Museums
ure
QL
703
P42
1781
Vol

VA



HISTORY
of
QUADRUPEDS
Vol.II.
NO 230
LONDON.
Printed for B.WHITE,Fleet Street
MDCCLXXXI.
Page 285


Museums - Zool
4-22-47
585.97
BE A R
235
XX. BEAR.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine, in each jaw.
Five toes before ; five behind.
In walking reſts on the hind feet, as far as the heel.
174. BLACK
ISBNL-L-S
Urſus. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 36. Urſus niger, cauda concolore. Briſon
Agrta. Oppian Cyneg. iii. 139.
quad. 187
Urſus. Geſner quad. 941. Agricola, An. Urſus cauda abrupta. Lin. Syft. 69.
Subter. 486. Raii ſyn. quad. 171.
Biorn. Faun. fuec. No. 19.
Niedzwiedz. Rzaczinſki Polon. 225. L'Ours. De Buffon, viii. 248. tab. xxxi.
Bâr. Klein, quad, 82. Schwenckfelt The- xxxii. Schreber, cxxxix. cxl. LEY.
riotroph. 131. Ridinger Wild. Thiere, Mus.
31.
B. with a long head : ſmall eyes : fhort ears, rounded at the
top: ſtrong, thick, and clumſy limbs : very ſhort tail :
large feet : body covered with very long and ſhaggy hair, various
in its color : the largeſt of a ruſty brown; the ſmalleſt of a deep
black: ſome from the confines of Ruſſia black, mixed with white
hairs, called by the Germans, ſilver bar ; and ſome (but rarely)
are found in Tartary of a pure white.
Inhabits the north parts of Europe, Aſia, and Arabia *; the Alps
of Switzerland, and Dauphinè; Japan t, and Ceylon $; N. Ame-
rica-ll, and Peru $. The brown bears are ſometimes carnivorous,
and will deſtroy cattle, and eat carrion ; but their general food
is roots, fruits, and vegetables : will rob the fields of peaſe ; and
when they are ripe, pluck great quantities up; beat the peale
و
ز
* Forſkal, iv. + Kæmpfer, Hif. Japan, i. 126. I Knox, Hift. Ceylon. 20%
# Lawſon's Carolina, 116. Cateſby's Carolina, App. xxv. $ Condamine's
vey. 82,
out

286
BE A R.
AMERICAN
out of the huſks on ſome hard place, eat them, and carry off the
ſtraw : they will alſo, during winter, break into the farmer's
yard, and make great havock among his ſtock of oats: are par-
ticularly fond of honey.
The black bears of America form a very diſtinct variety. They
are much ſmaller ; their noſes long and pointed, and of a yel-
lowiſh brown color: hair on the body and limbs blacker, more
ſinooth and gloffy than that of the European kind. The ſame is
alſo found in Kamtſchatka : they are very cowardly; will not at-
tack mankind, unleſs provoked, or in defence of their young:
Thoſe of Kamtſchatka will bite the natives whom they find aſleep,
but will not devour them. In both countries confine themſelves
entirely to vegetables, and are remarkably greedy of Mayz and
Potatoes ; they will even reject animal food, tho' preſſed by
hunger *
Bears ſtrike with their fore foot like a cat ; feldom or never
uſe their mouths in fighting; but ſeizing the affailant with their
paws, and preſling him againſt their breaft, almoſt inſtantly
ſqueeze him to death.
The females, after conception, retire into the moſt ſecret
places ; leaſt, when they bring forth, the males ſhould devour the
young: it is affirmed for fact, that out of the ſeveral hundred
bears that are killed in America, during winter, (which is their
breeding ſeaſon) that ſcarcely a female is found among them ; fo
impenetrable is their retreat during their pregnancy: they bring
two, rarely three, young at a time: the cubs are deformed, but
* Du Pratz, Louiſiana, ii. 56, 57,
+ Out of 500 bears that were killed in one winter, in two counties of Vir-
ginia, only two females were found, and thoſe not pregnant. Lawſon, 117.
3
:
9
not

BE A R.
287
:
not a ſhapeleſs maſs, to be licked into ſhape, as the antients pre-
tended * The cubs even of the brown bears are of a jetty
blackneſs, and often have round their necks a circle of white.
The fleſh of a bear in autumn, when they are moſt exceſſively
fat, by feeding on acorns, and other maſt, is moſt delicate food ;
and that of the cubs ſtill finer ; but the paws of the old bears are
reckoned the moſt exquiſite morſel : the fat white, and very
ſweet : the oil excellent for ſtrains, and old pains.
The latter end of autumn, after they have fattened themſelves
to the greateſt degree, the bears withdraw to their dens, where
they continue for a great number of days in total inactivity, and
abſtinence from food, having no other nouriſhment than what
they get by fucking their feet, where the fat lodges in great abun-
dance. In Lapland they paſs the long night in dens lined warmly
with a vaſt bed of moſs, in which they roll themſelves, ſecure
from the cold of the ſevere ſeaſon f. Their retreats are either in
cliffs of rocks; in the deepeſt receſſes of the thickeſt woods; or
in the hollows of antient trees, which they aſcend and deſcend
with furprizing agility : as they lay in no winter proviſions, they
are in a certain ſpace of time forced from their retreats by hun-
ger, and come out extremely lean: multitudes are killed annu-
ally in America, for the ſake of their fleſh, or ſkins; which laft
makes a conſiderable article of commerce.
Hi funt candida informiſque caro, paulo muribus major, fine oculis, fine pilo ;
ungues tantum prominent : hanc lambendo paulatim fig urant. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 36.
+ Fl. Lap. 313. The moſs is a variety of the Polytrichum Communer
White

288
BE A R
175. POLAR.
White bear. Martin's Spitſberg. 100. Urſus albus. Martenſi. Klein quad. 82.
Egede Greenl. 59. Ellis voy. 41. L'Ours blanc. Briſon quad. 188. De
Crantz Greenl. i. 73. Barentz voy. 18. Buffon, xy. 128. Schreber, cxli, Lev.
45. La Hontan voy. i. 235. Cateſby
Mus.
Carolina; App. xxvi.
Place.
B. with long head and neck: fhort round ears : end of the
• noſe black : vaſt teeth : hair long, ſoft, white, tinged in
ſome parts with yellow : limbs of great ſize and ſtrength : grows
to a vaſt fize: the ſkins of ſome are thirteen feet long.
This animal is confined to the coldeſt part of the globe : it
has been found as far as navigators have penetrated northwards,
above lat. 80. The frigid climates only ſeem adapted to its na-
ture. It is unknown, except on the ſhores of Hudſon's Bay, Green-
land, and Spitzbergen. The north of Norway, and the country of
Meſen, in the north of Ruſia, are deftitute of them: but they
are met with again in great abundance in Nova Zembla, and from
the river Ob, along the Sibirian coaſt, to the mouths of the Je-
neſei and Lena, but are never ſeen far inland, unleſs they loſe
their way in mifts; none are found in Kamtſchatka, or its iſlands.
They have been ſeen as far fouth as Newfoundland; but they
are not natives of that country, being only brought there acciden-
tally on the iſlands of ice.
During ſummer the white bears are either reſident on iſlands
of ice, or paſſing from one to another : they ſwim admirably, and
can continue that exerciſe * fix or ſeven leagues ; and dive with
great agility. They bring two young at a time : the affection
MANNERS.
. La Hontan, i,
between

XIXIT
P.288
U
I
I POLAR BEAR N°175.
I WOLVERENE NO 176


BE A R
28.9
between the parents and them is ſo ſtrong, that they would die ra-
ther than deſert one another. Their winter retreats are under
the ſnow *, in which they form deep dens, ſupported by pillars
of the ſame, or elſe under ſome great eminence beneath the fixed
ice of the frozen fea.
They feed on fiſh, ſeals, and the carcaſes of whales; and on
human bodies, which they will greedily diſinter: they ſeem very
fond of human blood; and are ſo fearleſs as to attack companies
of armed men, and even to board fmall veſſels. When on land,
they live on birds, and their eggs; and, allured by the ſcent of
the ſeals fleſh, often break into and plunder the houſes of the
Greenlanders : their greateſt enemy in the brute creation is the
Morſe t, with whom they have terrible conflicts, but are gene-
rally worſted ; the vaſt teeth of the former giving it a ſupe-
riority.
The fleſh is white, and ſaid to taſte like mutton : the fat is
melted for train oil, and that of the feet uſed in medicine; but
the liver is very unwholſome, as three of Barentz's ſailors expe-
rienced, who fell dangerouſly ill on eating ſome of it boiled.
One of this ſpecies was brought over to England a few years
ago : it was very furious; almoſt always in motion, roared loud,
and ſeemed very uneafy, except when cooled by having pail-fulls.
of water poured on it.
Callixenus Rhodius t, in his deſcription of the pompous pro-
ceſſion of Ptolemæus Philadelphus at Alexandria, ſpeaks of one:
great white Bear, Agxtos deuxn payaan uba, among other wild beaſts
* Egede, 60,
lib. v. p. 203.
+ Egede, Greenl. 60. 83.
[ As quoted by Atheneus,
PP
that

BE A R.
290
that graced the ſhew: notwithſtanding the local ſituation of this
ſpecies at preſent, it is poſſible that. Ptolemy might procure one;
whether men could penetrate, in thoſe early times, as far as the
preſent reſidence of theſe Aretic animals, I will not venture to
affirm, nor to deny; but ſince my friend, the Hon. Daines Bar-
rington *, has clearly proved the intenſe cold that in former ages
raged in countries now more than temperate, it is moſt probable
that in thoſe times they were ftocked with animals natural to a
rigorous climate; which, ſince the alteration, have neceſſarily
become extinct in thoſe parts: the Polar bear might have been
one ; but that it was the ſpecies meant by Callixenus is clear to
me, by the epithet payaan, or great, which is very applicable to
it ; for the white Tartarian land bear (which Ptolemy might very
eaſily procure) differs not in ſize from the black or brown kind,
but the bulk of the other is quite characteriſtic.
Land bears, ſometimes ſpotted with white ; at other times
wholly white; are ſometimes obſerved on the parts of Ruſia
bordering on Sibiria, in a wandering ſtate, ſuppoſed to have ſtrayed
out of the lofty ſnowy mountains, which divide the two coun-
tries t:
Phil. Trang wol, lviii, p. 58.
+ Doctor Pallas.
Quickhatcha

B E A R.
291
Quickhatch. Cateſby Carolina, App. xxx. plagaque laterali corporis. Lin. Syft. 176.WOLVERBNE..
Carcajou, or Quickhatch. Dobbs Hud-
71.
ſon's Bay, 40.
Urſus. Freti Hudſonis. U. caftanei co-
Quickhatch, or Wolverene. Ellis Hud- loris, cauda unicolore, roftro pedi-
Son's Bay, 42. Clerk's voy. ii. 3. buſque fufcis. Briſon quad. 188.
Schreber, cxliv.
Urſus lufcus. U. cauda elongata, cor- Le Glouton. De Buffon, Supplem. iii.
pore ferrugineo, roftro fuſco, fronte 244
Lev. Mus.
Edw. 103
а
a
B.
with a black ſharp-pointed viſage: ſhort rounded ears, al---
moſt hid in the hair : hairs on the head, back, and belly,
reddiſh, with black tips, ſo that thoſe parts appear, on firſt
fight, quite black : fides of a yellowiſh brown, which paſſes in
form of a band quite over the hind part of the back, above the
tail: on the throat a white ſpot: on the breaſt a white mark, in
form of a creſcent : legs very ſtrong, thick and ſhort, of a deep
black : five toes on each foot *, not deeply divided : on the fore
foot of that I examined were ſome white ſpots: the bottom of
the feet covered very thickly with hair : refts, like the bear, on its
foot, as far as the firſt joint of the leg; and walks with its back
greatly arched.: claws ſtrong and ſharp, white at their ends : tail
cloathed with long coarſe hairs; thoſe at the baſe reddiſh, at the
end black; ſome of the hairs are ſix inches long : length from noſe :
.
Mr. Edwards obſerved only four toes on the fore feet of the animal he de--
ſcribes. My deſcription is taken from an entire ſkin, in very fine preſervation,
.
communicated to me by the late Mr. Aſhton Blackburne, of Orford, Lancaſhire,
who, with indefatigable induſtry and great judgment, enriched the cabinets of
his friends with the rareſt natural productions of that continent : as this work
has profited ſo greatly by that gentleman's labors, it would be ungrateful to
omit my acknowlegements.
Pp. 2
to

292
BE A R.
to tail twenty-eight inches : length of the trunk of the tail
ſeven inches, but the hairs reach fix beyond its end : the whole
body is covered with very long and thick hair, which varies in
color, according to the ſeaſon.
Inhabits Hudſon's-Bay, and Canada, as far as the ſtraits of
Michilimakinac.
A moſt voracious animal: flow of foot, ſo is obliged to take
its prey by ſurprize : in America is called the Beaver-Eater, for
it watches thoſe animals as they come out of their houſes, and
ſometimes breaks into their habitations, and devours them.
In a wild ſtate is vaſtly fierce; a terror to both wolf and bear,
which will not prey on it when they find it dead *, perhaps on
account of its being ſo very fætid, ſmelling like a pole-cat :
makes a ſtrong reſiſtance when attacked; will tear the ſtock from
the gun, and pull the traps it is caught in to pieces : burrows t,
and has its den under ground. Mr. Graham, long reſident in
Hudſon's Bay, has aſſured me, that it will lurk on a tree, and drop
on the deer which paſs beneath, and faften on them till the animals
are quite exhauſted.
Charlevoix, in Hift. Nouv. France, v. 189, gives the name of
this animal (Carcajou) to our 160th ſpecies, the Puma, or Brown
Panther of N. America.
:
* Clerk California, ii. 3.
+ La Hontan's voy. i. 62.
Gulo.

BE A R.
293
Gulo. Olaii magni gent. Septentr. 138. Hyæna. Briſon quad. 169. Yforandts 177. GLUTTON.
Gulo, vielfraſs. Geſner quad. 554. Klein Ides Trav. Harris's Coll, ü.
923
quad. 83. tab. v.
Muſtela gulo. M. pedibus fills, cor-
Roſomak. Rzaczinki Polon. 218. Bell's pore rufo fuſco medio dorfi nigro.
Travels, i. 235.
Lin. Syft. 67. Zimmerman. 311.
Muller's Ruſs Samlung. iii. 549, 550. Jarf, Filfreſs. Faun. ſuec. No. 14.
Ritchkoff Topogr. Orenb. i. 295. Jæerven. Gunner's Act. Nidros, iii. 143.
Jerf, Fieldfroſs. Strom Sondmor. 152.
tab. iii.
Pontop. Norway, ii. 22. Scheffer's Le Glutton. De Buffon, xiii. 278.
Lapland, 134.
SIZE.
B. with a round head : thick blunt nofe : short ears, rounded,
a
except at the tip: limbs large : back ſtrait; marked the
whole length with a tawny line : tail ſhort and very full of
hair: the hair in all other parts black, finely damaſked or
watered like a ſilk, and very gloſſy ; but ſometimes varies into
a browner color. Klein attributes to it five toes on each foot :
that which Mr. Zimmerman deſcribes, had but four, very thickly
covered with hair.
The length of one which was brought from Sibiria, and kept
alive at Dreſden, was a yard and eight inches : the height from
the top of the head was nineteen inches. Mr. Zimmerman de-
ſcribes another, rather lefſer than the former, which was ſhot near
Helmſtedt, in Wolfenbuttle. Its length was three feet three : its
height before fifteen inches; behind, fixteen: the tail fix inches.
Inhabits Lapland, the northern and eaſtern parts of Sibiria, and
Kamtſchatka. Klein ſays, that one had been killed in Saxony.
Thoſe of Kamtſchatka differ, and vary to white and yellowiſh, and
their ſkins are eſteemed by the natives before the black : they
ſay, that the heavenly beings wear no other garments. The wo-
9
PLACE.
men

294
BE A R.
men wear the paws of the white fort in their hair; and eſteem a
ſkin as the moſt valuable preſent which their huſbands or lovers
can make.
They are exceſſively voracious; that which was confined at
Dreſden would eat thirteen pounds of fleſh in a day, and not be
ſatisfied. The report of their filling themſelves ſo full, as to
be obliged to go between two trees to force out part of the food,
ſeems to be fabulous.
Like the Lynx, it lurks on the boughs of trees, and will fall
on any animal which paſſes by, faften on, and deſtroy it. Its
game is chiefly deer ; and about the Lena, horſes. Is capable of
being made tame.
It differs from the bear by its lean habit; by not lying in-
active in winter ; and by its living entirely on animal food. It is
alſo more bold, voracious, and cunning.
The Ruffians call it Rosomak; the Kamtſchatkans, Timmi ; and
the Koratſki, Haeppi. An animal, called by the Greenlanders,
Amanki, is ſaid to be found in their country, which is ſuppoſed
to be the Glutton ; but as Greenland is deftitute of wood, I ſup-
pofe their Amanki, or Amarok, to be a fabulous animal *.
;
a
o
* See Crantz Hift. Greenland.
5
Raccoon

BE A R
295
178. Raccoon.
Raccoon. Lawſon Carolina, 121. Cates-
by Carolina, App. xxix.
Mapach, feu animal cuncta prætentante
manibus. Fernandez, Now. Hiſp. I.
Nieremberg. 175
Vulpi affinis Americana. Raii ſyn quad.
179. Sloane Jamaica, ii. 329.
Coati. Worm Muf. 319.
Coati. Urſus cauda annulatim varie-
gata. Briffon quad. 189.
Urſus Lotor. U. cauda annulata, faſcia
per oculos tranſverſali nigra. Lin.
lyft. 70.
Le Raton. De Buffon, viii. 337. tab.
xliii. Schreber, cxliii.
Raccoon. Kalm's Travels. Forſter's Tr.
i. 96. 208. tab. 11. Lev. Mus.
B. with a harp-pointed black nofe : upper jaw the longer ;
ears ſhort, and rounded: eyes furrounded with two broad
patches of black : from the forehead to the noſe a duſky line :
face, cheeks, and chin, white: upper part of the body covered
with hair, aſh-colored at the root, whitiſh in the middle, and tipt
with black : tail very buſhy, annulated with black : toes black,
and quite divided. Sometimes this animal varies: I have ſeen
one entirely of cream color *.
Inhabits the warm and temperate parts of America : found alſo
in the mountains of Jamaica, and in the iſles of Maria, between
the S. point of California and Cape Corientes, in the S. Sea t: an
animal eaſily made tame; very good-natured and ſportive, but as
unlucky as a monkey; almoſt always in motion ; very inquiſitive,
examining every thing with its paws ; makes uſe of them as
hands : fits up to eat : is extremely fond of ſweet things, and
ſtrong liquors, and will get exceſſively drunk: has all the cun-
ning of a fox: very deſtructive to poultry ; but will eat all ſorts
PLACE.
* Ley. Mus.
+ Dampier's vay. i. 276.
of

296
BE A R.
of fruits, green corn, &c.: at low water feeds much on oyſters;
will watch their opening, and with its paw ſnatch out the fiſh;
ſometimes is caught in the ſhell, and kept there till drowned
by the coming in of the tide : fond alſo of crabs : climbs very
nimbly up trees : hunted for its ſkin; the fur next to that of the
beaver, being excellent for making hats.
Six

B A D G E R.
297
XXI, BADGER.
Six Cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw.
Five toes before, five behind : very long ftrait claws on the
fore feet.
A tranſverſe orifice between the tail and the anus.
179, COMMON.
Meles. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 38. Gefner quad, 183.
quad. 327
Le Blaireau, ou Taiſon. De Buffon,
Méles, five Taxus. Raii fyn, quad. 185. viii. 104. tab. vii.
Meles, Taxus, Taſſus, Blerellus; Jaz- Urſus meles. U. cauda concolore, cor-
wiec, Borſuk. Rzaczinſki Polon. 233. pore ſupra cinereo, ſubtus nigro, faf-
Coati cauda brevi, Coati griſeus, Tax- cia longitudinali per oculos aureſque
us, meles, Tax. Klein quad. 73. nigra. Lin lyft. 70.
Dachs. Kramer Auftr. 313.
Meles unguibus anticis longiffimis.
Meles pilis ex ſordide albo et nigro va- Graf-fuin. Faun fuec. No. 2o. Br.
riegatis veftita, capite tæniis alterna- Zool. i. 64. Br. Zool. illuftr. tab. lii.
tim albis et nigris variegato. Briffon Schreber, cxlii. Lev. Mus.
B. with finall eyes : hort rounded ears : ſhort thick neck :
• with noſe, chin, lower fides of the cheeks, and middle of
the forehead, white : ears and eyes incloſed in a pyramidal bed of
black: hairs on the body long and rude ; their bottoms a yellow-
iſh white, middle black, ends aſh-colored : throat, breaſt, belly,
and legs black : tail covered with long hairs, colored like thoſe
on the body: legs very ſhort and thick: claws on the fore feet
very long : a foetid white matter exudes from the orifice beneath
the tail : animal of a very clumſy make.
The length is commonly two feet fix inches from the noſe to
the origin of the tail ; of the tail fix inches: the weight from fif-
teen to thirty-four pounds. The laſt is rare ; but I met with, in
the winter of 1779, a male of that weight.
Inhabits
Size.
RA

298
B A D G E R.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe, as far north as Norway *, and
Ruſia; and the ſtep or deſert beyond Orenburgh, in the Ruſian
Afiatic dominons; in Great Tartary, and in Sibiria about the river
Tom, and even about the Lena, but none in the north; inhabits
alſo China, and is often found in the butchers ſhops in Pekin, the
Chineſe being fond of them +. A ſcarce animal in moſt countries :
ſeldom appears in the day; confines itſelf much to its hole: is
indolent and ſleepy: generally very fat : feeds by night ; eats
roots, fruits, graſs, inſects, and frogs: not carnivorous: its fleſh
makes good bacon: runs flowly; when overtaken comes to bay,
and defends itſelf vigorouſly : its bite hard and dangerous: bur-
rows under ground, makes ſeveral apartments, but forns only one
entrance from the ſurface: hunted during night, for the fkin,
which ferves for piſtol furniture; the hair, for making bruſhes to
ſoften the ſhades in painting. The diviſion of this ſpecies into
two, viz. the ſwine and the dog badger, unneceſſary, there being
only one
;
B. AMERICAN
B.
with a white line from the tip of the noſe, paſſing between
the ears, to the beginning of the back, bounded on each ſide,
as far as the hind part of the head, with black, then by a white one,
and immediately between that and the ears is another of black :
hair long: back colored like that of the common badger : fides
yellowiſh: belly cinereous: thighs duſky : tail covered with long
dirty yellow hairs, tipped with white; the end duſky.
+ Bell's travels, ii. 83.
* Pontop. hift. Norway, ii, 28.
TO
The

B A D G E R.
199
a
The legs were wanting in the ſkin I took my deſcription from.
M. de Buffon's deſcription, taken from a ſtuffed animal * brought
from Terra di Labrador, will ſupply that defect: he ſays there
were only four toes on the fore feet ; but he ſuſpects (as I ima-
gine was the caſe) that the fifth might have been rubbed off in
ſtuffing
Deſcribed from a ſkin from Hudſon's-Bay, found in a furrier's
ſhop in London : it was leſs than that of the European badger :
the furrier ſaid, he never met with one before from that country.
Kalm + ſays, he ſaw the European badger in the province of Pen-
ſylvania, where it is called the Ground Hog I; and this proves to
be no other, varying very little from it.
180. INDIAN.
B.
with a ſmall head, and pointed noſe: ſcarcely any external
ears; only a ſmall prominent rim round the orifice, which
was oval: color of the noſe and face, a little beyond the eyes,
black : crown, upper part of the neck, the back, and upper part
of the tail, white, inclining to grey : legs, thighs, breaft, belly,
ſides, and under part of the tail, black.
Five toes on each foot; the inner ſmall: claws very long and
ſtrait.
Length from noſe to tail about two feet: tail four inches :
hair ſhort and ſmooth.
Sizr.
a
* He calls it Le Carcajou. Suppl. iii. 242.
tab. xlix.
+ Kalm's travels, Forſter's tranf. i. 189.
I M. Briſſon deſcribes a white Badger, with a yellowiſh white belly, and alſo
much inferior in ſize to that of Europe, which M. Reaumur received from New
York. Vide Briſſon quad. 185.
Qq2
Inhabits

300
B A D G E R.
PLACE.
Inhabits India: feeds on fleſh: is playful, lively, and good-
natured: ſleeps rolled up, with its head between its hind legs;
ſleeps little in the day : refuſed all commerce with the Engliſh
badger which was turned to it, and lived ſome time in the ſame
place: climbs very readily over a diviſion in its cage.
In poffeffion of Mr. John Hunter.
Two

O P O S S U M.
301
XXII. OPOS-
SUM.
Two canine teeth in each jaw.
Cutting teeth unequal in number in each jaw*.
Five toes on each foot: hind feet formed like a hand, with a
diſtinct thumb.
Tail very long, ſlender, and uſually naked.
a
Tlaquatzin. Hernandez Mex. 330. Nie-
.
135. Cateſby Carolina, App. xxix. 181. VIRGINIAN,
remberg, p. 136. and fig. 136.
Rochefort Antilles, i. 283.
Tajibi. Marcgrave Brafil, 222. Raii Fara, ou Ravall? Gumilla Orenoque, iii.
syn. quad. 182. 185.
238.
Semi-vulpa. Geſner quad. 870. Icon. Le manicou. Feuilleè obf. Peru. iii. 206.
Wood-rat. Du Pratz Louiſiana, ii. 65.
Opoffum. Ph. Tr. abridg. ii. 884. tab. Didelphis marſupialis. D. mammis octo
xiii ; iii. 593; and v. 169. 177.
Law- intra abdomen. ? Lin. Syft. 71. A-
fon Carolina, 120. Beverley's Virginia, mæn. Acad. ? i. 561. Lev. Mus.
An. 90.
O. with long sharp-pointed noſe: large, round, naked, and
very thin ears, black, edged with pure white: ſmall,
black, lively eyes : long ſtiff hairs each ſide the noſe, and behind
the eyes : face covered with ſhort ſoft white hairs : ſpace round
the eyes duſky: neck very ſhort; its fides of a dirty yellow :
hind part of the neck and the back covered with hair above two
inches long; foft, but uneven ; the bottoms of a yellowiſh white,
middle part black, ends whitiſh: fides covered with dirty and
duſky hairs; belly, with ſoft, woolly, dirty white hair : legs and
thighs black : feet duſky: claws white: baſe of the tail clothed
with long hairs, like thoſe on the back; reſt of the tail covered
5
* This ſpecies has eight cutting teeth in each jaw. Ty/on.
with

302
OPOS SU M.
SIZE.
PLACE.
.
MANNERS.
with ſmall ſcales; the half next the body black, the reſt white:
it has a diſagreeable appearance, looking like the body of a
ſnake, and has the ſame prehenſile quality as that of ſome mon-
kies: body round, and very thick: legs ſhort : on the lower part
of the belly of the female is a large pouch, in which the teats are
lodged, and where the young ſhelter as ſoon as they are born.
The uſual length of the animal is, from the tip of the noſe to
the baſe of the tail, about twenty inches; of the tail twelve inches.
Inhabits Virginia, Louiſiana, Mexico, Braſil, and Peru: is very
deſtructive to poultry, and fucks the blood without eating the
fleſh: feeds alſo on roots and wild fruits : is very active in climb-
:
ing trees : will hang ſuſpended from the branches by its tail, and,
by ſwinging its body, Aling itſelf among the boughs of the neigh-
bouring trees: continues frequently hanging with its head down-
wards : hunts eagerly after birds and their neſts : walks very
flow: when purſued and overtaken, will feign itſelf dead: not
eaſily killed, being as tenacious of life as a cat: when the female
is about to bring forth, ſhe makes a thick neft of dry graſs in
ſome cloſe buſh at the foot of a tree, and brings four, five, or fix
young at a time.
As ſoon as the young are brought forth, they take ſhelter in the
pouch, or falfe belly, and faften ſo cloſely to the teats, as not to
be ſeparated without difficulty: they are blind, naked, and very
ſmall when new-born, and reſemble fætuſes: it is therefore necef-
ſary that they ſhould continue there till they attain a perfect
ſhape, ſtrength, fight, and hair ; and are prepared to undergo
what may be called a ſecond birth : after which, they run into
this pouch as into an aſylum, in time of danger; and the parent
carries them about with her. During the time of this ſecond
geftation,
FALSE BELLY.


XXXIV
P. 302
OPOSSUM N 181

O POSSU M.
303
geſtation, the female ſhews an exceffive attachment to her young,
and will ſuffer any torture rather than permit this receptacle to
be opened; for ſhe has power of opening or cloſing it by the af-
ſiſtance of ſome very ſtrong muſcles.
The Aeſh of the old animals is very good, like that of a fuck-
ing pig: the hair is dyed by the Indian women, and wove into
garters and girdles: the ſkin is very foetid.
M. de Buffon ſeems not to be acquainted with this animal, but
has compiled an account of its manners, and collected the ſyno-
nyms
of it. The figures * which he has given belong to the fol-
lowing ſpecies, as does the deſcription,
VIZE
182. MOLLUCA.
Carigue, ou Saragoy. De Laet. 485.
Carigeya. Marcgrave, 223.
Mus Marſupialis, Beutel ratze. Klein
quad. 59.
Vulpes major putoria cauda tereti &
glabra ? Barrere France Æquin. 166.
Philander orientalis foemina, Seb. Muſ.
i. 61. tab. xxxvi. fig. 1. 2. xxxviii.
fig. 1.
Sarigue, ou l'Opoſſum. De Buffon, 311,
x. tab. lxv. Ixvi. Schreber, cxlvi. A.
B. Ley. Mus.
O. with long, oval, and naked ears: mouth very wide : over
each eye is an oblong ſpot of white : lower ſide of the upper
jaw, throat, and belly, of a whitiſh aſh-color: reſt of the hair of
a cinereous brown, tipt with tawny, darkeſt on the back : tail
long as the body; near the baſe covered with hair, the reſt naked:
claws hooked.
On the belly of the female is a pouch, in which the young
(like thoſe of the former) ſhelter. Marcgrave found fix young
within the pouch of the Carigueya, which I conſider as the ſame
animal. It had ten cutting teeth above, and eight below.
• The figure in my former edition was very indifferent, I have therefore
changed it for the very faithful one in the Phil. Tranſ.
Length

O P O S S U M.
304
Size.
a
PLACE,
Length from noſe to tail, ten inches. The tail exceeds the
length of head and body. Its whole figure is of a much more
fender and elegant make than the former.
The tail pulveriſed, and taken in a glaſs of water, is reckoned
in New Spain a ſovereign remedy againſt the gravel, colic, and ſe-
veral other diſorders.
This genus is not confined to America, as M. de Buffon fup-
poſes; who combats the opinion of other naturaliſts on this
fubject with much warmth: but the authority of Piſo, Valentyn,
and of Le Brun, who have ſeen it both in Java and in the Mol-
lucca Iſles, and of numbers of collectors in Holland, who receive
it frequently from thoſe places. This and N° 183 are proofs of
what I advance. It is alſo met with in New Holland.
This ſpecies is found in great numbers in Aroe and Solor : It is
called in the Indies, Pelandor Aroe, or the Aroe Rabbet. They are
reckoned very delicate eating; and are very common at the ta-
bles of the Great, who rear the young in the ſame places in which
they keep their rabbets. It inhabits alſo Surinam, and the hot
parts of America.
Seba figures and deſcribes, in his rift vol. 64. tab. xxxix. an
Opoſſum under the name of Philander maximus orientalis fa-
mina. It has a pouch like the former: is much larger: ſeems to
have a longer and more flender tail: has broader ears; has a
duſky ſpot over each eye, and is of a darker color. It feeds on
fruits: was brought from Amboina, where it is called Coes Coes *
a. GREATER.
• In Indiis orientalibus, idque folum, quantum hactenus conftat, in Amboina, fimilis
Beſtia (Carigueya) frequens ad felis magnitudinem accidens, maitata ab incolis co-
meditur, fi rite preparetur, nam alias fætet, nomen illi Cous Cous inditum. Piſo
Brafil, 323.
2
I am

O P O S S U M.
305
I am unacquainted with this ſpecies, ſo leave theſe two conjoined
till I receive fuller information.
Much is wanted to complete the natural hiſtory of this genus.
Eilander. Le Bruyn voy. Eaſt Indies, ii. 101. tab. ccxiii. Ed. Angl.
183. JAVAN.
.
(according to Le Bruyn's figure) with a narrow fox-like
head : upright pointed ears: a brown ſtripe paſſing through
the eyes : fore legs very ſhort : five toes on the fore feet; three
only on the hind, two of which are very ſtrong; the outmoſt
Nender and weak; and found on diffection to conſiſt internally of
two bones, cloſely united, with two weak claws burſting out of
the ſkin * : tail thick, ſhorter than the body.
In the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth; in the lower two,
which are formed like thoſe of ſquirrels : no canine teeth t.
On the belly is a complete pouch, like the Virginian kind;
hair on the body rude : face ſeemingly that of a hare.
Diſcovered firſt by Mr. Le Bruyn, who ſaw in Java ſeveral in
an incloſure along with rabbets : they burrowed like them;
leaped in their pace; preſerved their young in the pouch, which
would often peep out when the old ones were ſtill.
The fidelity of Le Bruyn's figure has been fince confirmed by
the ſpecimens ſent from Java into Holland.
a
PLACE.
* Pallas in act. acad. Petrop. pars ii. 229. tab. ix*.
+ The ſame.
Rr
Kanguroo.

306
O P O S S U M.
184. KANGURU.
Kanguroo. Cook's vey. iii. 577. tab. xx.
Yerboa gigantea. Zimmerman, 526.
O. with a ſmall head, neck, and ſhoulders: body increaſing in
thickneſs to the rump.
The head oblong, formed like that of a fawn, and tapering
from the eyes to the noſe: end of the noſe naked and black: up-
per lip divided.
TEETH.
LEGS.
Noſtrils wide and open : lower jaw ſhorter than the upper : aper-
ture of the mouth ſmall: whiſkers on both jaws; thoſe on the
upper longeft: ſtrong hairs above and below the eyes.
Eyes not large; irides duſky; pupil of a blueiſh black.
Ears erect, oblongly ovated, rounded at the ends, and thin, co-
vered with ſhort hairs; four inches long.
No canine teeth: four broad cutting teeth in the upper jaw :
two long lanceolated teeth in the lower, pointing forward: four
grinding teeth in each jaw, remote from the others.
Belly convex and great.
Fore legs very ſhort, ſcarcely reaching to the noſe; uſeleſs for
walking
Hind legs almoſt as long as the body: the thighs very thick :
on the fore feet are five toes, with long conic and ſtrong claws;
on the hind feet only three: the middle toe very long and thick,
like that of an oſtrich; the two others placed very diſtinct from
it, and are ſmall: the claws ſhort, thick, and blunt: the bottom
of the feet, and hind part, black, naked, and tuberculated, as
the animal reſts often on them.
Tail very long, extending as far as the ears; thick at the baſe,
tapering to a point. பாதான்
Scrotum
TAIL,
2

P. 306
XXXV.
Kanguru. N°184


O P O S SU M.
307
Size.
PLACE.
Scrotum large and pendulous.
Hair on the whole animal ſoft, and of an aſh-color; lighteſt
on the lower parts.
Length of the largeſt ſkin I examined, three feet three inches
from the noſe to the tail : of the tail, two feet nine.
Weight of the largeſt which was ſhot, was eighty-four pounds;
but this, on examination of the grinding teeth, had not attained
its full growth *.
Inhabits the weſtern fide of New Holland, and has as yet been
diſcovered in no other part of the world. It lurks among the
graſs : feeds on vegetables: goes entirely on its hind legs, mak-
ing uſe of the fore feet only for digging, or bringing its food to
its mouth. The dung is like that of a deer. It is very timid:
at the ſight of men flies from them by amazing leaps, fpringing
over buſhes ſeven or eight feet high; and going progreſſively from
rock to rock. It carries its tail quite at right angles with its
body when it is in motion; and when it alights often looks back:
is much too ſwift for gre-hounds : is very good eating.
It is called by the natives, Kanguru.
This is a very anomalous animal : but has more relation to this
genus than any other; and in form of its legs comes very near to
the preceding ſpecies.
NAME.
* Cook's voy. iii. 586.
Rr 2
Mus

308
O P O S S U. M.
185. Murine.
Mus ſylveſtris Americanus Scalopes dic- cantibus. Briſſon quad. 211.
tus. Seb. Muf. i. 46. tab. xxxi. Didelphis murina. D. cauda ſemipiloſa,
fig. 1. 2.
mammis ſenis. Lin. Syft. 72.
Philander ſaturate ſpadiceus in dorſo, La Marmoſe. De Buffon, x. 336. tab.
in ventre dilutè flavus, pedibus albi- lii. liii. Schreber, cxlix.
0. with long broad ears, rounded at the end, thin and naked :
eyes encompaſſed with black : face, head, and upper part
of the body, of a tawny color: the belly yellowiſh white: the
feet covered with ſhort whitiſh hair : toes formed like thoſe of the
Virginian: tail ſlender, covered with minute ſcales to the very
rump: length, from noſe to tail, about fix inches and a half;
tail of the ſame length: the female wants the falſe belly of the
former; but, on the lower part, the ſkin forms on each ſide a
fold, between which the teats are lodged.
This ſpecies varies in color: I have ſeen one from Guiana,
brown above, white beneath.
Inhabits the hot parts of South America: agrees with the others
in its food, manners, and the prehenſile powers of its tail: it
brings from ten to fourteen young at a time ; at left, in ſome fpe-
cies, there are that number of teats: the young affix themſelves
to the tears as ſoon as they are born, and remain attached, like
ſo many inanimate things, 'till they attain growth and vigor to
Shift a little for themſelves.
a
Cayopollin.

OP OSS U M.
309
186. MEXICANS
Cayopollin. Fernandez Nov. Hifp. 10.
Animal caudimanum. Nieremberg, 158.
Mus Africanus Kayopollin dictus, mas.
Seb. Muf. tab. xxxi. fig. 3.
Philander faturatè fpadiceus in dorſo,
in ventre ex albo flavicans, cauda ex
ſaturatè fpadiceo maculata. Briſon
quad. 212. Schreber, cxlviii.
Le Cayopollin. De Buffon, X. 350.
tab, lv, Lev, Mus.
O.
with large, angular, naked, and tranſparent ears: noſe
• thicker than that of the former kind: whiſkers very large :
a ſlight border of black ſurrounds the eyes : face of a dirty white,
with a dark line running down the middle: the hairs on the head,
and upper part of the body, aſh-colored at the roots; of a deep
tawny brown at the tips : legs duſky: claws white: belly dull
cinereous: tail long, and pretty thick, varied with brown and
yellow; is hairy near an inch from its origin; the reſt naked :
length, from noſe to tail, about nine inches; the tail the length
of the body and head.
Inhabits the mountains of Mexico : lives in trees, where it
brings forth its young: when in any fright, they embrace their
parent cloſely : the tail is prehenfile, and ſerves inſtead of a
hand.
Le Crabier. De Buffon, Supplem. iii. 272.
Canis ferus major, Cancrojus vulgo dictus. Koupara. Barrere France Æquinoet. 149.
187. CAYENNE.
O.
with a long ſlender face : ears erect, pointed, and ſhort: the
coat woolly, mixed with very coarſe hairs, three inches
long, of a dirty white from the roots to the middle; from thence
to the ends of a deep brown: ſides and belly of a pale yellow :
legs of a duſky brown: thumb on each foot diſtinct : on the toes
of

310
O P O S S U M.
a
of the fore feet, and thumb of the hind, are nails; on the toes
of the hind feet crooked claws : tail very long, taper, naked,
and ſcaly.
Length ſeventeen French inches : of the tail fifteen and a half.
The ſubject meaſured was young.
Inhabits Cayenne : very active in climbing trees, on which it
lives the whole day. In marſhy places, feeds on crabs, which,
when it cannot draw out of their holes with its feet, hooks them by
means of its long tail. If the crab pinches its tail, the animal ſets
up a loud cry, which may be heard afar : its common voice is a
grunt, like a young pig. It is well furniſhed with teeth, and will
defend itſelf ftoutly againſt dogs: brings forth four or five young,
which it ſecures in ſome hollow tree. The natives eat theſe animals,
and ſay their fleſh reſembles a hare. They are eaſily tamed, and
will then refuſe no kind of food.
a
188. NW.HOL- O. covered with long, foft
, gloffy hairs, of a dark cinereous
a
with the upper part of the head, and the back and fides,
, ,
color at the bottoms, and of a ruſty brown towards the ends :
belly of a dirty white.
Tail taper, covered with ſhort brown hairs, except for four
inches and a half of the end, which was white, and naked under-
neath : toes like the former.
The ſkin I examined had loft part of the face : the length from
the head to the tail was thirteen inches: the tail the ſame.
This was found near Endeavour river, on the eaſtern coaſt of
New

O, POSSU M.
311
New Holland, with two young ones *. It lodges in the graſs, but
is not common.
Mus fylveftris Americana, foemina. Seb.
Muf. i. 50. tab. xxxi.
Philander obfcurè rufus in dorſo, in
ventre helvus, cauda brevi & craffar-
Briſon quad. 213. Schreber, cli.
189. SHORT
TAILED
with naked ears: the back of a dull red; belly of a paler:
0.
tail ſcarce half the length of the body; thick at the baſe,
leſſening towards the end: no falſe belly.
Inhabits South America: the young adhere to the teats as ſoon
as born. Seba ſays it lives in woods, and brings from nine to
twelve young at a time.
190. PHALANGER,
Philander ex rufo luteus in dorſo, in tab. xxxi. fig. 8. Klein quad. 58.
ventre ex flavo albicans, capite craffo. Le Phalanger. De Buffon, xiii. 92.
Briſon quad. 213. Seb. Muf. i. 50. tab. x. xi, Schreber, clii.
O.
O
with a thick noſe: ſhort ears, covered with hair : eight
cutting teeth in the upper jaw; two in the lower: hair on
the upper part of the body reddiſh, mixed with light aſh-color,
and yellow: the hind part of the head, and middle of the back,
marked with a black line: the throat, belly, legs, and part of the
tail, of a dirty yellowiſh white; the reſt of the tail brown and
yellow: the body of the female marked with white: the firſt and
ſecond toes of the hind feet cloſely united: the claws large: the
a
* Cook's voy, iii. 586.
thumb

312
O P O S SU M.
thumb on the hind feet diſtinct, like that of the other ſpecies :
the bottom of the tail is covered with hair, for near two inches
and a half; the reſt naked : the length, from noſe to tail, near
nine inches; the tail ten.
This ſpecies inhabits the Eaſt Indian iſlands, as I am informed
by Doctor Pallas; nor is it found in Surinam, as M. de Buffon
conjectures.
PLACE.
191. MERIAN". De zak, of Beurs Rot. Merian infect. Mus fylveftris Americanus, catulos in
Surinam, 66. tab. lxvi.
dorſo gerens. Klein quad. 58.
Mus fylveftris Americana. Seb. Muf. i. Didelphis dorſigera. D. cauda baſi pi-
49. tab. xxxi. fig. 5.
loſa corpore longiore, digitis manuum
Philander ex rufo helvus in dorſo, in muticis. Lin. Syft. 72.
ventre ex flavo albicans. Briſſon quad. Le Philandre de Surinam. De Buffon,
212.
xv. 157. Mus. Lev.
O.
SiZE.
with long, ſharp-pointed, naked ears: head, and upper part
of the body, of a yellowilh brown color: the belly white,
tinged with yellow: the fore feet divided into five fingers; the
hind into four, and a thumb, each furniſhed with flat nails : tail
very long, ſlender, and, except at the baſe, quite naked.
The length, from noſe to tail, is ten inches. The tail exceeds
,
the length of the body and head.
Inhabits Surinam : burrows under ground: brings five or fix
young at a time, which follow their parent: on any apprehenſion
of danger, they all jump on her back, and twiſting their tails
round her's, ſhe immediately runs with them into her hole.
• From Merian, a German paintreſs, who firſt diſcovered the ſpecies at Surinam.
5
Six

W E E SE L.
313
XXIII. WEESEL.
Six cutting teeth, two canine teeth, in each jaw.
Sharp noſe : fender bodies.
Five toes before; five behind.
192. COMMON.
Сом
Muſtela. Agricola An. Subter. 485. Gefa Sno-mus. Faun Suec. N° 18.
ner quad. 752.
Muſtela ſupra rutila, infra alba. Brif-
Weaſel or Weeſel, muftela vulgaris ; fon quad. 173.
in Yorkſhire, the Fitchet, or Fou- La Belette. De Buffon, vii. 225. tab.
mart.
Raii fyn. quad. 195.
xxix.
The Whitred. Sib. Scot. iii. II.
Weefel. Br. Zool. i. 82. Br. Zool. il-
Wieſel. Klein quad. 62.
luftr. tab. ci. Schreber. cxxxviii.
Muſtela nivalis. Lin. ff. 69.
Lev. Mus.
W with ſmall rounded ears : whole upper part of the head and
• body of a pale tawny brown; under fide entirely white:
a brown ſpot beneath the corners of the mouth : length, from
noſe to tail, between fix and ſeven inches : tail two and a half.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe ; is common in Sibiria, as
far as Kamtſchatka ; is met with in N. America, even as high as
Hudſon's Bay; found alſo in Barbary *. Is very deſtructive to
chickens, birds, and young rabbets; a great devourer of eggs :
does not eat its prey on the ſpot ; but after killing it, by a bite
near the head, carries it off to its retreat: is a great deſtroyer of
field mice; a gentleman informed me he found eighty-five, new-
ly killed, in one hole, which he believed belonged to this animal :
a
* Shaw's Travels, 249.
Sf
very

314
W E ES E L.
very active, runs up the ſides of walls with great eaſe; no place is
fecure from its ravages : frequents outhouſes, barns, and grana-
ries : is a great enemy to rats and mice, and ſoon clears its
haunts from thoſe pernicious animals : brings four or five young
at a time : its ſkin and excrements intolerably foetid. In Nor-
way, Sweden, Ruſſia, and Sibiria, it always changes to white at
approach of winter. In Sibiria it is called Laſmitſka : their ſkins
are ſold to the Chineſe for three or four rubles the hundred.
193. STOAT,
Muſtela. Geſner quad. 753.
Muſtela hyeme alba, æſtate fupra ru-
Wieſel. Kramer Auftr. 312. Meyer's An. tila infra alba, caudæ apice nigro.
ii. tab. 23, 24
Briſon quad. 176.
Muſtela erminea. M. plantis filis, Le Rofelet. De Buffon, vii.
De Buffon, vii. 240. tab.
caudæ apice albo. Lin. Syft. 68. xxix. Schreber, cxxxvii. A.
Wella. Faun. fuec. No. 17.
Stoat. Br. Zool. i. 84. Lev. Mus.
B. ERMINE, when white. Mus Pon- Raii fyn. quad 198.
ticus. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 37. Agri- L'Hermine. De Buffon, vii. 240. tab.
cola An. Sabter. 484.
xxix. fig. 2. Briſon quad. 176. Schre-
Armelinus, Hermelein. Geſner quad. ber, cxxxvii. B.
754.
Ermine. Hift. Kamtſchatka, 99. Pontop.
Gornoſtay. Rzaczinſki Polon. 235. Norway, ii.
25.
Br. Zool. i. 84.
Muſtela candida, animal ermineum. LEV, Mus.
W.
with the upper part of the body pale tawny brown:
edges of the ears, and ends of the toes, of a yellowiſh
white: throat, breaſt, and belly, white : end of the tail black :
length, from nofe to tail, ten inches; tail five and a half: in
the N. of Europe and Aſia, and in the Highlands of Scotland, it
becomes entirely white at the approach of winter, the end of
the tail excepted : reſumes its brown color in the ſpring : fomne-
times found white in England : one was brought to me in a
former
o
a
2

W E ES EL
315
foriner winter, mottled with brown and white, the ſeaſon not
having been ſevere enough to effect a total change *; but in
February 1780, I ſaw in my grounds two others in the ſtate
of moſt perfect and beautiful ermines. In the mountains of
Southern Afia and Perhia, it retains its brown color the whole
year t.
Inhabits, in great abundance, the N. of Europe, and of Aſia ;
in Kamtſchatka and the Kurile Iſands : is met with in Newfound-
land and Canada $: the ſkins a great article of commerce in
Norway and Sibiria : is found in the laſt place in plenty, in birch
foreſts, but none in thoſe of fir or pine : the ſkins are ſold on the
ſpot, from two to three pounds ſterling per hundred | taken in
Norway in traps, baited with fleſh; in Sibiria $, either ſhot with
blunt arrows, or taken in a trap made of two flat ſtones, propped
by a ſtick, to which is faſtened a baited ſtring, which, on the
left touch of the animal, falls down and kills it: its manners
and food the fame with the former ; but does not frequent houſes :
its haunts are woods and hedges, eſpecially ſuch as border on
ſome brook.
La Fouine de le Guiane. De Buffon, Suppl. iii. 161. tab. xxiii.
194. S. AMERIS
CAN FITCHET.
W. :
with a long ſharp noſe: that, the cheeks, throat; and
• fides of the neck, black: forehead and ſides of the head,
to the ears, white : ears ſhort, round, and edged with white :
+ Pallas.
* Br. Zool. illuftr. tab. ci.
France, v. 197
| Muller Ruf. Samlung. 516.
Pontop. Norway, ii, 25.
.
Sf 2
Charlevoix hift. Nouv.
$ Bell's travels, i. 199.
from

316
W E E SE L.
Size.
from each ear, a narrow white ſtripe extends along the ſides of
the neck : the body covered with coarſe hairs, grey at their
baſes, black and white at the ends : legs and feet black, tinged
with red : the toes not unlike thoſe of a rat.
Length from noſe to tail near twenty-one inches and a half :
tail full of hair, of a bright cheſnut, mixed with white; is rather
fhorter in proportion than that of the Engliſh Fitchet, to which.
it has a great reſemblance,
Inhabits Guiana.
PLACE.
195. FITCHET.
Putorius. Gefner quad. 767.
culiſque albis. Lin. Syft. 67. Iller.
Yltis. Agricola An. Subter. 485.
Faun. fuec. No. 16.
Pole-cat, or Fitchet. Raii ſyn. quad. Muſtela pilis in exortu ex cinereo al--
196.
bidis, colore nigricante terminatis;
Tchorz. Rzaczinſki Polon. 236.
oris circumferentia alba. Briſon quad.
Muſtela fætida. Iltis. Teuffels kind. 186.
Klein, quad. 63.
Le Putois. De Buffon, vii. 199. tab..
Muſtela putorius. M. pedibus fiflis, xxiii. Schreber, cxxxi.
corpore flavo nigricante ; ore auri- Pole-cat. Br. Zeol. i. 77. Mus. Lev.
W.
a
with the ſpace round the mouth white ; the tips of the ears
of the ſame color: head, body, and legs, of a chocolate-
color, almoſt black : on the ſides the hairs are of a tawny caſt :
tail black : length ſeventeen inches; tail fix.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe ; is common in the temperate
parts of Ruſſia, but grows ſcarcer in Sibiria, except in the deſert
of Baraba, and beyond the lake Baikal. None are found north
of thoſe places: they are uſually met with, in the places juſt cited,
with white or yellowiſh rumps, bounded with black.
The Fitchet burrows under ground, forming a ſhallow retreat,,
about

W E ES E L.
317
about two yards in length, generally terminating under the
roots of ſome large tree ; ſometimes forms its lodge under hay-
ricks, and in barns : brings five or ſix young at a time: preys on
poultry, game, and rabbets : in winter frequents houſes, and will
rob the dairy of the milk. This animal is exceſſively foetid; yet
the ſkin is dreſſed with the hair on, and uſed as other furs, for.
tippets, &c.; and is alſo ſent abroad to line cloaths.
196. SARMATIAN.
Muſtela farmatica, Rufis Peruguína. Zimmerman, 486. Schreber, cxxxii.
Pallas, Itin. i. 453. Gueldenſtaedt, in Przewiaſka, or the girdled weeſel ?
Nov. Com. Petrop. xiv. 441. tab. X.
x Rzaczinſki, auct. hiſt. Polon. 328.
a
a
a
W.
with broad, ſhort, round ears, edged with long white
hairs : mouth ſurrounded with white : head, feet, and
under ſide of the body, of a full black : head croſſed beyond each
eye with a white band, paſſing beneath the ears along the ſides of
the neck, and down to the throat : from the hind part of the
head, another of yellow paffes on each ſide obliquely towards
the ſhoulders ; above, is a third : the upper part of the body is
of a browniſh black, ſtriped and ſpotted irregularly with obſcure
yellow : tail duſky, full of hairs, intermixed with white ones
longer than the reſt : the end wholly black.
Length, from the tip of the noſe, about fourteen inches; of the
tail fix.
Inhabits only Poland, and the ſouthern provinces of Ruſia, be-
tween the Dneper and Volga ; and in Afia, the Caucaſean mountains,
and Georgia ; and by report, Bucharia.
It is a moft voracious animal, feeding on the marmots, mice,
Sizei
Place,
а.
MANNERS
and

318
W E ES E L.
and other leſſer animals that inhabit with it the vaſt plains of
the Ruſſian empire. Seizes on its prey, and firſt fucks out the
blood; does not meddle with eggs : lives uſually in holes made
by other beaſts, but is not without the power of burrowing: preys
by night : ſleeps little : very fierce and untameable : its eyes
flaming: its ſmell fætid, eſpecially when it erects its tail, which
it does in anger : is very active: it moves by frequent jumps :
copulates in the ſpring : goes two months, and brings four or
eight young, according to the report of the natives.
197. SIBIRIAN.
Muſtela Sibirica, Kolonnok Rulis. Pallas Itin. 701.
W.
:
SIZE.
with the face black, whitiſh about the noſtrils, and ſpot-
• ted towards the eyes; the reſt of the animal of a deep
yellow, nearly approaching to fox or orange color ; with the throat
ſometimes ſpotted with white : tail very full of hair, and of a
deeper color than the body : hair in general looſe and long : the
ſoles of the feet thickly covered with fur.
Its body more ſender than the Fitchet, coming nearer to the
form of the Stoat: length to the tail twelve inches; of the tail
fix.
Begins to appear in the Altaic mountains, between the Ob and
the Irtiſh, from whence it is common, in wooded mountains, to
the Amur and lake Baikal. It has great reſemblance in its man-
ners, haunts, and food with the ſable ; but does not extend ſo
far north.
PLACE.
Viverra.

W E ES E L.
319
198. Ferrer,
Viverra. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 55. Agri- Viverra pilis ſubAlavis, longioribus, ca-
cola An. Subter. 486.
ftaneo colore terminatis (maſc.) M.
Muſtela ruſtica, viverra, Furo, I&tis. pilis ex albo fubflavis veftita. (fem.)
Gefner quad. 762. Raii fyn. quad. Briſon quad. 177.
198.
Muſtela Furo M. pedibus fiflis, oculis
Fret. Klein. quad. 63. Schreber, cxxxiii. rubicundis. Lin. Syft. 68. Mus. Lev.
.
W. with a very ſharp noſe : red and fiery eyes : round ears :
:
color of the whole body a very pale yellow : length
about fourteen inches; tail five.
Inhabits, in its wild ftate, Africa * ; from whence it was ori-
ginally brought into Spain t, in order to free that country from
the multitudes of rabbets, with which the kingdom was over-
run; from thence the reſt of Europe was ſupplied with it: is a
lively active animal: the natural enemy of rabbets : fucks the
blood of its prey, ſeldom tears it: breeds in our climate : and
brings five, fix, or nine at a time: but is apt to degenerate, and
loſe its favage nature: warreners I are therefore obliged to pro-
cure an intercourſe between the female and a pole-cat, by leaving
it near the haunts of the laſt : the produce is a breed of a much
darker color than the ferret, partaking more of that of the pole-
cat. The ferret has the ſame diſagreeable ſmell with that animal.
* Shaw's travels, 249.
* Και γαλας αγρίας άς η λυζυη φερει. Strabo, lib. iii.
I Br. Zool. i. 78. ii. 498.
Martes

320
W E ES E L.
199. MARTIN
Martes gutture albo. Agricola An. Sub- bo. Brilon quad. 178.
ter. 485. Geſner quad. 764. Muſtela martes. M. pedibus fiffis, cor-
Stein-marter. Klein quad. 64.
pore fulvo nigricante, gula pallida.
Martes, alias Foyna, Martin, or Mart- Lin. Syft. 67. Mard. Faun. fuec. No.
let. Raii ſyn. quad. 200.
15.
Kuna. Rzaczinſki Polon. 222.
La Fouine. De Buffon, vii. 186. tab.
Muſtela pilis in exortu albidis caftaneo xviii. Schreber, cxxix.
colore terminatis veſtita, gutture al- Martin. Br. Zool. i. 79. Lev. Mus.
W.
PLACE. .
with broad rounded ears : lively eyes : head brown,
• with a tinge of red : body, fides, and legs covered
with hair, afh-colored at the bottoms, bright cheſnut in the
middle, black at the tips: throat and breaſt white : belly deep
brown: tail full of hair, and of a duſky color : feet broad, co-
vered at bottom with thick down : claws white : length eighteen
inches : tail ten.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe, even to the warmer parts of
Ruſia, but does not extend far eaſt in that empire: is a moſt
elegant lively animal : capable of being tamed: is very good-
natured, and ſportive : lives in woods; and breeds in the hollow
of trees; and often, during winter, ſhelters in magpies neſts :
brings from four to fix young at a time : deſtroys poultry,
game, &c. and will eat rats, mice, and moles: the ſkin and ex-
crements have a muſky ſmell : the fur is of ſome value, and uſed
to line the robes of magiſtrates.
Martes

W E E SE I
322
200. Pine.
Martes gutture luteo. Agricola An.
Subter. 485
Martes ſylveſtris. Geſner quad. 765.
Martes abietum. Raii ſyn. quad. 200.
Baum-Marter. Klein quad. 64.
Muſtela pilis in exortu ex cinereo al-
bidis caftaneo colore terminatis, gut.
ture flavo. Briſon quad. 179.
La Marte. De Buffon, vii. 186. tab. xxii.
Schreber, cxxx.
Yellow-breaſted Martin. Br. Zool. i.
81. Faunul. Sinens, Lev. Mus.
W..
with a yellow breaſt and throat: the hair of a dark
cheſnut-color, and of far ſuperior fineneſs to the former;
in other reſpects agreeing with it.
Inhabits the N. of Europe, Aſia, and America : found alſo in
Great Britain *: are not found about the river Oby, nor in any
part of Sibiria : inhabits large foreſts, eſpecially thoſe of pines :
never lodges near houſes, as the other ſpecies is faid † to do:
M. de Buffon ſays, that it brings but two or three young at a
time: its prey is the ſame with the former; its fur of far greater
value. The peninſula of Kamtſchatka, and North America, abound
with them : their ſkins a prodigious article of commerce. Thoſe
found about Mount Caucaſus, with an orange throat, are eſteemed
the fineſt in the furriers ſhops.
* M. de Buffon ſays, we have none of theſe animals in England, Parce qu'il
n'y a pas de bois. That gentleman never did our kingdom the honor of making
a progreſs through it.
+ All foreign writers agree in this ; but thoſe which inhabit my neighbora
hood always keep in the woods, except in their nocturnal excurſions.
Is
Zobela.

322
W E E SE L.
201. SABLE.
Zobela. Agricola An. Subter. 485. corpore obſcurè fulvo, fronte exal.
Muftela Sobella. Gefner quad. 768. bida, gutture cinereo. Lin. fyt. 68.
Muſtela Zibellina, the Sable. Raii fyn. Muſtela Zibellina. Nov. Com. Petrop.
quad. 201. Klein quad. 64.
v
Muſtela Zibellina, Ariſtoteli Satherius, Martes Zibellina. Muſtela obfcurè ful--
Nipho cebalus, Alciato Mus Samar-
vo, gutture cinereo. Briſon quad
ticus et Scythicus. Charleton Ex. 20. 180.
Muſtela Zibellina. M. pedibus fiffis, La Zibeline. De Buffon, xiii. 309.
V. 330. tab. vi.
W.
with long whiſkers : rounded ears : large feet : white
• claws : long and buſhy tail : color of the hair black at
the tips, cinereous at the bottom : chin cinereous, ſometimes
white, yellow, or ſpotted : the edges of the ears yellowiſh :
ſometimes the hair has a tawny caſt; for in ſpring, after ſhedding
the coat, the color varies : there are inſtances of their being
found of a ſnowy whiteneſs
The ſize is equal to that of the Martin, to which it has a great
reſemblance in form : but this ſpecific diſtinction muſt be noted
the tail of the martin is much longer than the hind legs; when
extended ; that of the Sable ſhorter.
Inhabits Sibiria,, Kamtſchatka, and ſome of the Kurile iſles,
which lie between Kamtſchatka and Japan. Notwithſtanding what
Mr. Scheffer fays t, it is certain there are none to be found weſt
of the Urallian mountains, from whence they increaſe in num-
bers, in proportion as you advance eaſtward.
Sables live in holes in the earth, or beneath the roots of trees :
fometimes, like the martin, form neſts in the trees, and will
PLACE
• Strahlenberg hift. Rufia, 442.
7. Scheffer Lapl. 136.
ſkip

W E E SE L.
323
3
ſkip with great agility from one to the other : are very lively,
and much in motion during night: Neep much in the day
one that was kept tame would, on fight of a cat, ſit up on its
hind legs : excrements moſt exceſſively foetid : prey, during
ſummer, on ermines, weefels, and ſquirrels, but above all on
hares; in winter, on birds; in autumn, on hurtleberries, cran-
berries, and the berries of the ſervice-tree : but during that fea-
Ion their ſkins are at the worſt, that diet cauſing them to itch,
and to rub off their fur againſt the trees: they bring forth at
the end of March, or beginning of April, and have from three
to five at a time, which they ſuckle for four or five weeks *.
Their chace was, in the more barbarous times of the Ruſan
empire, the employ, or rather the taſks, of the unhappy exiles
into Sibiria : as that country is now become more populous, the
ſables have in great meaſure quitted it, and retired farther
North and Eaſt, to live in defert foreſts and mountains. They
live near the banks of rivers, or in the little iſlands in them ti
on this account they have, by ſome, been ſuppoſed to be the
Eatègrov of Ariſtotle, Hift. An. lib. viii. c. 5; which he claſſes with
the animals converſant among waters.
At preſent the hunters of fables form themſelves into troops,
from 5 to 40 each; the laſt ſubdivide into lefſer parties, and
each chuſes a leader, but there is one that directs the whole: a
ſmall covered boat is provided for each party, loaden with pro-
viſion, a dog and net for every two men, and a veſſel to bake
their bread in: each party alſo has an interpreter for the coun-
try they penetrate into : every party then ſets out according to
* Hift. Kamtſchatka, 109, &c.
+ Avril's Travels, 140.
Tta
the

324
W E E SE L.
the courſe their leader points out : they go againſt the ſtream of
the rivers, drawing their boats up, till they arrive in the hunt-
ing-country; there they ſtop, build huts, and wait till the wa-
ters are frozen, and the ſeaſon commences. Before they begin
the chace, their leader aſſembles them, they unite in a prayer to
the Almighty for ſucceſs, and then ſeparate : the firſt ſable they
take is called God's fable, and is dedicated to the church.
They then penetrate into the woods, mark the trees as they
advance, that they may know their way back ; and in their
hunting-quarters, form huts of trees, and bank up the ſnow
round them : near theſe they lay their traps, then advance far-
ther, and lay more traps, ftill building new huts in every quar-
ter, and return ſucceſſively to every old one, to viſit the traps,
and take out the game to ſkin it, which none but the chief of
the party muſt do: during this time they are ſupplied with pro-
viſions by perſons who are employed to bring it on Nedges, from
the places on the road where they are obliged to form maga-
zines, by reaſon of the impracticability of bringing quantities
thro' the rough country they muſt paſs. The traps are a ſort of
pit-fall, with a looſe board placed over it, baited with fiſh or
fleſh: when fables grow ſcarce, the hunters trace them in the
new-fallen ſnow, to their holes, place their nets at the entrance,
and ſometimes wait, watching two or three days for the coming
out of the animal : it has happened, that theſe poor people have,
by the failure of their proviſions, been ſo pinched with hunger,
that, to prevent the cravings of appetite, they have been reduced
to take two thin boards, one of which they apply to the pit of
the ſtomach, the other to the back, drawing them tight together
10
by

W E ES E L.
325
by cords placed at the ends * : ſuch are the hardſhips our fellow-
creatures undergo, to ſupply the wantonnefs of luxury !
The ſeaſon of chace being finiſhed, the hunters re-aſſemble ;
make a report to their leader of the number of fables each has
taken ; make complaints of offenders againſt their regulations ;
puniſh delinquents ; ſhare the booty; then continue at the head-
quarters 'till the rivers are clear of ice ; return home, and give
to every church the dedicated furs.
COMMERCIAL
HISTORY.
The following is the commercial hiſtory of this fur-trade,
which Dr. 7. R. Forſter was ſo obliging as to tranſlate for me,
from Muller's Samlung Ruſs. Geſchichte, iii. 495 to 515, being
an abſtract from above 20 pages.
“ SABLE, SOBol in Ruſſian ; ZOBEL in German : their price
varies, from 1 1. to 10 l. ſterling, and above : fine and middling
ſable ſkins are without bellies, and the coarſe ones are with
them : forty ſkins make a collection called Zimmer : the fineſt
fables are ſold in pairs, perfectly ſimilar, and are dearer than
ſingle ones of the ſame goodneſs; for the Ruſians want thoſe in
pairs for facing caps, cloaks, tippets, &c. The blackeſt are re-
puted the beſt. Sables are in ſeaſon from November to February;
for thoſe caught at any other time of the year are ſhort-hair’d,
and then called Nedofaboli. The hair of fables differs in length and
quality : the long hairs, which reach far beyond the inferior
ones, are called Os; the more a ſkin has of ſuch long hairs, the
blacker they are, and the more valuable is the fur ; the very
* Bell's Travels, i. 245.
beſt

326
W E ES E L.
a
beſt have no other but thoſe long and black hairs. Motchka is
a technical term in the Ruſian fur-trade, expreſſing the lower
part of the long hairs; and ſometimes it comprehends likewiſe
the lower and ſhorter hairs: the above-mentioned beſt fable furs
are ſaid to have a black Motchka. Below the long hairs are, in
the greater parts of fable furs, ſome ſhorter hairs, called Podofie,
i. e. Under-Os: the more Podofie a fur has, the leſs valuable : in
the better kind of fables the Podofie has black tips, and a grey or
ruſty Motchka : the firſt kind of Motchka makes the middling
kind of fable furs; the red one the worſt, eſpecially if it has but
few Os : between the Os and Podofie is a low woolly kind of hair,
called Podfada ; the more Podſada a fur has, the leſs valuable,
for the long hair will, in ſuch caſe, take no other direction than
the natural one; for the character of fables is, that notwithſtand-
ing the hair naturally lies from the head towards the tail, yet will
it lie equally in any direction, as you ſtrike your hand over it :
the various combinations of theſe characters, in regard to Os,
Motchka, Podofe, and Podſada, make many ſpecial diviſions of
the goodneſs of furs : beſides this, the furriers attend to the ſize,
preferring always cæteris paribus the biggeſt, and thoſe that have
the greateſt glofs: the ſize depends upon the animal being a male or
female, the latter being always ſmaller. The gloſs vaniſhes in old
furs: the freſh ones have a kind of bloomy appearance, as they expreſs
it; the old ones are ſaid to have done blooming : the dyed fables
always loſe their gloſs, become leſs uniform, whether the lower
hairs have taken the dye or not, and commonly the hairs are
ſomewhat twiſted or criſped, and not ſo ſtrait as in the natural
ones : fome fumigate the ſkins, to make them look blacker ; but
the

W E ES E L.
327
cheat;
the ſmell, and the criſped condition of the long hair, betrays the
and both ways are detected, by rubbing the fur with a
moiſt linen cloth, which grows black in ſuch caſes.
“ The Chineſe have a way of dying the fables, ſo that the
color not only laſts, (which the Ruſhan cheats cannot do)
but the fur keeps its gloſs, and the crifped hairs only diſco-
ver it: this is the reaſon that all the fables, which are of
the beſt kind, either in pairs or ſeparate, are carried to Ruf-
fia; the reſt go to China : the very beſt fables come from the
environs of Nertchitſk and Yakutſk ; and in this latter diſtrict,
the country about the river Ud affords ſometimes fables, of
whom one ſingle fur is often fold at the rate of 60 or 70
rubles (12 or 141.) The bellies of fables, which are ſold in
pairs, are about two fingers breadth, and are tied together
by forty pieces, which are föld from 1 to 2 1. fterling. Tails
are fold by the hundred; the very beſt. fable furs muft have
their tails, but ordinary fables are often cropped, and a hun-
dred ſold from 4 to 8 1. ſterling : the legs or feet of fables
are ſeldom ſold ſeparately. White fables are rare, and no
common merchandize, but bought only as curioſities : fome
are yellowiſh, and are bleached in the ſpring on the ſnow.”
The common fables are ſcarcely better in hair and color:
than the martin..
The fable is found again in North America. The Ruſians
have often diſcovered the ſkins mixed with thoſe of martins, in
the fur-dreſſes which the Tchutcki get from the Americans by 'way
of exchange. Their fur is more gloffy than that of the Sibirian
fable, and of a bright cheſnuc-color; but of a coarſer quality. It
is
2,

324
W E E SE L.
is to be obſerved, that no fables are found N. E. of the river
Anadyr, the country of the Ichutcki*.
The information I received from Doctor Pallas, reſpecting the
character of this animal, obliges me to lay aſide my notion of its
being found in the new world, under the name of The Fiſher ; yet
I have reaſon to ſuppoſe I have recovered it on that continent, by
ſeeing the ſkin of a quadruped highly reſembling it, in the cabinet
of Mrs. Blackburn, fent from Canada ; which I deſcribe under the
name of the
Its length, from noſe to tail, was twenty inches. The trunk of
the tail only five inches: but from the rump to the end of the
hairs eight. The ears more pointed than thoſe of the Aſiatic
fable : feet very large, hairy above and below: five toes with
white claws on each foot.
Color of the head and ears whitiſh: whiſkers ſhort and black :
whole body of a light tawny : feet brown. This ſeems to have
been one of the bleached kind before mentioned.
AMERICAN.
COLOR,
202. FISHER,
W.
with a black noſe: ſtrong and ſtiff whiſkers: fix ſmall
W weeſel-like teeth above and below : ſix large canine
•
teeth: four grinding teeth in each upper jaw; three ſharp-
pointed, the fourth flat: in the lower jaws fix; the laſt flatted,
the next tridentated; the next to thoſe bidentated : ears broad
and round, duſky on their outſides, edged with white: face and
ſides of the neck pale brown, or cinereous, mixed with black:
hairs on the back, belly, legs, and tail, black; browniſh at their
baſe: fides brown: the feet very broad; covered with hair even
:
• Doctor Pallas,
on

WE ES EL
329
on their ſoles : five toes on the fore feet; generally four, but
ſometimes five, on the hind feet; with ſharp, ſtrong, and crooked
white claws: fore legs ſhorter than thoſe behind: tail full and
buſhy, ſmalleſt at the end, ſeventeen inches long : length, from
noſe to tail, twenty-eight inches.
Inhabits North America: notwithſtanding its name, is not am-
phibious : preys on all ſorts of leſſer quadrupeds *: by the num-
ber of ſkins imported, is not an uncommon animal; not leſs than
580 being brought in one ſeaſon from New York and Penſylvania :
ſeems to be the animal called by Joſſelyn t, the SABLE; which, he
ſays, is perfectly black. I have ſeen many of the ſkins, which
vary in color. Lev. Mus.
Le Vanfire. De Buffon, xiii. 167. tab. xxi.
203. MADAGAS-
CAR.
W
with ſhort ears: the hair on the whole body brown at the
roots, and barred above with black, and ferruginous: the
tail of the fame color: the length, from noſe to tail, about four-
teen inches; the tail, to the tip of the hairs at the end, near ten.
Inhabits Madagaſcar.
* By a letter from Mr. Peter Gollinfor, who received the account from Bar.
Fram, of Penſylvania.
+ Fofelyn's voy. 87
Uu

330
W E ES E L.
204. PEKAN.
Le Pekan. De Buffon, xiii. 304. tab. xlii. Schreber, cxxxiv. Lev. Mus.
W.
with very long and ſtrong whiſkers : ears a little pointed :
hair on the head, back, and belly, cinereous at the roots,
of a bright bay at the ends ; very ſoft and gloſſy: on the ſides is a
tinge of grey : between the fore-legs a white ſpot : legs and tail
black : toes covered with thick hair, above and below: claws,
ſharp
In form like a martin : its length, from noſe to tail, one foot
ſeven inches : the length of the trunk of the tail above ten; and
the hairs extend an inch beyond.
Inhabits North America : deſcribed from a ſkin,
205. Vison.
Le Vifon. De Buffon, xiii. 3o8. tab.xlii.
Size.
with rounded ears: color of the hair brown, tinged with
tawny, very bright and gloffy: beneath is a thick down,
cinereous tipt with ruft-color: legs very ſhort: tail duſky,
Length to the tail above ſeventeen inches : tail, to the extre-
mity of the hairs, nine.
Inhabits North America: deſcribed from the ſtuffed ſkins, in
1765, in the cabinet of M. Aubry, curate of Saint Louis, in Paris.
A fuller account of this and the preceding animal is deſired.
PLACE.
W. with

W E ES E L.
331
206. White-
CHEEKED.
а
W. : :
with rounded ears: broad and blunt noſe: duſky irides :
• head flat: face, crown, legs, rump, and tail, black: chin
and cheeks white: throat of a rich yellow: back and belly of a
pale yellow, intimately mixed with cinereous.
Length, from noſe to tail, eighteen inches: tail of the ſame
length, covered with long hair.
Deſcribed from the living animal at Mr. Brooks's, April 1774.
Place unknown.
SIZE.
Le Griſon. De Buffon, xvi. 169. tab. xxv. Allamand, v. 65. tab. viii.
Schreber, cxxiv.
207. GRison.
W. with large head and eyes : Thort but broad ears : upper
part of the body of a deep brown, each hair tipped with
white, which gives it a grey or hoary look : from each ſide of the
forehead extends a broad white line, paſſing over the eyes, and
reaching as far as the ſhoulders : the noſe, throat, and whole un-
der ſide of the body, thighs, and legs, black.
Length, from the tip of the noſe to the origin of the tail, ſeven
inches. By the figure, the tail is little more than half the length
of the body.
Inhabits Surinam, but is a very ſcarce animal: firſt deſcribed
by Mr. Allamand.
SIZE.
UU 2
Galera,

332
WE E S E Le-
208. GUINEA.
Galera, fubfuſca, cauda elongata, auri. Le Tayra, ou le Galera. De Buffon,
bus ſubnudis apprefſis. Browne's Jam xv. 155. Schreber, cxxxv.
maica, 485. tab. xlix.
а,
W.
with the upper jaw much longer than the lower: eyes
placed mid-way between the ears and tip of the nofe :
ears like the human : tongue rough: tail declining downwards,
leſſening towards the point: feet ſtrong, and formed for digging:
ſhape of the body like that of a rat : ſize of a ſmall rabbet : of
a duſky color: the hair rough.
Inhabits Guinea: common about the negro ſettlements: bur..
rows like a rabbet : very fierce; if drove to neceſſity will fly at :
man or beaft: very deſtructive to poultry : ſeems to be the Kokee.
boe of Boſman*, which only differs in color, being red.
PLACE.
a
3
>
209. GUIANA.. Muſtela barbara. M. pedibus fiflis atra, Muſtela maxima atra mofcúm redolens.
collo fubtus macula alba triloba. Lin. Tayra, groffe Belette. Barrere France..
Syf. 67.
Æquin. 155
W with round ears, covered with down: an afh-colored ſpace
between the eyes : a trilobated ſpot on the lower part of
the neck : ſize of a martin: color black : hairs coarſe.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : when it rubs itſelf againſt trees,
leaves behind an unctuous matter, that ſcents of muſk.
a
PLACE,
* Hift. Guinea, 239.
LO

W E ES E L..
333
La petite Fouine de la Guiane. De Buffon Suppl. iii. 162. tab. xxiv.
210. WOOLLY..
a
W.
with a long ſlender noſe : upper jaw longer than the
. lower : ears very ſhort and round: body covered with
woolly hair: tail taper, ending in a point, between eight and nine
inches long: body, from noſe to tail, between fifteen and ſixteen.
M. de Buffon does not mention the color; by his figure the
belly ſeems white. He ſays it inhabits Guiana. I am doubtful.
whether it is not one of the above ſpecies.
Ixverpos. Ariftot. hip: An. lib. ix. c. 6. Meles Ichneumon digitis mediis longio- 211. ICHNEUMONX,
Oppian Cyneg. iii. 407.
ribus, lateralibus æqualibus, unguibus
Ichneumon. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 24.
fubuniformibus. Haſelquiſt itin. 191.
L'Ichneumon, que
que les Egyptiens nom- Ichneumon : Mus Pharaonis vulgo.
ment Rat * de Pharaon. Belon obſ. Briſon quad. 181.
95. Portraits, 106. Prop. Alp. i. 234. Viverra Ichneumon. V. cauda e baſi
Geſner quad 566. Raii ſyn. quad. 202. incraffata fenfim attenuata, pollicibus
Shaw's Travels, 249, 376.
remotiuſculis. Lin. Syft. 63. Schreber,
Muſtela Ægyptiaca. Klein quad. 64.
cxvi. A. Lev. Mus.
B. INDIAN. Quil, vel Quirpele. Garcia Ichneumon feu vulpecula Ceilonica,
Arom. 214. Raii fyn. quad. 197. Seb. Muf. i. 66. tab. xli. fig. 1.
Viverra Mungo. Kæmpfer Amoen. La Mangouſte. De Buffon, xiii. 150.
tab. xix. Le Nems, tom. xvi. 174. .
574
De Mongkos. Valentyn Amboin, iii. tab. xxvii.
Serpenticida five Moncus. Rumph. Viverra indica. V. ex griſeo rufeſcens.
herb. Amboin. App. 69. tab. xxviii. Briſſon quad. 177. Raii fyn. quad. 198.
Indian Ichneumon. Edw. 199.
Schreber, cxvi. Lev. Mus.
with bright fame-colored eyes: ſmall rounded ears, al-
W.
• moſt naked: noſe long and ſlender : body thicker than
* The Ægyptians never ſtyle it. Phar, or Mouſe, but Nems, or Ferret, from
its reſemblance to that animal. Haffelquiſt, 196. This Forſkal confirms, p. 111.
that
3:

334
W E E SE L.
that of others of this genus : tail very thick at the baſe, tapering
to a point: legs ſhort : the hair is hard and coarſe: color various
in different animals, from different countries; in ſome alternately
barred with dull yellowiſh brown and white; in others, pale
brown and mouſe-coloured; ſo that the animal appears mottled :
throat and belly of a uniform brown: beneath the tail is an ori-
fice not unlike that of a badger.
The ſpecimen in the Aſhmolean Muſeum was thirteen inches and
a half long to the origin of the tail; the tail eleven: the Ægyp-
tian variety is the largeſt. Some are forty-two inches long from
the noſe to the extremity of the tail. M. de Buffon gives the
figure of one, in the xxvith plate of his Supplement, vol. iii. un-
der the name of La Grande Mangouſte : the tail is longer, and
more ſlender than that of the common kind, and the hair uni-
verſally more broken and coarſer.
Inhabits Ægypt, Barbary, India, and its iſlands : a moſt uſeful
animal; being an inveterate enemy to the ſerpents and other
noxious reptiles which infeſt the torrid zone: attacks without
dread that moſt fatal of ferpents the Naja, or Cobra di Capello ;
and ſhould it receive a wound in the combat, inſtantly retires;
and is ſaid to obtain * an antidote from a certain herb; after
which
.
** A fact, as yet, not well eſtabliſhed: Botaniſts are not yet agreed about the
ſpecies of this fanative plant, whoſe uſe, it is pretended, this weeſel pointed out
to mankind: thoſe who have ſeen the combats between the Ichneumon and Naia,
never could diſcover it: Kempfer, a writer of the firſt authority, who viſited
India, and who had a tame Ichneumon, and been witneſs to its battles with the
Serpent, ſays no more than that it retired and eat the roots of any herb it met
with. It is from the Indians he received the account of the root, whoſe veracity
he

W E E SE L.
335
which it returns to the attack, and ſeldom fails of victory. Is a
great deſtroyer of the eggs of crocodiles, which it digs out of
the ſand; and even kills multitudes of the young of thoſe terrible
reptiles : it was not therefore without reaſon, that the antient
Ægyptians ranked the Ichneumon among their Deities: is at pre-
ſent domeſticated, and kept in houſes in India and in Ægypt; for
it is more uſeful than a cat, in deſtroying rats and mice: grows
very tame: is very active ; ſprings with great agility on its prey;
will glide along the ground like a ſerpent, and ſeem as if with-
out feet : fits up like a ſquirrel, and eats with its fore feet:
catches any thing that is flung to it: is a great enemy to poultry :
will feign itſelf dead till they come within reach: loves fiſh :
draws its prey, after fucking the blood, to its hole: its excre-
ments very foetid: when it ſleeps, brings its head and tail under
its belly, appearing like a round ball, with two legs ſticking out.
Rumphius obferves how ſkilfully it ſeizes the ſerpents by the throat,
ſo as to avoid receiving any injury: and Lucan beautifully de-
a
5
he ſpeaks moſt contemptuouſly of. Amen. Exot. 576. Rumphius never ſaw the
plant growing; but deſcribes it from a ſpecimen ſent him from Java; for he
ſays the Indians would perſuade him that it had no leaves. Vide Herb. Amboin.
App. 71. All that ſeems certain is, that the Indians have a plant, of whoſe
alexipharmic virtues they have a high opinion, and are ſaid to uſe it with ſucceſs
againſt the dreadful macaſar poiſon, and the bite of ſerpents. Kæmpfer ſays he
had good ſucceſs with one ſpecies, in putrid fevers, and found it infallible for the
bite of a mad dog. As there is no doubt but a moſt uſeful plant of this nature
does exiſt in the Indies, it is to be hoped that ſtrict enquiry will be made after it.
In order to direct their ſearches, they are referred to
Garcia ab Horto's Hift. Aromatum in Clus. Exot. 214.
Kæmpfer Amæn. Exot. 573. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. App. 29.
Aman. Acad, ii. 89. Flora Zeylanica, 46, 199, 239.
fcribes
a

336
'WE E SE L:
ſcribes the ſame addreſs of this animal, in conquering the Ægyp-
tian Aſp.
Aſpidas ut Pharias cauda folertior hoftis
Ludit, et iratas incerta provocat umbra :
Obliquanſque caput vanas ferpentis in auras
Efufæ toto comprendit guttura morſu
Letiferam citra ſaniem : tunc irrita peſtis
Exprimitur, fauceſque fluunt pereunte veneno. Lib. iv. 724.
Thus of th’ Ichneumon, on the banks of Nile,
Invades the deadly Aſpic by a wile ;
While artfully his ſlender tail is play'd,
The ſerpent darts upon the dancing fade;
ſhade
Then turning on the foe with ſwift ſurprize,
Full on the throat the nimble ſeizer flies:
The gaſping ſnake expires beneath the wound,
His guſhing jaws with poiſonous floods abound,
And ſhed the fruitleſs-miſchief on the ground.
Rowe.
-212. FOUR-TOBD. Le Surikate. De Buffon, xiii. 72. tab. viii. Schreber, cxvii. Miller's plates, XX.
.
W.
with a very ſharp-pointed noſe: head depreſſed : cheeks
• inflated : upper jaw much longer than the lower; tip
black; whiſkers black, ariſing from warty tubera : irides duſky:
region about the eyes black : ears ſmall, rounded, black, lying
cloſe to the head.
Tongue oblong, blunt, aculeated backwards.
Six ſmall inciſores ; two long canine in each jaw, and five
grinders on each ſide.
Back
.


XXXVI.
P.337
YELLOW WEESEL.N°213.

W E E S E L.'
337
Back very broad, and a little convex: belly broad and flat.
Legs ſhort: feet ſmall, naked at the bottom; four toes on
each: the claws on the fore feet long, like thoſe of the badger ;
on the hind feet ſhort.
Color of the hairs brown near the bottom, black near the ends,
and hoary at the points ; thoſe on the back undulated : inſide of
the legs yellowiſh brown: tail tufted with black.
Length from noſe to tail eleven inches; of tail eight: the laſt
thick at the baſe, ending pretty abrupt.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Meer-rat:
feeds on fleſh; preys on mice; is a great enemy to Blattæ : is al-
ways making a grunting noiſe: is much in motion: fits quite
erect, dropping its fore legs on its breaſt, and moving its head
with great eaſe, as if on a pivot, and appearing as if it liſtened, or
had juſt ſpied ſomething new. When pleaſed, it makes a rattling
noiſe with its tail, for which reaſon the Dutch at the Cape call it
Klapper-maus *. It is alſo found in Java, where the Javaneſe
ſtyle it Jupe; the Dutch, Suraçatje*. The animal which I ex-
amined was brought alive from the Cape.
213. YELLOW.
Yellow maucauco. Syn. quad. No. 108,
W. with a ſhort duſky noſe : ſmall eyes : ears hort, broad,
• and flapping, and placed at a great diſtance from each
other : head flat and broad: cheeks ſwelling out: tongue very
long: legs and thighs ſhort, and very
t, and very chick? five toes to each
foot, ſeparated and ſtanding all forward: claws large, a little
hooked, and of a fleſh-color.
a
* Pallas Miſcel. Zool, 59, 60,
Xx
The

338
W E E SE L.
The hairs ſhort, ſoft, gloſſy, cloſely ſet together : on the head,
back, and fides a mixture of yellow and black : cheeks, inſide
of the legs, and the belly, yellow: half way down the middle of
the belly is a broad dulky liſt, ending at the tail; and another
from the head along the middle of the back to the tail : tail of a
bright tawny, mixed with black; is round, and has the ſame
prehenſile faculty as ſome of the monkies have : length from the
noſe to the tail nineteen inches; of the tail ſeventeen.
It was very good-natured and ſportive; would catch hold of
any thing with its tail, and ſuſpend itſelf : lay with its head un-
der its legs and belly.
Shewn about twelve years ago in London : its keeper ſaid it
came from the mountains of Jamaica, and called it a Potto, the
name given by ſome writers to a ſpecies of Sloth found in
Guinea. LEV. Mus..
MANNERS.
PLACE.
Le Kinkajou. De Buffon, xvi. 244. tab. 1.
314. MEXICAN.
W. a :
with a ſhort duſky noſe : tongue of a vaſt length :-
• ſmall eyes, encircled with duſky : ears ſhort and
rounded, and placed very diftant: the hairs ſhort; on the head,
upper part of the body, and the tail, the colors are yellow, grey,
and black intermixed: the ſides of the throat and under fide
and the inſides of the legs, of a lively yellow : the belly of a
dirty white, tinged with yellow.
The toes ſeparated: the claws crooked, white, guttered beneath.
The length from head to tail two feet five (French); of the
tail, one foot three : the tail is taper, covered with hair, except
9
beneath,
Size.
و

W E ES EL
339
a
MANNERS.
beneath, near the end, which is naked, and of a fine fleſh-color.
It is extremely like the former ; but larger in all its parts.
Like the former, it has a prehenfile tail, and is naturally very
good-natured: goes to Neep at approach of day; wakes towards
night, and becomes very lively: makes uſe of its feet to catch at
any thing: has many of the actions of a monkey: eats like a
ſquirrel, holding the food in its hands : has variety of cries during
night; one like the low barking of a dog : its plaintive note is
cooing; its menacing, hiſſing; its angry, confuſed.
Is very fond of ſugar, and all ſweet things : eats fruits, and
all kinds of vegetables : will fly at poultry, catch them under
the wing, ſuck the blood, and leave them without tearing them:
prefers a duck to a pullet; yet hates the water.
.
M. de Buffon calls this animal le Kinkajou, after a deſcription
(given by M. Dennis) of one of that name found in N. America,
deſcribed alſo by Charlevoix, under the name of Carcajou ; both
which, in fact, are the fame as my Puma, Nº 160. M. Dennis
gives it the ſame manners ; adds, that it climbs trees, watches
the approach of the mooſe, falls on, and ſoon deſtroys it.
He ſays, he loft a heifer by one of thoſe animals, which at once
eat through its neck; but the quadruped in queſtion never could
have the powers attributed to fo ferocious a creature. This
therefore is new, and by form and manners a proper concomi-
tant of the animal laſt deſcribed.
This animal was brought to Paris from New Spain, and lived
there two or three years. It is a very diſtinct ſpecies from the
former, of which M. de Buffon gives a very indifferent figure,
taken from the animal I defcribe.
X x 2
Coati,

340
WE E SE L.
215. BRASILIAN. Coati. Marcgrave Braſil. 228. De Laet. nulato. Lin. Syft. 64.
486. Raii ſyn. quad. 180. Klein quad. Urſus naſo producto et mobili, cauda
72.
annulatim variegata. Briffon quad.
Vulpes minor, roftro fuperiore longiuf- 190.
culo, cauda annulatim ex nigro et Le Coati brun. De Buffon, viii. 358.
rufo variegatâ. Quachy. Barrere tab. xlviii. Schreber, cxviii.
France Æquin. 167.
Badger of Guiang. Bancroft, 141. Lev.
Viverra nafua. V. rufa, cauda albo an- Mus.
W.
with the upper jaw lengthened into a pliant, moveable
proboſcis, inuch longer than the lower jaw : ears round-
ed: eyes ſmall : noſe duſky : hair on the body ſmooth, ſoft, and
gloſſy, of a bright bay color: tail annulated with duſky and bay:
breaſt whitiſh : length, from noſe to tail, eighteen inches ; tail,
thirteen.
B. Dusky. Noſe and ears formed like the preceding : above
and beneath the eye two ſpots of white : hair on the back
and fides duſky at the roots, black in the middle, and tipt
with yellow : chin, throat, fides of the cheeks, and belly,
yellowiſh : feet black : tail annulated with black and white;
fometimes the tail is of an uniform duſky color *. Le Coati
noiratre of M. de Buffon. tab. xlvii. Schreber, cxix. The Coati-
mondi of Marcgrave.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : feeds on fruits, eggs, and poultry:
runs up trees very nimbly : eats like a dog, holding its food be-
• Deſcribed as a diſtinct fpecies by Linnæus, under the title of viverra Na-
rica. V. ſubfuſca, cauda unicolore, 64. and by M. Briſon, under that of Urſus
xaſo producto et mobili, cauda unicolore, 190.
tween

W E ES E L.
34)
tween its fore-legs : is eaſily made tame : is very good-natured:
makes a ſort of whiſtling noiſe : ſeems much inclined to feep in
the day. Marcgrave obſerves, that they are very ſubject to gnaw
their own tails.
216. STULING.
Yzquiepatl. Hernandez Mex. 332. Raii
ſyn. quad. 181. Klein quad. 72.
Meles Surinamenſis. Briſſon quad. 185.
Ichneumon de Yzquiepatl. Seb. Muſ. i.
tab. xlii.
Le Coaſe. De Buffon? xiii. 288. tab.
xxxviii. Schreber,cxx.
W. :
with a ſhort Nender noſe : ſhort ears and legs : black
• body, full of hair : tail long, of a black and white
color : length, from noſe to tail, about eighteen inches.
Inhabits Mexico, and perhaps other parts of America. This,
and the four following fpecies, remarkable for the peftiferous,
ſuffocating, and moſt foetid vapour they emit from behind,
when attacked, purſued, or frightened: it is their only means of
defence : fome turn * their tail to their enemy, and keep them
at a diſtance by a frequent crepitus ; and others ejaculate their
urine, tainted with the horrid effluvia, to the diſtance of eighteen
feet: the purſuers are ſtopped by the terrible ſtench : ſhould
any of this liquid fall into the eyes, it almoſt occaſions blind-
neſs; if on the cloaths, the ſmell will remain for ſeveral days,
in ſpite of all waſhing they muſt even be buried in freſh ſoil, in
order to be ſweetened. Dogs that are not true bred, run back
as ſoon as they perceive the ſmell; thoſe that have been uſed to
it, will kill the animal; but are often obliged to relieve them-
;
* Wood's voy. in Dampier, iv. 96; the reſt of the account is taken from Catefa
by, and Kalm.
ſelves

342
W E E SE L.
a
a
ſelves by thruſting their noſes into the ground. There is no
bearing the company of a dog that has killed one, for ſeveral
days.
Profeffor Kalm was one night in great danger of being fuffo-
cated by one that was purſued into a houſe where he ſlept; and
it affected the cattle ſo, that they bellowed through pain. Ano-
ther, which was killed by a maid-fervent in a cellar, ſo affected
her with its ſtench, that ſhe lay ill for ſeveral days : all the pro-
viſions that were in the place were fo tainted, that the owner
was obliged to throw them away.
Notwithſtanding this, the fleſh is reckoned good meat, and
not unlike that of a pig: but it muſt be ſkinned as ſoon as kill-
ed, and the bladder taken carefully out. The Virginian ſpecies,
or ſkunk, is capable of being tamed, and will follow its maſter
like a dog : it never emits its vapour, except terrified.
It breeds in hollow trees, or holes under ground, or in clefts
of rocks : climbs trees with great agility: kills poultry, eats
eggs, and deſtroys young birds.
217. STRIATED. Pole-cat, or Skunk. Lawſon Caroline. Viverra putorius. V. fufca lineis qua-
Pole-cat. Cateſby Carolina, ii.
tuor dorſalibus parallelis albis. Lir.
Muſtela Americana foetida. Klein quad. Syft. 64
64.
Le Conepate. De Buffon, xii. 288. tab.
Muſtela nigra tæniis in dorſo albis. xl. Schreber, cxxii,
Briſon quad. 181.
W.
with rounded ears : head, neck, belly, legs, and tail,
• black : the back and fides marked with five parallel
white lines; one on the top of the back; the others on each
fide : the ſecond extends ſome way up the tail, which is long,
and

W E E SE L.
343
and buſhy towards the end : ſize of an European Pole-cat ; the
back more arched: varies in the diſpoſition of the ſtripes.
Inhabits N. America : when attacked, briſtles up its hair, and
flings its body into a round form : its vapour horrid. Du Pratz
ſays, that the male of the Pole-cat, or Skunk, is of a ſhining black :
perhaps the Coaſe of M. de Buffon is the male ; for his deſcrip-
tion does not agree with the Yzquiepatl, which he makes fyno-
nymous.
218. SKUNK.
Chinche. Feuilleè obf. Peru, 1714, po Enfant du Diable, Bete puante. Charlie
272.
voix Nouv. France, v. 196.
Skunk, Fiſkatta. Kalm's voy. Forſter's Le Chinche De Buffon, xiii. 294. tab.
tr. i. 273. tab. ii. Foſelyn's voy. 85. xxxix. Schreber, cxxi. Lev. Mus.
W.
3
with ſhort rounded ears: black cheeks: a white ſtripe
• from the noſe, between the ears, to the back: upper
part of the neck, and the whole back, white; divided at the bot-
tom by a black line, commencing at the tail, and paſſing a little
way up the back : belly and legs black: tail very full of long
coarſe hair; generally black, ſometimes tipt with white : that
figured by M. de Buffon entirely white : nails on all the feet,
very long, like thoſe on the fore-feet of a badger. Rather leſs
than the former,
Inhabits Peru, and N. America, as far as Canada : of the ſame
manners and ſtench with the others.
:
Annas

344
W E E S E L
219. ZORILLA.
Annas of the Indians, Zorrinas of the Mariputa, Mafutiliqui. Gumilla Oro-
Spaniards. Garcilaſo de la Vega, noque, iii. 240. De Buffon, Schreber,
,
331.
cxxiii.
W.
with the back and fides marked with ſhort ſtripes of
• black and white; the laſt tinged with yellow : tail
long and buſhy; part white, part black : legs and belly black,
Leſs than the preceding.
Inhabits Peru, and other parts of S. America : its peftilential
vapour overcomes even the panther of America, and ftupefies that
formidable enemy.
220. RATEL.
Viverra Ratel. Sparman Stock. Wettk. Stink-bingfem. Kolben, ii. 133.
Hondl. 1777, 148. tab. iv. Blaireau puant. Voy. de la Caille, 182.
W.
with a blunt black noſe: no external ears; in their place,
only a ſmall rim round the orifice : tongue rough: legs
ſhort: claws very long; ſtrait, like thoſe of a badger, and gut-
tered beneath : color of the forehead, crown, and whole upper
part of the body, of a cinereous grey : cheeks, and ſpace round
the ears, throat, breaft, belly, and limbs, black : from each ear
to the tail extends along the ſides a duſky line, leaving beneath
another of grey.
Length from noſe to tail forty inches : of the tail, twelve:
fore claws, an inch and three quarters long : hind claws one
inch.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; lives on honey, and is a great
SIZE.
enemy
PLACE.

W E E SE L.
345
MANNERS.
a
enemy to bees, which in that country uſually inhabit the deferted
burrows of the Æthiopian boar, the porcupine, jackals, and
other animals : preys in the evening : aſcends to the higheſt parts
of the deſerts to look about, and will then put one foot be-
fore its eyes, to prevent the dazzling of the ſun. The reaſon of
its going to an eminence, is for the ſake of ſeeing or hearing
the honey-guide cuckoo *, which lives on bees, and, as it were,
conducts it to their haunts: the Hottentots profit of the ſame
guide. This animal cannot climb; but when he finds the bees
lodged in trees, through rage at the diſappointment, will bite
the bark from the bottoms : by this fign alſo, the Hottentots know
that there is a neſt of bees above.
The hair is very ſtiff, and the hide ſo tough, probably formed
ſo by nature, as a defence againſt the ſting of bees, that it is not
eaſily killed. It makes a ſtout reſiſtance by biting and ſcratch-
ing, and the dogs cannot faften on its ſkin. A pack which could
tear a middle-ſized lion to pieces, can make no impreſſion on the
hide of this beaſt: by worrying, they will leave it for dead, yet
without inflicting on it any wounds.
This ſeems to be the Stinkblinſem of Kolben, and Blaireaupuant
of La Caille, which they brand for the horrible ſtench which it
emits from behind, by breaking wind; but the Abbè ſays, it
quickly diſcharges the noiſome air. Mr. Sparman is ſilent in re-
ſpect to this circumſtance. The Hottentots call it Ratel.
To fome animal of this ſpecies muſt be referred, in all proba-
bility, the quoll of New Holland; which is deſcribed as reſembling
221. QUOLIO
* A new ſpecies, very fond of honey, which by its noiſe directs men, as well
as this beaſt, to the bees neſt. Sparman, in Phil. Tranſ. lxvii. 43.
a pole-
ху

346
W E ES E L.
a pole-cat, with a brown back, ſpotted with white, and the belly
of a pure white, in which it differs from the others of theſe foetid
animals. Seen by Captain Cook in New Holland, where the natives
call it Quoll *
222. BLOTCHED.
Viverra tigrina. Schreber, tab. cxv.
a
W. a :
with a round head: ſhort noſe : pointed ears : white
whiſkers : yellowiſh white noſe and cheeks; a round
black ſpot on each ſide of the former: a duſky line down the
middle of the forehead : back and outſide of the limbs a reddiſh
brown : fides and thighs yellowiſh white, blotched with deep
brown: tail as long as the body of a reddiſh brown color ;
marked ſpirally near the end with black.
Deſcribed from the print in Mr. Schreber's work, the letter-
preſs not being at this time arrived.
;
223. Civer.
La civette qu'on nommoit ancienne- Meles fafciis et maculis albis nigris et
ment Hyæna. Belon. obf. 94.
rufeſcentibus variegata. Briſſon quad.
Zibettus. Caii opufc. 43.
186.
Felis Zibethus. Geſner quad. 837. Viverra Zibetha. V. cauda annulata,
Animal Zibethicum, maſc. et fem. Her- dorſo cinereo nigroque undatim ftria-
nandez Mex. 580, 581.
to. Lin. Syft. 65.
Civet Cat. Raii ſyn. quad. 178. La Civette. De Buffon, ix. 299. tab.
Coati civetta vulgo. Klein quad. 73. xxxiv. Schreber, cxi. Luv. Mus.
with ſhort rounded ears : ſky-blue eyes : ſharp noſe; the
tip black : fides of the face, chin, breaft, legs, and
feet, black: the reſt of the face, and part of the ſides of the
W.
* Cook's voy. 1770. iii. 626.
9
neck,

W E E SE L.
347
PLACE
neck, white, tinged with yellow : from each ear are three black
ſtripes, ending at the throat and ſhoulders : the back and fides
cinereous, tinged with yellow, marked with large duſky ſpots
diſpoſed in rows: the hair coarſe; that on the top of the body
longeſt, ftanding up like a mane : the tail fometimes wholly
black; ſometimes ſpotted near the baſe : length, from noſe to
tail, about two feet three inches; the tail fourteen inches : the
body pretty thick.
Inhabits India *, the Philippine iſles t, Guinea I, Æthiopia. Il,
and Madagaſcar $ : the famous drug muſk, or civet, is produced
from an aperture between the privities and the anus, in both
ſexes, ſecreted from certain glands. The perſons who keep
them, procure the muſk by ſcraping the inſide of this bag twice a
week with an iron ſpatula, and get about a dram each time; but
it is ſeldom fold pure, being generally mixed with ſwet or oil, to
make it more weighty : the males yield the moſt; eſpecially
when they are previouſly irritated. They are fed, when young
with
pap made of millet, with a little Aeſh or fiſh; when old,
with raw felh : in a wild ſtate prey on fowl.
a
a.
.
• Dellon's voy. 82.
t Argenſola, ii. | Boſman, 238. Barbot. 114
! Rauwolff's Travels, ii. 482. $ Flacourt's Madagaſcar, 154;, where it is
called Falanouc.
Yy 2
R. ZIBET.

348
W E E SE L.
B. ZIBET. Animal Zibethecum Ame. Le Zibet. De Buffon, 299. tab. xxxi.
ricanum. Hernandez Mex. 538. Schreber, cxii.
Felis Zibethus. Gefner quad. 836.
W."
:
with ſhort rounded ears: ſharp long noſe: pale cinere-
ous face: head, and lower part of the neck, mixed
with dirty white, brown, and black : fides of the neck marked
with ſtripes of black, beginning near the ears, and ending at the
breaſt and ſhoulders : from the middle of the neck, along the
ridge of the back, extends a black line, reaching ſome way up the
tail: on each ſide are two others : the ſides ſpotted with aſh-
color and black : the tail barred with black and white; the black
bars broader on the upper ſide than the lower.
A variety firſt diſtinguiſhed from the other by M. de Buffon ;
but figured long before by Hernandez and Geſner : unknown in
Mexico *, till introduced there from the Philippine iſles. Theſe
animals ſeem not to be known to the antients: it is probable the
drug was brought without their knowing its origin ; for it is cer-
tain the fine gentlemen at Rome uſed perfumes.
Paſtillos Rufillus olet.
* Fernandez Nov. Hiſp. ii.
La

11

XXXVII
P349
І
II
I BRASILIAN WEESEL NO215.
II FOSSANE NO 225

W E E SE L.
WV 1349
quad. 186.
224. Genet:
La Genette. Belon obf: 74.
Genetha. Geſner quad. 549, 550.
Viverra Genetta. V. cauda annulata,
Genetta vel Ginetta. Raii ſyn. quad. corpore fulvo-nigricante maculato.
Lin. Syft. 65.
Coati, ginetta Hiſpanis. Klein quad. 73. La Genette. De Buffon, ix. 343. tab.
Muſtela cauda ex annulis alternatim xxxyi. Schreber, cxiii. Lev, Mus.
albidis et nigris variegata. Brilon
201.
W.
a
with ears a little pointed: ſlender body: very long tail:
• color of the body a pale tawny, ſpotted with black; and
the ridge of the back marked with a black line : the tail annu-
lated with black and tawny : feet black : fometimes the ground
color of the hair inclines to grey: about the ſize of a martin;
but the fur is ſhorter.
Inhabits Turky, Syria, and Spain ; frequents the banks of
rivers ; ſinells faintly of muſk, and, like the civet, has an orifice
beneath the tail : is kept tame in the houſes at Conſtantinople, and
is as uſeful as a cat in catching mice.
PEACE
12
La Foſſane. De Buffon, xiii. 163. tab. xx. Schreber, cxiv. Lev. Mus.
225. Fossage,
a
W. with a flender body : rounded
ears: black eyes : body
and legs
:
hair,
tawny: from the hind part of the head, towards the back and
ſhoulders, extend four black lines: the whole under ſide of the
body of a dirty white : tail ſemi-annulated.
Inhabits
TEATES AND

359
WE E SE L,
PLACE.
Inhabits Madagaſcar, and Guinea, Cochin-china, and the Philip-
pine iſles : is fierce, and hard to be tamed : in Guinea is called
Berbe; by the Europeans, Wine-bibber, being very greedy of
Palm-wine * : deſtroys poultry : is, when young, reckoned very
good to eat f.
The ſpecimen in the Leverian Muſeum differed in ſo many re-
fpects, that it is neceſſary to give a full deſcription of it.
W. with a white ſpot on each ſide of the noſe, and another
beneath each eye: the reſt of the noſe, cheeks, and throat, black:
,
cars very large, upright, rounded, thin, naked, and black : fore-
head, fides, thighs, rump, and upper part of the legs, cinereous :
on the back are many long black hairs : on the ſhoulders, fides,
and rump are diſperſed ſome black ſpots : tail black towards the
end; near the baſe mixed with tawny, and Nightly annulated
with black : feet black: claws white.
Size of the Genet, to which it bears a great reſemblance :
tail of the length of the body.
:
* Boſman, 239
$ Flacourt's bift, Madagaſcar, 512 ; where it is called Folfa..
Six

O T T E R.
351
XXIV. OTTER.
Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw.
Five toes on each foot; each toe connected by a ſtrong
web.
Lutra. Agricola An. Subter. 482. Gefner Lutra caftanei coloris. Briffon quad. 226. Greater.
quad. 687. Raii fyn, quad. 187. 201.
Wydra. Rzaczinſki Polon. 221. Le Loutre. Belon Aquat. 26. De Buffon,
Otter. Klein quad. 91.
vii. 134. tab. xi. Schreber, cxxvi.
Muſtela Lutra. M. plantis palmatis A. B.
nudis, cauda corpore dimidio bre. Otter. Br. Zool. i. N° 19. Br. Zool.
viore. Lin. Syft. 66. Utter. Faun. illuftr. tab. c. Lev. Mus.
fuec. No. 12.
O.
SiZE
with ſhort ears : eyes placed near the noſe : lips thick:
whiſkers large : the color a deep brown, except two
ſmall ſpots each ſide the noſe, and another beneath the chin:
the throat and breaſt cinereous : legs ſhort and thick, and looſely
joined to the body; capable of being brought on a line with the
body, and performing the part of fins; each toe connected to
the other by a broad ſtrong web.
The uſual length, from the tip of the noſe to the baſe of the
tail, is twenty-three inches ; of the tail fixteen : the weight of the
male otter, from eighteen to twenty-fix pounds; of the female,
from thirteen to twenty-two.
Inhabits all parts of Europe, N. and N. E. of Aſia, even as far
as Kamtſchatka ; is found in none of the Aleutian or Fox Iſlands,
except in the eaſternmoſt, which are ſuppoſed to be near to the
new world : abounds in North America, particularly in Canada,
where the moſt valuable furs of this kind are produced: dwells in
the banks of rivers ; burrows, forming the entrance of its hole
beneath the water ; works upwards towards the furface of the
earth, and makes a ſmall orifice, or air-hole, in the midſt of
ſome
Place
j

352
O T T E R.
:
*
:
fome buih: is a cleanly animal, and depoſits its excrements in only
one place : ſwims and dives with great eaſe : very deſtructive to
fiſh; if they fail, makes excurſions on land, and preys on lambs
and poultry. Sometimes breeds in ſinks and drains ; brings four
or five young at a time: hunts its prey againſt the ſtream ; fre-
quents not only freſh waters, but ſometimes preys in the fea;
but not remote from ſhore : will give a ſort of loud whiſtle by
way of ſignal to one another *: is a fierce animal; its bite hard
and dangerous : is capable of being tamed, to follow its maſter
like a dog, and even to fiſh for him, and return with its prey.
The Latex of Ariſtotle ti poſſibly a large variety of Otter I.
• Leonard Baldner, iii. 139. fig. This was the perſon whom Mr. Willughby
calls a fiſherman on the Rhine, of whom, on his travels in 1663, he bought a
moſt beautiful and accurate collection of drawings of birds, fiſh, and a few
beaſts, frequenting that great river about Straſbourg, of which city Leonard files
himſelf, fiſherman and burgher. The work is dated in 1653. If I may judge
from the elegance of his dreſs, in the portrait prefixed to the firſt volume, it
ſhould appear that he was a perſon of conſiderable wealth. A German MS.
deſcription is placed oppoſite to each drawing. This valuable work is now in
the poſſeſſion of EDWARD KING, Esq; and had been bought by a relation of
his out of the collection of Dr. MEAD.
+ Hift. An. lib. viii. c. 5. vide Br. Zool. i. 86. 4to.
| Mr. Banks, on his return from Newfoundland, was ſo obliging as to commu-
nicate to me the following account of ſome animals ſeen by a gentleman who
went on that voyage ; which I take the liberty of inſerting here, as they bear
ſome relation to the Otter in their way of life. He obſerved, ſitting on a rock,
near the mouth of a river, five animals, ſhaped like Italian grehounds, bigger
than a fox, of a ſhining black color, with long legs, and long taper tail. They
often leaped into the water and brought up trouts, which they gave to their
young which were fitting with them. On his appearing, they all took to the
water, and ſwam a little way from fhore, kept their heads out of the water, and
looked at him. An old Furrier ſaid, that he remembered the ſkin of one fold
for five guineas; and that the French often ſee them in Hare Bay.
Siya
10

O T T E R.
353
Siya & Cariguibeiu. Marcgrave Braſil,
234. Des Marchais, iii. 306.
Lutra Braſilienfis. Raii fyn. quad. 189. 227. BRASILIAN.
Briffon quad. 202.
O.
3
with a round head like that of a cat: teeth feline :
eyes
• ſmall, round, and black : large whiſkers : ears round :
feet in form of thoſe of a monkey, with five toes; the inner the
ſhorteſt : claws ſharp: tail reaching no lower than the feet; flat
and naked *.
Hair ſoft, and not long; entirely black, excepting the head,
which is duſky; and the throat, which is yellow.
Bulk of a middling dog. If the ſame with the otters of Gui-
ana, mentioned by M. de Buffon, it weighs from forty to a hun-
dred pounds +.
Inhabits Braſil, Guiana, and the borders of the Oronoko, pro-
vided the Guachi of Gumilla be the ſamet. Marcgrave ſays that it is
an amphibious animal; lives on fiſh, and cruſtaceous animals, ſuch
as cray-fiſh ; and is very dextrous in robbing the nets and weels of
what it finds in them: makes a noiſe like a young puppy. The
.
Size.
PLACE.
3
a
* Barrere Fr. Æquin. 155.
+ Suppl. iii. 158, 159.
| Hift. de l’Orenoqué, iii. 239. Gumilla calls them alſo Loups ou Chiens d'eau,
and ſays they are as large as a ſetting-dog. There is a great diſagreement in
the form of the feet, with others of the Otter kind. The writers who have had
opportunity of examining it, are filent about the webs, the character of the
genus. Till that point is ſettled, I muſt remain doubtful whether it be the sa-
ricovienne of Andrew Thevet, as M. de Buffon conjectures. The fize of the lat-
ter is another objection, which will apologize for my making a ſeparate article
of that animal till this point is ſettled.
flefli
Z z

354
O T T E R.
felh is reckoned delicate eating, and does not taſte fiſhy, notwith-
ſtanding its food.
If this is the Guachi, as probably it is, it burrows on the banks
of rivers, and lives in fociety: are extremely cleanly, and carry to
a diſtance the bones and reliques of the fiſh they have been eat-
ing. They go in troops ; are very fierce, and make a ſtrong de-
fence againſt the dogs, but if taken young are ſoon tamed.
228. Lesser.
Noerza. Agricola An. Subter. 485. Gefa
ner quad. 768.
Latax; Germ. Nurtz. nobis Nurek.
Rzaczinki Polon. 218.
Muſtela Lutreola. M. plantis palmatis,
hirſutis ore albo. Lin. Syft. 66. Fennis,
Tichurt; Suecis, Mænk. Faun. Juec,
Norka. Ritchkoff orenb. Topogr. i. 295.
Schreber, cxxvi.
N° 13:
PLACE.
O.
with roundiſh ears: white chin: top of the head hoary;
in ſome tawny : body tawny and duſky; the ſhort hairs
being yellowiſh; the long hairs black : the feet broad, webbed,
and covered with hair: tail duſky, and ends in a point : of the
form of an otter, but thrice as ſmall.
Inhabits. Poland, and the north of Europe ; and is found on the
banks of all the rivers in the country north of the Yaik. None
are found beyond the lake Baikal, or in the north-eaſt
Sibiria. Lives on fiſh, frogs, and water-inſects : its fur very va-
luable; next in beauty to that of the fable. Caught in Baſhkiria
with dogs and traps: is moſt exceſſively foetid.
The Minx of North America is the ſame animal with this. The
late worthy Mr. Peter Collinfon * favored me with the following
parts of
Sibiria. Lices on the lake Baikal,
account
* By letter dated June 14, 1764. Lawſon alſo gives fome account of it,
p. 122, Hift. Carolina : He ſays it is a great enemy to the Tortoiſes ; whoſe
eggs
it.
2

XXXVIII.
P354
LESSER OTTER.NO228.


O T T E R.
355
C
account he received from Mr. John Bartram, of Penſylvania :
· The Minx,' (ſays he) - frequents the water like the Otter, and
very much reſembles it in ſhape and color, but is leſs; will
abide longer under water than the muſk quaſh, muſk rat, or
little beaver : yet it will leave its watery haunts to come and
rob our hen-roofts; bites off their heads and fucks their blood:
when vexed, it has a ſtrong loathſome ſmell; fo may be called
the Water Pole Cat: its length, from noſe to tail, twenty inches;
the tail four: is of a fine ſhining dark brown color.'
From the conformity between the names this animal goes by,
in America and Sweden (Minx and Mænk) it ſeems as if ſome
Swediſh coloniſt, who had ſeen it in his own country, firſt be-
ſtowed the name it now goes by, a little changed from the origi-
nal: the ſkins are often brought over to England.
3
229. SARICO-
O.
VIENNE
of the ſize of a cat, with a fur fine as velvet, grey and
• black : web footed.
Lives more in the water than on land: the fleſh very delicate,
and good to eat.
This appears to me to be the very fame with La petite Loutre
it fcrapes out of the ſand and devours : eats freſh-water muſcles, whoſe fhells
are found in great abundance at the mouth of their holes, high up in the rivers, ,
in whoſe banks they live : may be made domeſtic: is a great deſtroyer of rats and
mice. La Hontan, i. 232, ſeems to mean the ſame animal, by his Foutereaux,
an amphibious ſort of little Pole-cats.
Z z 2
d'eau

356
0 T T E R.
Size.
d'eau douce de Cayenne, deſcribed and figured by M. de Buffon *,
probably from a young animal.
The body, ſays he, is ſeven inches (French) in length: the tail
fix inches and ſeven lines; fender, taper, tuberculated, convex
above, flat beneath : ears rounded, and longer than uſual with ot-
ters : head, cheeks, and back, duſky, and the fides marked regu-
larly with the ſame colors, iſſuing from the back, extending al-
moſt to the belly : the ſpaces between of a yellowiſh grey: above
each
eye is a white ſpot: the throat, and whole under ſide of the
body, of the fame color: the toes before are divided; thoſe be-
hind webbed.
M. de la Borde, as quoted by M. de Buffon, mentions another
fpecies of Otter frequent in the rivers of Guiana, weighing from
twenty to twenty-five pounds, and of a yellowiſh color.
230. SEA.
Muſtela Lutris. M. plantis-palmatis pi- trop. ii. 367. tab. xvi.
loſis, cauda corpore quadruplo bre- Sea Otter. Hift. Kamtſchatka, 122.
viore. Lin. Syft. 66. Schreber, cxxviii.
Muller's voy. 57, 58.
Lutra marina, Kalan. Nov. Com. Pe-
-
O. with a black nofe : upper jaw longer and broader than the
lower : long white whiſkers : irides hazel : ears ſmall,
erect, conic: in the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth ; in the
lower four: the grinders broad, adapted for breaking and com-
minuting cruſtaceous animals, and ſhell-fiſh : ſkin thick: hair
thick and long, exceffively black and gloffy : beneath that a foft
down: color ſometimes varies to filvery: legs thick and ſhort:
* Suppl. iii. 159. tab. xxii:
toes

OT T E R.
357
a
Size.
PLACE.
MANNERS.
toes covered with hair, and joined by a web: the hind feet ex-
actly like thoſe of a ſeal, and have a membrane ſkirting the out-
ſide of the exterior toe, like that of a gooſe. Length from noſe
to tail about three feet: the tail thirteen inches and a half; fat,
fulleſt of hair in the middle; ſharp-pointed. The biggeſt of
theſe animals weigh ſeventy or eighty pounds.
Inhabits, in vaft abundance, Bering's iſland, the Aleutian and
the Fox iſlands between Apa and America..
Are moſt harmleſs animals: moſt affectionate to their young;
will pine to death at the loſs of them, and die on the very ſpot where-
they have been taken from them : before the young can ſwim,
they carry them in their paws, lying in the water on their backs:
run very ſwiftly; ſwim often on their back, their fides, and even
in a perpendicular poſture: are very ſportive ; embrace each
other, and even kiſs : inhabit the ſhallows, or ſuch which abound
with ſea-weeds: feed on lobſters, fiſh, Sepia, and ſhell-fiſh : breed
once a year; bring but one young at a time; fuckle it a year,
bring it on fhore: are dull fighted, but quick ſcented: hunted
for their ſkins, which are of great value; fold to the Chineſe for
ſeventy or a hundred rubels apiece : each ſkin weighs three
pounds and a half. The young are reckoned very delicate meat,,
ſcarcely to be diſtinguiſhed from a fucking lamb.
a
a
DIV.


DIV. II.
Sect. III.
DIGITATED QUADRUPE D S.
Without canine teeth; and with two cutting teeth in
each jaw.
Generally herbivorous, or frugivorous.

360
CAVY
DIV. II. Sect. III. Digitated Quadrupeds.
XXV. CAVY.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Generally four toes on the fore feet, three behind.
Short ears: no tail, or a very ſhort one.
Pace creeping; and flow: numerous breeders : ſhort-lived.
231. CAPIBARA. Caby-bara. Marcgrave Brafil, 230. Piſo Capivard. Froger's voy. 99.
Braſil, 99. Raii ſyn. quad. 126. Sus hydrochæris. S. plantis tridactylis
River Hog. Wafer in Dampier, iii. 400.
cauda nulla. Lin. Syft. 103.
Cochon d'Eau. Des Marchais, iii. 314 Hydrochærus, Le Cabiai. Briſon quad.
Sus maximus paluſtris. Cabiai, cabio- 80. De Buffon, xii. 384. tab. xlix.
nora. Barrere France Æquin. 160. Irabubos. Gumilla Orenoque, iii. 238.
C. with a very large and thick head and noſe: ſmall rounded
a
ears : large black eyes : upper jaw longer than the lower :
two ſtrong and great cutting teeth in each jaw: eight grinders in
each jaw; and each of thoſe grinders form on their ſurface ſeem-
ingly three teeth, each flat at their ends * : legs ſhort: toes long,
connected near their bottoms by a ſmall web; their ends guarded
by a ſmall hoof: no tail: hair on the body ſhort, rough, and
و
• M. de Buffon denies this: his deſcription was taken from a young ſubject ;
but Marcgrave and Des Marchais, who had opportunities of examining theſe
animals in their native country, agree in this fingular conſtruction of the
teeth.
brown
5

CAVY.
361
PLACE.
j
brown ; on the noſe, long and hard whiſkers : grows to the fize
of a hog of two years old.
Inhabits the country from the Iſthmus of Darien to the Braſils,
and even to Paraguay ; lives in the fenny parts, not remote from
the banks of great rivers, ſuch as the Oronoque, Amazons, and
Rio de la Plata : runs fowly : ſwims and dives remarkably well,
and keeps for a long time under water: feeds on fruits and vege-
tables : is very dextrous in catching fiſh, which it brings on ſhore,
and eats at its eaſe: it fits up, and holds its prey with its fore
feet, feeding like an ape : feeds in the night, and commits great
ravages in gardens : keeps in large herds, and makes an horrible
noiſe like the braying of an aſs : grows very fat: the fleſh is eaten,
is tender, but has an oily and fiſhy taſte : is eaſily made tame *
and foon grows very familiar.
quad. 49,
232. RESTLE38.
Cuniculus vel Porcellus Indicus. Geſner
quad. 367.
Mus porcellus. M. cauda nulla, palmis
Cavia Cobaya. Marcgrave Braſil, 224. tetradactylis, plantis tridactylis. Lin.
Piſo Braſil, 102.
Syft. 79. Amen. Acad. iv. 190. tab. ii.
Mus feu cuniculus Americanus et Gui- Cuniculus ecaudatus, auritus albus,
neenſis, Porcelli pilis et voce, Cavia aut rufus, aut ex utroque variegatus.
Cobaya. Raii ſyn. quad. 223.
Briſon quad. 102.
Cavia Cobaya Braſil, quibuſdam mus Le Cochon d'Inde. De Buffon, viii. 1.
Pharaonis, Tatu pilofus. Klein tab. i. Lev. Mus.
C.with the upper lip half divided : ears very large
, broad, and
rounded at the ſides : hair erect, not unlike that of a young
pig: color white, or white varied with orange and black, in irre-
gular blotches : no tail : four toes on the fore feet; three on the
hind.
* Muratori hift. Paraguay, 258.
Inhabits
3 A

362
C Α V Υ.
PLACE.
Inhabits Braſil: no mention made by writers of its manners in
a wild ſtate : domeſticated in Europe: a reſtleſs, grunting, little
animal ; perpetually running from corner to corner : feeds on
bread, grains, and vegetables : breeds when two months old :
brings from four to twelve at a time ; and breeds every two
months: would be innumerable, but numbers of the young are
eaten by cats, others killed by the males: are very tender, mul-
titudes of young and old periſhing with cold : are called in Eng-
land, Guinea Pigs, being ſuppoſed to come from that country.
Rats are ſaid to avoid their haunts.
233
Rock.
Aperea. Brafilienfibus, nobis veldratte, Cuniculus ecaudatus auritus, ex cine-
vel Borchratte. Marcgrave Braſil,
reo rufus. Briſon quad. 103.
223. Piſo Braſil, 103. Raii ſyn. quad. L'Aperea. De Buffon, xv. 160. Lev.
206.
MUS.
Cavia Aperea. Klein quad, 50.
:
C.
no
Size.
with divided upper lip : ſhort ears: four toes on the fore
feet; three on the hind: o tail: color of the upper part
of the body black, mottled with tawny: throat and belly white :
length one foot.
Inhabits Braſil: lives in the holes of rocks: is driven out, and
taken by little dogs: is ſuperior in goodneſs to our rabbets : its
paces like thoſe of a hare:
PLACE.
Narborough's


XXXTX,
P.363
Patagonian Cavy NO 234

AVY.
363
Narborough's voy. 33. Lev. Mus.
234. PATACO
NIAN
C.
with long ears, much dilated near the bottom: upper lip
divided : on each ſide of the noſe tufts of ſoft hairs, and
long whiſkers : tip of the noſe black: face, back, and fore part
of the legs, cinereous and ruft-colored: breaſt and ſides tawny :
belly of a dirty white: on each thigh a white patch rump
black: legs very long: claws long, ſtrait, and black; four ou
the fore feet; three on the hind: tail a mere naked ſtump.
This animal is found of the weight of fix-and-twenty pounds *
Is found in plenty about Port Defire, in Patagonia : lives in
holes of the earth, like the rabbet: the fielh of a frowy whiteneſs,
and excellent flavor t.
Sir John Narborough, and other voyagers, call it a hare.
a
Paca, Marcgrave Brafl, 224. Piſo Bra- bus pentadactylis, lateribus Haveſ- 35. SPOTTED.
fil, 101. De Laet, 484.
centi-lineatis. Lin. Syf. 81.
Mus Braſilienfis magnus, porcelli pilis Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, pilis ob-
et voce, Paca dictus. Raii fyn. quad. fcurè fulvis, rigidis, lineis ex albo
226.
flaveſcentibus ad latera diſtinctis.
Cavia Paca. Klein quad. 50.
Brilon quad. 99.
Cuniculus major, paluftris, faſciis albis Le Paca. De Buffon, X. 269. tab. xliii.
notatus. Paca Marcgrave. Barrere Supplem. iii. 203. tab. xliii. Lev.
France Æquin. 152.
Mus.
Mus Paca. M. cauda abbreviata, pedi-
C. with the upper jaw longer than the lower: noſtrils large :
whiſkers long : ears ſhort and naked . neck thick: hairs
ſhort and hard: color of the upper part of the body dark
# Byron's voy. 18.
+ The fame, 19.
brown;
3 A 2

364
C A VY.
a
:
brown; the lower part, or fides, marked lengthways with lines of
grey ſpots : the belly white; in fome, perhaps young ones, the
fides and ſpots are of a pale yellow : five toes on each foot : only
the meer rudiment of a tail : length about ten inches: is made
like a pig, and in ſome parts is called the Hog-Rabbet *.
Inhabits Braſil, and Guiana : lives in fenny places : burrows
under ground: grows very fat: is eſteemed in Braſil a great de-
licacy: grunts like a pig: eats its meat on the ground, not fitting
up, as fome others of this genus do: are diſcovered by little
dogs, who point out the places they lie in: the maſter digs over
them, and when he comes near transfixes them with a knife;
otherwiſe they are apt to eſcape: will bite dreadfully. There is
a variety quite white, found on the banks of the river St.
Francis to
a
236. LONG-NOSE. Aguti vel Acuti. Marcgrave Braßl, Cuniculus caudatus, auribus, pilis ex
224. Piſo Braſil, 102.
rufo et fuſco mixtis, rigidis veſtitus.
Acuti ou Agoutis. De Laet, 484. Ro- Briſon quad 98.
chefort Antillei, i. 287.
L'Agouti. De Buffon, viii. 375. tab. 1.
Mus fylveftris Americanus cuniculi Small Indian Coney. Brown's Jamaica,
magnitudine, pilis et voce Porcelli, 484:
Aguti. Raii ſyn. quad. 226. Long-noſed Rabbet. Wafer's voy. in
Cavia Aguti. M. cauda abbreviata, Dampier, iii. 401.
palmis tetradactylis, plantis, tridac- Cuniculus omnium vulgatiſfimus, A-
tylis, abdomine flaveſcente. Lin. Syft. guti vulgo. Barrere France Æquin.
8o.
153 I.
C.
with a long noſe : divided upper lip: ſhort rounded ears :
black eyes : hair hard and ſhining; on the body mixed
* Wafer's voy. in Dampier, iii. 401.
+ De Laet, 484.
The animal deſcribed by Seba under the name of Cuniculus Americanus,
i. 67. tab. xli. ſeems the ſame with this, notwithſtanding he ſays, that the hind
feet are tetradactylous.
with
5

CA V Y.
365
a
with red, brown, and black; on the rump, of a bright orange-
color : belly yellow : legs almoſt naked, ſlender, and black : four
toes on the fore feet; three on the hind : tail ſhort, and naked :
ſize of a rabbet.
Inhabits Braſil, Guiana, &c. Grunts like a pig : is very vora-
cious : ſits on its hind legs, and holds its food with the fore feet
when it eats : hides what it cannot conſume: hops like a hare:
goes very faſt: when purſued, takes ſhelter in hollow trees : is
capable of being tamed : when angry, ſets up the hair on its
back, and ſtrikes the ground with its feet : is eaten by the inha-
bitants of South America.
а.
237. OLIVE.
Cuniculus minor caudatus, olivaceus, L'Akouchy. De Buffon, xv, 258. Suppl.
Akouchy. Barrere France Æquin, iii. 211. tab. xxxvi.
153. Des Marchais, iii. 303.
A
Species of Aguti, leſs than the former, and of an olive-color:
which is the whole account left us by M. Barrere. Des
Marchais ſays, it is more delicate food than the other.
Inhabits Guiana, and the iſlands of St. Lucia and Grenada : in-
habits the woods : lives on fruits : is excellent meat : its fleſh is
white : eaſily made tame : makes a cry (but very rarely) like
the reſtleſs cavy : abhors water..
•
Java

366
CA V Y.
238. J'AVAN
Java hare. Cateſby Carolina, App. tab.
xviii.
Cavia Javenfis. Klein quad. 50.
Cuniculus caudatus auritus, rufeſco ad.
mixto. Briffon quad. 98.
Mus leporinus. Lin. Syft. 80.
Cuniculus Americanus. Seb. Muf.de
67. tab. xlii. fig. 2.
a
C.
with a ſlender ſmall head : prominent naked ears, rounded
at the tops: hairs very ſtiff like briſtles, eſpecially on the
back: color of the upper part of the body reddiſh : breaſt and
belly white: legs long : hind parts large : four toes on the fore
feet ; three on the hind: tail ſhort : ſize of a hare.
Inhabits Surinam and the hotter parts of South America, where
it is a common food : the Aeſh is white, but dry. It is not
found in Java or Sumatra, as Cateſby afferts. Governor Loten
aſſures me, that he made the moſt diligent enquiry after it in
moſt parts of Java, but could never find the left traces of any
fuch animal.
-239. Care.
Cavia capenſis. Pallas Miſcel. Zool. 30.
tab. ii. Spicil. 16. tab. ii.
Africaanſch baſterd-mormeldier. Vof-
maer Monogr. De Baffon, Supplem. iii.
177. tab. xxix,
a
C.
a
with a thick head, and full cheeks : ears oval, half hid in
the fur: head of the color of a hare: along the top of the
back duſky, mixed with grey: ſides and belly of a whitiſh grey :
four toes on the fore feet, three behind : 'tail fcarce viſible : ſize
of a rabbet, but the ſhape of the body thick and clumſy.
Inhabits in great abundance the rocky mountains near the Cape
3
of

C A VY.
367
of Good Hope, where it is called Kaapſche Daſs, Klip Daſs *, or
Cape Badger : burrows under ground: has a ſlow creeping pace;
a ſharp voice, often repeated : is eſteemed very good meat.
Le Rats muſquès, Piloris. Rochefort
Antilles, i. 288. Du Tertre hift. An-
tilles, ii. 302. De Buffon, X. 2..
240. Musk.
а
C. of a black or tan-color on the
upper part of its body : white
on the belly: tail very ſhort + : almoſt as big as a rabbet.
Inhabits Martinico and the reſt of the Antilles : burrows like a
rabbet : ſmells ſo ſtrong of muſk, that its retreat may be traced
by the perfume : an obſcure ſpecies, never examined by a na-
turaliſt..
Kolben, Dutch edition, as quoted by Dr. Pallas. La Caille mentions this.
ſpecies under the name of Marmot.
+ Nauv. voy, aux illes de l'Amerique, i. 438.
Two

368
H A RE
XXVI.
HARE.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Short tail : or none.
Five toes before ; four behind.
241. COMMON.
Lepus. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 55. Geſner fon quad. 94.
quad. 605. Raii ſyn. quad. 204. Le Lievre. De Buffon, vi. 246. tab.
Hafe, Klein quad. 51.
xxxviii. Br. Zool. i. 87.
Lepus timidus. L. cauda abbreviata Arnæb. Forſkal. iv. Lev. Mus. in
auriculis apice nigris ? Lin. lyft. 77. which are ſeveral curious varieties of
Haſe, Faun. fuec. No. 25.
colored hares.
Lepus caudatus ex cinereo rufus. Bril-
:
a
H. with ears tipt with black : eyes very large and prominent :
:
chin white : long white whiſkers : hair on the face, back,
and ſides, white at the bottom, black in the middle, and tipt with
tawny red: throat and breaſt red : belly white: tail black above,
white beneath : feet covered with hair even at the bottom : a
large hare weighs eight pounds and a half. I am informed, that
in the Iſle of Man fome have been known to weigh twelve: its
length, from the noſe 'to the tail, two feet.
Inhabits all parts of Europe, moſt parts of Aſia, Japan, Ceylon *,
Ægypt +, and Barbary I: a watchful, timid animal : always
lean: ſwifter in running up hill than on even ground : when
ſtarted, immediately endeavours to run up hill : eſcapes the
hounds by various artful doubles : lies the whole day on its ſeat :
feeds by night: returns to its form by the ſame road that it had
+ Profp. Alp. i. 232.
* Kæmpfer Japan, i. 126. Knox Ceylon, 20.
Shaw's Travels, 249.
taken

H A R E.
369
a
taken in leaving it: does not pair : the rutting-ſeaſon is in Fe-
bruary or March, when the male purſues the female by the fa-
gacity of its noſe: breeds often in the year ; brings three or four
at a time: are very ſubject to fleas : the Dalecarlians make a
cloth of the fur, which preſerves the wearer from their attacks :
the fur is of great uſe in the hat manufacture : feeds on vege-
tables : fond of the bark of young trees : a great lover of birch,
parlly and pinks: was a forbidden food among the Britons : the
Romans, on the contrary, held it in great eſteem.
Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus,
was the opinion of Martial ; and Horace, who was likewiſe a Bon
vivant, ſays, that every man of taſte muſt prefer the wing
Fæcundi leporis ſapiens feetabitur armos.
There have been ſeveral inſtances of what may be called mon- HORNED HARE8.
fters in this ſpecies, horned bares, excreſcences growing out of
their heads, likeſt to the horns of the roe-buck. Such are thoſe
figured in Geſner's hiſtory of quadrupeds, p. 634 ; in the Muſeum
Regium HAFNIÆ, No. 48. tab. iv; and in Klein's hiſtory of qua-
drupeds, 32. tab. iii ; and again deſcribed in Wormius's Muſeum,
P. 321, and in Grew's Muſeum of the Royal Society. Theſe in-
ſtances have occurred in Saxony, and I think in Denmark, to
which may be added another near Aſtracan *.
A farther account of two ſtraw-colored animals like dogs,
which run like hares, and were of the ſame ſize, ſeen by the late
navigators in New Holland , will, I fear, be a long defideratum
among naturalifts.
3
* Pallas.
+ Cook's voy. iii. 565.
3 B
Lepus

370
H A RE
242. VARYING, Lepus hieme albus. Forſter hift. nat.
VOLGÆ. Ph. Tranſ. lvii. 343.
Alpine hare. Br. Zool. illuftr. 40. tab.
.
xlvii. & T. quad. Nº 184
Lepus variabilis. Pallas, nov. Sp. i,
Lev. Mus.
PLACE
H. with foft hair, in ſummer grey, with a flight mixture of
black and tawny: with ſhorter ears, and more ſlender
legs, than the common hare : tail entirely white, even in ſum-
mer: the feet moft cloſely and warmly furred. In winter, the
whole animal changes to a ſnowy whiteneſs, except the tips and
edges of the ears, which remain black, as are the ſoles of the
feet, on which, in Sibiria, the fur is doubly thick, and yellow.
Leſs than the common ſpecies.
Inhabits the higheſt Scottiſh Alps, Norway, Lapland, Ruſſia,
Sibiria *, Kamtſchatka, and the banks of the Wolga, and Hudſon's
Bay. In Scotland, keeps on the tops of the higheſt hills; never
deſcends into the vales ; never mixes with the common hare,
which is common in its neighborhood : does not run faſt : apt
to take ſhelter in clefts of rocks : is eaſily tamed : full of frolic:
fond of honey and carraway comfits : eats its own dung before
a ſtorm : changes its color in September : reſumes its grey coat
in April : in the extreme cold of Greenland only, is always to
white. Both kinds of hares are common in Sibiria, on the
banks of the Wolga, and in the Orenburg government. The one
never changes color: the other, native of the ſame place, con-
:
• Vide Pontop. Norway, ii. 9. Scheffer Lapland, 137. Strahlenberg Ruſia,
370. Ritchkoff Orenberg Topog. i. 287.
+ Egede, Greenl. 62. Crantz Greenl. i. 70.
ftantly

P370
XL.
11
I
1. VARYING HARE N°242. 11. HOODED RABBET P.374


H A RE.
371
j
Ytantly aſſumes the whiteneſs of the ſnow during winter. This
it does, not only in the open air, and in a ſtate of liberty ; but,
as experiment has proved, even when kept tame, and preſerved
in houſes in the ſtove-warmed apartments ; in which it experi-
ences the ſame changes of colors as if it had dwelt on the ſnowy
plains *
They collect together, and are ſeen in troops of five or fix MIGRATIONS.
hundred, migrating in ſpring, and returning in autumn f. They
are compelled to this by the want of ſubſiſtence, quitting in the
winter the lofty hills, the ſouthern boundaries of Sibiria, and
ſeek the plains and northern wooded parts, where vegetables
abound; and towards ſpring ſeek again the mountainous quar-
ters I. Mr. Muller ſays, he once ſaw two black hares, in Sibi- BLACK HARES.
ria, of a wonderful fine gloſs, and of as full a black as jet. Near
Cafan was taken another, in the middle of the winter 1768. Theſe
ſpecimens were much larger than the common kind.
In the ſouthern and weſtern provinces of Rufia is a mixed W. SPURIOUS.
breed of hares, between this and the common ſpecies. It fuſ-
tains, during winter only, a partial loſs of color: the ſides, and
more expoſed parts of the ears and legs, in that ſeaſon, become
white; the other parts retain their colors. This variety is un-
known beyond the Urallian chain. It is called by the Ruſſians,
Ruſſak; they take them in great numbers in ſnares, and export
their ſkins to England and other places, for the manufacture of
hats 1. The Ruſſians and Tartars, like the Britons of old, hold
a
| Pallas
• Pallas nov. ſp. faſc. i. p. 7.
+ Bell's Travels, i. 238.
nov. ſp. fafc. i. p. 15.
Il The fame, p. 6.
3 B 2
the

372
H A R E.
the Aeſh of hares in deteſtation, efteeming it impure : that of
the VARIABLE, in its white ftate, is exceſſively inſipid.
243. AMERICAN.
Hare, hedge Coney. Lawſon, 122. Cateſy, App. xxviii.
>
H. with the ears tipt with grey: upper part of the tail black ;
lower white: neck and body mixed with cinereous, ruft-
color, and black : legs of a pale ferruginous : belly white : fore
legs ſhorter, hind legs longer, in proportion, than thoſe of the
common hare.
Length eighteen inches : weighs from three to four pounds
and a half.
Inhabits all parts of North America. In New Jerſey, and the
colonies ſouth of that province, it retains its color the whole
year. In New England *, Canada, and about Hudſon's Bay, at
approach of winter, it changes its fhort fummer's fur for one very
long, ſilky, and filvery, even to the roots of the hairs; the edges
of the ears only preſerving their color : at that time it is in the
higheſt ſeaſon for the table t; and is of vaſt uſe to thoſe who
winter in Hudſon's Bay, where they are taken in vaft abundance,
in ſpringes made of braſs wire, to which the animals are led by a
Hedge made for that purpoſe, with holes left before the ſnares
for the rabbets to paſs through.
They breed once or twice a year, and have from five to ſeven
at a time: they do not migrate, like the preceding, but always
haunt the ſame places : they do not burrow, but lodge under
Foſslyn's Rarities, 220
+ Clerk Californ. i. 156.
2
fallen

H A R E.
373
fallen timber, and in hollow trees: they breed in the grafs; but
in ſpring ſhelter their young in the trees, to which they alſo run
when purſued ; from which, in the ſouthern colonies, the hun-
ters * force them by means of a hooked ſtick, or by making a
fire, and driving them out by the ſmoke. I have had an oppor-
tunity of examining this fpecies in its brown dreſs from Penſyl-
vania, and its winter's dreſs from Hudſon's Bay.
a
244. RABBIT.
482.
Cuniculus. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 55. Gel-
auriculis nudis. Lin. Syft. 77.
ner quad. 362. Agricola An. Subt. Kanin. Faun fuec. No. 26. Br. Zool. i.
90.
Rabbet, or Coney. Raii ſyn. quad. 205. Lepus caudatus, obſcuré cinereus. Briſ-
Lepuſculus, cuniculus terram fodiens, Yon quad. 95.
Kaninchen. Klein quad. 52. Le Lapin. De Buffon, vi. 303. tab. 1.
Lepus cuniculus. L. cauda abbreviata, li. Lev. Mus.
a
H.
with ears almoſt naked : color of the fur, in a wild ſtate,
brown; tail black above, white beneath : in a tame ſtate,
varies to black, pied, and quite white : the eyes of the laſt of a
fine red.
Inhabits, in a wild ſtate, the temperate and hot parts of Eu-
rope, and the hotteſt parts of Aſia and Africa : not originally
Britiſh; but ſucceeds here admirably : will not live in Sweden, or
the northern countries, except in houſes. Strabo † tells us, that
they were firſt imported into Italy from Spain. Not natives of
America ; but encreaſe greatly in S. America.
Moſt prolific animals : breed ſeven times in a year : produce
eight young at a time: fuppofing that to happen regularly, one
• Kalm, ii. 45.
+ Lib. iii.
pair

374
H A RE.
pair may bring in four years 1,274,840. In warrens, keep in their
holes in the middle of the day; come out morning and night :
the males apt to deſtroy the young : the ſkins a great article of
commerce ; numbers exported to China : the fur of great uſe in
the hat-manufacture.
B. ANGORA RABBET. With hair long, waved, and of a filky
fineneſs, like that of the goat of Angora, p. 55, and the Cat,
p. 275.
y. HOODED RABBET. With a double ſkin over the back, into
which it can withdraw its head : another under the throat, in
which it can place its fore feet : has ſmall holes in the loofe
ſkin on the back, to admit light to the eyes : color of the body
cinereous : head and ears brown.
Deſcribed from a drawing, and manuſcript account, by Mr. G.
Edwards, preſerved in the Muſeum ; infcribed “A Ruffian Rab-
“ bet ;” but I find that it is unknown in that empire.
245. BAIKAL
Cuniculus infigniter caudatus, coloris Lepus cauda in fupina parte nigra in
Leporini. Nov. Com. Petrop. v. 357. prona alba. Briſon quad. 97.
tab. xi.
Le Tolai. De Buffon, xv. 138.
H.
with a tail longer than that of a rabbet : ears longer in the
а.
male, in proportion, than thoſe of the varying hare : fur
of the color of the common hare : red about the neck and feet:
3
tail

H A R E.
375
*
tail black above, white beneath : ſize between that of the common
and the varying hare.
Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal, and extends through
the great Gobèe, even to Thibet. The Tanguts call it Rangwoz
and conſecrate it among the ſpots of the moon
the common rabbet in color of the fleſh; but does not burrow,
running inſtantly (without taking a ring as the common hare
does) for ſhelter, when purſued, into holes of rocks; ſo agrees in
nature with neither that nor the rabbet. Called by the Mongols,
Tolai. The fur is bad, and of no uſe in commerce.
: agrees with
Lepus Capenſis. L. cauda longitudinis capitis, pedibus rubris. Lin. Lyft. 78
246. CAPE
a
а.
H. with long ears dilated in the middle : the outſides naked,
and of a roſe-color: inſide and edges covered with ſhort
grey hairs : crown and back duſky, mixed with tawny: cheeks
and fides cinereous : breaſt, belly, and legs, ruft-colored : tail
buſhy, carried upwards; of a pale ferruginous color.
Size of a rabbet.
Inhabits the country three days. north of the Cape of Good Hope.
Is called there the Mountain Hare, for it lives only in the rocky
mountains; does not burrow. It is difficult to ſhoot it, as it in-
ftantly, on the ſight of any one, runs into the fiffures of the
rocks.
The ſame ſpecies probably extends as high as Senegal. M. Adan-
Son (44) obferves, that the hares of that country are not ſo large
* Pallas nov.ſp. i. 20.
as

376
H A RE.
非
​as thofe of France ; their color between that of the European kind
and a rabbet; and their feſh white.
Allied to this ſeems the Viſcachos, or Viſcachas, mentioned by
Acofta * and Feuillée t, in their accounts of Peru : they compare
them to hares or rabbets. The laſt ſays, they inhabit the colder
parts of the country. Their hair is very ſoft, and of a mouſe-
color: the tail pretty long, and turns up: the ears and whiſkers
like thoſe of the common rabbet. In the time of the Incas, the
hair was ſpun, and wove into cloth, which was fo fine as to be
uſed only by the nobility I.
** Without a tail.
247. BRASILIAN. Tapeti. Marcgrave Brafil, 223. Piſo Syft.78.
Braſil, 102.
Lepus ecaudatus. Briffon quad. 97.
Cuniculus Brafilienfis Tapeti dictus. Le Tapeti. De Buffon, xv. 162.
Raii fyn. quad. 205.
Collar'd Rabbet. Wafer's voy. in Dam-
Lepus Braſilienfis. L. cauda nulla. Lin. pier, iii. 401.
H.
a
with very large ears, like the common kind : a white ring
round the neck : face of a reddiſh color : chin white :
black eyes : color of the body like the common hare, only darker :
belly whitiſh: no tail : ſome want the white ring round the
neck.
Inhabit Braſil : live in woods : do not burrow : are very pro-
lific: very good meat: found alſo in Mexico ll, where they are
called Citli.
I Garci-
• In Purchas's Pilgrims, iii. 966. + Obf. Peru, 1725. 32.
lafo de la vega, 331.
Il Fernandez An. Nov. Hiſp. 2.
Lepus

H A R E.
377
Lepus Alpinus. Pallas, nov. ſp. faſc. i. 52. tab. ii. Itin. ii. 701. tab. A.
Zimmerman.
248. ALPINE.
H.
PLACE,
with ſhort, broad, rounded ears : head long: very long
whiſkers: two very long hairs above each eye: color of
the fur at the bottom duſky, towards the ends of a bright ferru-
ginous; the tips white; intermixed are ſeveral long duſky hairs;
but on firſt inſpection the whole ſeems of a bright bay.
Length of that I ſaw was nine inches.
Theſe animals are firſt ſeen on the Altaic chain, and extend to
lake Baikal; and from thence to Kamtſchatka ; and, as is ſaid, in
the new-diſcovered Fox or Aleutian iſlands. They inhabit al-
ways the middle region of the ſnowy mountains, in the rudeſt
places, wooded and abounding with herbs and moiſture.
They ſometimes form burrows between the rocks, and oftener
lodge in the crevices; and are found in pairs, or more, according
to conveniency: in cloudy weather they collect together, and
lie on the rocks, and give a keen whiſtle, ſo like that of a ſpar-
row, as to deceive the hearer. On the report of a gun, they run
into their holes; but foon come out again, fuppoſing it to be a
clap of thunder, to which they are ſo much uſed in their lofty ha-
bitations.
By wonderful inftin&t they make a proviſion againſt the ri-
gorous ſeaſon in their inclement ſeats. A company of them, to-
wards autumn, collect together vaſt heaps of choice herbs and
graſſes, nicely dried, which they place either beneath the over-
hanging rocks, or between the chaſms, or round the trunk of ſome
tree. The way to theſe heaps is marked by a worn path. Ip
many
VOICE
3C

378
H A RE.
many places the herbs appeared ſcattered, as if to be dried in the
fun and harveſted properly. The heaps are formed like round or
conoid ricks; and are of various ſizes, according to the number
of the ſociety employed in forming them. They are ſometimes
of a man's height, and many feet in diameter, but uſually about
three feet.
Thus they wiſely provide their winter's ſtock, otherwiſe they
muft periſh, being prevented by the depth of ſnow to quit their
retreats in queſt of food.
They ſelect the beſt of vegetables, and crop them when in the
fulleſt vigor, which they make into the beſt and greeneſt hay by
the judicious manner in which they dry it. Theſe ricks are the
origin of fertility amidſt the rocks; for the reliques, mixed with
the dung of the animals, rots in the barren chaſms, and creates a
foil productive of vegetables.
Theſe ricks are alſo of great ſervice to that branch of man-
kind who devote themſelves to the laborious employ of fable-
hunting: for being obliged to go far from home, their horſes
would often periſh for want, if they had not the proviſion
of theſe induſtrious little animals to ſupport them; which is ea-
fily to be diſcovered by their height and form, even when covered
with ſnow. It is for this reaſon that this little beaſt has a name
among every Sibirian and Tartarian nation, which otherwiſe would
have been overlooked and deſpiſed. The people of Jakutz are
ſaid to feed both their horſes and cattle with the reliques of the
winter ſtock of theſe hares.
Theſe animals are neglected as a food by mankind, but are the
prey of Sables and the Sibirian weeſel, which are joint inhabitants
of the mountains. They are likewiſe greatly infeſted by a ſort of
gadfly,
2

HARE.
379
gadfly, which lodges its egg in their ſkin in Auguſt and September,
which often proves deſtructive to them.
249. OGOTONA,
a
Lepus Ogotona. Pallas Nov. ſp. fafc. i. 59. tab. iii.
H.with oblong oval ears, a little pointed : ſhorter whiſkers
than the former : hairs long and ſmooth: color of thoſe
on the body brown at the roots, light grey in the middle, white
at the ends, intermixed with a very few duſky hairs : a yellowiſh
ſpot on the noſe: ſpace about the rump of the ſaine color: out-
fide of the limbs yellowiſh : belly white.
Length about ſix inches : weight of a male, from ſix ounces
and a half to ſeven and a quarter; of the female, from four to
four and three quarters.
Inhabits only the country beyond lake Baikal, and from thence
common in all parts of the Mongolian defert, and the vaſt deſert
of Gobèe, which extends on the back of China and Thibet, even to
India. It lives in the open vallies, and on gravelly or rocky
naked mountains. Theſe little creatures are called by the Mon-
gols, Ogotona : are found in vaſt abundance : live under heaps of
ſtones, or burrow in the ſandy ſoil, leaving two or three en-
trances. Their holes run obliquely: in theſe they make a neſt of
ſoft graſs. The old females make for ſecurity many of theſe bur-
rows near each other, that they may, if diſturbed, retreat from
one to the other.
They wander out chiefly in the night. Their voice is exceſſively
Ihrill, a note like that of a ſparrow, twice or thrice repeated; but
very eaſily to be diſtinguiſhed from that of the Alpine hare.
They
j
3 C2

380
H A R E.
They live in the vallies, principally on the tender bark of a
ſort of Service, and the dwarf elm; in the ſpring on different
herbs. Before the approach of ſevere cold, in the early ſpring,
they collect great quantities of herbs, and fill their holes with
them, which the inhabitants of the country conſider as a ſure ſign
of change of weather.
Directed by the ſame inſtinct with the former, they form in
autumn their ricks of hay of a hemiſpherical ſhape, about a foot
high and wide: in the ſpring theſe elegant heaps diſappear, and
nothing but the reliques are ſeen.
They copulate in the ſpring, and about the latter end of June
their young are obſerved to be full grown.
They are the prey of hawks, magpies, and owls : but the Cat
Manul makes the greateſt havock among them: and the ermine
and fitchet is equally their enemy.
a
250. CALLING. Lepus pufillus. Pallas Nov. ſp. i. 31. tab. i. Nov. Com. Petrop. xiii. 531.
tab. xiv. Zimmerman.
a
H.with a head longer than uſual with
hares
, and thickly covered
a ,
with fur, even to the tip of the noſe : numerous hairs in the
whiſkers : ears large and rounded : legs very ſhort: foles furred
beneath: its whole coat very foſt, long, and ſmooth, with a thick
long fine down beneath, of a browniſh lead-color: the hairs of
the ſame color; towards the ends of a light grey, and tipt with
black: the lower part of the body hoary: the ſides and ends of
the fur yellowiſh.
Length
a

H A R E.
381
Size.
a
а:
PLACE.
a
MANNERS.
Length about fix inches: weight from three ounces and a
quarter to four and a half; in winter ſcarcely two and a half.
Inhabits the ſouth-eaſt parts of Ruſia, and about all the ridge
of hills ſpreading ſouthward from the Urallian chain; alſo about
the Irtiſh, and in the weſt part of the Altaic chain; but no
where in the eaſt beyond the Oby. They delight in the moſt
ſunny vallies, and herby hills, eſpecially near the edges of woods,
to which they run on any alarm.
They live ſo concealed a life as very rarely to be ſeen : but are
often taken in winter, in the ſnares laid for the ermines; fo are
well known to the hunters. About the Volga they are called Semi-
lanoi Saethik, or Ground Hare: the Tartars, from their voice,
ſtyle them Tſchotſchot or Ittſitſkan, or the Barking Mouſe; the
Kalmucs call them Ruſla.
They chuſe for their burrows a dry ſpot, amidſt buſhes covered
with a firm fod, preferring the weſtern ſides of the hills; in
theſe they burrow, leaving a very ſmall hole for the entrance ;
and forming long galleries, in which they make their nefts: but
thoſe of the old ones, and females, are numerous and intricate:
their place would be ſcarcely known but for their excrements,
and even thoſe they drop, by a wiſe inſtinct, under fome buſh, leaſt
their dwelling ſhould be diſcovered by their enemies among the
aniinal creation.
It is their voice alone that betrays their abode ; it is like the pip-
ing of a quail, but deeper, and ſo loud as to be heard at the diſtance
of half a German mile. It is repeated by juſt intervals thrice,
four times, and often fix. This is wonderful, as this little ani-
mal does not appear to be particularly organized for the purpoſe.
The voice is emitted at night and morning: ſeldom in the day,
-5
except
Voicz.

382
H A R E.
YOUNG
except in rainy and cloudy weather. It is common to both ſexes ;
but the female is filent for fome time after parturition, which is
about the beginning of May, N. S. They bring forth ſix at a
time, blind and naked; which ſhe ſuckles often, and covers care-
fully with the materials of her neſt.
Theſe moſt harmleſs and inoffenſive animals never go from
their holes : feed and make their little excurſions by night:
drink often: ſleep little: are eaſily made tame: will ſcarcely bite
when handled. The males in confinement are obſerved to attack
one another, and expreſs their anger by a grunting noiſe.
Two

B E A V E R.
383
XXVII.BEAVER.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on each foot.
Tail.compreſſed, and covered with ſcales.
251, CASTOR
Kaotwe. Arift. hift. An. lib. viii. c. 5. Caftor caftanei coloris, cauda horizon-
Oppian. Halieut, i. 398.
taliter plana. Briffon quad. 90.
Fiber. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 30. Agri- Caftor Fiber. C. cauda ovata plana.
cola An. Subt. 482. Belon Aquat. 25.
Lin. Syft. 78.
Caftor. Geſner quad. 309. Rondel. 236. Bafwer, Biur. Faun. fuec. N° 27.
Schoneveld, Icth. 34.
Le Caſtor, ou Le Bievre. De Buffon,
Beaver. Raii fyn. quad. 209.
viii. 282. tab. xxxvi.
Bobr. Rzaczinſki Polon. 215.
Beaver. Br. Zool. i. 70. tab. ii. Lev.
i
.
Biber. Klein quad. 91. Kramer Auftr.
Mus.
315.
Plact.
B.with ftrong cutting teeth : ſhort ears, hid in the fur: blunt
noſe: hair of a deep cheſnut brown: tail broad, almoſt
oval, compreſſed horizontally, covered with ſcales: the fore feet
ſmall; the hind large: length, from noſe to tail, about three feet :
tail eleven inches long, three broad.
Inhabits Europe, from Lapland to Languedoc * : in great plenty
in the North: a few are yet found in the Rhone t, the Gardon, the
Danube, the Rhine, and the Viſtula. I have an inſtance of two
old and fix young being taken in 1742, at Gornichem, in Holland;
another in 1757 in the Yjjel, in Gelderland; and another in 1770
in the Maas, near the village Hedel, not far from Bois le duc : this
laſt weighed forty pounds, and had two bags of caftoreum, weigh-
* De Buffon, viii. 286.
+ Ibid.
ing

384
BE A V E R.
ing four ounces, and of excellent quality. It had inhabited the
river for ſome years, and done much damage to the willow-
trees, with whoſe bark its ftomach was found full. They are
much more frequent in the Lippe, above Weſel, from which river
they might deſcend into thoſe of Holland *
Abound in the Afiatic part of the Ruſſian empire: are found
in companies, or aſſociated, about the Konda, and other rivers
which flow into the Oby. They are met with diſperſed, or in the
ſtate of Terriers, in the wooded parts of independent Tartary, and
in the chains of mountains which border upon Sibiria. None
are to be ſeen in Kamtſchatka, by reaſon of the interruption of the
woods beyond the river Kowyma ; nor yet in the new-diſcovered
inands weſt of that country : only in the iſle of Kadjak, the neareſt
to America, ſome ſkins have been procured by the Ruſſians, which
probably were got by the natives from America, in whoſe northern
parts they are found in prodigious abundance.
The moſt induſtrious of animals : nothing equals the art with
which they conſtruct their dwellings. They chufe a level piece
of ground, with a ſmall rivulet running through it. This they
form into a pond, by making a dam acroſs; firſt, by driving into
the ground ftakes five or ſix feet long, placed in rows, wattling
each row with pliant twigs, and filling the interſtices with clay,
ramming it down cloſe. The fide neareſt to the water is ſoped;
the other perpendicular. The bottom is from ten to twelve feet
thick ; but the thickneſs gradually diminiſhes to the top, which
is about two or three. The length of theſe dams is ſometimes
not leſs than a hundred feet.
MANNERS.
a
a
a
Martine’s Katechiſm, Natur, ii. 143.
Their

B E A V E R.
385
a
Their houſes are made in the water collected by means of the
dam, and are placed near the edge of the ſhore. They are built
on piles ; are either round or oval; but the tops are vaulted; fo
that their infide reſembles an oven, the top a dome. The walls
are two feet thick; made of earth, ſtones, and ſticks, moſt arti-
ficially laid together; and the walls within as neatly plaiſtered
as if with a trowel. In each houſe are two openings; one into the
water, the other towards the land. The height of theſe houſes
above the water is eight feet. They often make two or three
ſtories in each dwelling, for the convenience of change, in caſe
of floods. Each houſe contains from two to thirty beavers; and
the number of houſes in each pond is from ten to twenty-five.
Each beaver forms its bed of moſs; and each family forms its
magazine of winter proviſion, which conſiſts of bark and boughs
of trees.
This they lodge under water, and fetch it into their
apartments as their wants require. Lawſon ſays they are fondeft
of the saſſafras, aſh, and ſweet-gum. Their ſummer food is
leaves, fruits, and ſometimes crabs and craw-fiſh; but they are not
fond of fiſh.
To effect theſe works, a community of two or three hundred
aſſembles; each bears his ſhare in the labor: fome fall, by gnaw-
ing with their teeth, trees of great ſize, to form beams or piles ;
theſe are gnawed all round in as regular a manner as a cutter cuts
in falling a tree, bringing the bottom of the wood to a point *:
others roll the pieces along to the water ; others dive, and with
their feet fcrape holes, in order to place them in; while others
* This will be beſt underſtood by inſpecting the ſpecimens in the LEVERIAN
MUSEUM
3D
exert

386
BE A V E R.
a
exert their efforts to rear them in their proper places: another
party is employed in collecting twigs, to wattle the piles with;
a third, in collecting earth, ftones, and clay; a fourth is buſied in
beating and tempering the mortar; others, in carrying it on their
broad tails to proper places, and with the ſame inſtrument ram it
between the piles, or plaifter the inſide of their houſes. A cer-
tain number of ſmart ſtrokes with their tail, is a ſignal given by
the overſeer, for repairing to ſuch or ſuch places, either for mend-
ing any defects, or at the approach of an enemy; and the whole
ſociety attend to it with the utmoſt affiduity. Their time of
building is early in the ſummer; for in winter they never ftir but
to their magazines of proviſions, and during that ſeaſon are very
fat. They breed once a year, and bring forth, the latter end of
the winter, two or three young at a birth.
Beſides theſe aſſociated beavers, is another fort, which are
called Terriers; which either want induſtry or fagacity to form
houſes like the others. They burrow in the banks of rivers,
making their holes beneath the freezing depth of the water, and
work
up
for a great number of feet. Theſe alſo form their win-
ter ſtock of proviſion.
Beavers vary in their colors: the fineſt are black; but the ge-
neral color is a cheſnut brown, more or leſs dark : fome have
been found, but very rarely, white; others ſpotted : both varie-
ties are preſerved in the LEVERIAN MUSEUM. The ſkins are a
prodigious article of trade; being the foundation of the hat-ma-
nufactory. In 1763 were fold, in a ſingle ſale of the Hudſon's
Bay Company, 54,670 ſkins. They are diſtinguiſhed by different
names.
Coat Beaver is what has been worn as coverlets by the
Indians. Parchment Beaver, becauſe the lower fide reſembles it.
Stage

BE A V E R.
387
*
reum
Stage Beaver is the worſt, and is that which the Indians kill out
of ſeaſon, on their ſtages or journies. The valuable drug Caſto-
is taken from the inguinal glands of theſe animals. The
antients had a notion it was lodged in the teſticles, and that the
animal, when hard preſſed, would bite them off, and leave them
to its purſuers, as if conſcious of what they wanted to deſtroy
him for.
Imitatus Caftora, qui ſe
Eunuchum ipfe facit, cupiens evadere damno
Tefticulorum.
JUVENAL, xii. 34.
Juſt as the Beaver, that wiſe thinking brute,
Who, when hard hunted on a cloſe purſuit,
Bites off the parts, the cauſe of all the ſtrife,
And leaves them as a ranſom for his life.
DRYDEN.
• The Ruffian Caſtoreum is ſo much better than the American, that we give
two guineas a pound for that, and only 8s. 6d. for the laſt; the firſt being leſs
waxy, and pulveriſes readier. Notwithſtanding we take this drug from Ruſia,
we export there vaſt numbers of Beaver ſkins. The fleſh is reckoned good eat-
ing, being preſerved, after the bones are taken out, by drying it in the ſmoke.
MS. hift. Hudſon's Bay.
3 D 2
Muffaſcus.

388
BE A V E R.
252. Musk.
Muffaſcus. Emith's Virginin, 27,
Caftor cauda verticaliter plana, digitis
Mufquafh. Fofelyn's voy. New Eng- omnibus a fe invicem ſeparatis. Briſ-
land, 86.
fon quad. 93
Muſk Rat. Lawſon Carolina, 120. L'Ondatra. De Buffon, x. i. tab. i.
Caftor Zibethicus. C.cauda longa com- Rat Muſquè. Charlevoix Nouv. France,
preſſo-lanceolata, pedibus fiſlis. Lin.
V. 157. Leſcerbot N. Fr. 350. Lev.
v
Tyft. 79
Mus.
B.
with a thick blunt noſe: ears ſhort, and almoſt hid in the
fur: eyes large : toes on each foot feparated; thoſe behind
fringed on each ſide with ſtrong hairs, cloſely fet together : tail
compreſſed fideways, and very thin at the edges, covered with
fmall ſcales, intermixed with a few hairs : color of the head and
body a reddiſh brown: breaſt and belly aſh-color, tinged with
red: the fur very fine : length, from noſe to tail, one foot; of
the tail, nine inches: in the form of its body, exactly reſembles
a beaver.
Inhabits North America: breeds three or four times in a year *,
and brings from three to fix young at a time: during ſummer,
the male and female confort together: at approach of winter,
unite in families, and retire into ſmall round edifices, covered
with a dome, formed of herbs and reeds cemented with clay : at:
the bottom are ſeveral pipes, through which they paſs in ſearch
of food; for they do not form magazines like the beavers: dur-
ing winter, their habitations are covered many feet deep with
ſnow and ice; but they creep out and feed on the roots that lie
beneath they quit their old habitations annually, and build new
• MS. hift. Hudſon's Bay.
ones.

BE A V E R.
389
a
ones. The für is ſoft, and much eſteemed: the whole animal,
during ſummer, has a moſt exquiſite muſky ſmell; which it loſes
in winter : perhaps the ſcent is derived from the Calamus Aro-
maticus, a favorite food of this animal. Leſcarbot fays they are
very good to eat.
Two

390
POR CU PIN E.
XXVII.
PORCUPINE.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Body covered with long, hard, and ſharp quils.
Upper lip divided.
253, Crested.
Ysgig. Ariftot. hift. An. lib. i. c. 6. Op- Hyſtrix criſtata. H. palmis tetradacty-
pian Cyneg. iii. 391.
lis, plantis pentadactylis, capite criſ-
Hyſtrix. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 35. Gefner tato, cauda abbreviata. Lin. Syft. 76.
quad. 563. Raii fyn. quad. 206. Haſelg: ift. itin. 290.
Acanthion criſtatus. Klein quad. 66. Hyſtrix capite criſtato. Briffon quad. 85.
Hyſtrix orientalis criſtata. Seb. Muf. i. Le Porc-epic. De Buffon, xii. 402. tab.
li. lii. Faunul. Sinens,
79. tab. 1.
P.with
a long creft on the top of the head, reclining backwards,
formed of ftiff briſtles: the body covered with long quils;
thoſe on the hind part of the body nine inches in length, very ſharp
at the ends, varied with black and white; between the quils a few
hairs : the head, belly, and legs, are covered with ſtrong briſtles,
terminated with ſoft hair, of a duſky color: the whiſkers long:
ears like the human : four toes before, five behind : tail ſhort,
and covered with quils: length, from noſe to tail, two feet; tail,
four inches.
Inhabits India, the fand-hills on the S. W. of the Caſpian ſea,
ſouthern Tartary, Perſia, and Paleſtine, and all parts of Africa : is
found wild in Italy; but is not originally a native of * Europe :
is brought into the markets of Rome, where it is eat f. The
Italian porcupines have ſhorter quills, and a leſſer creſt, than thoſe
* Agricola An. Subt. 486.
+ Ray's Travels, i. 311. Ph. Tr. abridg. v. 147.
of

POR CUP N E.
391
of Aſia and Africa : is an harmleſs animal : lives on fruits, roots,
and vegetables : ſleeps by day, feeds by night : the report of its
darting its quils fabulous : when angry, retires and runs its noſe
into a corner, erects its ſpines, and oppoſes them to its affailant :
makes a ſnorting noiſe.
Theſe animals produce a Bezoar; but, according to Seba, only
thoſe which inhabit Java, Sumatra, and Malacca. He has given
the figure of one, under the name of Porcus aculeatus, ſeu Hyſtrix
Malaccenſis : it differs little from the African and Indian kind, and
is allowed by him to be the ſame ſpecies *. Theſe Bezoars were
very highly valued, and have been fold for five hundred crowns
apiece. It has alſo been pretended that a ſtone was procured
from the head of this animal, infinitely more efficacious than
other Bezoars ; but this may be placed among the many impo-
fitions of oriental empirics.
:
254 Long-
TAILED
Porcus aculeatus fylveftris, feu Hyſtrix Hyſtrix cauda longiſſima, aculeis undi-
orientalis fingularis. Seb. Muf. i. 84. que obfita, in extremo panniculata.
tab. lii.
Brilon quad. 89.
Acanthion cauda prælonga, acutis pilis Hyſtrix macroura. H. pedibus penta-
horrida, in exitu quafi panniculata. dactylis, cauda longifima: aculeis
Klein quad. 67.
clavatis. Lin. Syf. 77.
P.
with long whiſkers : ſhort naked ears : large bright eyes:
body ſhort and thick, covered with long ſtiff hairs as ſharp
as needles, of different colors, according as the rays of light fall
* Seb. Muf. i. 81. tab. li. If the fame ſpecies, it varies from the common
kind, having five toes on each foot, pendulous ears, and no creſt. Linnæus ranks
it with the hedgehogs, under the title of Erinaceus Malaccenfis. Esauribus pendulis:
+ Tavernier, ii. 154.
10
on

392
P O R CUP I N E.
a
on them : feet divided into five toes; that which ſerves as a
thumb turns backwards : the tail is as long as the body, very
flender to the end, which conſiſts of a thick tuft: the briſtles ap-
pearing as if jointed; are thick in the middle, and riſe one out
of the other like grains of rice; are tranſparent, and of a ſilvery
appearance.
Inhabits the iſles of the Indian Archipelago, and lives in the
foreſts.
255. BRASILIAN. Tlaquatzin. Hernandez, Mex. 330.
feminuda. Lin. Syf. 76.
Cuandu. Braſilienſibus, Lufitanis. H. cauda longiffima, tenui, medietate
Ourico cachiero. Marcgrave Brafil, extrema aculeorum experte, 87.
233. Piſo Braſil, 99. 325.
H. Americanus major, 88.
Iron Pig. Nieuhoff, 17.
Hyſtrix longius caudatus, brevioribus
Hyſtrix Americanus. Raii ſyn. quad. aculeis. Barrere France Æquin. 153.
208.
Hyſtrix minor leucophæus, Gouandou.
Hyſtrix prehenſilis. H. pedibus tetra- ibid.
dactylis, cauda elongata prehenfili Chat epineux. Des Marchais, iii. 303.
P. a ,
with a ſhort blunt noſe: long white whiſkers : beneath the
noſe a bed of ſmall ſpines: top of the head, back, fides, and
baſe of the tail, covered with ſpines; the longeſt, on the lower
part of the back and tail, are three inches in length, very ſharpy
white, barred near their points with black; adhere cloſely to the
ſkin, which is quite naked between them ; are ſhorter and weaker
as they approach the belly: on the breaſt, belly, and lower part
of the legs, are converted into dark-brown briſtles: feet divided
into four toes: claws very long; on the place of the thumb a
great protuberance : tail eighteen inches long, ſlender, and taper
towards the end ; the laſt ten inches is almoſt naked, having
3
only
OTRE

XLI.
P.392
I
TI
I BRASILIAN PORCUPINE N° 255.
II QUEBEC MARMOT Nº259.


POR CUP I N E.
393
:
only a few hairs on it; has, for that length, a ſtrong prehenfile
quality.
Inhabits Mexico and Braſil: lives in the woods : preys not only
on fruits, but poultry : fleeps in the day, preys by night: makes
a noiſe with its noſtrils as if out of breath: grunts like a fow *
grows very fat: its fleſh white, and very good : climbs trees,
but very ſlowly; in deſcending, twiſts its tail round the branches,
for fear of falling : is no more capable of ſhooting its quils than
the firſt: may be tamed. Piſo ſays there is a greater and leffer
kind.
This fpecies is very rarely brought into Europe. I had op-
portunity of deſcribing it from a ſpecimen fome time in pof-
ſeſſion of Mr. Greenwood; who was ſo obliging as to permit me
to have a drawing made of it, from which a very faithful figure
is here given. M. de Buffon + has made mention of this animal
in his work ; but unjuſtly reproaches Marcgrave with confound-
it with the Mexican ſpecies.
Hoitzlacuatzin, feu Tlacuatzin fpino-
ſus, Hyſtrix novæ Hifpaniæ. Her-
nandez Mex. 322.
Hyſtrix novæ Hiſpaniæ. H. aculeis ap-
parentibus, cauda brevi et craffo. 256. Mexican:
Brilon quad. 86.
Le coendou. De Buffon, xii. 421. tab.
liv.
а
P. of a duſky color
, with very long briſtles intermixed with the
down: the ſpines three inches long, ſender, and varied
with white and yellow; ſcarcely apparent, except on the tail,
* Vocem edit ut Sus, iii. Marcgrave, 233.
+ Under the name of Le Coendou, xii. 421. tab. liv.
3 E
which

394
P O R CU PIN E.
SIZE.
which is, according to Hernandez, thicker and ſhorter than that of
the preceding ſpecies. He adds, that the tail, from the middle
to the end, is free from ſpines.
According to Hernandez, it grows to the bulk of a middle-
fized dog. M. de Buffon ſays, its length is fixteen or ſeventeen
inches from the noſe to the tail; the tail nine, French meaſure, but
taken from a mutilated ſkin.
Inhabits the mountains of Mexico : lives on the ſummer fruits,
and may be eaſily made tame. The Indians pulveriſe the quils,
and ſay they are very efficacious in gravelly caſes; and, applied
whole to the forehead, will relieve the moſt violent head-ach.
They adhere till filled with blood, and then drop off.
a
PLACE.
357. CANADA. Porcupine from Hudſon's Bay. Edw. ocri, dorſo folo ſpinoſo. Lin. Syft. 76.
52. Ellis's voy. 42. Clerk's voy. i. Hyſtrix aculeis ſub pilis ocultis, cauda
177, 191.
brevi et craffa. Briſon quad. 87.
Cavia Hudſonis. Klein quad. 51. L'Urfon. De Buffon, xii. 426. tab. lv.
Hyſtrix dorſata, H. palmis tetradacty- Lev. Mus.
lis, plantis pentadactylis, cauda medi-
P. with ſhort ears, hid in the fur: head, body, legs, and up-
per part of the tail, covered with ſoft, long, dark brown
hair : on the upper part of the head, back, body, and tail, num-
bers of ſharp ſtrong quils; the longeſt on the back, the left to-
wards the head and fides; the longeſt three inches; but all ane
hid in the hair : intermixed, are ſome ſtiff ftraggling hairs, thr
inches longer than the reſt, tipt with dirty white : under ſide of
the tail white : four toes on the fore feet, five behind, each,
armed with long claws, hollowed on their under ſide: the form
of the body is exactly that of a beaver ; but is not half the ſize :
10
one

POR CU P I N E.
395
a
PLACE.
one, which Mr. Banks brought from Newfoundland, was about
the ſize of a hare, but more compactly made : the tail about fix
inches long.
Theſe animals vary in color. Sir Afton Lever has one, which
is entirely white.
Inhabits N. America, as high as Hudſon's Bay : makes its neſt
under the roots of great trees, and will alſo climb among the
boughs, which the Indians cut down when one is in them, and
kill the animal by ſtriking it over the noſe: are very plentiful
near Hudſon's Bay, and many of the trading Indians depend on
them for food, eſteeming them both wholeſome and pleaſant :
feed on wild fruits and bark of trees, eſpecially juniper : eat
ſnow in winter, drink water in ſummer ; but avoid going into
it: when they cannot avoid their purſuer, will fidle towards
him, in order to touch him with the quils, which ſeem but weak
weapons of offence; for, on ſtroking the hair, they will come
out of the ſkin, ſticking to the hand. The Indians ſtick them
in their noſes and ears, to make holes for the placing their
ear-rings and other finery: they alſo trim the edges of their
deer-ſkin habits with fringes made of the quils, or cover with
them their bark-boxes.
3 E 2
Two

396
M A R M O T.
XXXI.
MARMOT.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Short ears, or none.
Tail covered with hair, and of a middling length; in ſome
very ſhort.
258. ALPINE.
Mus Alpinus. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 37
Agricola An. Subter. 484. Gefner quad.
743. Raii fyn. quad. 221.
Glis marmota. Klein quad. 56. Hift.
Mur. Alp. 230
Murmelthier. Kramer Auftr. 317.
Mus marmota. M. cauda abbreviata
ſubpilofa, auriculis rotundatis, buc
cis gibbis. Lin. Syft. 81.
Glis pilis e fuſco et flavicante mixtis
veftitus. Glis flavicans, capite rufef-
cente. Briſon quad. 116, 117.
La Marmotte. De Buffon, viii. 219.
tab. xxviii.
PLACE,
M. with phort round ears, hid in the fur: cheeks large : color
,
of the head and upper part of the body browniſh aſh,
mixt with tawny : legs and lower part of the body reddiſh : tail
pretty full of hair : length, from noſe to tail, about ſixteen inches;
tail fix : body thick,
Inhabits the loftieft fummits of the Alps and Pyrenæan moun-
tains : feeds on inſects, roots, and vegetables : while they are
at food, place a centinel, who gives a whiſtle on ſeeing any ſign
of danger, on which they inſtantly retire into their holes : form
holes under ground, with three chambers of the ſhape of a Y,
with two entrances ; line them well with moſs and hay; retire
into them about Michaelmas, and, ſtopping up the entrances
with earth, continue in a torpid ſtate till April: when taken out
remain inſenſible, except brought before a fire, which revives.
them.
a
2

M A R M 0 T.
397
a
a
them : they lodge in ſociety, from five to a dozen in a chamber :
will walk on their hind feet : lift up their meat to their mouth
with their fore feet, and eat it fitting up: bring three or four
young at a time: are very playful: when angry, or before a
ſtorm, make a moft ſtrange noiſe; a whiſtle ſo loud and ſo acute,
as quite to pierce the ear: grow very fat about the backs: are
fometimes eaten; but generally taken in order to be ſhewn, eſpe-
cially by the Savoyards : grow very ſoon tame, and will then eat
any thing: are very fond of milk, which they lap, making at
the ſame time a' murmuring noiſe, expreſſive of their ſatisfaction :
very apt to gnaw any cloaths or linen they find : will bite very
hard.
259. QUEBEC
M.
with a blunt noſe : fhort rounded ears : cheeks puffed,
: :
and of a grey color : face duſky :: noſe black: hair on
the back grey at bottom, black in the middle, and the tips
whitiſh : belly and legs of an orange-color: toes black, naked,
and quite divided; four, and the rudiments of another, on the
fore feet; five behind : tail ſhort, and of a duſky color: was ra-
ther larger than a rabbet.
Inhabits Hudſon's Bay and Canada. Mr. Brooks had one alive
a few years ago ; it was very tame, and made a hilling noiſe :
perhaps is the ſpecies which the French of Canada call Siffleur.
It has lately been deſcribed by Dr. Pallas, under the name of
Mus empetra *
PLACE,
* Novo sp. quadr. fafc. i. 75.
Bahama

398
M A R M O T.
e
260. MARYLAND. Bahama Cony. Cateſby Carolina, ii. 79. Glis fuſcus. Glis fufcus, roftro e cinereo
.
Monax. Cateſby Carolina App. xxviii.
cæruleſcente. Briffon quad. 115.
Monax, or Marmotte of America. Edw. Mus Monax. M. cauda mediocri pi-
104.
lofa, corpore cinereo, auriculis fub-
Glis Marmota, Americanus. Klein quad. rotundis, palmis tetradactylis, plan-
56. De Buffon, Suppl. iii. 175. tis pentadactylis. "Lin. Syft. 81.
a
:
a
M.
with ſhort rounded ears: black prominent eyes : noſe
ſharper than that of the laſt : noſe and cheeks of a blueiſh
alh-color: back of a deep brown color : fides and belly paler :
tail half the length of the body, covered with pretty long duſky
hair: toes divided, and armed with ſharp claws: four toes before,
five behind : feet and legs black : is about the ſize of a rabbet.
Inhabits Virginia and Penſylvania : during winter ſleeps under
the hollow roots of trees : is found alſo in the Bahama iſles :
lives on wild fruits and other vegetables : its fleſh is very good,
tafting like that of a pig: when ſurprized, retreats to holes in the
rocks : whether it ſleeps, during winter, in the climate of thoſe
ifles, is not mentioned.
PLACE.
:
261. HOARY.
3
M. with the tip of the noſe black: ears ſhort and oval :
cheeks whitiſh: crown duſky and tawny : hair univerſally
rude and long; that on the back, fides, and belly cinereous at the
root, black in the middle, whitiſh at the tip, ſo that the ani-
mal has a hoary appearance : legs black: claws duſky; four be-
fore, five behind : tail black, mixed with ruft-color,
About the ſize of the former.
Inhabits

M A R M O T.
399
Inhabits the northern parts of North America. Deſcribed from
a ſpecimen in the Leverian MUSEUM.
26z. BOBUK
Bobak Swiftch. Rzaczinſki Polon. 233. Sogur. Rubruquis's Travels in Purchas.
Bobak. Beauplan. hift. Ukrain, Chur- lii. 6.
chill's coll. i. 600. Forſter's hift. Arctomys. Pallas nov. sp. fafc. i. 9.
Volga, Phil. Tranſ. lvii. 343. De
tab. V.
Buffon, xiii. 136. tab. xyiii.
Size,
M. with ſmall oval thick ears
, covered with greyiſh white
down; with longiſh hairs on the edges : eyes ſmall :
whiſkers ſmall: color about the eyes and noſe duſky brown ;
among the whiſkers ferruginous : upper part of the body greyiſh,
intermixed with long black or duſky hairs, tipt with grey:
throat ruft-colored : reſt of the body, and the inſide of the limbs,
of a yellowilh ruft-color: four toes on the fore feet, with a ſhort
thumb furniſhed with a ſtrong claw : five toes behind : tail ſhort,
fender, full of hair.
Length from nofe to tail fixteen inches ; of the trunk of the
tail, about four: the hairs extend an inch beyond the end of the
trunk.
Inhabits the high but milder and funny ſides of mountanous
countries, which abound with fillil or free-ſtone rocks : ſeek dry
ſituations, and ſuch which are full of ſprings, woods, or fand.
They are found in Poland, and the ſouth of Ruſſia, among the
Carpathian hills; they ſwarm in the Ukraine, about the Boriſthenes,
eſpecially between the Sula and Supoy; and again between the
Boriſthenes and the Don, and along the range of hills which ex-
tend to the Volga ; they are found about the Yaik and other
neighboring
PLACE.

400
M A R M O T.
MANNERS.
neighboring rivers. Inhabit the ſouthern deſert in Great Tar-
tary, and the Altaic mountains eaſt of the Irtis ; ceaſe to appear
in Sibiria, on account of its northern ſituation, but are found
again beyond lake Baikal, and about the river Argun and lake
Dalay; in the funny mountains about the Lena; and very com-
mon in Kamtſchatka, but rarely reach as high as lat. 55.
They burrow extremely deep, and obliquely, to the depth of two
three, or four yards : they form numbers of galleries with one
common entrance from the ſurface ; each gallery ends in the neſt
of the inhabitant. Sometimes the burrows conſiſt of only one
paffage. They are found in great abundance about the ſepul-
chral tumuli, as they find they can penetrate with great facility
in the ſoft dry earth ; but they are very common in the rocky
ſtrata; and in the mineral part of the Urallian chain, often direct
the miners to the veins of copper, by the fragments which ap-
pear at the mouth of their holes, Aung out in the courſe of their
labors. In very hard and rocky places, from twenty to forty of
theſe animals join together to facilitate the work, and live in fo-
ciety, each with its neſt at the end of its reſpective gallery ; but
the feweſt galleries are found in the ſofteſt ground, and very fre-
quently only a ſingle one. In each neſt they collect, eſpecially
towards autumn, the fineſt of hay, and in ſuch plenty, that fuffi-
cient is found in one neft for a night's food for a horſe.
During the middle and funny part of the day they ſport about
the entrance of their holes, but ſeldom go far from them; on
the fight of man they retire with a ſlow pace, and fit upright
near the mouth, and give a frequent whiſtle, liſtening at the ap-
proach. In places where they live in large families, they al-
ways
a

M A R M O T.
401
a
ways place a centinel to give notice of any danger, during the
time the reſt are feeding.
They are very fond of oleraceous plants: in a ſtate of confine-
ment eat cabbage and bread very greedily, and drink milk with
great eagerneſs; but refuſe water, and ſeem never affected with
thirſt: they are mild and good-natured; never quarrel or fight
about their food in a wild ſtate, and when confined, and placed
with others, caught in diſtant parts, and ſtrangers to them, grow
inſtantly familiar with them : they very foon become tame, even
when taken in full age; but the young immediately become fa-
miliar.
The number produced at a birth is not certainly known, pro-
bably at times eight; the females being furniſhed with that
number of teats: they breed early, for in June the young are
obſerved to be of half the ſize of the old.
They lie torpid during winter, except thoſe which are kept
tame in the ſtove-warmed rooms of the country; and even then,
finding a defect of that warmth which the ſnug neſt of their ſub-
terraneous retreat would afford, in cold nights creep for ſhelter
into the very beds of the inhabitants. In that ſtate they will
not abſolutely refuſe food, but eat very little, and that with a
ſeeming diſguſt; nature allotting for them, in the wild ſtate, a
long ſleep and ceſſation from food, the reſult of plenitude pre-
vious to its commencement. They ſometimes eſcape from con-
finement, find a retreat, and get their winter's ſleep, and return
to their maſter in the ſpring; but loſe much of their gentle
manners.
They grow very fat: the fat is uſed for ſoftening of leather :
the ſkins are uſed by the Koreki, people of Jakutks, and the Ruf-
3 F
fians,

402
Μ Α R Μ Ο Τ.
a
fians, for cloathing. The Calmucs take them in ſmall nets with
large meſhes, placed before their holes. The inhabitants of
Ukraine catch them in May or June, by pouring water into the
holes, which forces them into the nets, In South Ruſſia they are
deſtroyed by means of a log of wood with a weight at top; the
end directed into a wooden box placed at the mouth of the hole,
which falls as ſoon as the animal comes out, and oppreſſes it by
the weight. Their fleſh taſtes like that of a hare, but is rank.
The Calmucs are very fond of the fat ones, and even eſteem them
medicinally : on the contrary, the Mahometan Tartars not only
abſtain from their fleſh, but even give them protection ; fo that
near the hords they are extremely numerous: theſe Tartars eſteem
a warren of Bobucks near them to be very fortunate, and think
it a fin to kill one of them, a ſwallow, or a dove; but at the
ſame time abominate the following animal.
In Chineſe Tartary they are the propagators of Rhubarb, which
grows among their burrows: the manure which they leave about
the roots contributes to its increaſe; and the looſe foil they fing
up, proves a bed for the ripe ſeed; which, if ſcattered among the
long graſs, periſhes without ever being able to reach the ground
3
Mus


XLII.
P.403
I
I
0
II
Az
IEARLESS MARMOT N°263. I LEMMUS N°317
TI JERBOA NO291.

M A R M O T.
403
263. EARL856.
Mus Noricus aut Citellus. Agricola An. Le Ziſel. De Buffon, xv. 139.
Subter. 485. Gefner quad. 737. Raii Le Souſlik
144. 195. Supplem. iii.
fyn. quad, 220.
191. tab. xxxi.
Zieſel. Schwenkfelt. Theriotroph. 86. Mus Marmotta. Forſter hift. nat. Volgæ.
Mus citellus. M. cauda abbreviata, cor- Ph. Tranf. lvii. 343.
pore cinereo, auriculis nullis. Lin. Mus Citillus. Pallas nov. Sp. fafc. i.
Syf. 8o.
119.
tab. vi. vii. B. Nov. com. Pe-
Tfitſjan. Le Brun voy. Muſc. ii. 402 *. trop. xiv. 549. tab. vii.
Cuniculus caudatus, auriculis nullis, Earlets Marmot. Syn. quad. 276. Ca-
cinereus. Briſon quad. 101.
San M.
273
-
M.with a cinereous face: over each eye a white
line : teeth
:
yellow: whiſkers black and long: no ears: hind part of
the head, and whole back, of a pale yellowiſh brown; often dif-
tinctly ſpotted with white; ſometimes undulated with grey: un-
der ſide of the body, and legs, of a yellowiſh white.
Tail covered with long hair ; brown above, bordered with
black on each ſide ; each hair tipped with white: under
part
of
a bright ruſt-color: three middle toes of the fore feet long :
claws long and ſharp: exterior and interior toes ſhort; the laft
remote from the others : its claws ſhort and blunt.
Length one foot; of the tail, to the end of the hairs, four
inches and a half,
Inhabits Bohemia, Auſtria, Hungary, and from the banks of the
Size:
a
* Un chien courant que j'avois, y prit dans la plaine un petit animal nommé
Zits-jan, qu'il m'apporta en vie, et un autre peu après, leſquels je fis 'eventrer,
pour
les conſerver. C'eſt un eſpece de rat de campagne, de la groſſeur d'un
écureuil, qui a la queuë courte, et le poil et la couleur d'un lapreau, auſſi bien
que la forme, hors qu'il a la tête plus groſſe, et les deux dents de deffous la
moitié plus longues que celles de deſfus. Il a aufli les pattes de devant plus
courtes que celles de derriere, avec quatre grifes, et une plus petite, et cinque à
celles de derriere, reſſemblant aſſez à celles d'un ſinge.
3 F 2
Volga
e autant : TOUSAM 22.
SAL

407
M A R M O T.
Volga to India and Perfia; through Sibiria, and Great Tartary, to
Komtſchatka * ; ſome of the intervening iſles, ſuch as Kadjak; and
even the continent of America itfelf.
Burrows, and forms its magazine of corn, nuts, &c. for its win-
ter food t: fits up like a ſquirrel while it eats: fome inhabit the
fields in Sibiria, others penetrate into the granaries; the firſt form
holes under ground, with a double entrance, where they ſleep
during winter: thoſe which inhabit granaries, are in motion dur-
ing the cold ſeaſon. They couple the beginning of May, about
the Lena, but about Aſtracan earlier, and bring from five to eight
young, which they bring up in their burrows, and cover with
hay: only one animal inhabits each burrow : the females are al-
ways ſeparate from the males, except in the coupling ſeaſon ::
whiſtle like the marmot: are very iraſcible; quarrelſome among
themſelves, and bite very hard : fit in multitudes near their holes :
are very fond of falt: taken in numbers on board the barges
which are loaden with that commodity at Solikamſky, and fall
down into the Volga below Caſan.
Are both herbivorous and carnivorous ; feed on plants, and
deſtroy the young of ſmall birds, and the leffer mice.
The Bohemian ladies were wont to make cloaks of the ſkins ;
we ſee them at this time made uſe of for linings, and appear very
beautiful for that purpoſe.
* Yevraſhka, or Marmotte minor. Gmelin, voy, Sibiria, ii. 448.
+ Raii fyn. quad. 220.
M, with
ht

M A R M O T.
405
:
M with truncated ears, the apertures large : ſhort tail: upper 264. Gundi.
fore teeth truncated ; lower, ſlender and pointed : four
toes on every foot, each furniſhed with claws: walks on the whole
hind feet as far as the heel : color, teſtaceous red.
Size of a ſmall rabbet.
Inhabits Barbary towards Mount Atlas, near Maſufin. Deſcribed
by the late Mr. Rohtman, a Swede. This account was communi-
cated to me by Mr. Zimmerman. Gundi is its Arabic name,
which I retain.
a
a
a
M.with ſhort ears : head and body of a cinereous brown: the 265. Tailles
ends of the hairs white: two cutting teeth above; four
below: no tail.
Inhabits Hudſon's Bay. In the LEVERIAN. Museum
With

406
SQUIRRE L.
XXX.
SQUIRREL
With two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Long tail, cloathed with long hair.
266. COMMON.
Sciurus. Gefner quad. 845. Raii fyn. pentadactylis. Lin. Lyft. 86.
quad. 214
Ikorn, Graſkin. Faun, fuec. Nº
37.
Wiewiorka. Rzaczinſki Polon. 225. Sciurus rufus quandoque griſeo admix-
Eichhorn. Klein quad. 53.
to. Brilon quad. 104.
Sciurus vulgaris. Sc. auriculis apice L'Ecureuil. De Buffon, vii. 258. tab.
barbatis, palmis tetradactylis, plantis xxxii. Br. Zool. i. 93. Lev. Mus.
with ears terminated with long tufts of hair : large lively
black eyes: head, body, legs, and tail, of a bright reddith
brown: breaſt and belly white : hair on each ſide the tail lies
flat. In Sweden and Lapland * changes in winter into grey. In
many parts of England is a beautiful variety with milk-white
tails.
Inhabits Europe; the northern and temperate parts of Aſia ; and
a variety is even found as far fouth as the iſle of Ceylon : is a neat,
lively, active animal: lives always in woods : in the ſpring, the
female is ſeen purſued from tree to tree by the males, feigning an
eſcape from their embraces. Makes its neſt of moſs and dried
leaves, between the fork of two branches: brings three or four
young at a time: has two holes to its neft : ftops up that on the
ſide the wind blows, as Pliny t juftly remarks: lays in a hoard of
a
* Faun. Juec.-and Scheffer Lapl. 135.
+ Lib, viii. c. 38.
winter

S. QUI RREL.
407
winter proviſion, ſuch as nuts, acorns, &c. : in ſummer, feeds on
buds and young ſhoots : is particularly fond of thoſe of fir, and
the young cones: ſits up to eat, and uſes its fore-feet as hands :
covers itſelf with its tail : leaps to a ſurpriſing diſtance: when
diſpoſed to croſs a river, a piece of bark is its boat; its tail the
fail *.
A large kind of grey ſquirrel is found about the upper parts of
the river Obi, in the diſtrict of Kuznetſk, and is called Teleutſkaya
Belka, or the ſquirrel of the Teleutian Tartars : it is as large again
as the common grey ſquirrels of thoſe parts, and is preferred to
them, on account of the filvery glofs of the ſkin. Few are ſent
into Ruſia, the greateſt part being ſent into China, and fell for 61.
or 71. ſterling per thouſand †:
A.white variety is found common in Sibiria.
A beautiful black variety about lake Baikal. In the LEVE--
RIAN Museum is a moſt elegant ſpecimen of this kind.
y. WHITE-LEGGED SQUIRREL. The head, whole upper part of
the body, fides, and toes, of a reddiſh brown: face, noſe, un-
der ſide of the neck, belly, fore legs, inſide of the ears and
thighs, white: ears Nightly tufted with black: tail long, co-
vered with duſky hairs, much ſhorter than thoſe in the Euro-
pean kind. Br. Muf.: by the catalogue, ſaid to be brought
from Ceylon.
• Rzaczinſki, Klein, Scheffer, Linnæus.
+: Memorabilia Ruf. Afat. in Muller's Samlung. Ruf. vii. 124.
Sciurus

408
SQUIRREL.
267. Ceylox
Sciurus Zeylanicus pilis in dorfo nigri- Sciurus macrourus, long-tailed Squir-
cantibus Rukkaia dictus a fono. Raii rel. Ind. Zool. tab. i.
fyn. quad. 215.
a
S.
with ears tufted with black : noſe fleſh-colored: cheeks,
legs, and belly, of a pale yellow : between the ears a yel-
low ſpot: forehead, back, fides, haunches, black: cheeks marked
with a bifurcated ſtroke of black; under ſide red : tail twice as
long as the body, of a light grey, and very buſhy : the part next
the body quite ſurrounded with hair : on the reſt the hairs are
ſeparated, and lie flat. Is thrice the ſize of the European ſquirrel.
Inhabits Ceylon ; is called there Dandoelana : alfo Roekea, from
the noiſe it makes.
268. ABESSINIAN,
S.
with a round fleſh-colored noſe: hair on the upper part of
the body of a ruſty black: tail a foot and a half long :
belly and fore feet grey: ſoles of the feet feſh-colored. Thrice
the ſize of an European ſquirrel.
Deſcribed from Thevenot *, who ſays it was bought at Moco
from an Abeſſinian; that it was very good-natured, and ſportive
like a ſquirrel; would eat any thing except fleſh, and would crack
the hardeſt almonds. A variety of the above ?
* Voyage des Indes Orientale, v. 34.
3
S. black

SQUIRRE L.
409
269. JAVAN:
S.
black on the upper part of the body; of a light brown on
• the lower: end of the tail black: on the thumb a round
nail.
This brief account leaves me uncertain whether this is not alſo
a variety
Inhabits Java: diſcovered by Mr. Sparman. Memoirs fociety
at Gothenburgh. Dr. Pallas,
S.
with tufted ears: head, back, fides, upper part of the legs 270. Bombar:
• and thighs, and tail, of a dull purple: the lower part of
the legs and thighs, and the belly, yellow: end of the tail orange :
length, from noſe to tail, near fixteen inches; tail ſeventeen.
Inhabits Bombay. Deſcribed from a ſtuffed ſkin in Doctor Hun.
ter's cabinet.
а
Sciurus Erythræus. Pallas Nov.sp. fafc. i. 377.
271. Repor.
S.
with the ears ſlightly tufted : color above yellow, mixed
with duſky : below of a blood red, inclined to tawny: tail
Nender; of the ſame color, marked lengthways with a black
ſtripe.
Four toes on the fore feet, with a remarkable protuberance in-
ſtead of a thumb: five toes on the hind.
Rather larger in ſize than a common ſquirrel.
Inhabits India.
Grey
3 G

*IO
SQUIRRE L.
272. GREY.
Grey Squirrel. Foſelyn's voy. Cateſby Sciurus cinereus. Lin. Syft. 86.
Carolina, ii. 74.
Smith's voy. 27. Sciurus cinereus. Auriculis ex albo fla-
Kalm's voy. 95, 310,
vicantibus. Briſon quad. 107,
Fox Squirrel. Lawſon's Carolina, 124. Le Petit-Gris. De Buffon, x. 116. tab.
Sciurus cinereus Virginianus major. xxv. Lev. Mus.
Raii ſyn. quad. 215.
а.
S."
with plain ears : hair of a dull grey color, mixed with black,
• and often tinged with dirty yellow : belly and inſides of the
legs white: tail long, buſhy, grey, and ſtriped with black. Size
of a half-grown rabbet.
Inhabits the woods of North America, Peru *, and Chili t; are
very numerous in North America ; do incredible damage to the
plantations of Mayz; run up the ſtalks, and eat the young ears;
deſcend in vaft flocks from the mountains, and join thoſe that in-
habit the lower parts; are proſcribed by the provinces, and a re-
ward of three pence per head for every one that is killed; ſuch a
number was deſtroyed one year, that Penſylvania alone paid in
rewards 8000l, of its currency.
Make their neſts in hollow trees, with moſs, ſtraw, wool, &c.
Feed on the mayz in the ſeaſon, and on pine-cones, acorns, and
maſt of all kinds. Form holes under ground, and there depoſit
a large ſtock of winter proviſion. Deſcend from the trees and
• Chinchilles are ſmall beaſts, like ſquirrels, with wonderfull ſmoothe and ſoft
kins, which they weare as a healthfull thing to comfort the ſtomacke; they
make coverings and rugs of the haire of theſe Chinchilles, which are found on
the Sierre of Peru. Acofta in Purchas's Pilg. iii. 966.
+ Ovalle, in his hiſtory of Chile, ſays, that the grey or aſh-color'd ſquirrels,
of the valley of Guaſco, are valuable for the furs. Churchill's Coll. vol. iii. 44.
viſit

SQUIRRE L:
411
viſit their magazines when in want of meat; are particularly
buſy at the approach of bad weather ; during the cold ſeaſon
keep in their neſts for ſeveral days together; ſeldom leap from
tree to tree, only run up and down the bodies; their hoards often
deſtroyed by ſwine ; when covered with deep ſnow, the ſquirrels
often periſh for want of food; are not eaſily ſhot, nimbly chang-
ing their place, when they ſee the gun levelled; have the actions
of the common ſquirrel ; eaſily tamed; their fleſh eſteemed very
delicate. The furs which are imported under the name of petit-
gris are valuable, and uſed as linings to cloaks.
3
273. BLACK.
Quahtechalotl-thlitic. Hernandez Mex. L'Ecureuil noir. Briſon quad. 105.
582. Fernandez Nov. Hiſp. 8. Sciurus niger. Lin. syſt. 86. Lev. Mus.
Black Squirrel. Cateſby Car. ii. 73.
S.with plain ears : fometimes wholly black, but often marked
with white on the noſe, the neck, or end of the tail : the
tail ſhorter than that of the former : the body equal.
Inhabits the North of Aſia, North America, and Mexico. I
ſhould have placed it as a variety of the laſt ſpecies, did not Mr.
Cateſby expreſsly fay, that it breeds and aſſociates in feparate
troops; is equally numerous with the former ; commits as great
ravages among the Mayz; makes its neſt in the ſame manner,
and forms, like them, magazines for winter food.
B. SQUIRREL, with plain ears : coarſe fur, mixed with dirty white,
and black, but varies to white : throat, and inſide of the legs
and thighs, black : tail much ſhorter than thoſe of ſquirrels
uſually
3 G2

412
SQUIRREL.
uſually are: of a dull yellow color, mixed with black : body
of the ſize of the grey ſquirrel. LEV. Mus.
Inhabits Virginia ; deſcribed from Mr. Knaphan's collection ;
who told me that the planters called it the Cat Squirrel.
274.
Hudson's
BAY.
S.
with plain ears: ſmaller than the European : marked along
the middle of the back with a ferruginous line from head:
to tail: the ſides paler: belly of a pale aſh-color, mottled with
black : tail not ſo long, or ſo full of hair, as the common kind;
of a ferruginous color, barred with black, and towards the end is
a broader band of the ſame color. LEV. Mus.
Inhabits the pine-foreſts about the Bay, and Terra de Labrador...
a
a. CAROLINA * SQUIRREL, with the head, back, and fides grey,
white, and ruft-colored intermixed : belly white, divided from
the colors of the ſides by a ferruginous line: lower part of the
legs red : tail brown, mixed with black, and edged with
white.
Theſe are rather leſſer than the European ſquirrels: vary in
the colors : in moſt the grey predominates.
• Leſſer Grey Squirrel of the old edition..
Quauhtecollotlquapachtli.
***.ga ma exo
stom

XLI
P.412
I
I
TII
الم
I HUDSON'S BAY SQ.Nº 274. II BLACK N:273
TI GREY 19272


SQUIRRE L.
413
Quauhtecollotlquapachtli. Fernandez Nov. Hiſp. 8.
Le Coquallin. De Buffon, xiii. 109. tab. xiii.
275. VARIED
a
S.with plain ears : upper part of the body varied with black,
white, and brown: the belly tawny*: twice the ſize of the
common ſquirrel..
Inhabits Mexico : lives under ground, where it brings forth its
young, and lays in a ſtock of winter, food: lives on Mayz: is.
never to be tamed..
Theſe probably vary in fize: I have ſeen one that ſeemed to
be of this ſpecies, but not ſuperior in ſize to the common ſquir--
rel : the colors were brown, orange, and cinereous: the belly,
orange.
Sciurus flavus. Sc. auriculis fubrotundis, pedibus pentadactylis, corpore luteo.
Lin. Syft. 86. Amen. Acad. i. 561.
276. FAIR..
a
2
with the body and tail of a faxen color: of a very ſmall
• ſize, with plain round ears, and rounded tail.
Inhabits the woods near Amadabad, the capital of Guzarat, in
great abundance, leaping from tree to treet. Linnæus ſays it is
an inhabitant of South America.
• Called by the Indians, Coztiocotequallin, or Yellow Belly.
+ L'Ecureuil blond. Della Valla, p. 84.
Sciurus

114
SQUIRREL.
277. BRASILIAN. Sciurus Braſilienfis ? Marcgrave Bra-
fil, 310.
Sciurus coloris ex flavo et fufco mixti
tæniis in lateribus albis. Briſon quad.
107,
Sciurus æftuans. Sc. griſeus, fubtus
flaveſcens. Lin. Syft. 88.
S. with plain ears, and rounded tail : head, body, and fides,
covered with ſoft duſky hairs, tipt with yellow : tail round-
ed : the hairs annulated with black and yellow : throat cinere-
ous : inſide of the legs, and the belly, yellow : the belly divided
lengthways with a white line; which begins on the breaſt, is
interrupted for a ſmall ſpace in the middle, and is then continued
to the tail : length, from noſe to tail, eight inches one quarter :
tail ten.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana. Mr. Vandeck, captain of a man of
war in the Portugueſe ſervice, who procured them from their ſet-
tlements in S. America, favored me with two.
278. Mexican.
Tlalmototli. Fernandez Nov. Hifp. 9.
Sciurus rariffimus ex Nov, Hiſpania.
Seb. Muf. i. 76. tab. xlvii. fig. 2, 3.
Briſon quad. 108.
S.
of a mouſe-color: the male marked on the back with
ſeven white lines, which extend along the tail; the female,
with only five : the tail of the male divided into four parts at
the end; perhaps accidentally: its ſcrotum pendulous, like a
goat's.
Inhabits New Spain. Seba, in tab. xlviii. fig. 5. has the figure of
-another, of an uniform color, diftinguiſhed alſo by its vaſt ſcrotum.
Muſtela

SQUIRRE L.
415
279. PALM
Muſtela Africana. Clus. Exot. 112. So. palmarum. Se. coloris ex rufo et
Raii ſyn. quad. 216.
nigro mixti, tæniis in dorfo flavi.
Sciurus palmarum. Sc. ſubgriſeus ftriis cantibus. Briffon quad. 109.
tribus flavicantibus, caudaque albo Le Palmifte. De Buffon, x. 126. tab.
nigroque lineata. Lin. Syft. 86.
xxvi.
S.
with plain ears : an obſcure pale yellow ſtripe on the middle
of the back, another on each ſide, a third on each ſide of
the belly; the two laſt at times very faint : reſt of the hair on
the ſides, back, and head, black and red, very clofely mixed;
that on the thighs and legs more red : belly, pale yellow: hair
on the tail does not lie flat; but encircles it; is coarſe, and of a
dirty yellow, barred with black. Authors deſcribe this kind.
with only three ſtripes: this had five, ſo poſſibly they vary.
Governor Loten did me the favor of informing me that it
lived much in the Coco trees, and was very fond of the fury, or
palm-wine, which is procured from the tree; from which it ob-
tained, among the Indians, the name of Suricatsje, or the little
cat of the Sury *
According to Clufius and Mr. Ray, this ſpecies does not erect
its tail like other ſquirrels, but has the faculty of expanding it
ſideways.
• See the proceſs of obtaining this liquor in Rumphius's herbarium Amboinenſe,
vol. i. p. 5. The tree is engraved in tab. i. ii.
:
B. BARBARI.

26
SQUIRREL.
280.
B. BARBARY. Sciurus getulus. Caii Kleir quad. 84. Briſſon quad. 109.
opufc. 77. Gefner quad. 847
Barbarian ſquirrel. Edw 198.
Sc. getulus. Sc. fuſcus ftriis quatuor Le Barbareſque. De Buffon, x. 126
albis longitudinalibus. Lin lyf. 87.
tab. xxvii.
S.
with full black eyes and white orbits : head, body, feet, and
• tail, cinereous, inclining to red : lighteſt on the legs :
fides marked lengthways with two white ſtripes : belly white :
tail buſhy, marked regularly with ſhades of black, one beneath
the other : ſize of the common ſquirrel.
Both theſe ſquirrels inhabit Barbary and other hot countries :
live in trees, eſpecially palms, from which one takes its name.
W. PLANTATE.
ΤΗ!
HIS fpecies reſembles much the common ſquirrel, but is
lighter colored, and has a yellow line extending along the
fides, from leg to leg.
Common in Java and Prince's ifland ; is called by the Malayes,
Ba-djing ; lives much on Plantanes ; is very ſhy; retreats at the
fight of mankind, and clatters over the dry leaves of the Pitang
or Plantanes with vaſt noiſe. It alſo is common on the tamarind
3
trees.
A, with


XIV
P. 417
SAILING SQUIRREL NO 281

S QUI R Ř E L.
417
A. with membranes from fore leg to hind leg.
281. SAILING
Sciurus Sagitta. Sc. hypochondris pro-
lixis volitans, cauda plano-pinnata
lanceolata. Lin. Syft. 88.
Sciurus petauriſta. Pallas Mifcel. Zool.
eximié flaveſcentis ; cute ab anticis
cruribus ad poftica membranæ in
modum extenſa volans. Briſſon quad.
It2.
Le Taguan ou grand Ecureuil volant.
De Buffon, Suppl. iii. 150. tab. xxi.
Muf. Roy. Society.
54. tab. vi.
Sciurus maximus volans, feu felis vo-
lans. Sc. caftanei coloris, in parte
corporis ſuperiore, in inferiore vero
a
a
a
3
S.
with a ſmall rounded head: cloven upper lip: finall blunt
ears: two ſmall warts at the outmoſt corner of each eye,
with hairs growing out of them : neck ſhort: four toes on the
fore feet; and inſtead of a thumb, a ſlender bone, two inches
and a half long, lodged under the lateral membrane, ſerving to
ſtretch it out: from thence to the hind legs extends the mem-
brane, which is broad, and a continuation of the ſkin of the ſides
and belly : the membrane extends along the fore legs, and
ſtretches out near the joint in a winged form : five toes on the
hind feet, and on all the toes ſharp, compreſſed, bent claws : tail
covered with long hairs, difpofed horizontally: color of the head,
body, and tail, a bright bay ; in ſome parts inclining to orange :
breaſt and belly of a yellowiſh white length, from noſe to taily
eighteen inches; tail fifteen.
Inhabits Java t, and others of the Indian iſlands : leaps from
tree to tree as if it flew: will catch hold of the boughs & with
:
* Where there is the ſkin of one in fine preſervation.
+
+ Hamilton's voy. ii. 131.
Sir Edward Michelbourne's voy. in Purchas's Pilgrim. i. 134.
3 H
the

418
SQUIRRE L.
the tail. Differs in fize: that deſcribed by Linnæus was the ſize of
our ſquirrel : that killed by Sir Edward Michelbourne, in one
of the Indian illes, was greater than a hare. Nieuhoff, de-
ſcribes this ſpecies under the name of the Flying Cat, and ſays
the back is black: he has given two very good figures of it ;
one in his frontiſpiece, the other in the page he deſcribes it in *.
282.-SEVERN Ri
VER
S.
Greater Flying Squirrel. Ph. Tr. lxii. 379.
with back and ſides of a deep cinereous color at the bot-
tom; end ferruginous : under ſide of the body of a yel-
lowiſh white; the hair every where long and full: tail covered
with long hairs, diſpoſed in a leſs flat way than thoſe of the Eu-
ropean kind; brown on the upper part, darker at the end, yel-
lowiſh beneath the ſkin: the inſtrument of Aying diſpoſed from
leg to leg; but does not border the fore legs.
Size equal to the European ſquirrel.
Inhabits the ſouthern parts of Hudſon's Bay, about Severna
river. Muf. Roy. Society,
Size.
PLACE.
283. FLYING
Aflapanick. Smith's Virginia, 27. f0f-
ii. 69.
ſelyn's voy. 86. De Laet, 88:
Sciurus volans. Sc. hypochondriis pro-
Sciurus Americanus volans. Raii ſyn. lixis volitans, cauda rotundata. Lin.
quad. 215. Lewfon's Carolina, 124.
Syft. 88.
Cateſby Carolina, ii. 76, 77. Edw. Sciurus volans. Briſon quad. 110. iii.
191. Kalm, i. 321. tab. i. Du Pratz.
i
No. 12. Lev. Mus.
S.
with round naked ears : full black eyes :: a lateral mem-
• brane from fore to hind legs: the fore legs for the moſt
part clear of the membrane : tail with long hairs diſpoſed hori-
Churchill's coll. ii. 354.
zontally,

SQUIRRE L.
419
zontally, longeſt in the middle; and ending in a point : color
above, a browniſh aſh: beneath, white, tinged with yellow.
Much leſs than the common ſquirrel.
Inhabits North America and New Spain * : lives in hollow trees :
neeps in the day : during the night very lively : is gregarious,
numbers being found in one tree : leaps from bough to bough
ſometimes at the diſtance of ten yards : this action improperly
called flying, for the animal cannot go in any other direction
than forward ; and even then cannot keep an even line, but
ſinks conſiderably before it can reach the place it aims at: fen-
fible of this, the ſquirrel mounts the higher, in proportion to the
diſtance it wiſhes to reach : when it would leap, it ſtretches out
the fore legs, and extending the membranes, becomes ſpecifi-
cally lighter than it would otherwiſe be ; and thus is enabled to
ſpring further than other ſquirrels that have not this apparatus.
When numbers leap at a time, they ſeem like leaves blown off
by the wind. Their food the ſame as the other American ſquir-
rels : are eaſily tamed: bring three or four young at a time.
Sciurus Virginianus volans. Seb. Muf. i. tab. xliv. Brifon quad. ü.
Mus volans. Lin. Syft. 85.
284. Hoopis
S. .
and extending like the former from fore to hind leg : red-
diſh above ; cinereous, tinged with yellow, beneath : ears large
and oval.
• Where it is called Quimichpatlan. Fernandez. Nov. Hiſp. 8.
3 H 2
Inhabits

420
S QUIRREL,
Inhabits Virginia, according to Seba; who is the only author
who has deſcribed it. Linnæus's fynonyms, froin Ray and Ed-
wards, erroneous.
FL, SO
No. 13
285: EUROPEAN Mus Ponticus vel Scythicus. Geſner volitans, cauda rotundata. Lin. Syft.
quad. 743.
88.
Sciurus Petauriſta volans. Klein quad. Sciurus Sibiricus volans. Briffon, 110.
54,
Flying ſquirrel. Ph. Tranſ. abr. ix. Le Poulatouche. De Buffon, x. 954
76. tab. v.
tab. xxii:
Sciurus volans. Faun. fuec. No. 38. Quadrupes volatilis Ruſia. Com. acad.
Pallas nov. Sp. fafc. i. 355.
Petrop. y. 218. Lev. Mus.
Sc. volans. Sc. hypochondriis prolixis.
S.
Size.
with nakedi ears, indented on the exterior ſide: full eyes:
eyelids bordered with black: membranes extend to the
very baſe of the fore feet, and form a large wing on the exte-
rior fide: tail full of hair, and round at the end : color of the
upper part of the body a fine grey, like that on a gull's back :
lower part of a pure white.
From noſe to tail four inches and a quarter ; of the tail to the
tip of the hair, five.
Inhabits Finland and Lapland, and the Ruſſian dominions, from
Livonia to the river Kolyma or Kowyma, in the N. E. part of Sie.
biria, and is common in all the mountanous wooded tracts of
that cold region : lives uſually on birch-tree buds and fructifica-
tions, and on the cones of the pines and cedars : is not grega-
rious, and leads a ſolitary life, and wanders about even in wine
ter: lives in hollow trees, and makes its neft in the moſs of birch-
Place.
trees :

SQUIRREL,
421
3
trees : when at reſt, it Alings its tail over its back; but in leapinga,
extends it.
The Germans call it Konige der Grauwerke *, or King of the
Squirrels; the Ruffians, Polatucha, and Letaga ; the Poles, Wieis.
viorka Lataiaca,
NAMES.
. Klein
Two

422
D O R M OU SE.
XXXI.
DORMOUSE
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before : five behind.
Naked ears.
Long tail, covered with hair.
286. STRIPED.
Mouſe ſquirrel. Foſelyn's voy. 86. Sciurus ftriatus. Sc. Alavus ſtriis quin
Ground ſquirrel. Lawſon Carolina, que fufcis longitudinalibus. Lin.lyp.
124. Cateſby Carolina, ii. 75. Edw.
. 87. Klein quad. 53. Pallas nov. Sp.
181. Kalm, i. 322. tab. i.
faſc. i. 378.
Sciurus Lifteri. Raii ſyn. quad. 216. Sciurus Carolinenſis. Briſon quad.
Sciurus minor virgatus. Nov. Com. Pe- Le Suiffe. De Buffon, x. 126. tab.
trop. v. 344.
xxviii. Charlevoix Nouv. France, v.
Boern-doelkie. Le Brun, voy. Moscov. 198. Lev. Mus.
.
ii. 432.
3
PLACE-
D. with plain ears : ridge of the back marked with a black
a
ſtreak: each ſide with a pale yellow ſtripe, bounded
above and below with a line of black : head, body, and tail, of
a reddiſh brown; the tail the darkeſt: breaſt and belly white :
noſe and feet pale red : eyes
full.
Inhabits the north of Aſia, beginning about the river Kama,
and grows more and more frequent in the woody parts of Sibi-
ria ; but found in the greateſt abundance in the foreſts of North
America : they never run up trees except purſued, and find no
other means of eſcaping: they burrow, and form their habitations
under ground with two entrances, that they may get acceſs to the
one, in caſe the other is ſtopped up. Their retreats are formed with
great ſkill, in form of a long gallery, with branches on each ſide,
each of which terminates in an enlarged chamber, as a magazine
Manners.
MAGAZINES.
to

D O R M OU SE.
423
to ſtore their winter proviſion in; in one they lodge the acorns,
in another the mayz, in a third the hickery nuts, and in the laſt,
their favorite food, the chinquapin cheſnut. They very ſeldom
ftir out during winter, at left as long as their proviſions laſt;
but if that fails, they will dig into cellars where apples are kept,
or barns where mayz is ſtored, and do a great deal of miſchief;
but at that time the cat deſtroys great numbers, and is as great
an enemy to them as to mice.
During the mayz harveſt, theſe animals are very buſy in biting
off the ears, and filling their mouths ſo full with the corn,
that their cheeks are quite diftended, having pouches in their
jaws like the hamſter. It is obſervable, that they give great pre-
ference to certain food ; for if, after filling their mouths with
rye, they happen to meet with wheat, they fing away the firſt,
that they may indulge in the laſt. They are very wild, bite ſe-
verely, and are ſcarcely ever tamed: the ſkins are of little uſe;
but are ſometimes brought over to line cloaks.
287. FAT
Glis. Geſner quad. 550. Raii fyn. quad. Sciurus Glis. Sc. canus fubtus albi-
229.
dus. Lin. Syft. 87.
Glis vulgaris. Klein quad. 56. Le Loir, De Buffon, viii. 158. tab. xxiv.
Glis fupra obſcurè cinereus, infra ex Mus Glis. Pallas nov, ſp, faſc. i. 88.
albo cinereſcente. Briſſon quad. 113.
D.
with thịn naked ears : body covered with ſoft aſh-colored
hair : belly whitiſh: tail full of long hair : from noſe to
tail, near fix inches; tail four, and a half: thicker in the body
than the ſquirrel.
Inhabits France and the ſouth of Europe. Is found in the
woods in the ſouth-weſt parts of Ruffa, and was diſcovered by
Doctor

$424
D O R M O US E.
:
Doctor Pallas in the rocky caverns about the rivers Samara and
Volga. The late Doctor Kramer favored me with one from Au-
fria. Lives in trees, and leaps from bough to bough: feeds on
fruits and acorns : lodges in the hollows of trees : remains in a
torpid ftate during winter, and grows very fat,
Tota mihi dormitur hyems, et pinguior illo
Tempore ſum, quo me nil niſi fomnus alit *.
Was eſteemed a great delicacy by the Romans, who had their
Gliraria, places conſtructed to keep and feed them in. I think
that the Italians at preſent eat them.
-288. GARDEN
Mus avellanarum major. Gefner quad. Mus quercinus. M. cauda elongata
735
piloſa, macula nigra ſub oculos. Lin.
Greater Dormouſe, or Sleeper. Raii Syft. 84.
fyn. quad. 219.
Le Lerot. De Buffon, viii, 181. tab.
Glis fupra obſcurè cinereus, infra ex
albo cinereſcens, macula ad oculos Mus nitedala. Pallas nov. Sp. faſc. i.
nigra. Briſon quad. 114.
88.
XXV.
D. with the eyes furrounded with a large ſpot of black, reach-
ing to the bafe of the ears, and another behind the ears :
head and whole body of a tawny color: the throat and whole
under ſide of the body white, tinged with yellow: the tail long :
the hairs at the beginning very ſhort; at the end buſhy: length,
from nofe to tail, not five inches: the cail four.
Inhabits France and the ſouth of Europe : is found in mag-
pies neſts and hollow trees about the Volga, and other temperate
• Martial Epig. Lib. xiii. Ep. 59.
3
and

D O R M O US E.
425
and ſouthern parts of the Ruſian dominions. Neither this nor the
former ſpecies extend beyond the Uralian mountains : infefts gar-
dens, and is very deſtructive to fruits of all kind : is particu-
larly fond of peaches: lodges in holes in the walls : brings five
or fix young at a time: like the former, remains torpid during
winter : has a ſtrong ſmell, like a rat.
Mus avellanarum minor, the Dormouſe
or Sleeper. Raii fyn. quad. 220.
Rothe Wald Mauſs. Kramer Auſtria,
317
Glis ſupra rufus, infra albicans. Briſ-
fon quad.
Mus avellanarius. M. cauda elongata
piloſa, corpore rufo, gula albicante,
pollicibus pofticis muticis. Lin. Syft. 289. COMMON
83. Faun. Suec. No. 35. Pallas nou.
Sp. faſc. i. 89.
Le Muſcardin. De Buffon, viii. 193.
tab. xxvi.
Dormouſe. Edw. 266. Br. Zool. i.95.
Lev. Mus.
a
D.
with round naked ears : full black eyes: body of a tawny
red: throat white: ſize of a mouſe, but plumper : tail two
inches and a half-long, and pretty hairy, eſpecially towards the
end.
Inhabits Europe: lives in thick hedges: makes its neſt in the
hollow of a low tree, or in a thick buſh near the bottom, of
graſs, moſs, or dead leaves : brings three or four young at a
time: feldom appears far from its retreat: forms magazines of
nuts : eats its food fitting up, like a ſquirrel : at approach of
winter, retires and rolls itſelf up, lying torpid: ſometimes in a
warm day revives, takes a little food, and relapſes into its former
ftate.
:
31
D. with

426
DO R M O US E.
290. EARLESS.
D. with a flat head, obtuſe noſe, eyes full and black, upper
lip bifid.
Auricles very minute, ſcarcely apparent : long whiſkers.
Head, back, fides, and front of the fore legs, pale ferruginous,
mixed with black : from ſhoulder to hind parts, on each ſide, a
white line : above each eye another : belly and feet of a dirty.
white.
Tail black in the middle ; hoary on the fides.
Toes long and diſtinct : the knob on the fore feet large ::
claws very long.
Hind legs black behind, and naked.
Size of a common ſquirrel, but much broader and flatter.
800 miles above the Cape of Good Hope,, about the mountain
Sneeburgh.
Never climbs trees : burrows, feeds on bulbous roots, and is
particularly fond of potatoes : walks often on its hind feet; and
often lies flat on its belly : very tame, and never offers to bite :
frequently Airts up its tail : makes a warm neſt, and forms in it:
a round hole, in which it lodges, and pulls to the orifice a quan-
tity of materials, in order to cloſe it : keeps ſometimes in its:
retreat for three entire days.
Size.
PLACE.
MANNERS.
Two

Í ERBO A.
427
XXXII.
JERBOA.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Two very ſhort fore legs : two very long hind legs, re-
ſembling thoſe of cloven-footed water-fowl.
Very long tail, tufted at the end.
Mus dites. Theophr. opufc. 295. Ælian coſa, palmis fubpentadactylis, fe- 291. ÆGYPTIAN.
hift. an. lib. xv. c. 26.
moribus longiffimis, brachiis brevif-
Mus bipes. Plinii, lib. x. c. 65. Texei- fimis. Lin. Syft. 85. Haſſelquiſt itin.
ra's Travels, 21.
198.
Gerbua. Edw. 219. Plaified's journal, Le Jerbo. De Buffon, xiii. 141.
59.
Mus fagitta. Pallas nov. Tb. fafc. i.
Mus jaculus. M. cauda elongata floc- 306. tab. xxi.
J.
a
with thin, erect, and broad ears : full and dark eyes : long
whiſkers : fore legs an inch long; five toes on each ; the
inner, or thumb, ſcarce apparent ; but that, as well as the reſt,
furniſhed with a ſharp claw : hind legs two inches and a quarter
long, thin, covered with ſhort hair, and exactly reſembling
thoſe of a bird ; three toes on each, covered above and below
with hair ; the middle toe the longeſt ; on each a pretty long
ſharp claw: length, from noſe to tail, ſeven inches and one quar-
ter: tail ten inches, terminated with a thick black tuft of hair;
the tip white ; the reſt of the tail covered with very ſhort coarſe
hair: the upper part of the body thin, or compreſſed ſideways:
the part about the rump and loins large: the head, back, ſides,
and thighs, covered with long hair, aſh-colored at the bottom,
pale tawny at the ends : breaſt and belly whitiſh: acroſs the up-
3 I 2
per
a

428
J ER B O A.
per part of the thighs is an obſcure duſky band : the hair long
and foft.
Inhabits Ægypt, Barbary, Paleſtine, the deſerts between Bal-
fora and Aleppo, the fandy tracts between the Don and Volga, the
hills ſouth of the Irtiſh, from fort Janiyſchera to the ſeven palaces,
where the Altaic mountains begin: as ſingular in its motions as
in its form : always ſtands on its hind feet; the fore feet per-
forming the office of hands : runs faft; and when purſued, jumps
five or fix feet from the ground: burrows like rabbets : keeps
cloſe in the day: Neeps rolled up : lively during night: when
taken, emits a plaintive feeble note : feeds, on vegetables: has
great ſtrength in its fore feet. Two, which I ſaw living in London,
burrowed almoſt through the brick wall of the room they were
in; came out of their hole at night for food, and when caught,
were much fatter and fleeker than when confined to their box.
This is the Daman Iſrael, or the Lamb of the Iſraelites of the
Arabs, and is ſuppoſed to be the Saphan *, the coney of Holy
WRIT: : our rabbet being unknown in the Holy Land. Dr. Shaw
met with this ſpecies on mount Libanus, and diſtinguiſhes it
from the next fpecies t. It is alſo the mouſe of Iſaiah I, Achbar
in the original fignifying a male Jerboa.
* Bochart diſplays a vaſt deal of learning on the ſubject. Vide Hierozoicon,
lib. iii. c. 33. p. 1001.
+ Travels, 376.
Chap. lxvi. 17. Bochart, 1015. This animal was a forbidden food with
the Iſraelites.
Cuniculus


P.429
XLV.
1
K
-
N
0900000000000
Gopanapsc000
C0.0000000
Sibirian Jerboa N: 292

T E R B O A.
429
292. SIBIRIAN:
Cuniculus pumilio faliens cauda longif- Flying hare. Strahlenberg's hift, Ruſia
fima. Nov. Com. Petrop. V. 351.
tab.
370.
Jerboa. Shaw's Trav. 248.
Cuniculus pumilio faliens, cauda ano- Mus jaculus. Pallas nov. Sp. faſc. i.
mola longiſſima. Briſon quad. 103.
275. tab. xx.
Mus, LEV.
ix. fig. 1.
a. GREAT..
:
OSE truncated; end edged with white: lower teeth ſlender;
twice as long as the upper:
.
Ears large, pointed, tipt with white, naked within :-hairs on
the back tawny, of a dark grey beneath, very ſoft :-legs and
whole under fide of the body white : half the tail next to the
body covered with ſhort whitiſh hairs; from thence, with long
black hairs; the end has a large white feathered tuft an inch long.
Five toes on the fore feet; the toe without a nail.
On the hind legs, an inch above the feet, are two long toes
armed with nails : the back part of the legs naked.
Length eight inches and a half; of the tail ten.
This variety is no where very frequent, but is chiefly found
from the Caſpian ſea to the river Irtiſh.
:
a
PLACE.
B. MIDDLI..
a
Of the ſize of a rat: of the color of the foriner, except that
the rump on each ſide is croſſed with a white line.
There is again a variety of this with a more lengthened noſe,
ſhorter ears, and broader : tail thicker, and not ſo elegantly
tufted : the hind legs ſhorter: the coat longer and thicker..
This middle ſpecies is found only in the eaſtern deſerts of Si-
biria and Tartary, beyond lake Baikal ; alſo in Barbary * and
Syria t, and even as far as India I.
Shaw's Travels. + Haym's Teſoro Brit. ii. p. and tab. 124.
1 Pallas.
Differs

436
JER BO A.'
7. PIGMY.
Differs from the Great, in wanting the white circle round the
noſe, in having a leſs tuft to the tail, and the end juſt tipt with
white: agrees entirely in form; but is far inferior in ſize to even
the Middle. Inhabits the ſame places with the Great.
MANNERS.
Theſe three agree in manners: burrow in hard ground, clay,
or indurated mud: not only in high and dry ſpots, but even in
low and falt places. They dig their holes very ſpeedily, not only
with their fore feet but with their teeth, and Aling the earth back
with their hind feet, ſo as to form a heap at the entrance. The
burrows are many yards long, and run obliquely and winding,
but not above half a yard deep below the ſurface. They end in
a large ſpace or neft, the receptacle of the pureſt herbs. They
have uſually but one entrance; yet by a wonderful fagacity they
work from their neſt another paſſage to within a very ſmall ſpace
of the ſurface, which in caſe of neceſſity they can burſt through,
and fo eſcape.
It is fingular, that an animal of a very chilly nature, ſhould keep
within its hole the whole day, and wander about only in the night.
They ſleep rolled up, with their head between their thighs :
and when kept in a ſtove, and taken ſuddenly out, they ſeem
quite ſtupified, and for a time ſcarcely find the uſe of their limbs:
perhaps this ariſes from an exceſs of heat; for when an attempt
is made to take them out of their burrows, they are quickly
alarmed on the noiſe of digging, and attempt their eſcape. At
ſun-ſet they come out of their holes, clear them of the filth,
and keep abroad till the fun has drawn up the dews from the
earth. On approach of any danger, they immediately take
to fight, with leaps : a fathom in height, and ſo ſwiftly that a
3
.
a
GREAT LEAPS.
man

JER BO A.
431
man well mounted can hardly overtake them. They ſpring fo
nimbly, that it is impoſſible to ſee their feet touch the ground.
They do not go ſtrait forwards, but turn here and there, till they
gain a burrow, whether it is their own, or that of another. In
leaping, they carry their tails ſtretched out: in ftanding, or
going or walking, they carry them in form of an S, the lower
part touching the ground, ſo that it ſeems a director in their
motions. When ſürprized, they will fometimes go on all fours,
but ſoon recover their attitude of ſtanding on their hind legs like
: even when undiſturbed, they uſe the former attitude;
then riſe erect, liften, and hop about like a crow. In digging or
eating they drop on their fore legs; but in the laſt action will
often ſit up and eat like a ſquirrel.
They are eaſily made tame: ſeek always a warm corner : fore- Easily TAMEDA
tell cold or bad weather by wrapping themfelves cloſe up in hay;
and thoſe which are at liberty ftop up the mouths of their bur-
a bird :
:
rows.
FOOD
In a wild ſtate they are particularly fond of the roots of tulips :
live much on oleraceous plants: the ſmall ftature of the pygmy
kind is attributed to their feeding on ſaline plants. Thofe of the
middle ſize, which live beyond the lake Baikal, live on the bulbs
of the Liliunn Pomponium, and they gnaw the cwigs of the Robinia
Carugana. When confined, they will not refuſe raw meat, and
the entrails of fowls.
They are the prey of all lefſer rapacious beaſts. The Arabs,
who are forbidden all other kinds of mice, eſteem theſe the
greateſt delicacies: as thoſe people often are diſappointed in dig-
ging after them, they have this proverb, "To buy a hole inſtead
66 of a Jerboa."
The

432
JER BO A.
a
"NAMES.
j
The Mongols have a notion that they ſuck the sheep : certain
it is, they are during night very frequent among the flocks, which
they diſturb by their leaps.
The Mongols call this animal Alagh-Daagha. Alagh ſignifies
variegated, Daagha, a foal. The Calmucs call it Jalma: the
great ſort-they ſtyle Morin Jalma, or the Horſe Ferboa; the leffer
fort, Choïn Jalma, or the Sheep.
They breed often in the fummer; in the ſouthern parts, in the
beginning of May: beyond Baikal, 'not till June. They bring
perhaps eight at a time, as they have ſo many teats. They ſleep
the whole winter without nutriment. About Aſtracan, they will
ſometimes appear in a warm day in February : but return to their
holes on the return of cold.
Animals of this genus were certainly the two-footed mice, and
the Ægyptian mice, of the ancients, which were ſaid to walk on their
hind legs; and uſe the fore inſtead of hands. Theſe, with the
plant Silphium, were uſed to denote the country of Cyrene, where
both were found, as appears from the figures on a beautiful gold
coin preſerved by Mr. Haym *, and which I have cauſed to be
copied above the animal, in plate
293. CAPE.
a
J.
Grand Gerbo. Allamand de Buffon, xv. 118. Journal Hiſtorique, $9.
with a ſhort head : broad between the ears: mouth placed far
• below the upper jaw : lower very ſhort: two great teeth in
each: ears one-third ſhorter than thoſe of the common rabbet,
thin and tranſparent : eyes large: whiſkers great.
Fore legs ſhort, five toes on each, with a great protuberance
Teſoro Brit. ü. 124
next

JER BOA,
433
next to the inner toe: four toes behind : claws of the fore toes
crooked, and two-thirds longer than the toes themſelves : claws
of the hind toes ſhort.
Color above tawny; cinereous below, mixed with long hairs
pointed with black : two-thirds of the tail tawny, the reſt black.
Length from nofe to tail one foot two inchess of the tail near
fifteen inches; the ears near three.
Inhabits the great mountains far north of the Cape of Good
Hope. It is called by the Hottentots, Aerdmannetje ; and by the
Dutch, Springen Haas, or the Jumping Hare.
It is very ſtrong; will leap twenty or thirty feet at a time :
its voice a grunting: when it eats, fits upright, with the legs ex-
tended horizontally, and with a bent back: uſes its fore feet to
bring the food to its mouth; burrows with them, which it does
ſo expeditiouſly as quickly to bury itſelf. In ſleeping, it fits with
its knees ſeparate, puts its head between its hind legs, and with
the fore legs holds its ears over its eyes.
a
294. TORBID,
Mus longipes. M. cauda elongata vef- Mas cauda longa veſtita, pedibus poſti-
tita, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pen- cis longitudine corporis, flavis. Muf.
tada&tylis, femoribus longiffimis. Lin.
Ad. Tr. 9.
Tyft. 84.
J.
with naked oval ears : long whiſkers : four toes on the fore
feet : the hind feet the length of the body, thick, ſtrong, and
thinly haired : five toes on each foot : ſcarcely any neck : tail the
length of the body, with very little hair on it: color of the up-
per
3K

434
JER BO A.
3
per part of the body yellow; the lower white : ſize of a common
mouſe.
Inhabits, according to Linnæus, the torrid zone*: mentioned
by no other writer.
• Habitat in forridis regionibus,
Two

RA T.
435
XXXIII. RAT.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before ; five behind.
Very flender taper tail; naked, or very ſlightly haired.
*
a
:
Jerboid.
with a blunt noſe: mouth placed far beneath: upper lip 295. LABRADOR.
bifid: ears large, naked, rounded : fore legs ſhort, fur-
niſhed with four toes, and a tubercle inſtead of a thumb: hind
legs long and naked, like ſome of the Jerboas : thumb ſhort :
toes long, ſlender, and diſtinct; the exterior the ſhorteſt.
The whole length of the animal eight inches : of which the
tail is four and three quarters.
Color deep brown above, white beneath, ſeparated the whole
length on each ſide by a yellow line.
Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, and the Labradore coaſt. Sent by Mr.
PLACE.
Graham, and depoſited in the Muſeum of the Royal Society,
Since I wrote the above, I find that Doctor Pallas has deſcribed
this ſpecies under the title of Mus Longipes *. It inhabits the
fandy deſert of Naryn, or Ryn Peſky, between the Volga and the
Yaik, near the Caſpian Sea, in lat. 46. In this tract ſcarcely any
thing grows except the Torlok, or Pterococcus Aphyllus, and a few
other poor plants on which it feeds. Two were there taken ſport-
ing in the mid-day fun; they were both males, and attempted to
• Nov.lp. fafc. i. 314. tab. xviii. B. Mus mindianus ? Itir. ii. 702.
i
.
eſcape
3 K 2

436
RA T..
eſcape to different holes. The burrows had three entrances run-
ning obliquely, and were about a yard deep: lined or plaiſtered
TAX with mud. In the bottom was neither neft or proviſion of
graſs.
The Afiatic animal differed in color from the American, being
above of a light grey mixed with tawny, white below : theſe
colors divided lengthways by a ſtripe of duſky red. The tail
covered with longer and looſer hair at the end than in the other
parts: the ſoles of the feet clad with hair. This I could not well:
obſerve in the ſpecimen from Hudſon's Bay, as it was preſerved in
ſpirits. Linnæus deſcribes this fpecies under the title of Muse
longipes, Syft. nat. 84. Doctor Pallas, with great reaſon, ſuppoſes
it to be the ſame with the Jird of Doctor Shaw, which our
learned countryman deſcribes with the ferboa. It agrees in co-
lors with the above; in its long tail being better cloathed than
that of a rat; and in its burrowing under ground. This is free-
quent in Barbary, and is reckoned there a good food *.
*
295. A. CIRCAS
SIAN.
To this. I join, on the judgment of Doctor Pallas, another
animal, which I deſcribed at N° 205 of the Synopſis of Quadrupeds,
under the title of Gircaſian Marmot, or
M. with ears like thoſe of mice: red ſparkling eyes : ſharp
teeth: body long, and of an equal thickneſs: cheſnut-colored
hair, long, eſpecially on the back: has ſharp claws: tail long and
buſhy: fore feet ſhorter than the hind feet : ſize of the Hamſter, ,
N° 324.
Inhabits the neighborhood of the river Terek, which flows out:
* Shaw's travels, 248.
3
of

RA T.
437
of Circaſſia and falls into the Caſpian Sea : runs faſt up hill; very:
flowly down: burrows, and lives under ground*..
Müs Tamaricinus. Pallas nov. Sp. i. 322. tab. xix. Itin, ii. 702.
296. TAMARISK..
:
SIZE..
PLACE
R.
with an oblong head : great whiſkers : noſe blunt : noſtrils
covered with a flap: teeth yellow : eyes large and browns :
ears large, naked, and oval : neck ſhort: ſpace round the noſe
and eyes, and beyond the ears, white : ſides of the head and neck
hoary: back and fides of a yellowiſh grey: tips of the hairs
brown : breaſt and belly white: tail cinereous; above half annu-
lated with brown: hind legs long : on the fore feet a warty tu-
bercle inſtead of a thumb.
Length to the tail above fix inches: tail not quite ſo long.
Inhabits the lower falt-marſhes about Saritſchikofka, on the
Lower Yaik or Ural, where they burrow beneath the knotty roots
of the tamariſk buſhes; each burrow has two entrances, and is
very deep: they feed only at night : out of numbers which were
taken in traps placed before their holes, not a female was taken.
Their food is the ſucculent maritime tribe of plants, ſuch as Ni-
traria, Salſola, and others, with which thoſe deſerts abound.
To this diviſion of Rats I give the title of Jerboid, from the
affinity it has to that genus in the length of the hind legs. To
the other, Murine, as comprehending all the common ſpecies of :
Rats and Mice.
Schober's memorab. Afiat. Rufæ in Muller's Samlung Ruff. viii. 1249
** Murine..

438
RA T.
** Murine.
297. BLACK,
Mus domeſticus major quem vulgò Rat- Mus Rattus. M. cauda elongata ſub-
tum vocant. Gefner quad. 731. Raii nuda, palmis tetradactylis eum un-
fyn. quad. 217;
guiculo pollicari, plantis pentadac-
Mus Rattus, Mus Ciftrinarius. Klein tylis. Lin. Syft.
quad. 57
Ratta, Faun. fuec. N° 33. Br. Zool.i.
Ratze. Kramer Auftr. 316.
Mus cauda longiflima obfcurè cinerea. Le Rat. De Buffon, vii. 278. tab. xxxvi.
Briſon quad. 118.
Pallas nov.jp. fafc.i.93. Lev. Mus.
N° 27
a
a
R.Of
of a deep iron-grey color, nearly black: belly cinereous :
legs duſky, almoſt naked : a claw, in the place of a fifth
toe, on the fore feet: length, from nofe to tail, ſeven inches; tail
near eight.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe: of late, the numbers much leſ-
ſened, and in many places extirpated, by the next ſpecies: very
deſtructive to corn, furniture, young poultry, rabbets, and pi-
geons : will gnaw the extremities of infants when aſleep: breeds
often in a year: brings fix or ſeven young at a time: makes its
neſt, in a hole near a chimney, of wool, bits of cloth, or ſtraw :
will deſtroy and devour one another : its greateſt enemy is the
weeſel. Firſt introduced by the Europeans into South America *,
about the year 1544, in the time of the Viceroy Blaſco Nunnez.
Is now the peſt of all that continent.
The word Rattus is modern. The Romans probably compre-
hended all kinds under the word Mus. The Welſh call this Llygoden
Frengig, or the French Mouſe, which evinces it not to be a native
• Garcilaſo de la viga, 384. Ovalle. Churchill's coll. üi. 43.
of

R A T
439
SOUTH-SEA
ISLANDS.
of our iſland. There is a very minute variety of this kind about
the Volga, in the deſerts of the lower part (for they have not
reached the upper) which ſcarcely weighs ſeven drams.
I cannot trace the original place of the black rat: none are
found in Sibiria or Kamtſchatka,
Rats (I know not of what ſpecies). are found in the Papuas.
iſlands, off New Guinea * ; but according to the account given by
Doctor Forſter t, the common black rats ſwarm in Otaheite, and
other of the Society iſlands, and are alſo met with in the other
groupes of iſlands, in New Zealand, and in New Holland. They
feed in Otabeite on the fruits of the country, and are ſo bold as
even to attack the inhabitants when they are aſleep. The na-
tives hold them in the utmoſt deteſtation, as unclean animals,
and will even avoid killing them, leaſt they ſhould be polluted by
the touch. They will not even eat the bread-fruit theſe ani-
mals ſhould happen to run.over..
298. BROWN
Mus cauda longiflima, fupra dilatè ful: xxvii.
vus, infra albicans. Le Rat de Bois. Norway Rat. Br. Zool. i. N° 26.
Briſſon quad. 120.
Mus Decumanus. Pallas nov. Sp. faſe.
Le Surmulot. De Buffon. viii. 206. tab. i. 21. Lev. Mus,
R.with the head; back, and fides, of a light brown color
,
,
mixed with tawny and aſh-color: breaſt and belly dirty
white : feet naked, and of a dirty fleſh-color: fore feet furniſhed
with four toes, and a claw inſtead of the fifth: length, from nofe
a
• Captain Forreft.
Obfervations, &c. 185, 187.
to

RA T.
4440
IN EUROPE.
to tail, nine inches; tail the fame: weight eleven ounces : is
ſtronger made than the laſt.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe ; but was a ſtranger to that
continent 'till the preſent century : came into Great Britain about
fifty years ago : not known in the neighborhood of Paris half
that time. Is the fame animal with what is called in the Eaſt In-
dies a Bandicote, a large rat which burrows under ground: under-
mines the foundations of houſes, even to cauſe them to fall
down *; ſo probably the ſpecies was brought from thence in
fome of the Indian ſhips t. They ſwarm in Peterſburg. Have
reached Pruſia, but not the oppoſite ſide of the Baltic ; at left
Linnæus takes no notice of them.
Are numerous in Perſia, where they burrow in the fields [.
In Hyrcania they occupy the deſerted holes of the porcupine.
Some years ago, an immenſe migration arrived from the weſt at
the town of Jaik; and in the year 1727 an equal number ap-
peared about Aſtracan, filled the whole bed of the Volga, and in-
feſted the houſes to that degree, that nothing could be preſerved
from them. They have not yet reached Sibiria. Theſe probably
were the Mures Cafpii of Ælian, which he ſays were little leſs than
Ichneumons ; and made periodical viſits in infinite multitudes to
the countries bordering on the Caſpian Sea : ſwimming boldly
over the rivers, holding by one another's tail.
ASIA.
*
Purchas, ii. 1170.
+ This may be the ſpecies found in Guinea, called by Barbot, 214, Field
Rats; which, he ſays, are as big as cats. Bofman calls them Wild Rats. Barbos
alſo mentions another, as long, but flenderer than the former, which the Negrees
eat, and call Boutees, which do great damage to their corn.
.
I Doctor Pallas,
| Ælian hift. an. xvii. c. 17.
Burrow

RA T.
441
:
Burrow, like the water-rat, on the ſides of ponds and ditches :
ſwim well, and dive readily : live on grain and fruits, and will
deſtroy poultry and game: encreaſe faft; bring from fourteen to
eighteen young at a time: are very bold and fierce; will turn
when cloſely purſued, and faſten on the ſtick or hand of thoſe who
offer to ſtrike them: have deſtroyed the common black rat in
moſt places. Inhabit fields part of the year, but migrate in great
,
numbers into houſes, and do infinite miſchief.
Leverian Museum.
Mus Caraco ? Pallas Nov. Sp. faſc. i. 335. tab. xxiii.
299. AMERICAN
R.with the upper jaw much longer than the lower : head long:
noſe narrow and pointed : ears large and naked : whiſkers
fine, but long : tail naked, and like that of the black rat, but not
ſo long
Color a deep brown; on the belly inclines to ath-color: hair
ruder than in the preceding ſpecies.
In ſize larger than the black, leffer than the brown rat.
Inhabits North America ; but I am uncertain whether it is en-
tirely wild, or whether it has yet found its way into houſes and
out-houſes. Mr. Bartram * mentions the rat (but does not de-
termine the ſpecies) which lives among the ſtones and caverns in
the Blue Mountains, far from mankind: comes out at night, and
makes a terrible noiſe; but in very ſevere weather keeps ſilent
within its holes.
B. CARACO.
The Mus CARACO of Doctor Pallas is ſo nearly allied to this
ſpecies, that I do not at this time venture to ſeparate them : the
In Kalm's trav. ii. 48.
whiſkers
#
3L

442
R A T
whiſkers of the former ſeem rather ſhorter, and the tail, in propor-
tion to its length, thicker ; but the thinneſs of that part might, in
the ſpecimen in the LEVERIAN Museum, ariſe from its being
dried ; neither could I examine it thoroughly, as it was within a
glaſs caſe. The Caraco has not as yet appeared to the weſt of
the Jeneſei, but ſwarm about and beyond lake Baikal. It has
much agreement with the laſt kind, being, as the Mongals report,
converſant among lakes and waters, and is called by them Cha-
racho, and fike-Cholgonach or the Great Mouſe. It burrows in the
banks of rivers: is ſuppoſed to extend to China, and to be very
noxious there.
300. WATER.
R."
Le Rat d'Eau. Belon. Aquat. 30. tab. faſc. i. 20.
xxxi.
M. cauda longa pilis fupra ex nigro et
Mus aquatilis. Agricola An. Subter. flaveſcente mixtis, infra cinereis vef-
488. Geſner quad. 732. Raii ſyn. titus. Briffon quad. 124.
quad. 217. Klein quad. 57.
Le Rat d'Eau. De Buffon, vii. 348. tab.
Waffer-maus. Kramer Auftr. 316. xliii.
Mus Amphibius. M. cauda elongata Water Rat. Br. Zool. i. Nº 27. LEV.
piloſa plantis palmatis. Lin. Syft. 82. Mus.
Faun. Suec. N° 32. Pallas Nov. sp.
with a thick blunt noſe: ears hid in the fur: eyes ſmall:
teeth yellow : on each foot five toes; inner toe of the fore
foot very ſmall; the firſt joint very flexible: head and body co-
vered with long hairs, black mixed with a few ferruginous hairs :
belly of an iron grey: tail covered with ſhort black hairs; the
tip whitiſh : weight nine ounces : length, from noſe to tail, ſeven
inches; tail only five : ſhape of the head and body more compact
than the former fpecies *.
* It has ſome reſemblance to the Beaver, which induced Linnæus, in the firſt
edition of his Fauna Suecica, to ſtyle it Caftor cauda lineari tereti.
Inhabits
a

RA T.
443
Inhabits Europe, the north of Aſia, and North America *: bur-
rows in the banks of rivers, ponds, and wet ditches: feeds on
ſmall fiſh, and the fry of greater; on frogs, inſects, and roots :
is itſelf the prey of pike: ſwims and dives admirably, though it
is not web-footed, as Mr. Ray ſuppoſed, and Linnæus copied af-
ter him: brings fix young at a time. This animal and the Otter
are eaten in France on maigre days.
a
301. Mouse
MOUSE..
Mus domeſticus communis feu minor. dactylis. Lin. Syft. 83. Pallas Nov.
Geſner quad. 714. Raii ſyn. quad. Sp. fafc. i. 95.
218.
Mus. Faun. fuec. N° 34.
Mus minor, muſculus vulgaris. Klein Mus cauda longiſſima, obfcurè cine-
quad.
reus, ventre ſubalbeſcente. Briſon
Mauſs. Kramer Auftr. 316.
quad. 119
Mus muſculus. M. cauda elongata, La Souris. De Buffon, vii. 309.
tab.
palmis tetradactylis, plantis penta- lix. Br. Zool, i. N° 30. Lev. Mus.
AN
N animal that needs no deſcription : when found white, is
very beautiful, the full bright eye appearing to great ad-
vantage amidſt the ſnowy fur.
Inhabits all parts of the world, except the Aretic : follows
mankind.
* Lawſon hift. Carolina, 122. He alſo mentions another, which he calls the
Marſh Rat, being more hairy than the common rat; but apparently is the ſame
with this. Thoſe of Canada vary to tawny and white. Vide De Buffon, xiv.
401. xv. 146.
3 L 2
Mus

444
RA T.
302. FIELD.
Mus agreftis minor. Gefner quad. 733. Mus ſylvaticus. M. cauda longa, pal.
Mus domefticus medius. Raii ſyn. quad. mis tetradactylis, plantis pentadacty-
218.
lis, corpore griſeo pilis nigris abdo-
Maufs mit weiffen bauch. Kramer Auftr. mine albo. Lin.
Syft. 84. Pallas Nov.
317
Sp. faſc. i. 94. Faun. Suec. N° 36.
Mus cauda longa fupra e fuſco Alaveſ- Le Mulot. De Buffon, vii. 325. tab. xli.
cens, infra ex albo cinereſcens. Brif- Long-tailed field-mouſe. Br. Zool. i.
fon quad. 123.
N° 28. LEY. Mus.
.
R.
with full and black eyes : head, back, and ſides of a yellowiſh
brown, mixed with ſome duſky hairs: breaſt of an ochre-
color: belly white : length, from the tip of the noſe to the tail,
four inches and a half: tail four inches, fightly covered with
hair.
Inhabits Europe: found only in fields and gardens: feeds on
nuts, acorns, and corn: forms great magazines of winter provi-
fion: hogs, tempted by the ſmell, do much damage in the fields,
by rooting up the hoards: makes a neft for its young very near
the ſurface, and often in a thick tuft of graſs : brings from ſeven
to ten at a time: called, in ſome parts of England, Bean Mouſe,
from the havock it makes among the beans when juſt fown.
Is common in Ruſia, and about the Uralian chain, but not
beyond.
6. AMERICAN R. with very long whiſkers, ſome white, others
black: ears large, naked, and open: from the head to the tail,
along the middle of the back, a broad dark ſtripe, ferruginous
and duſky: the cheeks, ſpace beneath the ears, and fides, quite
to the tail, orange-colored : under fide, from noſe to tail, of a
ſnowy whiteneſs : feet white: hind legs longer than thoſe of.
the
:

RA T.
445
New
the European kind : tail duſky above, whitiſh beneath.
York.
303. HARVEST.
a
a
The leſs long-tailed field-Mouſe. Br. Zool. ii. App. 498. Lev. Mus,
R.with eyes leſs prominent than thoſe of the former : ears
prominent : of a full ferruginous color above, white be-
neath: a ſtrait line along the ſides divides the colors: tail a little
hairy : length, from nofe to tail, two inches and a half: tail two
inches : weight one-ſixth of an ounce.
Inhabits Hampſhire; where it appears in greateſt numbers dur-
ing harveſt: never enters houſes; but is carried into the ricks of
corn in the ſheaves; and often hundreds are killed on breaking up
the ricks: during winter, ſhelters itſelf under ground: burrows
very deep, and forms a warm bed of dead grafs : makes its neſt
for its young above ground, between the ſtraws of ſtanding corn;
it
of a round ſhape, and compoſed of blades of corn: brings
about eight young at a time.
a
Mus orientalis. Seb. Muf. ii. 22. tab. M. cauda longa, ftriis corporis longitu. 304. Oriental.
ORIENTAL.
xxi. fig. 2.
dinalibus & punctis albis. Muf. Ad.
M. cauda mediocri fubnuda, palmis te-
Fred. 10.
tradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, Mus cauda longa, rufus, lineis in dorſo
corporis ftriis punctatis. Lin. Syft. 84. albicantibus, margaritarum æmulis.
Briffon quad. 124.
R. with round naked ears : of a grey color: the back and fides
a
:
elegantly marked with twelve rows of ſmall pearl-colored
ſpots, extending from the head to the rump: tail the length of
the body: in fize, half that of a common mouſe.
Inhabits

446
RA T.
Inhabits India. In the ſame country, and in Guinea, is another
very ſmall ſpecies, which ſmells of muſk. The Portugueſe living
in India call it Cheroſo, and ſay its bite is venomous. Boullaye la
Gouz. 256. Barbot's Guinea, 214.
305. BARBARY. Mus Barbarus. M. cauda mediocri cor-
pore fuſco, ftriis decem pallidis, pal-
mis tridactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
Lin. Syft. tom. i. pars ii. addenda
:
a
LESS than the common mouſe : of a brown color: marked
:
on the back with ten ſlender ſtreaks: three toes with claws
on the fore feet, with the rudiments of a thumb: tail of the
length of the body.
Inhabits Barbary.
a
306. MEXICAN.
Mus Mexicanus maculatus. Seb. Muf. 74. tab. xlv. fig. 5.
R.
of a whitiſh color, mixed with red : head whitiſh: each ſide
of the belly marked with a great reddiſh ſpot.
According to Seba inhabits Mexico.
307. VIRGINIAN.
Mus agreſtis Americanus albus. Seb. Muf. i. 76. tab. xlvii. fig. 4.
very
very
R.with pointed cars and noſe; the laft black : whiſkers long :
:
weak and fender: tail at the
baſe thick, growing gradually fo from the rump, ſo that the
junction cannot be diſtinguiſhed ; decreaſes gradually, and be-
comes
j
9

RA T.
comes very long and ſlender ; ends in a point, and is in all parts
beſet with long hair.
Color of this animal univerſally white.
According to Seba, found in Virginia. The thickneſs at the
baſe of the tail is its ſpecific difference.
PLACE.
Mus Vagus. Pallas Nov.ſp. faſc. i. 327. tab. xxii. fig. 2.
308.WANDERING.
:
a
a
R.with an oblong head : blunt noſe, with a red tip cutting
teeth yellow; the upper truncated: eyes placed midway
between the noſe and the ears : ears large, oval, naked; the tip
duſky and downy : limbs ſlender: inſtead of a thumb, on the fore
feet, is a conic wart : tail longer than the body, and very ſlender.
Color above a pale aſh, mixed and undulated with black :
along the back to the tail is a black line: ends of the limbs
whitiſh.
Length, from noſe to tail, between two and three inches; the
tail near three.
Inhabits the whole Tartarian deſert; and at certain times
wanders about in great focks, and migrating from place to
place during night. Obſerved as high as lat. 57, about the Irtiſh,
and between the Oby and Jeneſei, in birch woods : is of a very
chilly nature; ſoon becomes torpid, and ſleeps rolled up in the
cold night, even of the month of June. Lives in fiffures of
rocks, under ſtones, and in hollow fallen trees: has carnivorous
inclinations ; for on being placed in a box with a mouſe of ano-
ther ſpecies, it killed and devoured part, notwithſtanding it had
feeds

448
RA T.
feeds to feed on. Is called by the Tartars, Dfhickis-fitſkan, or gre-
garious Mouſe.
Mus Betulinus. Pallas Nov. Sp. faſc. i. 332. tab. xxii. fig. 1.
309. Beech.
a
R.with a ſharp noſe, with the end red : ears ſmaller than thoſe
"
of the former, brown, briftly at the end : limbs very fen-
der : toes long, Nender, and very feparable : tail very long and
fender, much exceeding the length of the body, brown above,
white below.
Color of the head and body a cinereous ruft, with a few duſky
hairs interſperſed : breaſt and belly, pale aſh: along the top of
the back is a duſky line.
Leſs than the former.
Inhabits the birch woods about the plains of Iſchim and Baraba,
and between the Oby and Jeneſei : lives in the hollows of decayed
trees: very tender, and foon grows torpid in cold weather: runs
up trees, and faſtens to the boughs with its tail; and, by affiftance
of its ſlender fingers, adheres to any ſmooth ſurface : emits a weak
Size.
Place.
a
note.
310. RUSTIC.
Mus Agrarius. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. 341. tab. xxiv. A. Itin. i. 454.
.
Mus Rubeus. Schwenkfeldt Anim. Silef. 114.
R. with a tharp noſe : oblong head : ſmall ears lined with fur:
:
color of the body and head ferruginous, with a duſky line
along the back: belly and limbs whitiſh: above each hind foot is
a duſky circle.
A little

R A T.
449
Size.
PLACE.
A little leſs than the field mouſe. The tail only half the
length of the body.
Inhabits the temperate tract of Ruſia, and Sibiria, as far as the
Irtiſh: in the former, chiefly about villages and corn-fields; in
the latter, in woods. In Ruſia is often migratory, and often very
noxious to the grain : it is called there Shitnik, or the Corn Mouſe,
for it abounds in the ſheafs and ricks. At times they wander in vaſt
multitudes, and deſtroy the whole expectations of the farmer.
This plague did in particular, in the years 1763 or 1764, make
great ravages in the rich country about Caſan and Arfk; but came
in ſuch numbers as to fill the very houſes, and became through
hunger fo bold as to ſteal even the bread from the table before
the very faces of the gueſts. At approach of winter they all dif-
appeared.
They make their retreats a little below the ſurface, which in
thoſe places appears elevated : each has a long gallery, with a
chamber at the end, in which they place their winter food, which
confifts of various forts of ſeeds.
Mus minutus. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. 345. tab. xxiv. B. Itin. i. 454.
311. LITTLE
a
R.
with a ſharpiſh noſe: duſky, with a whiteneſs at the corner
of the mouth : ears ſmall, half hid in the fur: body more
Nender than that of the common mouſe: cail ſhorter and more
Nender.
Color, a deep tawny above, white below : feet grey.
The left of the genus ; little more than two inches long from
noſe to tail; weight not half a dram.
Accompanies
Size,
3 M

450
R A T.
PLACE.
Accompanies the former ſpecies, in corn-fields and barns; alſo
plentiful in the birch-woods. More males among them than fe-
males. Seem to wander without any certain places for their
nefts.
** With tails of middle length.
312. Rock.
R.
Size.
a
Place.
Mus Saxatilis. Pallas Nov. Sp. faſc. i. 255. tab. xxiii. B.
with an oblong head : noſe rather pointed : ears riſing above
the fur; oval, downy, at the edges brown: whiſkers ſhort:
limbs ſtrong: tail not half ſo long as the body, with a few hairs
fcattered over it.
Color above, brown ſlightly mixed with grey: fides incline
more to the laſt color: belly of a light cinereous : fnout duſky,
ſurrounded with a very ſlender ring of white.
Length four inches : tail one and a half.
Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal, and the Mongolian
deſert: makes its burrows in a wonderful manner, conſidering the
weakneſs of its feet, between the crannies of the rocks which had
been forced open by violence of froſt, or the inſinuation of roots
of plants: it chuſes its habitation amidſt the rudeſt rocks, and
lives chiefly on the ſeeds of Aſtragali. The burrows confift, firſt-
ly, of a large winding oblique paſſage, through which the ani-
mal Alings out the earth : fecondly, of one or more holes point-
ing downwards, which likewiſe wind among the rocks; and at
their bottom is the neft, formed of ſoft herbs.
a
Mus

R Α Τ.
451
Mus Economus. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc.
i. 234. tab. xiv. A. Itin. iii. 692.
i
Tegoulichitck. Defcr. Kamtſchatka, 313. ECONOMIC.
Engl. ed. 104
a
SIZE,
PLACE.
MANNERS.
3
R.with ſmall eyes : ears naked, and uſually hid in the fur:
limbs ſtrong: teeth very tawny: color black and yellow,
intimately mixed; duſky on the back; from throat to tail hoary ;
beneath the hair a dark down; ends of the feet duſky.
Length four inches and a quarter ; of the tail, more than an
inch: in form of body like the meadow mouſe, but is rather
longer, and the belly bigger.
Inhabits in vaſt numbers all Sibiria, eſpecially the eaſtern parts,
and Kamtſchatka; and even found within the Aretic circle.
They are called by Doctor Pallas, Mures Economi or Eco-
nomic Mice, from their curious way of living. They inhabit
damp foils, and ſhun the ſandy; form burrows beneath the up-
per cruſt of the turfy ground; and have in them many cham-
bers, and ſeveral entrances. In the firſt they form magazines
for winter food, conſiſting of various forts of plants, which they
collect in ſummer with great pains; and in ſunny days draw
them out of their nefts, in order to give them a more effectual
drying. During ſummer they never touch their hoards, but live
on berries, and other vegetable productions.
They in certain years make great migrations out of Kamiſ-
chatka ; they collect in the ſpring, and go off in incredible multi-
tudes. Like the Lemmus, they go on in a direct courſe, and
nothing ſtops their progreſs, neither rivers nor arms of fea: in
their paſſage they often fall a prey to the ravenous fiſhes; but
on land are ſafe, as the Kamtſchatkans pay a ſuperſtitious regard
for
3 M2

452
RA T.
for them; and when they find them lying, weak or half dead
with fatigue, on the banks, after paſſing a river, will give them
all poſſible afliſtance. They ſet out on their migration weſtward.
From the river Pengin they go fouthward, and about the middle
of July reach Ochotſka and Judoma, a tract of amazing extent.
They return again in Ostober. The Kamtſchatkans are greatly
alarmed at their migrations, as they preſage rainy ſeaſons, and an
unſucceſsful chace; but on their return, expreſſes are ſent to all
parts with the good news.
Many fables are related of them, ſuch as that they cover their
proviſions with poiſonous herbs before their migrations, in order
to deſtroy other rats which may attempt to plunder their maga-
zines; and if by chance they ſhould be pillaged, they will ſtrangle
themſelves through vexation, by ſqueezing their necks between
the forks of ſhrubs ; for this reaſon the natives never take away
all their ſtore, but leave part for their ſubſiſtence, or leave in its
place fome caviare, or any thing that will ſerve for their ſup-
port.
314. RED.
Mus Rutilus. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. 146. tab. xiv. B.
R.with the noſe and face very briſtly: ears, like thoſe of the
former, naked, except the tip, on which is a ruſty down:
tail full of hair: color, from the middle of the forehead, along
the back, to the rump, an uniform pleaſant tawny red: the ſides
light grey and yellow : under ſide of the body whitiſh: feet
white: tail duſky above, light below.
Length not four inches ; tail above one.
Inhabits
Size.

RA T.
453
PLACE.
Inhabits Sibiria, from the Oby eaſtward to Kamtſchatka, in
woods and mountains; and alſo within the Aretic circle. Creeps
ſometimes into houſes and granaries: lives abroad under logs of
wood, or trunks of trees : they wander out the whole winter, and
are very lively even amidſt the ſnows: eat any thing which comes
in their way; even fleſh.
A variety is found about Caſan, a little leſſer than the Sibirian
kind, and the tail longer and more ſlender : the red on the back is
not ſo much diffuſed as in the other. The ſame kind has alſo
been diſcovered in the botanical garden at Gottengen.
315. GARLIC.
Mus Alliarius. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. 252. tab. xiv. C.
R. with great open naked ears, very apparently out of the fur:
tail cloathed with hair: color on the back cinereous,
mixed with longer hairs tipped with duſky grey: ſides of a
whitiſh aſh: breaſt, belly, and feet white : tail marked along the
top with a duſky line, the reſt white.
Length a little above four inches; tail one and a half.
Inhabits the country about the Feneſei and Lena : is frequent in
the fubterraneous magazines of bulbous roots, eſpecially the
Allium angulatum, or angular garlic, formed by the Sibirian pea-
ſants.
SIZE,
PLACE.
a
a
R.with the noſe a little extended : four toes on the fore feet
, 316. Sorieina,
a .
with a tubercle inſtead of a thumb: five toes on the hind
feet : round ears covered with fur: tail of a middling length, and
hairy:
a

454
R A T.
hairy : color of the upper part of the body yellowiſh grey: belly
white,
Inhabits the neighborhood of Straſbourg. Diſcovered by Pro-
feffor Herman.
PLACE.
*** With ſhort tails.
317. LEMMƯS.
Lemmar vel Lemmus. Olai magni de rufo et nigro variegatus. Briffon quad.
gent. Septentr. 358.
IOO.
Leem vel Lemmer. Gefner quad. 731. Mus Leimus, M. cauda abbreviata,
Mus Norvegicus vulgò Leming. Worm. pedibus pentadactylis, corpore fulvo
Muf. 321,325. Scheffer Lapland, 136. nigro vario. Lin lyſt. 8o. Pallas
Pontop. Norway, ii. 30. Strom Sond- nov. Sp. fafc. i. 186. tab xii. A. & B.
mor. 154. Raii ſyn. quad. 227. Fial-Mus, Sabell-Mus. Lappis,
Sable-mice. Ph. Tr, abridg. ii. 875.
Lummick. Faun. Suec. N° 29.
Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, ex flavo, Le Leming. De Buffon, xiii. 314.
R.with two very long cutting teeth in each jaw : head pointed :
long whiſkers; fix of the hairs on each ſide longer and
ſtronger than the reft: eyes ſmall and black: mouth ſmall: up-
per lip divided : ears finall, blunt, and reclining backwards :
fore legs very ſhort: four ſlender toes on the fore feet, covered
with hairs; and in the place of the thumb a ſharp claw, like a
cock's ſpur: five toes behind: the ſkin very thin: the color of
the head and body black and tawny, diſpoſed in irregular
blotches: belly white, tinged with yellow.
Length, from noſe to tail, about five inches; in large ſpeci-
mens a little more: the tail about half an inch. Thoſe of Rufan
Lapland are much leſs than thoſe of the Norwegian or Swediſh.
Inhabits Norway and Lapland, the country about the river
Size.
Piace.
9
Oyb,

RA T.
455
Oby, and the north extremity of the Uralian chain. They ap-
pear in numberleſs troops, at very uncertain periods, in Norway
and Lapland : are the peft and wonder of the country: they
march like the army of locuſts, fo emphatically deſcribed by the
prophet Joel: deſtroy every root of graſs before them, and ſpread
univerſal deſolation : they infect the very ground, and cattle are
ſaid to periſh which taſte of the graſs which they have touched :
they march by myriads, in regular lines: nothing ſtops their
progreſs, neither fire, torrents, lake, or moraſs. They bend their
courſe ſtrait forward, with moſt amazing obſtinacy; they ſwim
over the lakes; the greateſt rock gives them but a ſlight check,
they go round it, and then reſume their march directly on, with-
out the left deviation: if they meet a peaſant, they perſiſt in
their courſe, and jump as high as his knees in defence of their
progreſs : are ſo fierce as to lay hold of a ſtick, and ſuffer
themſelves to be ſwung about before they quit their hold: if
ſtruck, they turn about and bite, and will make a noiſe like a
dog
They feed on graſs, on the rein-deer liverwort, and the catkins
of the dwarf birch. The firſt they get under the ſnow, beneath
which they wander during winter; and make their lodgements,
and have a ſpiracle to the ſurface for the ſake of air. In theſe
retreats they are eagerly purſued by the Aretic foxes.
They make very ſhallow burrows under the turf; but do not
form any magazines for winter proviſion: by this improvidence
it ſeems that they are compelled to make theſe numerous migra-
tions, in certain years, urged by hunger to quit their uſual re-
fidences,
They breed often in the year, and bring five or fix young at a
time :

456
RAT.
time: ſometimes they bring forth on their migration ; fome they
carry in their mouths, and others on their backs.
They are not poiſonous, as is vulgarly reported; for they are
often eaten by the Laplanders, who compare their fleſh to that of
ſquirrels.
Are the prey of foxes, lynxes, and ermines, who follow them
in great numbers: at length they periſh, either through want of
food, or by deſtroying one another, or in ſome great water, or in
the ſea. They are the dread of the country: in former times fpi-
ritual weapons were exerted againſt them; the prieſt exorciſed,
and had a long form of prayer to avert the evil *: happily it does
not occur frequently; once or twice in twenty years: it ſeems
like a vaſt colony of emigrants, from a nation over-ſtocked ; a
diſcharge of animals from the great Northern hive, that once
poured out its myriads of human creatures upon Southern Eu-
rope. Where the head-quarters of theſe quadrupeds are, is not
very certainly known: Linnæus fays, the Norwegian and Lapland
Alps; Pontoppidan ſeems to think, that Kolens rock, which di-
vides Nordland from Sweden, is their native place: but wherever
they come from, none return: their courſe is predeſtinated, and
they purſue their fate.
:
* Worm, Muf. 333. where the whole form is preſerved. It was once ſeriouſly
believed that theſe animals were generated in the clouds, and fell in ſhowers
upon the ground: Per tempeftates et repentinos imbres e cælo decidant, incompertum
unde, an ex remotioribus inſulis, et buc vento delatæ, an ex nubibus fæculentis nata
deferantur. Olai Magni de Gent. Septentr. 358,
e
Mus

RA T.
457
Mus torquatus. Pallas Nov. ſp. fafc. i. 205.
3.18. RINGED.
a
R.
with a blunt noſé : ears hid in the fur: legs ſtrong and
ſhort: foles covered with hair : claws very ſtrong, hooked
at the end: the hair on the whole body very fine.
Color of the upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with
grey and yellow; ſometimes pale grey, clouded with undulated
lines of duſky ruſt-color: from the ears, down each ſide of the
cheeks, is a bed of the ſame color, and behind that a ſtripe of
white, ſo that the neck appears encircled with a collar ; behind
theſe again is another bed of the former color.
Length to the tail little more than three inches; of the tail
one; at its end is a hard tuft of briſtles.
Inhabits the northern parts about the river Oby. Makes its
burrows, with many paſſages, beneath the turfy foil. The neſts
are filled with rein-deer and ſnowy liverworts. They are ſaid to
migrate at the ſame ſeaſons with the Lemmus.
Size.
PLACE.
Mus Hudſonias. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. 208.
319. HUDIONS.
R.with ſlender brown whiſkers : very fine long ſoft hair : cine-
:
reous, tinged with tawny, on the back, with a duſky ſtripe
running along its middle : along each fide a pale tawny line :
belly pale cinereous : limbs very ſhort: fore feet very ſtrong: the
two middle claws of the male very ſtrong, thick, and compref-
ſed; divided at the end : thoſe of the ſuppoſed females (of the
leffer
3N

458
R A T.
Size.
lefſer ſkins) ſmall : tail very ſhort, terminated by ſome ftiff
briſtles.
Length about five inches. Deſcribed by Doctor Pallas, from
fome ſkins ſent to him from Labrador, one of which he favored
me with
320. HARE-
Mus Lagurus.. Pallas Now. ſp. fafc. i. 210, tab. xiii. A. Itin ii. App. 704,-
TAILED..
a
Size.
PLACE.
MANNERS.
R."
with a long head, and blunt noſe : rough lips, and ſwelling
out: ears ſhort, round, flat, juſt appearing out of the
für : limbs ſhort and ſlender: tail the ſhorteſt of all the genus
ſcarcely appearing out of the hairs: fur very ſoft and full, cinereous
on the upper part, mixed with duſky : along the back is a dark
line: belly and feet of a pale alh-color..
Length between three and four inches.
Inhabits the country above the Yaik, Irtiſh, and Jeneſei. They
love dry foils, but firm; in which they make burrows with two
entrances; one oblique, leading to the neft, the other perpendicu-
lar, but both end at it, or unite beyond; the neſt is formed of
graſs. Uſually the male has a different habitation, but ſome-
times they live together. When more males than one get toge-
ther, they fight, and the conqueror devours the vanquiſhed; the
mate of the deceaſed inſtantly ſubmits to the embraces of the
former, even though pregnant. They are very falacious, and
bring their young frequently in the air: they bring fix at a time:
emit often a muſky ſmell when in heat: the males fight fitting
up, and bite very hard, and make a noiſe by ſtriking their teeth
together. They ſleep very much, and like the Marmots, rolled
UP ;.
j

RA T.
459
up; and, like them, are flow in their motions: are very fond of
the dwarf iris, but feed on all ſorts of ſeeds : they have alſo car-
nivorous appetites, for they will devour one another, and even
others of different fpecies, of the ſame ſize with themſelves; for
which reaſon few other kinds live near them. They migrate in
great troops; therefore are called by the Tartars, Dhilkis-
Zizchan, the Rambling Mouſe.
Mus ſocialis. Pallas Nov. sp. fafc. i. 218. tab. xiii. B. Itin. ii. App. 705.
321. Socrat.
R. with a thick head and blunt nofe : cars. oval
, naked: limbs
Size.
PLACE.
MANNERS.
:
: part of
the body a light grey, paleſt on the ſides : fides, ſhoulders, and
belly, white.
Length above three inches; tail half an inch.
Inhabits the Caspian deſert, between the Volga and the raik,
and the country of Hyrcania. They live in ſandy, low, and
herby places, in large ſocieties; and in many places the whole
ground is covered with the little hills formed by the earth they
caſt out of their burrows: the burrows are about a ſpan in
depth, with eight or more paſſages. They are always found to
live in pairs, or with a family. They live much on tulip-roots.
They rarely appear in autumn, but ſwarm in the ſpring. They
are faid either to migrate or change their places in autumn, or to
conceal themſelves among the buſhes; and in the winter to ſhelter
in hay-ricks. They breed later than other kinds. Are the prey
of weeſels, fitchets, crows, and vipers.
3 N 2
Mas

460
R A T.
322. MEADOW. Mus agreſtis capite grandi brachiurus. ratè cinereis in ventre veftitis. Brif
Raii fyn. quad. 218.
fon quad. 125.
Mus terreftris. M. cauda mediocri ſub- Le Campagnol. De Buffon, vii. 369,
pilofa, palmis ſubtetradactylis, plan- tab. xlvii.
tis pentadactylis, auriculis vellere The ſhort-tailed field-mouſe. Br. Zool.
brevioribus. Lin. Syft. 82.
Molle. Faun. fuec. N° 31*
Erdzeill. Kramer Auftr. 316.
Mus cauda brevi, pilis e nigricante & Mus arvalis. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i.
fordidè luteo mixtis in dorſo, & fatu- 78. Lev. Mus.
i. N° 3.1.
R.
SIZE.
with a large head : blunt noſe: ears ſhort, and hid in the
fur: eyes prominent : tail ſhort: color of the head and
upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with black : belly
deep afh-color: feet duſky.
Length, from noſe to tail, fix inches; tail only one and a half,
thinly covered with hair, terminated by a ſmall tuft.
Inhabits Europe: alſo in great abundance in Newfoundland, where
it does much miſchief in the gardens: in England, ſeldom infeſts
gardens : makes its neſt in moiſt meadows : brings eight young
at a time : has a ſtrong affection for them: reſides under ground:
lives on nuts, acorns, and corn.
a
PLACE.
• The ſpecies, Nº 30. Faun. fuec. deſcribed by the ſtyle of Mus cauda abbre-
viata, corpore nigro fuſco, abdomine cinereſcente, ſeems the fame with this..
Mus
SON I offech a

P. 461
XLVI.
3
B
11
We
1
1. Hamſter N°324 1. Black Hamſter P. 462


RA T.
461
323. GREGA
Mus gregarius. M. cauda corpore triplo Mus gregalis. Pallas Nov. p. fafc. i.
breviore ſubpiloſa, corpore griſeo,
fubtus pedibuſque albis. Lin.bf.84.
79.
RIOUS.
R.with a ſmall mouth and blunt nofe : ears naked
, and ap-
a
pearing above the fur: hair on the upper part of the body
black at the roots and tips, ferruginous in the middle: throat,
belly, and feet whitih: tail thrice as ſhort as the body, covered
with thin white hairs; the end black and aſh-color: is a litvice
larger than the common mouſe.
Inhabits Germany and Sweden: eats fitting up: burrows, and
lives under ground.
:
* * *
Short-tailed..
With pouches in each jaw.
324. HAMSTER
Hameſter, Cricetus. Agricola An. Sub- Mus cricetus. M. cauda mediocri, auri-
ter. 486. Gefner quad. 738. Raii fyn. culis rotundatis, corpore fubtus ni-
quad. 221. Meyer An. i. tab. lxxxi. gro, lateribus rufefcentibus. maculis
lxxxii.
tribus albis. Lin. Byf. 82.
Skrzeczek, Chomik. Rzaczinkki Polon. Glis ex cinereo rufus in dorſo, in ventre
232.
niger, maculis tribus ad latera albis.
Porcellus frumentarius. Schwenkfelde Brilon quad. 117.
Tberiotroph. 118.
Le Hamſter. De Buffon, xiii. 317. tab.
Krietſch, Hamſter. Kramer Auftr. 317. xiv. xvi. Suppl. iii. 183.
Pallas Nov.ſp. fafc. i. 83. Zimmer- German Marmot. Syn. quad. Nº 200,
man. 343. 511.
LEV. Mus.
with large rounded ears: full black eyes : color on the
head and back, reddiſh brown: cheeks red : beneath each
ear a white ſpot, and another behinds a fourth near the hind
legs :
R. :

462
R A T.
SiZE.
PLACE.
legs: breaſt, upper part of the fore legs, and the belly, black:
tail ſhort, almoſt naked : four toes, and a fifth claw, on the fore
feet; five behind: about nine inches long; tail three.
The males are always bigger than the females; ſome weigh
from twelve to fixteen ounces : the females ſeldom exceed four or
fix. They vary ſometimes in color. About Cafan is found fre-
quently a family entirely black.
Inhabits Auſtria, Sileſia, and many parts of Germany, Poland,
and Ukraine ; in all the ſouthern and temperate parts of Ruſſia
and Sibiria; and even about the river Jeneſei, but not farther to
the eaſt. They are alſo found in the Tartarian deſerts, in fandy
foil, diſliking moiſt places. They are very fond of ſuch ſpots
which abound with liquorice, whoſe feeds they feed on. They
ſwarm ſo in Gotha, that in one year 11,564, in another 54,429,
and in a third 80,139 of their ſkins were delivered at the Hotel de
Ville of the capital *, theſe animals being proſcribed on account
of their vaſt devaſtations among the corn.
They are very deſtructive to grain; eating great quantities,
and carrying ſtill more to its hoard: within its cheeks are two
pouches, receptacles for its booty, which it fills till the cheeks
ſeem ready to burſt: the Germans therefore fay of a very greedy
fellow, Er friſſt vuie ein Hamſter.
They live under ground; firſt form an entrance, burrowing
down obliquely: at the end of that paſſage the male finks one
perpendicular hole; the female ſeveral : at the end of theſe are
formed various vaults, either as lodges for themſelves and young,
or ſtore-houſes for their food: each young has its different apart-
a
MANNERS.
3
* De Buffon, Suppl. iii, 185. quoted from Mr. Sulzer.
3
ment;

RA T.
463
3
ment; each fort of grain its different vault; the firſt they line
with ſtraw or graſs : theſe vaults are of different depths, according
to the age of the animal; a young Hamſter makes them ſcarcely
a foot deep; an old one ſinks them to the depth of four or five;
and the whole diameter of the habitation, with all its communi-
cations, is ſometimes eight or ten feet.
The male and female have always ſeparate burrows; for, ex-
cepting their ſhort ſeaſon of courtſhip, they have no intercourſe.
The whole race is fo malevolent as to conſtantly reject all ſociety
with one another. They will fight, kill, and devour their own
ſpecies, as well as other leffer animals; ſo may be ſaid to be
carnivorous as well as granivorous. If it happens that two males
meet in ſearch of a female, a battle enſues; the female makes a
ſhort attachment to the conqueror, after which the connexion
ceaſes. She brings forth two or three times in a year, and brings,
from fixteen to eighteen at a birth. Their growth is very quick;
and at about the age of three weeks, the old one forces them out .
of the burrows to take care of themſelves: ſhe ſhews little affec-
tion for them; for if any one digs into the hole, ſhe attempts to
ſave herſelf by burrowing deeper into the earth, and totally neg-
lects the ſafety of her brood : on the contrary, if ſhe is attacked
in the ſeaſon of courtſhip, ſhe defends the male with the utmoft:
fury.
They lie torpid from the firſt colds to the end of the winter ;
and during that time are ſeemingly quite inſenſible, and have the
appearance of being dead; their limbs ſtiff, and body cold as
ice: not even ſpirits of wine, or oil of vitriol, poured in to them,
can produce the left mark of ſenſibility. It is only in places be-
yond the reach of the air in which it grows torpid; for the ſevereſt
cold

464
R A T.
cold on the ſurface does not affect it, as has been proved by ex-
periment.
In its annual revival, it begins firſt to loſe the ſtiffneſs of
its limbs; then breathes deeply, and by long intervals : on
moving its limbs, it opens it mouth, and makes a rattle in the
throat; after ſome days it opens its eyes, and tries to ſtand;
but makes its efforts like a perſon much concerned in liquor ;
at length, when it has attained its uſual attitude, it reſts for a
long time in tranquillity, to recollect itſelf, and recover from its
fatigue.
They begin to lay in their proviſions in Auguft; and will carry
grains of corn, corn in the ear, and peas and beans in the pods,
which they clean in their holes, and carry the huſks carefully our :
the pouches above mentioned are ſo capacious as to hold a quar-
ter of a pint Engliſh. As ſoon as they have finiſhed their work,
they ſtop up the mouth of their paſſage carefully. As they lie
torpid during the whole ſevere ſeaſon, theſe hoards are deſigned
for their ſupport on their firſt retreat, and in the ſpring and be-
ginning of the ſummer, before they can ſupply themſelves in the
fields. In winter, the peaſants go what they call a Hamſter-neſting ;
and when they diſcover the retreat, dig down till they diſcover the
hoard, and are commonly well paid; for, beſides the ſkins of the
animals, which are valuable furs, they find commonly two buſhels
of good grain in the magazine. Theſe animals are very fierce;
will jump at a horſe that happens to tread near them, and hang
by its nofe, ſo that it is difficult to diſengage them : they make a
noiſe like the barking of a dog. In ſome ſeaſons are ſo numerous
as to occaſion a dearth of corn. Pole-cats are their greateſt ene-
mies; for they purſue them into their holes, and deſtroy numbers.
It
a
a

RA T.
465
It is remarkable, that the hair ſticks ſo cloſe to the ſkin, as not
to be plucked off without the utmoſt difficulty.
*
to
325. VORMELA,
In my former edition I ſuppoſed the Vormela of Agricola
have been a variety of this kind. He ſays it is leſs; the whole
body marked with yellow and tawny ſpots; the tail cinereous,
and white tipped with black; but as he adds that it is a palm
and a half long, I muſt refer it to another ſpecies, or perhaps
genus ; for it is not unlikely but that it is the ſame with the Sar-
matian Weeſel, Nº 196.
326. YAIK.
Mus accedula. Pallas Nov. Sp. faſc. i. 257. tab. xviii. A.
Mus migratorius. Pallas Itin. ii. App. 703.
a
R."
with a thick ſnout : blunt noſe: very Aeſhy lips: upper lip
deeply divided : upper fore teeth ſmall, yellow, convex
outwards, truncated; the lower ſlender, pointed : eyes large : ears
great, oblongly oval, high above the fur, naked : tail very ſhort,
cylindrical: color about the face white: upper part of the body
of a cinereous yellow, mixed with brown; below of a hoary
whiteneſs.
Length near four inches.
Inhabits the deſerts about the Yaik : runs about during night,
when it quits its burrow. It is ſaid by the Coſſacks to migrate in
great numbers out of the deſerts, and to be followed by multi-
tudes of foxes, preſaging a good hunting-ſeaſon : but Doctor
Pallas doubts whether this ſpecies, or any of the pouched kinds,
SIZE
PLACE AND
MANNERS.
De anim. ſubter. 486.
30
go

466
R A T.
go far from their homes, as thoſe receptacles for proviſion are
calculated only for ſhort excurſions.
327.
Mus Phæus. Pallas Nov. f. fafc. i. 261. tab. xv. A.
R.
Size.
with the forehead much elevated : edges of the eyelids
black : ears naked, oval, ſtanding far out of the fur: tail
very ſhort, ſlightly furred: color above, a hoary aſh-color, with
long duſky hairs, running from the neck, along the middle of the
back, to the tail: the ſides whitiſh: the circumference of the
mouth, under ſide of the body, and the extremities of the limbs,
of a ſnowy whiteneſs.
Length about three inches and a half.
Inhabits the deſerts of Aſtracan, about Zarizyn ; and is taken in
traps frequently in winter, in places near to ftables and out-
houſes. It is alſo common among the Hyrcanian mountains,
about the Perſian villages, where it commits great ravages among
the rice. It does not grow torpid during winter, as is proved by
the ſtomachs of ſuch which are taken in that ſeaſon, being found
full of food.
a
PLACE.
3
328. SAND.
Mus arenarius. Pallas Nov./t. fafc. i. 266. tab. xvi. A. Itin. ii. App. 704.
R.
with a longiſh head and fnout, and ſharp noſe: the pouches
very large: ears great, oval, browniſh : body ſhort: nails
white: color of the upper part of the body hoary : fides, belly,
limbs, and tail, of a pure white.
Length

RA T.
467
SIZE.
PLACRE
Length near four inches; tail above one.
Inhabits the ſandy plains of the Baraba, not far from the river
Irtiſh. The males inhabit a very deep burrow, with a ſingle en-
trance, at whoſe bottom is the neft, made of the Elymus arenarius,
and other plants : other burrows, perhaps of the females, had
three entrances : in another, diſcovered in May, were five young
in three neſts; two were preſerved alive; were untameable very
fierce, and would fling themſelves on their back, and defend
themſelves by biting: they went out only in the night, and hid
themſelves during day in their fodder.
Mus fongarus. Pallas Nov.ſp.faſc. i. 269. tab. xvi. B. Itin. ii. App. 703.
329. SONGAR.
R.
with a thick head and blunt noſe: ears oval, very thin, ap-
pear above the fur, are very ſlightly cloathed with hoary
down: tail very ſhort, blunt, thick, and hairy color above, a
cinereous grey, marked along the back, from head to tail, with a
black line: fides of the head and body marked with great white
ſpots in certain parts, running into one another, in others bounded
with brown: belly and legs white.
Length three inches.
Inhabits, with the former, the Baraba, uſually in the dry ſandy
ſaline places : dwells during ſummer in the ſhallow new-begun
burrows; thoſe of the females have a very deep oblique paſſage
at the end of it: the neft formed of herbs; in one of which were
ſeven young; from this neſt ran another deep hole, perhaps the
winter retreat. The young were much grown, yet blind. Doc-
tor Pallas preſerved them long : they grow ſoon familiar, contrary
Size.
Place.
302
to

468
RA T.
to the nature of other mice; would feed from his hand, lap milk,
and when placed on a table, ſhew no deſire of running away; but
were flower in all their motions than the other ſpecies. They
waſhed their faces with their paws, and eat fitting up: wan-
dered about in the day and morning: ſlept all night rolled up:
ſeldom made any cry, and when they did, it was like that of a
bat.
330. BARABA.
Mus furunculus. Pallas Nov. Sp. faſc. i. 273.
.
Mus Barabenſis. Itin. ii. App. 704.
Size.
PLACE,
R.with a ſharp noſe: large broad naked ears, duſky edged
with white: tail longer than that of the preceding: color
of the upper part of the body cinereous yellow, growing ler
towards the fides : below of a dirty white: from the hind part
of the neck extends a black line, reaching not quite to the tail :
tail white, marked above with a duſky line.
Length about three inches and a quarter : tail near one inch.
Inhabits the ſandy plain of Baraba, towards the Ob; and be-
tween the Onon and Argun, and about the lake Dalai in the Chi-
neſe empire. Nothing is known of their manners: the ſpeci-
mens from whom the deſcriptions were formed, were taken run-
ning about the fields.
The laſt diviſion of mice is of thoſe which lead a fubterra-
neous life, like the Mole, which I take the liberty of naming
a
Mole-


XLVII.
P. 469
e
111
1
11
1. Blind Mole Rat. NO 331
11. Dauurian M.Rat Nº 332 I.Cape M.Rat N: 334

RA T.
469
* *
*** Mole-Rat.
331. BLIND,
Mus Typhlus. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. com. Petrop. xiv. 411. tab. viii. ix.
Lemni. Rzaczinſk. Auft. Polon, 325. De Mus oculis minuciſſimis, auriculis cau-
Buffon, xv. 142.
daque nullis, Lepechen. ibid. 509. tab.
Slepez. Gmelin Itin. i. 131. tab. xxii.
.
Spalax microphthalmus. Gueldenft.Nov. Podolian Marmot. Syn, quad. Nº 204.
XV.
a
R. with a great head broader than the body: not the left aper-
ture for the eyes; yet beneath the ſkin are the rudiments
of thoſe organs, not bigger than the feed of a poppy: no exter-
nal ears: the end of the noſe covered with a thick ſkin : noſtrils
very remote, and placed below: the mouth gaping, and the teeth
expoſed : upper fore teeth ſhort, lower very long, and none of
them hid by the lip; ends quite even: body cylindrical : limbs
very ſhort : five toes on each foot, all ſeparated, except by a thin
membrane near the baſe : claws ſhort: hair univerſally ſhort,
thick, and very ſoft; duſky at the bottom, at the ends of a cine-
reous grey: the ſpace about the noſe, and above the mouth,
white.
Length between ſeven and eight inches: weight of a male
above eight ounces.
Inhabits only the ſouthern parts of Rufia, from Poland to the
Volga, but is not found any where to the eaſt of that river ;
but is very common from the Syſran to the Sarpa : is frequent
along the Don, even to its origin, and about the town of Raſk,
excepting the ſandy parts, for it delights in moiſt and turfy foils.
fice thi lov bil
It
16 17 qui se
SIZE,
PLACE.
3

470
RA T.
It lives in great numbers in the ſame places with the EARLESS
MARMOTS.
It forms burrows beneath the turf for a very conſiderable ex-
tent, with ſeveral lateral paſſages made in queſt of roots, on which
it feeds. At the interval of ſome yards, there are openings to the
ſurface to diſcharge the earth, which forms in thoſe places hillocks
of two yards in circumference, and of a great height. It works its
way with its great teeth, and caſts the earth under its belly with
the fore feet, and again behind it, with its hind feet: it works
with great agility; and on any apprehenſion of an enemy, it
forms inſtantly a perpendicular burrow. The bite of this animal
is very fevere. It cannot ſee its aſſailant, but lifts up its head in
a menacing attitude. When irritated, it ſnorts, and gnaſhes its
teeth, but emits no cry. It often quits its hole, eſpecially in the
morning, and during the amorous ſeaſon baſks with the female in
the fun. It does not appear that it lies torpid during winter,
nor whether it lays in proviſion for that feaſon. It is particularly
fond of the bulbous Cherophyllum.
The Ruffians call it Slepez, or the blind: the Coſſacks, for the
ſame reaſon, ftyle it Sfochor Nomon. In Ukraine, the vulgar be-
lieve that the touch of a hand, which has ſuffocated this animal,
has the ſame virtue in curing the king's-evil, as was once believed
to be inherent in the abdicated family of Great Britain,
Mus

R A T.
471
Mus Afpalax. Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i. 165. tab. x. Itir, üi. 692.
Mus Myoſpalax. Laxman.
332. DAUURIAN.
а.
SIZE.
R. with a thick flat head: ſhort fnout: blunt noſe, fit for dig.
a
ging: upper fore teeth naked; lower covered with a
moveable lip: no external ears: eyes very ſmall, yet viſible, lodged
deeply in their ſockets, which are ſo minute as ſcarcely to admit
a grain of millet : body ſhort, and depreſſed: limbs very ſtrong,
eſpecially, the fore legs : fore feet large, and adapted for digging ;
naked, and furniſhed with five toes, and very long and ſtrong
claws, fightly bent, on the three middle: hind feet naked to the
heel; on each are five toes with ſmall claws : tail ſhort: hair ſoft,
and looſe ;: color at bottom duſky, outwardly of a dirty cine-
reous grey in ſome is a white line on the hind part of the
head.
Differs in ſize. Thoſe of the Altaic chain are near nine inches
from noſe to tail : thoſe about lake Baikal not fix : the tail of the
former is near two inches long.
Inhabits, firſt, the Altaic mountains; and again beyond lake
Baikal, and from thence for ſome ſpace ſouthward;. but none are
found to the north. In the former it lives on the bulbs of the
Erythronium; in the latter on thoſe of the Lilium Pomponium.
It burrows like the former,, a little below the ſurface, and
ſpreads over an extent of a hundred fathoms; and the direction
it takes is known by the number of hillocks.
Its voice is weak and plaintive. It digs with both noſe and
fore feet; but leſs than the preceding with the teeth: by commi-
nuting the earth, and finging it up in hillocks, it prepares the
3
ground
PLACE.
a

472
RA T.
ground for the reception of various kinds of rare feeds; which
grow uſually in greater plenty about ſuch places than any others.
The Tanguſi, about lake Baikal, call this ſpecies Monon Zokor,
or blind; yet it is not quite deprived of ſight. The Ruffians ſtyle
it Semiunaja Medwedka, or Earth Bear.
333. AFRICAN.
a
a
R.
with a large head: noſe black; end flatted and corrugated :
eyes minute, much hid in the fur: no ears : upper teeth
one-third of an inch long, ſulcated lengthways; lower, one inch
and a quarter, expoſed to view : legs ſhort: on the fore legs are
four toes and a thumb, detached and free : inmoft toe the longeſt,
the others gradually ſhorten: on the thumb is a ſhort claw; the
other claws are very long, and ſlightly bent: the ſoles are naked,
and diſtinguiſhed by two great tubercles: hind feet very long,
large, and naked, which the animal reſts on even to the heel :
they have five toes with ſhort claws.
Tail compreſſed, and covered above and below with ſhort
hairs : on the ſides beſet with very long briſtles diſpoſed horizon-
tally.
Color a cinereous brown, paleſt on the lower parts.
Length to the tail thirteen inches : tail two.
Inhabits the ſandy country near the Cape of Good Hope, where
it is called Sand Moll. It burrows, and flings up hillocks, like the
former; and renders the ground fo hollow, as to be very incon-
venient to travellers; for it breaks every ſix or ſeven minutes un-
der the horſes feet, and lets them in up to the ſhoulders. This
animal feeds on the roots of Ixiæ Gladioli, Antholyze, and Irides ;
grows
a
Size.
PLACE.
10

RA T.
473
grows to the ſize of a rabbet, and is by fome eſteemed a good
diſh *. This, from its ſuperior ſize, I ſuppoſe to be the Sand
Moll of Mr. Maſſon.
Mus Capenſis. Pallas Nov. ſp. fafc.i.
334. CAPE
172. tab. vii.
tab. xlvi.
La Taupe du Cap. Journal hift. p.
& fig. 64
Long-toothed Marmot. Brown's Zool.
R."
with a blunt noſe: minute round noſtrils : eyes ſmall, but
larger than thoſe of the preceding: no ears: upper fore
teeth contiguous, truncated; lower, an inch long, not contiguous,
bend upwards, excavated on the upper ſurface : end of the noſe
naked and black, the reſt white: chin, and lower ſides of the
cheeks, of the ſame color: ſpace round the ears and eyes white:
on the hind part of the head is a white ſpot; reſt of the head,
cheeks, back, and ſides, of a ruſty brown, and cinereous :
belly cinereous: five ſlender toes on each foot, furniſhed with
ſmall claws: tail very ſhort, beſet with briſtles.
Length, from nofe to tail, about ſeven inches.
Is very common about the Cape, and very deſtructive to gar-
dens; Alings up hillocks, and eats roots of various kinds.
Size:
* Maſon's trav. Ph. Tranſ. lxvi. 304. Dela Caill, 299.
3 P
Mus

474
R A T
335. TALPINE.
Mus Talpinus. Pallas Nov. Sp. faſc. i. 176. tab. xi. B. Nov.com. Petrop. xis.
568. tab. xxi. fig. 3.
up-
a
Size.
PLACE.
MANNERS,
R.
with a large ſhort head : thick ſnout : noſe truncated: up
a
per teeth extending out of the mouth, long and flat :
lower longer, rounded at the ends : eyes ſmall, hid in the fur: no
ears: the aperture bounded behind by a ſmall rim: body ſhort:
fore feet ſtrong : on thoſe, and on the hind feet, five toes fur-
niſhed with ſmall claws : tail very ſhort, ſcarcely appearing be-
yond the für: color of the head, noſe, back, and ſides, dulky:
cheeks greyiſh: chin white: belly and limbs whitiſh.
Length near four inches.
Inhabits all the open grounds and commons of the temperate
parts of Ruſſia and weſtern Sibiria, but ſcarcely any beyond the
Irtiſh, and none as far as the Oby.
Loves a black turfy ſoil, and is frequent in meadows near vil-
lages : feldom in fandy or mudded tracts : always abound where
there is plenty of Phlomis tuberoſa, and Lathyrus eſculentus. Its
place is known by the little hillocks it flings up along the courſe
of its burrow, which is of great extent; for this reaſon the Ruf-.
fians call it Semleroika, or Earth-digger. In theſe burrows it lurks
all the day, but in evening and morning renews its labors ; nor
does it quit its hole unleſs to fing out the earth, or in the ſeaſon
of love to ſeek a mate, or to change the place of its habitation.
It does not bear the full light of day; therefore its few excure.
fions are uſually in the evenings.
It does not grow torpid in winter; but makes its neft beneath
ſome ſhrub or hay-rick. They make their neſt. deep in the
ground,
a

RA T.
475
ground, and keep themſelves warm by lining it with ſoft graſs :
and often make a lodge, which they fill with tuberous roots.
During the cold ſeaſon their fur grows univerſally thicker and
longer.
It is very eaſily taken: but ſoon grows fick in confinement,
unleſs a quantity of earth is put into the place. They emit a
puling note, but that rarely: they often gnaſh, and, as it were,
whet their teeth againſt each other.
They are in heat the end of March, or beginning of April; at
that time the females have a ſtrong muſky ſmell. They bring
three or four at a time.
They ſometimes vary in color, and are found quite black.
3 P 2
I'wo

476
S H R E W.
Einban
XXXIV. .
SHREW.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw, pointing forward.
Long ſlender noſe: ſmall ears.
Five toes on each foot.
336. MUSKY.
Muſ: 334
Mus aquaticus. Clufii exot. 373. Worm. Dæſman, Faun. fuec. No. 28. De Buf-
fon, x. 1.
Muſcovy or Muſk rat. Raii fin. quad. Caftor cauda verticaliter plana, digitis
217. Nov. Com. Petrop. iv. 383. omnibus membranis inter fe con-
Caftor moſchatus. C. cauda longa com-
nexis. Briſon quad. 92.
preſſo-lanceolata pedibus palmatis. Long-noſed Beaver. Syn. quad.|Nº 192.
Lin. Syft. 79
و
S. with a long ſlender noſe, like that of a ſhrew-mouſe ; no ex-
ternal ears : very ſmall eyes : tail compreſſed fideways :
color of the head and back duſky; the belly whitiſh aſh-color:
length, from nofe to tail, ſeven inches; tail eight.
Inhabits the river Volga and lakes adjacent, from Novogrod to
Saratof; never found in Ruſſia, and its exiſtence in Lapland doubt-
ed *. It never wanders far from the ſides of the rivers or lakes :
is very ſlow in its pace : makes holes in the cliffs, with the en-
trance far beneath the loweſt fall of the water ; works upwards,
but never to the ſurface, only high enough to lie beyond the
higheſt flow of the river: feeds on fiſh: is devoured by the Pikes
and Siluri, and gives thoſe fiſh ſo ſtrong a favor of muſk, as to
render them not eatable: has the ſame ſcent as the former, eſpe-
cially about the tail : out of which is expreſſed a ſort of muſk,
very much reſembling the genuine kind †. The ſkins are put
* Dr. Pallas, MSS.
+ Schober in Muller's Samlung Ruf. vii. 41. 42.
9
into

S H R E W.
477
into cheſts among cloaths, to drive away moths *, and to pre-
ſerve the wearers from peftilence and fevers.
At Orenburg, the ſkins and tails fell for fifteen or twenty copecs
per hundred. They are ſo common near Nizney Novogorod, that
the peaſants bring five hundred apiece to market, where they
are ſold for one ruble per hundred. The German name for theſe
animals is Bieſem-ratze ; the Ruſſian, Wychozhol.
Mus Pilorides ? Pallas Nov. Sp. fafc. i.g1.
Mus albus Ceylonicus ? Brilon, 122. Lev. Mus.
337. PERFUMING.
:
S."
with a long ſlender noſe : upper jaw extending far beyond
the lower: upper fore teeth ſhort : lower long, ſlender, in-
curvated : whiſkers long and white : eyes fmall : ears tranſpa-
rent, broad, and round: hair ſhort and cloſe, on head and body,
of a fine pale cærulean : the belly lighter : feet white.
Length from noſe to tail near eight inches; tail three and a
half.
Inhabits Java, and others of the Eaſt Indian iſlands; eats rice;
has ſo ſtrong a ſcent of muſk as to perfume every thing it runs over.
I have it from the moſt undoubted authority, that it will render
the wine in a well-corked bottle not drinkable, by merely paſſing
over it. Cats will not touch them.
tie
• Ritchkoff Orenb. Topogr. i. 286.
Tucano

478
S H R E W.
338. Mexican.
Tucan. Fernandez Nov. Hifp.7.
Le Tucan. De Buffon, xv. 159,
S.
with a ſharp noſe: ſmall round ears : without fight : two
long fore teeth above and below : thick, fat, and fleſhy
body: ſhort legs, ſo that the belly almoft touches the ground:
long crooked claws : tawny hair : ſhort tail : length, from noſe
to tail, nine inches.
Inhabits Mexico : burrows, and makes ſuch a number of cavi-
ties, that travellers can ſcarcely tread with ſafety : if it gets out
of its hole, does not know how to return, but begins to dig ano-
ther: grows very fat, and is eatable: feeds on roots, kidney-
beans, and other ſeeds. M. de Buffon thinks it a Mole; but by
-the ears, it ſhould be claſſed here.
a
339. BRASILIAN. "Mus araneus figura muris. "Marcgrave La mufaraigne de Braſil. De Buffon,
Braſil, 229.
xv. 160.
a
S.
with a ſharp noſe and teeth : pendulous fcrotum : of a duſky
e color, marked along the back with three broad black
ſtrokes : length, from noſe to tail, five inches; tail two.
Inhabits Braſil : does not fear the cat : neither does that ani-
mal hunt after it.
S. murinus,

SHREW,
479
S. murinus. S. cauda mediocri, corpore fuſco, pedibus caudaque cinereis.
340. Murine.
Lin. ſyſt. 74.
S.
with a long noſe, hollowed beneath : very long hairs about
• the noſtrils : ears rounded, and rather naked : of an aſh-
color: body of the ſize of a common mouſe: tail a little ſhorter
than the body, and not ſo hairy.
Inhabits Java.
a
341. FORTID
Muyaan. Ælian hift. An. lib. vi. c. 22, maus. Klein quad. 57. Kramer Auftr.
Muoyann. Diofcorid. lib. ii. c. 42.
317.
Mus araneas. Agricola An. Subter. 485. Sorex araneus. S. cauda mediocri, cor---
Geſner quad. 747
pore fubtus albido. Lin. Syft. 74.
Mus araneus, mus cæçus. Gefner econ. Nabbmus. Faun. Juec. No. 24.
116.
Mus araneus fupra ex fufco rufus infra
Mus araneus, Shrew, Shrew-mouſe, albicans. Briſon quad. 126.
or hardy Shrew.. Raii fyn. quad. La. Mufaraigne. De Buffon, viii. 57.
tab. x.
233
Mus araneus roftro productiore Spitf. Shrew-mouſe. Br. Zool. i. 112.
S.
with ſhort rounded ears: eyes- ſmall, and almoſt hid in the
• fur: noſe long and ſlender, upper part the longeſt : head
and upper part of the body of a browniſh red : belly of a dirty
white: length, from nofe to tail, two inches and a half; tail one
and a half.
Inhabits Europe, Sibiria, and even the Aretic flats, and Kamt-
ſchatka ; it is alſo found about the Caſpian fea: lives in old walls,
heaps of ſtones, or holes in the earth : is frequently near hay-
ricks, dunghills and neceſſary-houſes : 'lives on corn, inſects, and
any filth: is often obſerved rooting in ordure, like a hog: from
3
its

480
SHRE W.
its food, or the places it frequents, has a diſagreeable ſmell :
cats will kill, but not eat it: brings four or five young at a
time. The antients believed it was injurious to cattle, an error
now detected. There ſeems to be an annual mortality of theſe
animals in Auguſt, numbers being then found dead in the paths.
342. WATER.
Mus araneus dorſo nigro, ventreque
albo. Merret Pinax, 167.
Sorex fodiens. Pallas *.
La Muſaraigne d'Eau. De Buffon, viii.
64. tab. xi.
Water Shrew-mouſe. Br. Zool. illuftr.
tab. cii. Lev. Mus.
S. a
with a long ſlender noſe : very minute ears; and within
each a tuft of white hairs : very ſmall eyes, hid in the fur:
color of the head and upper part of the body black : throat,
breaſt, and belly, of a light aſh-color: the feet white: beneath
the tail a triangular duſky ſpot : much larger than the laſt:
length, from noſe to tail, three inches three quarters ; tail two
inches.
Inhabits Europe and Sibiria, as far at left as the river Jeneſei ;
long ſince known in England, but loſt till May 1768, when it
was diſcovered in the fens near Reveſby Abby, Lincolnſhire : bur-
rows in the banks near the water; and is ſaid to ſwim under wa-
ter +: is called by the Fen-men the Blind Mouſe : chirrups like
a graſshopper, and its note often miſtaken for one.
* Doctor Pallas favored me with ſeveral prints of this animal in 1765, but
never publiſhed them: he diſcovered it near Berlin : it is called there. Græber, or
The Digger.
+ L. Baldner, iii. 137.
Sorex

S S H R E W.
487
Sorex minutus. S. roftro longiſſimo. Lin. Lyft. 73.
343. MINUTE
S. :
/
with a head near as big as the body: very flender nofe:
• broad ſhort naked ears : whiſkers reaching to the eyes :
eyes ſmall, and capable of being drawn in : hair very fine and
ſhining; grey above, white beneath: no tail.
Inhabits Sibiria, about the Oby and near the Kama : lives in a
neft made of lichens, in ſome moiſt place beneath the roots of
trees : lives on ſeeds: digs: runs ſwiftly: has the voice of a bat.
S.
344. Prom.
with a very long Alender noſe : in ſhape and color like the
• FOETID, but paler: the tail very flender near the roots, then
, :
ſuddenly grows remarkably thick and round; and again grows
gradually leſs to the end.
Linnæus imagines that the laſt is the left of quadrupeds.
Doctor Pallas, who communicated this ſpecies, think this has
a better clame to that title, as its weight is only equal to, or very
little above half a drachm.
Is very common between, and about the rivers Jeneſei and
Oby.
a
345. WHITE
S.
of a duſky cinereous color: belly white : cutting teeth
• white : tail ſender and hairy.
TOOTHED.
3 Q
S. of

482
S H R E W.
346. SQUARE
TAILED:
S.
of a duſky cinereous color: belly paler: cutting teeth
browniſh: tail inclines to a ſquared form.
This ſpecies has no bad ſmell,
347. CARINATED.
of a duſky cinereous whitiſh on the belly, with browniſh
• fore teeth: a white ſpot beyond each eye: tail ſlender and
taper, carinated or ridged below.
S.
348. UNICOLOR
S.
of an uniform duſky cinereous color: baſe of the tail nar-
row, or compreſſed.
The above four ſpecies inhabit the neighborhood of Strale
bourg, and were diſcovered by Profeffor Herman.
PLACE.
Long

M O LE
483
Long noſe: upper jaw much longer than the lower.
XXXV.
MOL E.
No ears.
Fore feet very broad, with ſcarcely any apparent legs before :
hind feet ſmall.
349. EUROPEAN.
Talpa. Agricola An. Subter. 490. Gef-
ner quad. 931. Klein quad. 6o.
Talpa, the Mole, Mold-warp, or Want.
Raii fyn. quad. 236.
Kret. Rzaczinſki Polon. 236.
Scheer, Scheer-mauſs, Maul-wurf,
Kramer Auftr. 314.
Talpa Europæus. T. caudata, pedibus
pentadactylis. Lin. Syft. 73.
Mullvad, Surk. Faun. fuec. No. 23.
Br. Zool. i. 108.
Talpa caudata, nigricans pedibus an-
ticis et pofticis pentadactylis. B riffon
quad. 203.
La Taupe. De Buffon, viii. 81. tab.
xii. Lev. MUS.
M. with very minute eyes, hid in the fur : long ſnout: fix
:
cutting teeth in the upper, eight in the lower jaw, and
two canine in each : no external ears, only an orifice : fore part
of the body thick and muſcular ; hind part taper : fore feet placed
obliquely, broad, and like hands : five toes, each terminated by
ſtrong claws: hind feet very ſmall, with five toes to each : tail
ſhort: ſkin very tough, ſo as ſcarcely to be cut through: hair
ſhort, cloſe fet, fofter than the fineſt velvet : uſually black, fome-
times ſpotted * with white; ſometimes quite white: length five
inches three quarters ; tail one.
Inhabits Europe, and the temperate or ſouthern parts of Ruſia
and Sibiria, as far as the River Lena. The Sibirian is much larger
than the European Mole.
PLACE.
* Spotted Mole, Edw. 268.
3 Q 2
It

484
M O L E.
MANNERS.
а.
It lives under ground: burrows with vaſt rapidity with its fore
feet; Aings the earth back with its hind feet : has the ſenſe of
ſmelling exquiſite, which directs it to its food-worms, inſects,
and roots : does vaſt damage in gardens, by flinging up the foil
and looſening the roots of plants: is moſt active before rain, and
in winter before a thaw, worms being then in motion : breeds in
the ſpring : brings four or five young at a time: makes its neſt
of moſs, a little beneath the ſurface of the ground, under the
greateſt hillock : raiſes no hillocks in dry weather, being then
bbliged to penetrate deep after its prey: makes a great ſcream
when taken. Palma chriſti and white hellebore, made into a paſte,
and laid in their holes, deſtroys them. None in Ireland.
2. Yellow M. in form reſembling the European, but larger,
being fix inches two-tenths long; the tail one inch: hair ſoft,
filky, and gloffy, of a yellowiſh brown color at the ends; dark
grey at the roots : brighteſt about the head; darkeſt about
the rump: belly of a deep cinereous brown : feet and tail
white.
Inhabits N. America. Deſcribed from a fkin in which the
jaws were taken out.
Talpa

M O L E
485
350. SIBIRIAN.
Talpa Sibiricus verſicolor, Aſpalax dic- bus anticis tridactylis, pofticis te-
tus. Seb. Muf. i. 51. tab. xxxii. fig. tradactylis. Brilon quad. 206.
4, 5. Klein quad. 6o.
La Taupe dorée. De Buffon, xv. 145.
Talpa Afiatica. T. ecaudata, palmis Variable Mole. Brown's Zool. 118.
tridactylis. Lin. Syft. 73.
Talpa ecaudata, ex viridi aurea, pedi-
tab. 44•
Teth,
M. with the noſe ſhort and blunt : ſpace between the tip, and
,
corner of the mouth covered with pale brown hair: from
the corner of the mouth, a broad whitiſh bar points upwards along
the ſides of the head : color of the hair on the upper part of the
body varied with gloffy green and copper-color: below is of a
cinereous brown: in the upper jaw are two ſharp cutting teeth ;.
in the lower the fame, with a ſharp canine tooth contiguous to
them on each ſide.
On the fore feet three toes with vaſt claws; that on the outmoſt
toe exceedingly large: on the hind feet five ſmall toes and weak
claws: no tail : rump round.
Length four inches.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, not Sibiria, as Seba fuppoſes :
Whether this is the Bles Moll of the Dutch, which lives in the
harder grounds about the Cape *, I cannot determine.
Size.
PLACE.
* Maſſon's Trav. Ph. Tranſ. Ixvi. 395.
Sorex

486
M O L E.
351. RADIATED
Sorex criſtatus. S. naribus carunculatis, cauda breviore. Lin. /. 73.
LEV. Mus.
M.
with ſmall but broad fore legs; five long white claws on
each : noſe long ; the edges beſet with radiated tendrils :
hair on the body duſky, very ſhort, fine, and compact; on the
noſe longer : the hind legs ſcaly: five toes on each foot : length,
from noſe to tail, three inches three quarters : tail Nender, round,
and taper, one inch three-tenths long.
Inhabits N. America. Forms ſubterraneous paſſages, in dif-
ferent directions, in uncultivated fields ; raiſes walks about two
inches high and a palm broad: the holes often give way and let
in the walkers. Feeds on roots : has great ſtrength in its legs.
Place.
352. LONG-TAIL-
ED
a
M.with a radiated noſe : the fore feet pretty broad, hind feet
very ſcaly, with a few ſhort hairs on them : the claws on
the fore feet like thoſe of the common Mole; on the hind very
long and ſlender : hair on the noſe and body ſoft, long, and of a
ruſty brown color: tail covered with ſhort hair ; the length two
inches; that of noſe and body four inches fix-tenths.
Inhabits N. America. LEV. Mus.
PLACE.
353. BROWN.
Sorex aquaticus. S. plantis palmatis, palmis caudaque breviore albis
Lin. Syft. 74. Lev. Mus.
with a ſlender noſe : upper jaw much longer than the
lower ; two cutting teeth in the upper, four in the lowers
the two middle of which are very ſmall: no canine teeth : fore
M. ;
3
feet

M O L E.
487
PLACE.
feet very broad : nails long : hind feet ſmall; five claws on
each : hair very ſoft and gloſſy, brown at the ends, deep grey at
the bottom: tail and feet white: length, from noſe to tail, five
inches and a half: tail very flender, not an inch long.
Inhabits N. America : called there the Brown Mole: ſent from
New York by Mr. A. Blackburne, with B. Yellow Mole, and No.
351 and 352. The black and ſhining purple Virginian Mole,
deſcribed by Seba as the fame with the common kind, was not
among thoſe that gentleman favored us with. Linnæus places
this, and our radiated Mole, in his claſs of Sorex, or SHREW, on
account of the difference of the teeth ; but as theſe animals pof-
ſeſs the ſtronger characters of the Mole, ſuch as form of noſe and
body, ſhape of feet, and even the manners, we think them better
adapted to this genus than to the preceding.
*
Talpa rubra Americana. Seb. Muf. i. 51. tab. xxxii. fig. 2.
354. Reda
a
M.
of a cinereous red color: three toes on the fore feet, four
on the hind : form of the body and tail like the European
kind.
According to Seba, it inhabits America ; but he does not in--
form us whether it is North or South.
* I. 51. tab. xxxii. fig. 4.
Five

488
H E D G E - HO G.
73
XXXVI.
HEDGE-HOG.
Five toes on each foot.
Body covered with ſtrong ſhort ſpines.
355. COMMON.
Erinaceus. Agricola An. Subter. 481. datis naribas criſtatis. Lin. Lyft. 75.
Echinus terreſtris.. Gefner quad. 368. Igelkott. Faun. fuec. N° 22. Br. Zool.i.
Echinus ſc. Erinaceus terreftris. Urchin, 106.
or Hedge-hog. Raii fyn. quad. 231. Erinaceus auriculis erectis. Brilor
Jez. Rzaczinſki Polon. 233-
quad. 128. Seb. Muf. i. 78. tab. xlix.
Acanthion vulgaris noftras. Klein quad. L'Heriſſon. De Buffon, viii. 28. tab. vi.
66.
Hærbe, vel Ganfud. Forſkal, iii. Lev.
Igel. Kramer Auftr. 314.
Mus.
Erinaceus Europeus. E. auriculis rotun-
a
H.with a long noſe : noftrils bordered on each side with a
looſe flap: ears rounded, ſhort, broad, and naked : eyes
ſmall : legs ſhort, naked, and duſky: inner toe the ſhorteſt :
claws weak: upper part of the face, the ſides, and rump, covered
with ſtrong coarſe hair of a yellowiſh and cinereous color; the
back, with ſtrong ſharp ſpines of a whitiſh color, with a bar of
black through their middle: tail an inch long: length, from noſe
to tail, ten inches.
Inhabits Europe and Madagaſcar*; is common in many parts
of Ruſia, but ſcarcely or ever found in Sibiria : is in motion
during night; keeps retired in the day: feeds on roots, fruits,
worms, and inſects : erroneouſly charged with ſucking cows and
hurting their udders: reſides in ſmall thickets, in hedges, and at
the bottom of ditches covered with buſhes; lies well wrapped up in
PLACE.
* Flacourt voy. Madagaſcar, 152, where they are called Sora.
moſs
SAXO 180° ON TAARI
COOH OH

XLVIII.
P. 488
I
I
IT
IRADIATED MOLE NO.351. I LONG-TAILED M.N.352.
II HEDGE HOG NO355.


H E D G E - HO G.
489
moſs, graſs, or leaves, and during winter rolls itſelf up and ſleeps
out that dreary ſeaſon : a mild and helpleſs animal; on approach
of an enemy, rolls itſelf into the form of a ball, and is then in-
vulnerable.
Erinaceus Auritus.
Pallas & Gmelin, in Nov. com. Petrop. xiv. 519.573. tab. 356. SIBIRIAN.
xvi, and xxi. fig. 4.
H.
a
with the upper jaw long
and ſlender : with very large open
oval ears, naked, brown round the edges, with ſoft whitiſh
hairs within: tail ſhorter than that of the common hedge-hog:
upper part of the body covered with ſlender brown ſpines, encom-
paſſed at the baſe, and near the ends, with a ring of white: the
limbs and belly cloathed with a moft elegant ſoft white fur.
Generally much inferior in ſize to the common kind; but be-
yond Baikal is found much larger than that ſpecies.
Is very common in all the ſouthern deſerts, from the Don to
the Oby.
Grows very fat: ſleeps all the winter, lodged in a hole a few
inches deep: lives on inſects, even the moſt cauſtic, and will eat
(as experiment has been made) above a hundred Cantharides
without any injury: rolls itſelf up, and has all the manners of
the common kind.
PLACE.
3R
Le

490
H E D G E - HO G.
357. ASIATIC.
Le Tendrac, et Le Tanrec. De Buffon, xii. 438.
H.
a
with a long ſlender noſe: ſhort rounded ears: ſhort legs :
• the upper part of the body covered with ſhort ſpines,
white, marked croſs the middle with ruft-color: the face, throat,
belly, buttocks, and legs, thinly covered with whitiſh fine but
hard hair: tail very ſhort, covered with ſpines : about the noſe
ſome hairs above two inches long: ſize of a mole. This is the
ſpecies M. de Buffon calls Le Tendrac.
The other, or the Tanrec, is rather larger : covered with ſpines
only on the top and hind part of the head, the top and ſides of
the neck, and the ſhoulders ; the longeſt were on the upper part
of the neck, and ſtood erect: the reſt of the body was covered
with yellowiſh briſtles, among which were intermixed ſome that
were black, and much longer than the others. Each of theſe ani-
mals, which are varieties of the ſame ſpecies, had five toes on
each foot.
Inhabit the iſles of India, and that of Madagaſcar : are, when
of their full growth, of the ſize of * rabbets: grunt like hogs :
grow very fat: multiply greatly: frequent † ſhallow pieces of
freſh or falt water: they burrow on land : lie torpid during fix
months, during which time their old hair falls off. Their fleſh is
eaten by the Indians, but is very flabby and inſipid.
PLACE.
.
* Dutch voy. Eaſt Indies, 203. Thoſe in the cabinet of the French King
were much ſmaller; probably young.
+ Cauche voy. Madagaſcar, 53. Flacourt hift. Madagaſcar, 152.
American

H E D G E - HO G.
491
358. GUIANAS
American Hedge-hog. Bancroft Guiana,
144.
Erinaceus inauris. E. auriculis nullis.
Lin. Syft. 75. Briſſon. quad. 131.
Erinaceus Americanus albus. Seb. Muf.
i. 78. tab. xlix. fig. 3.
H.without external ears, having only two orifices for hearing:
has a ſhort thick head: back and fides covered with ſhort
ſpines of an aſh-color, tinged with yellow: face, belly, legs, and
tail, covered with ſoft whitiſh hair: above the eyes, of a chef-
nut color; the hind part and ſides of the head of a deeper color:
length, from noſe to tail, eight inches: tail ſhort: claws long
and crooked.
Inhabits Guiana
PLACE.
3 R 2
DIV.


DIV. II. Sect. IV.
DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS:
Without Cutting Teeth,

494
SLOT H.
DIV. II. SECT. IV. Digitated Quadrupeds.
XXXVII.
SLOTH
Without cutting teeth in either jaw.
With canine teeth and grinders.
Fore legs much longer than the hind.
Long claws.
II.
ia
359. THREE-
TOED.
SCAUT ATIDIC
IO
Arcopithecus. Geſner quad. 869. Icon Ai, five Tardigradus gracilis America-
quad. 96.
nus. Seb. Muf. xxxiii. fig. 2. Schre-
Ignayus five
per avlogacow, Agilis. Cluf. i30 ber, ii. 7. tab. lxiv.
exot. I10. 372.
Ouaikarè, Pareſſeux. Barrere France
Ai, five Ignavus. Marcgrave Braſil, 221.
Aquin. 154
Sloth. Raii fyn. quad. 245. Edw. 310.
. Bradypus tridactylus. B. pedibus tridac-
Ignavus Americanus, riſum fletu mif- tylis cauda brevi. Lin. Syft. 50.
cens. Klein quad. 43.
L'Ai. De Buffon, xiii. 34. tab. v. vi.
Tardigradus pedibus anticis & pofticis Br. Muf. Lev. Mus.
tridactylis. Briſon quad. 21.
a i
.
with a blunt black noſe, a little lengthened : very
frall ex-
ternal ears: eyes ſmall, black, and heavy; from the corner
of each a duſky line: color of the face and throat a dirty white :
hair on the limbs and body long and very uneven, of a cinereous
brown color, with a black line along the middle of the back :
each fide, about the ſhoulders, is daſhed with ruft-color; the reſt
of the back and limbs ſpotted irregularly with black. The
young, ſuch as I ſuſpect to be that in the Britiſh Muſeum, have
few or no ſpots. Tail ſhort, a meer ſtump: legs thick, long, and
9
aukwardly

X TX.
P.494
SLOTH NO359


S L O T H.
495
Size.
.
PLACE.
а.
MANNERS.
aukwardly placed: face naked: three toes, and three very long
claws on each foot.
It grows, as Nieuhof remarks, to the bulk of a middle-fized
fox *.
Inhabits moſt parts of the eaſtern ſide of South America : the
moſt ſluggiſh and moſt flow of all animals; ſeems to move with
the utmoſt pain; makes a great progreſs if it can go a quarter of
a league in a day +: aſcends trees, in which it generally lives, with
much difficulty: its food is fruit, or the leaves of trees; if it
cannot find fruit on the ground, looks out for a tree well loaded,
and with great pains climbs up: to ſave the trouble of deſcend-
ing, Alings off the fruit, and forming itſelf into a ball, drops from
the branches; continues at the foot till it has devoured all; nor
ever ſtirs, till compelled by hunger $: its motion is attended
with a moft moving and plaintive cry, which at once produces
pity and diſguſt, and is its only defence; for every beaſt of prey is
ſo affected by the noiſe, as to quit it with horror || : its mouth is
never without foam: its note, according to Kircher, is an aſcend-
ing and deſcending hexachord §, which it utters only by night:
its look is ſo piteous as to move compaffion; it is alſo accom-
panied with tears, which diffuade every body from injuring ſo
wretched a being : its abſtinence from food is remarkably power-
ful; one that had faſtened itſelf by its feet to a pole, and was fo
ſuſpended croſs two beams, remained forty days without meat,
* Nieuhoff's trav. Churchill's colle&t. ii. 18.
+ Gumilla Orenoque, ii. 13.
| Ulloa's voy. i. 103.
Ibid.
§ Kircher's Mufurgia, as quoted by Mr. STILLINGFLEET, in his miſcellaneous
tracts, p. 100.
drink,

496
SLOT H.
drink, or ſeep*: the ſtrength in its feet is ſo great, that there
is no poſſibility of freeing any thing from its claws, which it
happens to ſeize on. A dog was let loofe at the above-mentioned
animal, when it was taken from the pole ; after ſome time the
Sloth layed hold of the dog with its feet, and held him four days,
till he periſhed with hunger t.
360. TWO-TORD. Tardigradus Ceilonicus fæmina. Seb. Tardigradus pedibus anticis didactylis,
Muf. i. tab. xxxiv.
pofticis tridactylis. Briſon quad. 22.
Bradypus didactylus. Br. manibus di- L'Unau. De Buffon, xiii. 34. tab.i. Bk.
dactylis cauda nulla. Lin. Syft. 51.
Muf.
Schreber, ii. 10. tab. lxv.
3
а
S.with a round head : hort projecting noſe : ears like the hu-
man, lying flat to the head : two long ſtrong claws on the
fore feet, three on the hind: hair on the body long and rough ;
on ſome parts curled and woolly : in ſome, of a pale red above,
cinereous below; in others, of a yellowiſh white below, cinereous
brown above. No tail. Length of that in the Britiſh Muſeum
eleven inches : I believe a young one.
Inhabits South America and the iſle of Ceylon. The laſt is ſtre-
nuouſly denied by M. de Buffon, who has fixed the reſidence of this
genus to America only: but, beſides the authority of Seba, who
expreſsly ſays his ſpecimen was brought from Ceylon, a gentleman,
long reſident in India, and much diſtinguiſhed in the literary
world, has informed me he has ſeen this animal brought from the
Paliacat mountains that lie in fight of Madraſs; which ſatisfies
me that it is common to both continents.
PLACE.
• Kircber.
# Ibid.
There

SLOT H.
497
There is reaſon to think that it is met with alſo in Guinea, or
at left ſome ſpecies of this genus ; for Barbot and Boſman de-
ſcribe an animal by the name of Potto, to which they give the at-
tributes of the former, and deſcribe as being grey when young,
red, and covered with a fort of hair as thick ſet as flocks of
wool. Both theſe writers were ſenſible men, and, though not na-
turaliſts, were too obfervant of the animals of Guinea to miſtake
one whoſe characters are ſo ſtrongly marked as thoſe of the
Sloth *.
Bofman, 237. Barbot, 212.
3 S
Without

498
A R M A D I L L O.
XXXVIIT.
ARMADILLO.
Without either cutting teeth or canine teeth.
Head, and upper part of the body, guarded by a cruſtaceous
covering; the middle with pliant bands, formed of various
ſegments, reaching from the back to the edges of the belly.
361. THREE-
BANDED.
Tatu apara. Marcgrave Braſil, 232.
Raii ſyn. quad. 234.
Armadillo ſeu Tatu genus alterum.
Cluf. Exot. 109. Klein. quad. 48.
Tatu feu Armadillo orientalis. Seb. Muf.
i. tab. xxxviii. fig. 2, 3.
Dafypus tricinctus. D. cingulis tribus,
pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syft. 53.
Cataphractus fcutis duobus cingulis tri-
bus. Briſon quad. 24.
L'Apar, ou le Tatou a trois bandes. De
Buffon, X. 206. Schreber, ii. 28. tab.
Ixxii. A. lxxvi. fig. 1. 2.
PLACE AND
MANNERS.
A :
with fhort but broad rounded ears: the cruſt on the head,
back, and rump, divided into elegant pentangular tuber-
culated fegments: three bands in the middle: five toes on each
foot : ſhort tail.
The whole genus inhabits South America: the manners of all
much the fame: burrows under ground; the ſmaller ſpecies in
moiſt places, the larger in dry, and at a diſtance from the ſea :
keeps in its hole in the day, rambles out at night: when over-
taken, rolls itſelf into the form of a ball, which it does by
means of the pliant bands on its middle, and thus becomes in-
vulnerable : when ſurprized, runs to its hole, and thinks itſelf
fecure if it can hide its head and ſome part of its body. The In-
dians take it by the tail, when the animal fixes its claws in the
earth ſo ſtrongly that there is no moving it till the Indian tickles
9
it

A R M A D I L L O
499
it with a ſtick : is hunted with little dogs, who give notice to
their maſter of its haunts by barking, who digs it out; to take
it out incautiouſly is very dangerous, on account of the ſnakes
that commonly lurk in the burrows. Feeds on potatoes, melons,
and roots, and does great damage to plantations : drinks much :
grows very fat, and is reckoned very delicious eating when young;
but when old, has a mulky diſagreeable taſte : is very numerous;
breeds every month, and brings four at a time : is very inoffen-
five *.
Tatou. Belon obf. 211. Portraits, 106. Dafypus fex cinétus. D. cingulis fenis, 362. SIX-BANDED.
Tatu & Tatu paba Brafl : Armadillo pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. lyf. 54.
Hifpanis, Luſitanis Encuberto. Marc- L'Encourbert, ou Le Tatou a fix
grave Brafil, 131.
bandes. De Buffon, X. 209. tab. xlii.
Cataphractus ſcutis duobus, cingulis Supplem. iii. 285. tab. lvii. Schreber,
ſex. Briſon quad. 25.
ii, 31. tab. lxxi. B. Lev. Mus.
A.with the cruft of the head, ſhoulders, and rump, formed of
angular pieces: the bands on the back ſix; between which,
alſo on the neck and belly, are a few ſcattered hairs : tail not the
length of the body, very thick at the baſe, tapering to a point :
five toes on each foot.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana.
PLACE,
• The authorities for the natural hiſtory: Marcgrave, 231. Dampier, ii. 61.
Gumilla Orenoque, iii. 223 to 226. Nieuhoff, 19. Bancroft's Guiana, 145. Roche-
fort Antilles, i. 286.
3 S 2
Ayotochtli ?

500
A R M A D I L L 0.
363. EIGHT-
RANDED
Ayotochtli ? Hernardez Mex. 314. palmis tetradactylis, plantis penta-
Tatuete Braſilienſibus, Verdadeiro Luf- dactylis. Amen. Acad. i. 560.
tanis. Marcgrave Braſil, 231. Cluf. Dafypus ſeptem cinctus. Lin. Syft. 54.
exot. 330.
Le Tatuete, ou Tatou a huit bandes.
Cataphractus ſcutis duobus cingulis De Buffon, X. 212. Schreber, ii. 34.
octo. Brifon quad. 25.
36. tab. lxxii. lxxvi. fig. 3, 4.
Erinaceus loricatus cingulis feptenis
A with upright ears, two inches long : fmall black eyes : eight
bands on the ſides : four toes on the fore feet, five on the
hind : length, froin noſe to tail, about ten inches; tail nine.
Inhabits Braſil. Reckoned more delicious eating than the
others.
PLACE.
57. tab. vii.
364. NINE-
BANDED.
Armadillo. Worm. Muf. 335.
tranſ. liv.
Tatu porcinus, Schildverkel. Klein. Cataphractus fcutis duobus, cingulis no-
quad. 48.
vem. Briſon quad. 27.
Pig-headed Armadillo. Grew's rarities, Le Cachichame, ou Tatou a neufbandes.
18. Raii ſyn. quad. 233.
De Buffon, X. 215. tab. xxxvii. Sup-
Tatu five Armadillo Americanus. Seb. plem. iii. 287. tab. lviii. Schreber, i.
Muf. tab. xxix. fig. 1.
37. tab. Ixxiv. Ixxvi. fig. 7. 10.
Dafypus novem cinctus. D. cingulis no- American Armadillo. Phil. tranf. liv.
vem, palmis tetradactylis, plantis 57. tab. vii. Ley. Mus.
pentadactylis. Lin. Syft.. 54. Phil.
A.
with long ears: cruft on the ſhoulders and rump marked
with hexangular figures ;. the cruſt on the head marked in
the ſame manner: nine bands on the ſides, diſtinguiſhed by tranf-
verſe cuneiform marks : breaſt and belly covered with long hairs :
four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind: tail long and taper:
length of the whole animal three feet :: the tail a little longer
than the body.
3
Tn.

A R M A D I L L O.
Sot
In the LEVERIAN Museum is a ſpecimen of the ſame form,
number of bands, and proportions, with this ; but the crufts on
the head, and other parts, are covered with large ſcales not an-
gular.
Inhabits South America. One was brought a few years ago to
England, from the Moſquito ſhore, and lived here ſome time : it
was fed with raw beef and milk, but refuſed our grains and
fruit *.
PLACE.
365. Twelve
BANDED.
Tatu five Armadillo Africanus. Seb. Cataphractus ſcutis duobus, cingulis
Muf. i. tab. xxx. fig. 3, 4.
duodecim. Briſon quad. 27. Schre-
Le Kabaffou, ou Tatou a douze bandes.. ber, ii. 40. tab. lxxv. Ixxvi. fig. 11.
De Buffon, x. 218. tab. xl.
a
I 2..
A with broad upright ears: the cruſt on the ſhoulders marked
with oblong pieces; that of the rump with hexangular :
twelve bands on the ſides :: five toes, with very large claws, on the
fore feet; five lefſer on the hind : tail ſhorter than the body:
ſome hairs ſcattered over the body.
M. de Buffon + mentions another of twelve barids, with a tail
covered with rhomboid figures, which he is doubtful whether to
refer to this ſpecies. It is the largeſt I ever heard of, being from
noſe to tail two feet ten inches long; the tail about one foot
eight: by the figure (for I never ſaw the animal) it varies greatly
from the other,
a
• This corroborates what Marcgrave fays of one of theſe animals, Cuniculos;
aves mortuas aliaque devorant; which is very extraordinary in quadrupeds which
want both cutting and canine teeth.
+ P. 256. tab. xli.
Weeſle-headed

502
A R M A D I L L O.
BANDED.
366. EIGHTEEN- Weeſle-headed Armadillo. Grew's ra- Cataphra&us fcuto unico, cingulis oc-
rities, 19.
todecim. Briſon quad. 23.
Tatu Muftelinus. Raii ſyn. quad. 235. Le Cirquinçon, ou Tatou a dixhuit
Daſypus unicinctus. D. tegmine tripar- bandes. De Buffon, x. 220, tab. xlii.
tito, pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syft. Schreber, ii. 42.
53
A.
with a very ſlender head: ſmall erect ears: the cruft on the
: :
ſhoulders and rump conſiſting of ſquare pieces: eighteen
bands on the ſides : five toes on each foot: length, from noſe to
tail, about fifteen inches; tail five and a half.
Inhabits South America,
a
PLACE.
CITAT
DIV.

so
DIV. II. Sect. V.
DIGITATED QUADRUPE DS:
Without Teeth,
M

504
M A N I S.
DIV. II. Sect. V. Digitated Quadrupeds.
XXXIX. MANIS.
Back, ſides, and upper part of the tail, covered with large
ſtrong ſcales,
Small mouth: long tongue: no teeth.
.M
ED.
367. LONG-TAIL- Lacertus peregrinus ſquamoſūs. Cluf. Pholidotus pedibus anticis et pofticis
exot. 374. Raii ſyn. quad. 274. tetradactylis, ſquamis mucronatis,
Scaly Lizard. Grew's rarities, 46. cauda longiffima. Briffon quad. 19.
Manis tetradactyla. M. pedibus tetra- Le Phatagin. De Duffon, X. 180. tab.
dactylis. Lin. Syft. 53. Schreber, ii. xxxiv. Afh. Muf. Lev. Mus.
23. tab. lxx.
PLACE
M.with a ſlender nofe; that and the head ſmooth: body, legs,
a ;
and tail, guarded by large ſharp-pointed ftriated ſcales :
the throat and belly covered with hair : ſhort legs : four claws
on each foot, one of which is very ſmall : tail a little taper, but
ends blunt.
Inhabits Guinea ? Theſe animals approach ſo nearly the genus
of Lizards, as to be the links in the chain of beings which con-
nect the proper quadrupeds with the reptile clafs.
They grow to a great length: that which was preſerved in the
Muſeum of the Royal Society, was a yard and a half long *: from
the tip of the noſe to the tail, was only fourteen inches; the tail
itſelf, a yard and half a quarter.
a
* Grew.
Lacertus

M A N I S.
505
ED.
Lacertus ſquamoſus. Bontius Java, 60. Pholidotus pedibus anticis et pofticis 368.SHORT-TAIL-
Pet. Gaz. tab. xx. fig. 11.
pentadactylis, ſquamis fubrotundis.
Armadillus ſquamatus major, Ceilani- Briſſon quad. 18.
cus, ſeu Diabolus Tajovanicus dic. Manis pentadactyla. Lin. Syft. 52.
tus. Seb. Muſ, i. tab. liii. liv. Kleir Le Pangolin. De Buffon, x. 180. tab.
quad. 47. Schreber, ii. 22. tab. Ixix. xxxiv. Afh. Muf. Lev. Mus.
Place.
M.with back, fides, and legs, covered with blunt ſcales, with
briſtles between each : five toes on each foot : tail not
longer than the body : ears not unlike the human: chin, belly,
and inſide of the legs, hairy.
Inhabits the iſlands of India, and that of Formoſa. The
Indians call it Pangoelling ; and the Chineſe, Chin Chion Seick *.
Feeds on lizards and inſects : turns up the ground with its
noſe : walks with its claws bent under its feet : grows very
fat: is eſteemed very delicate eating : makes no noiſe, only a
ſnorting.
Perhaps is a native of Guinea : the Quogelo of the Negroes ;
which Des Marchais † ſays grows to the length of eight feet,
of which the tail is four: lives in woods and marſhy places :
feeds on ants, which it takes by laying its long tongue croſs
their paths, that member being covered with a ſticky ſaliva,
ſo the inſects that attempt to paſs over it cannot extricate
themſelves : walks very Nowly : would be the prey of every
ravenous beaſt, had it not the power of rolling itſelf up, and
oppoſing to its adverſary a formidable row of erected ſcales.
• Dalhman in A&t. Stockh. 1749, 265.
† Voyage du des Marchais, i. 200. Barbot, 114.
3 T
In

506
M A N I S.
In vain does the leopard attack it with its vaſt claws, for at laſt
it is obliged to leave it in ſafety *. The Negroes kill theſe ani-
mals for the ſake of the fleſh, which they reckon excellent.
* Is faid to deſtroy the Elephant, by twiſting itſelf round the trunk, and com-
preſling that tender organ with its hard ſcales.
Body

Α Ν Τ - Ε Α Τ Ε R.
507
Body covered with hair.
Small mouth : long cylindric tongue.
No teeth.
XL.
ANT-EATER.
369. GREAT.
Tamandua-guacu. Marcgrave Braſil,
225
Tamandua-guacu five major. Piſo
Braſil, 320.
Piſmire-eater, Nieubof, 19.
Tamandua major cauda panniculata.
Barrere France Æquin. 162.
Mange-fourmis. Des Marchais, iii. 307.
Great Ant-Bear. Raii fyn. quad. 241.
Myrmecophaga roſtro longiffimo, pe-
dibus anticis tetradactylis, pofticis
pentadactylis, cauda longiffimis pilis
veftita. Briffon quad. 15.
Myrmecophaga jubata. M. palmis
tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
Lin. Syft. 52. Klein quad. 45. tab. v.
Le Tamanoir. De Buffon, x. 141. tab.
xxix. Suppl. iii.278. tab. lv. Schreber,
ii. 14. tab. lxvii. Br. Muf.
a
A.E. with a long Nender nofe : ſmall black eyes : thort round
ears : flender tongue, two feet and a half long, which lies
double in the mouth : legs ſlender : four toes on the fore feet,
five on the hind: the two middle claws on the fore feet very
large, ſtrong, and hooked: the hair on the upper part of the
body is half a foot long, black mixed with grey : from the neck,
croſs the ſhoulders, to the ſides, is a black line bounded above
with white : the fore legs are whitiſh, marked above the feet
with a black ſpot: the tail is cloathed with very coarſe black
hairs a foot long : length, from noſe to tail, about three feet ten
inches; the tail two and a half: weight about a hundred pounds.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : runs fowly: ſwims over the great
rivers ; at which time it Aings its tail over its back : lives on
ants; as ſoon as it diſcovers their nefts, overturns them, or digs
a
a
3 T 2
them
PLACE AND
MANNERS

508
A N T-E A T E R.
a
them up with its feet; then thruſts its long tongue into their re-
treats, and penetrating all the paſſages of the neſt, withdraws it
into its mouth loaded with prey : is fearful of rain, and protects
itſelf againſt wet by covering its body with its long tail. This
(as well as every ſpecies of this genus) brings but one young at
a time, at which ſeaſon it is dangerous to approach the place :
it does not arrive at its full growth under four years. The fleſh
has a ſtrong diſagreeable taſte, but is eaten by the Indians. Not-
withſtanding this animal wants teeth, it is fierce and dangerous ;
nothing that gets within its fore feet can diſengage itſelf. The
very Panthers of America * are often unequal in the combat ; for
if the Ant-eater once has opportunity of embracing them, it fixes
its talons in their fides, and both fall together, and both periſh;
for ſuch is the obftinacy and ſtupidity of this animal, that it will.
not extricate itfelf even from a dead adverſary + : Neeps in the
day; preys by night.
a
370. MIDDLE. Tamandua-i. Marcgrave Brafil, 225, pentadactylis, cauda ferè nuda. Brils
Raii ſyn, quad. 242.
ſon quad. 16.
Tamandua minor. Piſo Braſil, 320. Myrmecophaga tetradactyla. Lin. Syft:
Barrère France Æquin. 162.
52. Zooph. Gronov. No. 2.
Tamandua-guacu. Nieuhoff, 19.
Le Tamandua. De Buffon, x. 144
Myrmecophaga roftro longiſlimo, pedi- Schreber, ii. 16. tab. Ixviii.
bus anticis tetradactylis, pofticis
A. E, with a long nender noſe, bending a little down : ſmall
black mouth and eyes: ſmall upright ears: bottoms of the
fore feet round; four claws on each, like thoſe of the former,
• Gumilla Orenoque, ii. 232.
+ Piſo Braſil, 320
five

Α Ν Τ - Ε Α Τ Ε R.
509
:
a
five on the hind feet : hair ſhining and hard, of a pale yellow
color : along the middle of the back, and on the hind legs,
duſky : each ſide of the neck is a black line, that croſſes the ſhoul-
ders and meets at the lower end of the back: the tail is covered
with longer hair than the back, is taper, and bald at the end :
length, from noſe to tail, one foot ſeven inches; the tail ten
inches
Inhabits the ſame country with the laſt : its manners much the
fame: when it drinks, part ſpurts out of the noſtrils : climbs.
trees, and lays hold of the branches with its tail.
PLACE
Le Tamandua. De Buffon, Supplem. iii. 281. tab. Ivi.
371. STRIPED.
A.
E. with a taper noſe, the upper mandible extending very
* far beyond the lower : eyes exceedingly ſmall : ears round
and ſhort: tail covered equally with long hairs : five toes on the
fore feet.
Body and tail tawny; the firſt marked downwards with broad
ſtripes of black; the laſt'annulated: legs and noſe ſtriped in the
ſame manner: belly of a dirty white.
Length from noſe to tail thirteen inches French; of the tail
ſeven and a half.
M. de Buffon ſpeaks of one, which he ſuppoſes to be the ſame
with this, but the difference in ſize and colors forbid us to fub-
fèribe to his opinion. The account was tranſionitted to him by
M. de la Borde, phyſician at Cayenne. The hair, ſays he, is whitiſh,
and about two inches long : it has very ſtrong talons; eats only
in
a

510
A N T-E A T E R.
in the day-time ; keeps in the great woods: the fleſh is good :
it is much more rare than the great Ant-eater.
Weighs fixty pounds
Both theſe inhabit Guiana.
Place.
372. Lest.
Tamandua minor flaveſcens ; Ouati- Myrmecophaga didactyla. M. palmis
riouaou. Barrere France Æquin. 163. didactylis, plancis tetradactylis, cauda
Tamandua five Coati Americana alba. villosa. Lin. Syft. 51. Zooph. Gronov,
Seb. Muf. i. tab xxxvii.
Myrmecophaga roftro brevi, pedibus Little Ant-eater. Edw. zza.
anticis didactylis, pofticis tetradac- Le Fourmiller. De Buffon, X. 144. tab.
tylis. Brifon quad. 17
xxx. Schreber, ii. 17. tab. lxvi.
No. 1.
A.
E. with a conic noſe, bending a little down : ears finall,
and hid in the fur: two hooked claws on the fore feet, the
exterior much the largeſt; four on the hind feet: head, body,
limbs, and upper part and ſides of the tail, covered with long ſoft
filky hair, or rather wool, of a yellowiſh brown color: from nofe
to tail ſeven inches and a half; tail eight and a half, the laſt four
inches of which, on the under fide, naked : the tail is thick at
the baſe, and tapers to a point.
Inhabits Guiana : climbs trees, in queſt of a ſpecies of ants
which build their nefts among the branches : has the ſame pre-
henſile power with its tail as the former.
There is a fourth fpecies found at the Cape of Good Hope, and
in Ceylon ; but being deſcribed from a meer foetus *, we ſhall
avoid giving a tranſcript of Dr. Pallas's account of it, but wait
for further information. We ſhall only ſay, that it has four toes
PLACE.
Pellas Miſcel. Zool. 64.
3
on
sta

P. 510
L.
LEST ANT EATER NO372


Α Ν Τ - Ε Α Τ Ε R.
311
*
on the fore feet, and pendulous ears, which diſtinguiſhes it from
other kinds. Kolben * deſcribes their manners particularly, and
ſays they have long heads and tongues, and are toothleſs; and
that they ſometimes weigh 100 lb. +: that if they faften their
claws in the ground, the ſtrongeſt man cannot pull them away :
that they thruſt out their clammy tongue into the ants neft, and
draw it into their mouth covered with inſects. That the African
fpecies agrees with the American in every external particular, is
confirmed; but that the laſt is furniſhed with grinding teeth,
like the Armadillo, in the lower end of the jaws, is a diſcovery
proved from the remarks of Doctor Camper, a celebrated zoolo-
gift in Holland. Mr. Strachan, in his account of Ceylon I, gives the
ſame account of the manners of what the natives call the Talgoi,
or Ant-Bear. It is not therefore to be doubted, but that theſe
.
animals are common to the old and new. continents.
• Hift. Cape, 118 ; where they are called Earth Hogs.
+ As quoted by Dr. Pallas ; I ſuppoſe from the Dutch edition.
Phil. Tranſ, abridg. v. 180.
DI V..

280

D I V. III.
PINNATED QUADRUPEDS:
Having fin-like feet : fore legs buried deep in the ſkin : hind
legs pointing quite backwards.
NO380
3 U

$14
WALRUS
DIV. III. Pinnated Quadrupeds.
XLI. WALRUS.
With two great tuſks in the upper jaw, pointing downwards.
Four grinders on both ſides, above and below.
No cutting teeth.
Five palmated toes on each foot.
373. ARCTIC
Roſmarus. Gefuer Pifc. 211. Klein Odobenus. La vache marine. Briffon
quad. 92
quad. 30.
Walrus, Mors, Roſmarus. Worm. Muf. Trichechus Rofmarus. T. dentibus
289. Rair fyn. qued. 191.
laniariis ſuperioribus exſertis. Lin.
Sea-horſe, or Morſe Marten's Spitz-
Syft. 49.
berg, 107, 182. Egede Greenland, 82. Le Morſe. De Buffon, xiii. 358. tab.
Sea-cow. Crantz Greenl. i. 125. Schre- liv. Br. Muf. Áſb. Muf. Lev. Mus.
ber, ii. 88.
W.
with a round head: ſmall mouth: very thick lips, covered
above and below with pellucid briſtles as thick as a ſtraw:
ſmall fiery eyes : two ſmall orifices inſtead of ears : ſhort neck :
body thick in the middle, tapering towards the tail: ſkin thick,
wrinkled, with ſhort browniſh hairs thinly diſperſed : legs ſhort ;
five toes on each, all connected by webs, and ſmall nails on each :
the hind feet very broad : each leg looſely articulated; the hind
legs generally extended on a line with the body: tail very ſhort :
penis long
Length, from noſe to tail, ſometimes eighteen feet, and ten or
SIZE
twelve

W A LRU S.
515
PLACE:
SA
twelve round in the thickeſt part : the teeth have been ſome-
times found of the weight * of 20 lb. each.
Inhabit the coaſt of Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Hudſon's Bay, and
the Gulph of St. Laurence, and the Icy Sea, as far as Cape Tſchuktſ-
chi, and the iflands off it; but does not extend fouthward as far as
the mouth of the Anadyr, nor are any ſeen in the iſlands between
Kamtſchatka and America. Are gregarious : in ſome places appear
in herds of hundreds : are ſhy animals, and avoid places which
are much haunted by mankind + : are very fierce ; if wounded in
the water, they attempt to ſink the boat, either by riſing under it,
or by ſtriking their great teeth into the ſides ; roar very loud, and
will follow the boat till it gets out of ſight. Numbers of them
are often ſeen ſleeping on an iſland of ice; if awakened, Aing them-
felves with great impetuoſity into the ſea; at which time it is
dangerous to approach the ice, leaſt they ſhould tumble into the
boat and overſet.it : do not go upon the land till the coaſt is
clear of ice. At particular times, they land in amazing numbers :
the moment the firſt gets on ſhore, ſo as to lie dry, it will not
ftir till another comes and forces it forward by beating it with its
great teeth; this is ſerved in the ſame manner by the next, and.
fo in ſucceſſion till the whole is landed, continuing tumbling
over one another, and forcing the foremoſt, for the ſake of quiet,
to remove further up..
MANNERS
* Teeth of this fize are only found on the coaſt of the Icy Sea, where the
animals are ſeldom moleſted, and have time to attain their full growth. Hift.
Kamtſchatka, 120.
+ In 1608, the crew of an Engliſh veſſel killed on Cherry Ifle above 900
Wale-
rufes in ſeven hours time; for they lay in heaps, like hogs huddled one upon.
another. Marten's Spitzberg. 181, 182.
3. U. 2.
Thec

516
W A L RU S.
CHACE.
-
a
a
The method of killing them on the Magdalene ifles, in the
gulph of St. Laurence, as I am informed, is thus :--The hunters
watch their landing, and as ſoon as they find a ſufficient number
for what they call a cut, go on fhore, each armed with a ſpear
ſharp on one ſide like a knife, with which they cut their throats :
great care muſt be taken not to ſtand in the way of thoſe which
attempt to get again to ſea, which they do with great agility by
tumbling headlong; for they would cruſh any body to death by
their vaſt weight. They are killed for the ſake of their oil, one
Walrus producing about half a tun. The knowlege of this chace
is of great antiquity; O Ether, the Norwegian, about the year 890,
made a report of it to King Alfred, having, as he ſays, made the
voyage beyond Norway, for the more commoditie of fiſhing of
horſe-whales, which have in their teeth bones of great price and
excellencie, whereof be brought ſome at his returne unto the King
In fact, it was, in the northern world, in early times, the ſubſti-
tute to ivory, being very white and very hard. Their ſkins,
Oather ſays, were good to cut into cables. I do not know whe-
ther we make any uſe of the ſkin; but M. de Buffon ſays, he
has ſeen braces for coaches made of it, which were both ſtrong
and elaſtic.
They bring one, or at moſt two, young † at a time : feed on
ſea-herbs and filh; alſo on ſhells, which they dig out of the ſand
with their teeth: are ſaid alſo to make uſe of their teeth to aſcend
rocks or pieces of ice, faſtening them to the cracks, and drawing
their bodies up by that means. Beſides mankind, they ſeem to
have no other enemy than the white Bear, with whom they have
* Hakluyt's coll. Voy, i. 5.
+ Barentz voy. 4
terrible

W A L RU S.
517
terrible combats ; but generally come off victorious, by means
of their great teeth.
Le Dugon. De Buffon, xiii. 374. tab. lvi. Schreber, ii. 93.
374. INDIAN.
PLACE.
W.
with two ſhort canine teeth, or tuſks, placed in the upper
jaw pretty cloſe to each other : in the upper jaw four
grinders on each ſide, placed at a diſtance from the tuſks; in the
lower, three on each ſide.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and the Philippine iſles. The
head deſcribed above being ſuppoſed to belong to an animal re-
ſembling a Walrus, found in the ſeas of Africa and India, as ap-
pears from ſome citations from travellers, too unſatisfactory to
merit repetition. It is ſaid by one, that it goes upon land to
feed on the green moſs; and that it is called in the Philippines,
the Dugung *
3
* De Buffon, xiii. 377. the zotla
Cutting

578
S E A L.
XLII. SEAL.
Cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five palmated toes on each foot.
Body thick at the ſhoulders, tapering towards the tail.
375. COMMON. Owen. Arif. hift. An. lib. vi. c. 12. Op-
tab. vi. fig. 3.
pian Halieut. v. 376.
Kafligiak. Crantz hif. Greenl. i. 123.
Vitulus Oceani. Rondeletii, 453. 458. Phoca vitulina. Ph. capite lævi inauri.
Le Veau Marin, ou Loup de Mer. Be- culato. Lin. fyft. 56.
lon Poiſſons, 25:
Sial. Faun. fuec. No 4.
Phoca. Geſner Pifc. 830. Worm. Muf. Le Phoque. De Buffon, xiii. 333. tab.
289, Klein quad.93. Briſſon quad. 162. xlv. Schreber, cxxxiv.
Seal, Seoile, or Sea Calf; Phoca five Seal. Br. Zool. i. 71. Br. Zool. illuftr.
Vitulus Marinus. Raii fyn. quad. 189. xlviii. Lev. Mus.
Phil. tranſ. abridg. vol. xlvii. 120.
S.
with large black eyes : large whiſkers: oblong noſtrils :. Aat
head and noſe : tongue forked at the end: two canine teeth:
in each jaw: fix cutting teeth in the upper jaw; four in the
lower: no external ears: body covered with thick ſhort hair:
ſhort tail: toes furniſhed with ſtrong ſharp claws: uſual length
from five to fix feet : color very various, dulky, brinded, or ſpot-
ted with white or yellow.
bre
Inhabit moſt quarters of the globe, but in greateſt multitudes
towards the North and the South; ſwarm near the Aretic circle,
and the lower parts of South America *, in both oceans; near the-
PLACES
* Dampier ſays, that they are ſeen by thouſands on the iſle of Juan Fernandez;.
that the young bleat like lambs; that none are found in the South Sea, north of
the till lat. 21 ; that he never ſaw any in the Weſt Indies, except in the
Bay.of Campeachy; nor yet in the Eaſt Indiese i. 88, 89.
ſouthern
3
equator,

SE ALE
$19
j
ſouthern end of Terra del Fuego; and even among the floating ice
as low as fouth lat. 60. 21*. Found in the Caſpian Sea, in the
lake Aral, and lakes & Baikal and Oron, which are freſh waters.
They are leſſer than thoſe which frequent ſalt waters; but fo fat
that they ſeem almoſt ſhapeleſs. In lake Baikal fome are covered
with ſilvery hairs; others are yellowiſh, and have a large dark-
colored mark on the hind part of the back, covering almoſt a
third of the body.
Seals bring two young at a time, which for ſome ſhort ſpace
are white and woolly ; bring forth in autumn, and ſuckle their
young in caverns, or in rocks, till they are fix or ſeven weeks old,
when they take to fea: cannot continue long under water ; are
therefore very frequently obliged to riſe to take breath, and often
float on the waves. In ſummer, ſleep on rocks, or on fand-
banks: if ſurprized, precipitate into the ſea; or if at any dif-
tance, ſcramble along, and fing up the ſand and gravel with great
force with their hind feet, making a piteous moaning: if over-
taken, will make a vigorous defence with their feet and teeth: a
Night blow on the noſe kills them, otherwiſe will bear numbers
of wounds.
Swim with vaſt ſtrength and ſwiftneſs; frolick greatly in their
element, and will ſport without fear about fhips || and boats ;
* Cook's voy.
i.
34.
+ Bell's travels, i. 49.
# The fame, 280.
On a ſhip's approaching the iſle of Lobos, near the river Plata, it is met by
fhoals of ſeals, who will hang by their fore feet to the ſides of the veſſel, ftaring
at the crew; then drop off, and paſs and repaſs the veſſel for a confiderable
time. Muratori Hift. Paraguay, 229.
which

520
SE A L.
which may have given riſe to the fable of Sea-nymphs and Sirens,
Their docility is very great, and their nature gentle: there is an
inſtance of one which was ſo far tamed as to anſwer to the call
of its keeper, crawl out of its tub at command, ſtretch at full
length, and return into the water when directed ; and extend its
neck to kiſs its maſter as often and as long as required *.
They never go any great diſtance from land : feed on all forts
of filh: are themſelves good food, and often eaten by voyagers :
killed for the ſake of the oil made from their fat; a young feal
will yield eight gallons : their ſkins very uſeful in making waiſt-
coats, covers for trunks, and other conveniences : thoſe of the
lake Baikal are ſold to the Chineſe, who dye them, and ſell them
to the Mongals † to face their fur-coats: are the wealth of the
Greenlanders, ſupplying them with every neceſſary of life.
376. Mediter- Vitulus Maris Mediterranei. Rondel.
RANEAN.
dentibus incis : utriuſque maxilla
quatuor, palmis indivifis plantis ex-
unguiculatis. Herman.
Phoca Monachus, capite inauriculato,
S. with a finall head: neck longer than that of the common
ſeal: orifices of the ears not larger than a pea : hair ſhort
and rude: color duſky, ſpotted with afh-color: above the navel,
of the ſpecimen deſcribed by Mr. Herman, was a tawny ſpot: the
toes on the fore feet feet furniſhed with nails: the hind feet pin-
niform, and without nails.
When the animal is placed on its back, the ſkin of the neck
folds like a monk's hood.
a
* Dr. Parſons in Ph. tranſ. xlvii. 113.
+ Muller's Ruf. Samlung. iii. 559.
Length:

SE A L.
521
Size.
Place.
Length of the ſpecimen deſcribed by Mr. Herman was eight
feet ſeven inches: the greateſt circumference above five feet.
Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea, and as yet not diſcovered in
the ocean. The common, or oceanic ſpecies, is probably an in-
habitant of the ſame ſea, for the ſpecies deſcribed by Ariſtotle *
is of that kind; he minutely deſcribes the feet, and attributes to
the hind, as well as the fore feet, five toes, every one furniſhed
with nails : that ſpecies therefore is the Phoca of the ancients,
not the kind juſt under conſideration.
Long-necked Seal. Grew's Muſeum, 95.
377. LONG-
NECKED.
a
S.
with a ſlender body: length from the noſe to the fore legs
as great as from the fore legs to the tail : no claws on the
fore feet, which reſemble fins.
This was preſerved in the Muſeum of the Royal Society.
Doctor Parſons has given a figure of it in the xlviith vol. of
Ph. Ir. tab. vi. but we are left uninformed of its place.
ISLR.
LLIED to this is another Seal in the fame Muſeum, fent of 378. FALKLAND
late years from the Falkland iſles: its length is four feet:
hair ſhort, cinereous tipped with dirty white.
Noſe ſhort, beſet with ſtrong black briſtles : fort, narrow,
pointed auricles.
Upper cutting teeth ſulcated tranſverſely; the lower in an
• Hift. an. lib. i. c. 1.
3X
oppoſite

522
S E AL.
PLACE.
oppoſite direction : on each ſide of the canine teeth, a lefſer, or
fecondary one: grinders conoid, with a ſmall proceſs on one ſide
near the baſe.
No claws on the fore feet; but beneath the ſkin evident marks
of the bones of five toes: the ſkin extends far beyond their ends.
On the toes of the hind legs are four long and ſtrait claws; but
the ſkin ſtretches far beyond, which gives them a very pinniform
look.
This ſpecies probably inhabits alſo the ſeas about Juan Fer-
nandez; for Don Ulloa * informs us of one kind, which is not a-
bove a yard long. The ſmall Seals inhabit from the Falkland
Iſlands, round Cape Horn, even as far as New Zealand ; and are
ſeen further from ſhore than any other kind. They are very
ſportive, dipping up and down like porpoiſes, and go on in a pro-
greffive courſe like thoſe fiſh. When they ſleep, one fin general-
ly appears above the water. They perhaps extend as far as the
Society Iſlands, at left the natives have a name for the Seal,
which they call Humi.
379. TORTOISE-
HEADED
Tortoiſe-headed Seal. Ph. Tranſ. xlvii. 120. tab. vi.
a
a
S.
with a head like that of a tortoiſe : neck flenderer than head
or body : feet like thoſe of the common Seal.
We are indebted to Doctor Parſons for the account of this
ſpecies, who ſays it is found on the ſhores of many parts of
Europe.
* Ulloa fays, the firſt ſpecies of Seal found near that ide, is not above a yard
long. ii. 226.
9
S. with

SE A L.
523
S.
380. RUBBON.
with very ſhort fine gloſſy briftly hair, of an uniform color,
almoſt black; marked along the ſides, and towards the
head and tail, with a ſtripe of a pale yellow color, exactly re-
ſembling a rubbon laid on it by art; words cannot fufficiently
convey the idea, the form is therefore engraven on plate from
a drawing communicated to me by Doctor Pallas, who received
it from one of the remoteſt Kuril iſlands.
Its ſize is unknown, for Doctor Pallas received only the middle
part, which had been cut out of a very large ſkin, ſo that no
deſcription can be given of head, feet or tail : a. ſhews the part
ſuppoſed to be next to the head; b. that to the tail.
OESCURE SPE-
CIES.
Other obſcure ſpecies in thoſe feas, which are mentioned in
Steller's MSS. are, I. A middle-fized Seal, elegantly ſpeckled in
-
all parts: II. One with brown ſpots, ſcarcer than the reſt : III. A
black ſpecies with a peculiar conformation of the hind legs.
Phoca Leporina. Lepechin. act. acad. Petrop. pars i. 264. tab. viii. ix.
381. Leporine.
a
S.
with fur, ſoft as that of a hare, upright and interwoven ; of
a dirty white color: whiſkers long and thick, ſo that the
animal appears bearded: head long: upper lip thick : four cut-
ting teeth above, the fame below: nails on fore and hind feet.
Uſual length ſix feet and a half; greateſt circumference five
SIZE.
feet two.
PLACE.
Inhabits the White fea during ſummer; aſcends and deſcends
the rivers in queſt of prey ; found alſo off Iceland, and from
Spitſbergen to the Tchutkinoſs.
3 X 2
Sea

524
SE A L.
382. Great.
Sea Calf. Phil. Tranſ. ix. 74. tab. v.
Le grand Phoque. De Buffon, xiii. 345.
Utſuk ? Crantz Greenl. i. 125. Schre.
ber Cah. i. 43. Lev. Mus.
S.
reſembling the common, but grow to the length of twelve *
feet: that deſcribed in the Phil. Tranſ. was feven feet and
a half long, yet ſo young as to have ſcarce any teeth ; the com-
mon Seal is at full growth when it has attained the length of
fix.
Inhabits the coaſt of Scotland, and the ſouth of Greenland. The
ſkin is thick, and is uſed by the Greenlanders to cut thongs out
of for their Seal fiſhery. Perhaps is the ſame with the great
Kamtſchatkan Seal, called by the Ruſſians, Lachtach, weighing
8oo lb. t, whoſe cubs are black
PLACE.
383. Rough
Neitſek. Crantz Greenl. i. 124. Schreber, clxxxvi.
S. with rough bridily hair, intermixed like that of a hog; of a
Place.
pale brown color.
Inhabits Greenland: the natives make garments of its ſkin,
turning the hairy fide inmoſt. Perhaps what our Newfoundland
Seal-hunters call Square Phipper; whoſe coat, they ſay, is like
that of a water-dog, and weighs ſometimes goo lb.
a
* A gentleman of my acquaintance ſhot one of that fize in the north of Scot-
land.
+ Muller's Voy. Kamtſchatka, 60.
Clap-myſs.


LI.
P.525
HARP SEAL. N:384

SE A LA
525
Clap-myſs. Egede Greenl. 84.
Neitſerfoak. Crantz Greenl. i. 124.
384. HOODED.
S."
a
with a ſtrong folded ſkin on the forehead, which it can Aling
over its eyes and noſe, to defend them againſt ſtones and
ſand in ſtormy weather: its hair white, with a thick coat of thick
black wool under, which makes it appear of a fine grey.
Inhabits only the ſouth of Greenland, and Newfoundland : in
the laſt is called the Hooded Seal: the hunters ſay they cannot kill
-it till they remove the integument on the head.
385. HARP
Black-fided Seal. Egede Greenl. plate iii. Phoca oceanica. Krylatca Ruff. Lepechin
Attarfoak. Crantz Greenl. i. 124.
Schre- ait. acad. Petrop. pars i. 259. tab.
ber, Cab. i. 39.
vi. vii.
S.
with a pointed head and thick body, of a whitiſh grey color,
marked on the fides with two black creſcents, the horns
pointing upwards towards each other; does not attain this mark
till the fifth year ; till that period, changes its color annually,
and is diſtinguiſhed by the Greenlanders by different names each
year.
Inhabits Greenland and Newfoundland, Iceland, the White Sea,
and Frozen Ocean, and paſſes through the Afiatic ſtrait, as low as
Kamtſchatka : is the moſt valuable kind; the ſkin the thickeſt
and beſt, and its produce of oil the greateſt: grows to the length
of nine feet. Our Fiſhers call this the Harp, or Heart Seal, and
ſtyle the marks on the ſides the ſaddle. There is a blackiſh va-
riety, which they ſay is a young Harp, called Bedlemer.
PLACE.
Le petit

526
S E A LO
386. LITTLE.
Le petit Phoque. De Buffon, iii. 341. tab. liii. Schreber, cxxxv.
Lev. Mus.
S.
SIZE.
with the four middle cutting teeth of the upper jaw bifur-
• cated; the two iniddle of the lower jaw ſlightly trifur-
cated : a rudiment of an ear: the webs of the feet extending far
beyond the toes and nails: hair foft, ſmooth, and longer than in
the common Seal: color duſky on the head and back ; beneath
browniſh : length two feet four inches.
Our Seal-hunters affirm, that they often obſerve, on the coaſt
of Newfoundland, a ſmall ſpecies, not exceeding two feet, or two
feet and a half, in length. M. de Buffon ſays the ſpecimen in the
cabinet of the French king came from India ; but from the au-
thority of Dampier, and of modern voyagers to the Eaſt Indies,
who have aſſured me they never ſaw any Seals * there, I ſuſpect
he was impoſed on.
a
*
387. Ursine,
Lin. Syft. 55:
Urſus Marinus. Steller. Nov. Com. Pe- Phoca Urſina. Ph. capite auriculato.
trop. ii. 331. tab. xv.
Sea-Cat. Hift. Kamtſchatka, 123. Mul. L'Ours Marin. Briffon quad. 166. Schre-
ber, cxxxii.
ler's Exped. 59.
THI
HERE are three marine animals, which keep a particular
ſituation, and ſeem divided between the N. E. of Aſia, and
N. W. of America, in the narrow feas between thoſe vaſt conti-
A gentleman, the moſt curious, and greateſt navigator of the Indian ſeas now
living, informed me, that he not only never met with any Seals in thoſe feas,
but even none nearer than the iſles of Gallopagos, a little north of the line, on
the coaſt of America.
Dents.

SE A L.
527
PLACE.
nents. Theſe are what are called the Sea Lion and Sea Bear,
and the Manati. They inhabit, from June to September, the iſles
that are ſcattered in the ſeas betwen Kamtſchatka and America, in
order to copulate, and bring forth their young in full fecurity.
They never land upon Kamtſchatka. The accurate and indefa-
tigable naturaliſt Steller was the firſt who gave an exact defcrip-
tion of them; he and his companions, in the Rufian expedi-
tion of 1742, were in all probability the firſt Europeans who gave
them any diſturbance in thoſe their retreats. In September, theſe
animals quit their ſtations, vaſtly emaciated; ſome return to the
Afiatic, others to the American ſhores ; but, like the Sea Otters,
are confined in thoſe ſeas between lat. 50 and 56.
They are not, as far as I can diſcover, found from thoſe places,
any where nearer than New Zealand *, where they are very com-
mon, and again about Staten Land t, the frozen iſland of New
Georgia I, and the Falkland i ands 1. I ſuſpect that they are alſo
found in the iſland of Juan Fernandez; for, among the Seals ſo
imperfectly deſcribed by Don Ulloa , his ſecond kind ſeems to
be of this ſpecies. I may add, that Alexander Selkirk ſpeaks of
Seals which come on ſhore in that iſland in November to whelp +,
which nearly correſponds with the time our late circumnavigators
ſaw them in New Year's iſlands, where they found them and their
young in December. Laſtly, I may mention the iſles of Gallopagos,
where Captain Woodes Rogers, ſays he was attacked by a fierce
Seal, as big as a bear, and with difficulty eſcaped with his life **
• Forſter's obſ. 189.
+ Cook's
voy.
ii. 203
I Cook's voy. ii. 213.
Forſter's voy.
ii
529. ll Pernetti, Engl. ed. 187. tab. xvi, § Voy. ii. 226.
+ In Woodes Rogers' voy. 136.
** The fame, 265.
The

528
SE A L.
The Urſine Seal, a name we ſubſtitute for the ſea-bear, leads,
during the three months in ſummer, a moft indolent life: it ar-
rives at the iſlands vaſtly fat; but during that time they are ſcarce
ever in motion : confine themſelves for whole weeks to one ſpot,
ſleep a great part of the time, eat nothing, and, except the em-
ployment the females have in ſuckling their young, are totally
inactive. They live in families; each male has from eight to fifty.
females, whom he guards with the jealouſy of an eaſtern monarch;
and though they lie by thouſands on the ſhores, each family
keeps itſelf ſeparate from the reſt, and ſometimes, with the
young and unmarried ones, amount to a hundred and twenty.
The old animals, which are deſtitute of females, or deſerted by
them, live apart, and are exceſſively fplenetic, peeviſh, and quar-
relſome: are exceſſively fierce, and ſo attached to their old
haunts, that they would die fooner than quit them. They are
monſtrouſly fat, and have a moſt hircine ſmell. If another ap-
proaches their ſtation, they are rouzed from their indolence, and
inſtantly ſnap at it, and a battle enſues; in the conflict, they per-
haps intrude on the ſeat of another : this gives new cauſe of of-
fence, ſo in the end the diſcord becomes univerſal, and is ſpread
thro' the whole ſhore.
The other males are alſo very iraſcible: the cauſes of their dif-
putes are generally theſe :-The firſt and the moſt terrible is, when
an attempt is made by another to ſeduce one of their miſtreſſes,
or a young female of the family. This inſult produces a com-
a
bat, and the conqueror is immediately followed by the whole ſe-
raglio, who are ſure of deſerting the unhappy vanquiſhed. The
fecond reaſon of a quarrel is, when one invades the ſeat of ano-
ther. The third ariſes from their interfering in the diſputes of
others.
a

SE A L.
529
others. Theſe battles are very violent; the wounds they receive
are very deep, and reſemble the cuts of a ſabre. At the end of
a fight they Aing themſelves into the ſea, to waſh away the
blood.
The males are very fond of their young ; but very tyrannical
towards the females : if any body attempts to take their cub,
the male ſtands on the defenſive, while the female makes off with
the young in her mouth ; ſhould ſhe drop it, the former inſtantly
quits his enemy, falls on her, and beats her againſt the ſtones,
till he leaves her for dead. As ſoon as ſhe recovers, ſhe comes
in the moſt ſuppliant manner to the male, crawls to his feet, and
waſhes them with her tears: he, in the mean time, ſtalks about
in the moſt inſulting manner; but in caſe the young one is car-
ried off, he melts into the deepeſt affiction, and ſhews all ſigns
of deep concern. It is probable that he feels his misfortune the
more ſenſibly, as the female generally brings but one at a time;
never more than two. Even the cubs of thoſe on the iſland of
New Georgia
are very fierce, barking at our ſailors as they
paſſed by, and biting at their legs. The breeding-time in this
iſland is in the beginning of January.
They ſwim very ſwiftly, at the rate of ſeven miles an hour. If
wounded, will ſeize on the boat, and carry it along with vaſt
impetuofity, and oftentimes fink it. They can continue a long
time under water. When they want to climb the rocks, they
faften with the fore paws, and ſo draw themſelves up. They are
very tenacious of life, and will live for a fortnight after receiving
ſuch wounds as would immediately deſtroy any other animal.
• Forſter's voy, ii. 516. 529.
3 Y
Thc

S E AL
530
DESCRIPTION
The male of this ſpecies is vaſtly ſuperior in ſize to the fe-
male. The bodies of each are of a conic form, very thick be-
fore, and taper to the tail. The length of a large one is eight
feet; the greateſt circumference five feet; near the tail, twenty
inches. The weight 8c0 lb. The noſe projects like that of a
pug dog, but the head riſes ſuddenly: noſtrils oval, and divided
by a ſeptum : the lips thick; their infide red and ſerrated :
whiſkers long and white.
The teeth lock into each other when the mouth is cloſed. In
the upper jaw are four cutting teeth, each bifurcated; on both
fides is a ſmall ſharp canine tooth bending inwards ; near that
another, larger: the grinders reſemble canine teeth, and are fix
in number in each jaw: in the lower jaw are alſo four cutting
teeth and two canine : but only four grinders in each jaw: in
all, thirty-fix teeth.
Tongue bifid : eyes large and prominent : iris black: pupil
ſmaragdine: the eyes may be covered at pleaſure with a feſhy
membrane : the ears are ſmall, ſharp-pointed ; hairy without,
ſmooth and poliſhed within.
The length of the fore-legs is twenty-four inches; like thoſe
of other quadrupeds, not immerſed in the body like thoſe of
Seals: the feet are formed with toes, as thoſe of other animals,
but are covered with a naked ſkin, ſo that externally they ſeem a
ſhapeleſs mafs, and have only the rudiments of nails to five la-
tent toes: the hind legs are twenty-two inches long, are fixed to
the body quite behind, like thoſe of Seals, but are capable of be-
ing brought forward, ſo that the animal makes uſe of them to
fcratch its head : theſe feet are divided into five toes, each di-
a
•
vided

SE A L.
531
vided by a great web, and are a foot broad : the tail is only two
inches long.
The hair is long and rough; beneath which is a ſoft down, of
a bay-color: on the neck of the old males the hair is erect, and
a little longer than the reſt. The general color of theſe animals
is black, but the hairs of the old ones are tipt with grey. The
females are cinereous. The ſkins of the young, cut out of the
bellies of their dams, are very uſeful for cloathing, and coſt about
3 s. 4 d. each ; the ſkin of an old one, 4 s.
The fat and fleſh of the old males is very nauſeous; but the
feſh of the females reſembles lamb; and the young ones roaſted
are as good as fucking-pigs.
Sea Lion. Dampier's voy. i. 9o. iv. 15.
90
Rogers's voy. 136. Anſon's voy. 122.
Phoca Leonina. Ph. capite anticè cri-
ftato. Lin. lyf. 55.
Le Lion Marin. Briſſon quad. 167. De
Buffon, xiii. 351. Schreber, cxxxiii.
388. BOTTLE
NOSE.
S.
(the male) with a projecting ſnout, hanging five or fix
inches below the lower jaw: the upper part conſiſts of a
looſe wrinkled ſkin, which the animal, when angry, has the
power of blowing up, ſo as to give the noſe an hooked or arched
appearance : : the feet ſhort and duſky; five toes on each, fur-
niſhed with nails : the hind feet have the appearance of great
laciniated fins : large eyes : great whiſkers : hair on the body
ſhort, and of a dun color ; that on the neck a little longer : the
fkin
very
thick. Length of an old male twenty feet; greateſt cir-
cumference, fifteen.
Female. Noſe blunt, tuberous at the top: noſtrils wide : mouth
breaking very little into the jaws; two ſmall cutting teeth be-
low,
a
SIZE.
Y 2

532
SE A L.
3
Size.
PLACE.
low, two ſmall and two larger above ; two canine teeth, remote
from the preceding; five grinders in each jaw; all the teeth
conic: eyes oblique and ſmall: auricles none : fore legs twenty
inches long: toes furniſhed with flat oblong nails: hind parts,
inſtead of legs, divided into two great bifurcated fins : no tail :
the whole covered with ſhort ruft-colored hair. Length, from noſe
to the end of the fins, four yards : greateſt circumference two
yards and a half *.
Inhabits the ſeas about New Zealand t, the iſland of Juan Fer-
nandez † and the Falkland iſlands ll, and that of New Georgia 9,
S. lat. 54–40. Are ſeen in great numbers, in June and July, the
breeding-ſeaſon, on the iſland of Juan Fernandez, which they reſort
to for the purpoſe of ſuckling their young on ſhore, and continue
there till September. They bring two at a tiine. The female, during
that feaſon, is very fierce : one of Lord Anſon's failors was killed by
the enraged dam of a whelp, which he had robbed her of. The male
ſhews little attachment to its young, but the female is excel-
fively fond of it: the former will ſuffer it to be killed before his
face without ſhewing any reſentment. Towards evening, both
male and female ſwim a little way to ſea, the laft with the young
on its back, which the male will puſh off, as if to teach it to
ſwim.
They arrive on the breeding-iſlands very fat and full of blood :
when they are in motion, they ſeem like a great ſkin full of oil, from
the tremulous movement of the blubber, which has been found
a
a
*
* Deſcribed from a well-preſerved ſpecimen in the Muſeum of the ROYAL
SOCIETY. This is the animal called by Dr. Parſons, a Maneti.
+ Forſter's obſ. 190.
| Anſon's voy. 122,
11 Pernetti 202.
& Cook’s voy, ii, 213. Forſter's voy. 527.
to

S E AL
533
a
3
to be a foot thick. The Spaniards therefore call them Lobos de
Aceyte *, or wolves of oil; and the French beſtow on this and the
Urfine Seals, the common name of Sea Wolves. One has been
known to yield a butt of oil; and ſo full of blood, that what has
run out of a ſingle animal † has filled two hogſheads. The fleſh
is eatable; Lord Anſon's people eat it under the denomination of
beef, to diſtinguiſh it from that of Seal, which they called lamb.
The old animals have a tremendous appearance, yet are ex-
ceſſively timid, except at the breeding-ſeaſon, when they ſeem
to loſe their apprehenſions, and are leſs diſturbed at the fight of
man. At other times, they hurry into the water; or, if awakened
out of their neep by a loud noiſe, or by blows, fall into vaſt con-
fuſion, tumble down, and tremble in every part, thro' fear.
Theſe animals aſſociate in families, like the former, but not in
ſuch great numbers: the males fhew equal jealouſy about their
miſtreſſes, and have bloody combats on their accounts : oft-times,
there is one of ſuperior courage to the reſt, and procures by dint
of valour a greater number of females than others. They are
of a very lethargic nature, fond of wallowing in miry places, and
will lie like ſwine on one another : they grunt like thoſe animals,
and will ſometimes fuort like horſes in full vigor. They are very
inactive on land : to prevent ſurprize, each herd places a centi-
nel, who gives certain ſignals at appearance of danger : during
the breeding-ſeaſon, they abſtain from food, and before that is
elapſed become very lean; at other times they feed on fiſh and
the ſmaller Seals.
.
* Ulloa's voy. ii. 227.
+ Anſon's voy. 123
Beſtia

534
SE A L.
389. Leonine.
Beftia Marina, Kurillis, Kamtſchadalis et Sea Lion. Cook's
Sea Lion. Cook's voy. ii. 203. Forſter's
.
Rufis, Kurillico nomine Siwuticha voy. ii. 513. Pernetti's voy. 240.
dicta. Nov. Com. Petrop. ii. 360.
tab. xvi.
a
:
S.
a
with a ſhort noſe turning a little up: great head : eyes large :
• whiſkers long and thick, and ſtrong enough to ſerve for
pick-tooths : on the neck and ſhoulders of the male is a great
mane of coarſe, long, waving hair, not unlike the ſhaggy ap-
pearance of a lion: the reſt of the body covered with a very
fhort, ſmooth, and gloffy coat. The whole color is a deep brown:
thoſe of the Kamtſchatkan iſlands are reddiſh ; the females tawny.
The fore feet are like thoſe of the Urfine Seal, reſembling a flat
fin, formed of a black coriaceous ſubſtance, without the left external
appearance of toes, as moſt erroneouſly repreſented by Pernetti :
the hind feet are very broad, furniſhed with very ſmall nails,
with a narrow ſtripe of membrane extending far beyond each : tail
very ſhort : hind parts vaſtly large, ſwelling out with the vaſt
quantity of fat.
The old males are from ten to fourteen feet long, and of
great circumference about the ſhoulders ; they weigh from twelve
to fifteen hundred pounds: the females are from fix to eight
feet in length, of a more fender form than the males, and are
quite ſmooth.
Penroſe and Pernetti aſcribe a much greater ſize to thoſe of the
Falkland iſles. The former ſays, that ſome of the males are
twenty-ſix feet long *; and the latter affirms that their length is
:
SIZE.
a
Exped. Falkland Iſles, 28.
9
twenty-

SE A L.
535
PLACE.
MANNERS.
twenty-five feet, and their girth round the ſhoulders from nine-
teen to twenty *.
They inhabit in vaſt numbers Pinguin and Seal iſlands, near
Cape Deſire, on the coaſt of Patagonia f; are found within the
ftraits of Magellan, and on Falkland iſes: they have not yet been
diſcovered in any other part of the ſouthern hemiſphere, or in
any other place nearer than the ſea between Kamtſchatka and
America.
They live in families ſeparate from the Urſine and other Seals :
theſe poſſeſs the beach neareſt to the ſea : they have much of the
lethargic nature of the former; and, like them, are polygamous :
they have from two to thirty females apiece: they have a fierce
look; the old ones ſnort and roar like enraged bulls; but on the
approach of mankind, fly with great precipitation : the females
make a noiſe like calves: the young bleat like lambs.
The old males lie apart, and poſſeſs ſome large ſtone, which no
other dare approach ; if they do, a dreadful combat enſues, and
the marks of their rage appear in the deep gaſhes on various
parts
of their bodies. The males frequently go into the water,
take a large circuit, land, and careſs their females with great af-
fection; put ſnout to ſnout as if they were kiſing one another.
The females, on ſeeing their male deſtroyed, will ſometimes at-
tempt to carry away a cub in their mouth, but oftener defert
them through fear.
The food of theſe animals is the lefſer Seals, Pinguins, and fiſh;
but while they are aſhore they keep, in the breeding-time, a faſt
of three or four months; but to keep their ſtomachs diftended,
will ſwallow a number of large ſtones, each as big as two fifts.
• Voy. Malouines, 240.
+ Narborough, 31.
Pinniform
3
a

536
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
XLIII.
MANATI.
Pinniform fore-legs : hind parts ending in a tail, horizon-
tally flat.
390.
WHALE-
TAILED
Manati. Ruforum Morſkuia Korowa.
Steller in Nov. Com. Petrop. ii. 294,
Schreber, ii. 95. Hift. Kamtſchatka,
132.
3
TH
HIS animal in nature fo nearly approaches the cetaceous
tribe, that it is merely in conformity to the fyftematic
writers, that I continue it in this claſs : it ſcarce deſerves the
name of a biped ; what are called feet are little more than pec-
toral fins; they ſerve only for ſwimming ; they are never uſed to
aſſiſt the animal in walking, or landing; for it never goes aſhore,
nor ever attempts to climb the rocks, like the Walrus and Seal. It
brings forth in the water, and, like the whale, ſuckles its young
in that element: like the whale, it has no voice; and, like that
animal, has an horizontal broad tail, without even the rudiments
of hind feet.
Inhabits the ſeas about Bering's and the other Aleutian iſlands,
which intervene between Kamtſchatka and America, but never ap-
pears off Kamtſchatka, unleſs blown aſhore by a tempeft. Is pro-
bably the ſame ſpecies which is found above Mindanao *; but is
certainlyt that which inhabits near Diego Rodriguez, vulgarly called
Diego Rais, an iſland to the eaſt of Mauritius, or the iſle of
PLACE.
• Dampier's voy.
i.
321.
+ In Mr. Banks's collection of drawings is an accurate ſketch of one exa&tly
correſponding with Mr. Steller's deſcription.
France,

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
537
MANNERE.
France, near which it is likewiſe found *: and it is likely that this
fpecies extends to New Holland, where Dampier ſays he has ſeen itt.
They live perpetually in the water, and frequent the edges of
the ſhores; and in calm weather ſwim in great droves near the
mouths of rivers ; in the time of food they come ſo near the
land that a perſon may ſtroke them with his hand : if hurt, they
ſwim out to the ſea : but preſently return again. They live
in families, one near another; each conſiſts of a male, a female,
a half-grown young one, and a very ſmall one. The females
oblige the young to ſwim before them, while the other old ones
ſurround, and, as it were, guard them on all ſides. The af-
fection between the male and female is very great ; for if ſhe
is attacked, he will defend her to the utmoſt, and ſhe is
killed, will follow her corpſe to the very ſhore, and ſwim for ſome
days near the place it has been landed at,
They copulate in the ſpring, in the ſame manner as the
human kind, eſpecially in calm weather, towards the evening.
The female ſwims gently about; the male purſues ; till, tired
with wantoning, ſhe Alings herſelf on her back, and admits his
embraces I. Steller thinks they go
Steller thinks they go with young above a year : it
is certain that they bring but one young at a time, which they
ſuckle by two teats placed between the breaſt.
They are vaſtly voracious and gluttonous, and feed not only
on the fuci that grow in the ſea, but ſuch as are Aung on the
ges of the ſhore. When they are filled, they fall aſleep on their
backs. During their meals, they are ſo intent on their food,
3
* Voy. de la Caille, 229. + Voy. i. 33.
i
I The Leonine and Urſine Seals copulate in the fame manner, only, after
ſporting in the ſea for ſome time, they come on ſhore for that purpofe.
3 Z
that

538
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
that any one may go among them and chuſe which he likes
beſt.
Their back and their fides are generally above water; and as
their ſkin is filled with a ſpecies of louſe peculiar to them,
numbers of gulls are continually perching on their backs and
picking out the inſects.
They continue in the Kamtſchatkan and American ſeas the whole
year; but in winter are very lean, ſo that you may count their ribs.
They are taken by harpoons faſtened to a ſtrong cord, and after
they are ſtruck it requires the united force of thirty men to draw
them on ſhore. Sometimes, when they are transfixed, they will lay
hold of the rocks with their paws, and ſtick ſo faſt as to leave the
ſkin behind before they can be forced off. When a Manati is
ſtruck, its companions ſwim to its affiftance ; ſome will attempt
to overturn the boat, by getting under it; others will preſs down
the rope, in order to break it; and others will ſtrike at the har-
poon with their tails, with a view of getting it out, which they
often ſucceed in. They have not any voice, but make a noiſe
by hard breathing, like the ſnorting of a horſe.
They are of an enormous fize ; ſome are 28 feet long, and
8000 lb. in weight; but if the Mindanao fpecies is the ſame with
this, it decreaſes greatly in fize as it advances ſouthward, for
the largeſt which Dampier ſaw there, weighed only fix hundred
pounds *. The head, in proportion to the bulk of the animal,
is ſmall, oblong, and almoſt ſquare : the noſtrils are filled with
ſhort briſtles : the gape, or rietus, is ſmall : the lips are double :
.
a
DESCRIPTION
* Dampier, i. 321. Voyagers are requeſted to obſerve, whether there are not
the two ſpecies about this and the other iſlands of the Indian ocean.
near

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι..
539
SIZE.
near the junction of the two jaws the mouth is full of white tu-
bular briſtles, which ſerve the ſame uſe as the laminæ in whales,
to prevent the food running out with the water : the lips are alſo
full of briſtles, which ſerve inſtead of teeth to cut the ſtrong roots
of the ſea-plants, which floating aſhore are a ſign of the vicinity
of theſe animals. In the mouth are no teeth, only two flat white
bones, one in each jaw; one above, another below, with undu-
lated ſurfaces, which ferve inſtead of grinders.
The eyes are extremely ſmall, not larger than thoſe of a ſheep:
the iris black : it is deſtitute of ears, having only two orifices, ſo
minute that a quill will ſcarcely enter them: the tongue is point-
ed, and ſmall: the neck is thick, and its junction with the head
ſcarce diſtinguiſhable; and the laſt always hangs down. The cir-
cumference of the body near the ſhoulders is twelve feet; about the
belly twenty; near the tail only four feet eight : the head thirty-
one inches: the neck near ſeven feet : and from theſe meaſure-
ments may be collected the deformity of this animal. Near the
ſhoulders are two feet, or rather fins, which are only two feet two
inches long, and have neither fingers nor nails; beneath are con-
cave, and covered with hard briſtles: the tail is thick, ſtrong,
and horizontal, ending in a ſtiff black fin, and like the ſubſtance
of whalebone, and much ſplit in the fore part, and flightly fork-
ed; but both ends are of equal lengths, like that of a whale.
The ſkin is very thick, black, and full of inequalities, like the
bark of oak, and ſo hard as ſcarcely to be cut with an ax, and has
no hair on it: beneath the ſkin is a thick blubber, which taſtes
like oil of almonds. The fleſh is coarſer than beef, and will not
foon putrify. The young ones taſte like veal. The ſkin uſed
for ſhoes, and for covering the ſides of boats.
3 2 2
The
TAIL
.

$40
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
The Rufians call this animal Morkaia korowa, or Sea-cow; and
Kapuſtnik, or Eater of herbs.
391. ROUND-
TAILED
Manati. Hernandez Mex. 323. De Laet. Buffon, xiii. 277. tab. 57.
6.
Trichechus. Arted. gen. 79. Syn. 109.
Manatus. Rondeletius, 490. Geſner Pifc. Trichechus Manatus.
Lin. lyft. 49:
213. Cluf. exot. 132. Raii ſyn. quad. Schreber, ii. 95. tab. lxxx. Lev. Mus..
193. Klein quad. 94.
from Senegal.
Le Lamentin. Briſſon quad. 164. De
:
M.with thick Tips : eyes as minute
as a pea: two very ſmall
orifices in the place of ears : neck ſhort, and thicker than
the head'; the greateſt thickneſs of the body is about the ſhoul-
ders, from which it grows gradually ſmaller to the tail : the tail
lies horizontally, is broad, and thickeſt in the middle, growing
thinner to the edges, and quite round. M. de Buffon gives the
tail of his the form of a ſpatula, but ſwelling out on each ſide,
and rounded at the end, which is much narrower than the mid-
dle diameter.
The feet are placed at the ſhoulders : beneath the ſkins are
bones for five complete toes, and externally are three or four
nails * flat and rounded : near the baſe of each foot, in the fè-
male, is a ſmall teat.
The ſkin is very thick and hard; having a few hairs ſcattered
over it.
Size
The length of the ſpecimen in the LEVERIAN MUSEUM; is fix
feet and a half; the greateſt circumference, three feet eight
inches; that near the tail, two feet two. Thoſe meaſured by
Dampier in the Weſt Indies, were ten or twelve feet long : their
* Gomora fays four; in the LEVERIAN-ſpecimen are only three.
taili

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
541
а
3
PLACE
tail twenty inches in length; fourteen in breadth ; four or five
thick in the middle; two at the edges: the largeſt (according to
the ſame voyager) weighed twelve hundred pounds. But they
arrive at far greater magnitude : Clufius examined one which was
fixteen feet and a half long; and Gomora ſpeaks of them as ſome-
times of the length of twenty feet.
The Manati which entirely inhabit freſh waters, according to
Dampier, are much leſſer than the others. Gumilla alſo informs
us, that thoſe of the higher parts of the Orenoque weigh only
from five hundred to ſeven hundred and fifty pounds.
Inhabits the rivers of Africa, from that of Senegal to the Cape
of Good Hope *; abounds in certain parts of the eaſtern coaſts
and rivers of South America, about the Bay of Honduras; fome
of the greater Antilles to the rivers of Orenoque I, and the
lakes formed by it; and laſtly, in that of the Amazons, and the
Guallaga, the Paſtaça, and moſt of the others which fall into that
vaſt river: they are found even a thouſand leagues from its
mouth, and ſeem to be ſtopt from making even an higher ad-
vance, only by the great cataract, the Pongo of Borja |. They
fometimes live in the ſea, and often near the mouth of fome
river, into which they come once or twice in twenty-four hours,
for the ſake of brouzing on the marine plants which grow within
their reach: they altogether delight more in brackiſh or ſweet
water, than in the falt; and in ſhallow water near low land, and
in places ſecure from ſurges, and where the tides run gently s.
It is ſaid, that at times they frolick and leap to great heights out.
• Adanfon, 259. Sparman in Ph. Tranſ. lxvii. 40. + Dampier, i. 33
* Gumilla, ii. 43: -
#Condamine, 773
Şu Dampier, i. 34:
of:

542
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
of the water *. Their uſes were very conſiderable to the priva,
teers or buccaneers in the time of Dampier. Their fleſh and fat
are white, very ſweet and falubrious ; and the tail of a young fe-
male was particularly eſteemed. A ſuckling was held to be moſt
delicious, and eaten roaſted, as were great pieces cut out of the
belly of the old animals.
The ſkin cut out of the belly (for that of the back was too
thick) was in great requeſt for the purpoſe of faſtening to the
ſides of canoes, and forming a place for the inſertion of the oars.
The thicker part of the ſkin, cut freſh into lengths of two or three
feet, ſerves for whips, and become, when dried, as tough as
wood.
In the head, it was pretended that there were certain ſtones, or
bones of great value, on account of their virtues in curing the
gravel and colic †. M. de Buffon ſays, that in the Manati of
Senegal were nine grinding teeth on each ſide of the jaws, above
and below. That which I ſaw, had its ſcull taken out, which
prevented my ſearch into that particular.
They are taken by an harpoon ſtuck in the end of a ſtaff,
which the Indians uſe with great dexterity. They go in a ſmall
canoe with the utmoſt filence, as the animal is very quick of
hearing. The harpoon is looſe, but faſtened to a cord of ſome
fathoms in length; for as ſoon as the Manati is ſtruck, it ſwims
away with the barb infixed in its body, attended by the canoe,
till ſpent with pain and fatigue : in ſome places the lefſer are
taken ners. If a female, which has a young one, is ftruck, ſhe
takes it under its fins or feet, if not too large, and ſhews, even
4 Gumilla, ii. 55
+ Clufii Exot. 233. Monardus fimp. Mea. 326.
3
in

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
543
in extremity, the greateſt affection for its offspring; which makes
an equal return, never forſaking the captured parent, but is al-
ways a ſure prey to the harpooner *.
The Indians of the Maragnon, or the river of Amazons, take
them by the means of intoxicating herbs, or by ſhooting them with
thoſe poiſoned arrows t, whoſe left touch is fatal, yet imparts
no degree of venom to the thing ſtricken, whoſe feſh is eaten
with the utmoſt fafety I.
At the time the waters of the Orenoque (which annually over-
flow the banks) begin to return into the bed of the river, the
Indians make dams acroſs the mouths of the ſhallow lakes formed.
by the floods, and in that manner take vaſt numbers of Manati,
or Pexi-buey, or Fiſh-cows, as the Spaniards call them, together
with tortoiſes, and variety of fiſh ||.
I conclude this account with the extraordinary hiſtory of a
tame Manati, preſerved by a certain prince of Hiſpaniola, at the
time of the arrival of the Spaniards, in a lake adjoining to his re-
ſidence. It was, on account of its gentle nature, called in the
language of the country Matum. It would appear as ſoon as it
was called by any of its familiars; for it hated the Spaniards, on
account of an injury it had received from one of theſe adventurers.
The fable of Arion was here realiſed. It would offer itſelf to the
Indian favorites, and carry over the lake ten at a time, ſinging and
playing on its back; one youth it was particularly enamoured
a
* Dampier, i. 37.
+ Ulloa, i. 412. Gumilla, ii. 46. I Condamine's
Trav. 34. Ph. Tr. xlvii. 81.
|| Gumilla, ii. 43. The ſeaſon for the taking theſe animals (ſays Adanſon, po
260) in the river Senegal, is only in the months of December and January.
with,

544
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
with, which reminds me of the claſſical parallel in the Dolphin
of Hippo, ſo beautifully related by the younger Pliny. The fates
of the two animals were very different; Matum eſcaped to its
native waters, by means of a violent food; the Hipponenſian fiſh
fell a facrifice to the poverty of the retired Coloniſts*
a
a
393, SA APE.
a
MR. Steller law on the coaſt of America + another very ſingular
+
animal, which he calls a Sea Ape: it was five feet long the
head like a dog's : ears ſharp and erect: eyes large: on both
lips a ſort of beard : the form of its body thick and round,
thickeſt near the head, tapering to the tail, which was bifurcat-
ed, the upper lobe the longeſt : the body covered with thick
hair, grey on the back, red on the belly. Steller could diſco-
ver neither feet nor paws. It was full of frolick, and played a
thouſand monkey tricks; ſometimes ſwimming on one fide, fome-
times on the other ſide of the ſhip, looking at it with great
amazement. It would come ſo near the ſhip, that it might be
touched with a pole ; but if any body ftirred, would immediately
retire. It often raiſed one-third of its body above the water, and
* See both relations; the firſt in Peter Martyr's Decades of the Indies, Dec. iii.
book 8; the other in lib. ix, epift. 33, of Pliny. The elder Pliny alſo relates
the ſame ſtory, lib. ix. c. 8.
+ The Beluga, which I placed here in my former edition, from the miſrepre-
ſentation of other writers, is an animal of the cetaceous tribe, called by the
Germans, Witfiſh. See Pallas Itin, iii. 84. tab. iv. and Crantz Greenland, i. 114.
No io.
ſtood

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
545
ſtood erect for a conſiderable time ; then ſuddenly darted under the
ſhip, and appeared in the fame attitude on the other ſide; and
would repeat this for thirty times together. It would frequently
bring up a ſea-plant, not unlike the bottle-gourd, which it would
toſs about, and catch again in its mouth, playing numberleſs fan-
taſtic tricks with it.
4 A
DI V.


D I V. IV.
WINGED QUADRUP ED. S.
4A2

548
Β Α Τ.
DIV. IV. Winged Quadrupeds :
XLIV. BAT.
With long extended toes to the fore feet, connected by thin
broad membranes, extending to the hind legs.
* Without Tails.
393. TERNATE. Veſpertilio ingens. Cluf. exot. 94.
Canis volans ternatanus orientalis. Seb.
Muf. i. 91. tab. lvii.
Veſpertilio Vampyrus. V. ecaudatus,
naſo fimplici, membrana inter femo-
ra diviſa. Lin. Syft. 46.
La Rouſſette and la Rougette. De Buf-
fon, x. 55. tab. xiv. xvii, Schre-
ber, 185. tab. xliv.
Pteropus rufus aut niger auriculis bre-
vibus acutiuſculis. Briſon quad. 153,
and
154.
Great Bat. Edw. 180. Br. Muf. Afh.
Muf. Lev. Mus.
No. 2.
a
THE ROUSSETTE. B. with large canine teeth : four cutting teeth above, the fame
below : ſharp black noſe : large naked ears : the tongue is
pointed, terminated by ſharp aculeated papille : exterior toe de-
tached from the membrane : the claw ſtrong, and hooked: five
toes on the hind feet: talons very crooked, ſtrong, and com-
preſſed fideways : no tail : the membrane divided behind quite
to the rump: head of a dark ferruginous color : on the neck,
Thoulders, and under fide, of a much lighter and brighter red:
on the back the hair ſhorter, duſky, and ſmooth : the membranes
of the wings duſky : varies in color ; fome entirely of a reddiſh
Size. brown ; others duſky. This now deſcribed was one foot long :
its extent from tip to tip of the wings four feet; but they are
found vaſtly larger.
* The hiſtory of theſe bats has been greatly elucidated by M. De la Nux, who
reſided fifty years in the Iſle de Bourbon, where they are found. See M. de Buf-
fon, Suppl. iii. 253.
a
This
3

Β Α Τ.
549
This ſpecies is not gregarious, yet they are found in numbers on
the ſame tree, by accidentally meeting there in fearch of food :
they fly by day, and are ſeen arriving one by one to the ſpot
which furniſhes fubfiftence. If by any accident they are frighted,
they will then quit the tree in numbers, and thus fortuitouſly
form a flock. It is different with the other ſpecies,
The Rougette *, or Bar, with the fame kind of teeth as the The Rougette.
BAT
other, and the ſhape of head and body the ſame : the whole body
and head cinereous, mixed with ſome black ; but on the neck is
a great bed of lively orange, or red.
The ſize is much leſs; the extent of wings being little more
SIZE
than two feet.
They are both inhabitants of the ſame countries, agree in their
food, but differ in ſome of their manners, which I ſhall diſtinguiſh
in the following hiſtory of them.
PLACE.
Theſe monſters inhabit Guinea, Madagaſcar, and all the iſlands
from thence to the remoteſt in the Indian ocean. They are found
again in New Holland +, the Friendly iſlands, the New Hebrides,
and New Caledonia I. The Rougettes fly in flocks, and perfectly
obſcure the air with their numbers : they begin their flight from
one neighboring iſland to another immediately on fun-fet, and
return in clouds from the time it is light till ſun-riſe l, and lodge
during day in hollow trees : both live on fruits; and are ſo fond
of the juice of the palm-tree, that they will intoxicate themſelves
with it till they drop on the ground g.
Notwithſtanding the ſize of their teeth, they are not carnivor-
ous. Mr. Edwards relates, that they will dip into the ſea for
#Lev. Mus. + Cook's voy. iii. 626. | Forſter's obſ. 187.
ll Dam.
pier's voy. i. 381. $ Muſeum Hafnia, Pars. i. Seet. 2. No. 18.
fiſh.
.

550
Β Α Τ.
fish. I ſuſpect that fact; but it is known that they ſkim the
water with wonderful eaſe, perhaps in ſportive moods. They
alſo frequent that element to waſh themſelves from any vermin
which might adhere to them *. They ſwarm like bees, hanging
near one another from the trees in great cluſters t; at left five
hundred were obſerved hanging, ſome by their fore, others by
their hind legs, in a large Caſuarina-tree, in one of the Friendly
iſlands. When ſhot at, they flew from the boughs very heavily,
uttering a fhrill. piping note; others again, arrived at inter-
vals from remote places to the tree I. In Neze Caledonia, the
natives uſe their hair in ropes, and in the taffels of their clubs,
interweaving it with the threads of the Cyperus ſquarroſus. The
Indians eat them, and declare the fleſh to be very good : they
grow exceſſively fat at certain times of the year. The French,
who live in the Iſle de Bourbon, boil them in their bouillon, to
give it a reliſh | The Negroes have them in abhorrence g. Many
of the Rouſſettes are of an enormous ſize : Beckman ** meaſured
one, whoſe extent from tip to tip of the wing was five feet four
inches ; and Dampier tt another, which extended further than he:
could reach with ſtretched-out arms. Their bodies are from the
fize of a pullet. to that of a dove : while eating, they make a
great noiſe : their ſmell rank; their bite, reſiſtance, and fierceneſs
great when taken.
They bring but one young at a time.
The antients had ſome knowlege of theſe animals. Herodotus +
* Forſter's obf 188. + Argenſola Philip. ifles, 158. Des Marchais, ii. 261.
| Forſter's voy.
| Voy. de la Caille, 233. § Des Marchais, ibid.
** Voy. to Borneo, 39. tt i. 381. + θηρια αστερωτα, τηαι νυκτερισί
7 COCsixed. Lib. ii.
a
i.
mentions
450.

Β Α Τ.
551
mentions certain winged wild beaſts, like bats, that moleſted the
Arabs, who collected the Cafia, to ſuch a degree that they were
obliged to cover their bodies and faces, all but their eyes,
with ſkins. It is very probable, as M. de Buffon remarks, it was
from ſuch relations the Poets formed their fictions of Harpies.
Linnæus gives this ſpecies the title of Vampyre, conjecturing it
to be the kind which draws blood from people in their ſleep.
M. de Buffon denies it, aſcribing that faculty to a ſpecies only found
in S. America : but there is reaſon to imagine, that this thirſt af-
ter blood is not confined to the bats of one continent, nor to
one ſpecies ; for Bontius and Nieuhof inform us, that they of
Java * ſeldom fail attacking thoſe who lie with their feet un-
covered, whenever they can get acceſs; and Gumilla t, after men-
tioning a greater and leffer fpecies, found on the banks of the
Orenoque, declares them to be equally greedy after human blood.
Perſons thus attacked, have been known to be near paſſing from
a ſound neep into eternity. The Bat is fo dexterous a bleeder as
to inſinuate its aculeated tongue into a vein without being per-
ceived, and then ſuck the blood till it is ſatiated; all the while
fanning with its wings, and agitating the air, in that hot climate,
in fo pleaſing a manner, as to fing the ſufferer into a ſtill
ſounder deep . It is therefore very unſafe to reſt either in the
open air, or to leave open any entrance to theſe dangerous animals:
but they do not confine themſelves to human blood; for M. Con-
• Bontius India, 70. Nieuhoff, 255. Theſe writers ſay that this kind is as
big as a pigeon. I ſuſpect that the ſpecies juſt deſcribed is common to India
and S. America ; Mr. Greenwood, painter, long reſident at Surinam, informing
me that there is in that colony a fox-colored bat, whoſe extent of wings is above
four feet.
+ Hift. Orenoque, iii. 100. I Ulloa's voy. i. 6.3.
i
damine

552
Β Α Τ..
*
damine * fays, that in certain parts of America they have deſtroyed
all the great cattle introduced there by the miſſionaries.
a
R. LESSER. B. with head like a grehound : large teeth like the
former : ears long, broad, and naked : whole body covered
with ſoft ſhort hair of a ſtraw-color: ſhaped like the other in
all reſpects : length, eight inches three quarters; extent, two
feet two inches. Place unknown to the gentleman who fa-
vored me with it. Lev. Mus.
394. SPECTRE.
Andira-guacu, veſpertiliocornutus. Piſo Lin. Syft. 46. Klein quad. 62.
.
Brafil, 190. Marcgrave Braſil, 213.- Pteropus auriculis longis, patulis, nafo
Canis volans maxima aurita fæm. ex membrana antrorſum inflexa aucto.
Nov. Hifpania. Seb. Muf. i. tab. lvii.
Briſon quad. 154
Veſpertilio ſpectrum. V. ecaudatus, Le Vampire. De Buffon, X. 55. Schre: .
naſo infundibuliformi Lanceolato.
ber. 192. tab. xlv.
Size.
B. with a long noſe : large teeth: long, broad, and upright
ears: at the end of the noſe a long conic erect membrane,
bending at the end, and flexible : hair on the body cinereous, and
pretty long : wings full of ramified fibres: the membrane extends
from hind leg to hind leg: no tail; but from the rump extend
three tendons, terminating at the edge of the membrane. By
Seba's figure, the extent of the wings is two feet two inches;
from the end of the noſe to the rump feven inches and an half.
Inhabits South America : lives in the palm-trees : grows very
fat: called Vampyre by M. de Buffon, who ſuppoſes it to be the
fpecies that ſucks human blood : but neither Piſo, or any other
writers who mention the fact, give the left defcription of the kind.
* Voy. S. America, 85.
PLACE.
Veſpertilio

P652
L11
IT
I
ami
IBAT.ß.P. 552. I NEW YORK B.N? 403
1
I


Β Α Τ.
553
395. Javelin.
Veſpertilio Americanus vulgaris. Seb. dactylis, pofticis pentadactylis. Briſ-
Muf. i. tab. lv fig. 2.
Jon quad. 101.
Vespertilio perfpiculatus. V. ecauda- La chauve ſouris fer de Lance. De
tus, naſo foliato acuminato. Lin. Buffon, xiii. 226. tab. xxxiii. Schre-
lyft 47:
ber, 194. tab. xlvi. B.
V. murini coloris pedibus anticis tetra-
Size.
B. with large pointed ears : an erect membrane at the end of
the noſe, in form of the head of an antient javelin, having
on each ſide two upright proceſſes : no tail : fur cinereous: fize
of a cominon bat.
Inhabits the warm parts of America.
The bat deſcribed by Mr. Schreber, p. 193. tab. xlvi. A. under
the title of La Chauve ſouris pelle, has ſo much reſemblance, that I
place it here as a variety of the former : the naſal membrane be-
ing nearly of the ſame form; the color differs, the fur being fer-
ruginous.
PLACE.
396. LEAR.
Veſpertilio, roftro appendice auriculæ Veſpertilio foricinus. Pallas Mifcel. 48.
forma donata. Sloane Jam. ii. 330. tab. v. * Schreber, 195. tab. xlvii.
Small bat. Edw. 201. fig. 1.
Lev. Mus.
La Feuille. De Buffon, xiii. 227.
Size.
B.with finall rounded ears : membrane on the noſe of the form
• of an ovated leaf: no tail : a web between the hind legs:
fur of a mouſe-color, tinged with red : ſize of the laſt.
• This ſeems to be one of the blood-fucking ſpecies, the tongue being fur-
niſhed with aculeated papilla, and is twice the length of the noſe ; ſo is well
adapted for that purpoſe.
4 B
Inhabits

554
Β Α Τ.
PLACE.
Inhabits Jamaica, Surinam, and Senegal : in the firſt lives in
caves in woods, which are found full of its dung, productive of
falt-petre: feeds on the prickly pear.
397. CORDATED. Glis volans Ternatanus. Seb. Muf. i. Veſpertilio fpafina. V. ecaudatus nafo
tab. lvi. fig. 1. Schreber, 191. tab. foliato obcordato, Lin. Syft. 47.
xlviii.
B.with very broad and long ears: at the end of the noſe a
heart-ſhaped membrane: no tail : a web between the hind
legs : color of the face a very light red; that of the body ſtill
paler.
Inhabits. Ceylon, and the iſle of Ternate, one of the Moluccas..
PLACE:
** With tails.
398. PERUVIAN. Chauve-ſouris de la Vallée d'Ylo. Feuillée obf. Peru, 1714. p. 623. Schreber, 1966
tab, lx.
B.
a
with a head like a pug-dog : large ftrait-pointed ears: two
canine teeth, and two ſmall cutting teeth between each, in
each jaw: tail encloſed in the membrane which joins to each.
hind leg, and is alſo ſupported by two long cartilaginous liga-
ments involved in the membrane: color of the fur iron-grey :
body equal to that of a middle-ſized rat : extent of wings two
feet five inches.
Size:
B. With

Β Α Τ.
555
Size.
PLACE.
B. With a large head and hanging lips, like the chops of a
maſtiff: noſe bilobated : upper lip divided : ftrait, long, and
narrow ears, ſharp-pointed: teeth like the former : tail ſhorts
a few joints of it ſtand out of the membrane, which extends
far beyond it; is angular, and ends in a point : claws on the
hind feet large, hooked, and compreſſed ſideways: membranes
of the wings duſky, very thin : fur on the head and back
brown ; on the belly, cinereous. Length, from the noſe to the
end of the membrane, above five inches ; extent of wings,
twenty.
Inhabits Peru and the Moſquito fhore: the laſt was given me
by John Ellis, Eſq; F.R.S. It differed from the former in ſize,
being leſs; in all other reſpects agreed.
Linnæus, carried away by love of ſyſtem, places this, on ac-
count of its having only two cutting teeth in each jaw, among
the Glires, next to the ſquirrels, under the name of Noftilio
Americanus. But ſuch is the variety in the numbers and diſpoſi-
tion of the teeth in the animals of this genus, that he might
form almoſt as many genera out of it as there are ſpecies. But
as the Bats have other ſuch ſtriking characters, it is unneceſſary
to have recourſe to the more latent marks to form its definition.
The ſame may be ſaid of ſeveral other animals.
Autre Chauve-ſouris. De Buffon, X. 84, 87. tab. xix. fig. 1, 2. Schreber, 20%. 399. BULL-BOG.
tab. xlix. Lev. Mus.
B.with broad round ears, the edges touching each other in
front: noſe thick : lips pendulous: upper part of the body
of a deep aſh-color; the lower paler: tail long; the five laſt
4 B 2
joints

556
B A T.
Size.
joints quite diſengaged from the membrane. Length above two
inches ; extent nine and a half.
Inhabits the Weſt Indies.
PLACE.
400. SeneGAL.
Chauvre-ſouris etrangere. De Buffon, x. 82. tab. xvii. Schreber, 206. tab. lviii.
LEV. Mus.
Size.
B.with a long head : noſe a little pointed : ears short, and
pointed: head and body a tawny brown mixed with aſh-
color: belly paler : two laſt joints of the tail extend beyond the
membrane. Length, from noſe to rump, above four inches; ex-
tent 21.
Inhabits Senegal.
PLACE.
401, Pouch.
La Chauve-ſouris a bourſe. Schreber, 209. tab. lvii.
a
WIT
:
a
ITH the noſe ſomewhat produced: the end thickeſt, and
beſet with fine whiſkers: the chin divided by a ſulcus : ears
long, rounded at their ends : on each wing, near the ſecond joint,
is a ſmall purſe, or pouch: the tail is only partly involved in the
membrane ; the end hanging out: color of the body a cinereous
brown: the belly paler.
Length an inch and a half.
Inhabits Surinam,
SIZE.
PLACE.
Autre

Β Α Τ.
557
Autre Chauvre-ſouris. De Buffon, x. 92. tab. xx. fig. 3. Schreber, 204. tab. lvi.
Ley. Mus.
402. BEARDED
B.with the noftrils open for a great way up the noſe : hair on
• the forehead and under the chin very long : ears long and
narrow: upper part of the head and body of a reddiſh brown;
the lower of a dirty white tinged with yellow : tail included in
a membrane very full of nerves. A ſmall ſpecies.
a
B.with a head haped like that of a mouſe : top of the noſe 403. New York.
a little bifid : ears ſhort, broad, and rounded : no cutting
teeth; two canine in each jaw: tail very long, incloſed in the
membrane, which is of a conic ſhape : head, body, and the
whole upper ſide of the membrane which incloſes the tail, co-
vered with long very ſoft hair of a bright tawny color, lighteſt
on the head and beginning of the back; the belly paler: at
the baſe of each wing a white ſpot : wings thin, naked, and
duſky : bones of the hind legs very flender. Length, from noſe to
tail, ten inches and a half; tail one inch eight-tenths; extent of
wings ten and a half.
Inhabits North America. Communicated by Mr. Aſhton Black-
burne *. It is alſo founded in New Zeland 7. Mr. Schreber de-
ſcribes it from me, in p. 212. Lev. Mus.
.
Size,
a
PLACE.
* The Rev. Mr. Clayton mentions another ſpecies of North American Bat;
large, with great ears, and long ftraggling hairs. Phil. Tranſ. abridg. iii. 594.
+ Forſter's obferv. 189.
9
Autre

558
Β Α Τ.
404. STRIPED.
Autre Chauve-ſouris. De Buffon, X. 92. tab. xx. fig. 3. Zooph. Gronou. No. 25.
Schreber, 205. tab. xlix. .
B.
Size.
a
with a ſmall fhort nofe : ears ſhort, broad, and pointing
,
• forward : body brown: wings ſtriped with black, and
ſometimes with tawny and brown. Length, from noſe to the
end of the tail, two inches : varies in color ; the upper part of
the body being ſometimes of a clear reddiſh brown, the lower
whitiſh.
Inhabits Ceylon; called there, Kiriwoula *. I may add to this
little ſpecies of Bat, the mention of a minute kind ſeen and heard
in myriads of numbers in the iſle of Tanna, one of the New He-
brides, but which efcaped every attempt of our voyagers to ob-
tain a near examination t.
Place,
a
405. MOLUCCA. Veſpertilio Cephalotes. Pallas Spicil. Zool. faſc. iii. 10. tab. i. Schreber, 208.
tab. lxi. Lev. MUS.
B.with a large head : thick noſe : ſmall ears : tubular noftrils
,
,
terminating outwards in form of a ſcrew : upper lip di-
vided :
: tongue covered with papillæ and minute ſpines : claw,
or thumb, joined to the wing by a membrane : firſt ray of the
wing terminated by a claw : end of the tail reaches beyond the
membrane: color of the head and back greyiſh afh-color ; that
in the LEVERIAN MUSEUM of a fine ſtraw-color: the belly dull
a
• Pallas Miſcel. 49.
+ Forſter's obf. 188.
3
white :

Β Α Τ.
559
SIZE.
white. Length, from noſe to rump, three inches three quarters ;
extent of wings about fifteen.
Inhabits the Molucca iſles. Deſcribed firſt by that very able
naturalift Doctor Pallas.
PLACE.
406.HORSE-SHOP.
La Chauve-ſouris fer a Cheval. De Buffon, viii. 131, 132. tab. xvii. XX.
Schreber, 210. tab. lxii. Br. Zool. i. 129.
a
SIZE:
B. with a membrane at the end of the noſe in form of a horſe-
fhoe: ears large, broad at their baſe, and ſharp-pointed, in-
clining backward : wants the little or internal ear: color of the
upper part of the body deep cinereous; of the lower, whitiſh.
There is a greater and lefſer variety; the greater is above three
inches and a half long from the noſe to the tip of the tail : its
extent above fourteen. This and all the following have the tail
incloſed in the membrane.
Inhabits Burgundy; and has lately been diſcovered in Kent, by
Mr. Latham, of Dartford; found alſo about the Caſpian ſea. The
long-eared Bat, Nº 412, has alſo been obſerved there, and at Peterf-
burg. This and the four next were firſt diſcovered by M. de. Buf-
fon, whoſe names I retain.
PLACE.
407. NOCTULB
La Noctule. De Buffon, viii. 128. tab. xviii. Schreber, 200. tab. lii.
Great Bat. Br. Zool. illuftr. tab. ciii. Br. Zool. i. 128.
a
B.with the noſe lightly bilobated : ears ſmall and rounded :
on the chin a minute verruca : hair of a reddiſh aſh-color.
Length to the rump two inches eight-tenths ; tail one ſeven-
tenth ;, extent of wings thirteen inches.
Inhabits
SJZE

560
Β Α Τ.
PLACE.
Inhabits Great Britain and France ; very common in the open
deſerts of Ruſſia, wherever they can find ſhelter in caverns : flies
high in ſearch of food, not ſkimming near the ground. A
gentleman informed me of the following fact, relating to thoſe
animals, which he was witneſs to :- that he ſaw taken under the
eaves of Queen's College, Cambridge, in one night, one hundred
and eighty-five; the ſecond night fixty-three; the third night
two; and that each that was meaſured had fifteen inches extent
of wings *
408. SEROTINE.
La Serotine. De Buffon, viii. 129, tab. xviii. Schreber, 201. tab. liii.
Size.
B.
with a longiſh noſe : ears ſhort, but broad at the baſe: hair
,
on the upper part of the body brown, mixed with ferrugi-
nous; the belly of a paler color. Length, from noſe to rump,
two inches and a half.
Inhabits France"; found in caverns of rocks upon the river Ar-
gun, beyond lake Baikal ; but as yet not diſcovered in any other
part of the vaſt Rufian dominions.
PLACE.
* No notice was taken of the ſpecies ; but, by the fize, it could be neither
of the common kinds. I never ſaw but one ſpecimen of the Noctule, which was
caught during winter in Flintſhire.
La

Β Α Τ.
$61
La Pipiſtrelle. De Buffon, viii. 129. tab. xix, fig. 2. Schreber, 202. tab. liv.
409. PIPIST:
RELLE.
B.
with a fmall noſe: the upper lip ſwelling out a little on
each ſide: the ears broad: the forehead covered with long
hair : color of the upper part of the body a yellowiſh brown;
the lower part duſky; the lips yellow. The left of Bats; not an
inch and a quarter long to the rump: extent of wings fix and
Size
a half.
Inhabits France : common in the rocky and mountanous parts
of Ruſſia and Sibiria.
PLACE.
La Barbaſtelle. De Buffon, viii. 130. tab. xix. fig. 1. Schreber., 203. tab. lv.
410. BARBAS-
TELLE.
a
with a ſunk forehead : long and broad ears; the lower part
of the inner ſides touching each other, and conceal the face
and head when looked at in front: the noſe ſhort; the end flat-
ted: cheeks full: the upper part of the body of a duſky brown;
the lower, aſh-colored and brown. Its length to the rump about
two inches; its extent ten and a half,
Inhabits France.
a
Sizz.
a
Place:
4. C
Nuxregison

562
Β Α Τ.
411. COMMON.
Nurtegis. Arift. bift. an. lib. i. c. 5. oreque fimplici, auribus capite mi.
Veſpertilio. Plinii, lib. x. c. 61. Gef- noribus. Lin. Syft. 47.
ner quad. 766. Agricola Anim. Subter. Laderlap, Fladermus. Faun. fuec. No.2.
483.
La grande Chauve-ſouris de notre pais.
Rat, Flitter-mouſe. Raii fyn. quad. 243. Briſſon quad. 158. De Buffon, viii.
Rear-mouſe. Charlton Ex. 8o.
113. tab. xvi.
Veſpertilio major. Speck-maus, Fle. Short-eared Bat. Br. Zool.i. 130. Edw.
der-maus. Klein quad. 61.
201. Schreber, 199. tab. li. Lev.
Veſpertilio murinus. V. caudatus naſo Mus.
8ıze.
B.
with ſhort ears : mouſe-colored fur tinged with red. Length
;
two inches and a half; extent of wings nine.
Inhabits Europe : common in England.
3
PLACE.
ED.
412. LONG-EAR- Souris Chauve, Ratte-penade. Belon oyy. Briſſon quad. 160.
147.
L'Oreillar. De Buffon, viii. 118. tab.
Veſpertilio auritus. V. naſo oreque xvii. Schreber, 197. tab. 1.
fimplici, auricalis duplicatis, capite Long-eared Bat. Edw. 201. Br. Zool.
majoribus. Lin. Syft. 47. Faun. ſuec. i. 129. Br. Zool. illuftr. tab. ciii.
No. 3. Klein quad. 61.
Lev. Mus.
La petite Chauve-ſouris de notre pais,
B.
SiZE.
PLACE.
with ears above an inch long, thin, and almoſt pellucid:
• body and tail only one inch three quarters long. This
and all other Bats, except the Ternate and the Horſe-fhoe, have a
leſſer or internal ear, ſerving as a valve to cloſe the greater when
the animal is aſleep.
Inhabits Europe, and is found in Great Britain. Bats appear
abroad in this country early in the ſpring; ſometimes are tempted
by a warm day to fally out in winter; fly in the evenings ; live
on moths and other nocturnal inſects; ſkim along the water in
queſt of gnats ; Ay by jerks, not with the regular motion of
birds,
IO

Β Α Τ.
563
birds, for which the antients miſtake them ; frequent glades
and ſhady places; will go into larders, and gnaw any meat they
find : bring two young at a time, which they ſuckle at their
breaft: retire at the end of ſummer into caves, the eaves of houſes,
and into ruined buildings, in vaft multitudes, where they gene-
rally remain torpid, ſuſpended by the hind legs, enveloped in
their wings : are the prey of owls : their voice weak. Ovid takes
notice both of that and the origin of the Latin name :
Minimam pro corpore vocen
Emittunt; peraguntque leves ſtridore querelas.
Teataque, non fylvas celebrant : lucemque perose
Nofte volant : ſeroque trahunt a veſpere nomer.
4 C 2
ADDITIONS.

564
A D D I TI O N S.
MULES, p. 8.
А
a
Proof of their being prolific was produced by Mr. Tullo,
in the pariſh of Newtyle, in the fire of Forfar, about
twenty years ago, when a fhe-mule, which he turned to a horſe,
brought a foal which much reſembled the female parent. But
as there is a ſuperſtition in Scotland about theſe productions, the
foal was put to death, being conſidered as a monſter.
ZEBRA, P. 14.
-
The Zebra which is now at Walcot, I find is the product of a
painted Jack Aſs and a female Zebra, foaled at Lord Clive's, at
Claremont.--The legs alone are ſpotted like the foreign ones. -
It is a very vicious animal. They are obliged to confine it
in a paddoc. Some time ſince, they ſuffered him to run in the
park, to the great annoyance of paſſengers. It is a very fine-
made beaſt, and ſeems to be remarkably ſtrong.
Wild Dogs,
p. 219.
One which was examined at the Cape of Good Hope, by Captain
Blanket, had ears like thoſe of a lurcher, but larger, and more on
the top of the head. It could turn them on all fides with great
facility : feet flatter than thoſe of other dogs. It could not
bark or howl, but only cried : was very fierce, and maſtered the
tame dogs it was with, though it was only a young one.
Wild Cat; reddiſh brown : white breaſt and belly: larger than
the common cat: legs and tail thicker in proportion.
WILD RED CAT,
p. 273
This

A DD I TI ON S.
565
LYNX, p. 280
This animal is found in the north of India, as I am aſſured by
Doctor Pallas.
Sea OTTER,
p. 356.
O IO
The meaſurements of the beautiful ſpecimen of this rare and
valuable animal in the Leverian Muſeum, are as follow. It being
a lelfer ſpecimen than that from which my deſcription was taken.
Feet. Inches.
From the noſe to the tip of the tail
4 1 - 1
Tail
Noſe to the hind part of the head
7
to the eye
to the ear
From leg to leg, along the belly
Height to the top of the ſhoulders
Circumference of the body
- 2 3
-
2
O
4
2
O
- O IO
-
GREAT
ANT-BATER,
p. 507
Dillon's Travels through Spain, p. 76, in his account of the
Royal Cabinet of Natural Hiſtory at Madrid. “The Great Ant-
bear from Buenos Ayres, the Myrmecophaya Jubata of Linnæus,
called by the Spaniards Oſa Palmera, was alive at Madrid in 1776,
and is now ſtuffed and preſerved in this cabinet. The people
who brought it from Buenos Ayres ſay, it differs from what they
call the Ant-eater, which only feeds on emmets, and other inſects;
whereas this would eat fleſh, when cut in ſmall pieces, to the
amount of four or five pounds. From the ſnout to the extremity
of the tail, this animal is two yards in length, and his height is
about two feet: the head very narrow; the noſe long and ſen-
der. The tongue is fo fingular, that it looks more like a worm,
and extends above fixteen inches. His body is covered with
long

566
ADDITION S.
long hair, of a dark brown, with white ſtripes on the ſhoulders;
and when he ſleeps, he covers his body with his tail.”
The ſpecimen of the Great Ant-eater in the Leverian Mutia
feum, is ſuperior in ſize to any we have before heard of.
Feet. Inches.
Its whole length is
7 7 4
4
9
From tip of the noſe to the ears
Length of the hairs of the mane
of the tail
Height to the top of the ſhoulders
Tail
2
- I
I O
-
I
-
2 O
Both of the above are extremely rare, and in an uncommon
fine ſtate of preſervation.
INDEX

I N D
Ν
E X*.
Page
A
-
11
-
-
11
498
-
-
I!
А
Page
NT-EATER, or Ant-Bear 507,565 Bull
15
ANTELopes, their general
ANTELOPES
Ball-Dog
M
226
hiſtory
60
Species of 62
с
APEs, their general hiſtory 164
Sea
CAMEL, Arabian
117
544
Bactrian
120
ARMADILLO
Peruvian, or Lama 121
Als
8
Wild
ibid.
The only native beaſt of
burden in America - 122
Axis
105
Camelopard
Greater
58
106
Caftoreum
387
B
CAT, Common
274
Wild
ibid.
Baboons
173
Baby-rouſſa
Tiger
273
136
Mountain
BADGER
277
297
Civet
BATS
346
548
BEAR
Angora
285
275
Polar
CAVY, various ſpecies of 360
288
BEAVER
Chamois
383
Its wondrous economy 384
Chimpanzee
166
Civet
Sea, vide Sea Otter.
Beaver-Eater
292
Beluga
544
D
Bezoar
93
Biſon
15
Rein
99
Buck
TOI
Fallow
ΙΟΙ
Buffalo, Indian
24
Mexican
IIO
When introduced into
Porcine
107
Europe
25
Grey
III
American
19
Mooſe
95
Dwarf
30
Virginian
104
64
346
52 Deer
II
-
-
* In this Index very few of the Species are enumerated, that having been amply done under the
INDEX of GENERA; to which the Reader is referred, the Genera being here printed in capitals for
that purpoſe, under which he will find all the Species belonging to each.
Dogs,

IN
X.
D
x
E
-
-
488
.
-
-
-
358
316
562
I
.
Page
Page
Dogs, the different varieties 222
Hart
102
Wild
219, 564
HEDGE-HOG
Dormouſe, Commor
422 HIPPOPOTAME
142
Dromedary
117
Нос
1 26
Horse
I
E
Wild
2
ELEPHANT
150
Sea, vide Hippopotame.
Teeth
155 Hound
223
American
160 HYENA
250
Elk
93
Spotted
252
Ermine
314
I
F
Jackal
242
Ferret
319
Íchneumon, deſtroyer of ſerpents 333
Fiſher
Jerboa
Fitchet
427
Flitter-Mouſe
K
Foflane
349 Kanguru
306
Foumart
316
Karagan
Fox
235
234
Croſs
ibid.
Brant
235 Lamentin
540
Corſak
236 Lemming
454
Arctic
238 Leopard
262
Grey
241
Lion
254
Silvery
ibid.
Lizard, Scaly
504
G
Llama
121
Gazel, vide Antelope.
Lynx
279, 565
Genet
Bay
281
349
Giraffe
5-8
Glutton
M
293
GOAT, Wild, or Ibex
Macaquo
212
49
Domeſtic
Mammouth's bones
53
Angora
Man of the Wood
55
Syrian, or long-eared
Manaponus
56
African
MANATI
57
Greyhound
Mandril
225
175
Guanaco
Manis
123
504
Man-Tiger
173
MARMOTS
Hamfter
461
Martin
HARE
368
Pine
321
Alpine
370
Maucaucos
214
Baikal
374 Minx
354
Mole-Rats
11-1111
11
=
--
-
-
-
158
176
148
536
-
17!
396
320
-

I
X.
N
x
D
E
R
Page
373
295
435
439
442
344
99
11
136
108
-
11
388
S
322
242
1
526
518
-
514
242
534
Page
Mole-Rats
469 Rabbet
MOLES
483 Raccoon
Mongooz
213
RAT
MONKIES
184
Norway
Mooſe
95
Water
Morse
515
Ratel
Mouſe
443
Rein Deer
Mule
4
RHINOCEROS
Muſimon
38,45 Roebuck
Musk, Animal
102
Rat
Sable
N
Schakal
Norway Rat
439
Sea Bear
Calf
Cow
Once
265 Horſe
OPOSSUM
301
Lion
Orang Outang
166 SEAL
OTTER
351 Sheep
Otter, Sea
356, 565 Shrew Mouſe
Ox
15 Siyah Ghuſh
Skunk
SLOTH
Pacos
124 SQUIRREL
Panther
260 Stag
American
269 Stoat
Brown
ibid. Strepficeros
Pecary
133 Succotyro
Pekan
330
Pig, Guinea
Pole-cat
316 Tapiir
American
Tiger
PORCUPINE
Hunting
Incapable of darting
its quils
Potto
Puma
Unicorn
Urchin
Pygmies, what
518
32
-
476
-
283
P
343
494
406
IO2
314
33
161
11
-
361
T
342
390
II
148
257
I
264
U
391
338
269
169
140
11
488
V
Quick-hatch
Quojas Morrou
all
11
291
166
Vampire
Vanfire
11
551
329
4 D
Vicunna

IN
X.
D
E
Page
-
291
Vicunna
Viſon
Il
| mja
W
1
64
Page
124 Wolverene
330
Y ſarus
515
133
142
Zebra
360 Zerda
313
Zibet
231 Zorilla
WALRUS
Warree
Water Elephant
Hog
WEESEL
Wolf
-
III
13, 564
249
348
344
COM
IN DE X

I N
X
D E E
OF
CLASSICAL NAMES, FOREIGN NAMES,
AND THE
NAMES of QUADRUPEDS,
IN THE
WORKS of M. DE BUFFON.
А
A
Page
498
362
200
399
38
285
498
O oon ook
471
418
BBADA
Addax
Adil
Adimain
Adive
Agouti
Ahu
Aï
Aigrette
Akouchi
Alag-daagha
Alce
Algazel
Allo-camelus
Allouate
Amboimenes
Ane
Anta
Antelope
525
B
Page
138 Apar
78 Aperea
242
Arabata
35 Aretomys
242 Argali
364 Agxta
81 Armadillo
494 Aſpalax
192 Aflapanick
365 Attarfook
432 Aurochs
93
Axis
68
I21
200
Babouin
215 Babyruffa
8 Bafwer
148 Bar
78 Baraba
4 D 2
15
105
179
134
383
285
468
Barbareſque

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &២
c.
Page
ibid.
111
Page
416 Capreolus
561 Capricorne
166 Capybara
146 Caracal
90
Caraco
313 Carcajou
32
Cariacou
544
Caribou
197 Cariguey
383 Cariguibeiu
73
Caſtor
285 Cavia, cobaya
19
297 Cay
383 Cayopollin
399
Cemas
Cerf
15
Chacal
194 Chameau
90 Chamois
Cavia, genus
120
57
360
283
441
291
IIO
99
303
353
383
361
360
204
309
76
102
242
I 20
64
274
275
276
277
279, 281
562
142
І
446
53
108
72
115
219
343
173
502
403
53 Chat
-
-
=
55
d'Angora
57
d'Eſpagne
ibid. Chat-pard
49 Chaus Plinii
19
Chauve-ſouris
24 Cheropotamus
32 Cheval
90
Cherofo
24 Chevre
90
Chevreuil
Chevrotain de Guinea
des Indes
360 Chien
ibid. Chinchè
500
Choras
209 Cirquinçon
205
Citillus
188 Civette
ibid. Clap-Myſs
120 Coaita
460 Coaſe
252 Coati
108 Cochon
9
346
-
525
201
341
295, 340
Barbareſque
Barbaſtelle
Barris
Behemoth
Bekker el Waſh
Belette
Belier
Beluga
Bey
Bievre
Biggel
Biorn
Biſon d'Amerique
Blaireau
Bobr
Bobuk
Bocht
Beuf
Bonnet Chinois
Βεβαλα.
Bouc
d'Angora
d'Afrique
de Juda
Bouquetin
Boury
Bes aygros
Brebis
Bubalus, Le Bubale
Buffle
Buſelaphus
с
Cabiai
Cabiainora
Cachicame
Cagui
Caitaia
Callitriche
Callitrix
Camelus
Campagnol
Cani-apro-lupo-vulpes
126
Cochon
Caprea
-

IN THE WORKS OF M. DE BUFFON.
Page
406
93
150
499
130
186
Cochon d'Inde
Coendou
Colus
Condoma
Conepate
Coquallin
Corine
Coudous
Couguar
Coyatl
Crabier
Cricetus
Crocuta
Cuguaca-apara
Cuguacara
Cuguacu-ete
Cuniculus
Cynocephalus
559
383
304
293
47
562
I2I
349
320
510
234
319
ibid.
11
Page
361 Ecureuil
393 Elan
86 Elephant, Elephas
77
Encourbert
342 Engalla
413 Exquima
89
70
F
269 Fer a Cheval
240
Fiber
309
Filander
461 Filfreſs
252
Fiſhtal
IIO Flader-mus
269 Fong kyo fo
114 Foffane
373
Fouine
171
Fourmiller
Fuchs
Furet, Fret
Furo
297
101
76
Galera
Gazelle
Genette
IOI
Gerbo
17
Gibbon
476
Giraffe
IT
Glis
186
Glotton
IOI
Glouton
81
Gnainoûk
196
Gnou
117
Gornoſty
85
Grimme
4
Griſon
250
Guachi
517
Guareba
Guepard +
Guevei
488 Guib
D
E
428
408
Dachs
Daim
Dama, Antelope
Daman Iſrael
Dandoelana
Daniel
Dant
Deſman
Djammel
Diane
Dof. Dof-hiort
Dorcas
Douc
Dromedaire
D ſeren
Dfhiketai
Dubbah
Dugon
332
69
349
427
170
58
423
293
291
23
62)
314
72
331
354
199
264
73
71
111
E
Echinus Terreſtris
* De Buffon, X. I. tab. II.
+ De Buffon, xiii. 254. The ſame with the Hunting Leopard, No. 156.
Gulo

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, ,
d.
&cPage
Page
91
Gulo
Gundi
Il
318
293
Koba
405
Kolonnok
Koulan
Kret
461 Krylatca
130
Kuna
| 1114
H
8
483
525
320
488
L
Hamſter
Hardlooper
Heriffon
Hermine
Hippelaphus
Hippopotamus
Hirco-cervus
Hoang-yang
Huguen
Hyæna
Hyſtrix
314
IO3
Lama
114 Lamentin
46
Lant
85 Lapin
117
d'Angora
250 Latax
390 Lemmar, Lemming
Lemni
Leo
I
266, 270 Leopard
270 Lepus
293
Jaguar
Jaguarete
Jarf
Javaris
Ibex
Ichneumon
Jelen
Jerboa
Igel, Igelkot
Jocko
Ιππος ποταμός
Irabubos
Iſatis
121
540
17
373
374
354
454
469
254
262
368
424
47
68
225
80
368
254
423
213
231
233
279
351
231
351
279
279
279
Lerot
133 Lerwee
49 Leucorix
333
Levrier
102
Lidmeè
427 Lievre
Lion
166
Loir
I14 Loris
360
de Mexique
Loup-Cervier
Loutre
II2
Lupus
501
Lutra
Lux
λυγξ
235
Lynx
488
Loup
238
K
356
306
Kabarga
Kabaflou
Kaian
Kanguru
Karagan
Kafligiak
Kattlo
KyGo
Kevel
Kidang
Kinkajou
Kob
518
279
194
M
212
81 Macaque
106 Machlis
338 Magot
92 Maimon
98
171
175
Malbrouck

IN THE WORKS OF M. DE BUFFON.
Page
185 Muſmon
158 Muſtela
=
Page
38, 45
313
536
479
76
ibid.
524
333
74
559
354
.
Malbrouck*
Mammouth
Manati
Mandril
Mangabey
Mangouſte
Manicou
Manul
Mard
Margay
Marikina
Marmole
Marmotte
Marte
Mejangan Banjoe
Meles
Meminna
Mico
Mococo
Monax
Mone
Monèa
Mongouz
Mooſe
Morſe
Morſkuia Korawa
Mouffettest
Mouflon
Mouſtache
Mufro
Mulet
Mullvad
Mulot
Munt-iak
Murmelthier
Mus Alpinus
Muſaraigne
Mus Araneus
Muſc
Muſcardin
175
N
189 Nabbmus
333 Nagor
301 Nanguer
274
Neitſek
320
Nems
271 Nilghau
210 Noctule
308 Noerfa
396
321
O
106
Ocelot
297
Ochs
115 Onager
2II
Once
214
Ondatra
398 Ogotona
195
Oreillar
192 Orignal
213 Oryx
95
Quanderou
514 Ouarine
533
Ouiſtiti
341
Ours
38
Ours blanc de mer
267
15
II
265
HII
388
379
462
93
68
183
199
209
285
288
190
41
P
-
363
70.)
124
185
415
505
260
175
260, 265
260
1111
8 Раса.
483 Pacaffe
444 Paco
107
Palatine
396 Palmiſte
ibid. Pangolin
479
Panthera
479 Papio
II2 Παρδαλις
425
Pardus
* De Buffon, xiv. 224. tab. xxix. A variety of our Egret, No. 101.
+ M. de Buffon's generic name for the Polecate which exhale fo peftilential a vapour.
Pareſſeux

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &Cc
.
Page
Page
494 Raton
67 Renard
193
Renne
133 Rhinoceros
330 Rillow
304 Roloway
I2 Roſelet
Roſomak
317 Rougette
410
Rouſſette
311 Rukkaia
504 Rupicapra
312 Rulla
295
234
99
136
194
185
314
293
548
ibid.
408
64
381
518
Pareſſeux
Paſan
Patas
Pecari
Pekan
Pelander Aroe
Pere
Perouaſca, ſee Przewiaka.
Perugu na
Petit Gris
Phalanger
Phatagin
Philandre
Phoca
Phoque
Piloris
Pinche
Pipiſtrelle
11.Onx@, Pitheque
Platogna
Platyceros
Poephagus
Polatouche
Pongo
Porc-epic
Tipos
Przewiaſka
Puma
Putois
Putorius
ibid.
S
367 Saca
210 Sagouin
561 Sai
168 Saiga
IOI Saimiri
ibid. Sajou
23
Saki
420 Sanglier
166
de Capvert
390 Sanglin
IOI Sapajou
317 Saricovienne
269 Sarigue
316 Sarluk
ibid. Σαθέριον
Scenoontung
Semlanoi Saetſhik
13
Serotine
411
Serval
133
Shitnik
333
Sifac
345
Siwutſcha
Siya
Siyab Ghuſh
234 Slepez
375
Snomus
435
Sobol
442 Sogar
344 Songar
273
209
203
86
205
202
207
126
130
209
206
355
303
23
323
11ο
381
-
e
Quacha
Quahtechalotl-thlilic
Quauhtla
Quil, Quirpele
Quoll
560
278
-
R
Raef
Rangwo
Rat
d'Eau
Ratel
11
449
196
534
353
283
469
313
325
399
467
-
Souris

IN THE OF M. DE BUFFON.
WORKS WORKS OF
--
Page
301, 392
374
47, 104
73
176
"
Souris
Souſlik
Squilachi
Steinbock
Stink bingſem
Strepſiceros
Suhak
Suiſſe, Ecureuil
Sumxi
Surikate
Surmulot
Swiftch
381
478
84
Page
443 Tlaquatzin
403
Tolai
242 Tragelaphus
49 Trago-Camelus
344 Tretretretre
33 Tſchotſchot
86 Tucan
422
Tzeiran
275
336
V
439
Vache Marine
399
de Tartarie
Taivas
Vampire
417 Vanfire
133 Vari
301
Varia
514
20
250
552
328
297 Veſpertilio
214
260
548
124
330
319
496
262
465
394
285
376
148
15
T
Taguan
Tajacu
Tajibi
Taiſon
Talapoin
Talpa
Tamandua
Tamanoir
Tamarin
Tanrec
Tapeti
Tapir
Tarandus
Tarſier
Tartarin
Tatous
Taupe
Taupe dorèe
Taureau
Tayra
Tegoulichitck
Tegul
Temamaçama
Tendrac
Tepe Maxlaton
Teutlalmaçama
Tgao
Thous
Tlaloceloti
191
483
Vigogne, Vicunna
Viſon
507
Viverra
507
Unau
279
Uncia
490
Vormela
Urſon
Urſus
99
Urus
216
Yς τετρακερως
179
Υγριξ
498
Utfuk
483
Utter
485
15
332
W
451 Warglo
257 Weeſel
91 Whanyang
490 Wydra
271
IIO
X
142
Χοιροπιθήκος
247
Xoloizcuintli
136
390
524
351
11
III!
279
313
85
351
-
172
233
-
267
4 E
Y Yfard

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &c.
Y
Page
Page
Yfard
64 Zemni
469
Yzquiepati
341 Zerda
Zibeline
z
Zibet
Zebre
13 Zizel
403
Zebu
17 Zorille
344
248
322
348
* De Buffon, xiii. 302. tab. xli.
-
-
E RR.AT A.
Page. Line.
26,
24, for Soten
read Loten.
41, 5
ſkirts
ſhirts.
60, note, Tranſylvania - in Tranſylvania.
91, 5, 6, omit Antelope Bubalis, Pallas Spicil. xii. 16.
203, 12,13, omit Le Sai, Schreber, 147, tab. xxxix. de Buffon, xv. 51, tab, viii.
,
270, 9, for 161 Jaguar read 161 Black.
448, 3.
Beech
Birch.
469,
Lemni
Zemnia
515
5,
does
de.
-
-
2,
-

BOOKS of NATURAL HISTORY,
Printed for and ſold by BENJAMIN WHITE,
at Horace's Head, Fleet-ſtreet.
F Ο L Ι Ο.
1. S. d.
16 16 0
-
: CA
2
NO
2 O
2 6
ATESBY's Carolina, 2 vol. coloured, bound
Appendix to Cateſby's Carolina, containing 20 plates, co-
loured, and letter preſs
3
Linnaan Index to Cateſby
4 Curtis's Flora Londinenſis, 32 Numbers, coloured, at 5s each, to
be continued
5 The fame, plain, 2s 6d each
6 Flora Danica, Oederi, Faſciculi XIV. fut.
7 Idem Liber, figuris depi&tis
8 Dillenii Hortus Elthamenfis, 2 vol. Edit. nov. fut.
9 Borlaſe's Nat. Hiſt, and Antiq. of Cornwall, 2 vol. bound
o
8
4
o
+
ооо
10 16
2 12
6
3 13 6
3 13 6
I 1
QU AR TO.
10 Pennant's Genera of Birds, new Edition with plates.
11 Pennant's Britiſh Zoology, 4 vol. illuſtrated with 284 Plates, a
new and elegant Edition, with conſiderable Additions, boards 4 4 0
12 Pennant's Tour in Scotland 1769, and Voyage to the Hebrides
1772, with cuts, 3 vol. in boards
13 Pennant's Britiſh Zoology, vol. 4, containing Cruſtaceous Ani-
mals, with 94 Plates, boards
14 Latham's General Synopfis of Birds, 3 Genera, Vultures, Fal-
cons, and Owls, with prints coloured. This work will be con-
tinued.
15 Brown's Illuftrat. of Zoology, with 50 coloured plates, half bound 3 3
16 Wilkes's Engliſh Moths and Butterflies, coloured
17 Drury's Exotic Inſects, 2 vol. coloured, half bound
5 5
18 Forſter, (Joan. Rein. & Georg:) nova Genera Plantarum, cum
78 Tabulis, Semic.
I 70
19 Da Coſta's Britiſh Conchology, with plates, Jewed
20 The ſame, with the plates coloured, ſerved
21 Linnæus's Syſtem of Botany explained, by Curtis, coloured pletes,
half bound
o 7 6
22 Milne's Inſtitutes of Botany, 2 Parts, Jewed
23 Ph. Miller's Gardener's Dict. abridged, bound
5
24 Battarræ Hiſtoria Fungorum Agri Ariminenfis, cum 40 tab. ſemic.
o 7 6
25 Plancus de Conchis minus notis, cum 23 tab. Jemic.
0 7 6
26 Muller, Vermes Terreſtres & Fluviatiles, 2 Partes, fut.
O 18
27 D'Affo,
9
ооо
I II
2 2
ооо
12
O
10

27 D'Affo, Synopſis Stirpium indigenarum Arragoniæ, cum tab. 9, fut.
28 Vandelli Faſciculus Plantarum, ſerved
29 The Naturaliſt's Journal, ftitched
1. S. d.
5 o
2
6
o I 6
- ооо
OCTA V O.
2 8 0
o 6 o
ооооо
30 Pennant's Britiſh Zoology, 4 vol. with 284 Plates, a new Edi-
tion, with confiderable Additions, boards
31 Pennant's Britiſh Zoology, vol. 3, containing Fiſhes, boards
32 Pennant's Britiſh Zcology, vol. 4, Cruftaceous Animals, with
94 Plates, boards
33 Mulleri Zoologiæ Danicæ Prodromus, ſut.
34 Forſteri Novæ Species Inſectorum, fewed
35 Forſter's Catal. of N. American Animals
36 Ofbeck's and Toreen's Voyage to China, 2 vol. bound
37 Catcott's
Treatiſe on the Deluge, bound
38 Curtis's Fundamenta Entomologiæ, ſerved
39 Bergii Materia Medica, 2 vol. ſut.
40 Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, 2 vol. 35 Plates, bound
41 Da Coſta's Elements of Conchology, with 7 Plates, boards
42 The ſame, with 7 Plates, coloured, boards
43 Lee's Introduction to Botany, 3d Edition, bound
44
Edwards's Elements of Foffilogy, fewed
45 Martyn's Elements of Natural Hiſtory, ftitched
46 Luidii Lithophylacium Britannicum, bound, fig.
47 Rob. Sibbaldi (Eq. Aur.] Phalainologia nova, ſut.
48 Juſtice's Britiſh Gardener's Director, bound
49 Robſon's Britiſh Flora, boards
50 Oederi Nomenclator Botanicus, fut.
51 Oederi Enumeratio Plant. Flora Danicæ, fut.
52 Martyni Catal. Horti Botan. Cantab. & Mantiffa, ſut.
53 Randi Index Horti Chelſeiani, bound
54 Wolf, Genera Plantarum Vocabulis Characteriſticis definita, fut.
55 Walcott's Flora, 14 Numbers
56 Catalogue of Mr. Blackburne's Garden
0 I2
o 7
76
O 2
I
012
6 O
O 2 6
Ο 10 6
019 O
o 7 6
O 15 O
0 7 6
2 6
1 6
7 o
O 3
5
5
4
2
4 6
O 4
O 6
-
ई।।
O 14
OOO
0 1 6
DUODECIM .
57 Jacob's Cat. of Plants about Faverſham, boards
58 Ph. Miller's Gardeners Kalendar, 16th Edition, bound
59 Lord Haddington on raiſing Fruit Trees, fewed
60 Vandelli de Arbore Draconis, fut.
הווו
оооо
3 6
3 6
2 O
1 6



Museums
QL
703
P42
1781
V.2
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
MA
3 9015 06345 1598
7