room, now the Library, was built in 1856, by Messrs. Woodward and Deane. It
is modern Venetian Gothic. The ceiling is richly painted, and the upper storey is surrounded by frescoes of the acts of King Arthur and his knights. These were
painted by D. G. Rossetti and other artists who have since become celebrated. A new Debating Room-seen on the right-was built in 1878.

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THE TAYLOR INSTITUTION.
The Taylor Institution occupies the east wing of a pile in the Ionic order of architecture. The central portion and the west wing are the University galleries. The Taylor
Institution owes its origin to Sir Robert Taylor, an architect and alderman of London, who died in 1788, leaving an endowment for the teaching of modern European
languages. The building was erected from a design by Cockerell in 1848. It contains a library of foreign books, and the leading foreign periodicals. Connected with
the Institution are teachers of French, German, Italian and Spanish. Taylorian scholarships are given for proficiency in these languages. A librarian is appointed.
by the curators of the Institution, who are also charged with the application of the Ilchester fund for the encouragement of the study of the Slavonic languages.
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HIGH STREET AND CARFAX CHURCH.
Carfax is the place where four ways meet, one of those ways being High Street, the upper end of which is seen here. According to the latest etymology, the word "Carfax"
corresponds to the modern French Carrefour, being derived, like it, by a series of stages, from the Latin Quadrifurcus, four-forked. Carfax Church is the name com-
monly given to St. Martin's Church, situated, as is seen, just at the end of High Street. This church is on the site of one which was dedicated to St. Martin before the
Conquest. It was rebuilt in 1820, but the Decorated font and tower remain. These are of the fourteenth century. The tower was lowered in the reign of Edward III.
because of a complaint from the University that the townsfolk used it as a fortress in time of combat, discharging arrows and stones from the top.

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THE MARTYRS' MEMORIAL AND CORNMARKET STREET
The central object in this view is the Martyrs' Memorial. Beyond it is seen the church of St. Mary Magdalen, and beyond this the church of St. Michael.
On the right is
Cornmarket Street. To the left, opposite the Martyrs' Memorial, is the west front of Balliol College. The first stone of the Memorial was laid in 1841. The design
was by Sir G. G. Scott, who took for his model the crosses erected by Edward I. in honour of Queen Eleanor. The monument stands 73 feet high. The statues, by
Weekes, are of Cranmer, facing north; of Ridley, facing east; and of Latimer, facing south. The south aisle of St. Mary Magdalen's was built in the time of Edward II.
The tower of St. Michael's Church is the work of Robert D'Oiley, Constable of Oxford in the time of William the Conqueror.
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CORNMARKET STREET, LOOKING TOWARDS TOM TOWER.
Cornmarket Street is one of the principal thoroughfares in Oxford. It derives its name from having been once occupied by corn-dealers' sheds. It is commonly known as
"The Corn; " High Street being called "The High." The usage is similar with other well-known streets in Oxford. The spectator is here looking from north to south
towards St. Aldate's, which is continuous with Cornmarket Street through Carfax, at which point High Street and Queen Street intersect, Queen Street running west
and High Street east. Tom Tower, with its gateway, the principal entrance to Christ Church, looks out upon St. Aldate's. On the right of the street as it presents
itself here are the Clarendon Hotel and the Metropolitan Bank. Opposite the bank are the Roebuck and Golden Cross Hotels.
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OXFORD CASTLE.
The tower of Oxford Castle was built by Robert D'Oiley probably in the reign of William Rufus. The Castle is now used as the county prison. In the clearing of the founda-
tions for the new gaol, an ancient crypt of the Chapel of St. George within the Castle was discovered. This is an interesting example of Early Norman work. The
Mound, which supported the Norman keep, dates probably from the time of the Mercian kings (about A.D. 900). In its centre is an octagonal vaulted chamber of the
time of Henry III., containing a well. In 1142 the Empress Maud was besieged within the walls of the Castle by King Stephen. She escaped across the frozen
river accompanied by three knights clad in white, and, having passed unobserved in the snow, reached Abingdon on foot, and was thence conveyed to Wallingford.

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CHRIST CHURCH CRICKET GROUND-OXFORD UNIVERSITY U. THE AUSTRALIANS IN 1893.
Here is seen a view of Christ Church Cricket Ground, Iffley Road, which runs southwards from Oxford to the village of Iffley. It is reached shortly after crossing Magdalen
Bridge. The cricket-match represented is that of Oxford University versus the Australians, which was played on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd of June, 1893. The Australians
scored in their first innings 200 (Graham, 64; Gregory, 40), and 182 in their second (Trott, 38; McLeod, 31 not out). The University scored 208 in their first innings
(Leveson-Gower, 59; Arkwright, 38; Bathurst, 33 not out), and 155 in their second (Arkwright, 30; Palairet, 27). Thus the Australians won by only 19 runs, the
University achieving a fine performance in pressing them so closely. Other Colleges besides Christ Church possess cricket grounds.
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THE FROZEN ISIS.
It is not often that the Isis is frozen to such a thickness as to permit of the driving of a coach over the surface. This event, however, actually took place in January, 1891, and
is illustrated in our view of the strange scene. The picture also well represents the great concourse of spectators-undergraduates and others-who congregated to
witness the singular spectacle. It may be noticed that the barges lining the river are frozen. Since the time when this view was taken, an even severer winter has
been experienced. The February of 1895 was noted as one of the coldest months in the century. Advantage was taken of this opportunity to drive a coach and six in
hand on the Isis. The character of the two scenes was not materially different.
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RACE OF THE TORPID EIGHTS.
The boats called the "Torpids" are the second eights of the Colleges. A race of 1893 is here represented. The boats are in that part of the river called "The Gut." This
is the part where most "bumps" occur. The term "bump" has reference to the system according to which the victory of one boat over another in the race is obtained.
The front boat in the race seen is just about to be "bumped." As in the case of the "Eights," the "Torpids" start from the order in which they last were.
end of each day's race the "bumps" are posted up where they can be seen by those interested. Next day the boats start in the new order, as determined by the posi-
tions gained in the previous day's race. Undergraduates are seen running along the bank, accompanying the boats of their own College.
At the
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INSTANTANEOUS VIEW OF THE
RIVER.
"The River," pre-eminently, is the Thames, or Isis as it is called at Oxford. It is on this river that all the college boat-races take place. Here in the summer term the races
between the College "Eights" are held. In addition to the crew which is called properly the "Eight," each College has a second Eight, known as the "Torpid."
Between the Torpids also races are held (see p. 193). The river of course is also frequented by men who indulge in boating for their own amusement or recreation,
either singly or with companions. Boating, in its competitive form, is the most distinctive part of the athletic life of the University. In the view several boats with
their crews, consisting of eight oarsmen and the coxswain, are seen. The College barges lining the bank will also be noticed.

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COLLEGE BOAT-RACE.
This is an instantaneous view of a College boat-race. The races of the College Eights are held in the Summer term. All the Colleges take part in the races, which are continued
from day to day for several days. As mentioned in connection with the subject of a previous plate (p. 193), at the beginning of each day's race the boats are arranged
to start in the positions they had at the end of the former day's race. To gain a place, a boat must catch the boat immediately preceding it. The boat overtaking is
said to "bump" the boat it overtakes. The particular race represented is that between Jesus and Keble, the former College leading. Along the Oxfordshire shore of
the Isis are seen the College barges. Crowds of spectators also are seen on both shores.
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THE LAST PROCESSION OF THE BOATS.
In this view the last procession of the boats, which took place in October, 1893, is seen. The procession of the boats was formerly one of the most popular events of Com-
memoration week. It came after the end of the College boat-races, in which the position of Head of the River is competed for. About fifty "Eights," each manned by
nine men in jerseys of distinctive colours, rowed in procession past the University barge. The boats in their order passed the crew which was Head of the River, and
gave a salute by tossing their oars in the air. This feat, when clumsily attempted, sometimes entailed submersion. By a resolution of the Oxford University Boat Club
in October, 1893, the custom is now discontinued. In the view the University Boat Club barge is conspicuous. The Oxfordshire shore is seen lined with barges.
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IFFLEY MILL.
Iffley village, placed on a height, commands pleasant views of Oxford and the river. It may be reached by a walk from Magdalen Bridge or by boat down the Isis. The
name occurs as Giftelei, A.D. 945. Of this two derivations have been given. According to one authority, it means in Saxon the "field of gifts." By others the termin-
ation "ey" is supposed to refer to there having been here one of the numerous river islands. The latter derivation is now considered more plausible. Iffley Mill is
one of the most picturesque bits of scenery on the river. This famous water-mill is below the church. The river may be crossed here, and a walk taken back to Oxford
along the opposite bank as far as the barges. From the barges, there is a ferry to Christ Church Meadows.
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IFFLEY CHURCH.
Iffley Church may be reached by a two-mile walk from Magdalen Bridge, or by boat from Christ Church Meadows. It is considered one of the finest specimens of a small
Norman Church in England. It was probably built about 1170 by Robert de Cheney, Bishop of Lincoln. A chancel was added at the east end in the thirteenth century.
The Perpendicular windows in the tower and nave, inserted in the Norman frames, are attributed to John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, about 1470. The celebrated west
front, with its arcade surmounted by a circular window, has often been restored. The black marble font is as early as the original church. It is square, supported
on a cylinder with four small pillars at the corners. The churchyard cross has been restored. Close by is the old rectory house, a picturesque building
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NUNEHAM BRIDGE.
Nuneham is an ancient village south of Oxford, lower down the Thames than Iffley, and is a favourite resort both of Oxford residents and visitors. In the present view,
Nuneham Bridge is seen. The scenery on the way by river offers many points of interest. The village of Nuneham has had three churches. The remains of the first,
an Early English one, still stand in the grounds of Baldon House. This was pulled down in 1764, and a new church, in the style of the period, built on rising ground
This was in turn closed, and a modern one in the Early English style built close to the village, in 1880. Immediately after the village is passed, the
woods and park of Nuneham Courtenay begin. The house is on a wooded height above the river.
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NUNEHAM COTTAGES.
Here is represented a boating excursion to Nuneham. The pink brick cottages are seen, lining the road. The box hedge in front of them is now rather broken. At the top
of the village is the Harcourt Inn. The woods and park of Nuneham Courtenay are an attraction for visitors. The old village, which lay near the site of the present.
mansion, was transferred to the side of the London road about 1710 by the first Lord Harcourt, who then held the estate. The seat is still held by a representative of
the family. In the park, on the brow of a hill, is the Conduit erected in 1610 by Otho Nicholson, opposite Carfax Church, as a conduit for the supply of water to the
University and City. In 1787 the city presented the monument to Lord Harcourt, who had it rebuilt on the present spot.
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GODSTOW.
Godstow, a mile and three quarters from Oxford, to the north, can be reached by river. In the low meadows near the ruins of Godstow, plants of special interest to botanists
are found. An object of antiquarian interest is the ruins of Godstow Nunnery, founded by Editha, wife of Robert D'Oiley, and consecrated the day before Christmas,
1138. Here Fair Rosamund was educated; and here, probably, she passed the latter years of her life, and was buried by her parents beneath the high altar. Shortly
after the dissolution of monasteries, most of the buildings were turned into a mansion. Of the nunnery, the greater part of the Perpendicular boundary wall still
remains. Just opposite the ruins and by the side of a bridge is the Trout Inn, a favourite "upper river" resort of Oxford boatmen.
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LILY BED ON THE CHERWELL.
In the view that is here given of the Cherwell, an example of the flora of the river and its banks is seen. The district round Oxford generally is rich in botanical interest.
The Cherwell rises at Charwellton in Northamptonshire. Passing Banbury and Adderbury, it flows into the Isis or Thames at Oxford, after a course of thirty miles
in the county. There are many agreeable walks on its banks. One that is especially frequented runs between two branches of the stream, and is known as "Mesopo-
tamia." A meadow attached to Magdalen College, and encompassed on all sides by branches of the Cherwell, is known as the Magdalen Walks. On its northern side.
is "Addison's Walk." Magdalen Bridge, from which a picturesque view is obtained, crosses the Cherwell.

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CUDDESDON COLLEGE.
The village of Cuddesdon lies to the south-east of Oxford. It contains a fine church (which was originally late Norman), the Bishop of Oxford's palace, and an Ecclesiastical
Training College. The College is opposite the palace, and was founded by Bishop Wilberforce, then Bishop of Oxford, in 1853, and opened in 1854. It is intended for
theological students, members of the Universities who have passed their final examination, and students of King's College, London, or graduates of Trinity College,
Dublin, holding the Divinity Testimonial. Cuddesdon College was built from designs by Street. It contains rooms for twenty-one students, a dining-hall, common
room, chapel, eight rooms for the Vice-Principal, and a chapel erected as a Wilberforce memorial in 1875. The architecture is of the Decorated style.
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OXFORD UNIVERSITY TRIAL EIGHTS AT MOULSFORD.
The "Trial Eights" are for the boat-race between Oxford and Cambridge, which, for the general public, is the great athletic event of the year in connection with the Universities.
Each crew has to consist of eight oarsmen, in addition to the coxswain, exactly as in the case of the College boats-hence the name. After practice on the Isis, the
selected Oxford crew is transferred for further practice to a part of the Thames nearer the scene of the actual race, the Cambridge crew being of course also transferred
from the Cam. The inter-University boat-race takes place in the Easter vacation, when many undergraduates, being at liberty, go from all parts of the country to join.
the crowd of spectators, who are always numerous, even when the tide requires the race to be rowed early in the morning.
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