PROGRESSIVE
PRRARARITHMETIC
Ivison, ELA EMAN TAYLOR & Co.
NEW YORK CIND CHICAGO

OF MICA
A MICHIGAN.
Rod
Rocklein
met weder.
AN
да
OF
ta
THE
H
1811
LIBRARIES

PREFACE.
This primary work is designed for small children,
and as an easy introduction to the “ Progressive Intel-
lectual Arithmetic,” for advanced classes.
Its object is to lead the young pupil, by brief and
simple processes, applied to practical examples of easy
gradation, to acquire habits of thought and of reasoning,
in their simplest forms, and to draw out and strengthen
the mind by a progressive and almost imperceptible gra-
dation of thought and expression.
The operations of Adding and Subtracting, of Multi-
plying and Dividing, are first shown by pictorial objects;
portions of the elementary tables are introduced at the
commencement of each lesson, and applied to short ex-
amples concerning familiar objects; promiscuous reviews
of the elementary tables, and the more simple and easy
Denominate tables have been introduced. Fractions
have been treated as far as was thought practicable
in a work of this kind.
It is confidently believed that the progressive and
systematic arrangement, the simplicity and adaptation
to the juvenile mind, the typography and general attrac-
tiveness of this little book, will insure for it abundant
success.
THE AUTHOR.
(3)

3
ke
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
1. A TEACHER should have a particular time allotted
to every exercise, and regular lessons should be assigned,
to be recited each day at a specified hour.
2. Sufficient time being given the pupils to learn
their lessons, they should not be allowed the use of the
book at the time of recitation.
3. The teacher should first ascertain that the table is
thoroughly learned by every pupil in the class.
4. Each question should be slowly and distinctly read,
and the pupils be called upon promiscuously; the pupil
called upon should stand erect, repeat the question, and
then give the solution. This will require close attention.
5. A correct and uniform analysis of each question
should be required from every pupil.
6. The class should be encouraged to detect and cor-
rect errors in the statement and solution of questions, to
be signified by raising the hand.
7. The teacher can extend the questions in each les-
son at pleasure, either by repeating those given, or
making additional ones.
(4)

03/
PRIMARY ARITHMETIC.
LESSON I.
1. What is the first thing to be taught and learned in Arith-
metic? Axs. Counting.
2. What is counting? Ans. Expressing numbers by words.
3. What is a number. Ans. A unit, or a collection of units.
4. What is a unit? Ans. A single thing.
5. How may numbers be expressed ? Ans. By words, letters,
and figures.
6. Which is the most common method ? Ans. By figures.
7. How many figures are used to express numbers? Ans. Ten.
8. Name them.
Ans. Naught, One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
1
One.
2
Two.
3
Three.
4
À BÀ
A SÅ Four
DAAAA Five.
但是
​A Six.
5
6
7
Seven.
ÅÅÅ
A
8
Eight.
9
Nine.
10
CÁCáp AL
Ten.
One.
Two.
Three.
Four.
Five.
Six.
Seven.
Eight.
Nine.
Ten.
9. Count the bells on each of the above rows.

6
NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
LESSON II.
1. What is Notation? Ans. Writing num-
bers.
2. What is Numeration ? Ans. Reading
numbers.
3. How many letters are used to express
numbers? Ans. Seven.
4. What are they? Ans. I, V, X, L, C,
D, and M.
5. What is this method called ? Ans. The
Roman method.
6. Why is it so called ? Ans. Because it
was first used by the Romans.
7. How many figures or characters are
used to express numbers? Ans. Ten.
8. What are they? Ans. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9.
9. What is this method called ? Ans.
The Arabic method.
10. Why is it so called ? Ans. Because
it was first used by the Arabs.
11. What may the ten figures used in ex-
pressing numbers be called ? Ans. The
Arithmetical Alphabet.
12. Can all numbers be expressed by these
ten figures ? Ans. They can, by repeating
and combining them.

NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
7
LESSON III.
REMARK. — This lesson presents the printed and
written figures, and the Roman letters, by which num-
bers are commonly expressed. It should be carefully
studied by children, until they can read the figures with
facility when written on the black-board, or when they
meet with them in books.
Numbers.
Printed
Figures.
0
Written
Figures.
o
Roman
Letters.
&
pod Q Chrygt 2 Doo oo
5
6
7
8
9
10
Naught
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
Twenty-one
10
11
1
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
ху
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
12
12
13
43
14
15
16
17
18
16
17
18
19
20
19
20
21
21

8
NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
LESSON IV.
Numbers.
Printed
Figures.
22
Written
Figures.
22
Roman
Letters
XXII
23
23
24
25
24
25
26
26
27
28
27
28
29
30
29
30
31
31
40
40
41
50
50
Twenty-two
Twenty-three
Twenty-four
Twenty-five
Twenty-six
Twenty-seven
Twenty-eight
Twenty-nine
Thirty
Thirty-one
Forty
Forty-one
Fifty
Fifty-one
Sixty
Sixty-one
Seventy
Seventy-one
Eighty
Eighty-one
Ninety
Ninety-one
Ninety-two
One hundred
Two hundred
Five hundred
One thousand
51
5/
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XXXI
XL
XLI
L
LI
LX
LXI
LXX
LXXI
LXXX
LXXXI
XC
XCI
XCII
С
CC
D
60
60
64
61
70
10
71
80
81
71
80
81
90
91
92
100
200
500
1000
90
91
100
200
to aos
500
1000
M

NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
9
LESSON V.
REMARK. - The children should now be furnished
with slates and pencils, and required to read the follow-
ing numbers from the book, or when written on the
black-board by the teacher, and then to copy them on
their slates in straight columns.
1
2
3
4
5
6
17
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
LESSON VI.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

10
ADDITION.
LESSON I.
Putting two or more numbers or things together into
one sum, is called ADDITION: thus,
1
1
2
1.
uim and
more make
mug
mug
mugs.
1
3
2.
and
more make
tree
trees
trees.
2
2
4
3.
and
more make
caps
caps
caps.
2
3
5
4. Od and OOD more make 00000
pears
pears
pears.
3
4
7
5.
and
La
more make
pens
pens
pens.
4
4
8
6.
and
more
make
soldiers
soldiers
soldiers.

Like
11
ADDITION.
LESSON II.
1 and 1 are 2
1 and 2 are 3
1 and 3 are 4
1 and 4 are 5
1 and 5 are 6
1 and 6 are 7
1 and 7 are
8
1 and 8 are 9
1 and 9 are 10
1 and 10 are 11
COINCO
1. If a slate pencil cost 1 cent, and an or-
ange 3 cents, how many cents will both cost?
ANALYSIS. They will both cost as many cents as the
sum of 1 cent and 3 cents, which is 4 cents. Therefore
if a slate pencil cost 1 cent, and an orange 3 cents, they
will both cost 4 cents.
2. Sarah had 4 books, and her mother
gave her 1 more; how many books did she
then have?
3. In a garden are 1 plum tree and 6 pear
trees; how many trees in the garden ?
4. A man gave 8 dollars for a coat, and 1
dollar for a hat; how much did he give for
both ?
5. In a class are 5 girls and 1 boy; how
many pupils in the class ? 6
6. A boy gave 1 cent for a sponge, and 10
cents for a spelling book; what did he give
for both ?
7. Bought a broom for 1 shilling, and some
sugar for 9 shillings; what did both cost ?

12
ADDITION.
LESSON III.
2 and i are 3
2 and 2 are 4
2 and 3 are 5
2 and 4 are 6
2 and 5 are 7
2 and 6 are 8
2 and 7 are
9
2 and 8 are 10
2 and 9 are 11
2 and 10 are 12
1
cars,
1. James rode 2 miles in the stage, and 4
miles in the cars; how far did he ride in
both ? Le
ANALYSIS. — He rode as many miles as the sum of
2 miles and 4 miles, which is 6 miles. Therefore, since
James rode 2 miles in the stage and 4 miles in the
he rode 6 miles in both.
2. If a barrel of cider cost 2 dollars, and a
barrel of flour 7 dollars, what will both cost?
3. A man had 2 sons and 5 daughters to
support; how many children had he?
4. A lady gave 2 cents for some ribbon,
and 10 cents for a comb; what did she pay
for both ?
5. A farmer sold a sheep for 2 dollars, and
a hog for 9 dollars; what did he get for both ?
6. John went to the river to fish, and
caught 2 trout and 8 perch; how many fish
did he catch ? Jo
7. If a boy spend 2 cents and have 2 left,
how many cents had he at first ?

ADDITION.
13
LESSON IV.
3 and 1 are 4
3 and 2 are 5
3 and 3 are 6
3 and 4 are 7
3 and 5 are 8
3 and 6 are 9
3 and 7 are 10
3 and 8 are 11
3 and 9 are 12
3 and 10 are 13
ther
1. Frank picked 3 ripe plums from one
tree, and 5 from another; how many did he
pick from both ?
ANALYSIS. — As many plums as the sum of 3 plums
and 5 plums, which is 8 plums. Theref rre, since Frank
picked 3 plums from one tree, and 5 from another, he
picked 8 plums both.
2. A grocer sold 3 pounds of sugar to one
man, and 4 to another; how many pounds
did he sell to both ?
3. Mary bought an inkstand for 7 cents,
and some paper for 3 cents; how much did
she pay for both ? 10
4. A beggar received 6 cents from
tle girl, and 3 from another; how m.
did he receive from both ?
5. A boy found two hen's nests
8
eggs,
in the other 3 eggs; ho
eggs were there in both nests ?
6. A knife cost 9 cents, and a top 3
what did they both cost ?
were
2

ger Yoolen
14
ADDITION.
LESSON V.
4 and 1 are 5
4 and 2 are 6
4 and 3 are 7
4 and 4 are 8
4 and 5 are 9
4 and 6 are 10
4 and 7 are 11
4 and 8 are 12
4 and 9 are 13
4 and 10 are 14
1. Henry had 4 cents in one hand and 3
cents in the other; how many cents had he
in both? y
ANALYSIS. — As
As many cents in both as the sum of 4
cents and 3 cints, which is 7 cents. Therefore, since
Henry had 4 cenis in one hand, and 3 cents in the other,
he had 7 cents in both.
2. If a skein of silk cost 4 cents, and a
yard of tape 6 cents, how much do both cost?
3. A farmer has 4 black sheep, and 8
white ones; how many sheep has he of both
kinds?
There are 5 birds on one tree, and 4 on
how many birds are there on both
llin had 4 books, and his father gave
core; how many books had he then?
a lady paid 7 dollars for a dress, and
a bonnet, what did she pay for both ?
There are 4 books on one shelf, and 9 on
er; how many books on both shelves ?

ADDITION.
15
LESSON VI.
5 and 1 are 6
5 and 2 are 7
5 and 3 are 8
5 and 4 are 9
5 and 5 are 10
5 and 6 are 11
5 and 7 are 12
5 and 8 are 13
5 and 9 are 14
5 and 10 are 15
1. A miller sold 5 barrels of flour at one
time, and 4 barrels at another; how many
barrels did he sell in all!
2. George lost 2 cents, and had 5 cents
left; how many cents had he at first ?
3. Gave 5 cents for a writing book, and
3 cents for a pen holder; what was the cost
?
4. A boy had 7 peaches in his basket, and
his sister put in 5 more; how many peaches
had he then ? / 2
5. Joseph rode 6 miles, and walked 5
miles ; how far did he go?/!
6. Carrie had 5 roses, and Nellie had 8;
how many roses had both ? |
7. A merchant sold 5 yards of calico at
one time, and 5 at another; how many yards
did he sell in all ? LO
8. A farmer paid 10 dollars for a plow, and
5 dollars for a harrow; how much did'he pay
for both ?
G

16
ADDITION.
it/
LESSON VII.
6 and 1 are 7
6 and 2 are
8
6 and 3 are
9
6 and 4 are 10
6 and 5 are 11
6 and 6 are 12
6 and 7 are 13
6 and 8 are 14
6 and 9 are 15
6 and 10 are 16
1. A boy, after losing 6 marbles, had 4
left; how many had he at first?
JO
2. Albert spent 6 cents, and had 5 left;
how many had he at first ? /
3. A man paid 3 dollars for a barrel of
cider, and 6 dollars for a barrel of flour;
what did he pay for both ?
9
4. A gardener picked 6 peaches from one
tree, and 7 from another; how many peaches
did he pick from both ? į 3
5. Dick caught 2 gray squirrels, and 6
red ones; how many did he catch in all ?
6. A cabinet maker asks 6 dollars for a
rocking chair, and 6 dollars for a table; what
is the cost of both ? / 9
7. In the fruit dish are 6 red apples and
9 green ones; how many apples in the
dish ?
8. Edwin is 6 years old, and his sister
Martha is 10 years older; what is the age
of Martha ? /le

ADDITION.
17
LESSON VIII.
try and 1 are 8
7 and 2 are 9
7 and 3 are 10
17 and 4 are 11
7 and 5 are 12
7 and 6 are 13
7 and 7 are 14
7 and 8 are 15
ng and 9 are 16
7 and 10 are 17
1. Bought a ton of hay for 7 dollars, and
some oats for 6 dollars; what was the cost
of both ?
2. Davið
gathered 3 quarts of walnuts,
and Homer 7 quarts; how many quarts did
both gather? 20
3. Howard had 7 rabbits, and Herbert
gave him 2 more; how many had he iken?
4. A farmer picked 5 bushels of apples
from one tree, and 7 bushels from another ;
how many bushels did he gather from both ?
5. Asa is 8 years old; how old will he be
7 years from this time?
6. In a basket are 7 bunches of green
grapes and 7 bunches of purple ones; how
many bunches of both ? 12
7. If a boy earn 7 shillings in one week,
and 9 shillings the next, how many shillings
will he earn in 2 weeks?/
8. In a shop, 2 men and 7 boys are em-
ployed; how many persons are employed ?
ma
2

18
ADDITION.
LESSON ix.
8 and 1 are
9
8 and 2 are 10
8 and 3 are 11
8 and 4 are 12
8 and 5 are 13
8 and 6 are 14
8 and 17 are 15
8 and 8 are 16
8 and 9 are 17
8 and 10 are 18
1. Henry hoed 8 rows of corn one day,
and 5 the next; how many rows did he hoe
in both days?
2. Andrew had 8 apples and 8 peaches in
his basket; how many had he of both ? 16
3. There are 3 gentlemen and 8 ladies in
a boat; how many persons in the boat ? ) |
4. A man had 8 dollars, and borrowed 6
more; how many dollars had he then? 14
5. Bought a pound of raisins for 9 cents,
and a pound of sugar for 8 cents; what was
the cost of both ? /
6. Emily had 7 white roses and 8 red
orus; how many roses had she of both
kinds?
7. A boy sold 8 boxes of matches to one
man, and 4 boxes to another; how many
boxes did he sell to both ?
8. There are 10 shade trees now in the
park, and 8 have been cut down; how
many trees were set out? je

ADDITION.
19
LESSON X.
9 and 1 are 10
9 and 2 are 11
9 and 3 are 12
9 and 4 are 13
9 and 5 are 14
9 and 6 are 15
9 and 7 are 16
9 and 8 are 17
9 and 9 are 18
9 and 10 are 19
pengos did
1. If a firkin of butter is worth 9 dollars,
and a cord of wood 6 dollars, what are both
worth?
2. A lady bought a muff for 9 dollars,
and a hat for 5 dollars; what did she pay
for both ? / 4
3. Cora read 10 pages of history, and 9
pages of poetry; how many pages did she
read in all ?)
4. A traveler paid 9 shillings a day for
his board, and 7 shillings a day for his horse;
how much did he pay for both ? / 6
5. Annie had 9 pictures, and her brother
gave her 2 more; how many had she then ?
6. If a peck of apples cost 9 cents, and a
head of cabbage 4 cents, what will both cost ?
7. In a certain class there are 9 boys and
8 girls; how many scholars are there in the
class ?
8. There are 9 geese and 9 ducks swim-
ming in a pond; how many of both ?
how
ç

20
ADDITION.
LESSON XI.
10 and 1 are 11
10 and 2 are 12
10 and 3 are 13
10 and 4 are 14
10 and 5 are 15
10 and 6 are 16
10 and 7 are 17
10 and 8 are 18
10 and 9 are 19
10 and 10 are 20
has
1. If a man give 10 dollars for a harness,
and 4 dollars for a whip, how much does he
give for both ?
2. A farmer has 10 sheep in one lot, and
9 in another; how many has he in both ?!
3. A tailor sold a coat for 10 dollars, and
a pair of pantaloons for 6 dollars; how much
did he receive for both ?
16
4 A beggar met two boys; one gave him
10 cents, and the other 7 cents; how many
cents did they both give him ?
5. There were 8 boys on one bench, and
10 on another; how many boys on both
benches?
6. Alice had 10 cents, and her mother
gave her 2 more; how many had she then?
7. Bought a pig for 3 dollars, and a calf
for 10 dollars; how much did I pay for both ?
8. Charles picked 10 pears from a tree,
and left 10 on it; how many were on the
tree at first ?
there

ADDITION.
21
LESSON XII.
PROMISCUOUS REVIEW.
2 and 5 are how many ??
7 and 9 are how many ?
6 and 2 are how many
? 6 and 5 are how many ?
2 and 4 are how many
3 and 6 are how many ?
8 and 9 are how many?07 4 and 4 are how many?
9 and 4 are how many :[3 7 and 8 are how many ?
4 and 7 are how many? | 9 and 3 are how many ?
8 and 6 are how many
? 2 and I are how many?
6 and 3 are how many
?
5 and 4 are how many
7 and 2 are how many 3 and 8 are how many ?
3 and 3 are how many ?
5 and 6 are how many
?
r?
?
?
3 and 9 are how many
? 5 and 8 are how many ?
4 and 5 are how many ?
4 and 2 are how many ?
9 and 8 are how many ??* 3 and 7 are how many?
8 and 5 are how many ?
6 and 4 are how
many
4 and I are how many ? 7 and 6 are how many?
5 and 4 are how many
? 6 and 8 are how many ?
2 and 7 are how many ?
9 and 5 are how many
7 and 5 are how many ?
8 and 3 are how many?
2 and 3 are how many ?
9 and 6 are how many?
5 and 2 are how many ?
5 and 7 are how many?
6 and I are how many?/f+4 and 6 are how many?
7 and 7 are how many?
7 and 3 are how many?
3 and 4 are how many ? 2 and 8 are how many?
8 and 7 are how many ?
5 and 9 are how many ?
4 and 8 are how many ? 8 and 8 are how many ?
9 and 2 are how many? 6 and 7 are how many ?
ng and 3 are how many?
5 and 5 are how many
?
6 and 6 are how many ?
9 and 7 are how many?
3 and 5 are how many? 2 and 6 are how many ?
7 and 4 are how many?
9 and 9 are how many?

22
ADDITION.
LESSON XIII.
PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.
1. Henry paid 6 cents for an inkstand, 4
cents for some pens, and 5 cents for a writing
book ; how much did he pay for all? / 3
ANALYSIS. — He paid as many cents as the sum of 6
cents, 4 cents, and 5 cents ; 6 cents and 4 cents are 10
cents, and 5 cents are 15 cents. Therefore, &c.
2. A drover bought 4 cows of one man, 3
of another, and 7 of another; how many cows
did he buy in all? / 4
3. Elizabeth gave 10 cents for three spools
of thread, s cents for a thimble, and 9 cents
for some needles; how many cents did she
give for all ? 9
4. A lady bought a dress for 8 dollars, a
shawl for 9 dollars, and a parasol for 2 dollars;
how many dollars did she pay for them all ?
5. If a man paid 6 dollars for a cord of
wood, 5 dollars for a ton of hay, 7 dollars
for some pork, and 3 dollars for some beef,
how many dollars did he pay for the whole ?
6. A boy traveled 6 miles one day, 8 miles
the next day, and 10 miles the next; how
many miles did he travel in three days ? 9
7. A cabinet maker asked 12 dollars for a
bureau, 10 dollars for a table, and 5 dollars
for a stand; what was his price for the whole ?
I

SUBTRACTION.
23
LESSON I.
Finding the difference between two numbers of the
same kind, is called SUBTRACTION.
1
1
2
1.
taken from
1
ay leaves and
rabbits,
rabbit.
rabbit
1
3
2
2. I taken from (II leaves 11
hats,
hat
hats.
2
4
2
3. O taken from 0 0100) leaves 00
eggs
eggs,
eggs.
3
5
2
taken from (W00)DO leaves
tulips,
tulips
tulips.
1
3
5
taken from
leaves how
many ?
glasses
glasses,
3
4
Wave taken from
taken from VAVE, leaves how
birds
birds,
many?

24
SUBTRACTION.
LESSON II.
g
1 from 1 leaves 0
1 from 2 leaves 1
-1 from 3 leaves 2
1 from 4 leaves 31
1 from 5 leaves 4
1 from 6 leaves 5
1 from 7 leaves 6
1 from 8 leaves 7
1 from 9 leaves 8
1 from 10 leaves 9
1. A boy, having 3 apples, gave 1 to his
sister; how many had he left ?
ANALYSIS. — He had as many apples left as the dif-
ference between 3 apples and 1 apple, which is 2 apples.
Therefore, since a boy had 3 apples, and gave 1 apple to
his sister, he had 2 apples left.
2. A poor woman who had 6 cents, lost 1;
how many had she left ? os
3. A tailor had 7 yards of cloth; he cut
off 1 yard; how many yards had he left?
4. Mary had 8 credit marks, and 1 de-
merit mark ; how many more credit than
demerit marks had she? 9
5. Robert found 5 ripe pears under a tree,
and ate 1 of them ; how many had he left ?
6. If you make 10 marks on your slate,
and rub out 1, how many remain ? C
7. If I pay 4 dollars for a barrel of
flour, and 1 dollar for a bushel of corn, how
much more do I pay for the flour than for
the corn? 9

SUBMARIOTTON.
25
LESSON 111.7
2 from 2 leaves 0
2 from 3 leaves 1
2 from 4 leaves 2
2 from 5 leaves 3
2 from 6 leaves 4
2 from 7 leaves 5
2 from 8 leaves 6
2 from 9 leaves 7
2 from 10 leaves 8
2 from 11 leaves 9
1. Alice had 4 peaches, and gave 2 to
Rollin ; how many
had she left ?
ANALYSIS. She had as many peaches left as the dif-
ference between 4 peaches and 2 peaches, which is 2
peaches. Therefore, since Alice had 4 peaches, and gave
2 to Rollin, she had 2 peaches left.
2. Lucy had 6 sheets of paper, and gave 2
to Ann; how many had she left ? 4
3. There were 8 pigeons on a tree, and 2
flew away; how many were there left ?
6
4. Frank had 2 apples when he started
for school; he gave 2 away; how many had
he left?
5. Ella had 5 roses, and gave 2 to her
teacher; how many had she left
6. Clinton had chickens, and a cat
caught 2 of them; how many had he left ?
7. A tinner had 3 milk pails, and sold 2
of them ; how many had he left ?!
8. Willie had 9 cents, and gave 2 cents
to a blind man; how many had he left ?
3

26
SUBTRACTION.
LESSON IVA
3 from 3 leaves 0 3 from 8 leaves 5
3 from 4 leaves 1 3 from 9 leaves 6
3 from 5 leaves 2 3 from 10 leaves 7
3 from 6 leaves 3 3 from 11 leaves 8
3 from 7 leaves 4 3 from 12 leaves 9
1. Mr. Jones sold some hay for 4 dollars,
and received 3 dollars; how much more was
due ?
ANALYSIS. — As much more was due as the difference
between 7 dollars and 3 dollars, which is 4 dollars.
Therefore, since Mr. Jones sold some hay for 7 dollars,
and received 3 dollars, there were four dollars more due.
2. Samuel found 5 eggs, and broke 3 of
them; how many had he left? 2.
3. Marcus borrowed 10 cents, and paid 3;
how much did he then owe?
4. A merchant bought 9 barrels of flour,
and sold all but 3 barrels; how many did he
sell? 6
5. A man had 12 sheep in a pasture, and
3 of them jumped out; how many remained ?
6. Daniel had 3 apples, and gave each of
his three sisters one apiece; how many had
he left ?
7. A farmer had 6 horses, and sold all but
3; how many did he sell? 3

SUBTRACTION.
27
4 from 4 leaves 0
4 from 5 leaves 1
4 from 6 leaves 2
4 from 7 leaves 3
4 from 8 leaves 4
4 from 9 leaves 5
4 from 10 leaves 6
4 from 11 leaves 7
4 from 12 leaves 8
4 from 13 leaves 9
1. A farmer, having 8 pigs, sold 4 of
them; how many had he left ?
4.
ANALYSIS He had as many pigs left as the differ-
ence between 8 pigs and 4 pigs, which is 4 pigs. There-.
fore, since a farmer had 8 pigs, and sold 4 of them, he
had 4 pigs left.
2. A boy caught 10 fishes, and threw 4
of them back into the creek; how many had
he left ? 6
3. Bought à saddle før 13 dollars, and a
bridle for 4 dollars; how much more did I
pay for the saddle than for the bridle ?
4. There were 9 passengers in the stage, 4
of whom got out; how many remained in
the stage ?
5. Laura found 11 roses on her bush ; and
picked 4; how many remained on the bush ?
6. A man paid 6 shillings for his dinner,
and 4 shillings for his breakfast; how much
more did he pay for his dinner than for his
breakfast?
5

28
SUBTRACTION.
LESSON VI.
5 from 5 leaves 0
5 from 6 leaves 1
5 from 7 leaves 2
5 from 8 leaves 3
5 from 9 leaves 4
5 from 10 leaves 5
5 from 11 leaves 6
5 from 12 leaves 17
5 from 13 leaves 8
5 from 14 leaves 9
1. A man earned 7 dollars in a week, and
spent 5 dollars of it; how many did he save?
2. If 10 gallons of water run into a cistern
in a minute, and 5 gallons run out, how
many remain ?
3. A peddler had 8 penknives, and sold 5
of them; how many had he left ?S
4. Alfred fired into a flock of 12 wild
pigeons, and killed 5 of them; how many
flew away? :)
5. A woman bought 14 yards of calico,
and used 5 yards; how many yards had she
left ?
6. Carlos, having 11 cents, gave 5 of them
for an orange; how many had he left ? (
7. Stephen caught 13 fish, and gave 5 of
them to a poor woman; how many had he
left ?
8. On a rose bush are 6 white roses, and
Eliza picks 5 of them for the flower vase ;
how many are left on the bush ?

SUBTRACTION.
29
LESSON VII.
6 from 6 leaves 0
6 from 7 leaves 1
6 from 8 leaves 2
6 from 9 leaves 3
6 from 10 leaves 4
6 from 11 leaves 5
6 from 12 leaves 6
6 from 13 leaves 7
6 from 14 leaves 8
6 from 15 leaves 9
1. A boy gave 14 cents for a knife, and
sold it for 6 cents; how much did he lose
2. In a spelling class are 7 girls and 6
boys; how many more girls than boys in the
class?
3. A merchant bought 9 barrels of salt,
and after selling some, he found he had
6 barrels left ; how many barrels did he
sell?
4. If I owe 15 dollars, and pay 6 dollars,
how much do I still owe? @
5. Stephen had 13 marbles, and lost 6 of
them; how many had he left ?
6. There are 12 sheep in a yard, and a
dog bites all but 6 of them; how many does
he bite ? @
7. Arthur rode 11 miles in the cars, and 6
in the stage; how many more miles did he
ride in the cars than in the stage ?
8. Carrie has 6 roses, and gives 6 to her
teacher; how many has she left ?
3 *
کے
from 1o lear

30
SUBTRACTION.
LESSON VIII.
ng from 7 leaves 0
17 from 8 leaves 1
7 from 9 leaves 2
7 from 10 leaves 3
7 from 11 leaves 4
7 from 12 leaves 5
7 from 13 leaves 6
7 from 14 leaves 7
7 from 15 leaves 8
7 from 16 leaves 9
1. Edgar had 12 chickens, and a cat
killed 7 of them; how many chickens had
he left?
2. Julius had 7 cents, and his father gave
him enough' more to make 15; how many
cents did his father give him ? Y
3. A young lady went shopping with
16 dollars; when she returned she had
only 7 dollars; how much money did she
spend ?
4. During 13 days, it rained 7 days · how
many fair days were there?
5. In a class of 11 scholars, 7 recited per-
fect lessons; how many had imperfect les-
sons ?
6. In a yard there were 9 shade trees, and
the wind blew down 7; how many were
left standing !
7. A man bought a calf for 7 dollars, and
sold it for 10 dollars; how much did he
gain? 3
6

SUBTRACTION.
31
LESSON IX.
8 from 8 leaves 0
8 from 9 leaves 1
8 from 10 leaves 2
8 from 11 leaves 3
8 from 12 leaves 4
|- 8 from 13 leaves 5
8 from 14 leaves 6
8 from 15 leaves 7
8 from 16 leaves 8
8 from 17 leaves 9
1. A farmer, having 15 sheep, sold 8 of
them; how many had he left ?)
2. Thornton had 9 merit marks, and 8
demerit marks; how many more merit than
demerit marks had her
3. Peter carried 10 quarts of berries to
market, and sold 8 quarts; how many quarts
had he left?
4. A man sold a cow for 17 dollars, and
took a plow worth 8 dollars, and the bal-
ance in money; how much money did he
receive?
5. There were 14 yards in a piece of me-
rino, and a lady bought 8 yards for a dress;
how many yards were left ?
6. In a row of 12 shade trees, 8 of them
die; how many are left ?
16
7. Calvin, having 16 cents, paid 8 cents
for a slate; how many had he left ?
8. Emma is 11 years old, and Willie 8;
what is the difference in their ages ?

32
SUBTRACTION.
191
LESSON X.
9 from 9 leaves 0
9 from 10 leaves 1
9 from 11 leaves 2
9 from 12 leaves 3
9 from 13 leaves 4
9 from 14 leaves 5
9 from 15 leaves 6
9 from 16 leaves 7
9 from 17 leaves 8
9 from 18 leaves 9
1. James sold his colt for 16 dollars, and
received in payment 9 dollars’ worth of goods,
and the rest in money; how much money
did
he receive ? ?
2. Clorinda had 10 cents, and gave
9
cents for a new slate; how many cents had
she left ? /
3. A painter bought 11 gallons of oil, and
after using 9 gallons, sold the remainder;
how much did he sell? Q
4. A grocer bought a quantity of butter
for 12 dollars, and it being damaged, he was
obliged to sell it for 9 dollars ; how much
did he lose by the bargain ?
5. Austin, having 15 steel pens, gave away
all but 9 of them; how many did he give
away?
6. A man borrowed 14 dollars, and paid 9
of it; how much did he still owe?
7. A farmer had 9 sheep, and bought
enough to make 18; how many did he buy?

SUBTRACTION.
33
LESSON XI.
10 from 10 leaves 0
10 from 11 leaves 1
10 from 12 leaves 2
10 from 13 leaves 3
10 from 14 leaves 4
10 from 15 leaves 5
10 from 16 leaves 6
10 from 17 leaves 7
10 from 18 leaves 8
10 from 19 leaves 9
1. Ralph earned 17 cents and received 10
cents; how much is still due him?
2. In a certain school are 18 girls and 10
boys; how many more girls than boys are
there?
3. A grocer had 12 boxes of lemons, and
sold 10 boxes; how many boxes had he
left?
4. In a school there are 10 boys and 16
girls; how many more girls than boys ? 6
5. Ella had 14 roses, and gave away 10 of
them; how many had she left ?4.
6. A man bought a keg of molasses con-
taining 15 gallons; having used a part of it,
he found there were 10 gallons left; how
many gallons did he use ?
7. Edgar had 19 cents, and spent 10 of
them; how many cents had he left ?
8. A farmer had 13 acres of wheat, and
10 acres of corn; how many acres more of
wheat had he than of corn ?3
s

34
SUBTRACTION.
4
LESSON XII.
PROMISCUOUS REVIEW.
5 from 14 how many
?
2 from 8 how many ? le
5 from 9 how many ?
9 from 10 how many?
6 from 7 how many ?
7 from 12 how many
?
9 from 12 how many
?
4 from 8 how many
?
5 from 10 how many
?
6 from 11 how many
?
6 from 14 how many?
4 from 7 how many ?
8 from 15 how many ?>
5 from 11 how many ? 6
7 from 10 how many ?
3 from 8 how many ?
3 from 13 how many ?
9 from 11 how many?
6 from 12 how many?
8 from 10 how many ?
?
9 how many
7 how many
8 from 9 how many ?
7 from 16 how many
?
6 from
?
2 from 11 how many ?
3 from
?
5 from 8 how many
?
9 from 14 how many ?
9 from 13 how many ?
7 from 9 how many? 2
2 from 10 how many ? 8
4 from 11 how many ?
3 from 10 how many ? ?
5 from 12 how many ? 1
7 from 13 how many ?
8 from 12 how many?
9 from 16 how many ? ?
7 from 8 how many ?
6 from 13 how many?
5 from 7 how many ?
4 from 12 how many ?
3 from 9 how many ?
8 from 16 now many? /
7 from 15 how many
? 9 from 15 how many ?
8 from 17 how many ?
7 from 11 how many ?
4 from 10 how many?
1 from
9 how many?
2 from 9 how many ? . 3 from 12 how many ?
7 from 14 how many ?
6 from 15 how many ?
3 from 11 how many
9 from 18 how many?
5 from 13 how many?
6
8 from 11 how many
9 from 17 how many?
6 from 10 how many
8 from 14 how many ?
4 from 13 how many?
?
??

SUBTRACTION.
35
LESSON XIII.
PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.
1. Oscar had 16 cents; he gave 6 cents
to a beggar, and 5 cents for an orange; how
many had he left?
ó
ANALYSIS. He had left the difference between 16
cents, and the sum of 6 cents and 5 cents ; 6 cents and 5
cents are 11 cents, and 11 cents from 16 cents leaves 5
cents. Therefore, &c.
2. A farmer, having 18 sheep, sold 7 at
one time, and 4 at another; how many had
he left?
3. A grocer bought 10 dozen of eggs of
one man and 9 dozen of another; he then
sold 6 dozen to one of his neighbors, and
kept the rest for his own use; how many
did he keep?
4. A farmer bought a cow for 15 dollars;
he paid one 10 dollar bill, and one 3 dollar
bill; how much did he still owe ?
5. A boy, having 17 chickens, sold 5 of
them at one time, 7 at another, and 2 at an-
other; how many had he left ?
6. Sold some pork for 12 dollars, and
received some sugar worth 3 dollars, a hat
worth 2 dollars, some cloth worth 4 dollars,
and the rest in money; how much money
did I receive? 3

36
MULTIPLICATION.
LESSON I.
MULTIPLICATION is taking one number as many times
as there are units in another: thus,
1. If 2 boys have 2 apples apiece, how many apples
will both have? 4
Two times two are how many ?
2. If there are 3 combs in one box, how many combs
would there be in 2 boxes ? 6
Two times three are how many ?b
3. If 3 men have 2 dogs each, how many dogs will
they all have ?
Three times two are how many?
4. If 1 man can make 2 boots in three days, how
many boots can 4 men make?
Two times four are how many ?.
5. If there are 3 owls in each of 3
cages,
owls in all ?
how many
Three times three are how many ?,

MULTIPLICATION.
37
LESSON II.
once 1 is 1
once 2 is 2
once 3 is 3
once 4 is 4
once 5 is 5
once 6 is 6
once n 7 is 7
once
8 is 8
9 is 9
once 10 is 10
once
1. At 1 ent each, what will 2 eggs cost?
ANALYSIS. Since 1 egg cost 1 cent, 2 eggs, which
are 2 times 1 egg, will cost 2 times 1 cent, which are 2
cents. Therefore, at l cent cach, 2 eggs will cost 2
cents.
2. If a man earn 1 dollar a day, how much
can he earn in 4 days? 4
3. If Rollin reads 1 hour each evening,
how many hours will he read in 6 even-
ings ?
4. What will 5 bushels of wheat cost, at
1 dollar a bushel ?
5. At 1 cent each, what will 9 steel pens
cost?
6. If a family eat 1 bushel of corn in a
week, how many bushels would they eat in
10 weeks?
day,

38
MULTIPLICATION.
LESSON III.
2 times 1 are 2 2 times 6 are 12
2 times 2 are 4 2 times y are 14
2 times 3 are
6 2 times. 8 are 16
2 times 4 are 8 2 times 9 are 18
2 times 5 are 10 2 times 10 are 20
2 Aimer
2 tinh sore al
1. What will 2 pounds of rice cost, at 6
dt 6
cents a pound?
ANALYSIS. — Since 1 pound costs 6 cents, 2 pounds,
which are 2 times 1 pound, will cost 2 times 6 cents,
which are 12 cents. Therefore 2 pounds of rice will
cost 12 cents, at 6 cents a pound.
2. Sarah gave 2 girls 3 apples apiece
how many did she give them both? • 7.
3. If on one rose bush there are 4 roses,
how many on 2 bushes ? 8.
4. Almira bought 2 yards of ribbon at 5
cents a yard; how much did she pay for the
whole ?
5. At 7 cents a pound, what will 2 pounds
of sugar cost?
6. What will 2 tons of hay cost, at 9 dol-
lars a tan
7.

41
LESSON VI.
5 times 1 are 5 5 times 6 are 30
5 times 2 are 10 5 times 7 are 35
5 times 3 are 15 5 times 8 are 40
5 times 4 are 20 5 times 9 are 45
5 times 5 are 25 5 times 10 are 50
37
1. There are 7 days in 1 week; how many
days in 5 weeks?
2. How far will a boat sail in 5 hours, at
at the rate of 9 miles an hour ? 75
3. What will 5 barrels of flour cost, at 5
dollars a barrel ? ?
4. How many yards are there in 5 pier
of cloth, if there are 10 yards in each pie
5. If an orange is worth 4 apples
many apples are 5 oranges worth?
6. If a pupil work 6 problems a da
many problems will he work in 5 d
7. Carlos gave 5 beggars 5 ce
how many cents did he give th
8. If a horse travel &
far can he travel in 5
9. Which is gre
10 ? !!!
0. WE

42
LESSON VII.
6 times 1 are 6
6 times 2 are 12
6 times 3 are 18
6 times 4 are 24
6 times 5 are 30
6 times 6 are 36
6 times 7 are 42
6 times 8 are 48
6 times 9 are 54
6 times 10 are 60
1. A farmer bought a plow for 5 dollars ;
what would 6 plows cost at the same rate ?
2. At 2 dollars a day how many dollars
would a man earn in 6 days?
3. What cost 6 tons of. hay, at 7 dollars
a ton ?
4. George bought 6 lemons at 4 cents
ece; what did they all cost?
There are 8 quarts in 1 peck; how
quarts in 6 pecks ?
What will 6 pounds of honey cost, at
a pound ?
will 6 pounds of ginger cost at 6
are 6 apple trees, and 4
ach tree; how many
ġ times 1, or 0

MULTIPLICATION.
45
LESSON X.
9 times 1 are
9 ľ! 9 times 6 are 54
9 times 2 are 18 9 times "7 are 63
9 times 3 are 27 9 times 8 are 72
9 times 4 are 36 9 times 9 are 81
9 times 5 are 45 9 times 10 are 90
1. If a man travel by stage 5 miles an
hovur, how far will he travel in 9 hours ?1/3
b 2. What cost 9 lambs, at 6 shilling's a
head? 64
3. What will 9 pounds of sugar cost, at 9
cents a pound ? 87
4. If Maria write 4 lines a day, how
many lines w she write in 9 days?
5. There
many dolla:
-6
cost o
7.
ne eas
a We
W

46
MULTIPLICATION.
LESSON XI.
10 times 1 are 10
10 times 2 are 20
10 times 3 are 30
10 times 4 are 40
10 times 5 are 50
10 times 6 are 60
10 times 7 are 70
10 times 8 are 80
10 times 9 are 90
10 times 10 are 100
1. If a barrel of apples is worth 9'thil-
lings, what are 10 barrels worth?G
2. At 5 dollars a yard, what aré 10 yards
of broadcloth worth? 3
30
3. What will be the cost of 10 cords of
wood, at 3 dollars a cord ? 20
4. What will be the cost of 10 yards of
Jico, at 10 cents a yard ?
y a day, how
a mar
weck,
trees,
trees

MULTIPLICATION.
47
LESSON XII.
PP.OMISCUOUS REVIEW.
2 times 8 are how many ? 12 times 9 are how
2 many ?
3 times 9 are how many ? 8 times 2 are how
many
?
4 times 8 are how many ? 6 times 5 are how many?
7 times 5 are how many ? : 4 times 7 are how many?
9 times 4 are how many? 9 times 3 are how many ?
6 times 3 are how many? 5 times 7 are how many?
4. times 9 are how many ? 5 times t are how many?
3 times 4 are how many ? 1 9 times ware how many?
5 times 9 are how many ? | 6 times 4 are how many?
7 times 6 are how many? 1.8 times 3 are how many?
3 times 7 are how many ? | 5 times 2 are how many ?
8 times 9 are how many? | 7 times 7 are how many?
6 times 8 are how many ? | 4 times 2 are how many?
5 times 6 are how many ? | 9 times 9 are how many ?
7 times 3 are how many ? | 4 times 3 are how many ?
6 times 6 are how many ? | 6 times 9 are how many?
9 times 7 are how many? | 2 times 6 are how many?
3 times 8 are how many ? | 8 times 5 are how many?
4 times 6 are how many ? | 4 times 4 are how many ?
7 times 4 are how many ? | 9 times 8 are how many?
8 times 7 are how many ? | 7 times O are how many?
5 times 4 are how many ? | 2 times 4 are how many ?
3 times 5 are how many? 5 times 9 are how many ?
3 times 4 are how many ? | 9 times 8 are how many ?
2 times 5 are how many ? | 3 times 3 are how many ?
8 times 6 are how many? | 2 times 3 are how many?
7 times 8 are how many? | 7 times 4 are how many
5 times 3 are how many ? | 0 times 8 are how many ?
3 times 6 are how many? | 3 times 6 are how many ?
8 times 8 are how many ? | 6 times 10 are how many?

Sure Giden
48
MULTIPLICATION.
LESSON XIII.
PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.
1. If one ream of paper cost 5 dollars,
what will 9 reams cost ?43'
ANALYSIS. — If 1 ream of paper cost 5 dollars, 9
reams, which are 9 times 1 ream, will cost 9 times 5 dol-
lars, which are 45 dollars. Therefore, &c.
2. At 4 dollars apiece, what is the value
of 3 satin vests ? of 6 ? of 8? of 7? / 2
3. A man bought 5 brooms, at 2 shillings
apiece, and 2 gallons of molasses at 4 shil-
lings a gallon; what was the cost of the
whole ? 8
4. At 9 dollars a month, how much will a
man earn in 4 months ? in 6 months ? in 7
months? in 9 months ?
5. Bought 5 cords of wood at 3 dollars a
cord, and 2 tons of hay at 7 dollars a ton;
which cost the most, and how much?
6. How much is 6 times 9 less 4? 8 times
7 less 6 ? 4 times 7 less 8? 7 times 7 less 9?||
7. Which is less, 6 times 8, or 5 times
9? 4 times 10, or 5 times 8? 3 times 9, or
5 times 6 ? :
8. Peter sold his knife for 30 cents, and
received in payment 3 quarts of chestnuts at
8 cents a quart, and the remainder in money;
how much money did he receive? 66

DIVISION.
49
LESSON I.
Division is finding how many times one number or
quantity is contained in another : thus,
1. How many churches will three bells supply, if each
church has one bell ?
DAN
One is contained in three how many times ?
2. If one man can make 2 axes in one day, how many
days will it take him to make 4 axes ?
Two is contained in four how many times ?
3. A lady gave 6 dolls to some children, giving them
2 apiece; to how many children did she give the dolls ?
88
38
Two is contained in six how many times ?
4. If a chair-maker can make 3 chairs in a day, how
many days will it take him to make 9 chairs ?
肠易​局原​局原​局局京
​Three is contained in nine how many times ?
5. James gave 8 bunches of grapes to his sisters, giv-
ing them 4 bunches each; how many sisters had he?
Four is contained in eight how many times ?
4

50
DIVISION.
LESSON II.
1 in 1, 1 time
1 in 2, 2 times
1 in 3, 3 times
1 in 4, 4 times
1 in 5, 5 times
1 in 6, 6 times
1 in 7, 7 times
1 in 8, 8 times
1 in 9, 9 times
1 in 10, 10 times
2 in 2, 1 time
2 in 4, 2 times
2 in 6, 3 times
2 in 8, 4 times
2 in 10, 5 times
2 in 12, 6 times
2 in 14, 7 times
2 in 16, 8 times
2 in 18, 9 times
2 in 20, 10 times
1. At 2 cents apiece, how many peaches
can be bought for 6 cents ? 3
ANALYSIS. Since 2 cents will buy 1 peach, 6 cents
will buy as many peaches as 2 cents, the price of 1 peach,
is contained times in 6 cents, which are 3 times. There-
fore, at 2 cents apiece, 3 peaches can be bought for 6 cents.
2. At 2 cents apiece, how many oranges
can you buy for 8 cents ? for 16 cents ?
3. If a man walk 2 miles an hour, how
long will it take him to walk 14 miles ?
4. At 2 shillings a bushel, how many
bushels of apples can be bought for 18 shil-
lings ? 9
5. At 1 dollar a yard, how many yards of
cloth can be bought for 9 dollars ?

DIVISION.
51
LESSON III.
3 in 3, 1 time
3 in 6, 2 times
3 in 9, 3 times
3 in 12, 4 times
3 in 15, 5 times
3 in 18, 6 times
3 in 21, 7 times
3 in 24, 8 times
3 in 27, 9 times
3 in 30, 10 times
1. At 3 dollars a cord, how many .cords
of wood can be bought for 12 dollars ?
ANALYSIS. Since 3 dollars will buy 1 cord, 12 dol-
lars will buy as many cords as 3 dollars, the price of
1 cord, is contained times in 12 dollars, which are 4
times. Therefore, at 3 dollars a cord, 4 cords of wood
can be bought for 12 dollars.
2. For 21 cents, how many yards of rib-
bon can you buy, at 3 cents a yard ? ;
3. If the cars run a mile in 3 minutes,
how many miles will they run in 30 min-
|| utes? /
4. A father divided 24 marbles among his
3 boys; how many did he give to each?
5. How many lemons, at 3 cents apiece,
can be bought for 18 cents ? €
6. At 3 cents a quart, how many quarts
of milk can be bought for 27 cents ?
7. Harriet paid 3 cents a spool for some
thread ; how many spools could she buy for
15 cents ?

52
DIVISION.
LESSON IV.
4 in 4, 1 time
4 in 8, 2 times
4 in 12, 3 times
4 in 16, 4 times
4 in 20, 5 times
4 in 24, 6 times
4 in 28, 7 times
4 in 32, 8 times
4 in 36, 9 times
4 in 40, 10 times
1. If 4 boys can sit on one seat, how many
seats will accommodate 20 boys ?
2. If a class of 4 boys answer 28 ques-
tions, how many will each answer ?
3. Clinton earned 40 cents in 4 days; how
many cents did he earn in one day?' /
4. If bonnets are 4 dollars apiece, how
many can be bought for 20 dollars ? %
5. Mary gave 36 cents for 4 yards of rib-
bon; how much was it a yard ? 9
6. If 4 benches will accommodate 24
pupils, how many must sit on each bench?
7. If you put 32 sheep into 4 pens, how
many must you put into each pen ?
8. Helen paid 4 shillings a yard for lace ;
how many yards could she buy for 16 shil-
lings?
9. At 4 dimes apiece, how many books
can be bought for 24 dimes ? L
10. Carrie gave 12 cents for 4 skeins of
silk ; how much was it a skein ? 9

DIVISION.
53
LESSON V.8'
5 in 5, 1 time 5 in 30, 6 times
5 in 10, 2 times 5 in 35, 7 times
5 in 15, 3 times 5 in 40, 8 times
5 in 20, 4 times 5 in 45, 9 times
5 in 25, 5 times 5 in 50, 10 times
1. A man has 30 dollars, which he wishes
to lay out in flour at 5 dollars a barrel ; how
many barrels can he buy?
2. If I pay 10 cents for riding 5 miles in
the cars, how much is that a mile ?
3. George wishes to divide 15 apples
among 5 boys; how many must he give to
each?
4. In a school of 35 pupils, there were 5
classes; how many pupils in a class ?
5. How many tons of coal, at 5 dollars a
ton, can a blacksmith purchase for 40 dol-
lars ?
6. How long will it take a man to drive
50 miles, with a horse and carriage, if he
drive 5 miles an hour ?
7. How many pounds of tea, at 5 shillings
a pound, can be bought for 20 shillings?
8. Henry gave 45 cents to 5 poor chil-
dren; how many cents did he give to each
child ?

54
DIVISION.
LESSON VI.
6 in 6, 1 time
6 in 12, 2 times
6 in 18, 3 times
6 in 24, 4 times
6 in 30, 5 times
6 in 36, 6 times
6 in 42, 7 times
6 in 48, 8 times
6 in 54, 9 times
6 in 60, 10 times
1. If a man can dig 48 rods of ditch in
6 days, how many rods can he dig in one
day? 8
2. In New England, 6 shillings make one
dollar; how many dollars in 30 shillings?
3. At 6 cents a pound, how many pounds
of lard can be bought for 54 cents ?
4. Burton sold 6 quarts of cherries for 36
cents; how much did he get a quart ?
5. If a man build 42 rods of fence in 6
days, how many rods can he build in one
day?
6. How long will it take you to read 60
pages, if you read 6 pages a day?
7. If 6 bushels of rye cost 6 dollars, how
much is that a bushel ?
8. If a steamboat run 6 miles an hour,
how long will it take her to run 24 miles ?
9. When crackers are 6 cents a pound,
how many pounds can be bought for 18
cents ?

L
7 in 7,1
7 in 14, 2
17 in 21, 3
in 28, 4
7 in 35, 5
1. How many,
a yard, can be boug
2. A farmer sold 7
how much did he receive a
3. Seth sold his sled for 3
many slates, at 7 cents apiece, ci.
for the money?
4. If 7 yards of calico will make a dres
how
many
dresses can be made from a piece
containing 28 yards?
5. In one week there are 7 days; how
many weeks in 21 days ? in 28 days ? in
56 days ? in 70 days?
6. Levi paid 7 cents for 7 slate pencils;
how much did he pay apiece?
7. If a man can build 49 rods of stone
wall in 7 days, how much can he build in
1 day?
8. When hops are 7 cents a pound, how
many pounds can be bought for 70 cents ?
9. How many times 7 in 63 ?

1.
8, 6 times
6, 7 times
4, 8 times
2, 9 times
20, 5 times
80 18x
or 8 cents; how
jr 40 cents ?
cents for 8 pounds of
we price of one pound?
iny bins will be required to
els of oats, if each bin hold 8
4. At 8 dollars a ton, how many tons of
day can be bought for 64 dollars ?
5. A farmer sold 8 barrels of apples for
24 dollars; how much did he receive for one
barrel ?
6. If there are 8 trees in each row, how
many rows are there in an orchard contain-
ing 80 trees?
7. How many spelling books, at 8 cents
apiece, can you buy for 48 cents ?
8. A laborer received 16 dollars for 8
days' work; how much was that a day?
9. James bought 8 lemons for 32 cents;
what was the cost of one lemon ?

DIVISION
57
LESSON IX.
9 in 9, 1 time
9 in 18, 2 times
9 in 27, 3 times
9 in 36, 4 times
9 in 45, 5 times
9 in 54, 6 times
9 in 63, 7 times
9 in 72, 8 times
9 in 81, 9 times
9 in 90, 10 times
1. How many classes, of 9 pupils each,
,
can be formed of 45 pupils ? b
2. When eggs are 9 cents a dozen, how
many dozen can be bought for 63 cents ?7
3. A class of 9 pupils present their teacher
with a book which cost 90 cents ; how
many cents must each pay towards the
book?/0)
4. If you travel 9 miles an hour, how long
will it take you to travel 81 miles ?
5. A farmer distributed 9 bushels of pota-
toes equally among 9 poor families; how
many did he give to cach?
6. If a man spend 9 cents a day for cigars,
how long will 54 cents last him ?
7. For 72 shillings, how many yards of
silk can a lady buy at 9 shillings a yard ? 0
8. William sold 9 quarts of cherries for
36 cents; how much did he receive a quart?
9. How many tons of hay, at 9 dollars a
ton, can be bought for 18 dollars ?

58
DIVISION.
,
LESSON X.
10 in 10, 1 time 10 in 60, 6 times
10 in 20, 2 times 10 in 70, 7 times
10 in 30, 3 times 10 in 80, 8 times
10 in 40, 4 times 10 in 90, 9 times
10 in 50, 5 times 10 in 100, 10 times
1. When butter is 10 cents a pound, how
many pounds can I buy for 80 cents ?
2. At 10 dollars an acre, how many acres
of land can be bought for 100 dollars?
3. How long will it take a boy to earn 90
4. In one dime are 10 cents; how many
dimes in 30 cents ?
5. At 10 shillings apiece, how many glass
lamps can be bought for 50 shillings?
6. How long will it take you to read 70
pages, if you read 10 pages a day?
7. When shawls are 10 dollars apiece, how
many can be bought for 60 dollars?
8. How long will it take you to earn 40
dollars, if you earn 10 dollars a month?
9. If one man can build 10 rods of fence
in one day, how many men will it take to
build 20 rods in the same time?
10. At 10 cents apiece, how many melons
can be bought for 40 cents ?

DIVISION.
59
LESSON XI.
PROMISCUOUS REVIEW.
6 in 36, how many times ? | 3 in 15, how many times?
7 in 42, how many times ? 5 in 25, how many times?
6 in 18, how many times ? 9 in 63, how many times ?
9 in 81, how many times ? 6 in 12, how many times?
5 in 35, how many times ? 7 in 28, how many times ?
8 in 72, how many times? 4 in 16, how many times ?
9 in 27, how many times ? 7 in 49, how many times ?
4 in 20, how many times? 4 in 26, how many times ?
3 in 18, how many times? 8 in 64, how many times ?
6 in 54, how many times? 8 in 40, how many times ?
8 in 24, ho v many times?] 3 in 12, how many times ?
5 in 45, liow many times ? 4 in 28, how many times ?
6 in 42, how many times? 8 in 32, how many times ?
8 in 56, how many times ? 6 in 48, how many times ?
9 in 18, how many times ? 2 in 14, how many times?
5 in 40, how many times ? 9 in 45, how many times ?
7 in 63, how many times? 8 in 48, how many times ?
3 in 27, how many times ? 7 in 56, how many times ?
7 in 21, how many times? 3 in 21, how many times ?
8 in 16, how many times?6 in 54, how many times ?
8 in 8, how many times? |3 in 24, how many times ?
4 in 12, how many times? 2 in 16, how many times ?
7 in 35, how many times? 4 in 32, how many times ?
5 in 10, how many times? 6 in 24, how many times ?
7 in 14, how many times ? 9 in 72, how many times ?
2 in 6, how many times? 5 in 10, how many times ?
4 in 24, how many times? 4 in 8, how many times ?
5 in 30, how many times? 5 in 20, how many times ?
9 in 36, how many times ? 2 in 10, how many times ?
6 in 30, how many times ?17 in 7, how many times ?

60
DIVISION.
LESSON XII.
PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.
1. When flour is 7 dollars a barrel, how
many barrels can be bought for 63 dollars ?
ANALYSIS. Since 7 dollars will buy 1 barrel, 63
dollars will buy as many barrels as 7 dollars, the price
of 1 barrel, is contained times in 63. dollars, which are
9 times. Therefore, &c.
2. If it take 81 bushels of apples to make
9 barrels of cider, how many bushels will
make one barrel ?9
3. How long will it take 5 men to do a
job of work that one man can do in 30 days ?
4. How long will 12 dollars pay for my
board, at the rate of 6 dollars a week ?
5. If 54 pounds of provision last one man
9 days, how many pounds would last him
one day?
6. Marcus read 100 pages in 10 days;
how many pages did he read each day ? )
7. A cabinet maker received 45 dollars for
some chairs at 5 dollars apiece; how many
chairs did he sell ?
8. If one man can mow a field of grass in
18 days, in what time would 6 men mow the
same ?
9. A farmer sold some hay for 30 dollars,
and took 10 sheep for payment; what was
the cost of each sheep ?
9

PROMISCUOUS REVIEW.
61
LESSON XIII.
1. How many tons of hay, at 6 dollars a
ton, will pay for 8 yards of broadcloth, at 3
dollars a yard? /
ANALYSIS. As many tons of hay at 6 dollars a ton,
as 6 dollars, the price of a ton, is contained times in
8 times 3 dollars, or 24 dollars, the cost of the broad-
cloth, which are 4 times. Therefore 4 tons of hay, at
6 dollars a ton, will pay for 8 yards of broadcloth, at 3
dollars a yard.
2. How many dozen of eggs, at 9 cents a
dozen, will pay for 6 yards of calico, at 6
cents a yard ?
3. Charles sold 6 quarts of beech nuts, at
4 cents a quart, and took his
pay
in oranges,
at 3 cents apiece; how many oranges did he
receive?
4. At 6 dollars a barrel, how many bar-
rels of flour will pay for 3 barrels of pork,
at 10 dollars a barrel ?
+ 5. If 5 men can hoe a field of corn in 6
days, how long will it take one man ?
6. If 8 men can build a shed in 10 days,
how many men must be employed to build it
in one day?
0
7. If 4 men can do a piece of work in 'n
days, how long will it take one man to do it?
8. How many days' labor, at 8 shillings
a day, will pay for 10 bushels of potatoes at
4 shillings a bushel ?

62
PROMISCUOUS REVIEW.
LESSON XIV.
1. If 7 oranges cost 28 cents, what will 3
oranges cost ? 12 centi
ANALYSIS. --- If 7 oranges cost 28 cents, 1 orange
will cost as mang cents as 7 is contained times in 28,
which is 4 times ; 3 oranges, which are 3 times 1 orange,
will cost 3 times 4 cents, or 12 cents. Therefore, if 7
oranges cost 28 cents, 3 oranges will cost 12 cents.
2. If 6 pounds of sugar cost 60 cents,
what will 9 pounds cost?
3. A farmer sells 8 sheep for 24 dollars;
how much does he receive for 5 sheep?
4. If a man can earn 72 dollars in-8
weeks, how much can he earn in 10 weeks?
5. Jane bought 5 steel pens for 15 cents;
what would be the cost of 10 pens at the
same rate ?
6. A grocer sold 10 pounds of tea for 40
shillings; what would be the cost of 8
pounds at the same rate ?3 ,
7. If a man can chop 16 cords of wood in
8 days, how much can hę, chop in 3 days ?
in 5 days ? in 7 days ? in 10 days ?hlin 12
days?
8. If 7 yards of calico cost 63 cents, what
will 3 yards cost ?/5 yards ? ! 6 yards ? 9
yards ? 10 yards? 19
9. When 4 cords of wood are worth 20
dollars, what will 9 cords be worth? -15

PROMISCUOUS REVIEW8 63
.
teg
ore
LESSON X V.
1. Isabel had 15 pinks, and gave 6 to
Clara, and 4 to Herbert; how many did she
keep for herself? 6
ANALYSIS. - She kept as many pinks as the difference
between 15 pinks and the sum of 6 pinks and 4 pinks ;
6 and 4 are 10, and 10 from 15 leaves 5. Therefore,
if Isabel had 15 pinks, and gave away 10, she had 5 left.
2. Lucian, having 20 marbles, gave 9 to
Henry, and 6 to John; how many had he
left ? 3
3. From a piece of cloth containing 12
yards, 5 yards were cut for a coat, 3 yards
for a pair of pantaloons, and l yard for a
vest; how many yards were left ? 3
4. If 2 men start from the same place and
travel in opposite directions, one at the rate of
4 miles an hour, and the other at the rate of
5 miles an hour, how far apart will they be
at the end of 1 hour ? At the end of 2 hours ?
5 hours ? 6 hours ? 8 hours ? 10 hours ? GO
5. A grocer sold 40 pounds of rice at 6
cents a pound, a pound of soda for 8 cents,
and a bar of soap for q cents, and was
paid in eggs at 9 cents a dozen; how many
dozen of eggs did he receive ? |
6. If a man travel 36 miles in 9 hours,
how far will he travel in 5 hours ? in 6
hours ?Lin 7 hours ?
20
-4

64
FRACTIONS.
LESSON I.
When a unit or whole thing is divided into two or
more equal parts, those parts are called FRACTIONS.
1. If a yard measure be divided into two equal parts,
one of the parts is called one half.
ONE_HALE
ONE HALE
How
many halves make a whole thing? Ans. Two.
2. If a yard measure be divided into three equal
parts, one of the parts is called one third.
ONE THIRD
ONE THIRD
ONE THIRD
How many thirds make a whole thing? Ans. Three.
3. If a yard measure be divided into four equal parts,
one of the parts is called one fourth, two of the parts
two fourths, three of the parts three fourths.
ONE FOURTH,
ONE FOURTH
ONE FOURTH.
ONE FOURTH.
How many
many fourths make a whole thing?
Ans.
Four.
4. If a yard measure be divided into five equal parts,
one of the parts is called one fifth, two of the parts
two fifths, three of the parts three fifths, four of the parts
four fifths.
ONE FIFTH
ONE FIFTH
ONE FIFTH
TERSE
ONE FIFTH
ONE FIFTH
How many fifths make a whole thing? Ans. Five.
5. If a yırd measure be divided into six equal parts,
one of the parts is called one sixth, two of the parts two
sixths, and so on.
KONE SIXTH
ONE SIXTH ONE SIXTH ONE SIXTH ONE SIXTH ONE SIXTH
How
many sixths make a whole thing? Ans. Six.

FRACTIONS.
65
LESSON II.
1. If any number or whole thing be divided
into seven equal parts, one of the parts is
called one seventh, two of the parts two
sevenths, and so on.
How many sevenths make a whole thing?
Ans. Seven sevenths.
2. If any number or thing be divided into
eight equal parts, one of the parts is called
one eighth, five of the parts five eighths, and
SO on.
How many eighths make a whole thing ?
Ans. Eight eighths.
3. If any number or thing be divided into
nine equal parts, one of the parts is called
one ninth, seven of the parts seven ninths,
and so on.
How many ninths make a whole thing?
How many tenths make a whole thing?
The following is the method of expressing
fractions by figures: -
3, one half.
11, one fifth.
$, one eighth.
}, one third. 14, one sixth. ş, one ninth.
1, one fourth. 4, one seyenth. to, one tenth.
NOTE. any fraction, as $, (two thirds,) the num-
ber below the line is called the Denominator, and it
shows into how many equal parts the whole number or
thing is divided. The number above the line is called
the Numerator, and it shows the number of parts that
are used, or that are expressed by the fraction.
-In

66
FRACTIONS.
LESSON III.
1. What do you understand by of any
number or thing?
Ans. One of the two equal parts into which
the number or thing is divided.
2. What do you understand by $ of any
number or thing ?
Ans. One of the three equal parts into
which the number or thing is divided.
3. What do you understand by of any
number or thing?
Ans. Two of the three equal parts into
which the number or thing is divided.
4. How do you find $ of any number?
Ans. Divide the given number by 2.
5. How do you find '} of any number?
Ans. Divide the given number by 3.
6. How, then, will you find į of any num-
ber? how } ? how ? how + ? how I? how
š? how it?
7. What do you understand by $ of any
number or thing? by ķ? by $ ? by 4 ? by ?
by ł? by ?? by $ ? by š? by $ ? by } ? by $?
by ; ?
9. What is 1 of 4? of 6? of 8? of 10?
of 16? of 20 ?
10. What is 4 of 89 of 12? of 16? of 20 ?
of 28?
11. What is & of 12? of 24? of 36?

FRACTIONS.
67
LESSON IV.
1. In 1 orange, how many halves ?
2. In 3 oranges, how many halves ?
ANALYSIS. — Since in 1 orange there are 2 halves, in
3 oranges there are 3 times 2 halves, which are 6 halves.
Therefore, in 3 oranges there are 6 halves.
3. How do you find how many halves
there are in any number or thing?
Ans. Multiply the whole number by 2.
4. How do you find how many thirds
there are in any number or thing ?
Ans. Multiply the whole number by 3.
5. How many halves are there in 4 pears ?
in 4 pears and 1 half ? in 5 pears ?
6. In 6 bushels and l half, how many
halves?
7. In 3 apples, how many thirds ?
8. In 4 apples and 1 third, how many
thirds are there ? in 4 and 2 thirds ? in 5 ?
in 5 and 1 third ?
9. How many halves in 7 ? in 7 and 1
half? in 8? in 9 and 1 half? in 10?
10. How many thirds in 5 ? in 5 and 1
third ? in 5 and 2 thirds ? in 6? in 7 and
1 third ? in 7 and 2 thirds?
11. In 8 dollars, how many halves ? how
many thirds ?
12. How many half miles, in 7 miles and
1 half?

68
FRACTIONS.
LESSON V.
1. In 5 bushels, how many fourths ?
ANALYSIS. Since in 1 bushel there are 4 fourths,
in 5 bushels there are 5 times 4 fourths, which are 20
fourths. Therefore, in 5 bushels there are 20 fourths.
2. How many fourths in 6? in 6 and 1
fourth? in 6 and 3 fourths ? in 7 and 1
fourth ? in 8 and 3 fourths ? in 9?
3. How many fifths in 2? in 3? in 4 and
1 fifth ? in 5 and 2 fifths ? in 7 and 3 fifths?
4. How many sixths in 1 ? in 2? in 4 ?
in 4 and 1 sixth ? in 7 and 2 sixths ? in 7
and 5 sixths ?
5. In 3, how many sevenths ? in 3 and 5
sevenths ? in 4 and 1 seventh ? in 4 and 4
sevenths?
6. In 7, how many sevenths ? in 7 and 6
sevenths ?
7. How many eighths in 2? in 3 ? in 5
and 1 eighth ? in 5 and 7 eighths ?
8. In 1, how many ninths ? in 2? in 5 ?
in 6? in 4 and 3 ninths ? in 7 and 5 ninths?
in 8 ?
9. How many tenths in 1 ? in 2? in 3?
in 4 and 5 tenths ? in 6 and 3 tenths? in 9
and 9 tenths ?
10. In 6, how many fifths ? how many
sixths ? how many sevenths ? how many
eighths ? how many ninths ?

FRACTIONS.
69
LESSON VI.
1. In 6 halves of a mile, how many miles ?
ANALYSIS. Since there are 2 halves in 1 mile, in 6
halves of a mile there are as many miles as 2 halves
are contained times in 6 halves, which are 3 times.
Therefore, in 6 halves of a mile are 3 miles.
2. How many bushels in 14 halves of a
bushel ?
3. In 12 halves, how many units or whole
ones?
4. How many units in 15 thirds ? in 18
thirds ? in 21 thirds?
5. How many units in 16 fourths? in
17 fourths ? in 18 fourths ? in 20 fourths ?
in 23 fourths ?
6. In 7 fifths, how many whole ones ? in
10 fifths ? in 25 fifths ? in 26 fifths ? in 28
fifths ?
7. How many times 1 in 18 sixths ? in 19
sixths ? in 24 sixths ? in 30 sixths ? in 32
sixths ?
8. In 7 how many times 1 ? in 1°? in 14
in 16. ? in 4.? in 48 ? in 33 ? in 35 ?
9. How many times 1 in $? in fet? in
132? in 20? in 4? ? in 34 ? in 34?
10. How many units in } ? in Lo? in tc ?
in 18? in 2,6 ? in 27 ?
11. In 18, how many times 1 ? in 18? in
43 ? in 45 ? in 1:? in 45 ? in 26 ?

70
FRACTIONS.
LESSON VII.
1. George had of a dollar, and his father
gave him & of a dollar more; what part of a
dollar had he then ?
ANALYSIS. — He had the sum of 1 of a dollar and
of a dollar ; & and & make & of a dollar. Therefore,
since George had & of a dollar, and his father gave him
å of a dollar more, he then had & of a dollar.
2. A lady gave # of an orange
of an orange to Mary, ý
to Sarah, and 4 to Julia ; how many oranges
did she give away?
3. John bought ț of a pound of raisins,
and Joseph { of a pound; how many pounds
did they both buy?
4. A blacksmith bought at one time i of
a ton of coal, at another time of a ton, at
another time $ of a ton, and at another time
$ of a ton; how many tons did he buy in all ?
5. Samuel paid ið of a dollar for a slate,
☆ of a dollar for an arithmetic, to for a
reader, and % for a geography and atlas ;
how many dollars did he pay for all ?
6. A man chopped of a cord of wood in
the forenoon, and / of a cord in the after-
noon; how much did he chop in a day ?
7. In the sum of 4 and 4 and 4 and 7, how
many whole ones?
8. In the sum of į and fand 5 and š, how
many whole ones?

FRACTIONS.
71
LESSON VIII.
1. A gentleman, having of an acre of
land, sold ß of an acre; what part of an acre
had he left?
ANALYSIS. — He ad left the difference between g of
an acre and g of an acre, which is şof an acre. There-
fore, since a gentleman had į of an acre of land, and
sold of an acre, he had of an acre left.
2. Frank spent $ of his money, and lost
of it; what part of his money had he left ?
3. Oscar bought a pair of skates for 1o of a
dollar, and sold them for io of a dollar; how
much did he gain by his bargain ?
4. Eugene owns § of a kite, and Herbert
the remainder; what part of the kite does
Herbert own?
5. Clara, having a quire of paper, gave &
of it to Emeline, and to Caroline; what
part did she keep for herself?
6. If I divide an orange into 5 equal parts,
and give away 3 pieces, what part of the
,
Orange will be left ?
7. A barrel of flour was distributed among
three poor families; the first received f of a
barrel, the second $ of a barrel, and the
third the remainder; what part of a barrel
did the third receive?
8. to and ic and % less ro, are how many
tenths ?

72
FRACTIONS.
LESSON IX.
24
30
1. 5 is į of what number?
ANALYSIS. — 5 is 1 half of 2 times 5, which are 10.
Therefore, 5 is 1 half of 10.
2. 3 is of what number?
10
3. 6 is of what number?
4. 7 is š of what number?
5. 5 ist of what number?
6. 9 is } of what number?
43
7. 8 is 4 of what number?
8. 4 is I of what number?
9. 2 is į of what number?
10. A man bought į of a cord of wood
for 2 dollars; how much will a cord cost, at
the same rate ?
11. If } of a pound of coffee cost 4 cents,
what will a pound cost ?
12. A lady paid 10 cents for $ of a yard
of silk ? how much must she pay for a yard?
13. Homer gave 6 cents to a beggar,
which was $ of all he had ; how
had he at first?
. 14. A farmer received 5 dollars towards
the payment for a horse, which was t of
what he sold him for; what was the price
of the horse ?
15. James sold a kite for 4 cents more
than it cost him, and gained just 7 of what
he gave for it; what did it cost?
many cents

FRACTIONS.
73
LESSON X.
cloth;
1. Lester bought į of a pound of raisins
for 5 cents; what would it of a pound cost,
at the same rate ? 16 cerir
ANALYSIS. Since 1 fourth of a pound of raisins
cost 5 cents, 3 fourths of a pound, which are 3 times 1
fourth, will cost 3 times 5 cents, which are 15 cents.
Therefore, since i of a pound of raisins cost 5 cents,
of a pound will cost 15 cents.
2. If ☆ of an acre of land cost 6 dollars,
what will of an acre cost, at the same rate ?
3. There are 5 yards in $ of a piece of
how many yards in & of the piece ? in
☆ of the piece ? in the whole piece ?
4. If ; of a barrel of flour cost 2 dollars,
what will à of a barrel cost? what will f
cost? what will the whole barrel cost?
5. If 7 of a bushel of walnuts cost 3 shil-
lings, what will 4 of a bushel cost ? what
will a bushel cost?
6. Paid 2 dollars for $ of a ton of hay;
what would be the cost of a ton, at the same
rate ?
7. A man spent 9 dollars in ¢ of a month :
how much would he spend in i of a month,
at the same rate ? how much in a month ?
8. In it of a dollar are 10 cents; how
many cents in it of a dollar? in to ? in !?
in a whole dollar ?
Amo
Rocklein

OSCAR MALBY
74
TABLES.
LESSON XI.
TABLES OF MONEY, WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC.
TES
CASIO
STA:
ܝܕܕܨ܀
AM
1
DOLTAR
1961
ONIS
CENT
STRICA
1861
VOTUESE
66
UNITED STATES MONEY.
The Denominations are, the Eagle, Dollar Dime, Cent,
and Mill.
10 mills (m.)
make 1 cent,
marked ct.
10 cents
1 dime,
d.
10 dimes, or 100 cts. 1 dollar,
66 dol. or $.
10 dollars
1 eagle,
E.
United States or Federal money is the legal currency of
the United States.
NOTE.—The mill is not a coin; it is used only in computations.
OF
STATES
STATES
VOINT POST
UNITED
THALES
DIMIE
ONIE
DIMIE
gabe
1862
CANADA MONEY.
The table and denominations are the same as those of tho
United States money.
Note 1. Tho decimal currency was adopted by the Canadian Parlia-
ment in 1853, an I the Act took effect in 1859.
2. Previous to the year 1859, the money of Canada was reckoned in
pounds, shillings, and pence, the same as in England.
PARTS OF ONE DOLLAR.
5 cents = zu of a doll. | 25 cents = 4 of a doll.
61 cents To of a doll. 33į cents = 1 of a doll.
8. cents 12 of a doll. 371 cents = of' a doll.
10 cents jo of a doli. 50 cents = of a doll.
121 cents = of a doll. 62, cents = of a doll.
16} cents = of a doll. | 75 cents = of a doll.
20 cents of a doll. | 87.4 cents = { of a doll.
.
SELE

TABLES.
75
marked
LESSON XII.
ENGLISH MONEY.
The Denominations are, the Pound, Shilling, Penny,
and Farthing
.
1 shilling,
s.
20 shillings
1 pound,
£.
66
12 pence
66
66
C.
66
5 shillings
make 1 crown,
20 shillings
1 sovereign,“ Sov.
21 shillings
1 guinea,
G.
English or Sterling money is the currency of Great Britain.
I
VALUE OF SILVER AND GOLD COINS.
.
66
An English shilling is worth
Crown
sovereign
pound
guinea
A franc of France
A five-franc piece
$ cts.
0 24
1 20
4 84
4 84
5 00
0 19
0 94
.
66
66
TROY WEIGHT.
The Denominations are, the Pound, Ounce, Penny-
weight, and Grain.
66
OZ.
24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, marked pwt.
20 pennyweights“
1 ounce,
12 ounces
1 pound,
lb.
Troy weight is used in weighing gold, silver, and jewels.
66

76
TABLES.
LESSON XIII.
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
66
66
The Denominations are, the Pound, Ounce, Dram,
Scruple, and Grain.
20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple, marked sc. or D.
3 scruples
1 dram,
dr. or 3.
8 drams
1 ounce,
oz. or 3
12 ounces
1 pound,
lb. or fb.
Apothecaries' weight is used in mixing medicines. But
medicines are always bought and sold by avoirdupois weight.
66
66
AVOIR DUPOIS WEIGHT.
The Denominations are, the Ton, Hundred, Quarter,
Pound, Ounce, and Dram.
16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce,
marked oz.
16 ounces
1 pound,
lb.
25 pounds
1 quarter,
qr.
4 quarters
1 hundred pounds
cwt.
20 cwt., or 2000 lbs.“ 1 ton
T.
Avoirdupois weight is used for all the ordinary purposes of
weighing
NOTE. -The long or gross ton, in which the quarter becomes 28
pounds, the hundred weight 112 pounds, and the ton 2240 pounds, is
now seldom used except in estimating English goods, at the U. S.
custom-houses, in freighting and wholesaling coal from the Pennsyl.
vania mines, and in the wholesale iron and plaster trade,
The following denominations are also in uso:
56 pounds make 1 firkin of butter.
196
1 barrel of flour.
200
1 “ beef, pork, or fish.
280
1
66 salt at N.Y.salt works.
56
1 bushel of
32
1
48
1
barley.
56
1
corn or rye.
60
1
66 wheat.
66
CC
66
66
66
6
66
66 oats.
G

TABLES.
77
66
66
LESSON XIV.
LIQUID MEASURE
The Denominations are, the Hogshead, Barrel, Gallon,
Quart, Pint, and Gill.
4 gills (gi.)
make 1 pint,
marked pt.
2 pints
1 quart,
qt.
4
quarts
1 gallon,
gal.
311 gallons
1 barrel,
bar.
2 barrels, or 63 gals.“ i hogshead, hhd.
Liquid Measure is used in measuring liquids; as, liquors,
molasses, water, etc.
NOTE.-The tierce, hogshead, pipe, butt, and tun, are the names of
casks, and do not express any fixed or definite ineasures.
Ale or Beer Measure, formerly used in measuring beer,
ale, and milk, is not a standard measure, and is almost en-
tirely out of use.
NOTE. — When this Measure is used,
36 gallons
make 1 barrel of beer.
54
or 1.1 barrels
1 hogshead
DRY MEASURE.
The Denominations are, the Chaldron, Bushel, Peck,
Quart, and Pint.
2 pints (pt.)
make 1 quart,
marked qt.
8 quarts
1 peck,
4 pecks
1 bushel,
bu.
36 bushels
1 chaldron of coal,“ chal.
Dry Measure is used to measure all kinds of grain, fruits,
roots, coal, salt, seeds, etc.
LONG MEASURI.
The Denominations are the Mile, Furlong, Rod, Yard,
Foot, and Inch.
12
inches (in.)
make 1 foot, marked ft.
3 feet
1 yard,
yd.
55 yards, or 161 ft.“
1 l'od or pole,
rd.
40 rods
1 furlong,
fur.
8 fur, or 320 rods, “ 1 mile,
m.
Long Measure is used in measuring lines or distances.
66
pk.
65
66
66

78
TABLES.
LESSON XV.
1 degree,
66
6:31
O
Nota.-Long Measure is used to measure cloth, and other foods sold
by the yard, the yard being divided into halves, fourtlis, eighths, and
sixteenths. The oll table of Cloth Meusure is practically out of use.
The following denominations are also in use:
4 inches
make 1 hand.
6 feet
1 fathom.
1.15 statute
1 geographical mile.
3 geograph. miles,“ 1 league, marked L.
60 geograph.
deg. or
69.16 statute
360 degrees make a great circle of the earth.
SQUARE MEASURE.
The Denominations are, the Square Mile, Acre, Rood,
Square Rod, Square Foot, and Square Inch.
144 sq. in., (sq. in.) make 1 sq. foot, mk'd sq. ft.
9 square feet
1 sq. yard,
304 square yards
1 sq. rod,
40 sq. rods or perches “
1 rood,
R.
4 roods
1 acre
A.
640 acres
1 sq. mile,
Square Measure is used in measuring surfaces; as, land,
boards, plastering, paving, etc.
sq. yd.
sq. id.
06
66
66
66
sq. m.
16 poles
CG
sq. ch.
SURVEYORS' SQUARE MEASURE.
The Denominations are, the Township, Square Mile,
Acre, Square Chain, Squaro Pole, and Square Link.
625 square links, (sq.1.) make 1 pole, marked P.
1 sq.chain,
10 square chains
1 acre,
A.
640 acres
1 sq. mile,“
36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.)"
1 township,
T.
Surveyors' Measure is used by surveyors, in computing the
area or contents of lands.
NOTE.—A square mile of land is called a section,
26
sq. mi.
66

TABLES.
79
LESSON XVI.
CUBIC
MEASURE.
}
66
The Denominations are, the Cord, Cord Foot, Perch,
Ton, Cubic Yard, Cubic Foot, and Cubic Incb.
1728 cubic in. (cu. in.) make 1 cu. foot, mk'd cu. ft.
27 cubic feet
1 cu. yard, cu. yd.
40 cu.ft.round timber or
1 ton or load, T.
50 66 " hewn
24; cubic feet
make 1 perch of stone, Pch.
16 cubic feet
1 cord foot, mk'd c. ft.
8 cord feet, or ?
1 cord of wood,“ C.
128 cubic feet
Cubic Measure is used for measuring solids; as, timber,
wood, stone, etc.
NOTE.-A pile of wood 8 ft. long, 4 ſt. wide, and 4 ft. high, contains
1 cord.
MEASURE OF TIME.
The Denominations are, the Century, Year, Month,
Week, Day, Hour, Minute, and Second.
60 seconds (sec.) make 1 minute, marked m.
60 minutes
1 hour,
h.
24 hours
da.
7 days
1 week,
IV.
4 weeks
1 lunar month," mo,
52 weeks
yr.
12 calendar mo. or 365 da. 1 year,
make 1 century,
C.
Time is the measure of duration, and is used to ineasure the
exact periods in which events occur.
The following table gives the names of the 12 calendar
months, in their order, and the number of days in each.
1. January has 31 days.| 7. July
has 31 days.
2. February “ 28 days. 8. August
3. March 31 days. 9. September“ 30 days.
4. April
30 days. 10. October
" 31 days.
5. May
CG
31 days. 11. November" 30 days.
6. June
is 30 days.l12. December“ 31 days.
66
(6
1 day,
CC
1 year,
yr.
66
100 years
" 31 days.

80
TA BLES.
66
LESSON XVII.
CIRCULAR MEASURE.
The Denominations are the Circle, Sign, Degree, Minute,
and Second.
60 seconds (“) make 1 minute,
marked .
60 minutes
1 degrec,
0.
30 degrees
1 sign,
S.
12 signs,or 360 deg." the circle of the Zodiac, C.
Circular Measure is applied to the measurement of circles
and angles, and is used by surveyors, navigators, astronomers,
etc., in making their calculations.
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES.
COUNTING.
The Denominations are, the Hundred, Score, Great
Gross, Gross, Dozen, and Unit.
12 units or single things make 1 dozen.
12 dozen, or 144 units
1 gross.
12 gross, or 144 dozen
1 great gross.
20 units or single things
1 score.
5 score
1 hundred.
PAPER.
The Denominations are, the Bale, Bundie, Ream,
Quire, and Sheet.
24 sheets of paper
make
1 quire.
20 quires of paper
1 ream.
2 reams
1 bundle.
5 bundles
1 bale
BOOKS.
The Denominations are, Folio, Quarto, Octavo, Duo-
decimo, etc.
A sheet folded in 2 leaves is called a Folio.
a Quarto,
A sheet folded in 4 leaves
or 4to.
an Octavo,
A sheet folded in 8 leaves
or 8vo.
a Duodecimo,
A sheet folded in 12 leaves
or 12mo.
CC

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