A 539451 SEMPER ELIS. 7 #epi 2 DD 31 G37 1740 SILA'S WRIGHT DUNNING BEQUEST UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GENERAL LIBRARY fo 6 S 6. Smith THE GERMAN SPY: OR, Familiar LETTERS FROM A Gentleman on his TRAVELS thro' GERMANY, то His Friend in ENGLAND. Containing An Exact and Entertaining || An Account of the CUSTOMS Deſcription of the Principal CITIES and Towns: With their feveral RE LI- GIOUSESTABLISHMENTS and GOVERNMENTS, Civil and Military. and MANNERS of the People. Remarks on their LANGUAGE, INTERESTS and POLI- CIES; FORTIFICATIONS, CHURCHES, PUBLICK BUILDINGS and CURIO- SITIES. Interfperfed With the SECRET HISTORY and CHARAC- TERS of the feveral PRINCES and PRIN- CESSES, and other the moſt confiderable Perfonages in the Empire of Germany. Heroes and Gods make other Poems fine, Plain Satire calls for Senfe in every Line. Univerſal Paſſion, Sat.II. Wifely the Springs of Action we conceal; Thus Sordidness, is Prudence; Fury, Zeal; Ambition makes the Publick Good his Care, And Hypocrites the Mask of Saintship wear. POPE on Human Life. The SECOND EDITION. LONDON: Printed for T. COOPER, in Pater-nofter-Row; and fold by the Bookſellers of London and Weſtminſter. MDCCXL. Dunning mehrish 12 31-4. Zo 44698 THE EDITOR TO THE READER. A S the Letters I here offer to the Public are anonymous, the Reader will probably ex- pect I fhould give fome Ac- count of them: All I can fay myfelf is, that I have the greateſt Reafon in the World to believe them genuine; and in this I do not fpeak my own Opinion alone; but that of feveral Gentle- men, who have done me the Favour to perufe them; and who all affure me, it is impoffible they ſhould be miſtaken in their Judgment, for many Reaſons. I think it, however, unne- ceffary to enumerate thefe Reafons here, as A 2 the iv The EDITOR to the Argument alledg'd for their being ge- nuine by one Gentleman, which I fhall give the Reader, in his own Words, below, prove them to be fo beyond all Contradiction. They came to my Hands, among other Papers found in the Study of a Gentleman lately deceas'd in the Country, whofe Library I bought, and who appears to have been the Author's Correfpondent, to whom they were wrote. This Gentleman had thought fit, for what Reaſon I fhall not pretend to determine, to efface the Name of the Writer of theſe Letters, and the Dates of them, as well as the Names of feveral Perfons mention'd in them; of which latter, however, he has, in fome Places, left the initial Letters, and in others the firſt and laft: After having kept them fome Time by me, and, upon dipping into them now and then, found, that they not only gave a pretty particular Account of the Places from whence they were writ- ten, and their Inhabitants; but were inter- mix'd with Wit and Humor, Allegory and Fable; and, as I thought, not a little Satyr and fecret Hiſtory, I began to entertain fome Thoughts of publiſhing them. I, therefore, took the Opinion of feveral Friends, whom I thought better Judges of theſe Matters than myſelf, and they all concur'd in encou- raging me to it: But with this Advice 3 that, as the Character and Capacity of the Author of thefe Letters were a Secret, it would be proper to inform myſelf, of fome- body the READER. vii body who was thoroughly acquainted with thofe Parts, whether his Account of Per- fons, Places and Things were to be depended on; and whether what they, as well as I, look'd upon to be Satyr and fecret Hiftory, might not be prejudicial to the Character or Reputation of any particular Perfons? There was, likewife, another Thing yet wanting, which was, as the Dates were effaced, and they came to my Hands pro- mifcuoufly, and loofe, how to get them placed, in the due Order of Time they were written in? I HAD, at that Time, fome Concerns with a Gentleman, than whom I thought none more capable of giving me Satisfaction in theſe Points; I mean, Mr. Lediard, (a Gentleman pretty well known by the many Hiftorical Pieces that have appeared under his Name) who having been many Years in thofe Parts, as Secretary to his Majefty's Envoy Extra- ordinary in Lower Germany, could not but be well acquainted with thoſe Matters. I had, befides, the greater Reaſon to expect fome Light from him, as I found him men- tion'd in feveral of the Letters, and from thence hoped he might be able, likewiſe, to give me fome Account of the Author. I, therefore, made no Scruple of puting all the Letters into his Hands: And, after fome Weeks, he returned them with the fol- A 3 lowing vi The EDITOR to lowing obliging Letter, which I have his Leave to publifh : SIR, "I tr HAVE perus'd the Letters you put into my Hands, and by having Re- "gard to the References, and comparing "Circumſtances, have, without much Diffi- "culty, number'd them according to the "Order of Time they certainly were wrote "in: Which appears to have been from "the Beginning of the Year 1727, thro' "that and the two following Years. As to "Your Queftion, Whether I believe them "genuine? I venture pofitively to affirm, "they are and muſt be fo. I could give you many Reaſons to fupport this Affer- "tion; but it may fuffice to tell you, that "what the Author fays of myſelf, in feve- "ral of his Letters, is ftrictly true; and "tho', amidſt the numerous Acquaintance "I had with English Gentlemen paffing "thro', and refiding fome Time in Ham- "burg, I cannot, at this Diſtance of Time, "call to Mind, or pofitively affert, which "of them was the Author of thefe Letters 46 yet, that I was acquainted with fuch a "Gentleman, and in Converfation with him at the Times and Places, and in the Man- ner he alledges, I make no Scruple to "allow. I have no Objection to any Thing "he fays on my Account, but his giving too "favor the READER. vii "favorable a Character of fome trifling Thea- ❝trical Performances of mine, which he faw "exhibited on the Opera-Stage in Hamburg, "and which, tho' they did, indeed, meet "with a general Applaufe, was more owing ແ to the Favour of my Friends, than their "own Merit: It being a Thing quite out "of my Way, and what I fhould never "have attempted, but by the exprefs Com- "mand of Sir Cyril Wich, and fome other "Perfons of Diftinction. (C "BUT were there not theſe undeniable "Proofs, artificial Letters, written on Pur- pofe to be publish'd, are ſo apt to fall fort "of the vivid Force and Openness found in the unbofoming of Friend to Friend, that the very Stile of them fhews they are genuine. (( "As to the Letter-Writer's Accounts of "Germany in general, and of the feveral "Places he vifited, in particular, with his "Character of the Inhabitants, their Cuftoms "and Manners, I can affure you, upon my "own Knowledge, that he has had good In- "formation, and that his Obfervations in "general are very juft: And tho' there may "be, here and there, a trifling Objection or "two to what he afferts; yet that, without "making any Alteration in his Relations, may "be remedied by a very few Notes; for which, if you fhould publish them, I "offer my Service. A 4 "WHAT viii The EDITOR to "WHAT Share of Wit and Humour thefe "Letters may lay Claim to, I will not un- "dertake to judge: I can only fay, that I "found them very entertaining; but that << may be owing to their recalling feye al "Things to my Mind, of which I have for- "merly been an Eye- and Ear-Witness "they may not be fo diverting to others, "where this Circumftance is wanting; how- ever, Novelty may perhaps, in fome Mea- "fure, counterbalance that. ; "AN Itch of Satyr does, indeed, run thro' "the Whole; but I cannot fay it is every where, if any-where, altogether undefery- "ing: And the Author has always obferved "the Rule given by the Duke of Bucking- "ham, as a diftinguiſhing Characteriſtick of "true Satyr, in Oppoſition to Railing, in the following Lines: "Tis humane Frailty nicely to unfold, Diftinguishes a Satyr from a Scold. Rage you must hide, and Prejudice lay down, ASatyr's Smile is harper than his Frown,&c. "He has likewife accompanied his Satyr " with Reafon and good Senfe, according to " Dr. Young: Heroes and Gods make other Poems fine, Plain Satyr calls for Senfe in every Line. Univerfal Paffion, Sat. II. "I DO the READER. ix (C CC (C 66 "I Do not conceive, that you need be under any Apprehenfions, as to what you call fecret Hiftory: Not but that I allow, there are fome Things that may be call'd fo in feveral of thefe Letters: But they are of fuch a Nature as cannot give great Offence, cven to the Perfons they concern, if I may be permitted to guefs at them: Befides, "few of them are Perfons of that Confequence to be greatly regarded; many of them are dead, and the very Facts themſelves are fuch as I fhould think might, without Scru- "ple, be related, with the Addition even of "the Perfons Names: However, to remove all 66 CL Difficulty, on that Head, I have placed "fictitious Names over fome of the initial "Letters, where I think Reputation is con- "cern'd; which you may, if you think fit, "make Uſe of. What you are moſt diffident "of, I prefume are the Letters from Hanno- વા ver; but I think without a Cauſe. The "Gentleman who wrote thefe Letters, who- વડ ever he be, is certainly a hearty Well- "Wifher to our prefent happy Eſtabliſhment; CL nor do I find a fingle Word in them, "whereby he may be faid to deviate in the "leaft, from that Veneration and Refpect, "which every true English-Man ought to "have, and upon all Occafions exprefs, for "that illuftrious Houfe, of which our moſt gracious Sovereign is, at this Time, the "Head: And tho' he do fpeak pretty freely "of certain Perfons, of a more inferior De- gree, I don't find any Thing that can give "Offence X The EDITOR to "Offence here. "Satyrical private Hiftory (if there be any "Thing in the Facts) is the Reign of Syl- vius, King of the Gambrivii, and Bulleroch- fius, his Co-Adjutant in the Government: "But I look upon the whole to be a Fiction, The moſt ſevere Piece of CC (C a Child of the Author's own Brain, to give "his Friend an Idea of the Inconveniencies, "that might poffibly ariſe from fuch a Form "of Government, as he had before deſcrib'd : "Or fhould there be any Thing of Truth in "it, the Names are fictitious, and the Di- "ſtance of Time fo great, that it would be "difficult now, but to fuppofe, and impoffible i to fix it to any certain Period or Perfons, "As for the Allegory and Fable, which "make a confiderable, and if I may be al- "low'd to ſpeak my Mind, the moſt beau- "tiful Part of thefe Letters, the Author and "his Friend have great Obligations to Foreign "Affiftance. And here I muſt beg Leave "to do Juſtice (and to defire you, if you "ſhould publiſh thefe Letters, to do the "fame) to a Society of Gentlemen, for whom "I, and every one who knows them, muft "profefs the higheſt Efteem: I mean the "Authors of the Patriot, a weekly Paper publifh'd in Hamburg, in Imitation of our "incomparable Spectators, and which is al- "low'd, by all good Judges, to come up "the neareſt to the Spirit of thoſe great Ori- "ginals, of any Thing that has been pub- "liſh'd the READER. xi "lish'd of that Nature. From theſe Patriots our Author has either tranflated, or bor- "row'd, thofe fine Allegories and Fables, "which to greatly embellifh many of his Let- "ters; fuch are his Intellectual Thermometer; "his Touchfione of Sincerity; his Philofophi- cal Watch; his Defcription of the Empire of "Pathia; his Account of an extraordinary "Collection of Pictures, his Viſions, and the "like; and tho' he has taken great Liberty, "in thefe his Tranflations or Imitations; and "has, to make them anfwer his Defign, " and adapt them to the English Tongue and "Tafte, in many of them, very much devi- "ated from, or made great Additions to, the (C Originals; yet it is plainly difcernable, "whence they had their Rife. To introduce "thefe Allegories and Fables he has painted "that beautiful Character of his learned "Friend, which makes Part of the 11th, 14th " and 16th Letters: This, likewife, he has in "Part taken from the Patriot's Character of "himſelf, which, however, he has very much "diverfified and extended, and has added an "agreable Account of his Houſe and Gar- "dens, Domefticks and Oeconomy, and a (( diverting Relation of the Means he made "Ufe of to get into his Acquaintance and "Familiarity. "THE Title you propofe of GERMAN "SPY is proper enough for theſe Letters ༥ are really fo: But take this along with 3 (C you xii The EDITOR to (પ you, that neither the Subjects, nor the Language of them are fo vulgar and loofe, (. as in fome of thofe Writings, which go by "the Name of Spies. The Author's Rela- ❝tion of his Intriegue with a fair Nun at "Munster has indeed fomething in it that "favours of Libertinifm: But then the Wit "and Beauty of the unhappy Fair-One ſeem "to have been fo exquifite; << As could, with a refiftless Charm, impart The Loofeft Wishes to the chajteft Heart: Raife fuch a Conflict, kindle juch a Fire, Between declining Virtue and Defire; "That it were no Wonder if the Frailty of "human Nature had hurried him to commit "an Action he, in cooler Thoughts, would, " without Doubt, himſelf condemn. How- ever, amidſt the ftrongeft Temptations; "tho' he gives his Friend fome Hints, and "leaves it to him to form a Judgment, he ❝ does not once, notwithſtanding their Fami- "liarity, tell him he was actually criminal, "In feveral of his fecret Hiftories of others "he does, indeed, difplay the Frailties of "both Sexes; but it is in fuch a Manner, as (6 plainly fhews his Deſign to be the expoſing "of Vice, and recommending of Virtue: "And he has every where taken Care not "to offend in Point of Language. You will "find nothing here, that can be obnoxious to "the niceft Ear, of either Sex: Nothing " but the READER. xiii "but what may be fuppos'd to have hap- "pen'd among Perfons above the common "Rank, and to have been related by one "Gentleman to another. The Author him- "felf feems to have been a Perfon endued "with the Principles of Religion and Mo- "rality, divefted of Bigotry and Oftentation, "and the very Bent of his Allegories and "Fables is to inculcate the fame Principles, "in an agreable Manner, in others. 66 (6 ર (C << (t " "THE Strength of juft Obfervations, (of "which thefe Letters contain a great Number) has a prevailing Influence, and infinuates it- Self into the Mind almost imperceptibly; and proper Examples make a more lafting Im- preffion there than one would easily imagine. "They polifh the Understanding, improve the Fudgment, and, by regulating the Tafte, tend not a little to jhame out of the World that Rufticity and Barbarifm, thofe Follies and Affectations, in one Word, all that Little- "ness of Mind, which is fo effectual a Bar in the Way of generous and noble Undertakings. "And if this be in general true, how much more is it fo, when we have before us "the Examples of other Nations, and can "fee in what Particulars they excel or fall "ſhort of our own. By this (as the Specta- tor juſtly obſerves) we may unlearn fome "odd Peculiarities in our Manners, and wear off fuch aukward Stiffnefes and Affectations t in our Behaviour, as may poffibly have been CC (C (C " contracted xiv The EDITOR to "contracted from conftantly affociating with one Nation of Men, by a more free, gene- ❝ral and mix'd Converſation. "FOLLIES and Vices cannot be too much "expos'd, nor too much guarded againft. (Horace fays very well: Sapientia prima eft "Stultitia caruiffe.) They grow up with us "from our Infancy: The Example of our "Parents, and Cuftom, ftrengthen them in us: The evil Concupifence of our Hearts beget daily new Ones; and Self-Love nou- "rifhes thefe Monſters. They are now a- "days glofs'd over with new Names, which, "inftead of giving us an Abhorrence of them, "recommend them to our Approbation. "AVARICE is now call'd Good Husbandry; "LUXURY, Gallantry: An unreafonable "THIRST after HONOUR, is dignified with the fpecious Title of a Noble Ambition : TREA- (( CHERY is term'd Policy; PROFUSENESS, Li- "berality: OBSTINACY is Conftancy : SUPER- to STITION, Piety: BLASPHEMY, Free-Think- "ing; and the like. Rochefort (if I am not "miſtaken in my Author) fays of the Canni- "bals, that they have no Word, in their "Language, to exprefs any Vice: And, in- "deed, we may almoft fay the fame Thing ❝ of our Mother-Tongue. Wifely the Springs of Action we conceal, Thus Sordidness is Prudence, Fury, Zeal; Ambition the READER. XV Ambition makes the publick Good her Care, And Hypocrites the Mask of Saintship wear. POPE on Human Life. "By thus difguifing our Vices, under theſe " and the like winning Appellations, we like- "wife get a Habit of forming a deceitful "Judgment of Things: So, for Inftance, "Poverty, tho' no Sin, is what we are all “aſham'd of: and, on the other hand, Pride, "tho' the moſt deform'd of all Vices, is what very few bluſh at. << "THERE is another Ufe, that may be made "of fome Part of thefe Letters, which I "must not omit taking notice of. They " fhew in a lively manner, the Folly of Dif- " content, and the Happineſs of being fatif- "fied with our own Condition of Life. That Murmuring Difcontent is a Daughter of diforderly, fuper-abundant Self-Love, and "the Mother of Complaint, is what every one "will readily allow: But few, I fear, con- "fider, that the latter may juftly be call'd, a * Scourge of Human Society; a Pool of many * Vices; a Source of Despair; and a Peft of દ our Eternal as well as Temporal Happiness. " A Perſon of this unfortunate Difpofition is neither fatisfied with himſelf nor others, "neither with Nature, nor with the Almighty "Author of all Things. He is an Enemy to "the whole Creation. Difcontent makes him r re e complain, and finding Fault encreaſes his "Diſcontent. xvi The EDITOR, &c. << Diſcontent. A diffatisfied Body can never "ferve GOD: He is infenfible of his Good- r nefs, therefore cannot thank him: Is not "mov'd by his Glory; how then can he ho- "nour him? His Mercy makes no Impreffion P. 152. A Tranflation of a curious Manufcript entitled; A DESCRIPTION OF THE EMPIRE OF PATHIA; with Moral Reflections upon it. The Author's far- ther Account of fome Theatrical Pieces perform'd in Hamburg. LETTER XX. From HAMBURG. P. 164. A particular Account of the ancient and prefent State of Hamburg; with the Privileges it enjoys, and the various Changes it has been liable to. Ungrate- ful Behaviour of the Hamburghers to the late King George: Ill-tim'd Zeal of one of their Burghermafters; Repaid in its own Kind. State of Religion in Ham- burg. Its Situation, Divifion, Fortifications, Gar- rifon, Gates, Territories, &c. LETTER XXI. From HAMBURG. P. 178. The Form of Government of the Republick of Ham- burg; with the Number and Quality of their Ma- giftrates: Their feveral Offices. That of Prætor very advantageous. Scandalous Method of raifing great Sums by encouraging Wres, and fining their G---ll --nts. The Laws of Hamburg, A Remark on the Daniſh Laws. The Ecclefiaftical Government of Hamburg. Pride of their Priests. Abfurdity of the Doctrine of Confubftantiation. The fcandalous Practice of felling Abfolutions: Evil Confequences of it. * 3 LET- CONTENT S. LETTER XXII. From HAMBURG. P. 193. Several Experiments made by the Author with his Touchſtone of Sincerity: Particularly with a Maid Servant, bis Landlady, a Jew, a Quaker, his Land- lord, a Friend and himself; at Church, and at the Play-boufe. LETTER XXIII. From HAMBURG. P. 197. The Hiftory of Toccario and Riminia: The Au- thor's Adventure with the latter; and the Account She gave him of berfelf: The Author's Rencounter, on her Account, with a Holftein Baron. LETTER XXIV. From HAMBURG. P. 209. The Author's fecond Vifit to his Learned Friend, at bis Country-Seat. Reflection on an Expreffion of Ovid's. The Happiness of Friendship. Defcription of a PHILOSOPHICAL WATCH, to measure the Rational or Philofophical Life of Man. The Ufe, Application, and Effects of it. The Lives of Dick Night-Cap; Harry Spadille; and Nick Mifer, meafur'd by this Watch. Comparison between the Ancient Heathens and Modern Chriſtians. Aremark- able Roman Epitaph. The Ufe and Virtues of an UNIVERSAL SNUFF for refreshing the Memory: The Effects of it on Parvulus and Count Udeno: Inftance of an Incurable, in the Perfon of Sartor. LETTER XXV. From HAMBURG. P. 220. An Account of a wonderful CHINESE EYE-WA- TER: The Strange Effects of it; particularly in a mix'd Company, in the Chamber of a Lying-in Woman Moral Reflections thereupon. The Hiftory of the Lady, N. Rules against Slander. The Story of Apelles, tranflated from Lucian. i LETTER XXVI. From HAMBURG, P. 232. A Defcription of the publick Buildings in Ham- burg; but more particularly the Churches; with fame of CONTENT S. of the most remarkable Tombs, Epitaphs, Infcriptions, Paintings, &c. worthy of Notice in them. A remark- able Story of an Altar-piece given by an opulent Mer- chant of this City. LETTER XXVII. From HAMBURG. P. 242. The Folly of pretending to write without a Subject. A Difcourfe upon Compliments, and the Viciffitudes of Life. The Characters of a Society of foreign Mer- chants, fettled in a certain City of Germany. LETTER XXVIII. From HAMBURG. P. 254. A particular Account of the feveral Ranks, Cir- cumſtances, Qualities and Manners of the Inhabitants of Hamburg. The Merchants ceremonious to a Fault: Diverting Inftances of this Folly: Their Eco- nomy not very confiftent: Some Obfervations there- upon. Great Number of Coaches; but neither Stables nor Coach-boufes. A Deſcription of the Merchants Houſes and Furniture. LETTER XXIX. From HAMBURG. P. 264: Some Account of the Lawyers in Hamburg: Obfervations on the Prejudice they are of to Trade: The Reafon of the great Number of them. A whim- fical Cnftom of great Help towards their Support. The Abufe of it. A Propofal for remedying thefe Evils. Extravagances of the Hamburghers at their Gar- den-boufes. The Story of Wengartia, or the Unfor- tunate Beauty. Of the Shop-keepers, Manufacturers and Artificers. Of their Trade, Customs, Exciſes, &c. with fundry Remarks upon them. Of the Com- mon People in Hamburg; compar'd with those of other Nations. No Nobility in Hamburg, but Fo- reigners and publick Minifters. Diverting Account of a titulary Minifter. The mean Opinion the neigh- bouring Gentry have of the Hamburghers; a ludi- crous luftance of it. Few or no Beggars in Ham- burg; the Reaſon of it. LET- CONTENTS. LETTER XXX. From HAMBURG. P. 277. Of the Female Sex, in Hamburg: They affect Drefs and Finery; but are awkward Imitators of the French and English: Not very decent in their Under-Apparel. More ceremonious than the Men. A Decifion of Emperor Charles V. The Women, in general, good Housewives; but liable to a strange Distemper; Symptoms and Causes of it: A bumorous Remedy propos'd. Misfortune of the Husbands, whofe Wives are troubled with it. A remarkable Inftance of one of thefe Wives; how cured by a fecond Husband. A Story of King Philip of Macedon. Different Ranks of Women diftinguifh'd by different Dreffes. Prodigious Number of Wet-Nurfes in Hamburg: The Reafon of it. A great Encouragement to W-ch-ng• The Cheapness and Plenty of Provifions in that City. LETTER XXXI. From HAMBURG. P. 288. A Defcription of the fplendid Celebration of his Majefty of Great Britain's Birth-Day, in Hamburg. The Opera-boufe finely illuminated on that Occafion: A particular Defcription of the Illumination. Account of a very extraordinary Club. LETTER XXXII. From HAMBURG. P. 295. The Author introduc'd to an Affembly, at the Toilet of an old Lady of Quality: A Defcription of it: His Stratagem to break it up. An Account of the Con- demnation, and fingular Execution of a Malefactor: The ridiculous Curiofity and Superftition of the Ham- burghers on theſe melancholy Occafions. A Defcrip- tion of the Prison; the Inftruments of Torment, and the Office of Hangman, with the fundry whimfical Branches of his confiderable Revenue. LETTER XXXIII. From HAMBURG, P. 307. The Author's Defcription of feveral curious emble- matical Pieces of Painting, in bis learned Friend's Houſe. LET- CONTENTS. LETTER XXXIV. From HAMBURG. P. 312. A particular Defcription of a curious Laterna Ma- gica, and of the extraordinary Repreſentations per- form'd by it. LETTER XXXV. From HAMBURG. P. 319. An abridg'd Tranflation of a Manufcript, contain- ing the Life, private History, Adventures, and fatal Catastrophe of the agreable, but infamous Corinna, one of the most arrant, and deceitful Coquettes this Age has bred. LETTER XXXVI. From HAMBURG. P. 331. The Author's Defcription of the other public Build- ings of Hamburg. The Maiden's Walk; an Ac- count of the Company by which it is frequented. The Diverfions of the Alfter. The Author imagines there are no Night-walkers in Hamburg; the Manner of his being undeceiv'd. A remarkable Story of a mon- Strous large Rummer. LETTER XXXVII. From GLUCKSTADT. P. 340. The Author's Journy from Hamburg to Glück- ftadt. A Defcription of Altena, its Inhabitants, Trade and Circumstances, An egregious Mistake of Monf. de Voltaire's. The Hofpitality, but, at the fame Time, Folly of a rich Boor. A Defcription of Glückstadt. A Punishment for Robberies more ade- quate than Hanging. LETTER XXXVIII. From GLUCKSTADT. P.348 The History of Lucinda, or the Northern Ama- zon; ber Travels with Cordelio, in Man's Cloaths. The Author's Adventure with her. Her private Intriegues. The Strange Occafion of her discovering her Sex. Her tragical End. LETTER XXXIX. From HELGOLAND. P. 362. The Author's Journy from Glückſtadt to Hel- goland; CONTENTS. goland; a Defcription of Tonningen, Frederic- ftadt, Slefwick, Hufum and Helgoland. Inftance of an boneft Lutheran Priest. A fhocking Story, faid to be the Occafion of his diftinguiſhing himself in an unuſual Manner. LETTER XL. From STADE. P. 369. The Author's Journy from Helgoland to Stade. A Defcription of the Bailiwick of Ritzbuttel, the District of Hadeln; an historical Account of the Principality of Verden, and the Duchy of Bremen ; and of the Cities of Verden and Stade. LETTER XLI. From HAMBURG. P. 375. The Author's Journy from Stade to Hamburg; a diverting Account of what the Hamburghers call their Oxen-Festival. A Comick Opera, written and perform'd on that Subject; a fevere Satyr on the Hamburghers: Prohibited after the first Night's Performance. LETTER XLII. From HAMBURG. P. 380. A Defcription of the fplendid Celebration of his Majesty, King George II's Coronation, at Hamburg; and of the feveral Entertainments exhibited on that Account. A LETTER XLIII. From HAMBURG. P, 386. An Account of a fplendid Mafquerade: The Author carries an Indian Youth with him thither. diverting Account of his Behaviour and Obfervations. The Author difcovers his learned Friend there; who lends him a Magical Perspective, and an Inftrument to refine the Senfe of Hearing. Several Difcoveries made by them. The Author difcovers his fuppofed Indian Youth to be an European Woman. His Re- flections thereupon. LETTER XLIV. From LUBECK. P. 398, The Author's Journy from Hamburg to Lubeck. He CONTENT S. He is fplendidly entertain'd by the Way, at the Seat of a Danish Nobleman.__A Deſcription of Oldefloo, The Author's Journy to Travemund, on the Baltick. LETTER XLV. From LUBECK. P. 403. A ſurpriſing Relation of a Chilu of three Years of Age, that spoke feveral Languages, and had a Know- ledge of Ancient and Modern Hiftory; and by what Means it attain'd to this early Knowledge. LETTER XLVI. From LUBECK. P. 412. An historical Account of the ancient and prefent State of the famous City of Lubeck, and its Bishop- rick. A Defcription of the publick Buildings, and particularly the Churches. LETTER XLVII. From ROSTOCK. P. 419. The Author's Journy to Roftock, with a Defcrip- tion of that City and Univerfity: As likewife of feve- ral other Cities, in the Duchy of Mecklenburg. LETTER XLVIII. From ROSTOCK, P. 427. The Vifion, or the Return of Aftræa, a Tranfla- tion of a German Manufcript. THE * ERRAT A. Page 18. lin 22, after long, read to. P. zz. 1. 8. for Sylve r. Sylvii. P. 51. 1. 14. after Application, r. of. P. 52. 1. 31. for Germany, r. German. P. 84. 1. 21. for küklen, r. kühlen. P. 103. in the Note, 1. 12. for vuage, r. vrage. P. 115. 1. 29. for fruftated, r. fruftrated. P. 119. 1. 13. for niner, r. nine. P. 120. 1. 22. after Portico, r. which. P. 132. 1. 14. for was fited, r. waited. P. 181. 1. ult. for then, r. them. P. 260, 1. 3. in princ. r. Stairs. P. 302. 1. 28. in princ r. Inftrument. P. 304. 1. 26. del. here. P. 312. 1. 9. r. Obfer- vations on. P. 315. 1. 21. for was, r. were. P. 404. i. 16. for neither, r. either. P. 405. 1. 12. for Palologus, r. Palo- ologus. P. 419. 1. 6. for ni, r. if. P. 420. 1. 14. for peaceable, r. peaceably. ib. 1. 27. for Crantfius, r. Crantzius. THE GERMAN SPY SIR, M LETTER I. MUNSTER. Y laft was from Amfterdam, which only informed you of my Arrival there; without attempting to give you any Account of a Country you are ſo much better acquainted with than myſelf; having fo often tra- vell'd thro' it, during the laft War, in your Way to the Armies, as well in the Ne therlands, as on the Rhine. I made but a fhort Stay in that City; and, as in my former Journy to Vienna, I went by the Way of Francfort, the Black Foreft, Augsburg and Nurenburg, I refolved now to take a quite different Route, and after having visited the Hanfee-Towns of Bremen, Ham- burg and Lubeck, and the adjacent Countries of Hol- ftein and Mecklenburg, to take a Tour to the Courts of Hanover and Wolfembuttel, and from thence to travel, thro' Saxony and Bohemia to the Imperial Court B 2 The GERMAN SPY. Court. Of theſe Countries, and of the principal Towns and Cities of them, thro' which I fhall pafs, I propofe, in Obedience to your Commands, to give you fuch Accounts as may be acceptable, and not altogether void of Ufe, from one Friend to another; but which will by no Means bear the Scrutiny of a critical Examination. My Letters therefore, will be very unfit to be communicated to any but fuch intimate Friends, as your dear felf; and upon no Account proper to be expos'd to the Public; which, as undeferving of it as I am convinc'd they muſt be, you might, without a Caution, be tempted to do, on Account of the Va- riety of Matter they will probably contain. I have thought this Caution the more neceffary, as, know- ing I write to an indulgent Friend who will pardon all Faults, I fhall not be over-careful either as to my Stile or Order. I may, likewife, probably now and then, interfperfe, with my Historical, Geo- graphical, and Political Remarks, an Allegory, or a Piece of Private Hiftory, which it might not be fo proper to expofe to all the World. My Refolution being fix'd for Bremen, I made Enquiry after the moſt agreable and eaſy Route; I was recommended to that thro' Eaft-Friefland as the pleaſanteft, and leaft expenfive: But, to par- take of thefe Benefits, I fhould have been obliged to wait fome Weeks, the Rivers and Canals not being yet fo free from Ice to admit of travelling in Treck-fchuyts. The common Poft-waggons, I was told, would be very inconvenient, on many Accounts; efpecially as they drive Night and Day: I was, therefore, advis'd to look out for a Com- panion or two, and then we might travel more at Eafe, and ly by every Night. I applied myſelf, for this End, to a young French Merchant, with whom I had contracted an Acquaintance, at the Ordinary in the Houfe where I lodg'd. He told me, The GERMAN SPY. 3 me, he was to depart himſelf, in a few Days, for the famous Fair of Leipzick, and ſhould take Bre- men and Hamburg, in his Way. He was fo kind to offer me a Place in his Chaife, with himſelf and his Book-keeper: But gave me, at the fame Time, to underſtand, that being obliged to vifit feveral of his Correfpondents, at different Towns and Places, he could not promiſe me to go the neareſt Way, nor that he might not be detained a few Days in fome Places. Thefe Circumftances being rather acceptable than difagreable to me, who am neither limited to Time nor Place, I readily ac- cepted his Offer; and we left Amfterdam about a Week afterwards. Our first Tour was, by the Way of Utrecht, Nimeguen, Cleve and Santen, to Wefel, at each of which Places we ftaid a Night and Part of a Day, and at the latter three Days, on Occafion of a heavy Rain. I forbear giving you any Defcription of thefe Places, which I know you have travell'd thro' yourſelf more than once. My Fellow-traveller being an excellent Companion, who had ſeen the World, and, with a tolerable Share of Learning, had gain'd an Experience be- yond his Years, I pafs'd my Time with him very agreably, notwithstanding the Mortification of bad Roads and worfe Weather. Comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo eft. AT Wefel, he told me, he fhould now put my Patience to the Trial, and bid me prepare to look Poverty and Mifery in the Face, in their moft ug- ly Shapes For we were going to travel thro' a Country, which had as great a Share of both, as any in Germany; I mean Weftphalia. However, to raife my Spirits again, which began vifibly to droop, on View of the frightful Images he had placed before me, he told me, he had taken Care to ftore his Hamper, with all the portable Conve- niences we fhould ftand in Need of. The firſt Night's B 2 J 4 The GERMAN SPY. Night's Lodging gave me but too evident Proofs of my Friend's Veracity: We came, about the Clofe of the Evening, to a miferable Village, where we might truly have faid, that Poverty ftared out of every Window, had there been any fuch Thing in the whole Place: But I foon perceived, that one large Entrance, at one End, and a ſmall Door, about the Middle of each Side of the Houfes, fer- ved not only for the Convenience of going in and out, but were as well all the Windows, as all the Chimnies they had. Theſe Houſes, which are low and thatch'd, confift of but one pretty large oblong Room, which ferves for Kitchen, Parlour, Bed- chamber and Stable. We were carried to the Inn or Publick-Houfe; a Hovel, in nothing diftin- guifhable from the Reft, but by a Manger at the Door, and a crooked Billet for a Sign. Our Coach- man drove directly into the Fore-part of the Caſtle, on each Side of which, I perceived, the Cows were ſtationed. Here we alighted, and feeing a Fire towards the other End, we made up to it : We found it environ'd by a Set of Wretches, who had little more of Humanity in them than their Shape. They edg'd, indeed, together, to make Room for us; but, for any thing elfe, took no farther Notice. We accepted even of this fmall Token of their Fa- vour, and fat down by them, on fome Logs, which ſerved first for Seats and then for Fuel: But what with the Stench of their filthy Mundungus, and o- ther diſagreable Smells, added to the Smoak of the green Wood they burnt, that very much of- fended our Eyes, we foon left them, hugging them- felves with the Pleafure of feing our Uneafineſs, which we perceived they were very merry upon. As we faw neither Chair nor Table, we made our Trunks ferve inftead of the former, and the Ham- per, which contained our Proviſions, took Place of the latter to fpread our Cloth upon: But we were forced The GERMAN SPY. 5 forced to difpenfe with every other Conveniency. During our Supper, having heard of a Sort of Bread, which is their chief Food in this Country, called Pompernickel, I had the Curiofity to call for a Slice of it, which being hewed with a Hatchet, from a large Loaf of at leaſt a Bufhel, was accordingly ſerved, on a wooden Trencher, with great Form: But I had enough of the Looks of it, not to be tempted to tafte it. The Colour of it is a dark brown, pretty near approaching to Black, and by the Hew, one would take it to be a Compound of fome very filthy Materials. Upon Enquiry, I found it was made of Rye, coarfely ground, with all the Bran left in it, and that there had not been the greateſt Care taken, to fever it from the Pieces of Straw, Hair, and other Naftinefs, which had been ſwept with the Corn from the threshing Floor. I was curious to know the Etymology of the ftrange Name they gave it; but my Enquiry out-reached the Sphere of our Landlord's Knowledge, and I had remained in Ignorance of this important Secret, had not a Fellow, who took Care to inform us he was the School-maſter of the Village, laid down his Inch of Pipe, and folv'd the Matter, in the fol- lowing Manner : "A Frenchman (faid he) tra- "velling thro' this Country, and asking for Bread, "had a Slice of this (for we have no other) Sort, "preſented him; Upon which he cried out ça eft bon pour Nicol (or, as our Parish-Prieft inter- prets it, that is good for Nicholas) a Name, it feems, he had given his Horfe; which Words, "in Imitation of our Betters, we have engrafted "into our Language, and thence produced the "barbarous Word Pompernickel". Having re- warded our Interpreter with a Glafs of Nantz, and cheer'd ourſelves with a Couple of Bottles of good French Claret, we fhewed a Difpofition to Reft; Whereupon our Landlord, to treat us as Guefts " .. B 3 of 6 The GERMAN SPY. of Distinction, ordered fome Truffes of clean Straw to be fpread on the Mud-floor, with the Help of a Pitch-fork, and gave each of us a Trufs for a Pillow, affuring us there was not a wholfomer or more cleanly Lager (Bed I fuppoft he meant} in the whole Country. THUS were we forced to ly down, with the Cows champing their Straw on the one Side, the Hogs grunting on the other, three or four Women, with a whole Litter of fquawling Brats, on our Right, and their Hufbands, bleffedly drunk, with Corn- Brandy, fome fnoring, others ranting, and again others fpewing, on our Left; with a Stench arifing from the four Eructations of fo many different A- nimals, and other concomitant Caufes, that we fhould have thought a Bog-houſe a Nofegay: And to mend the Matter, the flovenly Clown, who had drove us the laft Stage, thinking our Landlord had been too liberal of his Straw, for three Perfons, very familiarly laid himfelf down by us. In this pitiful Plight, Wearinefs, at length, clos'd my Eyes, and I flept tolerably well; 'till a fudden Twitch, which almoft deprived me of my Pillow, at the fame Time, awaked me; when, ftretching out my Arm, the firft Thing I laid hold of was a Cow's Horn, and, I found, the good-na- tured Creature, having broke loofe from her Ted- der, had, without Ceremony, made bold with my Pillow for her Supper, or rather Breakfaſt, for I found it was near Morning. You will eafily ima- gine, I had no farther Inclination to Sleep; I chofe rather to grope out my Way to the Door, for the Benefit of a Mouthful of freſh Air, which by this Time began to be highly neceffary; and Aurora beginning to arife from Tethys's Lap, I awaked my Companions, and having order'd freſh Horfes to be put to our Chaife (for you muſt know the glo- rious Hovel, of which I have given you a Picture, was The GERMAN SPY. 7 was a Poſt-houſe too) we departed at Day-break, and, to our great Refreshment, refted from our Labours, by continuing our Travels. THIS faint Sketch may ferve to give you a ge- neral Idea of the whole Country, only this I ob- ferved; as Weftphalia is under the Dominion of fe- veral Princes, partly Proteftants and partly Pa- pifts, whofe Dominions are fo intermixed, that we went out of one into the other, feveral Times in a Day's Journy, that there are Degrees even in Mifery, and that the former enjoy fome Com- forts of Life, which the latter are deprived of, by the Knavery and Tyranny of their Priefts; of which even we, who were only travelling thro' their Country, felt the Effects: For, it being Lent, we were forced to enjoy our own Provifions by Stealth, and whenever we had an Inclination to re- gale ourſelves with a Slice of Weftphalia-Ham, to obtain Leave firft of the Parish-Prieft, at the Expence of a Bottle of Wine or Brandy. As the Proteftants in Weftphalia are, a great Part of them, Calvinists, we met with daily In- ftances of thoſe two great Weakneffes of human Reafon, Enthufiafm and Superftition; which a Member of the Church of England, who is edu- cated in a juſt and happy Medium between both, cannot but (1 had almoft faid, and muft fay it, ab- ftracted of political Principles) equally abhor. THE firft Place we come to of Note, was this famous City of Munster, the Capital of Weftphalia, and of a Bishopric of the fame Name, under the Archbishop of Cologn, and the Refidence of its Bishop; fituate on the River Aa, not far from its Conflux with the Ems. As my Stay in the feveral Places, which I fhall pass thro' in Weftphalia, will not be above a Day or two at each, and not much longer here, you muſt be contented with fuch a brief Account of them, as I fhall be able to procure B 4 in 8 The GERMAN SPY. in ſo ſhort Time, eſpecially as I fhall relate no- thing to you but what I have upon the beſt Infor- mation. THE Inhabitants pretend this City was firſt built by the Tenteri, an ancient German People, in or about the Year 584, who call'd it Mayland (the fame Name the Germans now give to Milan in Ita- ly) which it kept 'till about the Year 696, when, on what Occafion I don't find, it was changed to Mumingerode. In 772, it was taken by Charle- magne, who, having founded a Bishop's See here, and in the circumjacent Country, about the Year 785, and having built a Monaſtery, and a Church or Cathedral here, call'd the Munster, this City from thence took the Name it now bears; tho' fome pretend it had not this Name, 'till Herman I, their 14th Biſhop, built a Monaftery on the other Side of the River, which he call'd Monafterium trans aquam, about the Beginning of the 11th Cen- tury, and yet enjoys great Privileges. In 1121, it was befieged and reduced to a Heap of Ruins, by Theodorick, the degraded Bifhop; but was re- built and enlarg'd by his Succeffor; and Herman II, the 25th Biſhop, added the Walls and Gates, in the Beginning of the 13th Century. Theodorick III, the 27th Biſhop, who was elected in or about 1225, laid the firft Stone of the Cathedral, which was not, however, finiſhed 'till 36 Years after, under Gerhardus, the 31ft Bifhop. My Com- panion's Packet, in which I encloſe this, being ready, I muſt defer the Continuation of my Ac- count of this Place, 'till my next, and remain, as ever, &c. LET- The GERMAN SPY. 9 SIR, LETTER II. MUNSTER. O continue my Account of this City, I muſt tell you, that it is particularly no- ted in Hiftory, for three very remarka- ble Tranfactions. 1. THE Infurrection of the Anabaptifts, who, in 1533, feiz'd the City, and, fetting up Jack of Leyden for their King, laid it under inexpreffible Calamities, and perpetrated the moſt horrid Villa- nies, under the Pretence of an Enthufiaftic Zeal. Thefe Troubles continned 'till 1535, when Biſhop William II befieg'd it, and after a Year's Siege, with great Bloodſhed, reduced the Rebels ; where- upon he caus'd their King, John, to have his Fleſh torn from his Bones, with red hot Pinchers, and his mangled Body, being put into a Sort of Iron Basket, to be hoifted to the Top of the higheſt Steeple in the City. 2. THE famous Treaty, which put an End to the bloody War that had raged thirty Years in Germany, on Account of Religion, and was con- cluded here, in 1648. 3. THE Troubles and War the Inhabitants had with their 57th Bishop, Bernhard Christopher von Galen (a Man wholly addicted to Cruelty and Bloodshed) who being elected in 1650, pretended to a certain Jurifdiction, in Temporalities, never enjoyed by his Predeceffors (this City having for- merly been a free Imperial City, and afterwards ex- empt) and great Diſorders enfued. In 1657, be- ing 10 The GERMAN SPY. ing back'd by the Electors of Mentz, Triers and Co- logn, together with the Duke of Neuburg, he laid Siege to the Town, which was defended with great Obftinacy, by the Burghers, with the Help of the Dutch, 'till, the latter End of October, they came to an Agreement with the Bifhop, that the City fhould, for the future, be garrifoned partly with his Troops. But this Treaty did not fubfift three Years, before the Biſhop found a new Pretence to quarrel with them, and the Dutch, at the Defire of feveral Princes of Germany, having refuſed them their Affiftance, they were obliged, in March 1661, after an obftinate and bloody Siege, to furrender themfelves to the Mercy of the Bishop, who ma- king his public Entry into the City, in July fol- lowing, overthrew their whole Form of Govern- ment, took the Adminiſtration into his own Hands, and new-model'd it; fince which the City has been ever fubject to the Bifhops. THE Biſhops were nominated by the Emperors, 'till the Beginning of the 13th Century, fince when they have been elected by the Chapter, which con- fifts of about forty Canons, who, for their Qua- lification, muft prove their Nobility, for eight Generations, and that they have ftudied a Year and fix Weeks at Paris. The prefent Biſhop is Clement Auguftus of Bavaria, who was elected in 1719, to this Biſhopric, and to that of Paderborn, and in 1723, Elector of Cologn *. THE prefent City is a well fortified Place, al- moft circular, has eight Gates, and a fine Citadel, call'd the Paulus-Berg, or Paul's-Mount, near ad- joining to it, built in 1663, by Biſhop von Galen, * He is likewiſe Biſhop of Ofnabrug, where he was elected in 1728, upon the Deceaſe of Erneft Auguftus, of Hanover, Duke of York, Brother of his late Majefty King George I, and after his Death it again devolves to the House of Hanover. to The GERMAN SPY. I I to keep the Burghers in Aw; and for this Reafon, he likewife call'd it the Brille *. The River Aa flows thro' the City, and falls into the Ems near the new Gate. At our Entrance, into this Place, I obferved a great Number of Priefts, of different Orders, and, as I thought, excepting the Priefs, more Women than Men, many of whom feem'd to be of the loofer Sort (). As we came here in the Forenoon, and our Stay was to be but fhort, I no fooner had refreshed myſelf, in my Quarters, than I got a Perfon to accompany me in taking a View of the City. The Houfes are moft of them ancient, or at least in the antique Stile, and the principal in the four Markets, where, among other Buildings, the Senat-houſe, and the Hall for the Guilden, or Companies of Artificers, are the moſt remarkable: In the Eaſtern Part of the City is a large Place, where the Fronts of the Houfes reft upon Pillars, and form a handfome Piazza. This City has five Collegiate and fix Parish Churches, befides a great Number of Monafteries, Convents and Religious Houfes, moft of them ftately Piles, and fome pleafantly fituated, in the Midft of beau- tiful Gardens. I vifited as many of them, as Time would allow me, this and the following Day, and had particular Civilities fhewn me in feveral of them; but more eſpecially in a Convent of Domi- nicans, an Order indulg'd with more Freedom than Our Author's Friend muft have underſtood the German Idiom to comprehend this Reafon without an Explanation. Brille in German fignifies Spectacles, and to fell any one Spectacles, or to put Spectacles on his Nofe, fignifies with them to keep one in Aw, or within Bounds, likewife to deceive one. It is a general Obſervation in the Roman Catholic Cities of Germany, the more Priefts, the more W-res: And at Mentz, they have a Saying, that if any one paffes the Bridge, from the other Side of the River, without meeting a Prieft or a W-re, the City forfeits its Charter. any 12 The GERMAN SPY. 4 any other except the Jefuits, and whofe Votaries, at leaft if we may judge by their outward Appea- rance, wallow in Luxury and Eafe. They are, likewife, call'd the Order of Preachers, and are fuppos'd, next to the Sons of Loyola, to be the moft learned. It being about Noon, when I vifit- ed them, I was invited to partake of what they call'd a Repas maigre (or Fafting Dinner); but tho' it confifted wholly of Fifh, it appear'd in fo many Shapes, and different Ways of Dreffing, as might have fatisfied an Epicure. After Dinner, one of the Fathers accompanied me to a Nunnery of the fame Order near adjoining* where, how- ever, I was to have gone no farther, than the Par- four and Chapel : + But, by a furprizing Ad- venture, was afterwards admited into the moſt in- ward Receffes of it. WHEN We enter'd the Parlour, I found two Nuns at the Grate, cheapening fome little filver Toys, which an elderly Woman had to fell. I took the Liberty (having firft afk'd my Guide, if I might do it without an Affront) to offer each of them a filver Needle-cafe, which they accepted of, and difcourfed with me in French: But by their reſerved Anſwers, I fufpected, as it afterwards ap- pear'd (for they were then veil'd) that they were + The Jefuits. * This is very common, and it has been obferv'd, in feveral Parts of Germany, fince the Reformation, that they generally have fubterraneous Communications. Martin Luther (in his Table Difcourfe) gives us a remarkable, and, at the fame Time, fhocking Inftance, near Erffurt, where, upon draining a Pond belonging to one of them, after the Monks were oblig'd to abandon it, there were found the Bones of a great Number (if my memory does not fail me, of fome Thouſands) of Infants. * + An outward Room, ſeparated by an Iron Grate from ano ther within, where the Nuns are allowed at certain Times, to come veil❜d, tho' the young are feldom truſted alone without an elder Sifter. The GERMAN SPY. 13 a Couple of antiquated Sifters, who had no Relifh for Gaiety. It was not long before I was relieved from their dry Converfation, by a third, who feem'd to be the very Reverſe of them. She came run- ning to the Grate, with the perfect Air of a Coquette, diſcovering a lovely white Hand, took hold of mine, thro' the Irons, and, without farther Ceremony, accofted me, in Italian, with a Come fta Signore Ingblefe? (How do you do Mr. Englishman?) I thought my Habit might betray my Nation, and, therefore, without any Shew of Surprize at her Knowledge of that, began to talk with her, in the Language I thought her own; tho' her Difcourſe favour'd more of the Freedom of the English, with fomething of the Levity of the French Woman. I perceived the was young, and, by the Sample fhe had given me of a foft white Hand, imagined her beautiful. No Converfation was too gay, nor in- deed too libertine for her, when the Prieft, who ſhe found an Opportunity of informing me was her Father-Confeffor, was out of Hearing. Judge how ſtrong my Curiofity, as well as Inclination, muft be, to fee my little Charmer unveil'd, eſpecially as fhe feem'd to exprefs as great a Defire, of being better acquainted with me, as I could have. After about a Quarter of an Hour, in which it is hard to fay, whether my Pleaſure in her agreable Diſcourſe, or Pain and Impatience at being debar'd from a nearer Knowledge of her Perfon, was the greater, the Priest, whether upon any real Occafion, or out of Complaifance, faid he muft leave us for a Mo- ment, but would foon return; tho' I could have difpens'd with the latter Part of his Compliment. The two old Nuns retiring about the fame Time, I renew'd my Entreaty to fee my Fair One's Face; but yet in vain. She feem'd refolv'd not to gorge my Satisfaction, but rather to torture my Imagina- tion, and ſtretch my Impatience and Curiofity to the 14 The GERMAN SPY. the utmoft: For no fooner were we alone, than The not only chang'd her Language to English, but call'd me by my Name, nay, gave me to under- ftand ſhe was perfectly acquainted with my Family and Circumſtances, and even with fome of the moſt private Tranſactions of my Life. At length, after having rack'd my Thoughts almoft to a Delirium, or a Perfuafion of fome Magick Charm, fhe threw up her Veil But, good Gd! how inexpref- fible was my Surprize; I diſcover'd, indeed, as I expected, a beautiful Face; but, at the fame Time, a Face I was perfectly acquainted with; a Perfon whofe agreable Converfation I had frequently en- joy'd, with great Intimacy, and that at no great Diſtance of Time. And now my Wonder was e- qually great, how I could be fo dull of Apprehen- fion, not to diſcover her fooner, either by her Voice, or by comparing of Circumftances, and I could no Way account for it, but by a perfect Perſuaſion of her Death. ... 66 By this Time, I begin to think your Curiofity rais'd almoft as high as mine was: You certainly want to know who this agreable Perfon could be: "Am not likewife acquainted with her? Can my dear Friend have had any Intimacy with any "of the Fair-Sex he has not let me into ; after "the Opennefs with which I have always acted to- "wards him? What Fate can have carried any Acquaintance of ours abroad, and that into a Nunnery too? Or may it not be a Fable, an In- vention of my Friends,to divert me in my Retire- "ment"? Thefe, my Dear, are doubtlefs the Thoughts you are perplexing yourfelf with, and this the Gordian Knot you want to have untied, and you fhall have your Satisfaction. My Rela- tion is no Fable, no Invention to divert you; but the bare naked Truth. You do know this agre- able Creature, this unhappy fair One; you have 66 been The GERMAN SPY. 15 been perfectly acquainted with her; and happy in her charming Converfation as often as I have been. You fhall, likewife, know her Fate; but firft, to keep you no longer in Sufpence, let me tell you, fhe is no other, than the individual, actually living, tho' fuppos'd dead Daughter, of our Friend, Mr. Br-n of Canterbury; the fame merry, witty, pratling little Gypfy fhe ever was; capable of warming the frozen Appetite of a fu- perannuated Hermit, or of raifing irregular Defires in the moſt rigid Pretender to Sanctity and Morti- fication: The fame, who about three Years ago, left her Father's Houfe privately, and retired to her Aunt's, in Ireland, from whence we had the formal Account of her Death, about fix Months afterwards. AFTER having rallied me, in her ufual jaunting Way, upon the Subject of my Surprize, he told me, if I dare truft myfelf in a Covey of fuch as herſelf, would make a Shew of being of her Re- ligion, and perfonate a near Relation of hers, fhe would endeavour to procure me Admitance into the Convent: And he had hardly made the Of- fer, when the Prieft returning, we gave him a for- mal Account, of the pretended Proximity of our Blood, and by what Circumſtances in our Diſcourſe we had diſcover'd it; and fhe added her Entreaty to mine, that he would interceed with the Mother- Abbefs, that her Coufin-German (for fo fhe call'd me) might be allowed an Hour's Converſation with her, within the Grate. The good-natur'd Father foon return'd, and introduced me to the Mother- Abbefs, who entertain'd me with a handfome Col- lation, and a long Story of the Behaviour of her dear Child, my Kinfwoman, who, the faid, was very good and dutiful, tho' not fo perfectly wean'd from the World as fhe could wish, but hop'd that would come by Degrees. When, among other En- quiries, 16 The GERMAN SPY. quiries, the good old Lady aſk'd whether I follow'd any Profeffion, my Quondam-Coufin anſwered for me, Phyfick, and that I was travelling for Expe- rience; and, I afterwards found, the cunning Huffey had her Views in it. Having feen the Convent, and the Bell ringing for Vefpers, I took my Leave, with my Lady-Abbefs's Permiffion to vifit my pret- ty Relation, the next Afternoon: But, it ſeems, fhe was refolved not to lofe my Company fo long; for the next Morning, before I had breakfafted, I was furpriz'd with a Meffage from my Lady-Ab- befs, that my Kinfwoman had been taken fo ill in the Night as had put the whole Convent into Dif- order; and that as I might be fuppofed, as her Country-man and Relation, to be the beſt Judge of her Conſtitution, my Advice was defir'd. You will eafily imagine, I borrow'd the Wings of Cupid, to haften my Flight, and found my pretty Patient confined to her Cell and Bed, with the Father-Con- feffor at her Head, and the good Matron, with Tears in her Eyes, at her Feet: She had ſo artfully put on the Countenance of a Perfon agonizing al- moft in the Pangs of Death, that I was myfelf at a Lofs, whether her Sickneſs was feign'd or real? But the ghoftly Father, after having finifh'd his Of fice, being retir'd, leaving the Care of her Body to her affectionate Kinfman, and the good Mother go- ing likewife officiouſly to fetch fomething the thought wanting, we were no fooner alone, than puting on an agreable Simper, fhe, in a languiſhing Tone, afk'd me if I could not guefs at her Diftemper ? Yes, my dear Charmer (was my Anſwer, feizing with fome Eagerneſs her Arm) your Pulfe beats too high and too irregular to leave me any Doubt of that, and your Remedy is at Hand, almoſt ſmo- thering her, at the fame Time, with Kiffes : "Hold (replied fhe, puting me by) chi va piano, "va fano (foft and fair) the Mother-Abbefs will 66 probably The GERMAN SPY. 17 probably foon return, pretend an Ignorance in the Terms of Art of this Country, haften to "the Apothecary's yourſelf, and fetch fome in- different Medicine; at your Return, feign a Ne- ceffity of obferving the Effects of it; our preten- "ded Confanguinity will remove all Scruple; defire "fome good Book to pafs your Time with, while "your Medicine may probably compofe me to "6 Sleep, and then (added fhe, preffing me to her "Arms, with an Ardour, that confirm'd my Judg- "ment of her Difeafe) the Day's our own". I followed her Advice; every Thing fucceeded to our Wiſh; I was left near three Hours with my beautiful Patient alone, and you may be fure we did not ſpend our Time, à conter des Fariboles (in telling Stories.) Towards Noon, I told my Lady-Abbefs, the Medicine I had ufed operated very kindly; had put my Patient into a breathing Sweat, and had Jaid her into a Kind of Dozing, which it would be proper to humour; I would therefore retire, and return in the Afternoon to know the farther Effect of it. At my Return, the good Lady told me, her Daughter had fenfibly found the Effect of my Skill; blefs'd the happy Chance that brought me thither, and thought it might not be amifs, if I ap- prov'd of it, to repeat the Dofe. You will ima- gine, I was not long in refolving; but added, that as violent Symptoms required violent Remedies, and the Virulence of the Diſeaſe was now in fome Mea- fure allay'd, I fhould uſe them more fparingly; and befide, it would be proper, to confult the Strength and Inclination of the Patient. As no Deficiency of either appeared in her, it was foon determined, and I had hereby the Opportunity of fpending the beft Part of the Evening with my lovely Coufin, till Reft feem'd to be neceffary for ps both. C IN 18 The GERMAN SPY. 86 In the Intervals of her Paroxyfms, and of the Application of my Remedies, fhe gave me the fol- ' "You know lowing Account of her Adventures : (ſaid fhe) my moft youthful Years were ſpent "in all the Gaiety the Place of my Habitation "could afford, in which my too indulgent Parents "fet no Bounds to my Inclinations. You are not "unacquainted with my unhappy Adventure with "Sir JD, who, under the fpecious Pre- "tence of Marriage, having robb'd me of the Jewel, I thould have fet the greateſt Value "upon, notwithstanding his re-iterated Vows, bafely abandon'd me, for one who had nothing "but a greater Share of the Gifts of Fortune to ' 66 .. recommend her to his pretended Affection. That, "after I had once taſted the forbidden Fruit, my "Inclination prompted me to indulge myſelf in "the Enjoyment of it, even beyond the Rules "of Decency, and to the entire Ruin of my Re- "putation, is to you no Secret. In fhort, the Li- "berties I took foon brought me into a Condition "not long be conceal'd, and I had been too ge- "neral a Lover, to know where to fix my Mif- "fortune. It was then I took the defperate Re- "folution of leaving my Father's Houfe, and had "the Courage to venture alone on fo long a Journy "as to Liverpool, and from thence to Ireland, to "an Aunt I had, who was married there. To "her I open'd my Condition, and met with a fa- "vourable Reception: Her Huſband had prevail'd "upon her to abandon her Religion, and embrace. the Roman Catholic, to which fhe was fo much . bigotted, that the refted neither Day nor Night, 'till fhe had made a Convert of me; and having gain'd that Point, fhe was as affiduous in perfuad- "ing me of the Happineſs of a reclufe Life. You "will eafily imagine, this no way fuited myTemper; "but the fatal Itch of Variety, which has always been The GERMAN SPY: 君 ​19 "been prevalent in me, got the better of my In- "clination, and I confented. I was foon eas'd of the Burden I carried along with me, by an early fauffe Couche, (Mifcarriage) and the eager De fire "I had of feing foreign Countries, and foreign "Faces, made me prefs my Departure for Brabant, "which was pitch'd upon for my Retirement. I had, as well from Liverpool as from Ireland, ac- quainted my Parents with my Condition, and they apporv'd of my Departure; tho' they blamed "the Manner of it, preffing my Return as foon "as Circumftances would admit: But my Aunt, "who was apprehenfive I might change my Refo- << lution, fpar'd no Pains to ftrengthen it, during "the weak State I was reduced to, by the un- timely Releaſe from the Weight I bore, and "hurried me away, before I was well able to under- CC go the Fatigue of a Voyage. It was then I con- "fented to her writing the melancholy Account "fhe gave of my pretended Death and Burial. As "I gather'd Strength, and had Time and Leiſure "to reflect on what I had inadvertently brought upon myſelf; I began to repent of it: But alas! "I was advanced too far to retreat, and was in "the Hands of a Tyrant-Mafter of a Ship, who "was bound for Oftend, and would not fuffer me to 66 fpeak with one Soul, 'till he deliver'd me into the "Convent he was order'dat Bruffels. No Pains were ſpared to make the Time of my Probation eaſy "and agreable to me, and fuch Liberties were "allowed to fome of the Nuns, with whom I "contracted a Familiarity, as might induce me "to form a pleafing Idea of that State of Life. "Among thefe, was a young Italian Lady, from "whom I learned the Language, which at firſt "conceal'd me from your Knowledge. I foon "found we were both in the fame State of Vir- ginity, and that fhe had been oblig'd, by her << C 2 "Friends, 20 The GERMAN SPY. "Friends, to ſubmit to the Tonfure, as a Pen- "nance for the Sins of her moft early Youth. "Parity of Circumftances, as well as Temper, "foon united our Hearts, and we became as it << were one Body and one Mind. The Liberties "allowed me, and her for my fake, furniſh'd us "with all the Opportunities we could wish, to in- 66 << dulge ourſelves in all Manner of Pleaſures, I had "almoſt faid Libertinifm; and we found Means "to enjoy fome, which I little expected within "thofe facred Walls. My Probation being ex- "pired, I made no Scruple of taking the Vow, " and the Habit, pleafing myſelf with the Thoughts "of entring into a Life perfectly confonant to my "Inclinations: But alas! how foon did I find I was "deluded; and that the View I had of continuing "the Pleaſures I had 'till then enjoyed was vifio- 66 nary. My first Mortification was to find my Com- "panion debar'd of thofe Freedoms I was indeed "yet allow'd ; but of which I was myſelf foon after, by Degrees, deprived. However, as no Severity "could curb the natural Gaiety of my Temper, "and the many Opportunities I found of indulg- ing it in a Convent fo much frequented as ours, "at leaſt in fome Meaſure, could not but give "Offence, it was thought fit, at the Inftigation, "I ſuppoſe, of my Aunt, to remove me hither. "I was at first inconfolable at the Change, but "am fince pretty eaſy under it. We live here "not under the greateſt Reſtraint: Our Lady- "Abbeſs, who, by the by, poffeffes more good "Nature than good Senfe, loves to live well, and "has fufficient Means to fupport it, of which fhe "is very liberal to fuch of her Votaries as can "creep into her particular Efteem, which I have "had the good Fortune to do. We live in pretty "good Harmony; each of us has her Confident, "and we find no great Difficulty in impofing upon "" • the The GERMAN SPY. 21 the eafy Temper of our common Mother. Envy, and a Sournefs of Temper, in fome "of her aged Nuns, do, indeed, put us to fome "Trouble, to glofs over our little Irregularities; "but we who are Favourites, generally know "how to turn their Complaints to their own Dif- advantage; or, at worst, it is but facrificing "fome of our Patronefs's Benefactions to their "Avarice." 66 THUS we pafs'd our Time, till Decency, as well as the Reafon already alledg'd, call'd me to depart: But, at my Return to my Quarters, my Pleaſure was interrupted, by the Mortification of hearing, that my travelling Companion defign'd to depart the next Morning. However, as the next Place, he defign'd to make fome Stay at, was but at the Diſtance of a fhort Day's Journy, I refolv❜d to ſpend another Day with my lovely Nun, and to take Poft-horfes the next Night, to follow my Friend. My first Attempt in the Practice of Phyfic was fo fuccefsful, that I found my Patient, the next Morning, up, and fiting on her Bed-fide, at Breakfaſt, with her Father-Confeffor and Lady- Abbefs. Joy appear'd in every Countenance, 'till the Neceffity of my Departure that Evening, being made known, put a fudden Damp upon it, and more eſpecially in the young Votary, fo vifibly, that I began to fear fhe would, by over-acting her Part, betray the Secret, or fall Sick in earneft. The good old Lady lamented the Want of fo able a Phyſician in that City, and exprefs'd a Surpriſe at the Efficacy of my Prefcription, of which I fear'd fhe would have begg'd a Copy: But fhe foon difpel'd my Apprehenfions, by giving me an Account what a fweet Night's Reft my Coufin had enjoy'd, and that the Sifter who fat up with her had obferv'd her frequently to fimile in her Sleep, as if fome pleafing Dreams had footh'd her Imagination, all which the C 3 kindly 22 The GERMAN SPY. kindly attributed to the Effects of my Arcana. I could have accounted for this in a more feeling Man- ner; but I chofe to wave the Difcourfe, by faying, it was the natural Effect of the Gaiety of her Tem- per, upon the Removal of the morbific Quality, which had made her to refliefs the Night be- fore. I chanced to have, in my Trunk, fome Phials of Sal volatile oleofum Sylva; I had the Day before adminifter'd fome Drops of it, to carry on the Farce, and now recommended a Couple of Bot- tles of it as a fovereign Panacea, which would cer- tainly reſtore my fair Patient to a perfect State of Health, if continued a few Days longer, and fhe might be indulg'd to keep her Chamber, during the Ufe of it. By this Means, I fecured the Enjoy- ment of her Company 'till the Moment of my De- parture and we spent the Day in the fame agreable Manne w we had done the preceding one. I was even allow'd to dine in her Cell, and as fhe had chofen her Confident for her Attendant, I found a Wink commanded her Abfence whenever we were actirous of being alone, and fhe was very vigilant to give us timely Notice of the Approach of any one who otherwife might have furprized us. I found, in our Difcourfe of this Day, that my little Charmer, as fatisfied as fhe was with a Monaftic Life, would gladly have quitted it, to accompany me in my Travels, in any Difguife, and could an Expedient have been thought on for her Eſcape, I believe I fhould have found it difficult to have left her behind me. She propos'd feveral, but as they all appeared impracticable, fhe was at length fatis- fied with my leaving Directions with her, how ſhe might follow me, if a more favourable Opportu- nity fhould offer. I fhall not trouble you with an Account of our melancholy parting, nor divert you from the pleaſing Reflections this Relation of my Adventure The GERMAN SPY. 23 Adventure may give you, by telling you how fenfi- bly it affected, not only both of us, but the Lady- Abbefs, and the Dominican, who both lamented the Lofs of fo able and fuccefsful a Phyſician. I am, &c. LETTER III. PADERBORN. SIR, FINISHED my laft with the Conclufion of my Adventure with a beautiful Nun at Munster, formerly our Acquaintance in MOON England. I no fooner return'd to my Lodgings, than, having finiſh'd that Let- ter, which I had begun and continued at Intervals, I order'd Poſt-horfes to be provided, and, riding all Night, overtook my Travelling Companion, the next Morning, at a Place call'd Soeft, feven Ger- man Miles from Munster, South; remarkable only for being as poor, as we can imagine a large Place to be without Trade, and cumber'd with feveral Mo- nafteries, whofe Inhabitants, like Nefts of Rats, in the Walls and Rafters of a Granary, are conti- nually preying on whatever is within their Reach. This City is fo ancient, that it was noted in the Days of Charlemaign, and is now very large, being divided into fourteen Parishes, and having as many Gates; but is in fo ruinous a Condition, that very few of the Streets are paved. It was formerly a free Imperial City, but, at different Times, under- went various Changes, and is now fubject to the King of Pruffia, as Earl of Marck. When it was C4 taken 24 The GERMAN SP Y. taken and plunder'd, in the Year 1622, by Chrif tian, Duke of Brunswick, among other Booty, he is faid to have carried away the twelve Apoftles, in maffy Silver. Its prefent Poverty is afcrib'd, in- deed, to its different Fate and Sufferings in War, and by Fire; but it is, perhaps, more owing to its being made a Prey to the Roman Catholic Prifts, who are Maſters of the Cathedral, and of eleven of the other Pariſh-Churches, and have likewife feveral Monaf- teries, and, in particular, a famous Nunnery, call'd Paradife. There are, however, among the Inha- bitants, a pretty large number of Lutherans, who poffefs two of the Parish Churches, and a Nunnery of that Perſuaſion * They pretend here to an ancient Body of Laws, call'd Jus Sofatenfe, which, tho' not mention'd by many ancient Writers, is generally allow'd to have been the Foundation of that ancient Body of Laws, now call'd the Jus Lu- becenfe, after having received confiderable Improve- ments from the Saxon Laws, and from thoſe of Wisbuy. My Companion and I, having fpent the After- noon in viſiting the Churches and Cloifters, where Plenty appeared as barefaced as Poverty in the Town, when we return'd to our Lodgings, and aſk'd for our Beds, were directed to an Opening in the Wall, which we mounted, with the Help of a Chair, and a high Trunk, and found a Place over the Entry into the Houſe; capacious enough for us all three to ftretch ourſelves out, but hardly high enough to fit upright. In this Cabbin, they had laid a good foft Feather-bed (as they gene- * Theſe Lutheran Nunneries are a Sort of free Boarding Schools, rais'd upon the ancient Eſtabliſhments, where young Ladies, generally of the beft Families, are educated, and fome ſpend their Lives in them, but take neither the Vow nor Habit, nor are they tied down to many Rules. rally The GERMAN SPY. 25 rally all are in this Country, where they have any) on the bare Boards, and another of the fame Kind to cover us, if we had been inclin❜d to creep in between them; but both in greafy, filthy Ticking, and without either Sheet, Blanket or Quilt; we therefore thought it adviſable to lye upon both, and cover ourſelves with our Cloaks. We did not meet with any Thing, in this Place, capable of tempting us to ftay any longer here, than my Companion's Bufinefs oblig'd him to; fo we departed the next Morning for Lipstadt, where we arriv'd early the fame Afternoon. As my Com- panion propos❜d to continue our Journy the next Morning for Paderborn, which is but three German Miles from Lipstadt, Weftward, I had not much Time to look about me, nor could I learn, that there was any Thing very remarkable to be ſeen. I found, at approaching it, that this is a Place, of great Strength, partly by Art, but more by Na- ture, being fituated on the River Lippe, in the Midft of unpaffable Moraffes; and I was told there, that it is eſteem'd one of the ſtrongeſt Places in West- phalia. The Town is large, and has the Appea- rance of being one of the Habitations of Poverty, tho' not under the Oppreffion of the Roman Catho- lics: It is very ancient, faid to be built fo early as 1150, was formerly in the Hanfeatick League, and once a free Imperial City; till, in Length of Time, it fell under the Jurifdiction of the Counts of Lippe, and became their Refidence, as it was the Capital of the County of that Name *. In 1366, Count Simon pawn'd it to Engelbert, Count of the * There are two Sorts of Counts in Germany; one who may be called titulary, and poffefs no Sovereignties; and the other, who are called Reich's Ġrafen (or Counts of the Empire) who are Sovereigns, and have Šeffion and Vo:e in the Diet. Marck, 26 The GERMAN SPY. > Marck, for 8000 Marks of Silver * and being never after redeemed, it fell, with the Duchy of Cleve, to the Houfe of Brandenburg, in whofe Poffeffion it yet remains . In the thirty Years War, on Account of Religion, in Germany, it was taken four Times, viz. in 1621 by the Spaniards, in 1622 by Duke Chriftian of Brunswick, in 1623 by the Imperialiſts, and in 1633 by the Heffians, who reftored it to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, after the Treaty of Weftphalia. In 1656 it was almoft wholly burnt by Lightning; and in 1679 it was put into the Hands of the French, as a Security, for a fhort Time: Since when the new Fortifications feem to have been added. IN our Way to Paderborn, and within a German Mile of that City, we met with a mix'd Multitude, which put me in Mind of Butler's Defcription of a Rabble going to a Bear-baiting, in Hudibras: The numerous Rabble was drawn out Of feveral Countries round about, From Villages remote and Shires, Of East and Western Hemispheres; From foreign Parishes and Regions, Of different Manners, Speech, Religions, &c. For fo they feem'd to me to be, a confus'd pro- mifcuous Rabble of Men, Women and Children: But instead of being headed by Hudibras's Crow- dero, they were led by feveral Prieſts, and inſtead of Staves and Clubs, every one carried a lighted * A Mark of Silver, in Germany, is half a Pound Weight. + Here our Author has been miſinform'd; for in 1445, Duke John of Cleve, Count of the Marck, came to an Agree- ment with the Houſe of Lippe, to remit them the Loan, and reftore one half of the City, upon their quitting all Pretenfions for ever to the other half. Wax- The GERMAN SPY. 27 Wax-Taper, of different Sizes; tho' the Sun fhone, at the fame Time, fo bright, that it almoſt extin guifh'd their Flames. The Priefts likewife were equipp❜d: 66 With Croffes, Relicks, Crucifixes, Beads, Pictures, Rofaries and Pixes. Hud. UPON Enquiry, I found, by my Companion, it was what our Saxon Anceſtors call'd a Bead-faring, or going out to pray to fome noted Saint, or fhew "The their Reverence to fome Holy Relick. "Germans (continued my Friend) call it a Wald- fahrung, or going into the Woods, becauſe the Images or facred Relicks they vifit, are fre- • quently placed in Woods or Groves, in little Chapels, which are feldom or never open'd, "but for this Purpoſe. The Inhabitants of whole Villages, and even Towns and Diftricts, affemble, "and go out together, on thefe Occafions, in their .. . (C (C Holiday-Cloaths, each carrying a lighted Taper, "of different Sizes, in proportion to their Cir- "cumftances *, with their Priests marching at "the Head of them. Theſe we fee before us, "whom I have formerly met hereabouts, at this "Time of the Year, are the Inhabitants of a litle Town near Paderborn, call'd Lippspring †, This, among innumerable others, is one of the Tricks of the Popish Priests to gull the credulous Vulgar, and enrich them- felves with the Spoils of the Poor, not only by their Offerings, but by obliging them to purchaſe confecrated Tapers of them, at an extravagant Price; and I myſelf have heard the Priests, in feveral Parts of Germany, denouncing their Curfes, from the Pulpit, on thoſe who, out of Avarice, fhould not exert themſelves, in buying the largeſt Tapers they could afford. This Town, now of little Note, is however famous, not only for being the Place where Charlemaign oblig'd the Saxons to embrace the Chriftian Religion, but where he held three confiderable Councils. " (or 28 The GERMAN SPY. * "(or the Source of the Lippe, which has its Rife "there); and, by their Number, are without Doubt accompanied by many of the Inhabitants "of Paderborn. They are going to vifit the Chapel of a famous Saint, call'd Liborius, who was wont to refort daily to an adjacent "Wood, to perform his Devotion, where fome "of his Relicks are yet preferv'd. As thefe mix'd "Multitudes of both Sexes, and all Ages, are gene- rally two or three Days on thefe Proceffions, and frequently ly promifcuoufly in the Woods, or at beft in Barns or Cottages, it is very common "for them, amidst the Fervency of their Devo- tions, to contract fuch Alliances, that thofe who go out as Maidens one Year, go out, the next, as Mothers, with Children at their Breafts; of which it is fhrewdly fufpected, their fpiritual Fathers are often become temporal or natural . ❝ ones. Ar our Entrance into this City of Paderborn, we met a Proceffion of the Hoft, carrying pro- bably to fome fick Perfon; upon which I was pre- paring to get out of the Chaife, and pay the feem- ing Devotion to it, which I had been formerly often obliged to do in other Parts of Germany: And had once, at Cologn, met with a very rough Salute, from the But-end of a Mufket, for not being ready enough in complying: But I was ftopp'd by my Companion, who told me, that in thefe Parts of Germany, where the Proteftants are fo inter- mix'd with the Catholics, the latter abated very much of their Superftition, in the Eye of the World, and it would be fufficient to ftand up uncovered. I was not a little glad of this Ad- monition; not that I think there is fo much in kneeling on fuch an Occafion; an ejaculative Prayer, to the ALMIGHTY, can never be amifs, and an humble Entreaty to preferve us, by his Grace, The GERMAN SPY. 29 Grace, from fuch blind Superftition, at no Time more proper; but it happen'd to be in a filthy dirty Place, where kneeling would not have been very agreable. In THE City of Paderborn is the Capital of a Bi- fhopric of that Name, under the Archbishop of Mentz, fituate near the River Lippe; but has its Name from the Pader (a little River which has it Rife juft under the high Altar of its Cathedral) and Born, a Spring or Fountain. In the Time of Charlemaign, it was a large Village, and was commonly honour'd with the Refidence of that Emperor, when he vifited this Part of ancient Saxony. In the Year 777, that Prince held a ge- neral Convention of the Franks and Saxons at this Place, whither three Kings of the Saracens re- forted from Spain, and a great Number of Saxons and Weftphalians, were baptized. About the fame Time, he built a Church there, and call'd it St. Salvator; but it was afterwards deftroyed by the Saxons. 780, Charlemaign propos'd to erect a Bishop's See here; but the Place not being then fortified, nor the Saxons totally fubdued, it was placed at the Fortress of Heriftell, five German Miles from Pader born, where it remain'd 'till 795, when Wittekind, the Great, Duke of the Saxons, having been bap- tiz'd, and the Church being rebuilt, it was tranf- ferr'd thither. Pope Leo III, coming himſelf to this Place in 799, confirm'd this Bishopric, and confecrated the Altar in Honour to St. Stephen, whofe Relicks he had brought with him from Rome, and depofited here. Emperor Otto II, is faid to have offer'd at this Altar a Crofs of Gold, of the Value of 60,000 Guilders *: But in 999 the Cathedral, together with the Library, Privileges, (*) A Guilder in this Part of Germany, is a French half Crown, which are as current as in France, and indeed the only good Mony they have. and 30 The GERMAN SPY. and indeed, the beſt Part of the City, was de- ftroyed by Fire. However, the Year following, Emperor Otto III, renew'd the Privileges of this City, which has given Occafion to fome Writers to call it yet a free Imperial City; tho' without Grounds; at leaft, at this Time, it is not included in the Matricula Imperii, but is fubject to the Bi- ſhop of this Name. It was likewife formerly in the Hanfeatick League. In 1002, Emperor Henry II, caufed his Emprefs Cunegunda to be crown'd in this City. Meinwercus, the tenth Bifhop of Pa- derborn, who liv'd in the Begining of the eleventh Century, firft furrounded this City with Walls. Befides what I have already mentioned, this City has had the Misfortune, four feveral Times, to be almoſt wholly deſtroy'd by Fire, viz. in 1058, in 1133, in 1165, and in 1340. In 1530, the In- habitants attempted to introduce the Lutheran Re- ligion, and procur'd the Affiftance of three Luthe- ran Divines, but in vain; and ſeveral ſuffer'd on that Account. In 1604, Theodoric, the 44th Biſhop of Paderborn, with the Affiftance of John, Earl of Eaft-Frifeland, oblig'd the Inhabitants to deliver the City into his Hands, by Agreement: But having inferted fome Articles, which had not been ftipulated, when it came to be read, at the Town-houſe, the Burgher-mafter, Liberius Wi- chard tore it; whereupon a Tumult immediately enfued. The Inhabitants depended on the Af fiftance of Landgrave Morice of Heffe-Caffel, who, indeed, came with a fufficient Body of Troops, but too late, Earl John having been before-hand with him, and taken Poffeffion; upon which the Ring-leaders of the oppofite Party being taken up, the Burgher-mafter was quarter'd, feveral of his Adherents put to Death, and others fin'd; the City divefted of all its Franchifes, and the Form of Government alter'd. And, in 1615, this fame Bi- ſhop The GERMAN SPY. 31 fhop founded a Univerfity here. In 1622, Duke Chriftian of Brunfwick, Bishop of Halberstadt, pof- fefs'd himself of the beft Part of this Bishopric, and made a confiderable Booty in this City, efpe- cially of the Gold and Silver Images of Saints, among which, that in Gold of St. Liborius, weigh'd eighty Pounds, all which he had the Grace to put into a new Form, by recommending them to the Care of the Mafter of his Mint. In 1633, it was taken by Landgrave William of Heffe, but deliver'd up to the Emperor, in 1636. In 1646, it furrender'd,on Difcretion, to the Swedes and Helfans, under the Command of the General Field-Mar- hal, Charles Gustavus Wrangel; but towards the Conclufion of the fame Year, when the Heffians began to fortify it, they were drove out of it by Francis William, Bishop of Ofnabrug; after which enfued the treaty of Weftphalia. The prefent Bi- ſhop is Prince Clement Auguftus of Bavaria, who, as I have faid above, was elected in 1719, and is a Prince of the Empire, as Bifhop of Paderborn. The Chapter confifts of twenty-four Canons, whofe Quali- fications confift in being past the Age of twenty-one, having ſtudied in ſome Univerſity of France or Italy, and proving their Nobility for fixteen Generations The Biſhops have their Refidence at an ancient Palace, call'd Neubaufz, two German Miles from thence, built in 1590, by Theodoric, of Furften- burg; which I was to fee, but found nothing there worthy of Remark. THE City of Paderborn is now hand fomely built, and fome of the Churches magnificent. As you (*) In this Bishopric, is the famous Field of Battle, where Quintilius Varus, with the Roman Army under his Command, was routed by the ancient Germans, under the Command of Arminius, and the latter thereby freed from the Roman Yoke. See my Tranflation of Dr. Mafcon's Hiftory of the Ancient Ger- mans. Vol. 1. p. 94. have 32 The GERMAN SPY. have yourſelf travell'd in Roman Catholic Countries, and are acquainted with the Manner of adorning their Churches, as well as their ridiculous Ceremo- nies, I fhall not detain you with a Relation of them; but, inſtead thereof, give you an Account of a di- verting, or rather fhocking Sight, I met with in one of the Churches of this Place. It being, as I have faid before, Lent, and my travelling Companion be- ing oblig'd to ſtay here fome Days, my firft Thought, after I came to our Lodgings, was how to get a Licenfe to eat meat. My Landlord carried me, for that End, to the Curate of his Parifh, who, after fome Expoftulation with me, on the Neceffity of it, on Account of my pretended ill State of Health, told me, he would gratify me in it for a Week; but that he was obliged to enjoin me a ſmall Pennance for it, which, however, he would likewife remit me, upon my buying, of a Print-feller who had his Stall in the Porch of his Church, fix Im- preffions or Prints of the Virgin Mary's Foot, the exact Dimenfions of which he had obtain'd by a very great Miracle, and had caufed it to be engrav'd at his own Charge. As the whole Expence was but a Guilder, I readily complied, and had a Permiffion accordingly. But while I was purchafing thoſe Prints, I obferv'd upon the Stall, among other fa- cred Trumpery, a Box containing a large Number of Heads, Legs, Arms, and, in fhort, of every Member of a human Body (not excepting the Pu- denda of both Sexes) handfomely reprefented in yellow and white Wax, the largeſt not above the Length of a little Finger. As I was mightily pleas'd with the Beauty of thefe religious Nick- nacks, I was as curious to know the Virtue or Uſe of them. My Landlord, who, I found, was out of Danger of dying a Martyr to his Religion, told me, if I would ſtep into the Church he would fhew me The GERMAN SPY. 33 me. He thereupon led me to a handſom Altar, on which was an Image of the Virgin Mary, adorn'd with thefe pretty Trinkets from Head to Foot; and told me this Image had the Virtue of heal- "ing all Manner of Ailments in thofe who, with "a fteady Faith, addrefs'd themfelves to it for "nine fucceffive Mornings; and that, if at any "Time it failed, the Fault was in the Patient's Unbelief, but by no Means in the Phyfician. "Now (continued he) it is customary for thoſe "who receive any Favours from this miraculous (( CC Image, to buy the Reprefentation of the Limb, "in which the Complaint lay, and having N.B. "firft caufed it to be blefs'd and fprinkled with Holy Water, by a Prieft, to offer it, in Grati- "tude, or as a Memorial of the Benefit, at the "Altar from whence it came; for which, as well . as for confecrating of it, certain Fees or Dues are demanded: And fo infatiable are thefe ho- ly Men of Gain, that they even appropriate to "themſelves the Profits arifing from the Sale of "this facred Frippery, allowing their Factors only a certain Proportion of it*". I had the Curi- ofity to buy as much of this Commodity as, be- * I have myself feen fomething of this Nature in the Cathe- dral of Mentz; But whether there were any of thofe Parts which our Author hints at in his Parenthefis, I cannot fo pofitive- ly affirm: But this I have been affured, by Perfons of undoub- ted Credit; that at a certain Nunnery within the Circle of Weft- phalia, there is a Well, of which it is affirm'd, that it has the Power, on only one Day in the Year, of curing all manner of Ailments, but more particularly a certain fashionable Diſeaſe, by Sympathy; if the Reprefentatives of the Parts affected be immerged, that Day, into this holy Well, by the Hands of one of the Nuns. However, as this is a Point too tender to be han- dled, with any Safety, by the junior Nuns; I prefume, this facred Myſtery is only manag'd by the Lady-Abbefs, or fome of the fenior Sifters. D ing 34 The GERMAN SPY. ww ing fet together, would have made me a pretty naked Figure of each Sex: But when I came to review them at Home, I found I was bit of my Mony, and that they were fit for nothing but the Uſe they were defigned for, being neither pair'd nor match'd, and withal as hollow as the Hearts of thoſe by whom they were created for this holy Ufe. I am, with great Truth, &c. SIR, F LETTER IV. OSNABRUC. ROM Paderborn, my Companion fent a- way his Book-keeper, the neareſt Road to Leipzick, by the Way of Caffel, which he told me, he could ride Poſt in a Night or a Day; I.refolv'd, therefore, to accom- pany him thither, and return before the Time fix'd for our Departure. Accordingly, it being Moon- light, we departed in the Evening, that I might have the whole next Day to ſpend in Caffel, and came back. the fame Way, the Night following. We arrived at Caffel about Eight the next Morn- ing, and, having refrefh'd ourfelves, at an Inn, ſpent the Remainder of the Day in viewing the Place. CASSEL is the Refidence of the Landgraves of Heffe-Caffel, which is not only the eldeft Line, but by far the most confiderable and powerful, of the Houſe of Heffe, and is diftinguiſh'd by the Name of this City. Some pretend to derive the Name of this Place from an ancient German People, call'd Cafuarii; The GERMAN SPY. 35 Cafuarii; Others will have it, that, it was the Ste- reontium of Ptolemy; but Cluverius and Bertius plainly fhew it was, among the ancient Germans, call'd Caftellum Cattorum. About the Year 1008, there were yet, in this Place, the Remains of an ancient Cattle, with only a Farm adjoining to it: And about the Year 1152, Henry Rafpo renewed the ancient Caſtle, and began to build a Town near it; on which Occafion, Wolffs-Anger, then a Town near this Place, began by Degrees to decay, and being afterwards almoft wholly deftroy'd by Fire, is now become a Village: But Caffel, by the particular Favour of its Landgraves, yearly encreas'd in Houſes and Riches. Philip the Magnanimous, firft en- compafs'd the Caftle, in 1523, and the City in 1526, with Walls, and tho', upon his being made a Priſoner by the Emperor, they were demolish'd by the Spaniards, and the Cannon carried away, they were rebuilt by him, after his Releaſe, and ftrengthened with Bulwarks, and other Fortifica- tions, by his Son William, which were greatly en- creas'd and compleated by the preient Landgrave Charles*. The River Fulda divides this City into two Parts, the old and new Town, of which the former is not only the largeſt, and by far the beſt built, but contains 'the Palace of the Landgraves, a magnificent Building, fituate on the River, and fortified. The prefent Landgrave has likewife built another new Town, at his own Expence, all mo- dern brick Houſes, which, being chiefly inhabited by French Refugees, who have likewife their Church here, is call'd the French Town. This City, and the Neighbourhood of it, afford more Curiofities than I had Time to vifit; I therefore confin'd my He is fince dead, and is fucceeded by his eldeſt Son, the preſent King of Sweden. D 2 felf - A. 36 The GERMAN SPY. felf chiefly to the Palace; and other public Buil- dings. What pleas'd me moft in the Palace was a Volary for Pheafants only, the most beautiful Building of the Kind I ever faw, containing a vaſt Number of thefe Birds, of the most beautiful Kinds and Colours; the Library is likewife magnificent, and very well worth feing, as are alfo the Aftronomi- cal Obfervatory and the Anatomical Chamber, with feveral Appartments adjoining, in which are a great Number of curious Mathematical, Optical, Mecha- nical, and other Inftruments and Rarities. The Ma- chine and Model-Houfes, in the latter of which are preferv❜d the Models of all the Palaces, and public Buildings, erected by the Princes of this Houfe, gave me great Satisfaction, nor were the Arfenal and Stables lefs worthy my Obfervation: But Time would not allow me to take fuch Notice of thefe Things as would have been neceffary in Order to give you a Deſcription of them. Let it therefore fuffice, that I found every Thing far exceed what could be expected at the Court and Refidence of a Prince of the Rank of a Landgrave, and whofe mountainous and barren Country, at leaft that Part of it I faw, does not feem to promife a Revenue answerable to it . I regreted in nothing more the Want of Time, than that it deprived me of a Sight of the famous Water-works of Weiffenftein, a Pleaſure-houſe belonging to the Landgrave, at the Top of a high Hill, about half a German Mile + The Germans have a Saying, Hohe Berge und fauer Wein, der Teuffel mochte in Heffen feyn. (High Hills, and four Wine, the Devil may live in Heffen.) The Landgrave of Heffe-Caffel is, however, the moſt powerful Prince in Germany under the Digni- ty of an Elector, which is probably in a great Meaſure owing to his Country (his Subjects being Proteftants) not being over-run by a worthless Crew of Priefts, whe breath Poverty and abject Sla- very, where ever they are fuffer'd to rear their Heads. from The GERMAN SPY. 37 from Caffel, where there is faid to be the fineſt Caſcade in Europe. BEING return'd from Caffel to Paderborn, and my Friend having finifh'd his Concerns there, we prepar'd not to fet forward, but rather almoſt to turn back again, to come to this Place: For, as I told you in my firft Letter, we were fo far from taking the readieft Road from Amfterdam to Bre- men, that we crofs'd the Country backwards and forwards, from Place to Place, as his Bufineſs di- rected him. In our Way hither, we pafs'd thro' two pretty large Towns or Cities, Bielfeldt and Her- voden, remarkable only for having pretty confide- rable Manufactures of Linen. Bielfeldt is in the County of Ravensberg, about feven German Miles fom Ofnabrug, and was formerly one of the Hanfe- Towns: But it retains little of its ancient Gran- deur, except the ftrong Caftle of Sparrenberg, which is without the City, on a Hill. We came into the Neighbourhood of Bielfeldt late at Night, when, on a fudden, we were furprized with a moft hideous Howl, which I could compare to nothing but that of Lions, Bears and Tigers, in the uninhabited Woods of Africa. It was natural for me to aſk, whether this Country afforded any of thofe vora- cious Animals; but my Companion affuring me of the contrary, we were the more furpriz'd, 'till coming to the Gate of the Town, we were told, it was nothing but a Parcel of roguish Boys, who watched the Bleaches on the adjacent Hills, and up- on the Approach of Travellers, in the Night-time, had accuítom'd themſelves to this frightful Howl, which run like Wild-fire, from Hill to Hill. Her- voden, or Hervorden, which is two German Miles from Bielfeldt, five from Ofnabrug, and the fame Distance from Minden, is likewife in the County of Ravensberg, and fince 1647, fubject to the King of Pruffia It is a pretty large Place, and divided D 3 int 38 The GERMAN SPY. into three Parts, call'd the Old Town, the New Town, and Radewich, by the Rivers Elfa, Aa, and Werne. It is chiefly noted in Hiftory, for a famous Nunnery, the Abbefs of which is a Princefs of the Empire, and formerly held this City in Sub- jection, 'till Ann, Countess of Limburg, and Abbefs of this Nunnery, gave up the City to William Duke of Juliers, in the Year 1547. The Eſtate belonging to it was formerly a County, and after- wards converted to the Ufe of a Monaftery of Friars, in the Year 790; but how long it has been a Nunnery is not recorded. As well the Abbefs, as the Nuns, are now Lutheran, and have confide- rable Eftates in the Neighbourhood of this City, as likewiſe another Lutheran Nunnery, on a Hill, near the Town, which was founded in the Year 1101, and is under the immediate Direction of a Deaco- nefs, but other wife fubject to the Abbefs of Her- voden. We ftaid only Part of a Day and a Night in Bielfeldt, and only a Night in Hervoden, fo that if there had been any Thing worth my fe ing, as I could not find there was, I fhould have wanted Time. OSNABRUG is the Capital of a Bishopric of the fame Name, under the Archbishop of Cologn, founded by Charlemaign, in the Year 776, he ha- ving four Years before, erected a Church for the Converfion of the Saxons he had conquer'd, and de- dicated it to St. Peter, and the holy Martyrs Crif. pin and Crifpinian. It was formerly Imperial, and one of Hanfe; but is now fubject to its own Bishop. It is but eight German Miles from Munfter, by which you will conceive what a Tour I have taken. Some pretend this City was built by Julius Cæfar; but others, with a greater Shew of Reaton, fay it was founded by Herman, an Earl of Engar. Opinions differ as much with Regard to the Derivation of the Name, which fome will have to be from the Haft of The GERMAN SPY. 39 or Hofa, on which it is feated, and Burg a Caftle; Others from Offen or Ochfen (Oxen) and Brug or Brucke (a Bridge) from fome Bridge which was a common Paffage for Cattle. This City formerly enjoy'd great Privileges, which were beftow'd up- on it by different Emperors; but loft them in the Begining of the 16th Century, when ſeveral Mem- bers of the Chapter, having opprefs'd the Inhabi- tants, they rais'd an Infurrection againſt their 49th Bishop, Erick II, of the Houfe of Brunswick, who thereupon impos'd a great Fine upon them, which, however, was at length reduc'd to 6,000 Guilders of Gold *. In 1525, he reduced the City to the Obedience of the Bishop's See, under which it has ever fince remain'd. After this the Citadel of Pe- tersburg, adjoining to it, was added, for the Secu- rity of the Bishops, and their ufual Refidence. Er- neftus Auguftus, Duke, and firſt Elector of Brunſ- wick-Luneburg, the 59th in the Succeffion of their Biſhops, brought it entirely under their Yoke. Un- der Francis, Earl of Waldeck, their 50th Bishop, the Reformation firſt took footing in this City, and the Lutheran Religion was publicly tolerated: And Henry III, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Arch- biſhop of Bremen, and Biſhop of Paderborn, the ed in Succeffion after him, himself embrac'd the Dɔc- trine of Luther. In 1634, Guſtavus Gustavson, na- tural Son of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, was made the 58th Bifhop, by the Intrigues of his Sifter, Queen Chriftina, in Prejudice to Francis Wil- liam, Earl of Wartenberg, his Predeceffor, and, up- on his Reſignation, at the Conclufion of the famous Treaty, at this Place, in 1648, his Succeffor. By this Treaty, it was, among other Things, ftipu- lated, that, after the Deceafe of Francis William, a * A Guilder of Gold is not an imaginary, but a real Gold- Coin, of about 7. Sterling in Value; tho' now rarely feen, or mentioned, but in Cafes of Fines. D 4 Proteftam 40 The GERMAN SPY. Protestant Biſhop, of the Houſe of Brunswick- Luneburg, fhould fucceed, and that, for the future, this See fhould devolve alternatively to a Roman- Catholic and a Proteftant Succeffor; but, that the Proteftant Bishops fhould always be of the illuftri- ous Houfe of Brunfwick-Luneburg. Accordingly, in 1662, he was fucceeded by Erneſtus-Auguſtus, Father of our moft gracious Sovereign, King George, at whofe Death, in 1698, the Choice fell on Charles Jofeph Ignatius, Duke of Lorrain, and Biſhop of Ol- mutz, afterwards Archbiſhop and Elector of Triers. He enjoy'd this Dignity, 'till the Year 1715, when, upon his Deceafe, he was fucceeded by Erneftus Anguftus II, Brother to his preſent Majefty of Great- Britain, and Duke of York, who is yet living †, a Prince of that Affability and Goodnefs, that a long Continuance of his Life is even wifh'd by the Roman Catholics themfelves. The Lutheran Reli- gion is not only tolerated, but thofe of that Per- fuafion have likewife their Share of the Parish Chur- ches. They have alfo three Prebendaries in the Chapter, and an active Voice in the Choice of Dig- nitaries. To prevent all Diſorder, it was provided by the Treaty above-mentioned, that when the Bi- fhop is a Proteftant, the Archbishop of Cologn fhould exerciſe the Jus Metropolitanum over the Roman Catholic Subjects of this See, but upon the Succeffion of a Catholic Bishop, that Right entire- ly ceafes, with Reſpect to the Proteftants: All other Regalia and Prerogatives are poffefs'd equally by the Biſhops of either Religion; in which neither † On the Death of this illuftrious and worthy Prince, who was equally lamented by his Subjects of every Perfuafion and Condition, he was fucceeded, in 1728, by Clemens Auguftus, Elector of Cologn, and Bishop of Munfter, Paderborn and Hilde- heim, who may probably be fucceeded by his Royal Highneſs, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. one The GERMAN SPY. 41 one nor the other have the Power of making any Alteration. Emperor Charlemaign having eſtabliſh'd a School here, for cultivating the Latin and Greek Tongues, the Jefuits, in the Time of their 57th Biſhop, Francis William, who was elected in 1625, converted it to an Academy. As our Stay here was but two Nights and one Day, I had little Time more than to inform myfelf of the above Circumftances, and to finish this Letter. The few Hours I had over, 1 fpent in taking a curfory View of the Churches, in which I found nothing very remarkable: I likewife faw, at the Town-Houfe, the Rooms in which the Conferences for the famous Treaty of this Place were held, where they preferve the Pictures of the feveral Plenipotentiaries who affifted at it; which, however, have little but their Names and Titles to recommend them, being moft of them done by very indifferent Hands. I fhall probably write you no more, till I come to Bremen, where I think to ſpend ſome Time, if I like the Place and the Converſation of its Inhabitants. But, however that may prove, this I am fure of, I fhall heartily regret the Lofs of yours, and that of our Friends I am, &c. at the LETTER 42 The GERMAN SPY. SIR, W LETTER V. MINDEN. E arrived, the Thursday before Eafter, at Minden, a fmall City, the Metropolis of a Principality of that Name, formerly a Bishopric, under the Archbishop of Cologn, once a free Imperial City, and one of the Hanfe, but now fubject to the King of Pruffia, as Elector of Brandenburg. The greater Part of the Inhabitants are Proteftants, but the Cathedral, a large and ſtately Edifice, is in the Poffeffion of the Roman Catholics, as is likewife the Church of St. John, and that of St. Simeon, with a large Convent of Friars adjoining to it. After having dined at our Lodgings, which was the beſt Inn in the Town, oppofite to the Cathedral, the Bell ringing for Vefpers, Curiofity led me to fee the Infide of that and of the Churches of St. John and St. Simeon In the latter, I found very few attend- ing the Service, but the Monks of the Convent, whoſe Duty it was to officiate, and of thofe but a fmall Number. While they were performing Di- vine Service, I took the Opportunity to view the Paintings and Carvings in the Side-Ifles of the Church: But was fo intent on a Piece or two of Antiquity, that when I return'd towards the Altar, I found Service at an End, and all the Doors of the Church lock'd. I was looking about for a Convenience to come at one of the Windows, in Order to be feen or heard in the Street, when I efpy'd a little Door, which leading to a conti- guous The GERMAN SPY. 43 guous Building, I rightly imagin'd must be the Way to the Cloifter. After fome knocking, a Perfon, in the Habit of the Order, opening the Door, I addrefs'd myſelf to him in Latin, not doubting but I must be understood in that uni- verfal Language of the Learned: But I might as well have ſpoken the Ruffian Tongue, for any Thing he knew of the Matter: For, it feems, he was one of thofe Brethren of the Order, that are in almoſt all religious Houfes, who tho' gene- rally of the beſt Families, and often bring large Eftates into the Community, for fome Deficiency of Education, or natural Parts, are, indeed, allowed to wear the Habit of the Order, but are otherwiſe little better than menial Servants, and perform the moft fervile Offices of the Houfe. This Brother immediately ran in, and return'd, in a few Mo- ments, with a Father, of a reverend Afpect, and feeming great Age. I fpoke to him in the fame Language; but whether by my Habit, or the Manner of my pronouncing the Latin Tongue, in which we differ widely from all the Moderns, he perceived I was of the English Nation, and fur- prized me agreably by anſwering me in my Mo- ther-Tongue, which he, at the fame Time, told me was his own. He invited me with great Civi- lity into the Cloifter, and hearing I had a Friend at the Inn, obliged me to fend for him, and ſpend the Evening with him: And tho' it was Lent, and the Vigil of Good Friday, we were entertain'd with an elegant Supper, and a Glafs of excellent Old- Hock; but the old Gentlemen would not partake of either, tho' he fuffer'd two junior Fathers, whom he had call'd to bear us Company, while he once retired for about an Hour, to do as we did. At Supper, he gave me to underſtand, that he was of the Family of the L-m's in Lancashire, that he had been fent very young into Flanders, where 44 The GERMAN SPY. • where he had his Education, and after having been admited into Friars Orders, he had fpent the greateſt Part of his Life at Mentz, Frankfort, and other Places of that Part of Germany, 'till he was appointed Sub-Prior of that Convent, about ten Years before: That he was 90 Years of Age, near So of which he had fpent on this Side the Ocean, and in all that Time had never been in England but once, in the laſt Year of King James's Reign, when, upon the Encouragement given to the Roman Catholic Perfuafion, he obtained Leave of his Superior to vifit his Native Country. However, finding all his near Relations dead, and the Revo- lution foon after enfuing, he returned to Germany, and had never fince had the leaft Correfpondence with any one of this Kingdom: But that, as he had liv'd in continual Hopes, of the Reſtoration of his lawful Sovereign (the Pretender I fuppofe he meant) at the Mention of whofe Name, the Tears trickled down his Cheeks, he had endea- vour'd to retain the English Tongue, by conftant Reading, and what Converſation he could procure ; and indeed he ſpake it more readily than could be expected, tho' pretty much corrupted with the German Pronunciation and Idiom. I vifited the good old Father, the next Day, to take my Leave, when having given me his Bleffing, adding his hearty Prayers that my Eyes might be open'd, that I might fee my Errors, and return to the true Path, from which my Forefathers had devi- ated, he prefented me with a little wooden Crofs, with a very ſmall one inlaid, which he affured me was of the real Crofs, on which our Saviour was crucified, and parted from me with Tears. THIS City is fituate on the Wefer, and was known by this Name, in the Time of Charlemaign, in whofe Reign, Wittekind built a Caftle here, at the Foot of the Bridge laid from this Place over the Wefer, of which fome Remains, with feveral other The GERMAN SPY 45 other Antiquities, are yet vifible. In 1529, the Reformation took Place here, with great Vehemence, infomuch, that the Chapter was obliged to retire; and leave the City. This, however, brought upon the Inhabitants the Bann of the Empire, in 1538, and, as a Confequence thereof, they were obliged, at Length, to ſurrender to Charles V, in 1547. They were ever after in almoft continual Troubles and Revolutions, on the Score of Religion; their 54th Biſhop, George Duke of Brunfwick and Archbi- fhop of Bremen, who died in 1566, making open Profeffion of the Dectrine of Luther. During the 30 Years War, on that Account, in Germany, this City was taken, in 1626, by Count Tilly, and in 1634, by George Duke of Luneburg. In 1636, the Swedes undertook to protect the Protestant Inha- bitants againſt the Perfecution of the Chapter, and on that Account kept Poffeffion of it, 'till 1650, when, purſuant to the Treaties of Weftphalia, it was delivered into the Hands of Frederick William, Elec- tor of Brandenburg, together with thew hole Princi- pality. They fhew you a Succeffion of 59 Biſhops, from Herimbertus, who died towards the Conclu- fion of the 8th, or Begining of the 9th Century; to Francis William, their laft, who was difpof- fefs'd, by the Swedes, in 1629. MINDEN is noted for a peculiar Sort of Beer, greatly esteemed in other Parts of Germany: I cannot however fay, it had very much my Ap- probation. It is a Sort of fmall pale Beer, fome thing like our Oat-Ale, not unpleafant in the Tafte; a Kind of dulce piccante (between Sweet and Sour;) But what diſguſted me was, that being drawn and brought us in tranfparent Bottles, I foon diſcover'd a muddy Settlement, above an Inch thick, at the Bottom. THIS City being a garrifon'd Place, is fadly pefter'd with Soldiers, as all are in the King of Pruffia's 46 The GERMAN SPY. Pruffia's Dominions. Their Pay is not full Two Pence a Day (and a Pound of Bread); and with this mean Allowance, they are obliged to keep themſelves cleanly and neat; you will, therefore, eafily conceive what a Life the poor Inhabitants lead among them. Every private Soldier expects to be treated like a Gentleman, and every Officer will imitate his Superiours, and ſtretch his Power to the utmoft, to play the Tyrant. The former muſt be wink'd at, becauſe their Pay is fmall, and the latter be allowed great Liberties, to make them, in fome Meaſure, amends, for having per- haps facrificed their Fortunes, in raifing the Num- ber of Men, of a limited Height, enjoin'd them, in Order to entitle them to a Commiffion. They have moſt of them been taken, as Cadets, into the Army, while very young, before they have had any Education, or have feen any thing of the World; fo that, in the moft, it is hard to fay whether Ignorance or Infolence is moft predo- minant; and baiting a little of the Theory of their Profeffion (for very few of them have ever been in the Field) their Knowledge is not far fetch'd: And if with this, you deprive them of their two favourite Topics, Wing and Dr---nking, you may as well talk Hebrew to them, as difcourfe on any other Subject. After this long Tour, my next will probably adviſe you of my Arrival at Bremen. I am, &c. LETTER The GERMAN SPY. 47 SIR, LETTER VI. BREMEN. E left Minden (which is but two Stages, of five German, or twenty English Miles, cach from this Place) on Easter-Eve, and travelling all Night, arrived before one of the Gates of this City, the next Day, about two in the Afternoon; but were obliged to wait near two Hours, it being cuſtomary, in the Garri- fon-Towns of Germany, to keep their Gates ſhut during the Time of Divine Service. WE no fooner enter'd the City, than I was apprehenfive fome epidemical Diſeaſe had lately raged there, and thought the whole Town was in Mourning For almoſt all the Men we met were in long black Cloaks, many of them with monftrous large Bands, and all the Women in black Veils, and black Petticoats, which together fo entirely cover'd them, that no more of them appear'd to View, than of a Mute attending a Corpfe lying in State. My Companion, obferving my Surprize, freed me from it, by telling me it was the common Mode of the Place, and that the Burghers, of any Reputation, went thus dreſs'd out of Decency, as they call'd it, as the Women did for Modefty: And as it happened to be a great Feſtival, foon after Evening Service, hardly any one appeared but in this decent Drefs. AFTER Our Chaiſe had travers'd a good Part of the City, we ſtopp'd in a ſmall Square, which, by the Shambles, I found to be a Market-Place; and 48 The GERMAN SPY. and it proved to be the principal, or indeed the only one of the whole Place. On one Side of this Square, is an ancient Gothic Building, which, upon Enquiry, I found to be the Rabt (or Council) Houfe, where the Senat affemble, and where all jufticiary Mat- ters are tranſacted. The first remarkable Thing which attracted my Eye was a monftruous large Statue, of 18 or 20 Foot high, in Imperial Robes, which they call the Great Roland, being defign'd to repreſent an Emperor of that Name, who was famous as well for his enormous Stature, as his Strength and Valour; and, if you will believe the Vulgar, was of the Size you there fee him re- prefented: But, it feems, this is a common Statue, in many of the ancient Cities of Germany, and tho' the Size of it has been generally proportioned to the Length of their Pockets, they tell you the fame Story every where: On the oppofite Side of the Square, is another ancient Building, where we alighted, and where I was told I was to lodge. This Building is call'd the Schuting, and is a Sort of common Hall, where the feveral Colleges or Affemblies of Burghers, and particu- larly the Altermänner (Elders) or College of Com- merce, hold their Meetings: But is, at the fame Time, a public Houſe of Entertainment. AFTER having refreſhed myfelf fome Time in my Chamber, it being too foon to go to Reſt, I enquired of my Landlord; if there was not a Coffee-houfe in the Neighbourhood, where I might divert myſelf an Hour or two, with Company, and reading the News? He anfwer'd me, with a feeming Surprize at the Queftion, that he him- felf kept a Coffee-Room, in that Houſe: But GOD forbid he ſhould prophane the Sabbath fo far, as to open it on that Holy Day. However, he kindly offer'd me whatever Liquor I pleas'd in my Chamber, and, to beguile the tedious Time (my The GERMAN SPY. 49 (my Companion being gone to visit a Friend) his Company to partake of it. I accepted of his Offer, and left it to him to chufe his Liquor: He told me, as I might probably be fatigued with my Journy, he thought a Glafs of 24 Groot Beer would beft compofe me to Reft. I was refolved, tho' you know I am no great Admirer of Malt-Liquor, to humour my Hoft; and in a Moment, with an Ala- crity, beyond what I could have expected from his demure Afpect, the Table was cover'd with Pipes, Tobacco, a fpitting Pot, and Glaffes, and his Servant foon after brought up a large Bottle, con- taining at leaſt two Quarts, of the excellent Beer he promis'd me. My Landlord, who I foon found was a Man that abhor'd Ceremonies, fat down and fill'd his Pipe, which to oblige him I did likewife. I found his Liquor very good of its Kind, but too heady to drink any Quantity of: However, my Hoft, who was very loquacious in Praife of its Excellen- cies, after having emptied the Bottle, with a very little of my Affiftance, thought a Dram would not be amifs to correct, as he term'd it, the Sourneſs the Beer might otherwife leave upon the Stomach. In this I likewife humour'd him, and had the Sa- tisfaction, or rather Mortification, before we par- ted, to find, notwithſtanding his great Pretenfions to Sanctity, which made up the beft Part of his Difcourfe, he could be as cordially drunk, on the Lord's Day, as a Piper at a Country Wedding; tho' he could not prevail upon his Confcience to open his Coffee-Room, and allow of innocent Conver- fation among Neighbours and Acquaintance, left he fhould prophane that Holy-Day. * A Groot (or four Pfenning, or Pennies, from whence our Great is probably derived) is fomething above a Halfpenny, in Value. The Beer our Author here mentions is a Sort of Mum or Spruce Beer; but, I think, better than either. E WHAT 4 50 The GERMAN SPY. WHAT with the Fatigue of my Journy, and the Liquor I had drunk the Night before, I flept the next Morning, till the Sun was approaching its Meridian; and was firft awak'd by a tumultuous Noife, as of a mix'd Multitude, under my Cham- ber-window. Upon looking out, I found the .Market fill'd with a great Concourfe of People, and near my Window a round Edifice of Stone, of about 12 or 15 Foot diameter, and near 20 Foot high, in the Center of which was erected a Poſt ten or twelve Foot high, and from an Iron Ring, near the Top of it, hung three large Birchen Rods. Upon Enquiry, I found, that a young Woman, who had been a Chambermaid in one of the principal Families of the Town, and having been too free in difpenfing her Favours to her Mafter, was difco- vered, by the watchful Eyes of a jealous Miſtreſs (who happen'd to be a Siter of the Judge pro tem- pore) and condemn'd to be ſeverely fuftigated, bran- ded, and then banifhed the Town; which fevere Puniſhment ſhe was just going to fuffer. IT was not long, before a beautiful young Crea- ture, of about 18, with her Hair hanging difhevel'd over her Shoulders, and ftark naked to her Waift, with her two Wrifts tied together, was led up a pair of Stairs in the Body of the Edifice, upon the Stage, by a Fellow more ugly, than the poor un- happy Girl appear'd agreable, tho' under the greateſt Diſtreſs and Ignominy, which could befal a youthful Female; who, notwithſtanding the Crime the fuffer'd for, plainly fhew'd ſhe was not aban- don'd to Vice, and had a Modefty, which pointed out a true Senſe of her Guilt, apparently viſible in her Countenance. Being thus led to the Poft, her Ancles were lock'd, with two Iron-Rings, to the Foot of it, and the Rods being taken down, the Nooſe of the fame Rope, on which they hung, being put over her Hands, round her Wrifts, her Arms were hoifted up to their utmoſt Extent. In The GERMAN SPY. 5 I In this Pofture, in which her naked Limbs were expos'd to the Eyes of the Populace, for ſeveral Minutes (which, by the by, is not fo very con- fonant with their pretended Decency and Modefty) the poor Wretch received near 20 Lafhes with each of the three Rods, from the Hands of the Hang-man, which were laid on with fo good a Will, that her whole Back and Sides feemed to be one continued Piece of raw Flefh. This done, fhe was branded with a red hot Iron, about the Circumfe- rence of a Crown-Piece, which, as I was inform❜d, left the Mark of the City-Arms on her Back; at leaft it took ſo faſt hold of her, that a Smoke aroſe upon the Application it. Amidft this Severity, it was look'd upon as a Favour, that her Hair was fuffer- ed to hang down her Back, which might perhaps take off the Edge of fome Blows from her Shoul- ders. The poor Wench fwooned away under the Operation, and, when looſen'd from the Poft, fell into the Arms of that ugly Wretch who uſher'd her in, and now carried her down the Stairs fhe came up. She no fooner came to herſelf, than they obli- ged her to huddle on her Cloaths, and, in that mangled Condition, ſhe was led without one of the Gates of the Town, where having taken a folemn Oath never to return within the Territories of that Republic, fhe was turn'd looſe upon the World, with a fix Groot-piece in her Pocket. What think you, Sir, of this fevere Puniſhment, for a fingle flip of frail Nature? May not this, probably, be the Cauſe of fuch an unfortunate Creature's run- ning headlong into Ruin and Deſtruction, both of Body and Soul? whereas with a more mild, or lefs public Suffering, fhe might have been re- claimed to Virtue, and become a ufeful Member of human Society. I muft confefs, the whole Scene was extremely ſhocking to me; but one Circum- ftance more fo than all the Reft: I was fhewn, at E 2 an 52 The GERMAN SPY. an adjacent Window, an ancient Gentlewoman, of a forbiding Countenance, at whofe Suit, it feems, the unhappy Creature who fuffer'd, had been pro- fecuted, and who fatiated her Swinge of Revenge, with fuch an Air of Satisfaction, as almoft promp- ted me to think the Husband had not uſed her much worſe than fhe deferved. BUT to divert this melancholy Subject, I went down into the Coffee-room, where I was not much. more edified. I found the Place pretty full of Company, chiefly Merchants and Lawyers: Seve- ral of them, in a very civil Manner, endeavoured to oblige me with their Converfation; but, to my great Surprize, tho', in my laſt Journy to Vienna, and Refidence there, I had made myfelf a tolerable Mafter of the High German Tongue, I could hardly comprehend any Thing that was faid to me. I had not been long enough in Holland to learn the Lan- guage of that Country: However, fo much I had obferved of it, to be fenfible it was not that Tongue neither. Upon Enquiry, I was inform'd it was the Dialect of the Place, and of a very large Part of the lower Circles of Germany, diftinguifhed by the Name of Low German or Lower Saxon, which is neither Dutch nor High-German, but, in fome Meaſure, partakes of both, or rather is the Ground or Root of both; for, upon comparing it afterwards, with Junius's Anglo-Saxon Gofpels and fome other Anglo- Saxon Books, I had in my Trunk, I found it had retained more of that ancient Tongue, than either the Dutch or High Germany had. The Coffee-room was not divided into Boxes, or by Tables, but being a fquare and not a very capacious Room, there was only one large oval Table in the Middle of it, and Seats all round it. In the Middle of the Table was a large Coffee-Pot, of feveral Quarts, with three Cocks, out of which, there being Diſhes and Sugar placed about it, every one help'd himfelf: But 1 ob- ferved, that hardly any one went out of the Room without The GERMAN SPY. 53 without calling for a Liquor, which being drank in pretty large Glaffes, and of different Colours, I took to be Gills of Wine, of feveral Sorts: However, making a Sign to the Waiter, to have a Glaſs myſelf, I found it a diftil'd Water; and I was the more furpriſed to find it drank in fuch large Glaffes, as almoſt every one fmoked at the fame Time: But Confuetudo altera Natura *. BEING retired to my Chamber, I fent for my Landlord, and defired him to procure me a Bible, and three or four other Books, on familiar Subjects, in the Language of the Country; But how was I aftonifh'd, when he told me, that tho' Martin Lu- ther had tranflated the Bible, and caufed it to be printed in that Tongue, it was very rare to be found; and that tho' they ftill retain'd the Language of their Forefathers, in common Difcourfe, every one underflood High German, and their Modern Books were all printed, their Sermons preach'd, and their Divine Service perform'd, nay even their Letters written, in that Tongue. I am, as ever, &c. * What our Author here obſerves is very juft. I never was in any Place in my Life, where ftrong Waters are drank in fo large Quantities by People of Fashion, and even by the Ladies, as here. I had once Occaſion to pay an early Vifit to the prefiding Burgomafter, with whom I had fupp'd the Night before. His Magnificence (which is the Title given them) having probably, in Complaiiance to me, drank more Old Hock the Evening before than ufual, was not firing; but Madam was fo good as to favour me with her Company, in the mean Time. We were hardly fet down, before two Sal- vers were placed before us, one with Bifcuits and dried Fruits, the other with two large Glaffes, at leaft Gills, of a diftili'd Liquor. Her Ladyfhip made no Difficulty to empty hers, at three or four Sips, and, to induce me to do the fame, told me it was her own Manufacture, and ſo wholſome, that ſhe drank of it every Day of her Life. I could not in Decency after this refuſe it; and had not the coming of her Husband, who thought a Cup of Tea might now do better, relieved me, I believe I muſt have ſtood the other Glaſs. E 3 LETTER 54 The GERMAN SPY. SIR, M LETTER VII. BREMEN. Y travelling Companion having told me he ſhould be oblig'd to leave me alone, and spend the first three or four Days of his being in Bremen, among his Corref- pondents; I refolved, having no Acquaintance, to confine myſelf during that Time to my Lodgings; But I foon met with an agreable Motive to alter my Refolution. I dined at an Ordinary in the Houſe, where I was tolerably well entertain'd: But what was moſt acceptable to me was the Converfation of a Gen- tleman, whom I had the good Fortune to be placed next to, who perceiving me to be an Englishman directed his Difcourfe to me in my Mother-tongue, which he poffefs'd to a tolerable Degree. I found, by the Difcourfe at Table, that his Name was K--ch, that he was Major of the Artillery of that Repub- lic, and that he had formerly been employ'd as their Agent, to tranfact certain Affairs at the Court of Great-Britain. After I have told you, that he poffeffes all the valuable Qualities of a Sol- dier, a Gentleman, and a Scholar, you will eafily con- ceive, how happy I thought my felf in the Acquifition of fo agreable an Acquaintance, and began now not to regret the Abfence of my travelling Companion. UPON my complaining of the Badneſs, or at leaſt Difagreableness to me, of the Wine we drank at Table, which was French White Wine, of 10 or more Years old, the worthy Major propoſed my going with him, that Evening, to a felect Company of Friends, where he could affure me I fhould The GERMAN SPY. 55 should drink as fine a Glafs of Rhenifh or Old Hock, as Germany could afford; and, to make the Offer more acceptable, obferv'd, that the Company would confift chiefly of Gentlemen, who had fpent fome Years in England, and met to enjoy one another's Company, with that agreable Freedom of Converfa- tion they had been ufed to there, which most of the Inhabitants of this Place were intirely Strangers to. To this he added, that they would be most or all of them of the Lutheran Religion; and, upon per- ceiving, I was furprized, he mentioned a Diftinc- tion of Religion, as an Inducement to accept of his Propofal; he told me, that the Religion of the State, and of much the greater Part of the Inhabi- tants, was Reformed or Calvinist; and that the Lutherans not only enjoyed the free Exerciſe of their Religion, but were in Poffeffion of the Cathe- dral, and confifted of fome Thouſands of Families; that there was a great Difference between the Lu- therans and the Calvinists, in their Manners and Behaviour, as well to others, as among themſelves; that the former indulged themſelves in all innocent Freedoms and Diverfions; but that the latter were fo horridly Prieft-ridden, and had, by Degrees, fuffer'd the Clergy to get fo much the Afcendant over them, and their Families, that even thoſe who had travell'd, and knew better, were obliged to put on fuch an affected, ftiff Rigidity of Behaviour, as made their Converfation very troublefome even to one another: And that the leaft Deviation from the Rules prefcrib'd them, by their fpiritual Guides, render'd them liable to be cenfured and expofed from every Pulpit, of which he promiſed to give me fome ludicrous Inftances, which may chance to be the Subject of another Letter. I hugg'd myfelf with the Thoughts of falling into fo good Hands, and began to hope I ſhould ſpend the Time of my Stay in Bremen more agreably than I at firft ima- gined. E 4 THE 56 The GERMAN SPY. THE Major calld me at the appointed Hour, and carried me to a large Cellar or Vault, oppoſite to my Lodgings, under the Senat-houfe, which is kept for the Benefit of the Public. The De- fcent into this Vault or Cellar is by a large Pair of Stone-Stairs, broad enough for five or fix Perfons to go down a-breaft, which leads into a fpaci- ous fubterranean Hall; on the right Hand, is a Row of Boxes, and at the End of them fome Rooms, for the Entertainment of Company. Op- pofite to theſe Boxes are five monftrous large Cafks, containing, if I have not forgot the Ac- count given me, confiderably upwards of 100 Hogfheads each; four of thefe Cafks are always kept full of Wine; but the fifth is left empty, with a final low Door or Entrance in the Head, to fatisfy the Curiofity of fuch as may be fond of creeping in, and faying they have been in the Belly of fuch a Bacchanalian Monfter; which I confefs I was not. The remaining Part of this and feve- ral other contiguous Vaults, which have a Com- munication one with the other, were fill'd with Rhe- nish Wine, of different Growths, and of various Ages, from one Year to 50, 60, or more, all in large Cafks, few or none of which were lefs than what they call a Stuck-Fafs, or eight Awms. As theſe large Caſks are all Iron-bound, and fome of them embellifh'd with very expenfive Ornaments of carved Work and Gilding, and befides, there ap- pearing to be a larger dead Stock of Wine, than the Vent they could have, could poffibly require, I had the Curiofity to afk, what Benefit the Public could reap by keeping fo large a Stock, and in fuch large Cafks, which could bear any reaſonable Proportion to the Intereft of their Mony, and the great Expence they feem'd to be at. To this I was anfwered, that the Value of Rhenifh Wine is always in Proportion to its Age, The GERMAN SPY. 57 Age, and that fuppofing it to be of a good Growth and Year, there was nothing they could veft their Mony in would yield fo good an Intereft: And as for keeping their Wine in fo large Cafks, they had this Advantage, that the larger the Quantity of Wine is, which lies together in one Body, the fafter it advances in that Quality which it gradually obtains by Age; infomuch that 50 Hogfheads of young Wine, put together in one Cafk, would ap- pear to be older, at the End of five Years, than the like Quantity in fingle Hogfheads, would do at twice the Age. HAVING thus taken a curfory View of the prodigious Stock of Wine, we retired into the Club-room, where fix or eight Members were al- ready together, who foon after encreas'd to 15, all Perfons that had the Appearance of Men of Faſhion and Fortune. We spent the firft Part of the Evening in general Converfation, on feveral public Topics; and our Dicourfe was chiefly in the English Tongue: But, about Nine o' Clock, our Company went off by two, three, and four, to feveral little Tables in the Room, fome to eat a Mouthful, and others to a Game of Picquet, Whiſk or Ombre, every one to kis Inclination, leaving only my Friend and one more with me, at the great Table. I took this Opportunity to defire the Major to give me fome Account of the State of Religion, and the Con- duct of the Priefts in that City; with which he ſeeming not very ready to comply, his Friend ex- cufed him, as being in the Service of the Public, and cautious of faying any Thing, which, if it went farther, might lay him liable to the implá- cable Malice of the Clergy; and therefore under- took the Tafk himſelf. 86 "OUR Religion (faid he) is what we call in Germany the Reformed, grounded upon the "Doctrine and Principles of Calvin, fomething "like 58 The GERMAN SPY. 66 "like that of your Presbyterians in England, or "rather more ftarch and formal; a Sort of Com- "pound, between that and Quakeriſm; conſiſting chiefly in an outward Shew of a more than ordinary Sanctity. Our Form, or rather no "Form of Worship, confifts chiefly of extempore Prayers, bordering very much upon Enthufiafm, "Pfalms or Hymns, and long-winded Sermons, "which have little in them but Cant, Scandal and perfonal Reflection. Our Priefts (continues he) "are a Sort of gloomy Mortals, whofe Light being what the Quakers call an inward Light, they are all Darknefs without, and perfectly an- "fwer the whimſical Character given by the Au- "thor of the Tale of a Tub, under the Name of Jack. When they appear in the Streets, they 66 46 (6 < put on fuch a fanctified Vizard, as, by over-act- "ing their Part, plainly fhews their Hypocrify, "thro' the Larve. They would not be feen to "enter into a Coffee-houfe or Tavern, tho' they "could thereby merit that Place in Heaven, fo "earneſtly defir'd of our Saviour by the two Sons "of Zebedee. They fpend the greater Part of "their Time (for Study their Religion requires "but little) in charitable Vifits to comfort the << good Women of their Pariſhes, where their Con- "verſation generally begins like a Quaker's Hold- "ing-forth, with Hums and Haws, and interme "diate Pauſes, which fometimes are introductory "to a Prayer: But to continue the Compariſon, "when they do break out into a Difcourfe, it gene- "rally confiſts of as much Wind, Noiſe and Non- "fenfe as that of a Quaker, when the Spirit begins "forcibly to operate, and the abfent are as little fpar'd as at a Chriſtening, or a Ladies Viſiting- day. Theſe Affemblies confift chiefly of Women; "and generally of fuch, who being either ancient "Widows or Maidens, are paft the Enjoyment ઃઃ 66 0 The GERMAN SPY 59 "of what we may call the gay Pleaſures of Life themfelves, and are therefore the best qualified, "with the Help of a good Share of Envy and ill "Nature, which, by Degrees, they themfelves "miftake for Virtue, to join with the Sons of Levi, to cenſure them in others. Men are fel- "dom allowed to partake of thefe holy Conver- "fations; or if they do fometimes admit a fancti- "fied Brother, they take Care, by proper Prepara- tions, to make him as arrant an old Woman as any "in the Society, not excepting the Prieft himſelf. "Not (added he) but there are fome few Occafional "Conformifts among them; Men of Learning and 66 Integrity, who are obliged to a Compliance with "the Cuftoms and Manners of the Place, and their "Order, for a Livelihood: But much the greater "Number are of the former Stamp." I fuppofe, faid I, interrupting him, thefe great Pretenders, at leaſt, to Sanctity, are very careful to fupprefs thofe un- ruly Paffions of Human Nature, which are fo apt to rebel, by a fevere and rigid Abftinence. "Not fo 66 is (replied he) on the contrary, they are continually pamper'd, like cramm'd Capons, by their credu- "lous Devotees, with the most exquifite Dainties, "and will make no Scruple, in their Company, "to tipple Canary and Sherry 'till they forget themſelves, and, laying afide the Mafk, become "a Contradiction to their own Profeffion: For "which the hoſpitable Dame is fure to be feverely reprimanded, at the next Meeting." 56 65 In theſe and * Our Author (or his Companion) gives us here a lively, and in general a juft Idea of fome, perhaps the greater Num- ber, of the Calvinifts Priests of this Place; tho' he feems to push the Matter to the utmost: And I muft beg Leave to tell him, the Number of Occafional Conformists is greater than he ſuppoſes. I have known and convers'd with ſeveral of them myfelf; Men of good Senfe, Learning, and, except in this Point, of 60 The GERMAN SPY. and the like Difcourfes, we pafs'd our Time, till our Company, by Degrees re-united, and then we ſpent another Hour in innocent Mirth, 'till our Hoft thought fit to put us in Mind it was Time to depart, by telling us the Clock of Authority, in the Senat-houfe, had ftruck Twelve. We had drunk excellent Wine the whole Evening, and, fol- lowing the prudent Method mention'd by the Go- vernor of the Feaft, at the Marriage in Canaan, ha- ving began with a young Rhenifh Wine of eighteen Groot (or about ten Pence) the Bottle, we, by De- grees, advanced in Age and Price, 'till we came to forty-eight Groot; and yet had referved a, better Sort to crown the Evening. It was now propofed to have a Bottle or two out of the Rofe, a Vault fo called of felect old Wine, the Key of which is kept by the prefiding Burgo-mafter, and only a Number of Bottles left in the Hands of the Maf- ter of the Cellar, to be fold at a Dollar (or about three Shillings fix Pence) the Bottle; an extravagant Price in this Country: But it was richly worth it, and far exceeded any Thing I had ever drunk of the Kind, even on the Rhine itſelf. It was faid to be of the Growth of Hochheim, the moſt cele- brated Vineyards on that River (from whence we have borrowed the Name of Old Hock) and of the of Probity too, who, tho' they are obliged fometimes to con- orm beyond their Inclination, are as moderate in it as poffible, and know how to behave according to the Company they are in But, I muft confefs, Bigotry either in the Priest, or Con- gregation, either real or feign'd, cannot be too much expos'd; and therefore, tho' our Author fhould have carried the Matter a little too far, it is a Fault of the right Side. Prophane or pious, Bigotry's the fame, The Motives Terror, Avarice or Fame. Opinion is but Int'reft in Difguife And Right and Wrong in Strength of Parties lies. Pope's Effay on Human Life. p. 7. Year The GERMAN SPY. 61 { Year 1666. We parted about One, merry, but none of us in the leaft difguifed; for Old Hock has this good Quality, that tho' it be ftrong, it is not intoxicating. The Major excufed his not being able to fee me the next Day, becauſe he was obliged to be upon Duty; but engaged me to fpend the Day following wholly with him, and kindly offer'd to conduct me to the feveral Parts of the Town, where there was any Thing worth my feing. I therefore refolved to spend this Day in Retirement, and writing this Letter to you, which if it fhould prove too prolix or trivial, you muſt thank yourſelf, I having your pofitive Command, fign'd, feal'd and delivered, to write to you the moft minute Circumftances which fhould occur to me, that had any Thing of Singularity in them, or could contribute to your Amuſement, in the happy Retreat you have wifely chofen to end your Days in. I am, &c. SIR, M LETTER VIII. BREMEN. Y laſt gave an Account how happy I was in the Acquaintance of a worthy Gentle- man, a Major in the Gariſon of this City, and of the Appointment I had made to ſpend the next Day with him, in taking a View of what was worthy my Notice here. Accord- ingly, he came to my Lodgings early in the Morn- ing, and having prevail'd upon him to breakfaſt with me, I took that Opportunity to defire a brief Account from him, of the ancient and prefent State of The GERMAN SPY. of this City, which he readily gave me, in the fol lowing Words: 66 “BREMEN (ſaid he) tho' now reckon❜d "the leaft confiderable of the three renown'd free "Imperial Cities, in Lower Saxony, Hamburg, "Lubeck, and Bremen, is beyond all Difpute, "the eldeft. Not to mention the Account of its ' being the Fabiramum of Ptolomy, built by Drufus, which is generally look'd upon to be "fabulous, I believe I may venture to fay it was "a Place of fome Note, towards the latter End "of the fifth Century, when Pope Gregory I, fent "St. Augustin, with other Monks,to Britain, to con- "vert the Saxons to the Chriftian Faith, in the Time " of Ethelbert, King of Kent. This was the Place "thofe holy Men chofe to embark in, to be tranf "ported to that Ifland; it being noted for Ship- "ping at that Time, which was above 200 Years before the Building of Hamburg, and more than 500 Years before the Building of Lubeck. "C ર "IN the Year 788, Charlemaign made it a "Bishop's See, and appointed St. Wilbadus, an Englishman, to be the firſt Biſhop: Tho' the Diploma, pretended to be granted by this Prince, તા at the Caftle of Nemes, now Spires, for the 66 Eſtabliſhment of this See, is, on Account of "fome Articles contain'd in it, generally believed "to be fuppofititious. In 848, St. Anſcharius, "Archbishop of Hamburg, which had been laid "wafte, three Years before, by the Danes, was "fent to Bremen, by Emperor Lewis the Pious; "where he was fourth Bishop, and firſt Archbi- "fhop, the Metropolitan See being transfer'd thi- ❝ther, or, according to other Writers, incorpo- "rated with this, by Pope Nicholas, with the "Confent of that Emperor. Several Privileges "were afterwards granted it by fucceeding Em- "Wenceslaus, perors, particularly by Henry V, William, The GERMAN SPY. 63 "Wenceslaus, and Charles V, to exterminate Pirates, and protect Merchants trading on the Wefer from all Danger. And for the Encouragement "of the Trade of this Place, no Goods were al- "low'd to go down the Wefer, and pass this City, "without being first landed here. The Inhabi- tants have, likewife, the Privilege of fishing "from the Bridge of Haye, four German Miles "above Bremen, down to the Sea, as likewife in "the Rivers Hunte, Ochtum, Wumme and Leefem, "which now into the Wefer. Among other "Fiſh, they catch great Quantities of Salmon and "Lampreys, the former of which being dried and "fmoaked, and the latter pickled, are in great" "Efteem throughout all Germany. Rudolph II, "endowed them with the Privilege, that neither "their Perfons nor Goods fhould be liable to Ar- "reft, Attachment, or other Impofition, through- " out the whole German Empire: And Charles V, gave them the Right of Coinage. They pre- "tend to a Right of Seffion and Vote in the Diet "of the Empire, ever fince Charlemaign, which "was confirm'd to them, notwithſtanding the Op- "" << pofition of the Archbishop, by Emperor Fer- "dinand III, in 1641. But afterwards, upon the "Secularization of the Archbishopric, in the "Reign of Queen Chriftina of Sweden, new Dif- putes aroſe thereupon, which came to a Rupture, "in 1654, on that, and other Accounts. Theſe "Differences were, indeed, compoſed under Charles Gustavus, in 1658; but broke out again under "Charles XI, and lafted 'till, by the Treaty of Habenhaufen, in 1666, among other Conceffions, they were oblig'd to wave their Pretenfion of a Right to Seffion and Vote, in the Diet of the Empire, 'till 1700, which is yet difputed them. "As to the ancient Form of Government, the "Emperors had their Vogts (or Bailiffs) here, 'till