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Museum
406
.G.69
1852




Walker
UNITED STATES
EXPLORING EXPEDITION.


.

rishi Smith
Southwortlar
Auguestes Aloulis
.
Gouldi and Lincoln, Boston

UNITED STATES
EXPLORING EXPEDITION.
DURING THE YEARS
1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1812.
UNDER THE COMMAND OF
CHARLES WILKES, U.S. N.
VOL. XII.
.
MOLLUSCA & SHELLS.
BY
ddison
AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, M.D.,
FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES;
OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ;
MEMBER OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.
WITH AN ATLAS OF PLATES.
BOSTON:
GOULD & LINCOL N.
1 8 5 2.


museum
. راع
11-23.38
INTRODUCTION.
The following work was undertaken under many disadvantages.
The writer did not accompany the Expedition, and, of course, had not
an opportunity of observing specimens in their native localities, and in
their natural relations. Circumstances relating to food, habits, uses,
numbers, and grouping, and other important points which would im-
press themselves upon the mind of an observer, and by which the dry
details of specific description might be greatly relieved, must, therefore,
be wanting here.
Mr. Joseph P. Couthouy, the able naturalist of the Expedition in
this department, made careful and suggestive notes of all interesting
species, and, especially, of the new or doubtful species, with the inten-
tion of amplifying them after his return. To him they would have
spoken volumes; but he alone could fully understand their import.
Up to the time of leaving the Paumotu, or Low Coral Islands, these
notes were pretty fully written out in form. On arriving at the
Samoa Islands, his health obliged him to separate from the squadron ;
and the numerous notes he had subsequently made from day to day
were left in an imperfect state. Still, these would have been extremely
valuable, especially those relating to the land-shells of the Society,
Samoa, and Sandwich Islands. But, unfortunately, repeated searches
have failed to discover them among the masses of documents per-
taining to the Expedition.
Mr. Couthouy was also careful to attach marks, or numbers, to all
B

vi
INTRODUCTION.
specimens described or figured, or to which special interest attached;
and they were so disposed of as to be easily accessible and readily re-
cognised. The drawings relating to them had been so far finished as
to secure the forms and attitudes, more particularly the colours of the
animals, all of which greatly change after death, leaving the more
permanent features to be copied at leisure. The identification of these
shells was, therefore, very important. But it had been thought neces-
sary, by the Navy Department, that the boxes sent home in advance
of the Expedition should be opened, lest, by long packing, the speci-
mens might be injured. Those who performed this service were not
fully aware of the importance of replacing the specimens as originally
arranged, and hence much labour and difficulty in identifying them.
In many instances, the search was quite fruitless, and, consequently,
many drawings and descriptions were altogether rejected, and so far
lost.
Still an additional difficulty arose from residing at a long distance
from Washington, where the collection is deposited, rendering it impos-
sible to have such a frequent recourse to the specimens as would have
greatly facilitated the settlement of questions which arose from day to
day.
Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which this branch of
Zoology laboured, an immense mass of specimens of shells was col-
lected, and among them a very large number of new species,larger,
probably, than has ever been collected by any similar Expedition.
Both before and after the separation of Mr. Couthouy, a very decided
zeal, in the collection of shells, was manifested by both officers and
men, as well as by the other members of the Scientific Corps. Among
them must be especially mentioned, as the principal collectors :
Commander Charles Wilkes ; Messrs. J. P. Couthouy, C. Pickering,
J. D. Brackenridge, T. R. Peale, W. Rich, J. D. Dana, of the Scientific
Corps; J. Drayton, Artist; Lieutenants C. Ringgold, A. L. Case,
T. A. Budd, W. M. Walker, J. A. Underwood; Passed-Midshipmen
W. May, W. Reynolds, H. Eld; Midshipmen G. W. Hammersley,
and George Elliott, Jr.; Assistant-Surgeons J. L. Fox and J. S.

INTRODUCTION.
vii
Whittle; W. Spieden, Purser; J. R. Howison, Captain's Clerk; F.
Monserrat, Steward; C. Erskine, James Sheaf, S. Stearns, E. Verry,
Seamen ; J. W. W. Dyes, Taxidermist.
The Expedition was also indebted, for many specimens of rare and
valuable shells, to Mr. Dimond, of the Sandwich Island Mission;
Mrs. Richards, of the same Mission ; and Mrs. Mitchill, of New South
Wales.
With rare exceptions, the shells were collected on the sea-beach and
coral reefs, very few opportunities having been afforded for obtaining
specimens from deep water, by the dredge, on account of the incessant
employment of the men and boats on special hydrographical duties.
Several zoological provinces not previously explored were examined,
and furnished most interesting groups of specimens. Among them
are the collections made at Tierra del Fuego; the land-shells of the
Society and Samoa Islands, as well as other Pacific islands; and the
marine shells of Oregon,—more especially those from Puget's Sound,
every one of which appear to be new to collections.
In some genera the number of new species added is quite remarka-
ble; for instance, the species added to the genus Succinea equal all
those previously known. The genera Trochus, Perna, Avicula, and
Mytilus have been greatly augmented. To the scanty list of naked
mollusks previously known, additions of many new and beautiful forms
have been made. The Cephalopods, especially, have received large
accessions, which, for life-like colouring and delineation, have not been
surpassed.
My instructions were, to name and describe the new species of shells
found in the collection, following the system of Lamarck, and, also, to
introduce the figures of such animals as had not hitherto been pub-
lished, or had been but imperfectly delineated, with descriptions of
their external features. The figures were all drawn from the living
animal, so that they are true to life as to their form and colouring -
more so, indeed, than any that have yet been published. The mol-
lusks of several genera of shells, hitherto unknown, are now, for the
first time, delineated, and are important additions to malacology.

viii
INTRODUCTION.
name
In drawing up the descriptions, I have endeavoured to use language
as simple and definite as possible, and, by comparing each species with
the one most nearly allied to it, to make its peculiar character appa-
rent. Where a shell bore characters somewhat prominent, I have
endeavoured to select a specific name significant of them, almost en-
tirely avoiding local and complimentary appellations. I have retained
nes selected by Mr. Couthouy, unless they had been preoccupied ;
and, where his descriptions have mainly been used, his initials are
appended; the revision of them, and the determination that they did
not relate to shells already described, having been made by myself.
After the most scrupulous endeavours to avoid describing shells
which had been previously named, consulting all the books and the
best collections in the country, with this view, it is quite likely that
the evil has not been entirely avoided. The history of a contem-
poraneous Voyage of Exploration in nearly the same track, has been
in the course of publication simultaneously; and, from a recent exa-
mination of a few of the plates of the Voyage of the Astrolabe and
Zelée, several species appear to be there figured, which are also de-
scribed in this work. It is believed, however, that the descriptions
published in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
were of prior date, and must, therefore, be adopted.
The formation of new genera from characters of the shell alone, has
been avoided. In some few instances, where new forms of mollusks
have been presented, such as could not be united with received genera
without violence, a new genus has been instituted. In instances where
generic divisions seemed justifiable, I have rested contented with in-
dicating groups, without formally establishing them. In several cases
it has been possible to present, for the first time, or essentially to cor-
rect, the characters of the mollusk, thus contributing something
towards a natural classification.
In this collection of descriptions of new species, where so many
genera do not appear at all, and very few are fairly represented, no
accurate systematic arrangement could be expected, and none has been
attempted.

INTRODUCTION.
ix
1
It is much to be regretted, however, that the descriptions of animals
were limited to their external characters, and that dissections and
delineations of their anatomical structure had not also been directed ;
especially in the case of those genera in which the structure of the
soft parts is still unknown. A very large supply of mollusks, in
spirit, is preserved in the collection, and would afford ample materials
for future zoological investigations concerning this class of animals.
As this work was intended to be purely descriptive, no generaliza-
tions were expected. A few points, however, have presented them-
selves so obviously, in examining the specimens and memoranda of
the shell collection, that it would seem proper to advert to them.
The doctrine of distinct zoological regions evidently appertains to
the mollusks, and is well illustrated by them. In nearly every work,
containing any considerable catalogue of shells, the same species will
be found quoted as being found in widely distant regions, in different
oceans, and even on opposite sides of the globe. The many thousand
localities carefully noted on the records of the Expedition, go to prove
beyond dispute, that no such random or wide-spread distribution
obtains. The error has arisen from two principal causes. One is,
that reliable notes of localities have not been taken. A
voyage
is
made to the Sandwich Islands, and all the shells brought home by the
vessel are said to be shells from the Sandwich Islands, though they
may have been obtained at California, the Society Islands, New
Zealand, and, perhaps, half a dozen other places quite as remote from
each other. A sea captain purchases a collection at Calcutta or Val-
paraiso, for his friends at home; and all the shells are marked as
denizens of the port where they were purchased, though they might
not have lived within thousands of miles. Purchased shells cannot
be relied on for localities; for this end a shell must have been found
containing the animal, or else dredged, or picked up on the shore, and
labelled accordingly. There have been instances where New England
shells, which had gone to the west coast of America, in the way of
exchange, came back again as Pacific shells.
The second cause is, that shells are regarded as specifically iden-
с

X
INTRODUCTION.
a
tical, which, on careful comparison, are found not to be so. And
this is very likely to occur, where some one very remarkable pecu-
liarity exists. Thus, a Lutraria from Lower California (L. undulata),
has the thin, milk-white, concentrically undulated valves, so similar to
those which characterize a shell from the coast of Carolina (L. canali-
culata), that no one observing them separately, would hesitate to pro-
nounce them the same; but place the two side by side, and it will be
seen that in one the beaks are near the posterior, and in the other
near the anterior end of the shell. Equally striking resemblances and
differences will be found when we compare Mactra nasuta and M.
Brasiliana, Lutraria ventricosa and L. carinata, the former of which
are found in the Gulf of California, and their analogues in the Gulf of
Mexico. So too we find on the catalogues Cytherea chione and Natica
maroccana, Mediterranean shells, set down as found also in the Gulf
of California; but a direct comparison shows them to be quite different
in form and coloration, and well entitled to the distinctive appella-
tions of Cytherea biradiata and Natica Chemnitzii. Triton nodosum,
of the West Indies, has also been regarded as identical with a Sand-
wich Island species (T. elongatum). We need not multiply examples of
this kind. But if such confusion has' arisen among strongly-marked
species, how much more liable is it to occur where specific differences
are slight. In many genera, as in Physa and Succinea, the form,
surface, and colouring are so uniform throughout, that undoubted
species are distinguished by only the slightest differences. Indeed,
there are even some genera, like Helix and Nanina, Patella and
Lottia, which cannot be distinguished but by an examination of the
animal. When, therefore, we have before us shells from widely
diverse regions, apparently identical, they should be subjected to the
most careful scrutiny for structural differences. If no obvious ones
are detected, we may not consider the question as settled, unless the
animals have been compared; and we may go even further, and
require that their internal structure, as well as external features, should
be examined. The number of instances where this apparent ubiquity
obtains is fast diminishing, as in the cases already mentioned, in those

INTRODUCTION.
xi
a
of Cyprea exanthema, cervina and cervinetta, &c. A large proportion
of the shells inhabiting the eastern and western shores of the Atlantic,
have been regarded as identical; and many of them are really so.
But the closer the comparison, the more it tends to diminish rather
than increase the identical species. The same is found true in regard
to other classes of animals. In fact, the doctrine of the local limita-
tion of animals, even now, meets with so few apparent exceptions, that
we admit it as an axiom in zoology, that species strongly resem-
bling each other, derived from widely diverse localities, especially
if a continent intervenes, and if no known or plausible means of com-
munication can be assigned, should be assumed as different, until their
identity can be proved. Much study of living specimens must be had
before the apparent exceptions can be brought under the rule. Some
shells undoubtedly have a very extensive range. The species of
Cyprea are remarkable for this, and more than any other genus would
lead us to conclude that oceans present no limitations. Even among
them, however, new distinctions are constantly appearing. There are
also some shells which may be called cosmopolite. At least they are
erratic, and will be found wherever their pabulum is found. Thus,
Helix cellaria, attaching itself to water-casks, is found in most seaports
in all parts of the world. Helix similaris is found wherever the coffee-
plant grows; and Helix vitrinoides in like manner accompanies the
Arum esculentum or taro. Bulimus octona, or a closely allied species,
is a parasite of the Banana. But exceptions of this kind confirm
rather than militate against the conclusion.
There is a certain local aspect, a peculiar facies, which impresses
itself upon us the more we study local collections; just as we learn, by
a very little observation, to distinguish men of different nations and
neighbourhoods. Thus we distinguish the loose, horny, colourless
structure of the northern marine species; the stony, corroded, livid
New Zealanders; the polished, absolutely perfect specimens from the
coral seas. Certain forms are so characteristic of certain regions that
we never expect to find them elsewhere. Thus, we look for Clausilia
in Europe and Asia; for Achatina in Africa; for Cylindrella in the

xii
INTRODUCTION.
West Indies and their neighbourhood; for Achatinella in the Sand-
wich Islands; for Partula in the Pacific Islands, south of the equator;
to the United States of America we look for Helices with toothed
apertures; to the Philippine Islands for the ivory and beautifully
painted species, &c., and we venture to call them stragglers, if they
are brought to us from any other quarter.
Dr. Pickering remarks, in relation to the Feejee Islands, “It was only
here, in the midst of the Coral sea, where I found myself surrounded
by a great variety of Cone, Mitre, Olive, Cowry, Ovula, Harpa,
Terebra, Cassis, Strombus, Conælix, Pyramidella, Tridacne, Vulsella,
Lima, &c., that I became fully aware of the imperfect state of this
science. We missed Patella, Eburna, Terebellum, Cancellaria, Hip-
popus, Ancillaria, and Marginella. Bivalves seem to prevail less than
at Tonga. Mactra proper was not met with. In fluviatile shells
these islands are richer than the eastern ones, no doubt on account of
their larger size and the consequent greater abundance of fresh water.
A fresh-water bivalve, Cyrena, was here for the first time met with
among the islands. Among land-shells we missed Partula. The
appearance of large Bulimi reminded one of the continent.” The true
Helices seem to be supplanted by Nanina.
Another point of interest, extensively elucidated by the collections
of the Expedition, is the occurrence of analogous species in co-ordinate
regions. It is now a received fact that the animals and plants of the
northernmost zones are, for the most part, identical throughout the
whole circuit; and that the species gradually diverge from each other
towards the equator, on the three continents; and that after passing
the equator towards the south, there is not a return to the same
species, and rarely to the same genera, as we should expect if variation
of forms depended mainly on difference of temperature. There is,
however, a return to mollusks of a kindred character and form, and
oftentimes to the same genera.
The analogies of specimens from distant regions are much stronger
when reckoned by isothermal longitude than by isothermal latitude.
In the latter case we may have analogous genera. Along our northern

INTRODUCTION.
xiii
seas, some of the most characteristic shells are Buccinum, Tritonium,
Fusus, Terebratula, Rimula, &c. Around Cape Horn are shells of the
same types, so closely allied that they have not yet been separated as
distinct genera, though peculiar in many important respects. But this
resemblance does not descend to species. In the first case, however,
not only have we the same genera, but the species seem to repeat each
other: so that species brought from great distances east or west, are
scarcely to be distinguished upon comparison. As examples in illus-
tration, we may place against each other the following species from
Oregon and from the Eastern States :
Mya truncata.
Osteodesma hyalina.
Cardita borealis.
Cardium Icelandicum.
Venus mercenaria.
Alasmodonta arcuata.
Helix concava.
Helix inflecta.
Mya præcisa,
Osteodesma bracteatum,
Cardita ventricosa,
Cardium blandum,
Venus calcarea,
Alasmodonta falcata,
Helix Vancouverensis,
Helix loricata,
Helix germana,
Planorbis vermicularis,
Planorbis opercularis,
Lacuna carinata,
Natica Lewisii,
Trichotropis cancellata,
Fusus fidicula,
Lottia pintadina,
Helix fraterna.
Planorbis deflectus.
Planorbis exacutus.
Lacuna vincta.
Natica heros.
Trichotropis borealis.
Fusus turricula.
Lottia testudinalis, &c.
Mingled with these are others very different in type, which mark
the two localities as constituting very different zoological regions.
Where, for instance, have we the analogues of Panopæa generosa,
Lutraria ventricosa, Triton Oregonense, on the one hand, and of
Mactra gigantea, Fusus decemcostatus and Icelandicus, Pyrula cana-
liculata and carica, Pandora trilineata, &c., on the other? The same
comparison holds good between the shells of the Gulf of California and
the Gulf of Mexico.
D

xiy
INTRODUCTION.
From a consideration of the land-shells collected on the Pacific
islands, it seems possible to draw some fair inferences as to the relations
of the lands which once occupied the area of the Pacific Ocean, and
whose mountain peaks evidently now indicate, or constitute, the islands
with which it is now studded. By observation of the species, we think
there are strong indications that some groups of islands have an inti-
mate relation to each other, and belonged, at least, to the peaks of the
same mountain ranges, before they were submerged; while the indi-
cations are equally strong that other groups had no such territorial
connexion.
The Samoa, Friendly, and Feejee Islands, are near to each other,
and seem as if they must have intimate geological relations. The
Samoa and Friendly Islands give evidence of such relation, the
same forms and many of the same species occurring on both groups.
But, if we may draw inferences from the land-shells, these two
groups are more intimately related to the Society Islands, though at
a much greater distance, than to the Feejee Islands. Not a single spe-
cies of land-shell, found on the Feejees, was collected on either of the
other groups.
Several genera which are common to the other groups
are wanting in the Feejees. Thus, no specimen of Succinea or Partula,
genera so abundant in the Society and Samoa Islands, was found at
the Feejees; and the true Helix, especially the pyramidal forms, so
remarkable in the other groups, seemed to be replaced by large species
of Nanina. On the other hand, large and peculiar species of Bulimus
occur abundantly on the Feejees, while nothing of the kind occurs on
any of the other islands. Indeed, judging from the land-shells, the
Feejees are more nearly allied to the islands to the westward,—such
as the New Hebrides, than to the Friendly Islands, on the east,
though so much nearer. When we examine the fluviatile shells,
however, we do not find the same distinction. Many of the same
species of Melania, Navicella, and Neritina, seem to occur in all the
groups, though the large coronated species of Melania prevail in the
Feejees. There is some reason to suspect, moreover, that the fresh-
water shells collected at these islands have accidentally become more
W

INTRODUCTION.
XV
near it.
or less mingled. It must also be considered, that the Navicella, and
more especially Neritina, is oftentimes decidedly littoral, and even
marine, in its habits.
The little island of Metia, or Aurora Island, to the northeastward of
Taheiti, is one of peculiar interest. It is a coral island, which has been
elevated 250 feet, or more, and has no other high island anywhere
On it were found four small land-shells belonging to three
genera, viz. :
—Helix pertenuis, Helix dædalea, Partula pusilla, and
Helicina trochlea. None of these were found upon any other island.
They seem to have originated there, after the elevation of the island,
and have a significant bearing upon the question of local and periodical
creations in comparatively modern times.
As the genus Partula is characteristic of the groups just south of
the equator, so Achatinella is the characteristic shell of the Sandwich
Islands. Closely connected as the islands of this group are, they each
have their peculiar forms of land-shells; and, as the southern islands
bear evidence of greater age than the northern ones, we may infer
that, within these narrow limits, we have evidence of the appearance
of some species subsequent to the existence of others now living. On
the Island of Kauai, the oldest of the group, we have Achatina adusta
and pyramidata, a form which does not appear on the other islands ;
the Achatinellæ are chiefly of the elongated glabrous form, which I
have grouped under the name Leptachatina; the Helices are planor-
boid and multispiral. On Molokai, the species of Achatinella are
large and beautiful, and peculiar in their form and colouring. On
Maui, the Helices are small and glabrous, with some very curious
hispid and ribbed species, with lamellæ within the aperture. On Oahu,
the species of both Helix and Achatinella are similar to those on
Maui. On Hawaii, Succinea seems to prevail in larger proportion
than on the other islands, while Achatinella, which occurs so abun-
dantly on all the other islands, either does not occur at all, or but
very rarely.
Boston, December, 1851.


M O L L USCA.
ORDER GASTEROPODA.
GENUS ATHORACOPHORUS—(Gould.)
Corpus limaciforme, supra convexum, retrorsum attenuatum, requiescens
spirale, pallio à soleâ discreto ubique tectum, clypeo carens; foramine
pulmonali submediano, inoperto; tentaculis binis brevibus, conicis,
oculiferis, ad apicem bulbosis, haud omnino retractilibus; dorso sulco
mediano ramoso impresso. Lamina calcarea nulla.
Body limaciform, depressed, convexly rounded above, gradually
tapering backwards, coiled when at rest, covered throughout by the
mantle, which is distinguished from the foot by a faint groove.
Clypeus entirely wanting, the pulmonary aperture on the right side,
near the median line, entirely unprotected; a delicate channel runs
along the back, with numerous lateral branches. Tentacles only two,
short, dilated at base and tip, not wholly retractile. No shell.
a
The animal on which I have founded this genus was evidently
observed by Quoy and Gaimard, and was described in the Voyage of
the Astrolabe under the name of Limax bitentaculatus, and indicated
by them also as the type of a new genus. No other one of the Lima-
cidæ has the position of the respiratory aperture so near the dorsal
line, or so completely exposed, like a mere perforation. Nor am I
aware that any one has the habit of coiling itself up, when at rest, in
the manner delineated. These characters, together with the existence
of only two tentacles, have induced me to institute the genus.
1

2
MOLLUSCA.
ATHORACOPHORUS BITENTACULATUS (Quoy) Gould.
Limax bitentaculatus, Quoy, Voy. de l'Astrol., Zool., II. 148, pl. 13,
fig. 1–3; LAMARCK, Anim. sans Verteb., 2 ed., VII. 723.
a
The figure of Quoy is so imperfect that it is worth while to give a
more exact one, taken from a living animal. It is of a pale yellow
colour, covered with dot-like tubercles of a brownish hue. The lateral
branches of the dorsal grooves are not strictly parallel and simple, but
many of them are again branched. The little dilatation of the ten-
tacles is stated by Mr. Drayton to be simply “a shoulder or enlarge-
ment,” and not a sheath. There is also represented a minute tubercle
in the place of the oral tentacles. The coiled attitude, I believe, is
not assumed by any other one of the Limacidæ.
а
Length about one inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
It was found by Quoy and Gaimard at Tasman's Bay; and by Dr.
Pickering at the bottom of a crater at Taiamai, Bay of Islands, New
Zealand.
Figure 6, animal extended; 6 a, view of the back; 66, mode of
coiling itself; 6 c, the head.
ARION FOLIOLATUS (Gould).
A. corpore depresso, fulvo, sulcis nigricantibus obliquè reticulato, areolis
inclusis foliosis ; clypeo prælongo, lavi, fulvo, concentricè fusco-notato;
aperturâ communi ante-medianâ ; tentaculis parvis, brevibus.
Colour a reddish fawn, coarsely and obliquely reticulated with slate-
coloured lines forming areolæ, which are indented at the sides, when
viewed by a magnifier, so as to resemble leaflets; the corselet is con-
centrically mottled with slate-colour, and the projecting border of the
foot is also obliquely lineated. The body is rather depressed, nearly
uniform throughout, and somewhat truncated at the tip, exhibiting a
conspicuous pit, which was probably occupied by a mucus-gland.

GASTEROPOD A.
3
The shield is very long, smooth, and has the respiratory orifice very
small, situated a little in front of the middle. The tentacles are small
and short.
Length, three and one-half inches.
Found by Dr. Charles Pickering near Discovery Harbour, Puget
Sound.
That this animal belongs to the genus Arion there can be little
doubt, from the peculiar structure of the tail, as represented in Mr.
Drayton's figure, and from the anterior position of the respiratory
orifice. It is a well-marked species, characterized especially by the
little leaf-like areola by which the surface is marked.
Figure 2, side view; 2 a, papillæ enlarged; 2 b, dark variety.
LIMAX COLUMBIANUS (Gould).
L. corpulentus, corpore elongato, posticè carinato, sordidè flavo, uni-
colore vel maculis atropurpureis nubeculato, tuberculis elongatis longi-
tudinaliter dispositis tessellato ; clypeo lato, anticè truncato ; aperturâ
communi postica.
Colour a dark, dirty, greenish-yellow, either uniform or in some
varieties clouded with large, purplish-black, irregular blotches. The
body is large and corpulent, the anterior portion elevated, with the
back rounded, and the posterior portion strongly carinated; at the
posterior tip there is apparently a mucus-pore. The margin of the
foot extends beyond the mantle and forms a ruffle around the animal,
with transversely oblique markings. The surface is tessellated with
coarse, elongated papillæ arranged longitudinally. The corselet is
broad, truncated in front, minutely granulated, with the respiratory
orifice at the posterior third. Front vertically wrinkled : upper ten-
tacles rather short, thickened at base, coloured like the body, and
finely granulated; lower tentacles long and slender.
Length, five and one-half inches.

4
MOLLUSCA.
The calcareous rudiment is oblong, the angles truncated so as to
give an hexagonal outline ; apex median and nearly terminal.
Oregon, at Nisqually, by Mr. Dyes, and at Discovery Harbour,
Puget Sound, by Lieutenant Case.
a
There can be no doubt that the mottled animals are varieties of the
uniformly coloured ones, because they were not only taken in com-
pany, but in coitu. A smaller specimen is of a uniform slate-colour.
In general it resembles A. empiricorum in form, marking, and colour-
ing, with the exception of the head, which in that species is slate-
coloured. The position of the respiratory orifice is also much more
anterior. No land mollusk has yet been found to the west of the
Rocky Mountains identical with any species on the Atlantic side; and
although several European slugs have been carried to distant shores,
where they have become naturalized in limited districts, it is too much
to suppose that any of them have thus become numerous at several
localities about Puget Sound.
Figure 1, side view; 1a, mottled variety; 1b, face; 1c, calcareous
rudiment.
LIMAX OLIVACEUS (Gould).
L. elevatus, retrorsum carinatus, plus minusve acuminatus, ex olivaceo
purpurascens, papillis angustis, elongatis, obliquis reticulatus : clypeo
curto, rotundato, concentricè rugoso; foramine antico; fronte reticu-
lato ; tentaculis cervicalibus elongatis, attenuatis, nigricantibus.
ANIMAL elevated, more or less carinated, acuminated posteriorly.
Colour dark olive, inclining to purplish or mahogany colour on the
back, paler on the corselet and at the edges; tentacles dark slate.
Surface minutely and obliquely reticulated with very delicate lines.
Corselet short and rounded, concentrically lineated, evidently con-
taining a calcareous rudiment; the respiratory orifice situated at the
posterior fourth. Head small, front reticulated; cervical tentacles
long and slender, the oral ones small.
Length two and a half inches.

GASTEROPOD A.
5
Found at Paramatta, New South Wales, by Mr. Couthouy.
This is very peculiar on account of its pale olive colour, and its
very delicate, narrow, elongated papillæ. It is attenuated both in
height and breadth, and terminates in a delicate point. The head is
also protruded, and all the portion anterior to the corselet is narrowed.
Figure 3, side; 3 a, contracted; 3 b, transverse section.
LIMAX FULIGINOSUS (Gould).
L. abbreviatus, corpulentus, acutè carinatus, fuliginosus, sulcis remotis
obliquis reticulatus, areolis reticulatis ; clypeo ovali, posticè latiori,
foramine pulmonali postico; capite parvo ; tentaculis brevibus, ad api-
cem ferrugineis.
Body rather short and corpulent, elevated, sharply carinated, espe-
cially at its posterior portion. Colour uniform sooty black. Corselet
oval, of moderate size, broadest behind, the dorsal face showing traces
of a large calcareous test; respiratory aperture situated at the poste-
rior third. Surface coarsely reticulated by oblique fissures, the in-
cluded areas being more minutely reticulated with smaller fissures.
Head small, tentacles rather short, ferruginous at tip. Foot projecting
slightly beyond the edge of the mantle, which is transversely and
rather distantly lineated. Posterior termination acute.
Length two and a half inches.
a
Found at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, among turnips in a
garden. Dr. Pickering remarks that it seems undoubtedly to be a
native species. It is specially characterized by its peculiar sooty
appearance.
Figure 4, the animal crawling; 4 a, transverse section.
VAGINULUS TAUNAISII (Ferussac).
Corpus elongatum ; colore flavescente; tentaculis obscuris.
Vaginulus Taunaisië, FERUSSAC; Tab. Syst. 13, pl. viii. B. f. 1, 2.
2

6
MOLLUSCA.
Body long, very slender, somewhat widening backwards, of a pale
yellowish colour, tinted green, and with two stripes of deeper green
along the back, everywhere dotted with opaque white; cervical tenta-
cles very long, slate-coloured, and somewhat annulate; oral tentacles
about the usual proportionate length, furnished at base with a short
triangular process like a spur. Back rounded, and provided with
numerous pores from which the mucus is abundantly secreted. Lo-
comotive disc narrower than the mantle, and projecting behind it,
transversely wrinkled, the edge pea-green.
Length, when extended, about seven inches.
Found by Mr. Couthouy on an orange tree, near a mountain torrent,
in the vicinity of Tijuca, near Rio Janeiro. Dr. Pickering also found
the same species at the same locality. [J. P. c.]
Mr. Couthouy remarks that the motions of the animal were very
quick, gliding along more rapidly than he had ever seen any of its
congeners. It often reared up two-thirds of its long body nearly per-
pendicularly, and remained so for some time, turning its head in every
direction, sometimes arching it over like a swan's neck, and again
stretching it up so as to call to mind the giraffe, thus giving the snail
quite an intelligent though somewhat laughable aspect.
I have regarded this as the V. Taunaisii, of which our descriptions
are very imperfect, but still definite enough to show that its colours
are variable; and our species seems to differ from the description
given of it in this respect only. At any rate, its characters are so
definitely given, as well as some of its habits, that it seems proper to
present the observations and figures herewith given. Should it be
found entitled to a distinct appellation, I would propose for it that of
V. superbus.
a
Figure 5, the animal extended; 5 a, the head ; 5 b, portion of the
foot.
VITRINA RUIVENSIS (Couthouy, M.S.) (Gould).
Testa haliotiformis, transversè subquadrata, depressa, papyracea, pellu-
cida, nitida, chlorata, gradibus ætatis striata : spira vix conspicua,

GASTEROPOD A.
7
anfractu unico rapidè crescente ; apice laterali : apertura faciem
inferiorem adequans ; labro propè spiram membranaceo ; columella
laxè intro spiram volvente et eam penitus exhibente.
ANIMAL nearly enveloping the shell, very long compared with the
two preceding, the lower portions ochreous brown, the mantle of the
same colour, closely mottled with jet black; foot high, compressed
above, and generally undulating along the back, rarely extending
itself so as to be regularly tapering ; tentacles very dark slate-colour,
with a darker central portion extending along the cervical ones, which
are long and tapering, to some distance under the mantle; oral pair
very short ; a slight furrow surrounds the foot, the margin of which is
rather lighter-coloured than the rest of the body; respiratory orifice
very small; mucus-pore very small, and placed just above the termi-
nation of the foot.
SHELL transparent, thin, flexible, of a beautiful sap-green towards
the spire, gradually turning to yellow near the lip. Haliotiform, the
spire sub-terminal, not forming an entire revolution, and wholly visible
internally. Aperture enormous, occupying the whole face of the
shell ; lip thin and membranous, inflexed from the columella for about
one-third its extent.
Diameter five-eighths of an inch; axis one-tenth of an inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy on the Pico de Ruivo, Madeira, thirty
feet from the summit, 6210 feet above the sea, under moss, at the roots
of Erica arborea. Only two specimens were obtained.
This is a very large and well-marked species. It is closely allied
to V. Lamarckii, but the shell, as well as the animal, is sufficiently
distinct. [J. P. c.]
Figure 7, the animal extended ; 7 a, the animal retracted in the
shell; 7 6, back of the shell; 7 c, aperture of the shell; 7 d, profile of
the shell.
VITRINA MARCIDA (Gould).
Testa sigaretiformis, tenuis, sub-opaca, flavo-viridis, depresso-orbicularis,
tenuiter striata, sub-perforata : spira anfractibus ad tribus convexi-

8
MOLLUSCA.
usculis ; ultimo amplo, declivo ; apice sub-centrali ; suturâ benè im-
pressâ : apertura transversa, elliptica ; labro plerumque membra-
naceo.
ANIMAL of an ochreous brown colour, with a tinge of green towards
the foot, between which and the body is a slight furrow. The mantle,
which for the most part envelopes the shell, is mottled with black, and
covered with longitudinal wrinkles, intersected by fine, transverse
lines, and appears covered with minute granules when the animal is
contracted. The rest of the body is covered with minute, interrupted,
longitudinal lines, of a darker colour, assuming on the back and foot
the appearance of fine squamiform plaits. Cervical tentacles long and
slender ; oral ones about half as long, and like them dark slate-coloured;
on the back of the neck is a faint double groove, with a narrow white
streak on each side. The foot is compressed and subcarinated poste-
riorly, and has a slight canal extending from the shell nearly to the
extremity. Respiratory orifice very large, near the upper and posterior
portion of the mantle; mucus-pore very near the extremity of the foot,
on the upper side, quite small, but secreting considerable thin mucus,
which gives the whole foot a glossy appearance.
a
It differs from the animal of V. Lamarckii by the truncation of the
corselet anteriorly, and by having the markings on the side of the
neck longitudinal instead of oblique.
a
SHELL of a dull yellowish-green colour; apex of the spire sub-cen-
tral, with three volutions, the last of which is disproportionately large,
depressed, discoidal, the sutures very indistinct. Aperture sigareti-
form; columella short, distinct, slightly reflected, blending inferiorly
with the external lip, which is thin and membranous, doubling to the
touch like moist paper; during life the lip has a clear, hyaline ap-
pearance, but after death it becomes opaque, and chalky white within.
There is a slight umbilical indentation.
Diameter about half an inch; axis about one-third as much.
Found by Mr. Couthouy at Roche de Empeña, Island of Madeira,
at a height of 4200 feet.
This species differs from V. Lamarckiï in having more whorls to
the shell. The animal is still more decidedly different. [J. P. c.]

GASTEROPODA.
9
Figure 12, dorsal view, with the animal extended ; 12 a, front of the
animal; 12 b, base of the shell; 12 c, edge of the shell.
VITRINA NITIDA (Gould).
Testa depresso-globosa, heliciformis, tenuissima, pellucida, nitidissima,
lævigata, succineo-viridis, imperforata : spira anfractibus quatuor
convexis, ultimo amplo; apice subcentrali, exserto; suturâ excavatâ :
apertura transversa, subcircularis ; peristomate inflexo; columellâ
arcuatâ, usque ad apicem perspicua.
ANIMAL of a uniform slaty-brown, except the mantle, which is
smooth, almost black, and so small as to leave the shell almost entirely
exposed; anterior part of the body with nine or ten oblique lines or
furrows on the neck. Tentacles black, the cervical ones very long
and slender; the oral ones about one-third as long; a black line
extends a short distance upon the neck from the upper pair of tentacles.
Foot very short posteriorly, and tapering; mucus-pore imperceptible.
a
SHELL sigaretiform, transparent, glistening, brownish-yellow, tinged
with bright green at the summit, which is darker than the rest. Vo-
lutions four, axis prominent, submedian; sutures deeply impressed.
Aperture ample; lip slightly involute, continuous with the columella,
which extends into the spire. No trace of any umbilical indenture.
Greatest diameter less than half an inch; axis one-eighth of an inch.
Obtained by Mr. Couthouy above Roche de Empeña, towards Pico
de Ruivo, Madeira, at an elevation of 4240 feet.
A most elegant and brilliant species, closely resembling V.marcida.
The animal differs chiefly in the mucus-pore not being perceptible,
and the absence of the fissure on the back of the foot. The corselet
is, however, a great deal smaller, never, as in that species, wholly
concealing the shell. [J. P. c.]
Figure 8, top of shell, with the animal; 8 a, base of the shell ; 8 b,
profile of the shell.
3

10
MOLLUSCA.
VITRINA ROBUSTA (Gould).
Testa helicoidea, transversa, depresso-globosa, sub-valida, polita, perlu-
cida, dilutè flavo-viridis, lineis incrementalibus regularibus, obtusis
striata : spira obtusa, anfractibus tribus, ultimo magno ; apice sub-
centrali ; subtus rotundata : apertura circularis; margine sinistro
supernè reflexo, rimam umbilicalem parvam formante.
SHELL large, heliciform, depressed, firm, smooth, and diaphanous,
faintly marked by somewhat regular lines of growth, and of a pale
yellowish-green colour. Whorls three, forming an obtuse, depressed
spire, the outer one rapidly increasing, rounded at periphery; suture
rather deeply impressed or channelled. Beneath convexly rounded.
Aperture transverse, ample, nearly circular, and largely modified by
the penultimate whorl; lip slightly reflexed, forming a slight chink
behind the columellar portion.
Diameter half an inch; axis one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits New South Wales, and was presented by Mrs. Mitchell.
This has about the size and form of V. nigra, Quoy, and is almost
exactly like V. Freycineti, Férussac. It is more globose and brilliant
than V. marcida, and seems to be more substantially constructed than
any other species.
Figure 11, front; 11 a, back; 11 b, base of the shell.
VITRINA CAPERATA (Gould).
Testa helicoidea, depresso-globosa, ad peripheriam obtusè angulata,
tenuis, sub-opaca, striis incrementalibus conspicuis et rugis obliquis
ramulosis, præcipuè supernis, exarata, dilutè fulvo-cornea, arctè per-
forata : spira anfractibus tribus cum dimidio convexis, citò crescen-
tibus; suturâ profundâ, apice subcentrali : apertura sub-circularis ;
labro simplici, ad umbilicum everso; columella, callum simulante,
secundem spiram introeunte.

GASTEROPOD A.
11
a
SHELL rather larger, and of a firmer structure than most species,
rather opaque, and of a dull surface. It is of a subcircular, depressed
form, obtusely angular at the periphery, and composed of about three
and a half rapidly increasing, convex whorls, separated by a deep
suture, and having the apex nearly central. The colour is tawny
yellow. The striæ of increment are coarse, somewhat irregular, and
the surface, except near the umbilicus, and more especially above, is
wrinkled with sinuous, branching furrows, not conforming to either
axis of the shell. Aperture nearly circular, the penultimate whorl
but slightly encroaching upon it; lip simple, the columellar portion
reflected against a rather large umbilical perforation, and produced
above in the form of a delicate white callus, which is seen to revolve
within the shell in the direction of the spire.
a
Largest diameter nearly half an inch ; axis one-fifth of an inch.
Obtained by Mr. Couthouy on the island of Kauai, Sandwich
Islands.
A large and substantial species, easily distinguished by the branch-
ing wrinkles of the surface, which probably correspond to the blood-
vessels of the animal.
Figure 9, front view of the shell; 9 a, view from above.
VITRINA TENELLA (Gould).
Testa parva, V. pellucidæ simillima, succinea, sub-perforata, gradibus
ætatis conspicuis striata : spira rotundata, apice subcentrali, anfracti-
bus tribus, convexis, declivibus; suturâ excavatâ : apertura sub-circu-
laris; labro antrorsum arcuato.
SHELL minute, fragile, pellucid, heliciform, rather globose, of a pale
amber-colour, and with a slight umbilical depression. The spire is
elevated and obtusely rounded, composed of three convex whorls, the
outer one large and sloping, separated by a deeply impressed suture,
and distinctly marked by the lines of growth. A perture nearly cir-
cular, rather large, the lip curving forwards, so as to be protruded at
the middle.

12
MOLLUSCA.
Diameter one-third of an inch; axis one-eleventh of an inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy at Kauai, Sandwich Islands.
It is mụch like V. pellucida, but is larger, more opaque, and the
aperture is larger, in consequence of the basal portion of the lip
making a more convex curve.
Figure 10, the front; 10 a, the back; 10 b, the base of the shell,
enlarged; 10 c, natural size of the shell.
C,
VITRINA FURVA (Lowe) Gould.
Helix furva, LOWE; Primit. Faunæ Mader. 40, pl. 5, f. 2. DESHAYES,
in Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., viii. 96.
ANIMAL a very pale salmon-colour, projecting very little behind the
shell. Cervical tentacles very long and slender, slaty black, with a
still darker line along their posterior face down to the shell; eyes very
minute, on a slight terminal bulb; oral tentacles very short, dark, and
with a black line running backwards along the cheeks and neck.
Respiratory orifice rather small, situated at the posterior and inferior
edge of the mantle, which is but slightly developed, and scarcely
protrudes from the shell. Genitalia at the base of the oral tentacles,
between them and the cervical tentacles. (J. P. c.]
Found by Mr. Couthouy, about four miles from St. Anna, Madeira,
in a mountain pass.
a
From the shell itself (which is immature), as well as from Mr.
Couthouy's description of it, I suppose it to be the Helix furva of
Lowe. I introduce it here, on the authority of Mr. Couthouy, who,
from examination during life, decides that it is “a Vitrina belonging
to the division capable of being wholly contained in the shell." I
should rather have arranged it with Succinea, allied to the peculiar
helicoid form of that genus found in Brazil. The structure of both
the animal and the shell justify its removal from the genus
Helix.

GASTEROPOD A.
13
SUCCINEA EXPLANATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, scutellaformis, rotundato-elliptica, pænè evoluta,
concentricé striata, luteo-cornea : spira marginalis, ferè nulla, omninò
aperta ; columella arcuatâ.
SHELL small, thin, of a rounded elliptical outline, and of a shallow,
saucer-shaped or shield-like form. The surface is concentrically
striated, and covered by a yellowish-green epidermis. The spire is
marginal, at one end of the ellipse, and makes only a part of one
volution. The columellar margin of the aperture sweeps round in a
gentle spiral, and terminates a little within the margin of the outer
lip, thus forming a small umbonal cavity.
Longest diameter one-fourth of an inch; shorter diameter one-fifth
of an inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, at the island of Kauai, Sandwich Islands.
Mr. Couthouy has labelled the shell “ Testacella,” but has given no
account of the animal. As the formation of the spire does not corre-
spond with that genus, and as it seems to be only the extreme modi-
fication of a group peculiar to the Sandwich Islands, of which the
three following species are members, I have placed it with them, in
the genus Succinea. There is also a Succinea from Guadaloupe of
the same model, though considerably more convolute.
Figure 31, 31 a, 31 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 31 c,
natural size.
SUCCINEA PUTAMEN (Gould).
Testa magna, depressa, globoso-elliptica, tenuis, lævis, striis incremen-
talibus et striis volventibus tenuiter decussata, fulvo-cornea, ad peri-
pheriam sub-angulata : spira ferè nulla, anfractibus vix duobus ;
suturâ lineari: apertura paginam inferiorem ferè adequans, rotun-
dato-ovalis ; margine columellari sub-plicato.
4

14
MOLLUSCA.
Succinea putamen, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 182.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 28.
ANIMAL much larger than the shell, forming, when extended, a
broad, oval disc, twice the length of the shell, the foot sometimes
advancing in front of the head; mantle considerably surpassing the
shell; respiratory orifice on the right side, a little behind the middle
of the shell; flesh-coloured, dotted with brown, especially on the
cheeks, between the tentacles, and on the top of the foot, and having
faint diverging lines on the flanks.
SHELL semi-ovoid, very thin and transparent, becoming thickened
and opaque and pale when superannuated, of a brownish horn-colour
when fresh ; surface smooth and regular. Whorls scarcely two, the
upper one merely indicated by a sutural line, not prominent, but co-
incident with the general surface. There are a few faint revolving
striæ, more especially posteriorly. Beneath plane, the aperture nearly
as large as the shell, regularly oval, the lip somewhat decurrent on the
left side; the columella has a distinct fold far back, in large specimens,
and considerable enamel.
Length of axis five-eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits moist places, and especially taro-patches, at the island of
Upolu.
A remarkable shell, resembling the half of a bird's egg. Distin-
guished from S. rotundata by its larger size, revolving striæ, and an-
gular periphery
The animal is evidently quite distinct from the usual form of Suc-
cinea, and would perhaps be ranked under Férussac's genus Helico-
limax. At any rate, this with the two following species, belong to a
peculiar group; and I am not aware of any similar form being found
elsewhere than at the Navigator's and Sandwich Islands.
Figure 16, animal with the shell, viewed laterally ; 16 a, the same
seen from above; 16 b, aperture of the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
15
SUCCINEA ROTUNDATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenera, sub-opaca, hemispherica, flavido-virens, concinnè
striata : spira ferè nulla, intus aperta ; anfractibus duobus cum di-
midio, ultimo amplissimo: apertura circularis, postice angulata,
testam ferè adequans ; margine columellari obliquo, subrecto, conspicuè
plicato, et callo lato induto.
Succinea rotundata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
182. Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 27.
ANIMAL much too large for the shell, finely punctured with vermi-
lion, with a dusky stripe along the middle of the tail, and one passing
back from each tentacle: tentacles very much developed.
SHELL small, very thin and fragile, of a pale russet colour, the sur-
face very regular and smooth, crossed by very fine and rounded lines
of growth. As it lies upon its aperture the periphery is nearly circu-
lar, a little oval, and its back is spherically rounded. There are two
and a half whorls, the upper one forming a very minute spire scarcely
rising above the general surface. Base rounded. Aperture nearly
as large as the shell, somewhat angular posteriorly, displaying the
interior of the spire; columella oblique, very slightly arcuate, having
a distinct fold, and a broad coating of enamel across the penultimate
whorl. Interior silvery white, calcareous.
Greatest diameter two-fifths of an inch ; least diameter seven-
twentieths of an inch; axis three-twentieths of an inch.
Obtained by Dr. Pickering on the mountains of Oahu, Sandwich
Islands.
Its general form is like that of S. putamen, but it is much smaller,
and not angular at the periphery.
Both are remarkable for their regularly rounded, hemispherical
form. There are no revolving striæ. The lip comes off so near the
summit of the spire that the apex is not visible, when the shell lies on
its back.

16
MOLLUSCA.
There is reason to think that the shell described by Mr. Lea, under
the name of S. aperta, is the same as this; and that really, it was
brought by Mr. Nuttall from the Sandwich Islands, instead of from
Oregon. It is one of the forms peculiar to those islands, whereas
nothing similar has been found on the American continent.
The Ambrette fragile of Souleyet, figured in the Voyage of the
Bonite, pl. 28, f. 18–20, is also apparently the same as this, though
the representation is not good.
Figure 14, the aperture; 14 a, the spire; 14 b, the profile of the
shell, magnified; 14 c, natural size.
C,
SUCCINEA CEPULLA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuissima, pellucida, nitida, succineo-virens, rotundato-
elliptica, depressa, sinistrorsum rotundata, dextrorsum declivis, longi-
tudinaliter striata et liris inequalibus volventibus arata: spira ferè
nulla, anfractibus duobus cum dimidio: apertura amplissima, ovalis,
ad basim latè rotundata, ad columellam arcuata, leviter plicata ; intus
metallica.
Succinea cepulla, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 182.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 27.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL depressed, nearly elliptical, remarkably broad posteriorly, the
back rounded on the columellar side, and shelving, rather than
rounded towards the outer lip: very thin and transparent, shining,
amber-coloured. Surface marked with rather coarse and irregular
lines of growth, and with coarse, shallow, and distant revolving fur-
rows. Spire very minute; whorls two and a half, the last composing
nearly the whole shell; suture well marked; body of the shell beneath
small. Aperture very large, the lip making a remarkable sweep
outwards, at its posterior portion, and broadly rounded at base; colu-
mellar portion delicate, slightly folded. The interior has a metallic
lustre.
very small.

GASTEROPOD A.
17
Longest diameter or axis one-half an inch, shorter diameter seven-
twentieths of an inch; height one-fifth of an inch.
Found on the island of Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, by Dr. Picke-
ring and Mr. Drayton.
Like S. rotundata, it is depressed in form, and nearly destitute of
an obvious spire; but it is larger, more transparent, is marked with
revolving furrows, is rather oblong than circular, and the peculiar
sweep of the lip gives the aperture a somewhat auricular form, poste-
riorly
Figure 15, the aperture, and 15 a, the profile of the shell, magnified;
15 b, natural size.
SUCCINEA LUMBALIS (Gould).
Testa mediocris, ovato-conica, tenuissima, sublucida, pallidè virens, levi-
ter striata, subtus gibbosa : spira acutè conica; anfractibus tribus con-
vexiusculis, ultimo ventricoso, versus suturam declivi: apertura rotun-
dato-ovata ; columellâ valdè arcuatâ, callo indutâ; plicâ mediocri.
Succinea lumbalis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 183.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 28.
SHELL of moderate size, conic-ovate, thin and fragile, faintly trans-
parent, without lustre, of a dull, light yellowish-green colour, and
marked with fine, obtuse lines of growth. Spire well developed, apex
acute, whorls three or more, those of the spire slightly convex, and
separated by a merely linear suture; the last whorl inflated, most so
anteriorly, and sloping to the suture behind the middle, so as to give
the upper part of the shell a regularly conical form. Body beneath
tumid and large, with a slight columellar fold; columella roundly
arched. Aperture rounded ovate, not three-fourths the length of the
shell.
Length of axis nine-twentieths of an inch; greatest breadth one-
fourth of an inch, lesser transverse diameter one-fifth of an inch.
5

18
MOLLUSCA.
Obtained on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and also on the island of Kauai,
Sandwich Islands, by Mr. Couthouy.
Its dull aspect, conical spire, and ventricose form are its distinctive
marks. It resembles small specimens of Limnea catascopium, Say.
Figure 18, the front, and 18 a, the profile view of the shell, enlarged;
18 b, natural size.
SUCCINEA HUMEROSA (Gould).
Testa ovata, depressa, sub-rhombea, sublucida, striis incrementalibus ru-
gosa, sulcis raris volventibus interdum arata, dilutè virens, et interdum
rubricans : spira anfractibus tribus, ultimo permagno, posticè sub-an-
gulato: apertura sub-ovalis, posticè amplificata ; labro dextrorsum de-
currente ; plicâ columellari conspicuâ.
Succinea humerosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 183.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 28.
ANIMAL corpulent, drab-coloured, thickly dotted with dusky and
rose-red, and with a roseate edge; a dusky line passes back from each
tentacle; the surface is finely reticulated, and there are some indistinct
radiating lines.
SHELL rather large, compressed, broad-ovate or somewhat rhomboi-
dal; surface rather coarsely wrinkled by the lines of increment, and
usually with one or more indented revolving furrows, looking like de-
fects in the shell. Colour pale dead green, sometimes tinged reddish.
Spire well developed, somewhat reflexed, composed of three whorls,
distinctly defined by a suture, the last one large, and having an indis-
tinct angle at its posterior fourth, so as to form a shoulder which is
quite conspicuous as it approaches the outer lip. Aperture large,
nearly oval, rounded posteriorly, and having the lip reflected down
the body of the shell, and also a decided flexure at the right margin,
corresponding to the angle of the whorl ; columella with a distinct
fold.
a

GASTEROPOD A.
19
Length of axis three-fifths of an inch; greatest breadth three-eighths,
lesser breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, at Tahiti, on wild sugar-cane, at elevations
of from 250 to 4000 feet.
About the size of S. amphibia, and well characterized by the an-
gular shoulder of the last whorl. The aperture is peculiarly broad on
account of the outward sweep of the lip.
Figure 19, front of the shell ; 19 a, lateral view of the shell.
SUCCINEA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS (Gould).
Testa acuto-conica, infundibuliformis, ad basim perobliquè truncata,
concinnè striata, opaca, viridis : spira obtusa, anfractibus duobus cum
dimidio planulatis, ultimo magno; suturâ lineari : apertura rotundato-
ovata ; margine sinistro in flexo, ad peripheriam carinato.
Succinea infundibuliformis, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 186. Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 30.
ANIMAL “pale ochreous, finely dotted with black on the head, neck,
and posterior extremity.” [J. P. c.]
[
Shell rather firm and opaque, in the form of an acute cone obliquely
truncated at base, distinctly and somewhat regularly marked by dis-
tant striæ of growth. Colour pale greenish. Spire mammillate at apex,
composed of two and a half flattened or even concave whorls, scarcely
defined by the suture. Aperture broad-ovate, two-thirds the length
of the shell, the columellar portion of the lip inflexed, not sinuate, in
some instances having a distinct marginal carina, in continuation of
the suture, at the posterior angle of the aperture, quite round to the
base of the shell. Interior displayed to the apex, silvery white.
Length of axis seven-tenths of an inch; breadth seven-twentieths of
an inch.
Inhabits the mountains of Tahiti and Eimeo at an elevation of 1000
to 2000 feet, where it is often found on the stems of Fehis.

20
MOLLUSCA.
A most remarkable, tunnel-shaped species, resembling precisely the
sugar-cockles of the confectioners. It is allied to S. procera, which
has all the outlines a little convex, an amber colour, and no inflection
of the columellar margin.
Figure 26, the aperture, and 26 a, the profile view enlarged; 26 b,
natural size; 26 c, the animal with the shell; 26 d, head of the animal.
SUCCINEA PROCERA (Gould).
Testa magna, elongata, lanceolata, fulvo-cornea, striis incrementalibus
crassis rugosa: spira acuta, anfractibus tribus perobliquis convexi-
usculis composita, partem longitudinis ferè dimidiam æquans : aper-
tura ovato-oblongata; labro posticè decurrente; columella arcuata,
sub-incrassata.
Succinea procera, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 187.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 30.
a
ANIMAL pale yellowish, roseate on the sides of the neck, with a dark
stripe running back from each tentacle; on the sides are fine diverging
dusky lines, and scattered black dots; tentacles small.
SHELL rather large, elongated, pale brownish horn-colour, the sur-
face wrinkled with coarse lines of growth; spire tapering and acute,
composed of three very oblique whorls; suture deep. Aperture
rounded-ovate, rather more than half the length of the shell; the
outer lip returning somewhat down the right side of the posterior
angle; columellar lip regularly arched, slightly thickened.
Length of the axis seven-tenths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of
an inch.
Found at various places on the islands of Tahiti and Eimeo.
A large, remarkably slender species, of coarse exterior, somewhat
like S. infundibuliformis, but resembling, much more, specimens of
our Limnea umbrosa.

GASTEROPODA.
21
Figure 28, the aperture; 28 a, profile of the shell ; 28 b, the animal
bearing the shell.
SUCCINEA VESICALIS (Gould).
Testa tenuissima, fragilis, lucida, latè ovata, depressa, gradibus ætatis
undulata, epidermide stramineâ induta : spira anfractibus tribus,
ultimo magno, patulo, cæteris spiram parvam formantibus : apertura
sub-ovalis, ad basim latè rotundata, longitudinis equans; plicâ
columellari conspicuâ.
Succinea vesicalis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 183.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 28.
Shell broad ovate, very thin and fragile, shining, undulated by the
stages of growth, covered with a straw-coloured epidermis. Whorls
three, the two upper ones forming a minute, reflexed spire; suture
moderately impressed; body of the shell beneath pretty large and
rounded. Aperture very large, broad ovate, very broadly rounded at
base, lip not reverting on the left side; fold of the columella well-
marked; interior shining and silvery.
3
Length of axis three-fifths of an inch; greatest breadth three-
eighths, lesser breadth two-eighths of an inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, on Mauna Kea, at an elevation of 7000
feet, Hawaii, Sandwich Islands.
In shape it is much like S. rubescens, except that the columellar
portion is more fully arched anteriorly.
Figure 17, view of the aperture; 17 a, profile view of the shell.
SUCCINEA PUDORINA (Gould).
Testa elongata, ovato-turrita, tenuis, lucida, striis conspicuis longitudi-
nalibus notata, succineo-rubescens: spira elevata, anfractibus tribus
cylindraceis valdè obliquis et suturâ profundâ discretis composita.
6

22
MOLLUSCA.
Apertura teste trientes duos adequans, elongato-ovata, angusta; colu-
mellâ obliquâ, sub-rectâ, vix plicatâ.
Succinea pudorina, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 186.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 30.
ANIMAL small, of a dark, ochreous colour, tinted roseate, and mottled
in a somewhat radiate manner by dusky pencillings; a dusky line
along the back of the tentacles; surface very finely reticulated.
SHELL rather large, thin and fragile, elongated, slender ovate, of a
pale amber-colour, more or less tinted with roseate, especially at tip;
surface roughened by coarse lines of increment. Whorls three, very
oblique, and forming an acute, elongated, partially reflexed spire;
they are remarkably rounded, and separated by a profound suture.
Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell, narrow and regularly
ovate, lip slightly retiring posteriorly, and consequently convex in
profile; columellar fold very slight.
Length of axis eleven-twentieths of an inch; lateral breadth four-
tenths, vertical breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the mountains of Tahiti and Eimeo, at an elevation of from
200 to 4000 feet.
This species is closely allied to the elongated variety of S. amphibia,
or to the American species which passes under the name of S. ovata.
It has a more slender figure, and more elongated spire than S. hume-
rosa, and the penultimate whorl, when viewed on the side of the aper-
ture, is nearly twice as long; the aperture itself is also much narrower
and more contracted.
Figure 27, the aperture, and 27 a, the profile view of the shell; 27
b, the animal bearing the shell.
SUCCINEA VENUSTA (Gould).
Testa mediocris, ovata, tenuis, pellucida, nitida, ordinatim striata, epi-
dermide succineâ interdum virescente induta, subtus gibbosa : spira
conspicua, obtusiuscula, anfractibus duobus cum dimidio rotundatis :

GASTEROPOD A.
23
apertura ovata, longitudinis teste trientes duos adequans, posticè
angulata ; columellâ obliquâ, absque plicâ.
Succinea venusta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 186.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 30.
SHELL of middle size, beautifully proportioned, ovate, thin, transpa-
rent and shining, of a pale, sometimes greenish amber-colour, marked
with rather distant, nearly regular, rounded lines of growth. Whorls
two and a half, gracefully rounded, separated by a deep suture,
and forming a well-proportioned, prominent, obtusely pointed spire.
Body beneath large and gibbous, with no perceptible fold on the colu-
mella. Aperture regularly ovate, angular behind, without enamel on
the left margin, rather more than two-thirds the length of the shell.
Length of axis nine-twentieths of an inch ; breadth one-fourth of
an inch.
Found on Mount Kea, at an elevation of 7000 feet, Hawaii, Sand-
wich Islands.
Almost exactly like S. ovalis, Gould, but a little more corpulent.
It is less elongated than S. pudorina, more shining, and differently
coloured
SUCCINEA MODESTA (Gould).
Testa mediocris, ovata, tenuis, nitens, diaphana, stramineo-cornea, tenu-
iter striata, et lineis interruptis volventibus arata, subtus ventricosa :
spira reflexa, anfractibus tribus, ventricosis : apertura rotundato-
ovata; columellä arcuatâ, incrassatâ, sub-perforatâ ; plicâ conspicuâ.
Succinea modesta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 186.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 29.
ANIMAL small, fawn-coloured, minutely annulated with dark colour
about the neck, radiated posteriorly, margin paler; tentacles small,
with a dark stripe running backwards from them.

24
MOLLUSCA.
SHELL of small size and regular proportions, regularly ovate, the
spire prominent and somewhat reflexed, but conforming to the other
outlines. It is thin and transparent, smooth and shining, of a pale
golden-green colour, with delicate lines of growth and occasional ves-
tiges of revolving lines, which, however, never seem to be complete.
Whorls three, regularly rounded; body beneath ventricose, with a
distinct flexure at the umbilical region, so that the columellar margin
is prominent and thickened at that part; still higher up is the regular
columellar fold. Aperture rounded-ovate, three-fourths the length of
the shell.
Length of axis one-third of an inch; breadth two-ninths of an inch.
Found at Tahiti and Eimeo, Society Islands, and also at Upolu,
Samoa Islands.
Like a small S. campestris, Say. Differs from S. venusta by its
shorter spire, pale greenish colour, and more arcuated columella.
Figure 24, the aperture, 24 a, profile of the shell, and 24 b, side of
the shell with the animal, twice the natural size ; 24 c, natural size.
SUCCINEA MAGELLANICA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, subflexilis, lucida, nitida, intensè virens, rotundato-
ovata : spira brevis, acuta, anfractibus tribus, suturâ profundâ discre-
tis, ultimo amplo, ventricoso: apertura ovata ; margine columellari
reflexiusculo, callo tenui supernè munito.
Succinea Magellanica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
185. Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 29.
ANIMAL much too large for the shell; foot broad, light brown under-
neath; head and neck dark brown, passing into rufous brown on the
sides, and into yellowish on the margin of the foot; the sides are
marked by numerous diverging lines, extending from the collar to a
furrow just above the margin of the foot; from this marginal furrow
lines pass perpendicularly to the margin of the foot; cervical tentacles
long and robust, oral ones very short. Respiratory orifice very small.

GASTEROPOD A.
25
Situated at the right posterior third of the collar, which is very
thick and fleshy.
a
SHELL small, thin, delicate, and somewhat flexible, of a short, ovate
form, and a bright leaf-green colour. The lines of increment are con-
spicuous, somewhat irregular, and sometimes there are distant, inter-
rupted, revolving striæ. Whorls three, very convex, and separated by
a deep suture, the two upper ones forming a short, acute spire; the
last ample, ventricose. Aperture ovate, rather acute posteriorly; the
columellar margin slightly reflected, and the extremities of the lip
united across the penultimate whorl by a thin callus.
Length of axis one-third of an inch; breadth two-ninths of an inch.
[J. P. c.]
Found by Mr. Couthouy, at Tierra del Fuego, who states that it is
abundant in moist places around Orange Harbour.
It is a small, remarkably short and ventricose species, conspicuous
also for its deep green colour. Some specimens are much more elon-
gated than others. It is interesting from its habitat, and is the only
antarctic species yet known.
Figure 22, front, and 22 a, profile of the shell, enlarged; 22 b, the
animal crawling with the shell, also enlarged; 22 c, natural size.
SUCCINEA MANUANA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata, ventricosa, tenuis, sub-opaca, straminea, longitudi-
naliter striata et transversè sparsim rugosa: spira obtusa, exserta,
anfractibus duobus cum dimidio, ventricosis, suturâ profundâ discretis :
apertura ovato-rotundata, peristomate ad columellam minimè reflexo ;
regione umbilicali depressá, sinuosa.
Succinea Manuana, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
185. Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 29. PFEIFFER; Monog. ii. 520.
Shell small, thin, ovate, rather opaque, pale straw-coloured, faintly
tinged with roseate, striæ of increment rather coarse, with a few trans-
7

26
MOLLUSCA.
verse wrinkles. Spire exserted, tip obtuse, whorls two and a half,
ventricose, separated by a deep suture, the apicial one buried in the
following one. Aperture rounded-ovate, region of the columella
notably sinuous, almost umbilicated; lip thin, slightly reflexed.
Length of axis one-third of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the island of Manua, near the Society Islands, where it
was collected by Mr. Couthouy.
A small, plump species resembling S. Magellanica, but still more
ventricose, and distinguished from it by its pale colour and opaque
structure. It is also closely allied to S. venusta.
Figure 23, the aperture, and 23 a, profile view of the shell, magni-
fied; 23 b, natural size.
SUCCINEA CADUCA (Mighels).
Testa parva, ovato-turrita, pallidè virens, sub-opaca, impolita, striis in-
crementalibus confertis, conspicuis insculpta : spira anfractibus tribus
cum dimidio ventricosis; suturâ profundá : apertura ovata, dimidiam
longitudinis teste aliquid superans; columellâ nec sinuatâ, nec calloså.
Succinea caduca, MIGHELS; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 21.
Jan. 1845. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. viv. ii. 519.
SHELL small, turreted ovate, somewhat reflexed, thin, semi-transpa-
rent, of a pale, faded green colour, the surface deadened by crowded,
rather loose lines of growth. Whorls three and a half, rounded, the
last one sub-globose, the others separated by an impressed suture, and
forming an acute, prominent spire. The aperture is about five-eighths
the length of the shell, small, broadly ovate; the columellar portion of
the body is large and rounded, not enamelled, and without a conspi-
cuous, columellar fold.
Length of axis three-tenths of an inch; greatest breadth three-twen-
tieths, lesser breadth one-eighth of an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
27
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands, whence it was obtained and de-
scribed by Dr. J. W. Mighels. It was also found by Mr. Couthouy
on Mauna Kea, at an elevation of 7000 feet; and as no figure of it has
ever been given, it was deemed proper to introduce it here.
a
The shell has also much the aspect of a Limnea, and would be
with difficulty distinguished from S. avara. It is also allied to S.
canella, but it is less broadly ovate, more slender, greener, and the
columellar region is quite different.
Figure 30, the front, and 30 a, the profile of the shell, enlarged; 30 b,
natural size.
SUCCINEA CANELLA (Gould).
Testa parva, sub-solida, opaca, ovata, impolita, cinnamomea, leviter
striata : spira conspicua ; anfractibus tribus, ventricosis, suturâ valdè
constrictâ discretis : apertura parva, ovato-rotunda ; peristomate in-
crassato, posticè sub-continuo ; columellâ arcuatâ, haud plicata.
Succinea canella, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 184.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 29. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. viv.
ii. 519.
Shell small, short ovate, ventricose, composed of three whorls, of
which the last is globular-ovate and moderately large, and the others
form a well-developed spire, and are nearly disjoined from each other
by a very profound suture. The surface is longitudinally marked with
fine crowded lines, and has a dead, rusty-yellow colour, without lustre.
The aperture is small, rounded-ovate, and somewhat contracted, the
extremities of the lip having a tendency to become continuous; the
columellar portion of the body of the shell is very small, and covered
with callus, the outer lip returning downwards upon it; it is sharp,
and without perceptible fold. Within, it is smooth and shining.
Length of axis one-third of an inch; breadth two-ninths of an inch.
Inhabits the island of Maui, Sandwich Islands.
Much like S. avara, Say, and S. caduca, Mighels; it is, however,

28
MOLLUSCA.
less green, more inflated in its form, and with a shorter aperture, and
smaller body whorl than the latter. It has the size, but not the colour
or columella of S. manuana.
Figure 20, aperture, and 20 a, profile of the shell, magnified; 20 b,
natural size.
SUCCINEA RUSTICANA (Gould).
Testa-elongata, ovato-conica, tenuis, pallidè virens, impolita, lineis incre-
mentalibus inequalibus et crassis striata, subtus convexa: spira acuta,
anfractibus tribus convexiusculis : apertura ovata, quadrantes tres
longitudinis adequans ; columella arcuatâ, perspicuè plicata.
Succinea rusticana, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
187. Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 31. PFEIFFER; Monog. ii. 523.
Shell elongate, ovate-conical, rather large, thin, and fragile; pale
greenish horn-colour, surface rude and without lustre, coarsely and
irregularly marked by the lines of growth. Spire acute, of three or
more moderately convex whorls, separated by a well-impressed suture,
the last whorl large and long, narrowing towards the base; body por-
tion of the face of the shell moderately large. Aperture ovate, three-
fourths the length of the shell; fold of the columella distinct.
Length of axis half an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits Oregon.
Somewhat related to S. pudorina, in form, but very different in
colour.
Figure 29, front of the shell; 29 a, side of the shell, with the animal;
29 b, profile of the shell.
SUCCINEA CROCATA (Gould).
Testa pinguis, sub-solidă, sub-opaca, ovato-globosa, saturatè crocea, lineis

GASTEROPOD A.
29
incrementi exilibus et interdum lineis inordinatis volventibus striata :
spira brevis, acuta, anfractibus vix tribus, convexis, suturâ profundis-
simâ discretis, ultimo ventricoso: apertura magna, rotundato-ovata ;
columellâ carinatâ sub-incrassatâ, haud sinuosâ : intus calcarea.
Succinea crocata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 183,
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 29. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., ii. 520.
ANIMAL small for the shell, of a delicate rose-colour with straw-
coloured reflections, having an umber stripe along the median line,
and an oblique one on each side directed towards the oral tentacle;
sides marked with delicate diverging furrows.
SHELL. A very large, inflated species, quite solid and nearly opaque,
of a deep saffron-colour; the surface has but little lustre, is marked
with fine and regular lines of increment, and sometimes with irregular,
interrupted, revolving ridges and furrows. There are scarcely three
whorls, the first two of which are convex, and separated by a very
deep suture, and form a short, well-developed spire; the last is large
and greatly inflated. The aperture is large, rounded ovate, the lip pass-
ing round without any sinuosity at the columella, and but slightly
thickened there.
a
Length of axis five-eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch.
Found abundantly in very moist and in shady places, at an elevation
of 1200 feet, at Upolu and other islands of the Navigator Group.
This remarkable shell may be readily known by its large size,
inflated form, and its peculiar colour. The spire is remarkably con-
torted.
Figure 21, the front; 21 a, profile of the shell; 21 b, the animal with
the shell.
NANINA RUBRICATA (Gould).
Testa globoso-conica, solida, vix perforata, suprà nitida, rufo-castanea,
striis radiantibus gregatim dispositis et striis volventibus decussata,
8

30
MOLLUSCA.
infra glaberrima, livido-castanea, ad centrum declivis : spira anfrac-
tibus sex convexis, amplis; suturâ submarginatâ : apertura semiluna-
ris; fauce lividå ; labro simplici, ad columellam reflexo, albo.
Helix (Nanina) rubricata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 178. Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 25.
ANIMAL corpulent, the back and the two lobes of the mantle with
bright crimson reflections, the sides shaded with lilac, darker on the
neck, where there is a distinct, central white line passing over the head
between the tentacles, and two oblique lateral ones directed to the oral
tentacles, like the reins of a bridle; there is a distinct submarginal
furrow, and there are marginal radiations; surface irregularly and
delicately reticulated; tentacles long and tapering, enlarged at base,
lilac; anal lappet very long.
Shell globose-conical, rather solid; beneath, it is highly polished
and shining, of a livid, brownish olive-colour; above, reddish chestnut
brown. The lines of growth are fine and sharp, somewhat grouped
into little waves resembling coarse and rather regular striæ; and
these are decussated by revolving lines which do not extend much
below the periphery of the shell. Whorls six, well rounded; suture
deep, and very slightly margined. Aperture rather small, semilunar,
the throat coloured like the exterior, or a little glaucous; lip simple
and sharp, slightly reflected and white as it passes the umbilicus.
Umbilical region excavated, with a very minute perforation.
Diameter one inch; axis three-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Lebouka, Feejee Islands.
In shape and size it is like H. zaleta and H. irregularis ; but in all
other respects it is like H. velutina, Sowb., to which it is very closely
allied. Perhaps it is H. Nouleti, Le Guillou.
Figure 66, the animal, with the shell; 66 a, portion of the shell
magnified to show the sculpture.

GASTEROPOD A.
31
NANINA LURIDA (Gould).
Testa globoso-conica, depressa, glaberrima, nitida, livido-castanea, infrà
pallescens, ad umbilicum minutum declivis : spira anfractibus sex con-
vexis, radiatim et obtusè striatis, ultimo prope aperturam subangulato;
suturâ impressá, marginatâ : apertura lunata, fauce lividâ ; labro
acuto, ad umbilicum reflexo, albo.
Helix Turida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 179.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 25. PFEIFFER ; Monog. Helic., i. 47.
SHELL globose-conical, depressed, moderately thick, polished and
shining, with only rather distant, obtuse, radiating striæ above. Colour
lurid, or chestnut diluted with olive; beneath becoming centrally paler,
until at the umbilicus it is nearly straw-coloured. Whorls six, convex,
the last whorl somewhat angulated towards the aperture. Suture
well impressed, with a marginal impressed line. Aperture semilunar,
the throat livid; lip simple and sharp, slightly reflected at the umbili-
cus, which is very minute ; central region excavated beneath.
Diarneter one inch; axis half an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Very similar to H. rubricata, which, however, is rather larger, more
solid and globose, darker coloured. It differs essentially in the want
of revolving striæ, its carinated periphery, and the light colour above
the umbilicus. It groups with H. velutina, Sowb., and doubtless
belongs to NANINA.
Figures 68, 68 a, 68 b, three views of the shell.
NANINA CASCA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, depresso-globosa, nitida, pallidè stramineo-virescens, arcte
umbilicata : spira anfractibus quinque haud turgidis, striis incrementi
obsoletis : suturâ haud impressá, marginatà : apertura semilunaris ;
labro simplici, acuto, ad umbilicum paulum reflexo.

32
MOLLUSCA.
Helix calva, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 179. Nov.
1846. Expedition Shells, 25. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 41.
SHELL thin, depressed globose, highly polished, of a pale cinereous
olive-colour, somewhat inclined to flesh-colour, paler beneath. Whorls
five, not turgid above, but arranged so as to present a regular dome-
shaped convexity, their boundary being faintly indicated by the double
suture. The lines of growth are scarcely perceptible, except near the
termination of the outer whorl. Beneath, this whorl is turgid, round-
ing off into a very small, fissure-like perforation, in front of which is a
slight reflection of the columellar portion of the lip. Aperture semi-
lunar, the lip simple and very sharp.
Diameter four-fifths of an inch ; axis half an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Similar to H. lurida, but smaller and lighter-coloured, and is plainly
distinguished by its smooth, shining, rounded spire, similar to the
summit of H. Moricandi or H. lychnuchus. This must also be a
NANINA. The name originally applied by me having been preoccu-
pied, I have substituted the present.
Figure 69, the shell above; 69 a, the profile ; 69 b, basal view.
NANINA FRICATA (Gould).
Testa rotata, tenuis, viridi-cornea, supernè convexiuscula, liris crebris
radiantibus interdum furcatis insculpta, infernè glabrata, umbilico
lato, profundo, infundibuliformi perforata: spira anfractibus quatuor
cum dimidio ; suiurà impressà : apertura rotundata ; labro simplici.
Shell rotate, thin, greenish horn-colour, a little convex above, and
marked with rather crowded but distinct ridges in the direction of the
lines of growth, many of which bifurcate towards the periphery, where
the ridges disappear and leave the basal face polished, or reappear
within the umbilicus; umbilicus large, penetrating to the summit and
gradually decreasing with each whorl ; aperture rather large, circular,
except where interrupted by the penult whorl; lip simple : whorls

GASTEROPOD A.
33
four and a half, very little convex, separated by a well-impressed
suture.
Diameter seven-tenths of an inch; axis one-third of an inch.
Found by Mr. Drayton, at Illawarra, New South Wales.
Its lower face is almost precisely that of H. olivetorum, but the shell
is more delicate, and the upper surface ridged with elevated lines like
H. lucubrata, many of which bifurcate, a character I have not observed
on any other species.
NANINA SCORPIO (Gould).
Testa rotundata, depressa, rubro-castanea, fasciis radiantibus atro-pur-
pureis tessellata, subtus haud convexa : spira depressa, anfractibus
quatuor cum dimidio convexis.
Helix (Nanina) scorpio, GOULD; Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
178. Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 24. PFEIFFER; Monog. i. 431.
و
ANIMAL elongated, lilac-coloured, with crimson and purple reflections,
a very distinct submarginal ochreous line, and with the marginal lim-
bus radiately wrinkled; a dark bridle line passes from under the shell
on the neck, down each side, to the oral tentacles. Tentacles elongated.
The anal lappet is very long, and besides this, there are six other lap-
pets, arranged on either side of the median line in three pairs. Surface
irregularly reticulated.
SHELL discoidal, ground-colour mahogany, with quadrate tessellations
of slate-colour. Spire slightly elevated, of about four and a half con-
vex whorls; not convex beneath.
Diameter three-fifths of an inch; axis two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. Drayton.
The above characters were drawn from the figure of a shell (the
original not having been found) which looks somewhat like Cyclostoma
9

34
MOLLUSCA.
tigrinum. Its inhabitant is most peculiar; having, besides the usual
anal lappet of Nanina covering the mucus-pore, six smaller ones.
When these are erect, the animal has somewhat the aspect of a scor-
pion. Perhaps the checkered colouring of the figure is derived from
the colours of the animal within, showing through a transparent shell.
Figures 67, 67 a, two views of the animal, with the shell ; 67 b, the
mucus-pore enlarged.
NANINA IRRADIATA (Gould).
Testa conico-globosa, tenuis, imperforata, albida, suprà purpureo radia-
tim tessellata, lineis incrementi acutis confertim striata, subtus rotun-
data : spira anfractibus sex convexis, ultimo sub-angulato : apertura
transversa, lunata ; labro acuto, ad columellam incurvato, vix reflexo.
Helix (Nanina) irradiata, GOULD; Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 178. Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 25. PFEIFFER; Monog.
Helic. Viv. i. 29.
ANIMAL pale pea-green, with ochreous reflections on the neck. Its
shape is nearly uniform throughout, truncated obliquely at extremity,
where there is a mucus-pore. Tentacles very long, and of inferior
size; lateral line very distinct along the middle of the sides, rising
retrally; above this, finely granulated; beneath thickly fringed with
radiating lines.
;
SHELL small, globose-conic, thin, imperforate, white, checkered
above with radiating purplish-brown or chestnut stripes. Whorls six,
rather convex, covered with crowded, minute, sharp lines of growth,
and with the periphery slightly angular. Suture well marked.
Aperture transverse, lunate, the columellar portion continuing its
circular curve as it joins the penult whorl; lip simple and sharp, a
little flattened on the left side.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch ; axis three-eighths of an inch.
Found by Mr. Brackenridge at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
A singularly coloured shell, in shape more like H. cubensis, Pfeiffer,

GASTEROPOD A.
35
than
any
which I recollect. The colours are arranged somewhat like
those on Bulimus vexillum.
Figure 65, shell with the animal; 65 a, the shell above, and 65 b,
the base of the shell, enlarged ; 65 c, natural size.
HELIX INTAMINATA (Gould).
Testa depresso-globosa, imperforata, tenuis, translucida, alba, epider-
mide tenuissimo stramineo induta ; spira depressa, anfractibus qua-
tuor convexiusculis, ultimo subangulato : apertura rotundata, ampla ;
columellá planulatâ, acutâ ; labro everso.
ANIMAL greatly developed, and elongated so as to equal three dia-
meters of the shell in length. Its colour is white, with sky-blue
reflections. There is a dorsal line of blue on the neck, and one passes
back from each tentacle. The shell is placed far back upon the
animal.
SHELL depressed, globose, imperforate, thin and translucent, of a
pure white, covered with a very delicate straw-coloured epidermis.
There are about four whorls, forming a low, nearly flat spire, the last
faintly angular at the periphery. Aperture large, rounded; the co-
lumella flattened, acute edged; lip everted; beneath tumid, imper-
forate.
Diameter one inch ; axis two-thirds of an inch.
Obtained from a tree at the island of Mangsi, Straits of Balabac.
I am somewhat in doubt as to the validity of this species. In shape
it is like H. intorta, excepting that the last whorl above the columella
has less altitude, and there are no revolving dusky bands. From H.
Valenciennesii it differs in being less globose, in having a thinner
columella, differently directed, and no sutural line.
Figure 47, shell with the animal.

36
MOLLUSCA.
HELIX VANCOUVERENSIS (Lea).
Testa planulata, latè umbilicata, luteo-viridescens : spira anfractibus
quinque subtus rotundatis : apertura transversa, subcircularis, supernè
depressa ; labro infernè sub-reflexo, supernè simplici ; columellâ brevi,
callosa.
Helix Vancouverensis, LEA; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vi. 87, pl.
23, f. 72; DE Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 45; PFEIFFER, Symbolæ,
ii. 41; Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 200; BINNEY, United States Land Mol-
lusks, ii. 266, pl. 20.
Helix concava, BINNEY; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 372, pl. 14.
ANIMAL abbreviated posteriorly, sub-cylindrical, very light-coloured,
giving a straw-coloured reflection, sides pearly, marked with longitu-
dinal lines of coarse, elongated, squamæform papillæ, about eight or ten
on each side, diminishing in size towards the margin.
This shell has sometimes been considered as a variety of H. con-
cava, but since a larger number of specimens have been examined,
the differences between them are so constant that no doubt can longer
exist. It is always of a darker colour, and nearly twice as large. It
is one of many instances where different species of analogous forms
are found on the two slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
Found by Mr. Drayton and Dr. Pickering, rather common along
the Columbia River, Oregon.
Figure 37, the shell with the animal.
HELIX STRIGOSA (Gould).
Testa orbicularis, depressa, scabrata, latè umbilicata, cinereo-grisea vel
fuscescens, fasciis linearibus volventibus pallidè fuscis interdum subtus
notata : spira anfractibus quinque convexiusculis ; ultimo angulato et
prope aperturam deflexo : apertura circularis ; labro simplici, continuo.
Helix strigosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 167.

GASTEROPOD A.
37
Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 18. BINNEY; Land Mollusks of United
States, ii. 210. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 121.
SHELL orbicular, slightly and about equally convex above and be-
neath, broadly umbilicated, surface irregular, and roughened above
by indentations and coarse lines of growth, and by occasional fine
revolving lines; smooth and shining beneath. Colour ashy-gray,
somewhat mottled with dusky or altogether rusty-brown above, with
usually a single faint revolving band on the middle of each whorl, and
often with numerous bands unequal in size and distance beneath.
Whorls five, separated by a well-defined suture, moderately convex,
carinated at its commencement and deflexed near the aperture, which
is circular, with the lip simple, and very nearly continuous.
Diameter nine-tenths of an inch; axis two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits along Puget Sound, Pickering; Columbia River, Drayton.
In form it may be compared, among the shells of this continent, to
H. concava, and H. alternata; but in its opaque and rugged aspect, and
in most of its characters, it nearly resembles some of the varieties of
H. alpina, of Europe (H. Schmidtii, H. tigrina), but that species is
more elevated, has the umbilicus smaller, the tip reflexed, and no
revolving bands.
Figures 41, 41 a, 41 b, three views of the shell.
HELIX SPORTELLA (Gould).
Testa planulata, fragilis, nitida, luteo-cornea, subtus concava, latè um-
bilicata, lineis incrementi conspicuis et lineis volventibus subtilissimis
confertim decussata ; anfractibus quinque, ultimo magno; suturâ pro-
fundà : apertura rotundata, infrà subangulata ; labro acuto, simplici.
Helix sportella, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 167.
Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 18. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 111.
Shell much depressed, convex above, concave beneath, sloping
into a broad, tunnel-shaped umbilicus, delicate and shining, of a light,
10

38
MOLLUSCA.
yellowish-green colour. Surface regularly marked with sharp, coarse
lines of growth, which are crossed by fine, crowded, revolving lines,
that merely cut the summits of the radiating lines, so that to the
naked eye the surface appears minutely granulated, but under the
lens the raised spaces are seen to be cut into squares. Whorls five,
separated by a deep suture, the outer one proportionally large. Aper-
ture nearly circular, a little angular at base, modified by the preceding
whorl ; lip acute, simple.
Diameter half an inch; axis eleven-fortieths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon Pickering.
.
Much like H. concava, Say, which, however, presents a very smooth
surface, a smaller and less circular aperture, an umbilicus much
broader, as the outer whorl increases less rapidly. I know of no
North American species which has the surface similarly decussated.
The specimens are immature, and probably the lip is slightly reflected
or thickened in adults.
C
Figures 42, 42 a, 42 b, three views of the shell ; 42 c, magnified por-
tion of the surface.
HELIX SPIRILLUS (Gould).
Testa parva, planorboidea, tenuis, diaphana, lævis, virescens: spira de-
pressa, anfractibus quinis convexiusculis, arctè volutatis, ad periphe-
riam rotundatis; suturâ impressã: apertura subcircularis ; labro
albo, reflexiusculo; columellâ callo subdentato munitâ.
ANIMAL almost transparent, of a delicate straw-colour. [J. P. c.]
SHELL small, depressed, slightly convex above, broadly concave
beneath, thin, translucent, nearly smooth, of a greenish-drab (watery-
green) colour. Spire composed of five slightly convex, closely revolv-
ing whorls, separated by a deep suture; periphery rounded beneath,
with a broad umbilicus displaying the edges of all the whorls. A per-
ture nearly circular, extensively modified by the penultimate whorl ;
lip white, thickened and slightly reflected, retreating as it joins the

GASTEROPODA.
39
penultimate whorl superiorly. A thick callus crosses the penultimate
whorl, and is so arranged as to produce an oblique, microscopic tooth
at the upper angle of the aperture, in the adult.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an inch.
Obtained on the mountains beyond the valley of Amançaes (Lima),
under stones. [J. P. c.]
This is a miniature H. concava, remarkable for the peculiar pro-
trusion of the lip, which is also white and a little thickened. The
umbilicus is larger than in H. pusillus. It may possibly be H. trochi-
lionides, D’Orb., (Amer. Merid. Moll., 251, pl, 27.)
HELIX LYRATA (Couthouy) Gould.
Testa minuta, depressa, rufo-cornea, umbilicata; spira anfractibus qua-
tuor cylindraceis, et striis elevatis confertis lyratis; suturâ canalicu-
latâ : apertura circularis ; labro simplici.
Helix lyrata (Couthouy, MS.,) GOULD; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., ii. 167. Aug. 1846. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 101.
Expedition Shells, 19.
ANIMAL dark brown on the back, passing into slate-colour down
the sides; beneath pale slate-colour. Body covered anteriorly with
lozenge-shaped granulations. Tentacles moderately long, rather stout,
eyes large. Respiratory orifice very small, near the median margin
of the collar.
SHELL minute, depressed, brownish horn-colour, somewhat mottled
with cinereous rays. Suture channelled. Whorls four, or a little
more, nearly cylindrical, their surface delicately barred with minute,
crowded, rib-like striæ. Aperture nearly circular, modified by the
penultimate whorl; lip simple. Umbilicus of moderate size, but dis-
tinctly showing the rounded walls of all the whorls.
Length of the axis one-twentieth of an inch; diameter one-fifth of
an inch.

40
MOLLUSCA.
Found by Mr. Couthouy near Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.
Both this species and H. saxatilis were obtained upon the very
summit of the highest mountain in the neighbourhood of Orange
Harbour, about six miles inland, and a mile or more to the north-
east of the remarkable peak called the Sentry-box. They were found
exclusively under small, dry stones, about the roots of a species of
Usnea, which is almost the only vegetation there. None were found
under stones where there was any amount of moisture. Such as
were placed in a jar with moist moss died in two or three days, while
others, tightly enclosed in a dry box with dry moss, continued alive
and active for a fortnight. They soon closed the aperture with a
thin, brown epiphragm, but on exposure to the sun, most of them
began actively to crawl about, though some resolutely adhered to
their preparation for winter quarters. The epidermis is thick and the
shell delicate, as is always the case in cold regions.
The summit where these snails are found has as bleak and desolate
an aspect as could well be imagined. The rocks are heaped up in
irregular and jagged masses, and in some places we crossed from one
to the other on the hands and knees, over narrow ridges composed of
ragged blocks, which often, as we reached to them for support, rolled
away down the precipice a thousand feet. The estimated height of
the peak is 1600 feet; and none of the snails were found on searching
200 feet below. [J. P. c.]
[
It is about the size and colour of H. rupestris, but more depressed,
and with a less expanded umbilicus. It agrees nearly with D’Or-
bigny's H. costellata, from Buenos Ayres (Amer. Merid. 252, part 26,
f. 6–9), but it is not so large, and the striæ are finer.
Figure 34, animal with the shell; 34 a, profile, and 34 b, base of
the shell, enlarged; 34 c, natural size.
,
HELIX PAUXILLUS (Gould).
Testa minuta, tenuis, depressa, suprà obliquè striata, albido-virens,
infra viridior, sub-polita, perforata : spira anfractibus quatuor sub-
planulatis ; suturâ profundâ : apertura circularis; labro simplici.

GASTEROPOD A.
41
Helix pusillus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 171.
Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 19.
SHELL small, depressed, thin, rather opaque, pale green above,
darker below, coarsely striated above, less so below, where may be
seen, by a lens, vestiges of revolving striæ. Whorls four, or a little
less, nearly flat above, separated by a deep suture, the outer one a
little declivous, rounded at periphery: beneath convexly rounded into
a rather large umbilicus. Aperture oblique, circular, modified by the
penult whorl ; lip simple.
Axis three-fortieths of an inch; diameter seven-fortieths of an inch.
Obtained by Mr. Drayton, on the mountains of East Maui, Sand-
wich Islands.
Scarcely to be distinguished from H. electrina, Gould, in size and
form. It is, perhaps, a little more depressed, less lucid and deep-
coloured, and is more coarsely striated above and beneath, while H.
electrina is polished beneath. It is also like H. spirillus, but has a
much smaller umbilicus. The name first given is preoccupied.
Figure 46, the shell above; 46 a, profile; and 46 b, shell from
below, enlarged; 46 c, natural size.
HELIX ZICZAC (Gould).
Testa parva, rotundata, depressa, stramineo-albida, lineolis obliquis ful-
minantibus fuscis picta, et laminis acutis confertis, reflexis, pilosis,
lyrata ; subtus convexa, umbilico magno scalariformi perforata : spira
anfractibus sex convexis, angustis : apertura subcircularis, ad basim
subangulata; labro simplici, propè umbilicum reflexo.
Helix ziczac, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 166.
Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 17. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 116.
SHELL small, rather solid, depressed, of a pale straw-colour, variega-
ted with very numerous fine, dusky, zigzag lines, the general direction
11

42
MOLLUSCA.
of which is oblique to the axis. Whorls six, narrow and closely con-
voluted, crossed with fine, crowded, recurved laminæ, which curve
gracefully like an S in their course, and bear fine, scattered hairs.
Above, they form a low, dome-shaped spire. Suture profound. Be-
neath convex, with a large, deep umbilicus, in which all the whorls
are beautifully displayed. Aperture nearly circular, modified by the
penult whorl, a little angular at base, so that the columellar portion
rises nearly vertically, and is a little reflexed.
Diameter three-tenths of an inch ; axis one-sixth of an inch.
Found by Dr. Pickering, in a crater near Taiaimi, New Zealand.
A very beautiful and remarkable shell, in its markings, unlike any
other I know, excepting H. dissimilis, D’Orbigny (Amer. Merid. 247,
pl. 26, f. 18-21), which much resembles it, but it is larger, more
marked in dots, and is not described as hairy. In general form,
striation, umbilicus, &c., it is like H. striata, Drap., but somewhat
more depressed.
Figure 44, the shell above ; 44 a, view of the side ; 44 b, view of the
base; 44 c, magnified view of the sculpture.
HELIX SAXATILIS (Couthouy) Gould.
Testa parva, sub-globosa, lucida, viridis, infrà convexa, umbilico modico
perforata, leviter striata : spira anfractibus vix quatuor cylindraceis,
citò crescentibus; suturâ canaliculatâ : apertura sub-orbicularis, ampla ;
labro simplici, ferè continuo.
Helix saxatilis, (Couthouy) MS., GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., ii. 171. Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 19. PFEIFFER;
Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 84.
ANIMAL “bright black, covered with fine granulations; foot beneath
dark slate-colour. Body elongated, rounded, separated from the foot
by a fine beaded ridge in a slight furrow. Head abrupt; upper ten-
tacles long and slender, inferior ones about one-third their length.

GASTEROPODA.
43
Respiratory orifice large, on the right side behind the collar, which is
thick and of a dark slate-colour. Near the extremity of the foot above,
is a sort of truncation, in which is situated a mucus-pore.”
a
SHELL small, fragile, thin, of a leaf-green colour, depressed above,
rounded below, delicately striated. Suture deeply channelled. Whorls
less than four, rounded and rapidly enlarging. Aperture nearly cir-
cular, being but little modified by the penultimate whorl; lip simple;
umbilicus rather small. [J. P. c.]
Length of axis one-tenth of an inch ; diameter one-fourth of an
inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, on the mountains near Orange Harbour,
Tierra del Fuego, in company with H. lyrata.
Resembles in general H. lucida, and is remarkable for its globular
form and fresh green colour. For its locality and habits see the re-
marks under H. lyrata, page 40.
a
Figure 33, animal with the shell, enlarged; 33 a, profile of the shell;
and 33 b, base of the shell, enlarged; 33 c, natural size.
3
HELIX CICERCULA (Gould).
Testa depresso-globosa, tenuis, sub-opaca, imperforata, albido-virescens,
striis incrementi conspicuis et striis volventibus sparsis insculpta,
infrà rotundata ; foveâ centrali modica: spira anfractibus quinque
convexis, ultimo angulato: apertura lunata; labro simplici ; columella
supernè vix reflexã.
Helix cicercula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 171.
Aug. 1850. Expedition Shells, 20. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., 39.
SHELL sub-orbicular, depressed, thin, slightly diaphanous, of a pale
grayish-green colour, marked with rather distinct, irregular lines of
growth above and beneath, and with a few faint, irregular, revolving
lines. Whorls five, rather convex, separated by a well-marked
suture, and forming an obtuse, depressed spire. Periphery with an

44
MOLLUSCA.
acute, slightly developed angle. Beneath convexly rounded, with a
small, rather deep umbilical pit. Aperture lunate, lip simple, very
slightly reflexed at its central junction.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis three-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits the mountains of Hawaii. Drayton, Brackenridge.
Its general aspect is that of H. subrutila, Mighels, but it is more
elevated, more opaque, less fragile, the incremental lines are coarser,
with a few revolving lines; the periphery is more rounded and less
carinated. The whorls are more convex, with a deeper suture, and
the lip is less spread over the umbilical pit. The colour is of a more
pale pea-green. Beneath, the whorl is much more rounded, the um-
bilical pit is deeper, and there is no semblance of a columellar twist.
Figure 73, the shell above ; 73 a, the side; and 73 6, the base of the
shell, enlarged; 73 c, natural size.
HELIX CRYPTOPORTICA (Gould).
Testa parva, orbiculari-depressa, ad apicem acuta, tenuis, pellucida,
nitida, luteo-virescens, leviter striata ; infrà rotundata, imperforata ;
fovea centrali parvâ : spira anfractibus quinque cum dimidio convexi-
usculis, ultimo carinato; suturâ impressâ, marginatâ : apertura
lunata ; labro simplici ; columellâ supernè admodum intortâ, sinum
centralem angustum reconditum formante.
Helix cryptoportica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
171. Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 20. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic.
Viv., i. 39.
a
SHELL small, depressed, thin, pellucid, shining, of a pale yellowish-
green colour, delicately striated : spire depressed, apex acute, composed
of five or more rather convex whorls, with a well-defined, margined
suture, and the outer whorl with a delicate, acute keel. Beneath, con-
vexly rounded, with a small, shallow, central pit. Aperture lunate,
lip simple, columellar portion oblique, and at its superior junction it
a

GASTEROPODA.
45
is suddenly twisted inwards, forming a narrow channel, nearly con-
cealed, just under the penultimate whorl.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis one-sixth of an inch.
Inhabits the mountains of Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
This shell belongs to a group in which the specific marks are very
faintly pronounced. It has a general resemblance to H. cicercula, but
is somewhat larger, clearer, less globose, and by a careful examination
of the aperture, a peculiar channel at the top of the columella, almost
microscopic, indeed, will leave no doubt. The umbilical region is
also more striated. To H. cultrata it is also closely allied. It still
more nearly resembles H. subrutila ; but that shell has microscopic
revolving lines, is more depressed and somewhat sharply angular at
periphery, has not quite five whorls, and the columella joins the
whorl above without the intortion which forms the little umbilical
channel of this shell. It is smaller and less pyramidal than H.
Tongana.
Figures 72, 72 a, 72 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 72 C,
natural size.
HELIX PERTENUIS (Gould).
Testa minuta, subglobosa, pellucida, nitidissima, viridi-aurea, imperfo-
rata : spira depressa, anfractibus quatuor cum dimidio, convexis, ultimo
amplo, ad peripheriam angulato, infrà sulcis remotis radiato : aper-
tura ampla, lunata ; labro simplici.
Helix pertenuis, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 172.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 172. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 38.
SHELL small, pellucid, subglobose, depressed above, more convex
and imperforate beneath, of a gilded green colour, very minutely
striated, and divided into segments by gooseberry-green radiating
lines. Spire depressed, whorls four and a half, convex, the outer
one large, and obtusely angular at the periphery; suture well defined.
Aperture ample, rounded-lunate; lip simple.
12

46
MOLLUSCA.
Diameter one-eighth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an inch.
Inhabits Metia, or Aurora Island. Couthouy.
A small, pellucid shell, somewhat like H. electrina, but more globu-
lar. It is of the same size as H. cicercula, but is more fragile, has one
whorl less, a more depressed spire, and a different aperture.
Figures 60, 60 a, 60 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 60 c,
natural size.
HELIX CULTRATA (Gould).
Testa parva, orbicularis, depressa, glaberrima, lucida, fusco-viridis, infrà
rotundata, in foveam umbilicalem devexa, imperforata : spira anfrac-
tibus quinque convexis, ultimo supernè carinato; apice obtuso; suturâ
marginatâ : apertura angusta, lunata ; labro simplici ; columellâ obli-
quâ, callosa, albâ, planulatâ, inflexâ, infernè dentem simulante.
Helix cultrata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 172.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 20. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
i. 37.
SHELL small, depressed-orbicular, very smooth and glistening, trans-
lucent, of a dusky-green colour. Whorls five, closely arranged, and
forming a low, arched spire, the outer whorl carinate superiorly, on the
plane of the interior whorls: suture delicate, with a fine line revolving
near it. Beneath convex, broadly rounded at margin, and at the
centre forming a slight depression. Aperture narrowed, lunate, the
lip simple, columellar portion oblique, inflexed, opaque white, forming
a broad, flat plate, ending below in a tooth-like process; callus across
the penultimate whorl abundant.
Diameter nine-fortieths of an inch; axis one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits Tahiti and Eimeo, Society Islands. Couthouy.
A beautiful, smooth, lenticular, dark-green shell, not unlike H. in-
terna, Say, distinguished by its curious broad, white, inflected, colu-

GASTEROPOD A.
47
mellar lip. This broad callus of the lip may have been simply a
tortion at first.
Figure 59, the shell above; 59 a, the side; and 59 b, the base, en-
larged ; 59 C, the natural size.
HELIX EXÆQUATA (Gould).
Testa parva, discoidea, tenuis, lucida, glabrata, succineo-cornea, ad peri-
pheriam rotundata, infra sub-plana, in foveam centralem devexa : spira
anfractibus septem arctè volutis, suprà planulatis, suturâ marginata
benè impressâ discretis, spiram planam efformantibus : apertura an-
gusta, transversa ; labro simplici, portione sinistrâ ferè horizontali,
recedente, subreflexa.
Helix exæquata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 171.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 19. PFEIFFER ; Monog. Helic., i. 193.
SHELL small, pellucid, shining, smooth, of a yellowish horn-colour,
composed of seven closely convoluted whorls, which are flattened
above, so as to form a perfectly level or slightly convex spire; suture
deep and margined. Periphery broadly rounded, beneath slightly
swollen, and gradually sloping to a rather deep, central pit. Aperture
very narrow, most of it lower than the penult whorl, beneath which
it extends like a narrow slit to the centre. Lip simple, slightly as-
cending below, and retreating as it approaches the centre, where it is
slightly recurved. In old specimens a well-marked callus unites the
extremities.
Diameter seven-twentieths of an inch; axis three-twentieths of an
inch.
Inhabits Kauai, Sandwich Islands. Couthouy.
A very beautiful and polished symmetrical shell ; beneath, it is
like H. interna and indentata.
Figure 61, top of the shell; 61 a, the side; and 61 b, the base of
the shell, enlarged : 61 c, natural size.

48
MOLLUSCA.
HELIX CALCULOSA (Gould).
Testa parvula, Tiyalina, fragilis, nitida, lavigata, cornea, globoso-pyra-
midalis : spira depressa, anfractibus quatuor convexiusculis, ad peri-
pheriam angulata et tenuissimè carinata : infra convexa, regione um-
bilicali impressa sed imperforatâ: apertura lunata ; labro simplici,
margine internâ rotundata.
SHELL minute, hyaline, fragile, corneous, depressed globose, pyra-
midal, shining, smooth; whorls four, convex, with a distinct and
closely margined suture, forming a low, obtuse, pyramidal spire:
beneath nearly as convex as above, somewhat pitted at the centre, but
not perforated : periphery obtusely angular and carinated : aperture
rather small, lunate, with the columellar portion forming a pillar of
considerable length : lip simple.
-
Diameter one-tenth of an inch ; axis a little less.
Inhabits Tahiti. Couthouy.
Like H. chersina, Say, but has an angular periphery, though it is
less angular than H. subtilissima.
Figures 63, 63 a, 63 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 63 c,
natural size.
HELIX SUBTILISSIMA (Gould).
Testa minuta, fragilissima, nitidissima, lenticularis, plano-convexa, im-
perforata : spira planulata, anfractibus quinque planis, arctè volutis,
ultimo acutissimè carinato : apertura (fracta).
Helix subtilissima, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 177.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 24. PFEIFTER; Monog. Helic., i. 231.
Shell very fragile, discoidal above, sharply carinated at periphery,
obversely conical beneath, imperforate, hyaline. There are five closely
revolving, flat whorls, marked with exceedingly fine lines of growth.
The aperture is fractured, so as to afford no definite outline.

GASTEROPOD A.
49
Diameter one-eighth of an inch ; axis one-sixteenth of an inch.
Inhabits Maui, Sandwich Islands. Drayton.
This little pellucid shell, though imperfect, is so well marked by
its compressed, lenticular form, sharp carination, and numerous
whorls, that I venture to pronounce it a new species.
Figures 62, 62 a, 62 b, three views of the shell, magnified ; 62 c,
natural size.
HELIX GRADATA (Gould).
Testa parva, planorboidea, tenuis, nitida, rufo-viridis, luteo radiatim
variegata, supra depressa, infra acetabuliformis: spira anfractibus
quinque convexis, intra umbilicum angulatis, obliquè et confertim
striatis et cum striis interruptis volventibus decussatis ; ultimo suban-
gulato, versus aperturam deflexo ; suturâ canaliculatâ : apertura ob-
liqua, subcircularis; labro acuto, ad umbilicum reflexo.
Helix gradata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 172.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 21. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
i. 104.
Shell planorboid, convex above, cup-shaped beneath, thin, shining,
with coarse, regular, and crowded striæ, crossed by interrupted, equi-
distant revolving lines. Whorls five, separated by a deeply chan-
nelled suture, the outer whorl a little angular at periphery; beneath
sharply angular as it borders the broad umbilicus, and so are each
and all the whorls as they present their edge in the vortex : aperture
circular or a little transverse, slightly modified by the last whorl: lip
simple, somewhat everted at the umbilicus. Colour brandy-red, some-
what rayed by unequal and irregular stripes of pale yellow.
Diameter half an inch; axis one-fifth of an inch.
Found at the Tonga Islands.
It has the shape and size of H. striatella, Anthony, but the umbi-
13

50
MOLLUSCA.
licus is broader, deeper, and more shelving. The striation and colo-
ration are also quite different. Dr. Pfeiffer has more recently pub-
lished a different shell under the same name.
Figures 48, 48 a, 48 b, three views of the shell.
HELIX FORNICATA (Gould).
Testa parva, planorboidea, tenuis, dilutè rufa, supra convexiuscula, infra
concava, obliquè ordinatim et confertim costato-striata : spira anfrac-
tibus quatuor convexis, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato; suturâ
profundâ : apertura transversa, rotundato-elliptica.
Helix fornicata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 172.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 21. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 426.
SHELL planorboid, depressed, slightly convex above, concave be-
neath, and having a rather large, deep, sloping umbilicus, thin and
fragile, pale rufous. Whorls four, shining, coarsely and obtusely rib-
striate obliquely, the outer one rounded at the periphery; suture
deeply impressed. Aperture nearly circular, somewhat transverse-
elliptical, the lips united by enamel.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an inch.
Inhabits the island of Kauai, Sandwich Islands.
A small, dome-shaped shell, marked like Hr striatella, Say, but more
like H. indentata, Say, in the form of the spire.
Figures 64, 64 a, 64 b, three views of the shell.
HELIX RUBIGINOSA (Gould).
Testa orbicularis, depressa, ferrugineo-cornea, fusco-tessellata, obliquè
costato-striata, latè umbilicata : spira anfractibus sex arctè volutis ;
suturâ impressâ : apertura subrecta, lunata ; labro simplici ; lamellâ
unicâ secundum anfractum penultimum intro volvente.

GASTEROPOD A.
51
Helix rubiginosa, Gould: Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 173.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 21. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 187.
SHELL orbicular, depressed, rusty horn-colour, finely checkered with
dusky, minutely costate-striate. Beneath broadly umbilicated, dis-
playing all the whorls. Whorls five, closely revolving, higher than
broad, rounded; suture deeply impressed. Aperture not much ob-
lique, semilunar, lip simple. Penultimate whorl with a single lamina
revolving in the aperture.
Diameter seven-thirtieths of an inch ; axis three-fortieths of an
inch.
Inhabits Kauai, Sandwich Islands. Couthouy.
Larger than the other checkered shells of this group. In colour,
form, and sculpture it is like young H. bursatella, but is still more
like H. striatella, or like H. radiata as to colouring. It is not, like
them, carinated.
Figures 49, 49 a, 49 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 49 c, na-
tural size.
HELIX BURSATELLA (Gould).
Testa parva, per-variabilis, rotundata, conica vel planulata, suprà macu-
lis fuscis et albidis alternantibus flexuosis tessellata, infrà cinereo-
albida vel flammulis fuscis flexuosis radiata, costis numerosissimis
acutis radiantibus lyrata ; subtus convexiuscula, interdum simplex,
interdum concentricè striata, nunc radiatim costellata, nunc albida,
nunc fusco flammulata : spira anfractibus ad octo extrinsecus exca-
vatis, ultimo carinato; suturâ impressa, plerumque marginatâ :
apertura parva, transversa ; fauce lamellis septem volventibus in-
structo, quorum duæ superiores, una columellaris, quatuor remotæ (una
suprà, tres infrà carinam) ad labium ; labro simplici ; umbilico caver-
noso, in junioribus acetabuliformi, in majoribus ad januam parvo,
constricto, margine acuto, una cum labio continuo.
Helix bursatella, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 175.

52
MOLLUSCA.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 22. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
i. 185.
ANIMAL small, pale, lemon-coloured about the head, pearly white
posteriorly, obscurely radiated on the side. Tentacles very short and
small, with a dark line passing behind each one.
Shell exceedingly variable in size, form, and colouring. It is
small, and essentially characterized by its radiating rib-striæ, check-
ered with dusky and yellowish, its seven lamellæ revolving within
the aperture, but above all, by its peculiar umbilicus. In the young
shell this is broad, conforming to the shape of the spire, the presenting
edges of the whorls flattened, so as unitedly to form a little cup; but
as the last whorls are added, the form of the cavity is reversed, its
diameter diminishing till it is at last nearly covered over, presenting
only a small opening to the globular cavity, or little purse or pouch,
its verge being sharp, and in continuation of the lip.
The shell is small, rather solid, conical or discoid, always marked
above with more or less coarse, sharp, radiating, rib-like striæ; of a
dusky brown colour, radiately checkered with ashy buff-colour. Be-
neath, it is either cinereous or mottled with flexuous, radiating pencil-
lings of brown, with or without radiating and revolving raised striæ.
The whorls are eight in number, closely coiled, carinated, separated
by a distinct suture which is sometimes margined. The aperture is
small, transverse, lunate, angular at the periphery; lip simple, and on
arriving at the umbilicus it bifurcates, and sends a branch each way
around the perforation, thereby forming something like a vertical
axial pillar. Of the seven lamellæ revolving in the aperture, one is
on the pillar, rather inconspicuous, two on the penult whorl, and four
on the outer lip, one above and three below the keel.
The above characters are found combined in every possible manner.
The variations in size, colour, solidity, and umbilicus (all the varia-
tions), may be reasonably ascribed to differences in age and to the
elevation, between two and five thousand feet, at which they were
collected
Two principal varieties may be noted.
a. Large, elevated, conical, solid specimens which are without mot-
tling, rib-like striæ, or revolving lines beneath.
Diameter three-tenths of an inch ; axis one-fifth of an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
53
b. Smaller, depressed specimens, more or less coarsely ribbed,
striated and mottled both above and below.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an inch.
Dr. Pfeiffer has given to this form the name of H. Jacquinoti.
In some specimens the whorls are somewhat deranged in their
volution, so that the inner ones form a flat disc, while the two outer
ones are placed one directly above the other. This variety, as well
as the shell in an immature stage, have been described as distinct
species; but the examination of an extensive series, shows the im-
propriety of this. Sometimes one or more of the lamelle are unde-
veloped. In most specimens there are no revolving striæ, but in some
they even predominate over the coarse, radiating lines. Dr. Pfeiffer
has recently described this as a distinct species, by the name of H.
coarctata.
From Tahiti and Eimeo, at 2000 to 5000 feet elevation. Couthouy.
Figure 52, shell with the animal; 52 a, the aperture, enlarged; 52 b,
depressed variety with the animal; 52 c, the side, and 52 d, the base
of the distorted variety, enlarged; 52 e, natural size; 52 f, 52 g, 52 h,
three views of the normal form, enlarged ; 52 i, natural size ; 52 k, 52 l,
views of the young shell, the aperture enlarged ; 52 m, natural size.
HELIX OBOLUS (Gould).
Testa parva, discoidea, deorsum compressa, suprà planulata, infrà con-
cava, radiatim minutissimè et inequaliter striata, fusco-ferruginea,
piceo tessellata : spira anfractibus quinque cum dimidio, suprà exca-
vatis, ultimo supernè costato-carinato : apertura sub-rhomboidea ;
fauce lamellâ unicâ secundum anfractum penultimum instructâ.
Helix obolus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 175.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 22. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 184.
a
SHELL small, discoidal, very much depressed, flat or concave above,
shallow, basin-shaped beneath, with a rib-carina at the periphery, on a
level with the upper plane; colour rusty brown, tessellated alternately
with dark chestnut brown. Whorls five and a half, separated by a
14

54
MOLLUSCA.
deeply impressed suture, each one usually somewhat excavated above,
the outer one conspicuously so below the carina; beneath rounded;
covered with fine, radiating striæ, with occasionally a larger, rib-like
one. Aperture sub-rhomboidal, the lip horizontal above, inflected
externally, and rounded below in conformity to the calibre of the
whorl. A single lamina revolves within, on the penultimate whorl.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch ; length of axis one-thirtieth of an
inch.
Inhabits Tahiti. Couthouy.
A most singular discoidal shell, resembling Planorbis vortex.
Figure 50, the shell above; 50 a, the shell below, and 50 b, late-
rally, enlarged; 50 c, natural size.
HELIX DÆDALEA (Gould).
Testa parva, discoidea, rubro-castanea, fusco tessellata, costellis radi-
antibus acutis confertis scabra, subtus acetabuliformis : spira anfrac-
tibus ad sex arctè volutatis, duplo altioribus quàm latis, ad peripheriam
rotundatis, infrà haud planulatis ; suturâ impressâ : apertura an-
gusta, verticalis, lunata; fauce lamellis nonis volventibus instructâ,
quorum quatuor ad anfractum penultimum, uno ad columellam,
duobus ad basim, tribus ad labium dispositis.
Helix dædalea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 173.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 21. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 186.
SHELL small, discoidal, flat above, deeply concave beneath, rough,
with crowded, sharp, radiating rib-striæ. Colour reddish-brown,
checkered with dusky. Whorls about six, closely revolving, twice
as high as wide, periphery rounded; suture well impressed. Beneath,
all the whorls present their rounded edges so as to form a cup-shaped
cavity. Aperture vertical, lunate, twice as high as wide, and extend-
ing one-third below the plane of the spire : fauces with nine revolving
lamellæ, of which four are on the penultimate whorl, two at the base
of the lip, and three within the outer lip; also the trace of another
on the pillar.

GASTEROPOD A.
55
Diameter one-tenth of an inch; axis one-twentieth of an inch.
Common under stones at Aurora or Metia Island; also at Tahiti.
In size and colour this resembles H. contorta, Fer., but the spire is
more depressed, the whorls are more numerous and more compactly
wound; there are twice as many lamella on the penultimate whorl,
and the aperture is more contracted. From H. bursatella it differs in
the aperture, the teeth, and in wanting a carina. The umbilicus is
similar in form to that of the young H. bursatella, but the whorls, in
forming it, maintain their rounded shape, instead of being flattened.
It is smaller than the next species.
Figures 51, 51 a, 51 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 51 c, na-
tural size; 51 d, the aperture, magnified.
HELIX HYSTRIX (Mighels ).
Testa parva, discoidea, latè umbilicata, tenuis, fusco et luteo tessellata :
spira planulata, ad apicem indentata ; anfractibus quinis, clathris
creberrimis setigeris, aliquando denudatis, insignibus : apertura lunata,
lamellis duobus conspicuis intro volventibus instructa.
Helix setigera, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i. 174.
May, 1844.
Helix hystrix, Miguels, in sched. ; PFEIFFER, Symb., iii. 67; Monog.
Helic. Viv., i. 116; CHEMN., 2d edit., No. 560, tab. 89, f. 8-11.
SHELL small, planorboid, thin, checked above with radiating stripes
of dusky and golden yellow, in about equal proportions, and becoming
flexuous or zigzag as they pass to the under side. Spire flat, with the
apex even depressed ; whorls five, ornamented with numerous rib-striæ
which radiate from the apex, and which, when fresh, are garnished
with long crisped black hairs, that are easily rubbed off. Beneath,
the whorls are more rounded than above, and there is a deep, broad
umbilicus, about one-third the width of the base. Aperture lunate,
lip simple, and within the throat two well-developed lamellæ usually
revolve.

56
MOLLUSCA.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an inch.
Obtained by Messrs. Brackenridge and Drayton, on East Maui,
Sandwich Islands.
This shell agrees in form and coloration with H. dedalea, and H.
contorta, Fer., but is larger than either, and further distinguished by
the smaller number of lamella and the long, coarse hairs which it
bears. As the name originally given by me was pre-occupied, I have
adopted one suggested by Dr. Mighels, and published by Pfeiffer.
Some specimens found on the island of East Maui, by Messrs.
Drayton and Brackenridge, differ somewhat from those originally
examined. They are rather smaller, and the umbilicus and aperture
is more contracted; on the penultimate whorl of one specimen are
two lamellar teeth, and on the lower half of the lip there are at
least three short, indistinct laminæ.
,
Figures 52*, 52* a, 52* b, three views of the shell magnified ; 52* C,
natural size.
HELIX STELLULA (Gould).
Testa parva, discoidea, supra planulata, subtus convexa, utroque umbili-
cata, fusca, interdum luteo-maculata : spire anfractibus quatuor
triquetris, costibus acutis, frequentibus lyratis : apertura rhomboidea,
lamelli unicâ volvente instructa ; labro simplici.
Helix stellula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i. 174.
May 1844.
SHELL small, discoidal, concave both above and beneath, of a dusky
brown colour, here and there spotted with bright yellow. There are
four or five whorls, flat above, convex beneath, and strongly carinated
at the periphery, and also angular both above and below, so as to
become triangular; they are beautifully ornamented with prominent,
compressed, rather distant radiating ribs, producing a stellate appear-
ance at the margin. The suture is deeply impressed. Beneath, the
umbilical cavity is about half the diameter of the shell, and exhibits

GASTEROPOD A.
57
all the volutions. The aperture is somewhat rhomboidal, conforming
to the angles of the whorl; lip consisting of one of the rib-like promi-
nences; a single linear lamella revolves on the axial side of the aper-
ture.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch; axis one-twelfth of an inch.
From the island of Maui, Sandwich Islands.
This is, perhaps, the most beautiful species of the group. It is
distinguished by its angular whorls, and by its lamellar ridges, more
prominent than in any other species, projecting at the periphery so
as to cause it to resemble the rowel of a spur. Only three or four
specimens were obtained.
Figures 525, 527 a, 52+ b, three views of the shell enlarged ; 52tc,
natural size.
Helix CRESSIDA (Gould).
Testa variabilis, solida, depressa, lenticularis, acutè carinata, nitida,
densè et acutè striata, fasciis flavo-viridibus et castaneis coalescenti-
bus cincta, infrà sub-planulata, umbilico magno et profundo perfo-
rata: spira anfractibus quinque vix convexis: apertura triangularis ;
labro acuto; fauce lilacina.
Helix Cressida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 176,
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 23. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 123.
SHELL depressed, lenticular, very acute at periphery, about equally
convex above and below, rather solid, shining, but obliquely striated
with crowded, very delicate, and sharp lines of growth. General
colour yellowish-green, varying to rusty, and generally banded above
with darker chestnut, the colours blending at contact; sometimes
there is also a band underneath. Whorls five, or somewhat more,
scarcely convex or depressed at suture, so as to form a low dome.
Umbilicus commencing rather suddenly, very broad, and penetrating
to the summit. Aperture transverse, triangular ; throat pale lilac.
15

58
MOLLUSCA.
Diameter seven-tenths of an inch; axis one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Society and Samoa Islands. Couthouy.
In many respects this is similar to H. Troilus, but it is more lenti-
cular, and the whorls are less rounded. It is flatter beneath, and the
colours are very differently disposed. The surface, though shining,
is everywhere striated vertically, with sharp lines. In shape it is
much like H. acies, Fer., but it is smaller and flatter underneath.
Figure 56, shell from above; 56 a, 56 6, 56 c, three views of the
green variety.
HELIX TROILUS (Gould).
Testa variabilis, depresso-conica, sub-discoidea, leviter et obtusè striata,
flavescens, subtus convexa, in umbilicum amplum incurvata, carinata ;
carinâ utroque lineâ spirali castaneâ marginatâ : interdum coloribus
inversis: spira anfractibus quinque cum dimidio, rotundatis : apertura
semilunaris, supernè angulata ; labro acuto.
Helix (Carocolla) Troilus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 176. Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 23. PFEIFFER; Monog., i. 123.
ANIMAL pale, pearly-violaceous anteriorly, yellowish-green poste-
riorly; a dark line runs backward from each tentacle; no distinct
lateral furrow.
SHELL very variable, of a depressed, orbicular form, with sharp and
conspicuous lines of growth, widely and deeply umbilicated, more or
less sharply angular at periphery, colour reddish-brown, honey-yellow,
or pale green, disposed in bands of greater or less width. Whorls five
or six, moderately convex. Aperture transverse, lip simple, slightly
expanding as it approaches the umbilicus; throat tinged with pale
violet.
The principal varieties are as follows:-
a. SHELL depressed, rounded, thick, of a deep brown colour, paler

GASTEROPOD A.
59
at tip. Whorls rounded, periphery scarcely angular; beneath rounded.
Aperture slightly transverse, rounded, or a little angular at the place
of the keel. Umbilicus broad and deep, displaying all the whorls.
Somewhat like H. rufa, Less.
Diameter eight-tenths of an inch; axis seven-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu. Couthouy.
b. Of the same form, but of a honey-yellow colour, with a single
very narrow brown band revolving upon the spire, and another be-
neath, near the keel.
Diameter three-fourths of an inch; axis three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu. Couthouy.
c. More depressed, of a lenticular form, acute-angled at periphery,
the whorls scarcely convex, each one having above a rusty brown
band, and another of yellowish, about equal in width, somewhat blend-
ing with each other; beneath flattened, rusty-brown; aperture trans-
verse, triangular; umbilicus large.
Diameter seven-tenths of an inch ; axis one-fourth of an inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, at the roots of trees, in moist places ;-
Eimeo and Upolu. The animal has a dull fawn colour.
a
d. Somewhat more conical, with a more flattened base, thinner and
more delicate, very acute at periphery, of a delicate pale green colour,
having a single thread of brown revolving on the spire, and a broader
one underneath ; umbilicus broad; aperture acutely angular.
Diameter thirteen-twentieths of an inch; axis eleven-fortieths of an
inch.
Inhabits Tongataboo.
It is like H. planorboides, Lesson (H. solarium, Quoy). It is, how-
ever, smaller, and more broadly umbilicated.
e. Low pyramidal, flat underneath, having a very acute, compressed
keel at the periphery: the whorls are somewhat excavated, of a bright
leaf-green colour, with a brownish band at each edge of the whorls
above, and a whitish sutural line; umbilicus much smaller than in
the other varieties; aperture very acutely triangular.
Diameter thirteen-twentieths of an inch ; axis three-tenths of an
inch.

60
MOLLUSCA.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, at Tutuila and Eimeo, on the wild Fehi.
The animal is darker than that of variety c.
By comparison of numerous specimens, these shells, which differ
so much in extreme varieties, have been reduced to one species.
Varieties a and d are undoubtedly the same species, and pretty cer-
tainly variety c: but variety d may well be regarded as distinct, both
on account of its characters and its habitat, and still more so may
variety e.
All of them, however, have the peculiar boxwood fabric,
and all of them are uniformly banded at the apex.
Figure 55, the animal, with the shell of variety e; 55 a, top of the
shell of the same variety ; 55 b, top of the shell of variety b; 55 c, late-
ral view of the shell of variety a.
HELIX EURYDICE (Gould).
Testa tenuis, depresso-pyramidata, acutissimè carinata, pallidè virens,
lineâ castaneâ volvente suprà et infrà picta, subtus planulata, umbilico
lato et profundo perforata : spira anfractibus quinque ad sex vix con-
vexis, apice rotundato : apertura transversa, acutè triangularis ; labro
acuto.
Helix Eurydice, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 177.
Nov. 1846. Expedition Shells, 24. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 119.
SHELL thin, depressed, pyramidal, very sharply carinate, very deli-
cately striated, of a pale emerald green colour, having a single chest-
nut line revolving on the middle of the whorls above, and a broader
one, near the margin, beneath. Whorls five or six, scarcely convex,
or distinguished by the suture, forming a low conical spire, obtuse at
the summit. Beneath rather paler, nearly flat, rounding off into a
deep umbilicus. Aperture acutely triangular, transverse, coloured
like the exterior.
Diameter thirteen-twentieths of an inch; axis eleven-fortieths of
an inch.
Inhabits Tongataboo.

GASTEROPOD A.
61
а
Approaches H. Cressida, but is much thinner, nearly transparent, of
a much smoother texture at surface, more accurately pyramidal, more
flat at base, and the colouring seems to be very uniform. The colour
of the animal is also different. In shape it is almost precisely like H.
elegans, though much larger. It is also like H. planorboides, Lesson
(H. solarium, Quoy), which is very much smaller, and destitute of
fillets. The shell figured by Philippi (Abbild. tab. 4, f. 9), as H.
marginata, Müll., but which, from the umbilicus, and from a specimen
in my collection, seems to be a variety of H. trochiformis, Fer., bears
a very great resemblance to this species, except in its umbilicus.
Figure 57, the upper, 57 a, the lower, and 57 b, the lateral view of
the shell.
HELIX TROCHIFORMIS (Ferus.) Pfeiffer.
.
Testa umbilicata, solida, trochiformis, apice obtusa, basi plana, acutè
carinata, obliquè rugosa, saturatè rufa vel fusco-lutea ; anfractibus
sex, supra carinam prominentem stramineam convexis ; umbilico an-
gusto, pervio: apertura irregulariter rhombea ; peristomate subreflexo,
margine columellari rectè descendente, versus umbilicum expanso.”
(Pfeiffer.)
Helicella trochiformis, FERUSSAC; Prodromus, 301.
Helix trochiformis, PFEIFFER; Symbolæ, ii. 40; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
i. 206; PHILIPPI; Abbild. p. 79, tab. 4, f. 9.
ANIMAL covered with lines of elongated, subrectangular papillæ,
the margin of the foot radiated. Colour pale leaf-green, violaceous on
the back of the neck and halfway up the tentacles, the tips of which
are chlorine green, as is also the mantle; marginal limbus rather bright
green. Another specimen has a dark lateral line, with a bright oliva-
.
ceous body and chlorine margin; and with a dark stripe down the
tentacle and along the back of the neck. Sometimes the general
colour of the body is purplish.
The shell is very much like H. Eurydice, but is uniformly distin-
guished from it by its smaller umbilicus, its larger, more elevated
16

62
MOLLUSCA.
form and darker grass-green colour, generally more or less banded with
dark brown. The edge and sutural region are always pale. The
surface is on the whole smooth, but the epidermis is sometimes so
cracked as to appear irregularly radiated with whitish lines. The
shell figured by Philippi (Abbild. tab. 4, f. 9) as H. marginata, Müll.,
I should regard as a variety of this species.
Found at Tutuila and Eimeo, Samoa Island. Couthouy.
Figure 58, shell with the animal ; 58 a, 58 b, two views of the shell.
HELIX TUMULUS (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, flavida, orbiculato-pyramidata, basi sub-planulata,
umbilico modico perforata : spira elevata, conico-rotundata; anfracti-
bus sex licet septem convexiusculis, striis perobliquis exaratis, ultimo
obtusè ad peripheriam angulato, propè aperturam compresso : apertura
parva, transversa, lunata; peristomate simplici.
Helix tumulus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 175.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 22. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 85.
SHELL small, solid, pyramidal, covered with a thin, honey-yellow
epidermis, marked with numerous, rather irregular, very oblique lines
of growth. Whorls nearly seven, slightly convex, forming an elevated
summit rounded at the apex. The last whorl has its periphery obtusely
keeled, and towards the aperture is somewhat compressed from above
downwards. Aperture very oblique, broader than high, lunate, the
peristome simple and sharp, the extremities joined by callus. Base
horizontal, slightly convex, and perforated by a rather small, rounded
umbilicus.
Length of axis two-fifths of an inch; diameter seven-twentieths of
an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. Drayton.

GASTEROPOD A.
63
This bears a general resemblance to H. pyramidata ; but with the
same diameter, it is less elevated, and more rounded at apex.
Figures 53, 53 a, 53 6, three views of the shell.
HELIX TENTORIOLUM (Gould).
Testa parva, elevata, trochiformis, ad apicem rotundata, pallidè vires-
cens, obliquè et concinnè striata, basi in umbilicum mediocrem devexà :
spira anfractibus sex planulatis, et carinâ acutissimâ, albâ, cinctis :
apertura subtriangularis, basi rotundata ; labro simplici, ante umbili-
cum reflexo.
Helix tentoriolum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 176.
Sept. 1846. Expedition Shells, 23. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic., i. 119.
ANIMAL greenish, dark violaceous on the neck, with a dark line
running back from each tentacle; there is a bluish line along the
flanks, and a yellowish-green margin with radiating marginal linea-
tions. Surface finely reticulated.
SHELL small, delicate, trochoid, height and breadth about equal,
apex obtusely rounded, delicately striated by the lines of growth, of a
pale or sap-green colour. Whorls six, nearly plane, the periphery of
each having a sharp, elevated, whitish carina, which overhangs the
suture of the last three whorls, and very distinctly marks the limit of
each one.
The base is gently swelling, midway between the margin
and umbilicus, which is of moderate size, with a regularly rounded
entrance. Aperture sub-triangular, the basal portion rounded; lip
simple, columellar portion nearly vertical, and slightly reflected about
the umbilicus.
Diameter two-fifths of an inch; axis three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu, Samoa Islands. Couthouy.
Its elevated form and rounded summit, resembling a nipple, is very
remarkable.
Figure 54, the animal with the shell.

64
MOLLUSCA.
HELIX NITIDIUSCULA (Sowerby).
Testa angustè umbilicata, depresso-globosa, striata et punctulata, flavida,
supernè lineis tribus rufis circumdata : spira anfractibus senis con-
vexis ; ultimo basi subinflato : apertura subcircularis ; labro simplici;
columellâ subdilatatâ, umbilicum haud occultante.
Helix nitidiuscula, SOWERBY ; Zoolog. Journ., i. 57, pl. 3, f. 4.
LOWE; Faun. Mader., 52, pl. 6, f. 6, &c.
ANIMAL with the body elongated, short, and pointed. Tentacles
dark umber, with a dark line on the neck behind them; the superior
ones very long and taper. Colour of the upper part of the body bright
umber, fading into fawn-colour towards the foot, where it has a slight
tinge of green; back of head and neck marked by four rows of inter-
rupted black lines; no furrow on the neck. The whole body sub-
diaphanous. [J. P. c.]
Obtained in Arum fields in the valley of the Courral, Madeira.
HELIX GULOSA (Gould).
Testa globulosa, crassa, rudis, sub-perforata, obsoletè carinata, pallidè
castanea, colore saturatiori nubilata, et interdum fasciata: spira an-
fractibus sex rotundatis, striâtis; ultimo amplissimo, et obsoletè cos-
tato-carinato; suturâ profundâ : apertura magna, rotundata, fauce
livida; labro modicè reflexo, albido, propè columellam dilatato, umbili-
cum rimatum tegente.
.
Helix gulosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 165.
Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 17.
ANIMAL throughout a deep sage-green, paler towards the edges;
surface coarsely granulated. When in motion, instead of the usual
gliding motion of the Helices, the mollusk of this shell flexes the foot

GASTEROPOD A.
65
into about four vertical undulations, so as to touch the plane on which
it moves at as many points; and these undulations pass from the tail
towards the head as the animal moves, as in the motion of the caterpil-
lar or millipede.
SHELL sub-globose, strong, coarse, obtusely keeled at the periphery,
of a pale chestnut-brown, which is here and there diluted so as to form
large, irregularly disposed clouds, and sometimes bands, the shades
blending with each other; the region of the apex is generally pale,
and that of the umbilicus dusky. Whorls six, well rounded, with
.
coarse, irregular striæ of growth, the suture deeply impressed. The
aperture is large, rounded, its diameters about equal; throat livid,
becoming darker near the lip; peristome slightly reflexed, whitish,
the basal portion nearly horizontal, and the extremities widely sepa-
rated, columella rapidly widening, so as to leave a mere chink of the
umbilicus uncovered; a very thin coating of enamel unites the two
lips.
Diameter about one inch; axis four-fifths of an inch; diameter of
the aperture three-fifths of an inch.
Found by Mr. Drayton, at Illawarra, New South Wales.
Remarkable for the great altitude of its outer whorl, and its large
aperture. It is like H. Californianus in form, H. albolabris in texture,
and H. badia in colour. It seems also to resemble H. tumida, Pfeiffer.
There can be no doubt that Mr. Drayton copied the animal pre-
cisely as he saw it; and whether it be its ordinary or only its excep-
tional mode of progression, it is certainly very extraordinary, and
different from that of any other gasteropod; and the animal presents
another of those grotesque forms, so many of which have already
been found in New Holland.
In the original description of this animal in the Proceedings of the
Boston Natural History Society, it was supposed that it inhabited a
different shell, which was there named H. pedestris. An error has
since been detected, and it is found that H. gulosa is the true shell,
and H. pedestris is only a small specimen of H. Townsendiana. H.
ruida, also, is probably an immature specimen of this latter species.
17

66
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 43, animal with the shell; 43 a, the aperture, and 43 b, the
base of the shell.
HELIX NUTTALLIANA (Lea).
Testa sub-conica, subtus convexa, umbilicata, tenuiter striata ; colore
supernè luteo aut fusco, subtus castaneo; spira anfractibus septem,
fasciâ nigrâ aut castaneâ cinctis : apertura subrotundata, depressa,
intus fasciata ; labro subreflexo; columella lævi.
Helix Nuttalliana, LEA; Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., vi. 88, pl. 23, f. 74.
BINNEY; Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 369, pl. 12. United States
Land Mollusks, ii. 159, pl. 18.
ANIMAL coarsely granular upon the neck, of a dull ochre colour,
slaty posteriorly; on the sides the granules diminish, and are succeeded
by coarse, undulating, interrupted ridges, radiating in every direction
from the aperture, and terminating in a line nearly marginal; edge
simple.
This species seems to be widely distributed, and quite common. It
was found at most places visited by the Expedition, along the Colum-
bia River, and at Puget Sound.
Shell more variable in its colouring than any other one found
in temperate America; the variations consisting in the presence or
absence, the greater or less width and number of dark bands, while
its form is well characterized and constant. It is pronounced by Dr.
Pfeiffer to be H. fidelis, Gray; but as there are other species in that
region corresponding equally well to Gray's indefinite description, I
think it proper to retain Mr. Lea's name until the identity can be fully
settled.
Figure 38, shell, with the animal.
HELIX TOWNSENDIANA (Lea).
Testa orbiculato-convexa, luteo-rufescens, rugosa, umbilicata ; apertura
subrotundata ; labro albo, reflexo ad basim internè incrassato; colu-
mellá lævi ; basi tumido.

GASTEROPOD A.
67
Helix Townsendiana, LEA; Amer. Philos. Trans., vi. 99. pl. 23, f. 80.
BINNEY; Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 371, pl. 13. United States
Land Mollusks, ii. 161, pl. 19. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 341.
ANIMAL corpulent, gradually tapering. Colour pale yellowish-green;
surface with rather sparse, feebly developed, elliptical granules, not
seeming to have any definite arrangement; margin of the locomotive
disk rather broad, granulated, but regularly marked with radiating
furrows.
Brought from the Willamet district, Oregon.
Figure 36, shell, with the animal.
HELIX LABIOSA (Gould).
Testa depresso-conica, subtus convexa, arctè umbilicata, luteo-cornea,
pilis sericeis quincuncialiter dispositis undique villosa ; spira anfrac-
tibus sex convexis, ultimo immodicè crescente et pone labrum valdè
contracto: apertura angusta, lunata ; labro albo, latè revoluto; fauce
lividâ.
Helix labiosa, Gould; Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 165. Aug.
1846. Expedition Shells, 16. BINNEY; United States Land Mollusks.
а.
ANIMAL slender, tentacles much elongated Colour pale ferrugi-
nous, with a lilac tint, darker on the neck. Whole surface even, the
tentacles marked with coarse, elliptical granules, in longitudinal
series ; no marginal border.
Shell depressed, about equally convex above and beneath, with a
very small umbilicus partially covered by the lip; yellowish horn-
colour. The epidermis is strong, and everywhere hispid with very
fine, short, shining hairs, closely arranged in lozenge, so that the
principal lines seem to run diagonally to the axis of the shell. When
denuded of the hairs, the lines of growth are found to be scarred, at
regular distances, with transverse elevations, on which the hairs were
seated. Whorls six, the last one increasing very rapidly near the
aperture, having nevertheless a deep constriction directly behind the
lip. Aperture more than usually vertical, narrow lunate. Lip white,

68
MOLLUSCA.
widely reflected, flexuous in its course, not decidedly flattened.
Throat pale violet or slightly livid.
Diameter over three-fifths of an inch; axis two-fifths of an inch.
Found in Oregon, at Astoria and Fort George, on the Columbia
River, by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Drayton.
This is one of the shells from beyond the Rocky Mountains, corre-
sponding in types found on the Atlantic slope. It is closely allied
to H. palliata, but is smaller, more convex beneath, and lacks the
columellar tooth. It is still somewhat doubtful if it is really distinct
from H. columbiana, which may possibly have been described from
small, denuded specimens, but I cannot, with a magnifier, discover on
Mr. Lea's specimens the papillæ on which hairs might have been
situated, and which are so readily seen in this species. The lip is
also considerably broader, and peculiarly flexuous.
Figure 35, animal with the shell; 35 a, 35 b, two views of the shell;
35 c, portion of the shell magnified.
HELIX LORICATA (Gould).
Testa parva, depressa, flavo-viridis, arctè umbilicata, squamulis undique
loricata, subtus convexa : spira anfractibus quinque cum dimidio con-
vexiusculis, arctè volutatis, ultimo supernè ad peripheriam subangu-
lato: apertura contracta, lunata, trilobata, dente laterali, dente basali,
et dente columellari lamelliformi ringens; peristomate albo, reflexo,
callo copioso conjuncto.
Helix loricata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 165.
Aug. 1846. Expedition Shells, 17; BINNEY; Land Mollusks, ii. 145,
pl. 29 a,
, f. 2.
Shell small, depressed, spire less convex than the base, thin, of a
yellowish-green colour, having the surface everywhere ornamented
with small, crescentic scales of the epidermis, in relief, arranged along
the lines of growth in quincunx. Whorls five and a half, slightly
convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, and forming a low
conical spire; the periphery of the last whorl is angular near its poste-

GASTEROPOD A.
69
rior portion. The base is rounded, tending rapidly to a deep umbili-
cal depression, with a small perforation. Aperture small, crescentic,
having a small, acute tooth on the right margin, a transversely oblong
one at base, and a prominent, compressed, curved, nearly horizontal
one on the columella, thus giving a three-lobed outline to the aperture.
Peristome white, slightly reflected, having a very profound constriction
of the whorl directly behind it.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis three-twentieths of an inch.
Found near the Sacramento River, California. Pickering.
Its general form and its aperture are very much like H. inflecta,
Say, though it is a much smaller shell, and the teeth of its aperture
are much less developed. Its peculiar surface, resembling, when
closely examined, a scaly coat of mail, is highly characteristic.
Figures 39, 39 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 39 b, natural
size ; 39 c, sculpture, magnified.
HELIX DEVIA (Gould).
Testa orbiculato-depressa, obliquè striata, dilutè viridi-cornea, umbilico
modico canaliculato perforata: spira anfractibus sex convexis, ultimo
ad peripheriam rotundato : apertura transversa, obliquè lunata, ad
anfractum penultimum unidentata, dente trigono; labro albo, latè
reflexo, ad basim horizontali, umbilicum aliquanto ambiente.
Helix devia, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 165. Aug.
1846. Expedition Shells, 17.
SHELL solid, depressed globose, of a pale yellowish horn-colour,
rather finely marked with the lines of growth. Whorls six, convex,
separated by a well-defined suture, and forming a rounded spire. Be-
neath, slightly convex, and perforated by a moderate sized umbilicus,
which appears to have an obtuse channel revolving on the whorls
within it. Periphery rounded. Aperture transverse, obliquely lunate;
lip white, rather broadly reflexed, horizontal at base, and abruptly
turning up to form a short columella, where it dilates, and partly sur-
18

70
MOLLUSCA.
rounds the umbilicus. Near the upper angle, and on the penultimate
whorl, is a white trigonal tooth.
Diameter four-fifths of an inch; axis nine-twentieths of an inch.
Obtained at Puget Sound, Oregon. Drayton.
This shell has the form of H. Townsendiana, but lacks the peculiar
indentation of the surface. The lip is more broadly reflected, and the
aperture is armed with a tooth. Placed side by side with the southern
variety of H. palliata, somewhat blanched, it would hardly be distin-
guished except by its umbilicus.
Figures 74, 74 a, 74 b, three views of the shell.
HELIX GERMANA (Gould).
Testa parva, imperforata, globoso-lenticularis ad peripheriam subangu-
lata, epidermide rufo-corneo, sparsim hirsuto induta ; anfractibus
quinque cum dimidio convexis; suturâ impressà : apertura lunata,
laminâ albâ, obliquá, erectâ, munito; labro incumbente, reflexo, roseo.
Helix germana, GOULD; in BINNEY's United States Land Mollusks,
ii. 156, pl. 40 a, f. 2.
SHELL small, solid, imperforate, depressed, low-conical above, con-
vex beneath, slightly angular at periphery, covered with a scabrous,
rusty horn-coloured epidermis, beset with scattered hairs. Whorls
five and a half, closely revolving, separated by a well-impressed
suture; aperture lunate, the basal portion being but slightly curved,
and turning upward at a rather sharp angle; lip incumbent, with a
deep stricture behind it, moderately reflexed, roseate; on the intruding
portion of the penultimate whorl is a distinct, oblong, erect, white
tooth, not connected with either extremity of the lip.
Diameter three-tenths of an inch; axis one-fifth of an inch.
This shell was brought from the Pacific coast, and was marked
Oregon.

GASTEROPOD A.
71
At first sight this would not be distinguished frorn H. monodon.
But, besides coming from a different zoological region, it has an im-
perforate, convex base, like H. hirsuta, instead of the pitted umbilical
region which H. monodon has, whether perforated or not; and the
hairs are much more sparsely distributed, being not more than one-
fourth as numerous. The basal portion is less arcuated, so that the
aperture is more transversely elongated, and less properly crescentic.
Figures 40, 40 a, 40 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 40 c, natu-
ral size.
STREPTAXIS CONTUSA (Ferussac) Gray.
Helix contundata, FERUSSAC; Prodr. 30.
Helix contusa, FERUSSAC; Hist. des Moll., pl. 31, f. 1; pl. 39 b, f. 2–3.
Streptaxis contusa, GRAY; Loudon's Mag. N. S., i. 484.
ANIMAL. Body long and slender, rounded on the back; colour
bright orange; organs of reproduction remote from each other, the
male organ being close to the right inferior tentacle, and the female
organ about midway between that and the respiratory cavity, on the
same side ; oral tentacles bifurcated at tip; locomotive disk narrower
than the body. [J. P. c.]
The animal, as thus described by Mr. Couthouy, is the species above
mentioned, as far as I have been able to determine. If so, it is inte-
resting, as showing the animal of this genus, which has not yet been
known; and that a genus which was founded on a peculiarity of the
shell alone, namely, its distorted axis, is of real value. It approxi-
mates to Vaginulus, by the position of its genital organs, its narrow
locomotive disk, and its forked oral tentacles.
Figure 70, shell, with the animal ; 70 a, outline of the head, magni-
fied.

72
MOLLUSCA.
BULIMUS MOROSUS (Gould).
Testa crassa, rudis, ovata, albido-cinerea, longitudinaliter striata, arctè
umbilicata; spira anfractibus quinque convexis ; apertura subauri-
culata ; peristomate latissimè revoluto, albo, posticè angulato; plicâ
columellari ampla.
Bulimus morosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 190.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 31. PFEIFFER ; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
ii. 56.
SHELL of medium size, elongated ovate, somewhat angular in its
contour, solid and coarse in structure, with coarse, irregular lines of
growth, of a dingy white colour, and destitute of epidermis. Spire
composed of five convex whorls, separated by a deep irregular suture.
Aperture rather more than half the length of the shell, somewhat
ovate-ear-shaped, the peristome very broadly revolute, white, some-
what angular posteriorly, and a little narrower at the base of the colu-
mella; the columellar fold largely developed. Umbilicus small.
a
Length of axis one and three-fourths inches; breadth one inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
It is of the same type as B. malleatus and elobatus, but is smaller,
more solid, and less elegant than its associates. Its destitution of
colours and epidermis, and its very broad lip, with its angular out-
lines, characterize it.
Figures 82, 82 a, two views of the shell.
BULIMUS ELOBATUS (Gould).
Testa solidula, elongato-ovata, longitudinaliter plicoso-striata et lineolis
volventibus interruptis corrosa, epidermide sordidè luteo et viridi mar-
moratâ induta, arctè umbilicata : spira anfractibus quinque convexis,
ultimo magno: apertura angusta, sub-elliptica ; labro simplici, obtuso,
aurantiaco; plicâ columellari perobliquâ.

GASTEROPOD A.
73
Bulimus elobatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 190.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 31. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
ii. 184.
SHELL rather solid, elongated ovate, the surface rough and undulated
by the striæ of growth, somewhat etched with minute, crowded, inter-
rupted revolving lines. Whorls five, or a little more, rather ventricose,
the last one ample, and covered with a coarse, loosely adhering, dingy
yellow epidermis, marbled with deep green blotches, arranged some-
what in longitudinal zigzag stripes. Aperture narrow, and rather
small, half as long as the shell, nearly elliptical, pale orange within,
becoming intense at the columella and lip, which is obtuse, but not
reflected. The columella has a moderate-sized, very oblique fold.
Umbilicus distinct, oblong, of moderate dimensions.
Length of axis two and a quarter inches; breadth one and two-
fifths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Belongs to the same group as B. fulguratus and B. malleatus, Jay,
characterized by the large fold on the columella. It is the largest of
the three, resembling the former in its sculpture and the colouring of
the aperture, and the latter in general colouring. It is distinguished
by its unreflected lip, its narrow aperture, less conspicuous and more
oblique columellar fold, more ventricose and less oblique whorls.
Figures 84, 84 a, two views of the shell.
BULIMUS PRUNINUS (Gould).
Testa ovato-turrita, solida, leviter striata, livido-purpurea, infra suturam
et circa umbilicum albido-zonata: spira acuta, anfractibus sex con-
vexiusculis, sub-tabulatis : apertura modica, ovata; labro simplici, intus
callo stramineo incrassato, ad columellam reflexo ; fauce livido.
Bulimus pruninus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 191.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 32. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., ii.
122.
19

74
MOLLUSCA.
Shell turreted, ovate, acute at apex, opaque, solid, irregularly
striated with the incremental lines, of a livid purplish, or plum-
colour, with an ash-coloured zone about the umbilicus, a band conti-
guous to the suture, and occasionally the lines of growth of the same
colour. Whorls six, slightly convex, and somewhat shouldered above,
the last one nearly two-thirds the length of the shell. Aperture ovate,
rather small, lip simple, thickened, and yellowish-white within; colu-
mella with a moderate fold, rapidly widening upwards, and covering
a small umbilicus; throat livid purplish.
Length of axis seven-eighths of an inch; diameter three-eighths
of an inch.
It probably came from the Madeira Islands.
This species belongs to the same group as B. badiosa, Ferus., and
B. bæticata, Reeve, species which differ from it in being curiously
granulated.
Figures 83, 83 a, two views of the shell.
BULIMUS PROLATUS (Gould).
Testa ovoidea, antrorsum angustata, leviter striata, albido-cinerea,
fasciis quatuor liturarum ferruginearum cincta : spira ovato-conica ;
anfractibus quinque convexiusculis : apertura elliptica, totius longitu-
dinis dimidium adequans ; labro simplici, acuto : columella brevis, latè
reflexa, alba, umbilicum parvum tegens.
Bulimus prolatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 191.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 32. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., ii.
171.
SHELL an elongated, prolate spheroid, nearly as much attenuated
at base as at spire, surface nearly smooth and regular, of a grayish or
ash-colour, with about four revolving bands of partially connected
blotches on the large whorl, and three on the smaller ones. Whorls
five, slightly convex, and very little rounded at the sutures. Aperture
about half the length of the shell, of an elliptic form, a little angular

GASTEROPOD A.
75
posteriorly; lip simple, the columella rather broadly reflexed, short,
white, and protecting a small umbilical perforation.
Length of axis one and three-fourths of an inch; breadth one inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy, near Santiago, Chili.
A shell remarkable for its regular, elongated, ovoid form, and its four
bands of rusty-brown blotches. It is somewhat like B. Favannië,
only more narrowed anteriorly.
Figures 79, 79 a, two views of the shell.
BULIMUS CILIATUS (Gould).
Testa tenuis, ovato-conica, viridis, striis volventibus cilias rigidas nunc
longas nunc breviores gerentibus, cincta : spira acuta, anfractibus sex
convexis, ultimo magno, ventricoso, sub-angulato : apertura sub-ovata,
anticè angustata; labro simplici ; columellâ rectâ, albâ, umbilicum
parvum obtegente.
Bulimus ciliatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 191.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 32. PFEIFFER ; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
ii. 74.
ANIMAL very dark slate-colour, almost black, oculiferous tentacles
long and slender, and, like the neck, finely granulate; body obliquely
wrinkled; foot and mouth paler; respiratory orifice very large.
SHELL thin and fragile, ovate-conic, acute at summit, covered with
minute, crowded, longitudinal and revolving striæ. On the revolving
striæ are seated series of dark, stiff, tapering, slightly recurved hairs,
of unequal length ; there are about eight series of the long ones on
the penult whorl, and about twenty on the last whorl, between two of
which are either two or three series of shorter and finer ones, the
whole resembling coarse velvet. Whorls six, convex, the last one
large, ventricose, and subcarinate. Suture profound. Aperture sub-
ovate, slightly angular at base ; lip simple, acute; columella straight,
white, reflected over a small, deep perforation. [J. P. c.]

76
MOLLUSCA.
Length of axis five-sixths of an inch ; breadth six-tenths of an inch.
Found by Dr. Pickering, on the Organ Mountains, Brazil, crawling
on bushes, near the water.
This shell, with its thick green epidermis, looks like a Paludina, es-
pecially like fresh specimens of P. decisa, Say, which have similar
series of ciliæ. Another Brazilian species (B. velutino-hispidus, Moric.),
has a similar velvety vesture, but it is a more globular, heliciform
species.
Figure 80, front view of the shell ; 80 a, side view of the shell, with
a,
the animal.
BULIMUS JUNCEUS (Gould).
Testa parva, elongato-conica, tenuis, translucida, dilutè virens, concinnè
striata, vix perforata : spira ad apicem obtusa ; anfractibus septem
convexiusculis, supernè contabulatis : apertura elongato-ovata ; labro
simplici, ad columellam vix reflexo.
Bulimus junceus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 191.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 32. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
ii. 220.
SHELL small, thin, translucid, elongated, turreted, of a pale green
colour, obtuse at apex, covered with delicate longitudinal strie.
Whorls seven, slightly convex, presenting a broad shoulder above.
Aperture long ovate : lip simple, on the left slightly reflected over a
minute umbilical chink: the last whorl about one-third the length of
the whole shell.
Length of axis three-tenths of an inch ; breadth one-tenth of an
inch.
Inhabits Tahiti and Eimeo.
This shell very closely resembles a West India species, and is, per-
a

GASTEROPOD A.
77
haps, the same, and may be a denizen of the cocoa-nut or banana,
wherever found. B. bacterionides agrees in form, but this is not
"smoother than octona," and has not nine whorls.
Figure 87, front view of the shell, enlarged; 87 a, a variety of the
same, enlarged ; 87 b, natural size.
BULIMUS EGREGIUS (Pfeiffer).
Testa crassa, elongato-ovata, polita, castanea, lituris ochraceis admodum
obliquè ordinatis maculata : spira anfractibus sex convexis, sub lente
spiraliter striatis ; ultimo magno sub-compresso, ad basim obliquè
carinato et rimâ umbilicali perforato: apertura angustata, elongato-
elliptica, anticè angulata et canaliculata ; labro crasso, latè reflexo,
rubro-purpureo ; fauce roseo.
Bulimus egregius, PFEIFFER; Proceed. Zool. Soc., July 1845, 67 ;
Monog. Helic. Viv., ii. 50. REEVE; Conch. Icon., pl. 34, f. 205.
Bulimus hybridus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 191.
Dec. 1846. Expedition Shells, 32.
Shell rather solid, elongated-ovate, turreted, smooth, polished,
somewhat indented, the lines of growth scarcely apparent, encircled
by very fine, rather distant parallel lines. Colour dark chestnut, with
nearly an equal proportion of gamboge-coloured blotches, which are
arranged in somewhat oblique series, sometimes even in stripes; ro-
seate towards the apex. Whorls six, rather convex, separated by a
well-marked, margined suture, the last one large, and slightly com-
pressed from before backwards, and having an obtuse keel near the
base, and a channel running to the umbilicus between it and the lip.
Aperture long, narrow rhomboidal, and somewhat channeled at base;
lip broadly reflected, of a rich reddish-purple, nearly continuous pos-
teriorly; throat rosy purple.
Length of axis one and three-fourths of an inch; diameter five-
eighths of an inch.
Obtained at Rio Janeiro.
20

78
MOLLUSCA
Compared with B. goniostoma, it is less elongated, more solid,
smooth, and polished, without wrinkles or rows of granules. The
whorls are more convex. The aperture has a more vivid colour. The
lip is more widely reflected. The ground colour is darker, and min-
gled in about equal proportions with oblique blotches of ochre yellow.
There are distant microscopic revolving lines, with now and then one
of them crenulated. It has the size, form, and marking of B. multi-
color, with the aperture of B. goniostoma.
It appears that this shell was described previous to the publication
of my description; but as this fact was not ascertained till after the
figure was engraved, I have retained it.
Figures 86, 86 a, two views of the shell.
BULIMUS AURIS LEPORIS (Brug.), Encyc. Meth. i. 346. Bulimus
lagotis, MENKE; Synop. 2d ed. 26. Auricula leporis, LAM.; 2d ed.
viii. 325. Helix auris leporis, FERUS.; Prodr. 438. Pupa auris leporis,
GRAY; Ann. of Philos., N. S. ix. 412. Stenostoma auritura, SPIX;
Test. Brasil. 18, tab. 13, f. 1, 2. Otostomus lagotis, BECK; Index, 55.
ANIMAL elongated, lanceolate, somewhat dilated at the posterior
third, and tapering thence to an acute point. Tentacles all long and
slender. Colour slaty-brown, darker on the centre and sides of the
neck: tentacles minutely granular, pale ferruginous. Surface very
minutely reticulated, with a very delicate, submarginal furrow.
Found on orange and myrtle trees abundantly, near Rio Janeiro.
Figure 75, side view of the animal, with the shell.
BULIMUS PROTEUS (BRODERIP), Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1832, 107. Buli-
mus sordidus, LAM.; An. sans Vert. viii. 267; (nec Lesson) Buliminus
proteus, BECK; Index, 69.
ANIMAL broad lanceolate, of a slaty-drab colour; surface with longi-

GASTEROPOD A.
79
tudinal ranges of elongated papillæ on the neck; sides delicately
reticulated, with distant, fine, oblique channels, and a submarginal,
shallow sulcus. Tentacles of moderate proportions. Colour slaty-drab.
Found at the Campaña de Quillota, Chili. Couthouy.
Figure 76, the animal, with a variety of the shell; 76 a, facial view
of the head of the animal.
Bulimus CHILENSIS (LESSON), LAM.; ed. Desh. viii. 264 (not Sow-
erby and Beck). Achatina Chilensis, LESSON; Voy. de la Coquille,
317, pl. 7, f. 3. Bulimus granulosus, BROD.; in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832,
31. Bulimus granulosus, POTIER et Mich., Galerie, i. 142, pl. 13, f. 9,
10. Bulimulus graniger, BECK; Index, 67.
ANIMAL slender and rather delicate, tapering to a fine point poste-
riorly, pale flesh-colour, superior face of the neck coarsely tessellated
with quadrate papillæ; sides coarsely reticulated, without a distinct
submarginal furrow. Tentacles rather small, with large eye-bulbs.
An oval area is marked upon the front.
Found in the interior of Chili. Couthouy.
Figure 81, side view of the animal, with the shell; 81 a, 81 b,
views of the head in front and beneath.
BULIMUS SHONGII (LESSON); Voyage de la Coquille, 321, pl. 7, f.
4, 5. KÜSTER ; tab. 16, f. 14, 15. PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv.,
ii. 140.
ANIMAL uniform blue-black, corpulent, about the length of the
shell, dilated into undulating wing-like expansions at the side, so
as to become nearly as broad as long. Posteriorly it is broadly
rounded, and does not attain, when in motion, to more than two-thirds
the length of the spire. The head is large and obtuse; the tentacles
short and slender, pale yellowish at tip; on the top of the neck the

80
MOLLUSCA.
surface is diversified with rows of longitudinal granules; the lateral
portions are rather coarsely reticulated. The locomotive disk is paler.
The genital orifice, behind the right tentacle, is a large slit, with a
furrow running from it obliquely forward and downwards, much as in
Aplysia.
Found at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Drayton.
From the preceding description it is plain that this species is sepa-
rated from the other Bulimi by many important characters. The
lateral expansion of the foot, like a broad flounce, its broadly rounded
termination, its disproportionately short and small tentacles, all unite
to separate it as a distinct subgenus, approximating to the true Auri-
cula. Some such striking deviation from the ordinary type we might
naturally expect in an isolated region so remote.
Figure 85, the animal with the shell, seen from above ; 85 a, lateral
view of the animal with the shell; 85 b, front view of the head of the
animal.
BULIMUS FULGURATUS (JAY); Revue Zool. 1842, p. 80. Guerin's
Mag. de Zool. 1843, pl. 62. PHILIPPI; Abbildungen, ii. 9, pl. 3, f. 2.
PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., ii. 55.
ANIMAL cream-coloured, depressed, rather slender, much thinned at
the edges; posteriorly flattened, and terminating obtusely. Surface
with longitudinal, slender, lozenge-shaped reticulations; marginal
limbus rather broad, marked with rather distant oblique lineations.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Mr. Reeve seems to regard his B. eximius, a South American shell,
as identical with this, though I apprehend that they are really quite
different.

GASTEROPODA.
81
BULIMUS MALLEATUS (JAY); Revue Zool. 1842, 40. GUERIN; Mag.
de Zool., 1843, pl. 61. PHILIPPI; Abbild., ii. 9, pl. 3, f. 4. PFEIFFER;
Monog. Helic. Viv., ii. 55.
ANIMAL corpulent, head and neck thick and clumsy, body poste-
riorly flattened, and broadly rounded. Surface somewhat ocellate,
with ranges of white granular papillæ, uniformly distributed. Dark
fawn-coloured.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
The peculiar flattened and rounded posterior termination of the
body, in the two last species, instead of the usual attenuated form,
is quite remarkable; and as they are locally related, so they seem to
be naturally allied to each other also.
Figure 78, animal with the shell.
PARTULA CONICA (Gould).
Testa elongato-conica, interdum sinistrorsa, flavida vel castanea, leviter
striata et lineis crebris volventibus decussata, latè perforata : spira
elevata, acuta, anfractibus sex ventricosis, ultimo permagno ; suturâ
impressa, albidâ : apertura obliqua, ovalis ; peristomate albo vel rosa-
ceo, latè reflexo, sub-planulato.
Partula conica, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 196.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 33.
ANIMAL. Lance-pointed behind, depressed, cream-coloured, reticu-
lated with slate blue, and somewhat dotted along the back of the neck,
at the base of the tentacles; “nearly colourless, and remarkable for
the unusual length of the buccal tentacles,” &c.
SHELL often reversed, large, but not particularly solid, elongated,
acutely conical, the lines of growth very delicate, and crossed by very
fine and numerous revolving, generally undulating lines. Colour
varying from pale citron-yellow to dark chestnut. Whorls six, very
21

82
MOLLUSCA.
oblique and well rounded, the last one large, inflated, but somewhat
angular at base; a little shouldered : suture well marked and whitish.
Aperture obliquely elliptical, modified posteriorly by the penultimate
whorl; peristome broadly reflected, retreating as it passes before the
umbilicus, not fully flattened, white, or tinged with rose-reddish,
especially in the dark-coloured specimens. Umbilicus large, and
nearly circular.
Length more than an inch; breadth half the length.
Found at Upolu and Tutuila, Samoa Islands, at an elevation of
from 200 to 1500 feet, on plantains, and on Dracena terminalis.
Couthouy ; Drayton.
This is larger than any species hitherto described, and resembles
Bulimus lævus in form. It may possibly be the same as P. bulimoides,
Lesson.
Figure 88, brown variety, with the animal ; 88 a, front view of the
yellow variety.
PARTULA ZEBRINA (Gould).
Testa variabilis, ovata, tenuis, alba, flava vel fulva, plerumque strigis
longitudinalibus flexuosis albis variegata, spiraliter tenuistriata, um-
bilico rimato perforata : spira anfractibus ad quinque rotundatis,
ultimo ventricoso: apertura elliptica, peristomate albo, latè reflexo,
planulato; plicâ columellari magnâ.
Partula zebrina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 196.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 33.
ANIMAL elongated, pointed behind, rather depressed, tentacles long,
pale cream-colour, reticulated on the neck with ranges of oblong
meshes, on the sides with radiating ones, tips of tentacles bluish, no
marginal furrow.
SHELL ovate, short, ventricose, thin, in colouring variable, being

GASTEROPODA.
83
sometimes pure dead white, in other specimens yellowish flecked with
white, in others more or less fawn-coloured, striped longitudinally
with irregular zigzag lines, which are sometimes anastomosing; striæ
of growth delicate, with crowded, very fine revolving lines. Spire
acute, of nearly five rounded whorls, the last of which composes
three-fourths the length of the shell, and is much reflected. Suture
margined. Aperture oval, modified by the last whorl. Peristome
broad, thin, white, flattened, and inwardly strengthened so as to
bound the aperture with a sharp right angle, and to contract the
orifice. At the columellar margin is a pretty large fold, which
answers to an umbilical fissure.
Length four-fifths of an inch ; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Upolu and Tutuila, Samoa Islands, on Dracena borealis.
Couthouy ; Drayton ; Case.
A rather large and very fine species, more ventricose than others,
and distinguished by its perfectly flattened peristome as well as by its
variegated colouring and revolving striæ. It somewhat resembles
Bulimus versicolor.
Figure 89, a dark shell, with the animal ; 89 a, the pale variety.
PARTULA PUSILLA (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, conica, polita, albido-cornea, perforata : spira
acuta, anfractibus sex convexis, supernè tabulatis : apertura sub-
quadrata, posticè lamellâ intro-volvente instructa ; peristomate reflexo,
dextrorsum sinuato.
Partula pusilla, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 197.
Expedition Shells, 33.
SHELL minute, elongated, conical, rather thick, smooth and shining,
of a light horn-colour, moderately umbilicated. Spire acute, com-
posed of six moderately convex whorls, which have a small shoulder
posteriorly. The aperture is direct, somewhat quadrangular, having
a

84
MOLLUSCA.
a
single lamina on the last whorl revolving within the shell; peri-
stome moderately reflexed, the outer lip inclining somewhat inwards.
Length one-eighth of an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Found at Metia Island, under stones. Couthouy.
This little species bears all the characters of the group, and is by
far the most minute species yet described.
Figure 90, the shell enlarged; 90 a, natural size.
PARTULA TAHEITANA, BRUG.; Encyc. Meth., i. 347. DESH.; in
Lam. An. sans Vert., viii. 281. LESSON; Voy. de la Coq., pl. 7, figs.
6, 7. Partula auriculata, BROD.; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832. REEVE;
Conch. Syst., pl. 175, f. 7, 8. Bulimús auriculatus, PFEIFTER; Symb.
i. 80, ii. 111.
ANIMAL yellowish, tentacles and line along the back of neck dusky;
surface finely reticulated.
The genus Partula seems to be peculiar to the islands in the Pacific
Ocean, such as the Society, Friendly, and Navigator's Islands. A
single living specimen of this species, however, was found near Hono-
lulu, in the valley of Nuuanu. As this is the only one in the collec-
tion of the Expedition, and the only one I have any knowledge of,
from that island, I think it must be regarded as a straggler, accident-
ally introduced. We should, however, except P. Owaihiensis, which
abounds at the Sandwich Islands, but which, from its peculiarities,
has been placed in the new genus Tornatellina. The animal of Par-
tula presents no external characters to distinguish it from Bulimus;
but its internal organization and natural habits would, we think, indi-
cate distinct characters, as the isolation of the group would lead us to
anticipate.
Figure 91, shell, with the animal.

GASTEROPOD A.
85
PARTULA VARIA, BROD.; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 125. Bulimus
varius, PFEIFFER; Symb. i. 86, ii. 124.
ANIMAL like that of P. Taheitana, varying only in the depth of
colouring
Figure 92, shell, with the animal.
PARTULA VANIKORENSIS, Quoy and Gaim. (Helix); Astrol., ii. 215,
pl. 9, f. 12–17.
Bulimus Vanikorensis, DESH. ; in Lam., An. sans Vert., viii. 131.
ANIMAL not essentially different from the two preceding, excepting
that it is somewhat paler.
Figure 93, shell, with the animal.
ACHATINELLA MARMORATA (Gould).
Testa oblongo-ovata, coloribus castaneis, cinereis et albidis marmorata,
leviter striata, imperforata : spira acuta, anfractibus sex convexis,
supernè sub-tabulatis, ultimo magno, ventricoso; apertura ovata ; pe-
ristomate simplici, modicè evaso ; plicâ columellari albâ, compressa,
ferè transversâ, valdè exstante.
Achatinella marmorata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
200. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 35.
SHELL dextral, rather solid, of an elongated, acutely conical form,
composed of six convex whorls, which are somewhat shouldered
superiorly; the last large in proportion, and ventricose : surface deli-
cately striated with lines of growth; colour a dusky chestnut, marbled
with white, irregular, and angular markings, generally arranged some-
what in longitudinal stripes, the whole seeming to be coated with a
very thin ash-coloured epidermis. Aperture moderately large, ovate,
22

MOLLUSCA.
86
the lip slightly expanded : the columellar fold white, compressed,
nearly transverse, and standing out very prominently.
Length seven-eighths of an inch ; breadth half an inch.
Found on the island of Maui, Sandwich Islands, at the foot of
Mount Haleakala. Drayton ; Brackenridge.
A large, ventricose species, readily distinguished by its variegated
colouring
Figures 94, 94 a, two views of the shell.
ACHATINELLA NUBILOSA (Gould).
Testa solidula, ovato-conica, ventricosa, cinereo-lutescens, fusco-viridis
angulatim flammulata et reticulata, ad apicem castanea : spira an-
fractibus septem convexis : apertura lunata, eburnea ; labro acuto,
dilatato; plicâ columellari acutâ, lamelliformi.
SHELL rather solid, ovate-conic, ventricose, delicately striated,
covered with a thin epidermis of a diluted golden-yellow colour,
variegated with dusky green, forming a network by its zigzag mark-
ings on the middle whorls, and becoming predominant towards the
base; the apicial whorls chestnut-brown. Whorls about seven, well
rounded, the last one about three-fifths the length of the shell. Aper-
ture rounded lunate, ivory-white, the lip sharp and a little everted;
columellar fold prominent, sharp, lamelliform.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth not quite half an inch.
Inhabits the island of Maui, Sandwich Islands.
This species belongs to the same group as A. ventulus, but is well
distinguished by its peculiar coloration.
Figure 95, view of the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
87
ACHATINELLA ELLIPSOIDEA (Gould).
Testa solida, ellipsoidea, lævis, epidermide luteo interdum fusco zonato
induta : spira anfractibus sex convexiusculis ; suturâ impressâ : aper-
tura parva, angusta; peristomate acuto, nigro; plicâ columellari ferè
transversa, tenui.
Achatinella ellipsoidea, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
200. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 35.
SHELL solid, ellipsoidal, smooth, covered with a thin ochreous and
fawn-coloured epidermis, the colours arranged somewhat in zones.
Spire ovate-conical; whorls six, slightly convex, not shouldered ;
suture well marked. Aperture very small and narrow, lip simple,
not thickened, edged black; columellar fold delicate, oblique, nearly
transverse, without callus.
Length of axis seven-twentieths of an inch; breadth seven-tenths
of an inch.
Inhabits Maui, Sandwich Islands. Brackenridge ; Hale.
Closely allied to A. ventulus, FER., but is more slender, more smooth,
tapering anteriorly, the last whorl sometimes closing towards the axis
as it approaches the aperture, so as to appear distorted, and produce a
very small aperture. A. tristis has a similar epidermis, and a small,
sharp-lipped aperture, but is much more ventricose, and has the
whorls shouldered. H. microstoma has a thickened lip, and a more
dead, striated surface.
Figures 96, 96 a, two views of the shell.
ACHATINELLA ACUMINATA (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, turrita, lucida, glaberrima, nitida, succinea :
spira elevata, anfractibus sex obliquis, convexiusculis, ultimo trientes
duos longitudinis equante: apertura angusta, sub-elliptica, peristomate

88
MOLLUSCA.
albido, incrassato, prorsum arcuato; columellâ truncatâ, sed vix
plicata.
Achatinella acuminata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 200. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 35.
SHELL small, slender, turreted, elongated, with an obtuse apex,
translucent, thin, very smooth and shining, of a greenish amber-
colour. Spire elevated, obtuse, pointed, of six very oblique, slightly
convex whorls, the last of which is nearly two-thirds the length of
the shell. Suture distinct, and faintly margined and crenulated.
Aperture very narrow, one-third the length of the shell, rounded at
base, and acute behind. Lip simple, whitish, thickened within, and
arching forward. Columella without a conspicuous fold bordering the
truncation.
Length half an inch; breadth one-eighth of an inch,
Inhabits Kauai, Sandwich Islands.
More elongated, and with more oblique whorls than other species.
In its form, colour, and transparency, it may be compared with Physa
hypnorum
Figure 100, the shell enlarged; 100 a, natural size.
There are several species of shells peculiar to the Sandwich Islands
which have the same elongated form and delicate structure, with a
polished surface, and the mere semblance of a columellar fold. I
propose to designate this group by the name of LEPTACHATINA (287tos,
and ACHATINA). It is intermediate between true Achatina and Achati-
nella. The three following species also belong to this group.
ACHATİNELLA ACCINCTA (Mighels) Gould.
Testa ovato-conica, solidula, obliquè striata, sordidè cornea : spira
conica, obtusiuscula ; anfractibus sex cum dimidio planulatis, ultimo
trientem longitudinis vix superante; suturâ marginatâ : apertura
semiovalis ; labro simplici, obtuso; columella arcuatâ, plicato-tortâ.

GASTEROPOD A.
89
Achatina accineta (lapsu typog.), MIGHELS; Proceed. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., ii. 20. Jan. 1845.
Achatina accincta, PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., ii. 271.
Achatina Sandwicensis, PFEIFFER; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 32.
ANIMAL of a slate colour tinted greenish, darker behind the ten-
tacles.
Inhabits Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
The specimens collected by the Expedition are generally more
solid, opaque, and darker than those possessed by Dr. Mighels. They
are oftentimes decidedly plicate longitudinally, and sometimes have
revolving' scratches. Some are banded in various ways with ivory-
white, and have the lip more or less thickened and everted. The
aperture is rather large, and the fold is sharp, placed at an angle of
about 45°.
Figure 97, the shell; 97 a, shell, with the animal.
ACHATINELLA GUTTULA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, lucida, rotundato-ovata, succinea, interdum castaneo
zonata : spira obtusa, anfractibus sex convexiusculis, ultimo tumido,
dimidiam longitudinis superante : apertura parva, lunata ; peristomate
albo, incrassato, ad basim valdè truncato; columellâ curtâ, plicâ parvâ
instructâ, ad anfractum penultimum callo indutâ.
Achatinella guttula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 201.
Expedition Shells, 35.
SHELL small, thin, translucid, shining, short ovate, yellowish-green,
slightly striated lengthwise, with sometimes a faint appearance of
revolving rufous bands. Whorls six, short, slightly convex, the last
tumid, more than half the length of the shell, forming an obtuse
spire. Aperture small, lunate, lip thickened, whitish; basal notch
large; columella very short, the fold small but distinct, and the
penultimate whorl coated with callus.
23

90
MOLLUSC A.
Length one-eighth of an inch; breadth three-sixteenths of an inch.
Inhabits Maui, Sandwich Islands.
One of the smallest and the shortest proportioned species belonging
to this group, its length being but little greater than its breadth. It
is much more ventricose and less solid than A. accincta.
Figure 98, the shell, enlarged; 98 a, natural size.
ACHATINELLA CEREALIS (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, cylindraceo-conica, impolita, cinereo-castanea :
spira obtusa, anfractibus septem ad octo planulatis, ultimo trientem
longitudinis vix superante : apertura parva, lunata, quadrantem lon-
gitudinis adequans; peristomate simplici, intus incrassato; plicâ
columellari obsoletâ; anfractu penultimo callo induto.
Achatinella cerealis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
201. Expedition Shells, 36.
SHELL small, conic cylindrical, elongated, rather solid, opaque,
covered with an unpolished ashy-brown epidermis. Spire composed
of about eight nearly flat whorls, obtuse at tip, separated by a well-
marked suture; the last whorl but little more than one-third of the
length of the shell. Aperture small, semilunar, about one-fourth the
length of the shell. Lip simple, whitish, thickened within ; entire
and rounded at base. Columella with a very faint notch and fold:
penultimate whorl coated with enamel.
Length of axis three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-eighth of an
inch.
Found at Waianai, island of Oahu, Sandwich Islands. Case.
In size, form, and colour it resembles Bulimus hordeaceus, but it is
still more slender.
Figure 99 the shell enlarged; 99 a, natural size.

GASTEROPOD A.
91
BALEA PEREGRINA (Gould).
Testa parva, sinistrorsa, elongata, sub-fusiformis, solida, opaca, rufo-
cinerea, vix striata, perforata: spira ad apicem mammillata; anfrac-
tibus octo, planulatis, sub-tabulatis; suturâ lineari, profundâ : aper-
tura sub-quadrata ; peristomate continuo, æquato, leviter reflexo.
Balea peregrina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 197.
March, 1847. Expedition Shells, 34.
a
SHELL reversed, small, solid, elongated, somewhat fusiform, blunt
at the tip, with a few irregular, longitudinal striæ, seldom entirely
crossing a whorl, and of a dead ashy-brown colour. There are eight
whorls, of which the two preceding the last are the largest and flat,
while those near the apex are rounded : they are all a little shouldered
and separated by a linear, deeply-impressed suture. The aperture is
longitudinal, somewhat four-sided, with rounded angles; the peristome
is continuous, rising up to a level with the surface of the shell, and a
very little reflexed. The columellar side is highly raised in front of a
well-developed umbilicus.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-tenth of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
I have referred this shell to the genus Balea with much hesitation,
on account of its locality. It is remarkable for its fusiform, turreted
shape, and for the high walls of its aperture, which rise to a level with
the surface of the shell.
a
Figure 105, the shell enlarged; 105 a, profile of the aperture en-
larged; 105 b, natural size.
MEGASPIRA ELATA (Gould).
Testa sub-cylindracea, elevata, tenuis, nitida, striis conspicuis lirata,
cornea, lituris parvis sparsis propè suturam notata, vix perforata :
spira obtusa, anfractibus novemdecim angustis sub-planulatis : aper-

92
MOLLUSCA.
tura parva, obliqua, lunata, anticè subeffusa, posticè lamellam volven-
tern gerens ; plicâ columellari modicâ, bilamellatâ.
Pupa (Megaspira) elata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 197. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 34. Bulimus (Pupa) ela-
tior, var. y, PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv. ii. 390.
SHELL sub-cylindrical, elongated, thin, shining, longitudinally
barred with crowded striæ, horn-coloured, and variegated near the
suture with small dusky blotches. Spire obtuse at apex, composed
of about nineteen narrow, nearly plane whorls. Aperture small,
oblique, lunate, somewhat effuse at base, with a lamellar plate revolv-
ing posteriorly; columellar fold moderately developed, bilamellate.
Umbilicus minute.
a
Length an inch and a half; breadth one-third of an inch.
Inhabits Brazil.
At first sight this shell would be taken for Megaspira elatior, Spix.
On comparison it is found to be smaller, less tapering, having nineteen
whorls instead of sixteen within the same space; its diameter is at
least one-third less, its surface is more glossy, and more delicately
barred, and it has only a few dot-like blotches near the suture, instead
of stripes across the whorl. The aperture is smaller, more oblique,
and crescentic; the columellar fold is much smaller, and the lip is
effuse in front of it, and it is made up of only two delicate plates
instead of three conspicuous ones, as in P. elatior. The umbilicus is
minute, while in the other it is quite large.
Figure 101, a view of the aperture. Figure 102, aperture of P.
elatior.
VERTIGO TANTILLA (Gould).
Testa minima, sub-ovalis, albida, perforata : spira obtusa; anfractibus
quatuor convexiusculis, supernis sub-clathratis, ultimo exiliter rugoso-
granulato: aperturu sub-rotunda, peristomate everso; fauce dentibus
quinque armatâ, quorum uno columellari, uno basali, uno labiali et
duobus posticis.

GASTEROPOD A.
93
Pupa (Vertigo) tantilla, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 197. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 33.
SHELL very minute, of an oval form, obtuse at summit, and com-
posed of about four convex whorls, of which the upper ones are irre-
gularly marked with delicate longitudinal bars, and the lower one,
under a magnifier, appears to be roughened by minute, irregular gra-
nulations. Colour whitish. Aperture somewhat four-sided, rounded
at the corners, the lip slightly expanding, and the throat armed with
five teeth, one on the columella, one at the base, one on the outer lip,
and two unequal approximate ones on the middle of the transverse lip.
There is a small umbilical fissure.
Length of axis one-fifteenth of an inch; width one-twentieth of an
inch.
Inhabits the mountains of Tahiti, at an elevation of two thousand
feet. Couthouy.
This little shell, the only one of this type which has come to us
from the Pacific region, has about the size and shape of P. Gouldii,
Binney, and the same number of teeth ; but two of them are on the
transverse lip instead of on the pillar.
PUPA PEPONUM (Gould).
Testa minuta, variabilis, ovata, plus minusve elongata, tenuis, lucida,
nitida, fulvo-cornea, perforata: spira anfractibus sex convexis leviter
striatis: apertura ovato-rotundata, posticè lamellam volventem gerens ;
labro simplici, ad columellam plerumque latè revoluto; columellâ vel
nudâ vel lamellis transversis ad tribus instructâ.
Pupa peponum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 197.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 34.
SHELL minute, very variable in its form and characters, thin,
shining, lucid and fragile, of an ovate or much elongated ovate form,
of a yellowish horn-colour, its surface delicately marked with lines of
increment, and with an umbilicus which is sometimes quite small,
24

94
MOLLUSCA.
and at others very ample. There are from five to six moderately
convex whorls. The aperture is rather small, from less than one-half
to two-fifths the length of the shell, of a rounded ovate form : poste-
riorly there is usually a single plate, which revolves within the shell.
The lip is simple, and usually widely reflected over the pillar. Colu-
mella rounded, and on some specimens a single transverse fold is
observed ; and sometimes even two and three are discovered.
Length about one-eighth of an inch; breadth about half the length.
Found abundantly on pumpkin vines, at the Sandwich Islands.
Hilo, Wilkes; Oahu, Brackenridge.
This interesting little shell is of somewhat doubtful genus. It may
prove to be of the genus Tornatellina or Elasmatina. Its very
variable characters render a decision difficult. But it belongs to
the old genus Pupa, where I at present place it.
Figure 104, front view of an elongated specimen, magnified ; 104 a,
a short specimen, magnified ; 104 b, natural size; 104 c, d, e, enlarged
views of the aperture.
C,
e
HELICINA UBERTA (Gould).
T'esta parva, solida, sub-globosa, lavis, dilutè citrina ; spira anfractibus
quatuor ; suturâ impressâ : apertura parva, semilunaris, extrinsecus
constricta; peristomate simplici, vix reflexo; columellä сallo flavo
copiosissimo, haud appresso, indutâ.
Helicina uberta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 202.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 37. Helicina constricta, PFEIFFER;
Proceed. Zool. Soc., July 1848, p. 120.
A small, solid, smooth, nearly globular, pale greenish-yellow shell,
very faintly marked by the lines of growth, having four whorls, the
outer one large and well rounded at the periphery, with a fine but
well-impressed suture; but chiefly remarkable for the quantity of
bright yellow callus nearly covering the convex base of the shell in a
tongue-shaped mass, not appressed to the shell. The aperture is

GASTEROPOD A.
95
semilunate, made very small by a deep constriction just behind the
lip, which is sharp, and very slightly reflexed, so that the opening
seems thrust somewhat across the base of the shell.
Axis three-twentieths of an inch ; breadth seven-fortieths of an inch.
Found on the mountains of the Sandwich Islands. Oahu, Pickering,
Case. Maui, Drayton.
Very remarkable for the abundant golden-yellow callus, which forms
a tongue-like projection across the base of the shell.
Figures 114, 114 a, 114 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 114 c,
natural size.
HELICINA MAUGERIÆ (GRAY); Zool. Journ., i. 251. SOWERBY; Thes.
Conch. f. 55.
ANIMAL cream-coloured, very minutely punctate with pale brown.
Found at Tahiti at an elevation of 200 to 3000 feet, and at Tutuila.
Couthouy.
Figure 112, shell, with the animal, magnified one-fourth.
HELICINA BERYLLINA (Gould).
Testa solidula, depresso-conica, infra convexa, ad peripheriam obtusè
angulata, polita, albido-virens: spira anfractibus quinque planulatis,
ultimo cito crescente; suturâ lineari : apertura magna, transversè
semi-elliptica ; peristomate simplici ; callo columellari latè expanso.
Helicina beryllina, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 202.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 37.
ANIMAL bright yellow ochre, darker on back of head.
SHELL rather large and solid, depressed, about equally convex above
and below, smooth and polished, white, tinged with beryl-green, espe-
cially at apex, and at the margin of the callus, also arranged somewhat

96
MOLLUSCA.
in faint revolving stripes on the last whorls. Whorls four, nearly flat,
forming a low, acute spire, the last one enlarging very rapidly, and
obtusely angular at periphery. Suture distinct, delicate. Aperture
rather broader than high, semi-elliptical, lip sharp, simple, or a little
everted. The columella projects, and from its point a callus sweeps
off, covering most of the base of the shell. Operculum calcareous,
bright beryl-green.
Breadth half an inch; axis three-eighths of an inch.
Found at the Feejee Islands.
Remarkable for its peculiar green tint, and the rapidly-enlarging
exterior whorl, so that the two diameters are very unequal. It is
rather large in size, and resembles H. similis, Sowb., in form.
Figure 111, shell, with the animal ; 111 a, base of the shell.
HELICINA PALLIDA (Gould).
Testa lenticularis, solidiuscula, luteo-cinerea, inequaliter striata, epider-
mide tenuissimâ induta : spira depressa; anfractibus quinque acutè
carinatis, planulatis: apertura semilunaris, ad columellam callosa ;
labro modicè reflexo.
Helicina pallida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 202.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 37.
SHELL small, lenticular, not solid, about equally convex above and
below, of a pale, yellowish-ash, or straw colour, lip reddish, surface
rather dead, and marked with oblique, unequal lines of growth, and a
few indistinct, elevated, rounded, revolving lines, covered with a very
delicate, sallow epidermis. Spire depressed, whorls five, flattened,
and scarcely distinguished by the suture, periphery acutely carinated.
Aperture crescent-shaped, height and width about equal, lip moderately
reflexed, but narrowed at base; not angular at carina. Columella
short, direct, central region covered with callus.
Axis three-twentieths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
97
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Resembles somewhat H. miniata, Lesson, which is more solid,
polished, the lip simple, and the suture double. In shape and colour
it is like H. oxystoma, Gray, but is smaller, and the lip not angular at
the carina.
Figures 113, 113 a, 1136, three views of the shell; 113 c, natural
size.
HELICINA FULGORA (Gould).
Testa parva, lenticularis, acutè carinata, glabra, dilutè castanea, lineolis
radiantibus angulato-flexuosis, propè suturam et ad carinam dilatatis,
picta: spira depresso-conica, acuta; anfractibus quinque ad sex pla-
natis : apertura lata, semilunaris; peristomate reflexo, flavido, ad
basim rectangulari ; columellâ rectâ, callo modico albido induta.
Helicina fulgora, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 201.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 36.
ANIMAL bright pale brown, punctate with reddish dark brown.
SHELL small, rather solid, smooth, and shining, convex above and
below, and acutely carinated. Colour pale-chestnut, with pale-yellow,
radiating, zigzag lines, which, near the suture, and at the periphery,
are so dilated as to form two series of spots. The zigzag lines are
conspicuous on the base also, but are rather undulated than zigzag.
Spire an acute, much-depressed cone, composed of five to six flattened
whorls, suture distinct. Aperture broadly lunate, somewhat angular
outwardly, lip delicately reflexed, and joining the columella at a right
angle. Columella vertical, and forming a large central triangular area;
circle of callus pale, small, thin.
Axis one-eighth of an inch; base nine-fortieths of an inch.
Found among bananas at the island of Manua. Couthouy.
This species, with H. laciniosa, and H. musiva, belong to the same
25

98
MOLLUSCA.
group with H. flammea, Quoy. These are smaller, and more glo-
bular; the first has no reflected lip, and the second no radiations
beneath.
Figure 106, shell, with the animal, and 106 a, side of the shell,
magnified two and a half diameters; 106 b, pit at base of the colu-
mella; 106 c, natural size.
HELICINA MUSIVA (Gould).
Testa parva, solidula, sub-globosa, polita, rufo-viridis, supra lineolis
flexuosis albidis radiata : spira anfractibus quatuor rotundatis : aper-
tura lunata ; peristomate reflexo, albido, ad basim rectangulari ; colu-
mellâ rectâ.
Helicina musiva, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 201.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 36.
A small, rather solid, polished, sub-globular shell, similar in its co-
lours and markings to H. fulgora, but is smaller, more globose, rounded
at periphery, the light-coloured lines are less flexuous, not so delicate,
the fawn-coloured and whitish stripes being about equal, and termi-
nating at the rounded periphery. The aperture is smaller and less
transverse, and there are but four whorls. The triangular space of
the columella is ill-defined, and the callus is very delicate and glossy.
It is distinguished from H. laciniosa, Migh., by its zigzag colours, its
want of revolving lines, and its reflected lip.
Axis one-tenth of an inch ; base three-twentieths of an inch.
Found among bananas at the islands of Manua and Upolu. Cou-
thouy.
Closely allied to the preceding, but smaller, more globular, not cari-
nated, and destitute of radiated colouring beneath.
Figure 107, shell, with the animal, and 107 a, front of the shell,
magnified three diameters; 107 b, natural size.

GASTEROPOD A.
99
HELICINA LACINIOSA (Mighels ).
Testa parva, conico-globosa, solidula, cinnamomea lineis flexuosis luteis
variegata : spira anfractibus quinis subplanulatis, ultimo angulato et
striis elevatis duobus ad tribus cincto : apertura lunata; labro acuto,
ad columellam expanso; operculo tenui, fulvo.
Helicina laciniosa, MIGHELS; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 19.
Jan. 1845.
SHELL conic-globose, rather solid, of a cinnamon-brown colour,
variegated with yellowish zigzag stripes. Spire composed of five
flattened whorls, the last of which is obtusely angular at periphery,
and has two or three raised revolving lines upon it. The aperture is
lunate, the lip acute, expanding in the vicinity of the columella.
Operculum thin, yellowish-brown.
Axis one-tenth of an inch; base three-twentieths of an inch.
Found at Kauai, Sandwich Islands. Couthouy. Waianai, Pickering.
Resembles the two preceding; but is distinguished from H. fulgora
by being smaller and more globular, and from H. musiva, by the raised
revolving lines, and by having zigzag markings both on the base and
on the spire.
Figures 108, 108 a, 108 b, three views of the shell, magnified three
diameters; 108 c, natural size.
HELICINA TROCHLEA (Gould).
Testa minuta, trochiformis, supra cinerea, costis acutis volventibus tribus
vel quatuor (intervallis concavis, scabrosis) cincta, infra convexa,
polita, citrina : spira anfractibus quatuor, ultimo ad peripheriam
bicarinato : apertura sub-trigona ; peristomate leviter reflexo; colu-
mellâ ad basim angulatâ, callo copioso indutâ.

100
MOLLUSCA.
Helicina trochlea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 202.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 36.
SHELL minute, depressed, conical beneath, convex, smooth, and of
a citron colour, somewhat radiately flamed with light and dark;
above ashy-gray, and girdled with sharp, elevated ribs, of which there
are three on the upper and five on the outer whorl, the two last form-
ing a bicarinated periphery. The interspaces are roundly excavated,
and barred by elevated lines of growth. There are four whorls, form-
ing a low, acute, pyramidal spire. The aperture is rather large, of a
somewhat triangular form, with the lip most delicately reflected. The
columella projects a little, and is joined by the lip at an angle, and the
base is coated by a well-marked callus.
Axis three-fortieths of an inch; base one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits Metia or Aurora Island, under stones. Couthouy.
It has the size and nearly the form of H. rupestris, Pfeiffer, and is
distinct from all other species by its well-marked, sharp, revolving
ribs.
Figures 109, 109 a, 109 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 109 c,
natural size.
HELICINA MULTICOLOR (Gould).
Testa parva, solidula, conico-globosa, tenuissimè striata, citrina, in-
terdum fusco-fasciata, vel omnino fusco-rubra, subtus convexa : spira
anfractibus quatuor convexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato ;
suturâ impressâ : apertura lunata, lata ; peristomate simplici, acuto,
ad basim obtusè angulato; columellâ callo copioso indutâ.
Helicina multicolor, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 202.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 36.
ANIMAL cream colour, sometimes spotted with brown.
Shell minute, rather solid, globose-conical, delicately striated with

GASTEROPOD A.
101
lines of increment, of a lemon colour, or banded with reddish-brown,
or entirely reddish-brown. Whorls four, slightly convex, separated
by a well-marked suture, the outer one rounded at the periphery, but
rather compressed. Beneath nearly as convex as above. Aperture
rather broadly lunate ; lip sharp and simple, angulated as it rises on
the left, where it is broadly expanded into a rather copious callus.
Length of axis one-tenth of an inch; breadth three-twentieths of
an inch.
Inhabits Tahiti and Eimeo. Couthouy.
Figures 110, 110a, 110 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 110 c,
natural size, with the animal.
One of the smallest known species. It is like a small Singapore
species, which has a smooth, depressed spire, solid shell, and rib-like
carina about the periphery, and an expanding lip. It is principally
remarkable for its variable colouring.
CYCLOSTOMA TIARA (Gould).
Testa solida, rudis, turbinata, distorta, sordidè alba, latè umbilicata :
spira anfractibus quinque laxis, rotundatis, spiraliter liratis, supernis
undulatis; inter liros lineis incrementalibus confertè clathratis : aper-
tura circularis; peristomate simplici.
Cyclostoma tiara, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 204.
March 1847. Expedition Shells, 37.
SHELL solid, turban-shaped, or depressed-conical, of a dirty, ashy
white, the surface rude, usually having coarse and unequal revolving
lines, and with the smaller whorls feebly undulated; the spaces between
the revolving lines are closely barred by the lines of growth. There
are six whorls, which are more or less carinated at the periphery,
the last of which is somewhat distorted, and becomes nearly disjoined
from the preceding near the aperture. The whorls are rounded
below, and form a large and deep umbilicus, displaying all the whorls.
26

102
MOLLUSCA.
The aperture barely touches the penultimate whorl, and has a simple
lip
Length of axis half an inch; breadth three-fourths of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu. Couthouy.
This rather large species stands at the head of a small group of
rude and very variable species from the Pacific Islands. They have
a bony structure, are coarsely indented and striated spirally, the
whorls are often almost disconnected, and the umbilicus is so large
as on the whole to approximate Solarium.
Figures 116, 116 a, two views of the shell.
CYCLOSTOMA STRIGATUM (Gould).
Testa solida, orbiculato-conica, pallidè beryllina, supra costulis cingulata,
infra sub-planulata, umbilico amplo et carinâ acutâ impendente limi-
tato perforata : spira anfractibus quinque convexis, suturâ benè dis-
cretis, ultimo propè aperturam despecto, ferè disjuncto: apertura cir-
cularis; peristomate simplici, everso, acuto.
Cyclostoma strigatum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
204. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 38.
SHELL rather small, solid, globose-conical, of a greenish-white, or
pale beryl colour; the surface above is fluted with regularly disposed
rib-like ridges, of which there are about six on the last whorl,
with the intervening spaces concavely excavated and finely barred
with the lines of growth. There are about five convex, somewhat
carinated whorls, separated by a well-defined suture; and the last one,
just before it reaches the aperture, becomes somewhat detached, and
curves in wards towards the axis. The base is somewhat flattened
and smooth, or very minutely striated spirally. The umbilicus is
large and tunnel-shaped, margined by a sharp, overhanging carina.
The aperture barely touches the penultimate whorl, has a simple,
sharp, slightly expanding lip. The operculum is thin, horny. The
young specimens differ much from the adult, in being almost discoidal,
with the umbilicus nearly as large as the aperture.

GASTEROPOD A.
103
Length of axis three-tenths of an inch; breadth nine-twentieths of
an inch.
Inhabits Upolu. Couthouy.
This is not half as large as C. tiara, and may be recognised by its
uniform grooving and fluting, its sub-globose form, its plain, flattened
base, and its tunnel-shaped umbilicus, bordered by an overhanging
carina.
Figures 117, 117 a, two views of the shell; 117 b, side view of a
young shell with the animal.
CYCLOSTOMA PLICATUM (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, rudis, pyramidata, cinereo-virens, plicis confertis
obliquis rugata, et striis minutis volventibus cincta : spira acuta, an-
fractibus sex rotundatis et suturâ benè discretis, ultimo ad peripheriam
rotundato ; infra convexa et umbilico modico acutè marginato perfo-
rata : apertura circularis ; peritremate simplici.
Cyclostoma plicatum, Gould: Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
205. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 38.
a
ANIMAL with a muzzle remarkably prolonged, so that at times it
looks like a regular proboscis. Tentacles long and taper ; eyes very
distinct at external base; foot pale ochreous, upper part of head, neck,
and sides a faint red.
a
SHELL small, solid, rude, pyramidal-conic, of a pale greenish ash-
colour, the whole surface striated with fine revolving raised lines,
most prominent on the upper whorls, while the two larger whorls are
closely and regularly undulated obliquely with prominent folds which
are continued upon the base. Whorls six, convex, distinctly defined
by the suture, rounded at the periphery. The base is convex, and
perforated by a rather contracted, tunnel-shaped umbilicus, which is
defined by an acute margin. The lip is acute and simple, very
slightly everted.

104
MOLLUSCA.
Axis and diameter two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu. Couthouy.
Differs from C. strigatum in its more elevated, acutely conical form,
its plaited whorls without prominent revolving lines, its rounded
periphery and base, and its more contracted umbilicus. The young
are also discoidal, without folds, but with rather strong, somewhat
nodular spiral lines, and the colour is of a bright beryl green.
Figure 118, shell with the animal; 118 a, 118 b, top and base of the
shell.
CYCLOSTOMA OBLIGATUM (Gould).
Testa parva, crassa, sub-globosa, cinerea, arctè perforata, utrinque sulcis
et costulis acutis sub-crenulatis equalibus cincta, et lineis incrementi
subtilissimis striata: spira acuta, anfractibus quinque rotundatis :
apertura parva, ovata ; peristomate simplici, crasso.
Cyclostoma obligatum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
205. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 38.
SHELL small, very thick and solid, ovate-globose, of an ashy-white
colour; the whole shell is sculptured with raised, revolving threads,
and intervening grooves of about equal size; the threads or ribs are
somewhat sharp, and with an edge slightly scolloped. There are five
rounded whorls, forming an acute spire : the base is convex and
polished; the aperture very small, about half the length of the shell,
and of an ovate form, being acute posteriorly : lip thick and rounded.
Umbilicus very small.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-third of an inch.
Inhabits Metia Island. Couthouy.
Still smaller than C. plicatum, and remarkable for its solid structure,
its alternate coarse ridges and grooves, and its small, ovate aperture.
It looks not unlike some specimens of Littorina rudis.

GASTEROPODA.
105
Figures 119, 119 a, two views of the shell.
CYCLOSTOMA DIATRETUM (Gould).
Testa planorboidea, albido-cornea, supra costis acutis remotis, ad inter-
vallos cincinnè clathratis, cincta, latè umbilicata : spira planulata,
anfractibus quatuor cylindraceis, cito crescentibus, propè suturam
decliventibus : apertura circularis ; peristomate simplici.
Cyclostoma diatretum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
205. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 38.
SHELL discoidal, whitish, or pale horn-colour, solid; whorls four,
rapidly enlarging, forming a flat spire, and sloping downwards to the
suture; they are cylindrical, but the surface is made angular above
by four smooth, distant, triangular ribs, and has the intervening con-
cave spaces most delicately barred by the lines of growth: beneath
concave, widely and loosely umbilicate, and striated with numerous
revolving, raised lines. Aperture large, circular, very oblique, barely
united to the preceding whorl; lip simple.
Length one-fifth of an inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Found at Sandalwood Bay, Feejee Islands. Drayton.
Answers very nearly to the description of C. orbella, Lam. The
whorls increase more rapidly, the costæ are more distant above, and
the umbilicus is less broad and open.
Figures 124, 124 a, 124 b, three views of the shell.
CYCLOSTOMA ROSEUM (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, elevato-conica, glabra, pallidè rosea : spira acuta ;
anfractibus sex convexiusculis, supra arctè tabulatis; suturâ benè im-
pressâ : apertura spiram haud equans, ovata ; peristomate everso,
acuto ; fissurâ umbilicali costâ circumambiente finitâ.
27

106
MOLLUSCA.
Cyclostoma roseum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
205. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 39.
SHELL small, elevated, ovate-conical, rather solid, smooth, of a pale
rose-red, or flesh-colour. The spire is composed of six whorls, which
are a little convex, and have a decided, but very narrow shoulder at
the suture. Aperture less than half the length of the shell, ovate,
acute posteriorly, coloured as exteriorly; lip pale, not reflexed, but
somewhat everted to form a sharp edge. The umbilicus enters by a
very long, narrow channel, running behind the inner lip, and bounded
outwardly by a delicate rib.
Length of axis seven-twentieths of an inch; diameter one-fifth of an
inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
This shell, with several others from the Pacific Islands, forms a
group characterized by their slender, elevated form, and the rib
which circumscribes the umbilical region. It is more deeply and
uniformly coloured than C. rubens, Quoy, which is also smaller,
thinner, and has a much larger umbilicus.
Figure 121, front view of the shell, enlarged; 121 a, side view of
the last whorl, enlarged; 121 b, natural size.
CYCLOSTOMA TEREBRALE (Gould).
Testa parva, turrita, acuminata, flavida vel dilutè cornea, levigata,
umbilico rimato circumvallato perforata : spira elevata, acuta, anfrac-
tibus sex ad octo convexiusculis, anticè sub-angulatis, sese partim obte-
gentibus ; suturâ impressâ : apertura sub-rotunda, posticè angularis,
campanulata ; peristomate simplici, anfractui penultimo latè adnato.
Cyclostoma terebrale, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
206. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 39.
SHELL small, elongated, acutely turreted, pale-yellowish or watery
horn-colour; whorls seven, obtusely angular below the middle, espe-

GASTEROPOD A.
107
cially the upper ones; moderately convex, somewhat contracted poste-
riorly, so that each whorl overhangs a little the succeeding one in a
sort of imbricated manner; acuminated at tip. Aperture rather large,
nearly round, a little angular behind, orange within. Lip simple,
campanulate, touching the preceding whorl about one-quarter of its
circuit. Umbilicus free, fissure-like, margined by a faint angle.
Breadth one-tenth of an inch ; length one-fourth of an inch.
Cou-
Found at Tahiti and Eimeo, at an elevation of 3500 feet.
thouy.
Distinguished from other similar species by its acuminated spire,
angular, imbricated whorls, and expanded aperture. Its general form
and appearance is like Pupa fallax, Say.
Figure 120, an elongated specimen, and figure 120 a, a short speci-
men, enlarged ; 120 b, natural size.
CYCLOSTOMA VALLATUM (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, elongato-conica, lucida, fusco-cornea: spira anfrac-
tibus sex convexis, sub-angulatis, ultimo costâ validá umbilicum ambi-
ente munito : suturâ profundâ : apertura obliquè ovata; peristomate
continuo, simplici, campanulato.
Cyclostoma vallatum, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
206. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 39.
SHELL small, ovate, elongated, rather thin, translucid, polished,
bronzy horn-colour, umbilicate. Whorls six, convex, the last whorl
with an obtuse angle at the periphery, which also appears near the
suture of the other whorls as it winds up the spire. There is also,
revolving about the umbilicus, a rib-like ridge; suture channeled.
Aperture obliquely ovate, with the lip continuous and slightly ex-
panded, but not reflexed.
Length of axis one-sixth of an inch; diameter one-twelfth of an
inch.
Inhabits the Tonga Islands. Drayton.

108
MOLLUSCA.
Very similar to the next species, but smaller and less ventricose,
smoother and horn-coloured, and with one whorl less, and moreover
the umbilicus is margined by a rib. It is smaller than C. terebrale.
It is possibly the C. dubium of Pfeiffer, though he describes the peri-
stome as interrupted.
Figure 122, front view of the shell, enlarged; 122 a, natural size.
CYCLOSTOMA SCITULUM (Gould).
Testa parva, elongato-conica, tenuis, rufo-cornea, striis incrementi tenui-
bus solum insculpta, arctè umbilicata : spira elevata ; anfractibus sex
vel septem rotundatis, supernis sub-angulatis; suturâ profundâ : aper-
tura rotundato-ovata, parva, trientem longitudinis adequans ; peristo-
mate simplici, pallido.
Cyclostoma scitulum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
206. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 39.
SHELL minute, thin, elongated, ovate, covered with a delicate red-
dish horn-coloured epidermis, exhibiting faint and irregular lines of
increment of a paler colour. Spire elevated, of nearly seven rounded
whorls, separated by a deep suture, the upper ones somewhat angular
posteriorly; aperture small, rounded-ovate, about one-third the length
of the shell. Lip simple, pale, united with the penultimate whorl on
the columellar side for a considerable space. Umbilicus elongated,
very small.
Length one-fifth of an inch; breadth exceeding one-tenth of an
inch.
Found at the islands of Tahiti, Eimeo, and Manua. Couthouy.
Almost exactly like Amnicola Sayana, Anth. It is larger and more
ventricose than C. vallatum, and is distinguished from C. terebrale by
its less slender form and unexpanded lip.
Figures 123, and 123 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 123 b,
natural size.

GASTEROPOD A.
109
TRUNCATELLA VITIANA (Gould).
Testa decollata, conico-cylindracea, solidula, flavido-cinerea ; spira an-
fractibus superstitibus quatuor vel quinque planiusculis, costulis sub-
rectis, elevatis, obtusis ad triginta clathratis: apertura obliqua, rotun-
dato-elliptica; peristomate expanso, continuo, anfractui penultimo
haud adnato, costâ marginato que posticè ad suturam producta est :
operculum laminatum.
Truncatella Vitiana, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
208. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 40.
SHELL rather large and solid, decollated, cylindrico-conical, of a
pale yellowish, or dirty ash-colour. Whorls remaining after trunca-
tion about four or five, slightly convex, barred with about thirty
nearly straight, elevated, obtuse ribs, some of which, on the last whorl,
are lost before attaining the base. The aperture is obliquely rounded,
elliptical, entire; the lip trumpet-shaped, rather widely distant from
the penultimate whorl on the pillar side, margined by a rib which, on
the outer side, is continuous not only with the left lip behind, but also
passes on till it reaches the regular course of the suture, so that, when
viewed at the right side of the aperture, it does not seem disjoined from
the preceding whorl; umbilical region slightly angulated.
Length three-tenths of an inch; diameter one-tenth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands, where it is very abundant.
One of the largest species, distinguished especially by the peculiar
manner in which the outer lip forms its junction posteriorly; the ribs
also become fused posteriorly, so that the intervening flutings do not
always reach the suture.
It varies much in size, but not in sculpture. It is not very different
from T. valida, Pfeiffer, but it can scarcely be said to be carinate at
base, and is in no degree umbilicated.
Figure 126, front view of the shell, enlarged; 126 a, last whorl, en-
larged; 126 b, natural size.
28

110
MOLLUSCA.
TRUNCATELLA AURANTIA (Gould).
Testa parva, decollata, conico-cylindracea, aurantia, sub-perforata, lon-
gitudinaliter confertim clathrata ; clathris elevatis, rectis, numero ad
quadriginta in singulis anfractibus : spira anfractibus quinque con-
vexis : apertura obliqua, ovata; peristomate albo, continuo, reflexo.
Truncatella aurantia, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
208. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 39.
SHELL small, elongated, conic-cylindrical, orange-coloured. There
remain five whorls after truncation, which are quite convex, and barred
longitudinally with erect, elevated cross-bars, about forty in number
on each whorl. Aperture oblique, oval; lip white, slightly reflexed,
continuous, advancing at base, thickened on the left margin, where it
covers a slight umbilical chink; base angular.
a
Length three-tenths of an inch ; breadth one-tenth of an inch.
Obtained at Mangsi Island, near Borneo. Pickering.
Its principal characters are its large size, very convex whorls, and
very numerous bars. T. Caribbeorum, Sowb., is often of the same
colour, but is more robust, the whorls less convex, and the bars less
numerous and less elevated.
,
Figure 125, front view of the shell, enlarged; 125 a, side of the last
whorl, enlarged; 125 b, natural size.
TRUNCATELLA PORRECTA (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, sub-cylindrica, decollata, albida; spira anfracti-
bus superstitibus quatuor convexis, clathris humilibus acutis ad sexde-
cim instructis, ad intervallos minutissimè et longitudinaliter striatis :
apertura rotundato-lunata, anfractui penultimo latè sejuncta ; peristo-
mate continuo, extrorsum expanso: operculum laminis arrectis radian-
tibus eccentricis ornatum.

GASTEROPOD A.
111
Truncatella porrecta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
208. March 1847. Expedition Shells, 40.
SHELL small, very slender, subcylindrical, rather thin, decollated
at apex, dirty white, remaining whorls four, unusually convex and
separated by a profound suture, barred with about sixteen delicate,
sharp, humble ribs, the intervening spaces, when viewed by a strong
magnifier, minutely striated lengthwise. Aperture rounded-lunate,
stretching to some distance beyond the penultimate whorl; lip conti-
nuous, broadly expanded on the outer side, erect on the columellar
side, leaving the penultimate whorl at some distance. The opercu-
lum is bony, eccentric, and its elements rise into sharp, elevated
laminæ.
Length one-fourth of an inch; diameter three-fortieths of an inch.
Inhabits Tahiti.
The distinguishing marks of this shell are its slender form, its
sculpture, the unusually rounded whorls, and the great protrusion of
the last whorl. Only one specimen was examined.
Figure 127, front view of the shell ; 127 a, side view of the last
whorl ; 127 b, aperture, with the operculum, all enlarged; 127 c, natu-
ral size.
TRUNCATELLA ROSTRATA (Gould).
Testa parva, conico-cylindracea, nitida, decollata, incarnata, obliquè
clathrata ; clathris ad duodecim robustis : spirâ anfractibus quinque
convexiusculis : apertura parva, obliquè ovata; peristomate continuo,
crasso, albido, duplici, reflexo.
Truncatella rostrata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
209. June 1847. Expedition Shells, 40.
SHELL small, elongated, conical, flesh-coloured, barred somewhat
obliquely with about twelve stout bars on each whorl, which disap-
pear before reaching the base. Whorls about five, slightly convex,
the apex detruncate. Aperture small, obliquely ovate; lip large,

112
MOLLUSCA.
double, reflexed, continuous. The secondary lip being very robust,
distant from the true lip, in profile looks like an obtuse spine or beak,
at the base of the shell.
Length nine-fortieths of an inch; diameter three-fortieths of an
inch.
Found at Rio Janeiro. Couthouy.
In size and colour this species much resembles T. Cumingiana,
Adams, which has been pronounced to be a variety of T. scalaris,
Michaud; but that shell is smaller, has only eight bars, which are
whitish, more elevated, and acute; and unless that species is subject
to extraordinary variation, must be regarded as different.
,
Figure 128, front of the shell, enlarged; 128 a, side of last whorl,
enlarged; 128 b, natural size.
PLANORBIS VERMICULARIS (Gould).
Testa parva, fornicata: spira planulata, apice depresso; anfractibus
quatuor, cylindraceis, ultimo propè aperturam deflexo : subtus concava :
apertura perobliqua, elliptica.
Planorbis vermicularis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
212. June 1847. Expedition Shells, 42.
Shell small, dome-shaped, minutely striated by growth, white,
(probably bleached by the liquor from which it was taken ;) whorls
four, breadth and height about equal, the last one deflected near the
aperture, rounded at periphery, tip depressed, suture very deep, the
whorls sloping towards it; base cup-shaped, exhibiting all the whorls.
Aperture exhibiting a very oblique section of a cylinder; lip embracing
about one-half the height of the last whorl and joined by callus.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch; height one-fifteenth of an inch.
Found in the interior of Oregon. Drayton.

GASTEROPODA.
113
It is about the size of P. deflectus, Say, but is less depressed, the
whorls more cylindrical, not carinated at periphery.
Figures 131, 131 a, 131 6, three views of the shell.
PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS (Gould).
Testa parva, valdè depressa, castanea, supra planulata; apice depresso:
subtus convexa, latè umbilicata, ad peripheriam marginata et obtusè
carinata : spira anfractibus quatuor, suturâ benè impressã sejunctis:
apertura transversa, subrhomboidea.
Planorbis opercularis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii.
212. June 1847. Expedition Shells, 42.
SHELL small, dextral, much depressed, lenticular, with a prominent,
blunted keel at the periphery, defined by a marginal compressed line;
tip sunken; beneath umbilicated for about one-third the breadth of
base, showing three volutions, convex, surface rather rude and in-
dented, marked with irregular, coarse, much arcuated lines of growth,
and here and there a few obscure, raised, revolving lines; colour dark
chestnut brown, a little clouded; whorls above four, slightly convex,
suture well definec), impressed : aperture transversely subrhombic, lip
above slightly declining, at periphery acute angled, beneath arched,
lips embracing three-fourths of that part of the whorl which is
beneath the carina.
Length one-fourth of an inch; diameter one-sixteenth of an inch.
Obtained from the Sacramento River, California.
Allied to P. exacutus, but is larger, less compressed and less delicate,
and the periphery instead of being sharp-edged, has a blunted keel like
P. carinatus.
a
Figures 132, 132 a, 132 b, three views of the shell.
PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS (SAY), Appendix to Long's Exped., 362.
29

114
MOLLUSCA.
pl. 15. fig. 9. HALDEMAN, Monograph of Limniades (Planorbis), pl.
3, fig. 7–9.
ANIMAL dark emerald green, profusely dotted above and below with
small white points, paler beneath. Head large, tentacles very slender.
Inhabits the Columbia River, Oregon. Drayton.
Figure 130, side view of the shell and animal; 130 a, the locomo-
tive disc of the animal; 1301, the head in outline.
PLANORBIS KERMATOIDES (D’ORDIGNY), Amerique Merid., 350, pl.
45, fig. 1-4.
ANIMAL dusky olive green; beneath, paler at the centre and edges of
the foot; head broad and pale.
Inhabits streams near Lima, Peru. Couthouy.
PLANORLIS FERRUGINEUS (SPIX), Test. Brazil., pl. 18, f. 1, 2. D’OR-
BIGNY; Amer. Merid.
The animal of this species is remarkable for the great length of its
slender tentacles, and for the beauty of its coloration. Mr. Couthouy
describes it as varying from a deep orange red to a bright, transparent
cherry colour. A variety was found with the animal ashy-brown;
and he figures a variety with both shell and animal of a deep bottle-
green, though with some doubt as to its being the same species, as it
seems to have fewer whorls and a coarser surface.
Mr. Couthouy remarks, that he was surprised to find how barren of
mollusks all the fresh waters in this region are; for, though as many
as forty different streams were explored, this shell, with a single Am-
pullaria and a single Melania were the only species detected.
PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS (SAY); Nicholson's Encyc. iv., pl. 2, f. 2.
Amer. Conch., pl. 54, f. 2. HALDEMAN; Limniades, pl. 2, figs. 4-7
Gould; Inverteb. of Mass., 201, fig. 131.

GASTEROPODA.
115
Some incomplete specimens of Planorbis accord so exactly with
the corpulent variety of P. trivolvis from Vermont, that I hesitate to
regard them as distinct, though their broad separation in space would
indicate it. They are thin and delicate, and the whorl rises so much,
when lying in the dextral position, that the aperture surmounts the
preceding whorl by nearly one-third its height. They are also of a
very light, almost white colour. More numerous and more perfect
specimens are requisite for a more satisfactory decision,
PHYSA VENUSTULA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata, pellucida, nitida, dilutè cornea: spira elevata, anfrac-
tibus quinque ventricosis, posticè subangulatis; apertura ovata ; colu-
mellâ validá, albidâ, valdè sinuata.
Physa venustula, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 215.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 43,
ANIMAL not so long as the shell, yellowish-green, tinted on the back
and near the margin with blue; beneath, with a submarginal band of
sky-blue, blending at the edges with green. Head short and transverse ;
tentacles short and pale, mantle largely developed, with five or six
deep digitations
SHELL small, ovate, shining, pellucid, very pale yellowish horn-
colour; the spire is one-half the length of the aperture, of an acute
form. Whorls five, ventricose, and slightly shouldered posteriorly.
The aperture is ovate, the outer lip deviating a little from a regular
curve by a slight inflection; the pillar lip is strong, whitish, and form-
ing a conspicuous sinus as it joins the whorl above. There is a
slight approach to an umbilical perforation.
Length three-tenths of an inch; diameter three-twentieths of an
inch.
Obtained in the vicinity of Lima, Peru. Couthouy.
This, though apparently a common species, I do not find to be de-

116
MOLLUSCA.
scribed. It closely resembles very small specimens of P. heterostropha,
Say, though its form and texture is more like P. fontinalis, which, how-
ever, has a much shorter spire.
a
Figures 134, 134 a, two views of the animal and shell enlarged;
134b, shell of the natural size.
PHYSA TABULATA (Gould).
Testa ovata, sub-solida, impolitu, fuliginosa: spira anfractibus quatuor
ad quinque ventricosis, supernè anğulato-carinatis, latè tabulatis :
apertura elliptica, dimidiam testæ longitudinis superans: columella
albida, vix plicatâ ; fauce fusco-castaneâ.
Physa tabulata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 214.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 42.
ANIMAL olive green, paler at edges, tentacles long and slender, eyes
on prominent basal tubercles; mantle slightly fringed.
SHELL ovate, strong, nearly opaque, the exterior rather coarsely
striated, and the surface of a dead, dusky brown colour, owing in part
to the adhesion of dark earthy particles. Whorls four or five, ventri-
cose, with a sharp, decided, carinated angle at some distance from
the suture, so as to produce a very strongly marked scaffolding, and
giving the shell a remarkably angular aspect. Aperture rounded,
nearly oval, more than half the length of the shell, modified by the
penultimate whorl, where it is covered by a thin callus. Columella
whitish, rounded, nearly destitute of any fold; cavity of the shell very
dark chestnut brown.
Length seven-tenths of an inch ; diameter four-tenths of an inch.
Found in a mountain stream, Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Dray-
ton.
Not to be mistaken for any other species. It is very much more
angular than P. ancillaria, Say, and the keel upon the angle, when
closely examined, is found to be minutely crenulated. It is very varia-

GASTEROPOD A.
117
ble in size, like P. variabilis, Gray. But according to his description,
it is the lower part of the whorl, instead of the upper, which becomes
angular and keeled in that species.
Figure 136, front of the shell; 136 a, side, with the animal; 136 b,
shell, natural size.
PHYSA GIBBOSA (Gould).
Testa obovata, tenuis, glabrata, luteo-cornea: spira acuminata, anfrac-
tibus quinque rotundatis, ultimo posticè valdè gibboso, anticè attenuato:
apertura angusta, subovalis, trientes duas longitudinis adequans, colu-
mellâ sinuatâ, callo indutâ.
Physa gibbosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 214.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 42.
ANIMAL large; tentacles short; dark rusty-brown above; fawn-
coloured beneath; mantle fringe not noticed.
SHELL of moderate size, obovate, rather thin, delicately striated,
smooth, of a yellowish horn-colour. Spire drawn to a delicate point,
composed of nearly six well-rounded whorls, the last of which is pecu-
liarly dilated posteriorly, and forms an obtuse ridge at some distance
from the suture; anteriorly it is much narrowed. Aperture rather
narrow, about two-thirds the length of the shell, of an oval form. The
columella is sharp, and has a small, whitish fold upon it, and the
penultimate whorl is coated with enamel. Interior brownish.
Length five-eighths of an inch; diameter three-eighths of an inch.
Found in fresh-water streams at Paramatta, New South Wales.
Presented by Mrs. Mitchill.
The resemblance to P. ancillaria, Say, in the younger specimens, is
very striking, but the older ones are more like P. tabulata ; the last
whorl, however, is merely gibbous, and not angular. P. Nova-Hol-
landia, Gray, is somewhat similar, but is much more elongated, and
neither angular nor gibbous.
30

118
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 137, side of the shell, with the animal; 137 a, front view of
the shell.
PHYSA SINUATA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata, cornea, arcuatim striata : spira acuta ; anfractibus
quinque rotundatis posticè sub-angulatis; suturâ profundâ: apertura
obovata, angusta, anticè sub-effusa, posticè emarginata ; labro antror-
sum arcuato; columellâ incrassatâ, sub-perforatâ, reflexa.
Physa sinuata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 214.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 43.
SHELL small, rather solid, ovate, pointed at tip, reddish horn-colour,
marked with arched striæ of growth. Whorls five, well rounded, and
separated by a profound suture; aperture about two-thirds the length of
the shell, narrow-ovate, acute posteriorly, and somewhat effuse at base.
The lip arches forwards, when viewed in profile, leaving a very dis-
tinct sinus as it joins the preceding whorl. Columella broad and
thickened, somewhat reflected, so as to give a faint appearance of an
umbilicus; there is a thick deposit of callus on the inner lip. Colu-
mellar fold rather strongly marked.
Length half an inch; diameter one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. Drayton.
A well-marked species, especially remarkable for its thickened
inner lip, and for the advancing outer lip, and consequent posterior
sinus, and for the arched striæ of growth, which I have seen in no
other species except P. gibbosa.
Figures 139, 139 a, 139 b, three views of the shell.
PHYSA RETICULATA (Gould ).
Testa tenuis, elongata, ovato-conica, fulva, striis subtilissimis decussata :
spira anfractibus quatuor ad quinque ventricosis; suturâ profundis-

GASTEROPOD A.
119
simâ : apertura obovata, dimidiam teste longitudinis vix superans ;
columellâ rufâ, valdè plicata.
Physa reticulata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 214.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 43.
SHELL rather large, thin, elongated, ovate-conic, of a brownish-
yellow colour, somewhat shining, but roughened by crowded lines of
growth, which are crossed, more especially in young specimens, by
very minute revolving lines. Spire elevated; whorls five, of which
one or two are often lost, quite ventricose, and separated by a very
deep suture. Aperture rounded ovate, scarcely more than half the
length of the shell. Columella reddish-brown, very strongly folded,
and united to the outer lip by callus.
Length seven-tenths of an inch; diameter three-tenths of an inch;
but it varies much in its dimensions. Another specimen measured six-
tenths by three-tenths of an inch; another one-half by one-fourth of an
inch.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands; common.
Remarkable for its general colour, its coloured columella, its re-
volving striæ (which are not always seen on very old specimens), and
its very tumid whorls, like a reversed Limnea elodes, Say.
In the Voyage de la Bonite, pl. 29, we have Lymnée de Oahu,
figs. 38–41, and L. (Physa) voisine, figs. 42–44; the latter appears to
be the young of the former. The animals of both seem to be alike,
but are so indefinitely delineated that it is impossible to say whether it
be truly a Physa or a Limnea. In a region where shells seem to
take a direction to the right or left so indifferently, it would not be sur-
prising to find reversed shells common in the fresh water, as well as
on the land; and if here is an instance, I should decide, from its
general figure, that this were a Limnea rather than a Physa.
Figure 140, an elongated specimen ; 140 a, a short specimen; 140 b,
the back of shell.

120
MOLLUSCA.
PHYSA VIRGINEA (Gould).
Testa elongato-ovata, tenuis, fragilis, lucida, nitida, alba : spira acuta,
anfractibus quinque convexis
, posticè subangulatis: apertura elongata,
obovata, posticè acuta ; columellä leviter plicatâ.
Physa virginea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 215.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 43.
SHELL slender and delicate, thin and shining, of a milk-white or
porcelain-white colour: spire about one-third the length of shell,
sharply pointed, of five or more moderately convex whorls, the last of
which has a faintly angular appearance near the suture. Aperture
narrow and elongated, two-thirds the length of shell, acute behind.
Columella short, delicate, slightly sinuate, folded.
Length three-fifths of an inch; diameter one-third of an inch.
Inhabits the Sacramento River, California. Lieutenant Budd.
A very well-marked species, of a porcelain-like structure and co-
lour, which appears not to be the consequence merely of blanching.
It is less slender than P. hypnorum, and more like P. gyrina, Say, or
P. rivalis, in form, but is a far more delicate shell, and one of the most
elongated species.
Figures 138, 138 a, two views of the shell.
PHYSA RIVALIS (Potier and Mich.), Galerie, 226, pl. 22, figs. 21,
22. D’ORBIGNY; Amer. Merid. 341. GRAY; Spicil. Zool. 1828.
ANIMAL much elongated, of an indigo-blue colour, pale greenish at
the edges; head and tentacles small; mantle largely developed, and
with numerous short fimbriæ, radiately striped with greenish and
indigo.

GASTEROPODA.
121
Found in streams near Lima, Peru.
Figure 135, the animal with the shell.
LIMNEA LEPIDA (Gould).
Testa gracilis, elongato-conica, fragilis, dilutè cornea, striis volventibus
remotis et striis incrementalibus undulosis decussata : spira acumi-
nata ; anfractibus quinque obliquis, convexiusculis : apertura magna,
semilunaris, expansa ; plicâ columellari pernotabili, acutâ.
Limnea lepida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 211.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 41.
SHELL very fragile, elongated, very acutely conical, sub-umbilicate,
pale horn-colour ; whorls five, oblique, moderately convex, forming an
acuminated spire; suture moderately impressed; surface smooth and
shining, lines of growth faint, and when examined by a magnifier
they are found to be rendered somewhat zigzag, by distant, revolving
furrows which cross them. Aperture large and expanded, nearly
semicircular, half the length of shell; outer lip expanded; columella
having a very strongly marked, sharp fold, and broadly covered with
a thin callus, which, not being closely appressed at the umbilical
region, leaves a small chink.
Length three-fifths of an inch ; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Found at Lake Vancouver, Oregon.
Most closely allied to L. pallida, Adams, but is much more delicate,
the spire more acuminated, the aperture larger and expanded, the fold
of the pillar more developed, and the surface well characterized, when
closely examined, by the flexuous lines. The whorls are much more
oblique and less convex than in L. desidiosa.
Figures 141, 141 a, two views of the shell.
31

122
MOLLUSCA.
LIMNEA VOLUTATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuissimè striata, fulva, cylindraceo-ovata : spira decollata;
anfractibus duobus ad tribus superstitibus obliquis, convexiusculis;
suturâ modicâ : apertura ovata, dimidiam testa superans, columellâ
rufâ, valda sinuata.
Limnea volutata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 211.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 41.
SHELL small, ovate, somewhat cylindrical, as if it had been rolled, of
a fawn-colour, the surface deadened by numerous, somewhat irregular,
lines of growth. Several of the apicial whorls are lost, and two or
three only remain, which are somewhat more oblique than usual, not
inflated, sloping in a gentle manner to the suture, which is but mode-
rately impressed. Aperture broadly ovate, two-thirds the length of
the shell, the columella of a palish-brown colour, and with a well-de-
veloped fold.
Length three-tenths of an inch; diameter one-fifth of an inch.
In habits the Island of Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
Much smaller than L. Oahuensis, Souleyet, and with less tumid
whorls, sloping gently to the suture. The somewhat cylindrical
aspect of the shell is peculiar.
Figures 142, 142 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 142 b, natural
size.
LIMNEA APICINA (LEA), Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vi. 102. pl. 23.
fig. 94.
There is one small specimen which accords well with Mr. Lea's
description. It was obtained in the interior of Oregon.
LIMNEA UMBROSA (SAY), Amer. Conch., pl. 31. HALDEMAN; Monog.
of Limniades, 25. pl. 7.

GASTEROPOD A.
123
Two or three imperfect specimens, apparently of this species, were
brought from the Columbia and Sacramento Rivers. They are very
thin and ventricose, and the aperture is at least half the length of
the shell. Similar individuals may be found among New York
specimens. It may be remarked, that all the land and fresh-water
shells beyond the Rocky Mountains have a very fragile structure.
DOMBEYA FASCIATA (Gould).
Testa ovata, tenuis, ferrugineo-virens, fusco spiraliter fasciata, creber-
rimè plicato-striata et lineis volventibus minimis decussata: spira
acuta; anfractibus sex ventricosis; suturâ pallidâ, marginatâ; aper-
tura semilunaris; columellâ albâ, plica acuta instructâ.
Dombeya fasciata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 211.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 41.
SHELL ovate, thin, shining, of a rusty greenish colour, with four or
five narrow bands of dusky, and occasionally some undulating longi-
tudinal ones. Surface finely plaited by the lines of growth, which are
crossed by very minute revolving lines. Whorls six, very ventricose,
forming an acute, entire apex. The suture is nearly white, and has a
marginal impressed line. Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell,
semilunar, being nearly as acute anteriorly as posteriorly. Columella
white, sharp, with an acute fold above the middle. Interior whitish,
displaying the brown bands of the exterior.
Length three-fourths of an inch; diameter three-eighths of an inch.
Found in the river Concon, Quillota, Chili. Couthouy.
Allied to Chilina fluctuosa, D’Orb. (fragilis, Gray), but is more
regular in form, more ventricose, and more solid; and it is noted for its
very minute revolving lines, its bands, and its pale suture.
Figures 145, 145 a, two views of the shell.

124
MOLLUSCA.
DOMBEYA OBOVATA (Gould).
Testa obovata, solidula, pallidè olivacea, longitudinaliter colore satura-
tiori fulguratim virgata : spira curta, anfractibus sex convexis, ultimo
magno, antrorsum attenuato, posticè sub-angulato: apertura magna,
elongato-ovata; columella albâ, sub-rectâ, benè plicatâ : interior livescens.
Dombeya obovata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 211.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 41.
Shell large, rather solid, opaque, obovate, of a pale olive-green,
with numerous longitudinal, zigzag stripes of a dark colour; surface
rather rude. Spire composed of six convex whorls, the last of which
composes nearly the whole of the shell, and is broadest behind
the middle, whence it gradually narrows anteriorly, and descends
abruptly to the suture posteriorly, forming a faint obtuse angle. Aper-
ture three-fourths the length of the shell, elongated ovate, much less
curved on the columellar side; columella white, broadly flattened,
nearly straight, so that the tip passes from it, in front, in an angular
manner. Interior of a pale, livid flesh-colour.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; diameter half an inch.
Obtained from the river Concon, Quillota, Chili. Couthouy.
In size and marking it is similar to Chilina major, Gray; but is less
broad, and the suture much less impressed. It is much larger and
more ventricose posteriorly than C. pulchra, D'Orb., and much less
pictured. The columella is more acute and simulates another tooth.
Figures 143, 143 a, two views of the shell.
DOMBEYA FLUMINEA (D’ORBIGNY), Amer. Merid., pl. 43, f. 19. Chi-
zina fluminea, GRAY; Sowb. Conch. Ill., fig. 7. Voluta fluminea,
MATON; Lin. Transactions.
ANIMAL short and stout, furnished with a broad, oval foot, a little
broader anteriorly than behind. Respiratory orifice very large, on

GASTEROPOD A.
125
the right median side of the collar. The head is separated by a
fissure from the foot, over, and on each side of which, it projects in a
broad, depressed, transversely oval lobe; mouth vertical, furnished
with a surrounding oval, fleshy protuberance, like a lip; tentacles
very short, obtusely conical; eyes very large and black, at the poste-
rior base of the tentacles, a little on one side. On the right side
of the animal is a tongue-shaped lobe, which, in crawling, projects ob-
liquely backwards over and beyond the foot. Colour pale olive, with
gray specks scattered over the foot and all visible parts of the body.
Excrement slender, cylindrical, sometimes half an inch in length.
Placed in a jar of water, holding only half a pint, ten individuals
remained in it twenty-five days in a healthy condition, without a
change of the water. They continued for days together attached to the
sides of the vessel, towards the bottom; and then again remained for
as long a time above water. When below it, a bubble of air was
always visible at the respiratory orifice, from which smaller bubbles
would occasionally rise to the top. Two individuals placed in a dry
box died, one on the fourth, the other on the sixth day. Two others
placed in the same box with wet moss, lived, one for sixteen, and the
other for twenty-two days. The animal was very sluggish in its
motions, and when retracted was fully concealed in the shell.
[J. P. c.]
It is quite evident, from the above description and from the figure,
that this animal belongs to the family Limniadæ, and is the analogue
of the genus Limnea in the southern hemisphere, and that it has no
affinity to Auricula, where it has usually been placed. D’Orbigny's
name for the genus is the oldest; but as it has been already applied
more than once in Botany, the name Chilina, subsequently given
it by Gray, would have been preferable. The specimens were found
in fresh water, in Patagonia, about six miles up the Rio Negro. I
cannot make out that it differs from the descriptions and figures of
specimens said to have come from Chili.
Figures 144, 144 a, two views of the animal, with the shell.
ANCYLUS ADUNCUS (Gould).
Testa exigua, obliquè conica, viridula, striis radiantibus et striis
32

126
MOLLUSCA.
concentricis decussata; apice acutâ, valdè incurvatâ : apertura ovato-
rotundata.
Ancylus aduncus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 210.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 41.
SHELL very brittle, oval, conical, very faintly transparent; apex
posterior, very prominent and strongly incurved, having numerous
fine costæ radiating from it the whole distance to the margin, decus-
sated by minute transverse striations, which, traversing the costæ, give
the whole surface a closely reticulated aspect. Epidermis thick and
adherent, of a dull, sap-green colour, projecting a little beyond the
margin. Beneath this, the shell is of a pale yellow or straw-colour
during life, turning after desiccation or exposure to the air to a dull
white.
Aperture ovoid, the posterior extremity slightly narrowed.
Interior a dusky white, with a tinge of dull green reflecting through
from the epidermis.
Length five-fortieths; breadth two-fortieths; height three-fortieths of
an inch.
Abundant in mountain streams of Madeira, especially where there
were little rapids, in which places they often cover the stones by hun-
dreds, collecting in groups, one upon another, to the number, some-
times, of eight or ten. Apex often eroded and chalky. It was very
difficult to detach them from the rocks without fracture. Not being
provided with boxes to carry them separately, very few reached Fun-
chal in good order, and no opportunity was afforded of observing the
animal. [J. P. c.]
The very pointed, projecting, strongly-curved apex makes it to re-
semble the aculeus of a rose. It is not unlike A. concentricus, D’Orb.;
Amer. Merid., pl. 42, figs. 19, 20.
Figures 495, 495 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 495 b, natural
size.
AMNICOLA BADIA (Gould).
Testa minuta, turrita, elongato-conica, badia : spira acuta, apice erosā,

GASTEROPOD A.
127
anfractibus quinque convexiusculis, ultimo vix angulato; suturâ im-
pressâ : apertura ovata ; peristomate continuo, obtuso, rufo.
SHELL minute, elongate, ovate-turreted, rather solid, of a Spanish-
brown colour; spire of five or more whorls, forming an acute spire,
eroded at tip, whorls moderately convex, shouldered above, the last in-
distinctly angular at periphery, imperforate; aperture one-third the
length of the shell; peristome complete, edge black, thick; opercle
sub-circular, eccentric; surface smooth.
Length one-fifth of an inch ; breadth one-twelfth of an inch.
Obtained at Tipoona, Banks' Peninsula, New Zealand. Common
in streams among plants. Pickering.
A small elongated species, like Paludina Preissii, of New Holland,
or more like Valvata pupoidea in size, shape, and colour; but the
opercle is that of Amnicola. Its colour, and dark, obtuse peristome,
give rather prominent characters to a shell so small and so destitute of
other marks.
Figures 150, 150 a, two views of the shell, magnified ; 150 b, natural
size.
AMNICOLA GRACILIS (Gould).
Testa minuta, elongato-turrita, tenuis, subperforata, epidermide virides-
cente nitida : spira acuta, anfractibus quinque convexis ; suturâ pro-
fundâ ; apertura ovata ; peristomate continuo, labro acuto, subevaso.
SHELL minute, elongate, turreted, delicate, smooth, or with faint
striæ of growth, covered with a thin, pale green epidermis : spire
acute, whorls five, convex, the last one half the length of the shell, and
partially perforate; aperture ovate, one-third the length of the shell;
peristome entire, acute, rising before an indistinct umbilical chink,
one-third the length of the shell, somewhat evasive.
Length of axis one-fifth of an inch; breadth one-tenth of an inch.

128
MOLLUSCA.
Found on plants in fresh-water streams, Banks' Peninsula, New
Zealand. Pickering.
More slender, and less solid, than A. badia, as well as of an entirely
different colour. It is very like Paludina acuta of Europe.
Figures 151, 151 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 151 b, outline
of the shell, natural size.
AMPULLARIA COLUMELLARIS.
Testa ponderosa, imperforata, rhomboidali-ovalis, nitida, sed sub lente
argutè reticulata, flavo-viridis et fasciis rubidis cincta : spira pro-
ducta, anfractibus septem ventricosis: apertura semilunaris, trientes
duos longitudinis teste haud equans; columellâ rectâ, elongatâ, cy-
lindraceâ, contortâ ; labro flavido, evaso ; fauce rufo-olivaceâ.
SHELL solid, rhomboidal oval, ventricose, imperforate, apparently
smooth and shining, but when examined by a magnifier, it is found to
be minutely reticulated with revolving lines; pale yellowish-green
encircled with narrow reddish-brown bands, arranged somewhat in
pairs: whorls seven, rounded, ventricose, a little shouldered at the
sutures; spire produced; aperture less than two-thirds the length of
the shell, semilunar; columella long, solid, rounded, with much callus
above, and rolling outwards at base, which is produced and narrow
anteriorly, somewhat effuse, both above and below; callus and mar-
gin of lip yellowish; interior wine-colour; lip campanulate, a little
everted
Length of the axis two and a half inches; diameter two inches.
Inhabits the Province of Maynas, Peru. Couthouy.
Remarkable for its elongated form, its solidity, its want of umbili-
cus, and the presence of a columella like the bulimoid helices, instead
of the usual circular base.
Figures 147, 147 a, two views of the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
129
AMNICOLA COROLLA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovato-conica, fusca : spira acuta, anfractibus ad sex ven-
tricosis, posticè constrictis, angulo submediano aculeos numerosos or-
dinatim radiantes gerente, instructis; suturâ haud impressâ : aper-
tura rotundata ; labiis continuis.
Melania corolla, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 223.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 44.
ANIMAL with a very long proboscis; tentacles flagelliform; eyes
large, and on large basal pedicles; anterior angle of the foot largely
developed, above, pale dove-colour; beneath, flesh-colour.
SHELL small, ovate-conical, turreted, of a dead dusky colour.
Whorls about six, ventricose, the last large, and each one strongly
angular and scaffolded posteriorly, the angle bearing a series of deli-
cate radiating prickles, of which there are as many as twenty on the
last whorl; apex acute; suture not impressed. Aperture rounded,
ovate, scarcely effuse at base; lip simple, whitish, rounded on the
inside, continuous, and slightly attached across the penultimate whorl.
Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Banks' Peninsula, New Zealand. Common in fresh-
water streams on plants. Pickering ; Brackenridge.
This beautiful little shell, somewhat resembling M. spinulosa, is
readily recognised by its coronets of numerous small radiating prickles
on the angles of the whorls.
The form of the animal, the continuous lip and nearly circular
aperture, and also the sub-spiral operculum, place it in the genus Amni-
cola, rather than Melania. A similar species was also found by Pro-
fessor Adams, in Jamaica, which he has called Melania spinifera ;
and another, A. ciliata, Gould, by Dr. Perkins, in Liberia.
Figure 149, the animal seen from below; 149 a, animal with the
shell, as in motion ; 149 b, aperture of the shell.
33

130
MOLLUSCA.
CINGULA PETENINGENSIS.
Testa minuta, sub-perforata, elongato-conica, tenuis, levis, cinereo-viri-
dis : spira anfractibus sex convexis ; suturâ profundâ : apertura lu-
nata, trientem longitudinis teste adequans, antrorsum sub-producta ;
labiis posticè interruptis.
SHELL minute, smooth, elongate-conical, thin, of a grass-green co-
lour when fresh, becoming ashy-green when dry. Spire composed
of six convex whorls, separated by a deep suture; the last whorl a
little more than half the length of the shell. Aperture about one-
third as long as the shell, semilunar, a little produced anteriorly, the
lips interrupted by the penultimate whorl. The axis is slightly per-
forate.
Length one-third of an inch ; breadth one-tenth of an inch.
Found adhering to grass on the margin of Lagoa de Peteninga,
about six miles from Rio de Janeiro, near the northern entrance of
the harbour. The water is here quite saline, the sea breaking into
the lake in storms. [J. P. c.]
The operculum is horny and sub-spiral. As it inhabits the vicinity
of brackish water, I doubt not it must be grouped with Turbo minu-
tus, Totten, and Littorina balthica, and not with Melania, as Mr.
Couthouy conjectured. Several small shells of this character are
figured by D’Orbigny, under the name of Paludestrina, but none
of them accord with this species.
Figures 152, 152 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 152 b, natural
size.
.
MELANOPSIS ZELANDICA (Gould).
Testa solida, ovato-conica, nitida, olivacea, fusco-trifasciata : spira
conica, brevis, acuta; anfractibus tribus, supernis planulatis et ad
suturam confluentibus ; ultimo magno, posticè planulato, anticè ventri-
coso: apertura elliptica, cærulescens, rufo-fasciata, posticè in canalem

GASTEROPOD A.
131
obducta ; labro acuto: columella valdè arcuata et excavata, posticè callo
tuberculoso copioso instructa.
Melanopsis Zelandica, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
225. July 1847. Expedition Shells, 47.
ANIMAL with an oblong foot, rounded at the corners, about half the
length of the shell, of an ochreous, lilac-tinted colour, beautifully and
thickly dotted with slate-colour. Anterior angles very slightly deve-
loped, head half the width of the foot, trapezoidal, beautifully dotted
with scarlet; tentacles subulate, half as long as the foot, with six or
seven dark annuli; eyes on short, large pedicles at the outer base of
the tentacles: above, pale reddish-brown, with pale granular dots, ar-
ranged in longitudinal lines, as in the Limneidæ.
SHELL solid, ovate-conic, shining, olive-coloured, with three dusky
bands. Spire short, conic, acute; whorls three, the upper ones flat-
tened and confluent at the suture, the lower whorl large, posteriorly
flattened, anteriorly ventricose, and nearly the whole length of the
shell. Aperture elliptical, channeled posteriorly, bluish within and
banded with chestnut-brown; lip acute; columella excavated and
strongly arcuate, posteriorly bearing a tubercular mass of callus.
Length nine-tenths of an inch ; diameter nine-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand; common in fresh water.
A well-marked species, distinguished principally by its short, conic
spire of three whorls, its greenish banded surface, its arcuated colu-
mella, and the bluish colour of its brown banded aperture. Compared
with M. prærosa (M. levigata, Lk.), it differs as follows: it is less elon-
gated, has three whorls instead of six or seven; its colour is olive-
green and banded instead of plain brownish; the last whorl is six-
sevenths instead of three-fourths the length of the shell; the aperture
is more elliptical, three-fourths instead of less than two-thirds the
length of the shell; the columella is much more excavated and arcuated,
so as to curve decidedly downwards when in the crawling position;
the interior is bluish and banded instead of plain pale chestnut.
Figures 146, 146 a, side and base of the shell with the animal; 146 b,
shell viewed by the aperture.

132
MOLLUSCA.
MELANIA CYBELE (Gould).
Testa ovata, turrita, crassa, fuliginosa, epidermide velutino induta:
spira ad apicem valdè erosa, anfractibus superstitibus ad tribus
planulatis, supernè tabulatis, et pinnis curtis acutis arrectis ordinatim
dispositis coronatis: apertura angusta, elongato-ovalis, posticè angu-
lata: intus livida.
Melania cybele, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 222.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 44.
ANIMAL above mottled grass-green, lemon, and slate-colour, darkest
centrally, growing paler laterally, where it is lemon-yellow, the dark
spots arranged longitudinally on the body and neck, but in delicate
undulating transverse lines on the head; tentacles slaty and annulated;
ocular pedicles large, lemon-coloured; points of the mantle much de-
veloped, yellowish and dotted; foot beneath, pale brick-red.
a
Shell rather large and solid, dusky black, ovate. It is greatly
eroded at the summit, and only about three whorls are left. These are
flattened, with a broad, flat shoulder above, the angle of which is
crowned by about twelve short, equal, obtuse spines, and these spines
are the terminations of small, slightly oblique folds of the whorls.
The epidermis is very delicately striated spirally, and where not
chafed, the striæ will be found garnished with short, equal hairs, form-
ing a velvety surface. The aperture is narrow oval, slightly effuse
in front, and modified by the staging behind; interior livid. Lip
sharp, and there are few deep revolving furrows in front.
Length one inch; breadth five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee and Samoa Islands. Couthouy ; Drayton.
Probably confounded with M. amarula. That shell is lighter
coloured, shorter, smoother, and destitute of the velvety epidermis:
the spines are less numerous, longer and sharper, and stand out some-
what obliquely; in this species they are erect, and resemble mural
battlements.
Figures 154, 154 a, two views of the shell; 154 b, the animal; 154 C,
the operculum.

GASTEROPOD A.
133
MELANIA TETRICA (Gould).
Testa oblonga, turrita, ponderosa, fusca, liris paucis cincta: spira
truncata, anfractibus superstitibus tribus ad quatuor convexiusculis,
posticè sub-angulatis et spinis validis acutis quinque ad basim decur-
rentibus armatis, interdum muticis: sutura profunda: apertura arctè
elliptica; intus livida.
Melania tetrica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 222.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 44.
SHELL oblong, turreted, solid, dusky brown, composed of three or four
whorls, besides several at the summit removed by erosion. Whorls
elongated, somewhat convex, obtusely angular above. On the angle
are about five long, sharp, stout, diverging spines, which are gene-
rally more or less eroded, and sometimes entirely removed, leaving the
shell unarmed. There are a few unequal, longitudinal folds or ridges,
generally originating from the base of the spines and extending but
a short distance. Suture profound. There are also coarse, raised,
revolving striæ, larger towards the base, and alternately larger and
smaller. Aperture narrow, elliptical; lip sharp; interior livid.
Length one inch and one-fourth; breadth five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
More slender than the preceding, and with more convex whorls.
It has nearly the same form as M. bellicosa, Hinds, but is larger, less
plaited, and has fewer spines. It is especially distinguished by its few
stout spines directed outwards. Some specimens are much like M.
Winteri, Von den Busch.
Figures 153, 153 a, two views of the shell; 153 b, an unarmed speci-
men.
MELANIA TERPSICHORE (Gould).
Testa elongato-turrita, solidula, olivacea, plagis flexuosis fuscis picta,
34

134
MOLLUSCA.
longitudinaliter creberrimè plicata, et liris elevatis versus basim cres-
centibus cincta : spira elevata, ad apicem erosa ; anfractibus quatuor
posticè subangulatis : apertura angusta, elliptica, testæ longitudinis
trientem adequans; intus cærulescens.
Melania terpsichore, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 222.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 44.
Shell elongated, turreted, solid, olive-green, with flexuous longitu-
dinal, dusky stripes between the folds, sometimes banded also with
numerous well-marked, crowded, acute, longitudinal folds, fifteen to
twenty or more in number, and everywhere covered with coarse,
raised, revolving lines, which cross the folds, and render them some-
what beaded, and which are coarser, and often alternately larger and
smaller towards the base. There are about four moderately convex
whorls, and the apex is much eroded. There is a slight angle above
the middle, where the revolving line rises into a small, sharp tubercle.
Aperture about one-third the length of the shell, narrow elliptical,
bluish within ; lip sharp.
Length one inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee and Samoa Islands.
Of the same group as the preceding, but more slender, and re-
markable for the lyrate appearance produced by its numerous folds,
decussated by revolving lines, one of which, more conspicuous than
the rest, forms a sort of beaded angle.
Figures 155, 155 a, two views of the adult shell ; 155 b, a young spe-
cimen.
MELANIA SCIPIO (Gould).
Testa magna, solida, lanceolata, truncata, picea, sursum rufescens et
flammulis longitudinalibus fuscis magis ac magis picta (juvenibus
valdè subulatis et epidermide tomentoso quoque indutis) creberrimè et
minutissimè decussato-striata: spira anfractibus superstitibus quatuor

GASTEROPOD A.
135
vel quinque (totis duodecim ad quindecim) planulatis, obliquis :
suturâ impressâ et marginatâ: apertura triangularis, valdè effusa,
posticè sub-canaliculata; regione columellari tumido; columellâ planu-
latâ, acutâ, albâ: intus plumbea.
Melania scipio, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 224.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 45.
ANIMAL of a bright lemon-yellow above, beautifully lineated dark-
green, concentrically above, and transversely on the proboscis, which is
long, conical, bifid at tip; tentacles delicate, annulated; eyes small;
snout below much as above; foot beneath, pale flesh-colour, dotted
cream-colour; angles slightly developed, rounded behind, fringe of the
mantle delicate.
Shell large and solid, smooth and shining, of an elongated, regularly
lanceolate form; colour pitchy brown, becoming paler posteriorly, till
in its young stages it is fawn-colour, and also gradually exhibiting
dark, longitudinal flammules, so that the young are beautifully
variegated with fawn and black, in nearly equal proportions. The
surface is beautifully reticulated by fine lines of growth, and by very
minute, close-set, revolving lines; on the largest whorl the former ap-
proach to folds, and the latter are quite conspicuous about the base.
The young, when fresh and uninjured, are found to be clothed with a
delicate, velvety epidermis, a line of close-set hairs corresponding to
each of the revolving striæ. There are about four or five whorls
usually remaining in the adult state, though there are as many as
twelve or fifteen in the whole growth; they are very oblique, scarcely
convex, being in general continuous in outline with each other, though
the suture is abrupt and has a slight contraction below it. The aper-
ture is somewhat triangular, acute and contracted posteriorly; the lip
sweeps largely forwards, while at the columella the wall is deeply
emarginate, not channeled, so as to be remarkably effuse: the colu-
mellar region is very tumid, and the columella very much curved in
front, flat, sharp, white. The interior is leaden blue.
Length in its usual state, an inch and a half, or three inches when
entire; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits the Samoa and Feejee Islands.

136
MOLLUSCA.
I have been somewhat minute in the description of this species,
which I think is distinct from several closely allied ones which have
been described. Indeed, the young, intermediate, and old, are so diffe-
rent in this species, that they might well be regarded as distinct spe-
cies when seen separately, as has been done in other instances. By
means of a series of specimens, it is easy to trace the variations by age.
It is most nearly allied to M. funiculus, Quoy, being about the same size
and shape when entire ; but the aperture is much longer and more acute
posteriorly, and the surface is different; and M. aspirans, Hinds, which
is a still larger and more solid shell, with more numerous and less
convex whorls, darker and scarcely variegated in colour, and with but
a few scattered, coarsish, revolving striæ; the aperture is similar, but
the lip in old specimens has a yolk-yellow tinge. This shell may be
known by its dark, pitchy colour in the three or four adult whorls,
gradually changing to pale fawn-colour, with, at the same time, a
development of dark flammules; the closely and minutely striated
surface, seen only on close examination, and the velvety epidermis on
fresh young specimens. It appears to be very common at the Samoa
Islands, less so at the Feejees.
Figure 156, the animal and shell ; 156 a, locomotive disc of the ani-
mal; 156 b, a young shell, with the animal, to show the velvet epi-
dermis; 156 c, young shell, to show the colouring ; 156 d, profile of the
aperture; 156 e, the operculum.
MELANIA LUTOSA (Gould).
Testa crassa, elongato-turrita, striis tenuibus cincta, fusco-castanea, et
crustá lævi, lutosâ, crassa, rubiginosâ, omnino obtecta : spira anfrac-
tibus septem superstitibus convexis ; suturâ profundâ : apertura obo-
vata, vix effusa, peristomate rufo-limbato ; fauce lividâ : operculum
crassum, osseum, subspirale.
Melania lutosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 223.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 45.
ANIMAL with the proboscis very large and broad, of an umber co-
lour above, delicately lineated with white transversely; tentacles

GASTEROPOD A.
137
rather stout, points of the mantle whitish, well developed : foot not
much developed at the angles, orange beneath.
A simple, elongated, turreted shell, rather solid, of a dark rusty
brown, somewhat shining exterior. On examination, it is found to be
incrusted with a thick coat of earthy matter, which readily scales off.
Beneath this is found a delicate true epidermis, of a dark chestnut-
colour, and beneath it, the shell is grooved with fine spiral lines.
The apex is detruncated, and there are about seven moderately con-
vex whorls remaining, sloping to a simple suture. The aperture is
about one-fourth or one-third the length of the shell, obovate, un-
usually rounded and entire at base. The throat is livid in the adult
shells, and its entire circumference is margined by a rich brown, by
which the species may be distinguished. The operculum is thick,
approaching to bone, the apex marginal and basal, elements subspiral.
Length an inch and three-fourths; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Upolu, Samoa Islands. Couthouy.
This simple and graceful shell, has much the form of M. virginica,
Say, or M. decollata, Lk. It is well distinguished by the broad, deep
brown margin to its whitish aperture, and by its bony operculum.
It is remarkable for the very thick earthy crust which envelopes it;
it is so smooth, and so like the usual colour of these shells, as to be
readily mistaken for the true surface of the shell. By examining the
tip, its true nature is readily detected.
Figure 159, shell with the animal; 159 a, the animal seen from be-
neath ; 159 b, profile of the aperture; 159 c, the operculum.
MELANIA CORPOROSA (Gould).
Testa subulato-conica, decollata, nitida, olivaceo-castanea, juxta suturam
cerina, striis plerumque minimis decussata : spira anfractibus ad
quinis convexiusculis; suturâ profundâ et marginatâ: apertura an-
gusta, pyriformis, anticè vix producta ; intus livida; columellâ albida.
35

138
MOLLUSCA.
Melania corporosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 223.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 45.
ANIMAL large, head remarkably broad and short; above purplish,
margined with ochreous yellow; head longitudinally striped with
black; beneath ochreous yellow; points of the mantle moderately
developed, yellow. Tentacles very slender, pale, annulated, black.
SHELL simple, elongated, rather thin, shining, truncated at tip, of
a pale chestnut-colour tinted with olive, and becoming paler, so that
the base and the sutural region are of a wax-yellow colour. The
striæ of growth are rather elevated, regular, and rounded, and these
are crossed by fine, obsolete revolving lines, so as to give the surface
a very finely reticulated appearance. The whorls which remain are
about five in number, moderately convex, separated by a deep, chan-
neled suture, with an impressed marginal line on each whorl just
below it. The aperture is less than one-third the length of the shell,
rather narrow, acute behind and nearly rounded in front. The in-
terior is livid brown, except the columellar margin, which is pale.
Length an inch and a half; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits the island of Tahiti. Couthouy.
Very nearly of the same shape as M. lutosa, but distinguished by its
clean, shining, minutely reticulated surface, its pale sutural region,
and its narrower aperture, destitute of the deep brown limbus.
Figure 161, shell, with the animal; 161 a, front view of the shell;
161 b, profile of the aperture.
w
MELANIA VAINAFA (Gould).
Testa elongato-conica, lævis, badia (junioribus herbaceis et lineolis
flexuosis fuscis pictis): spira decollata, anfractibus quatuor ad quin-
que superstitibus, subplanulatis, ultimo plerumque striis distantibus
cincto; suturâ marginatâ : apertura ovata, teste quadrantem æquans.

GASTEROPOD A.
139
Melania Vainafa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 224.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 46.
ANIMAL small, chestnut-colour above, faintly lineated with dusky;
proboscis long; tentacles slender, somewhat annulated; eyes sur-
rounded with whitish; foot beneath orange, with cream-coloured
dots, the points of the mantle very small; anterior angles of the foot
a good deal dilated; operculum ovate-rounded.
Shell long and slender, surface smooth, of a deep brown colour
in old specimens, but of a yellowish-green colour, with longitudinal,
flexuous pencillings of dusky, in young specimens. Spire eroded at
tip, and with about four or five flattish whorls remaining. On the
last whorl, and occasionally on some of the others, are seen a few dis-
tant revolving lines, either raised or depressed. The suture is mode-
rately marked, and usually margined. Aperture about one-fourth the
length of shell, regularly ovate, the anterior point scarcely produced
beyond the regular curve. Interior bluish.
a
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Obtained at the falls of Vainafa, island of Upolu, Samoa Group.
Couthouy.
It has the form and general colour of small, smooth specimens of
M. virginica, but the whorls are more flattened, and the front of the
aperture is more rounded.
Figure 157, side of the shell; 157 a, foot of the animal, with the
shell; 157 b, the operculum.
MELANIA FURFUROSA (Gould).
Testa turrita, ovato-pyramidata, tenuis, scabriuscula, dilutè fulva, et
propè suturam fusco-maculata, striis arcuatis incrementalibus et striis
volventibus tenuissimis decussata: spira integra, anfractibus septem
rotundatis, confertis, supernè sub-tabulatis, ultimo magno, ventricoso;
supernis obliquè plicatis : apertura lunata, ad columellam effusa.

140
MOLLUSCA.
Melania furfurosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 225.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 47.
SHELL of medium size, rather fragile, of a pale fawn or wood-colour,
with a range of darker spots just in front of the suture; tip dark; sur-
face marked with unequal, arcuated lines of growth, which are crossed
by crowded, raised, revolving striæ, by which innumerable little pits
are left, which give it a dead, roughened aspect. Spire entire,
rapidly tapering, pyramidal, of seven very transverse, very convex
whorls, separated by a profound suture. The last is large and almost
globular, a little more than half the length of the shell. The upper
whorls are delicately and obliquely plicate. Aperture not quite half
the length of the shell, obliquely lunate, effuse at the base of the colu-
mella. Interior pale cinnamon-colour.
Length three-fourths of an inch ; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Obtained at Manila.
Allied to M. scabra, which is more elongated, and its whorls much
less cylindrical, its striæ coarse and distant, and crowned with spino-
tubercles.
Figures 162, 162 a, two views of the shell.
MELANIA SCITULA (Gould).
Testa gracilis, elongato-conica, decollata, epidermide piceo induta : spira
anfractibus superstitibus ad quinque valdè convexis, supernis longitudi-
naliter plicatis, infernis spiraliter liratis, præcipuè juxta suturam et
ad basim : apertura obovata, quadrantem testæ haud æquans, anticè
aliquanto producta ; fauce lividå.
Melania scitula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 224.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 46.
Shell slender, elongated, covered with a very dark chestnut or
pitch-coloured epidermis. Spire with about five well-rounded whorls,
several others being lost from the apex. The upper whorls are longi-

GASTEROPOD A.
141
tudinally plaited, and all of them have fine, raised, revolving lines,
most conspicuous near the suture, and about the base; the suture is
deep, and in most cases there is a conspicuous slope of the whorls to-
wards it, both above and below. The aperture is less than one-fourth
the length of the shell, of an ovate form, rounded or very slightly pro-
jecting in front. The lip is sharp, and the throat livid.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Found at the island of Upolu, Samoa Group. Couthouy.
It has the form and size of M. abjecta, Hald., from Alabama; also, of
M. truncatula, Lam. It is more robust, paler, and the folds are more
prominent and on more whorls than in M. plicata, Lea.
Figures 158, 158 a, 158 b, three views of the shell.
MELANIA SILICULA (Gould).
Testa parva, gracilis, sub-cylindrica, truncata, epidermide fusco-castaneo
induta : spira anfractibus ad quatuor superstitibus, rotundatis, spira-
liter liratis, supernis longitudinaliter plicatis ; ultimo fusco-zonato;
suturâ benè impressâ : apertura rotundato-ovata, anticè vix producta ;
fauce subviolaceâ.
Melania silicula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 224.
June 1847. Expedition Shells, 46.
A small, slender, nearly cylindrical species, covered with a some-
what clouded, dark chestnut epidermis. There are about four
entire whorls, several others being lost from the tip; they are well
rounded, and marked with numerous, fine, revolving threads, and all
but the two largest ones are longitudinally plaited. The aperture is
small, rounded-ovate, scarcely produced in front, and about one-fourth
the length of the shell. The throat has a pale violet tint. The last
whorl has a dark, narrow band around it, just at the junction of the
lip to it.
Length half an inch ; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
36

142
MOLLUSCA.
Found at Nisqually, Oregon.
Very much like M. scitula, but considerably smaller, more cylin-
drical, the whorls more plaited, and with a band on the basal one.
It resembles M. proxima, Say, which is less cylindrical and without
folds.
Figures 164, 164 a, two views of the shell.
MELANIA BULBOSA (Gould).
Testa parva, conico-oblonga, nitida, decollata, fusco-viridis : spira an-
fractibus superstitibus duobus ad tribus rotundis ; suturâ profundà :
apertura ovato-rotundata, vix effusa.
Melania bulbosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 225.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 46.
A small, smooth and shining, rather solid, oblong-ovate shell, of a
dusky green colour, with remarkably rounded, full whorls, separated
by a deep suture; only two or three whorls remain. The aperture is
not quite half the remaining length of the shell, broadly ovate, its wall
scarcely depressed in front, and its posterior angle rounded by the
very curved contour of the whorl; interior dull bluish-white.
Length half an inch; breadth nearly as great.
Inhabits Columbia River, Oregon. Drayton.
a
The whorls are very cylindrical, with a deep suture, so as to appear
like a succession of bulbs. It is much like M. perfusca, Anthony; but
in that the whorls slope gently to the suture. A large but broken
specimen shows that it often attains a considerable size.
Figures 163, 163 a, two views of the shell.
MELANIA PERPINGUIS (HINDS), Ann. Nat. Hist., xv. 9. Voyage of
the Sulphur, 56, pl. 15, f. 2.

GASTEROPOD A.
143
ANIMAL very much like M. scipio, perhaps a little more orange,
with similar concentric lineations of brown; tentacles dotted rather
than annulated; foot, in the young, nearly rose-red; fringes of the
mantle long
Mr. Hinds has described a medium-sized specimen of this very va-
riable species, so variable that some notice of the varieties is required.
Its essential character is the grooves upon the surface, which are
distant, irregular, deep, with abrupt walls, and these being crossed by
pronounced lines of growth, give a minutely cancellated appearance.
The grooves cover the whole, or more generally the lower portion,
of the whorls. The colour is olive-green, sometimes banded with
dusky, and sometimes with longitudinal flammules; sometimes with-
out either.
The whorls are gracefully rounded in most cases, but some have
them perfectly flattened, and in consequence are angular around the
last whorl. The suture is deep and broad, with an abrupt ridge at
the top of each whorl. In the young stages, doubtless, several of the
apicial whorls are always folded; but in some, well-marked folds are
found on all the whorls except the largest. Some correspond accu-
rately with Hinds's figure in size and colour; but he does not dwell
on its constant character,—the grooves. Some very old, and probably
injured, specimens have a scabrous surface, with raised instead of
grooved lines. One specimen is three-fourths of an inch broad.
Inhabits the Feejee and Samoa Islands, and apparently is very
abundant.
Figure 160, shell with the animal, as in motion ; 160 a, young spe-
cimen; 160 b, oblique view of the aperture; 160 c, young.
MELANIA PLICIFERA (LEA), Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., vi. 93, pl. 23,
f. 90.
This shell seems to be subject to great variety, or else there are
several allied species. The typical shell has the spire elongated,
pointed, and the whorls flattened, with coarse, longitudinal folds.
Others are surrounded by numerous raised lines, and are nearly
destitute of folds.

144
MOLLUSCA.
A variety from Lake George (Oregon) must be very corpulent. It
is much decollated, and is light and thin. Whorls convex; aperture
.
rounded-ovate; lip very flexuous, having a sinus posteriorly, and a
very deep one at the point of the columella ; colour pale olive-green.
Even the little M. siliqua, may be only a starved specimen of the
Nisqually variety. All have a varix half a volution from the mouth.
Figure 165, specimen from Lake George, viewed by the aperture.
CERITHIUM (POTAMIS) SACRATUM (Gould).
Testa rudis, elongata, badia et fasciâ luteâ cincta: spira turrita, anfrac-
tibus ad decem convexis, vix angulatis, et liris obsoletis cinctis, supernis
plicatis, ultimo globoso, abnormali, varice crasso munito ; suturâ pro-
fundâ, luteâ : apertura rotundata, anticè effusa, haud emarginata ;
labro everso, polito, piceo : operculum multispirale.
Cerithium (Potamis) sacratum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 118. Expedition Shells, 60.
SHELL rather thin, turreted, of a dark chestnut or umber colour,
with a faint orange band around the middle of each whorl. Whorls
ten or more, convex, somewhat angular, slightly plaited near the tip,
everywhere roughened by the stages of growth, a few indistinct, raised
lines surrounding them; sutural region deeply impressed, and of a
pale yellow colour; the last whorl is rather globular, disproportionately
large, and having a very large varix, or rather false aperture to the
left. Aperture moderately oblique, effuse at the base of the colu-
mella, but not notched; outer lip everted, advancing, simple, of a deep
chestnut or pitch colour. Operculum circular, horny, multispiral.
Length an inch and a half; breadth five-eighths of an inch.
a
Inhabits Sacramento River, California.
Allied to C. varicosum, Sowb. The surface, though not smooth, is
destitute of longitudinal ribs, except near the tip: it has also a pale
sutural region and a less marked canal. C. Hegewischii, Pfeiffer, is

GASTEROPOD A.
145
another shell of the same general character, but varies from this in
the varices and sculpture.
Figures 166, 166 a, two views of the shell.
CERITHIUM SORDIDULUM (Gould).
Testa elongata, rubiginoso-albida, costellis numerosis et filis volventibus
alternatim majoribus reticulata: spira turrita, acuminata, anfractibus
undecim planulatis, ultimo varicoso, granuloso ; suturâ profundâ :
apertura ampla, ovato-rotundata ; labro crenulato, extus incrassato,
rufo-tincto; rostro attenuato, valdè recurvo ; fauce albâ.
Cerithium sordidulum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
iii. 119. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 61.
SHELL slender, elongated, and acutely pointed; white, tinged with
rusty. Whorls eleven, rather flat, having on each about six, alter-
nately larger, revolving threads, and numerous (fifteen on the last
whorl but one), delicate, sharp, equal, regularly disposed ribs, forming,
where they intersect the larger revolving threads, brilliant granules ;
on the last whorl, opposite the aperture, is a varix, and below this
the ribs are wanting; the revolving threads become finely beaded, and
around the canal simple. The suture is deep, and the whorl above it
shelves somewhat over it. Canal elongated, and strongly recurved.
Aperture large, rounded; the lip sharp and very finely crenulated ;
externally fortified by a strong varix; callus of the columella erect,
and the whole edge of the aperture delicately tipped with rufous. In-
terior smooth and white.
Length seven-tenths of an inch ; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Figures 170, 170 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 170b, natural
size.
Closely allied in size, form, sculpture, and aperture to C. muscarum,
Say, but distinguished from all others by its delicately tinged peri-
stome. In its general structure, especially in the development of the
37

146
MOLLUSC A.
last whorl, this may be compared with C. columna, Sowb., but it
differs entirely in sculpture; its beak is very much shorter, and it is
very much smaller.
CERITHIUM INVAGINATUM (Gould).
Testa elongato-turrita, sordidè alba, ad apicem et interdum ad rostrum
rufescens, filis tenuibus cincta: spira anfractibus decem ad duodecim
angulato-convexis, supernè tabulatis, infernè constrictis, nodoso-plicatis
et concinné lamelloso-rugosis, ultimo carinato : apertura subquadrata,
alba ; rostro gracili, recurvato.
Cerithium invaginatum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
iii. 120. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 61.
a
SHELL turreted, of a dead, dingy white colour, dusky brown at tip
and usually at the beak, girded with several fine, unequal, raised
threads; whorls ten to twelve, angularly convex, bearing about eight
tubercular folds, shouldered posteriorly, and most delicately barred
with lamellar wrinkles; anteriorly deeply girt in, and channeled at
the suture; the basal whorl has also a keel-like ridge, revolving just
behind the beak, giving the whorl a triangular outline. Aperture ren-
dered somewhat quadrangular by the termination of the ridge; poste-
rior canal quite closed in; columella moderately arcuated and slightly
clothed with callus; canal long and delicate, recurved and inclined to
the left.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
This is a very peculiar species, quite different from any hitherto
described. The tuberose whorls, rendered unusually independent
by the deep constriction at the suture, causing them to appear, when
viewed from above, as if thrust into each other, and the very delicate
wrinkling of their superior portion renders the diagnosis clear.
Figures 169, 169 a, two views of the shell; 169 b, details of sculp-
ture.
.

GASTEROPOD A.
147
CERITHIUM ADUNCUM (Gould).
T'esta solida, distorta, acuminato-conica, leviuscula, filis tenuibus cincta,
luteo-cinerea, fusco-tincta : spira acuminata, anfractibus novem planis,
suturâ vix discretis, ultimo gibboso, valdè deflecto: apertura angusta,
callosa, in canalem adscendentem producta ; labro crasso, simplici ;
fauce livida.
Cerithium aduncum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
119. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 61.
SHELL of medium size, solid, acutely conical, rounded at base,
having a sort of flexure of the last whorl upon the others, so that the
ventral face is rectilinear, while the dorsal aspect is strongly gibbous.
The surface is nearly smooth and somewhat polished, having only
delicate, crowded, raised, revolving threads; colour yellowish or ashy,
tinted with dusky, somewhat arranged in dotted zones. Whorls
nine, the upper ones nearly flat, scarcely distinguished by the suture,
the last semi-globose, slightly undulated near the suture, and bearing a
fold-like varix. Aperture small, with a prolonged, posterior canal and
copious callus; siphonal notch small and contracted; outer lip thick,
rounded, smooth, white, finely crenulated within; fauces livid.
Length one inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Mindanao, Philippine Islands.
This smooth, solid, dusky species is plainly marked by its pecu-
liarly distorted form, the last whorl being so flexed upon the others
that its ventral outline is straight, while the dorsal outline is re-
markably arched.
It is allied in colour and size to C. ocellatum, Lam.
Figures 167, 167 a, 167 6, three views of the shell.

148
MOLLUSCA.
CERITHIUM IRRORATUM (Gould).
Testa ovato-conica, transversim striolata, fusco-nigricans, punctis elon-
gatis cinereis irrorata : spira conica, anfractibus septem planulatis,
longitudinaliter undulatis, ultimo dimidiam teste superante ; suturâ
obsoletâ : apertura rotundato-elliptica ; labro declivi ; canali brevissimo;
fauce livida, albo-fasciata.
Cerithium irroratum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
119. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 61.
SHELL of medium size, rather solid, short ovate-conic, surrounded
by numerous fine striæ; colour dusky, sprinkled with numerous
minute, elongated, whitish dots, arranged in the interstices of the
striæ. Spire short, conical, composed of seven or eight whorls, on
which are about eight oblique undulations, and so continuous
that the suture is barely perceptible: the last whorl is more than
half the length of the shell, rounded at base. Aperture rounded
oval, nearly destitute of a posterior canal, and with a mere basal
notch in place of a rostrum; colurnella arcuated, whitish, with a pos-
terior callus.
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth four-fifths of an inch.
Generally resembling C. ocellatum, Lam., which has a median
tuberculated angle on each whorl, and an excavated sutural region,
while this has a regularly curved outline and folded surface. The
pale spots are less numerous, and the proportions of the aperture are
different.
Figures 168, 168 a, two views of the shell.
CERITHIUM CÆLATUM (Couthouy).
Testa subulato-turrita, dilutè rufa : spira anfractibus ad tredecim vix
convexis, longitudinaliter crebrè sulcatis, et lineis duabus impressis
cinctis, ultimo anfractu ad basim inornato; suturâ impressâ : aper-
tura rotundata; columella arcuatâ, rostro brevissimo.

GASTEROPOD A.
149
Cerithium cælatum (Couthouy MS.), GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., iii. 123. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 62.
ANIMAL small, yellowish flesh-colour, ochreous above, speckled
with black dots; head short, mouth with a short, vertically com-
pressed proboscis; tentacles subulate, a little compressed vertically;
eyes lateral, near the tips, without pedicles; locomotive disk elongated
oval, truncate in front, the angles not dilated, with a longitudinal
groove on the median line. Operculum oval, thin, semitransparent,
yellow, unispiral, apex subterminal.
SHELL subulate, or elongated-conical; colour purplish-brown;
whorls thirteen or fourteen, deeply impressed with broad, longitudinal
sulci, with intervening folds of the same width, and decussated by
two fine revolving lines, deeply indented as they cross the sulci, thus
cutting each whorl into three bands of gemmules.
On the base of the last whorl are only incremental lines. The
suture is very deeply impressed, and has a delicate callus behind it,
and the base is surrounded by two impressed striæ, the marginal one
strongest. Aperture nearly circular; columella strongly arcuated; lip
acute; canal short, inclining abruptly to the left and slightly ascen-
dant. [J. P. c.]
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Obtained at Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego. Couthouy.
This species belongs to the same group as C. turritella, which it
resembles; but in its delicate form it still more strongly resembles
C. sardoum, Cantr.
Figure 174, shell, with the animal, as in motion, enlarged; 174 a,
174 b, front and basal view of the animal, enlarged; 174c, the shell,
natural size; 174 d, operculum, enlarged.
CERITHIUM FILOSUM (Gould).
Testa parva, elongato-turrita : spira anfractibus ad octo planulatis,
38

150
MOLLUSCA.
sulcis et liris alternantibus æqualibus ad quatuor cinctis, coloribus
cinereis et pallidè rufis partitis; suturâ impressâ : apertura parva,
semi-elliptica, anticè emarginata ; columellâ vix arcuatâ ; labro acuto.
Cerithium filosum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 120.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 62.
SHELL small, turritella-shaped, pale ash-coloured on the posterior,
and pale brown on the anterior half of the whorls: these are about
eight in number, flat, with a well-marked suture, each one of them
sculptured with about four alternating ridges and grooves, of about
equal width, the grooves regularly concave, the ridges sometimes
subdivided by a very delicate groove; on the basal whorl are about
ten grooves, growing gradually less conspicuous. Aperture small,
less than one-fourth the length of the shell, semi-elliptical, with a mere
basal emargination instead of a canal; lip thin and simple; columella
slightly arcuated; interior with ridges corresponding to the external
grooves.
а.
Length five-eighths of an inch ; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
Only a single specimen of this turritella-like Cerithium has been
examined. It is of the same type as C. cælatum, and is well-charac-
terized by its simple revolving lines and grooves, and its coloration.
Figures 175, 175 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 175 b, details
of sculpture; 175 c, natural size.
C,
CERITHIUM PUSILLUM (Gould).
Testa minuta, fulva, turrita, varicosa, longitudinaliter undata, undis ad
decem, propè basim evanescentibus : spira acuminata, anfractibus octo
convexis, filis tenuibus granulosis quatuor cinctis, anfractu ultimo
multicincto: apertura lata, ovata, obliqua; rostro brevissimo ; labro
varicoso; columella arcuatâ.
Cerithium pusillum, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
120. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 62.

GASTEROPODA.
151
Shell minute, fawn-coloured or pale ferruginous, elongated, acutely
turreted, having about ten undulations on the upper whorls, which
end on the middle of the last whorl; on each whorl are four delicate,
raised, beaded, revolving lines, and on the anterior part of the basal
whorl several other finer threads, some of which are usually beaded.
There are several well-marked varices, the outer lip being fortified
with a large one. Whorls about eight, convex, somewhat overhang-
ing each other. Aperture broad ovate, oblique; rostral canal very
short; columella arched, with a delicate coat of callus thickened at the
posterior angle; suture deep.
Length one-fifth of an inch; breadth one-twelfth of an inch.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
A little shell, about the size and with many of the characters of C.
Emersonii. It also resembles C. ferrugineum, Say, but is much
smaller.
Figure 172, front view of the shell, enlarged; 172 a, natural size;
172b, details of sculpture.
CERITHIUM EGENUM (Gould).
Testa minuta, lanceolata, albida, ad basim maculis parvis fuscis notata:
spira acuminata, anfractibus ad decem convexiusculis, filis ad quinque
cinctis, quorum centrali et suturali majoribus, anfractu ultimo utrin-
que varicoso: apertura rotundato-ovalis; rostro brevissimo; columellá
posticè callosá.
Cerithium egenum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 120.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 62.
SHELL minute, dingy white, with a few minute, dusky blotches
about the base, elongated, turreted, acuminate at apex; surface dead,
indefinitely sculptured with about five indistinct, unequal, sharp,
revolving lines, of which the sutural and central ones are largest.
Whorls about ten, scarcely convex; a well-marked varix on the left
side of the basal whorl; whorls rendered a little angular by the large
a

152
MOLLUSCA.
central thread. Aperture rounded oval, canal very short, callus scanty
on the columella, with a boss posteriorly.
Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one-eighth of an inch.
Obtained at Wilson's Island. Couthouy.
The characters of this little shell are somewhat negative, but on the
whole it may be distinguished by its sharp, revolving lines having a
tendency to granulation, without longitudinal folds; the little blotches
in the region of the rostrum seem to be constant. It is a little like C.
lacteum, Kiener, but much smaller.
a
Figure 171, front of the shell, enlarged; 171 a, natural size; 171 b,
details of sculpture.
CERITHIUM JANTHINUM (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, ovato-lanceolata, violacescens sed labro, suturâ et
varicibus albis: spira acuminata, anfractibus ad decem trivaricosis
filis tenuibus ad octo cinctis, quorum mediano majori et granoso ad
anfractus apicales: apertura ovato-rotundata; rostro brevissimo ;
columellâ vix callosa.
Cerithium janthinum, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
121. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 62.
SHELL small, rather thin, elongated, ovate-lanceolate, of a pale
violet colour, with the lip, sutural zone, and varices white; tip acumi-
nated and of a deeper colour; surface sculptured with fine, raised,
revolving lines, of which there are about eight or nine on each whorl;
spire of about ten whorls, convex, those of the apex rendered angu-
lated by the central thread being raised and somewhat nodular.
There are three prominent varices on each whorl. Aperture rounded-
ovate, canal very short; callus on the columella very sparing.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth three-twentieths of an
inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
153
Found at the island of Clermont Tonnere. Couthouy.
If this be not the young of some other species, which I somewhat
suspect, it is very well marked by its colour alone; the contrasting
of the white and violet, and its numerous ribs being beautifully dis-
played. It is larger than C. egenum.
Figure 173, front view of the shell, enlarged; 173 a, natural size;
173 b, details of sculpture.
GENUS PELEX.-Gould.
Testa parva, navicelloidea, tenuis; vertice terminali, obliquo : apertura
ampla, ovalis: cavositas septo angusto posticali horizontali partita ;
septi margine ab latere sinistro disjuncto, et in processum gracilem
contortum producto.
a
This curious shell resembles a minute Navicella or Crepidula, for
which it was for a long time mistaken, until the peculiarity of the dia-
phragm was noticed. The detachment of its edge from the side of the
shell forms a fissure or sinus, rounded at its base, directed towards the
apex of the shell, and seems designed for the safe passage of some
important organ. Nothing is known of the animal, except that it in-
habits fresh water. Its affinities would seem to be with Navicella and
Neritina, with which it is therefore associated. The new genus
Gundlachia, of Dr. Pfeiffer, established upon a West India shell, has
very similar characters; but the septum occupies a very much larger
proportion of the shell, and the peculiar conformation at its left extre-
mity does not exist or was overlooked. Our shell comes from New
Zealand.
PELEX LATERALIS (Gould).
Testa parva, crepiduloidea, tenuis, vix striata, obliquè ovata, elevata ;
vertice sublaterali prominulo, acuto, incurvo ; epidermide olivaceo :
apertura ovalis, intus olivacea ; peritremate posticè expanso: septum
album, concavum, ad trientem altitudinis situm; margine acuto; aculeo
lateraliter compresso.
39

154
MOLLUSCA.
SHELL small, thin, crepiduloid, obliquely ovate, elevated, the vertex
acute, projecting a little beyond the outline of the shell, its point in-
curved and resting on the shell a little obliquely at the left, but not
quite attaining the margin of the aperture; surface feebly striated by
a few irregular lines of growth, and covered by a dusky-olive epider-
mis. Aperture oval, the margin posteriorly expanded; within oliva-
ceous; diaphragm white, concave, at about one-third the depth of the
cavity; the free edge acute, and its terminal spur contorted, so as to
present its broad surface laterally.
Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch; height
one-eighth of an inch.
Found in fresh-water streams near Wangarara, and at the falls of
Waitanga, New Zealand.
For a long time this curious little shell was regarded as a miniature
form of some Navicella, though it was somewhat unexpected that this
genus should be found in New Zealand. A closer inspection revealed
its distinctive characters. In form it closely resembles Siphonaria
Lessoni, especially the small, oblique varieties.
Figures 176, 176 a, 1766, three views of the shell, enlarged; 176 c,
the septum with its spiculum and canal, enlarged; 176 d, the shell,
natural size.
GENUS NAVICELLA.
The Navicella were observed to prefer quiet little pools formed by
eddies, adhering to the stones at some distance below the surface.
They are nearly sedentary, and appear to shift their position little
oftener than the Patellæ; while the Neritinæ delight in the rapid and
turbulent portions of the stream, and occasionally emerge altogether
from the water, for a considerable time.
Very numerous specimens of this genus were collected, though it
may be doubted if a single well-characterized new species was ob-
tained. A careful study of series of specimens taken from the same
pool, has tended to show how very variable the characters of these

GASTEROPOD A.
155
shells
are,
and of how little value the marks usually depended upon
as specific really are. The following are among some of the conclu-
sions deduced.
1. That the general and the ornamental colours of the same species
may vary indefinitely. The markings will sometimes be in flam-
mules, in coarse or fine zigzag lines, in triangular blotches, &c.
2. The presence of a tongue (languette) to the columella is acci-
dental and not of specific value, as among a number of specimens un-
equivocally of the same species, some will possess it and others not.
It is probably the result of advanced age.
3. The colouring about the septum, especially the presence of dark
blotches, is accidental, and occurs in all species.
4. The width or area of the muscular impression varies very much
in shells which, beyond all question, are the same, and therefore cannot
be taken as a specific character.
One of the species obtained is doubtless N. Suffreni, Recluz; and
exhibits wide variations in size. Some of them have a gummy exte-
rior, which causes them to seem granulated or wrinkled. The most
important character of the species is, the very obliquely shelving posi-
tion of the septum, and, generally, its very broad, muscular impres-
sion.
Another equally common species, which I should not hesitate to call
N. Freycineti, Recluz, were it not that it is said to be a Macassar shell,
has a very simple and uniform colouring, with a very narrow, nearly
horizontal septum, of a pale yellow colour; the muscular impression
is, generally, quite narrow.
A third species, from Tahiti, may be different still. It is more
tectiform, especially near the spire, dark coloured and shining. It
may be N. Entrecasteauxi, Recluz.
NAVICELLA FREYCINETI (?), (RECLUZ), Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 120.
The ANIMAL of the shell supposed to be the above species is small,
ochreous above, with short, olivaceous, interrupted lines; beneath

156
MOLLUSCA.
lemon-yellow, or tinted bronze at the centre; head short and broad,
lobed in front; tentacles very short, scarcely longer than the head,
bluish; eye pedicles about one-third the length of the tentacles, large,
yellow; mantle dirty green.
Figures 177, 177 a, lateral and basal view of the animal, with the
shell.
NAVICELLA PORCELLANA (CHEMNITZ), N. elliptica, LAMARCK, DE-
SHAYES, RECLUZ, &c.
ANIMAL above slaty, with lilac tints, slightly lineated with dusky
along the sides ; foot grayish, with lilac reflections; tentacles long and
tapering, olivaceous.
Figures 178, 178 a, lateral and basal views of the animal, with the
shell.
,
NERITINA CHOLERICA.
Testa obliquè semiglobulosa, solidula, leviter striata, castaneo-fusca, sub-
tus interdum lineolis flexuosis nigris picta : spira vix exserta, ultimo
anfractu recurrente ferè involuta: apertura obliquè semicircularis,
magna, posticè canaliculata ; labro flavo; labio planulato extrinsecus
sanguineo tincto; columella albâ, valdè sinuata, denticulatâ. Oper-
culum tenue, lividum, sulco divisum, granulatum, ad apicem flavi-
dum.
Neritina cholerica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 237.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 47.
ANIMAL with a large cream-coloured foot, shaded olive beneath ;
mantle dark olive; head short and broad, above pale yellow, concentri-
cally striated with coarse, interrupted, dark olive lines; tentacles very
slender; eye pedicles stout, long, whitish.
SHELL rather large, semi-globose, a little oblique, with pretty dis-

GASTEROPOD A.
157
tinct lines of growth and traces of revolving lines covered by a thick
epidermis, which, in old specimens, is a pitchy black, and in young,
dark chestnut-coloured, when a few delicate, broken, flexuous, dusky
lines may be seen on the ventral face. Spire eroded, scarcely promi-
nent, mostly enveloped by the recurrent outer whorl. Aperture large,
semicircular, a little oblique, slightly channeled posteriorly; outer lip
of a pale golden or honey-yellow colour, somewhat livid in the throat;
inner lip large, flat, tinged chlorine-green, and in old specimens,
having a reddish-brown blotch at its outer anterior margin; colu-
mellar edge white, deeply sinuate, with a large tooth at the upper
third, and another near its lower termination, forming three sinuses,
the middle one distinctly denticulate. Operculum small and thin,
almost horny, externally slate-coloured, white at the anterior tip,
divided longitudinally by a furrow; internally marbled with whitish
and slate-colour.
Diameter three-fourths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. Drayton.
Allied to the dark varieties of M. cornea, but distinct by its involved
and girded spire, like N. Bruguieri, and also, by its very sinuous and
strongly-toothed pillar lip. It has a channel towards the spire much
like N. canalis, whose colour and marking of the ventral face it also
resembles.
Figures 187, 187 á, two views of the shell; 187 b, the operculum.
NERITINA PORCATA (Gould).
Testa obliqua, sub-hemispherica, solidiuscula, fusco-rubricans, maculis
parvis nigris interdum tessellata, longitudinaliter striata et rugis con-
spicuis ordinatis sub-imbricatis porcata: spira vix tumida, anfractu
ultimo penitus involuta ; apertura parva, lunata : labro callo auran-
tiaco intus munito ; labio plano, lato, sanguineo ; columellâ arcuata,
denticulatâ.
Neritina porcata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 237.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 47.
40

158
MOLLUSCA.
SHELL nearly hemispherical, a little oblique, not very solid, of a
dark rusty-brown colour, and often faintly chequered with small,
dusky spots, arranged somewhat in quincunx. The surface is sculp-
tured with coarse, sharp, well-raised, longitudinal folds, having a ten-
dency to overlay each other, and in addition to these may be seen the
striæ of growth. The spire produces a small, slightly raised tubercle,
which is wholly enveloped in the last whorl; suture ragged. Aper-
ture small, semicircular, the outer lip strengthened within by an
orange-coloured callus; throat bluish; the inner lip presents a broad,
flat surface, as large as the aperture, of a cinnabar-red; the columellar
edge is sharp, slightly arched, its whole length slightly denticulated.
a
Diameter half an inch; axis seven-tenths of an inch.
Probably from the Samoa Islands.
Like N. Bruguieri and canalis, it has the spire wholly involved in
the last whorl. The former has a somewhat elevated spire, a larger
aperture, and a smooth and silky, instead of a ridged surface. The
latter is distinct by the canal which winds along the suture.
Figures 191, 191 a, two views of the shell,
NERITINA CHRYSOCOLLA (Gould).
Testa solida, obliquè conico-globosa, coracina, lineis exilibus obliquis fla-
vidis flexuosis picta : spira elevata, erosa; anfractibus duobus vel
tribus ventricosis, infra suturam aliquid constrictis : apertura obliquè
semi-elliptica; labro cæruleo, viridi-limbato; labio convexo, luteo-
virente; columellâ sinuatâ, denticulatâ : operculum osseum, salmona-
ceum, costâ bisectum.
Neritina chrysocolla, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
237. July 1847. Expedition Shells, 48.
SHELL obliquely conic globose, solid, smooth, greenish-black, painted
with delicate, oblique, zigzag, yellow lines: spire elevated, eroded
at tip, but displaying two or three convex whorls, the large one
sometimes a little constricted near the suture. Aperture obliquely

GASTEROPOD A.
159
semi-oval, the outer lip edged with indigo-blue, and bright pea-green
within; the inner lip is convex, pale yellowish-green; the columellar
edge deeply sinuated and minutely denticulated. The operculum
pale salmon-coloured, thick and bony, having a strong rib, which is
most prominent inside, bisecting it; convex edge brown; columellar
edge gibbous.
Axis three-fourths of an inch; diameter three-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu, Samoa Islands.
Of the same group as N. communis, lugubris, and Turtoni, but dis-
tinct by its green, blue-edged outer lip, and yellowish-green pillar lip,
as well as by its very delicate zigzag lines, scarcely seen except on
the ventral face.
Figures 188, 188 a, two views of the shell.
NERITINA AMENA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovato-triangularis, posticè constricta, striis incrementalibus
,
ordinatis benè insculpta, coloribus nigris, rubris, flavidis plerumque
fasciatim dispositis, et maculis quadratis albis nigro-umbratis tessel-
latim dispositis, picta : spira planulata, erosa, anfractibus duobus vel
tribus: apertura rotundato-elliptica, flavo-viridis; labro angusto,
plano ; columellâ valdè arcuatâ, decem denticulatâ. Operculum viri-
dulum, inornatum.
Neritina amæna, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 238.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 49.
SHELL small, of a triangular-ovate, gibbous form, shining, deli-
cately marked with large, regularly disposed lines of growth, beauti-
fully ornamented with various colours, generally, the ground is of a
more or less rose-red tint, often alternating with black bands, more or
less distinct, and the whole is thickly spotted with small quadrangular
white spots, which cast long, conical, black shadows toward the aper-
ture. Spire not elevated, but even a little depressed, eroded, of two
or three whorls; suture distinct. Aperture rather long, rounded-ovate,

160
MOLLUSCA.
of a yellowish-green colour, narrowly edged with blue; columella
somewhat prolonged at base; edge unusually arched and provided
with about ten sharp denticulations; labium narrow, flat. Operculum
pale green, inner edge strongly sinuate, rugose, inflexed; terminal
apophysis small, erect, cylindrical; inner apophysis minute, being the
termination of a sharp rib, revolving from the apex.
a
Axis three-sixteenths of an inch ; diameter one-fourth of an inch.
This might be regarded as the young of N. polita or N. Rumphii.
It is striated like them, but it differs in the colour of its aperture, and in
its opercle; and the shadowed white spots are constant and peculiar.
Figures 192, 192 a, two views of the shell.
NERITINA SIDEREA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata-globosa, polita, nitida, nigra, punctis sparsis albis
notata : spira prominula, erosa ; anfractibus duobus vel tribus ; suturâ
marginatâ : apertura semicircularis, intus cærulescens ; labio plano,
angusto, luteo ; columellâ acută, vix denticulatã. Operculum fuscum.
Neritina siderea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 238.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 48.
A small, polished, shining, jet black shell, irregularly sprinkled with
minute white points. Its form is globular-ovate, with the spire consi-
derably elevated, composed of two or three whorls eroded at tip, and
with a marginal stricture just in front of the suture. The aperture is
nearly semicircular, the inner lip rather small, plane or somewhat
excavated, the columellar edge nearly straight, very sharp and very
slightly denticulated, of a pale wax-yellow colour. The outer lip is
sharp, and the throat slate-coloured. The operculum is of a still darker
slate-colour.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch.
Obtained at the east end of the island of Upolu, Samoa Islands.

GASTEROPOD A.
161
About the size of N. bætica, but more globose and solid; the inner
lip is less extended, and yellow instead of bluish, and it also has the
white specks by which alone it may be recognised. In N. bætica the
opercle is flesh-coloured.
Figures 190, 190 a, two views of the shell.
NERITINA CANALIS (SOWERBY), Tankerville Catalogue; and Conch.
Illustr., f. 22. LAMARCK; An. sans Vert., viii. 584.
ANIMAL very dark purple above, mottled with a few small paler
spots, a series of which extends along each side of the head; head
broad, sinuate in front, beneath reddish-violet, lips flesh-coloured; ten-
tacles long and slender, annulated beneath with black; eye pedicles
short, whitish; mantle very dark violet; disk of the foot pale reddish.
Figure 182, animal seen laterally, and 182 a, from beneath.
a,
NERITINA GRANOSA (SOWERBY), Conch. Illustr., 6. DESHAYES in
LAMARCK, An. sans Vert., viii. 583.
ANIMAL large; disk of the foot cream-coloured; head short, broader
than the foot, crescentic, grass-green radiated and margined with
white; lips paler; mantle very much developed, far surpassing the
foot, scalloped at the edges, and transversely lineate with dusky, so as
to appear somewhat convoluted; tentacles long and slender, dark, with
a pale line underneath ; eye pedicles very robust, pale beneath.
Figure 179, the animal as seen from beneath.
NERITINA TAITENSIS (SOULEYET), Voy. de la Bonite.
ANIMAL as seen beneath, grayish-olive; mantle dark purplish; head
rose-red, yellowish at the lips; tentacles short, olivaceous; eye pedicles
large, cylindrical; mantle dark purplish.
The shell to which this animal belongs is evidently the same as
41

162
MOLLUSCA.
that represented by Souleyet. He gives only the upper view of the
animal, and we have here the lower yiew.
Figure 181, the animal seen from beneath.
NERITINA LAMARCKII (DESHAYES), in Lam. An. sans Vert., viii.
578. REEVE; Conch. Syst., pl. 200, f. 17, Neritina auriculata,
SOWERBY; Conch. Illustr., f. 17.
ANIMAL small compared with the shell; mantle greenish, mottled
with dark bluish-green, and tessellated at the margin with a series of
small spots; head small, cream-coloured, mottled with minute bluish-
green spots, beneath sky-blue; lips cream-coloured; tentacles slaty-
blue, long and slender, not annulated; eye pedicles of the same colour,
pale at the eyes; mantle greenish, mottled with dark bluish-green.
The shells of the two last species, the one from the Society Islands
and the other from the Sandwich Islands, are scarcely to be distin-
guished, while the animals inhabiting them are evidently quite diffe-
rent.
The only noticeable differences in the shells are, that the former is
smaller, the auricles less developed, the form more convex, and the
interior colour is nearly white, instead of the drab or pale olive of the
Sandwich Island species.
Figure 180, the foot of the animal,
NERITINA NUTTALLI (RECLUZ), Revue Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1840, p. 276.
ANIMAL with the foot very small, pale olivaceous; head the same,
broader than the foot, crescentic; lip yellow. Mantle with an undu-
late margin, dark slaty-blue, with transverse yellow lines or furrows
at the margin, giving it a convoluted appearance. Tentacles very
short, scarcely longer than the head, pale beneath; eye pedicles very
short and stout.
This appears to be the same shell as that figured in the Voyage de la

GASTEROPODA.
163
Bonite, pl. 35, f. 43, though the animal is there given as plain blue-
black above.
NERITINA GAGATES (DESHAYES), Encyc. Meth. Vers, iii. 624. LA-
MARCK; Anim. sans Vert., viii. 570. SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 29.
}
ANIMAL lemon-coloured above, beautifully lineate, with four or five
alternate lines of yellow and dusky; foot large, slate-coloured, dotted
at the margin; mantle slate-coloured; tentacles long, eye pedicles
pale.
Figure 183, shell, with the animal, as in motion.
NERITINA UNDATA (DESHAYES), in LAMARCK, An. sans Vert., viii.
594. Clithon undatus, LESSON; Voy. de la Coq., ii. pl. 13, f. 13. Neritina
spinosa, SOWERBY ; Conch. Ill., f. 9.
a
ANIMAL large, yellowish-olive above, margined with a dark line and
a submarginal fringe of short, crowded, black lines perpendicular to
the margin; disk of the foot slaty-olive; head paler, orange at the lips;
tentacles long, dark-olive; eye pedicles well developed, white.
Figure 193, shell, with the animal, as in motion.
NERITINA CORNEA (LIN.), N. ampullaria, LESSON; Voy. de la Coq., ii.
pl. 16, f. 1. N. zebra, and N. dubia, CHEM., &c.
ANIMAL large, above mottled with green, black, yellow, and fawn-
colour in broken lines; beneath cream-coloured; mouth green, lips
flesh-coloured; mantle fawn-coloured; tentacles long and stout, sea-
green annulated with black; eyes black, on short, broad pedicles.
This very large specimen of a most variable species was found at
the Feejee Islands. The lip is conspicuously toothed through nearly
its whole length. The columellar region is very smooth and a little
concave. The posterior angle of the aperture is deeply channeled,
perhaps from erosion or distortion.

164
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 184, shell with the animal, as in crawling; 184 a, foot be-
neath.
NERITINA RUGINOSA, REcluz, in Revue Zool. Soc. Cuv. 1841, p. 310.
ANIMAL pale gamboge-yellow above, with longitudinal, interrupted
lines of verdigris-green; head with distinct transverse lines, and a
marginal range of radiating ones; beneath lemon-yellow tinted
greenish; flesh-coloured about the mouth; tentacles dark above, yel-
lowish beneath, finely annulated.
The animal of young individuals, which seems to have been given
as the typical form of the species, is of a lilac hue, quite different from
the adult, and might be taken for a different species.
a
The character given by M. Recluz, a short, narrow, transverse rib
at the base of the last whorl, “a laquelle correspond un canal oblique
situé à la base de l'ouverture dont la saillie rend celle-ci anguleuse,” is
rather the exception than the rule, and applies only to quite young
specimens. Another variety, his var. g. “mutica, ultimo basi non
costato, apertura basi non canaliculata nec angulata,” is quite as com-
mon as any other. In some specimens the flexuous folds do not com-
mence till a late stage of growth, being merely parallel ridges; and
there is every degree in this till the shell becomes truly granular. The
aperture is usually of a leaden hue; but in some Feejee specimens the
aperture, especially its outer margin, is yolk-yellow or greenish.
a
error.
The locality given on the authority of M. Janelle is obviously an
It comes from the Samoa and the Feejee Islands, and was col-
lected in great numbers.
Figure 185, the young shell, with the animal as in motion ; 185 a,
the locomotive disk; 186, head of the animal, and 186 a, outline of
the shell of an adult specimen.
NERITINA CAFFRA, GRAY, in Sowerby's Conch. Ill., f. 51. DESHAYES
in Lam. An. sans Vert., vjii. 586.

GASTEROPOD A.
165
ANIMAL violaceous, foot beneath margined by a series of small,
alternately dark and light spots; mantle bluish-black, mottled with
short black lines. Head very short, regularly curved in front, mar-
gined by a dark line; body above of the same colour, marbled with
white and tessellated at the margin. Tentacles very long, annulated ;
eye pedicles small, distinct. Opercle rusty-brown.
Inhabits Tahiti, Society Islands.
Figure 191, shell, with the animal as in motion.
NERITINA HELVOLA (GOULD); Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
238, proves to be Nerita Turtoni, Recluz; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 71.
It inhabits the Feejee Islands, and seems to be abundant.
NERITA MUSIVA (Gould).
Testa modica, subsolida, transversa, ovoidea, ventricosa, fusco-cinerea,
longitudinaliter crassè striata, sulcis volventibus ordinatis arata, liris
interpositis planulatis, sub-granulosis, lineolis crebris albidis sectis :
spira prominula ; anfractibus duobus vel tribus : apertura sub-circu-
laris, caliciformis, peristomate sub-continuo; labro edentulo, albo, sulcis
obliquis fuscis tenuiter arato; labio concavo, fusco, granulis paucis
notato, denticulis tribus instructo.
Nerita musiva, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 238.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 49.
SHELL small, rather solid, very oblique, almost transversely ovate,
its dorsal face much elevated and rounded, of a generally gray colour,
produced by a dirty black ground, tessellated by ash-coloured, minute,
crowded lines, which cross the ribs, as well as by coarse lines of
growth, giving a fine mosaic appearance; it has an ash-coloured band,
occupying two ribs around the last whorl, and sometimes also undu-
lating mottlings. Surface ploughed with spiral grooves, so as to form
numerous flattened ribs. Spire two to three whorls, rather prominent,
sub-cylindrical. Aperture large, lateral; nearly circular, the peri-
treme nearly continuous; callus citron; right edge tessellated; within
42

166
MOLLUSCA.
a
finely grooved with somewhat oblique, long, smutty folds, edentulous;
left lip concave, shining, bluish-black, with a few very fine granules at
the middle; middle of the edge concave, and with three very minute
teeth; fauces bright yellow.
Axis one-half of an inch; diameter five-eighths of an inch.
This unusually-shaped Nerite looks like a Stomatella, with the
whorls rounded in every direction, when viewed at the back. Its
general form is somewhat like N. signata. It is remarkable for its
nearly circular, cup-shaped aperture, its shining black, finely granu-
lated concave pillar, and its gray, minutely mosaic surface, produced
by the white lines crossing its ridges.
NERITA CRASSA (Gould).
Testa solidissima, sub-globosa, longitrorsum striata, spiraliter sulcato-
costata (costis ad triginta rotundatis), fusco-cinerea, fiammulis crebris
angulatis obliquis variegata : spira prominula, ad apicem lutea; an-
fractibus quatuor rotundatis; suturâ impressâ : apertura parva, semi-
circularis ; labro crassissimo, anciso, crenulato, intus sulcato, posticè
unidentato; labio angusto, octo-plicato, plicis anticis bisectis; colu-
mella bidentata, dente antico minimo.
SHELL globose, very solid, of a reddish ashy tint, varied with inter-
rupted black lines on the ribs, so arranged as to form numerous, ob-
lique, zigzag, longitudinal stripes. Spire elevated, bright yellow at
tip; whorls four, on the last of which are about thirty cord-like ribs,
crossed by coarse lines of increment, making the tip a little granular.
Aperture rather more than half a circle; lip very thick, cut square
across and not sharpened to an edge, having about twelve sulci within,
and a single large tooth posteriorly; inner lip nearly plane, rather nar-
row, with about eight folds, the four anterior of which are bisected by
a transverse groove; teeth of the columella two, of which the anterior
is smallest.
Diameter one inch; axis three-fourths of an inch.
I have some hesitation in designating this shell as a new species,

GASTEROPOD A.
167
for there is so little permanency to the characters of this group, that the
limits of species are very uncertain. This is probably the most solid
of all the Nerites. It is very much like what I suppose to be N.
Guillouana, Recluz; but the spire is less elevated, without any
shely-
ing of the lip, with twelve or fourteen sulci instead of sixteen to nine-
teen, and has only one instead of two teeth at the posterior angle; the
ribs are rounded and not flat. N. undulata has an elevated spire, a
protruding and undulating lip, fifteen to eighteen sulci, and two lip-
teeth; there are more ruga on the transverse lip, which terminate in
lance-shaped teeth; the striæ of growth are more delicate.
Figures 195, 195 a, two views of the shell.
NERITA PLICATA (LIN.), Syst. Nat., 779. LAMARCK, An. sans Vert.,
viii. 609.
The ANIMAL, as figured in the Voyage of the Astrolabe, pl. 65, figs.
27–30, is in general correct; but the hood is protruded in a curious
manner; the colour of the foot should be paler, and should show longi-
tudinal, undulating rugæ of a darker shade on the sides above.
NERITA ALBICILLA (Lin.), Syst. Nat., 778; LAMARCK, An. sans Vert.,
viii. 605; Voy. de l’Astrol., pl. 65, f. 17, 18.
The ANIMAL has the same abnormal hood as the preceding, as well
as an unnatural advance of the foot; the sides are much more dis-
tinctly lineated by dark, undulating lines; it is paler yellow, tinted
with sky-blue and white.
Figure 194, the animal seen from below; 194 a, the animal as in
motion.
NERITA UNDATA (LIN.), Syst. Nat., 779; DESHAYES, in Lam. An.
sans Vert., viii. 616.
ANIMAL with the foot and head bright yellow above, with undula-
ting concentric lineations of black; tentacles short, slate-coloured; foot

168
MOLLUSCA.
beneath, cream-coloured, tinted bluish; head beneath, azure; mouth
yellow.
The shell represented is about half grown, and coloured for the
most part black, mottled with ash-coloured blotches, as we find in the
earlier stages of the majority of specimens.
Figure 196, 196 a, two views of the animal, with the dark variety
of the shell.
TROCHIDÆ.
more
No group of shells remains in a more unsatisfactory state of adjust-
ment than that of the Trochidæ, including among others the genera
Trochus, Turbo, Monodonta, Delphinula, and Littorina. Some have
maintained that all these, and several more, should be held as well-
characterized genera. Others, and especially M. Deshayes, after
extended examination of the animals, and finding their organization
to be essentially alike, would incorporate the first four at least, into
one great genus, subdivided into sections. Swainson, Philippi, and
Gray, have each proposed extensive subdivisions, all of which, how-
ever, are founded on characters of the shell alone. Still, the relations
of the several members of this group remain unadjusted; and the diffi-
culties, both as to generic and specific distinctions, seem to have been
so numerous that no one has ventured to undertake the task. Concho-
logists have therefore passed by this field with the hope of by and by
returning to it better qualified, by the exploration of less doubtful
groups, to cope with the difficulties; but other fields have proved so
fruitful that no one has yet arrived at this.
Deshayes indicates the true method to be adopted, when he remarks
that we must scrutinize as many of the animals of these shells as
possible, and ascertain if there be not some zoological characters to
circumscribe genera which cannot be limited by the shell alone. As
a contribution to this end, all the figures of animals of this family,
made during the Expedition, are here given; and the result to which
we have arrived, from a comparison of these figures, and such others
as we have had access to, is, that there are zoological characters im-
portant enough, and constant enough, to justify generic subdivisions ;

GASTEROPOD A.
169
and to show also, that their dividing lines do not coincide with any of
the artificial limits hitherto drawn from the shell alone. We are dis-
posed to place more value on the structure of the operculum than M.
Deshayes is inclined to. According to our observations, a modification
of the operculum is found to be accompanied by a decided modification
of the animal, much more certainly than a variation in the form of the
shell is. The number or absence of the lateral cirrhi also, is a cha-
racter to which we should give some weight, on the observed prin-
ciple, that multiplication of parts performing the same office indicates
inferiority of rank.
1
As no summary of the characters of the animal of the Trochidæ has
been given, we have made the following abstract of them, so far as they
relate to external configuration.
ANIMAL short; locomotive disk truncate anteriorly, broadly rounded
posteriorly; head proboscidiform, without trunk; tentacles long, fili-
form, annulate; eye pedicles distinct, generally bearing a cartilaginous
auricle at the inner base, beneath which the tentacle issues : a lateral
veil passes backwards from the adhering muscle of the animal to the
operculum, its margin undulated and more or less incised, and usually
bearing cirrhi.
As in this work we are restricted to the consideration of individuals,
rather than at liberty to enter upon more general propositions, we
have arranged our species under such generic names as are commonly
received.
TURBO SETOSUS (GMELIN), CHEMNITZ, Conch., v. 181, f. 1795, 1796.
LAMARCK, An. sans Vert., ix. 191, &c.
ANIMAL. Head prolonged into a broad, sub-trilobate muzzle, flat-
tened out in front, and having a duplication at its inferior margin, con-
tinued from the buccal fissure in a deep sinus terminating at the junc-
ture of the foot and the body near the peduncle of the right eye; on
the under side of this peduncle, at about one-third the distance from
the base, is a small mammilliform tubercle. The foot is broadly oval
with a profound sinus down the middle, so that the anterior margin is
indented by it; on each side of this sinus are numerous large, transverse
43
170
MOLLUSCA.
-

a
rugæ; colour bright ochreous, deep sea-green above, with radiating
ramifications of darker green, lighter than elsewhere at the margin.
Muzzle beneath sienna-brown, above mottled with yellow. Ocular
pedicles with a whitish triangular appendage at their inner base, the
margin incised so as to form five small lobes; they seem capable of
moderate dilatation and contraction. Tentacles long and slender, dark
brown, annulated with faint blackish lines. From the base of the
tentacles arises a lateral veil, extending nearly to the opercle, bearing
on each side a single filamentary appendage. The branchiæ are very
large, ensiform, double, their extremities projecting to the left beyond
the mantle. Mantle projecting slightly beyond the shell, of a light
umber colour. The lateral veil, or fringe, is clouded pale yellow and
white, broadest anteriorly, having a fissure at its anterior third, and
with its free edge finely incised.
The motions of the animal are rapid, but it is very cautious, and
often remains half a day with the tentacles slightly protruded, with-
drawing on the slightest disturbance. Found abundantly at Clermont
Tonnere. [J. P. c.]
Figure 198, shell, with the animal, as in motion; 198 a, locomotive
disk; 198 b, head and tentacles in outline; 198 c, tentacle and leaflet,
enlarged.
TURBO ARGYROSTOMUS (LIN.), Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1236. DESHAYES,
in LAM., An. sans Vert., ix. 188.
ANIMAL beneath ochreous; above clouded with saffron-yellow; ten-
tacles ferruginous; auricles of the eye pedicles diamond-shaped, very
numerously and delicately crenulate; head flabellate; lateral cirrhi
two (?) on each side.
Figure 199, the animal as in motion; 199 a, the head and tentacles
in outline; 199 b, the eye with its leaflet, enlarged.
TURBO SPARVERIUS (GMELIN), LAMARCK, An. sans Vert., ix. 220.
CHEMN., Conch., v. 204, pl. 181, f. 1798.

GASTERO POD A.
171
ANIMAL having the locomotive disk dark ochreous, greenish along
the middle; cervical veil and head paler; body above mottled with
ochreous and mahogany-brown; there is a transverse band across the
base of the tentacles, and a sub-marginal one on the lip; the head is
short and broad; lateral cirrhi one on each side. Operculum greenish.
a
Figure 200, the animal, as in motion.
TURBO PETHOLATUS (LIN.), Syst. Nat., 12 ed. 1233; LAMARCK, An.
sans Vert., ix. 192.
ANIMAL with the locomotive disk short, escutcheon-shaped, dark
och reous; above burnt-sienna colour, somewhat reticulate; cervical
veil the same above and below; tentacles remarkably long; eye pedi-
cles auriculate; a single cirrhus on each side.
Figure 201, shell, with the animal, as in motion; 201 a, the locomo-
tive disk.
TROCHUS NIGER (GRAY), in Wood's Index, Suppl. (1828); Zoology
of Beechey's Voy., pl. 36, f. 1.
ANIMAL much like that of T. ater. Body black, dotted with brown;
tentacles long and slender, slate-coloured, annulated with black; mantle
slightly notched at the margin, to correspond with the grooves of the
shell. Foot broad, oblong, cream-coloured, with a faint anterior mar-
ginal fissure; lateral fringe very narrow, bearing four filaments on
each side. Operculum calcareous, convex and granular externally,
plane and covered by a horny epidermis on its adhering surface.
Found both at Valparaiso and Callao. [J. P. c.]
Figure 212, shell, with the animal, as in motion; 212 a, locomotive
disk.
TURBO CONFRAGOSUS (Gould).
Testa solida, albida, pyramidata, rudis, rugosa ; rugis parvis, obtusis,

172
MOLLUSCA.
ad peripheriam et ad angulum anfractuum interdum in spinis com-
pressis prominulis productis : spira anfractibus ad sex, angulatis, su-
pernè declivibus, ultimo ad peripheriam acuto ; suturâ callosâ : basis
planulata, liris squamosis concentricis inequalibus ad octo cincta :
apertura circularis ; labro acuto, perobliquo: columellâ curtâ anticè
dentata ; fauce margaritacea.
Turbo confragosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 89.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 54.
ANIMAL colourless. Head broad, mouth inferior, tentacles long and
subulate, eyes on short basal pedicles; foot oblong oval, centrally fur-
rowed; winglike appendages of the mantle anteriorly, from the edge
of which, midway, arise two short, approximate cirrhi each side; a
spot at the inner base of each tentacle, and a submarginal band sur-
rounding the head and foot composed of short, blue-black lines; ten-
tacles annulated with the same.
SHELL low conical, somewhat turreted, solid, pale cinereous, surface
rugose, the wrinkles small, rounded, irregular, oblique, slightly squa-
mous here and there; whorls about six, somewhat shouldered above,
declivous at the upper part, and having two angles towards the base,
on which about every third rib is prolonged into a folded spine, quite
small on the upper ridge, but distinct on the lower one, which consti-
tutes the periphery of the base, and thus becomes stellate; suture cal-
lous; base plane, encircled with about eight distinct, approximate,
squamose ridges, generally alternately larger and smaller; aperture
circular, lip sharp, very oblique; columella short, rounded, at the base
of which is a distinct white tooth, lying obliquely across it; interior
silvery
Diameter an inch and an eighth; axis seven-eighths of an inch.
Found at Dean's Island, Paumotu Group. Couthouy.
This species has the low conical form and bony aspect of the stel-
late species found in the West Indies. I know of no other similar one
from the Pacific. Its wrinkled surface, polygonal whorls, and the
squamous basal ridges, mark it.

GASTEROPODA.
173
Figure 202, animal, with the shell, as in motion; 202 a, disk of the
foot; 2025, front view of the shell.
TURBO SIRIUS (Gould).
Testa parva, imperforata, pyramidata, dilutè beryllina, leviter corru-
gata : spira anfractibus quatuor conicis, infra obliquè plicatis, ad
peripheriam acutis et spinis compressis ad octodecim armatis : basis
planulata, stellaris, liris concentricis muricatis ad quinque insculptis ;
regione columellari arcuatâ, lævigatâ ; labro perobliquo.
Turbo sirius, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 90.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 55.
a
SHELL small, low pyramidal, of a pale emerald-green colour when
cleansed, of about four conical whorls, acutely compressed at their
bases, having about ten oblique ridges on the lower half of the whorl,
each of which is produced into a delicate, triangular tooth beyond the
periphery; and these dentations, with an intervening one of equal size,
making in all about eighteen teeth, give the base a serrated outline,
extending up all the whorls; the surface is moreover faintly corrugated
by still more oblique folds; base nearly flat, imperforate (the columellar
region smooth, rounded, arcuate), having about five delicate and dis-
tantly muricated, unequal rib-striæ; aperture circular; lip horizontal at
base, forming a very acute angle with the ascending portion, which is
very oblique.
Opercle stony, smooth internally, covered with a gamboge epider-
mis; sutural region raised; outer surface finely crenulate at margin;
surface of boss slightly indented.
Diameter half an inch; axis three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits New Holland.
The multitude and regularity of the triangular projections of the
periphery, when viewed from below, give the base a beautiful star-
like form, much like T. stellaris.
44

174
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 203, profile view of the shell; 203 a, base of the shell; 203 6,
sculpture of the shell, magnified; 203 c, 203 d, two sides of the oper-
culum.
TURBO LACINIATUS (Gould).
Testa rudis, depresso-conica, cinerea roseo-tincta: spira anfractibus
quatuor, irregulariter plicatis, plicis ad peripheriam acutissimis,
dilatatis et in spinis elongatis compressis excurrentibus: basis con-
vexiuscula, liris muricatis concentricis decem ad duodecim insculpta :
apertura circularis; columellâ lævi, arcuatâ, roseâ; labio perobliquo:
faux margaritacea.
Turbo laciniatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 90.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 55.
Shell small, rude, low conical, cinereous, tinged with rose-red, es-
pecially beneath; whorls about four, conical, irregularly undulated
with small, unequal folds, the lower edge sharp and laciniated with a
range of long, unequal, folded, compressed spines, connate at their
bases; base somewhat convex, imperforate, marked with ten or twelve
concentric ranges of sharply muricated striæ; aperture circular,
lip very oblique; columella smooth, arcuate, rose-coloured; interior
nacreous.
Opercle stony, inner surface convoluted, flat, covered with a chest-
nut epidermis; central boss kidney-shaped, roseate above, paler and
somewhat convoluted below, minutely indented; margin excavated.
Diameter three-fourths of an inch; axis three-fifths of an inch.
Obtained at Manila,
This species is closely allied to T. rhodostoma, but wants the
double series of spines at the periphery.
2
Figure 204, profile view of the shell; 204 a, base of the shell; 204 b,
details of sculpture, enlarged; 204 c, the operculum.

GASTEROPOD A.
175
TROCHUS BICRENATUS (Gould).
Testa pyramidata, flavescens, flammulis rufis alternis saturatioribus
ornata, lineis equalibus granulosis cincta : spira anfractibus septem
ad octo, penè concavis, ad peripheriam acutis et denticulis roseo-crenu-
latis ad quindecim munitis : basis planulata; vortice umbilicali
eburnea : apertura trapezoidea ; columellâ contortâ.
Trochus bicrenatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
106. April 1849. Expedition Shells, 57.
SHELL low pyramidal, acute at apex; base and height nearly the
same; base flat, pale yellowish, marked with delicate, equal, and equi-
distant, beaded and revolving lines; umbilical pit, like a vortex, of a
smooth, ivory-white polish; whorls seven or eight, slightly excavated;
basal edge acute, and furnished with about fifteen scallops; above this
are three lines of beaded granules, arranged also in oblique lines,
which extend in the form of slight folds to the edge of the periphery,
producing by their extension three or four crenulations of a rose-tint,
between each of the scallops; so that the periphery, when viewed be-
low, appears doubly crenulated; columella sharp, contorted; aperture
trapezoidal; colour flamed alternately darker and paler brown.
Diameter seven-eighths of an inch; axis three-fifths of an inch.
From Mr. Hawkins's collection.
The species most resembling it are T. fimbriatus, Lam., and T.
Buschii, Phil.; but from these and all others it is well distinguished
by its doubly crenate margin, as viewed from below. The profile
outline is a little concave. It would belong to the section Polyodonta,
a
of the genus.
Figure 221, profile of the shell; 221 a, base of the shell; 221 6, 221 c,
details of the sculpture of the side and base, enlarged.
TROCHUS GRADATUS (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, perforata, ovato-conica, turrita, cinerea ferrugineo-
flammulata : spira anfractibus quinque declivibus, ultimo carinis

176
MOLLUSCA.
duabus biangulato quorum suprema secundum spiram volvat; inter-
spatio trilineato et concinnè clathrato : basis convexiuscula, liris granu-
latis concentricis ad octo insculpta ; umbilico amplo, infundibuliformi :
apertura circularis ; columellâ tenui, rectâ, anticè dentiferâ.
Trochus gradatus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 91.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 56.
SHELL small, solid, ovate-conical, turreted, composed of five whorls,
the larger of which is biangular, presenting a nearly horizontal por-
tion next the suture, ornamented with five revolving, beaded lines, of
which the one next the suture is largest, a vertical portion at the peri-
phery, and a moderately convex base: the upper angle is marked by
an elevated, rounded carina, which is continued around the middle
of the upper whorls, to the apex: the lower angle is marked by a much
less conspicuous carina; between the two is a central, revolving
thread, with a much more delicate one on each side; the interspaces
are minutely clathrate: the base is largely umbilicated; the adjacent
portion bony-white, corrugated, and faintly subdivided by a revolving
furrow, and circumscribed by a deep furrow, barred with lines of
growth; between this and the periphery are seven or eight beaded
lines, the outermost of which is largest : aperture circular; interior
dull white; columella vertical, broad, and somewhat dentate at base,
thin, and barely forming a septum at the umbilicus: colour cinereous,
with about eight rusty-red, radiating flammules: tip yellow.
Similar to T. sulcatus, Wood, but has a more elevated spire, more
varied colours, and a plain, rib-like carina at the angles, instead of
spiny nodules; the columella also differs. In most respects it is like
T. eximius, Reeve, which, however, is imperforate.
Figure 210, profile of the shell ; 210 a, base of the shell ; 210 b, 210 c,
sculpture of the side and base, enlarged.
TROCHUS CIRCUMSUTUS (Gould).
Testa solida, elevata, accuratè conica, imperforata : spira anfractibus
novem subangulatis, supernè declivibus, infra nodis obliquis et liris
granosis cinctis: color cinerea, portionibus cavatis saturatè olivaceis
suturas simulantibus : basis planulata, sulcis filiformibus concentricis

GASTEROPODA.
177
ad duodecim insculpta ; regione umbilicali eburneâ : apertura trans-
versa, sub-rhombea ; columellâ brevi, acutâ, contortâ.
Trochus circumsutus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
106. April 1849. Expedition Shells, 57.
SHELL solid, of medium size, elevated, regularly conical, flat at base,
acute at apex, composed of nine or ten whorls, which are declivous
below the suture, with the lower half vertical, and marked with
slightly oblique, wave-like nodules. The whole surface is sculptured
by raised, revolving lines, four on the vertical portion of the whorl,
with a broad one next the suture, and two succeeding small ones.
The ground colour of the shell is ashy-white, but all the depressed
portions are dusky-olive, giving the surface the appearance of being
regularly stitched with olive, the series at the suture being much the
coarsest. Base cinereous, imperforate, flat; the umbilical region
polished; the remainder with about twelve regular, concentric, fine
grooves. Aperture transverse, oval; columella short, sharp, con-
torted.
Diameter nine-tenths of an inch; axis the same.
Inhabits Madagascar ?
In form and sculpture this may be compared with the tip of T. pica.
The peculiar coloration, representing courses of olive-coloured stitches,
is characteristic.
Figure 220, profile of the shell; 220 a, base of the shell; 220 b,
sculpture of the base, enlarged.
TROCHUS JUCUNDUS (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, conica, flammulis radiantibus invicem coccineis
incarnatis et albis picta : spira anfractibus sex sub-angulatis, filis
granulosis alternis minoribus cinctis: basis convexiuscula, imperforata,
liris concentricis linearibus articulatim pictis insculpta; regione um-
bilicali indentatâ : apertura rhomboidea ; columellâ arcuatâ, lavi;
labro simplici.
45

178
MOLLUSCA.
Trochus jucundus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 91.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 56.
SHELL small, solid, low conical, composed of about six conical
whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base; the whole girdled with
fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller,
sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the
vertical portion being larger: base a little convex, similarly sculptured
with about twelve concentric lines, gradually diminishing from the
centre to the circumference; the umbilical region colourless, not per-
forated, and with a groove-like impression beside the columella; aper-
ture rhomboidal-orbiculate; columella arcuate, smooth; lip simple:
colours arranged in radiating flammules, alternately white, strawberry-
red, and pale flesh-colour, gradually shaded into each other; on the
base the dark or light red are distributed along the granules in a some-
what articulate manner; nacreous beneath.
Axis three-eighths of an inch; diameter two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
A very beautiful shell, both in colour and sculpture, quite distinct
from any described species.
Figures 209, 209 å, side and base of the shell; 209 b, the sculpture.
TROCHUS ELISUS (Gould).
Testa parva, elevato-conica, imperforata, cinerea: spira anfractibus sex
declivibus, suturâ fossali valdè profunda discretis, costulis transversis
granosis tribus (quorum intermediani minore) cincta, interspatiis
clathratis: basis convexa, costulis clathratis insculpta : apertura sub-
circularis, columellâ granulatâ ; labro intus sulcato.
Trochus elisus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 92.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 92.
SHELL conical, solid, imperforate, cinereous: whorls six, flat, sepa-
rated by a large and very deep channel, each of them encircled by
three ribs, the central one less than half the size of the larger ones,

GASTEROPOD A.
179
and all of them beaded by the passage of a regular series of bars
across them, which, as they cross the interstices of the ribs, leave deep
pits, and crenulate the outer edges of the external ribs; the third rib
on the basal whorl forms an angle; the base is convex, with six fine,
equal ribs, barred in a similar manner. Aperture small, subcircular;
columella straight, denticulated with four or five minute, unequal
folds; interior pearly, with a regular series of thin, delicate, revolving
ribs.
Axis half an inch ; diameter three-eighths of an inch.
Dredged at Singapore. Pickering.
This beautiful little conical shell is distinct from any described
species. Its markings are deeply sculptured, and its peculiar sutural
region is a character which cannot fail to be noticed at first glance.
As it was obtained by the dredge, it is quite probable that it may be
coloured differently when in the fresh state.
a
Figure 216, the profile; and 216 a, the base of the shell ; 216 6,
216 c, details of the sculpture.
TROCHUS ACINOSUS (Gould).
Testa solida, convexo-conica, æruginosa, seriebus quaternis papillarum
insignis et lineolis capillaceis volventibus ubique insculpta ; serie anticâ
majori : spira anfractibus sex planiusculis, ultimo acutangulato : basis
excavata, cinerea, filis concentricis fuscis cincta; interspatiis inden-
tatis ; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi et costis duabus tri-partitâ :
apertura rhombea; columellâ lævi, contortâ; labro simplici, perob-
liquo.
Trochus acinosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 92.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 57.
SHELL rather small, solid, conical, with the outline of the profile a
little convex; the base flat, concave, with a more distinct, central,
tunnel-shaped pit, the walls of which are subdivided by two revolv-
ing white ribs: whorls about six, nearly flat, each one having at the

180
MOLLUSCA.
base a series of larger bead-like papillæ, and above these three series
of smaller beads; the space between the lowest of these and the basal
series being widest, and somewhat excavated; all the intermediate
spaces are marked by numerous, very minute, revolving, raised lines,
which, on inspection with a magnifier, are also found to be minutely
barred with the lines of growth; periphery of the last whorl acutely
angular: colour, before cleaning, a very dusky green; when touched
by acid, bright emerald-green: base pale, cinereous, marked with
dusky, raised, revolving, thread-like lines, which are largest near the
umbilical pit, and have the interspaces finely indented; aperture
rhomboidal, the outer lip very oblique, without internal striæ; colu-
mella contorted at base, forming an obtuse tooth; smooth and rounded
elsewhere.
Diameter four-fifths of an inch; axis five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
There are several species which have the same kind of umbilical
vortex, the same general form, and the same general sculpture. The
peculiarity of this species is the arrangement of the granules above the
fine secondary sculpture in which they are placed, the excavated base,
with its thread-like, unbeaded lines, and the two white ribs in the
umbilical pit. It may be compared with T. vernus, Chem.
Figure 217, profile of the shell; 217 a, base of the shell; 217 b, and
217C, details of the sculpture of the side and base, enlarged.
TROCHUS PRUNINUS (Gould).
Testa solidula, elevata, ovato-conica, lavis, nitida, prunina, lineis capil-
laceis albis numerosis cincta : spira anfractibus septem convexiusculis,
ultimo subangulato; suturâ profundâ : apertura subcircularis; colu-
mellâ rotundatâ, albâ, anticè roseo-tinctâ, subsinuosâ : interior mar-
garitacea, vividè iridescens.
Trochus pruninus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 90.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 55.

GASTEROPOD A.
181
SHELL ovate-conic, imperforate, rather solid, smooth, shining, pale
plum-colour, paler at tip, girdled with numerous, crowded, regularly
spaced, white hair-lines; nacreous under the surface; whorls seven,
slightly convex, the basal one somewhat angular; suture deep; aper-
ture nearly circular, slightly produced outwardly; columella smooth,
rounded, white, with a rosy tint at base, very slightly sinuous : interior
pearly, highly iridescent.
Inhabits the Auckland Islands, Atlantic Ocean.
This peculiarly coloured species has the form, thickness, and ap-
pearance of the delicately lineated specimens of Littorina angulifera,
like T. capillaceus, PHILIPPI, in Menke's Zeitsch., 1848, 102.
Figures 205, 205 a, two views of the shell.
TROCHUS TEXTURATUS (Gould).
Testa conica, imperforata, solida, cinerea viridi vel roseo-tincta, liris
volventibus roseo-maculatis et laminis incrementi tenuibus clathrata :
spira anfractibus septem, vix convexis, ultimo sub-angulato: apertura
rotundata, anticè evoluta ; columella rotundatâ ; labro declivi, acuto:
interior margaritacea, iridescens.
Trochus texturatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 90.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 55.
SHELL conical, imperforate, solid, girdled with about five obtuse
ribs on the upper, and nine on the lower whorls; colour cinereous,
tinted green or roseate, generally faintly tessellated with pale rose
spots on the ribs; intercostal spaces half the breadth of the ribs :
surface having the lines of growth faintly laminated, and crossed by
fine, revolving lines; when somewhat worn, the prominence of the
rib becomes smooth, and the cancellated sculpture appears only in the
interspaces; nacreous underneath, as appears by its roseate pearly tip.
Whorls seven, scarcely convex, the basal one obtusely angular: aper-
ture nearly circular, somewhat effuse at base : columella rounded,
edged with green; outer lip bevelled within; interior pearly, faintly
greenish, scarcely iridescent. Operculum thin, horny, multispiral.
46

182
MOLLUSCA.
Axis one inch; diameter seven-tenths of an inch.
May well be compared with the coarse, solid, sulcated variety of
Littorina angulifera.
Figure 206, front view of the shell; 206 a, base of the shell; 206 b,
sculpture, enlarged.
TROCHUS ATER (LESSON), Voy. de la Coquille, Moll., pl. 16, f. 2.
PHILIPPI, Abbild. i., 188, pl. 5, f. 6.
ANIMAL dusky-brown above: foot rounded oblong, with a median
longitudinal furrow, slightly notched in front, bright ochre-colour.
Head large and distinct, prolonged into a sort of muzzle, very dark
brown above, ochreous beneath, around the mouth. Tentacles very
long and slender, slaty above, yellowish beneath, and finely annulated
with black. Eye pedicles one-fourth the length of the tentacles,
divided from them quite to the base ; lateral veil, a narrow, undulating
fringe, bearing on each side four equidistant cirrhi. Mantle light
ochreous. Operculum thin, horny, light brown, fading to horn-colour
when dried.
It inhabits the crevices of rocks washed by the surf, at Valparaiso;
a smaller variety is found at Callao. It is very active in its movements.
[J. P. c.]
Figure 211, shell, with the animal, as in motion.
TROCHUS ARAUCANUS (D'Orbigny), Amer. Merid., pl. 55, f. 5-8.
ANIMAL glossy black above, cream-coloured beneath: mantle ochre-
ous: tentacles obscurely annulated with black: ocular pedicles large,
and free one-third the distance to the base of the tentacles; lateral
membrane furnished with four moderately long filaments on each
side, the two anterior ones more widely separated than the others and
longer. Foot remarkable for a slight posterior emargination, which
frequently presents a bilobed appearance in crawling. When in
motion the foot is often narrowed and protruded far in front of the
shell, till it resembles the animal of Voluta.

GASTEROPOD A.
183
It was found in the greatest abundance under stones above low-
water mark in the harbour of Valparaiso, and also at San Lorenzo,
but smaller. Nearly all the shells found at the former locality were
also found at the latter; but it is remarkable that those found at San
Lorenzo were invariably much smaller than the Chilian specimens,
though the climate is so much warmer.
[J. P. c.]
Figure 213, shell, with the animal, as in motion.
TROCHUS MÆSTUS (JONAS), in Menke's Zeitsch. für Malak., 1844, 113.
The variety of this species is so remarkable on account of its less
elevated form, and its peculiar circle of sutural scales, that a figure of
it is deemed advisable. In its more essential characters it accords with
type specimens.
Figure 214, profile view of the shell.
TROCHUS COLUBRINUS (Gould).
Testa depressa, conico-globosa, imperforata, olivacea maculis subquad-
ratis hepaticis tessellata, sulcis inequalibus minimè profundis cincta :
spira anfractibus quinque, planiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam obtusè
angulato: basis convexiuscula, regione centrali absque colorem: aper-
tura semi-circularis ; columellâ acutâ, anticè truncatâ et dentem men-
tiente; labro acuto, viridi ; fauce submargaritaceâ.
Trochus (Monodonta) colubrinus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 107. April 1849. Expedition Shells, 58.
ANIMAL. Foot broad, narrowed behind, faintly channeled along the
middle beneath, and coloured olive-green, with ramifications of deeper
green; above dark green mottled with brown; head distinct, flattened,
mottled with black; tentacles very long and slender, pale-brown, with
transverse black lines; eyes on long, detached pedicles : lateral mem-
brane incised for only a short space on each side of the head, furnished
on each side with three long annulated cirrhi. Neck rose-coloured.

184
MOLLUSCA.
Mouth at the end of a short proboscis, armed with a pair of jaws,
each formed of two subtriangular pieces; lingual ribbon broad, with
longitudinal ranges of flat spinous processes on each side of the median
jointed cartilage; the margin fleshy and involute.
SHELL low conic-globose, rather thin, imperforate, obtusely angular
at the periphery: whorls five, somewhat flattened, and grooved with
shallow, unequal, rather broad revolving sulci, quite fine on the base;
suture impressed. Aperture obliquely semicircular; lip sharp, green
at the edge, submargin opaque white; columella acute, with a slight
gibbosity at the middle; base moderately convex and colourless;
general colour olivaceous, usually tessellated above and below by dark
maroon-coloured, sub-quadrate spots; fauces pearly, iridescent.
Diameter seven-eighths of an inch; axis six-eighths of an inch.
Obtained on the rocks west of Funchal, Madeira Island. [J. P. c.]
This shell has the form and texture of T. umbilicaris. It seems not
to be an uncommon shell, and yet I find no description answering to
the specimens I have seen. There are three distinct varieties.
1. The most common has the whorls convex, with faint revolving
striæ of a deep olive-green, with dusky-red maculations. Figure 223.
2. Whorls convex, shell more conical, quite smooth, uniform green,
save on the base at the umbilical region, which has a delicate rose-
tint. Figure 223 a.
3. Rather depressed, the whorls subcarinate, strongly striate, green,
tessellated with red; foot of the animal colourless. Figure 223 b.
TROCHUS TANTILLUS (Gould).
Testa minuta, conico-discoidea, flavido-cinerea, lineis radiantibus flexuo-
sis fuscis picta: spira depressa, anfractibus quatuor ad quinque
angulatis, ultimo ad peripheriam dilatato, acuto: basis convexiuscula,
perforata, flavida, liris duabus concentricis proclivibus munita : aper-
tura obliquissima.
Trochus tantillus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 118.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 59.

GASTEROPOD A.
185
SHELL minute, thin, low pyramidal, almost discoidal, of a dark-
yellowish ash-colour, minutely lineated with fine radiating, zigzag,
dusky lines. Whorls four or five, the basal one having the periphery
compressed to a thin, sharp edge, and having a well-marked inter-
mediate angle between the edge and the suture, which angle is con-
tinued upon the middle of the smaller whorls. Base slightly convex,
perforated with a minute, tunnel-shaped umbilicus, and having upon
it two concentric ridges, with deep grooves undermining them on
their outer edge. Central area yellowislı, with the ridges somewhat
tessellated with dusky. Aperture very oblique, outline regularly
arcuated throughout. Operculum horny, multispiral.
Diameter one-eighth of an inch; axis one-twelfth of an inch.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
I have met with no description of a species so small as this, and yet
its characters are very prominent. Its form and concentric ridges
give it the aspect of a conical operculum.
a
Figures 215, 215 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 215b, natural
size.
TROCHUS LIGATUS (Gould).
Testa solida, ovato-conica, imperforata, costulis rotundatis flavescentibus
ubique cincta, intervallis incarnatis concinnè clathratis, ad apicem
violacea : spira anfractibus sex convexis : apertura circularis, colu-
mellâ rectâ rotundatâ ; labro crenulato : regio umbilicalis vix in-
dentata.
Trochus ligatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 91.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 35.
SHELL ovate-pyramidal, solid, imperforate, everywhere girded with
rounded, pale-yellowish ribs, about six on the upper whorls, alterna-
ting with excavated, deep flesh-coloured intervals of about equal width;
smooth on the ribs, with delicate laminæ of growth in the interspaces;
tip violet; spire with six whorls convexly rounded, quite angular at
47

186
MOLLUSCA.
the base in the smaller specimens: aperture circular; columella
rounded, straight, a little excavated in the umbilical region: outer lip
crenulated by the sulcations; ribs and sulcations very slight on the base.
Axis three-fourths of an inch ; diameter two-thirds of an inch.
In habits Puget Sound, Oregon. Lieut. Case.
This shell resembles, in most respects, T. doliarius, small speci-
mens are like Margarita cinerea, Couth.
Figures 207, and 207 a, front and base of the shell; 207 b, details of
the sculpture.
TROCHUS PUPILLUS (Gould).
Testa parva, elevato-conica, margaritacea extrinsecus incana, filis virido-
fuscis ubique cincta, ad intervallos minutissimè clathrata : spira
anfractibus sex convexis : basis planiuscula, fissurâ umbilicali per-
forata : apertura circularis ; columellá arcuatâ : faux fulgida, minu-
tissimè punctata.
Trochus pupillus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 91.
March 1850. Expedition Shells, 56.
SHELL small, ovate-conic, rather solid, perforate, ash-coloured, with
darker greenish on the ribs, sub-surface brilliant silvery; surface with
small, flattened, nearly equal and equidistant ribs, about five on the
upper whorls separated by interspaces of the same width, and with
fine, crowded, lamellar lines of growth, by which the interspaces are
distinctly barred : spire of six convex whorls, the last obtusely angular,
flattened at base, and with much finer and more crowded ribs and
grooves. Aperture circular; columella somewhat arcuate, with a
minute, groove-like umbilicus at its side; lip sharp; interior pale and
opaque near the lip; minutely punctured, and with crimson irides-
cence within.
Length of axis three-tenths of an inch; diameter one-fourth of an
Inhabits New Zealand.
inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
187
Somewhat similar to T. ligatus, but much smaller, more delicate,
more nacreous within, and partially umbilicated. It is still more like
Margarita cinerea, but is more solid, and more delicately marked.
Figure 208, the shell in profile; 208 a, base of the shell; 208 b,
details of the sculpture, enlarged.
TROCHUS AMENUS (Gould).
Testa parvula, depressa, globoso-conica, levis, nitida, fusca, punctis luteis
ubique irrorata, et maculis piceis cum flavidis alternantibus ad
suturam et ad peripheriam ornata: spira anfractibus quatuor ad
quinque convexis, ad suturam constrictis : basis convexa, imperforata,
concentricè striata : apertura sub-circularis ; regione columellari com-
planatá, albâ; columellâ anticè dentiferâ ; labro acuto, striato ; fauce
lividâ, margaritacea.
Trochus amænus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 107.
April 1849. Expedition Shells, 58.
SHELL quite small, depressed, globose-conic, smooth and shining
above, with only delicate lines of growth above, and with very deli-
cate concentric striæ beneath; whorls four or five, convex, slightly
constricted at suture, which is linear impressed; colour chocolate,
whole shell speckled with minute yellowish spots, with a series of quad-
rate black dots, articulate with yellow, adjacent to the suture, gene-
rally another series of smaller ones at the periphery, and sometimes
still another at base; base imperforate; columellar region flattened,
having a slight umbilical indentation, bony-white, having towards the
base a transversely oblique, faint rib, which causes a slight tooth or
gibbosity on the columella; edge of the outer lip bevelled ; within livid
pearly, having numerous raised lines.
Diameter three-tenths of an inch; axis one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
A pretty shell, allied to some of the Mediterranean species, like T.

188
MOLLUSCA.
Lessoni. Its small size, minutely freckled surface, with the articu-
lated bands of black and yellow, may mark it.
Figures 218, 218 a, 218 b, three views of the shell, enlarged ; 218 c,
natural size.
TROCHUS SPURCUS (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, globoso-conica, nitida, ubique striis volventibus exili-
bus insculpta, obliquè strigis angulatis stramineis et fuscis alternan-
tibus variegata, propè suturam maculis quadratis quoque picta: spira
anfractibus quatuor ad quinque ventricosis, ultimo subangulato;
suturâ impressã: basis concavo-conica, imperforata vel arctè umbili-
cata : apertura perobliqua, circularis; columellâ arcuatâ ; labro acuto,
simplici ; fauce submargaritaceâ.
Trochus spurcus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 106.
April 1849. Expedition Shells, 58.
SHELL small, solid, globose-conic, everywhere sculptured with fine,
shallow, revolving, alternate grooves and elevations; shining, of a
dingy yellowish colour, delicately variegated with oblique, zigzag,
dusky lines, the two colours in about equal proportions, a series of
somewhat conspicuous quadrate, dusky and yellow spots just below
the suture; whorls four or five, ventricose, suture deeply impressed,
the last subangular at periphery; base moderately conical, im perfo-
rate or minutely umbilicated; aperture very oblique, circular; colu-
mella rounded, arcuate; lip sharp, smooth within, and sub-nacreous.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch; axis three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits the Madeira Islands. Couthouy.
Has most of the characters of T. Fermoni, but is very much smaller;
it wants the peculiar channeled shoulder of the whorls, and the
widely open umbilicus.
Figures 219, 219 a, 219 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 219 c,
natural size.

GASTEROPODA.
189
TROCHUS (MONODONTA) ATROPURPUREUS (Gould).
Testa parva, depressa, ovato-conica, atropurpurea, liris granulosis
ubique cincta : spira anfractibus quinque ad sex, ultimo subangulato:
basis convexiuscula, latè perforata ; umbilico cavernoso, limine acuto,
denticulato, propè columellam interrupto: apertura circularis ; colu-
mellâ obliquâ, acutá, anticè dentatâ, emarginatâ ; labro albo et nigro
articulato, intus sulcato; fauce, margaritaceâ.
Trochus (Monodonta) atropurpureus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., iii. 107. April 1849. Expedition Shells, 59.
ANIMAL elongated, angles of the foot dilated, behind pointed; disk
of the foot cream-coloured; head transversely oval; veil ochreous;
cirrhi long, yellow; above striped with delicate, alternately slate-
coloured and yellow lines; head transversely striped in the same
manner; eye-pedicles with finely lobed auricles.
SHELL small, solid, depressed, ovate-conical, of a purplish-black
colour : spire of five to six moderately convex whorls, separated by a
deeply-impressed suture, and girt with uniform series of lines of ele-
vated granules, of which there are six upon the smaller whorls, and
about sixteen on the larger one, including the base : periphery of
the last whorl very obtusely angular : base moderately convex, and
largely perforated, the region surrounding the umbilicus white, and
forming a sharp, denticulate margin to it, the tooth near the upper
commissure of the aperture being much the largest where the circle
of the umbilicus becomes incomplete, not attaining the columella, so
that a part of the wall between the umbilicus and aperture is wanting :
columella oblique, denticulate, a denticle above and below : aperture
nearly circular, a little modified by the columella, at the base of which
is an emargination: lip white, margined with articulated black and
white spots; inner edge corrugate, striate : fauces pearly.
Axis one-fifth of an inch; diameter three-tenths of an inch.
Obtained at Pango-pango, island of Tutuilla, Samoa Group.
Allied to T. pharaonis and T. canaliculata, in its habitus and um-
48

190
MOLLUSCA.
bilicus, but more like T. corallinus in size and general characters. Its
uniform colour and granulation, toothed margin of the umbilicus,
with the conspicuous tooth above, are its characters.
Figure 224, the shell seen from above, enlarged ; 224 a, shell, with
the animal as in motion ; 224 b, locomotive disk; 224 c, sculpture,
enlarged ; 224 d, aperture and umbilical region, in outline.
TROCHUS (MONODONTA) INSTRICTUS (Gould).
(
Testa parva, elevata, ovato-conica, arctè perforata, albida et maculis di-
lutè rufis propè suturam picta: spira anfractibus quinque convexius-
culis, sub-imbricatis, suturâ profundâ canaliformi sejunctis, liris
acutis ubique cinctis, interspatiis concinnè clathratis : basis convexa :
apertura obliquè semicircularis ; columellâ acutá, obliquâ, in dentem
terminante ; labro incrassato, intus sulcato, juxta columellam rugoso
et emarginato.
Trochus (Monodonta) instrictus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 107. April 1849. Expedition Shells, 59.
SHELL small, elevated, ovate-conic, solid, white, with a series of
about ten rufous spots near the suture; whorls five, forming a conical
spire, ventricose, with delicate, highly elevated rib-striæ, of which
there are about five on the upper, and ten on the last whorl : the sur-
face of the ribs is slightly tuberculous, and the last one overhangs the
succeeding whorl, so as to produce a broad, deep channel at the suture:
the interspaces have about the same width as the ribs, and are beauti-
fully barred with close-set laminæ : base convex, with a small, deep,
scalariform umbilicus, sculptured like the spire: aperture obliquely
semicircular; lip crenulated by the ribs, conspicuously sulcate within :
columella sharp, oblique, armed with a fully-developed sharp tooth at
base, succeeded by a deep basal notch.
а.
Length of the axis three-eighths of an inch; diameter three-tenths
of an inch.
Obtained in the Pacific Ocean.

GASTEROPOD A.
191
A pretty species of the same type as M. canaliculatus, but smaller,
more conical, and entirely different in colour.
Figures 225, 225 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 225 b, details
of the sculpture; 225 c, natural size.
TROCHUS (MONODONTA) ROTELLINUS.
PL
Testa parva, solida, lenticularis, nitida, fissurâ latebrosâ perforata, di-
lutè incarnata, flammulis flexuosis saturatioribus, et seriebus duobus
transversis macularum fuscarum variegata : spira anfractibus quin-
que convexiusculis : apertura parva, subcircularis ; columellâ perob-
liquả, arcuata, posticè ab anfractu sejunctâ, anticè in dentem acutum
terminante ; labro propè dentem quasi emarginato.
Trochus (Monodonta) rotellinus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 108. April 1850. Expedition Shells, 59.
SHELL small, solid, discoidal-lenticular, smooth, polished; whorls
six or less, forming a smooth, slightly convex disk above, with the
suture very delicate; beneath nearly as convex, apparently imper-
forate, but, on a close examination, a fissure-like perforation will be
found, entering from the aperture in a very oblique manner: aperture
small, nearly circular, with a mimic canal at the base : columella very
oblique, crescentic, disjoined from the penultimate whorl, and ending
abruptly below in a tooth, forming the margin of the basal notch : lip
simple, pale flesh-coloured, with zigzag radiations of deeper colour,
and also two series of small quadrate dots, one on each side of the
periphery, the upper one continued up the spire and seen on the edge
of the suture.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch; axis one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Mangsi Island, China Sea. Pickering.
a
This curious little shell would at first be taken, by its form, lustre,
and coloration, for a Rotella; while the notch of the aperture resem-
bles Buccinum neriteum, but its umbilicus and columella place it with
Monodonta.

192
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 222, 222 a, 222 b, three views of the shell.
TROCHUS (BEMBICIUM) SQUAMIFERUS? (Koch).
The animal of a shell, which seems to belong to the species above
mentioned, is interesting as showing that the genus Bembicium, pro-
posed by Philippi, is founded in zoological as well as testaceological
characters. It has an elongated proboscis, transversely lineated, and
a vertical mouth; the tentacles are long, annulated, with the eyes on
their enlarged base; there are no ocular auricles, and no lateral cirrhi.
The shell seems to be destitute of the pearly structure of the
Trochidæ in general.
Figure 227, the shell, with the animal as in motion ; 227 a, the
locomotive disk.
MARGARITA MAGELLANICA (Gould).
Testa depresso-conica, solida, imperforata, polita, rufa, interdum sordidè
flavescens : spira anfractibus quinque ad sex convexis, ultimo ad
peripheriam sub-angulato : basis tumida : apertura ampla, subcircu-
laris ; columellâ rotundatâ, vix arcuatâ angulum basalem cum labro
efformante: faux vividè iridescens.
ANIMAL pale ochreous; head prolonged into a sort of hood, the
lappets of which curve outwardly upon the foot with the mouth
between them: tentacles very long and slender, with large and bright
eyes on a bulbous protuberance at the base : body with a lateral veil
passing from behind the head to the operculum, bearing on each side
four slender filaments, the second and third more remote from each
other than the rest. Foot very long, narrow, attenuated backward,
the anterior angles prolonged into a sort of tentacle on each side.
[J. P. c.]
SHELL small, low conical, smooth and shining, somewhat pearly ;
whorls five or six, convex, obtusely angular at the periphery; suture
well marked : base convex, not centrally pitted : aperture nearly cir-
cular; lip sharp, and at the base forming a decided angle with the

GASTEROPOD A.
193
columella, which is slightly oblique, narrow, and obtuse : interior
vividly iridescent.
There are two well-marked varieties, viz. :
a. Thin, pearly, deep peach-blossom colour, the periphery deci-
dedly angular, the fauces vividly iridescent, and the surface grooved
with broad, shallow, transverse grooves.
b. Solid, pale dingy yellow, surface smooth, whorls appressed at
the suture, periphery less angular, and with vestiges of an epidermis.
Axis five-eighths of an inch; diameter two-fifths of an inch.
Obtained at Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego. (Couthouy.)
This is perhaps the little Trochus spoken of by Quoy and Gaimard,
as seen at the Falkland Islands.
Figure 228, shell, with the animal as in crawling ; 228 a, plantar
view of the animal; 228 b, front view of the shell ; 228 c, the oper-
culum.
,
MARGARITA PERSICA (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, depressa, ovato-conica, lævigata, nitida, intense
purpureo-incarnata : spira anfractibus quinque convexiusculis, su-
pernè declivibus, ad suturam confluentibus : basis convexa, medio
indentata, pallida ; columella lata, excavata, acuta, arcuata : apertura
circularis ; faux vividè iridescens.
Shell small, solid, low ovate-conic, polished, of a peach-blossom
colour: whorls five, convex, the largest declivous, with the periphery
somewhat angular, at the suture closely appressed to the preceding
whorl : beneath convex, the central region depressed and paler, not
perforated. Aperture circular; columella sharp, broad, and excavated,
continuous with the lip, so as to form no angle with it at the base.
Diameter half an inch; axis three-tenths of an inch.
From among Cape Horn shells.
49

194
MOLLUSCA.
This species is remarkable for its broad, crescentic, and somewhat
excavated columella, much as in the genus Lacuna. In this respect,
and in the absence of an angle at the base of the axis, it differs chiefly
from M. magellanica. Both of them have somewhat the aspect of
Rotella.
Figures 230, 230 a, two views of the shell; 230 b, outline of the
aperture, enlarged.
MARGARITA CONICA (D’ORBIGNY), Voy. dans l'Amer. Merid.
ANIMAL quite colourless, and remarkable for the great length of its
tentacles and lateral filaments, of which there are four on each side.
Eyes very large and black, situated near the base of the tentacles,
without any perceptible pedicle or enlargement. Foot long and nar-
.
row, obtuse posteriorly, truncate anteriorly, with no prolongation of
the angles.
Brought up on the cable at Scapenham Bay, Patagonia.
[J. P. c.]
Figure 229, the animal, with the shell, as in motion, magnified,
229 a, 229 b, enlarged view of the head, above and below; 229 c, natu-
ral size.
LACUNA CARINATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, ovato-globosa, epidermide corneo undulatim tenui-
striato induta: spira anfractibus quinque ventricosis, ultimo carina
filosâ cincto : apertura semicircularis, dimidiam testa adæquans ;
columella rotundatâ.
Lacuna carinata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iïi. 75.
November 1848. Expedition Shells, 52.
The ANIMAL is much as in Littorina, with two filaments on the
foot behind the operculum. Its motions were tolerably active; it
crawled in an inverted position at the surface of the water, and when
driven down, it hung by a thread of mucus, by means of which it

GASTEROPOD A.
195
regained the surface, in the same manner as Rang's genus Litiopa.
[C. Pickering.]
SHELL small, thin, ovate, covered with a greenish straw-coloured
epidermis, which, under the magnifier, is found to be marked with
numerous, crowded, undulating, revolving striæ : whorls five, ventri-
cose, the last one having a raised thread-like carina at the periphery :
aperture half the length of the shell, semicircular : canal of the colu-
mella semicylindrical, extending to the base : a delicate layer of callus
on the penultimate whorl.
Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound; dredged at Classet. Pickering.
Very much like the dark variety of L. vincta of the Atlantic shores
in colour and marking, but it is less elongated. Our shell occasion-
ally has the last whorl perceptibly angular, but never with the filiform
carina.
Figure 230, an elongated specimen; 230 a, a short specimen, front
view; 230 b, back view of the same.
LITIOPA DECUSSATA (Gould).
Testa parvula, perfragilis, acuto-conica, badia : spira anfractibus octo
convexis, transversim striatis, apicalibus plicatis : apertura ovata
anticè subtruncata; labro simplici ; columella arcuata, anticè uniden-
tatá.
Litiopa decussata, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 75.
Nov. 1848. Expedition Shells, 52.
ANIMAL light brown; head terminating in a proboscidiform muzzle;
tentacles two, long, slender, obtuse; eyes black, just behind the
tentacles; foot short, subquadrate, motions very lively.
SHELL conical, elongated, thin and fragile, dark brown, covered
with a thin epidermis, lines of increment distinct, and these are

196
MOLLUSCA.
crossed by fine revolving striæ, so as to give the surface a decussated
appearance; whorls eight, convex, slightly shouldered posteriorly, the
last one half the length of the shell; suture well defined; aperture
ovate, subtruncate at base; lip simple; columella arcuated and fur-
nished at its lower portion with a broad, compressed, concave tooth;
umbilical pit large and distinct, bounded externally by a somewhat
prominent ridge; interior of a lighter shade of brown.
Length of axis three-fortieths of an inch; breadth one-fortieth.
Found on a floating bamboo, lat. 37° 40' N., long. 54° 30' W.
[J. P. c.]
Three other species of this genus have been noticed, namely, L.
melanostoma, Rang, which has the lip black; L. maculata, Rang,
which has two brown spots on each whorl; and L. striata, Pfeiffer,
with which this agrees well, except that it is less than half the size.
Figure 232, front view of the shell, magnified ; 232 a, natural size.
SOLARIUM EGENUM (Gould).
Testa parva, ovato-conica, exalbida, submargaritacea : spira anfractibus
sex convexis, liris acutis quatuor cinctis, posterioribus granulatis :
basis convexiuscula, perforata ; umbilico scalariformi, ad ambitum
acuto, crenulato : apertura circularis ; labiis ferè continuis.
Solarium egenum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 84.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 54.
SHELL minute, low ovate-conic, thin, amply umbilicated, ashy-
white, pearly beneath; whorls six, convex, the last obtusely angular,
each one encircled by four sharply-compressed, well-elevated ribs,
the two uppermost of which are beaded; interspaces concave, smooth;
base convex, smooth, with a single groove near the margin of the
umbilicus; the latter occupies one-third of the base, is tunnel-shaped,
penetrating to the apex, its sides excavated on each whorl, the verge
of which is crenulated : aperture nearly circular, slightly encroached
upon by an inflection of the columella ; lip simple : interior pearly.

GASTEROPODA.
197
Diameter three-tenths of an inch; altitude one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
The characters of this shell do not bring it strictly within the
typical form of Solarium, but its facies is rather that of Solarium
than of Trochus. It is to be grouped with S. dealbatum, Hinds,
which it closely resembles. It is also similar in form, colour, and size
to Margarita obscura, Couthouy. Perhaps it would come under the
genus TORINIA, Gray.
Figures 226, 226 a, the side and base of the shell, enlarged ; 226 b,
details of the sculpture ; 226 c, natural size.
LITTORINA PATULA (Gould).
Testa magna, solida, rudis, rotundato-ovata, cinereo-olivacea albido
maculata: spira anfractibus quinque, ultimo magno, ventricoso;
suturâ vix impressâ: apertura ampla, rotunda; columellâ latâ, ex-
cavatá, albá; facie ventrali teste quasi attritâ, et maculâ fusca
notatâ ; fauce castaneâ, anticè albo-vittatâ.
Littorina patula, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 83.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 52.
SHELL rather large, solid, rude, broad-ovate, grayish-olive, irregu-
larly mottled longitudinally with whitish, marked with unequal and
irregular striæ of growth, and a few delicate, broken, revolving lines :
whorls five, the last one very large, ventricose; the others but little
convex, forming a low, conical spire: suture faint, with something of
a constriction in front of it, on the lower whorl. Aperture very large,
the columella broad, white and excavated, and having the body of the
whorl apparently abraded, so as to cause the mouth to seem circular,
and presenting a dusky blotch at its upper portion; aperture chestnut-
coloured, with a pale band in front: opercle dark chestnut.
Length three-fourths of an inch ; breadth half an inch.
50

198
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits the rocks at the mouth of the harbour of San Francisco,
California. Dr. Pickering.
Remarkable for the amplitude of the aperture, the broad excavated
columella, and the apparent grinding away of a portion of the adjacent
whorl by the operculum, and perhaps really so, as it is the part where
the opercle would lie when the animal was protruded. It may be
L. planaxis, Nuttall, no description of which has been published.
Figures 237, 237 a, two views of the shell.
LITTORINA CALIGINOSA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata, tenuis, lævis vel lineis incrementalibus striata,
epidermide fusco-virente luteo-maculato induta: spira apice erosa,
anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, ventricosis; suturâ profundâ: aper-
tura vix dimidiam longitudinis testa adequans, rotundato-ovata;
labro continuo, acuto, pallido, vix everso; fauce lividã.
Littorina caliginosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
83. March 1849. Expedition Shells, 53.
SHELL small, thin, smooth, or with faint lines of growth, ovate,
covered with a deep grass-green epidermis, variegated with minute,
scale-like, irregular spots of ochreous yellow: spire eroded at tip, of
about four or five very ventricose whorls; suture deeply impressed :
aperture less than half the length of the shell, rounded ovate; lip
continuous, sharp, a little everted, pale; base with a slight tendency
to an umbilicus; throat dark livid.
Length one-fifth of an inch; breadth one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits Tierra del Fuego. Couthouy.
This small shell has the general form and characters of L. tenebrosa,
and its structure and colour give it somewhat the appearance of a
fresh-water shell. I believe it was found adhering to floating kelp.
A box of smaller specimens, marked N. Holland,' seem to be so near

GASTEROPOD A.
199
in character, that I note them not as a distinct species. Perhaps there
is an error in locality. They are variously coloured from pale yel-
lowish-green to dark purple-brown.
Figures 240, 240 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 240 b, natural
size.
LITTORINA LEPIDA (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, solida, biconica, nitida, livida vel sanguinea albido
tessellata vel zonata præsertim propè suturam et ad peripheriam, spira-
liter crebrè et tenuiter puncto-striata : spira acuto-conica, anfractibus
quinque, ultimo angulato : apertura ovata ; labro acuto, pallido ; fauce
rubrâ, albo-zonatâ; columellâ planulatâ, sanguineâ.
Littorina lepida, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 83.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 52.
SHELL small, solid, ovate-conic, shining, dark slate-colour, generally
sanguineous at base, finely tessellated or banded with white, with
generally a more conspicuous articulated range of spots near the
suture and at the angle of the last whorl : surface marked with very
fine, sharp, and crowded revolving lines, which are somewhat punc-
tate: spire of five flattened whorls, forming an acutely conical spire;
basal one angular at the periphery: aperture about half the length
of the shell, ovate; columella flattened at the base, bright flesh-colour,
and forming a basal angle: interior reddish, with an anterior white
band; edge of the lip sharp, generally pale.
Length two-fifths of an inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon. Dr. Pickering.
A small, biconical species like L. lineata, characterized by its finely
puncto-striate sculpture, its range of articulate spots, and by the blood-
red colour of the columella.
Figures 238, 238 a, two views of a checked specimen, enlarged;
238 b, dorsal view of the white variety, enlarged ; 238 c, natural size.

200
MOLLUSCA.
LITTORINA SCUTULATA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovato-conica, plerumque erosa, castanea vel livida albido
inordinatim maculata, striis obsoletis cincta: spira anfractibus quin-
que, ultimo ventricoso: apertura latè ovata ; labro acuto, pallido ;
columellå planatá, antrorsum expansâ; fauce lividâ.
Littorina scutulata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 83.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 53.
a
SHELL small, ovate-conic, inelegant, usually eroded and dead at the
surface, of a chestnut or dusky leaden hue, sparsely and obscurely
tessellated with whitish; with a few obsolete revolving striæ : whorls
five, convex, the last ventricose, rarely with the vestige of an angle:
aperture not quite half the length of shell, broad-ovate; lip sharp and
pale: columella flattened at base, which is somewhat expanded : inte-
rior livid.
Length of the axis three-fifths of an inch; breadth two-fifths of an
inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon. Pickering.
Allied to L. tenebrosa, but has a more elongate and acute spire; also
to L. lepida, but is more inelegant, and without the colouring of the
base and aperture of that shell.
Figures 241, 241 a, two views of the shell.
LITTORINA ACUMINATA (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, nitida, elongata, conico-turrita, livida obscurè flam-
mulata interdum maculis albidis articulatis cincta : spira acuta, an-
fractibus sex, planulatis, ultimo subangulato; suturâ profundâ : aper-
tura ovata; columellâ nitida, mori-tinctâ.
Littorina acuminata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
84. March 1849. Expedition Shells, 53.

GASTEROPOD A.
201
SHELL small, solid, symmetrical, elongated, ovate-conical, surface
glossy, lines of growth very delicate, and with regular and regularly
spaced, obtuse, revolving grooves and ridges : colour livid, paler above
near the sutures, with faint, obliquely longitudinal flammules of
darker, and sometimes a sutural and carinal range of pale spots :
whorls six, forming an elongated, conical spire, slightly convex, the
last one subangulate; suture deep: base low conical, more deeply
striate: aperture oval, rounded at base; columella glossy, stained deep
mulberry-colour.
Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Mangsi Island, Sooloo Sea.
A small, much elongated species, in the style of L. lineata, known
by its regular grooving, and its mulberry-tinted columella.
Figure 239, front view of a large specimen, magnified; 239 a, dorsal
view of a small specimen, enlarged; 239 b, natural size.
LITTORINA PLENA (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, ovata, cinereo-olivacea, interdum albido reticulata,
striis spiralibus insculpta: spira parva, acuta, anfractibus quinque,
ultimo globoso, subangulato; suturâ profundâ : apertura parva, dila-
tata et angulata ; columellâ planulatâ, rufá, albido marginatâ ; fauce
castaneâ, albo-zonatâ.
Littorina plena, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 84.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 53.
SHELL small, solid, ovate, ashy-olive, sometimes faintly reticulated
with paler: spire conical, acute; whorls five, the last globose and out
of proportion to the others, sub-angular at its lower third; suture
deep; surface generally marked with delicate, revolving lines; aper-
ture rather small, sub-circular; lip produced at the base forming an
angle; columella flattened at the base, reddish-brown, edged with
pale: interior dusky-brown, with an anterior pale band.
51

202
MOLLUSCA.
Length of axis one-fourth of an inch; diameter one-fifth of an
inch.
Inhabits the Bay of San Francisco, California.
Somewhat the same exterior as L. acuminata, but has not the elon-
gated, conical form : the globoseness of the last whorl is remarkable;
it is more polished, smaller, and with a smaller aperture than L.
scutulata.
Figure 236, 236 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 236 b, natural
size.
LITTORINA OBESA (SOWERBY), Genera of Shells, f. 6.
ANIMAL with the foot thick and fleshy, pale ochreous beneath, and
mottled with brown on the sides. Head prolonged, flesh-coloured
about the mouth; tentacles long and slender, ochreous, with annuli of
dusky-brown; eyes on an enlargement at the external base. Oper-
culum of a clear, ruddy horn-colour. Motions very active.
Numerous specimens were found on the shores of the lagoon at
Clermont Tonnerre; also at Honden Island, King's Island, Ra-
raka, &c. [J. P. c.]
Figure 235, the animal, with the shell, as in motion ; 235 a, locomo-
tive disk of the animal.
LITTORINA PYRAMIDALIS (Quoy and GAIMARD), Voy. de l'Astrol.,
Atlas, pl. 33, f. 12–15.
The figure of the animal given by Quoy and Gaimard, is very in
accurate. The sides are yellowish, with a median, longitudinal,
orange stripe; the head and tentacles are slate-coloured; mantle pale
orange beneath; disk crear-coloured, shaded greenish.
Figures 234, and 234 a, two views of the animal, with the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
203
LITTORINA GRANDINOSA (DESHAYES), Trochus grandinosus, CHEM.,
Conch., pl. 169, f. 1639; Trochus bullatus, MARTYNS, Univ. Conch., pl.
38; Monodonta papillosa, LAMARCK, An. sans Vert., ix. 172.
General colour of the animal gamboge-yellow, shaded with orange;
proboscis russet above; disk of the foot pale cream-coloured : tentacles
yellow, very faintly annulate.
11
Figures 233, 233 a, two views of the animal, with the shell.
LITTORINA PERUVIANA (GRAY), Beechey's Voyage, pl. 36, f. 8;
Turbo zebra, Wood, Sup., pl. 36, f. 8; Phasianella Peruviana, LA-
MARCK, An. sans Vert., ix. 172.
, .
ANIMAL with the disk of the foot lemon-coloured, margined with
dusky dots; sides, head and tentacles chocolate-coloured, with six or
seven bluish-white blotches on each side; mouth brown; tentacles
stout, subulate; the eyes on an enlargement one-third the distance
from their base; a white line runs along the under side and encircles
the eyes.
Found plentifully both at Valparaiso and Callao, those at the latter
place being smaller, and sometimes entirely black.
The colouring of the animal, according to the above observation, is
entirely different from that given by D’Orbigny, Amer. Merid., pl. 53,
figs. 5–8. In his figure of L. Araucana, also, the eyes are represented
as sessile at the internal base of the tentacles, a position entirely in-
compatible with the character of the genus.
PLANAXIS LINEOLATUS (Gould).
Testa minuta, solida, acuto-conica, ex albido fuscescens, lineis castaneis
numerosis cincta : spira acuta, anfractibus sex ad octo planulatis,
supernis granulatis, ultimo trientes duos teste longitudinis æquante,
ad peripheriam sub-angulato: basis spiraliter striata : apertura rotun-
dato-ovata, posticè haud callifera; labro pallido, vel fusco tessellato,
intus denticulato; fauce fuscâ.

204
MOLLUSCA.
Planaxis lineolatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
118. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 60.
SHELL minute, solid, acute-conical, drab or chestnut coloured, sur-
rounded with numerous, delicate, dark chestnut bands: spire with
six or eight whorls, flat, those of the apex somewhat granulated; the
last one two-thirds the length of shell, somewhat angular at periphery,
with a few coarse, revolving striæ at base. Aperture less than half
the length of shell, broad-ovate, without callus posteriorly; siphonal
notch nearly closed, edged black; edge of the lip pale or tessellated
with chestnut: throat dusky: inner edge denticulate.
Length one-fourth of an inch; breadth one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits Wilson's Islands, Paumotu Group.
This little shell is not unfrequent in cabinets, but I find no descrip-
tion of it.
Figures 251, 251 a, two views of the shell, magnified; 251 b, natural
size.
MELAMPUS MUCRONATUS (Gould).
Testa parva, ovoidea, glabra, anticè attenuata, basi acuta dilutè flavo-
livescens, anticè subtilissimè undulato-striata : spira conica, mucronata,
anfractibus octo planulatis, ultimo supernè angulato: apertura linearis
labro intus incrassato, octo-dentato ; labro tri- vel quadri-dentato.
Melampus mucronatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ni. 1849.
SHELL small, of an elongated, ovoid or rhomboid shape, thin and
shining, of a pale straw-yellow colour, somewhat tinged with livid,
more especially about the tip. It is rapidly narrowed anteriorly, and
terminates acutely; and around the anterior portion it is minutely
striated with undulating lines. The spire, beginning with the upper
fourth of the outer whorl, is elevated conical, with a sharp, elongated
point at tip, and composed of ten flattened whorls, barely defined by

GASTEROPOD A.
205
the suture, which is usually margined. The aperture is three-fourths
the length of the shell, very narrow, slightly widened in front; interior
of the lip thickened, and bearing eight lamellar teeth, which extend
far into the shell; the inner lip bears three, sometimes four teeth, of
which one on the columella, continuous with the lip, is much the
largest
Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth two-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Raraka Island, Paumotu Group.
Remarkable for its colour and shape. It is unusually acute in
front. It possibly may be the young of M. lutea.
Figure 242, dorsal view of the shell, enlarged; 242 a, ventral view
of the shell, natural size ; 242 b, aperture, enlarged.
SCALARIA GRACILENTA (Gould).
Testa minuta, gracilis, elongato-turrita, alba, costis longitudinalibus
tenuibus ad sexdecem clathrata, spiraliter inter costas striata, imper-
forata : spira anfractibus novem cylindraceis, contiguis; suturâ pro-
fundà : apertura circularis, ab anfractu penultimo haud sejuncta ;
labro continuo, reflexo, posticè et ad columelle basim dilatato.
Scalaria gracilenta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 'ii.
252. December 1847.
SHELL minute, turreted, very long and slender, white, barred with
about sixteen delicate ribs, the spaces between which are crossed by
spiral lines. The spire is composed of nine cylindrical whorls, suffi-
ciently united, deeply girt in at the suture. The aperture is circular,
not detached from the preceding whorl; lip reflected, widened poste-
riorly, and at the base of the columella.
Length one-fourth of an inch; breadth one-sixteenth of an inch.
Inhabits Mangsi Island, China Sea.
One of the most slender and delicate species of the genus, resem-
52

206
MOLLUSCA.
bling the figure of S. gracilis, Sowb., but agreeing still more, in its
characters, with S. turricula, Sowb.
Figure 245, front view of the shell, magnified; 245 a, natural size;
245 6, view at the suture, enlarged.
SCALARIA TEXTURATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, elongato-turrita, pubescens, subperforata : spira an-
fractibus rotundatis octo ferè solutis, costis novem albidis, elevatis,
reflexis, supernè spinosis clathrata, et striolis inter costas confertis-
simè texturata : apertura circularis.
Scalaria texturata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 252.
December 1847.
SHELL small, slender and turreted, rather thin, and of a pale flesh-
colour. It is barred with nine series of elevated, reflexed, whitish
ribs, which, on the larger whorls, are armed posteriorly near the
suture, with sharp spines. Between the ribs the space is finely sculp-
tured with minute, revolving lines. Whorls eight, cylindrical, and
nearly separated from each other. Aperture circular. The umbilicus,
if existing, is very small, and obscured by the numerous ribs con-
verging there.
Length one-third of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Habitat unknown.
A very pretty, slender species, and well characterized by the
numerous striæ between the ribs, forming a delicate network. It is
allied to S. turricula, Sowb., which has only revolving lines, is less
conical, and its whorls are less rounded.
Figure 244, view of the shell in front, magnified ; 244 a, junction of
whorls at the suture, enlarged; 244 b, natural size.
SCALARIA AUSTRALIS (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 76.
Sow-

GASTEROPOD A.
207
ERBY; Genera of Shells, fig. 4. GUERIN; Magasin de Zool., pl. 40.
KIENER; Iconog., pl. vi. f. 17.
The shell in question is marked as occurring at Puget Sound. I at
first regarded it as new, and described it under the name of S. borealis;
but, upon close examination, I can see no other difference between the
I
northern and southern shell, than the number of ribs, which are eight
in the northern and ten in the southern shell. It would be very
strange to find species identical at points so remote from each other on
opposite sides of the equator while we might expect to find them ana-
logous; and I cannot but think, that there is either an error in the
locality, or that better specimens would show decided differences.
STILIFER ACICULA (Gould).
Testa minuta, imperforata, elongato-subulata, acutissima, ad apicem
integerrima et lentè distorta, nitidissima, livido-lactea interdum
flavescens : spira anfractibus ad duodecim planulatis; sutura lucida :
apertura angusta, ovalis; labro simplici, antrorsum arcuato, anticè
evoluto; columellâ vix arcuata.
Stilifer acicula, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 84.
March 1849. Expedition Shells, 54.
SHELL minute, highly polished, thin, vitreous and transparent,
elongated, subulate, at tip very acute and slightly distorted, of a tar-
nished, bluish-white colour, mixed with pale yellow. Whorls nume-
rous, twelve or more, conical or scarcely swelling, opaque, white at the
suture, which is well marked, and generally has an accompanying
stria. Aperture small, ovate, more than half the length of the last
whorl : lip simple, when viewed laterally exhibiting its outline arching
forwards, so as to form somewhat of a sinus at the upper angle;
column short, slightly arcuate, continued into the lip, which is some-
what everted or effuse at base.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-tenth of an inch.
Inhabits the skin of Holothuria, Feejee Islands. Drayton.
A much more delicate species than any one of Stilifer or Eulima

208
MOLLUSCA.
described. The little Phasianella stilifera, Turt. (Stilifer turtoni,
Brod.) is somewhat like it. S. subulatus, from the West Indies, is
much less slender.
Figure 246, 246 a, front and profile views of the shell, enlarged ;
246 b, natural size.
The sketch of an animal taken from Holothuria at Tahiti, evidently
a larger and less slender species, is given in outline, merely to afford
some notion of its form. It accords with Owen's account of the
animal, so far as concerns its rudimentary foot, and its enormously
elongated proboscis. It does not appear, from the sketch, whether the
whole shell is enveloped in a fleshy mantle or not; the indications are
that it was not.
Figure 247, the animal, with an outline of the shell.
HALIOTIS CRISPATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, convexa, elongato-ovalis, undulis obliquis angulatis
divaricantibus rugata, spiraliter striata, rubida : spira elevata, sub-
mediana ; foraminibus parvis, circularibus, confertis, ad septenis
perviis, extrorsum canaliculatis; intus undulosa, nitida, argentea.
Haliotis crispata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 251.
December 1847.
SHELL small, very thin and delicate, of an elongated oval, and more
than usually convex form, the surface marked with fine, regular,
equal, revolving threads, and with very delicate, branching, oblique,
zigzag ripples, which are almost equally conspicuous in the interior.
The spire is prominent, of a little less than three whorls, the apex
nearly on the median line. The perforations are small, rounded,
slightly tubular, numerous and crowded, six or seven of them open;
and external to the series is a deep canal. The colour is bright brick-
red or red-lead colour, having between the canal and the margin a few
narrow and distant yellowish-white stripes. The interior is brilliant
silvery, and somewhat iridescent.
a

GASTEROPOD A.
209
Length an inch and three-eighths; breadth seven-eighths of an
inch.
Brought with New Holland shells.
About the size and form of H. stomatie-formis, Reeve, but distin-
guished from all others by its crowded angular ripples, arranged some-
what like the colours on H. ziczac. No shell approaches it in this
respect except the very young of H. australis.
Figures 248, 248 a, aperture and back of the shell.
STOMATELLA TUMIDA (Gould).
Testa subglobosa, ampullacea, tenuis, nitida, cinereo-olivacea, propè
suturam albido et rufo seriatim maculata et lineolis sagittatis vittata,
subtus flavescens, sulcis remotis cincta, sulcis basalibus fusco-articu-
latis: spira anfractibus quatuor tumidis: apertura circularis intus
margaritacea; labro acuto, albo; columella revolutâ, callo copioso,
erecto, albo, striato marginatâ.
Stomatella tumida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 74.
November 1849. Expedition Shells, 51.
SHELL subglobose, thin and light, polished, of an ashy olive-green
colour, pale and yellowish beneath, with distant revolving ridges,
which are abrupt above and slope downwards: there are six or eight
of these on the upper whorl, and eighteen or twenty on the body
whorl ; about four of the basal ridges are tessellated with bluish-black,
and more or less of the others above (four or five conspicuously so)
are most delicately veined with white and brown, angular, invaginating
spots exhibiting so many delicate bands; near the suture it is usually
blotched with alternate white and brown; lines of growth distinct,
distant, shallow. Whorls four, forming a prominent spire, broadly
inflated. Aperture circular; lip sharp, a little sinuous above, at the
junction; columellar edge everted, so as to form a rounded pillar, mar-
gined by a thick, white, grooved lunate callus, not closely appressed
at the outer edge; interior silvery, and exhibiting the external sulci.
53

210
MOLLUSCA.
Length an inch and an eighth; breadth three-fourths of an inch;
height seven-eighths of an inch.
Purchased at Singapore, by Mr. Rich, and is known to be native at
the Molucca Islands.
Distinguished by its globular form, shining surface, peculiar coffee-
coloured ground, with delicately painted, feathery ridges, and the
large, white, elevated, columellar callus. It accords with the figure
in Chemnitz of Turbo papyracea, but that shell is described as per-
fectly smooth. This shell certainly does not belong to the genus Turbo.
Figures 249, 249 a, 249 b, three views of the shell.
STOMATELLA DECOLORATA (Gould).
Testa auriformis, depressa, subperforata, albida, maculis lacteis et labe-
culis sanguineis marmorata, costulis numerosis confertis cincta, striis
minutis ad paginam superiorem interpositis : spira prominula, anfrac-
tibus quatuor planulatis, suturâ profunda discretis : apertura obliqua,
sub-circularis; columellâ acutá, supernè reflexiusculâ, areolâ latâ
inornatâ adjunctâ.
Stomatella decolorata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
73. November 1848. Expedition Shells, 51.
SHELL uniform, depressed, rather rounded in outline, dead white
above, with spots of milk white and blotches of pale sanguineous
especially near the suture; whorls four, forming an acute, moderately
elevated spire, somewhat crenulated at suture; surface conspicuously
grooved, those above the periphery having three or four smaller striæ
intervening; beneath somewhat imbricated upwards, and barred in
the intervals by the lines of growth, which do not pass over the ridges;
one-half the breadth of the base adjoining the columella is plain, with-
out striæ, banded by a raised and milk-white line; a slight reflection
of the columella against a minute perforation ; aperture transverse,
rounded oval, nearly circular; interior porcelain white and shining.
a
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth five-eighths of an inch;
height three-eighths of an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
211
Inhabits the island of Mangsi. Pickering.
Allied to S. maculata, Quoy, but the spire is less elevated, the aper-
ture is more rounded, and above all, it is characterized by the plain,
white, lunate area adjacent to the columella.
Figures 250, 250 a, aperture and back of the shell; 250 b, sculpture,
magnified.
NATICA LEWISII (Gould).
Testa prægrandis, solidiuscula, conico-globosa, albida, epidermide sordidè
stramineo induta, lineis minimis confertissimis, flexuosis cincta : spira
anfractibus sex ventricosis posticè valdè constrictis: apertura obovata,
ampla, callo copioso albo castaneo-tincto umbilicum modicum simplicem
profundum posticè circumambiente, ad anfractum ultimum munita;
fauce incarnatâ. Operculum corneum.
Natica Lewisii, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 239.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 49.
SHELL very large, not very ponderous, globose-conic; the spire
rather elevated and acute; colour pale fleshy, covered by a thin, ashy
epidermis, which is everywhere marked with very delicate, crowded,
undulating, revolving lines. Surface somewhat undulated by the
stages of growth. Whorls six, moderately convex, somewhat flattened
near the suture, the last whorl having a very remarkable broad, well-
marked constriction, at about its posterior third, which is continued
also about the middle of the posterior whorls. Aperture obovate, broad,
having a sharp lip, until it rises on the left margin, when it widens,
and presents a rounded edge, terminating in a copious white callus,
which seems to flow down about half way around the umbilicus with-
out closing it, and having a furrow running obliquely inward, from
the upper edge of the umbilicus; its edges are somewhat tinted with
chestnut, and a strong band of callus also fills the upper angle of the
aperture. Umbilicus moderately long, deep, nearly round, with a slight
encroachment down the right wall. Interior of the aperture shaded
with pale flesh-colour. Operculum thin, horny.

212
MOLLUSCA.
Axial diameter four and a half to five inches; transverse diameter
four inches.
Inhabits Oregon, at Discovery Harbour, Puget Sound. Pickering.
This certainly exceeds in size all other species yet discovered. It
is allied to N. heros, some specimens of which occasionally approach it
in size. It is, however, less globular, and distinguished by the re-
markable constriction near the suture. Specimens were brought from
the mouth of the Columbia, by Lewis and Clarke, and have been
designated by the above name.
Figure 253, vertical view of the shell ; 253 a, the operculum.
,
NATICA CAURINA (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, levigata, globoso-ellipsoidea, albida, epidermide tenui
stramineo induta, vix perforata : spira obtusa, erosa, anfractibus
quatuor cum dimidio, ultimo sub-tabulato, anticè subcontracto:
apertura parva, semilunaris ; columellâ rectâ, posticè callo copioso albo
indutâ.
Natica caurina, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 239.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 50.
SHELL small, solid, smooth, of a round-ellipsoid form, of a dead,
dirty milk-white colour. Whorls four or five, the upper ones forming
a depressed spire, with the apex eroded, and suture linear; the last
whorl very large, full posteriorly, and somewhat tabular at the suture;
the last whorl is quite as long as broad, and perhaps attenuated at
base. The aperture is about two-thirds the length of shell, semilunar;
the outer lip sharp, the pillar lip straight, heavily and broadly loaded
with callus posteriorly, and regularly narrowing, and yet nearly
covering a small umbilical pit at the middle, so as to leave merely a
small, linear chink, or none at all.
Axial diameter half an inch; transverse diameter two-fifths of an
inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
213
Inhabits the Straits of De Fuca, Oregon. Pickering.
Nearly the same as N. impervia, Phil., from Cape Horn, which has
a very depressed spire, and its umbilicus closed by a semicircular cal-
lus. Its form and colour is like N. immaculata, Totten., though it is
much larger. It is more solid and less globular than N. Grænlandica.
Figures 254, 254 a, ventral and dorsal views of the shell.
NATICA DILECTA (Gould).
Testa parva, globulosa, solida, sub epidermide sordido eburnea, lineolis
rubiginosis araneosis scutulata et propè suturam lituris castaneis
maculata : spira rotundata, anfractibus quinque ventricosis: apertura
semilunaris; labro crasso; columellä valdè calliferâ, callo anticè et ad
funiculum castaneo, et canali transverso ferè diviso; umbilico amplo,
funiculo ferè impleto.
Natica dilecta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 73.
November 1848. Expedition Shells, 50.
Shell small, very solid, nearly globular, polished and shining,
covered with a russet-coloured epidermis, under which the shell is
ivory white, reticulated with a very minute network of rusty brown
or fawn-colour, leaving occasional white patches, and with a series of
chestnut-coloured blotches, revolving on all the whorls near the suture.
Whorls five, well rounded, a little flattened and appressed posteriorly ;
suture obovate; the aperture is semicircular, setting off somewhat from
the last whorl. The umbilicus is large, but nearly filled by the funi-
culus, leaving only a sort of exterior canal, which crosses and nearly
divides the columella : the outer lip is thick; pillar lip covered with
callus, which is copious above, and at the basal point where the pillar
meets the lip at a right angle. This point is tinted chestnut-brown, as
well as the callus which covers the funiculus. The operculum is
undoubtedly bony
Diameter five-eighths of an inch.
Probably obtained at the mouth of the Rio Negro, Patagonia.
54

214
MOLLUSCA
It has a general resemblance in size and form to N. maroccana, and
the shells from the Mediterranean allied to it; but is more solid, and
differs from all in its umbilical channel, which is uncovered exter-
nally, and is below the funiculus, and not above it. Its network
colouring is peculiar, looking much like that on the pale bands of
Conus ammiralis. It most nearly resembles a shell which I suppose
to be N. lupinus, Desh., which has a nearly similar columella, form,
and solidity, with a simply banded colouring.
a
Figures 255, 255 a, front and back view of the shell.
NATICA ALGIDA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, globosa, glabra, albido-livescens : spira anfractibus
quatuor ventricosis juxta suturam linearem tabulatis, ultimo magno
ampullaceo : apertura semilunaris ; columella arcuatâ : basis umbilico
modico spirali funiculato, ad introitum angulato, perforata.
Natica algida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 73.
November 1848. Expedition Shells, 50.
SHELL small, rather thin, globular, smooth, of a pale bluish-white
colour. Whorls four, forming a rounded, slightly elevated spire, the
last one very capacious, with a narrow shoulder near the suture.
Aperture semilunar, outer lip thin; inner margin curved, covered
posteriorly by callus, which is not very closely appressed. There is
a rather large, open, somewhat spiral umbilical opening, externally
margined by an angle, and partially filled by a revolving pillar, on
which is an expansion of the callus.
Axial diameter five-eighths of an inch; transverse diameter three-
fifths of an inch.
Dead specimens were obtained at Classet, Oregon.
Differs from N. soluta principally in its sutural region, and in its
umbilical region, in which latter respect it differs from several allied
species, such as N. globosa, N. borealis, &c.
Figures 256, 256 a, ventral and dorsal views of the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
215
NATICA SOLUTA (Gould).
Testa parva, globosa, sordidè alba, striis tenuissimis cincta: spira an-
fractibus quinque ventricosis, supernè sub-tabulatis; suturâ profun-
dissimâ: apertura semilunaris, angulo postico callo firmato; labro
acuto, tenui, ad basim incrassato, subeffuso: columella recta, callosa,
post umbilicum parvum profundum dilatata.
Natica soluta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 239.
July 1847. Expedition Shells, 50.
SHELL small, thin, nearly globular, dirty white, smooth, but every-
where decussated by fine lines of growth, and scarcely perceptible
revolving lines. Spire rounded conical, of five ventricose whorls,
slightly tabular above and divided by a deep-channeled, delicate su-
ture: last whorl slightly narrowed, and produced anteriorly. Aper-
ture semilunar, posteriorly made firm by the angle being filled with
callus; outer lip thin and sharp, thickened and rounded at base; colu-
mella straight, delicate as it passes the small, deep umbilicus, and
spreading out in callus above.
Diameter half an inch.
Probably from the austral coasts of South America.
A small, nearly globular shell, allied to N. borealis, Gray, and N.
globosa, King, but distinguished by its deep-channeled suture.
Figures 257, 257 a, front and back view of the shell.
AMPULLACERA Buseyi (Gould). Helix Busbyi, GRAY; Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., vi. 317. REEVE; Conch. Syst., ii. 164, f. 11.
PFEIFFER; Monog. Helic. Viv., i. 109.
Concerning this very remarkable shell there is still much doubt. But
it is very certain that it is not a Helix. It is very difficult to preserve
the shell entire, because it is covered with a thick, horny, polished
epidermis, which projects beyond the calcareous portion and warps

216
.
MOLLUSCA.
by exposure to the atmosphere, like the epidermis of the Mytili,
breaking at the same time the fragile shell. This would not be the
case were the shell designed for exposure to the atmosphere. Ampul-
lacera fragilis, as described by Quoy and Gaimard, appears to be allied
to this shell; and I venture, for the present, to associate it with that
genus. As a further reason, we may add the fact that this, as well as
the described species of Ampullacera, are peculiar to New Zealand.
a
SIGARETUS ANTARCTICUS, (Couthouy, MS.)
ANIMAL remarkable for the delicacy and beauty of its coloration.
On a deep orange-coloured ground, the back exhibits numerous, small,
reticulating lines, so intersecting as to form little parallelograms;
these are bordered with white dots, and the intervals covered with
larger ones of bright yellow. The under side of the mantle is very
broad, and of a delicate rose-colour, margined by a narrow line of
dark red, veined with radiating lines. The foot is lemon-coloured,
paler along the middle. All the colours of the under side have a
semitransparent look. Form of the animal broad-oval, very convex,
highest at the anterior third; the mantle extends far beyond the
foot, except posteriorly, where the foot projects some distance; it is
deeply cleft in front, or rather forms a deep sinus or aquiferous canal
to the branchiæ, on the under side, which above appears like a deep
sinus or emargination. The head is broad, and capable of great ex-
tension, with a transverse cleft below, giving exit to an enormous
proboscis, largest at its extremity, with a vertical fissure at tip. Ten-
tacles at each angle of the head, conical, compressed; eyes on a lateral
enlargement near the base, very prominent. Foot nearly square in
front, with a very deep fissure across; the upper margin thus formed
projects a little beyond the side of the foot, in a sort of laciniation;
posteriorly, it is narrowed considerably, and projects a little behind
the mantle.
SHELL not observed, but presumed to be quite flexible, as when
contracted by alcohol the shape is altogether altered.
Length an inch and three-fifths; breadth an inch and one-fifth.
Obtained by Midshipman Elliot among stones, at low tide, Orange
Harbour. [J. P. c.]

GASTEROPOD A.
217
Figures 259, 259 a, 259 b, three views of the animal; 259 c, head,
with the proboscis protruded.
SIGARETUS PRÆTENUIS, (Couthouy MS.)
ANIMAL smaller and proportionally narrower than in S. antarcticus ;
the mantle also is narrower, and the anterior cleft slight, making the
front heart-shaped. Form heart-shaped, moderately convex, more
elevated posteriorly than in front, with fine radiating lines beneath.
Head and tentacles much as in the preceding species. Back of a dirty
ochreous colour, longitudinally wrinkled, and having a short cinereous
pubescence upon it. The foot is rather lighter coloured, with a
reddish tint on the upper part; the transverse fissure is less profound
than in the preceding species.
و
Length about an inch and a quarter; breadth four-fifths of an inch.
Shell not examined, but seems very small, its spire being readily
seen on the right side, at the bottom of the cavity back of the head.
Inhabits Orange Harbour. Only a single specimen was obtained.
Figures 260, 260 a, 260 b, three views of the animal.
RISSOA AMBIGUA (Gould).
Testa minuta, albida, imperforata, ovato-subulata, costis longitudinali-
bus exilibus ad viginti ornata, intervallis spiraliter striatis: spira
acuta, anfractibus ad decem planulatis : apertura auriculata, anticè
subeffusa; columellâ callosa, gibbosa, anticè sinuatâ ; labro simplici,
incrassato.
Pyramidella ambigua, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
118. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 60.
SHELL minute, imperforate, dingy white, elongated, ovate-lanceolate,
or rather subulate, about twenty delicate, longitudinal ribs on each
whorl, the interstices marked with numerous, revolving lines: spire
55

218
MOLLUSCA.
acute, of about ten nearly flat whorls separated by a well-marked
suture. Aperture less than one-third the length of the shell, oblique,
semi-lunar, with a depression at the lower angle (anteriorly) scarcely
amounting to a notch; outer lip thick, not reflexed, though apparently
so when viewed in front, polished; pillar margin arcuate, with callus
posteriorly, and also a considerable intrusion just above the rostral
region, which, ending suddenly, is the principal cause of the apparent
notch.
Length of axis one-fourth of an inch; breadth one-tenth of an inch.
Inhabits Clermont Tonnerre, Paumotu Islands. Couthouy.
The characters of this little shell are somewhat abnormal. Its size
and sculpture would suggest Truncatella ; its aperture is somewhat like
the effuse form of Eulima; the form of the aperture is also like Pyra-
midella, with which I at first placed it, though it has no proper plaits,
but merely an intrusion of callus with an adjacent sinus in place of
them, and in this, is like Monotigma. It agrees in all respects with
Rissoa, except in the effuse base of the aperture.
Figure 261, 261 a, front and lateral view of the shell, enlarged ;
261 b, aperture much enlarged; 261 c, natural size.
TORNATELLA BULLATA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata, tenuis, albida, epidermide stramineo fugacissimo
induta, spiraliter sulcata, sulcis linearibus ad quinque ordinatim dis-
positis in singulis anfractibus: spira prominula, turrita; anfractibus
quinque tabulatis, ultimo magno, ventricoso, quindecim-sulcato, super-
nis planulatis; sutura canaliculata : apertura semilunaris; columellá
uniplicatâ, planulatå.
Tornatella bullata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 251.
December 1847.
SHELL small, thin, smooth, whitish, covered with a most delicate
straw-coloured epidermis. The whole surface is marked with regu-
larly arranged, deep, linear, revolving grooves, of which there are

GASTEROPOD A.
219
about five on the upper whorls, and about sixteen on the principal
whorl. In some parts the furrows seem to be crossed by delicate bars.
The interspaces are flat. There are five whorls, which have a dis-
tinct, square shoulder; the large whorl is tumid, the upper one plane.
The aperture is lunate, about three-fifths the length of the shell. The
columella, about one-third the length of the aperture, is flat, and
divided by a single groove.
Length of axis one-fourth of an inch ; breadth one-sixth of an inch.
Dredged off Patagonia.
This little species, like T. puncto-striata and T. venusta, to which
it is allied, has not the ivory surface of most species. It is well cha-
racterized by its form and sculpture.
Figures 263, 263 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell, enlarged;
263 b, natural size.
TRICHOTROPIS CANCELLATA, HINDS; Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1843.
Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur (Mollusca), 39, pl. 11, f. 11, 12.
ANIMAL much as in Littorina, Planaxis, and Melania, but the snout
is on a line with the tentacles, and not much protractile. Mouth large
and corneous; tongue as usual; no retractile proboscis. Eyes near
the outer base of the tentacles; “verge” exposed on the right side,
near the tentacle. Foot tumid in front, capable of adhering pretty
firmly to glass. Margin of the mantle slightly scolloped to correspond
with the ridges of the shell. Colour pale, as though not much ex-
posed to the light. Motion sluggish. (C. Pickering.)
The operculum is narrow-ovate, sub-spiral, with the apex dentate.
The shell is twice the size of the specimens figured in the Voyage
of the Sulphur, which were obtained from Sitka, while ours were
from the Straits of De Fuca, where they are abundant. They were
at least an inch in length. The epidermis is bristled with long fila-
ments as in Triton. By age the umbilical slit becomes obliterated

220
MOLLUSCA.
and the basal emargination elongated into a decided canal, though
the animal has no siphon.
Figure 275, the operculum.
BULLA PARALLELA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, cylindracea, lactea, anticè rotundata, posticè conica,
imperforata, longitudinaliter minutissimè striata, ad verticem et ad
basim striïs undulatis decussata : apertura angusta, deorsum dilatata;
columellä сallo haud appresso indutâ; labro ultra spiram adscendente,
tunc deorsum intorta.
Bulla parallela, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 251.
December 1847.
Shell small, thin, pellucid, milk-white, cylindrical, rounded at
base, obtusely conical at summit, imperforate at apex; surface deli-
cately marked with lines of growth, and these are crossed at the lower
and upper third of the shell, by somewhat conspicuous, minutely
flexuous, revolving lines. The aperture is narrow, widening down-
wards; lip sharp, rising considerably above the apex of the spire, and
at the same time inclining towards it, then turning downwards and
entering the aperture by a twisted fold; at base it is rounded, and
rises upon the columella in the shape of a thick callus, which is not
appressed to the body of the shell.
Length about half an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Habitat unknown.
Much smaller and thinner than B. solida, though striated at the
ends like it, and having the same conformation of the lip. Its sides
also are parallel and not bulging.
Figures 267, 267 a, two views of the shell.
BULLA BIFASCIATA, Martini and Chem., tab. 21, fig. 190, 191;
LISTER, Conch., tab. 1056, f. 8. B. ampulla, (var.) Lin. and Auct
SOWERBY, Thes. Conch., pl. 122, fig. 59.

GASTEROPOD A.
221
The form and colouring of this shell is so constant, that I hesitate
not to regard it as a distinct species, under the name which it bears
in the work of Martini and Chemnitz. It is smaller and more globose
than B. ampulla, and constantly bears the two dark bands dividing
the surface into three nearly equal zones.
It was dredged at the Feejee Islands, in from three to six fathoms
water.
ANIMAL nearly colourless above, tinted blue and flesh-colour; form
elongated; mantle covering about one-third of the shell; head obtuse,
in front bilobed, with tentaculiform appendages at each angle; eyes
at base, quite distinct; behind these are two long, lanceolate appen-
dages, reaching back upon the shell, half the length of the animal.
The size of the tentacles in the figure would seem to be exaggerated,
though the animal of B. aplustre is represented by Quoy with two pairs
of similar ones.
Figure 264, the animal, with the shell.
BULLA RUBIGINOSA (Gould).
Testa B. amygdalo simillima, sed incola valdè differt : ellipsoidea,
solidula, cinerascens nigro-nubeculata, sepius ferrugineo deluta.
Bulla rubiginosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 107.
April 1849.
ANIMAL with the head flat, compressed, bilobed in front, the lobes
semicircular, with a deep fissure between, on each side of which, in
a small circular depression and rather remote, are the eyes; poste-
riorly the head is furnished with two thin, prolonged, sub-triangular
lobes. The mantle is very narrow, hardly surpassing the edge of the
shell. The colour of the body is light ochreous, powdered, as it were,
,
with black. Its motions were sluggish. [J. P. c.]
The general contour of the shell is like that of Bulla amygdalus,
with which it has doubtless been confounded. The animal, however,
is very different. In general, the surface was either eroded or covered
56

222
MOLLUSCA.
with a rusty coating, as is most commonly the case with all shells
found at the mouths of rivers in brackish waters. When perfect, it is
of a light shining brown, clouded with black.
Length about an inch and a half.
Obtained near the mouth of the harbour of Rio Janeiro. Couthouy.
Figures 266, 266 a, two views of the animal, with the shell.
BULLA DIAPHANA (Couthouy, MS.)
Testa fragilis, lucida, ventricosa, dilute cornea, transversè striata.
Bulla diaphana, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 91.
March 1849.
a
ANIMAL of a delicate grass-green colour, everywhere minutely dotted
with black and cinereous, except the side of the mantle next the shell,
which is nearly white. The head is moderately convex, oblong,
the part behind the auricles entire, not bilobed, destitute of any
lobular appendages; eyes nearly central and approximate. Mantle
large, nearly concealing the whole shell when the animal is expanded,
and never wholly withdrawn. Foot oval, rather broader posteriorly
than in front, where it is separated from the head by a broad and deep
fissure. The average length, when crawling, was about one and a
half inches.
SHELL very thin, nearly colourless, finely and closely striated all
over its surface, quite ventricose, resembling in its general features
B. fusca and B. elegans. [J. P. c.]
Length about three-fourths of an inch.
Drawn up in shrimp-nets near the mouth of the harbour of Rio de
Janeiro.
Figures 265, 265 a, 265 b, three views of the animal, with the shell;
265 c, front of the animal in outline ; 265 d, the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
223
APLYSIA PULMONICA (Gould).
A. corpore oblongo, posticè sacciformi, fusco-viridi venis fuscis reticulato:
apertura siphonalis parva: caput obtusum, vix bilobatum : tentaculis
anticis curtis, auriformibus; tentaculis cervicalibus conicis, acutis,
obscurè annulatis.
Body oblong, posteriorly sacciform, with a short, distinct prolonga-
tion of the foot backwards. Colour bronze-green, coarsely reticulate
with dark veins; siphonal aperture small; head obtuse, slightly bilo-
bate; anterior tentacles short, ear-shaped; cervical tentacles acutely
conical, faintly annulate.
Length six inches; height two inches.
Obtained at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands. Couthouy.
This animal bears a general resemblance to A. Tongana of Quoy
and Gaimard; but their figure shows the ruffled posterior disk pecu-
liar to the subgenus Dolabella, no traces of which are apparent in this
species.
Figure 268, the animal.
BURSATELLA LACINULATA (Couthouy, MS.)
B. elevata, oblonga, posticè acuminata, virescens confertim nigro-punc-
tata, arbusculis viridibus sparsis ornata: pes ampla, lata ; soleâ stra-
mineâ nigro-punctatâ ; labrum utrinque in filos tentaculiformis pro-
tractum.
Colour pale-green, closely covered with black dots, which give it a
bronze hue. Whole body ornamented with little green arborescent or
frondescent tufts, irregularly disposed, except around the upper margin
of the foot, where they are smaller and form a regular row; viewed in
the water these tufted appendages cause the animal to appear as if
covered with a delicate moss. The mouth is nearly concealed by its
thick, fleshy lips, which are prolonged on each side into a slender
a

224
MOLLUSCA.
tentaculiform process. Foot large and broad, sole yellow, dotted
greenish. Twice as long as broad, elevated, abruptly sloping behind,
the foot trailing in a point behind. [J. P. c.]
Length two and a half inches.
Inhabits the harbour of Rio Janeiro. Couthouy.
A single specimen found among rocks terminating the beach in
front of the lagoon of Peteninga, one of those brackish lakes common
along the coast, separated from the sea by a strip of sand, perhaps fifty
yards wide, and six feet above high tide. Resembles A. Savigniana,
Fer., but is distinguished by its broader foot and the filamentous pro-
longation of the lips, as well as in many of its details. It belongs to
the genus Notarchus of Cuvier.
Figure 269, the animal, as in motion ; 269 a, view of the plantar
disk.
Genus STYLOCHEILUS—(Gould.)
Corpus limaciforme, lanceolatum, retrorsum attenuatum, cirrhigerum ;
caput liberum, tentaculis quatuor elongatis linearibus plus minusve
papillosis instructum; os inferior ; labro lateraliter in processum
subulatum palpiformem dilatato.
Body limaciform, dilated at the sides and delicately attenuated pos-
teriorly, cirrhigerous; head separated from the body by a distinct neck,
and furnished with four elongated, linear, distant tentacles, more or
less ornamented with papillæ ; mouth beneath, the lip dilated laterally
into an acutely conical process, like a third pair of tentacles.
а
Sander Rang, in his remarks on Aplysia longicauda of Quoy and
Gaimard, says—“These naturalists have represented six tentacles,
while in the four individuals preserved, which we have examined, we
find only four. For light on this subject, we have inquired of M.
Gaudichaud respecting this apparent error. He answered us, that this
little animal had three pairs of tentacles; and, to convince us of it,
showed two outline figures made from the animal, representing un-

GASTEROPOD A.
225
equivocally this singular character.” These processes had doubtless
become so contracted by immersion in alcohol as to be invisible; but
the figures we have now the opportunity of presenting, drawn also from
living specimens, and which correspond so well with the figure of A.
longicauda, leave us no longer in doubt as to the existence of a genus
with this characteristic, with at least three species. The papillæ on
the mantle are capable of being individually elongated and contracted,
as they are in Cypræa.
STYLOCHEILUS LINEOLATUS (Gould).
Corpus viride, lineis ferrugineis longitudinalibus parallelis contortis,
et ocellis inequalibus remotis ornatum ; papillis remotis, ramosis ;
tentaculis anterioribus subulatis, nudis.
A NIMAL elongated, delicately attenuated posteriorly, of a pale grass-
green colour, ornamented with longitudinal, parallel, contorted, rusty
lines, and scattered ocelli of unequal size. The papillæ of the mantle
are branching. The anterior tentacles are short, tapering, and desti-
tute of papillæ.
Length three and a half inches.
a
Found on a coral reef at Honolulu, Oahu.
а
Dr. Pickering, who observed this animal, remarks, that the creeping
disk is very long, ending in a sharp point. Branchial cavity gene-
rally kept pretty wide open; the branchiæ are very large, not covered
by a dorsal plate, and coloured above in the same manner as the
mantle, and they are inflated as though injected with water. The
heart is seen beating on the left side, immediately under the origin of
the branchiæ. The vent projects much as in Doris. The lines on
the surface were more or less concentric, like the striæ in the palms of
the hands. Motions quite active.
Though the two figures differ somewhat in their details, I judge
I
them to represent the same species. In the dark green one, the tenta-
cles are shorter, and the cephalic pair are destitute of papillæ, and the
57

226
MOLLUSCA.
papillæ are branched. In the pale one, the tentacles are longer, more
linear, all furnished with papillæ, which are everywhere aculeate.
But when we consider the identity of locality, the difficulty of deli-
neating these animals while living, and their power of contracting and
modifying parts, I think we may safely and properly regard them
as the same. Aplysia striata, Quoy, is lineated like this, but has
naked, truncated tentacles, and very few cirrhi.
Figure 270, lateral view of the animal; 270 a, a dorsal view, with
the branchiæ displayed.
STYLOCHEILUS QUERCINUS (Gould).
Corpus elongatum, attenuatum, e fusco ferrugineum, longitrorsum rufo-
lineatum, papillis elongatis ramosis instructum : tentaculæ prælonga
lineares, truncata, papillis acutis armate.
Body limaciform, elongated, delicately attenuated; the ground co-
lour slaty, tinted with wood-colour, and longitudinally grained with
numerous unequal, rusty lines or folds. Tentacles very long, linear,
truncate at tip, and beset with numerous acute papillæ. The papillæ
on the body are long and branching, but becoming more and more
simple towards the margin and tail. Eyes distinct in front of the
cervical tentacles.
Length three and a half inches.
Dredged at Lebuka, Feejee Islands.
The peculiar coloration and graining of this animal are something
like that of oak wood.
Figure 271, the animal, as in crawling.
JANTHINA EXIGUA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 5. Encycl.
Méthodique, pl. 456, f. 2, a, b. SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, f. 2.

GASTEROPOD A.
227
ANIMAL nearly colourless, except the anterior portion of the foot,
which is a rich ultramarine blue; the proboscis has a fainter shade of
the same, communicating its shade to the transparent sheath; its tip
is flesh-coloured, and armed with numerous fine bearded setæ, with
which it was seen to seize animalcules for food. Tentacles only two,
each one having, about one-third from the base on the side next the
foot, a short spur, like a second tentacle. Eyes very small, but dis-
tinctly seen just behind the base of the tentacles.
Its float is about one and a half diameters of the shell in length,
narrow, most elevated near its attachment, but not much elevated any-
where, tapering backwards. Vesicles small, not imbricating, but
alternating with each other. The animal did not reconstruct its float
when retained under water, but commenced it immediately when
raised to the surface. [J. P. c.]
Found in lat. 18° 20' S., long. 132º W., 150 miles from land.
Figure 272, lateral view of the shell containing the animal; 272 a,
buccal barbs, enlarged.
Figure 273 represents the animal of the common Janthina (J.
fragilis), which is unaccompanied by a description, but which is given
because it seems to be more lifelike and more in detail than any one
hitherto published.
PYRULA DEFORMIS (L AMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 520. Purpura
abbreviata, var. KIENER.
ANIMAL small, pale lemon-yellow; foot small, escutcheon-shaped,
anterior border a little dilated; head narrow, with the tentacles stout
at base, short subulate; eyes nearest the tip; siphon not protruding.
a
Found at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 276, small variety of the shell, with the animal.
Fusus GEVERSIANUS (PALLAS), Spic. Zool., pl. 3, fig. 1. Buccinum

228
MOLLUSCA.
fimbriatum, Martyn's Univ. Conch., pl. 1, f. 6. Murex Magellanicus,
GMELIN and LAMARCK, Anim. sans Vert., ix. 589.
ANIMAL of a uniform ochreous yellow, somewhat paler on the disk
of the foot, which is small, oval, truncated anteriorly, with a deep
fissure across. Head distinct, somewhat elongated; mouth inferior at
the extremity, the upper edge of the head prolonged over it like a lip,
giving it much the appearance of an inverted glove-finger. Tenta-
cles short-conical; eyes on a lateral protuberance about half-way up.
[J. P. c.]
Some of the shells have a remarkably bulbous form, and have no
conspicuous, longitudinal laminæ, but merely distinct, revolving
grooves; and there is every variety between this pattern and the
remarkably clathrate surface of the typical form.
Figure 277, a bulbous, smooth shell, with the animal, as in motion;
277 a, clathrate shell, with the foot of the animal; 277b, the proboscis
in outline.
Fusus LACINIATUS (MARTYN), Univ. Conch., pl. 42. Murex lamel-
losus, LAMARCK, Anim, sans Vert., ix. 591.
ANIMAL very sluggish; throughout several days' confinement, during
which the water was changed twice daily, it never protruded more
than is represented in the drawing. The tentacles are conical, com-
pressed, and rather short, with the eyes lateral at the superior third.
Foot thick, short and broad, regularly rounded behind, and truncate
in front, with a submarginal groove; pale yellow beneath. Siphons
short, and like the mantle, of a pale yellow; the margin of the mantle
appears destitute of any fringe.
Obtained at Orange Harbour, but appears not to be common.
[J. P. c.]
[ c
Figure 278, shell, with the animal, in a crawling position.
a

GASTEROPODA.
229
FUSUS CRISPUS (Gould).
e
Testa parva, subrhomboidea, elongata, rudis, cinerea, plicis laminosis
octo variciformibus e striis laxis incrementalibus compositis instructa,
et liris obtusis cincta: spira acuto-conica, anfractibus septem ad octo
convexis, posticè plus minusve angulatis, ultimo ventricoso, trientes
duos longitudinis teste adequante, antrorsum in rostrum acutum
subitò attenuato: apertura rotundato-ovata ; labro semicirculari, crenu-
lato; columellâ rectiusculâ.
Fusus crispus, GoulD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 141.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 64.
V
ANIMAL of a clear, pale yellowish colour. Head small, short, and
depressed, never apparently extended beyond the foot, which is elon-
gated, oval posteriorly, and nearly square with a faint submarginal
fissure in front. Tentacles rather long, slender and subulate, with
the eyes on a very slight, lateral enlargement at their upper third.
Siphon pale yellow, dotted white, rarely protruded beyond the canal.
Operculum unguiculate, thin, horny, yellowish at margin, brown at
apex, which is acute, somewhat lateral; striæ of increment rather
coarse, somewhat imbricated.
Shell fusiform-turreted, of an ashy colour. Volutions seven or
eight, convex and slightly angular, longitudinally traversed by eight
or nine prominent, subangular varices, and by as many as fourteen
close, elevated striæ, with broader intervening sulci on the last volu-
tion, which constitutes half the entire shell, and from three to five on
the others. These striæ or costæ are traversed by close and fine incre-
mental striæ, giving them an imbricated, and the sulci a reticulate
aspect. Aperture oval, right lip slightly evasive and feebly furrowed
within; columella arcuated superiorly, and inclining rather suddenly
to the left, a short distance above the canal, which is short, straight,
and feebly recurved : within polished, purplish. [J. P. c.]
Length nearly an inch ; breadth half an inch.
Dredged at Orange Harbour, in sixteen fathoms water.
58

230
MOLLUSCA.
This species, from its variciform plaits, might be regarded as a
Murex, were it not for its rostrum, and its animal. The form varies
greatly, as well as the degree of angularity of the whorls; but the
peculiar lax arrangement of the stages of growth, especially where
they form the varices, allows of no mistake.
The animal is very timid, remaining for hours displaying only a
small portion of the foot; and when fully protruded the head never
advanced beyond the foot.
Figure 279, a large specimen, with the animal, as in motion; 279 a,
a slender shell, with the plantar disk of the animal, enlarged; 279 b,
dorsal view of a curious angular variety ; 279 c, the operculum.
a
Fusus DECOLOR (PHILIPPI), Abbild. der neuen oder wenig. bekannt.
Conchylien, pl. 3, fig. 3.
ANIMAL pale straw-colour, flecked with white spots on the tentacles
and sides; foot short, square in front, with a deep, transverse, sub-
marginal furrow; tentacles broad at base, eyes near their lower third,
above which they taper to a point; siphon hardly protrudes beyond
the shell.
This animal was found at Orange Harbour adhering to a Mytilus,
through which it had drilled a hole, about one-twelfth of an inch in
diameter, and with its proboscis extended nearly an inch, was leisurely
preying on the animal within, and which it had already half de-
voured. [J. P. c.]
Figure 280, shell, with the animal, as in motion.
Fusus PLUMBEUS (PHILIPPI), Abbild. der neuen oder wenig. be-
kannt. Conchylien, pl. 1, fig. 3.
The animal has the whole body of a clear, pale yellow, except the
tentacles, which are colourless, with a longitudinal, dull-brown line ;
the siphon has a faint yellow tinge, as has also the mantle, which has
its margin undulating and delicately fimbriated with short, fine,

GASTEROPOD A.
231
crowded cirrhi of a delicate purple colour. Head large and thick,
proboscidiform, with the mouth just under its upper edge. Tentacles
short, thick and conical, with the eyes on a slight lateral enlargement,
about midway of their length. Foot short, oval, truncate anteriorly,
with a very distinct, transverse, marginal furrow; colour clear yellow
anteriorly, with a slaty tint posteriorly.
Operculum thin, semitransparent, brown, slender, unguiform; apex
terminal, incremental lines distinct, every fourth or fifth stria coarser
than the rest.
The animal secretes abundantly a sap-green viscous fluid. (J. P. c.]
Figure 281, shell, with the animal; 281 a, ventral view of a small
shell.
FUSUS LIRATUS (Couthouy MS.)
Testa parva, solida, ovato-fusiformis, straminea, longitudinaliter plicis
angularibus instructa et striis profundis cincta ; spira brevis, conica ;
anfractibus septem, ventricosis posticè angulatis, ultimo trientes
duos longitudinis testa adequante, antrorsum in rostrum tenue
contortum subito contracto: apertura angusta, ovata, in canalem
obducta ; columella politâ, contortâ, albá.
Fusus liratus, CouTHOUY MS.; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
141. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 64.
ANIMAL uniform pale yellow; tentacles very broad at base, short
subulate, compressed; eyes on a lateral enlargement at their lower
third; foot oval, truncate anteriorly, always extended so as to conceal
the mouth, the only portion of the head visible during crawling being
the tentacles Operculum unguiculate, thin, pale yellow, increment
very slow, the striæ being scarcely visible.
SHELL fusiform, turreted, polished, yellowish white, with traces of
a thin epidermis. Spire acute, whorls seven, slightly swelling, the
last about two-thirds the whole length of the shell, suddenly con-
tracted at its anterior third; all the volutions are marked by prominent,

232
MOLLUSCA.
close-set, angular longitudinal ridges, to the number of twenty on the
last whorl, and also by deep-cut revolving striæ between the ridges,
most conspicuous near the beak as the ridges begin to disappear.
Aperture oval, prolonged into a moderate-sized canal; lip simple,
bordered by the last angular ridge, sub-arcuate in the middle; colu-
mella white, with a purplish callus extending from it upon the body
of the shell. Interior milk white, with a purplish clouding near the
lip. [J. P. c.]
Length three-fourths of an inch ; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Dredged in Orange Harbour from fifteen fathoms.
The prominent trigonal ribs, cut by the deep, somewhat distant
revolving lines, with its slender rostrum, are characteristic of this
species. It resembles Buccinum cancellarioides, Reeve.
Figure 282, shell, with the animal, as in motion; and 282 a, loco-
motive disk, enlarged ; 282 b, shell, natural size.
The six preceding species belong to a group which is peculiar to
the southern extremity of America. They have a simple leaden or
slaty colour, a short buccinoid form, but with a canal like Fusus,
instead of a siphonal notch; the surface is sometimes decussated, but
is oftener smooth or with occasional sharp, longitudinal lamellæ, and
in some species these lamellæ are very numerous, so as to appear like
Murex. The animal is small, sluggish, and colourless or pale yellow,
.
with a delicate extensile proboscis and short conical tentacles, having
the eyes about the middle of their length. The operculum is like
Fusus. Somewhat similar forms are found in corresponding northern
latitudes, as in Fusus Bamffius, F. ventricosus, lamellosus, &c.
a
FUSUS INCISUS (Gould).
Testa elongato-ovata, livido-cinerea, striis profundis volventibus satura-
tioribus incisa : spira conica, anfractibus septem convexis, apicalibus
undulatis, ultimo trientes duos longitudinis testa; rostro brevi, vix
recurvo: apertura dimidiam longitudinis testa adequante, angusta,
subovalis ; labro arcuato, acuto, crenulato; columellâ rectiusculâ, lævi,
subcontortà, purpurascente: faux livido-fusca, sulcata.

GASTEROPODA.
233
Fusus incisus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 141.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 64.
SHELL of medium size and moderate thickness, of an elongated
ovate form, of a cinereous brown colour, everywhere encircled with
narrow, deeply impressed striæ of a more decided brown colour than
the interspaces, about ten on the penultimate whorl. The apicial
whorls have also eight or nine longitudinal undulations. Whorls six
or seven, convex, the last two-thirds the length of the shell, tapering
about equally each way; siphonal beak short, a little recurved. Aper-
ture one-half the length of the shell, narrow, sub-oval; outer lip regu-
larly arcuate, crenulated by the impressed lines, and deeply sulcate
within; pillar lip nearly straight, a little contorted, smooth, purplish-
brown; whole interior livid brown.
Length of axis an inch and three-fourths; breadth seven-eighths of
an inch.
Habitat uncertain; probably New Zealand.
This buccinoid species should perhaps be grouped with the genus
Pollia of Gray. It has no remarkable characters except its dingy
livid brown colour, and the deep cut revolving lines.
Figures 283, 283 a, two views of the shell.
a,
FUSUS FIDICULA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, albida, longitudinaliter lamelloso-costata, costis
viginti-quatuor, striis volventibus ad octo decussatis : spira conica,
turrita; anfractibus septem tabulatis, ultimo in rostro brevi subitò
attenuato: apertura angusta, dimidiam longitudinis testa haud
equans, posticè angulata ; labro acuto, crenulato; columellá posticè
arcuatâ, albâ, politâ.
Fusus fidicula, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 142.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 64.
SHELL small, thin, dirty white, turreted, short fusiform. Surface
59

234
MOLLUSCA.
sculptured with delicate, regular, obtuse, longitudinal rib-folds, about
twenty-four on the last whorl, on the middle of which they disappear,
decussated by more crowded, delicate grooves, a little undulating,
about eight on the penultimate whorl, cutting the longitudinal ribs,
and extending to the origin of the beak. Whorls seven, angular,
forming a broad shoulder at the suture, which is well impressed, the
last one three-fifths the length of the shell, abruptly forming a short, ,
nearly direct beak. Aperture less than one-half the length the
shell, narrow; lip angular posteriorly, gently arcuate, sharp, and
delicately crimped by the striæ; pillar arched retrally, then straight,
smoothly rounded, white; interior white.
Length of axis nine-twentieths of an inch ; breadth equal to half the
length.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
The counterpart of F. turricula, from some varieties of which it
would not at first be distinguished; but it is smaller, more solid; the
longitudinal ribs less lamellar, and more decidedly cut by the re-
volving lines, which are also less numerous.
Figures 284, 284 a, two views of the shell, enlarged.
Fusus ORPHEUS (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, cinerea: spira turrita, anfractibus sex supernè
angulatis
, lamellis acutis longitudinalibus muricatis, et filis trans-
versis cinctis ; anfractu ultimo posticè ventricoso, antrorsum in
rostrum vix reflexum attenuato: apertura elliptica, dimidiam longitu-
dinis teste, posticè angulata ; labro acuto; columellâ anticè intrudente;
fauce carnicolori.
Fusus orpheus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 142.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 65.
SHELL minute, fusiform, thin, elongated, furreted, cinereous, with
numerous longitudinal, lamellar, sharp, muricated ridges, thirteen on
the last whorl, angular near the suture, crossed by rounded, raised
threads of considerable size, which commence gradually in front of a

GASTEROPOD A.
235
rib, and terminate on the succeeding one, two or three on the upper
whorls, five or six on the last, neither set continued upon the beak.
Whorls six, with a broad shoulder near the suture, angular, the last
two-thirds the length of the shell, ventricose above, the lower half ter-
minating in a slender beak, a little recurved. Aperture half the length
of the shell, elliptical; lip angular posteriorly, a little everted, sharp
and simple; pillar with a slight intrusion at the commencement of the
canal ; interior pale flesh-colour.
Length half an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon. C. Pickering.
More slender, the beak longer, the longitudinal bars less numerous
and more lamellar than in F. fidicula ; in form it is more like F.
bam ffius.
Figures 285, 285 a, two views of the shell, enlarged.
Fusus SUBLUTUS (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, elongata, pallida vel ad basim et ad suturam livida,
longitudinaliter costata, costis ad duodecim erectis, obtusis, ad suturam
haud attigentibus, sed secundum rostrum productis : spira acuto-conica,
anfractibus septem ad octo convexis, apicalibus levibus, alteris minu-
tissimè decussatis, ultimo sub-globoso dimidiam teste longitudinis
adequante: apertura angusta, posticè angulata ; labro posticè arcuato;
fauce castaneâ, albo-fasciatâ.
Fusus sublutus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 142.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 65.
SHELL small, thin, elongated, turreted, livid at base and sutures,
the central portion of each whorl pale cinereous when dry, with longi-
tudinal, erect, obtuse ribs, not quite attaining the suture above, but
extending to the beak, twelve on the last whorl ; interspaces about
equally broad, very minutely striated with lines of increment, and
also by evanescent, microscopic, epidermal, transverse lines. Spire
acutely conical, whorls seven or eight, apicial ones smooth, convex,

236
MOLLUSCA.
suture well defined, the last whorl half the length of the shell, sub-
globose; beak short and buccinoid ; aperture one-third the length of
the shell, narrow; lip angular retrally, regularly arcuate; inner lip
arched retrally, smooth; tip of beak and interior dark chestnut, with
a narrow, white fascia.
Length two-fifths of an inch ; breadth three-twelfths of an inch.
The last whorl and beak are unusually short, with much the aspect
of a Mangelia. The colouring of the aperture is very decided, while
the surface looks dead and chalky.
Figures 286, 286 a, two views of the shell, somewhat enlarged.
MUREX (Trophon) FRUTICOSUS (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, subrhomboidea, straminea: spira anfractibus
quinque ad sex angulatis, supernè concavo-declivibus, serie mediani
spinarum armatis, spinis ad sex tubulosis, sub-furcatis, recurvo-adscen-
dentibus; anfractu ultimo series tres spinarum lamellis longitudi-
nalibus conjunctarum gerente: apertura ovato-trigona, dimidiam
longitudinis testæ adequans; rostro brevi, dextrorsum deflecto.
Murex (Trophon) fruticosus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 143. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 65.
SHELL small, thin, straw-coloured, destitute of sculpture, short
rhomboidal-fusiformn. Whorls five or six, angular, the posterior
portion concavely sloped, the upper ones armed with a single median
series of long, slender, recurved and ascendent tubular spines, about
six in number; the body whorl with two series, the lowest of which is
smallest; these spines are longitudinally connected by a delicate
lamellar varix, and are, as it were, forked by a minute supplemen-
tary rusty spine at their bases; another series surrounds the beak.
Aperture half the length of the shell, triangular-ovate; pillar smooth,
undulate at the origin of the canal; beak short, delicate, strongly
flexed to the right.
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth half an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
237
This shell has the form, size, and armature of Murex noduliferus,
Sowerby, which is, however, described as being “elevately trans-
versely striated," and with a very short canal.
Figures 287, 287 a, dorsal and ventral view of the shell.
MONOCEROS IMBRICATUM (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., X. 118.
Encyc. Meth., pl. 396, f. 1, a, b. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 10. Buccinum
a,
calcar, MARTYNS; Univ. Conch., pl. 50. Monoceros breve, SOWERBY ;
Genera, f. 2.
ANIMAL dirty ochreous yellow throughout; foot semi-elliptical,
rounded behind, not dilated at anterior angles, and ordinarily ad-
vancing beyond the mouth; head with a short neck, bifurcating into
two stout subulate tentacles, with the eyes near their tips; mantle
folded around the tooth so as to appear perforated; siphon slightly
protruded.
Obtained at Orange Harbour, in crevices of rocks at half-tide. The
short variety, named M. breve by Sowerby, is merely the shorter
formed female of Lamarck's M. imbricatum. [J. P. c.]
Figure 288, shell, with the animal as in motion; 288 a, the under
surface of the foot.
TURBINELLA CORNIGERA (L AMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 380.
Quoy and GAIMARD; Voy. de l'Astrol., pl. 35, figs. 24–26. KIENER;
Iconog., pl. 1; &c.
ANIMAL pale, mottled above with violet; locomotive disk salmon-
coloured, more yellowish anteriorly, as are also the mantle and tenta-
cles; head concealed, the foot advancing before it: tentacles very long
and divergent, with the eyes on a bulbous expansion near their tips.
Operculum chestnut-coloured.
The figure in the Voyage of the Astrolabe, represents the animal as
deep green, and the foot as ash-coloured. The shell is borne aloft by
the animal, when moving, in a very peculiar manner.
60

238
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 290, shell, with the animal as in crawling; 290 a, disk of
the foot.
TURBINELLA AMPLUSTRE (KIENER); Iconog. &c., pl. 20, f. 2. Buc-
cinum amplustre, MARTYNS; Univ. Conch., pl. 3. Murex amplustre,
CHEMNITZ; Conch., pl. 191, f. 1841.
ANIMAL with the head small, compressed ; tentacles short, robust,
cylindrical, with the eyes on the summit of an enlargement about mid-
way from base. Siphon sub-pyramidal, not dilated at tip. Foot
oblong, with a transverse fissure anteriorly, advancing so as to conceal
nearly all the head while crawling. Colour dark maroon-red, the
mantle somewhat paler, and the body sparsely dotted white; foot
beneath, clear cherry-red, paler at the centre. Operculum dark
coloured, unguiform.
The motions of the animal are sluggish, and when at rest the foot
assumes nearly a square form. [J. P. c.]
Found alive at Honden Island, Paumotu Group.
Figure 289, the animal, with an outline of the shell.
TURBINELLA ARMATA (BRODERIP), Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 7.
REEVE; Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 29.
ANIMAL above pale flesh-colour, finely mottled with purplish;
siphon and locomotive disk salmon-coloured ; eyes on a bulbous expan-
sion near tip of tentacles. Operculum yellowish. Shell not carried
in so elevated an attitude as in T. cornigera.
Found at Honden Island, Paumotu Group. Couthouy.
Figure 291, the animal, with the shell, as when crawling.
The animals of Turbinella, so far as known, are more or less red,
and in some of them the locomotive disk is intensely red. So re-
markable is this, that we may almost regard it as a generic character.

GASTEROPOD A.
239
All of them have a quadrangular outline of the foot, when contracted,
and all have long, stout tentacles, with the eyes near their tips, above
which the tentacles terminate in a fine point.
TRITON VARIEGATUM (L AMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 623. KIENER;
Iconog., pl. 2. Murex tritonis, LIN.
ANIMAL gamboge-yellow, mottled with blotches of orange; tentacles
with two black and two yellow rings near the extremity, the terminal
and middle rings being yellow; eyes at the lower third of the tenta-
cles; siphon cream-coloured, tinted orange, without blotches; male
organ exposed, simple, sword-pointed.
It was first met with at
Obtained at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Aratika, one of the Western Paumotus.
The fact that the animals of this species, as well as of the two allied
species, T. nodiferum and T. australe, are less brilliantly coloured than
the animals of all other species of the genus, and are destitute of ocelli,
lunules, or dots, has been noticed by other observers. These circum-
stances, together with the great disparity in the size of the shells and
the number of their varices in the two groups, would indicate an abso-
lute separation; but we are not yet possessed of essential details suffi-
cient to institute a new genus. The operculum in the first group has
the nucleus subcentral, while in the second group it is nearly terminal,
as in Murex.
Figure 292, the animal as in motion.
TRITON TUBEROSUM (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 635. Quoy
and GAIMARD ; Voy. de l'Astrol., pl. 40, f. 18.
The colour of the animal, as given by Mr. Drayton, is quite different
from that represented in the Zoology of the Astrolabe, where the ground
colour is olive, and the siphon the same as that of the body.
Found at Lebuka, Feejee Islands.
Figure 295, the animal, with the shell in outline.

240
MOLLUSCA.
a
I am satisfied that two species have been confounded under the
above name. The true T. tuberosum, is that figured by Lister and
Martini, and is a West Indian species. It is short, gibbous, and
decidedly waved and nodulous upon the back, with a short rostrum.
The other is a Pacific shell, and is figured by Rumphius and Quoy,
and by Reeve, as a variety. It is more elongated, with a rostrum of
nearly double length, the back is rather wrinkled than nodulous, and
the peculiar woven surface, which has obtained for it the name of
“ bed-tick” shell, among the Dutch, is strongly marked. It has a
pale band, always seen by transmitted light within the aperture, and
generally well-marked externally also; while the West India speci-
mens seem to be destitute of it, and acquire a much greater amount of
callus on the margins. I would propose for the elongated Pacific
variety (which is found from the Sandwich to the Feejee Islands, and
thence to the Moluccas), the name T. productum.
TRITON ANUS (L AMARCK), Encycl. Meth., pl. 413, f. 3. Anim. sans
Vert., ix. 636. Quoy and GAIMARD ; Voy. de l’Astrol., pl. 40, f. 6–10.
Murex anus, LIN., &c.
The locomotive disk of the animal is ornamented with large, pus-
tular spots, with the interstices orange; the anterior edge is tessellated
orange and cream-colour; the tentacles are annulate with orange; the
sides have similar markings, but much paler.
Obtained at Lebuka, Feejee Islands.
Figure 293, the locomotive disk of the animal, which, on com-
parison, will be found to vary very considerably from that given in
the Zoology of the Astrolabe.
TRITON DISTORTUM (SCHUBERT and WAGNER), Suppl. to Mart. and
Chemn., pl. 231, f. 4074. LAMARCK ; Anim. sans Vert., ix. 645.
KIENER; Iconog., pl. 17, f. 2.
ANIMAL of a very pale, fleshy tint; head somewhat fawn-coloured,
and tentacles annulate with the same. Foot small and short; head
protruding ; siphon rather long.
Obtained at the Paumotu Islands.

GASTEROPOD A.
241
Figure 294, ventral view of the shell, with the animal ; 294 a, profile
view of the animal.
2
TRITON CANCELLATUM (LAMARCK), Encycl. Meth., pl. 415, f. 1.
Anim, sans Vert., ix. 638. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 16, f. 1. Murex
Magellanicus, CHEMNITZ; Conch., tab. 164, f. 1570.
ANIMAL with the head prolonged, proboscidiform ; mouth transverse,
under the extremity of the head; tentacles long, robust, compressed,
obtuse at the point; eyes small, on an enlargement of the tentacles at
their lower fourth. Foot oblong, rounded posteriorly, with a sub-
marginal fissure anteriorly, beneath pale flesh-colour. Body pale
rose-coloured, clouded with purple, darker at the extremities, tips of
tentacles white. Siphon short, violet-coloured, as is the border of the
mantle, but the rest of the mantle is pale flesh-coloured, with short,
close-set cirrhi fringing its edge.
Another specimen is described as of a uniform, pale orange-colour;
tentacles clear yellow beneath and at base; foot pale yellow, deepening
into orange towards the margin. Tentacles rather slender, with the
ocular pedicles less developed. Male organ situated on the neck
behind the right tentacle; pale flesh-colour, cylindrically compressed,
with an elbow at the middle, and pierced by a hole on its lower side.
[J. P. c.]
These two forms prove to be respectively the male and female of
the same species. It is, therefore, very variable in the proportions of
the shell, and in the colours of the animal; and it seems to differ
both from the true Tritons of the tropics, and from the Buccinums of
the northern temperate and frigid regions. This, with the species of
Cape Horn regarded as of the genus Fusus, will ultimately be sepa-
rated as a distinct genus.
Figure 298, shell, with the animal as in motion, female form; 298 a,
male form ; 2986, the male organ; 298 c, plantar disk of the foot.
TRITON OREGONENSE (JAY), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. York, iv. 165,
pl. 11, f. 2. Fusus Oregonensis, REEVE; Conch. Icon., pl. 16, f. 61 a,
61b. Fusus cancellatus, REEVE; op. cit., pl. 16, f. 62.
61

242
MOLLUSCA.
a
ANIMAL with a very small foot; colour mottled brown, on a pale
ground; sexes separate; male organ extremely large. Pickering.
The two figures of Mr. Reeve represented the young and adult of
the same shell, as is fully shown by the specimens collected by the
Expedition. Nor is this shell identical with T. cancellatum, Lamarck,
as quoted by Mr. Reeve. It was obtained at Puget Sound, and would
seem to be common much farther along the coast to the northwest. It
is quite remarkable for the very long epidermal fringe, even on old
specimens, which are found five inches in length.
RANELLA BUFONIA (GMELIN), LAMARCK, Encycl. Meth., pl. 412,
f. 1, a, b. Anim. sans Vert., ix. 547. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 7, f. 1.
ANIMAL cream-coloured, with a few sub-marginal, slate-coloured
mottlings, covered with small ocelli, each of which has a vermilion
dot. Eyes near the tips of the tentacles, which are very slender. A
very large proboscis may be protruded from the mouth.
Found at Gardner's Island, Paumotu Group. Couthouy.
Figure 299, animal, with an outline of the shell.
RANELLA GYRINUS (LIN.), DESHAYES. Murex gyrinus, LIN., BORN,
&c. Ranella ranina, LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., ix. 549, &c.
ANIMAL pale wood-colour, mottled with transverse dashes of reddish-
brown.
Found at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 300, animal as in crawling; 300 a, plantar disk.
RANELLA VEXILLUM (SOWERBY), Conch. Illust., pl. 1, f. 3. LAMARCK;
Anim. sans Vert., ix. 554.
ANIMAL umber-coloured, darkest on the neck, spotted irregularly
with white and orange; lateral margin of the foot bordered bright yel-

GASTEROPOD A.
243
a
low, just above which is a submarginal, blackish line. Foot oblong,
rounded behind, and with a transverse submarginal furrow in front;
colour of the disk pale fleshy tint, passing into yellow at the margin.
Head prolonged, narrow; with a cup-shaped extremity, within which
is the vertical aperture of the mouth, surrounded by the true lips.
Tentacles elongate, compressed, obtuse, yellowish-brown at base and
summit, with a dark spot between the eyes and tip; eyes on an enlarge-
ment at their lower third. Siphon short, slightly protruding. [J. P. c.]
Found at Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.
Figure 301, the animal, with the shell, as in motion; 301 a, disk of
the foot; 301 b, animal of the variety.
RANELLA VENTRICOSA (BRODERIP), Proceed. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832,
178. DESHAYES; ed. LAM. An. sans Vert., ix. 555. KIENER, Sow-
ERBY, &c.
ANIMAL ochreous, marbled with bronze-green; plantar surface paler,
slightly mottled. Siphon large, widely expanded at the extremity,
which is not truncate. Eyes about the middle of the tentacles, the
terminal portion of the tentacles annulated with white at the middle
and tip. From the mouth an enormous trompe, nearly as long as the
foot, is protruded, which is trumpet-shaped at its extremity, within
which is a finger-like process, through which the canal opens. Verge
enormous. [J. P. c.]
The animal is more like that of some Purpuræ, than like that of
true Ranella. It is in all respects like that of P. chocolatta, and the
shells have the same posterior, pleurotomoid emargination of the lip,
the broad-spread siphon, and the same form of tentacles, and the
mouth is vertical, situated at the bottom of a cup formed by the lip
of the proboscis, the upper portion of which may be extended like a
hood. The tentacles of the latter species are very badly represented
in the Voyage of the Bonite.
Figure 302, the animal, as in motion, with the shell in outline; 302 a,
in outline.
the verge

244
MOLLUSCA.
PURPURA OSTRINA (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, rudis rotundato-ovata, patula, exalbida, purpuras-
cens, interdum fasciis geminatis rubidis cincta: spira brevis, conica,
anfractibus quatuor vel quinque obtusè angulatis, convexis; ultimo
amplissimo, ventricoso: apertura rotundato-ovalis, livido-tincta ; labro
simplici, patente; columellá excavato-planulatâ; sinu siphonali angusto,
minimè profundo, brevi.
SHELL small, solid, broad-ovate, purplish, banded with brown lines,
generally in pairs, faintly marked with the lines of growth, and some-
times with obtuse revolving ribs. Whorls four or five, obtusely
angular posteriorly, convex, the last comprising most of the shell, very
broad-ovate. Aperture large, patulous, oval; outer lip expanding,
smooth, simple; pillar broadly flattened, regularly arcuate, chestnut-
coloured ; aperture livid chestnut, paler near lip.
Length nearly one inch ; breadth three-fifths of an inch.
Obtained at Killimook, Oregon.
One of the lapilloid species, but distinguished by its somewhat
smooth surface, its coloration, and more especially by its peculiarly
large and patulous aperture and flattened columella.
Figure 310, ventral view of the shell ; 310 a, dorsal view of a faintly
,
girdled specimen.
PURPURA TÆNJATA (Powis), Proceed. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1835, 96.
Buccinum tæniatum, REEVE; Conch. Icon., pl. 10, f. 78.
ANIMAL with the head, lower part of tentacles and siphon, and ante-
rior edge of the foot, a very rich purplish-brown; tentacles rather
stout, compressed horizontally, eyes at the superior third, above which
the tentacles are colourless and taper to the extremity; mantle finely
incised at the edge; foot cream-coloured, with paler veins, and a longi-
tudinal median furrow. Operculum large, long, oval, reddish-brown,
arranged in nearly parallel elements. [J. P. c.]

GASTEROPODA245
A.
.
The animal is extremely sluggish and timid. It in all respects re-
sembles the animal of Purpura, except that the foot is bilobate in
front, and somewhat attenuated posteriorly. [J. P. c.]
Found at Honden Island, Paumotu Group.
Figure 309, the animal, with the shell, viewed from beneath ; 309 a,
operculum.
PURPURA ARMIGERA (L AMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., x. 73. REEVE;
Conch. Icon., pl. 6, f. 27.
A variety of this shell with three or four rows of large conical or
pyramidal protuberances, was found on the reefs at Raraka, Honden,
King's and Carlshoff Islands, Paumotu Group.
ANIMAL with the body umber-coloured, paler towards the neck and
veined with dark lines, so as to give it a tessellated appearance.
Siphon large and long, ash-coloured above, paler beneath; tentacles
variegated pale-brown and cinereous as far as the eyes, which are near
the extremities, above which is a band of umber, and colourless tip.
Foot distinctly auriculate, pale ochreous, the surface reticulated with
white veins, and finely incised at the margin; mantle pale ochreous,
mottled with cinereous and margined black, with indentations corre-
sponding to those of the lip of the shell. Operculum chestnut-brown,
darker at centre, elements loosely attached.
Movements of the animal very active, the two halves of the foot
advancing alternately.
PURPURA SCOBINA (Quoy and GAIM.), Voy. de l'Astrol., pl. 38, f. 12,
13. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 35, f. 83. DESHAYES; ed. Anim. sans Vert.,
x. 113.
SHELL instead of being girded with one or two nodulous carinæ,
with the laminæ in the intervals, as if raised up by the oblique prick
of a pin, thus making a rasp-like surface, is sometimes found divested
62

246
MOLLUSCA.
a
of all these, and the only variation of the surface is a series of zones of
dirty brown and dead yellowish-white; but the aperture is always of
the same chocolate-colour, and the outer lip always has a cream-
coloured margin.
Inhabits New Zealand.
PURPURA SUCCINCTA (MARTYNS), LAMARCK ; Anim. sans Vert., X.
63. .
Buccinum orbita, CHEMN.; tab. 154, f. 1471–72. Purpura orbita,
SOWERBY; Genera, f. 2.
ANIMAL above deep-orange, shaded with dusky; foot beneath, pale
cream-colour; head and tentacles large, pale, with transverse cres-
centic lineations; siphon pale, tipped and margined red.
Figure 1 of Plate 31, of the Voyage of the Astrolabe, is probably
intended for the same species, but the colour is there represented of a
uniform dusky brown.
PURPURA ELONGATA (BLAINVILLE), Nouv. Ann. du Mus., i. 221,
pl. 10, f. 11. Purpura fenestrata, Quoy and GAIM.; Voy. de l'Astrol.,
pl. 37, f. 15, 16. DESHAYES; in Anim. sans Vert., x. 90.
ANIMAL pea-green, bedewed with grass-green points, darkest above,
but not so distinctly pointed; tentacles proportionally long.
Found at Metia or Aurora Island, Paumotu Group.
Figure 304, locomotive surface of the animal; 304 a, animal, with
the shell, as in motion.
PURPURA VIOLACEA (KIENER), Iconog., pl. 19, f. 57. Pyrula neri-
toidea, LAMARCK. Purpura neritoidea, Quoy and GAIM.; Voy. de
l’Astrol, pl. 38, f. 22–24. Anim. sans Vert. ix. 519.
ANIMAL above bright reddish-violet, the mantle coloured like the
aperture of the shell; surface of the foot, siphon and tentacles cream-

GASTEROPOD A.
247
coloured, faintly tinted violet; tentacles very large, the eyes large and
nearest the tips.
Obtained at the Feejee Islands.
Figure 306, foot of the animal, with an outline of the shell.
RICINULA TUBERCULATA (BLAINVILLE), Nouv. Ann. du Mus., pl. 9,
f. 3. REEVE; Conch. Icon., pl. 2, f. 11.
ANIMAL deep grass-green, with the mantle, locomotive disk, tenta-
cles and siphon light sea-green finely dotted with white; foot narrow,
elongated, slightly auriculate in front, with a nearly colourless longi-
tudinal furrow; eyes near the upper third of the tentacles, hardly per-
ceptible, above which the tentacles are colourless; siphon somewhat
dilated at extremity. In motion, the lateral halves of the disk seemed
to be advanced alternately.
Found abundantly at Honden Island and Clermont Tonnere, Pau-
motu Islands. [J. P. c.]
RICINULA HORRIDA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., X. 47.
Conch. Icon., pl. 1, f. 3.
REEVE;
The animal of a variety common at Clermont Tonnere, differs a
little from that figured in the Voyage of the Astrolabe. The foot is
pale green, passing into yellowislı anteriorly, sprinkled with white
dots, and deep grass-green at the sides; edge apparently crenulate.
Tentacles white, except a ring of brown above the eyes; siphon dull
green, mottled purple; mantle purple, mottled white; edges sinuous.
Operculum dark chestnut-colour, projecting a little beyond the foot.
[J. P. c.]
RICINULA ARACHNOIDES (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., X. 49.
REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 5.
ANIMAL with a mottled edging of deep grass-green, nearly vittate at

248
MOLLUSCA.
the edge, the part enclosed being dotted. The under surface of the
foot is figured in the Voyage of the Astrolabe, pl. 39, f. 17–19.
Inhabits the Paumotu Islands, generally.
Figure 307, the animal, in the posture of motion.
RICINULA CLATHRATA (L AMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., X. 49. REEVE;
Conch. Icon., f. 9.
ANIMAL pale beneath, above greenish cinereous, with a marginal
dotting of brown. Tentacles annulate with brown at the tips.
Inhabits Raraka, and others of the Paumotu Islands.
Figure 308, the animal, as in crawling.
Several other animals of Purpura and Ricinula were figured, but it
is so difficult to decide upon the shells to which they belong, that it
has been thought best to omit them. It is worthy of remark, how-
ever, that in the Ricinuloid species, the colours green and violet enter
largely, while in the typical Purpuræ, bright currant-red with pale
blue is more characteristic. Ricinula seems to be especially a native
of the low coral islands.
PLEUROTOMA SEMINIFERA (Gould).
Testa subulato-turrita, fuscescens, filis deorsum crescentibus cincta: spira
anfractibus ad duodecim, juxta suturam carinatis, deinde excavatis,
ad medium nodulis obliquis rubris ornatis: apertura angusta, trientes
duos longitudinis teste adequans; caudâ brevi ; sinu æquè latâ ac pro-
fundà; columellâ rectiusculâ ; fauce lividâ.
Pleurotoma seminifera, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
iii. 140. May 1849. Expedition Shells, 63.
a
SHELL subulate turreted, of a dusky brownish colour, excepting on
the ribs, where it is bright red; surface covered with delicate, re-

GASTEROPOD A.
249
volving threads, becoming larger as they approach the base. Whorls
twelve, having a delicate raised line bordering the suture, followed by
a concavely excavated canal, then a series of oblique, tubercular folds
at the middle not reaching the suture below: aperture one-third the
length of the shell, narrow : rostrum short, slightly recurved; notch
about as deep as broad, opposed to a conspicuous callus on the left lip;
pillar nearly straight, pale purplish-brown; interior livid.
Length an inch and three-eighths; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Habitat unknown; obtained by Lieut. Walker.
Closely allied to P. interrupta, Lamarck, but differing m the
figures in colour, and from the description in having a more decidedly
excavated girdle in front of the suture, in the greater obliquity of the
folds, and in their not reaching to the suture below.
Figures 312, 312 a, two views of the shell.
PLEUROTOMA TIGRINA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., ix. 352. KIENER;
Iconog., pl. 8, f. 1. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 3.
Foot oval, the anterior angles dilated; beneath violaceous, mottled
with small, deep violet spots; above pale, with scattered lilac and
orange mottlings. Operculum not near the tip of the foot. The
rostrum is conical and cleft vertically at the end; the tentacles are
small, subulate, coming off behind the termination of the snout,
and having the eyes at the distal third, without a distinct pedicle.
Motions moderate.
Habitat, Upolu, Samoa Islands. Drayton.
Quoy gives the animal of P. Babylonica, as having the eyes at the
outer base of the tentacles, and the rostrum as abrupt and cleft below.
The description was probably made out from a contracted specimen.
Figure 311, the animal as in crawling; 311 a, the locomotive disk.
63

250
MOLLUSCA.
MANGELIA CITHARA (Gould).
Testa parva, rhomboideo-fusiformis, cinerea, costis acutis longitudina-
libus septem instructa, interstitiis concavis, subtiliter transversim
striatis : spira turrita, anfractibus septem benè discretis, ultimo ovato-
triangulari trientes duos longitudinis testa adequante: apertura an-
gusta ; labro lato, varicoso, posticè rectangulari vix sinuato; columella
concinné rugosa.
Mangelia cithara, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 140.
May 1849. Expedition Shells, 63.
SHELL minute, rhomboid-fusiform, ashy-white, with about seven
elevated, acute, longitudinal folds; the intervening spaces concave and
minutely striated spirally. Spire turreted, whorls seven, decidedly
separated by an impressed suture, apex acute; last whorl two-thirds
the length of the shell, somewhat triangular-ovate. Aperture half the
length of the shell, very narrow; lip formed by one of the ribs, flat and
broad, forming a right angle posteriorly, with scarcely anything like
an emargination; pillar finely wrinkled.
Length three-eighths of an inch ; breadth three-twentieths.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
This shell is much like M. Hornbeckii, a West Indian species, but
it has a much narrower aperture, fewer ribs, and the last whorl
shorter. M. pessulata has also many more ribs, and is much less
acuminated anteriorly.
Figures 313, 313 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 313b, natural
size.
TEREBRA CRENULATA (LIN.), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 239.
SOWERBY; Thesaur. Conch., pl. 41, f. 18, 19.
ANIMAL lemon-yellow.

GASTEROPOD A.
251
Figure 314, the animal as in motion ; 314 a, locomotive disk; 314 b,
front view of the animal.
TEREBRA DIMIDIATA (LIN.), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert, X. 240.
SOWERBY ; Thesaur. Conch., pl. 41, f. 7, 8.
ANIMAL lemon-yellow, scarcely to be distinguished from the pre-
ceding. Operculum orange.
it
TEREBRA BABYLONIA (LAMARCK), Encyc. Meth., pl. 402, f. 5. Anim.
ins Vert., X. 243. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 14, f. 39.
ANIMAL orange-coloured.
Figure 315, the animal as in motion.
TEREBRA LEVIGATA (GRAY), SOWERBY; Thesaur. Conch., pl. 44,
f. 93.
ANIMAL pale slate-colour, with lemon-coloured reflections.
Figure 316, the animal as in motion.
TEREBRA SUBULATA (Lin.), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 242.
SOWERBY; Thesaur. Conch., f. 16, 38, 39.
ANIMAL “ transparent creamy white.” (J. P. c.]
Figure 317, the animal as in motion.
TEREBRA CÆRULESCENS (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., X. 245.
KIENER; Iconog., pl. 67, f. 12.
ANIMAL pearly white or faintly bluish; foot much more expanded
than in the other species. Operculum very small, lemon-coloured.

252
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 318, the animal as in motion.
From the above animals, we may very well deduce the characters
of the mollusk of this genus.
ANIMAL having an expanded foot, nearly as broad as long, escut-
cheon-shaped, the anterior angles a little dilated, obtuse posteriorly,
the lateral edges delicately undulate. Siphon very long; head very
small, with very short tentacles, bearing the eyes at the tip; mouth
concealed between the head and foot, which latter advances before the
head about as much as it extends behind it, and rises into the shell on
quite a stout pedicle.
Colours all pale watery-white, without variegation, or merely tinted
orange, bluish, or cream-colour.
BUCCINUM VELATUM (Gould).
Testa solida, ovato-lanceolata, levis, polita, livido-violacea, albido-reticu-
lata, versus labrum pallescens, et lineolis rubiginosis cincta: spira
acuto-conica, anfractibus septem ad octo convexiusculis, serie suturali
gemmularum coronatis, ultimo trientes duos longitudinis testa ade-
quante et ad basim spiraliter striato: apertura ovalis, posticè canali-
culata; labro acuto, extrorsum incrassato, intus decem-sulcato; sinu
siphonali obliquo, profundo, castaneo-tincto.
Buccinum (Bullia ?) velatum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 151. June 1850.
SHELL solid, smooth and polished, oblong-ovate, somewhat pyrami-
dal, with four or five revolving basal striæ, and a sutural delicate
circlet of papillæ. Colour a slaty, livid violet, or pale plum-colour,
with an underlying network of white points arranged in quincunx,
only perceptible on careful observation; the sutural vitta is paler, the
indented portions only being dark; the region approaching the lip also
grows paler, and is marked by numerous rusty-coloured, revolving
lines; this portion is also plaited; spire elongated, whorls seven or
eight, very slightly convex, the last one two-thirds the length of
the shell, enlarging nearly to the base : aperture less than half the

GASTEROPOD A.
253
length of the shell, rounded elliptic, with a well-marked callus and
narrow channel posteriorly; outer lip roundly arcuated, within ten-
sulcate, columella concavely arched; siphonal constriction not deep,
notch oblique, short, edge chestnut; interior bluish-white.
Length one inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Mindanao, Philippine Islands.
This may be compared with Buccinum vittatum, but is smaller, and
proportionally shorter. Its aperture has the posterior callus, and
small, closed, siphonal notch of Nassa. The sutural vitta is very
delicate; and its peculiar coloration, especially its pale lace-like reticu-
lation, is quite distinctive.
Figures 319, 319 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell.
BUCCINUM FUNEREUM (Gould).
Testa elongata, ovato-conica, lurido-cinerea, striis tenuibus cincta: spira
turrita, anfractibus sex ad septem supernè excavatis, infernè plicis
longitudinalibus undatis : apertura angusta, ovalis, dimidiam longitu-
dinis testa adequans ; labro simplici, postice emarginato; columellâ
rectiusculâ ; fauce hepaticâ.
Buccinum funereum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
152. January 1850. Expedition Shells, 50.
SHELL small, elongate, turreted, ovate-conic, cinereous when dry,
smoky-brown when wet, surface with very indistinct revolving lines;
each whorl is divided into two portions, an upper third, which is simple
and slightly concave, and two lower thirds, occupied by raised, rib-
like, longitudinal folds, terminating very abruptly, so as to look like an
angle of nodules, when viewed posteriorly; the interspaces about equal
to the raised portions. Whorls six or seven, the last one two-thirds the
length of the shell; aperture half as long as the shell, narrow oval; lip
emarginate, effuse, and incurved posteriorly, sharp and simple; pillar
smooth, but little curved ; interior liver-brown.
Length one inch; breadth half an inch.
64

254
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits New Zealand.
Another of the peculiar group of liver-coloured Buccina from Aus-
tralia, which seem to have a loose, porous, ash-coloured, superficial
layer, with a posterior notch to the aperture (Tritonium?). It is well
marked by the excavated constriction near the suture, and the coro-
nated appearance produced by the termination of the folds at the
middle of the whorls.
Figures 320, 320 a, two views of the shell.
BUCCINUM FOSSATUM (Gould).
Testa tenuis, ovata, ventricosa, rufo-cinerea, annulis et sulcis subequali-
bus cincta : spira conica, anfractibus septem convexis, supernis cla-
thratis, ultimo ventricoso, posticè declivi et obliquè fluctuato: anticè
brevissimè rostrato; rostro canali valdè effosso cincto: apertura lata,
ovato-quadrata; labro valdè arcuato; columellâ obliquè liratâ et callo
tenui indutâ.
Buccinum fossatum, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
152. January 1850. Expedition Shells, 67.
SHELL broad-ovate, elongated, thin, livid, ash-coloured, encircled
throughout with raised ridges, of a deeper colour, interspaces of about
equal width. On the upper whorls these ridges are formed into
coarse granules by longitudinal folds about equally distant, but more
shallow. On the upper slope of the last whorl, in some specimens,
these are increased so as to become conspicuous, very oblique waves
or nodules, terminating at the middle of the whorl. Spire of seven
convex whorls, the last of which is ventricose, and has the usually
constricted, posterior groove encircling the beak, excavated into a
broad, remarkably deep canal; suture linear. Aperture broad, quadrate-
ovate; lip sharp, simple, oblique posteriorly, parallel to the axis laterally
and perpendicular to it at base, thus forming an obtuse angle at the
posterior third, and a right angle at its anterior limit, which is a little
in advance of the point of the beak; siphonal notch broad, short,
scarcely reflexed; pillar covered with a thin layer of enamel, but in
general not enough to obliterate the groove and ridges, so that it
a

GASTEROPODA.
255
appears corrugated throughout. In old specimens, the callus rises
into an elevated marginal wall, with oblique folds and a canal at the
angle posteriorly ; interior of the aperture with sharp, raised revolving
lines.
Length an inch and a quarter; breadth four-fifths of an inch.
Obtained at Puget Sound, at the mouth of the Columbia River, and
at San Diego, California.
Its thin structure, ventricose form, the very oblique folds on the
upper part of the large whorl, and the remarkable channel around the
base of the siphonal notch, are its chief characters. It belongs to the
same group as N. trivittata, Say. On some specimens a fine thread
intervenes between the broader rings.
Figures 321, 321 a, dorsal and ventral view of the shell.
BUCCINUM FARINOSUM (Gould).
Testa parva, solida, rhomboidea, lutescens rufo cincta, spiraliter granu-
lato-filosa, longitudinaliter undato-plicata, plicis ad octo acutis demum
numerosis et propè labrum acutum in varicem terminantibus : spira
brevis, conica, anfractibus sex convexis, ultimo acuminato, reflexo:
apertura angusta, lunata; labro intus sex-plicata ; columellâ rugoso-
granulosâ, callosâ ; fauce albâ.
Shell small, short, rhomboid-ovate, longitudinally undate-plicate;
folds about eight, rather distant and compressed, sharp on the upper
whorls, becoming delicate and numerous on the last whorl, where
there is a large abrupt varix at some distance from the lip, and gra-
dually sloping towards it. Transversely the shell is surrounded with
regularly spaced, elevated threads, about five on the upper whorls, the
whole dotted by lines of growth. Colour yellowish, with indistinct,
dusky bands, formed by the interspaces of the revolving lines being
coloured when they pass the folds, and quite distinct on the varix ;
spire short-conic.
Whorls six, convex, the last one two-thirds the
length of the shell, sloping forwards about equally with the spire, and
forming a somewhat elongated, flexed beak. Aperture very narrow-

256
MOLLUSCA.
lunate; lip sharp, slightly curved, having six sharp plaits within ;
pillar granular-rugose, covered with callus; mouth white.
Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch;
length of the aperture three-tenths of an inch.
Found at Kauai, Sandwich Islands.
This little muriciform species is quite pretty. It belongs to Mr.
Gray's genus Pollia.
Figures 313, 313 a, two views of the shell.
NASSA MUSIVA (Gould).
Testa solida, ovato-conica, polita, albido et olivaceo marmorata, coloribus
in maculis quadratis tessellatim dispositis: spira conica, anfractibus
sex ad septem convexis, benè discretis, ultimo trientes duos longitudinis
testa, propè labrum pallidiori, longitudinaliter plicato et lineolis oliva-
ceis cincto: apertura dimidiam longitudinis testa, ovalis, posticè cana-
liculata ; columella valdè arcuata, obliquè sulcatâ; labro intus sulcato,
sulcis fuscatis.
Nassa musiva, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 153.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 68.
Shell ovate, elongated, apex acuminated, solid, highly polished
and shining, absolutely destitute of striæ, except two linear, revolving
grooves around the siphonal notch, and four or five longitudinal folds
just behind the lip; the three apicial whorls also are plaited. Colour
clouded white and olivaceous, the clouding composed of minute quad-
rate spots arranged in revolving series, in some parts articulated, the
several series distinctly bounded by olivaceous threads, especially
towards the aperture, where the general colouring is also paler, and
the whole resembling fine mosaic work. Whorls six to seven, rather
ventricose, forming a very narrow shoulder at the suture, which is
deeply impressed; the last whorl three-fourths the length of the shell.
Aperture half the area of the shell, oval, the outer lip somewhat in-
cumbent posteriorly, so as to form a posterior fissure at the angle,

GASTEROPOD A.
257
;
sharp, anteriorly sulcated, the depressed portions dark livid, except
near the edge; pillar lip strongly arcuated at its central portion, having
a distinct, revolving lamina posteriorly, and elongated granules ante-
riorly; siphonal notch deep, narrow, oblique; anterior portion of the
pillar-lip well covered with appressed, rounded callus.
Length four-fifths of an inch ; breadth nine-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits the Cape de Verd Islands.
This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus, and is well
characterized by its polished surface, and its clouding of white and
olive, made up of little quadrate spots, arranged in encircling series
resembling mosaic. It may be B. pictum, Dunker.
Figures 324, 324 a, two views of the shell.
NASSA LURIDA (Gould).
Testa solida, conico-ovata, lævis, livido-cinerea albido-variegata : spira
conica, acuta, turrita, anfractibus septem ad octo convexiusculis,
supernè tabulatis et ad angulum crenato-nodosis, apicalibus plicatis,
ultimo anticè sulcis tribus ad quatuor cincto et ponè labrum plicato;
suturâ canaliculatâ : apertura dimidiam longitudinis testa, ovalis,
posticè emarginata ; columellâ posticè lamelliferâ, anticè dentiferâ;
labro acuto, albo, extus incrassato, intus sulcato; canali siphonali pro-
fundo
Nassa lurida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 153.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 68.
SHELL solid, ovate-turreted, smooth, and shining, the upper whorls
longitudinally plaited and somewhat crenulate at the posterior margins,
or rather nodulous on the larger whorls, also with four or five acute
folds behind the lip, and about three or four revolving grooves around
the siphonal notch. Colour greenish-ash, finely freckled with white,
the nodules white and the spaces between them darker, sometimes
decidedly blackish ; approaching the lip it gradually becomes white, as
does also the siphonal region. Whorls seven or eight, distinctly shoul-
65

258
MOLLUSCA.
dered above, the upper ones nearly plane, the last subglobose two-
thirds the length of the shell; suture canaliculate. Aperture half the
length of the shell, oval; lip sharp, regularly arched; pillar margin
moderately arcuated, with a sharp lamina posteriorly near the angle,
and the remainder finely and irregularly folded, terminating at the
notch in a thin, sharp, ascending tooth; siphonal notch very deep,
oblique, the left margin produced into a thin delicate lamina; interior
sulcated, dusky in the channels, except near margin; callus sc
scanty,
not appressed
Length seven-tenths of an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
This species resembles N. musiva, in surface and colour, but the
spire is longer and more turreted, and there is merely a mottling of
colours, without any definite arrangement. The specimens actually
obtained by the Expedition are of the size represented with the
animal, but they appear to be identical with larger specimens in my
own cabinet.
Figure 325, ventral view of the shell; 325 a, the animal, with the
shell, as in crawling ; 325 b, the animal, from beneath.
NASSA CURTA (Gould ).
T. abbreviata, ovato-conica, lutescens interdum rufo subfasciata, sub-
spinosa, longitudinaliter plicata; plicis ad tredecim tenuibus, acutis,
liris conspicuis decussatis: spira conica, anfractibus sex convexius-
culis ; ultimo globoso octantes quinque longitudinis testa adequante :
apertura rotundato-ovalis ; labro crenulato, intus sulcato, extrorsum
incrassato; columellâ callo copioso granuloso indutâ; sinu siphonali
angusto, profundo.
Nassa curta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 153.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 69.
SHELL small, rather thin, short, ovate-conic, folded throughout with
about thirteen sharp, moderately elevated, longitudinal folds, decus-

GASTEROPODA.
259
sated by crowded, elevated threads, not interrupted as they pass the
folds, about five on the penultimate whorl; some of these, generally
one next the suture, and one about the middle of the last whor), being
larger than the others, are rendered somewhat spinous. Colour ashy-
white, the interspaces of the revolving lines rusty-brown, and some-
times banded by an occasional still darker line. Spire short, conic;
whorls six, the upper ones nearly flat, the last large, globose, five-
eighths the length of the shell. Aperture half the length of the shell,
broad-oval, channeled posteriorly; lip thickened, crenulate, sulcate
within to the edge; pillar strongly arcuated, with a retral lamina,
elsewhere finely granulate, corrugate, extensively but not thickly
.covered with callus; siphonal constriction very deep, region white,
notch very narrow, throat white.
a
Length nine-twentieths of an inch; breadth eight-twentieths of an
inch.
Inhabits the Samoa Islands.
Remarkable for its broad, abbreviated form. In some of its charac-
ters it is allied to N. muricata, but its surface has much more nume-
rous and more delicate asperities. Some specimens are distorted and
still more finely sculptured, losing in a great degree the longitudinal
folds. Bucc. scabrum, Dunker, must be like it, but is described as
larger, more solid, and slender.
Figures 326, 326 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 326 b, natural
size; 326 c, aperture, enlarged.
NASSA CINCTELLA (Gould).
T. solida, ovato-conica, nitida, albida lineâ unicâ rufâ cincta, plicis lon-
gitudinalibus acutis ad decem et striis volventibus ad octo decussata:
spira conica, anfractibus septem planiusculis angustè tabulatis, ultimo
subgloboso trientes duos longitudinis testa adequante : apertura an-
gusta, ovalis, dimidiam longitudinis testa haud equans: labro crenu-
lato, extus incrassato, intus septem-sulcato; columella callo haud ap-
presso, concinné rugoso ; incisurâ siphonali angusta, profundâ.

260
MOLLUSCA.
Nassa cinctella, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 154.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 69.
SHELL minute, solid, shining, short ovate-conic, apex entire, yel-
lowish-white, with a single brown thread on the middle of the last
whorl, which appears along the suture on the other whorls; lip pur-
plish. Surface with distant, elevated, somewhat compressed longitu-
dinal rib-folds, about ten on the last whorl, reaching to the siphonal
constriction, which is well-marked; these are crossed by crowded, im-
pressed lines, about eight on the penultimate whorl, the one around
the middle of the last whorl, which is coloured, being a little more
prominent than the rest, causing the whorl to be a little angular.
Spire conical, whorls about seven, flat, decidedly shouldered above, the
last two-thirds the length of the shell, subglobose. Aperture less than
one-half the length of the shell, small, oval; outer lip much thickened
externally, crenulated by the revolving lines, with seven or eight pro-
minent sulci within; columella with a prominent, posterior lamina, and
minute corrugations in front; callus not copious, not appressed; inte-
rior white (or perhaps croceous), the dark vitta appearing within.
Length seven-twentieths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
From the Pacific Islands.
This very pretty shell is well marked by its short, conical form, its
few prominent ribs, shouldered whorls, and thread-like vitta. It
accords well with Bucc. Jonasii, Dunker, except that one of the prin-
cipal characters of that shell is to have the interior of the lip smooth.
Figures 327, 327 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 327 b, natural
size.
NASSA CASTA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, lanceolata, vitrea, alba fusciis rubiginosis binis cincta,
longitrorsum costato-plicata ; plicis ad quatuordecim, striis remotis vol-
ventibus decussantibus : spira acuto-conica, anfractibus octo convexius-
culis, apicalibus politis, ultimo quadrantes tres longitudinis testa ferè

GASTEROPOD A.
261
adequante: apertura elliptica; labro acuto, intus undecim-striato;
columellâ callosa, concinnè corrugatâ ; sinu siphonali amplo.
Nassa casta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iji. 154.
January 1850, Expedition Shells, 69,
SHELL small, thin, vitreous in lustre, ovate-conic, apex acuminate ;
white, with two rusty bands, one around the middle of the last whorl,
and one near the suture, the colour only appearing in the intervals of
the ribs. Surface with about fourteen longitudinal, compressed rib-
folds, extending to the base, crossed by revolving lines, which are suffi-
ciently apparent about the base and at tip, but are only faintly marked
between the folds elsewhere. Whorls eight (the three apicial ones
smooth and vitreous), slightly convex, the last three-fifths the length
of the shell; siphonal constriction scarcely apparent. Aperture half the
length of the shell, elliptical; lip regularly arcuated, with eleven sharp
striæ within; pillar lip deeply concave, finely corrugated, with a pro-
minent lamina posteriorly; siphonal notch rather large; fauces white.
Length two-fifths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the Pacific Islands,
This elongated, glistening shell has no one with which it may be
well compared. It is a little like Bucc. macula, in size and form, but
in other respects it is more like B. Cuvieri.
Figures 328, 328 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell, enlarged;
328 b, natural size.
NASSA ACINOSA (Gould).
T. solida, ventricosa, ovata, lutescens cinereo obscurè fasciata, papillis e
sulcis volventibus et longitudinalibus æquè remotis ubique obsita, serie
suturali majori: spira conica, anfractibus ad octo planis, declivibus,
supernè tabulatis, ultimo magno, ventricoso; apertura parva, angusta ;
labro acuto posticè sinuato, intus quinque ad sex-sulcato; columella
valdè concavú, callo tenui indutâ; posticè lamelligerâ, regione siphonali
plano, albo, sinu amplo, profundo; fauce fusco-fasciatâ.
66

262
MOLLUSCA.
Nassa acinosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 154.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 69.
SHELL of medium size, rather thin, broad-ovate, apex acute, of an
ashy-white, indistinctly banded with slate-colour. Surface decussated
with sharp, longitudinal, and revolving ribs, about equally spaced
each way, thus forming ranges of acute papillæ of uniform size, except
the upper range, which is larger, three on the upper and eight on the
lower whorl. Spire short conic, whorls seven or eight, the upper ones
not convex, distinctly shouldered, the last one large and ventricose,
comprising the greater part of the shell. Aperture one-half the length
of the shell, small, narrow; lip thick behind, acute-edged, slightly
arcuate, with five or six folds within; pillar strongly arcuate at the
middle, with a prominent lamina and distinct canal posteriorly; callus
thin, not appressed; the siphonal region is white and without a con-
spicuous constriction : notch very ample; interior with a central and
basal dark band.
Length seven-tenths of an inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Habitat unknown.
Differs from the shell given by Kiener as young B. marginulatum
by its more ventricose form, much coarser sculpture, less elongated
spire, and the presence of the posterior lamina on the pillar. It may
be compared with Bucc. Gruneri, Dunker.
Figures 329, 329 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 329 b, natural
size.
NASSA PAUPERA (Gould).
T. parva, solida, ovato-lanceolata, albida lineâ rufâ unicâ cincta, longi-
trorsum octodecim-costulata, et liris continuis cincta: spira acuto-
conica, anfractibus sex ad septem ventricosis, ultimo brevi, subgloboso;
suturâ profundâ: apertura parva, subcircularis, trientem longitudinis
testæ adequans ; labro arcuato, intus decem-striato; columella antice
productâ, callo granuloso haud appresso parcè indutâ.

GASTEROPOD A.
263
Nassa paupera, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 155.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 70.
SHELL minute, thin, elongate, conic-ovate, dingy-white, with a
single brown thread on the middle of the last whorl, following the
suture on the other whorls: surface with longitudinal rib-undulations,
about eighteen on the last whorl, crossed by raised, revolving threads,
about five on the upper and ten on the lower whorls, which are less
eminent as they cross the ribs. Whorls six or seven, ventricose, the
last short, and only about half the length of the shell; siphonal con-
striction not deeply impressed, suture deep. Aperture proportionally
small, about one-third the length of the shell, subcircular; lip regu-
larly arcuate, with nine or ten fine laminæ within; callus on the ante-
rior part of the column, not appressed, minutely granular, prolonged
at the siphonal notch.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the Pacific Islands.
Much resembling Bucc. coccinella, but smaller, less ponderous, more
slender, the last whorl proportionally larger, the ribs less numerous,
but the revolving lines more so.
Figures 330, 330 a, two views of the shell, enlarged ; 330 b, natural
size.
NASSA MENDICA (Gould).
Testa parva, rudis, solidula, elongata, rufo-cinerea, longitrorsum undato-
plicata, spiraliter crebrè lirata, epidermide tenui lutoso induta: spira
elongata, anfractibus sex ad septem ventricosis, ultimo ellipsoideo,
dimidiam longitudinis testa superante: apertura parva, alba, ovata ;
labro simplici, vix crenulato, intus decem-laminato; columellâ pro-
ductâ, arcuatâ, vic callosâ ; sinu siphonali amplo.
Nassa mendica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 155.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 70.

264
MOLLUSCA.
a
SHELL small, rather light, elongated, ovate-turreted, dull brown,
becoming ash-coloured when dry, longitudinally undate-plicate, spi-
rally encircled with raised threads, with equal interspaces, about seven
on the penultimate whorl, the depressed portions darker than the
raised. Spire elongate-conic, this form being continued nearly to the
base. Whorls six or seven, convex, the last a little more than half the
length of the shell, ellipsoidal ; constriction around the siphonal canal
well-impressed; this groove broad, short, a little reflexed and some-
what contorted. Aperture small, not more than one-third the length of
the shell, rounded-ovate; lip sharp and simple, having a series of about
ten laminæ within, not reaching the edge: pillar strongly arched,
smooth, slightly invested with an ivory callus, the point projecting as
far as the lip does anteriorly; fauces white, the siphonal notch tinted
salmon-coloured.
Length four-fifths of an inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Nisqually, Port Discovery, &c., Puget Sound. Pickering.
A somewhat rude shell, very variable in its surface, being the
Pacific analogue of N. trivittata, Say. It is more solid, more undu-
lated, less shouldered, its pillar lip more protracted, and its aperture
smaller. It is also closely allied to N. perpinguis, Hinds, from the
California coast, though differing essentially from his description and
figure, which represent that shell as much larger, the surface less
uneven, and the last whorl very much larger proportionally.
Figures 331, 331 a, two views of the shell, natural size.
NASSA RUBRICATA (Gould).
Testa parva, elongata, ovata, granulata, epidermide fulvo lineis inter-
ruptis rufis cincto induta, longitrorsum quindecim costato-plicata,
plicis ad anfractum ultimum obliquis, versus labrum evanescentibus,
et striis impressis decussatis; strià suturali majori, seriem gemmula-
rum efformante: spira acuto-conica, anfractibus sex convexiusculs:
apertura dimidiam longitudinis testa haud equans, rotundato-ovata,
lactea ; labro intus crenulato; sinu siphonali mediocri.

GASTEROPOD A.
265
Nassa rubricata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 155.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 70.
Shell small, solid, conic-ovate, with about fifteen to twenty longi-
tudinal rib-like folds, which become oblique on the last whorl, and
gradually shorten until they nearly disappear near the aperture; these
are decussated by threadlike, impressed strie, about five on the upper
whorls and ten on the last, besides a deep canal around the siphonal
region; the upper stria is generally more deep than the others, and
produces a sutural range of gemmules. Whorls six, conico-convex,
the last two-thirds the length of the shell, and rather ventricose at
base; aperture not quite half the length of the shell, rounded-ovate,
pure white; outer lip short-arcuate, with very fine internal sulcations;
pillar lip rounded and polished, callus not abundant; epidermis fawn-
coloured, colour pale yellowish, with the spaces between the striæ
coloured with reddish-brown bands, generally interrupted as they
cross the ribs; siphonal canal short and rather shallow.
2
Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth one-third of an inch.
a
Its habitat is a little uncertain, but probably is the Pacific coast of
America.
I know not any species with which to compare this, except, per-
haps, Bucc. corrugatum, from which it differs in its aperture. Its
elongated form, oblique folds on the outer whorl, and its white aper-
ture, are its most conspicuous points. When deprived of its epidermis,
the revolving fawn-coloured lines interrupted by the ribs give quite a
distinctive character.
Figures 3:32, 332 a, two views of the shell, natural size.
NASSA LILACINA (Gould).
T. parva, ovato-conica, levigata, lilacina: spira acuta, anfractibus
septem ad octo convexis, ad suturam crenulatis, supernis plicatis et
striis volventibus cinctis; ultimo dimidiam longitudinis testæ ade-
quante, basi spiraliter striato: apertura lunata; labro simplici; sinu
siphonali amplo, brevi.
67

266
MOLLUSCA.
ANIMAL nearly colourless and transparent, tinted rose-colour.
Operculum small, vermilion at the centre and orange-coloured at the
margin.
a
SHELL small ovate-conical, polished, of a delicate lilac-colour; spire
conical, whorls seven or eight, convex, crenulated at the suture, the
upper ones folded, and the folds intersected by revolving lines, so as
to render them granular; the last whorl half the length of the shell,
with a few distant, shallow striæ surrounding the base; lip simple;
columella arcuated, white; siphonal notch sufficiently large, very
short.
Length two-fifths of an inch ; breadth one-eighth of an inch.
Found on a coral ledge, at Clermont Tonnerre, Paumotu Islands.
Very much like N. lurida. The animal is represented as very
active, crawling almost as fast as a fly would run.
Figure 336, animal, with the shell, in the act of motion ; 336 a, under
surface of the foot.
,
NASSA MURICATA (Quoy), Voy. de l'Astrol., 450, pl. 32, f. 32, 33.
KIENER; Iconog., f. 110. LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 198.
ANIMAL pale cream-coloured, with clusters of indigo-blue dots near
the margin; siphon also dotted; beneath pale-bluish, with linear points
along the centre, and a few transverse ones near the border.
Figure 333, animal, with the shell, as in motion ; 333 a, locomotive
disk.
NASSA GRANIFERA (KIENER), Iconog., pl. 27, f. 111. LAMARCK;
Anim. sans Vert., X. 196.
ANIMAL broad and short, the anterior angles much elongated; siphon
short; colour unspotted drab.

GASTEROPOD A.
267
Figure 334, the animal, with the shell.
The animal of the genus Nassa may be described as follows:
Foot elongated, narrowing somewhat backwards, bifid at the tip,
and bearing on each of the points an erect cirrhus; anterior angles
very much elongated; head small, tentacles long, and very slender
beyond the eyes, which are at their lower third ; siphon very long.
Margin of the operculum serrated.
COLUMBELLA GAUSAPATA (Gould).
T. parva, solidula, elongata, ovato-conica, ad basim spiraliter striata,
sub epidermide rudi subrufo concinné rufo-reticulata vel variemodè
maculata aut fasciata: spira conico-turrita, anfractibus sex ad septem
convexiusculis, ultimo trientes duos longitudinis teste, anticè subitò in
rostrum brevern angustato; suturâ valdè impressã: apertura angusta
lunata; labro simplici, rufo, intus sparsè denticulato.
Columbella gausapata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
170. January 1850. Expedition Shells, 71.
SHELL small, solid, ovate-turreted, elongated, without striation
except a few lines around the beak, smooth, polished, covered with a
dense russet-coloured epidermis, having indistinct, paler maculations
beneath. Whorls six or seven, nearly flat, the last less than two-
thirds the whole length, abruptly sloping to the beak, which is short ;
suture linear, abrupt, deeply impressed; aperture one-third the length
of the shell, narrow-lunate ; lip simple, with a few rib teeth within, both
margins deep purplish-brown; callus on the pillar not abundant; inte-
rior pale-lilac.
a
Length half an inch ; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
This is an inelegant, very simple species, allied to C. unicolor, and
C. castanea. It is more slender and less ventricose than the latter;
the aperture is more narrow, less deep brown, rather a yellow; and
its burrowing suture, and rough, woolly epidermis, are sufficiently

268
MOLLUSCA.
distinctive. It has much the character and marking of C. Broderipii,
Reeve, but is nearly twice as large. On removing the epidermis the
surface below is polished, finely reticulated with zigzag, fawn-coloured
lines, with sometimes one or two zones of purplish, or of ivory-white
lunate spots.
Figure 337, ventral view of the shell, enlarged; 337 a, dorsal view,
with the epidermis removed; 337 b, natural size.
COLUMBELLA VALGA (Gould).
T. ovato-lanceolata, sub-distorta, fulvo-marmorata et lineolis crebris
rufis cincta, ad apicem rosacea : spira acuminata, anfractibus novem
ad decem convexiusculis, supernis longitrorsum tenuiter plicatis, ultimo
lævi, contracto, cæteris nonconformibus dimidiam longitudinis teste
superante; suturâ profundâ : apertura angusta, lunata ; labro arcuato
acuto, intus sulcato: columellâ transversim plicata, cailosâ ; sinu
siphonali angusto, producto.
Columbella valga, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 169.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 71.
ANIMAL deep ochreous yellow; siphon annulated with ochreous.
a
Shell small, solid, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat gibbous, shining, of
a pale fawn-colour, girdled by threadlike chestnut bands, of which
there are four or five on the upper whorls; these upper whorls have
delicate, longitudinal folds, which appear on the lower whorl, but
slightly at its upper portion; base of the lower whorl with a few re-
volving threads. Whorls nine or ten, slightly convex, the penulti-
mate whorl large in proportion to the basal whorl, so as to give the
shell a gibbous or distorted form; last whorl three-fifths the whole
length of the shell, tapering to the base; rostrum somewhat elongated,
recurved; suture linear, deeply impressed. Aperture narrow, two-
fifths the length of the shell; outer lip regularly and slightly arcuated
with rib-striæ within; pillar margin angular at its upper third, well
covered with callus.
Length half an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
269
There is some little doubt about the habitat of this shell; but it is
either Brazil or the Samoa Islands.
Closely allied to C. avara, Say, in form, size, and ground colour,
but readily distinguished by its distorted form, the encircling chestnut
lines, and the want of revolving striæ between the folds.
Figure 338, animal, with the shell, as in motion ; 338 a, profile view
of the shell.
COLUMBELLA CASTANEA (Gould).
T. parva, solida, elongata, ovata, lævis, castanea vel fasciâ angusta
albidâ cincta : spira ovato-conica, anfractibus septem convexis, ultimo
ovali trientes duos longitudinis testa superante, ad basim spiraliter
striato: apertura ampla, alba ; labro recto, posticè emarginato, rufo-
tincto, intus sub-plicato; columellâ anticè plicatâ; sinu siphonali
amplo.
Columbella castanea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
170. January 1850. Expedition Shells, 71.
Shell small, solid, smooth, shining, elongated-ovate, pale chestnut-
colour, with sometimes a pale girdle about the middle of the last
whorl, a few revolving striæ about the base, and occasionally a few
indistinct ridges about the body of the whorl. Whorls seven, regu-
larly convex, the last rather more than two-thirds the length of the
shell, tapering to base; upper margin of the whorls terminating
abruptly in a delicate shoulder, dropping into a deep canaliculate
suture. Aperture narrow-ovate; outer lip somewhat sinuous poste-
riorly, striated within; columella with a callus rising like a wall;
rostrum very short, truncated; peristome of both margins coloured rich
brown; interior porcelain-white.
Length half an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Rio Janeiro.
Compared with C. unicolor it is smaller, the aperture is less rotund,
and it has a pale cincture.
68

270
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 339, 339 a, ventral and dorsal views of the shell, magnified
two diameters; 339 b, natural size.
COLUMBELLA MENDICARIA (LIN.), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., X.
272. SOWERBY; Genera of Shells, f. 4. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 6, f. 1.
ANIMAL above dark reddish-brown, with a few whitish annulations
on the siphon, and a yellow stripe on the mantle corresponding to the
yellow band on the shell; plantar surface sulphur yellow, greenish at
tip and somewhat dotted transversely at the margin. Operculum
chestnut-coloured.
Figure 341, animal as in crawling ; 341 a, locomotive disk.
COLUMBELLA LIGULA (Duclos), Monog., pl. 11, f. 11-16. SOWERBY ;
Thes. Conch., pl. 38, f. 83–85.
ANIMAL very pale cream-coloured, with very faint, slate-coloured,
submarginal dottings.
Figure 342, animal in the posture of motion.
The animal of the genus COLUMBELLA is long and slender, with a
long, siphonal tube; foot folding longitudinally, obtusely pointed
behind, anteriorly a little dilated, with a transverse marginal fascia;
head small, protruding beyond the foot; tentacles short, subulate, the
eyes midway, below which is a dilatation. Operculum none.
It is as closely allied to the animal of Mitra as possible, in external
form. The foot may be a little more dilated anteriorly, and there is a
minute operculum to Mitra, while there is none to Columbella. Conus
is equally closely allied.
a
MITRA VITELLINA (Gould).
T. lanceolata, solida, dilutè aurantia maculis albis fasciata, sulcis
linearibus ad quindecim lirata et striis tenuibus crebris cincta; inter-
sectionibus punctatis : spira elevata, anfractibus octo ad novem planis,

GASTEROPOD A.
271
ultimo octantes quinque longitudinis teste, cylindraceo, anticè angus-
tato: apertura angusta ; labro recto, simplici ; columellâ quadri-plicata,
sinu siphonali brevi, vix recurvo.
Mitra vitellina, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 170.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 72.
SHELL slender, fusiform, solid, with fine, longitudinal fissures,
pretty regularly disposed, and with hair-like, revolving striæ, much
more closely arranged, which, in the fissures, are deeply indented, the
posterior one being at a considerable distance from the suture, and
those about the base being much more deeply sculptured. Colour
pale orange, with an imperfect white vitta adjacent to the posterior
revolving striæ, a second at the anterior third of the last whorl, and
with the other parts of the shell, slightly mottled with white, except
the sutural portion. Whorls eight or nine, conical, abrupt at the
suture, the last about five-eighths the length of the shell, the median
portion cylindrical, the basal but slightly constricted. Aperture one-
third the length of the shell, longitudinally narrow, lip mostly parallel
to the axis, siphonal portion slightly recurved, broad; columella parallel
to the lip, with four plaits.
Length an inch and three quarters; breadth seven-twentieths of an
inch.
Habitat uncertain, probably East Indies.
An elegant species, about the size of M. subulata, having the general
form and coloration of M. glabra, Sw., and is sculptured more like
M. impressa, Reeve.
Figure 352, dorsal and ventral views of the shell.
MITRA COPHINA (Gould).
T. fusiformis, albida, liris volventibus et liris longitudinalibus altioribus
ubique reticulata ; areolis interceptis profundis : spira turrita, anfrac-
tibus novem ad decem planiusculis subtabulatis, ultimo antrorsum in
rostrum contortum subitò desinente: apertura angusta, flexuosa,
posticè obtusa; columellâ quadri-plicatâ, plicis antrorsum minoribus.

272
MOLLUSCA.
Mitra cophina, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 171.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 72.
SHELL of moderate size, fusiform, slender, dead ashy white, surface
longitudinally barred with twenty or more slender, elevated, com-
pressed, regularly spaced ribs; the interspaces are also barred with
finer, less elevated, and less distant lines (eight on the penultimate
whorl), not crossing the long ridges, leaving deeply-excavated, trans-
versely quadrate impressions in the intervals; spire turreted, of nine
or ten conical whorls, the last five-eighths the length of the shell, ven-
tricose at the upper part, but becoming attenuated and forming an
elongated, contorted beak, with an oblique, elevated varix near its point.
Aperture not half the length of the shell, narrow, a little oblique, poste-
rior termination broad and transverse; columella with four folds, the
two anterior very small, its wall being an erect lamina to the canal.
2
Length four-fifths of an inch ; breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Singapore. Pickering.
The form, size, and colour is like M. suturata, Reeve, but the sculp-
ture is quite different, that species having no longitudinal ridges, and
the transverse grooves are described as deep and punctured, and the
intermediate ridges slightly granose.
Figures 355, 355 a, two views of the shell.
MITRA RORATA (Gould).
T. modica, solida, lanceolata, cinerea rubiginoso-marmorata, clathris
longitudinalibus quadratis ad triginti et striis tenuibus volventibus de-
cussata: spira elevata, anfractibus novem ad decem planis posticè an-
gulatis; ultimo cylindraceo anticè sensim attenuato, dimidiam longi-
tudinis teste superante: apertura angusta, labro acuto, roseo, tredecim
sulculato; columellâ quadri-plicata; rostro lato obliquè reflexiusculo;
fauce incarnatâ.
Mitra rorata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 171.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 72.

GASTEROPOD A.
273
SHELL of moderate size, lanceolate-fusiform, slender, solid, shining,
dull-white, marbled with ferruginous and fawn-coloured blotches, ar-
ranged somewhat longitudinally ; surface finely decussated with deli-
cate, well-relieved longitudinal ribs, the presenting edges flat, about
thirty on each whorl, and with impressed, revolving lines (about eight
on penultimate whorl), which only appear in the interstices of the ribs,
until from the middle of the last whorl they begin to enlarge, and
finally become predominant about the base. Whorls nine or ten, flat,
angular at the upper fourth, and shelving to the suture, this portion
destitute of striæ; last whorl more than one-half the length of the
shell, cylindrical at the middle, and tapering gently to the base.
Aperture narrow, lips nearly parallel, more than one-half the length
of the shell; lip slightly arched, sharp, faintly roseate; interior flesh-
coloured, and with about thirteen delicate, elongated, raised threads;
pillar a little arched posteriorly; four-plaited; siphonal notch a little
reflexed obliquely.
Length four-fifths of an inch ; breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Habitat unknown. Obtained by Mr. Walker.
The form and sculpture are much like that of M. hebes, Reeve, but
the colouring is more like M. crenifera. It is more cylindrical, and
the bars are less prominent than M. cophina, besides being different
in coloration.
Figures 354, 354 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell.
a,
MITRA CAPILLATA (Gould).
T. parvula, elongata, ovato-fusiformis, polita, rufo-castanea lineolis
longitudinalibus flexuosis croceis ornata: spira acuto-conica, anfrac-
tibus septem convexiusculis, ultimo bifariam attenuato, anticè striis
prominulis cincto; suturâ impressâ: apertura dimidiam longitudinis
testa, angusta, elliptica; columellá tri-plicatâ, posticè callosá; fauce
luridâ.
Mitra capillata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 171.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 73.
69

274
MOLLUSCA.
SHELL quite small, polished, shining, elongated, ovate-fusiform, very
deep mahogany-brown colour, beautifully variegated with numerous,
delicate, obliquely flexuous, yellowish, longitudinal stripes, destitute of
sculpture except three or four raised threads about the beak; whorls
seven, slightly convex, the last nearly three-fourths the length of the
shell, tapering downwards about equally with the spire; suture linear,
impressed. Aperture half the length of the shell, quite narrow ellip-
tical; lip simple; columella with three folds, the upper of which is
largest, and with a deposit of callus at the posterior angle; colour of
the interior lurid.
Length nine-twentieths of an inch ; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
In habits the Madeira Islands. Couthouy.
This beautiful little shell is easily identified by its dark mahogany
colour, and its delicate yellow lineations, like those on some species of
Neritina. M. semen, Reeve, which is not so slender, and has fewer
and broader lines, is the only species approaching it.
MITRA ENCAUSTA (Gould).
T. parvula, solida, curta, ovato-rhomboidea, cinerea, longitrorsum octo
ad novem-plicata et sulcis fuscescentibus cincta: spira conica, anfrac-
tibus octo ventricosis, supernis granulosis, ultimo trientes duos longi-
tudinis teste adequante; suturâ canaliculatâ : apertura parva, line-
aris; labro acuto, vix sulcato; columellá plicatâ, posticè callo copioso
indutâ.
Mitra encausta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 172.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 73.
SHELL quite small and solid, short, rhomboid-ovate, about equally
acuminated each way, ash-coloured, with eight or nine coarse longitu-
dinal folds, and with deeply incised, regularly spaced, revolving striæ
of a dusky colour, about four on the whorls of the spire, rendering
the upper ones granular, more distant and coarser at base, where the
raised portions are granular. Whorls eight, ventricose, with a some-
,
what channeled suture; the last whorl two-thirds the length of the

GASTEROPOD A.
275
shell; tip black; aperture very small and narrow, one-half the length
of the shell ; lip thin, sharp, a little plicate; columella four-plicate,
with a copious posterior callus.
Length seven-twentieths of an inch ; breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
A small, very decidedly marked species, most remarkable for the
deeply incised, somewhat punctate, dark, revolving lines, on an ash-
coloured ground, its wave-like folds, and its short rhomboidal form.
Figures 356, 356 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 356 b, natural
size.
MITRA FIDICULA (Gould).
T. lanceolato-fusiformis, livido-crocea fasciâ albidâ unicâ cincta, plicis
acutis albidis ad duodecim lirata; spira anfractibus novem planu-
latis posticè tabulatis, apicalibus (ultimo quoque ad basim) spiraliter
striatis: apertura angusta, intus tenui-striata; columellá quadri-pli-
cata; fauce rufá; canali siphonali curto, ferè recto.
Mitra fidicula, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 170.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 72.
SHELL small, fusiform, elongated, turreted; whorls nine, angular
above, ornamented with numerous sharp, regular, whitish ribs or folds,
which are sometimes a little nodular at the angle of the whorl, and
with a belt of whitish; the upper whorls and the large whorl at its
base are spirally striated; the spaces between the ribs are smoothly
fluted, displaying delicate incremental lines; colour deep saffron,
sometimes a little livid, disposed in darker and lighter zones. Aper-
ture narrow, less than half the length of the shell; throat brownish
within, and delicately striated, the striæ not attaining the edge of
the lip. Columella four-plaited; siphonal notch broad, canal short
and straight.
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch.

276
MOLLUSCA.
Habitat uncertain.
There is no species corresponding very nearly to this. Perhaps M.
cinerea, Reeve, resembles it as much as any one.
Figures 353, 353 a, two views of the shell; 353 b, dorsal view of a
variety
MITRA AMBIGUA (SWAINSON), Zool. Illust., Second Series, pl. 30,
f. 2. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 8. KIENER; Iconog., f. 16. LAMARCK;
Anim. sans Vert., x. 346.
ANIMAL smoky brown, longitudinally dotted, with a pale margin;
proboscis very long, having a sub-globular dilatation at its posterior
fourth; the extremity is also dilated, and from it issues a filiform,
forked tongue.
Figure 344, the animal, with the shell.
MITRA ADUSTA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., x. 306. Voy. de
l'Astrol., pl. 55, f. 8, 9. REEVE ; Conch. Icon., pl. 4, f. 25. KIENER;
Iconog., f. 15.
ANIMAL short, indigo-blue, dotted with white above; sole of the foot
pale sky-blue, dotted with indigo-blue; anterior angles not dilated.
Found at Vincennes Island, Paumotu Group. Couthouy.
Figure 344, the shell, with the animal extended; 344 a, locomotive
disk.
MITRA ACUMINATA (SWAINSON), Zool. Illust., Second Series, pl. 138,
f. 3. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 158. Mitra lutea, Quor; Astrol., pl.
45 bis, f. 7-9.
ANIMAL pale cream-colour.

GASTEROPOD A.
277
Figure 345, shell, with the animal extended.
Found at Raraka, Paumotu Islands. Couthouy.
Conch. Icon.,
MITRA VIRGATA (REEVE), Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1844.
fig. 197. M. retusa, var. Gray.
ANIMAL much like that of M. retusa ; foot narrow, elongated, with a
distinct, transverse, marginal fissure; above ferruginous, white at
margin; base of siphon and tentacles colourless, the former tipped
with rufous; foot beneath pale blue.
Found at Clermont Tonnerre, Paumotu Islands.
Figure 346, shell, with the animal, as when in motion ; 346 a, loco-
motive disk.
MITRA MACULOSA (REEVE), Conch. Icon., figs. 175, 194. MARTINI,
Conch. Cab., pl. 150, f. 1400.
ANIMAL Milk-white beneath ; tentacles cream-coloured.
Figure 347, animal, with the shell, seen from beneath.
MITRA NODOSA (Swainson), Philos. Mag. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f.
196. M. fraga, Quoy and GAIM.; Astrol., pl. 45, f. 28, 29. LAMARCK ;
Anim. sans Vert., x. 349. M. tuberculata, KIENER; Iconog., fig. 87.
ANIMAL opaque-white, except on the siphon, where it is yellowish;
head small, tentacles of moderate length, eyes conspicuous, on a lateral
enlargement at their lower third; siphon rather large, and constantly
moving as in NASSA, to which this genus is closely allied. Motions
quite active. No operculum detected.
Common on coral ledges, Clermont Tonnerre. [J. P. c.]
70

278
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 348, animal, with the shell, seen from beneath.
MITRA ELEGANS (REEVE), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1845. Conch. Icon.,
f. 233.
Animal milk-white above, freckled along the margin with dusky,
and also along the siphon.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Figure 349, animal, with the shell, in the posture of motion.
MITRA EXASPERATA (CHEMNITZ), Conch. Cab., pl. 151, f. 1440–41.
REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 162. LAMARCK; Anim, sans Vert., iii. 344.
M. torulosa, LAMARCK ; ibid., 333.
ANIMAL lemon-coloured above, margin white, pointed with black;
tentacles and siphon watery-white.
Found at the Feejee Islands. Drayton.
Figure 350, the animal, with the shell, as in motion.
MITRA FILOSA (Born), Mus., pl. 9, f. 9, 10. LAMARCK; Anim. sans
Vert., X. 321. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 81. KIENER ; Iconog., f. 12.
ANIMAL cream-coloured; body elongated; tentacles very small;
siphon long and slender.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Figure 342, the animal, with the shell, as in motion.
VOLUTA MAGELLANICA (Gmelin), in KIENER ; Iconog., pl. 51. Sow-
ERBY; Thes. Conch., 99. V. ancilla. LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., X.
397. Encycl. Meth., pl. 385, f. 3.

GASTEROPOD A.
279
ANIMAL with a very large, muscular, oblong-oval foot, broad and
nearly right-angled in front, narrowing behind, the surface divided
into oblong protuberances by radiating and concentric furrows.
Colour above brownish-purple, thickly dotted with small chocolate-
coloured spots; beneath yellowish-brown. Head long, compressed,
having on each side a projecting lobe narrowing towards the neck.
Near the upper margin of these lobes are the eyes, like two obscure,
dull-black points. Just inside of the eyes originate the tentacles,
which are short, acutely conical; a fissure extends from their base to
the margin of the cervical mass, separating the lateral and inferior
lobes from the frontal one; the whole of this part is lighter-coloured
than the foot. Siphon nearly two inches long, cylindrical, very thick
and muscular, with short triangular processes at the base on each side,
spreading out upon the head when the animal is extended.
Only a single specimen was found, at Burnt Island, in Orange
Harbour, on sandy bottom. It was very sluggish, and during the
three weeks that it was kept alive, it extended itself but once. It
secreted abundance of clear, glairy fluid, like white of eggs. [J. P. c.]
Figure 357, dorsal view of the animal and shell.
VOLUTA ANCILLA (SOLANDER), in SoWERBY's Thes. Conch., f. 101.
Kiener; Iconog., pl. 52. V. Magellanica, LAMARCK; Anim. sans
Vert., x. 398. Encycl. Meth., pl. 385, f. 1, a, b. V. gracilis, Wood's
Suppl.
ANIMAL deep orange near the margin, soon blending into a broad
zone of rich crimson, which again passes into deep orange; over the
whole surface are dispersed numerous small tubercles of bright yellow,
larger and more apparent on the crimson zone than elsewhere; under
side of foot pale orange. Foot nearly smooth, broad-oval, and when
fully expanded, extending far beyond the shell in all directions, except
posteriorly, where it does not quite reach the apex of the shell. Head
broader than long, much compressed, forming three sub-equal lobes,
of which the central one is emarginate. Tentacles short, conical,
obtuse, arising a short distance from the margin at the anterior third
of the cervical mass; at a short distance behind, and near the margin
are the eyes, which are small, black, and seated in a circular depres-
а

280
MOLLUSCA.
sion, margined white. Siphon short, very thick, with a short, flat-
tened, conical process on each side of the base. Head and siphon
coloured like the foot in similar zones, but the tubercles are nearly
white instead of yellow, and much smaller than on the foot. [J. P. c.]
Inhabits the region of Cape Horn.
Much confusion seems to have arisen between this and the preced-
ing species, on account of their general form being similar, their
colouring still more so, and from their inhabiting the same localities.
Were the shells alone compared, they might be regarded as varieties
of the same species; but that they are distinct species, I think Mr.
Couthouy has satisfactorily shown, by the essential differences in the
form and colouring of the animals. The mark by which Lamarck
distinguishes V. Magellanica from V. ancilla, viz., the number of folds
on the columella, is of no validity, since this number varies in both
species. Relying rather upon the form, which is abbreviated and
somewhat coronated in the first, slender and with simple convex
whorls in the latter, I should be inclined to coincide in the synonymy
as given by Kiener and Sowerby, rather than in that of Deshayes.
Figure 358, dorsal view of the shell, and the animal expanded.
Melo BRODERIPII (GRAY), Griffith’s Cuvier, pl. 26. KIENER;
Iconog., pl. 6. Melo regius, BRODERIP. SOWERBY ; Thes. Conch., pl.
83, f. 26, 27.
ANIMAL very large, oblong, twice the length and breadth of the
shell. Colour purplish, verging to orange at the edge, and veined
with fawn-colour, beneath ochre-yellow. Foot advancing before the
,
head, bilobate in front, projecting behind the shell, obtuse at the point.
Head trilobate in front; tentacles short, subulate, whitish at tip; eyes
black and large, at the outer base of the tentacle. Siphon long and
tapering, with a process from each margin, where it issues from the
shell, resembling a pair of cow's horns; pale at the edges, and bluish
within. Mantle simple, lemon-coloured at the edge, with a transverse
banding of purplish-brown.
Obtained at the Straits of Balaback, China Sea.

GASTERO POD A.
281
Figure 359, the animal and shell.
OLIVA CARNEOLA (GMELIN), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 621.
W00D; Index Testac., pl. 19, f. 43. KusTER; Conch. Cab., pl. 6,
f. 10, 11.
ANIMAL pale yellow, a few fine dots anteriorly on the mantle, the
anterior angles long lanceolate, dotted also; siphon pale; papillæ of
the mantle somewhat dusky, obtuse; tentacles dotted; a long, pale
proboscis, as long as the siphon, becoming orange at tip, is protruded;
foot lobes moderately developed posteriorly.
Found at the Feejee Islands.
Figure 380, lateral view of the animal and shell.
CYPRÆA TESTUDINARIA (LIN.), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., X. 491,
for synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 9. KIENER; Iconog., pl.
15 and 16, f. 1.
ANIMAL dark fawn-colour; margin of the foot coarsely reticulate ;
mantle longitudinally lineate, beset with scattered, elongated, two or
three-pointed papillæ, the tips of which are white; end of the siphon
violaceous.
Obtained at Upolu, Samoa Islands, and Feejee Islands.
Figure 370, lateral view of the animal and shell.
CYPRÆA TIGRIS (LINNÆUS), for synonymy see LAMARCK ; Anim.
sans Vert., x. 502. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 12. SOWERBY; Conch.
Ill., f. 90.
ANIMAL ochreous, the mantle longitudinally lineated with olive, and
having dusky blotches corresponding to the spots on the shell; foot
with fine diverging lineations, finely blotched with chlorine-coloured
spots at the margin, and more so near the shell; tip of head violaceous;
siphon salmon-coloured.
71

282
MOLLUSCA.
In several respects it will be seen that the colours differ from those
given in the Astrolabe; the papillæ of the mantle are more numerous
and less frequently forked.
Obtained at the Straits of Balaback, Feejee, Tonga, Molucca, and
Society Islands.
CYPRÆA RETICULATA (MARTYN), Univ. Conch., pl. 15. REDFIELD;
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, iv. 482, pl. 16, f. 1, where, also, see
.
synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 3. CYPRÆA MACULATA (BARNES),
.
Ann. N. York Lyceum, i. pl. 9, f. 1. C. histrio, KIENER; Iconog. pl.
18, f. 1.
ANIMAL with the mantle coloured burnt-sienna, with undulating
veins of very deep brown, and very thickly ornamented with short,
slender, and taper papillæ ; towards the aperture it is lighter coloured
than elsewhere. Head and siphon dark umber, the latter fringed at
the extremity with papillæ similar to those on the mantle. Tentacles
lighter coloured than the head, moderately long, largest near the eyes,
which are about midway, and surrounded by a small circle of white.
Sides of the foot coloured like the under side of the shell, irregularly
veined darker. Underneath it is cream-coloured.
The coloration and papillæ of the animal fully justify the separa-
tion of this shell from C. histrio, as a distinct species. It was found
at Disappointment Island (Atooa) one of the Paumotu Group.
Figure 371, lateral view of the animal and shell; 371 a, under side
of the foot.
CYPRÆA FIMBRIATA (GMEL.), SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 138, 140.
REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 92.
ANIMAL uniform blood-red, with minute white tentacular papillæ ;
siphon long
Inhabits the Paumotu Islands,

GASTEROPOD A.
283
Figure 372, side view of the animal and shell; 372 a, under surface
of the foot.
CYPRÆA ASELLUS (LINNÆUS), for synonymy see LAMARCK; Anim.
sans Vert., X. 529. SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 93. KIENER; Iconog.,
pl. 31, f. 3. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 98.
ANIMAL having the mantle dark slate-colour, with simple aculeate,
white papillæ; foot dusky, with three transverse black bands; head,
tentacles, and sole of the foot, ferruginous.
Inhabits Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 374, lateral view of the animal and shell ; 374 a, under side
of the foot.
CYPRÆA CAURICA (LINNÆUS), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., X. 516,
with synonymy. SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 158–60. REEVE ; Conch.
Icon., f. 46. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 10, f. 2, 3.
ANIMAL having the mantle emerald-green, everywhere dotted above
with white; principal palleal fringes intricately fimbriated at their tips,
and encircled with three series of white, gem-like papillæ, intermingled
with short, simple aculei; base of the true tentacles pearly; head and
tips of tentacles orange; foot white beneath ; siphon covered with
branching papillæ.
Obtained at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 373, side view of the animal and shell; 373 a, an isolated
papilla, enlarged.
CYPRÆA FELINA (GMEL.), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 560.
SOWERBY ; Conch. Ill., f. 135–37. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 105.
ANIMAL rose-red, with very delicate, small, beard-like papillæ on the
mantle.

284
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
CYPRÆA ERRONES (LINNÆUS), SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 128–29.
KIENER; Iconog., pl. 29, f. 4. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 56. C. oli-
vacea, LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert. x. 520, with synonymy.
ANIMAL with the foot and mantle pale, veined with dusky, the mantle
edged with black mottlings; papillæ minute, subulate, cream-coloured;
head and tentacles scarlet.
Obtained at Lebuka, Feejee Islands.
CYPRÆA HUMPHREYSII (GRAY), SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 55. REEVE ;
Conch. Icon., f. 110 c. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 14, f. 4. C. lutea, DES-
HAYES, in LAM.; Anim. sans Vert., x. 562.
ANIMAL crimson; mantle with very minute, simple, pointed papillæ ;
tentacles slate-coloured.
Inhabits Sandalwood Bay, Feejee Islands.
Figure 376, lateral view of the animal and shell.
CYPRÆA PORARIA (LINNÆUS), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., X. 527.
SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., f. 68. REEVE; Conch. Ill., f. 99.
ANIMAL rosaceous; mantle with a crowd of numerously branched,
pale roseate papillæ; siphon pale yellowish; foot merely tinted reddish;
mouth deep rose-red.
Obtained at Benga Island, Feejees.
Figure 375, side view of the animal; 375 a, under side of the foot.
CYPRÆA CARNEOLA (LINNÆUS), LAMARCK ; Anim. sans Vert., x. 505,
with synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 19. KIENER; Iconog., pl.
37, f. 3.

GASTEROPOD A.
285
ANIMAL fuliginous; foot purplish-black; mouth orange; tentacles
pale greenish-yellow; papillæ white, rather large, simply subulate.
Obtained at Lebuka, Feejee Islands.
CYPRÆA LYNX (LINNÆUS) LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 513, with
synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 33. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 38,
f. 2. SOWERBY ; Conch. Ill., f. 107, 118.
ANIMAL dingy-purplish, edge of the foot above with clusters of black
points; mantle with violaceous tints; tubercles large, short, multifid
palmate.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Figure 369, lateral view of the animal.
CYPRÆA EBURNA (BARNES), Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. York, i.
133, pl. 9, f. 2. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 35.
ANIMAL olivaceous, very finely reticulated; head and tentacles pur-
plish-violet; mantle and siphon yellowish, clouded with purplish ;
papillæ long and slender, deeply three and four cleft, tips yellow;
foot short, anterior angles largely dilated.
Obtained at the Tonga and Feejee Islands.
Figure 378, lateral view of the animal and shell.
CYPRÆA ARENOSA (GRAY), Zoolog. Journal, i. 147, pl. 8 and 12, f. 6.
LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., x. 549. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 27.
KIENER; Iconog., pl. 2, f. 4.
ANIMAL cream-coloured, with decussating wrinkles causing the
margin to appear darker; head and tentacles, above the eyes, dark
purple-brown; mantle cream-coloured, with two or three deep purple
blotches on the sides; papilla delicate, white, bifid.
72

286
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Taheiti.
Figure 377, animal, with the shell.
CYPRÆA OBVELATA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., x. 538. SOWERBY ;
Conch. Ill., f. 13. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 34, f. 4. C. obvallata, REEVE ;
Conch. Icon., f. 69.
ANIMAL with the mantle wax-yellow, studded with pale stars, with
fine, undulating, transverse, brown lineations, well garnished with
delicate, bifid papillæ, one of the points being longer than the other;
pot pale, with radiating pencillings of bluish.
Inhabits Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 379, lateral view of the animal and shell.
CONUS DILECTUS (Gould).
T. parva, gracilis, conica, albida, ferrugineo concinnè reticulata et serie-
bus tinis macularum candidarum et rufarum alternantium cincta:
spira elevata, concavo-conica ; anfractibus octo ad novem, angulatis,
coronatis, posticè striatis, ultimo inermi, anticè sex ad octo sulcato :
apertura linearis ; columellâ rectâ ; fauce incarnatâ.
Conus dilectus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 172.
January 1850. Expedition Shells, 73.
ANIMAL delicate carnation-coloured, with a dark submarginal line;
front vermilion ; siphon vermilion at tip, and banded at the middle
with deep indigo-blue.
SHELL small, acutely and accurately conical; spire elevated, its
profile a little concave; whorls eight or nine, with a very finely nodu-
lous, acute-angled carina, below the middle, the space above the
angle with about four revolving striæ; the angle on the outer whorl is
not nodular; just in front of the suture are very fine, longitudinal
wrinkles. Colour dingy-white, everywhere covered with minute reti-

GASTEROPOD A.
287
culations of pale, rusty lines, with a series behind the middle and
another at the anterior third of the last whorl, of several large, lunate
or triangular, white spots, alternating with dark ferruginous spots ;
and there the same alternation on the shoulder of the last whorl ;
around its anterior portion are six or eight grooves. Aperture narrow
and straight; pillar straight; interior flesh-coloured.
Length half an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
This is a beautiful little species, somewhat like C. corallinus, Kiener,
and painted somewhat like C. ammiralis.
Figure 367, shell, with the animal; 367 a, ventral view of the shell.
ConUS VEXILLUM (MARTINI), Conch. Cab., tab. 57, f. 269. LA-
MARCK; Anim. sans Vert., xi. 51. KIENER; Iconog., pl. 34, f. 1.
REEVE ; Conch. Icon., f. 3.
ANIMAL dusky above, with splendid indigo-blue reflections about
the head, siphon and anterior part of foot, becoming greenish towards
the posterior point; beneath, deep emerald green; tentacles stout; eyes
about midway. Operculum obliquely fan-shaped.
Obtained at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 361, the animal and shell.
CONUS MILES (LIN.), MARTINI, Conch., tab. 59, f. 663–4. LAMARCK;
Anim. sans Vert., xi. 52. Quoy and GAIM.; Astrol., pl. 52, f. 11.
SOWERBY ; Conch. Ill., f. 100. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 9. KIENER ;
Iconog., pl. 38, f. 2.
ANIMAL black predominating on a gray ground above, somewhat
mottled; foot paler beneatlı, dotted black; siphon long, finely mottled
with black, and black at tip; margin of the mantle black. Foot thick,
fleshy, as long as the aperture, with a transverse fold in front, and the

288
MOLLUSCA.
anterior angles a little dilated. Operculum long and slender, attached
by a muscular pedicle, which is white, dotted black.
The specimens here referred to were obtained at Honden Island, and
are of a small and very solid variety, and very much eroded. The ani-
mal was very sluggish. [J. P. c.]
Figure 364, lateral view of the animal; 364 a, the disk of the foot.
Conus HEBRÆUS (LINNÆUS), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., xi. 20,
for synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 104. KIENER; Iconog., pl.
4, f. 2.
ANIMAL clouded dark bistre on an ochreous ground over the body;
head and siphon the same, their extremities dull red; under side of
foot dark smoky-brown, except down the middle, where it is dull
ochreous, and the portion above the transverse fissure in front, which
is dark red; the tentacles are opaque-white, with the eyes near their
tips. Foot broad and fleshy, the anterior angles a little prolonged
laterally. Siphon large at base; motions quite rapid, the animal
gliding along nearly as fast as Littorina. Operculum small, unguicu-
late, clear brown, about one-tenth of an inch from the tip, projecting a
little obliquely towards the spire somewhat beyond the foot.
The animal of this variety, which was found on a coral ledge at the
Island of Clermont Tonnerre, differs somewhat from the figure given
of it in the Voyage of the Astrolabe, pl. 52, f. 5. [J. P. c.]
CONUS NANUS (BRODERIP), Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1833. REEVE;
Conch. Icon., f. 150.
ANIMAL pale; front and tip of foot, tentacles and tip of siphon, deep
carnation.
Found at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Figure 365, lateral view of the animal and shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
289
CONUS SPONSALIS (BRUGUIERE), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., xi. 34,
for synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 109.
ANIMAL with the head, tip of the siphon, and anterior margin of the
foot, bright vermilion, and a spot of the same on the posterior portion
of the foot; remainder of the foot rose-coloured; mantle and siphon the
same colour, with fine, undulating, white lines. Head projecting in
a conical form; tentacles slender, with the eyes near their tips, the
portion beyond them alone being retractile, as if the tips were the true
tentacles, and the basal portion a firm pedestal. Foot much elongated
and posteriorly attenuated; anterior margin with a profound fissure,
and the part in front of the fissure is capable of being expanded to a
considerable extent. Movements very quick and abrupt, the foot
being occasionally stretched to twice the length of the shell; and
being advanced far beyond the head, the shell is suddenly brought up
with a jerk.
a
Common in crevices of rock at the water's edge.
Clermont Tonnerre. [J. P. c.]
Figure 363, under side of the foot; 363 a, outline of the head,
enlarged.
CONUS MILIARIS (BRUGUIERE), Encycl. Meth., pl. 319, f. 6. LA-
MARCK ; Anim. sans Vert., xi. 29. SOWERBY; Conch. Ill., pl. 11, f. 81.
REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 198.
ANIMAL very similar to the preceding, with the head and siphon
salmon-coloured, tip of siphon darker than the rest; tentacles paler,
colourless at the tips; eyes near the tips. Foot pale yellowish, with a
rosy tint at the edges, a little longer than the shell, somewhat nar-
rowed backwards; portion in front of the anterior marginal fissure
capable of considerable expansion; mantle clear orange-colour; motions
vivacious. Operculum long and narrow, flexuous.
Found in crevices of coral ledges in shallow water, Clermont Ton-
nerre. (J. P. c.]
73

290
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 362, animal, from beneath ; 362 a, enlarged outline of the
head.
Conus MINIMUS (LINNÆUS), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., xi. 19, for
synonymy. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 143.
ANIMAL above deep violaceous purple, mottled; foot ochreous, mot-
tled with violaceous; tip of foot, and interior of siphon and tentacles
rose-red.
Distributed over most of the Pacific Islands.
Figure 366, side view of the animal and shell,
PERONIA INDOLENS, (Couthouy MS.)
Corpus oblongo-ovale, antrorsum angustatum, lateribus compressis tuber-
culato-dentatis : tentacula nigre, subulate : caput cordatum ; pes dimi-
diam latitudinis corporis adequans, straminea; color ec fusco-viridi
flavescens, subtus ochracea.
Body elongated-oval, somewhat narrowed anteriorly, convex along
the middle of the back, and flattened at the edges, which are furnished
with coarse tubercles projecting over the margin in twenty-four conical
processes, with occasional smaller ones intervening. Tentacles black,
subulate, projecting considerably beyond the mantle when the animal
is in motion. Head somewhat cordate in front; lips broad and fleshy;
mouth destitute of horny appendages, as far as could be ascertained.
Foot half the width of the body, tongue-shaped; colour dark bronze-
green on the back, inclining to yellow at the margins; under side of
the mantle ochreous yellow, foot somewhat paler, with a bluish tinge
along the middle.
Length a little more than an inch; breadth one third of an inch;
height one-third of an inch.
Found on rocks at low water on the little Ilha do Pai, outside har-
bour of Rio Janeiro. [J. P. c.]
]

GASTEROPODA.
291
PERONIA IRRORATA (Gould).
Corpus elongato-ovale, convexum, flavo et olivaceo nubeculatum, granulis
confertis instructum, marginibus dilatatis, plicis radiantibus ad decem
quasi denticulatis: caput protractum, lateraliter dilatatum, cæruleum ;
tentaculis curtis, gracilibus, capitatis, cæruleis : solea trientem latitu-
dinis corporis adequans.
a
Elongated oval, back arched, margins expanded, mottled olive and
yellow, finely covered with minute, subequal granulations, with eight
or ten elevated, radiating folds or ridges at the margin on each side,
which extend a little beyond the margin, and give it a dentate appear-
ance; head scarcely protruding beyond the body, dilated at the exterior
angles; tentacles short, slender, blue, knobbed, and with an eye-spot
at the tip; head above pale sky-blue, and also the mantle surrounding
the foot; margin beneath ochreous, foot a little more than one-third
the width of the body.
Length one inch; breadth half an inch; height one-fourth of an
inch.
Found in tide-pools at low water, Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
Drayton.
This species may be compared with P. patelloidea, which is also
from New Zealand; but if the figure is to be relied on, it is certainly
different, the colour, form, number of marginal projections, &c., being
all different.
Figures 383, 383 a, dorsal and ventral views of the animal; 383 6,
frontal view
PERONIA ACINOSA (Gould).
Corpus elongatum, sub-cylindraceum, posticè angustatum, ad extremi-
tates rotundatum, papillis beryllinis ornatum ; solea dimidiam latitu-
dinis corporis adequans, fusco-violacea ; tentaculæ cyanee.

292
MOLLUSCA.
ANIMAL elongated, everywhere closely covered with large rounded
papillæ of a deep beryl-green colour, shaded in the interstices with
amethystine: the same colouring is found below, except the foot,
which is a slaty violet, half the width of body. Body attenuated, ap-
parently somewhat cylindrical, equally and acutely rounded at both
ends. Tentacles dark blue.
Length nearly an inch and a half; breadth three-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
A fine species, having a mulberry-like surface, and also remarkable
for its unusually dark colours, the general colour being of an ame-
thystine blue, somewhat darker than the rounded papillæ.
Figures 384, 384 a, dorsal and ventral view of the animal.
PERONIA MARGINATA, (Couthouy MS.)
Corpus elongato-ovatum, convexum, nigro-virescens, papillis minutis nu-
merosis ornatum, ad marginem nigro-fasciatum ; caput latum, biloba-
tum, protensum, flavescens ; tentaculis nigricantibus clavatis; pagina
inferior flavida.
Elongated ovate, narrowed anteriorly; back very convex, deep
greenish-black, very thickly covered with minute tubercles; margin
ornamented with alternate bars of black and white; head broad,
bilobed in front, and projecting considerably beyond the mantle
when the animal is in motion, of a pale yellow colour, tinted bluish
about the mouth; tentacles rather long, and bulbous at the extremity,
pale slate-colour, except at the tips, which are black; under side of the
maztle pale yellowish near the foot, becoming greenish at the margin,
where it shows alternate bands of green and pale yellow. Foot pale
ochreous, to which a bluish tinge is imparted by the viscera.
3
a
Length three-fifths of an inch.
This little species was very common under stones at low water,
near the mouth of Orange Harbour, usually in groups of perhaps

GASTEROPOD A.
293
fifty. When disturbed, it rolls itself up into a rounded mass. In
form it is like Onchidium nigricans, as given by Quoy and Gaimard,
but it is very much larger and differs in many particulars. [J. P. c.]
,
Figures 386, 386 a, 386 b, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the
animal, enlarged ; 386 c, the animal contracted; 386 d, cowl and tenta-
cles, in outline; 386 e, natural size.
PERONIA CORPULENTA (Gould).
Corpus linguiforme, convexum, suprà cyaneum, infrà olivaceum, tuber-
culis magnis elevatis rotundatis, minoribus circumjacentibus, instruc-
tum ; veli marginibus undulatis ; cucullo cordato; tentaculis elongatis,
linearibus, viridibus: solea pallida trientes duos latitudinis corporis
adequans.
ANIMAL elongated oval, truncated in front, deep sea-green above,
olivaceous beneath; foot pale; back arched, bearing numerous large,
elevated, rounded tubercles, with numerous smaller intervening ones;
margins undulated; hood projecting beyond the body, broad as the body,
heart-lobed ; lobes circular; simple and deep green above, somewhat
violaceous beneath ; mouth quite small, orange; tentacles linear, rather
stout and long, green: foot two-thirds the length of the body.
Length two and a half inches; breadth one inch; height half an
inch.
Found at Direction Island, one of the Feejees.
A large species, somewhat irregular in its outline.
Figures 385, 385 a, dorsal and ventral view of the animal.
DORIS VERMICELLI (Gould).
D. oblongo-ovalis, tumida, verrucosa, ochracea maculis ferrugineis varie-
gata, infra incolorata : caput parvum ; tentaculis labialibus tenuibus
elongatis : tentacula cervicales brevi, compresse omnino laminata:
74

294
MOLLUSCA.
stella branchialis plumulis numerosis gracilibus crenulatis tri-seriali-
bus ; pes latitudinem corporis sub-equans.
Body elongated oval, coriaceous, covered with large verrucosities
having numerous smaller ones irregularly disposed around them.
Colour pale ochreous, clouded on the back with three or four irregular
dark ferruginous blotches, and with two of the same on the sides; be-
neath colourless. Head small; labial tentacles long and slender, verti-
cally compressed somewhat; cervical tentacles short, ovoid, inserted
into a short, tubular, truncated sheath, compressed and exhibiting
nine or ten concentric laminæ. Branchiæ composed of innumerable
slender, pectinate plumules disposed around the anus in three series,
the outer circle extending the width of the body, the plumules of the
inner circle about half as long as those of the outer circle, and alter-
nating with them. [J. P. c.]
Length two and a half inches.
Found among rocks exposed to the surf, at Villamar, near Valparaiso.
The very remarkable circles of branchial organs are sufficiently
characteristic of this species.
Figure 387, lateral view of the animal; 387 a, 387 b, lateral and
front views of a tentacle in detail ; 387 c, plumules in detail.
DORIS PLUMULATA, (Couthouy MS.)
D. latè ovalis, straminea, minutissimè granulata, D. luteolæ plerumque
simillima : tentacule cervicales lanceolatæ, compressa : stella branchialis
plumulis octo bipinnatis, pinnis nonis, pinnulis exilibus, ciliaribus.
ANIMAL subcylindrical, elongated, in most respects similar to D.
luteola, but it is proportionally broader, the surface is more finely
granulated, the head more elongated, the peduncle of the cervical ten-
tacles is longer, and the club more pyramidal, the lamellæ more nume-
rous and less obliquely disposed, and the sheath ciliate, at its edge.
The branchial star is formed of eight plumules, having the inferior
fourth of their peduncles united by a membrane ; each plumule is a

GASTEROPOD A.
295
long, delicate, bipinnate frond; the pinnæ are four opposite and one
terminal, each of which shoots out opposing filaments, finely fringed
on each side.
Length two inches; breadth an inch and a quarter.
Found on rocks at the water's edge, near the observing station,
Orange Harbour.
This species might at first be confounded with the preceding, as
its colour and general appearance are the same; but its finely-granu-
lated surface and the structure of the plumules show it to be diffe-
rent.
Figures 388, 388 a, lateral and ventral views of the animal; 388 b,
tentacle, enlarged ; 388 c, plumule, enlarged.
DORIS LUTEOLA, (Couthouy MS.)
D. oblongo-elliptica, convexa, conspicuè granulata, straminea; caput
parvum, elongatum ; tentaculis labialibus curtis, subulatis ; tentaculis
cervicalibus, lanceolatis, compressis, laminis perobliquis : stella branchi-
alis plumulis geminatis novem pinnatis, basi connexis : pes angustus.
ANIMAL oblong-elliptical, the sides nearly parallel, moderately
convex, coriaceous and covered with very distinct granulations, cream-
coloured, with the foot, tentacles, and branchiæ somewhat darkest.
Head narrow posteriorly ; labial tentacles short, subulate; cervical ten-
tacles ovate-lanceolate, compressed, issuing from a simple tube scol-
loped at its edge with a series of obliquely ascending laminæ. Bran-
chial star composed of nine pairs of lanceolate, simply pinnate plu-
mules, united at their bases by a membrane; anal duct slender and pro-
minent. Foot much narrower than the body or mantle, which is usually
turned up at the sides when the animal is in motion. [J. P. c.]
Length two and a half inches; breadth one inch.
Found on kelp, off Burnt Island, Orange Harbour.

296
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 389, 389 a, 389 b, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the
animal; 389 c, a tentacle, in detail ; 389 d, branchial star.
DORIS SMARAGDINA (Gould).
D. parva, elongato-ovalis, antrorsum angustata, smaragdina, indico mar-
ginata et punctis ocellatis numerosis cæruleis picta ; tentaculis et bran-
chiis flavidis : tentacula labiales curte ; tentacule cervicales elongatæ,
lamellis profundis: stella branchialis magna ; plumulis duodecim lance-
olatis pinnatis, pinnis quindecim.
Small, elongated-oval, somewhat widest behind. Colour a deep eme-
rald-green, with a margin and numerous rounded eye-spots, about
one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, deep indigo-blue. Mantle, ten-
tacles, and branchiæ gamboge-yellow. Labial tentacles short; cervical
tentacles elongated, lamellæ coarse and deep. Branchial star large,
.
three-fourths the diameter of body; plumules twelve, pinnate, simple;
leaflets seven on each side, and a terminal one, rather long. Anal tube
delicate and elongated.
a
Length an inch and a half; breadth half an inch.
Obtained at Vincennes Island, Paumotu Group. Couthouy.
Figures 390, 390 a, lateral and dorsal views of the animal; 390 b, the
tentacles; 390 c, branchial plumules, enlarged.
DORIS PETECHIALIS (Gould).
D. rotundato-ovalis, depressa, argillacea aurantiaco marginata et pete-
chiis rosaceis ornata, subtus incolorata, aurantiaco limbata ; tentacula
cervicales chermesine, acuminatæ ; stella branchialis plumulis rosaceis
angustis lanceolatis pinnatis sex: pes angustus corpore brevior: caput
minimum ; tentaculis labialibus curtis, conicis.
ANIMAL rounded-oval, depressed, pale, a little slate-coloured each
side, and with a marginal orange-coloured line, and a submarginal
lemon-coloured shading; over the whole surface are small, regularly

GASTEROPOD A.
297
disposed, rose-red blotches, like petechiæ. Cervical tentacles tapering,
vermilion-coloured, with only a minute portion laminated. Branchial
star of six narrow, tapering, pinnate plumules. Head very small;
labial tentacles short, conical; foot narrow, shorter than the body; be-
neath colourless, the mantle and foot bordered with pale orange.
Length two and a half inches; breadth an inch and a quarter.
Obtained at Honolulu, Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
The drawing of this species is somewhat imperfect; yet its charac-
ters are sufficiently obvious for its identification.
Figures 391, 391 a, dorsal and ventral views of the animal.
DORIS LILACINA (Gould).
D. magna, elongata, lateribus anticè dilatatis retrorsum angustata, lila-
cina maculis saturatioribus notata, granulata: caput parvum: tenta-
culæ cervicales clavate, reflexe : stella branchialis magna; plumulis
sex trifoliatis, foliolis profundè sinuatis.
ANIMAL rather large, somewhat prismatic, much elongated, obtuse
in front, rather tapering behind. Colour lilac, tinted roseate along the
middle, and mottled with rather large darker spots; there is an angular
dilatation at the sides opposite the tentacles; behind these a broad,
ruffled, and ochreous margin; cervical tentacles small, ochreous, club-
shaped, reflexed, lamellar. Branchial star seated very far back, very
large, wider than the body, composed of six large, trifoliate plumules,
each of the folioles deeply and perhaps doubly sinuate; margin yellow.
Beneath yellowish, shaded and finely spotted with lilac; foot as long
as the body and two-thirds as wide, rounded at tip, anterior angles
not dilated; head small, rounded, placed deep beneath the hood.
Length three and one-third inches; breadth an inch and a quarter.
Obtained at Honolulu, Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
Remarkable for the angular dilatations at the neck, like a trilobite; and
75

298
MOLLUSCA.
for the ruffled margin posterior to them, and especially for the pecu-
liar form of the plumules, like the leaves of Acanthus.
Figures 392, 392 a, dorsal and ventral views of the animal; 392 b,
lateral view in outline.
DORIS CEREBRALIS (Gould).
D. grandis, elongata, ovoidea, retrorsum angustata, dorsuosa, ex olivaceo
flavescens : tentacula cervicales recurvæ, capite laminato, conico;
labiales subulata, citrinæ: stella branchialis magna, plumulis sex
foliatis, bipinnatifidis, acanthiformis: tubus analis curtus, pinnis
coronatus : pes angustus, brevis: pallium flavo-marginatum, rufo-pur-
pureo nubeculatum.
ANIMAL large, elongated ovoid, widest anteriorly, tough and rigid,
and raised into ridges somewhat like the convolutions of the brain;
there is a longitudinal range of these ridges on each side of the median
line from the tentacles to the branchiæ, with lateral branches like
stomachs of the leech, and they also form ranges of concentric undu-
lations near the margin. Colour olivaceous with yellowish shadings,
darker in the depressions; beneath, the edge of the mantle is bright
yellow, then purple-brown. Cervical tentacles recurved, horn-shaped,
the laminated portion obliquely conical, yellowish-brown; labial ten-
tacles lemon-coloured, subulate. Branchial star large, nearly as wide
as the body; plumules six, brownish, broadly expanded, doubly pin-
nate, the primary clefts, three on each side, not extending to the
rachis, the folioles crenate. Anal tube short, the summit crowned as
with battlements; foot narrow, not reaching to either extremity of the
body, cream-coloured along the centre. Head small, concealed under
the mantle.
Length five inches; breadth two and three-fourths inches; width of
the foot an inch and a quarter.
Taken from a reef in Sandalwood Bay, Feejee Islands.
a
The motions of this animal are noted as being “very slow.” The

GASTEROPOD A.
299
branchial plumes are gashed very much, like the leaves of the Acan-
thus, or of parsley.
Figures 393, 393 a, lateral and dorsal views of the animal; 393 6,
branchial plume, enlarged ; 393 c, anal tube, enlarged.
DORIS AURITA (Gould).
D. elongata, depressa, anticè truncata, sanguinea, pustulis raris instructa ;
tentaculis et branchiis sulphureis : tentaculæ cervicales brevi, recurve,
ad apicem obliquè laminate ; stella branchialis magna, foliis octo invo-
lutis, plumosis, albidis; tubus analis simplex, curtus ; regio anterior
fimbriis lateralibus auribus simulantibus, et areâ inferiori (an ore?)
sulphureo marginatis insignis : pes angustus, lateritius ; margine
flavo.
Body elongated, rather depressed, somewhat truncate anteriorly.
Colour bright crimson, with small scattered tubercles, resembling full
pustules, which with the tentacles, branchiæ, and margin of the body,
are sulphur-yellow; cervical tentacles short, stout, recurved, obliquely
lamellate at tip. Branchial star large, nearly as wide as the body,
with eight large incurved plumes, like ostrich plumes, becoming
white towards their tips; anal tube very short, simple. Near each
anterior angle there is a curious lateral, earlike appendage, or crypt,
tipped yellow, and a similar transverse area beneath, perhaps the
mouth. Foot pale brick-red, margin yellow.
Length three and a half inches; breadth an inch and one-fifth.
Obtained from a reef, Sandalwood Bay, Feejee Islands.
This animal bears a general resemblance to D. aurea, Quoy, which
has but five branchial plumes, with lines of small dots along the
body. The figure seems to have been taken when the animal was in
a contracted state, and the parts about the head are not well made
out. It is quite probable that appendages are protruded from within
the earlike fringes answering to the labial tentacles.
Figure 394, lateral view of the animal; 394 a, under side of the
anterior portion.

300
MOLLUSCA.
DORIS SPIRACULATA (Gould).
D. oblonga, antrorsum angustata, fulva, punctis aurantiacıs et purpureis,
maculis albidis dorsalibus duabus, et maculis purpureis elongatis latera-
libus utrinque quatuor ornata : tentacule cervicales conicæ, recurve
rufe : stella branchialis remota, basi cupuliformi, plumulis septem-lo-
batis (lobis plumosis ad duodecim) ad labium sitis. Infra straminea,
maculis rufis longitrorsum picta ; caput transversum.
a
ANIMAL large, oblong, wider behind, extremities rounded, mode-
rately elevated. Colour pale brownish wood-colour, thickly spotted
with orange, the series near the margin being purple; on the median
line are two large, oval, dirty-white spots; on the submargin (each
side) are four elongated, purple spots like spiracles, the one anterior
to the cervical tentacles smaller, like an eye; these tentacles are horn-
shaped, recurved; tip not dilated, foliated, bright red-brown, tip light.
Branchial star far behind, large, consisting of a six-lobed, membranous
cup, on the edges of which are seated little fringed, seven-lobed plumes;
lobes also plumose; twelve or fourteen leaflets on each lobe, like cac-
tus leaves. Foot not half the width of the body, nor extending to the
ends, pale, mottled purplish, with a series of brown blotches along the
median line; similar Spanish-brown dots in about four series sur-
round the under side of the mantle near the foot; edge and general
surface cream-coloured. Head short and broad, cream-coloured ; labial
tentacles short, conical; the foot has a distinct, transverse furrow ante-
riorly.
Length three and a half inches; breadth an inch and a half;
height three-fourths of an inch.
Obtained at Direction Island, one of the Feejees.
In many respects it resembles D. cruenta, Quoy, but the spots are
in general much smaller and more numerous, and the cup-like base
from which the branchial plumes arise is very peculiar.
Figures 395, 395 a, lateral and ventral views of the animal; 395 b,
a plumule, enlarged.

GASTEROPODA.
301
DORIS SUPERBA (Gould).
D. magna, rotundato-ovalis, fimbriâ latissimâ nisi ad frontem cincta,
intensè sanguinea, iridescens, punctis flavis ocellatis hic illic glome-
ratis irrorata : caput parvum, rotundum ; tentaculis labialibus ovalibus
palmatis, septem-lobatis; tentaculis cervicalibus curtis, recurvis, acutis ;
stella branchialis magna, plumulis lilacinis duodecim (paribus sex)
racemiferis, racemis quinque-foliatis foliolis quinque-lobatis.
ANIMAL large, rounded oval, with a very broad, ruffled margin, two-
thirds as wide as the body, emarginate in front; colour intense blood-
red, with a play of purple, everywhere bedewed with minute, ocellate
yellow dots, sometimes clustered, as about the tentacles; cervical ten-
tacles short, with a reflexed, conical, lamellar club. Branchial star as
wide as the true body, composed of six pairs (twelve grouped by twos) of
short, crowded, botryoidal plumes, each cluster composed of five pedi-
cellated, smaller clusters, and each member of these latter being a five-
lobed leaflet; pedicle about the length of the cluster; colour pale lilac,
tinted red. Anal tube short, simple, exposed.
Beneath, the colour is somewhat paler and dotted in the same
manner, shading off and becoming yellow near the margin of the ruffle.
Head small, circular, with a seven-lobed expansion on either side,
extending to the width of the foot and sweeping backwards; mouth
large, longitudinal; lips lemon-coloured.
Length five and a half inches; breadth four inches.
a
Obtained at Fangasai Bay, Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Of the size and colour of D. Sandwichensis, Souleyet (Voy. de la
Bonite, tab. 25, f. 1-4), but that is less intensely red, the ruffle is not
deficient in front, the oral tentacles are less lobed; ruffle pale beneath;
back pale and mottled, not dotted; branchial plumes eight, plumose.
In almost every point it agrees with D. flammulata, Quoy, except in
the labial tentacles and plumes.
Figures 396, 396 a, dorsal and ventral views of the animal; 396 6,
cervical tentacle in outline; 396 c, plumule and leaflet, enlarged.
76

302
MOLLUSCA.
DORIS CARDINALIS (Gould).
D. grandis, rotundato-ovalis, sub-lobata, fimbriâ latâ cerasinâ anticè an-
gustatâ cincta, sanguineo et flavido maculata, et lituris purpureis
notata; tentacule cervicales rubræ recurva, clavo conico coronate;
stella branchialis magna, complexa, plumulis sex dendriticis, tri-ramo-
sis; ramusculis numerosis rosaceis: pes elongatus, papaveraceus : caput
parvum, rotundum, rosaceum ; tentaculis labialibus explanatis latis,
cordatis.
ANIMAL large, broad oval, surrounded by a broad ruffle, somewhat
narrowed across the front; body proper somewhat lobulated by three
transverse constrictions. Colour mottled yellowish and sanguineous,
somewhat violaceous in the transverse depressions, and with four or
five purple blotches on the back; ruffle deep cherry-red. Tentacles
with a stout red pedicle, the club short, pointed, dark red; branchial
star large, complicated, composed of six dendritic plumes, having
three principal subdivisions and numerous branchlets, rose-red.
Foot pale poppy-red, larger than the body; ruffle roseate beneath,
the intervening space mottled as above with straw-colour and sangui-
neous, more minutely than above, as are also the head lobes of the
ruffle. Head small, circular, rose-red, as are also the cervical expan-
sions, which are obversely heart-shaped or two-lobed, the anterior one
smallest.
Length six inches; breadth four and a half inches.
a
Obtained at Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.
Above, this is much like D. Sandwichensis, but the branchiæ are diffe-
rent, the cervical lobes are many-lobed, and it is not motiled beneath.
It is intermediate between D. sumptuosa, and D. superba.
Figures 397, 397 a, dorsal and ventral views of the animal; 3976,
branchial plumule, in detail.

GASTEROPOD A.
303
DORIS SUMPTUOSA (Gould).
D. prægrandis, rotundato-ovata, transversim tri-constricta, ex cerasino
purpurascens flavo-punctata, fimbriâ latà violacescente flavo marginata
et cerasino submarginatâ cincta : caput parvum rotundum: tentacule
labiales explanata, laciniate ; laciniis ad duodecim, crenulatis : tenta-
cule cervicales clavata, reflexa, rosaceæ : stella branchialis magna,
plumulis numerosis trifoliatis liseriatis, foliis serratis, pedunculatis:
pes angustus, dilutè rosaceus.
ANIMAL gigantic, broad-oval, surrounded by a broad ruffle, the body
proper being divided above into four lobes by transverse constrictions.
Colour bright cherry-red with purple reflections, minutely dotted
along the back with yellow, and with a patch variegated with yellow
blotches at each constriction; the cufile is mostly violaceous, with red
reflections, pale yellow at the edge, and with a submarginal border of
bright cherry-red. Head very small, circular, with ovate, roseate,
lateral expansions larger than the head, sweeping forwards, with ten
or twelve delicate crenulate lobes; mouth large; lips circular; cervical
tentacles reflexed, roseate, conically clubbed at the end. Branchial
star large, with a double series of foliate plumules, twelve (?) in each
series, and each plumule composed of three broad, deeply serrated
leaves, seated on a stout, short pedicle. Foot narrow, pale roseate,
darker cherry-red, blotched with yellowish on each side; ruffle beneath
with a yellow border and bluish-red submargin.
Length ten and a half inches; width eight and a half inches.
Obtained at the Tonga Islands.
This is much the largest species yet made known, and well distin-
guished from all similar species by its labial appendages or tentacles,
its violaceous ruffle, and its profusion of expanded plumules. In size,
general form, and colour, it is very much like D. marginata, Quoy,
(Voy. de l'Astrol., ii. 254, pl. 17, f. 1-5.)
Figures 398, 398 a, dorsal and ventral views of the animal.

304
MOLLUSCA.
DORIS ASPERSA (Gould).
D. parva, elongato-ovata, retrorsum angustata, depressa, margaritacea
ad limbum flavescens, confertim puniceo-punctata : tentacule labiales
subulatæ : tentaculæ cervicales lanceolata: stella branchialis parva;
plumulis octo lanceolatis, pinnatis, rubiginosis; pinnis ad tredecim
ciliatis.
ANIMAL small, depressed, elongate-oval, a little the widest in front,
pearl-coloured, becoming pale yellow towards the edge, and margined
with pale orange. Labial tentacles subulate; cervical tentacles broad
lanceolate, with numerous lamelle standing on a slender pedicle.
Branchial star small, about one-third the width of the back; plumules
eight, lanceolate, simply pinnate; pinnæ about twelve on each side,
with a terminal one finely fringed. Tentacles and branchiæ rusty-
yellow; foot somewhat longer than the body.
Length an inch and a half; breadth half an inch.
Obtained at Vincennes Island, Paumotu Group.
Figure 399, 399 a, lateral and dorsal view of the animal; 399 b, the
tentacles; 399 c, branchial star.
DORIS DORSALIS (Gould).
D. parva, gracilis, elliptica, retrorsum angustata, dilutè lilacina linea
marginali et submarginali saturatiori, et lineis dorsalibus duabus
parallelis sanguineis ornata : tentaculæ labiales parve; cervicales cla-
vata, cinereæ aurantio et indico cincte: stella branchialis parva, plu-
mulis sex attenuatis ad septemdecim foliatis, foliorum paribus tribus
superioribus colore indico tinctis, cæteris flavidis.
ANIMAL small, depressed, slender, oblong, broadest anteriorly,
rounded at the extremities; colour pale lilac, the central region
cream-coloured, with two parallel lines along the back, from the
branchiæ to the tentacles lake-red, also a marginal and submarginal

GASTEROPOD A.
305
darker line, cream-coloured between. Cervical tentacles clavate, pale
cinereous at base, annulate with orange at the middle, then with indigo-
blue, then with cinereous, and tipped lilac; lamellæ about fifteen ; la-
bial tentacles minute; branchial star not as wide as the body, having
six tapering plumules, with eight or nine leaflets on each side, and a
terminal one, the three upper pairs indigo-blue, the others cream-
coloured. Beneath pale; margin of the foot pale lilac, margin of the
mantle yellowish. Foot narrow, transverse in front, tapering to a
delicate point, which extends somewhat beyond the body.
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth an eighth of an inch;
height one-twelfth of an inch.
“Found on shells of Perna, in the harbour of Talao, Eimeo.”
Couthouy.
2
By two bright-red lines along the back, and the indigo-barred ten-
tacles and plumes, this species is easily identified. It is allied to “ D.
rayée,” Souleyet (Voy. de la Bonite, pl. 25, f. 5-9), which has orange
tentacles and branchiæ, and several lines along the back. It is still
more like D. lemniscata, Quoy, a much larger species, with only
slight differences in coloration.
Figures 400, 400 a, 400 b, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the
animal; 400 c, tentacles enlarged, front and side views; 400 d, bran-
chial star, enlarged ; 400 e, plumule, still more enlarged.
e,
EOLIS ATTENUATUS, (Couthouy MS.)
Corpus valdè attenuatum, incoloratum : caput rotundatum; tentaculis
labialibus subulatis: tentaculis cervicalibus compressis, ciliatis: pes
antice rotundatus: papille branchiales numerose, flavicantes, utrinque
longitudinaliter disposite.
Body limaciform, much attenuated posteriorly, colourless except on
the back, where there is a faint ruddy tinge; branchial papillæ short,
obtuse, very numerous, disposed in a continuous range along each
side, from the neck about two-thirds the length of the animal, yel-
lowish, filled in the interior with a brownish substance; head rounded;
77

306
MOLLUSCA.
labial tentacles subulate, smooth; cervical tentacles compressed and
ciliated at their margins. Mouth vertical, with prominent lips, fur-
nished with a pair of corneous plates whose contiguous edges are
finely serrate. Foot rounded, and destitute of lateral prolongations
in front, tapering to a long, slender point behind. Motions very quick,
and the animal much annoyed by exposure to a strong light. [J. P. c.]
Full length two and a half inches; breadth of foot one-fourth of an
inch.
Found by Mr. North on a fragment of Megacystus, off the coast of
Chili, lat. 36° 5'; long. 74° W.
Figures 401, 401 a, lateral and ventral views of the animal; 401 b,
the mouth; 401 c, branchial papilla ; 401 d, jaws.
EOLIS CYANELLA, (Couthouy MS.)
E. elongata, straminea ; papille branchiales elongate, cyanee, apicibus
purpureo tinctis, in fasciculos utrinque decem glomerate: caput orbi-
culare; tentaculæ labiales graciles; tentacula cervicales compressa,
ciliate : pes latus, angulis anterioribus valde eductis.
Body limaciform, moderately convex, straw-coloured; branchial
papillæ in ten distinct clusters on each side of the back, from three to
six in each cluster, of clear blue colour, tipped with purple. Head
orbicular; labial tentacles long and slender; cervical tentacles com-
pressed, ciliated at the edges; foot rather broad, with long lateral pro-
jections at its anterior angles like an additional pair of tentacles.
[J. P. c.]
Length two-fifths of an inch.
A beautiful little species found with the preceding.
,
Figures 402, 402 a, lateral and ventral views of the animal; 4026,
the mouth; 402 c, branchial papillæ, all enlarged; 402 d, natural size.

GASTEROPOD A.
307
PLACOBRANCHUS JANTHOBA PTUS (Gould).
Corpus oblongum, triquetrum, posticè abruptum, ex flavido olivaceum,
ocellis majoribus cæruleis albo-pupillatis et ocellis minoribus albis
aurantiaco-pupillatis ornatum, caudâ et labiis ianthino tinctis: caput
latum; tentaculis ochraceis violaceo annulatis: pes pallio haud disjunc-
tus, smaragdinus, ocellatus ; plicis branchialibus smaragdinis.
Body elongated, in the form of a three-sided prism, terminating ab-
ruptly, as if torn off behind. Head broad, heart-shaped in front, lip
edged with violet; tentacles involute, as if formed by an extension of
the angles of the hood, ochreous tipped with white, annulate with
violet near the lip, retractile at tip. Colour of the back yellowish,
shaded with olive, ornamented with two sets of ocelli, the larger in
two series of eight on each side, with a blue pupil and white iris, and
numerous smaller ones with orange pupil and white iris; foot not dis-
tinct from the body except in colour, emerald green, with the blue
and orange ocelli smaller, and more nearly equal in size than those of
the back. Margins of the body dilated and folded upon the back;
branchial folds grass-green, radiating from the cardiac swelling behind
the head.
Length two and a half inches; breadth five-eighths of an inch.
Found upon a coral reef at Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.
Though having a general similarity to P. ocellatus, its divergence
is so great that it cannot be considered as a variety of that species.
Its bright colours indicate its exposure to light, but it is perfectly
helpless when taken out of the water.
Figures 407, 407 a, lateral and ventral views of the animal; 407 b,
the mantle thrown open, showing the branchial folds; 407 c, the side,
in outline.
DIPHYLLIDIA RUBIDA (Gould).
Corpus lanceolatum, posticè acuminatum, erubescens, dorso concinné
plicato ; pallium angustè reflexum ; caput cucullatum.

308
MOLLUSCA.
Foot lake-red; back paler, with numerous fine, linear, longitudinal
folds running the whole length. Head obtuse, with the hood forming
a sort of mask before the tentacles, being detached above and on each
side, where it is a little prolonged; eyes at the outer base of the tenta-
cles. Middle of the back gibbous; posterior extremity tapering to a
fine point; the expanded mantle turns up on each side, but not suffi-
ciently to completely cover the back. Motions extremely sluggish.
a
Length an inch and a quarter.
Obtained from a coral reef, Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. Pickering.
a
Figures 406, 406 a, lateral and dorsal views.
a,
ELYSIA LOBATA (Gould).
Corpus limaciforme, gracile, dilatatum, trilobatum, virescens nigro-punc-
tatum ; pallium utrinque flavo-marginatum : tentacule elongata.
ANIMAL slug-like, greenish, dotted with black and bordered with
yellow; edge of the mantle expanded into a three-lobed lateral wing.
Head small, with very large and long tentacles, tipped with sky-blue;
eyes situated laterally, a little behind the tentacles. In creeping it
flaps downwards, at pretty regular intervals, its long, ear-like tenta-
cles. There are no apparent branchial organs, not even the plaits along
the back, as in Placobranchus, to which it is otherwise evidently
allied; the parts about the mouth seem to have been imperfectly
figured.
Length one inch.
Found creeping on coral stems, like a small Doris, at Honolulu.
Dr. Pickering
Figures 405, 405 a, lateral and dorsal views of the animal.
TRITONIA CUCULLATA, (Couthouy MS.)
T. oblonga, subquadrata, sub-alata, olivacea supernè rufo et albo nebu-
losa; arbusculis branchialibus curtis utrinque decem ; tentaculæ tubu-

GASTEROPOD A.
309
losæ, curta, clavata, retractiles: cucullus cordiformis, amplus, arbus-
culis ad decem utrinque fimbriatus: pes corpore latior, posticè crenu-
latus.
a
Body elongate, laterally compressed, moderately convex on the
back, along the sides of which is a narrow, membranous expansion,
just inside of which are disposed ten pairs of short, arborescent bran-
chial tufts. The tentacles are short, stout, clavate, tubular, with an
irregular fissure at tip, retractile into a sheath. Head prolonged into
a frontal hood or veil projecting over the mouth, and having the centre
emarginate; each side of this hood is furnished with nine or ten arbores-
cent processes or laciniations. The mouth is large, a transverse dupli-
cation of the hood forming a lip full of wrinkles and short papillæ,
capable of being drawn over the mouth; foot somewhat wider than the
body, tapering posteriorly, and trifid at its extremity, with the middle
lobe longest, margins sinuous. Anal orifice on a whitish tubercle just
under the third branchial tuft. Genital orifice small, tubular, between
the fourth and fifth branchial tufts. Colour above olive-green, mottled
with dark reddish-brown and white; sides olive-green, with white
specks; foot uniform olive, margined with yellowish. [J. P. c.]
Length two and a half inches; breadth half an inch.
Found among Penei, in the market, Rio Janeiro.
Figures 403, 403 a, lateral and ventral views of the animal; 403 b,
mouth and hood, enlarged; 403 c, the tentacle, enlarged; 403 d, open
extremity of the tentacle; 403 e, the penis, enlarged; 403f, transverse
section of the body.
GENUS CHIORÆRA—(Gould).
Corpus limaciformis, caput enorme, pedunculatum, semiglobosum;
paginâ ventrali discoideâ; ore longitudinali
, seriebus binis cirrhorum
cincto: tentacule cephalica foliate, retractiles: lobi branchiales flabel-
78

310
MOLLUSCA.
liformi, serie unicâ utrinque ordinati: foramen generativum ab anali
remotum, fere dorsali.
This curious and hideous animal seems to belong to the family
Tritoniadæ, with which it agrees in all respects except its curious oral
apparatus. The mouth is inferior, surrounded by a double series of
long cirrhi, each of which has an independent motion. Two auriform
appendages, on the back of the head, differing in no respect from the
branchial expansions except in being destitute of reticulations, seem
to be the true tentacles, and are retractile. The generative aperture
is at the usual place on the right side, the vent being distant, near the
back.
CHIORÆRA LEONINA (Gould).
Corpus albidum, aurantiaco subtiliter reticulatum ; cirrhi labiales au-
rantiaci : lobi branchiales incolorati, aurantiaco venose : solea in-
carnata.
Body limaciform, smooth and of a pearly and whitish colour, finely
reticulate with orange. The head is enormously enlarged, with a
distinct neck, semiglobose, the oral face flattened. The oral fissure is
longitudinal, the lips large, with the true mouth within at the poste-
rior portion; around the edge of the oral disk or cowl is a double
series of orange-coloured cirrhi, each of which has an independent
motion. On the top of the head are two foliate expansions, destitute
of venations, which answer to the true tentacles; on their anterior
edge is an opaque, whitish papilla, presenting something of a spiral
or lamellar structure; they were sometimes wholly retracted within a
permanent sheath. Along the junction of the dorsal and lateral
regions on each side is a series of six foliaceous, branchial expansions,
or nutritive cæca, somewhat sinuous at margin, and attenuated at base,
in which brownish vascular ramifications are plainly seen. The foot
is smooth, flesh-coloured beneath, separated by a large fissure from
the body, and folding longitudinally. Heart seen to pulsate at the
middle of the back.
a
Length five and a quarter inches; breadth of foot three-fourths of
an inch; of body, an inch and a quarter; diameter of head an inch and
five-eighths; height of body one inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
311
Dredged by Mr. Dyes, in three fathoms water, at Port Discovery,
Puget Sound.
This animal swims by lateral flexions of the body, the foot being
then folded; and when crawling it is able to flex its enormous head
laterally with considerable force.
Figure 404, lateral view of the animal; 404 a, ventral view ; 404 b,
part of the circle of oral cirrhi, enlarged.
Several nudibranchiate Gasteropods were observed in the Oregon
region, but none of them were figured or described in sufficient detail
to furnish specific characters. They are interesting, however, as
showing the correspondence of the generic forms in the northern
Pacific and northern Atlantic waters.
One species of DENDRONOTUS was obtained in Puget Sound, with
the tips of the branchial tufts white.
A GONIODORIS of large size was also found at the same place.
A Doris with a thick coriaceous skin, and coarse, white tubercles,
dark in the intervals, resembling the tip of the arm of an Arterias.
An Eolis with a single row of branchial papillæ near the margin of
the foot, leaving the dorsal region entirely exposed.
Both from Puget Sound also.
UMBRELLA INDICA of authors.
ANIMAL somewhat hexagonal, spreading far beyond the shell, the
exposed portion covered with very prominent tubercles of different
sizes, growing smaller towards the margin, cream-coloured, with
olive shadings in the fissures, increasing towards the margin. Branchiæ
laciniated and fimbriated, orange-coloured; upper tentacles tubular,
truncated at tip, slit at the side, breadth one-third their length; eyes
on large tubercles at their inner base. When the head is extended, a

312
MOLLUSCA.
smooth, orange-coloured, crescentic area appears in front of the shell,
which is evidently covered by the shell when retracted. Mouth far
behind the anterior limit of the animal; lips circular and corrugated,
and surrounded by oblong radiating foliations.
According to notes made by Dr. Pickering, there seemed to be none
of the numerous stomachs of Aplysia. The genital orifice seemed to
be near the base of the right tentacle, though no external opening was
discovered, nor any groove as in Aplysia; but the internal organs
were seen to be voluminous. Vent at the opposite end of the body,
tubular and projecting; heart on the forepart of the back, with a strong
muscular ventricle. Pharynx large, and provided with very powerful
muscles like fowls' gizzards; throat very large, and lined for some dis-
tance by a tough membrane, having numerous fine, enamelled rugæ
adapted for rasping and triturating food. Intestinal canal short, with
a ligamentous enlargement or stomach at its anterior portion; rectum
filled with a substance resembling sponge, perhaps a hydrophyte. Its
relations would seem to be with Pleurobranchus rather than with
Natica or Aplysia.
Obtained at the Sandwich Islands, by Mr. Drayton.
In the Voyage of the Bonite (pl. 27), the animal of Umbrella Indica
is represented as blotched with chlorine green, not tuberculated; the
branchiæ as white and not projecting beyond the shell; the tentacles
as acute, with no projecting lobes in front; beneath straw-coloured,
and with the shell more rounded. The shell of this animal grows to
a very large size, is quite solid and heavy, coarsely striate within, and
usually deep golden yellow. It is probably different from the true
U. Indica, and might bear the name employed by Gmelin, of U. um-
bellatu.
Figure 408, dorsal view of the animal and shell; 408 a, anterior
portion of the animal beneath, showing the mouth.
CHITON QUERCINUS (Gould).
Testa depressa, ovalis, vix carinata, quercina, maculis olivaceis nubecu-
lata ; valvis subrostratis ; areis lateralibus vix elevatis, longitudinaliter

GASTEROPOD A.
313
sulcatis, sulcis incumbentibus et sulco radiante bisectis; areis centrali-
bus ad latera lineis rugosis longitudinaliter sculptis, ad dorsum punc-
tatis; valva anteriori sulcis concentricis et sulcis radiantibus remoti-
oribus decussatâ ; valva posteriori prope marginem umbonatâ ; margine
lato, pruinoso, flavescente.
Chiton quercinus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 142.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 3.
SHELL small, depressed, slightly carinate and beaked, ovate, yel-
lowish wood or oak colour, clouded with olive or dusky slate colour at
the sides. Lateral areas scarcely raised, but distinctly marked by
coarse longitudinal sulci, which are divided by a radiating furrow and
sometimes more, and the two portions forrn somewhat of an angle
with each other; central areas with faint, rugose, longitudinal lines
towards the margin, and scattered punctures about the apex; anterior
valve checked with raised spaces formed by concentric and more dis-
tant radiating furrows, which become more numerous near the margin;
posterior valve with the umbo nearly terminal, so that the transverse
ridge runs nearly parallel to the margin. Marginal ligament broad,
yellowish, pruinose.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth three-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits New South Wales. From Mrs. Mitchell.
It is allied to C. foveolatus, Sowerby.
Figure 437, the back of the shell; 437 a, the sculpture, magnified.
CHITON MUSCOSUS (Gould).
Testa ovalis, depressa, scabra, ad dorsum obtusa, cinereo bifasciata et
plumosè striata; valvis magnis, lateraliter disjunctis; areis lateralibus
parvis, granulis subquadratis radiantibus arcuatim tessellatis, areis
centralibus sulcis acutis confertis flexuosis subparallelis longitudina-
liter aratis ; valvà anticâ magnâ, semicirculari, decemcostatâ et granu-
lis subquadratis insculptâ; valvá posteriori parvâ, costâ transversali
79

314
MOLLUSCA.
inconspicuâ subterminali : margo latus, filis corneis inequalibus mus-
cosis indutus.
Chiton muscosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 145.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 6.
SHELL depressed, rather broad-oval, obtusely ridged along the back,
everywhere sculptured. The colour is pale olive, ashy about beaks,
and with an ashy-white band along each side of the dorsal ridge.
Valves large, narrowing towards the sides, so that their edges do not
come in contact; the lateral valves are small, slightly raised, coarsely
granulated with square granules arranged in radiating lines; central
areas deeply incised with sharp, flexuose, but nearly parallel ridges,
the presenting edges of which are slightly denticulated; these are
arranged along the back in a plumosely diverging series, and over the
rest of the spaces they are nearly longitudinal; the spaces intervening
between the ridges are indented with little alveoli. The anterior
valve is large and semicircular, having about ten radiating, raised
lines, and granulated like the lateral areas; posterior valve very small,
partially umbonated near its extremity, where it is crossed by a faint,
transverse ridge, nearly parallel with the margin. Margin broad,
covered with coarse, moss-like, horny fibres or threads, of unequal
size and length, flexible when wet, very brittle when dry.
Length two inches; breadth an inch and an eighth.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
Allied to Ch. brevispinosus, which is much less and very differently
sculptured, and has stiff, short spines on its margin. The shell figured
by Mr. Reeve (Conch. Icon., fig. 136), under the name of C. Colliei,
seems to be the same species; my description was published in May
1846, a year before that of Mr. Reeve. He says it is the same as C.
setosus, Sowerby, in Beechey's Voyage. If so, I should consider the
first two to be different, as that shell agrees well with a by no means
rare species from Cape Horn.
Figure 436, view of the back of the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
315
CHITON INCANUS (Gould).
Testa solida, oblongo-ovalis, valdè convexa, cinereo et nigro variegata,
concentricè undulato-striata, granulis sparsis nigris aspersa, ad dorsum
subcarinata et longitudinaliter nigro bifasciata ; areis lateralibus vix
distinctis : margo aculeis inequalibus curtis curvatis nigris et canes-
centibus indutus.
Chiton incanus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 145.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 6.
SHELL solid, elongated oval, slightly narrowed anteriorly, convexly
elevated and slightly carinated along the back. General colour a
hoary white, here and there clouded with black, and with an inter-
rupted black stripe each side of the summit. The surface is very
minutely and irregularly granulated, so as to appear rugose under the
lens; occasionally, and more especially on the lateral areas, these
granules are shining jet black, so that the surface, when closely exa-
mined, appears sprinkled with isolated black dots. The valves are
concentrically striated, the striæ a little undulating, deep, distinct,
and somewhat imbricated at the anterior margin, becoming fainter at
the apex and sides. The lateral areas are very slightly raised, not
distinctly defined, and with faint indications of a few radiating lines;
a few, minute, radiating lines may also be seen on the central areas,
near the margin. Margin rather broad, clothed with short, unequal,
slightly curved, black, and hoary spines, which are generally disposed
in alternate clusters of black and white. Interior pale red and violet,
somewhat iridescent.
Length an inch and three-tenths; breadth three-fourths of an inch.
Inhabits New South Wales, Australia. From Mrs. Mitchell.
Like C. piceus in general colouring and appearance, and still more
like C. petholatus, which has a hairy margin.
Figure 432, back of the shell; 432 a, details of sculpture, magnified.

316
MOLLUSCA.
CHITON PRUINOSUS (Gould).
Testa parva, oblongo-elliptica, convexo-elevata, subcarinata, coloribus
variis olivaceis, cinereis, et fusco-rubris irrorata et maculata ; areis
centralibus sub lente omnino quincuncialiter punctatis ; areis laterali-
bus longitudinaliter imbricato-striatis: intus virescens: margo minu-
tissimè granulatus, coloribus fuscis et cinereis tessellatus.
Chiton pruinosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 144.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 5.
ANIMAL “ with the foot and head a warm flesh-colour beneath, the
latter small, the buccal mass almost circular, only a little tubercle
on each of the sides next the foot. Lateral portion of foot and head
a dark brown; branchiæ interrupted behind, of a clear, transparent
red. Inside of margin a greenish ochre.” [J. P. c.]
SHELL small, elongated, nearly elliptical, convexly elevated, sub-
carinate, or rather somewhat doubly carinate along the back; surface
generally covered with microscopic punctures, arranged in lozenge.
Lateral areas very slightly raised, and longitudinally imbricate-sul-
cate; central areas with faint lines of growth and punctures in quin-
cunx; anterior valve concentrically striate, not punctate; posterior
valve slightly umbonate, and crossed by a transverse ridge, behind
which it is concentrically striate. It is frosted or mottled with dark
brown, ash, purple, green, &c. Margin minutely granulated, so as
to look hoary
Length seven-tenths of an inch; width seven-twentieths of an inch.
Found on stones off Fort Santa Cruz, Rio Janeiro in two or three
fathoms water.
Mr. Couthouy remarks as to the coloration, “some specimens are of a
uniform pale green, margin clouded with dark green; some had two or
three distinct, white blotches on the sixth valve, the rest of the shell
being olive-green, with a line of faint green along middle of back; an-
other had the ground-colour a clear olive, three dark brown spots bor-
dered with white on each side of posterior margin of valves, a row of
similar spots surrounding the terminal valves just above insertion, and

GASTEROPOD A.
317
the whole surface sparsely and irregularly spotted in the same way, so
as to present a delicately mottled aspect. A fourth variety was of a
uniform dark rose-colour, and the margin clouded with dark red
bands. Internally it was dark red or rosy along the middle, and dull
yellow towards the sides. All the other varieties were of a pale
greenish hue internally.”
The sculpture of this very variably coloured species is sufficiently
characteristic. Between the striæ are usually found minute pores,
probably produced by some parasite.
Figure 419, profile of the shell; 419 a, ventral view ; 419 b, details
of sculpture, magnified.
CHITON JUGOSUS (Gould).
Testa ovalis, carinata, tectiformis, nitida, coloribus pallidè et saturatè
herbeis variegata; valvis planulatis, ad apices adunco-acuminatis;
areis lateralibus prominentibus, et lineolis confertis parallelis viridibus
longitudinaliter notatis; areis centralibus sulcis acutis parallelis longi-
tudinaliter aratis, sed ad verticem simplicibus et minutissimè punc-
tatis; valvâ anteriori concentricè lineolatâ ; valvâ posteriori umbonatâ,
prope marginem concentricè lineolatâ, præter aream terminalem tri-
angularem luteolam; margine granulato, fasciis cæruleis et viridibus
limbato: intus pallidè virescens.
Chiton jugosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 142.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 3.
SHELL of moderate size, oval or very slightly narrowed in front,
sharply ridged upon the back, and declining on each side in a roof-
like manner.
Colour mottled with various shades of grass-green
and yellow, sometimes the yellow predominating. The summits of
the valves are very entire, pointed and incurved; the lateral areas
are prominent, sharply defined, polished and regularly striped with
crowded, parallel, alternately light and dark lines, which at first sight
have the aspect of fine, longitudinal furrows; the central areas are
deeply furrowed at the sides with about twelve coarse, sharp, parallel,
longitudinal furrows, which are gradually curtailed so as to leave the
vertices smooth or rather minutely punctured in quincunx. Anterior
80

318
MOLLUSCA.
valve concentrically lineated; posterior valve with a prominent, cen-
tral umbo, crossed by a delicate transverse ridge, behind which is a
small, smooth, triangular space pointing to the umbo, which is yellow
and smooth, and the remainder is concentrically lineated like the
anterior valve. Margin rather narrow, banded with dark green and
sky-blue granules. Interior pale greenish-white.
Length one inch; breadth three-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits New South Wales. Presented by Mrs. Mitchell.
General aspect like C. Siculus, which, however, has radiating lines
on the lateral areas. The coloration reminds one of the Gibraltar
limestone, and the peculiar triangular area on the posterior valve, and
the beautifully lineated, lateral areas, strongly characterize this shell.
The lines on the lateral areas are about twice as numerous as the
sulci on the central ones. The posterior smooth area bears some
analogy to the fissure in C. incisus. It is also allied to C. Stangeri,
REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 150.
Figure 430, dorsal view of the shell.
CHITON VIRIDULUS, (Couthouy MS.)
Testa tenuis, oblongo-ovata, dilutissimè olivacea, ad dorsum sub-carinata,
utrinque sub-canaliculata, ubique sub lente quincuncialiter insculpta;
areis centralibus et lateralibus parum distinctis; lineis incrementi
prope marginem conspicuis; valvis terminalibus leviter radiatis :
margo minutissimè squamatus.
Chiton viridulus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 144.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 5.
ANIMAL pale orange with a tinge of purple in the middle of the foot;
branchiæ of short pyramidal leaflets; mantle minutely granulated
above, cream-coloured beneath. [J. P. c.]
SHELL small, thin, oblong-oval, slightly narrowed anteriorly, of a
very pale olive or drab colour. Dorsal line rather acute, with a faintly
indented line at a little distance on each side. To the naked eye the
shell appears smooth, but under a magnifier it is found to be every-
where punctured in quincunx. Central and lateral areas not distinctly

GASTEROPOD A.
319
defined, but the latter are a little raised, and under a magnifier they
usually exhibit two or three radiating striæ and conspicuous lines of
growth; the central areas also have the dots in parallel, longitudinal
lines, most marked at the margin, and becoming oblique at the centre.
Terminal valves similarly marked, the posterior one very slightly
beaked. · Margin covered with pale, microscopic scales; within, very
pale green.
Length three-fifths of an inch; breadth seven-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Orange Harbour.
This is a narrow, elongated species, somewhat of the form of C.
longicymba, but I am not able to find any description to which it cor-
responds in sculpture.
Figures 413, 413 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell; 413 b,
branchiæ; 413 c, a single branchial plume.
CHITON FRUTICOSUS (Gould).
Testa ovalis, valdè elongata, transversim arcuata, omnino textiliter
punctata, olivacea, maculis minutis saturatioribus fulgurantibus
variegata ; valvis haud rostratis; areis lateralibus prominentibus, et
lineis elevatis interruptis ramosis radiatis; areis centralibus lineis lon-
gitudinalibus rugosis, ad latera profundis, ad dorsum evanidis et
arcuatis sculptis ; areâ posteriori magnâ, umbonatâ, lineis inconspicuis,
interdum divaricatis, radiatâ : intus flavo-olivacea : ligamentum latum,
pallidum, minutissimè granulatum.
Chiton fruticosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 142.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 4.
SHELL much elongated, and very little narrowed at extremities,
arched from side to side, destitute of a keel or beaks. Colour a dirty
olive, yellowish along summits and variegated with small, purplish-
coloured spots, arranged somewhat in zigzag, and generally a lighter
stripe along each side. Lateral areas prominent and deeply sculp-
tured, leaving undulating, branched, interrupted rays; central areas
deeply sculptured near the ligament with longitudinal, rugose lines,
which become smaller upwards, so that the dorsum appears at first

320
MOLLUSCA.
sight to be smooth, but on closer examination, the lines are found to
cross over from side to side in a curved manner, so as to form a most
delicate web, and causing the granules sometimes to appear to have a
zigzag arrangement; posterior valve large, with a prominent central
umbo, the marginal portion with the raised, interrupted, branched
radiating lines; anterior valve with fine, radiating lines, sometimes
divaricate; whole surface covered with fine punctures. Margin broad,
pale, with dusky patches, most minutely granulated. Interior yel-
lowish-green. Marginal ligament broad, pale, minutely granulated.
Length an inch and a half; breadth five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits New South Wales. From Mrs. Mitchell.
In general appearance, especially in the sculpture along the back,
it is like a shell figured in the Conchological Illustrations by Mr.
Sowerby, under the name of C. solea, and afterwards said to be a
variety of C. Indicus. But it has no ramose sculpture on the lateral
areas.
Figure 428, back of the shell; 428 a, details of the sculpture, mag-
nified.
CHITON PLATESSA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, elongato-ovalis, transversim arcuata, citrino-oli-
vacea, ubique minutissimè punctata; areis lateralibus parvis, vix
elevatis, lineis duabus vel tribus inconspicuis striatis ; areis centrali-
bus lineis confertis acutis granulatis arcuatim decussatis; valvå pos-
ticâ magnâ, obscurè radiatâ; margine virente, fusco tessellato, minu-
tissimè granulato: intus cæruleo-virescens.
Chiton platessa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 143.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 4.
SHELL rather small and thin, oval, much elongated, transversely
arched, of a yellowish olive colour, minutely punctured in quincunx
at every part. The valves are flattened, without beaks or keel, the
tips denuded; lateral areas very small, striated with two or three
radiating lines ; central areas with very fine, sharp, granulated, longi-

GASTEROPOD A.
321
tudinally arcuated lines, like jeweller's engine-work; posterior valve
large, faintly radiated. Margin covered with granules so minute as
scarcely to be distinguished by the naked eye, chequered green and
dusky. Inside bluish-green.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth nine-twentieths of an
inch.
Inhabits New South Wales.
Similar in its general aspect to C. fruticosus, but smaller, smoother,
and the sculpture of the lateral areas and terminal valves entirely dif-
ferent. It is almost exactly like fig. 67 of the “Conchological Illus-
trations,” which is said to be a variety of C. longicymba. In form it
resembles C. catenulatus, Sowb.
Figure 431, back of the shell; 431 a, details of the sculpture, mag-
nified.
CHITON DENTIENS (Gould).
Testa minima, ovata, carinata, olivacea, ad dorsum albido fulminata,
omninò minutissimè granulata; areis vix distinctis; valvis rostratis
postice subdenticulatis, dentibus albidis: margo pruinosus.
Chiton dentiens, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 145.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 6.
SHELL minute, ovate, carinate, dark olive, with fine, white, zigzag
markings along the back, and dotted black and white along the poste-
rior edge of the valves, the white portions seeming to project like
minute teeth. The whole surface is minutely granulated, and faintly
marked by the lines of growth. Lateral areas faintly defined, but
occasionally marked by a dividing line; terminal valves like the others.
Margin clothed with hoary pubescence.
Length one-fifth of an inch ; breadth three-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
81

322
MOLLUSCA
Much like C. alternatus, Sowb., which, however, has radiating ribs
upon its lateral areas and terminal valves.
Figure 433, dorsal view of the shell, enlarged; 433 a, details of
sculpture, magnified ; 433 b, natural size.
CHITON INTERSTINCTUS (Gould).
Testa parva, rotundato-ovalis, vix carinata, rubricata, ubique quincun-
cialiter punctata; valvis ad apicem acutis, lineâ elevatâ luteo-macu-
latâ divisis, areis lateralibus et valvis terminalibus juxta marginem
plicatis: margo coriaceus granuloso-squamosus.
a
SHELL minute, oval, rather broad, of a flesh-red colour, everywhere
minutely punctured in quincunx. Valves narrow, slightly pointed at
their apex, the lateral and central areas separated by a raised line,
having two faint yellowish spots on each side and another at the apex,
only seen on careful examination. On the lateral areas near the mar-
gin are three or four obtuse folds, reaching about halfway to the apex :
these are continued round on the two terminal valves; posterior valve
semicircular, with a slight umbo near the preceding valve. Margin
red, covered with minute, granular scales; marginal fissures of the
anterior valve ten or eleven, with corresponding rays on the interior.
Interior bluish-white, rusty at the centre.
Length half an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Found at Puget Sound, Oregon.
A very small species, about the size and colour of C. castaneus, but
may be recognised by the plaited border and the yellow spots on the
line dividing the areas; some specimens, however, are more bronzed,
and without the yellow flecks. It has the size and many characters
of C. Sitchensis, Middendorff.
Figure 423, dorsal view of the shell; 423 a, details of sculpture;
423 b, three valves, enlarged.

GASTEROPOD A.
323
CHITON VESPERTINUS (Gould).
Testa parva, sub-ovata, carinata, thalassina, intus rosacea, punctis
triangularibus insculpta; areis lineâ elevatâ divisis ; valvâ anticâ
lineis radiantibus octo notatâ ; valvâ posticâ parvâ, ad apicem emar-
ginatâ, prope marginem umbonatâ; margine coriaceo, pilis raris
induto.
SHELL oblong, slightly ovate, carinate, deep sea-green, interior
rosaceous at apex; the valves acutely pointed at apex, waved by stages
of growth, areas divided by an elevated, smooth, or slightly undated
line, and with a similar line at the posterior margin of the valves;
both areas conspicuously punctured with triangular points, arranged
for the most part along the lines of growth, and also having a radiating
arrangement, the dorsal areas most punctured; anterior valve having
eight delicate, raised, radiating lines, with corresponding undulations
at the margin, one to each marginal fissure; posterior valve small,
emarginate at tip; apex a minute point near the margin, sculptured
with the lines of growth, rather than with the punctures; margin
coriaceous, bearing a few, scattered, flaccid hairs, which would
scarcely be detected in the dried state.
Length an inch and a quarter; breadth seven-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
Allied to C. Hindsii, Reeve, and ciliatus, Sowb., in the form of the
posterior valve, and very closely to the latter in size, colour, and the
arrangement of sculpture; but in that shell the points are represented
as granules, whereas in this they are decidedly triangular punctures ;
and moreover, the difference of locality (New Zealand) would preclude
the supposition of their identity. I suspect that some varieties are
nearly impunctured, and, indeed, may be varieties of C. Mercki,
Wosnessenski.
Figure 426, back of the shell; 426 a, profile.

324
MOLLUSCA.
CHITON PUNICEUS, (Couthouy MS.)
Testa parva, oblongo-elliptica, elevata, ad dorsum carinata, punctatis-
sima, punicea, gradibus ætatis conspicuis obtusis signata: areis late-
ralibus præruptè elevatis, et sparsim granulatis; areis centralibus
costulis longitudinalibus parallelis ad sex, plerumque ad medium dis-
locatis, clathratis, valva posteriori rostro parvulo acuto et septo trans-
versali notato: ligamentum minutissimè imbricatum, adversum suturas
albido fasciatum.
Chiton puniceus (CouTHOUY MS.); Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., ii. 143. July 1846. Expedition Shells, 5.
ANIMAL with the head large, distended on each side into a sort of
lappet. Foot large, oval, flesh-colour; branchiæ small, appearing like
a series of small tubercles, and only extending from midway of the
foot to the anal canal, pale ochreous.
Shell small, thin, elongated, elliptical, elevated, and sharply cari-
nated along the back, of a dull rose, or bright brick-red colour, and
everywhere minutely punctured. The lateral areas are very abruptly
and distinctly elevated, regularly ridged by the obtusely rounded
stages of growth, and bearing a few scattered granules. Central areas
with the lines of increase well marked, and remarkably barred with
about six elevated, longitudinal, parallel ridges, which are generally
dislocated about the middle by some of the lines of increase. The
posterior valve has a very minute, and acute, nearly central umbo,
with an abrupt depression passing transversely through it; the margin
is very minutely imbricated by prismatic scales, coloured like the
shell, and with yellowish bands crossing it, opposite to the junctures
of the valves.
Length half an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.
In colour and shape it resembles C. ruber, but is larger and diffe-
rently sculptured, and remarkable for the series of parallel ridges on
the intermediate areas.

GASTEROPODA.
325
Figures 412, 412 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell; 412 b,
details of sculpture; 412 c, branchiæ; 412 d, a single branchia, en-
larged.
CHITON JASPIDEUS (Gould).
Testa ovata, tenuis, carinata, ubique minutissimè punctata, coloribus
rosaceis plus minusve saturatis picta ; areis centralibus lineis minutis
granosis confertissimè striatis ; areis lateralibus indistinctis, et lineis
tribus vel quatuor sparsim granosis radiatim notatis ; valvis termina-
libus granoso-striatis, posticâ excavatâ ; margine coriaceo, pruinoso.
Chiton jaspideus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 143.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 4.
cunx.
Shell broad-ovate, thin and light, somewhat strongly carinated;
under a magnifier it is found to be everywhere punctured in quin-
a
It is generally dark liver-red, clouded with longitudinal pen-
cillings of more or less deep rose-red colours; central areas closely and
minutely marked with granulated, longitudinal lines; lateral areas
small, distinguished by their greater smoothness, and having four or
five rather imperfect granular lines upon them; terminal valves with
radiating lines of distant granules, the posterior one excavated and
with a transverse ridge, and strongly marked with the lines of growth.
Margin coriaceous, covered with short, hoary down.
Length one inch; breadth seven-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Callao.
Resembles in size, shape, and sculpture C. apiculatus, Say, but the
sculpture is much more delicate, and the colour, resembling some
varieties of jasper, is quite distinctive. Were it not that Mr. Reeve
could scarcely have given the sculpture of Ch. cerasinus, Chem., so
simple, compared with the systematic arrangement of granules on this
shell, we might, from general appearances, regard the two as identical.
Figure 414, the shell, above; 414 a, details of sculpture, enlarged.
82

326
MOLLUSCA.
CHITON ASPERRIMUS, (Couthouy MS.)
T. minuta, elongato-ovata, convexiuscula, subcarinata, fusco-olivacea ;
areis lateralibus conspicuis, papillis sparsis columne-formibus obsitis;
areis centralibus papillis similibus longitudinaliter dispositis ornatis :
ligamentum coriaceum, pubescens.
ANIMAL with the head, foot, and margin pale yellow; duplication of
the mantle above the branchiæ of a deeper yellow; branchiæ pale
orange; buccal mass broad and fleshy, prolonged into lobes inferiorly.
SHELL elongated-oval, narrowed anteriorly, moderately convex, sub-
carinate, brownish-olive along the back, with a lilac bloom at the
margin; posterior valves semilunar; lateral areas large, extending
quite to the anterior edge of the valves, ornamented with irregularly
scattered, cylindrical eminences, which are easily detached, leaving a
scar; the central areas have thickset, longitudinal ranges of similar
eminences. Margin coriaceous, covered with short and scattered
setæ.
Length one inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Obtained at Ilha do Pai, at the entrance of the harbour of Rio
Janeiro. [J. P. c.]
The peculiar character of the granulations, like little cylindrical
pedestals, is alone enough to identify the species.
Figures 418, 418 a, dorsal and ventral views of the shell and animal;
418 b, details of sculpture, enlarged.
CHITON CASTANEUS, (Couthouy MS.)
T. minuta, elongato-ovata, subcarinata, castanea, lineis incrementi por-
cata, minutissimè quincuncialiter punctata ; margo angustus coria-
ceus, pubescens, fasciculis setarum viginti-sex instructus.
ANIMAL with the under side of the margin pale brick-red; foot nar-

GASTEROPOD A.
327
row oval, dull olive colour; head small, and laterally compressed;
branchiæ pale ochreous-red, extending from the anterior margin of the
foot to the recturn, leaflets conical, compressed, tapering to a fine
point.
SHELL minute, elongated-oval, slightly narrowed anteriorly, sub-
carinate, valves obtusely beaked, without distinct lateral areas, but
marked throughout with coarse, sub-laminate ridges of increment, and
covered with minute punctures arranged in quincunx; posterior valve
with an obtuse umbo. Colour externally deep chestnut, internally
dull red. Margin narrow, thin, coriaceous, finely pubescent, having
at the inner margin twenty-six fascicles of short, rigid, shining white
setæ, looking like minute polished tubercles.
Length three-tenths of an inch ; breadth one-tenth of an inch.
Found on old shells and in tide-pools, Orange Harbour. [J. P. c.]
A small, but very distinct species. Most of the specimens were
considerably eroded, showing that they had come to maturity.
,
Figures 411, 411 a, shell and animal, above and below, enlarged;
411b, branchiæ, enlarged; 411 c, branchia, still more magnified.
CHITON CONFOSSUS (Gould).
Testa parva, ovata, fastigiata, pallida, roseo et incarnato concinnè varie-
gata; valvis rostratis; areis lateralibus elevatis, serie posticâ squa-
mârum et serie obliquâ squamârum majorum ad apicem spectantium
finitis; intervallo lævigato, et granulis paucis annulatis sparso; areis
centralibus plerumque lævibus sed punctis sparsis triangularibus re-
trospectantibus confossis; valvå posteriori valdè gibboså, umbone ferè
terminali, dentibus insertionis novem et ad valvam anteriorem viginti-
quinque, pectinatis : margine fusco, carnoso,
Chiton confossus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 143.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 5.
SHELL small and delicate, ovate, with a well-marked, dorsal ridge,

328
MOLLUSCA.
of a pale cream-colour, delicately variegated with rose and flesh-colour,
often producing checks along the edge of the valves and reticulations
at the margin; valves strongly beaked, the lateral areas raised and
bounded by an obtuse, elevated line, which is laminated in triangles
pointing towards the apex, and another line of similar laminæ sculp-
tures the posterior margin; the intervening space is smooth, but with
a few, scattered, impressed rings, each including a granule; central
areas in general smooth, but pierced with minute though distinct trian-
gular punctures pointing backwards; posterior valve with a remarka-
bly gibbous beak, by which at least a right angle is formed, crossed by
a transverse band, before which the valve is punctured, and behind it
slightly scaly and minutely dotted in quincunx; anterior valve some-
what radiately squamose and granulated; teeth of insertion nine, and of
the posterior valve twenty-five, all delicately pectinated. Margin dark,
not granulated.
Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Allied to C. sculptus, Sowb., which has three lateral rays and the
central areas smooth. But it is altogether dissimilar from other de-
scribed species.
Figure 434, superior view of the shell; 434 a, details of sculpture,
enlarged; 434 b, profile of the extreme valves, with their denticles.
CHITON PETALOIDES (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, ovalis, arcuatim elevata, subcarinata, dilutè citrina;
areis lateralibus elevatis, rugosè granulatis, et striis radiantibus ad
quatuor insculptis; areis centralibus longitudinaliter rugosè granu-
lato-punctatis, et lineolis tenuissimis angulatis dilutè violaceis pictis;
valvâ posteriori acutè umbonatâ et costâ transversali divisâ : margo
stramineus, minutissimè granulato-imbricatus.
Chiton petaloides, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 144.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 6.
SHELL small, delicate, elliptical, roundly arched, very slightly cari-

GASTEROPOD A.
329
nated, the valves not beaked, of a pale lemon-yellow ground colour,
reticulated along the centre, with delicate, angulated, pale-violet lines;
these areas are also rugosely lineate-punctate longitudinally, especially
toward the margin; lateral areas very prominent, rugosely granulate,
and with about four, fine, radiating striæ; posterior valve acutely
umbonated and crossed by an acute, transverse rib. Margin cream-
coloured, very finely granulate-imbricate.
Length half an inch ; breadth two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Kauai and Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
A very delicate and beautiful shell, its markings resembling the
venated petals of some flowers. I know of no other species nearly
resembling it.
Figure 435, back of the shell; 435 a, the sculpture, magnified ;
435 b, natural size.
REEVE:
CHITON DISJUNCTUS (FREMBLY), Zool. Journ., iii. 193.
Conch. Icon., f. 21.
The margin of this species is nearly as broad as the valves, except
posteriorly, where it is narrowed and distinctly cleft. It has a rich
mahogany colour, banded at irregular intervals with series of light-
coloured oval dots; over the whole are sprinkled clusters of small azure
and green specks, making the margin very brilliant and beautiful.
Under side dark ochre passing into red. Branchiæ very large and
thick, extending to near the anus; anal tube large and prominent.
Head large, the frontal veil separated from the buccal mass by a deep
sinus, prolonged on each side into a compressed conical lobe. [J. P. c.]
Taken at Villamar, Chili, where it attains a large size.
Figure 417, the animal from beneath.
CHITON ATRATUS (SOWERBY), Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840. Conch. Illustr.,
f. 57, 58. REEVE; Conch. Icon., 103.
83

330
MOLLUSCA.
ANIMAL with the foot of a clear ochreous red, darkest at the margin;
head rather paler, mouth not surrounded by a veil or hood, but sunk
in the centre of the cephalic mass, the labial dilatations scarcely appa-
rent; branchiæ of a darker colour, continued to the anal tube; under
surface of the margin clear orange. In some individuals the foot
is flesh-coloured, and the margin roseate: this variety is barred lake
and orange above. In others, the foot is ash-coloured, and the margin
barred dark purple and cinereous.
The SHELL exhibits a great variety of colours, from a uniform dark
chestnut and purple banded, to a pale green, with roseate or pale
green bands. Scarcely any two are alike; most varieties turn darker
on drying. They were peculiar for being always remarkably clean,
while other species in the same pools would be loaded with zoophytes
and Fuci.
It is allied to C. Boweni, King, but it never becomes black or is
destitute of marginal bars. The margin has a slight velvety feel when
fresh, becoming horny when dried. [J. P. c.]
Found in pools at Orange Harbour.
Figure 415, the under side of the animal.
CHITON LIGNOSUS (Gould), Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 142.
Expedition Shells, 3.
There can be little doubt that this is Chiton Merckii, Middendorff,
in Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, Sciences Natu-
relles, vi. 179, tab. xi., figs. 5, 6. The margin, which was imperfect
in our specimens, is described as “limbus pilosissimus, mediocris.”
CHITON SETIGER (KING), Zool. Journal, v. 338, pl. 86, f. 5. REEVE;
Conch. Icon., f. 48.
ANIMAL deep ochreous on the foot, deeper on the margin; head and
branchiæ paler; sides of the foot pale orange; head in the form of a
hood, having a thick, lappet-shaped prolongation on each side of the

GASTEROPOD A.
331
mouth, susceptible of considerable extension, and supplying the place
of tentacles. Branchiæ extending nearly to the anus; leaflets conical-
compressed. [J. P. c.]
From Mr. Couthouy's observations it would seem that there is
nothing during life which appears like the veil, “ petite voile circu-
laire et plissée,” described by Cuvier, the mouth being simply a rugous
orifice in the middle of the head beneath. The branchial leaflets also
are only triangular, as described by him, when they have been con-
tracted by spirit. The pores from which the marginal setæ appear
to issue are not disposed in three rows, as described by Captain
King, but are scattered irregularly, the largest being at the inner
margin and becoming smaller and more numerous towards the outer
margin.
Found at Orange Harbour, and with them the variety considered
by Captain King as identical with C. Fremblyi, Brod.
Figure 425, the animal from beneath ; 425 a, profile view, with the
shell; 425 b, branchia, enlarged.
CHITON VIOLACEUS (Quoy and GAIMARD), Voy. de l'Astrol., iii. 403,
pl. 73, f. 15–20. REEVE; Conch. Icon., fig. 41.
ANIMAL dark-chestnut, tinged ferruginous above; margin beneath
pale fawn-coloured, dotted crimson; foot dark ochreous; mantle pale
slaty; hood semicircular, pale brick-red; mouth rather longitudinal ;
lips florid; branchiæ quite surrounding the foot.
On the margin of the shell are eight lateral and two cephalic tuber-
cles, each bearing a few setæ at the centre.
Found at New Zealand.
Figure 420, the animal from beneath ; 420 a, profile of the shell and
animal ; 420 b, sculpture of three valves of the shell.

332
MOLLUSCA.
Chiron PERUVIANUS (L AMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., vii. 491. REEVE;
Conch. Icon., f. 50.
ANIMAL with the mantle above deep sap-green, beneath blue at the
edge, passing into yellowish at the inner edge; foot ochreous; bran-
chiæ olive, tipped bluish ; hood very large and distinct from the head,
spreading out into long angular wings on each side to the width of the
foot; mouth transverse.
Figure 422, the animal from beneath.
CHITON LINEOLATUS (FREMBLY), Zool. Journ., iii. 204, p. 17, 7.
REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 34.
Margin of the mantle violaceous, mottled with dusky above, pale
reddish-blue, edged with violet beneath ; foot cream-coloured; bran-
chiæ brown, extending five-sixths the distance to the anus.
Inhabits the Bay of Valparaiso.
Figure 416, the animal from beneath.
CHITON AUSTRALIS (SOWERBY), Mag. Nat. Hist., New Series, iv.
290, Conch. Illust., f. 46.
A series of specimens shows this species to be very variable in its
sculpture, and there can be little doubt that the C. evanidus, Sowb.
(ib. p. 291, C. Ill., f. 139), is one of these varieties, with which the
specimens collected by the Expedition mostly correspond in forrn and
colouring. In some small specimens the central areas are smooth, and
the striæ on the lateral areas are somewhat granular; but in very old
specimens the central areas are deeply furrowed with longitudinal
striæ, which widely diverge at the sides. In all the varieties the striæ
of the lateral areas are coarse, irregular, and repeatedly divaricating.
The tips are always roseate; no specimens agree exactly with either
of the descriptions, but the general features are so allied as to deter
me from giving it a new name.

GASTEROPOD A.
333
CHITON ZELANDICUS (Quoy and GAIMARD), Voy. de l'Astrol., iii.
400, pl. 72, f. 5–8. REEVE; Conch. Icon., f. 58.
ANIMAL beneath ochreous; foot oblong, narrowed posteriorly,
rounded at ends, surrounded by the branchiæ; head long, transversely
oval.
Figure 410, the animal beneath.
CHITONELLUS FASCIATUS (Quoy), Voy. de l'Astrol., iii. pl. 63, f. 21–
29.
ANIMAL above buff-coloured, banded transversely opposite each of the
valves with violet-purple; foot long and narrow, brick-red, margined
with pale yellow; margin on each side broader than the foot, and of
paler colour, with occasional darker, transverse bands. Branchiæ
occupying the posterior third of the body; head circular; mouth cor-
rugated, surrounded by a narrow hood.
Figures 429, 429 a, upper and under views of the animal.
CHITON JANEIRENSIS (SOWERBY), Conch. Ill., f. 56. REEVE; Conch.
Icon., f. 80.
ANIMAL having the foot a dull-green colour, head rather paler, large
and broad; mouth furnished with two, short, lateral, inferior appen-
dages, like lobes, which give it the aspect of being surrounded by a
hood. Branchiæ orange-coloured; duplication of the mouth dull yel-
lowish-brown; under side of marginal extension yellowish. [J. P. c.]
Obtained from stones in two or three fathoms water, off Fort
Santa Cruz, Rio Janeiro.
Figure 421, the animal, beneath.
Chiton COQUIMBENSIS (FREMBLY), Zool. Journal, iii. 197. REEVE ;
Conch. Icon., f. 22.
84

334
MOLLUSCA.
ANIMAL with the foot elongated oval, ochreous yellow; margin yel-
lowish, becoming purplish at the outer edge; branchiæ surrounding
the foot; head semi-oval, dilating posteriorly, appearing distinctly
hooded below.
Figure 427, under side of the animal.
PATELLA TALCOSA (Gould).
Testa magna, solida, ponderosa, rotundata, depressa, costulis radiantibus
numerosis subequalibus rotundatis flexuosis instructa, vertice sub-cen-
trali, colore saturatè cinnamomeâ ; facies interna talcoso-argentata,
purpureo tincta; callo centrali crasso, albo, spatulaformi, ad marginem
radiato; impressione musculari lato, profundo : margo crenulatus.
Patella talcosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 148.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 6.
A large, ponderous, depressed, dome-shaped shell, the apex nearly
central, covered with numerous small, nearly equal, rounded, flexuous,
radiating ribs. Colour a deep cinnamon-brown; the interior has a
light, silvery, mother-of-pearl lustre, with crimson reflections where the
shell is thin, and with the unctuous feel of talc; the centre is occupied
by a very thick, white, tongue-shaped callus, radiately dentate at its
margin. Muscular impression very broad, very deeply impressed,
and double. Edge slightly crenulated by the ribs.
Length four inches; breadth three and a half inches; height an
inch and three-fourths.
Inhabits Hawaii, Sandwich Islands.
The colours of the interior, in small specimens, are very rich, and
the shell is of a rounded, shield-like form, like P. testudinaria, attain-
ing sometimes a very large size, larger than any other species except
P. pyramidata. It seems to be somewhat common in collections, but
I cannot identify it with any published description.
Figures 452, 452 a, 452 b, three views of the shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
335
PATELLA CITRULLUS (Gould).
Testa depresso-conica, sub-equilateralis, translucida, extus rugoso-undu-
lata, prope apicem lineis granuliferis radiata, pallidè olivacea, intus
nitida, plumbea ; fundo albido: apertura rotundato-ovata ; margine
expanso, acuto.
Patella citrullus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 149.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 8.
ANIMAL. Tentacula short and stout; eyes on an enlargement at the
external base; mantle of a pale green, darker at the edges, and finely
crenulated, also irregularly marked by dark brown maculæ ; back of
head and neck dark-brown passing into green; tentacles the same
colour, with black extremities. Branchiæ having the laminæ disposed
in the form of slight scollops of a pale straw-colour; edges brown;
foot flesh-coloured, with a median line of a hue inclining to red; man-
tle fringed with dark green. [J. P. c.]
SHELL sub-diaphanous, thin, sub-conical, moderately elevated, sum-
mit prominent; apex anterior, acute, feebly incurved, usually some-
what eroded; a great number of faintly elevated lines, studded with fine
tubercles or asperities, radiate from it, and become obsolete about half-
way towards the margin. Striæ of increment coarse and irregular,
overlaying each other, so as to give the shell a rude, concentrically
squamose aspect externally; disk nearly oval, a little narrowed ante-
riorly; margin very thin and sharp, finely and irregularly undulated.
External colour a dusky olive-green, with a shade of brown showing
through it, ornamented with concentric, undulating lines of obscure
white. Interior greenish-white, with bright iridescent reflections; a
slight spatulaform deposit at the fundus, bluish at the edges and fore-
part, passing into greenish towards the middle and posterior portions.
a
Length an inch and four-fifths; breadth an inch and one-fifth.
Inhabits the Madeira Islands, Funchal.
This shell resembles somewhat the skin of a cucumber, externally.

336
MOLLUSCA.
The radiating striæ occupy the upper half of the shell, and the lower
half is somewhat imbricated by the stages of growth. It is somewhat
like P. Candei, D'Orb.
Figures 448, 448 a, views of the exterior and interior of the shell.
PATELLA LUCTUOSA (Gould).
Testa obliquè conica, crassa, vertice eccentricâ, obscurè olivacea, inter-
dum sanguineo tincta, costis majoribus ad duodecim rotundatis, sca-
brosis, pallidis munita, minoribus quibusdam interjectis : apertura
ovalis ; margine crenulato: facies interna livida, reflexionibus succi-
neis micans; limbo fasciis fuscis et albidis inequalibus alternantibus
radiato.
Patella luctuosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 150.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 8.
SHELL thick, rough, and angular, apex near the front, obliquely
conical, outline arched, the anterior outline approaching to perpendi-
cular, of an obscure olive-green colour, sometimes mixed with purple.
The surface has about twelve, ash-coloured, principal ribs, which are
rounded, lighter coloured, and roughened with scales and tubercles;
between two of these are two or three similar, but much smaller ribs,
which in young specimens are tubercular, beaded alternately jet and
white. Aperture broad-ovate; the interior is of a dusky leaden hue,
with amber-coloured reflections; the central spatulate spot is of a
uniform colour, or paler at the centre, and the remainder is radiated by
golden rays answering to the large ribs, and broader dusky ones, some-
times subdivided by narrow white lines, answering to the secondary
ribs; margin irregularly crenate, everted; base arched, so that the shell
rests on its extremities.
Length an inch and a quarter; breadth one inch; height half an
inch.
In habits New Zealand.
A small species, of unusually rough and irregular surface, and dull-

GASTEROPODA.
337
green colour, not unlike coarse specimens of P. vulgata. Its dark
interior, radiated with yellow stripes of unequal length and breadth,
and its brilliant umber-coloured and purple reflections, in fine speci-
mens, quite rival P. tramoserica. It is also allied to P. ornata, Sow-
erby.
Figures 446, 446 a, 446 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell.
PATELLA SAGITTATA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, translucida, ovato-rotundata, depressa, fusco-viridis, nigro
obscurè radiata, subtilissimè granuloso-striata, apice antico, acuto,
incumbente ; margine integro: facies interna argentea, cum reflexioni-
bus succineis, et interdum fusco radiata ; fundo (luce transmisso) ele-
gantissimè reticulato, et maculis sagittatis radiato.
Patella sagittata, Gould. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 148.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 7.
SHELL thin, translucid, depressed, with an arched outline; apex at
the anterior fourth, acute, projecting forwards; surface covered with
regular, delicate, minutely granulated, radiating, and concentric striæ.
Colour dusky olive-green, with obscure radiations of dusky; but if
held up to the light the whole shell is found to be most beautifully
reticulated and radiated with arrow-head, dusky spots, often articula-
ting with whitish. Interior minutely radiate-striate, bluish-silvery,
with some amber-coloured reflections, and occasionally with imperfect,
dusky radiations; fundus more or less yellowish-green.
Length an inch and three-quarters; breadth an inch and one-tenth;
height two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. C. Pickering. J. Drayton.
This delicate and beautiful species is allied to P. testudinaria, but
is more depressed and much more delicate in all its characters,
and its peculiar markings by transmitted light, like to some of the
Navicella, distinguish it. The striæ in some specimens look undu-
lated.
85

338
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 449, exterior of the shell; 449 a, profile of the shell; 449 b,
the animal, as in motion ; 449 c, the animal, from beneath.
PATELLA PIPERATA (Gould).
Testa scabrida, obliquè conico-depressa, olivacea, costato-striata, costis
majoribus pallidioribus lineâ mediani saturatiori interruptâ aspersis ;
apice eccentricâ, acutâ : apertura ovata ; margine crenulato ; facies
interna livida, fundo ferrugineo, radiis albidis insigni.
Patella piperata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 150.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 8.
SHELL small, of moderate elevation, obliquely conical, apex at
about the anterior third, acute and somewhat inclined forwards; ex-
terior with numerous, coarse, unequal, granular striæ. Colour dull
olive, with the larger striæ ash-coloured, along the middle of some of
which runs a dark line, interrupted at short intervals, so as to give
the surface a coarsely dotted appearance. Aperture rounded-ovate;
margin crenulate; interior of a dull leaden or dark chestnut hue, tinged
at the bottom with ferruginous, and rayed with yellowish.
a
Length an inch and one-fifth ; width nine-tenths of an inch ; height
half an inch.
Inhabits Cape de Verd Islands and Madeira.
In some specimens the leaden hue prevails, in others the rusty; and
there is the usual variety in form. One specimen, a large one, has
the exterior of a greenish ash-colour, and the interior highly polished
and beautifully radiated with chestnut and white, overlaid with golden
reflections. It is somewhat like P. scutellaris, of the Mediterranean,
especially within, but it is less elongated and the surface less ribbed.
It is also near to P. guttata, D’Orbigny, from the Canary Islands.
Figures 449, 449 a, 449 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell.

GASTEROPOD A.
339
PATELLA PAUMOTENSIS (Gould).
Testa solida, albido-cinerea, ovalis, depresso-conica, apice sub-centrali,
costis acutis radiantibus inequalibus ad quaterdenis instructa: facies
interna alba vel dilutè incarnata ; impressione musculari callosa, alba
vel citrinâ; areâ centrali ferrugineâ vel incarnescente: margo costis
dentatus, spatiis intercostalibus fusco tinctis.
Patella Paumotensis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
150. July 1846. Expedition Shells, 8.
ANIMAL with the locomotive disk oval, gamboge-yellow; head, ten-
tacles, and mantle pale yellow; cirrhi of the mantle opaque-white;
mouth reddish. Tentacles of moderate length and slender; eyes near
the base; branchiæ interrupted at the head, arranged in a series of long,
narrow, transversely striate lamellæ; marginal cirrhi peculiar in ar-
rangement, disposed in twenty-four clusters of five each, viz., two
short ones, arising from the margin like a filamentary extension of the
mantle, two rather longer ones from midway on the inside of the mantle,
and between these a fifth, twice the size of the others, which is tubular,
as are probably the others. [J. P. c.]
SHELL rounded-elliptical, depressed conical, solid. Colour ashy-
white; apex acute, one-ninth nearest the anterior end; surface with
about forty unequal, acute, somewhat nodular ribs; muscular cicatrix
unusually prominent, white or flesh-coloured, the included space
rusty, especially near its margin, or occasionally tinted with rose-
colour; marginal portion white or light flesh-coloured; margin some-
what regularly dentated by the prolonged ribs, the spaces between the
ribs often more or less dusky.
A specimen from Rose Island measures in length an inch and two-
thirds; breadth an inch and a half; height half an inch. One from
Wilson's Island measures in length an inch and three-fifths; breadth
an inch and a quarter : height three-fifths of an inch.
Allied to P. tramoserica, but its colours are generally dull and dead,
instead of silky. Generally, eight or ten of the ribs are more promi-

340
MOLLUSCA.
nent than the rest. The prevailing colour of the interior is that
of ripe muskmelon. Sometimes there are dusky spots between the
ribs. It seems to be found at all the islands of the Paumotu Group,
and as far as Taheiti.
Figures 441, 441 a, outer and inner views of the shell; 441 6, shell,
with the animal; 441 c, animal, with the shell in profile; 441 d, bran-
chia ; 441 e, marginal cirrhus.
PATELLA ILLUMINATA (Gould).
Testa inequilateralis, ovato-conica, fuliginosa, maculis sparsis flavidis
translucidis illuminata, creberrimè radiatìm costellata : apertura
ovata ; facies interna nigro-picea, sericeo splendens ; fundo flavido.
Patella illuminata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 149.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 7.
SHELL elevated conical, with an arched outline, the apex at about
the anterior fourth ; surface covered with numerous small, obtuse,
radiating ribs, with from one to three intervening striæ; concentric
lines of growth crowded, very faint. Colour sooty, with scattered,
yellowish spots, about twenty in number, somewhat regularly dis-
posed, which are transparent when held up to the light, those near
the margin elongated. Aperture ovate, the margin slightly irregular;
interior a very dark claret-colour, with brilliant silky and golden re-
flections, and yellow spots, corresponding to those of the exterior;
central spatula dull buff-colour.
Length an inch and a half; breadth an inch and a quarter; height
three-fifths of an inch.
From the Auckland Islands. Lieutenant Totten.
This shell has the shape of P. argentea, and the interior like P. tra-
moserica. It is very like P. cymbularia, which, however, is finely
striated and in no wise costate, more rounded and more depressed
pyramidal; its margin broadly everted, and its spatula dark chestnut.
It may be the young of what is figured by Quoy as P. granularis.

GASTEROPOD A.
341
Figures 441, 441 a, 441 6, three views of the shell.
PATELLA CYMBULARIA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., vii. 541. LES-
son; Voy. de la Coq., 422. P. mytilina, Schus. and Wagn.; Supp.
Martini, f. 4052. P. cymbuloides, D'ORBIGNY; Voy. dans l'Amer.
Merid.
ANIMAL. “ Head very small and projecting, almost proboscidiform;
tentacles long and rather stout; eyes extremely minute, near external
base. Foot very regularly oval, rather broader anteriorly; mantle
furnished with twelve prominent, retractile cirrhi, convex on the upper
and flattened on the lower side; between each of which are three
shorter and slender cirrhi. All these marginal cirrhi are constantly in
motion, and it was observed that they corresponded in position to the
sinuosities of the margin of the shell. Branchiæ in the form of a very
narrow fringe, surrounding the body between the foot and the mantle,
and hardly perceptible. Colour of head and tentacles pale brown;
mantle the same colour, with a tinge of purple added ; larger marginal
cirrhi tinged with purple at the base, the others yellowish, as are also
the branchiæ; the foot is pale slate-colour in the middle, and yellowish
at margins. It appears finely granulated under a lens.” [J. P. c.]
c
a
Found on a floating Fucus, in lat. 47° 80'S., long. 60° W.
Figure 442, the animal and shell, from below; 442 a, profile of the
shell.
PATELLA DEAURATA (Gmelin), in Chemn. Conch., x. tab. 168, f.
1616, a, b. P. Magellanica, GMEL. ; Chemn. Conch., i. tab. v. f. 40,
a, b. P. fusca, DILLWYN; Catal., ii. 1047.
b
,
The varieties of this shell are so numerous that several species
might easily be designated from them. The aperture is either
oval or ovate, the long diameter being to the short diameter, varying
from 23 : 20, to 11 : 5. In altitude compared with its long diameter
it varies as 3 : 4, to 4 : 11; the elongated, narrow varieties being
generally most depressed. In some, the apex is nearly central, and is
acute. this is the case with those which have the aperture nearest
approaching to circular, and also the greatest altitude, so that the shell
86

342
MOLLUSCA.
resembles an elevated cone. This form appears to be what has been
named P. Magellanica, by Gmelin (Wood; Index, f. 69, fusca, CHEMN.;
Conch., tab. 5, f. 10). The more depressed ones, with an anterior
apex, may be such as are named P. ferruginea (Wood, f. 32). The
external colour varies from a very dark slate, through brown to ferru-
ginous, or dusky horn-colour. It is uniform in the majority of
instances, but with the ribs darker than the interstices in some cases;
the ribs are pretty uniformly thirty in number, usually irregularly al-
ternating larger and smaller.
The interior is more commonly plumbaginous having the margin and
central spatula very dusky brown, with golden reflections, and with more
or less white callus at the inner margin of the muscular impression.
Sometimes the whole interior is of this dark gilded brown; but it is
rare that even then there is not some minute white spot near the
muscular impression.
ture.
ANIMAL. “In all varieties, however, the animal is found precisely
the same, except some little differences in the colour of the foot, as to
depth of shade. The head, which is small for so large a Patella, is of
a delicate rosy-white on the upper part, passing into colourless toward
the neck and mouth. In front it is prolonged into a short proboscis,
opening transversely in form of an ellipse, and forming a sort of
margin above and around the mouth. Tentacles, long and taper, arise
from about the middle of the head, and instead of being carried in a
right line, they curve so as to resemble a pair of cow's horns in minia-
Colour yellowish-white, except a stripe of dark purple on their
back, reaching from just above their base to tip. The eyes are very
indistinct, on the back and near the origin of the tentacles. Foot nearly
circular, very muscular, in general of a dark bluish slate-colour; mantle
and branchiæ pale yellow. The latter surround the whole body like
a delicate, fibrous fringe. The cirrhi with which the mantle is fringed
are short, but conspicuous, purple at base, and yellowish at tip, and
when contracted, resembling small, black points near the edge of the
mantle. These cirrhi correspond to the sinuosities in the margin of
the shell. The surface of the foot, above the muscular portion, is coated
with a soft, springy integument, of perhaps one-thirtieth of an inch in
thickness, which must aid the animal greatly in adhesion, by filling
up all the little crevices and excluding the air.” [J. P. c.]
a
Abundant everywhere in Orange Harbour.

GASTEROPOD A.
343
Figure 444, the under side of the animal ; 444 a, the head of the
animal.
PATELLA FERRUGINEA (Wood), Index, f. 69.
Under this name I would place a shell found common at Orange
Harbour, in company with P. deaurata, and which, indeed, from the
shell alone, might be ranked as one of the forms of that variable
species. But Mr. Couthouy says, “ There are also many varieties of
this shell as to configuration, costæ, &c., but in no case does the
animal approach that of P. deaurata. The foot is more elongated or
oval, and lighter coloured. The branchiæ surround the whole body;
the cirrhi on the mantle are longer and more slender, and the head
and tentacles rather shorter. The latter have also a dark purple or
brown stripe on their upper side. The colour of the entire animal is
olive-green, except the sides of the foot and muscle of attachment,
which are shining white. Soup was often made of this and P. deau-
rata, which was much relished.”'
The shell above referred to is probably the oval, elongated shell,
with an anterior apex; the exterior is marked by flammules, but not
the interior, except by transmitted light; the spatula at the fundus
is dark gilded-brown. It might be taken for P. flammea, Gmelin, a
shell which I suppose to be a New Zealand species, of a more de-
pressed form, thinner, the ribs less numerous and less developed; the
apex more obtuse and more central, the lines of profile much arcuated ;
the aperture more ovate; the interior spoon-shaped, without any de-
pression answering to the apex; the central spatula leaden-coloured,
and the surface coloured by dark, reticulating radiations. These are
characters which best agree with Deshayes' amplified description, as
well as with his habitat; still it may be a question which is the real
P. flammea.
Figure 443, the animal, from below ; 443 a, the head.
PATELLA TRAMOSERICA (CHEMNITZ), Conch., xi. 179, pl. 197, f.
1912–13. LAMARCK ; Anim. sans Vert., vii. 542.
Inhabits New Zealand. The localities hitherto given, Peru and
Chili, are probably erroneous.

344
MOLLUSCA.
PATELLA FIMBRIATA (Gould).
T'esta elevata, obliquè conica, fusco-purpurea, cinereo tincta, costulis dis-
tantibus rotundatis radiata, costulis tuberculos fornicatos in seriebus
concentricis instructos gerentibus ; apice acuto subcentrali : apertura
ovata ; limbo lato, nigro pectinato: facies interna nitida, cæruleo-alba,
secundum costulos radiata, fundo saturatiori.
Patella fimbriata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 149.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 7.
SHELL elongated-oval, conical, apex acute, nearly central; colour
dusky, with a tint of olive, purplish near the margin; surface with
about twenty-two small, radiating, pretty regularly disposed, rounded
ribs, on which are arranged distant, dark-coloured, horizontally com-
pressed, sometimes even vaulted nodules, disposed in concentric ranges.
Interior channeled to correspond with the ribs, bluish porcelain-white,
with a pitchy blotch at centre; marginal limb wide, scolloped, the
raised portions black, and the depressed spaces bluish. Muscular
impression scarcely perceptible; when held to the light it appears
tessellated about the apex, and radiated with light colour between the
ribs towards the margin.
Length an inch and one-fifth ; breadth nearly an inch; height
nearly half an inch.
Inhabits the Straits of De Fuca, Oregon. Lieutenant Case.
A specimen having the same shape, number of ribs, and interior,
has the nodules less conspicuous and flattened, the ground-colour deep
olive, flecked irregularly with whitish.
It is much like P. granularis, in shape. The undulations within,
corresponding to the ribs, are marked with unusual distinctness. Its
ribbed surface and destitution of striæ distinguish it from all the varie-
ties of P. pintadina.
Figures 445, 445 a, outer and inner views of the shell; 445 b, profile
view.

GASTEROPODA.
345
PATELLA CINNAMOMEA (Gould).
Testa parva, ovalis, convexa, tenuis, cinnamomea, cum striis radiantibus,
tenuibus, confertissimis, imbricato-asperis; apice acuto, antico, ad mar-
ginem valdè declinato ; aperture margine anteriori excurvato, intus
costâ albâ marginali munito.
Patella cinnamomea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
151. July 1846. Expedition Shells, 9.
SHELL small, thin, oval, convexly arched, of an intense cinnamon-
colour within and without. The apex is acute, projecting even beyond
the anterior margin and nearly touching it, so that the apex is far
below the most elevated point of the shell, which is nearly central.
Surface covered with minute, very numerous, radiating striæ, which
are rough with crowded points, that are very slightly vaulted. The
aperture is an elongated oval, the margin minutely crenulated, and at
the anterior portion broadly excurved and strengthened within by a
white, marginal rib, causing the interior to resemble a Navicella.
Length half an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch; height nine-
fortieths of an inch.
Obtained at New South Wales, from Mrs. Mitchell.
Closely allied to P. Galathea, Lam., which is, however, snow-white,
more circular, the apex more central, and but slightly deflected, and
the striæ are much coarser.
Figures 447, 447 a, views of the outside and inside of the shell;
447 b, details of sculpture, magnified.
PATELLA ARGENTATA (GRAY), Appendix to Beechey's Voyage, 148,
tab. 39, f. 7.
ANIMAL with the foot oblong, rounded at the angles, olivaceous,
edged with yellow; head rounded, yellow; branchiæ conspicuous,
greenish-yellow; mantle undulated, yellow, with a tint of green, the
87

346
MOLLUSCA.
edge bearing a series of very conspicuous cirrhi, alternately longer and
shorter, of yellow colour, annulate with olive.
Inhabits Valparaiso.
Figure 451, the animal, from below.
PATELLA INSTABILIS (Gould).
Testa olivaceo-cervina, elongata, elevata, ad latera compressa, creberrimè
radiatim striata, apice subcentrali, obtuso, castaneo: apertura oblongo-
elliptica ; margine integro: facies interna lactea.
Patella instabilis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 150.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 9.
Shell rather solid, elevated, the apex nearly central, compressed
at the sides, so as to be made nearly sernicylindrical, or like a gipsy's
bonnet, convex at base, so that while the shell rests at the middle
upon the sides, the ends are considerably elevated. Surface shining,
slightly furrowed by numerous, nearly regular, radiating striæ; fawn
coloured, with a tint of olive, lighter at the striæ. Aperture elongated-
oval, the sides nearly parallel, and the ends equally rounded; margin
entire; interior a dead, bluish-white, the fundus chalky-white
a
a
Length an inch and a half; breadth nine-tenths of an inch; height
four-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Oregon, Puget Sound; Classet.
Resembles P. compressa, but is much more solid and smooth, darker
coloured, and with the apex more nearly central. It is quite pro-
bable that the specimen examined may have derived its peculiar form
from having grown attached to some cylindrical body.
Figure 454, exterior view of the shell; 454 a, profile of the shell.
PATELLA CONICA (Gould).
Testa parva, conoidea, elevata, valdè regularis, inornata, vel lineolis
obsoletis radiantibus et concentricis striata ; colore luteo-cinereo: aper-
tura rotundata, margine simplici, limbo marginali planato.

GASTEROPOD A.
347
Patella conica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 151.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 9.
Shell small, rather solid, regularly conical, the apex nearly cen-
tral, and the aperture nearly circular; surface regular and smooth, or
but faintly striated with minute, radiating, and concentric lines.
Colour a dirty-drab, or yellowish ash-colour; interior cinereous; edge
simple, with a regular marginal limbus of a darker colour, its internal
edge defined by a furrow.
Length eleven-twentieths of an inch; breadth half an inch; height
three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
a
That this is but a variety of P. scurra, Lesson, or Acmea mitra, Esch-
scholtz, a large series of specimens might show. But it seems to be
more elevated, less symmetrical, and more delicate in its structure and
markings, especially in the radiating striæ,
Figure 458, view of the interior of the shell; 458 a, profile view.
PATELLA (LOTTIA ?) ARANEOSA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, depresso-conica, sub-equilateralis, lævis, pallidè vires-
cens, ramulis rubiginosis araneosis reticulata: facies interna albida ;
margine simplici, acuto; limbo marginali planulato, rubiginoso, radi-
COSO.
Patella (Lottia ?) araneosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 152. July 1846. Expedition Shells, 10.
SHELL small, thin, rounded, slightly elevated, smooth, and without
ribs or sculpture; apex nearly central, obtuse. Colour pale yellowish-
green, reticulated with very fine rusty-brown lines, branching off like
rootlets towards the margin. The interior is whitish, with a rusty
ring just within the muscular impression; the edge is sharp and simple,
and has a well-defined limbus, so thin as distinctly to repeat the ex-
ternal linear markings.

348
MOLLUSCA.
Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch; height one-
fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Sooloo Sea.
A pretty little shell, most probably a Lotti, resembling some of
the species figured by Quoy, especially his orbicularis. Indeed it
is so like the reticulated variety figured in pl. 71, fig. 33, that the
examination of a more extensive series might show them to be iden-
tical.
Figures 450, 450 a, 450 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the shell.
PATELLA (LOTTIA ?) SCABRA (Gould).
Testa parva, scabra, per-inequilateralis, obliquè arcuato-conica, pallidè
virens, nigro diversemodè virgata, costis radiantibus scabrosis ad
quindecim ornata; basi ovatâ : facies interna albida; fundo piceo,
limbo marginali viridulo et piceo fimbriato.
Patella (Lottia ?) scabra, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 152. July 1846. Expedition Shells, 10.
SHELL small, rude, the apex near the anterior extremity, rather
blunt, moderately elevated, and the outline convex, so that the shell
is more or less dome-shaped. The surface is traversed with about
fifteen radiating ribs, which are usually irregular in direction, and
rough. Sometimes there are smaller intervening ribs posteriorly,
where the ribs are much more developed. Colour greenish, irregularly
dashed with black, usually between and in the direction of the ribs,
sometimes inosculating so as to form zigzay markings, and occa-
sionally, some of the dark spots are dotted with lace-work as in L.
textilis. Aperture regularly ovate, the edge somewhat scolloped by
the ribs; interior bluish-white, with a pitch-coloured spot at the centre,
and with the margin edged with greenish and black tessellations.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; breadth five-eighths of an inch;
height three-eighths of an inch.

GASTEROPOD A.
349
Inhabits the Bay of San Francisco, California.
About the same size, and may be only a variety, of P. textilis. Its
arched form, rough surface, coarse black stripes, and different locality,
seem to warrant its separation.
Figures 456, 456 a, 456 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell.
PATELLA (LOTTIA ?) TEXTILIS (Gould).
Testa depressa, obliquè conica ; apice anteriori, acuto; costis latis, ele-
vatis, subplanulatis, nodosis ad quindecim radiantibus ; epidermide
viridi, punctis albidis quadratis reticulato : basi ovato-rotundato,
limbo marginali albido et fusco-viridi fimbriato: facies interior albida ;
fundo piceo.
Patella (Lottia ?) textilis, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii. 152. July 1846. Expedition Shells, 10.
Shell small, depressed, rather thin, apex at the anterior third,
pointed; form obliquely low conical, with about fifteen broad, flattened,
well-elevated ribs, rendered somewhat nodose by the irregular stages
of growth. Surface covered with a dark emerald-green epidermis,
which is dotted with numerous square white spots, so as to resemble
lace-work. Interior bluish-white, with a chestnut central cloud, and
with the edge broadly margined with checks of light and dusky green,
and slightly modified by the ribs.
Length one inch; breadth three-fourths of an inch; height three-
tenths of an inch.
Found at the Straits of De Fuca, and Killimook, by C. Pickering
and J. Drayton.
Like some varieties of P. viridula; but its base is less orbicular, its
colour is darker green, and the reticulations are finer and less in
zigzag; the ribs are less numerous, nodular, and not paler. Its remote
locality favours the idea of its being distinct.
88

350
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 457, 457 a, 457 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell.
LOTTIA CYMBIOLA (Gould).
Testa solida, depresso-conica, arcuata (apice eccentricâ) glauco et fusco-
olivaceo radiata, radiatim creberrimè puncto-striata: apertura elliptica;
labio minutissimè crenulato: facïes interna, albida, spadiceo sordi-
data ; limbo lato, fusco et albo tessellato.
Lottia cymbiola, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 151.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 10.
“ The ANIMAL of this beautiful little species has the foot and mantle
of a delicate flesh-colour, passing into brownish on the edge of the
latter, which is fringed as usual, and is furnished near its edge by a
series of vesicular protuberances; neck unusually long and slender,
and, with the head, is delicate lake red; tentacles long and slender;
eyes inconspicuous; branchial plume very small, and never protruded
externally. It was invariably found attached to other shells, especially
to L. zebrina, in which it excavated a cavity of sometimes an eighth
of an inch deep. Its movements are therefore probably very slight.
Two of them which were kept for examination, left their holes and
removed about an inch, but returned again after a short time. They
would remain in a jar attached to the same spot for twenty-four
hours together, merely moving the head a little.” [J. P. c.]
a
Shell small, rather solid, depressed conical, or dome-shaped, arched
at base, so as to rest on its two extremities; surface regularly and
minutely striate, the striæ minutely punctured; colour bluish-white,
radiated with about twelve rather broad but unequal pencils of dusky
olive, which occupy nearly as much surface as the lighter intervals;
apex eccentric, obtusely rounded; aperture oval, its margin delicately
crenulated; interior bluish-white, with a central dusky spatula, or
with only here and there blotches of a rusty colour, especially about
the margin of the muscular impression, which is well developed ;
marginal border broad, irregularly chequered with black, or green
and white.
W

GASTEROPOD A.
351
Length nine-tenths of an inch; breadth seven-tenths of an inch;
height three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits the Bay of Valparaiso.
A small, rather smooth shell, arched in every direction. The co-
loured margin is sometimes wanting. When fresh, it is very prettily
radiated, but the exterior rays are seldom seen except near the edge,
as the surface is usually much defaced by erosion or by coralline in-
crustations. Sometimes the fascicles of rays are formed of delicate
green lines.
Figures 453, 453 a, exterior and interior views of the shell; 453 6,
profile of the shell; 453 c, foot of the animal.
LOTTIA PINTADINA (Gould).
Testa diversissimè figurata et picta, tenuis, ovato-rotundata, radiatim et
confertim striata, smaragdina, interdum fuscescens vel cinerascens,
maculis crebris albidis tessellata aut radiata; apice plerumque sub-
centrali, plus minusve elevato: facies interna cæruleo-albida, nitens ;
fundo piceo ; limbo lato, piceo et albido tessellato.
Lottia pintadina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 151.
July 1846. Expedition Shells, 9.
Shell thin, homologous, very various in form and colouring. It is
rounded oval, the length not much exceeding the breadth, the apex
usually subcentral, generally depressed. Surface delicately radiated
with numerous, fine, elevated striæ; colour a deep emerald-green,
which varies towards ash-colour, and spotted somewhat in quincunx,
with small, yellowish-white, oblong spots, which freely transmit
light. Interior glistening bluish-white, usually with a pitchy black,
imperfect, central spatula, and with a broad margin of the same co-
lour, generally tessellated with whitish spots.
This very variable species is the analogue of L. testudinalis, and
may be distributed under three principal varieties, viz. :
a. Shell depressed, apex nearly central; surface beautifully tessel-

352
MOLLUSCA.
lated with about equal proportions of green and whitish; interior mar-
ginal limb broad and tessellated, the dark predominating.
The length, width, and height of two specimens were as follows, in
tenths of inches : 16, 131, 4, and 14, 11, 5.
Collected at Straits of De Fuca, and mouth of Columbia River.
B. SHELL similar in form, but the colours cinereous and arranged
rather in radiating stripes, occasionally bifurcating; internal marginal
limb narrower, the light predominating over the dark.
Dimensions, 18, 15, 5, and 10, 9, 5.
Found at Columbia River; Puget Sound; Straits of De Fuca.
7. SHELL more solid, more elevated, the vertex more anterior,
colour very dusky, some specimens scarcely exhibiting light spots,
though a few are generally found anteriorly. Internal marginal limb
black or broken with occasional lines of whitish.
Dimensions, 11, 9, 3, and 15, 13, 9.
Found at Straits of De Fuca; Killimook; San Francisco.
Two shells in the Cabinet of the Boston Soc. Nat. History, are
much thinner and depressed, strongly striated, and have a chestnut
ground-colour, when held up to the light, and the whitish spots are
arranged in fine, broken, radiating lines.
It would seem strange that a shell so conspicuous and so abundant
should have escaped description, but I can find none answering to it,
unless it be Acinæa patina, Eschscholtz, the same as his A. scutum, in
his Zoological Atlas, which agrees well with our second group.
Figures 455, 455 a, outer and inner views of the shell; 455 b, 455 C,
profile views of two varieties.
LOTTIA ZEBRINA (LESSON), in Voy. Amer. Merid., pl. 65, f. 1–3.
L. variabilis, GRAY; Append. to Beechey's Voyage.
ANIMAL. Foot clear ochre, very large and thick; head lighter
coloured ; mouth very large, and surrounded by a sort of veil-like pro-
longation, which is occasionally spread out, like a broad, circular disk,
Tentacles short and stout, under side same colour as head, upper side
darker; plumule very long and large compared with other species

GASTEROPOD A.
353
found here, yet seldom protruded. Mantle dull yellow, with a tinge of
green, and bordered by a narrow line of the latter colour, fringed with
short cirrhi; about one-third of the distance from the edge to the junc-
tion with the foot is an encircling series of slight protuberances, which
appear to communicate with the cirrhi, and at first look like branchial
lamellæ; at times these are very apparent, and again are scarcely
visible. This structure brings it into approximation with the true
Patella. [J. P. c.] Indeed it is figured as such by D’Orbigny, who
says of the animal, “ de forme ordinaire, ayant, entre le manteau et le
pied, les lobes branchiaux très marqués; ce qui precède montre que
d'après l'animal, cette espèce appartient aux veritable Patelles, et non
au genre Lottia ou M. Gray l'a placé.” M. D’Orbigny was doubt-
less misled by the peculiar tubercles noticed by Mr. Couthouy, and
his attention was thus withdrawn from the true branchial plume,
which is really so largely developed. The range of tubercles in this
species is highly decisive as a mark to distinguish it from the next
species, without which it might be difficult to pronounce them dis-
tinct. Mr. Gray, indeed, has included them both under his L. varia-
bilis. As two names, however, will be requisite, the name long since
given by Lamarck to the following species, and that given by Lesson
to this, are to be preferred to the equivocal one of Mr. Gray.
Found in exposed situations at Vigna del Mar, Bay of Valparaiso.
Figure 460, outside view of the shell; 460 a, the animal from be-
neath.
LOTTIA VIRIDULA (Patella viridula), LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert.,
vii. 539. DELESSERT; Recueil, &c., pl. 23, f. 2.
ANIMAL. Foot clear ochreous yellow, inclining to orange, the
mantle of a lighter shade, and ornamented on its margin at intervals
with numerous short, pale-yellow cirrhi. Head prolonged into a sort
of trunk, and remarkable for the great thickness of its neck at its
origin, which gives it a subtriangular form.
a subtriangular form. Tentacles short, of a
paler colour than the head, which is a lighter shade of the same
hue as the foot. Eyes small and indistinct, situated near the posterior
89

354
MOLLUSCA.
base of the tentacles; branchial plumule short, broad, pyramidal, just
visible at the right side of the neck. Habits sluggish.
Common on rocks exposed to the surf, Valparaiso. [J. P. c.]
Figure 459, profile view of the typical shell; 459 a, the animal,
from beneath.
A small, elevated form, obtained at Orange Harbour, would seem
to be identical with this species. We often find specimens where the
central portion representing the early stages of the shell have this
elevated, conical form, and then the marginal portion suddenly takes
a new direction, and finishes off with the usual form, the whole looking
like a hat with a conical crown and broad brim. Mr. Gray has given
this as one of the forms of his L. variabilis. Mr. Nuttall also brought
home many specimens, which he distributed under the name of P.
monticula. The animal, as observed by Mr. Couthouy, gives some
ground for holding it as a distinct species. His description of the
animal and shell is as follows.
ANIMAL. Foot very broadly rounded, varying in colour from
orange or clear ochreous to nearly white. Head darker coloured, lips
rosy flesh-colour; tentacles very long and slender, with the eyes large
and distinct, at their external base; mantle coloured like the foot,
at margin, but its inner portion has a bright green tinge; mar-
ginal cirrhi very numerous and fine, tinged with purple at base,
yellowish-white elsewhere. Branchial plumule very long, its lamellæ
opposite and full of fine, transverse striæ, and not extending quite to
the base of the plumule, which is attached by a small, naked pedicle.
SHELL small, solid, conical, sometimes depressed, but generally
quite elevated ; apex acute, subcentral, and in the most elevated ones
nearly vertical, but in others slightly inclined forwards. There are
about ten or twelve rounded, somewhat nodular ribs, situated at the
sides and behind, and with only some minute, rather crowded ones in
front. Lines of growth crowded, rather lax; colour dirty-olive, darkest
between ribs, and dotted with whitish. Aperture rounded-ovate; within
bluish-white, with the central spatula very dark, greatly varied, but
commonly composed of longitudinal stripes, or annular spots, &c.
Margin crenulated by the ribs, the spaces answering to the ribs
.

GASTEROPOD A.
355
greenish-white, and the intervals black, which last spots are often
divided by several white lines.
Figure 459 d, profile of the shell and animal; 459 e, the animal,
from beneath.
There are no two shells more difficult to separate from each other
than L. viridula and L. zebrina. They both inhabit the same locali-
ties, and individuals might be selected so widely differing in form and
colouring as to constitute at least ten species, and it is only by observing
a large series that their alliance would be allowed. The elevation,
greater or less irregularity of surface, and the colouring of the spatula
at the fundus, are not to be relied on. The arrangement of the external
colours is the most certain diagnostic. In one, when held up to the
light, the markings are small, triangular, resembling a fine network,
arranged more densely in the interstices between the ribs. Among
them are some exactly resembling the figure of Lamarck's P. viridula,
in Delessert's Recueil; and among those we have all varieties, from
the elevated cone with a striped spatula, from Orange Harbour, to the
flat, eroded, beautifully marbled specimens from Valparaiso. In L.
zebrina, on the other hand, the ribs are less numerous, and the olive
colour is arranged in concentric series of large crescentic or arrow-
headed spots, giving the colour a coarse, zigzag aspect. These vary
less in altitude, and the central spatula is generally imperfect and
simple chestnut-coloured or entirely wanting.
а
Figure 459 b, flat, eroded variety, with a tortoise-shell spatula ; 459 C,
elevated variety, with striped spatula; 459 f, branchial plume.
LOTTIA ONYCHINA (Gould).
Testa deformis, tenuis, depressa, rotundato-ovata, costis obsoletis radian-
tibus ad viginti, et gradibus incrementi confertis laxis notata ; apice
subcentrali eroso: extus cinerea, interspatiis costarum plerumque fusco-
olivaceis ; intus lutea castaneo variegata ; margine acuto, irregulari.
Shell small, thin, irregular, depressed, broadly ovate, with twenty
or more obsolete, unequal ribs. The general colour is ashy green,
with deep olive stripes between the ribs. Besides this, the whole

356
MOLLUSCA.
surface is marked with fine radiating striæ, and by crowded loose
lines of growth, giving the surface a decomposing aspect. Mar-
gin sharp, irregular; interior mottled with cream-colour, and clear
chestnut-brown; central spatula thick, and well marked; a marginal
border is striped alternately chestnut and yellow, answering to the
ribs and intervening spaces. Summit eroded, dark brown.
Length four-fifths of an inch; breadth half an inch; height one-fourth
of an inch.
The specimens were marked Rio Janeiro, but they so much resem-
ble shells from the Pacific coast, that I think there must be some mis-
take. They especially resemble depressed specimens of L. scabra.
Figures 461, 461 a, 461 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell.
LOTTIA SCUTUM (EscHSCHOLTZ), as figured by D’ORBIGNY; Amer.
Merid., pl. 64, f. 8, 9. Varieties have also received from Eschscholtz
the names of Acmea persona, A. radiata, and A. ancylus.
The ANIMAL has the foot a light ochreous colour, lower part of head
the same, upper part, back of head and tentacles having a laky tinge;
tentacles long and slender, with the eyes at their base hardly apparent,
nearly on back part. Mantle lighter coloured than the foot, sometimes
faintly tinged with green, full of numerous transparent veins and
fringed with close-set, short, marginal cirrhi (almost as fine as hairs).
Branchial plumule elongated and slender, just apparent externally on
right side of the neck. Motions active. [J. P. c.]
Found in exposed situations near Vigna del Mar, Bay of Valpa-
raiso.
LOTTIA SCURRA? (LESSON).
ANIMAL almost colourless, except the head, which has a roseate
tint. Head very large, and the mouth furnished with a sort of fringed
lip, formed by a prolongation of the muzzle; tentacles very large and

GASTEROPOD A.
357
slender, faintly roseate, and having the eyes at their lateral and poste-
rior base, almost imperceptible; mantle colourless, finely fringed by
very short, marginal cirrhi, and having around its whole extent, near
the edge, a series of thin, large, obtusely triangular lamellæ, very
closely resembling branchiæ. The branchial organ, however, is very
large, and conspicuous externally on the right side of the neck. The
marginal lamellæ seem to unite this animal with Patella; but no
striæ, such as usually characterize branchiæ, were perceptible upon
them. As in L. zebrina, they seemed to communicate with the mar-
ginal cirrhi, and were at times quite turgid, while at others they were
flaccid and compressed. They were placed at right angles with the
margin, and about their width apart from each other. They were not
contractile, but capable of being erected and lowered at pleasure.
[J. P. c.]
Found imbedded in the stalks of Fuci, in the Bay of Valparaiso.
Very sluggish.
The animal of this shell, which is the Patella scurra of Lesson, or
an allied species, is worthy of notice on account of its approach to the
true Patella. This has been noticed by Lesson and D’Orbigny, and
also by Mr. J. E. Gray, in his Synopsis, when speaking of the genus
Scurra of Eschscholtz. The observations of Mr. Couthouy on this
animal, and upon that of L. zebrina, throw light on the equivocal
position of the groups. The genus Scurra may stand, based on this
character of the animal.
SIPHONARIA CORNUTA (Gould).
Testa rudis, fuliginosa, valdè depressa, per-inequilateralis, radiatim
striata, apice submediano, costis ad quindecim inequalibus, ultra mar-
ginem prolongatis, præcipuè costâ supra-siphonali : cavitas parva,
minimè profunda, dextrorsum effusa; limbo marginali expanso, albo,
vel fusco inter costas radiato.
Siphonaria cornuta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 153.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 11.
SHELL solid, very irregular and rugged, nearly flat, the apex
median, but with the siphonal side broadly expanded; colour dusky,
90

358
MOLLUSCA.
mixed with white; surface with about fifteen, unequal, somewhat
curved, triangular ribs, with fine, intervening striæ. Aperture ovate,
edge very irregularly and profoundly dentate by the prolongation of
the ribs, especially those over the siphonal canal. Cavity small and
shallow, the left margin rendered abrupt by a very thick callus over
the muscular impression, either yellowish or mottled with brown;
muscular cicatrix very strongly marked; siphonal canal deep, very
oblique; marginal limb broad, flattened, white or pencilled with
brown.
Length one inch; breadth four-fifths of an inch; height one-fifth of
an inch.
Inhabits the Sooloo Sea, Mangsi. C. Pickering.
This flattened, unsymmetrical shell, has a very small, shallow
cavity, limited to the muscular impression and included space, which
at one side is straight, abrupt, and excavated, while on the siphonal
side it is rounded, gently sloping, and effuse, so that the shell looks
much like the valve of an oyster. The rest of the under surface pre-
sents a broad, flattened margin. It is allied to S. atra, to which it
may possibly be traced by its varieties; but it is more elongated, less
symmetrical, and the ribs, which are much more numerous on the left
than on the right side, surpass the margin to a much greater extent.
Figures 467, 467 a, 467 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell.
SIPHONARIA INCULTA (Gould).
Testa parva, crassa, irregularis, depresso-conica, costulis viginti ad
viginti-quatuor radiata ; apice sub-centrali : cavositas profunda, latere
sinistro præcipiti, latere dextro declivi ; fundo fusco-nubeculato; cica-
trice musculari profundâ; limbo marginali expanso, sericeo, hepatico ;
margine costulis dentato.
Siphonaria inculta, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 153.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 11.

GASTEROPOD A.
359
ANIMAL bright yellow above, finely dotted with bronze-green near
the shell; beneath, the locomotive disk and head are bright yellow, the
mantle deep green, passing into yellow towards its edge. Head trans-
verse, not emarginate in front; eyes distinct, widely separated.
SHELL small, solid, very irregular in all its outlines, very inequi-
lateral, moderately elevated, the apex nearly median, with about
twenty to twenty-four rather large, unequal ribs. Exterior eroded
and covered with an ashy deposit. Aperture somewhat semicircular,
the siphonal edge being rounded, and the opposite one being nearly
straight. Cavity rather deep, the wall on the right side being pre-
cipitous, while on the siphonal side it is gradually sloping; fundus
with a thick callus, black or mottled with brown; muscular cicatrix
very strongly marked; marginal limb expanded, liver-coloured, with
a silky lustre, edge denticulated and tipped with yellowish.
Length seven-tenths of an inch ; width seven-twentieths of an inch;
height one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
Differs from S. cornuta in being smaller, less depressed, with more
numerous, smaller, and less angular ribs, and by its coloration. Its
cavity is deeper, but in respect to the straight, abrupt wall of callus on
the one side and gentle slope on the other, it is similar. It may be
known by its rude aspect, and its liver-brown interior margin.
Figure 465, exterior of the shell; 465 a, profile view of the shell,
and animal; 465 b, locomotive disk of the animal.
SIPHONARIĄ NORMALIS (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, symmetrica, basi rotundata, elevato-conica, fusco-
cinerea, creberrimè costato-striata, striis subequalibus: subtus fundo
castaneo, limbo marginali mustelino; cicatrice benè impressã; labio
acuto, ad canalem siphonalem angulato, albido lineolato.
Siphonaria normalis, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
154. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 12.

360
MOLLUSCA.
Shell small and delicate, nearly circular at base, but a little angu-
lar where the siphon issues. The shell is quite regularly conical,
elevated, the apex entire, acute, recurved; smoky ash-colour; surface
covered with numerous, crowded rib-striæ, of which about every fourth
one is larger; the lines of growth are very delicate, rather irregular,
and merely give the surface a dead ground. Muscular scar narrow,
but well impressed, within which the colour is chestnut, and outside
of it mouse-coloured, lineated with paler to correspond with the ribs ;
edge sharp and very delicately crenulated.
Length two-fifths of an inch; breadth seven-twentieths; height three-
twentieths.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
A small, delicate species, very different from any I have seen. Its
circular base and regular conical form, with its very numerous and
nearly equal rib-striæ, and its peculiar pale chocolate-colour distin-
guish it.
Figures 468, 468 a, 468 b, three views of the shell.
SIPHONARIA LEPIDA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, ovato-rotundata, depresso-conica, cinereo-olivacea
interdum violaceo tincta ; apice submediano, obtuso; costis radiantibus
numerosis depressis, quorum ad duodecim majoribus, albicantibus ;
striis incrementi confertis, laxis: intus livida, albido radiatim lineata ;
margine vix crenulato, pallescente.
Siphonaria lepida, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 154.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 11.
ANIMAL pale blue, thickly dotted with black, above; locomotive
disk oval, deep olive-green; mantle pale, nearly colourless; head
small, transverse.
SHELL small, thin, rounded-ovate at base, with a salient siphonal
angle, of a low pyramidal form, the summit obtuse, and nearly cen-

GASTEROPOD A.
361
tral. The surface is marked with slightly elevated, rounded, radia-
ting ribs, of which some twelve are more developed than the inter-
vening ones, and of a paler colour. The lines of increment are
crowded, and rather loosely adhering, giving the surface a slightly
scaly appearance; the general colour is pale ashy-green, with tints of
violet, especially between the ribs and on old specimens. The interior
is pale livid, with whitish radiations corresponding to the ribs; the
margin is paler, sharp, somewhat lobed (in young specimens) by the
projection of the larger ribs. Muscular impression faint.
Length nine-twentieths of an inch; width seven-twentieths; height
three-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Rio Janeiro.
Allied to S. plicata, Quoy: which, however, is described as solid; its
summit inclined backwards; its ribs equal; its interior pale horn-
colour, radiated with pairs of reddish lines; and it is also an inhabi-
tant of a very distant locality,—the Tonga Islands.
Figure 466, the exterior of the shell; 466 a, profile of the shell and
animal; 466 b, the animal, from below; 466 c, interior of the shell.
SIPHONARIA LESSONI (BLAINVILLE), Malacol., pl. 44, f. 2. D’OR-
BIGNY; Amer. Merid., p. 56, f. 12–14. LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert.,
vii. 562.
ANIMAL deep purplish or bluish black, finely speckled with white
dots, and with a faint, ochreous margin to the foot. Cephalic mass
very broad and deep, slightly notched in front; eyes apparent, ap-
proximate, at its median anterior portion; underneath pale ochreous,
as is the foot, with a slaty hue in addition. In some individuals the
foot is altogether a pale slate-colour. Siphonal duplication adherent
at its anterior portion to the margin of the mantle, and extending
nearly parallel with it as far as the respiratory cavity, whence it is
prolonged outwardly in the form of an oblong flap, whose margins are
undulate or plicate, and its posterior end free. Mantle pale slate-
colour, its margins ornamented with short, black lineations, corre-
sponding to the crenulations on the margin of the shell. In young
91

362
MOLLUSCA.
specimens, the animal is quite black, the shell perfectly smooth, black
and shining, with the apex always much recurved. [J. P. c.]
Figure 463, lateral view of the animal and shell; 463 a, foot of the
animal; 463 b, head of the animal in detail.
D’Orbigny regards all the shells of this type found in the vicinity
of Cape Horn as belonging to the same species. He says, “It inhabits
,
all the southern region along the Atlantic shore, and for 12° along the
Pacific coast. All the specimens from the Atlantic are nearly smooth,
the summit elevated and very oblique; those from the Pacific, on the
contrary, have quite well-marked ribs. All their other characters
being the same, these differences do not seem sufficient to distinguish
them specifically."
Mr. Couthouy, on the other hand, from careful examination of the
shells and animals of numerous individuals, comes to a different con-
clusion, and makes at least three species. We give them as deter-
mined by his observations.
SIPHONARIA ANTARCTICA (Couthouy MS.)
Testa depresso-conica, oblongo-ovata, antrorsum angustata; apice sub-
centrali, sinistrorsum inclinato; striis radiantibus ad sexaginta in-
sculpta, interstitiis castaneis: intus hepatica, margine pallido, crenu-
lato; angulo siphonali modico; cicatrice valdè impresso.
ANIMAL dull grayish or leaden colour, with rather sparse, prominent,
pale yellow tubercles scattered over it; foot more oblong than in S.
Lessoni, and of a clear ochreous yellow extending up some distance on
its external margin. Head somewhat shorter and broader than in
that species. But the principal specific distinction is in the position
of the eyes, which are widely apart, about one-third the space from
the lateral margin to the middle of the head, instead of the reverse.
Mantle ochreous yellow, with brown marginal lineations correspond-
ing to the indentures of the shell.
Shell rather depressed-conical, oblong-oval
, narrowed anteriorly;
apex nearly median, sub-central, very slightly inclined to the left, sub-
acute, usually somewhat eroded. Surface with from fifty to sixty

GASTEROPOD A.
363
radiating, greenish-brown costæ, with the intervening sulci dark chest-
nut; towards the apex a leaden colour prevails. Within deep shining
brown, inclining to opalescent, margin distinctly crenulated, whitish,
with the sulci showing through of a clear brown. The striæ are
roughened by the intersection of the coarse, uneven lines of growth.
Siphonal margin slightly projecting; impression slight, but the mus-
cular cicatrix is deeply impressed; on each side of the head and
near the siphonal exit are three deep impressions across the muscular
scar, and these are observable in all Siphonariæ, indicating some
peculiar arrangement of the muscle of attachment.
Figure 464, profile view of the animal, with the shell; 464 a, foot of
the animal; 464 b, detailed view of the head.
SIPHONARIA LATERALIS (Couthouy MS.)
Testa parva, fragilis, inequilateralis, perobliqua, oblongo-ovalis, olivacea,
sursum fuscescens, costulis radiantibus ad viginti-quinque obtusis, no-
dosis, subequalibus : intus hepatica ; cicatrice musculari inconspicuå.
Siphonaria lateralis (CouTHOUY MS.) Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., ii. 153. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 11.
ANIMAL much smaller compared with the shell than that of S. Les-
soni, being easily contained within it. Body and mantle of a dark
olive-green. Siphonal fold paler and unusually small. Head rather
small and scarcely emarginate in front; an indistinct black line sur-
rounds the inferior face of the cephalic mass, and a reddish ring sur-
rounds the mouth; remainder of the head dark slate-coloured, as is also
the foot, except an ochreous border on the margin above. Eyes very
small. [J. P. c.]
Shell small and thin, fragile, oblong-oval, diagonally very oblique,
apex elevated, acutely prolonged and recurved, nearly posterior, and
at the left side, which is nearly rectilinear and vertical, while the right
side is gradually sloping and curvilinear, scarcely modified by a sipho-
nal angle. Surface dusky brown, rather rough, and furrowed by about
twenty-five slight, rounded, undulating ribs, roughened by small tu-

364
MOLLUSCA.
bercles. Interior, shining, of a reddish chestnut or liver brown colour,
pale and slightly crenulated at the edge. Muscular impression faint.
Length three-fifths of an inch; breadth two-fifths; height one-fifth
of an inch.
Obtained at Burnt Island, Orange Harbour.
Were it not for constant differences in the animal and shell, this
might be regarded as the young of the very variable S. Lessoni. But
the apex, upon examination, never appears to have been so oblique at
any stage of growth, nor so much prolonged or acute; nor the surface
so roughly ribbed. Its shape is very odd, and it looks as if the left side
had been half cut away.
Figure 462, the back of the shell; 462 a, 462 b, lateral and inferior
views of the animal, with the shell.
FISSURELLA OCCIDENS (Gould).
Testa ovata, conica, valdè elevata, radiatim multistriata, fasciis atro-
purpureis ad quindecim et fasciis rosaceis alternantibus radiata,
apice subcentrali : apertura ovata : facies interna nivea, margine la-
tiusculo, viridulo vel fusco tessellato: fissura rotundato-ovalis.
Fissurella occidens, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 156.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 13.
SHELL very elevated, conical, apex nearly central. Surface with
fine radiating striæ, and coloured with alternate rays of dark purple
and light rose-colour, about fifteen of each. Aperture ovate. Interior
pure dead-white, the margin dark greenish or livid, or with dusky
spots answering to the dark rays. Fissure short, rounded oval.
Length one inch and three-tenths; breadth one inch and one-tenth;
height eleven-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Callao, Peru.

GASTEROPOD A.
365
A remarkably elevated species, and conspicuous for its dark, radiate
exterior. Sometimes there are also concentric bands of lighter colour.
In some specimens the aperture is nearly circular, in others elongated-
ovate. In shape and colour it agrees with F. Caffra, Chemnitz, from
the Cape of Good Hope, and also with F. afra, Quoy, from the Cape
de Verde Islands..
Figures 473, 473 a, 473 b, three views of the shell.
1
FISSURELLA CRUCIATA (Gould).
Testa parvula, tenuis, nitida, elongato-ovata, arcuatim elevata, costulis
radiantibus eminentibus ad triginta cum filis confertis, ordinatis
concentricis decussata ; apice anteriori, fissurâ elongatâ; coloribus ni-
gris et albis cruciatim signata: intus nitida, livido et albo picta; mar-
gine crenulato.
Fissurella cruciata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
156. August 1846.
SHELL minute, thin, shining, elongated-ovate, somewhat arched,
rounded at extremities, apex elevated at the anterior third, with a key-
hole perforation slightly contracted at the sides. Surface sculptured
with about thirty elevated, rounded, radiating ribs, for the most part
alternately larger and smaller. These are crossed by concentric series
of regularly and closely arranged elevated threads, which are slightly
imbricated, giving the surface a beautifully cancellated appearance.
Colours black and white, arranged so that radiating patches of black
correspond to the two diameters, and of white to the two diagonals,
the latter not continued to the margin. Edge very finely crenulated.
Interior white and shining, but blue at the parts which correspond to
the black of the exterior. A thick callus fortifies the perforation.
Length two-fifths of an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch ; height
one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits the Sooloo Sea.
This very closely resembles F. minuta, Sowerby (Conch. Ill. f. 16),
92

366
MOLLUSCA.
but is nearly twice as large, more elevated, and proportionally broader;
the sculpture is more in relief, especially the radiating ribs, and the
blue circle around the fissural opening is wanting.
Figure 474, 474 a, 474 b, dorsal, interior, and profile views of the
shell; 474 c, details of sculpture, enlarged.
FISSURELLA VERNA (Gould).
Testa solida, striata, ovalis, symmetrica, depresso-conica, cinereo-viri-
descens, atro-purpureo radiata, costis ad viginti vel triginta sub-eleva-
tis, planis, interstitiis adequantibus ; vertice subcentrali, purpureo:
fissura parva, ovalis ; margine crenato: intus alliacea, fissure limbo
radiatim striato, purpureo marginato.
i
Fissurella verna, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 155.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 13.
a
SHELL symmetrical, solid, depressed-conical, of a greenish ash-
colour, and broadly rayed with dark purple; apex nearly central,
purple at tip. Surface with a thin epidermis, and with about twenty to
thirty depressed, nearly equal, flattish ribs, the intervening spaces of
about an equal width, and subdivided by one or two striæ. Aperture
regularly oval, edge coarsely scolloped. Interior of a pale verdigris
or leek-green colour. Fissure small, oval, surrounded interiorly with
a finely striated callus margined with bluish.
Length an inch and two-fifths; width an inch and one-fifth; height
half an inch.
Another specimen is smaller, more solid, more elevated and rounded,
externally cinereous, the ribs smaller and rounded, without radiating
striæ, and without purple rays, but sometimes with dots about the
apex; outline arched-conical, fissure elongated. Interior very pale
green, the internal callus sometimes surrounded with violet; margin
crenated on a smaller scale.
Inhabits Porto Praya, Cape de Verde Islands.

GASTEROPOD A.
367
Much like F. obtusa, Sowb., but more elongated, and with its ribs,
more numerous rays and faintly scolloped margin, as well as its dis-
tant locality, it may be regarded as a different species. Some speci-
mens are not rayed, and others are entirely dark purple.
Figures 472, 472 a, dorsal and interior views of the shell; 472b, pro-
file view ; 472 c, dorsal view of the small variety.
FISSURELLA CRATITIA (Gould).
Testa solida, elevata, ovalis, albida, radiis fuscis ad sexdecim picta,
lineis elevatis radiantibus et concentricis sub-equalibus profundè im-
bricato-cancellata : apice sub-centrali, intus alba ; margine inequaliter
crenulato : foramen apicalis sub-rotunda.
Fissurella cratitia, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 155.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 13.
SHELL solid, oblong-oval at base, the apex elevated, and somewhat
anterior. Colour whitish, with about sixteen rays of dusky brown.
Surface marked with small, radiating, elevated striæ, some of which
might be called ribs, crossed by obtuse, concentric, somewhat imbri-
cated lamellæ, thus forming deep cancelli. Foramen rather large,
rounded oval. Interior white; margin irregularly crenulated, and
often striated.
Length two inches; breadth an inch and two-fifths; height half an
inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound. C. Pickering.
It has the general aspect of F. maxima, but is sculptured like F.
Græca.
Figure 471, dorsal view of the shell; 471 a, profile view of the
shell.
FISSURELLA PICTA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., vii. 590. Sow-
ERBY ; Conch. Ill., f. 4, 26.

368
MOLLUSCA.
ANIMAL with the head conical, prolonged almost into a proboscis,
with the tentacles very stout, conical, having a large oval protube-
rance at their base, on the summit of which are the eyes, which are
large and deep black; below the tentacles, on each of the inferior sides
of the head, is a longitudinal series of coarse tubercles, extending to
the junction of the head with the foot. There is no neck or constric-
tion behind the head. Mouth at the extremity of the cephalic mass,
vertical, the lips thick and rugose, forming a prominent convexity
around it, and occupying the whole of the extremity. Body dark
purple, with olive and blackish cloudings in large blotches, furrowed
with intersecting ruge, coarsest towards the margin of the foot, which
is bordered with ochreous; head and tentacles umber, clouded purple
and ochreous. Foot regularly oval, flesh-coloured, with a tinge of
yellow towards the edges. Mantle coloured like the foot, the edge
ornamented with a beautiful arborescent fringe, whose border is
clouded orange and purple.
In crawling, the foot is extended beyond the posterior margin of the
shell, while the head is rarely protruded farther than the base of the
tentacles, and only the extreme of the fringe is visible surrounding the
shell. [J. P. c.]
Inhabits Orange Harbour.
Figure 469, the animal, as in motion ; 469 a, the locomotive disk.
RIMULA CUCULLATA (Gould).
Testa solida, cinerea, per-inequilateralis, costis ad quadriginta acutis,
compressis, majoribus et minoribus alternantibus radiata, et striis
concentricis confertis muricata ; apice elevato, acuto, adunco, prorsum
spectante: fissura lanceolata : apertura ovata; margine sulcis inequa-
libus alternantibus crenulato : facies interna porcellana ; fornice tenui,
simplici, arcuato.
Rimula cucullata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 159.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 14.
Shell rather solid, ovate at the base, and rising to form an elevated,

GASTEROPOD A.
369
oblique cone, having the apex at the posterior fourth of the shell, so
that the anterior slope is moderate, while the posterior slope is nearly
vertical. The apex is prominent, acute; reaching forwards like a
curved beak. The colour is dirty cinereous. The surface is radiated
by sharp, prominent, compressed ribs, which are alternately larger
and smaller, to the number of about forty; and these are crossed by
very fine and crowded concentric lines, by which they are delicately
muricated. Fissure narrow, and narrowing upwards. The interior
is porcelain-white; the edge is beautifully crenulated by regular fur-
rows, alternately longer and shorter, deeper and shallower, answering
to the external ribs. The fissure is rounded, and the vault enclosing
it is thin, simple, semicircular, and without callus at the summit.
Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth seven-sixteenths of an inch;
height three-eighths of an inch.
Brought up on the anchor, Puget Sound, Oregon.
A very curious and large species, and its inequilateral form gives it
a resemblance to Hipponix. It is much less elevated in proportion to
its base than any other known species. The ribs are very regular,
and sometimes still finer radiating lines are found in the interstices.
Figures 475, 475 a, 475 b, dorsal, interior, and profile views of the
shell; 475 c, details of sculpture, magnified.
RIMULA GALEATA (Gould).
Testa solida, cinerea, elevata, globoso-conica, apice centrali, acuto, pror-
sum porrecto, striis filiformibus confertis radiata, et striis minoribus
concentricis decussata : fissura brevis, fusiformis : apertura rotun-
dato-ovalis ; margine expanso, acuto, minutissimè crenulato; fornice
costâ transversali anticè suffulto, fossam trigonalem utroque latere
formante.
Rimula galeata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 159.
August 1846. Expedition Shells, 14.
93

370
MOLLUSCA.
SHELL solid, ashy-white, erect, elevated conic, with the outline
somewhat convex; the apex central, elevated, acute, and reaching for-
wards and upwards. Surface radiated with numerous nearly equal
raised lines, which are decussated by much finer concentric striæ : fis-
sure small. Aperture rounded-oval, the margin expanded and thinned
to a sharp edge, which is minutely crenulated. The fornix is circu-
larly arched over a short sulcus, and in front of it, near the summit,
runs a transverse rib, leaving between it and the fornix, on either
side, a triangular pit. The summit also appears to be filled with
callus. Colour greenish-white within.
Length nine-twentieths of an inch; breadth eight-twentieths of an
inch; height eight-twentieths of an inch.
Dredged at Puget Sound. Lieutenant Case.
Nearly as large, but differing altogether from the preceding in its
shape, sculpture, and the interior rib, which props the fornix, and
leaves two pits, which, with the fissure, would suggest the openings for
the eyes and nose in the human skull. The little thread-like ribs are
more or less alternately larger and smaller.
It is not a little singular that this small genus, comprising so few
species, should be so widely distributed, being found in the temperate
seas north and south of the Equator in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.
Figures 476, 476 a, 476 b, dorsal, interior, and profile views of the
shell; 476 c, details of sculpture, magnified.
RIMULA CONICA (D’ORBIGNY), Voy. dans l’Amer. Merid., 471, pl.
78, f. 10, 11.
ANIMAL colourless, foot oblong-oval, narrow; head very large, not
forming a proboscis on the under side, as in Patella, but exhibiting a
circular orifice, in which is seen the true mouth, vertical, with a pro-
tuberant fleshy lip on each side; the tentacles originate from the
lower and back part of the head, very long and slender, having the
eyes very large and bright on a lateral enlargement, at the inferior
third, immediately behind which, like a sort of spur, arises a second
short, conical pair; these and the tentacles proper are continually in

GASTEROPOD A.
371
motion. Mantle furnished with numerous short, filiform cirrhi. Bran-
chial tubes ten on each side, obtusely conical, distant, surrounding the
foot except anteriorly.
Several specimens were brought up on the cable in Scapenham
Bay, Cape Horn. [J. P. c.]
The shell agrees sufficiently well with the description given by
D’Orbigny, though it is not quite certain to be the same species.
But the description of the animal is principally important, inasmuch
as it has not as yet been accurately observed and figured. From the
above description, and from that of the succeeding species, a good
idea of the generic characters of the animal may be derived.
Figure 477, the animal, from beneath, magnified ; 477 a, 477 b,
superior and inferior views of the head, magnified ; 477 c, the shell, in
profile; 477 d, natural size; 477 e, sculpture, magnified.
RIMULA COGNATA (Gould).
Testa conica, alba, radiatim costulata ; apice incurvato; apertura ro-
tundato-ovalis.
ANIMAL having a general resemblance to that of Patella, but more
elongated, and, in addition to the usual number of tentacles, has
two short conical ones projecting laterally from the posterior base of
the regular ones. Eyes distinct, at the lower third of the tentacles.
Mantle fringed with cirrhi. Branchiæ placed between the foot and
the mantle, extending around the foot, in the shape of sparse conical
tubes, somewhat resembling the branchial leaflets of Chiton, fourteen
or more on each side. Fæcal matters ejected from the vertical fis-
sure. Tentacles constantly in motion, switching to and fro. Motions
rapid. [J. P. c.]
SHELL small, conical, with the apex curved, and the surface orna-
mented with radiating ribs of nearly uniform size; aperture rounded
oval. Colour ashy-white.
Dredged in sixteen fathoms water, Orange Harbour.

372
MOLLUSCA.
This little species is similar to the preceding, but is less elevated,
and the ribs are more uniform. It is also quite like R. Noachina.
Figure 478, dorsal view of the shell: 478a, foot of the animal; 4786,
profile of the shell, with the animal; 478 c, head and tentacles in out-
C,
line, enlarged.
EMARGINULA ASPERA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, depresso-conica, fuliginosa ; costis elevatis quadratis
plerumque duplicibus ad decem albidis, ad intervallos striis crebris
decussantibus exasperatis ; vertice subcentrali, acuto, recurvo: intus
glauca, albido-radiata ; margine denticulato: incisura angusta, pro-
funda, intus in canalem versus apicem producta.
Emarginula aspera, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
154. August, 1846. Expedition Shells, 12.
SHELL small, thin, depressed-conical; apex subcentral, acute, re-
curved; surface sculptured with ten or twelve principal ribs, which
are square, and extend beyond the general margin, the four anterior
ones being much the largest, and double; intervening spaces finely
grooved with sharp radiating striæ, all finely imbricated by very
numerous distinct lines of growth, rendering the surface like a rasp.
Colour smoky black. Apex and ribs white; interior bluish-green,
rayed with white at the ribs. Margin finely serrate, deep green.
Fissure narrow and deep, with a channel prolonged to the apex.
a
Length four-tenths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch;
height three-twentieths of an inch.
Obtained at Sydney, New South Wales.
Much like E. rugosa, Quoy, in size and form, but altogether diffe-
rent in colour, sculpture, and in the larger size of the notch.
Figures 493, 493 a, 493 b, three views of the shell; 493 c, details of
sculpture, enlarged.

GASTEROPOD A.
373
EMARGINULA OSSEA (Gould).
Testa crassa, rudis, albida, oblongo-elliptica, costis, radiantibus nume-
rosis inequalibus acutis, et striis incrementi decussata; basi arcuato,
margine crenulato; cicatrice musculari benè impressâ : incisura haud
profunda, intus vix in canalem producta.
Emarginula ossea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 155.
August, 1846. Expedition Shells, 12.
SHELL solid, rugged, white, sub-quadrate, rounded at angles; apex
central, obtuse; striæ of growth coarse, barred by numerous highly
raised, rude, compressed ribs, of which about twelve (some double)
are larger than the rest. Muscular impression very deep; margin
coarsely crenulated. Fissure deep, abrupt; scarcely prolonged by a
channel.
Length six-tenths of an inch; breadth nine-twentieths of an inch;
height three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
It is allied to E. australis, Quoy, but is much smaller and less
deeply chequered.
Figures 492, 492 a, 492 b, dorsal, interior, and profile views of the
shell; 492 c, details of sculpture, enlarged.
EMARGINULA CINEREA (Gould).
Testa cinerea, E. osseo similis, sed tenuior, altior, magis disposité et
delicatè clathrata: cicatrice musculari inconspicuâ : incisura minimè
profunda, in canalem interiorem valdè insignem producta.
Emarginula cinerea, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
155. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 13.
94

374
MOLLUSCA.
SHELL thin, whitish, a little clouded, short elliptical; apex central,
erect, lines of growth distant and prominent, barred by about eighteen
principal compressed ribs, having usually three smaller ones in the
intervening spaces, producing a finely clathrate substance. Interior
whitish, muscular impression faint; margin slightly crenulate; fissure
shallow, prolonged by a conspicuous lanceolate canal.
Length five-eighths of an inch ; breadth four-eighths; height three-
eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Similar to the preceding, but far less solid, and much more regu-
larly and delicately cross-barred; and if the size of the notch, the
development of its canal, and the depth of the muscular impression,
are important characters, these are certainly distinct species.
Figures 494, 494 a, 494 b, three views of the shell; 494 c, details of
sculpture, enlarged.
EMARGINULA FUNGINA (Gould).
Testa parva, solidula, elliptica, cinereo-virens; costis radiantibus, par-
vulis, quarta quaque majori, rotundatis; apice mediano, erecto: intus
viridula, cicatrice musculari intrinsecus atri-limbatâ; margine sma-
ragdino, eleganter crenulato: incisura lata, modicè profunda, intus in
canalem ad verticem producta.
Emarginula fungina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
154. August, 1846. Expedition Shells, 12.
SHELL regularly oval, rather solid, of an ashy-green colour; apex cen-
tral, erect; surface ornamented with small, rounded ribs, about twelve
of which are larger than the rest, having usually three smaller ones in
the intervening spaces. Interior greenish, the muscular impression
having its inner margin edged with pitchy-black. Margin regularly
and deeply crenulated, and deeper green. Notch broad and deep,
having a short, shallow channel within, terminating at the muscular
impression.

GASTEROPOD A.
375
Length half an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch; height one-
fifth of an inch.
Inhabits Upolu, Samoa Islands.
A very pretty species, somewhat resembling E. parmophoidea,
Quoy, but differs in the dark colouring along the inner margin of the
muscular impression, forming the figure of a mushroom, and in the
greater development of the notch.
1
Figures 491, 491 a, 491 b, dorsal, interior, and profile views of the
shell; 491 c, details of sculpture, enlarged.
,
CREPIDULA ROSTRIFORMIS (Gould).
Testa solida, lavis, castanea, elevata, recurva, ad basim rotundato-ovalis ,
apice postico, adunco: lamina interna angusta, alba, profundè sita, ver-
sus apicem penetrans : margine arcuatim sinuato.
Crepidula rostriformis, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
160. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 14.
SHELL solid, nearly circular at base, elevated, and curved back-
wards so as to resemble a short, thick beak, like that of a parrot.
The apex is pointed, hooked, and projects beyond the posterior
margin of the base. The surface is smooth, regular, and somewhat
polished, of a pale chestnut-colour. The interior very pale chestnut,
covered with a whitish bloom. The lamella is white, very short; its
anterior edge deeply and regularly curved, thin at the middle, and
thickened at the sides : along its lower face a cavity penetrates into
the beak.
a
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth half an inch; height three-
eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Straits of De Fuca, Oregon.
I am acquainted with no other species where the apex is so elevated
and so remote from the margin of the shell. It looks like a very ob-

376
MOLLUSCA.
tuse-angled bird's beak. The specimen examined had numerous rib-
like folds on the surface, which were probably caused by its adhesion
to some ribbed shell. Some specimens since received from Upper
California confirm this last supposition.
Figures 482, 482 a, 482 b, outside, inside, and lateral views of the
shell.
CREPIDULA LINGULATA (Gould).
Testa parva, depressa, obliqua, rotundata, alba, lineis numerosis crebrè
divaricantibus radiata, epidermide pallido induta; apice acuto, libero,
propè marginem sito: intus lutescens ; septo linguiformi, excavato, ad
medium carinâ diviso et obliquè protruso, ad latus sinistrum profundè
sinuato.
Crepidula lingulata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
160. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 15.
SHELL small, depressed, thick at the centre, but flattened and thin-
ning towards the margin, rounded at base, the apex free, acute,
slightly curving to the right, the surface near the margin fur-
rowed with numerous, delicate, radiating lines, which branch very
frequently, and covered with a very delicate, pale, fugacious epider-
mis. Interior pale brownish-yellow, with a broadly expanded flat
margin. The septum is small, white, excavated; divided by a deli-
cate ridge, deeply detached from the left side, and at the middle pro-
jecting far and obliquely.
Diameter half an inch; altitude three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
Like S. capensis, Quoy. The only specimen examined seems to
have been convex and solid in its early growth, afterwards becoming
flat. Its rounded outline and flat form might lead one to suppose it
identical with C. nummaria, were not the septum so different.
Figures 481, 481 a, 481b, exterior, interior, and profile views of the
shell; 481 c, details of sculpture, enlarged.
,

GASTEROPOD A.
377
CREPIDULA NUMMARIA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, explanata, circularis, alba, striis incrementalibus laxis in-
sculpta, epidermide flavo-corneâ induta; apice vix conspicuo, margi-
nali: septum internum latius quàm longum, deorsum fornicatum ;
margine flexuoso: cavositas ferè nulla.
Crepidula nummaria, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
160. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 15.
SHELL thin, white, circular, and perfectly flat, externally wrinkled
by the loose stages of growth, and covered by a thick, yellowish epi-
dermis. The apex is marginal and scarcely visible. The internal
lamella is broader than long, arching, so as to enlarge the cavity which
would otherwise be almost nothing. Its edge is flexuous, retreating
near the middle.
Diameter three-fourths of an inch.
Obtained at Classet, Straits of De Fuca, Oregon.
This very peculiar shell is well characterized by its perfectly flat,
circular form. It probably grew within some other shell, and other
specimens may be found moulded into a different form. It is sepa-
rated from C. lingulata by the form of its septum.
Figures 480, 480 a, 480 b, superior, inferior, and lateral views of the
shell.
CREPIDULA COSTATA (DESHAYES), in LAMARCK, Anim. sans. Vert.,
vii. 644. Quoy and GAIMARD; Voy. de l'Astrol., pl. 72, f. 10–12.
ANIMAL with the foot colourless, linguiform, short; mantle greenish-
yellow, shaded and edged with azure; head small, distinct, bilobate ;
tentacles subulate, with the eyes near the external base.
95

378
MOLLUSCA.
Figure 479, the animal, as seen from below.
LEPTOCONCHUS MADREPORARUM (Sowerby), Gould.
Purpura monodonta, Quoy and GAIMARD; Voy. de l'Astrol., pl. 37,
f. 9–11. Purpura madreporarum, SOWERBY; Genera No. 42; REEVE;
Conch. Icon., f. 69.
ANIMAL with its mantle lining the whole shell; ciliated at the mar-
gin, with an anterior fissure in front of the head. The foot is small,
being about half the length and breadth of the shell, oval; in front of
the foot are two cervical appendages, meeting broadly at the median line,
and tapering to each side. Head very narrow, elongated, with a longi-
tudinal, oval cleft below; it is apparently incapable of being advanced
to the edge of the shell. Tentacles large, long, subulate; the eyes
without pedicles near the terminal third.
Foot deep orange-co-
loured ; cervical appendages roseate; head and tentacles lemon-
yellow. Eyes black. Mantle very densely and beautifully dotted
with lilac.
It is to be regretted that no notes were to be found concerning this
interesting animal, and that we are left entirely to the figure for the
above characters. Indeed, it was for a long time doubtful to what
shell the animal belonged, until, happily, the identical shell figured
in outline with the animal, was found, and proved to be a very small
and distorted specimen of the shell, well known in most cabinets
under the name of Purpura monodonta or madreporarum. It is
plainly not a Purpura, and allied to the genus Crepidula rather than
to Purpura. I have ventured to place it under the genus Lepto-
conchus, which has also been grouped with the Purpuradæ, because
the shell is very like the only species of Leptoconchus yet designated.
At any rate, the animal is so peculiar as to justify its removal from
Purpura, and to give it generic rank.
The shell figured was found among corals at Wake's Island, and the
species is common throughout the low islands to the Samoa Islands.
It is obviously often variously distorted, to accommodate itself to the
fissures among the coral where it lives.

GASTEROPOD A.
379
Figure 483, animal, with the shell, seen from beneath; 483 a, aper-
ture of the shell, normal form ; 483 b, 483 c, outlines of a variety.
CALYPTRÆA FASTIGIATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, lævis, rotundata, elevato-conica, concentricè et
tenuissimè striata, epidermide fuscescente induta ; spirâ anfractibus
tribus planulatis, apice sub-mediano, acuto: lamella interna spiralis,
striata ; margine soluto, ad centrum duplicato, haud appresso, umbili-
cum parvum efformante.
Calyptræa fastigiata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
161. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 15.
SHELL small, thin, smooth, rounded at base, elevated-conical ; the
apex central, acute; the spire composed of three flattened whorls.
Surface faintly marked by very delicate lines of growth, and covered
by a thin, pale-yellow epidermis. Interior white, with a spiral
a
,
lamella (septum) commencing at the vertex, and making half a revo-
lution, terminating at the margin; its free edge folded.
Diameter half an inch ; altitude five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
In shape, size, and interior, scarcely differing from C. pileolus,
D’Orbigny. But that shell has a rough surface, is white, and is
ribbed about the vertex. It is also like C. squama, Deshayes.
Figures 484, 484 a, 484 b, dorsal, basal, and lateral views of the
shell.
HIPPONIX IMBRICATA (Gould).
Testa solida, obliquè elevato-conica, rubescens, costulis acutis radiantibus
quadraginta ad quinquaginta, et lamellis concentricis concinnè imbri-
cato-clathrata ; apice submediano: apertura rotundata-ovata: intus
coccinea.

380
MOLLUSCA.
Hipponix imbricata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
161. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 16.
SHELL small, solid, of a slight fleshy tint, in the form of an ele-
vated, slightly oblique cone. The surface is rayed with forty to fifty
sharp, elevated, regularly disposed, occasionally divaricating ribs,
and these are crossed by the lamellæ of growth, which are distant,
regularly disposed, and as they pass over the ribs and intervening
spaces, form beautifully vaulted tile-work. The aperture is rounded-
ovate, the margin expanded and fringed with the terminations of the
ribs, and the interior is coloured deep crimson. Muscular cicatrices
well impressed
Greatest diameter about two-fifths of an inch. Length, breadth,
and height, in the proportion of 13, 11, 8.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
coarser.
Most like H. pilosa in sculpture, though the pattern is much
The apex is far more central and elevated. The colour of
the interior is like H. foliacea, Quoy, but more intense.
Figures 490, 490 a, 490 b, outer, inner, and profile views of the
shell; 490 c, details of sculpture, enlarged.
CALYPTRÆA CHLORINA (Gould).
Testa irregularis, tenuis, concentricè undosa, lineis elevatis acutis con-
fertis radiata, ad basim subcircularis, obliquè pyramidata, epidermide
tenui chlorino induta ; apice elevato, postico, spirali, cernuo: intus
nitida, porcellana; margine evoluto, acuto; laminâ interiori semi-
cyathiformi, brevi, reflexâ, obliquè truncatâ.
Calyptræa chlorina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
161. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 16.
Shell irregular, thin, waved concentrically, obliquely pyramidal,
subcircular at base, marked with crowded, raised, acute, radiating
lines, and covered with a thin, greenish-yellow epidermis; apex ele-
GASTEROPOD A.
381
*

vated, spirally nodding behind the centre. Within, porcelain-white
and glistening; margin acute, everted; interior lamina the vertical
half of an inverted cone, short, obliquely truncated, inclining back-
wards.
Length half an inch; breadth three-fifths of an inch; height one-
fourth of an inch.
Obtained at Porto Praya, Cape de Verde Islands.
Allied to C. equestris. Its depressed, orbicular, and comparatively
regular form, its short cup, and its colour, are its characteristics.
Figures 487, 487 a, 487 b, back, base, and side of the shell; 487 C,
details of sculpture, magnified ; 487 d, the cup.
CALYPTRÆA RADIOSA (Gould ).
Testa irregularis, tenuis, alba, lucida, ad basim rotundata, obliquè
globoso-conica, lineis acutis numerosis elevatis cum striis tenuissimis
intercalariis radiata ; apice postico, obtuso: lamella interna elongata,
semi-volutata, per-obliquè truncata; basi attenuato; cornubus lanceo-
latis.
C. radiosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 161. Aug.
1846. Expedition Shells, 15.
Shell irregular, the vertex elevated, somewhat posterior, obtuse;
base circular, and the form obliquely conical, semiglobose. It is pure
white, shining, transparent; radiately marked with fine, sharp, raised
lines, at a little distance from each other, and between each two of
which are found from two to four (generally three) still finer lines.
Interior white and shining. The interior lamella is rolled into half a
cone, attached very delicately at the vertex, and its free extremity is
very obliquely truncated, so as to form two lanceolate horns. Along
the back it is slightly gibbous.
Diameter half an inch; altitude two-fifths of an inch.
96

382
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits the Island of Mangsi, Sooloo Sea.
Differs from other similar species in having regularly disposed,
rather distant raised lines, with intervening smaller ones, instead of
having them all of uniform size, as in C. equestris and C. lithedaphus,
to which latter it is closely allied.
Figures 488, 488 a, 488 b, exterior, interior, and lateral views of the
shell; 488 c, details of sculpture, magnified.
PILEOPSIS CRYSTALLINA (Gould).
Testa parva, candida, crystallina, nitidissima, semiglobosa, ad basim
ovata, sulcis profundis creberrimis radiantibus acutis insculpta; apice
terminali, acuto, vix torto, submarginali : margo anticè acuminatus,
posticè septiformis.
Pileopsis crystallina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii.
161. August 1846. Expedition Shells, 16.
SHELL small, white, crystalline, shining, ovate at base, dome-shaped,
with the apex terminal, acute, and slightly curved, projecting beyond
the margin, which it closely approaches. The surface is very deeply
furrowed with narrow, radiating lines, thus leaving narrow, abruptly
raised ribs, which are somewhat undulated by the stages of growth.
The interior is glassy, especially near the margin ; which is anteriorly
thinned down to a very sharp edge, and which posteriorly is flattened,
and projects over the cavity, like the septum of a Crepidula. Mus-
cular impression faintly marked.
Length half an inch ; breadth three-eighths of an inch; height one-
fourth of an inch.
The beautiful crystalline, quartz-like lustre of this shell, its deep
and regular sulci, and its crepiduloid base, mark this species very
distinctly.
Its locality is doubtful, but its perfection shows that it came from a
coral region.

GASTEROPODA.
383
Figures 489, 489 a, 489 b, outer, inner, and lateral views of the
shell.
CAPULUS SAGITTIFER (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, lucida, candida, semiglobosa, apice mediano, dex-
trorsum inclinato, acuto: extus lineis lacteis radiantibus, papillas sagit-
tatas gerentibus insculpta: apertura sub-circularis ; cavositas pro-
funda ; cicatricibus benè impressis et septo filiformi junctis.
SHELL small, thin, pure white, translucent, nearly semiglobose, the
apex median, acute, slightly inclined to the right, not approaching the
margin of the aperture; surface beautifully sculptured with fine,
radiating lines, on which are series of arrow-headed beads, arranged
in quincunx, and of a more opaque-white colour, giving the surface,
under the microscope, a delicate, squamose appearance. Aperture
nearly circular, lip simple; cavity of the beak profound, having a
thread-like diaphragm between it and the margin, connecting the
muscular impressions, which are distinctly marked.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch ; height one-tenth of an inch.
Habitat uncertain.
This species is well distinguished by its peculiar and beautiful
sculpture, the radiating lines seeming to be made up of chains of arrow-
heads.
Figures 486, 486 a, 486 b, three views of the shell, enlarged; 486 c,
details of sculpture, magnified ; 486 d, natural size,

384
MOLLUSCA.
ORDER ACEPHALA.
PHOLAS PATULA (Gould).
T. oblonga, papyracea, alba, inequilateralis, concentricè undato-striata,
constrictione mediano partita; latere antico triangulari, radiatim cos-
tato, costis ad undas tuberculiferis; latere postico subquadrato, in-
ermi: margine cardinali revoluto, umbonem tegente sed non adnato,
callum dentiformem instructo: cochlea subulata, arcuata: cavositate
ad undas, costas et tuberculos indentatâ.
Pholas patula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 214.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 73.
SHELL transversely oblong, very thin, white, inequilateral, concen-
trically undate-striate, divided into two portions by a vertical constric-
tion; anterior portion triangular, radiately ribbed, the ribs knobbed
where the concentric waves cross them; posterior portion subquadrate,
simple; hinge margin revolute, spreading over the beaks, but not ad-
herent to them, and presenting a tooth-like callus; internal apophysis
curved, subulate; the interior is everywhere indented in answer to the
ribs, waves and tubercles.
Length three inches; breadth an inch and four-fifths; height the
same.
Probably from the Eastern Seas.
This species is remarkable for the width of its valves. It nearly
approaches P. latissima, Sowerby, and possibly may be the same
species. It also resembles in form and sculpture P. truncata.
Figures 497, 497 a, 497 b, three views of the shell.
MYA PRÆCISA (Gould).
T. M. truncatæ similis, calcarea, epidermide corneo induta, ovata, anticè
rotundata et ventricosa, posticè angustata, compressa et truncata ;
cardo dente trapezoideo, latiore quam elevato, posticè declivo instruc-

ACEPHALA.
385
tus ; lineâ palleali angustâ, crenatâ; sinu siphonali profundo, arcuato;
cicatrice anteriori elongato, falciformi.
Mya precisa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 215.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 75.
SHELL transversely ovate, narrowing backwards, broadly rounded
anteriorly, where it is widely open, with the lips expanded; umbonal
slope full and somewhat angular; base nearly direct; beaks prominent,
oblique, incumbent; epidermis cinereous, wrinkled, thin; tooth large,
its anterior edge nearly vertical, broader at base than its height,
rounded posteriorly, so as on the whole to form a quadrant; siphonal
sinus broad, passing rather beyond the beak, rounded; pallial impres-
sion narrow, crenate; anterior cicatrix very long, falciform.
Length two and a half inches; breadth one inch; height an inch
and three-fourths.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
Differs from M. truncata in being more narrowed posteriorly, more
rounded anteriorly, more inflated at the umbonal slope, in its narrow
pallial impression and deeper siphonal sinus, and more particularly in
having the tooth slope backwards.
Figures 498, 498 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 498 b, view
of the interior.
PANOPÆA GENEROSA (Gould).
Testa magna, ponderosa, calcarea, sub-quadrilateralis, concentricè undu-
loso-plicosa, epidermide rugoso flavido induta, anticè rotundata, pos-
ticè truncata et valdè hians; umbonibus submedianis, acutis, elevatis,
undulatis : cardo gracilis, dente elevato obliquè triangulari instructus :
cavositas ad apicem profunda ; cicatrice musculari lato, benè impresso;
sinu siphonali minimè profundo.
Panopæa generosa, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 215.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 75.
a
SHELL large and ponderous, chalky white, of a somewhat quadri-
lateral form, the basal and hinge margins being nearly parallel; the
97

386
MOLLUSCA.
posterior extremity broadly truncated a very little obliquely, and the
anterior extremity broadly rounded; anteriorly it gapes slightly, but
posteriorly it gapes broadly, and the valves are here somewhat everted.
The surface is coarsely undulated concentrically, and covered by an
obliquely, and somewhat plumosely wrinkled, dirty yellow epidermis.
The beaks are sharp and prominent, placed near the middle of the
superior margin; the anterior umbonal slope is tumid, the posterior
a little compressed. The hinge is rather slender, having a single
elevated, erect, obliquely triangular tooth in each valve, with a pit
behind that in the right valve, and a crest-like elevation for the attach-
ment of the ligament behind them. Ligament external and double.
Cavity of the beaks profound; muscular and pallial cicatrices broad
and well impressed; posterior muscular scar but little broader than
the pallial impressions; siphonal sinus shallow, small.
Length six inches; height three inches; breadth four inches.
Found on mud-flats at Nisqually and Puget Sound.
This large species stands by the side of P. Aldrovandi, but is distin-
guished by the form of its anterior extremity. One specimen measures
seven and a half inches in length. The animal is noted as protruding
its siphon a foot in extent.
Figures 507, 507 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 507 b, out-
,
line of the hinge margin.
PANOPÆA ANTARCTICA (Gould).
T. subquadrata, crassa, alba, rudis, concentricè undata, posticè trun-
cata, anticè angustata et rotundata; margine cardinali erecto, mar-
gine ventrali arcuato; umbonibus latis, elevatis, ferè medianis : cardo
dente parvo, conico instructus : sinu palliali lato, arcuato, minimè im-
presso ; cicatrice musculari posticâ, lunatâ.
Panopæa antarctica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iii.
214. May 1840. Expedition Shells, 74.
a
SHELL solid, white, approaching to a square form, but a little longer
than high, slightly curved at base, rather narrowly rounded anteriorly,
and having above, broad, elevated umbones; the beaks are a little

A CEPHAL A.
387
behind the centre; the surface is very irregular, with coarse, concen-
tric waves; cardinal tooth small and conical ; ligamentary callus stout,
erect; pallial sinus not deep, but broadly rounded; posterior muscular
impression well marked; cavity of beaks profound.
Length two and a half inches; breadth two inches; height an inch
and a half.
Obtained at the mouth of the Rio Negro, Patagonia.
Besides being destitute of ribs, it is more nearly equilateral than P.
arctica, and has the beaks removed farther back, and is less gaping;
posterior truncation scarcely oblique.
Figure 499, lateral view of the shell.
SOLEN SICARIUS (Gould).
T. transversa, oblonga, retrorsum angustata, sub-falcata, epidermide
crasso, nitido, corneo induta, anticè obliquè truncata, posticè rotun-
data : valvis valdè excavatis, undulatis, in areis triangularibus indis-
tinctè partitis ; margine dorsali recto; margine ventrali arcuato; nati-
bus terminalibus : cardo dente triangulari, erecto, recurvo in utrâque
valvå instructus.
Solen sicarius, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 214.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 74.
SHELL elongated, transversely oblong, subcylindrical or tubular,
somewhat falcate; beaks terminal; anterior extremity truncate obliquely
at an angle of about 30°, somewhat everted, the portion posterior to a
line across from the beak to the base, concave; posterior extremity
rounded; dorsal edge rectilinear; ventral edge regularly arcuate, so that
the posterior extremity becomes about two-thirds the height of the
anterior; surface notably undulated by the stages of growth, parallel
to the posterior end; the dorsal and ventral triangles not definitely
marked, covered by a firm, glistening, horn-coloured epidermis; valves
very convex. Hinge with a single, erect, recurved, triangular tooth
in each valve.
Length three and a half inches; breadth seven-twentieths of an
inch; height nine-tenths of an inch.

388
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Townsend's Harbour, and Straits of De Fuca, Oregon.
The only species to which this bears any resemblance is S. viridis,
which has nearly the same hinge and general form, but which is a
more delicate and more slender shell, proportionally.
Figures 501, 501 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 501 b,
hinge, with the interior.
SOLEN SCALPRUM (Gould).
Testa transversa, oblonga, retrorsum dilatata, ferè unilateralis, tenuis,
lucida, epidermide flavo-viridi, nitido, iridescente induta ; latere an-
tico sub-acuto, obliquè rotundato; latere postico semicirculari : cardo
dentibus duobus contiguis, divergentibus in valvâ dextrâ ; dente subu-
lato, arcuato, in valva sinistrâ; margine cardinali costâ albâ submar-
ginali suffulto: interior albida.
Solen scalprum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 111, 214.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 74.
;
SHELL thin, fragile, translucid, glistening with iridescent reflections;
epidermis pale yellowish-green ; lines of growth very delicate, with
vestiges of radiating striæ, transversely elongated, widening poste-
riorly; ventral and dorsal margins rectilinear; posterior end circularly
rounded; beaks at the anterior fifth; anterior end rounded obliquely
upward, meeting the dorsal margin, which slopes a little, so that the
tip is above the middle; posterior umbonal slope tumid. Interior
broadly gaping, bluish-white. Hinge very delicate, having two con-
tiguous, diverging, and divaricating, narrow, compressed teeth, in the
right valve; a subulate, recurved one, and the vestige of a second at
its anterior base, in the left valve; anterior hinge margin strengthened
by an oblique rib; posterior dorsal edge simulating a long, linear,
white tooth.
Length an inch and three-quarters; breadth five-eighths of an inch;
height three-tenths of an inch.
Obtained at Singapore.
A delicate and peculiar shell, allied to S. costatus, Say, though its

ACEPHALA.
389
proportions are much more slender, or more like S. radiatus ; the
hinge is fortified by a thickening along the dorsal margin. There is,
indeed, the vestige of a rib from the beak towards the ventral margin,
as in the shells above mentioned.
a
Figures 502, 502 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 502 b, the
hinge, with the interior.
CYPRICARDIA ROSEA (Gould).
Testa transversa, oblonga, tenuis, anticè radiatim tenui-striata, posticè
concentricè squamoso-striata : umbonibus valdè anticalibus, acutis,
latere antico brevi, citò angustato, ad apicem truncato, albido; latere
postico oblongo, ad apicem truncato, rosaceo; margine dorsali vix ar-
cuato; margine ventrali recto: intus rosacea : cardo debilis, dentibus
ferè longitudinalibus.
Cypricardia rosea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 276.
Expedition Shells, 84.
SHELL thin, transversely oblong, more than twice as long as high,
anterior extremity short, triangular, obtusely rounded at point; beaks
at the anterior sixth of the length; posterior end square, upper
and lower margins nearly parallel, a little arcuate above; umbonal
region smooth and shining; posterior lamellate, its anterior two-thirds
radiately and thickly striate; colour dirty white, tinted rosaceous at the
upper and posterior half; umbones moderately elevated, acute, touch-
ing; hinge delicate, teeth almost longitudinal; interior rosaceous.
Length an inch and three-fourths; height three-fifths of an inch;
width two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Allied to C. solenoides, Reeve, which is much more elongated, has
purplish rays, and is only tinted purple posteriorly, within. C. coral-
liophaga, Reeve, is somewhat more elongated, more laminated poste-
riorly, and radiate striate, and the edge only is tinted rose-red within.
98

390
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 535, 535 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell ; 535 b, inte-
rior, with the hinge.
MACTRA CUNEOLA (Gould.)
T. parva, crassiuscula, rudis, ovato-cuneata, albida, epidermide stra-
mineo induta, concentricè striata ; umbonibus submedianis, tumidis,
acutis, anteversis; latere antico angustato, subacuto; latere siphonali
breviori, tumidiori, subtruncato: area cardinalis minima; foveâ liga-
mentali indistinctâ; dente V-formi conspicuo; dentibus lateralibus
curtis, elevatis , sinu siphonali minimo, quadrantem testa solum trans-
seunte.
Mactra cuneola, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 216.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 75.
a
SHELL very small, thin, transversely ovate, wedge-shaped, nearly
equilateral, white, with a thin, closely adhering straw-coloured epider-
mis; surface smooth and shining, with pretty regular and conspicuous
concentric striæ; anterior end much the narrowest, subtriangular, sub-
acute at tip; posterior end more tumid, with a decided angular, um-
bonal slope; outline somewhat rectilinear; tip broad, subtruncate; ven-
tral edge rectilinear at the middle; anterior dorsal edge cuneate, with
a large ill-defined area; posterior dorsal edge broad-ovate, moderately
convex; beaks delicate, papillary, not touching. Valves convex, espe-
cially posteriorly ; hinge area very delicate ; ligamentary pit inconspi-
cuous; V-tooth well-developed, prominent; lateral teeth elevated,
short, triangular; siphonal sinus very small, extending scarcely one-
fourth across the shell.
Length five-eighths of an inch; height half an inch; breadth three-
tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Callao, Peru.
In most of its characters this little shell corresponds with our M.
lateralis, only that in this shell it is the posterior end which is shortest
and broadest, whereas the reverse is the case in that shell.
Figures 504, 504 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 504 b,
interior, with the hinge.
1

ACEPHALA.
391
MACTRA DELUTA (Gould).
T. tumida, ovato-rotundata, hiantissima, sordida, epidermide tenui
deluto, obliquè corrugato induta, concentricè undulata ; umbonibus
submedianis, tumidis, incumbentibus, contiguis; margine dorsali
utroque declivi ; margine ventrali rotundato; lateribus obtusis : car-
dinis foveâ ligamentali profundâ ; dente V-formi gracili, ramis in-
equalibus; dentibus lateralibus brevibus, trigonis, compressis ; sinu
siphonali propè ad centrum valva obducto.
Mactra deluta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 215.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 75.
SHELL small, rather thin, tumid, rounded-ovate, nearly equilateral,
dingy-white, with a thin, fugacious, obliquely wrinkled, dirty-yellow
epidermis; surface irregularly and delicately undulate concentrically;
beaks nearly entire, anterior end shortest, sloping rapidly, obtusely
rounded; posterior end still more obtusely rounded, not truncate,
widely gaping; ventral edge regularly arched; anterior dorsal edge
excavated near the beaks, without a distinctly marked areola, broad,
striate; posterior dorsal edge broad, rounded, excavated near the beaks;
beaks tumid, acute, contiguous, the two umbonal slopes about equally
tumid. Valves globosely convex; hinge area large; ligamentary pit
deeply excavated; V-tooth delicate, sides unequal in length and thick-
ness; lateral teeth short, elevated, thin, triangular; siphonal sinus
rather broad, extending nearly half across the shell.
Length an inch and seven-eighths; height an inch and six-eighths;
breadth an inch and one-tenth.
Inhabits New Zealand.
The external appearance is rather that of a rude Venus, and has
fewer angularities than any other Mactra. It is also peculiar for its
very wide gape.
Figures 503, 503 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 503 b,
interior view, with the hinge,

392
MOLLUSCA.
MACTRA MARCIDA (Gould).
T. ventricosa, ovato-triangularis, cretacea, epidermide tenui stramineo
induta; umbonibus medianis, tumidis, remotis, vix anteversis ; latere
antico breviori, rotundato; latere siphonali subtriangulato, acuto;
margine ventrali arcuato : fovea ligamentalis ampla ; dente V-formi
parvo, prominente; dentibus lateralibus crassis, parum elevatis: inte-
rior cretacea ; sinu siphonali parvo, trientem testa attingente.
Mactra marcida, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 216.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 76.
2
SHELL of medium size, solid, coarse, chalky white, covered with a
very thin straw-coloured, shining epidermis; surface irregularly undu-
lated concentrically. Form rounded ovate-triangular, nearly equi-
lateral; anterior end obtusely rounded, narrower than the posterior, and
a very little shorter; posterior end short, triangular, obtusely rounded
at point, very nearly closed. Beaks prominent, tumid, the points rather
remote from each other; anterior edge direct for half its length, then
arching downward, very broad, rounded, without distinct areola, a
faint line on each valve enclosing a large space; posterior edge broad,
obtuse, regularly arched, not truncate; umbonal slope tumid; valves
ventricose, rather thick, chalky white within; siphonal sinus small,
traversing about one-third of the valve; cardinal area median ; cartilage
pit deep; tooth strong, sides equal; lateral teeth strong, elevated, tri-
angular.
Length two and three-fourths inches; altitude two and one-fourth
inches; breadth an inch and a half.
Inhabits Orange Harbour.
a
This species has precisely the form of M. lactea, but is a much
more solid and rude shell, wanting also the decided dorsal angularities
of the umbones.
Figures 505, 505 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell ; 505 b, inte-
rior, with the hinge.

ACEPHALA.
393
MACTRA FALCATA (Gould).
Testa magna, transversa, ovato-trigona, inequilateralis, convexiuscula,
modicè hians, albida, epidermide fulvo, nitido, concentricè rugoso in-
duta ; umbonibus acutis, approximatis ; latere antico acuminato; latere
siphonali latè rotundato, sub-truncato ; margine dorsali recto; areâ
dorsali planulatâ, lanceolatâ; margine ventrali leniter arcuato: area
cardinalis ampla ; fossâ ligamentali magnâ, dente V-formi parvo,
crasso; dentibus lateralibus compressis, quorum antico valve dextræ
bilobato: interior lactea ; sinu siphonali angusto, elongato, spatulato.
,
Mactra falcata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 216.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 76.
SHELL large, solid, transversely ovate-triangular, subfalcate, inequi-
lateral, hinder end short, moderately gaping, white, covered with a
thick, shining, dusky, straw-coloured epidermis; surface delicately
marked by incremental lines, with obscure distant radiating ridges;
beaks acute, nearly touching, post median, rather compressed ; ante-
rior end narrower than posterior, triangular, somewhat ascendant,
extremity rather acute; posterior end broadly rounded, truncate at
tip, in young specimens more triangular ; basal edge regularly arcuate ;
anterior dorsal edge rectilinear, presenting a plane lanceolate space in
front of the beaks; posterior dorsal edge rounded, with a coarse, loose,
dusky epidermis. Valves slightly convex; within milk-white; sipho-
nal sinus reaching as far as the beak. Cardinal area large; ligamentary
pit large, oblique, shallow; sides of V-tooth very unequal, strong;
lateral teeth thin, elevated, anterior one of left valve bilobate.
Length three and three-fourths inches; height two and a half
inches; breadth an inch and an eighth.
Inhabits the Northwest Coast, Puget Sound.
This fine species compares best with M. Brasiliana, and M. ovalis,
but it is much more inequilateral, and much more broadly obtuse pos-
teriorly than either of them. Its external characters correspond closely
with the former, while the narrower siphonal sinus and the hinge
99

394
MOLLUSCA.
closely resemble the latter; the bilobed anterior lateral tooth of the
right side, however, is quite peculiar. Small specimens remind one
strongly of Mesodesma arctata and Jauresii.
Figures 506,506 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 506 b, inte-
rior, with the hinge.
MACTRA DEBILIS (Gould).
T. parva, alba, tenuis, transversa, elongato-ovata, anticè rotundata, pos-
ticè acuta, valdè hians; umbonibus antemedianis, eminentibus, acutis ;
valvis tumidis, posticè compressis, epidermide stramineo tenui indutis:
cardo debilis; dente V-formi parvo ; dentibus lateralibus curtis, acutis.
Mactra debilis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 348.
December 1850. Expedition Shells, 98.
SHELL small, white, very thin and fragile, inequilateral, widely
gaping, transversely elongate-ovate, anteriorly regularly rounded, pos-
terior extremity acutely rounded, somewhat nasute; posterior dorsal
margin, very slightly arcuate; ventral curve regularly arcuate; beaks
somewhat anterior, prominent, acute; valves somewhat flexuous; the
disk tumid, compressed posteriorly, covered with a very thin, rugose,
straw-coloured epidermis; very delicate concentric striæ. Hinge very
delicate ; V-tooth small; lateral teeth scarcely at all developed, very thin
and short, between which, and the margin is a deep and long furrow,
making almost the whole of the dorsal edge, as it were, two-edged.
Length an inch and five-eighths; altitude one inch ; breadth half an
inch.
Dredged at Singapore.
A very delicate species, resembling in all its outlines small speci-
mens of Mya arenaria. It affords a good example of the transition
from Mactra to Lutraria, showing that there is no natural distinction.
It is more widely gaping than most species.
Figures 496, 496 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.

A CEPHAL A.
395
MACTRA TRIANGULARIS, (L AMARCK); Anim. sans Vert., vi. 103.
Encycl. Meth., pl. 253, f. 3, a b c.
a
From a series of specimens, I am able to trace this large species to
the Lamarckian name given to a specimen only an inch in diameter,
having at that stage a depressed, triangular form, very greatly differ-
ing from the ovate form it afterwards assumes, being then nearly
of the form of M. solidissima. The delicate, crowded furrowing of
the young shell becomes coarse; and the fine dewy mottlings be-
come reddish-brown blotches, and it ought to be called M. lentiginosa.
Some of the specimens are marked Feejees and some New Zealand.
The former is more probably the true locality.
1
LUTRARIA MAXIMA (Middendorff).
Testa magni fica, ventricosa, ovato-rotundata, anticè rotundata, posticè
sub-triangularis, truncata, valdè hians, concentricè undulato-striata,
epidermide luteo-viridi (post costam medianam radiatim corrugato)
induta ; umbonibus tumidis, incumbentibus, attigentibus : cardo vali-
dus; foveâ latâ, obliquè triangulari ; dente cardinali crasso, erecto,
plicato, basi appendiculato; dentibus lateralibus compressis, conspi-
cuis: interior calcarea ; sinu siphonali linguiformi, dimidiam longi-
tudinis teste attigente.
Lutraria maxima, MIDDENDORFF; Beitrage zu einer Malacol. Ros-
sica; abth. iii. p. 66, tab. xix., f. 1-4 (1849).
Lutraria capax, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 217.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 76.
SHELL large, capacious, rounded-ovate, rather light and thin, nearly
equilateral, rounded anteriorly, somewhat triangular posteriorly, and
at its point, where is a large oval opening. The surface is coarsely
undulated concentrically, and covered with a coarse, yellowish-green
epidermis, which, posterior to an indistinct rib running from the apex
to the middle of the base, is more closely adherent and corrugated, so
as to exhibit numerous delicate, darker rays. The beaks are tumid,
and come in contact with each other. Hinge strong, with a large,
broad, obliquely triangular fossa, a solid, erect folded tooth, with an
acute appendage at its base, near the point of the beak. Lateral teeth

396
MOLLUSCA.
rather more elevated than usual, compressed. Interior chalky white,
polished at the margin. Siphonal sinus linguiform, extending half
the length of the shell.
Length five and three-fourths inches; height four inches; breadth
three inches.
Inhabits Puget Sound. Dr. Pickering.
This is an extraordinary shell, and by far the largest species of the
genus. It proves to have been described previously to the description
published by me; but as it is a remarkable species, and the work of
Middendorff not easily accessible, it is reproduced in this work.
Figure 508, 508 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 508 b, the
hinge.
PANDORA CISTULA (Gould).
Testa solida, alba, valdè inequilateralis, falciformis, anticè rotundata,
posticè angustata, truncata: valva plana tenuis, submargaritacea,
concentricè undulata ; margine dorsali subrecto, latè inflecto, dente
brevi, elevato, triangulari munito: valva concava solidior, ossea,
tumida, posticè costato-angulata, edentula, fosså ligamentali et costa
anticali instructa ; margine dorsali concavo; margine ventrali valdè
arcuato.
Pandora cistula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 217.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 77.
Shell solid, bony, transversely elongate, very inequivalve and in-
equilateral, falciform; obtusely rounded anteriorly; gradually narrow-
ing and strongly recurved posteriorly, and truncated at tip; right
(flat) valve, thinner than the other and less recurved, the folded, pos-
terior, dorsal edge, which shuts over the other valve being broad, flat,
and nearly rectilinear; on the exterior is a submarginal, obtuse ridge;
surface somewhat undulate concentrically, slightly pearly outside and
inside. There is a single short, elevated, triangular tooth, and poste-
rior, oblique, ligamentary groove. Left (concave) valve much more
solid, bony, and dead white, the posterior umbonal slope tumid; the
a

ACEPHALA.
397
superior dorsal edge strongly concave; a considerable ridge passes
from the beak to the lower posterior angle; ventral edge strongly
arched; hinge without a tooth, but with a deep, oblique ligament-
groove, and an anterior marginal rib.
Length an inch and an eighth; breadth half an inch; height an
inch and one-tenth.
Inhabits Patagonia.
More solid, more concave, and more elongated than any species I
am acquainted with. The upper valve of a small specimen from the
same locality is semicircular, but more acute anteriorly than poste-
riorly
1
Figure 500, the shell open, with the hinge; 500 a, dorsal edge of
the shell; 500 b, flat valve.
OSTEODESMA BRACTEATUM (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, transversa, inequilateralis, ovato-falcata, ventricosa,
margaritacea, epidermide fusco radiatim creberrimè rugoso induta;
latere antico rotundato; latere siphonali duplo longiore, triangulari,
sub-adscendente, truncato; margine dorsali recto; margine ventrali
arcuato, sub-pendulo : interior deaurata.
Osteodesma bracteata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
217. May 1850. Expedition Shells, 77.
Shell extremely thin and fragile, translucent, pearly, nacreous and
reflecting golden colours internally, and somewhat externally ; form
oblong-ovate, inequilateral, somewhat recurved; beaks acute, at the
anterior third; anterior end obtusely rounded; posterior end trian-
gular-elliptical, broadly truncated at tip, the basal portion, where the
umbonal slope attains, being notably ventricose: basal margin at this
part depending; anterior dorsal edge arcuate; posterior dorsal recti-
linear, compressed. Surface covered with a dusky epidermis of con-
siderable firmness, which is corrugated into numerous, delicate, radia-
100

398
MOLLUSCA.
ting, raised wrinkles, to which a coating of fine sand adheres. Hinge
too imperfect for description.
Length three-fourths of an inch; height three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
It is with some little doubt that I venture to separate this from 0.
hyalina; but considering its locality, and the fact that the species of
this genus vary but little, I have regarded it as an analogous species.
Indeed, if the four characters, viz., the gilded nacre, the dusky coloured
epidermis, and the more numerously wrinkled epidermis, and the
ventricose pouched form of the posterior basal portion, prove as con-
stant as in the specimens I have examined, there can be no doubt.
Figures 509, 509 a, exterior and dorsal views of the shell; 509 b,
the interior.
OSTEODESMA BRASILIENSE (Couthouy MS.) Gould.
Testa fragilis, elongato-ovata, anticè ventricosa et truncata, posticè com-
pressa, concentricè undulata, epidermide flavicante induta ; umbonibus
ante-medianis, tumidis, approximatis; margine dorsali ferè rectili-
neari; margine ventrali arcuato: interior margaritacea: ossiculum
parvum, oblongum.
Osteodesma Brasiliensis (Couthouy MS.); Proceed. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., iii. 218. May 1850. Expedition Shells, 78.
SHELL fragile, elongated-oval, widely gaping posteriorly, sub-equi-
valve, very inequilateral; beaks anterior, protuberant, contiguous;
posterior half compressed; anterior half ventricose, its extremity
abruptly truncated ; lunule depressed, large, cordiform ; dorsal margin
nearly rectilinear, basal one curving regularly outwards; epidermis
strong, dirty yellow, projecting some distance beyond the margins.
Striæ of growth coarse and unequal. Interior silvery white; mus-
cular impressions small, superficial; pallial impression angularly
sinuated posteriorly. Ossiculum small, oblong, the posterior end
rounded, the anterior square. [J. P. c.]

ACEPHALA.
399
Length an inch and a half; height three-fourths of an inch.
A single specimen, with part of the animal, was found in a sandy
cove, in the Bay of Rio Janeiro.
Its elongated, leguminous form, and its large size, plainly charac-
terize it. In the specimen examined there is a deep strangulation
near the anterior end, from the ventral margin half way to the beaks ;
but it is probably accidental, as the early stages of growth show no
traces of it. It is the only species of the genus ever found in tropical
seas.
Figures 510, 510 a, 510 b, lateral, internal, and dorsal views of the
shell.
SAXIDOMUS NUTTALLI (CONRAD), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vii. 249,
pl. 19, f. 12.
Found at the Straits of De Fuca, much larger than described by
Conrad, viz., three and a half inches long, and two and a half high.
In the young state, it is invested with a fawn-coloured epidermis.
AMPHIDESMA CROCEUM (Gould).
Testa maxima, crassa, calcarea, inequivalvis, subcircularis, posticè hian-
tula et sub-truncata, liris concentricis reflexis interdum divaricatis
arata, radiatim striata ; umbonibus sub-medianis, eminentibus, acutis,
contiguis: intus crocea : cardo validus, foveâ ligamentali amplâ, pro-
fundâ; dentibus rosaceis.
Amphidesma croceum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
218. May 1850. Expedition Shells, 78.
SHELL large and ponderous, externally of a dead, dingy white, in-
equilateral, very inequivalve, the right valve twice as convex as the
left, nearly circular; surface concentrically marked with delicate, ir-
regular, sometimes divaricate, somewhat reflex, concentric wrinkles,
more conspicuous at the ends; these are traversed by obsolete, un-

400
MOLLUSCA.
2
equal, radiating striæ, and when examined by a magnifier, the whole
surface is found to have minute, undulating striæ. There is a very
conspicuous Tellina-like fold posteriorly; the anterior end is a little
the longer, somewhat less elevated than the posterior, which is a little
truncated and slightly gaping. Beaks prominent, pointed, conti-
guous, with a small, lanceolate pit in front. Interior of a beautiful
saffron tint; the portion to which the mantle adheres having a dead
surface, marked with scattered, shining dots. Hinge very strong;
ligament pit large and deep; teeth beautifully and deeply tinted rose-
red.
Length three and a half inches; height three and a quarter inches;
breadth one and a quarter inches.
Inhabits.Callao. (?)
Very distinct from all other described species, unless it may be A.
solidum, Gray. From comparison with his description alone, this must
be different.
Figures 512, 512 a, exterior and interior of the shell.
MESODESMA MUNDUM (Gould).
T. parva, solidula, conve.ciuscula, ovato-triangularis, lavis, epidermide
stramineo induta ; natibus post-medianis, acutis; margine dorsali vix
arcuato, posticè subitò declivi; latere antico angustato, acuto ; latere
postico rotundato; margine ventrali valdè arcuato: interior flavescens,
cicatricibus impressis: cardo dentibus validis instructus.
Mesodesma munda, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iij. 217.
May 1850. Expedition Shells, 77.
SHELL solid, smooth, cream-coloured, inequilateral, compressed,
ovate-trigonal, cuneiform, transverse; beaks elevated, acute, at the
posterior third, forming a right angle; posterior extremity broadly
rounded ; anterior end subtriangular, acutely rounded, point below the
middle; ventral margin regularly curved ; anterior dorsal margin
rectilinear. Interior yellowish-white; muscular impressions deep.
Teeth well-developed, like M. striata.

ACEPHAL A.
401
Length three-fourths of an inch; height five-eighths of an inch ;
breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Mangsi Island, Sooloo Sea.
Distinguished from M. striata by its more compressed, less angular
form, its short, broad, rounded anterior end, there being no angle ex-
cept at the beaks, and by its smooth surface. It may also be com-
pared with M. glabella, Deshayes.
Figures 511, 511 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 511 b, the
hinge.
1
ERYCINA (PORONIA) OVATA (Gould).
T. parva, alba, nitida, concentricè striata, ovato-ventricosa, inequilatera-
lis; margine cardinali arcuato ; umbonibus parvis, antemedianis;
margine ventrali parum arcuato ; latere antico truncato ; latere pos-
tico rotundato; valve dextræ dente cardinali erecto, bifido; foveâ liga-
mentali parvâ; valve sinistre dente integro: intus alba.
Erycina (Poronia) ovata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
11. 218. Expedition Shells, 78.
SHELL small, thin, ventricose-ovate, inequilateral, shining, concen-
trically striate, and very minutely radiate-striate. Hinge margin
rounded, the beaks a little before the middle, small, not prominent:
basal edge but little curved; posterior end well rounded; anterior end
truncate, a little obliquely. Hinge delicate, with a minute cardinal
tooth, bifid in the right valve; lateral articulation but little developed ;
ligament pit small. Interior white.
Length three-twentieths of an inch; height one-fourth of an inch;
breadth one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
Differs from the next species in its smaller size, more inequilateral
and ventricose form, shining surface, and delicate hinge.
101

402
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 587, 587 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell, enlarged ;
587 b, the hinge, magnified ; 587 c, natural size.
ERYCINA (KELLIA) QUADRATA (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, ventricosa, ad angulos rotundata, concentricè et con-
cinnè striata, epidermide stramineo induta; umbonibus ferè medianis,
tumidis, anteversis : area cardinalis ampliata, in valva sinistrâ tri-
dentata (dente mediano subulato, sub umbone sito ; alteris elongatis,
compressis) in valva dextrâ bidentata ; fossâ ligamentali triangulari,
declivi.
Erycina (Kellia) quadrata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
iii. 252. June 1850. Expedition Shells, 78.
a
SHELL subquadrate, rounded at the angles, thin, nearly equilateral,
ventricose, the anterior side somewhat less elevated than the poste-
rior, with obtuse umbonal angles to the disk. Surface very delicately
grooved concentrically, and covered with a straw-coloured epidermis.
Beaks central, tumid, turned forwards. Hinge consisting of a shelf
along the anterior dorsal edge of the left valve, on which are two
divaricate teeth, sharp and ascendant, the anterior one sweeping off
along the edge of the shelf; behind the shelf is a triangular sinus, along
which the cartilage is fixed; there is a posterior lamellar thickening.
Cardinal tooth wanting in the right valve.
Length half an inch; height two-fifths of an inch; breadth one-
fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. (?)
A very large species of this type, resembling very much Cyclas
elegans.
Figures 586, 586 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 586 b, the
hinge, magnified

ACEPHALA.
403
PSAMMOBIA FLORIDA (Gould).
Testa transversa, oblonga, tenera, polita, purpurascens, posticè albo-ra-
diata ; limbo epidermide flavo-virescente induto; natibus postmedianis,
inconspicuis; latere antico semi-elliptico, apice supra-mediano; latere
siphonali angustato, acutè rotundato, apice infra-mediano; margine
ventrali rectiusculo: interior incarnata; sinu siphonali angusto, pre-
longo ; cardine dentibus duobus minutis divaricantibus in utrâque
valvâ instructo.
Psammobia florida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
254. June 1850. Expedition Shells, 81.
Shell delicate, fragile, lucid, transversely oblong-oval, somewhat
rhomboidal, very inequilateral, smooth and shining. Beaks delicate,
at the posterior third; anterior end obliquely rounded, acutely above,
less so below, tip above the middle; posterior end subtriangular, tip
acutely rounded, below the middle; dorsal and ventral edges anteriorly
parallel, posterior dorsal edge rapidly declining, angular. Valves
slightly convex; epidermis shining, zoned indistinctly with livid flesh-
colour and yellowish horn-colour, with two or three pale rays poste-
riorly ; ligament elevated, short, pale chestnut. Interior livid brown;
siphonal sinus narrow, extending two-thirds across the shell; muscu-
lar impressions distinct. Hinge with two minute, approximate, di-
verging teeth in each valve.
Length an inch and a quarter; height seven-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits Illawarra, New South Wales. Drayton.
A shell closely resembling in structure and exterior colouring
Machæra costata. It has the form of P. vespertina, except that the
beaks are removed much farther backwards.
Figures 513, 513 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 513 b, the
hinge.

404
MOLLUSCA.
TELLINA CONCENTRICA (Gould).
T. transversa, ovato-trigona, tenuis, convexiuscula, albida, haud nitida,
ubique concentricè lamellosa, et radiatim inter lamellas subtilissimè
striata ; lamellis æqualibus, acutis, confertis, reflexis ; umbonibus vix
post-medianis: pars antica semi-elliptica ; margine dorsali vix declivi :
pars postica sub-triangularis; margine dorsali valdè declivi, sub-
arcuato, valdè excavato, ad apicem truncato ; flexura conspicuâ, haud
lamellosâ : intus alba.
Tellina concentrica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 253.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 80.
SHELL thin, transversely-ovate triangular, subequilateral, white
outside and in, ornamented with numerous, equally-spaced, thin, con-
centric lamellæ, about equally developed throughout; and having the
interspaces marked with very delicate, radiating striæ; beaks a little
past the middle, acute, compressed; anterior dorsal slope slightly de-
clining, rectilinear; extremity broadly rounded; anterior umbonal
slope tumid; posterior dorsal slope nearly rectilinear, rapidly declin-
ing, tip truncated; flexure well-marked; ligament cavity long and
deep; shell broadest at anterior third. Lateral teeth remote, the poste-
rior one conspicuous, the anterior one less so.
Length an inch and five-eighths; height an inch and one-eighth;
breadth half an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
Like T. capsoides, Lam., but less triangular, the anterior portion
more tumid, and its dorsal slope arcuate; the flexure is more decided ;
the concentric laminæ decided and uniform throughout; the radiating
striæ are very delicate, and found equally before and behind, not cross-
ing the concentric laminæ. It is much like T. pristis, Lam., except
in form, and its anterior dorsal margin, which is represented as ser-
rated.
Figures 519, 519 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 519 b, the
hinge.

ACEPHALA.
405
TELLINA TITHONIA (Gould).
Testa transversa, oblonga, subequilateralis, zonis et radiis diversis albis
et roseis picta, concentricè lirata, liris posticè lamellosis; latere antico
semiovali ; latere postico breviori, triangulari, ad apicem truncato ;
plicâ profundâ ; margine dorsali recto, declivi : interior incarnata, ad
marginem roseo-maculata, versus apicem lutea; dentibus lateralibus
satis conspicuis.
Tellina tithonia, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 252.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 79.
SHELL twice as long as broad, beaks somewhat behind the middle;
anterior half semi-elliptical, rounded at the extremity, superior edge
rectilinear, basal edge very slightly curved; posterior end triangular,
much curved to the right; superior edge straight, declivous, extremity
truncated; fold very decided; surface everywhere sculptured with
deep, close, parallel, equal, simple grooves and ridges, which become
lamellar as they pass the fold; colour milk-white, zoned and rayed
with roseate; within deep flesh-coloured, cream-coloured toward the
beaks; margin pencilled with the termination of the external red
rays; lateral teeth well developed.
Length an inch and three-fourths; height seven-eighths of an inch.
In habits the Sooloo Sea.
Intermediate between T. rastellum and T. pulchella, being smaller
and of the same shape as the former, but without its peculiar squa-
mous sculpture of the right valve; and being larger and more roseate
than the latter, and from a very different locality. It is coloured like
T. virgata, externally, but is more slender, and deeply coloured
within also. It has the form and sculpture of T. maculata.
Figure 518, lateral view of the shell; 518 a, interior, with the hinge;
518 b, dorsal view of the shell.
102

406
MOLLUSCA.
TELLINA COMPTA (Gould).
T. parva, transversa, inequilateralis, alba vel rubescens, quater roseo-
radiata ; apicibus ad trientem posticum sitis; latere antico semi-
elliptico; latere siphonali triangulari apice truncato, vix insculpto,
plicato; marginibus (scilicet dorsali et ventrali), ferè parallelis; disco
striis concentricis et striis obliquis arato, dentibus lateralibus nullis;
intus ex albo flavescens, radiatim striata.
Tellina compta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 253,
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 79.
SHELL small, transverse, rather ventricose, inequilateral, white, with
four delicate rays of rose-colour, within and without, shining, with
delicate, concentric striæ, crossed by oblique striæ, which extend to
the fold posteriorly, and to near the upper anterior margin ; anterior
end twice the length of the posterior; margins (ventral and dorsal)
nearly parallel, regularly rounded at extremities; basal margin slightly
arcuated, posterior end triangular; dorsal margin very oblique, outline
gibbous; fold scarcely perceptible; cardinal teeth two in one valve,
one in the other, bifid ; lateral teeth wanting; within white, varied
with cream-colour, radiately striate; somewhat gaping posteriorly.
Length five-eighths of an inch; height one-third of an inch; breadth
one-third of an inch.
Almost precisely like T. decora, which has a well-marked lateral
tooth, and comes from the West Indies. T. rhomboides, Quoy, varies
chiefly in the more partial development of oblique striæ. The colour-
ing is less brilliant, and the striæ more delicate, more oblique, and
cover a greater portion of the valve than T. lauta, though of the same
size and form.
Figure 515, lateral view of the shell, enlarged; 515 a, interior of the
shell; 515 b, the back of the shell, in outline.

A CEPHAL A.
407
TELLINA EXCULTA (Gould).
T. transversa, solida, trigono-elliptica, tumida, nitida, albida, rosaceo
vix radiata, concentricè liris tenuibus et radiatim striis tenuissimis in-
sculpta; liris in valvâ dextrâ posticè lamellosis et interruptis, squamas
simulantibus ; in valve sinistra disco valdè obliquis; apicibus post-
medianis ; latere anticali semi-elliptica ; latere posticali subtriangulari,
ad apicem valdè truncato ; flexurâ insigni, haud lamellosâ : cavositas
flava ; dentibus valvæ dextræ conspicuis.
Tellina exculta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 253.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 80.
SHELL transversely elongated, triangular elliptical, tumid, inequi-
lateral, rather solid, shining, with alternate watery and snow-white
zones, and vestiges of numerous faint rust-coloured rays. Beaks behind
the middle, small; anterior end the half of an elongated ellipse, with
the upper margin a little less curved than the basal; posterior end tri-
angular, the dorsal margin rectilinear and rapidly declining, tip de-
cidedly truncate, flexure very strongly marked, biangular; right valve
delicately grooved concentrically, the ridges imbricating backwards;
posteriorly they become lamellar and are interrupted at short distances,
so as to resemble rasp-like scales; the whole decussated by very deli-
cate radiating striæ : left valve concentrically grooved like the right
valve, except a posterior triangular space where they terminate ab-
ruptly; none of them are lamellar, and on the central portion they
shoot obliquely downwards: this valve has also a series of minute,
radiating striæ : the portion occupied by the flexure is destitute of
sculpture in both valves. Ligament small, moderately imbedded.
Interior sulphur-yellow, whitish at margin. Lateral teeth in the right
valve strongly developed. There are little radiating capillary vena-
tions on the disk of both valves, sometimes plainly seen by trans-
mitted light.
Length two inches; height one inch; breadth nearly half an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands

408
MOLLUSCA.
;
Looks like a variety of T. rastellum, Hanley (T. Philippii, Anton),
but is proportionally shorter, the disk is more tumid anteriorly; the
beaks are farther back; the concentric laminæ of the right valve are
everywhere more delicate, but on the anterior half they are smoothly
reflected or almost wanting, so as to have a gloss: the portion where
the laminæ are interrupted, giving the peculiar scale-like appearance,
is
very limited, and confined to this valve, in front of the fold; left valve
nearly destitute of lamination, shining, with very delicate radiating
striæ, and the oblique grooving on the centre of the disk is very decided.
.
The folds are very decided and destitute of lamination on both valves.
On one specimen, very faint rusty radiations are discerned; on another,
the beaks are stained bright red, much like T. crucigera.
Figures 517, 517 a, lateral views of both valves; 517 6, dorsal view
of the shell.
TELLINA LAUTA (Gould).
T. parva, solidiuscula, oblonga, inequivalvis, umbonibus ad trientem pos-
ticalem longitudinis sitis; latere antico semiovali, margine dorsali
recto, latere postico triangulari ad apicem truncato; valvis concentrice
liratis (liris cum striis obliquis anticè decussatis) albis, roseo quadri-
radiatis et anticè lineis araneosis rosaceis ornatis; flexurâ incon-
spicuâ : cardo dentibus lateralibus carens.
Tellina lauta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 252.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 79.
SHELL small, solid, transverse, beaks at the posterior third ; anterior
half semi-elliptical, upper edge straight, rather declining; end rather
sharply rounded; posterior half triangular; upper edge straight,
strongly declining; tip truncated; fold indefinite; altitude greatest a
little in front of beaks; lines of growth finely grooved, decussated by
slightly oblique lines on the two anterior thirds of the shell; colour
white, cherry-red at the beaks, and with four broad, conspicuous rays
of the same colour, the two anterior ones made up of numerous capil-
lary lines, and these lines are also found on the intermediate white
spaces; interiorly thickened, tinted cream-colour; the red rays being

ACEPHALA.
409
most conspicuous at margin, the reverse of the exterior; lateral teeth
undeveloped.
Length seven-tenths of an inch; height four-tenths of an inch.
Habitat unknown.
About the size, form, and colouring of T. Valtonis, Hanley, which
appears to be a polished, pellucid shell, with no peculiarity of sculp-
ture. It is very near to T. rhomboides, Quoy, which is said to have
fine, concentric striæ anteriorly, that become obsolete at the middle.
Figure 514, outside of the shell, enlarged; 514 a, interior of the
shell; 514 b, dorsal view, in outline.
TELLINA PERULA (Gould).
T. parvula, solidiuscula, ventricosa, rotundato-triangularis, eburnea, con-
centricè et remotè striatula ; apicibus tumidis, submedianis, radiis
binis lacteis ornatis; marginibus dorsalibus valdè declivibus ; latere
antico rotundato, tumido; látere siphonali brevi, valdè flexuoso, infra
angulato; margine ventrali pendulo; cavositatis limbo albo, disco
sulphureo; dentibus lateralibus conspicuis.
Tellina perula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 254.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 80.
SHELL minute, rather solid, polished and shining, subequilateral,
ventricose, subglobose, rounded ovate-triangular, ivory-white with two
milk-white umbonal rays on the beaks; beaks a little behind the mid-
dle; anterior dorsal edge nearly rectilinear, extremity acutely rounded;
posterior dorsal margin rapidly sloping, rectilinear; tip acute, slightly
truncated; flexure angular, well marked; ventral margin pendulous or
much arcuated; centre of the disk tumid; surface having distant, very
shallow, concentric grooves; shell broadest at the middle; within,
white at margin, sulphur-yellow centrally, with the two white rays in
the cavity of the beaks corresponding to those on the outside: well-
developed lateral teeth at both ends.
103

410
MOLLUSCA.
Length half an inch; height two-fifths of an inch; breadth three-
twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands. Mr. Hankins.
Very much like T. casta, Hanley, which is described as pellucid,
and no mention is made of the yellow colour of the interior, or of the
two white umbonal radiations. One specimen is tinted and zoned
with rose-red, and the interior is wholly red, preserving, however, the
umbonal white rays. The distant concentric ridges, like a rubbed
Lucina Jamaicensis, are worthy of notice.
a
Figure 516, exterior of a red and white specimen; 516 a, inside of a
white specimen; 516 b, dorsal view; 516 c, hinge.
DONAX PALLIDUS (Gould).
Testa transversa, ovato-triangularis, solidula, convexa, exalbida, posticè
concentricè sulculata, anticè polita ; apicibus post-medianis; mar-
gine dorsali utrinque declivi (præcipuè retrorsum) arcuato ; latere
antico semi-ovali, sensim angustato, ad apicem rotundato; latere pos-
tico subtriangulari, rotundato; margine ventrali valdè arcuato, posticè
sinuato: interior eburnea, incrassata; dentibus modicis.
Donax pallidus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 254.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 81.
SHELL transverse, ovate-triangular, inequilateral, rather solid, disk
turid, dead yellowish-white, anterior portion smooth, and with very
delicate, radiating striæ; posterior portion with delicate concentric fur-
rows; beaks two-fifths the distance from posterior end, which is short,
triangular, with the margins swelling, and the angle rounded; anterior
end semi-elliptic, the dorsal margin gently sloping and swelling, the
tip rounded : within, ivory-white, tinged with a little flesh-colour,
thickened; cicatrices deeply marked ; hinge rather delicate, especially
the lateral teeth; the lower margin is regularly arcuate, except poste-
riorly, where it is a little sinuate.

A CEPHALA.
411
Length three-fourths of an inch; height half an inch; breadth one-
fourth of an inch.
Inhabits Singapore.
The outlines are all gently rounded, and it is otherwise distinguished
by its dead, sallow white colour, and its sculpture.
2
Figure 520, lateral view of the shell; 520 a, interior, with the hinge;
520 b, dorsal view of the shell.
DonAX TINCTUS (Gould).
1
Testa crassa, ovato-trigona, cuneata, versicolor, scilicet incarnata, stra-
minea vel violacea, striis lamellosis concentricis posticè flexuosis in-
sculpta; apicibus ferè medianis ; margine interiori integro; dente
laterali valido; dente antico obsoleto.
Donax tinctus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 255.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 81.
SHELL thick and solid, triangular, wedge-shaped, with the beaks
nearly central, the angles rounded, and the two sides nearly equal.
Surface marked with regular concentric lamellar striæ, which, at the
posterior end, become delicately flexuous, giving this extremity a
rugose aspect. The colour varies; one specimen is pale carmine, much
more intense at the beaks, and of the same tint in the interior; another
is straw-coloured; another a pale violet-colour, slightly radiated,
clouded with deep violet within. The posterior lateral tooth is fully
developed, but the anterior one scarcely appears. The margin is
entire.
Length eight-tenths of an inch; breadth two-fifths of an inch; height
seven-tenths of an inch.
Habitat unknown.
The specimens I have examined vary very much in colour, yet

412
MOLLUSCA.
correspond in form, sculpture, and other characters. It comes near to
Donax cuneata, but is still nearer to Mesodesma striata in general
aspect.
Figures 521, 521 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
DONAX CROCATUS (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, transversa, ovato-triangularis, inequilateralis, dilutè
crocea, concentricè lamelloso-sulcata; latere antico semi-ovato; latere
postico breviori, arcuatim-truncato; margine ventrali lentè arcuato:
intus flavida, nitida; cardine valido.
Donax crocatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 255.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 82.
SHELL minute, thin, compressed, convex, transversely elongate,
ovate-triangular, inequilateral, concentrically lamellar sulcate, of a pale
saffron-colour, with minute transverse lineations of a darker colour ;
outlines rounded; beaks not quite at the posterior third, dorsal outline
forming an obtuse angle; anterior end acutely ovate; siphonal end
obtusely rounded, somewhat truncate: ventral margin slightly arcuate.
Interior yellowish, shining, hinge well developed.
Length two-fifths of an inch; height one-fourth of an inch; breadth
three-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Mangsi Island, Sooloo Sea.
This small species is sufficiently well characterized, and is some-
what like D. scalpellum.
Figures 522, 522 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell, magnified;
522 b, natural size.
LUCINA INCULTA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, lenticularis, retrorsum admodum obliqua, stramineo-albida,

A CEPHAL A.
413
concentricè striolata ; apicibus medianis, elevatis, acutis, contiguis, an-
trorsum versis ; latere antico supernè subangulato, excavato; latere
postico rotundato, infra paululum producto: cavositas albida; cicatri-
cibus conspicuis : cardo invalidus; dentibus apicalibus duobus divari-
catis, lateralibus nullis.
Lucina inculta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 255.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 82.
SHELL small, thin, lenticular, equilateral, nearly circular; dull
white colour ; surface rude, with no sculpture save the slight concen-
tric undulations produced by irregular stages of growth. Beaks
slightly elevated, rather compressed, acutely triangular, incurved, a
slight depression in front of them rendering the anterior half a little
less elevated than the posterior; anterior end somewhat acutely
rounded; posterior and basal margins circularly rounded, most depend-
ing portion a little behind the middle: valves moderately convex,
greatest breadth a little behind the centre. Interior dead, dirty white;
margin simple; hinge delicate; cardinal teeth two in each valve,
divergent, one of which is bifid, none lateral. Ligament external,
having a golden metallic lustre.
a
Diameter three-fourths of an inch; breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
Very much like L. filan, but is much smaller, more solid, and less
glossy. The anterior end is less developed, and the bulk of the shell,
as well as its most depending portion, is behind, instead of before the
beaks.
Figure 524, side of the shell; 524 a, inside and hinge; 524 b, back
of the shell.
LUCINA LENTICULA (Gould).
Testa parva, solidula, lenticularis, rotundata, convexiuscula, concentricè
imbricato-striata, etiam striis radiantibus decussata, alba, epidermide
fuliginoso hic illic induta; apicibus ferè medianis, prominulis: cardo
104

414
MOLLUSCA.
dentibus apicalibus et lateralibus tenuibus instructus: intus incrassata,
alba; margine crenulato; impressionibus profundis.
Lucina lenticula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 256.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 83.
SHELL small, rather solid, nearly circular, subequilateral, lenticular,
moderately convex, the apex nearly central, slightly elevated, and a
little inclined forwards, forming a very shallow anterior pit. The
surface is rude and chalky, with concentric wave-striæ, decussated by
numerous fine, radiating lines, mostly denuded, but with remains of a
dusky, thick epidermis at the margin. Hinge delicate, with minute,
diverging cardinal teeth, and somewhat distant, sufficiently conspicu-
ous lateral ones. Interior chalky white, incrassated within the pallial
impression, which is deep, and jagged at the margin: edge delicately
crenulated.
Diameter two-fifths of an inch; breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Probably from Rio Janeiro.
This little shell has rather the aspect of an Astarte or Cyprina, and
would be considered as such, were it not for its lateral hinge-teeth.
Figures 528, 528 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 528 b, the
hinge.
LUCINA VESICULA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, sub-globosa, vix obliqua, pallidè flavescens, concentricè
tenui-striata, radiatim obsoletè striata : apicibus submedianis, elevatis,
anteversis ; margine dorsali anticè excavato, demum sub-alato, posticè
rectiusculo, peripheriâ relictâ circulari ; cardine edentulo; ligamento
in fossam obliquam internam posito: cavositas flavescens, punctis
nitidis notata.
Lucina vesicula, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 256.
June 1850. Expedition Shells, 82.

ACEPHALA.
415
Shell thin and fragile, yellowish-white, sub-globose, a little oblique,
nearly equilateral ; surface marked only by fine incremental striæ,
which occasionally mark arrests of growth, and by microscopic diverg-
ing lines. Beaks slightly anterior, swollen, a little elevated above the
transverse dorsal margin, strongly antrorse, with a decided emargina-
tion in the outline, in front of them; anterior end compressed; poste-
rior half higher than the anterior ; dorsal margin horizontal and recti-
linear, then curving abruptly, it sweeps round the ventral portion in
nearly a regular circle, a little oblique, however, so as to bring the
most depending portion behind the middle. Valves ventricose. Within,
plain yellowish-white, disk with a dead ground, sprinkled with shining
punctures; edge minutely lineated. Hinge delicate, without cardinal
teeth, and with only an oblique, anterior ligamentary groove resting on
a rib-like support.
a
Length an inch and a quarter; height an inch and an eighth; width
seven-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Tonga Islands. Dr. Pickering.
Its surface is like L. filan, but its form is more ventricose, and its
dorsal margin is much less sloping, somewhat alate; and this is one of
its most striking peculiarities. In form it is more like L. undata, ex-
cept that the reverse extremities correspond.
A Singapore species has the same form, but the beaks are more ele-
vated, and have a pit before them; the hinge is more delicate; the
ligament groove is less oblique, and with a less substantial rib-support;
surface more free from striæ. It probably belongs to the genus
Loripes.
a
Figure 525, exterior of the shell; 525 a, inside, with the hinge; 525 b,
dorsal view of the shell.
LUCINA RAMULOSA (Gould).
Testa crassa, scabra, lenticularis, vix obliqua, albida, costulis radianti-
bus crebrè divaricantibus et filis continuis concentricis crebris in-
sculpta ; apicibus elevatis acutis antrorsum versis; lunulâ excavatá,
haud insculptâ : cavositas albida vel citrina, incrassata ; cicatricibus

416
MOLLUSCA.
profundis; limbo concinnè radiato-striato ; cardinis dentibus laterali-
bus validis.
Lucina ramulosa, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
255. June 1850. Expedition Shells, 82. Lucina fibula, REEVE ;
Conch. Icon.
SHELL incrassated, nearly equilateral, subcircular, moderately con-
vex, dingy white; surface reticulated with numerous rounded, radiating
ridges, which by divarication become constantly increased in number,
especially at the extremities, where they become recurved, thereby
maintaining nearly a uniform size throughout. These ridges are
crossed by more delicate or more crowded concentric ridges, which
are not interrupted by the radiating lines, but ride over them. The
lines of increase are also irregular, and often exhibit distinct stages of
growth.
Beaks a little anterior and strongly antrorse, scarcely raised
above the outline of the shell, and having a deeply excavated, broad,
lanceolate lunule in front: the posterior dorsal margin sweeps off
directly from the apex, and with a slight posterior truncation the
remaining outline is circular. Interior thickly incrassated, showing
various indentations, especially one down the centre, of a pale citron-
yellow colour; limbus marked with fine, radiating sulcations; cardinal
teeth delicate; lateral ones well developed.
Diameter one inch; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits the Paumotu Islands, and was collected at Raraka, Cler-
mont Tonnerre, Bellinghausen, Carlshoff, and Honden Islands.
As much allied to L. tigrina, or L. interrupta, as to any described
species, but is more circular, more solid, and the peculiar divergence
of the radiating ridges, somewhat like Cytherea divaricata, are suffi-
ciently characteristic of it.
Figure 523, lateral view of the shell; 523 a, inside, with the hinge;
,
523 b, dorsal view.
CARDITA PROCERA (Gould).
Testa elevata, ovato-triangularis, radiatim ad quindecim-sulcata (inter-

ACEPHAL A.
417
stitiis convexiusculis) concentricè striata, epidermide fulvo induta ;
apice mediano, acuto, obliquo ; cardo dente unico triangulari obliquo,
instructus ; margine interno sulcato.
Cardita procera, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 276.
July 1850. Expedition Shells, 83.
SHELL small, elevated, height and breadth equal, equilateral, slightly
convex, quadrant-shaped, with about fifteen radiating sulci, the inter-
spaces forming rounded, slightly elevated ribs ; concentrically striate,
with occasionally a larger one indicating a stage of growth : apex acute,
slightly curved, margin in front of it a little excurved; cavity of inte-
rior small, margin crenulated, white : hinge with a single, triangular,
oblique, strong tooth.
a
Length three-fifths of an inch; height three-fifths of an inch ; breadth
one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the mouth of Rio Negro, Patagonia. Couthouy.
It has a more compressed and less oblique form than C. borealis, and
fewer ribs. The right valve only was obtained.
Figure 533, lateral view of the shell.
CARDITA VENTRICOSA (Gould).
Testa solida, ventricosa, ovato-trigona vix obliqua, radiatim ad viginti-
costata, costis concentricè subnodosis, interstitiis angustis, epidermide
fuliginoso, villoso induta; apicibus submedianis, obtusis : intus alba ;
margine profundè crenulato; dente cardinali valve dextræ, elevato,
crasso, triangulari.
Cardita ventricosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
276. July 1850. Expedition Shells, 83.
SHELL small, solid, very slightly oblique; beaks tumid, elevated,
nearly central, slightly curved, eroded; valves tumid, with about
eighteen or twenty rounded, well-defined, radiating ribs, which are
105

418.
MOLLUSCA.
crossed by numerous inconspicuous, nodular, concentric bars, most dis-
tinct about the umbones, covered with a rusty-brown, velvety epider-
mis, the pile set in radiating ranges, especially in the intercostal spaces.
Hinge of the right valve with a strong, elevated, oblique, triangu-
lar tooth, defined by deep furrows each side, its apex detached from
the margin of the shell, acute; marginal crenulations deep, well de-
fined.
Length three-fourths of an inch; height five-eighths of an inch;
breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
Compared with C. borealis, Conr., it is thicker, less transverse, more
tumid at the beaks, which are less recurved; the ribs are barred; the
cardinal tooth is short, triangular (not long falcate) and detached from
the margin; the crenulations of the margin deeper.
Figures 532, 532 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
CARDIUM BLANDUM (Gould).
Testa parva, tenuis, subcircularis, vix transversa, ventricosa, posticè
subtruncata, cinereo-rufescens, costis planulatis radiantibus ad quad-
riginta insculpta, sulco angusto sejunctis, et liris concentricis tenuissi-
mis, arcuatis, reflexis, decussatis : apicibus medianis, tumidis, denu-
datis, eburneis: cavositas albida; margine interno crenulato; cardine
debili.
Cardium blandum, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
276. Expedition Shells, 83.
SHELL small, thin, ventricose, equilateral, subcircular, or a little
transversely oval, yellowish-white, with a thin, closely adhering, fawn-
coloured epidermis; posterior umbonal slope a little angular, and pos-
terior tip a little truncated : beaks prominent, acute, incurved or
slightly antrorse : surface sculptured with upwards of forty radiating
ribs, separated by narrow grooves; the ribs have the presenting sur-
face flattened, which, however, at the later stages of growth, and

ACEPHAL A.
419
especially at the anterior end, are raised into delicate, arched, obtuse,
crowded, somewhat imbricating, concentric ridges, only seen on care-
ful examination; the grooves are also barred by delicate transverse
folds. The ribs are not wanting, but almost disappear in front of the
beaks. Interior with the central portion cream-coloured, margin exte-
rior to the pallial impression pale clay-colour: internal edge with five
short crenulations. Hinge delicate.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; height four-fifths of an inch;
breadth three-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget's Sound, Oregon.
I at first supposed this to be the young of C. Californianum, but
on closer examination find that there are about ten more ribs; and the
sculpture, instead of exhibiting, even in its earliest stages, granules
along each angle of the ribs, and afterwards coalescing to form a
transverse varix, is quite different. It seems to be the analogue of
C. Icelandicum. The two ends are very nearly alike, but the whole
shell varies from circular to transverse oval. The ribs in that are
acute, and proportionally narrower, and the fringed epidermis is
peculiar.
Figures 534, 534 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
VENUS TOREUMA (Gould).
Testa ventricosa, subglobosa, vix obliqua, straminea lituris angulatis
rufis picta, concentricè porcata ; liris numerosis ad latera granulosis,
acutis, crenulatis; interstitiis minutissimè striatis, et lineolis angula-
tis pallidis quasi indentatis ; apicibus submedianis, tumidis, obliquis ,
lunula profunda, latè cordata : intus pallida ; margine crenulato :
cardo validus ; dente postico valve sinistre longitudinali ; dente an-
tico bi-ramoso.
Venus toreuma, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 277.
July 1850. Expedition Shells, 84.
SHELL small, subglobose, nearly equilateral, slightly oblique : ante-

420
MOLLUSC A.
rior end smallest, acutely rounded : posterior end broadly rounded,
obscurely truncate : colour dingy white, with numerous tented rusty
blotches, the larger ones arranged somewhat in four radiating series ;
exceedingly delicate ones are interspersed. Surface sculptured with
numerous, equidistant, moderately elevated, concentric ridges, the
edges of which are crenulated by decussating wrinkles, and the inter-
spaces marked by very fine concentric lines, and so articulated with
very short dead-white and yellowish-white ones as to appear indented
or chased in quincunx: valves ventricose, beaks tumid, anterior lu-
nule deeply impressed, broad cordate. Within yellowish, edge finely
crenulate, and somewhat blotched posteriorly. Hinge strong: anterior
tooth parallel with the margin, elongated, and with a terminal denticle
in the left valve: central tooth sub-bifid.
a
Length an inch and three-eighths; height an inch and a quarter;
breadth nine-tenths of an inch.
Obtained at Mangsi Island, Sooloo Sea.
In general characters allied to V. verrucosa, but is more orbicular,
more tumid, and its sculpture far more delicate and elaborate; besides
which it is beautifully ornamented with tent-like markings, and the de-
ceptive quincunx appearance in the intercostal spaces, like the general
sculpture of Terebratula, caused rather by the cream-coloured opaque
lines than by indentation, is very singular.
Figures 537, 537 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
VENUS RIGIDA (Gould).
Testa solida, transversa, ovato-ventricosa, inequilateralis, desuper visa
acutè ovalis, sordidè alba, strüis concentricis reflexis, utroque laminosis,
et striis crassis radiantibus decussata ; decussationibus anterioribus
punctatis; apicibus elevatis, anteversis, contiguis: lunula lata, vix
circumscripta : latere antico angustato, rotundato ; latere postico latè
et obliquè truncato; margine dorsali rectiusculo; cardine in dextrâ
valvâ dentibus duobus fissis, in valvâ sinistra dente unico fisso : intus
porcellana; margine crenulato.

ACEPHALA.
421
Venus rigida, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 277.
July 1850. Expedition Shells, 85.
a
SHELL large, inequilateral, transversely ovate, ashy white, more or
less compressed; beaks near the anterior third, pointed, antrorse, with
an indistinct, broad, lanceolate areola in front; anterior side two-thirds
the height of the posterior, rounded at the end, dorsal margin com-
pressed; posterior side a little gaping, slightly truncate at end, dorsal
edge broad, nearly rectilinear, and horizontal; beaks smooth or deli-
cately striate: surface grooved with radiating lines, much the deepest
and most distant posteriorly, decussated with concentric laminæ, about
equally distant, reflex especially at the anterior end, where they are
most developed; on the posterior umbonal slope many of the concen-
tric ridges disappear; the decussating points anteriorly are deeply
pitted. Interior dull porcelain-white; ventral margin simple or finely
crenulate in old specimens. Hinge strong, with three teeth in each
valve, the central one in both valves, and the posterior one in the right
valve, bifid. Siphonal sinus lanceolate, reaching to nearly under the
beaks.
In one specimen, length three and three-fourths inches; height two
and three-fourths inches; breadth one inch and one-half. Of another,
length two inches; height one and five-eighths inches; breadth one
inch and one-fifth.
Inhabits Oregon, Puget Sound, and Straits of De Fuca. Mr. Case.
Dr. Pickering.
Has the form and general aspect of Saxidomus Nuttalli, Conrad, in
which the hinge teeth are quite different, being more divergent, the
central tooth being actually divided, and having moreover a supple-
mentary one in front; and there are no traces of diverging lines. The
sculpture is much finer than in V. Dombeyána, and more like that of
V. decussata. It varies considerably in its size and proportions, being
often much more expanded.
a
Figure 538, side of a dilated specimen; 538 a, side of a medium
specimen; 538 b, dorsal view of the latter.
106

422
MOLLUSCA.
ARTHEMIS LAMBATA (Gould).
Testa tenuis, cordato-orbicularis, lenticularis, sordidè alba, radiatim
tenuissimè striata et liris concinnis concentricis, posticè laminosis in-
sculpta; apicibus sub-medianis elevatis, acutis, anteversis ; margine
dorsali postico declivi, vix arcuato: lunula profunda, lanceolato-cor-
data : interior albida ; sinu siphonali obliquo, acuto; cardine denti-
bus tribus divergentibus in utrâque valvā.
Arthemis lambata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
277. July 1850. Expedition Shells, 84.
SHELL thin, lenticular, nearly circular, somewhat cordate, nearly
equilateral, of a brownish-white colour, shining. Surface very finely
grooved concentrically, some of the ridges rising into sharp laminæ at
the extremities; a faint granular appearance is also produced by mi-
croscopic radiating striæ; beaks a little anterior, elevated, acute,
strongly antrorse, excavated in front, and having a deeply impressed,
lanceolate, cordate lunule: anterior end somewhat compressed, regu-
larly rounded; posterior end broader, more elevated, dorsal slope a
little arcuate, rapidly declivous, tip not truncate: ventral margin nearly
circular, a little oblique. Interior dingy white; margin simple; sipho-
nal sinus diagonal, acutangular, deep. The hinge has three divergent
lamellar teeth in each valve.
Length one inch; height nine-tenths of an inch; breadth half an
inch.
Drawn up on the anchor at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
Archer.
A. lincta is more elevated, has the ridges about twice as large, is
destitute of radiating striæ, is more solid, and has the ligament mar-
gin excavated and the siphonal sinus more slender and acute. It is
rather larger in size.
Figures 536, 536 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.

ACEPHALA.
423
VENUS CALCAREA (Gould).
Testa ovato-rotundata, alba, crassa, inequilateralis, posticè subtruncata,
striis concentricis, irregularibus, remotis, lamellosis signata ; natibus
acutis, attigentibus; lunulâ duplici, ovato-lanceolatâ ; intus candidis-
sima ; margine crenulato.
Venus calcarea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 277.
Expedition Shells, 85.
SHELL ovate-triangular, nearly as high as wide, white, thick and
heavy, inequilateral, slightly truncated posteriorly; surface marked
with distant, irregular, somewhat lamellar, concentric ridges, the prin-
cipal ones being about fifteen in number: beaks smooth, pointed, and
touching each other; lunule appearing somewhat double, the outer
one ovate-lanceolate; ligament deeply buried. Interior dead chalky
white within the pallial impression, polished milk-white outside of it.
Margin finely crenulate.
a
Length two and a half inches; height two inches; breadth an inch
and two-fifths.
Inhabits New Zealand.
This remarkable shell is closely allied to V. exalbida and V. merce-
naria. It is of a purer white than either, and more elongated, and
with much fewer concentric ruge than the former; nor has it any ra-
diating striæ.
ARCA SOBRIA (Gould).
Testa transversa, inequilateralis, rhomboidea, alba, costulis rugosis nu-
merosis radiantibus, posticis majoribus, instructa, et undulis remotis
concentricis subreticulata ; latere antico angusto, rectangulari, in mar-
ginem ventralem posticè desinente; latere postico obliquè truncato, ad
apicem acuto; apicibus elevatis, angulatis ; areâ cardinali angustā,
lanceolatâ : cardo dentibus ad octo utrinque instructus.

424
MOLLUSCA.
Arca sobria, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 278.
July 1850. Expedition Shells, 85.
SHELL of moderate size, transversely elongate, rhomboidal, rather
thin, white; superior margin straight; anterior margin forming a
right angle with the dorsal margin, then sweeping round in a regular
curve into the ventral margin; posterior margin very obliquely trun-
cate, joining the basal margin at an acute angle; ventral margin mo-
derately gaping. Beaks large, elevated, nearly smooth ; posterior
slope angular. Surfaces sculptured with numerous and delicate ribs,
rendering the surface somewhat nodulous; behind the umbonal angle
are five or six much larger bulging ribs, concentrically plicate, the
intervening spaces smooth ; at the anterior end are also some larger
ribs. Cardinal area large, narrow-lanceolate, with grooves in lozenge;
hinge edge delicate, with about eight delicate teeth at each end, and
a few denticles between, the posterior one very oblique. Basal mar-
gin finely crenulate.
Length an inch and three-fourths; height nine-tenths of an inch;
breadth seven-tenths of an inch.
Habitat unknown.
It has the outline of Arca Deshaysiz, but is much smaller, more
slender, more numerously ribbed, less acute posteriorly.
Figure 560, the side; 560 a, the back; 560 b, the hinge.
NUCULA SULCULATA (Couthouy MS.) Gould.
Testa transversa, inequilateralis, ovalis, nitida, concentricè sulculata,
epidermide olivaceo induta ; natibus tumidis ; latere postico attenuato,
sub-rostrato, vix truncato ; latere antico rotundato; margine ventrali
arcuato ; declivitate postico angulato: lunula ovalis, bene impressâ.
SHELL thick and solid, transversely oval, anterior extremity obtusely
rounded, smooth ; posterior part attenuated, subrostrate, slightly trun-
cated a little obliquely, with an obtuse ridge extending from the lower
angle to the beaks; midway between this angle and the upper margin

A CEPHALA.
425
is a feebly-impressed line, vanishing as it approaches the beak; basal
margin regularly curved; beaks anterior, protuberant, incurved, and
contiguous. Lunule deeply impressed, large, oval, faintly striated by
the growth of the shell; margins of the valves forming a slight ridge
through the middle. Escutcheon strongly marked, broadly elliptical,
extending from the beak to the extremity, and limited by a deeply-
impressed line, its surface shining and faintly striated, and of paler
colour. Valves sculptured by fine, sharply-cut, concentric striæ, and
covered with a thin, dark olive epidermis. Hinge denticles about fif-
teen anterior and twenty posterior. [J. P. c.]
Length half an inch; breadth one-fifth of an inch; height three-
tenths of an inch.
Dredged in Orange Bay, Cape Horn.
It resembles N. rostrata, from Massachusetts Bay, but is shorter,
thicker, less prolonged posteriorly, and has a strongly-marked lunule,
which is wholly wanting in that species. It closely resembles N.
cælata, Hinds, from the Northwest Coast, which is anteriorly shorter,
more ventricose, and sculptured all over.
Figures 539, 539 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 539 b, the
hinge; 539 c, natural size.
CYCLAS EGREGIA (Gould).
T. ventricosa, transversa, oblonga, sub-equilateralis, concentricè tenui-li-
rata; apicibus parum elevatis, tumidis; epidermide viridi-corneo,
fusco-zonato; plerumque C. corneæ similis.
Cyclas egregia, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 292.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 86.
This shell is so similar to C. cornea that it would not be distinguished
without careful examination. It is, however, larger, more rounded in
outline, and more globose in form. The epidermis is less glistening,
of a deeper green, and exhibits no traces of radiations. The hinge
ligament is shorter and more prominent. As to its beaks, furrowing,
107

426
MOLLUSCA.
and hinge, it is almost identical. It is larger than any other species I
have seen.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; height six-eighths of an inch ;
breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Hunter's River, New South Wales.
Figures 526, 526 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 526 b, the
hinge.
CYCLAS PATELLA (Gould).
T. parva, tenuis, rotundato-ovalis, lenticularis, modicè cavata, concentricè
exiliter sulcata, epidermide luteo-viridi induta ; apicibus medianis,
rotundatis, haud elevatis : intus lactea : cardo dentibus duobus minutis
cardinalibus instructus ; dentibus lateralibus remotis, validis.
Cyclas patella, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 292.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 86.
SHELL small, thin, lenticular, nearly equilateral, transversely
rounded-oval, rendered somewhat triangular by the dorsal slope;
somewhat pointed at beaks; surface finely grooved concentrically,
and somewhat radiately striate at beaks. Valves regularly convex,
scarcely modified by the beaks; epidermis pale greenish-yellow. In-
terior creamy white, smooth; cavity of the beaks very shallow: hinge
with two minute, diverging, cardinal teeth, and a distant, well-deve-
loped lateral one on each side.
Length half an inch; height three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-
fourth of an inch.
Inhabits Oregon, at Wallawalla and Vancouver.
This is to be compared with C. cornea, on account of the peculiar
rounded form of the dorsal region, the umbones not rising so as to in-
terfere with the general outline. The cavity of the beaks is still more
shallow, the sulcation coarser, and the colour yellowish rather than

A CEPHALA.
427
green, and on the whole the shell is more dense and larger. One
specimen is more elongated than the others, and the dorsal outline is
somewhat angular at each extremity.
a,
Figures 527, 527 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 527 b, the
hinge.
CYRENA DEBILIS (Gould).
T. parva, tenuis, transversè ovata, posticè ampliata et subtruncata, sub-
equilateralis, concentricè liris confertis, sub-reflexis arata; epidermide
nitido, supernè olivaceo induta ; apicibus parum elevatis, erosis,
absque lunulâ : intus violaceo-albida ; dentibus cardinalibus inconspi-
cuis; dentibus lateralibus elongatis, striatis.
Cyrena debilis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 293.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 86.
SHELL small, thin, transversely ovate, pale yellowish-green, darker
towards the apex, polished and shining, furrowed with fine, concentric,
slightly reflexed ridges. Beaks not very prominent, eroded, nearly
central, without an areola in front; anterior side a little narrowed,
posterior extremity slightly truncated. Interior violaceous-white.
Cardinal teeth minute; lateral teeth elongated, finely pectinate.
Length six-tenths of an inch; height four-tenths of an inch; breadth
one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits New Holland, Upper Hunter River. This locality may
possibly be erroneous, from an accidental mixture of specimens.
Most like C. pusilla, but has no areola in front of the beaks, and is
less orbicular and somewhat larger. It has the aspect of a Cyclas.
One small specimen is deep violaceous within, with four white radia-
tions.
Figures 529, 529 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 529 b, the
hinge.

428
MOLLUSCA.
UNIO LUTULENTUS (Gould).
T. transversa, compressa, sub-falcata, valdè inequilateralis, concentrice
undulato-striata interdum nodosa vel sursum rugosa, fusco-virescens ;
lateribus rotundatis ; marginibus sub-parallelis; apicibus prominu-
lis, erosis ; dentibus cardinalibus obliquis, compressis, in valvâ dextrâ
bifidis; dentibus lateralibus elongatis, compressis, rectis: margarita
argentata ; limbo anticè incrassato.
Unio lutulentus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 295.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 88.
ANIMAL having the foot slaty white, edge of the mantle and gills
orange; siphonal fringes black; abdominal mass bright ochreous-
yellow.
SHELL transversely elongated, scarcely falcate, dorsal and ventral
margins nearly parallel; posterior dorsal margin a little sloping, ends
rounded; anterior half nearly as high as the posterior; valves rather
solid, compressed, with a moderate constriction at the ventral margin;
beaks at the anterior fourth, scarcely modifying the dorsal outline by
their prominence, much eroded; surface having concentric undations
along the posterior umbonal ridge; epidermis shining olive-green,
pale leaf-green posteriorly, very faintly radiate-striate, and across the
disk are some rays of distinct corrugations. Nacre bluish-white, with
livid stains near the hinge, and a silvery brilliance posteriorly. Hinge
with a single elongated, slightly prominent, obtuse, very oblique car-
dinal tooth in each valve; lateral teeth slender, sharp, nearly straight,
well developed, double in the left valve. The limbus, outside of the
pallial impression, is much thickened.
Length two inches; height one inch; width two-fifths of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand, common. Drayton.
Resembles U. monodon, and slender specimens of U. complanatus.
It is not a fragile shell, and the peculiar tubercular waves along its
slope, the scattered corrugations on its disk, and its peculiar colour,
1

ACEPHALA.
429
are its best diagnostic marks. These are usually concealed by a thick
crust of black earth. It is said to come from streams in the vicinity
of chalybeate springs. It varies considerably in form.
Figures 542, 542 a, 542 b, three views of the shell; 542 c, the
animal.
UNIO PROFUGUS (Gould).
T. transversa, elongato-ovalis, ventricosa, epidermide fusco-castaneo, con-
centricè undato-striato, radiatim obsoletè plicato induta; margine ven-
trali vix arcuato; margine dorsali sub-recto; latere antico rotundato;
latere postico obliquè truncato, ad apicem obtuso; apicibus ante-
medianis, elevatis, erosis; dentibus cardinalibus obliquis, elongatis,
compressis; dentibus lateralibus remotis, sub-arcuatis : margarita
livido-albida.
Unio profugus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 295.
Expedition Shells, 89.
SHELL solid, transversely sub-oval, sub-equilateral, moderately tu-
mid; anterior end narrowest, elliptically rounded; ventral edge
slightly curved; posterior dorsal margin curved about equally with
the basal, the downward slope a little oblique, the tip obtuse; beaks
two-fifths from the anterior end, considerably elevated, eroded; poste-
rior umbonal slope rather full. Surface rather coarsely undulated by
the stages of increment, and with faint, radiating striæ, sometimes
amounting to undulations on the disk, which is rather flat; epidermis
dark dirty olive, shining, sometimes wrought into radiations of ripple-
like curves on the disk. Nacre bluish-white, not brilliant, punctate,
with bronzed blotching posteriorly, well thickened at the ventral por-
tion. Hinge well developed; cardinal tooth obliquely transverse, of
two unequal lobes in the right valve, single in the left; a deep rounded
sinus between the cardinal and the lateral tooth, which is well deve-
loped, a little curved, divided a little way at tip: muscular impression
well marked.
Length two and three-fourths inches; height an inch and a half;
width seven-eighths of an inch.
108

430
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Hunter's River, New South Wales.
Slender varieties have much the appearance of the more expanded
forms of U. lutulentus. It is more tumid, the beaks more elevated and
more central, the entire dorsal margin less direct, the hinge more
curved, the cardinal tooth of the right valve more oblique and distinctly
bifid, the lateral tooth of the left valve less extensively cleft, and I can-
not find that it is ever nodular along the posterior slope. The nacre
has a tendency to salmon-colour, and it does not seem to accumulate
a dense coating of mud externally. Its exterior is almost precisely
like Anod. areolata.
Figures 543, 543 a, 543 b, three views of the shell.
UNIO DORSUOSUS (Gould).
T. transversa, retrorsum ampliata, inequilateralis, compressa, castanea ;
latere antico circulari ; latere postico obliquè rotundato; margine dor-
sali recto ; apicibus pro-eminentibus, antrorsum concentricè costato-
undulatis, retrorsum nodoso-fluctuatis : dente cardinali perobliquo,
elongato, compresso; dente laterali recto: margarita ex albo-cærules-
cens, livido ad umbones tincta.
Unio dorsuosus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 296.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 89.
SHELL transversely oblong-ovate, thin, rather compressed, chestnut-
brown; beaks prominent, radiately plicate in front by four or five
delicate concentric ribs; nodose-fluctuate along the posterior umbonal
slope; remainder of the surface smooth; posterior half one-third
broader than the anterior; dorsal margin rectilinear, posteriorly com-
pressed and obliquely rounded at the extremity; anterior tip semi-
circular. Cardinal teeth lamellar, delicate, slightly oblique; lateral
teeth straight, short, and delicate. Nacre bluish-silvery, opaque white
at the posterior ventral region. Cavity of the beaks deep, tinged with
rusty greenish. Anterior cicatrix well impressed; posterior cicatrix
scarcely perceptible; anterior ventral margin thickened.
Length an inch and a half; height seven-eighths of an inch; breadth
half an inch.

ACEPHALA.
431
This shell was marked Feejee Islands, probably by some accident,
as I doubt not, from its characteristics, that it came from Eastern
Asia.
It is allied to U. Murchisonianus, Lea, but is more widened and
rounded posteriorly, is not sinuate at the ventral margin, is thinner
and more compressed.
Figures 540, 540 a, 540 b, three views of the shell.
UNIO VERECUNDUS (Gould).
1
T. tenuis, inequilateralis, transversa, ovato-oblonga, convexiuscula, luteo-
olivacea; margine dorsali recto; margine ventrali arcuato ; latere
antico rotundato; latere postico obliquè rotundato ; apicibus prominulis,
acutis, undulatis, erosis : cardo exilis; dentibus tenuibus longitudinali-
bus: margarita exsalmonaceo purpurea.
Unio verecundus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 295.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 89.
SHELL thin and fragile, transversely ovate, dorsal margin straight,
slightly ascending; ventral margin very gently curved, nearly parallel
with the dorsal; anterior end circularly curved, having the vestige of
an angle as it joins the dorsal margin; posterior end without any
abrupt angles; tip broadly rounded; margin above it oblique, gently
curved; beaks eroded, purplish, about two-fifths distant from the ante-
rior end, slightly elevated, minutely undulated with oblique folds,
some of which are zigzag; disk tumid, umbonal slopes obtusely
rounded; epidermis thin, pale olive, with a tinge of red, generally
smoothly adherent, except posteriorly. Nacre pale peach-blossom,
darker posteriorly; hinge very delicate; cardinal tooth single in each
valve, elongated, nearly parallel with the margin; lateral tooth linear,
delicate, straight, divided in the right valve; muscular impression in-
distinct; pallial impression less so.
Length an inch and three-fourths; height an inch and an eighth ;
breadth five-eighths of an inch.

432
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Manila.
Much like U. Bengalensis and U. foliaceus. In the former, both
ends of the ventral margin are angular, the posterior side is dilated
and angular at tip, and the interior is less bright red. The form of
this is rather elliptical than ovate. U. foliaceus is smaller, thinner,
compressed, and has a plumbaginous nacre.
Figures 541, 541 a, 541 b, three views of the shell; 541 c, undulations
of the beaks.
UNIO FAMELICUS (Gould).
T. parva, tenuis, transversa, oblongo-ovata, convexiuscula, epidermide
fusco-castaneo induta; margine dorsali arcuato; margine ventrali
rectiusculo; latere antico angusto; latere postico obliquè rotundato ;
apicibus haud elevatis ad quadrantem anteriorem sitis; dente car-
dinali obliquo, compresso, valido; dente laterali brevi, recto: marga-
rita subpurpurea.
Unio famelicus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 294.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 88.
SHELL quite small, thin, inequilateral, transversely elongated, some-
what obliquely ovate: dorsal edge ascending, regularly curved, and
somewhat more so than the ventral margin, which varies from slightly
convex to slightly concave; anterior end circularly rounded : posterior
end somewhat declining, obtusely rounded at tip, which is near the
ventral margin: beaks at anterior fourth, slightly elevated, much
eroded, of a light bronze-green colour; disk convex; umbonal slopes
full, not angular; epidermis yellowish-green on posterior slope, dusky
on disk : surface rather smooth, the lines of growth fine and regular :
some indications of radiating striæ on the disk: nacre pale greenish-
white: cardinal tooth very oblique, elevated, compressed, triangular,
striated, double in the right valve: a considerable thin, rounded,
curved space intervenes before coming to the lateral tooth, which is
short, straight, double in the left valve: cavity of the beaks small and
shallow : muscular impressions well marked.

A CEPHAL A.
433
Length an inch and a quarter ; height three-fourths of an inch;
breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Wallawalla, Oregon. Dr. Pickering.
A small and rather remarkable species, like a miniature U. compla-
natus. It is more equilateral, has no dorsal angles, the dorsal and
ventral margins diverge more, and the cardinal teeth are more oblique.
It also resembles U. paludicolus, from Florida, but is smaller.
Figures 544, 544 a, 544 b, three views of the shell.
ALASMODONTA FALCATA (Gould).
T. transversa, valdè inequilateralis, falcata, anticè rotundata, posticè
deflecta, acuta, marginibus subparallelis ; disco sub-excavato; umbo-
nibus obtusis, erosis ; epidermide subfusco; dente cardinali in valvâ
dextrâ elevato, trigono, in valva sinistra longitudinali, compresso-tri-
angulari ; margaritâ purpurascente ; limbo argenteo.
Alasmodon falcata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
294. Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 87.
SHELL large, transversely elongated, inequilateral, falcate, dorsal
margin gently curved; basal margin nearly parallel with it: anterior
extremity rounded; posterior deflexed, produced, rather acute; disk
somewhat excavated : beaks at the anterior fourth, slightly raised,
eroded : epidermis dead sooty-black : surface concentrically waved,
with crowded, but strongly-marked, almost lamellar lines of growth;
cardinal tooth, left valve, prominent, laterally compressed, pyramidal;
with a very small obsolete tooth in front, separated by a pit: a single
oblique pyramidal tooth in the right valve, with a fissure in front and
a deep pit behind : nacre pearly at margin, tinted pale copperas or
peach-blossom colour near the cavity of the beaks, and clouded with
livid : muscular impressions very profound, anterior one distinct :
cavity of the beaks considerable.
Length four inches; height one and a half inches; breadth one inch.
a
109

434
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Wallawalla, Spokane, Wahlamet, &c., Oregon, J. Drayton;
and Upper Sacramento River, California, Dr. Pickering.
Mr. Lea and others have regarded this as a variety of A. margari-
tifera. He says of specimens brought by Mr. Nuttall, “ It should be
remarked that the nacre in these specimens is always purple, a cha-
racter not observed from other localities.” But besides the uniformly
peach-blossom nacre, the form is generally more arcuate, the exterior
more waved, the colour darker; the anterior tooth in the right valve
is comparatively obsolete, longitudinally oblique and lamellar in the
young. The young have also the sides compressed, the epidermis
rusty brown, and a great part of the nacre white; the teeth are also
more sharply developed. A small, distorted specimen, was short and
much inflated. From the large heaps of dead shells observed by Dr.
Pickering, both in Oregon and California, it is evidently used exten-
sively for food, by the Indians.
Figures 545, 545 a, 545 b, three views of the shell.
ANODONTA PUBERULA (Gould).
T. transversa, elongato-ovata, ventricosa, anticè rotundata, posticè ob-
liquè rotundata et costâ obliquâ submarginali munita; margine dorsali
arcuato; margine ventrali concavo; apicibus ante-medianis, acutis,
parum elevatis ; epidermide olivaceo-glaucescente fluctuatim corrugato
induto: cavositas argentea ; disco salmonaceo: cardo edentulus vel
potius papillâ cardinali in valvâ dextrâ instructus.
Anodon glauca, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 293.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 87.
SHELL transversely elongate, slightly falcate, gradually widening
backwards, inequilateral, compressed and even excavated at the sides;
posterior umbonal slope full, bounded above by a rib-like elevation,
passing from the beaks to the middle of the posterior end; beaks at
the anterior third, rather prominent, eroded ; anterior end acutely
rounded; dorsal and siphonal ends arcuate; ventral margin concavely
arcuate. Epidermis pale olive, radiately corrugated in festoons.

A CEPHALA.
435
Hinge simple, with a very small cardinal papilla on the right valve.
Nacre silvery, with livid green cloudings; muscular scars well marked.
Length an inch and five-eighths; height seven-eighths of an inch;
breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Peru.
This shell appears to be different from any which I find described.
Its peculiar colour, a dead russet green, with the epidermis remarkably
corrugated into zigzag loops, may serve to distinguish it. It would
come under the genus Monocondylea of D’Orbigny. The name first
applied is pre-occupied.
Figures 548, 548 a, 548 b, three views of the shell.
ANODONTA COGNATA (Gould).
T. fragilis, transversa, oblongo-ovata ; margine dorsali brevi, recto;
margine ventrali arcuato; latere antico rotundato; latere postico ob-
liquè truncato, ad apicem rotundato ; disco turgido; epidermide vires-
cente, nitido; apicibus ante-medianis inconspicuis, undulatis : mar-
garita livido-albida.
Anodon cognata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 294.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 87.
SHELL elongate, transversely ovate, thin and fragile, pale yellowish-
green, more yellow in the young, faintly radiated : beaks at the ante-
rior third, inconspicuous, wrinkled : disk turgid: dorsal margin short,
rectilinear: basal margin strongly arcuate, especially behind the mid-
dle: anterior end narrow, rounded; posteriorly compressed above,
with a long oblique slope, somewhat nasute : pale leaden within,
clouded with livid. Cavity of the beaks nearly wanting, the valve
being almost symmetrically spoon-shaped; impressions very faint.
Length three inches; height one inch and a half; breadth one inch.
Inhabits Nisqually and Vancouver, Oregon. Dr. Fox.
Resembles small specimens of A. cygnea; but the dorsal margin is

436
MOLLUSCA.
shorter, not continuously straight, and forming an abrupt angle above,
anteriorly; the posterior extremity is less acute and more nasute; the
cavity of the beaks is also somewhat over-arched. Excepting the
beaks, it is like A. fluviatilis.
Figures 546, 546 a, 546 b, three views of the shell.
ANODONTA ANGULATA (LEA). Genus Unio, II., pl. 16, f. 52.
Mr. Lea's figure and description give but a very imperfect idea of
this very remarkable shell. In the first place it is very much larger
than the valve seen by Mr. Lea,--an inch and seven-tenths by three and
a half inches; the umbonal carina is very strongly marked ; anterior to
this the epidermis is bright leaf-green, smooth, with radiating ranges
of short wrinkles; posterior to it, the epidermis is dusky, and laid in
loose, foliaceous, concentric folds. The nacre within the pallial im-
pression is of an oily lustre, and deep peach-blossom colour blending
with salmon colour.
Found in the Sacramento River, California.
ANODONTA FEMINALIS (Gould).
T. solidula, transversa, ovato-triangularis, anticè acuminata, margine
postico in margine dorsali desinente, arcuato; margine ventrali recto;
apice rectangulari ; apicibus inconspicuis, erosis, anticis, declivitate
posticali obtusè angulato; epidermide lamelloso, piceo : margarita
purpuruscens ; limbo argenteo; dente cardinali obsoleto.
Anodon feminalis, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 293.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 87.
SHELL rude, rather thin, transversely elongated, triangular-ovate,
inequilateral, somewhat falcate; anteriorly narrow, and rapidly widen-
ing backwards; dorsal margin arched, regularly curving into the
posterior obliquely-curved margin without an angle, and forming a
right angle with the ventral margin, which is slightly arcuate con-
vexly; anterior extremity rounded; valves thin and rude, rather ven-

A CEPH A L A.
437
tricose, divided into two areas by a prominent but obtusely angular
umbonal slope; the anterior area nearly plane, the posterior convex;
beaks inconspicuous at the anterior fifth, much eroded; stages of
growth loose and laminated, with some indistinct radiating striæ on
the disk; epidermis coarse, piceous. Nacre bluish-white, with salmon
stains in the cavity of the beaks; left cardinal margin very delicate,
and nearly destitute of a tooth, thickened posteriorly, while the right
valve has a conspicuous thickening at the beak, which generally rises
into a tubercular, tooth-like apophysis.
Length two and a quarter inches; height an inch and a quarter ;
width three-quarters of an inch.
Inhabits Wallawalla, Columbia River, Oregon. Dr. Pickering.
At first this was supposed to be the young of A. angulata, Lea; but
it proves different in several constant characters, besides its widely
remote habitat. It is much smaller and thinner, its surface rude and
dusky, instead of smooth and green; its outlines are all curves instead
of right lines; the dorsal and terminal outlines form a continuous
curve instead of a distinct angle; the posterior umbonal slope is ob-
tusely angular instead of having the remarkably acute carination of A.
angulata, and the area posterior to it is convex and not concave; the
beaks are more anterior, and the cardinal apophysis is never found in
A. angulata, while it is constant in this.
Figures 547, 547 a, 547 b, three views of the shell.
,
AVICULA MARGARITIFERA (LIN.), Roissy. Meleagrina margaritifera,
LAMARCK; Anim. sans Vert., vii. 107.
Shell rounded-trapezoidal, compressed, attaining great size and
weight. Colour sea-green, radiated with whitish stripes; surface in
distant loose laminæ, which in young specimens project into from
fifteen to twenty series of long, spatulate scales corresponding to the
pale stripes. Hinge margin long and straight, the posterior* margin
passing off at nearly a right angle without forming a queue, and after
passing half the length in a right line, gently curves around the ventral
* The side from which the byssus issues, is considered the anterior.
110

438
MOLLUSCA.
portion, and forms a shorter curve at the byssal margin; so that the
general curve of the whole shell is forwards. Right valve most con-
vex; byssal notch a broad deep groove running to the apex, over which
a small auricle with a simple margin partially projects; in the left
valve the auricle is still less conspicuous, and there is a large rounded-
tuberosity answering to the notch in the opposite valve. Nacre faint
greenish, its edge smoky, beyond which the cortical substance projects
a considerable distance, lurid and dusky green radiated; no conspi-
cuous hinge teeth.
Figure 555, side view of the shell.
The above description is here introduced, because no detailed cha-
racters are to be found in any preceding work; and it seems quite
necessary as a standard of comparison for other species, several of
which have been confounded with this. It differs from others in the
absence of well-marked auricles, and in the peculiar manner in which
the ventral margin is curved, much after the form of the point of
some old-fashioned table-knives. No other species seems to attain to
so large a size.
a
In describing the species of Avicula and Perna, the form of the
nacred interior, which is constant, is to guide us, rather than the ex-
terior form, which is often rendered quite diverse by the cretaceous
margin which extends beyond it. In the following descriptions this
rule has been observed.
AVICULA NIGRA (Gould).
Testa mutica, inequivalvis, ecaudata, edentula, fusca, antrorsum lobata ;
valva dextra convexiuscula, posticè integer, anticè profundè emargi-
nata; auriculâ triangulari, crenulatâ: valva sinistra convexior, pos-
ticè profundè emarginata: margarita ex argenteo cærulescens ; limbo
lato, fusco.
Avicula nigra, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 309.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 90.
Shell small, thin dolabriform, slightly antrorsely curved, height and

A CEPHAL A.
439
length about equal, surface somewhat squamous near edge; colour
blue-black; valves nearly flat, right one most so; auricle very small
triangular; dorsal edge straight, a little produced at tip; posterior edge
emarginate near summit, then descending, curves gently forwards;
basal edge slightly curved; anterior edge circularly rounded; deeply
emarginate below ear; byssus-notch deep, fissure-like, edge crenulate;
byssus tubercle very small. Nacre bluish-white; the dark purplish-
black substance extending far beyond; no visible teeth.
Length two inches and three-fourths; height two inches; breadth
half an inch.
Dredged at Singapore.
1
More like A. margaritifera in form than any other, but is less
retuse, destitute of scales, and having its substance a plain purplish-
black. It belongs to Lamarck's genus Meleagrina, which is now
justly regarded as only a subdivision of Avicula.
Figure 554, the shell.
AVICULA VIDUA (Gould).
T. parva, tenuis, dolabriformis, vix obliqua, per-inequilateralis, mutica,
nitens, ex viridi purpurascens, deinde nigra, albo obscurè radiata:
valva dextra planulata : valva sinistra convexa, ecaudata : auricula
parva, triangularis; fissura parva, superficialis, edentata: margarita
ex argenteo violacescens ; limbo lato, nigro.
Avicula vidua, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 309.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 89.
SHELL small, thin, fragile, slightly oblique, length and height
about equal; surface smooth, purplish-black, with indistinct white
radiations; in its early stages grass-green radiated with white; left
valve angularly convex; right valve flat; dorsal margin not caudate, but
a little emarginate at posterior edge; auricle very small, triangular ;
re-entering angle very obtuse, notch small and shallow; cardinal edge
broad; no perceptible teeth. Nacre bluish-silvery, darker at peri-
phery, nearly semicircular, calcareous edge very broad, black and

440
MOLLUSCA.
glossy; a large callous rib answering to the fissure. Impressions very
shallow
Length an inch and a quarter; height three-fourths of an inch;
breadth three-tenths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
In the early stages the colour is grass-green, then passing through
dark purple to coal black. It is remarkable for the perfect flatness of
one valve. Its destitution of hinge teeth brings it in Lamarck's genus
Meleagrina.
Figures 553, 553 a, exterior and interior of the shell.
AVICULA LURIDA (Gould).
T. squamosa, vix obliqua, ferè ecaudata, solidula, coloribus rosaceis, vi-
ridibus et flavidis radiatim fucata: valva dextra posticè vix sinuata,
convexa ; auricula lata, triangularis; fissura byssica haud profunda :
valva sinistra ventricosa, tuberculo magno subcaudali munita, posticè
integra: margarita argentea; limbo corticali corneo et nigro marmo-
rato.
Avicula lurida, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 310.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 91.
SHELL small, thin, pendulous, moderately oblique backwards, rather
higher than long; surface rather loosely laminated; with series of
close-pressed lanceolate scales near margin; reddish horn colour,
grass-greenish on disk, with undulating pale radiations becoming
inclined to dusky in old shells; valves rather convex, left one most
so; highest part far behind the beaks; posterior dorsal edge compressed;
posterior margin broadly emarginate near summit; basal edge circu-
larly rounded; dorsal edge oblique forwards; auricle of right valve
rather large, higher than broad, moderately striated'; notch very small,
and shallow triangular; nacre light steel-blue, with violet reflections
projecting, cortical substance broadly radiately marbled with sallow
white and coal black. Fold answering to byssus-notch very decided,

A CEPH A L A.
441
riblike, ending in a prominent trigonal knob. A minute cardinal
tubercle, and a delicate straight lateral lamina bifurcate at tip. Mus-
cular impressions very indistinct.
Length two inches; height two and a quarter inches; breadth
seven-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
A small species coloured much like A. margaritifera; but the curve
is in an opposite direction, and it is provided with a well-developed
auricle, characters which could not be ascribed simply to immaturity.
а.
Figures 550, 550 a, outer and inner views of the shell.
AVICULA FUCATA (Gould).
T. saccata, retrorsum obliqua, per-inequivalvis, scabra, rosaceo et flavido
radiatim picta: auricula prægrandis, elongata; fissurâ byssali pro-
fundâ: valva dextra convexiuscula; angulo postico acuto: vulva si-
nistra ventricosa, anticè haud emarginata, acutangularis, plicâ magnâ
munita : cardo dentibus conspicuis : margarita argentea, violacescens;
limbo corticali cretaceo, croceo et rosaceo radiato.
Avicula fucata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 309.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 90.
SHELL obliquely ovate, left valve tumid, right nearly flat; surface
with short loose lamina, especially behind; colour radiated yellowish
and rose-red, shining; dorsal edge produced into a short acute wing,
externally forming a right angle, then sweeping backwards; anterior
forming an acute angle and sweeping forwards forms the obliquely
ovate outline; auricle long triangular, finely and loosely laminated ;
re-entering angle a right angle, edge sharp and simple. Nacre sil-
very white, becoming violaceous at edge; calcareous margin pale,
radiated red; byssal fold sharp and distinct, marking off a broad
smooth area; cardinal tooth of left valve very strongly developed, in-
flexed; lateral tooth short, delicate, bifurcate in right valve; muscular
dots distinct, not impressed.
111

442
MOLLUSCA.
Length two and a half inches; height two and a quarter inches;
breadth three-fourths of an inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
In form it resembles A. Iurida; but its smoother surface, difference
of coloration both without and within, and its much more elongated
auricle, are quite distinctive. The young stages of this shell are
exceedingly beautiful, being rose-red, with a sort of superficial radia-
tion of cream-colour.
Figures 551, 551 a, two views of the shell.
AVICULA GLABRA (Gould).
T. tenuis, semi-elliptica, vix obliqua, valdè caudata, glabra, ad periphe-
riam lamellata, virescens, albo-radiata : valva dextra planiuscula ;
auricula latior quam longa : valva sinistra ventricosa, anticè integra,
acutangula : cardinis dentibus obsoletis : margarita argentea ; limbo
corticali livido-corneo.
Avicula glabra, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 310.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 91.
SHELL very thin and fragile, spade-shaped, slightly oblique; left
valve rather ventricose; right nearly flat; surface generally smooth and
shining; somewhat loosely laminated near margin, and with ranges of
distant minute scales, in young specimens; colour pale beryl-greenish,
with opaque white radiations; dorsal edge long and straight, slightly
produced into a queue, from which the posterior edge, after a slight
inflection, descends directly at right angles; base broadly rounded;
anterior edge a little oblique; ear triangular, closely and loosely
striated; re-entering angle obtuse; nacre silvery white; shelly margin
pale greenish or ochreous; no perceptible cardinal tubercle, and with
a short lateral ridge simulating a tooth ; byssal edge largely open; op-
posing tubercle slight, almost without umbonal ridge.
Length and height two and three-fourths inches; breadth seven-
eighths of an inch.

ACEPHAL A.
443
Inhabits New Zealand.
Outline much as in A. fucata, but the caudal region is much more
compressed. Its smooth surface and widely different coloration are
easily recognised. The white radiations are opaque, and have a super-
ficial appearance.
Figures 552, 552 a, outer and inner surfaces of the shell; 552 b, dor-
sal view.
AVICULA PICA (Gould).
Testa solidula, ventricosa, per-inequilateralis, obliquè rotundata, ecau-
data ; margine caudali parum producto; extus calcarea, nigro radiata :
auricula triangularis, crenulata; fissura profunda: margarita pallide
aurea; limbo calcareo lato, vitreo, albo et nigro radiato: margo car-
dinalis latus, incrassatus; dente cardinali papilliformi ; dente laterali
brevi, anticè incrassato et deflecto, in valvâ sinistra bifurcato; cicatrice
musculari reniformi, profundo.
Avicula maculata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 309.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 90.
SHELL small, solid, height and length about equal, a little oblique,
broadly rounded; surface chalky white radiate with dusky purple;
rather convex, left valve most so; superior margin short, thick; pos-
terior dorsal edge compressed, not produced; posterior margin a little
sinuate; surface finely laminated, not produced into scales; auricle
rather large triangular, as broad as long; margin conspicuously crenu-
lated; byssal notch deep; nacre pale golden-yellow; shelly margin
broad, variegated blue-black and porcelain-white; a minute cardinal
tubercle; hinge margin broad and thick, with a short lateral tooth,
enlarged and curved downwards at the end; bifurcated in the left
valve; a conspicuous range of muscular dots traversing down from the
beaks; byssal tuberosity of left valve broad triangular.
Length and height an inch and three-fourths; width five-eighths of
an inch.
Inhabits Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.

444
MOLLUSCA.
The peculiar magnesian external coating, radiated with dark purple,
the golden nacre, and the porcelain-like marbled limbus, make this a
strongly marked species. The name first given is preoccupied.
Figures 549, 549 a, exterior and interior of the shell; 549 b, dorsal
view.
PERNA ARGILLACEA (Gould).
T. solidula, mutica, compressa, elongata, anticè dilatata, posticè subrecta,
ex luteo alutacea, hic illic nigricans; apice adunco: fissura byssalis,
angusta, lanceolata : intus livescens : area cardinalis curta, obliquè
triangularis, sulcis obliquis ad octo arata : fovea apicalis profunda.
Perna argillacea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 311.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 91.
SHELL solid, smooth, compressed; pale drab-colour, clouded with
dusky, especially at periphery; elongated, somewhat triangular, trun-
cated at tip; surface laminated, and somewhat squamate; hinge short,
a little oblique; posterior margin a little concave: anterior a little
concave at the byssal fissure, then dilating, becomes continuous with
the slightly rounded base. Nacre drab marbled with livid, thin:
calcareous limbus broad, very thin, of nearly the same colour: outline
of nacre angular: hinge area triangular, grooves eight or ten, long :
byssus-opening formed by an inflection mostly in the right valve:
apicial pit deep
Length two and a half inches; height three inches; width three-
eighths of an inch.
Habitat uncertain.
The resemblance to the common P. ephippium of the West Indies
is very great. It differs chiefly in the clay-coloured exterior, and in
having the byssal instead of the opposite side dilated; the muscular
scar is also smaller.
Figure 559, outside of the shell; 559 a, inside of the shell.

ACEPHALA.
445
PERNA TORVA (Gould).
T. rudis, crassa, inequivalvis, concentricè lamellata, cinerea, obliqua,
trapezoidea ; latere byssali dilatato, semicirculari; sinu byssali pro-
fundo; apice adunco; latere postico rectilineari, obliquo, producto ;
margine cardinali obliquo: area cardinalis triangularis, sulcis obliquis
ad sex arata : margarita ex argenteo-purpurascens ; limbo lato, retrò
dilatato.
Perna torva, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 311.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 92.
SHELL rude, rather solid, elongated, somewhat trapezoidal, oblique :
posterior margin oblique, nearly straight: anterior base abruptly round-
ed:
: posterior edge and base broadly rounded: colour pale drab: hinge
margin short, oblique, widening anteriorly: teeth, about six, slender.
Nacre silvery white: calcareous limbus broad, especially behind :
ground-colour of the exterior ashy, but clouded dusky: nacreous por-
tion scarcely oblique: byssus fissure small, intruding but little into
the shell, nearly equal in both valves : beaks acute.
Length an inch and a half; height an inch and three-fourths ;
breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
The obliquity of this species, and the small number of its cardinal
sulci, are among its most prominent characters.
Figures 558, 558 a, outside and inside of the shell.
PERNA NANA (Gould).
T. parva, crassa, subquadrata, adunca, lamellosa, extus nigra; margine
ventrali sinuato; angulo infero-posteriori rotundato; latere postico
sinuato: area cardinalis lata, 6-sulcata : fissura byssalis ampla, tri-
gonalis : margarita plumbaginea; limbo corticali angusto, pallido.
112

446
MOLLUSCA.
Perna nana, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 312.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 92.
SHELL small, solid, elongated, rounded posteriorly and at base, con-
cave anteriorly, adunque at tip: surface generally smooth and shining,
squamous towards edge, coal black. Interior slaty black, or black-
lead colour, silvery under beaks, darker towards periphery: hinge
area very thick : teeth, about six : byssus aperture formed by a broad
inflexure of the anterior margin: calcareous edge narrow and pale:
muscular impressions deeply marked.
Length three-fifths of an inch; height three-fourths of an inch;
breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands, under stones. Drayton.
The solidity and colour of this little species will not admit of its
being confounded with any other species. It bears the marks of
mature age.
Figures 556, 556 a, inside and outside of the shell.
PERNA EREMITA (Gould).
T. fragilis, exaluminata, variabilis, dolabrata, vulsellata, unguiformis,
pectiniformis et omnimodè distorta, plerumque radiatim rugoso-striata
et in junioribus rufo-lineata ; antrorsum plus minusve arcuata : mar-
garita argentea; limbo corticali ampliato, foliaceo, stramineo, vitreo:
margine cardinali ferè horizontali, sex ad octo sulcato ; fissurâ byssali
profundâ.
Perna eremita, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 311.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 92.
SHELL small, thin, fragile, very irregular, conforming itself to its
places of abode: normal form pectiniform, subcircular, with a short,
straight, dorsal margin, but sometimes much elongated, like Malleus.
Colour pale greenish horn-colour, near the beaks radiated with beryl-
green. Young specimens, which have been protected from injuries,

A CEPH A L A.
447
are sculptured by radiating ramose ribs, bearing minute, pointed
scales. Almost every shell, if closely examined, especially near the
beaks, will exhibit some of these corrugations; but others become for
the most part smooth, lamellar and shining. Left valve emarginate
near beak, leaving the upper point adunque; right valve flat, with a
large semicircular byssus-fissure. Interior silvery white, with a very
broad drab-white limbus: byssus-fissure a shallow sinus in right
valve: opposed by a large, prominent, re-entering sinuous callosity :
ligament grooves six or eight, delicate, short.
Length two inches; height an inch and four-fifths; breadth three-
eighths of an inch.
Inhabits Carlshoff Island, Paumotu Group.
This shell, though so variable as to elude all terms of description, is
still very distinct from all others, in all its forms. It seems to acquire
its multiform shapes from the cavities in coral where it resides.
Young or well-protected specimens are sculptured by delicate, ra-
diating, ramose ribs, bearing minute scales.
Figures 557, 557 a, outside and inside of the shell; 557 b, an elon-
gated form; 557 c, a young specimen.
CRENATULA PERGAMINEA (Gould).
T. membranacea, obliquissima, subfalcata, concentricè laminoso-fibrosa,
albida, lineis lacteis radiata ; margine dorsali recto, apicibus tumi-
dis, acutis, ad trientem anteriorem sitis ; latere antico arcuato et cum
margine ventrali continuo ; latere postico obliquè truncato : area car-
dinalis angusta ad quinque crenata : intus submargaritacea.
Crenatula pergaminea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
310. Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 91.
SHELL thin, light, parchment-like, pale, pearly white, with fine ra-
diating lines of milk-white, transverse, turning very obliquely back-
ward in a foliate manner; hinge margin straight, the beaks, at the
anterior third, acute, and the umbonal slope protuberant; posteriorly

448
MOLLUSCA.
somewhat alate, compressed, the margin obliquely and somewhat con-
cavely truncate, somewhat nasutely terminated : the anterior and
basal margins forming a continuous curve. The ligament margin is
delicate and narrow, furnished with about five notches. Interior
somewhat silvery.
Length an inch and a quarter; height five-eighths of an inch;
breadth three-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
None of the species already described agree with this in colour,
texture, or form. Its structure is very delicate and unresisting, almost
fibrous at its edge.
Figures 584, 584 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell; 584 b, the
hinge.
PINNA SENTICOSA (Gould).
T. cuneata, subin flata, posticè obliquè rotundata, purpureo-nigricans ;
margine dorsali subascendente ; margine ventrali propè apicem pen-
dulo: area superior triangularis costulis ad septem radiantibus squa-
migeris (squamis semi-tubulosis) instructa ; area inferior striis incre-
mentalibus solum notatu.
Pinna senticosa, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist , iii. 312.
Nov. 1850. Expedition Shells, 92.
SHELL wedge-shaped, somewhat inflated, rather firm, of a dusky
colour, inclined to purple, especially near the apex. The dorsal mar-
gin is slightly ascending, ventral margin suddenly pendent, about an
inch from the apex; posterior margin slightly oblique, obtusely
rounded. Above a line running from the apex to the inferior poste-
rior angle, the surface is occupied by about seven small, diverging
ribs, bearing rather distant vaulted scales, which become semi-tubular
near the end, with also some raised lines in the intervening spaces;
the lower portion is plain, except that it is rather deeply marked by
the lines of growth.

A CEPHALA.
449
Length four and a half inches; height two and a half inches;
breadth one inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
Its general appearance is that of P. seminuda; but it is smaller,
much darker, the ventral margin is less arcuated, and the scales much
less numerous and regular.
Figure 574, the shell.
MYTILUS DIVARICATUS (Gould).
T. ovato-triangularis, arcuata, præter regionem byssicalem undique ra-
diatim costato-sulcata, sulcis profundis
, remotis, interdum divarican-
tibus ; apice peracuto, angulato; margine dorsali haud angulato, por-
tione ligamentali arcuato ; margine ventrali recto; epidermide luteo-
corneo posticè fuscescente : intus albida, posticè livescens.
Mytilus divaricatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
344. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 94.
Shell of medium size, rather solid, somewhat arcuately ovate-tri-
angular; the apex very acute, divided by a sharp umbonal angle;
dorsal edge curved throughout, so as to exhibit but the vestige of an
angle; ventral margin direct or slightly convex; ventral edge lozenge-
shaped, or somewhat tectiform. Surface, except the byssal region,
deeply grooved radiately, the grooves often subdividing, forming pro-
minent rounded ribs, diminishing ventrally. Colour yellowish, becom-
ing dusky posteriorly. Interior whitish, or stained livid towards the
dorsum.
Length nearly two inches; height about one inch; breadth three-
fourths of an inch.
Inhabits the China Seas.
In general aspect it is like M. Magellanicus, but is more angular,
the grooves are deeper, more numerous and more generally distributed.
113

450
MOLLUSCA.
They are disposed as in M. hamatus, but are much larger, as
in M. demissus. Another species, probably from New Holland, is
grooved much like it, but is larger, and differs in its form.
Figures 565, 565 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
MYTILUS ALGOSUS (Gould).
T. transversa, subcylindrica, elliptico-triangularis, valdè corrosa, epider-
mide tenui, intensè smaragdino induta ; margine dorsali angulato,
posticè ad marginem ventralem rectum parallelo ; latere postico rotun-
dato; fastigio umbonali tumido, obtuso ; cardine edentulo: intus
рипісеа.
Mytilus algosus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii., 344
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 94.
SHELL elongated, spatulate; upper half triangular, lower semi-
oval; dorsal margin obscurely angular, ventral margin nearly straight;
fissure for byssus very small; valves semi-cylindrical; apex on a level
with the base; surface generally eroded; marginal portion covered
with a smooth, shining, thick, invisible-green epidermis; rather com-
pressed at tip; hinge toothless; interior clouded slaty and claret-red.
Length an inch and three-fourths; height and width five-eighths
of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
The slender cylindrical form, very dark green epidermis, and inte-
rior coloration, are good diagnostic characters.
Figure 566, lateral view of the shell, exterior and interior; 566 a,
dorsal view.
MYTILUS TROSSULUS (Gould).
T. parva, elongata, sub-arcuata, nitida, coracina, subtus cærulea ; umbo-

A CEPHALA.
451
nibus remotis excurvatis, 5-denticulatis; marginibus sub-parallelis;
margine ligamentali adscendente, recto, angulato; fastigio umbonali
tumido, obtuso; intus cretato, limbo atro; cicatrice palleali lineari.
Mytilus trossulus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 344.
Dec 1850. Expedition Shells, 94.
SHELL small, glossy, crow-black, elongated, narrow, marked only
with fine undulations of growth : ventral margin direct : dorsal margin
obtusely angular at the middle, the posterior portion declining a little
towards the base: end rounded, forming a very small, triangular
dorsal wing; umbones tumid: basal aspect a little flattened: interior
chalky, bluish-white; margin inky black: muscular impression nar-
row, and separated from the limbus by a mere thread throughout:
hinge denticles, about five: beaks sharp, on a level with the base.
-
Length an inch and a quarter ; height an inch and three-fifths ;
breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Killimook, Puget Sound, Oregon.
Differs from M. edulis in its more elongated and more cylindrical
form: the dorsal wing is less elevated, its posterior slope rectilinear,
and not curved: colour more glossy black, and without radiating
striæ; and interiorly it has a threadlike separation of the muscular
impression from the dorsal limbus, instead of a rapidly widening one
as in M. edulis. It is barely possible to be the same. It accords
pretty well with the figure given by Middendorff as M. edulis (Bei-
trage, &c., pl. xiv., f. 7, 8).
Figure 567, lateral view of the shell, exterior and interior; 567 a,
dorsal view.
MYTILUS PYRIFORMIS (Gould).
T. solida, elongata, ovato-trigona, ventricosa, rosacea, epidermide piceo
induta; margine ventrali in flecto, radiatim sulcato; fastigio umbonali
tumido, concentricè undulato-striato: intus livescens ; cardine edentulo.

452
MOLLUSCA.
Mytilus pyriformis, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
344. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 94.
SHELL large, solid, transversely ovate triangular: anterior portion
acutangular, dorsal margin very slightly arcuated very near beaks; at
its posterior third a little angular: posterior end rather shortly rounded:
ventral margin gently convex throughout: surface faintly grooved
radiately, the grooves quite conspicuous on the umbonal ridge, which
runs quite low down, is very tumid and obtuse, making the ventral
portion much more full than the dorsal : the concentric grooves of
growth are coarse and undulating : colour of shell faintly rose red :
epidermis very thick, fragile, pitchy black : interior livid white.
Length three and a half inches; height one inch and three-fourths;
width an inch and a half.
Inhabits the South Seas.
One of the peculiarities of this shell is the similarity of the curve of
the dorsal and ventral margins, giving it, when viewed internally, an
elongated egg-shape. Its inflated ventral portion, and its striation and
coloration, are also marks easily recognised; its lateral diameter is
unusually great.
Figures 564, 564 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
Mytilus (Modiola) AREOLATUS.
Testa transversa, ovato-elongata, incurvata, tumida ; apicibus approxi-
matis, angulatis, ferè terminalibus ; margine dorsali arcuato; mar-
gine ventrali fornicato, valdè hiante ; epidermide nitido, castaneo,
portione antico-ventrali sulco limitato: intus alba, limbo dorsali pur-
purascente.
Mytilus (Modiola) areolatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 343. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 93.
SHELL rather solid, transversely ovate, umbonal end pointed and
decurved ; beaks very near the tip, tumid, obtusely angular; dorsal

A CEPHALA.
453
edge rectilinear, about half its length, then gradually curving; tip
broadly rounded; ventral margin concave near the beaks, where there
is a large fissure for the byssus; a constriction, running from the
beaks to the end of the fissure, marks off a triangular segment of a
darker colour; epidermis thick, varnished, of a deep chestnut-brown,
paler along the umbonal ridge, marked by undulations of increment,
and indented with numerous short, arrow-headed, radiating undula-
tions: interior cream-colour, livid around the ligament, the dorsal
portion flesh-coloured.
Diameters: longitudinal, two inches; vertical, an inch and a quar-
ter; transverse, one inch.
Inhabits New Zealand.
Somewhat like M. vulgaris; the beaks are nearly terminal, the
byssal opening broader and nearer the beaks, the ventral margin arch-
ing inwards instead of outwards at this point; the epidermis is darker
and more shining, and the nacre is different.
Figures 562, 562 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
MYTILUS (Modiola) FLABELLATUS (Gould).
T. transversa, elongata, trapezoidea, trifariam cuneata ; apicibus mi-
nimè terminalibus, acutis, attigentibus ; declivitate umbonali ventri-
coso, angulato; marginibus rectilinearibus ; latere postico obliquè
truncato, haud angulato; epidermide anticè nitido, exusto, posticè
flavo-viridi, flosculis rigido: intus exalbida.
Mytilus (Modiola) flabellatus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 343. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 343.
SHELL large, thin, elongated, trapezoidal, dilated posteriorly ; beaks
elevated, pyramidal, contiguous, acute, placed at the anterior seventh ;
umbonal ridge elevated, angular above, widening and becoming more
rounded backwards; portion anterior to the slope trigonal, wedge-
shaped in three directions; extremity narrow, rounding upwards;
dorsal and ventral margins diverging, rectilinear for three-fourths of
114

454
MOLLUSCA.
length, when the upper margin rounds downwards; posterior extre-
mity broadly rounded; epidermis glossy, first triangular third of a
scorched, dark chestnut-brown or tar-colour, palest at extremity; pos-
terior third pale yellowish horn-colour; behind the umbonal ridge
rigid with a coating of the loose fringe-like terminations of the layers
of growth; interior pearly white; slightly gaping in front.
Diameters : longitudinal, four inches; vertical, an inch and three-
quarters; transverse, an inch and a quarter.
Inhabits Oregon; Puget Sound, Townsend Harbour, California.
A very well-marked species, more than usually cuneate, and with
the beaks quite remote from the summit.
An old specimen from San Francisco is much more elongate, fal-
cate, not dilated vertically so much. A young specimen from the
Gulf of California is almost lanceolate posteriorly, and compressed
laterally. All agree in the anterior extremity, in tissue, colour, &c.
Figures 561, 561 a, lateral and dorsal views of the shell.
Mytilus (Modiola) HEPATICUS (Gould).
T. parva, elongata, ovato-triangularis, anticè angustata, ventricosa ;
margine dorsali angulato; apicibus acutis, angulatis; epidermide
tenui, livido-corneo, versus fastigium umbonalem flavescente : intus
punicea, luteo-marginata.
Mytilus (Modiola) hepaticus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 343. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 93.
SHELL small, elongated oval, dorsal edge angular at the middle,
upper portion rectilinear; lower slightly curved, nearly parallel with the
base, narrow and rounded at tip; beaks acute, near the end; umbonal
slope angular; dorsal portion compressed; ventral margin incurved
at centre, to which a slight radiating constriction of the valves is di-
rected; byssal opening very narrow; epidermis bluish-green, glaucous
on the disk, chestnut on the belly, loosely laminated and produced

A CEPHAL A.
455
into fine filiform appendages. Interior deep claret-red, even blackish
in old specimens; edge yellowish.
Length an inch and a quarter; height three-fourths of an inch;
breadth five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
A small, elongated species, with its dorsal edge obtusely angular,
but best distinguished by its peculiar lurid exterior colouring, and its
reddish molybdæna-coloured interior. Young shells have a straw-
coloured disk.
Figure 563, side of the shell, exterior and interior ; 563 a, dorsal
view.
MYTILUS (Modiolarca) PUSILLUS (Gould).
T. parva, transversa, subcylindrica, ovalis, solida, concentricè striata ;
marginibus subparallelis ; latere antico truncato, angulo ventrali ob-
tuso; latere postico latè rotundato ; apicibus tumidis, subterminalibus,
contortis ; colore cinereo, vel rubro-tincto.
Mytilus (Modiolarca) pusillus, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii. 345. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 59.
SHELL minute, thick and solid, transversely oval, beaks nearly ter-
minal, elevated and tumid, somewhat excurved, like Isocardia; the
whole shell inflated, subcylindrical; dorsal and basal margins nearly
parallel; posterior end broadly rounded; anterior end vertical; basal
angle obtuse; surface concentrically striate; epidermis very delicate,
colour pale cinereous, sometimes tinted reddish; interior clouded brown,
and an intense red-brown; hinge margin intense blood-red; a single,
obsolete, apicial, oblique, coaptate tooth in each valve, continued pos-
teriorly, so as, with the posterior edge, to form a ledge for the ligament
simulating sometimes an elongated lateral tooth; the apicial tooth
sometimes bifid.
Length one-fifth of an inch; height one-eighth of an inch.

456
MOLLUSCA.
Inhabits Tierra del Fuego.
This curious little shell is interesting from its being a representa-
tive, from the southern seas, of a form not uncommon in northern
waters.
Figures 585, 585 a, 585 b, lateral, dorsal, and hinge views of the
shell, enlarged; 585 c, natural size.
PECTEN LÆTUS (Gould).
T. ovato-triangularis, ventricosa, equivalvis, dilutè rosea albo quinque
ad sex-radiata : margine ligamentali obliquo, auriculis valdè inequali-
bus, obliquis, auriculâ byssicâ profundè fossato-emarginatâ, radiatim
sulcato-costatâ, costis numerosis inequalibus argutè muriculatâ : intus
albido-incarnata.
Pecten lætus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 345.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 95.
SHELL rather small and thin, nearly equivalve, longer than broad,
ventricose, pale rosaceous, with three or four pale rays: hinge margin
oblique; auricles very unequal, and very strongly defined by the ab-
rupt or even channeled border of the body of the shell; short ear
quite small, oblique, forming an obtuse angle; byssal auricle large,
oblique, nearly equilateral, forming an acute angle; byssal fissure
very large, quadrilateral, denticulate, isolated by a deep, broad, smooth
groove from the apex, leaving a long, tomahawk-shaped, nearly iso-
lated, radiately grooved auricle. On the opposite valve, against the
notch, is a prominent tubercle by an inflection of the margin. Sur-
face everywhere furrowed with radiating grooves, forming numerous
unequal rib striæ, rigid with fine, muricate scales; the two valves
sculptured nearly alike, the pale one a little the finest. Interior white,
tinted flesh-colour.
a
Length an inch and four-fifths; height three-eighths of an inch;
breadth an inch and three-fourths.
Inhabits New Zealand.

ACEPHALA.
457
The same type as P. islandicus; but is small, more convex, the
sculpture rather coarser. The groove between the auricle and body
of the shell, which forms the byssal fissure, is remarkable for depth, so
that the notch seems to be an emargination produced by the depth of
the groove. It is also allied to P. rubidus, Hinds.
Figure 571, exterior and interior lateral views of the shell; 571 a,
lateral view of the shell; 571 b, details of sculpture.
PECTEN HERICIUS (Gould).
T. rotundato-triangularis, equilateralis, equivalvis; valvis convexis, sub-
tumidis: valva superior rosea, lineis exilibus concentricis exasperata,
et costis ad viginti-quatuor, angulatis, alternis majoribus et spinis
erectis fornicatis insculpta : valva inferior pallidior colore saturatiori
zonata, costis subequalibus spiniferis armata; natibus acutis, promi-
nentibus ; auribus obliquis valdè inequalibus radiatim squamoso-stria-
tis: intus porcellana ; marginibus crenulatis, rosaceis.
Pecten hericius, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 345.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 95.
SHELL triangular ovate, longer than broad, equilateral or a little
oblique and equivalve: valves rather full, especially near beaks, whose
sides rise abruptly from the ears: colour rose-red, paler and zoned
with deeper red beneath; everywhere covered with fine radiating lines,
which are rendered rough by erect and arched spines. There are
about twenty-four radiating ribs. On the upper side these are alter-
nately large and small, the larger ones crowned along the ridge by a
line of long, erect, hollow spines; on the lower valve the ribs are
nearly equal, the striæ are coarser, and all the ribs are armed with a
row of spines, though not so long as those on the upper valve. Ears
oblique, very unequal, rayed with coarse, squamous striæ. Interior
porcelain-white, roseate at the edge, where it is finely crenulate.
Length four and a half inches; height an inch and a quarter;
breadth four and three-fourths inches.
Inhabits the Straits of De Fuca, Oregon.
115

458
MOLLUSCA
A very beautiful species, much like P. pallium beneath, but re-
markable for the distant ranges of elevated spines on the alternate
ribs, the intervening ones being quite depressed, and with merely fine
squamous striæ, like the rest of the surface.
Figures 570, 570 a, the two sides of the shell; 570 b, edge of the
shell; 570 c, details of sculpture.
PECTEN CAURINUS (Gould).
T. trigono-orbicularis, haud crassa, inequivalvis, sub-equilateralis ; valva
superior convexiuscula, rubra, striis concentricis tenuibus insculpta,
costis humilibus rotundatis vel interdum sub-duplicatis ad viginti
ornatis: valva inferior convexa, alba, versus marginem rubricans,
radiis ad viginti-duo elevatis, quadratis, longitrorsum striatis; nati-
bus rosaceis compressis; auribus transversis, sub-equalibus, radiatim
striatis : intus lactea, limbo rosaceo.
Pecten caurinus, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 345.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 95.
SHELL large, rather thick, nearly circular, a little inequilateral, and
slightly oblique; the valves unequal; the upper valve is purplish-red,
slightly convex, marked with delicate lines of growth, and with twenty
or more slightly raised, rounded ribs, about half as wide as the inter-
spaces, diminishing towards the sides, and sometimes nearly sub-
divided by one or more furrows; the lower valve more convex, white,
and becoming reddish towards margins, and with about twenty-two
ribs, equal to the interspaces, elevated, flattened at summit, and with the
sides vertical, and even incumbent; sometimes there are obsolete inter-
vening ones. The ears are transverse, nearly equal, the anterior ones
faintly rayed with scattered liræ; the sinus broadly rounded; beaks
roseate, compressed; interior milk-white, with a silky lustre, and
roseate marginal limb.
Length two and three-fourths inches; breadth two and a quarter
inches; height one inch.
Obtained at Port Townsend, Admiralty Inlet, Oregon.

ACEPHALA.
459
Of the size and aspect of P. maximus and Magellanicus. The lower
valve has the ribs like P. Jacobæus, only they are not furrowed.
Figures 569, 569 a, the two sides of the shell; 569 b, edge view of
the shell.
GAIMARDIA TRAPESINA (Gould).
MODIOLA TRAPESINA (LAMARCK), Anim. sans Vert., vii. 24. DELESSERT;
Recueil, pl. 13, f. 7.
ANIMAL with the mantle closed, except a small aperture at its
anterior third, for the passage of the foot, a circular siphonal opening
posteriorly, destitute of fringes, and a small excretory orifice just above
and behind the posterior adductor muscle. Edges of the mantle
yellow, destitute of any fringes or lobes. Branchiæ ample, the outer
pair two-thirds the size of the inner, which cover nearly the whole
space beneath the mantle, rounded at their free anterior end, and nar-
rowing backwards; attached along the middle of the abdominal mass
through their entire length. Mouth rather large, some distance above
the base of the foot, with a short, compressed, labial appendage on each
side. Foot linguiform, and capable of great extension, with a groove on
the outer or ventral side; at its base are two convex lobes, which are
emarginate on the posterior side; between, and at the junction of these
lobes, at the emarginate part, is a conspicuous orifice, from whence
proceeds the byssus, and which leads to a cavity occupying all the
posterior portion of the foot, seeming to communicate with the visceral
mass, by a small posterior puncture. Stomach large, extending across
the liver; intestinal canal not traced, but the rectum appeared to tra-
verse the heart, and to terminate just behind it; the heart itself is at-
tenuated at both ends. Striæ on the branchiæ very apparent. Liver
chocolate-coloured, reticulated by numerous white fibres, divided into
four lobes, two anterior and superior ones, separated by a deep longi-
tudinal fissure, and two lateral and larger ones of an oval form; behind
these, of a creamy colour and consistence, are the ovaries, constituting
two-thirds of the whole abdominal mass. The two adductor muscles
are large for the shell.
The animal moves with considerable rapidity, as follows: the foot
is doubled, so that its point is brought to its base; it is then extended

460
MOLLUSCA.
to great length, carrying a byssal thread, and attaching it to the object
towards which it is moving; by a sudden contraction, the shell is jerked
forwards the length of the thread; and this operation is repeated until
the desired spot is reached, when it is there anchored by a number of
threads thrown out in various directions. These threads are very
elastic, and are found to proceed from the cavity at the base of the
foot.
On some specimens the branchiæ were found to have the intervals
of the striæ filled with minute, but perfectly formed shells, those
nearest the margin being dark-brown, while those towards the dorsum
were paler and nearly white. [J. P. c.]
It will be perceived that the animal of this shell varies from that of
Mytilus, in having the mantle closed, except at three orifices. On the
other hand, their interior structure, and especially the apparatus and
manner of locomotion, correspond precisely. As the animal differs
from that of Mytilus in characters which are considered of generic
value, it is proposed to give the name of GAIMARDIA, after M. Gaimard,
who, in all probability, was the first to observe it as an object of scien-
tific interest, and who has also done so much else for science.
,
Figure 568, lateral view of the shell and animal; 568 a, dorsal view
in outline; 568 b, ventral margin, showing the opening of the mouth;
568 c, the gills; 568 d, the viscera; 568 e, two views of the foot; 568 f,
mouth and palpi.
SHELL ovate-trapezoidal, thin and fragile, ventricose, covered by a
smooth, shining epidermis, of a pale olive-colour usually, but occa-
sionally bright yellow, orange, dark brown, and almost black; beaks
near the anterior end, prominent, antrorse, contiguous; anterior end
compressed, sloping abruptly to the base; dorsal margin nearly recti-
linear; posterior margin regularly rounded; ventral margin somewhat
sinuous and gaping anteriorly, forming a small elliptical passage for
the foot and byssus; the right valve has two small, oblique, cardinal
teeth, which receive two corresponding ones of the opposite valve;
muscular impressions quite distinct, united by a somewhat sigmoid
pallial impression. Substance of the shell purplish or chestnut-coloured
externally; yellowish towards the margin; interior always deep purple
within the pallial impression, and rosy white outside of it.

ACEPHALA.
461
Length seven-tenths of an inch; height nine-twentieths of an inch;
breadth one-fourth of an inch.
Found in latitude 47° 30' S., long. 59° 50' W., adhering to the
giant fucus seen floating in these regions, and abounds on kelp in
Orange Harbour, where some were found an inch and a half in
length.
a
This seems clearly to be the shell described by Lamarck without a
locality, and figured by Delessert; but as it is a curious shell, and no
full description of it is to be found, it is given here. It would seem to
be the same species alluded to in the “Voyage of the Astrolabe,” (Zool.
iii. 216), as “a Modiola rare and perhaps new, which attaches itself to
the fucus, a short distance at sea,” near the Falkland Islands.
OSTREA GLOMERATA (Gould).
T. crescentica, lata, sinistrorsum arcuata, solidiuscula, planulata, sca-
briuscula, laminis dentatis propè marginem foliata, nigricans et albo-
radiata ; margine undulato : interior alba ; foveâ apicali profundâ ;
cicatrice nigricante; marginibus aut simplicibus aut lineolatis et propè
cardinem granulatis; limbo corticali purpureo et viridi variegato.
Ostrea glomerata, Gould; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 346.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 96.
a
Shell orbicular crescentic, turning to the left, right side convex,
left concave, of moderate size and thickness, and shallow cavity.
Margin of shell undulated cr plicate, the outer shell-substance extend-
ing, in a variegated green and slate-coloured margin, beyond the inner
nacreous portion; edge simple, or minutely lineated in a radiate manner;
the upper valve is furnished with a few irregularly disposed granules
near the hinge. on each side, with corresponding pits in the low
valve; hinge area broad, furrowed. Colour of interior white, with a
slaty tint to muscular cicatrix, and some olive maculations on the
margin of upper valve. Exterior of upper valve tolerably smooth, with
dentiform foliations near the margin, like Meleagrina. Colour slaty
black, with a few, well-defined white radiations.
116

462
MOLLUSCA.
Diameters about two inches.
Inhabits New Zealand.
It is impossible to declare that this shell has not been already-de-
scribed. It is difficult in this protean genus, to identify species even
from good figures. As no figure yet published represents this species,
and no description of any shell from the same locality answers to it, a
representation and description are here given. 0. denticulata, and O.
spathulata, are most nearly allied to it. The excavated lower valve, with
its deep umbonal pit, and its dark, slaty, frilled margin, and the oper-
cular upper valve, with a few denticles near the hinge, are among its
characteristic features.
Figure 577, a group of shells; 577 a, interior, and 577 b, exterior of a
single specimen.
OSTREA CIRCUMSUTA (Gould).
T. solida, elongata, ovata, cinerea, inequivalvis, marginibus undulatis :
valva superior denticulis radiantibus marginalibus in foveis sub-mar-
ginalibus valvæ inferioris aptantibus : area cardinalis triangularis,
contorta, longitrorsum fossata : interior alba, limbo violacescente.
Ostrea circumsuta, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 346.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 96.
SHELL small, elongated, narrow-ovate when growing freely, solid,
ashy white, or sometimes with bronzed patches; structure dense; hinge
area spirally curving to the right, broad, triangular, with a central
channel in the lower valve; upper valve much smaller than the lower;
at their point of contact is a series of radiating denticles around the
whole margin, regularly spaced and of equal size, with corresponding
pits in the lower valve, which on the left side, may be seen following
round the margin of the hinge area, as also the hood-like tip of the
upper valve; outside of this is a broad, somewhat undulated margin, of
a slate-coloured or livid tint. Interior dead-white; there are also groups
of punctures on the side opposite the cicatrix.

A CEPHALA.
463
Length an inch and a half; breadth an inch.
Inhabits the Feejee and Samoa Islands.
The distinctive character of this shell is the series of denticles,
about twice as long as broad, around the entire shell, and arranged per-
pendicularly to the margin, tinged purplish or livid slate-colour. One
young specimen has no coloured margin, but the peculiar denticles are
present.
Figure 576, exterior of an elongated specimen ; 576 a, interior of the
lower valve of a rounded specimen; 576 b, upper valve of the same.
a
OSTREA DISCOIDEA (Gould).
T. subcircularis, planulata, tenuis, purpurea : valva superior lineis crebris
albidis radiata ; valva inferior major, radiatim plicoso-rugosa, colore
saturatiori : cavositas parva, argentata, purpureo-marginata; mar-
gine propè apicem plicoso-crenulato.
Ostrea discoidea, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 347.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 97.
SHELL small, thin, shining, nearly circular, compressed, purple-
brown. The upper valve is compact, pretty regularly radiated with
coarse, rather distant, whitish lines. The lower valve is larger than
the upper, of a more intense purple colour, and corrugated with small,
interrupted radiating folds. The area near the beaks, by which it
adheres, is very small. The cavity within is very small and shallow,
light leaden-colour, with bright, silvery reflections, the surrounding
limb broad, pure white, and the margin of the lower, which projects
beyond the upper valve, is purple. Muscular scar transversely elon-
gated, and very narrow. Hinge delicate, the margins of the valves on
each side crenulated with fine, transverse folds, sometimes broken up
into granules for about one-third the circumference.
Length an inch and a half; breadth two inches.
Habitat unknown.

464
MOLLUSCA.
I have seen but one specimen of this delicate and well-formed
oyster; and notwithstanding the usual inconstancy of form in the
species of this genus, I think its characters are so diverse from any
hitherto published, that it may be safely pronounced undescribed.
The small, purple-striped, West India oyster (0. Brasiliana), is simi-
lar to it.
Figures 578, 578 a, views of the exterior and interior of the shell.
OSTREA MORDAX (Gould).
.
T. petrosa, angusta, lunata : valva inferior concava, digitis triangulari-
bus erectis fuscescentibus marginata : valva superior minor, planulata,
margine profundè sinuato et granulato, sinibus cum digitis coaptanti-
bus : interior albida, olivaceo-maculata ; cicatrice elongatá, valdè in-
crassatâ, nigrâ: area cardinalis planulata, lata.
Ostrea mordax, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 346.
Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 96.
Shell small, very solid, narrow and elongated, spatulate, curving
a little to the right, of a very condensed structure, showing vestiges
of a thin, olivaceous epidermis between each layer, when abraded,
and marked with very close-set lines of growth. Lower valve con-
cave; upper valve flat, much smaller, and setting deeply into the
lower. Its edges are scolloped with numerous rounded sinuosities
and digitations, which are adapted to corresponding erect, triangular,
tooth-like folds in the lower valve: these digitations are mostly stained
with sienna-brown: on the inner side, opposite to the sinuations, and
close upon them, are coarse, compressed, granular denticles, perpen-
dicular to the margin, quite large near the hinge, and extending out
each side of the hinge area, but growing smaller and more numerous
towards the tip; a corresponding series of pits in the under valve.
Interior dingy white, with olive or sienna stains; cicatrix elongated,
black, very thick, and becoming quite elevated at its ventral end; hinge
area flat, broad, a little tortuous.
Length two inches; breadth one inch.

BRACHIOPOD A.
465
Inhabits the Feejee Islands.
The horizontal digitations of the upper valve fitting into the erect
canine teeth of the lower valve, together with the denticles within, and
the black, elevated cicatrix, may serve to identify this species. It grows
in groups so firmly adherent and interlocked that it is impossible to
separate the specimens; and the upper valve fits so deeply into the
lower as to render it impossible to open them without fracture. It is
a well-characterized species of a genus difficult, from its protean
forms, to separate into species. Its solid and dense texture are also
peculiar.
Figure 575, group of shells; 575 a, interior of the valves.
CLASS BRACHIOPODA.
CRANIA RADIOSA (Gould).
T. suborbicularis, inequivalvis, crassiuscula, citrina, costulis radiantibus,
divaricantibus et striis concentricis cancellata; valva superiori con-
vexâ, apice acuto, post-mediano; valvâ inferiori planulatâ, concentricè
laminosâ et interdum versus peripheriam radiatim costulatå, fissurâ
minutâ perforatâ: intus cristâ acutâ, in valvâ inferiori apophysin
furcatum gerente, bipartita; cicatricibus incrassatis ; marginibus
ciliatis.
a
SHELL small, rounded, rather thick, of a dull citron-yellow colour,
inequivalve, the upper valve cancellate with concentric ridges and
fine, rounded, radiating ribs, many of which subdivide near the
margin; the apex is at the posterior third, acute and distinct; lower
valve nearly flat, or even concave, according to the form of the object
to which it adheres; rudely laminate concentrically, or sometimes with
ribs near the margin, as on the upper valve; its central portion is
radiately corrugated, so as to indicate the place of the apex; below
117

466
MOLLUSCA.
this point, towards the ventral margin, is a depressed, oval area, in
which is a delicate fissure communicating with the interior; this area
is usually covered by a membrane, so that the fissure is not seen till
the membrane is removed ; on the interior of this valve is a delicate
median crest, rising into an apophysis, which is bifid at tip, at the
base of which the fissure opens by a minute puncture. Upper valve
having a more delicate median crest, on each side of which are the
thickened scars for the attachment of the muscles; inner edge of the
valves ciliated; at the hinge margin of the upper valve are two tuber-
cles, forming a shelf, on which the edge of the lower valve rests.
2
Diameter about one-third of an inch; width about one-eighth of an
inch.
A single specimen was found at Rio Janeiro, and partially examined,
by Mr. Couthouy. It is apparently the same as the shells here
described, which were collected by Dr. Geo. H. Perkins, at Cape
Palmas, Liberia. Their identity, however, is not certain, and the
description must be considered as applying to the African shell.
I have placed this shell in the genus Crania, in the first place, be-
cause it seems to accord in most respects with the characters of that
imperfectly understood genus; and secondly, because it is by no means
clear that the genus Orbicula, the only other one to which it could be
referred, is not essentially the same thing. The only distinction
which Deshayes makes between them is, that the latter has a pedicle
of some length by which it is attached to foreign bodies, while the
former adheres directly. This seems to be a frivolous distinction,
and one impossible to be made out unless the animals can be carefully
observed during life. Mr. Couthouy distinctly observed such a tendon.
Lamarck gives the different texture of the shell as the distinctive cha-
racter; but specimens of the above show various degrees of thickness,
from thin, horny valves, almost destitute of muscular cicatrices, to
those of massive thickness, with prominent cicatrices. The little bifid
apophysis is easily broken off, and therefore not always found; and
the fissure in some specimens appears to be closed up, with only its
vestiges remaining.
a
Figures 580, 580 a, upper and under valves, enlarged; 580 b, edge
view; 580 c, interior; 580 d, the tendon ; 580 e, natural size.

BRACHIOPOD A.
467
TEREBRATULA PULVINATA (Gould).
T. tenuis, lenticularis, orbiculato-trigona, albida, quincuncialiter punc-
tata: valva minor convexa, latior quam longa, marginibus lateralibus
rectis : valva major convexior, æquè longa ac lata ; apice rectangulari,
truncato, lateribus incumbentibus; foramine modico, circulari : apo-
physis branchialis tenuissima, reflexa, incumbens.
Terebratula pulvinata, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
347. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 97.
so,
SHELL thin and delicate, orbiculate triangular, lenticular, yellowish-
white, shining, and apparently smooth, but when examined by a mag-
nifier the surface is found to be tessellated with elongated dots ar-
rayed in quincunx, which seem to be specks of opaque white, rather
than punctures. The valves are regularly convex, the large one most
the smaller one about four-fifths the length of larger, broader than
long, its anterior margin semicircular, its posterior sloping in a right line
each way, forming a very obtuse angle; larger valve quadrant-shaped,
right-angled at apex, which is truncated, and a very little curved;
sides incumbent, forming large areas; ligament aperture small, cir-
cular; internal apophysis delicate, tape-like, the two branches curving
forwards and inwards, then recurved, uniting towards the beak.
Diameters five-eighths of an inch; width one-fourth of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
As in other species of this genus, individuals differ much in form,
some being much more globose than others; and in some there is an
angular gibbosity along the middle of the larger valve. It compares
with T. vitrea; has the same surface, colour, and general form, but in
front is more rounded; its posterior outline is more rectilinear; the in-
curved areas of the beak are much more flattened and broad; the
aperture is larger, and with elevated walls.
Figures 581, 581a, sides of the shell; 581 b, edge of the shell, in out-
,
line; 581 c, details of sculpture, enlarged; 581 d, 581 e, views of the
apophysis.

468
MOLLUSCA.
TEREBRATULA CAURINA (Gould).
T. parva, fusco-cinerea, transversa, convexiuscula ; quincuncialiter punc-
tata, costis angulatis ad duodecim interdum bifurcatis radiata ; mar-
gine ventrali circulari, flexuoso; apice acuto, rectangulari ; lateribus
rectilinearibus, incumbentibus; rostro brevi, vix curvato; foramine
circulari, interrupto: apophysis branchialis tenuissima, angustata.
Terebratula caurina, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii.
347. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 97.
a
Shell small, dusky ash-colour, moderately convex, rather broader
than long; ventral margin rounded, with a central broad flexure, and
corresponding depression in the smaller, and angulation of the larger
valve ; surface with twelve or more obtusely angular, radiating ribs,
gradually enlarging, and sometimes bifurcating; interspaces and ele-
vations about equal; the whole with microscopic opaque dots; small
valve having the apex a little pointed, and the posterior outlines other-
wise rectilinear, and forming a very obtuse angle; large valve forming
about a right angle at beak, but with the lateral outline concave, and
the margin incumbent, forming a broad nearly flat area; beak but
little raised, pointed; the ligament aperture very large, circular, a part
of its margin formed by the apex of the small valve; internal apophysis
similar to that of T. pulvinata, but much more delicate and thread-
like, the two branches curving towards each other so as almost to touch.
Length half an inch ; breadth eleven-twentieths of an inch.
Inhabits Puget Sound, Oregon.
T. australis is closely allied, but is more elongated and more con-
vex; the beak is also elongated and the ribs are less prominent.
Figures 582, 582 a, lateral views of the shell; 582 b, edge of the shell,
in outline; 582 c, sculpture; 582 d, 582 e, views of the apophysis.

BRACHIOPODA.
469
TEREBRATULA PATAGONICA (Gould).
T. parva, solidula, albida, ovato-triangularis, sub-trilobata, quincuncia-
liter punctata: valva opercularis plana: valva major convexa, sub-gib-
bosa, costis tribus medianis et utrinque costis quinque divaricantibus
ornata; rostro brevi, marginibus inflectis; foramine magno, rotun-
dato: apophysis branchialis exilis.
Terebratula Patagonica, GOULD; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
iii. 347. Dec. 1850. Expedition Shells, 97.
Shell small, solid, dirty white, ovate-triangular, somewhat trilobate;
length and breadth about equal; small valve nearly flat, large valve
deeply concave; surface finely sculptured in quincunx; large valve
somewhat gibbous along the centre, smooth near the beak, with about
fourteen rounded ribs, three of which are central ones along gibbosity,
parallel, and about five divaricating submarginal ones on each side.
Beak short, margins inflected; ligament aperture large, rounded: upper
valve sculptured in the same manner; branchial supports very delicate.
Length one-third of an inch; breadth one-fourth of an inch; height
one-fifth of an inch.
Inhabits the coast of Patagonia.
A smaller and less transverse species than the preceding, and the
disposition of the ribs is quite different. It is also closely related to
T. australis, but differs from it in the same respects.
Figures 583, 583 a, lateral views of the shell; 583 b, edge of the
shell, in outline; 583 c, details of sculpture, enlarged; 583 d, 583 e,
views of the apophysis.
118

470
MOLLUSCA.
2
CEPHALOPODA.
ARGONAUTA GENICULATA (Gould).
Corpus ovatum, supra gibbosum: caput breve, angustum : oculi magni,
prominentes, pupillo nigro; iride aurato: sipho conicus, elongatus :
os magnum ; rostris fortibus : brachii basi adnati, superioribus cylin-
draceis, geniculatis, vexillum semiellipticum, flocculosum gerentibus ;
brachiis secundis longissimis: color virescenti-argentata, punctis choco-
latis oculatis variegata.
Body ovate, slightly gibbous on the back, like the abdomen of a spider;
aperture large, transverse, extending above the eyes. Head narrow,
short, scarcely affording space for the eyes. Eyes large, prominent,
almost pedunculate; pupils black, surrounded by an inner circle of
golden yellow, enclosing which, is a circle of gold, silver, and green
combined. Siphon long, extending nearly one-third the length of the
arms, pyramidal, with convex outline, and small aperture, somewhat
compressed from above downwards. Mouth rather large; beaks very
strong, lower part convex beneath, not carinate. Arms all connected
at base by a membrane; second pair longest. Cupules numerous,
nearly sessile, rather crowded, especially on the third pair, where there
are about sixty; on the second pair, the two series diverge at the distal
third; on the fourth pair, they are less crowded, and affect somewhat
a single series; the upper pair consists of a rounded, sub-cartilaginous
peduncle, bearing cupules, which, at the point where the banner-like
membrane commences, forms a sort of joint, and is bent at right-angles,
so as to present the reverse side of the membrane. This mem-
brane is elongate, ovate-triangular, having its inner surface honey-
combed with a network of cells; after diverging somewhat, the cupules
coalesce at its upper margin, along which they run to the extremity,
but do not pass round to the lower margin. Colour formed by nume-
rous chocolate dots, surrounded by annuli of a golden green, beneath
which, the body is pale straw-colour; the head, arms, and belly have,

CEPHALOPODA.
471
between the annulations and dots, a brilliant silvery lustre, with a
greenish play of colour; after remaining in spirits, it dries of a slaty
hue, on which the brown dots are still apparent.
Whole length about six inches; length of sac above, two and three-
fourths inches; below, two and a half inches; breadth one and a half
inches; length of siphon one and three-fourths inches; length of supe-
rior arms five inches; of inferior arms four and a half inches; superior
lateral, six inches; inferior lateral, four inches; diameter of umbrella
from side to side an inch and a quarter; vertical, one and three-fourths
inches.
a
Taken in a seine near the Sugar Loaf, Rio Janeiro, and its colour
described by Mr. Couthouy during life.
The shell belonging to this animal is not known. No impressions
existed on its surface, answering to the folds of a shell, so that it had
not very recently, if ever, occupied one; it is conjectured that the
shell is formed by the female, for the protection of her eggs during
nidification. The ANIMAL resembles most nearly A. argo, especially
the one figured by Férussac and D’Orbigny, pl. 6; but the membrane
of the umbrella is much more distinct between the upper and lower
pairs of arms, the dotting of the surface is finer, and the banner is
much more elongated, with the series of cupules much less definite and
extensive around it. From A. tuberculata it differs in having a longer
siphon, much greater number of cupules, and a differently formed
banner membrane. The joint-like flexure of the first pair of arms is
different from what is described of any other species.
Figure 585, the animal, and its details.
OCTOPUS MEGALOCYATHUS, (Couthouy MS.) (Gould).
Corpus ovatum, lave, chocolatum lineis cinereis marmoratum, mem-
branâ laterali angusta quasi natatoriâ munitum: caput angustum :
oculi prominuli : siphon bulbosus, curtus: os magnum, rostris nigris:
umbella amplissima: brachii longissimi ; acetabulis confertis, maxi-
mis.
Body ovate, smooth, the tunic forming a narrow, membranous

472
MOLLUSCA.
lateral border, somewhat like a natatory membrane. Head not more
than one-third as wide as the body; eyes prominent, of medium size,
the iris blue-black, the pupil silvery green, surrounded by light brown
lids. Aperture extending to the eyes; natatory tube short and small,
bulbous at base, truncate at tip. Mouth rather large; beaks black; arms
very large at their base, and gradually tapering. Umbrella very large,
the membrane passing to the very tip of each arm, along the edge
most distant from the dorsal median line; the contiguous faces of the
dorsal pair are therefore destitute of a membrane, except at the base,
while the contiguous faces of the lower pair are furnished with them.
Cupules crowded and alternating, short, on a broad-based, constricted
peduncle, the termination divided into segments by radiating furrows,
and these again subdivided by finer lines of a milk-white colour, some-
what ochreous at centre. They are very large, some of them being
an inch and a quarter in diameter. Colour on the back dark choco-
late, delicately marked with streaks of ashy white; belly much paler;
inside of arms bluish-white.
a
Length of body to the opening on the belly, 5.2 inches; length to
the eyes, 7.5 inches; breadth of head, 27 inches; circumference of
body at the largest part, 11.2 inches; length of arms from the base, 34
inches; circumference of arms at the largest part, 3.1 inches; diameter
of the largest cupule, 1.3 inches; length of tube, 1.5 inches; breadth
of umbrella, 8 inches; total length, 43 inches.
Found by Lieutenant Alden, near the shore in Orange Harbour,
in the vicinity of the observing station.
This very large species is remarkable for the magnitude of its um-
brella and its cupules, but especially for the narrow membrane extend-
ing along the sides of the body, which has not been noted as belonging
to any other species except 0. membranaceus, Quoy. It is closely
allied to 0. Fontainianus, D'Orb., so remarkable for the cluster of four
or five large cupules near the bases of the lateral arms, while all the
others are very much smaller. O. tehuelcha, comes from the same
region, and has something of the same general characters; but the
comparative size of the head and the umbrella is quite different, the
membrane along the arms being entirely wanting. The description
is mostly made from notes by Mr. Couthouy, whose name I adopt.
Figure 586, 586 a, two views of the animal, reduced, with details.

CEPHALOPOD A.
473
OCTOPUS MIMUS (Gould).
Corpus parvum, ovato-globosum: caput angustum : oculi parvi, exstanti-
bus; pupillo nigro; iride aurato et miniato: apertura ad angulos
maculis rufis flavo-cinctis oculos simulantibus signata : brachii robusti,
corpore quater excedentes, pro longitudine 3, 2, 4, 1; acetabulis remotis,
purpureo cinctis: umbella amplissima: os eccentros; rostris nigris:
sipho parvus, tenuis: tunica reticulata, musiva, coloribus ochraceis,
maculis lunatis transversis fuscis ordinatim picta.
a
Body small, short, ovate-globose, rounded at extremity. Head less
than one-half the width of the body, having a well-marked neck be-
tween the body and the eyes. Eyes small and moderately promi-
nent; pupil narrow and black; iris golden, encircled with vermilion.
Aperture extending above the eyes, and coloured at its upper commis-
sures with brown, encircled with yellow, so as to resemble another
pair of eyes. Arms large at their origin, about four times the length
of the body; comparative length 3, 2, 4, 1. Umbrella very large, its
lateral diameter being about six inches, and its vertical diameter about
four inches, of which about three inches are above the mouth. The
membrane extends along the arms two-thirds of their length; its
spread between the upper arms is three and a half inches, between
the lateral arms about two inches. Mouth near the ventral margin
of the umbrella, surrounded by elevated lips; jaws black. Cupules
distant from each other, and of medium size; there are about forty
distinct pairs on the two lower thirds of the lower pair of arms, when
they become enveloped in a membrane for the rest of the length;
they are moderately elevated, the lip white, with a purple stripe
around the summit; interior radiately furrowed, and with a small
central opening. Locomotive tube small, slender, tapering, with a
very small opening. Surface covered with a mosaic or rubble-work,
of irregular, rather coarse reticulations, so that it is quite harsh. This
roughness or reticulation extends to every portion of the exterior. It
is also found, less conspicuous, on the interior, even on the surface of
the cupules. The ground colour is ochreous-orange, with blue reflec-
tions, and with transverse, crescentic cloudings, produced by innu-
merable fine dots of dark chocolate, which extend over every part of
the arms and umbrella; the coloration of the interior is paler and less
distinctly clouded.
a
119

474
MOLLUSCA.
a
Length of body to base of tentacles, three and a half inches; breadth,
two inches; length of arms, dorsal, fourteen inches; upper lateral,
eighteen inches; lower lateral, twenty inches; ventral, fifteen inches;
diameter of largest cupules, two-fifths of an inch.
Taken at Callao, Peru.
The peculiarities of this species are its reticulated surface, and nar-
row, transverse clouds of chocolate colour; its large umbrella, with
broad membranes running up the arms; its scattered cupules, and the
apparent possession of two pairs of eyes. Described from a figure by
Mr. Drayton from life, and from specimens preserved in spirits.
Figures 587, 587 a, two views of the animal, with details.
OCTOPUS TETRICUS (Gould).
Corpus magnum, oblongo-ovoideum, fissurâ longitudinali sub-bilobatum:
caput subquadratum, vix corpore disjunctum, rigidum : oculi parvi,
occulti : apertura parva, crescentica: brachii robusti, abbreviati, pro
longitudine 2, 3, 4, 1; acetabulis ad brachios laterales majoribus: os
minutum, rostris inclusis: umbella ampla : tunica plus minusve verru-
cosa, superciliis et dorsibus brachium superiorum cirrhigeris.
Body large, longer than broad, ovoid, with a longitudinal constric-
tion on the under side passing round the base. Head nearly as wide
as the body, subquadrate, compressed vertically, very rigid, with but
a slight constriction between it and the sac. Eyes minute, nearly
concealed. Lower aperture small, crescentic, acutely lobed at the
centre of the lip. Siphonal tube short, conical, truncate at tip. Arms
contorted, very robust, subquadrate, an inch in breadth at a short dis-
tance from the mouth, comparatively short, tapering to a fine point;
comparative length 2, 3, 4, 1. Mouth very small, contracted so as
entirely to conceal the jaws in the specimen examined. Umbrella
large, widest from side to side, the membrane passing up the back of
the arms two-thirds their length. Cupules very large, crowded, espe-
cially on the lateral pair of arms, on which they are one-third longer,
distinct quite to the tips of the arms; about eighty or ninety pairs.
7

CEPHALOPOD A.
475
ty
Surface rough, covered with warty granulations, which are especially
large and prominent on the back of the head and the upper half of the
umbrella; on the lower face they are less prominent and much smaller,
and over the posterior part of the sac they are flattened and even
pitted at the centre, resembling pavement or rubble-work. Over the
eyes are three elongated tubercles or cirrhi, and apparently one below;
and a longitudinal series of three of them running along the head to
the back of the four superior arms.
a
Length of sac to the mouth, two and a half inches; length of upper
arm, twelve inches; of superior lateral arm, sixteen inches; of inferior
lateral arm, sixteen inches; of inferior arm, thirteen inches; breadth
of umbrella, five inches; breadth of arm, two or three inches from
origin, two and a half inches; diameter of largest cupules, half an
inch.
Found near Sydney, New South Wales.
This is a very robust and powerful species, closely allied to 0. vul-
garis, which it resembles more than any other species. As presented
by the specimen from alcohol, the arms are unusually stout. And the
whole concave face of the umbrella is completely paved with large
cupules, merely a narrow fissure appearing to mark the division of the
The mouth is so small, that the jaws are entirely concealed.
The surface is coarsely reticulated or warted, like 0. vulgaris, resem-
bling the skin of a tortoise ; but the size of the eyes, the arrangement
of the cirrhi, and other obvious marks, distinguish them. 0. rugosus,
Blain. (0. granulatus, Lam.), is also closely allied, but has a smoother
surface, only a single cirrhus, and arms less developed.
arms.
Figure 588, the animal, with details.
OCTOPUS FURVUS (Gould).
Corpus pyriforme, lave: caput elongatum, deorsum dilatatum : oculi
magni ; cirrhis tribus superciliaribus ornati ; pupillo nigro; iride
aurato: brachii longissimi, graciles, subequales ; acetabulis magnis,
approximatis: umbella parva : tunica ochracea, interdum fuscescens
vel cinerascens.

476
MOLLUSC A.
Body elongated, pyriform, smooth, or faintly wrinkled. Head long,
the distance from the aperture to the base of the arms being nearly as
great as to the posterior extremity. Aperture not extending to the
eyes, the lip having a slight angular projection at the centre. Tube
broad at base, soon becoming slender and cylindrical, truncate at tip,
reaching to the origin of the arms. Eyes not prominent, rather large,
pupil black, iris golden; on the superciliary region are three cirrhi;
the largest over the posterior angle of the eye, the posterior one near
the angle of the aperture, the other at about the same distance in front
of the middle cirrhus. As seen, they were wart-like, but doubtless have
the property of being extended. The neck is expanded below the
eyes, so that the ventral surface of the head is broader than the dorsal.
Arms very long and slender, and nearly equal in length. The cupules
are large, nearly contiguous, on short peduncles, with a thin lip, the
interior radiately grooved, and the margin of the inner orifice tumid;
ninety-six pairs were counted on the upper arms. The umbrella is
small, extending laterally much farther than from before backwards,
and not extending far along the sides of the arms. The ground colour
is ochreous, but constantly varies, sometimes being nearly black, or
mottled with ash-colour, or entirely ash-coloured, the dark shades
being always produced by minute dottings. The under side is paler,
and shaded with orange-coloured dots. Cupules milk-white.
Length of body, six inches; of arms, about forty inches.
Obtained in the market at Rio Janeiro, and from fishermen.
This animal is remarkable for its long and slender form, its small
umbrella, its dusky colouring, and for the warty cirrhi above the eyes.
Its general form and coloration are like those of 0. tetracirrhus, Delle
Ch.; but it is more slender, the cirrhi are different in number and
position, and the membrane between the arms is far less developed.
Its proportions are much like those of 0. macropus, Risso, but its
coloration is very different.
Figure 589, the animal, with details.
OCTOPUS ORNATUS (Gould).
Corpus subglobosum : caput dimidiam corporis latitudinis adequans: oculi

CEPHALOPOD A.
477
parvi, haud prominentibus ; pupillo nigro ; iride argentato : apertura
lata : os parvum, eccentricum : umbella parva : brachii graciles, atte-
nuati, pro longitudine 2, 4, 3, 1, superioribus robustis, alteris grada-
tim gracilioribus; acetabulis numerosissimis, confertissimis : tunica
reticulato-papillosa, areolis pallidis ovalibus signata ; supra auran-
tiaca, strigis longitudinalibus flavidis quinque, et maculis alternantibus
etiam intra-brachialibus variegata.
a
Body subglobose, the length exceeding the breadth about one-twelfth.
Head two-thirds as long as the body, and about half its breadth, of
nearly equal width throughout, the eyes being but very slightly pro-
minent. Inferior opening broad, the lip transverse and simple; eyes
small, the pupil black, with a silvery iris. Mouth small, situated at the
lower third of the umbrella, which is rather small, but well-marked, the
membrane not prolonged up the arms. Arms compressed, long and
slender, attenuated to a thread, comparative length 2, 4, 3, 1, differing
much in size, the upper ones being very robust, the second, third, and
fourth pairs being successively more slender, the latter being remarka-
bly slender, not half the size of the upper ones. Cupules of medium
size, nearly sessile, crowded, very numerous, extending to the tips of
the arms; they commence in a double series on the upper arms, while
on the lower ones the first six are in a single series. The surface is
coarsely reticulate-papillose, with a series of oblong-oval, smooth, and
colourless patches along the back of the arms and around the sac,
somewhat resembling bulle. The ground colour is deep orange; be-
neath somewhat clouded with white; above variegated with five lon-
gitudinal, buff stripes, the median one extending to between the eyes,
the two lateral ones curving on each side, like meridian lines, and ex-
tending only to the neck; between these lines, around the middle of
the sac, are deep brown patches, and also between the bases of the
arms; there are also brown mottlings along the back of the arms. These,
with the pale, bubble-like patches around the base of the sac and along
the arms, give a very gay and diversified colouring.
a
a
Length of sac to inferior opening, one and a half inches; length
along the back to the umbrella, two and a half inches; breadth of sac, ,
one and three-fourths inches; breadth of neck one inch; breadth of
umbrella from side to side, three inches; breadth above mouth, two
inches; below mouth, one inch; length of arms, upper pair, twenty
120

478
MOLLUSCA.
inches; upper lateral, twenty-four inches; lower lateral, about twenty
inches; lower pair, twenty-one inches.
Obtained at the Sandwich Islands at Oahu, and Maui.
No other described species approaches to this in form and coloration,
except 0. macropus, Risso. The comparative length of the arms is
different (1, 2, 3, 4), the body is more elongated, and there are no
cirrhi about the eyes in the latter species, besides a sufficiently well-
marked distinctness of coloration. Described from specimens pre-
served in spirits, and from a coloured drawing.
Figures 590, 590 a, two views of the animal.
OCTOPUS PUSILLUS (Gould).
Corpus parvum, subglobosum: caput æquè longum ac latum : oculi
magni, protrusi ; apertura parva: brachii robusti, contorti, citò
attenuati ; pro longitudine 1, 2, 3, 4; acetabulis magnis, confertis :
umbella ampla.
Sac small, subglobose; abdominal aperture small, occupying about
one-third of the circumference. Head as wide as the body, with a
slight constriction between them; orbits large and prominent; arms
stout, about two inches in length, thick at the base, and rapidly
tapering to the tip; proportional length 1, 2, 3, 4. Cupules crowded,
and large, occupying the whole breadth of the arm, about fifty or sixty
in number; outer lip simple; inner aperture large. Umbrella large,
the membrane attached to one-third the length of the arms, which are
contorted by its contraction.
Whole length about three inches.
Obtained at Mangsi Island, China Sea.
This may be the young of some large species, like 0. rugosus, but
as in its present state it presents essential differences, it has been
thought best to describe and delineate it, as one of the means for

CEPHALOPOD A.
479
enabling others to settle the question. The surface is smooth and
soft, and dries of a slaty hue. Described from specimens in spirit.
Figure 591, the animal, natural size.
OCTOPUS MOLLIS (Gould).
Corpus parvum, elongatum : oculi valdè exstantes: sipho bulbosus, elon-
gatus : brachii graciles, basi haud approximati pro longitudine 4, 3, 2,
1; cupulis remotis: tunica (vino conservata) ochracea, rufo punctata,
ramusculis venosis ad dorsum brachiorum notata.
ANIMAL about the same in size as the preceding species, but is much
more delicate and slender. The arms, especially, are quite slender,
and do not approach a contact with each other at their origin; so that
there is a broad sheet of thin, delicate membrane between them, form-
ing the umbrella. The siphonal tube is bulbous and long, truncate
at tip; the eyes are very prominent; the proportionate length of the
arms is 4, 3, 2, 1, just the reverse of the last species. The cupules
are thirty or forty in number, not crowded, having their inner opening
very small. The surface is quite smooth and delicate, of an ochreous
ground colour, after immersion in spirits, thickly dotted with brown,
and with delicate, branching, transparent venations or furrowings, run-
ning up the back of the arms at their bases.
Whole length about three inches.
Obtained at Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Like the preceding, this may be a young specimen, but evidently a
different species. Its characters are most like those of 0. Indicus. It
is more delicate in all its characters than any other species I have
seen. Described from specimens in spirits.
Figure 592, the animal, natural size.
SEPIOTEUTHIS ARCTIPINNIS (Gould).
Corpus elongatum, ovato-lanceolatum, pinnis perangustis, arcuatis muni-

480
MOLLUSCA.
tum : caput oblongum corpore angustius : brachii sessiles curti, crassi,
pro longitudine 2, 4, 3, 1: brachii tentaculares æquè ac corpore longi,
triente extremo dilatato-lanceolato, series quatuor acetabulorum gerente:
os magnum, cupuliferum : tunica brunneo-purpurascens rufo-punctata,
infra pallidior.
Body elongated, ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually backwards to
a blunt point. Fins broadest at about the posterior fourth, where, to-
gether, they equal the width of the body, thence tapering in each di-
rection gradually, and without any angle or dilatation. Colour dark
purple brown above, paler beneath, everywhere finely punctate with
dark brown dots. Head narrower than the body, longer than broad.
Sessile arms rather short and stout, armed with two rows of cupules;
the superior pair shorter than the head; the first lateral pair a third
longer than the superior, and somewhat longer than the head; the
second lateral pair a little longer than the first; the inferior pair nearly
equal to the second lateral; tentacular arms nearly as long as the body,
compressed, the distal third having a lanceolate dilatation, bearing four
rows of delicately pedunculated cupules, armed at the margin with
delicate black crochets. Mouth large; lip folded and projecting, with
two or three minute cupules at each fold.
Length of body, six inches; of head, two inches; of superior arms,
two and a half inches; of inferior lateral arms, three inches; of tenta-
cular arms, eight inches; of cup-bearing portion, two and three-fourths
inches; greatest breadth two and a half inches.
From the island of Maui, Sandwich Islands.
It closely resembles S. loliginiformis, D’Orb., from the Red Sea,
which has a much more decided expansion of the fins at its posterior
half, and the tentacular arms are much shorter. The narrow and regu-
larly tapering fin is its distinguishing character. Described from
specimens in spirits.
Figure 593, the animal, with details.
OMMASTREPHES INSIGNIS (Gould ).
Corpus magnum, subcylindraceum, posticè angustatum : pinna trientem

CEPHALOPODA.
481
longitudinis corporis superans, rhomboidalis, acutangularis, latior quam
longa : sipho pyriformis, arcuatus : caput breve, latum, supra con-
vexum, infra excavatum : oculi parvi : brachii sessiles robusti, trique-
tri, subequales, pro longitudine 2, 3, 4, 1, trientem proximum paris
inferioris acetabulis privatum vel fimbriatum ; acetabulis parium late-
ralium majoribus : brachii tentaculares graciles, vix ad extremitatem
dilatati, ad trientes duos extremos acetabulis instructi : color (vino con-
servata) rufo-cinerea.
Body large, subcylindrical, tapering backwards; fin more than one-
third the length of the body, rhomboidal, one-third broader than long,
acutangular; anterior of body obliquely truncate, with a slight median
angle above. Siphon pyriform; aperture curving simply downward.
Eyes small, naked; head short and broad, convex above and excavated
beneath for the reception of the siphon. Colour drab, almost destitute
of dots, darker along the back. Sessile arms robust, triquetrous, of
nearly equal length, about twice as long as the head, ranking 2, 3, 4, 1.
The lower pair for one-third their length are destitute of cupules, and
fimbriated with a double range of compressed, adnate lobules, of which
the exterior is longest; the remaining two-thirds with a double row
of small, alternating cupules; the upper pair has similar cupules, and
all have them commence at the base; the two lateral pairs have the
cupules along the middle very large (one-eighth inch), on long, eccen-
tric pedicles; the tips of all of them are furnished with minute cupules,
on long, threadlike pedicles, dilated at base. The tentacular arms are
a third longer than the lateral, triquetrous at base, slender and com-
pressed throughout, scarcely dilated towards tip; cupules commencing
at the lower third in a double series, small, when past the middle they
become very large (six on each side,) alternating with small ones; the
large tentacular cupules have a circle, with about fifteen teeth, of a
metallic copper hue; the small ones, and those of the sessile arms,
have a half circle of eight points. Mouth small, the surrounding mem-
brane without cupules, with a process between the upper pair of arms,
and one to each of the other arms.
Shell slender, diamond-pointed in front, about half an inch broad
and eight and a half inches long, tapering backwards regularly, the
posterior two inches, dilated into a paddle-shaped blade, in which
the different laminæ converge to the point.
121

482
MOLLUSCA.
Length of body, ten inches; breadth anteriorly, three inches;
length of fin, four inches; breadth six inches; length of head, two and
a half inches; breadth at eyes, two and a half inches; length of longest
sessile arm, six and a half inches; of shortest, four and a half inches;
length of tentacular arms, ten inches; diameter of eye, three-quarters
of an inch.
Obtained at Feejee Islands; Antarctic Seas. Dr. Holmes.
The only species with which this bears a close relation is Loligo
todarus, Rafin., from the Mediterranean. In that species, the inferior
arms are like the others covered with cupules; the tentacular arms
have cupules their whole length. It agrees in the form of the shell,
and the colour and arrangement of the cupular denticles. Loligo
Bartrami, Fer., has all the arms fringed somewhat like the lower pair.
L. sagittata, Lam., has the general form and arrangement of the arms,
but all of them are supplied throughout with regularly graduated (in
size) cupules.
In another specimen, marked "Antarctic Seas,” the peculiar fringe on
the lower tentacles is wanting, but the cupules are very small, and are
narrowed, as it were, into a single series. All the tentacles are more
slender. Described from specimens in spirits.
Figure 594, the animal, with details; 594 a, the dorsal shell.
ONYCHOTEUTHIS RUTILUS (Gould).
Corpus breve, anticè latum deinde sensim angustatum, dorso carinatum ;
pinnis magnis dimidium corporis superantibus, longioribus quam latis :
caput subquadratum, subtus excavatum : oculi nigri, maximi : sipho
brevis, cylindraceus: brachii sessiles triquetri, dimidium corporis ade-
quantes, ordine longitudinis 4, 3, 2, 1, acetabulis pedicellatis sub-uni-
serialibus instructi: brachii tentaculares robusti, cylindrici, unguibus
ad decem pedunculatis muniti : color supra metallica, reflectionibus
violaceis et auratis ; infra salmonacea; capite coloribus violaceis, lila-
cinis, aurantiacis, flavis, etc., ornato.
Body short, broad in front, and immediately narrowing backwards,
and ending in a produced point, giving a lanceolate form, carinate

CEPHALOPODA.
483
along the back. Fins large, more than half the length of the body,
nearly meeting at the base, longer than broad, heart-rhomboidal, the late-
ral angles a little rounded, the posterior angle acuminated; head nearly
as wide as the body, subquadrate, the sides wholly occupied by the
orbits, excavated beneath, for the siphonal tube, which is short and
cylindrical. Eyes black, very prominent.
Sessile arms about half as long as the body, triquetrous; compara-
tive length, 4, 3, 2, 1. Cupules on large pedicles, nearly in a single
line. Tentacular arms shorter than the body, a third longer than the
sessile arms, stout and cylindrical, furnished with nine or ten hooks,
on long peduncles, and occupying about one-fourth the length of the
arm, which portion is dilated for that purpose. Mouth very small.
The colours are very beautiful, the body and head above being of a
brilliant metallic hue of gold and violet, clouded with salmon-colour
on the fins; back of the arms umber, with bluish reflections; beneath
salmon-coloured, the head and arms shaded and mottled with violet,
orange, yellow, lilac, &c., presenting a marked contrast with the uni-
form colour of the body.
a
Whole length, eight and a half inches; of the body, four inches; of
the head, three-fourths of an inch; of the lower sessile arm, two inches
and a quarter; of the tentacular arm, four inches; greatest breadth of
body, an inch and one-eighth; of the fin, three inches and five-eighths;
length of fin, two inches and a half.
Obtained in the South Pacific Ocean, near Sydney, New South
Wales.
This beautiful species is somewhat allied to 0. Banksii, Fer., but
its proportions and colouring are different. Its short body and metal-
lic bronzed surface are remarkable. Described from a drawing of a
living specimen
Figure 595, dorsal view of the animal.
ONYCHOTEUTHIS BREVIMANUS (Gould).
Corpus cylindraceum, vix dilatatum : pinna rhomboidalis, latior quam
longa, quadrantem corporis superans : caput breve, subglobosum: oculi

484
MOLLUSCA.
mediocres : brachii sessiles curti, graciles, infimis longioribus, supernis
brevioribus : brachii tentaculares brevissimi : color ex sanguineo viola-
cescens.
Body cylindrical, somewhat bulging at the middle and tapering
with a curved outline, rapidly. Fin rhomboidal, broader than long,
the angles slightly rounded, somewhat more than one-fourth as long
as the body. Head short, closely attached to the body, subglobose.
Eyes of moderate size and prominence; sessile arms short and slender,
the lower pair longest, and the upper shortest. Tentacular arms, very
short, nearly destitute of a pedicle. Colour beautifully shaded with
sanguineous and violaceous, the effect being produced by minute dot-
tings.
Entire length, six inches; length of body, three inches and three-
quarters; length of head, five-eighths of an inch; greatest diameter of
body, five-eighths of an inch ; breadth of fin, two inches and a quarter;
length, one inch and three-eighths.
Obtained at sea, about 120 miles west of Tutuilla, Samoa Islands.
Described from a figure from life, by Mr. Agate. If the proportions
are given correctly, as there is no reason to doubt, the extraordinary
brevity of the tentacular arms, scarcely longer than the shortest sessile
arms, is of itself enough to characterize the species. The figure is
also supposed to represent the true dimensions.
Figure 596, dorsal view of the animal.

PTEROPOD A.
485
PTEROPODA.
The following species of the order Pteropoda are here given, with
a strong impression that some of them may have been described. But
they are not satisfactorily identified with any figures of species I have
seen. Indeed, with the exception of those given by D’Orbigny in his
Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale, and by Eydoux and Souleyet
in the Voyage of the Bonite, no figures or descriptions of any value
have been furnished. These animals are seldom to be obtained except
in the open sea, and require to be immediately figured by a skilful
hand, with the aid of a microscope. Of course, very few have fallen
under the eye of competent observers. Every addition to the know-
ledge of the general or detailed forms of this little-understood group
of minute and beautiful objects, will be of service in the future dispo-
sition of its members.
The figures made by Mr. Dana evince careful observation and
faithful delineation, and may be relied on as characteristic.
a
LIMACINA SCAPHOIDEA (Gould).
T. pellucida, involuta, scaphoidea : spira secunda, anfractibus tribus ;
ultimo amplo; apertura subcircularis; labro arcuato.
ANIMAL having the alar expansions elongate, obliquely rounded at
tip, broadly united at base, and standing off from each other obliquely
at an angle of ninety degrees. At their junction are two papillæ, each
surmounted by a black spine or beak.
Shell involute or nautiloid, the spire inclined to one side, exhibit-
ing three whorls on the projecting side; the last whorl is very capa-
cious, having the aperture rounded, and of nearly equal diameters;
the lip seen in profile is concavely arcuate.
122

486
MOLLUSCA.
Diameter about one-tenth of an inch.
Taken in the equatorial Atlantic, and figured by Mr. Dana.
The genus of this shell is also somewhat uncertain. It bears a
resemblance to Spiriale rostrale, figured in the Bonite, pl. 13, f. 1, the
Limacina inflata of Gray.
Figures 602, 602 a, lateral and longitudinal views of the shell and
animal; 602 b, natural size.
LIMACINA (?) CUCULLATA (Gould).
T. pellucida, planorboidea, altero latere anfractus quinque ostendens,
altero anfractum unicum umbilicatum : apertura obliqua, campanu-
lata, cucullata.
ANIMAL black, with ovate appendages, not intimately united at
base.
SHELL colourless, planorboid, on one side presenting about five or
six whorls, on the other, a single volution, with a large, umbilical pit.
Aperture oblique, campanulate, and projecting beyond the whorl like
a hood.
Diameter about one-fourth of an inch.
Found near an ice-island, within twenty miles of the Antarctic con-
tinent, lat. 66° S., long. 106° 20' E.
This is one of the few forms of the lower classes of animals obtained
from the extreme South, and is, therefore, peculiarly interesting,
although so imperfectly delineated. It is described from a pencil
sketch by Mr. Agate. The genus is probably new, but must rank
under Limacina, if among known genera. The name AGADINA might
otherwise be employed.
Figures 601, 601 a, 6016, three views of the shell, with the animal.

PTERO PODA.
487
HYALÆA INERMIS (Gould).
T. ovato-globosa, posticè angustata, compressa et truncata, angulis pos-
ticis emarginatis, anticè rotunda : apertura angusta, transversa, labro
haud porrecto. Animal alis transversis angustis ad angulum posti-
cum emarginatis instructus.
ANIMAL, with the alar expansions flabellate, twice as long as their
greatest breadth, convexly arched in front, anterior angle rounded,
the ends with a deep slit at their anterior third, the posterior angle
deeply and concavely emarginate; mantle oblong, with rounded pos-
terior angles, extending on the back of the shell about one-fourth its
length; interior mass heart-shaped, dusky.
SHELL ovate-globose, with both valves very gibbous, the smaller
one most so; line of union flexuous; mouth narrow, lip simple, not
projecting over the opposite valve; anterior end rounded, lateral lines
somewhat converging; the posterior angles concavely emarginate, the
anterior angle of the emargination slightly spinous: posterior extre-
mity compressed, truncate, the outline very slightly convex.
Length seven-eighths of an inch; greatest breadth four-fifths of an
inch; thickness equal to the breadth.
Described from a figure by Mr. Dana; locality not mentioned.
Figure 604, shell, with the animal; 604, 604 a, lateral and ventral
views of the shell.
HYALÆA FEMORATA (Gould).
T. subcordata ; angulis posticis productis, arcuatis et cornua subrecta,
prælonga, retroversa, gerentibus. Animal alis transversis trapezoi-
dalibus munitus.
Alar expansions transverse, rather longer than broad, the anterior
and posterior margins nearly parallel, but slightly arcuate convexly,

488
MOLLUSCA.
terminal ends truncate obliquely, and a little concavely backwards,
having a lateral laciniation near the anterior angles, and a longitudinal
one in the posterior margin near the angle: the body of the animal is
somewhat roseate, with a central dusky spot. Posterior cornua of
the shell long, corpulent at base, somewhat tortuous, and running to
a prolonged point.
Expansion of alar appendages an inch and a half; whole length of
the shell and animal the same.
Obtained in the equatorial Atlantic.
Described from a figure by Dana. It is remarkable for its long and
corpulent appendages.
Figure 603, animal as in life, with the shell.
CLEODORA EXACUTA (Gould).
T. pellucida, triangularis, subtus concava, supra per convexa anticè,
rotundata, posticè valdè acuminata, lateribus concaviter arcuatis.
Animal cervice longo et alis divergentibus oblongo-ovalibus instructus.
Alar expansions arcuate, rounded at extremity, the posterior edge
loosely undulate; the basal lappet large and triangular; the conical
papillæ at the mouth are dark, as well as the central abdominal mass;
otherwise colourless.
The SHELL is an equilateral, spherical triangle, the base convexly
rounded, and the sides concavely excavated, producing thus a long,
acute caudal point: the under valve is slightly concave, and the upper
valve very convexly arched: in front is a small opening, through
which the neck of the animal passes.
Length about half an inch; greatest breadth equal to about two-
thirds the length.
Found by Mr. Dana, in latitude 44° N., long. 154° W., that is, about
30° west of the mouth of Columbia River.

PTERO POD A.
489
This resembles a West India species, which has the sides much
more deeply concave, and the lateral angles prolonged into spines.
Described from Mr. Dana's figures.
Figure 605, shell and animal enlarged; 605 a, transverse section of
the shell; 605 b, natural size.
CLEODORA MUNDA (Gould).
T. elongato conica, modicè recurva, subcompressa ad apicem rosacea :
apertura rotundato-elliptica. Animal alis ferè transversis latè coadu-
natis, obliquè triangularibus, subarcuatis instructus.
Alar expansions broadly united at base, ovate triangular, greatest
breadth nearly equal to greatest length; anterior margin convexly
arcuate, with an acute spine at the middle; posterior margin two-
thirds the length of the anterior, concavely arcuate; terminal margins
rectilinear, convergent; the angles minutely rounded; surface exhi-
biting ranges of ciliæ; basal lappet very small, forming a very low
triangle. Head large; eyes conspicuous. The alimentary tube is
seen passing to the apex of the shell, which is occupied by a straw-
coloured viscus, above which is a deep-green cylindrical mass : just
behind the head is an excretory duct and its orifice, which has made
half a spiral turn around the neck. At the superior third of the shell
are seen scarlet bands of muscular fibres surrounding the mantle,
which rises to a level with the mouth of the shell. The colour has a
pale-roseate, somewhat iridescent tint.
a
SHELL acutely conical, moderately recurved; aperture circular or
somewhat oval; tip roseate.
Length one-fourth of an inch.
Found in the equatorial Atlantic by Mr. Dana.
This is possibly C. virgula, Rang, as figured in the Voyage of the
Bonite, pl. 8, f. 18–22; but as this is not satisfactorily determined, the
excellent figure of Mr. Dana is introduced.
123

490
MOLLUSCA.
Figures 607, 607 a, front and lateral views of the animal and shell,
enlarged.
CLEODORA PLACIDA (Gould).
T. elongato-conica, vix reflexa : apertura circularis. Animal alis ob-
longis obliquis, angustis, curtis, instructus.
Alar expansions small, basal union narrow, oblong, the posterior
margin nearly rectilinear, the anterior margin convexly arcuate, with
a prominent spine at the middle, extremities slightly emarginate at
each angle, so as to give a generally-rounded outline: basal lappet
small, triangular, nearly equilateral, the apex reaching nearly to the
separation of the wings,
SHELL elongate, conical, recurved : aperture large and circular.
Length about one-fourth of an inch; diameter of aperture about one-
twentieth of an inch.
Obtained in the equatorial Atlantic.
Described from Mr. Dana's uncoloured figure.
The form of this shell seems to be more obtusely conical than in any
other species, and the alar expansions are small.
Figure 606, front view of the shell and animal, enlarged.
CLEODORA FALCATA (Gould).
T. elongato-conica, valdè recurva; apertura circularis. Animal alis
flabellatis, obliquis, subarcuatis, iridescentibus munitus.
ANIMAL with the alar expansions large, flabellate, irregular, basal
junction narrow, anterior margin undulately convex, somewhat emar-
ginate beyond the spine, posterior margin deeply and undulately
concave, one-half the length of the anterior edge, terminal margin

PTEROPOD A.
491
obliquely rounded; posterior surface covered with serratures in lines
from the mouth to the margin; and along a line from the mouth to
outer margin is a series of vibrating ciliæ; basal lappet short and
broad, emarginate at tip. Viscera within the tube much as in the
preceding species, except that the dark mass is grass-green.
SHELL very strongly recurved, forming nearly a quarter of a circle;
aperture circular.
Length not over half an inch.
Taken by Mr. Dana between Oregon and the East Indies.
The extraordinary curvature of the shell is a prominent character-
istic, as well as the peculiar form of the wings.
Figure 608, the shell, with the animal, enlarged.
The four following species of Atlanta do not belong in this group,
but their affinities are with the Gasteropoda, and they are allied to
Janthina. Indeed, Mr. J. E. Gray has proposed a family, including
them, under the name Janthinidæ. The original figures were inad-
vertently laid aside among those of Pteropoda, with which they have
been sometimes ranked.
ATLANTA PRIMITIA (Gould).
T. nautiloidea, rotundato-ovata, compressa, dextrorsum umbilicata, ca-
rinâ latâ sensim angustatâ cinctâ : spira anfractibus tribus : apertura
angusta, elliptica, angulis acutis ; labro arcuato ; color violacea.
ANIMAL having the mouth at the extremity of a long proboscis, and
at times dilating like a sucker, with a fissure or emargination at its
superior side, and fringed with ciliæ in incessant motion. Eyes very
large, at the distal third of the protruded body; they are vitreous, and
situated on short, black peduncles; between them is a prominence, or
forehead, advancing a little in front of them, on each side of which
arises a fleshy, fusiform tentacle. From the base of the proboscis, on
a

492
MOLLUSCA.
the left side, arises an oblong membranous expansion, on the inferior
margin of which, about midway, are two thin, circular lamellæ, at-
tached obliquely. On the right side, corresponding to the membra-
nous expansion or natatory, comes off horizontally an arm, having a
spatulate extremity facing the proboscis at right angles with the arm,
and furnished at the elbow with a minute spine. This seems to
answer the purpose of an operculum. At the junction of the proboscis
with the natatory above, is the anal orifice. Just below this, on the
right side, is a bilobed, sacculate organ, communicating by a small
duct with internal viscera (probably generative). The mouth con-
nects with an ample oesophagus, to which succeeds an intestinal
canal, whose course is very apparent, as far as a small, ovate body
near the spire of the shell, which is the heart, and is seen to pulsate
very regularly when the animal displays itself. The mantle is folded
so as to form an ample collar embracing the body, and completely
encloses the animal when it is withdrawn. Colour faint purplish,
tinted lake-red. [J. P. c.]
The SHELL is nautiloid, ovate, very faintly umbilicate on the left
side, of about three whorls; the lip of the aperture convex in pro-
file, the aperture itself narrow elliptical, acute at extremities. It has
a thin, broad, membranous carina at the angle of the shell. Colour
violaceous, especially on the spire.
Obtained in the equatorial Atlantic.
This appears to be closely allied to A. Lesueuri, as figured in the
Voyage of the Bonite, pl. 20, f. 1-15, though it differs in several re-
spects. It was figured by Mr. Dana, and described from his figure
and notes. I think it quite probable that the point at the junction of
the foot and neck, considered as an anal opening, may really be the
ganglion described in the next species, as seated at that part.
Figure 597, shell and animal, enlarged, with details natural size.
ATLANTA CUNICULA (Gould).
T. fragilissima, pellucida, nautiloidea, sub-circularis, compressa, carinâ
latissimâ cincta : apertura elliptica, acutangularis.

PTEROPOD A.
493
ANIMAL of a pale-flesh colour, with a slender neck: the proboscis
about as long as the neck, uniting with it at an angle of about
130°, and presenting something like an elevated forehead between the
eyes. At its extremity is the mouth, which soon dilates into a large
cesophagus, or stomach, from which a distinct alimentary canal passes.
The eyeball is crystalline, with a dark spot like a peduncle, at the
base of which lies the brain; at the junction of the natatory membrane
with the neck is a nervous ganglion, from which nerves pass in
various directions. The natatory membrane is elongated, tongue-
shaped, covered with ciliæ; its marginal appendage, which is pro-
bably an instrument for adhesion, is kidney-shaped. The foot, or
opercle, is narrow, ovate. The pulsating organ is ovate, of an ochreous
colour; the viscera within the spire of the shell are convoluted and
straw-coloured. Mantle conspicuous, of the same colour.
SHELL
Shell very delicate, with a keel nearly as broad as the shell itself,
nearly circular, compressed, quite simple, merely exhibiting very faint
lines of growth.
Obtained by Mr. Dana in latitude 28° N. long. 178° E., to the
westward of the Sandwich Islands.
This animal is quite different from the preceding, and is unlike any
species hitherto figured. It is described from the figures and notes of
Mr. Dana. The anatomical details are well delineated.
Figure 198, the animal and shell, enlarged; 198 a, the head, still
more enlarged; 1986, the cervical ganglion and its branches; 198 C,
natural size.
ATLANTA VIOLACEA (Gould).
T. nautiloidea, vix compressa, violacea, valdè carinata : anfractus qua-
tuor sensim crescentes : apertura elliptica, angulis rotundatis.
SHELL violaceous, nautiloid, whorls four, the last volution not
rapidly enlarging, and unusually distended; keel nearly as broad as
the whorl at the aperture, which is elliptical, about twice as long as
124

494
MOLLUSCA.
Colour violaceous, deeper at the
broad, rounded at the extremities.
spire.
Length, including the keel, three-eighths of an inch; breadth one-
twelfth of an inch.
Found in the stomach of a Bonito, taken in latitude 3º S., long.
200 W.
This is a large shell, agreeing in colour with the species first de-
scribed; but it is larger, less compressed, and the aperture is quite
different. Described from a figure by Mr. Drayton.
Figures 599, 599 a, lateral and superior views of the shell, enlarged;
599 b, natural size.
ATLANTA TESSELLATA (Gould).
T. nautiloidea, compressa, carinâ angustatâ cincta : anfractus quatuor,
maculis quadratis violaceis seriatim dispositis ornati ; ultimo anfractu
cito crescente : apertura angusta, ad angulum internum rotundata.
SHELL nautiloid, compressed, the last whorl somewhat rapidly en-
larging; whorls four, with a very narrow keel around the angle: aper-
ture narrow, oval, rounded at the inner extremity, acute at the outer
angle : colour yellowish, with a series of square, violaceous spots fol-
lowing around the middle of the spire.
a
Greatest diameter one-fourth of an inch; transverse diameter one-
fortieth of an inch.
Found with the preceding.
The remarkable series of quadrate spots is a very obvious distinctive
character of this species.
Figures 600, 600 a, two views of the shell, enlarged; 600 b, natural
size.

TUNICATA.
495
TUNICATA.
CYNTHIA AMPHORA (Gould).
C. subglobosa, ochracea, tenuis, longitudinaliter sulcis remotis segmentata
et omnimodè subtiliter corrugata. Orificia approximata, magna, la-
biis eversis et incrassatis.
ANIMAL sub-globose, colour ochreous, tinted orange, tunic thin, and
rendered rough by short wrinkles running in all directions, surface
also divided somewhat into segments by longitudinal furrows. Ori-
fices approximate, large, remarkable for the eversion and thickening
of their lip. The superior orifice is much the larger, and they both
open at the end of short, thick, constricted tubes.
Height an inch and a half; circumference three or four inches.
Found abreast of Fort Santa Cruz, Rio Janeiro, in four or five
fathoms of water.
Figure 609, lateral view of the animal.
PHALLUSIA VIOLACEA (Gould).
P. nigro-violacea, erecta, ovato-cylindracea, coriacea, lavigata, nitida :
orificia subequalia, parva, mamillas subglobosas perforantia.
ANIMAL blue-black, erect, of an ovate-cylindrical form, somewhat
lobulated, of a rigid, leathery consistence, and smooth, shining surface.
The orifices are very small, nearly equal in size, seated on large,
rounded protuberances, one of which rises only to the base of the
other.

496
MOLLUSCA.
Height two and a half inches; diameter an inch and a half.
a
A single specimen was taken, in three fathoms water, off the northern
point of the entrance to the harbour of Rio Janeiro. [J. P. c.]
Figure 610, lateral view of the animal.
ASCIDIA MONSTRANS.
P. subglobosa, sursum porrecta et versus aperturam buccalem sensim
angustata : apertura excretoria parva, valdè inferior : tunica tenuis,
lævis, ex olivaceo aurantiaca demum sanguinea : labiis simplicibus,
ciliatis.
ANIMAL small, subglobose at base, and produced towards the respi-
ratory orifice in a long, tapering tube; the excretory orifice is very
small, and seated far below the other, on a slight mammillation. The
tunic is thin, smooth, coriaceous, passing from olive-green at the base,
through deep-orange to vermilion at the orifices; lips of the orifices
simple, furnished with long, delicate ciliæ, continually in motion.
Height sometimes one inch ; diameter about two-thirds the height.
Obtained near the entrance of the harbour of Rio Janeiro, in three
fathoms water, attached to old shells, &c. Couthouy.
Figure 611, group of animals of different size.
BOLTENIA COACTA (Gould).
B. ovata, rigida, lanata, longitudinaliter rugosa, ochraceo-olivacea, pos-
ticè pedunculata : aperture subterminales, remotæ, cruciata, inermes,
intus rosacea, mamillas obtruncantes.
ANIMAL ovate, drawn out on one side into a peduncle of an inch
and a half long, which terminates in a small, narrow, coriaceous,
inflexible base. This peduncle is quite slender at its lower part, and

TUNICATA497
.
.
suddenly dilates as it approaches the body, which floats nearly at a
right angle with it; and this portion, together with the whole sac,
is
strongly marked by deep, longitudinal wrinkles. The apertures are
remote, shaped like the ace of clubs, on the summit of a prominent
mammilla near each extremity; internally they are deep lake-red. Ex-
ternal colour dirty ochre, deepest in the furrows. The tunic is very
thick and rigid, with a slight cretaceous feel to the knife, and covered
with a short, stiff pubescence, much resembling hatter's felt. It is
but slightly contractile, though the orifices may be so contracted as to
disappear entirely.
Length of the sac two and a half inches; diameter just above pe-
duncle one and a half inches.
Dredged in sixteen fathoms, Orange Harbour. [J. P. c.]
Figures 612, 612 a, two views of the animal.
In addition to the above are several carefully-drawn figures of the
aggregated Tunicata, with brief notes by Mr. Dana. Among them
are specimens of Botryllus, Polyclinum, Eucælium, and some curious
forms, which are not yet given in zoological works, so far as can be
ascertained. As it is impossible to describe such animals from figures
alone, with any tolerable degree of accuracy, the few notes respecting
them will be reserved, and added to the explanations of the figures
in the Atlas. Every carefully-delineated figure of these obscure forms
will be valuable, in the attempts at systematic arrangement which
must hereafter be made.
125


INDEX
Anodonta fluviatilis, 436
Ancylus aduncus, G., 125
concentricus, D'Orb., 126
Aplysia longicauda, Q., 224
pulmonica, G., 223
striata, Q., 226
Arca Deshaysii, 424
sobria, G., 423
Argonauta geniculata, G., 470
tuberculata, 470
argo, 471
Acanthophorus bitentaculatus, G., 2
ACEPHALA, 384
Achatina accineta, Migh., 89
accincta, Pf., 89
chilensis, Less., 79
Sandwicensis, Pf., 89
Achatinella accincta, Migh. (an.), 88–90
acuminata, G., 87
cerealis, G., 90
ellipsoidea. G., 87
guttula, G., 89
marmorata, G., 85
microstoma, G., 87
nubilosa, G., 86
tristis, Fer., 87
ventulus, Fer., 86, 87
Acmæa ancylus, Esch., 356
mitra, Esch., 347
patina, Esch., 352
persona, Esch., 356
radiata, Esch., 356
AGADINA, G., 486
Alasmodonta falcata, G., 433
margaritifera, 434
Ambrette fragile, Souleyet, 16
Amnicola badia, G., 126
ciliata, G., 129
corolla, G., 129
gracilis, G., 127
Sayana, 108
Amphidesma croceum, G., 399
solidum, Gray, 400
Ampullacera Busbyi, G., 215
Ampullaria columellaris, G., 128
Anodonta areolata, Sw., 430
angulata, Lea, 437
cognata, G., 435
cygnea, Lam., 435
feminalis, G., 436
glauca, G., 434
puberula, G., 434
Arion empiricorum, 4
foliolatus, G., 2
Arthemis lambata, G., 422
lincta, 422
ANTHORACOPHORUS, G., 1
Ascidia monstrans, G., 496
Auricula leporis, Lk., 78
Atlanta violacea, G., 493
tessellata, G., 494
Avicula fucata, G., 441, 443
glabra, G., 442
lurida, G., 440, 442
maculata, G., 443
margaritifera, L., 437
nigra, G., 438
pica, G., 443
vidua, G., 439
Balea peregrina, G., 91
Bembicium squamiferum, Koch, 192
Boltenia coacta, G., 496
Botryllus, 497
Buccinum amplustre, Martyns, 238
calcar, Martyns, 237
coccinella, 263
cancellarioides, Reeve, 232
corrugatum, 265
Cuvieri, 261
farinosum, G., 255
fimbriatum, Martyns, 228
fossatum, G., 254

500
INDEX.
Buccinum funereum, G., 253
Gruneri, Dunk., 262
Jonasii, Dunk., 260
macula, 261
marginulatum, 262
neriteum, L., 191
orbita, Chem., 246
pictum, Dunk., 257
scabrum, Dunk., 259
tæniatum, Reeve, 244
velatum, G., 252
vittatum, 253
Buliminus proteus, Beck, 78
Bulimulus graniger, Beck, 79
Bulimus auriculatus, Pf., 84
auris leporis (an.), Brug., 78
bacterionides, Q., 77
badiosa, Fer., 74
bæticata, Reeve, 74
chilensis, Lk. (an.), 79
ciliatus, G., 75
egregius, Pf., 77
elatior, Pf., 92
elobatus, G., 72
eximius, 80
Favannii, Lk., 75
fulguratus, Jay (an.), 73–80
goniostoma, 78
granulosus, Brod., 79
hordeaceus, 90
hybridus, G., 77
junceus, G., 76
lævus, 82
lagotis, Menke, 78
malleatus, Jay (an.), 72, 73, 81
morosus, G., 72
multicolor, 78
prolatus, G., 74
proteus, Brod. (an.), 78
pruninus, G., 73
Shongii, Less. (an.), 79
sordidus, Lam., 78
Vanikorensis, Desh., 85
velutino-hispidus, Moric., 76
varius, Pf., 85
versicolor, 83
vexillum, Brug., 35
Bulla aplustre, 221
ampulla, L., 221
amygdalus, 221
bifasciata, Mart., 220
diaphana, C., 222
Bulla elegans, 222
fusca, 222
parallela, G., 220
rubiginosa, G., 221
solida, 220
Bullia ? velata, G., 252
Bursatella lacinulata, C., 223
Calyptrea chlorina, G., 380
Calyptrea equestris, 381, 382
fastigiata, G., 379
lithedaphus, 382
pileolus, D'Orb., 379
radiosa, G., 381
squama, Desh., 379
Capulus sagittifer, G., 383
Cardium Californianum, 419
blandum, G., 418
Icelandicum, 419
Cardita borealis, Conr., 417, 418
procera, G., 416
ventricosa, G., 417
Cerithium aduncum, G., 147
cælatum, C., 148, 150
columna, Sowb., 146
egenum, G., 151
Emersonii, Adams, 151
ferrugineum, Say, 151
filosum, G., 149
Hegewischii, Pf., 144
in vaginatum, G., 146
irroratum, G., 148
janthinum, G., 152
lacteum, Kiener, 152
muscarum, Say, 145
ocellatum, Lam., 147, 148
pusillum, G., 150
sacratum, G., 144
sardoum, Cantr., 149
sordidulum, G., 145
turritella, 149
varicosum, Sowb., 144
Chilina fluctuosa, D'Orb., 123
fluminea, Gray, 124
fragilis, Gray, 123
major, Gray, 124
pulchra, D'Orb., 124
CHIORÆRA, G., 309
leonina, G., 310
Chiton alternatus, Sowb., 322
apiculatus, Say, 325
asperrimus, C., 326
atratus, Sowb. (an.), 329

INDEX
501
Chiton australis, Sowb., 332
Boweni, King, 330
brevispinosus, 314
castaneus, C., 322, 326
catenulatus, Sowb., 321
cerasinus, Chem., 325
ciliatus, Sowb., 323
Collei, Reeve, 314
confossus, G., 327
coquimbensis, Fremb. (an.), 333
dentiens, G., 321
disjunctus, Fremb. (an.), 329
evanidus, Sowb., 332
foveolatus, Sowb., 313
Fremblyi, Brod., 331
fruticosus, G., 319, 32T
Hindsii, Reeve, 323
incanus, G., 315
incisus, 318
Indicus, 320
interstinctus, G., 322
Janeirensis, Sowb. (an.), 333
jaspideus, G., 325
jugosus, G., 317
lignosus, G., 330
lineolatus, Fremb. (an.), 332
longicymba, Q., 319, 321
Merckii, Wossn., 323, 330
muscosus, G., 313
peruvianus, Lam. (an.), 332
petaloides, G., 328
piceus, 315
petholatus, 315
platessa, G., 320
pruinosus, G., 316
puniceus, C., 324
quercinus, G., 312
ruber, 324
setiger, King (an.), 330
setosus, Sowb., 314
sculptus, Sowb., 328
Siculus, 318
Sitchensis, Midd., 322
solea, Sowb., 320
Stangeri, Reeve, 318
vespertinus, G., 323
violaceus, Q. (an.), 331
viridulus, C., 318
zelandicus, Q. (an.), 333
Chitonellus fasciatus, Q. (an.), 333
Cingula Peteningensis, G., 130
Cleodora exacuta, G., 488
Cleodora falcata, G., 490
munda, G., 489
placida, G., 490
virgula, Rang, 489
Clithon undatus, Less., 163
COLUMBELLA, animal of, 270
Columbella Broderipii, Reeve, 268
avara, Say, 269
castanea, G., 267, 269
gausapata, G., 267
ligula, Duclos. (an.), 270
mendicaria, L. (an.), 270
unicolor, 267, 269
valga, G., 268
Conus ammiralis, Lin., 214, 287
corallinus, Kien., 287
dilectus, G., 286
Hebreus, L. (an.), 288
miles, L. (an.), 287
miliaris, Brug. (an.), 289
minimus, L. (an.), 290
nanus, Brod. (an.), 288
.
sponsalis, Brug. (an.), 289
vexillum, Mart. (an.), 287
Crania radiosa, G., 465
Crenatula pergaminea, G., 447
Crepidula capensis, Q., 376
costata, Desh. (an.), 377
lingulata, G., 376, 377
nummaria, G., 377
rostriformis, G., 375
Cyclas cornea, 425, 426
egregia, G., 425
elegans, Adams, 402
patella, G., 426
Cyclostoma diatretum, G., 105
dubium, Pf., 108
obligatum, G., 104
orbella, Lam., 105
plicatum, G., 103, 104
roseum, G., 105
rubens, Q., 106
scitulum, G., 108
strigatum, G., 102, 104
terebrale, G., 106, 108
tiara, G., 101, 103
tigrinum, 33
vallatum, G., 107, 108
Cynthia amphora, G., 495
Cypræa arenosa, Gray (an.), 285
asellus, L. (an.), 282
carneola, L. (an.), 284
126

502
INDEX
Cypræa caurica, L. (an.), 283
eburna, Barnes (an.), 285
errones, L. (an.), 284
felina, Gm. (an.), 283
fimbriata, Gmel. (an.), 282
Humphreysii, Gray (an.), 284
histrio, Kiener, 282
lutea, Desh., 284
lynx, L. (an.), 285
maculata, Barnes, 282
obvallata, Reeve, 286
obvelata, Lam. (an.), 286
olivacea,Lam., 284
poraria, L. (an.), 284
reticulata, Martyns (an.), 282
testudinaria, L. (an.), 281
tigris, L. (an.), 281
Cypricardia coralliophaga, Reeve, 389
rosea, G., 389
solenoides, Reeve, 389
Cyrena debilis, G., 427
pusilla, 427
Cytherea divaricata, 416
Dendronotus, 311
Diphyllidia rubida, G., 307
Dombeya fasciata, G., 123
fluminea, G., 124
obovata, G., 124
Donax crocatus, G., 412
cuneata, 412
pallidus, G., 410
tinctus, G., 411
scalpellum, 412
Doris aspersa, G., 304
aurita, G., 299
aurea, Q., 299
cardinalis, G., 302
cerebralis, G., 298
cruenta, Q., 300
dorsalis, G., 304
flammulata, Q., 301
lilacina, G., 297
luteola, C., 295
marginata, Q., 303
petechialis, G., 296
plumulata, C., 294
Sandwichensis, Souley., 301, 302
smaragdina, G., 300
spiraculata, G., 300
sumptuosa, G., 302, 303
superba, G., 301, 302
vermicelli, G., 293
Elasmatina, 94
Elysia lobata, G., 308
Emarginula aspera, G., 372
australis, Q., 373
cinerea, G., 373
fungina, G., 374
ossea, G., 373
parmophoidea, Q., 375
rugosa, Q., 372
Eolis attenuatus, C., 305
cyanella, C., 306
Erycina ovata, G., 401
quadrata, G., 402
Eucelium, 497
Eulima, 208
Fissurella cratitia, G., 367
cruciata, G., 365
afra, Q., 365
caffra, Chem., 365
græca, L., 367
maxima, 367
minuta, Sowb., 365
occidens, G., 364
picta, Lam. (an.), 367
verna, G., 366
obtusa, Sowb., 367
Fusus bamffius, 232, 235
cancellatus, Reeve, 241
crispus, G., 229
decolor, Phil. (an.), 230
fidicula, G., 233-235
Geversianus, Pallas (an.), 227
incisus, G., 232
laciniatus, Martyns, 228
lamellosus, 232
liratus, C., 231
Oregonensis, Reeve, 241
orpheus, G., 234
plumbeus, Phil. (an.), 230
sublutus, G., 235
turricula, 234
ventricosus, 232
GAIMARDIA, G., 460
trapesina, G., 459
GASTEROPODA, 1
Goniodoris, 311
Haliotis australis, 209
crispata, G., 208
stomatiæ-formis, Reeve, 209
ziczac, 209
Helicella trochiformis, Fer., 61
Helicina beryllina, G., 95

INDEX.
503
Helicina constricta, Pf., 94
fulgora, G., 97, 98, 99
laciniosa, Mighels, 98, 99
maugeriæ, Gray (an.), 95
musiva, G., 98
miniata, Less., 97
multicolor, G., 100
oxystoma, Gray, 97
pallida, G., 96
rupestris, Pf., 100
similis, Sowb., 96
trochlea, G., 99
uberta, G., 94
Helix acies, Fer., 58
albolabris, Say, 65
alpina, 37
alternata, Say, 37
auris leporis, Fer., 78
badia, 65
bursatella, G., 50, 55
Busbyi, Gray, 215
Californianus, Lea, 65
calculosa, G., 48
calva, G., 32
chersina, S., 48
cicercula, G., 43, 45, 47
coarctata, Pf., 53
columbiana, Lea, 68
concava, Binney, 36
concava, Say, 37, 38, 39
contorta, Fer., 55, 56
contundata, Fer., 71
contusa, Fer., 71
costellatu, D'Orb., 40
cressida, G., 57, 61
cryptoportica, G., 44
cubensis, Pf., 34
cultrata, G., 46
dædalea, G., 54, 56
devia, G., 69
dissimilis, D'Orb., 42
electrina, G., 41, 46
elegans, 61
Eurydice, G., 60, 61
exæquata, G., 47
fidelis, Gray, 66
fornicata, G., 50
furva, Lowe, 12
germana, G., 70
gulosa, G., 64, 65
gradata, G., 49
hirsuta, Say, 71
Helix hystrix, Migh., 55
indentata, S., 47, 50
inflecta, S., 69
intaminata, G., 35
interna, Say, 46, 47
intorta, 35
irradiata, G., 34
irregularis, 30
Jacquinoti, 53
labiosa, G., 67
loricata, G., 68
lucida, 43
lucubrata, Say, 33
lurida, G., 31, 32
lychnuchus, 32
lyrata, C., 39, 43
marginata, Mull., 61, 62
monodon, Rackett, 71
moricandi, 32
nitidiuscula, Sowb., 64
Nouleti, Le Guil., 30
Nuttalliana, Lea (an.), 66
obolus, G., 53
olivetorum, 33
palliata, S., 68, 71
pauxillus, G., 40
pedestris, G., 65
pertenuis, G., 45
planorboides, Less., 59, 61
pusillus, G., 39, 41
pyramidata, 63
radiata, 51
rubiginosa, G., 50
rubricata, G., 30, 31
rufa, Less., 59
ruida, G., 65
rupestris, 40
saxatilis, 40
Schmidti, 37
scorpio, G., 33
setigera, G., 55
solarium, Q., 59, 61
spirillus, G., 38, 41
sportella, G., 37
stellula, G., 56
striata, Drap., 42
striatella, Anth., 49, 51
strigosa, G., 36
subrutila, Migh., 44, 45
subtilissima, G., 48
tentoriolum, G., 63
tigrina, 37

504
INDEX.
Helix Tongana, Q., 45
Townsendiana, Lea (an.), 65, 66, 71
trochiformis, Pf., 61
trochilionides, D'Orb., 39
Troilus, G., 58
tumida, Pf., 65
tumulus, G., 62
Valenciennesii, 35
Vancouverensis, Lea, 36
velutina, Sowb., 30, 31
zaleta, Say, 30
ziczac, G., 41
Hipponix imbricata, G., 379
pilosa, 380
foliacea, Q., 380
Hyalæa inermis, G., 487
femorata, G., 487
Janthina exigua, Lam., 226
fragilis, 227
Lacuna carinata, G., 194
vincta, 195
LEPTACHATINA, G., 88
Leptoconchus madreporarum, G., 378
Limacina scaphoidea, G., 485
cucullata, G., 486
inflata, Gray, 486
Limax bitentaculatus, Q. and G., 1, 2
columbianus, G., 3
fuliginosus, G., 5
olivaceus, G., 4
Limnea apicina, Lea, 122
catascopium, Say, 18
desidiosa, Say, 121
elodes, Say, 119
lepida, G., 121
Oahuensis, Souley., 122
pallida, Adams, 121
umbrosa, Say, 20, 122
volutata, G., 122
Linnée de Oahu, 119
voisine, 119
Litiopa decussata, G., 195
maculata, Rang, 196
striata, Pf., 196
Littorina acuminata, G., 200
angulifera, 181, 182
araucana, D'Orb., 203
balthica, 130
caliginosa, G., 198
grandinosa, Desh. (an.), 203
lepida, G., 199, 200
lineata, 199, 201
Littorina obesa, Sowb. (an.), 202
patula, G., 197
Peruviana, Gray (an.); 203
plena, G., 201
planaxis, Nutt., 198
pyramidalis, G., 202
rudis, 104
scutulata, G., 200, 202
tenebrosa, 198, 200
Loligo todarus, Raf., 482
Bartrami, Fer., 182
sagittata, Lam., 482
Lottia araneosa, G., 347
cymbiola, G., 350
onychina, G., 355
pintadina, G., 351
scabra, G., 348, 356
scurra ? Less. (an.), 356
scutum, Esch. (an.), 356
testudinalis, 351
textilis, G., 348, 349
variabilis, Gray, 352, 354
Lottia viridula, Lam. (an.), 353, 355
zebrina, Less. (an.), 352, 355
Lucina fibula, Reeve, 416
filan, Adans., 413, 415
inculta, G., 412
interrupta, 416
Jamaicensis, 410
lenticula, G., 413
ramulosa, G., 415
tigerina, 416
undata, 415
vesicula, G., 414
Machæra costata, G., 403
Mactra Brasiliana, 393
cuneola, G., 390
debilis, G., 394
deluta, G., 391
falcata, G., 393
lateralis, Say, 390
lentiginosa, G., 395
ovalis, G., 393
marcida, G., 392
lactea, 392
Mangelia cithara, G., 250
Hornbeckii, 250
pessulata, 250
Margarita cinerea, C., 186, 187
conica, D'Orb., 194
Magellanica, G., 192
obscura, C., 197

INDE X.
505
Margarita persica, G., 193
Megaspira elata, G., 91
Melampus mucronatus, G., 204
luteus, 205
Melania abjecta, Hald., 141
amarula, 132
aspirans, Hinds, 136
bulbosa, G., 142
bellicosa, Hinds, 133
corporosa, G., 137
cybele, G., 132
decollata, Lk., 137
funiculus, Q., 136
furfurosa, G., 139
lutosa, G., 136, 138
perfusca, Anth., 142
perpinguis, Hinds, 142
plicata, Lea, 141
plicifera, Lea, 143
proxima, Say, 142
scabra, 140
scipio, G., 134, 143
scitula, G., 140, 142
silicula, G., 141, 144
spinifera, Ad., 129
spinulosa, 129
terpsichore, G., 133
tetrica, G., 133
truncatula, Lk., 141
Vainafa, G., 138
Virginica, Say, 137, 139
Winteri, v. d. Busch, 133
Melanopsis Zelandica, G., 130
prærosa, 131
levigata, Lam., 131
Meleagrina margaritifera, 437, 439, 441
Melo Broderipii, Gray (an.), 280
regius, Brod., 280
Mesodesma glabella, Desh., 401
mundum, G., 400
striata, 400, 412
Mitra acuminata, Sw. (an.), 276
adusta, Lam. (an.), 276
ambigua, Sw. (an.), 276
capillata, G., 273
cinerea, Reeve, 276
cophina, G., 271, 273
crenifera, 273
elegans, Reeve (an.), 278
encausta, G., 274
exasperata, Chemn. (an.), 278
fidicula, G., 275
Mitra filosa, Born (an.), 278
fraga, Q., 277
glabra, Swains., 271
hebes, Reeve, 273
lutea, G., 276
maculosa, Reeve (an.), 277
nodosa, Sw. (an.), 277
retusa, Gray, 277
rorata, G., 272
semen, Reeve, 274
suturata, Reeve, 272
subulata, 271
torulosa, Lam., 278
tuberculata, Kien., 277
virgata, Reeve (an.), 277
vitellina, G., 270
Modiola trapesina, Lam., 459
Modiolarca pusilla, 455
Monoceros breve, Sowb., 237
imbricatum, Lam. (an.), 237
Monodonta atropurpurea, G., 189
colubrina, G., 183
instricta, G., 190
papillosa, Lk., 203
rotellina, G., 191
Monotigma, 218
Murex amplustre, Chem., 238
anus, L., 240
fruticosus, G., 236
lamellosus, Lam., 228
Magellanicus, Gm., 228
Magellanicus, Chem., 241
noduliferus, Sowb., 237
Mya præcisa, G., 384
truncata, 385
Mytilus algosus, G., 450
areolatus, G., 452
demissus, Lam., 450
divaricatus, G., 449
edulis, L., 451
flabellatus, G., 453
hamatus, Say, 450
hepaticus, G., 454
Magellanicus, 449
pusillus, G., 455
pyriformis, G., 451
trossulus, G., 450
vulgaris, 453
Nanina casca, G., 31
irradiata, G., 34
fricata, G., 32
lurida, G., 31
127

506
INDEX
Nanina rubricata, G., 29
scorpio, G., 33
NASSA, animal of, 267
acinosa, G., 261
casta, G., 260
cinctella, G., 259
curta, G., 258
granifera, Kien. (an.), 266
lilacina, G., 265
lurida, G., 257, 266
mendica, G., 263
muricata, Q. (an.), 259, 266
musiva, 258
paupera, G., 262
perpinguis, Hinds, 264
rubricata, G., 264
trivittata, Say, 255, 264
Natica algida, G., 214
borealis, Gray, 214, 215
caurina, G., 212
Natica dilecta, G., 213
globosa, 214
Grænlandica, 213
heros, Say, 212
immaculata, Totten, 213
impervia, Phil., 213
Lewisii, G., 211
lupinus, Desh., 214
maroccana, 214
soluta, G., 215
NAVICELLA, 154
elliptica, Lam., 156
Entrecasteauxi, Recluz, 155
Freycineti, Recluz (an.), 155
porcellana, Chem. (an.), 156
Suffreni, Recluz, 155
Nerita albicilla, Lin. (an.), 167
crassa, G., 166
Guillouana, Recl., 167
musiva, G., 165
plicata, Lin. (an.), 167
signata, 166
Turtoni, Recluz, 165
undata, Lin. (an.), 167
undulata, 167
Neritina amana, G., 159
ampullaria Less., 163
bætica, 161
Bruguieri, 157, 158
Caffra, Gray (an.), 146
canalis, Sowb. (an.), 157, 158, 161
Neritina cholerica, G., 156
chrysocolla, G., 158
communis, 159
cornea, L. (an.), 157, 163
dubia, Chem., 163
gagates, Desh. (an.), 163
granosa, Sowb. (an.), 161
helvola, G., 165
Lamarckii, Desh. (an.), 162
lugubris, 159
Nuttalli, Recl. (an.), 162
porcata, G., 157
ruginosa, Recl. (an.), 164
Rumphii, Recluz, 160
siderea, G., 160
spinosa, Sowb., 163
Taitensis, Soul. (an.), 161
undata, Desh. (an.), 163
zebra, Chem., 163
Nucula cælata, Hinds, 425
Nucula rostrata, 425
sulculata, G., 424
Octopus Fontainianus, D'Orb., 472
furvus, G., 475
granulatus, Lam., 475
Indicus, 479
macropus, Risso, 476, 478
megalocyathus, G., 473
membranaceus, Q., 247
mimus, G., 473
mollis, G., 479
ornatus, G., 476
pusillus, G., 478
rugosus, Bl., 475, 478
tehuelcha, D'Orb., 472
tetracirrhus, Chaije, 476
tetricus, G., 474
vulgaris, 475
Oliva carneola, Gm. (an.), 281
Ommastrephes insignis, G., 480
Onychoteuthis Banksii, Fer., 483
brevimanus, G., 483
rutilus, G., 482
Osteodesma bracteatum, G., 397
Brasiliense, C., 398
hyalina, Conr., 398
Ostrea circumsuta, G., 462
denticulata, Lam., 462
discoidea, G., 463
glomerata, G., 461
mordax, G., 464

INDEX.
507
Ostrea spathulata, Lam., 462
Otostomus lagotis, Beck, 78
Paludina acuta, 128
decisa, Say, 76
Preissii, 127
Panopæa Aldrovandi, 386
antarctica, G., 386
arctica, 387
generosa, G., 385
Partula auriculata, Brod., 84
bulimoides, Less., 82
conica, G., 81
Owaihiensis, 84
pusilla, G., 83
Taheitana, Brug. (an.), 84, 85
Vanikorensis, Q. (an.), 85
varia, Brod. (an.), 85
zebrina, G., 82
Patella araneosa, G., 347
argentata, Gray (an.), 345
argentea, 340
Candei, D'Orb., 336
cinnamomea, G., 345
citrullus, G., 335
compressa, 346
conica, G., 346
cymbularia, Lk. (an.), 340, 341
cymbuloides, D'Orb., 341
deaurata, Lam. (an.), 343
ferruginea, Wood (an.), 342, 343
fimbriata, G., 344
flammea, Gm., 343
fusca, Dillw., 341, 342
Galathea, Lam., 345
granularis, Q., 340, 344
guttata, D'Orb., 338
illuminata, G., 340
instabilis, G., 346
luctuosa, G., 336
magellanica, Gm., 341, 342
monticula, Nutt., 354
mytilina, Schub., 341
ornata, Sowb., 337
Paumotensis, G., 339
pintadina, G., 344
piperata, G., 338
pyramidata, 334
sagittata, G., 337
scabra, G., 348
scurra, Less., 347, 357
scutellaris, 338
Patella talcosa, G., 334
testudinaria, L., 334, 337
textilis, G., 349
tramoserica, Chem., 337, 339, 340, 343
viridula (an.), 349, 353
vulgata, 337
Patelloidea orbicularis, Q., 348
Pecten lætus, G., 456
Islandicus, 457
rubidus, Hinds, 457
hericius, G., 457
caurinus, G., 458
maximus, 459
Magellanicus, 459
Jacobæus, 459
PELEX, G., 153
lateralis, G., 153
Perna argillacea, G., 444
ephippium, L., 444
eremita, G., 446
nana, G., 445
torva, G., 445
Peronia acinosa, G., 291
corpulenta, G., 293
indolens, C., 290
irrorata, G., 291
marginata, C., 292
patelloidea, 291
Phallusia violacea, G., 495
monstrans, 496
Phasianella Peruviana, Lk., 203
stilifera, Turt., 208
Pholas patula, G., 384
latissima, Sowb., 384
truncata, 384
Physa ancillaria, Say, 116, 117
fontinalis, 116
gibbosa, G., 117, 118
gyrina, Say, 120
heterostropha, Say, 116
hypnorum, 88, 120
Nova Hollandia, Gray, 117
reticulata, G., 118
rivalis, Mich. (an.), 120
sinuata, G., 118
tabulata, G., 116, 117
variabilis, Gray, 117
venustula, G., 115
virginea, G., 120
Pileopsis crystallina, G., 382
Pinna seminuda, 449

INDEX.
508
Pinna senticosa, G., 448
Placobranchus ianthobaptus, G., 307
ocellatus, 307
Planaxis lineolatus, G., 203
Planorbis carinatus, 113
corpulentus, Say (an.), 113
deflectus, Say, 113
exacutus, Say, 113
ferrugineus, Spix (an.), 114
kermatoides, D'Orb. (an.), 114
opercularis, G., 113
trivolvis, Say, 114
vermicularis, G., 112
vortex, 54
Pleurotoma seminifera, G., 248
tigrina, Lam. (an.), 249
interrupta, Lam., 249
babylonica, 249
Pollia, Gray, 233
Polyclinum, 497
Poronia ovata, G., 401
Potamis, 144
Psammobia florida, G., 403
vespertina, 403
PTEROPODA, 485
Pupu auris leporis, Gray, 78
elata, G., 92
fallax, Say, 107
Gouldii, Binney, 93
peponum, G., 93
Purpura abbreviata, Kien., 227
armigera, Lam. (an.), 245
chocolotta, 243
elongata, Bl. (an.), 246
fenestrata, Q., 246
monodonta, Q., 378
madreporarum, Sowb., 378
neritoidea, Q., 246
ostrina, G., 244
orbita, Sowb., 246
scobina, Q., 245
succincta, Martyns (an.), 246
tæniata, Powis (an.), 244
violacea, Kien. (an.), 246
Pyramidella, 218
ambigua, G., 217
Pyrula deformis, Lam. (an.), 227
neritoidea, Lam., 246
Ranella bufonia, Gm. (an.), 242
gyrinus, Desh. (an.), 242
ranina, Lam., 242
Ranella ventricosa, Brod. (an.), 243
vexillum, Sowb. (an.), 242
Ricinula arachnoides, Lam. (an.), 247
clathrata, Lam. (an.), 248
horrida, Lam. (an.) 247
tuberculata., Bl. (an.), 247
Rimula cognata, G., 371
conica, D'Orb. (an.), 370
cucullata, G., 368
galeata, G., 369
Noachina, 372
Rissoa ambigua, G., 217
Saxidomus Nuttalli, Conr., 399, 421
Scalaria australis, Lam., 206
borealis, G., 207
gracilenta, G., 205
gracilis, Sowb., 206
texturata, G., 206
turricula, Sowb., 206
Sepioteuthis arctipinnis, G., 479
loliginiformis, D'Orb., 480
Sigaretus antarcticus, C., 216
prætenuis, C., 217
Siphonaria atra, 358
antarctica, C., 362
cornuta, G., 357, 359
inculta, G., 358
lateralis, C., 363
lepida, G., 360
Lessoni, Blainv.(an.), 154, 361, 364
normalis, G., 359
plicata, Q., 361
Solarium dealbatum, Hinds, 197
egenum, G., 196
Solen costatus, Say, 388
radiatus, 389
scalprum, G., 388
sicarius, G., 387
viridis, Say, 388
Spiriale rostrale, Eyd., 486
Stenostoma auritura, Spix, 78
Stilifer acicula, G., 207
subulatus, 208
turtoni, Brod., 208
Stomatella decolorata, G., 210
maculata, Quoy, 211
tumida, G., 209
Streptaxis contusa, Gray (an.), 71
STYLOCHEILUS, G., 224
lineolatus, G., 225
quercinus, G., 226

INDEX
509
Succinea amphibia, 19., 22
aperta, Lea, 16
avara, Say, 27
caduca, Mighels, 26, 27
campestris, Say, 24
cepulla, G., 16
canella, G., 27
crocata, G., 28
explanata, G., 13
humerosa, G., 18, 22
infundibuliformis, G., 19, 20
magellanica, G., 24, 26
manuana, G., 25, 28
modesta, G., 23
lumbalis, G., 17
ovulis, 22, 23
procera, G., 20
pudorina, G., 21, 23, 28
putamen, G., 13, 15
rotundata, G., 14, 15, 17
rubescens, 21
rusticana, G., 28
venusta, G., 22, 26
vesicalis, G., 21
Tellina casta, Hanley, 410
compta, G., 406
capsoides, Lam., 403
concentrica, G., 404
crucigera, 408
decora, Say, 406
exculta, G., 407
lauta, G., 406, 408
maculata, 405
perula, G., 409
Philippii, Anton, 408
pristis, Lam., 404
pulchella, 405
rastellum, Hanley, 405, 408
rhomboides, Q., 406
tithonia, G., 405
valtonis, Hanley, 409
virgata, 405
Terebra babylonia, Lam. (an.), 251
cærulescens, Lam. (an.), 251
crenulata, L. (an.), 250
dimidiata, L. (an.), 251
lævigata, Gray (an.), 251
subulata, Lin. (an.), 251
Terebratula australis, 468, 469
caurina, G., 468
Terebratula Patagonica, G., 469
pulvinata, G., 467, 468
vitrea, 467
Tornatella bullata, G., 218
puncto-striata, Ad., 219
venusta, 219
Tornatellina, 94
Trichotropis cancellata, Hinds (an.), 219
Triton anus, Lam. (an.) 240,
australe, 239
cancellatum, Lam. (an.), 241, 242
distortum, Sch. and Wag. (an.), 210
nodiferum, 239
oregonense, Jay (an.), 241
productum, G., 240
tuberosum, Lam. (an.), 235, 2 10
variegatum, Lam. (an.), 239
Tritonia cucullata, G., 308
TROCHIDÆ, 168
Trochus acinosus, G., 179
amænus, G., 187
Araucanus, D’Orb. (an.), 182
atropurpureus, G., 189
ater, Less. (an.), 182
bicrenatus, G., 175
bullatus, Martyns, 203
Buschii, Phil., 175
canaliculatus, Lam., 189, 191
capillaceus, Phil., 181
circumsutus, G., 176
colubrinus, G., 183
corallinus, Gmel., 190
doliarius, Mart., 186
elisus, G., 178
eximius, Reeve, 176
Fermoni, Payr., 188
fimbriatus, Lk., 175
gradatus, G., 175
jucundus, G., 177
instrictus, G., 190
Lessoni, Payr., 187
ligatus, G., 185, 187
moestus, Jonas, 183
pharaonis, L., 189
pica, L., 177
pruninus, G., 180
pupillus, G., 186
rotellinus, G., 191
spurcus, G., 188
squamiferus, Koch (an.), 192
128

510
INDEX.
Trochus sulcatus, Wood, 176
tantillus, G., 184
texturatus, G., 181
umbilicaris, 184
vernus, Ch., 180
Truncatella, 218
aurantia, G., 110
Caribbæorum, Sowb., 110
Cumingiana, Adams, 112
porrecta, G., 110
rostrata, G., 111
scalaris, Mich., 112
valida, Pf., 109
vitiana, G., 109
TUNICATA, 495
Turbinella amplustre, Kien. (an.), 238
armata, Brod. (an.), 238
cornigera, Lam. (an.), 237, 238
Turbo argyrostomus, L. (an.), 170
ater, 171
confragosus, G., 171
laciniatus, G., 174
minutus, Tott., 130
niger, Gray (an.), 171
papyracea, 210
petholatus, L. (an.), 171
rhodostoma, 174
setosus, Gm. (an., 169
sirius, G., 173
stellaris, 173
sparverius, Gm. (an.), 170
Umbrella Indica (an.), 311
umbellata, G., 312
Unio Bengalensis, 432
complanatus, 428, 433
Unio dorsuosus, G., 430
famelicus, G., 432
foliaceus, G., 432
lutulentus, G., 428, 430
monodon, 428
Murchisonianus, Lea, 431
paludicolus, G., 433
profugus, G., 429
verecundus, G., 431
Vaginulus Taunaisii, Fer. (an.), 5
Valvata pupoidea, G., 127
Venus calcarea, G., 423
decussata, 421
Dombeyana, 421
exalbida, 423
mercenaria, L., 423
rigida, G., 420
toreuma, G., 419
verrucosa, 420
Vertigo tantilla, G., 92
Vitrina caperata, G., 10
furva, G. (an.), 12
Lamarckii, Lowe, 7, 8
marcida, G., 7, 9, 10
nitida, G., 9
robusta, G., 10
Ruivensis, C., 6
tenella, G., 11
nigra, Q., 10
Freycineti, Fer., 10
pellucida, 12
Voluta ancilla, Lam., 278
ancilla, Soland. (an.), 279, 280
Magellanica, Gm. (an.), 278, 280
Magellanica, Lam., 279
THE END.









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