A 594234
DUPL
URODELA
-AND-
CÆCILIA.

FROM THE MEDICAL LIBRARY
OF
DR. CORYDON L. FORD.
Bequeathed by Dr. Ford to the Medical Library of
the University, June, 1894.
1
THE TAILED AMPHIBIANS,
INCLUDING
THE CÆCILIANS.
A THESIS:
PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF MICHIGAN UNI-
VERSITY, BY
W. H. SMITH.
1877.

PRINTED AT THE
HERALD PUBLISHING HOUSE,
No. 209 Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, Mich.
1
5-1-36. He ☺
ΤΟ

Prof. M. W. Harrington,
MY ESTEEMED TEACHER AND FRIEND, TO WHOSE CARE,
ZEAL, AND POWER OF INSPIRATION I OWE
MUCH OF WHAT I MAY BE
IN LIFE,
IN GRAFEFUL RECOGNITION
OF THE MANY FAVORS RECEIVED, THIS LITTLE VOLUME
IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.
343237
PREFACE.
In presenting this thesis the writer would state that it
has been his aim to prepare a work which would facili-
tate the study of these animals. In the effort to accom-
plish this, he has not hesitated to use the works of pre-
vious authors, and as some may wish to know how
much has been taken from his predecessors, and others
desire the means of fuller investigation, he has appended
at the end a list of the works from which he has drawn
material. While under more or less obligation to all
these authorities, he feels that an especial mention is due
to the Erpetologie generale, by Dumeril and Bibron;
the article Amphibia in the Encyclopædia Brittanica, by
Prof. Huxley, and the papers of Prof. Cope.
In addition to the authors cited, he has availed himself
of the specimens in the University collection, and so far
as possible relied upon these rather than the writings of
his predecessors, fully believing that book knowledge,
however good, when compared to an examination of
the object, is like the dry bones in the prophet's vision.
So far as facilities were at hand, the descriptions and
characters have been drawn from the object. Where
•
6
PREFACE.
this was not present, they have been abridged, some-
times almost without change of language, from some pre-
vious writer.
Trusting that this little volume may be a help and a
guide to others in the study of these animals, the author
presents it, and asks for it a lenient criticism; for none
more than he will probably ever realize its imperfections.
ANN ARBOR, May 17, 1876.
•
·
EXPLANATIONS.
A number placed after a man's name refers to the list
of authors given in the back part, but if placed after the
name of an animal, as Amblystoma punctatum (14), in-
dicates that in the work cited, in this case, De Kay's
Natural History of New York, a drawing of the whole,
or some part, of the animal will be found.
Narial valvules, a term not generally used, refers to
two small hemispherical swellings upon the tongue,
which are fitted to the inner nares.
*AMPHIBIA.
Metamorphosis after birth, respiration branchial in
young, pulmonary, or pulmonary and branchial in the
adult, but always feeble in the lungs while active from
the skin; lungs with few cells; blood cold; corpuscles
oval nucleated; circulation incomplete; heart in adult
with two auricles and a ventricle;+ reproduction ovipa-
rous or ovoviviparous; foetus anamniate; allantois want-
ing, unless the urinary bladder represents it; skin usual-
ly naked or unarmed; skeleton incomplete, internal; cra-
nium with two occipital condyles; nasal sacs and pharynx
connected; nervous system cerebro-spinal; brain small;
cerebellum scarcely visible; excrementitious and repro-
ductive organs opening into a cloaca.
Exclusive of the extinct order Labyrinthodontia, none
of which have existed since the Trias, and which is char-
acterized by the labyrinthine teeth, the salamandroid or
rarely serpentiform body, and the presence of exoskel-
*For anatomy see 5, 39 b, and 61.
+A question has been raised as to the structure of the heart
in the Perennibranchiata. Proteus, and also the Axolotl in all
probability have only a single auricle.
IO
AMPHIBIA.
etal plates, the following table gives the subdivisions of
this class into orders:
Feet present at least in front; body not vermiform. (a)
Feet wanting; body vermiform
(a) Adult tailless; body thick..
OPHIOMORPHA.
ANOURA.
(a) Tail always present; body lacertiloid.-URODELA.
URODELA.
CAUDATA, Leuckart.
Body elongated, naked or without exoskeletal plates;*
tail compressed or cylindrical, persistent throughout
life; feet usually two pairs, rarely only one; radius and
ulna, as well as tibia and fibula, not united into a single
piece; external opening of the cloaca a longitudinal slit.
Gills persistent throughout life. PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
Gills caducoust.
.CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Perennibranchiata.
Amphipneusta, Oppel; Proteides, Leuckart, Harlan,
Muller, Dumeril and Bibron; Phanerobranches, Dumer-
*Amphiuma has very fine scales, and in this respect resembles
the Cæcilians.
*See at least apparent exception in the case of Siredon.

TRACHYSTOMA.
PROTEIDA.
Skull.
Elongated.
Elongated.
Præmaxillæ and Armed with horny Dentigerous.
Dentaries.
Præmaxillæ.·
Maxillæ.
5
Nasal Bones,
Palatines.
plates.
Ananchylosed.
Ananchylosed.
Rudimentary or Absent Absent.
Absent.
Wanting.
AMPHIUMIDA.
MENOPOMIDA.
SALAMANDRIDA.
Elongated.
Dentigerous.
Broad.
Dentigerous.
Anchylosed.
Ananchylosed.
Broad.
Dentigerous.
Separate or Anchylosed
Large.
Large.
Large.
Large.
Present.
Small Oval and beset With a single row of Absent.
with dents en brosse. | teeth.
Large.
Wanting.
Pterygoid.
Prefrontals.
Absent.
Wanting.
Two Anterior Cer-Distinct.
atohyals.
Vertebræ.
Amphicœlous.
United with Palatines. Elongated.
Wanting.
Present.
Very broad.
Present.
Connate.
Connate.
Amphicœlous.
Amphicœlous.
Cartilaginous.
Amphicœlous.
Cartilaginous.
Carpus and Tarsus Cartilaginous, the latter Cartilaginous
wanting.
Branchial Arches 4 Persistent.
Pelvic Arch and Absent.
Limbs.
Anterior Meta-
5
carpal Bones.
Phalanges of 4th
Finger.
Eyelids.
Inner Layer of
Choroid.
....
None.
Present in young, but
changing relation in
adult.
Present or absent.
Present or wanting.
Amphi- or Opisthocœ-
lous.
Cartilaginous orOsseous
3 Persistent.
4 Persistent.
May be reduced to 1st&2d 1st and 2d Persistent.
Developed.
Developed though small Well developed.
3
3.
4.
Well developed.
4
1
1.
3.
3
None.
None.
Two.
Two.
Cartilaginous.
Cartilaginous.
Wanting.
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
II
il and Bibron; Pseudophydiens, De Blainville; Sirenideae,
Tenney; Ichtyoides, Latreille.
Branchiæ persistent; prefrontal, nasal and maxillary
bones wanting; præmaxillæ not anchylosed together;
pterygoid absent, or united with the palatines; verte-
bræ amphicœlous; carpus and tarsus cartilaginous, the
latter sometimes absent; eyes without lids, in some cases
surrounded by circular ring resembling a lid.
Pelvic arch and limbs wanting.. TRACHYSTOMA.
Pelvic arch and limbs present. . .
PROTEIDA.
TRACHYSTOMA, Muller.
Skull elongated; parasphenoid edentulous; vomer
with teeth; præmaxillæ and dentaries armed with
horny plates; pterygoidea wanting; occipital condyles
sessile; first two ceratohyals distinct; branchiæ, bran-
chial apertures, and four pairs of arches persistent;
eyes surrounded by a circular lid; carpus cartilaginous;
pectoral arch and limbs developed, pelvic wanting; ante-
rior digits three or four.
12
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
Siren, Linnæus.
Body elongated; vomero-palatine teeth in two groups,
converging towards the front, but not united along the
median line; tongue triangular, free anteriorly and lat-
terally; head and neck confounded; mouth and eyes
small; muzzle round; tail compressed, its basal part con-
founded with the body.
Toes four; color uniform, without stripes.
S. LACERTINA. (1)
Toes three; color not uniform; longitudinal
bands or stripes present...S. STRIATA. (2)
* (1) Siren Lacertina, Linnæus.
Synonyms, Siren operculata, Beauvois, Cuvier, La-
treille, Shaw, Daudin; Siren intermedia, Le Conte, Wag-
*For the anatomy of this animal see 61.
www
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
13
ler, Owen, Holbrook, Baird, Rusconi; Pseudobranchus
intermedius, Gray.
Color dark gray to brownish or bluish black; muz-
zle, lower jaw, and feet somewhat lighter; head long,
rounded; opercula of the gills usually fringed; trans-
verse folds present upon the sides, and similar to the cos-
tal folds of many Salamanders.
Length eleven inches.
Habitat Southern States.
Le Conte (44 a) describes and figures as a separate
species under the name of Siren intermedia, an animal
which is probably only a variety of the lacertina. The
only difference from this to be detected by a careful read-
ing of his description is that it has the opercula of the
gills fleshy, undivided and not fimbriated. Its habits,
too, resemble both S. lacertina and S. striata, at times
burrowing in the earth like the former, and then at oth-
ers dwelling in mud and water like the latter.
Siren striata, Le Conte, (44 b)
Synonym, Pseudobranchus striatus, Gray.
Body dark with a broad brown stripe on each side;
below dotted with dark white, and with two longitudi-
nal stripes paler than those higher up; opercula trilobed;
head triangular, with rounded apex; transverse folds up-
on the sides similar to those of the preceding species;
limbs slender; toes three.
Length nine inches.
Habitat Southern States.
14
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
PROTEIDA, Muller,
Skull elongated; parasphenoid edentulous; vomer
with teeth along its anterior margin; præmaxillæ and
dentaries dentigerous; pterygoid present and anchylosed
with the palatines; occipital condyles sessile; first two
ceratohyals connate; branchiæ, branchial apertures, and
three pair of arches persistent; eyelids wanting; pelvic
and pectoral arches and limbs developed; anterior digits
three or four, fourth finger, or in this case the third, the
first being absent, with a single phalanx.
Toes, two or three on each foot; trunk very much
elongated.
PROTEUS (1)
Toes four on each foot; trunk short and thick.
MENOBRANCHUS (2)
(1) Proteus, Laurenti.
Teeth in the upper jaw in four rows converging
towards the front, or the two on each side uniting medi-
ally with the corresponding rows of the other side;
tongue small ovate, free anteriorly and laterally; eyes
concealed; muzzle truncate and shaped like a duck's
bill; toes three in front and two behind.
But one species is ordinarily recognized as belonging
to this genus. Cope (24, 0) however, from characters
J
I
1
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
15
of specimens in Prof. Hyrtl's private museum in Vien-
na, gives the following:
"A. Two condyles on the o. o. supraoccipitale. Lon-
gitudinal and transverse occipital crests none.
Verte-
bræ 23 Præmaxillary teeth seven upon each side,
no teeth on the o. operculare. From coronoid process
to angle of ramus nearly as long as from coronoid to
symphysis. Muzzle narrowed, canthus rostralis weak.
A. A. No condyles on the supraoccipitale.
ZOISII.
I. Twenty-three dorsal vertebræ; an occipital crest.
Præmaxillary teeth eight, mandibulars twenty-one, a
few operculars. Coronoid process scarcely developed.
Muzzle, and hence the o. o. frontalia exceedingly slen-
der; latter with the parietals convex (from drying?)
CARRARAE.
II. Twenty-five to six dorsal vertebræ; a longitudin-
al occipital crest.
a. No teeth on the o. operculare; præmaxillaries 8-9.
21-2 Mandibulars; from coronoid process to angle
much shorter than from former to symphysis; no groove
below coronoid process. Muzzle longer than following;
o. o. frontalia concave medially, parietalia plane; can-
thus rostralis strong..
•
XANTHOSTICHUS.
a. a. Teeth on operculare; præmaxillaries 8. Man-
dibulars 21; from coronoid to angle much shorter than
from former to symphysis; groove below coronoid ex-
tending anteriorly; muzzle shorter; frontals plane, parie-
tals, and occipitals concave; canthus strong.
SCHREIBERSII.
a. a. a. Teeth on operculare, præmaxillary teeth ten. 9.
Twenty-nine (four) mandibulars; coronoid without
16
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
*
groove below, much nearer angle mandible than sym-
physis; muzzle long, frontals narrow plane; canthus not
strong.
ANGUINUS.
Zoisii is the stoutest in proportion to its length. P.
carrarae is from Dalmatia, while the others are from Car-
inthia. A specimen like P. xanthostichus, but with nine
præmaxillary teeth has been named Freyeri, and one
very near anguinus with twenty-four mandibulars, has
been named Haidingerii."
Cope is not alone in holding the view that there are
more than one species of Proteus. Freyer* in 1846 claim-
ed two, and Fitzingert in 1857,described the following
seven:
Hypochthon zoisii,
66
66
66
66
66
66
Schreibersii,
Freyeri,
Laurentii,
Haidingeri,
carrarae,
xanthostichus.
The characters however used in distinguishing these
are not considered valid, and in the present state of
knowledge we seem scarcely justified in subdividing the
genus, but rather ought to consider these as varieties of
one and the same species. We have then
* Archives fur Naturgeschichte.
+Sitzungsberichte Wien. Acad.
A
1
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.
17
*Proteus auguinus, Laurenti (12 b)
Body smooth white or grayish rose; skin with mu-
cous pores almost concealed; branchiæ supported by a
common peduncle; tail much compressed.
2 Menobranchus, Harlan.
1
Necturus, Rafinesque, Wagler, Cope, Gray.
Phanerobranchus, Fitzinger.
Upper jaw with two curved rows of teeth, the poste-
rior row nearly parallel to and much longer than the an-
terior; tongue ovate, large, fleshy, free anteriorly and
laterally; toes distinct, four in front and four behind;
body short and thick; tail short, much compressed.
† Meuobranchus lateralis, Holbrook. (14, 12, b)
Synonyms, Protee tetradactyle, Lacepede; Triton lat-
eralis, Say; Necturus maculosus, maculatus, luteus,
*For the anatomy of P. anguinus see (45, h) and for the ani-
mals living with and serving it as nourishment see (46.)
+Cope (24, 0) believes this a young Spelerpes, and that it
changes to that as Siredon to Amblystoma.
18
CADUCIBRANCHIATA,
and fuscus, Rafinesque; Sirena maculosa, Rafinesque;
Phanerobranchus cepedii, Fitzinger; Siredon hyemalis,
Kneeland and the following probably: Necturus macu-
latus, Baird; Proteus maculatus, Barnes; Menobranchus
maculatus, Holbrook; Menobranchus punctatus, Gibbes.
Body cylindrical, smooth, brownish, with darker spots
and often a black lateral line; head broad, depressed;
eyes moderate; nostrils small; muzzle truncate; teeth
large and conical; gular fold very strongly developed;
gills red, three on each side.
Length 1½ feet.
Habitat the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, Ohio and
Alleghany Rivers, and Santee River?
Kneeland (47 b and c) states that this animal is noc-
turnal, feeds upon worms, cannot digest minnows, but
has its gills nibbled off by small fish, and hence can sur-
vive by cutaneous and pulmonary respiration, Smith
(48) confirms Kneeland's view of the pulmonary, as well
as branchial respiration, in that he succeeded in inflating
one of the pulmonary sacs. He also found a Libellula
larva in the animal's stomach.
Caducibranchiata.
Branchiæ not present in the adult state; maxillary and
nasal bones large; prefrontals usually present; præ-
maxillæ separate or anchylosed, and always dentigerous.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
19
Branchial apertures upon the neck open*. (a)
DEROTREMATA.
Branchial apertures closed in adult. (b)
(a) Anterior metacarpal bones three.
AMPHIUMIDA.
(a) Anterior metacarpels four... MENOPOMIDA.
(b) Anterior metacarpels four.SALAMANDRIDA.
AMPHIUMIDA.
Skull elongated; parasphenoid and vomer united, den-
tigerous on their anterior margin; palatine bones want-
ing; prefrontals and pterygoids present; præmaxillæ
and dentaries dentigerous; maxillæ and nasalia large;
præmaxillaries united to form a single piece; parietals
laterally prolonged, not contiguous with the prefrontals;
fronto-temporal arch none or incomplete; occipital con-
dyles pedicellate; basihyal cartilage present; a pharyn-
geal slit present on each side of the neck; branchial
arches four persistent; gills caducous; eyelid circular;
vertebræ amphicœlous; carpus and tarsus cartilaginous;
pelvic and pectoral arches and limbs developed, but
small; anterior digits two or three; fourth finger with a
single phalanx.
*Cryptobranchus forms an exception, being without bran-
chial apertures.
{
20
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Amphiuma, Garden.
Murænopsis, Fitzinger; Chrysodonta, Mitchill.
Vomero-palatine teeth in two longitudinal rows con-
verging in front; tongue triangular, much attached;
body very much elongated; neck short; muzzle obtuse;
feet small; tail compressed.
Toes upon each foot two... ... ... A. MEANS. (1)
Toes upon each foot three.. A. TRIDACTYLUM. (2)
1 Amphiuma Means, Holbrook.
Synonyms, Amphiuma didactylum, Cuvier; Chryso-
donta larvæformis, Mitchill.
Body brownish to slate color above, paler beneath;
skin smooth; sides with numerous transverse wrinkles;
body nearly cylindrical; toes on each foot two; tail short
without a distinct ridge rising above its surface.
Length 1½ feet.
Habitat Southern States.
Lives in deep ditches and fresh water lakes.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
21
2 Amphiuma tridactylum.
Body widest above, nearly ovate in section; color
brown to dark gray, paler beneath; skin transversely
wrinkled upon the sides, smooth above, with numerous
mucous pores; vomero-palatine teeth nearer together,
eyes more distant, than in the preceding species; toes
on each foot three; tail short, with a small ridge rising
above its surface.
Length 1½ feet.
I
Habitat South-Western States.
MENOPOMIDA.
PROTONOPSIDÆ, COPE,
Skull broad; parasphenoid edentulous; vomer with
teeth along its anterior margin; præmaxillæ and denta-
ries dentigerous; maxillæ and nasalia large; pterygoid
present and very broad; two separate præmaxillary
bones; prefrontals and parietals prolonged so as to em-
brace the frontals; fronto-temporal arch absent; occipi-
tal condyles sessile; basihyal cartilage present; gill
holes open or closed; branchial arches may be reduced
to two: upper and lower eyelids distinct; vertebræ am-
22
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
phicœlous; carpus and tarsus cartilaginous; pelvic and
pectoral limbs well developed; anterior digits four;
fourth finger with three phalanges.
Branchial apertures persistent.... MENOPOMA. (1)
Branchial apertures closed in adult.
CRYPTOBRANCHUS. (2)
1 Menopoma.
Palatine teeth in a parabolic curve between the inner
nares almost parallel to those of the maxillary; tongue
transversely oval; head depressed; eyes small; parotids
none; branchial apertures upon the side of the neck per-
sistent; skin naked; limbs short and thick; toes four in
front and five behind, the latter membranous; tail com-
pressed shorter than the body.
Menopoma Alleghanensis, Harlan (12, 6)
HELL-BENDER OR MUD-DEVIL.
Synonyms, Protonopsis horrida, Barton, Barnes, Cope;
Abranchus Alleghanensis, Harlan; Cyptobranchus sala-
mandroides, Leuckhart; Eurycea macronata, Rafin-
esque; Molge gigantea in part Merrem; Menopoma fus-
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
23
ca, Holbrook; Salamandria horrda et gigantea, or max-
ima Barton; Salamandra Alleghanensis, Michaux.
Body somewhat elongated, thick and strong; color
slate with dark spots; nostrils moderate well defined;
head very broad; internal nares large; two outer toes
with large membranous fringes.
Length 2 feet.
Habitat Ohio and Alleghany Rivers, and South Car-
olina ? not of the Great Lakes.
2 Cryptobranchus, Van der Hoeven.
Synonyms, Sieboldia, Bonaparte; Tritomegas, Dumer-
il and Bibron; Megalobatrachus, Tschudi.
Palatine teeth in a parabolic curve parallel to those of
the upper jaw; tongue much attached; body very large
rugose or warty; head depressed, oval; branchiæ and
branchial apertures caducous; tail short, compressed,
and provided with a crest.
This animal resembles the Salamandrida in respect to
its caducous gills, but may be readily distinguished from
them by its huge size and the arrangement of the vome-
ro-palatine teeth on the anterior edge of the vomer, in-
stead of the posterior, in a somewhat parabola-formed
curve with its convexity to the front.
24
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1 Cryptobranchus Japonicus, Schlegel. (5)
Synonyms, Salamandra maxima, Schlegel; Megaloba-
trachus Sieboldii, Tschudi; Sieboldia maxima, Bonaparte,
Gray; Sieboldia Davidiana? Blanchard.
Color ferruginous brown bestrewed with blackish
spots; above slightly shaded with green or olive; upper
part of the body, and especially the head, with numer-
erous rugosities; mucous pores numerous and secrete a
disagreeable smelling humor.
Habitat Japan and China.
Related to the fossil Andrias found at Oeningen.
Salamandrida.
A
t
Synonyms, Gradientia, Oppel, Gray; Pseudo-sauriens,
De Blainville; Atretoderes, Dumeril and Bibron; Myc-
todera of some authors.
Gill-slits perfectly closed in the adult state; skull
· broad; palatines present in the young, and arranged as
in Trachystoma and Proteida, but change their relations
with the growth of the animal; nasal bones usually
large; dentaries and præmaxillæ bearing teeth; limbs
four, well developed; anterior toes four; fourth finger
1
1
AMBLYSTOMIDÆ
PLETHODONTIDE.
DESMOGNATHIDE
HYNOBIIDÆ.
Prefrontals.
Present, Prolonged.
Not Prolonged.
Wanting.
Present.
Pterygoids.
Present.
Wanting.
Wanting.
Present.
Wall of Vestibule Osseous.
Osseous.
Osseous.
Parietals.
Embracing Frontals.
Slightly Embracing.
Not Embracing.
SALAMANDRIDÆ.
Present.
Present.
PLEURODELIDÆ.
Present.
Present.
Not Embracing.
Not Embracing.
Not Embracing.
Orbitosphenoid Separated by Membran-Separated by Membrane Separated by a Mem-Separated by a Mem-Confluent.
and Prootic.
ous wall.
Parasphenoid.
brane.
Non-dentigerous.
Occipital
Con-Sessile.
Dentigerous.
Sessile.
Dentigerous.
Pedicellate.
dyles.
Vertebræ.
Amphicœlous.
Amphicolous.
Opisthocœlous.
Carpus & Tarsus. Osseous.
Cartilaginous.
Cartilaginous.
Hind Toes.
i
5.
5 or 4.
5.
!
Fronto - temporal
Arch or Liga- None.
Liga-Nor
None.
None.
branous Wall.
Non-dentigerous.
Sessile.
None.
5.
Non-dentigerous.
Sessile.
Opisthocœlous.
Osseous.
None.
5
Non-dentigerous.
Sessile.
Opisthocœlous.
Osseous.
5 or 4.
Present.
ment.
OF
3CA:
CH
W


L
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
25
r
with three phalanges; eyelids two, an upper and a low-
er, very distinct.
Dummeril and Bibron contrasted the term Atretoderes
from Atratos without a foramen and deras neck
with Trematoderes, which they applied to the remainder
of the Anoura. The latter name etymologically consid-
ered seems to be a good one, but unnecessary, as is also
its synonym Immutabilia, of Fitzinger.
In the subdivision of the Salamandrida various meth-
ods have been followed. Hallowell (31, h) recognizes
nine families, Cope (24, 0), six, Dr. Gray (30, b) in his
Catalogue of the British Museum, five, while Prof.
Strauch who has lately written "Revision der Salaman-
driden Gattungen," divides them into Mecodonta and
Lechriodonta, the former comprising those in which the
vomero-palatines are so arranged as to diverge posterior-
ly, and the latter those in which the same teeth show a
transverse arrangement, or converge behind. The char-
acters of Cope's families are given in the enclosed table.
The genera included by him under each family are as
follows: Amblystomida-Amblystoma, Ensatina,* and
Onychodactylust; Plethodontidæ-Plethodon, Hemidac-
tylium, Spelerpes, Geotriton, Batrachoseps, Anaides,
and the following genera given under other names: Her-
edia, Oedipus, Manculus, Thorius, Gymnophilus, Ophio-
batrachus; Desmognathida-Desmognathust; Hynobii-
dae-Hynobius; Salamandrida-Salamandra and Tri-
*Now included in the genus Amblystoma.
He at a later date was disposed to consider this as belonging
to the Plethodontidæ.
‡Equal to part of the genus Plethodon.
26
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
ton*; Pleurodelidæ Hemisalamandra,
Neurergus,
Lissotriton, Lophinus, Euproctus, Cynops, Notophthal-
mus, Pleurodeles, Glossoliga, and Seiranota.†
The following table it is believed will enable any one
readily to refer an animal to its proper genus:
Vomero-palatine teeth transversely arranged or want-
ing; sphenoidal teeth wanting, or convergent
posteriorly; (a)
Vomero-palatine teeth in two longitudinal rows diver-
gent behind or sphenoidals present in two elon-
gated groups, and thus divergent. (c)
a. With a transverse row of teeth between the in-
ner nares. (b)
a. Teeth not in a transverse row, but running ob-
liquely backwards and uniting medially at an
acute angle.
b. Tail round at the base.
b. Tail compressed at the base.
HYNOBIUS. (9)
AMBLYSTOMA. (1)
ONYCHODACTYLUS. (2)
c. Hind toes four on each foot. (d)
c. Hind toes five. (†)
d. Vomero-palatine teeth in a transverse row,
rarely wanting; sphenoidals in two longitudi-
nal
groups,each consisting of several rows. (e)
d. Vomero-palatine teeth in two longitudinal
rows, curved outwardly behind, never in a
transverse series; sphenoidals wanting.
SALAMANDRINA. (II)
*His genus Triton only includes part of that of the same
name in this work.
Most of these genera are given in the following pages under
other names.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
27
e. Tongue attached in front by a mem-
brane… … …. … … … … … …..HEMIDACTYLIUM. (3)
e. Tongue free all around, boletoid.
BATRACHOSEPS. (7)
f. Sphenoidal teeth in two longitudinal groups
of several rows each; vomero-palatines in
a transverse series. (g)
f. Sphenoidal teeth wanting; vomero-palat-
ines in two longitudinal rows, never in
a transverse series. (j)
g. Tongue attached in front by a mem-
brane. (h)
g. Tongue free all around, boletoid. (i)
h. vomero-palatine teeth in a continuous
transverse row; commissure much
curved...
ANAIDES. (4)
h. Vomero-palatine series more or less in-
terrupted medially; commissure nearly
straight..
PLETHODON. (5)
i. Toes palmate.
•
i. Toes free...
GEOTRITON. (6)
...SPELERPES. (8)
j. Sides salient, owing to the great develop-
ment of the ribs which sometimes pierce
the skin. (k)
j. Sides rounded. (1)
k. Parotids present;
taillong, compressed.
PLEURODELES. (12)
k. Parotids none; tail short, subcylin-
drical...
BRADYBATES. (13)
1. Tongue more or less free behind. (m)
28
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1. Tongue free only upon the sides.* (n)
m. Palatine processes slender; tail cyl-
indrical; parotids very prominent.
SALAMANDRA. (10)
m. Palatine processes cuneiform; tail
much compressed at the breeding
season; parotids none.
EUPROCTUS. (16)
n. Outer and inner toes rudimentary;
ocellate spots often present upon the
sides.......NOTOPHTHALMUS. (14)
n. Outer and inner toes developed; oc-
ellate spots never present.
TRITON. (15)
*Triton punctatus forms an exception, being free all around.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
29
AMBLYSTOMA.
Synonym, Plagiodon, Dumeril and Bibron, includes
Xiphonura, Tschudi and Heterotriton, Gray.
Palatine teeth in a transverse, often interrupted row,
sometimes in the form of an arch or crotchet; toes, four
in front, five behind, never palmate; tongue fleshy,
round or long, centrally attached, with lateral and ante-
rior margins free; quadrato-jugal bone wanting; skin
smooth, slimy, perforated with mucous pores, especially
above the orbits and in the parotid region; costal fur-
rows strongly marked; tail short, round to oval at the
base, but compressed towards the extremity; vertebræ
amphicœlous; parasphenoid not dentigerous; orbito-
sphenoid and pro-otic separated by membranes; pos-
terior margins of palatines bearing the teeth; carpus›
tarsus, and basi-hyal ossified in adults.
As Prof. Cope (24, m) has given a very fine analytical
table of this genus as well as descriptions of the species I
have transferred his table to this work and have abridg-
ed many of the descriptions from those given by him
and would refer persons desiring a more complete study
to his very able presentations of the subject. His an-
alysis is as follows:
I. Series of teeth along the external fissure of the inter-
nal nares, Plicæ of tongue radiating from its posterior
30
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
portion. Parotid glands not forming an ovoid distinct
Four phalanges in fourth toe.*
mass.
A. Costal grooves ten;
(a) vomerine series three.
Head broad, width 3.5 to groin; muzzle contracted, ex-
ternal nares much closer than the internal, palatine series
convex backwards; tail short, compressed; blackish-
brown, grey speckeled....
B. Costal grooves eleven.
(a) Vomerine series three.
TALPOIDEUM.
b. No, or one, indistinct, plantar tubercle.
Middle series transverse or concave behind posterior
margins of nares; width of head in specimens of three
inches greater than one fourth the length to groin in
adult 4.7 times; black above with gray fasciæ; larger—
OPACUM.
Teeth as in the last; width of head in small speci-
mens 3.5 to groin, in adults 4.5 times; a strong
dorsal groove and longer tail; black above, with a series
of round yellow spots on each side the back. PUNCTATUM.
Median series of teeth convex, advancing beyond pos-
terior margin of nares; width of head much less than one
fourth length to groin; tail short, no dorsal groove; lead-
colored with an inferior lateral and usually superior
series of small yellowish spots..
bb. Two distinct plantar tubercles.
CONSPERSUM.
Medium series of teeth straight, nearly divided; exter-
nal nares much closer together than internal; width of
héad more than one fourth length to groin; muzzle very
* See exception under A. mavortium.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
31
short; tail much compressed; blackish above with large
irregular yellow spots, confluent on sides; below yellow.
BICOLOR'
C. Costal grooves twelve; mucous pores on each
side the muzzle.
(a) Larger species with two distinct plantar tuber-
cles.
(b) No canthus rostralis; head longer.
External nares as widely separated as inner; frontal
and nasal region very convex in transvere section; teeth
in four distinct series forming together a V with concave
sides projecting between the nares; body long, tail short;
color brown..
. OBSCURUM.
External nares nearer together than the internal on
account of narrower muzzle; brown with usually small
spots; brown always predominating; teeth continuous
or slightly interrupted externally.. . . .
. TIGRINUM.
External nares as widely separated as internal; muzzle
broad,obtuse;brown,yellow spotted, the yellow spots large,
often excluding the ground color; teeth continuous, or
slightly interrupted externally...
MAVORTIUM.
External nares as widely separated as internal; muzzle
broad, obtuse; dark brown, with vertical spots on sides;
teeth in four distinct series, in a nearly transverse line.
TRISRUPTUM.
bb. Canthus rostralis distinct; tail longer than head
and body, head shorter.
External nares nearer together than internal; muzzle
obtuse, head small, width five times to groin; front con-
vex; vomerine teeth in one series slightly convex for-
wards; yellow, with irregular brown bands above...
XIPHIAS.
+
I
;
32
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
a. a. Smaller species, teeth in three series.
No, or one indistinct, plantar tubercle.
External and internal nares equidistant; width of head
4.5 to 5 times in length to groin; length of eyes 2.5 or a
little less in width between anterior canthus of same;
tooth series transverse; lead-colored to black, with or
without pale or distinct lateral spots..JEFFERSONIANUM.
Inner and outer nares equidistant; width of the long
oval head 5.5 to 6 times in length to groin; length eye
fissure 1.75 (to? twice) in width between anterior can-
thus of same; tooth series slightly convex; lead-color-
ed. uniform..
..PLATINENUM.
Nares equidistant; width of head 5 tires to groin;
muzzle contracted; eye fissure 1.66 between anterior can-
thus of same, once to nostrils; median dental series
convex forwards. A broad gray band on vertebral line
of tail and body, expanding on occiput; sides dark red-
dish brown...
MACRODACTYLUM.
II. Series of teeth extending to external fissure of in-
ner nares; lingual plicæ radiating from behind; parot-
id glands forming a distinct ovoid mass.
a. Teeth in three series (no canthus rostralis or
plantar tubercles) fourth toe with three phalanges.
Nares equidistant, both approximated: median series
of teeth nearly straight short: width of head 4.5 times to
groin: eye fissure 1.7 times in width between anterior
canthus: limbs large, toes short. Uniform brown.
PAROTICUM.
III. Series of teeth not extending beyond inner line of
the nares: lingual plicæ radiating from behind: no dis-
tinct parotid mass.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
33
a. Two series of teeth (canthus rostralis distinct):
no plantar tubercles: fourth toe with three phal-
anges; twelve costal furrows (species large.)
Vomerine series transverse or directed backwards:
muzzle prolonged considerably beyond nares: brown,
marbled with dark brown...
TENEBROSUM.
Vomerine series in two sigmoids, which converge in
advance of nares: muzzle shortly rounded from external
nares: uniform black...
ATERRIMUM.
a. a. Two series of teeth: fourteen costal grooves:
fourth digit with four phalanges.
Teeth arched between inner nares: head one-fourth to
groin (in small sp): eye one-half width between canthus:
muzzle broad: outer nearer than inner nares: brown,
with a series of lighter spots on upper part of sides: be-
low yellowish: muzzle and tail marbled with the same.
TEXANUM.
IV. Series of teeth not extending beyond inner mar-
gin of nares: lingual plicæ radiating from a median lon-
gitudinal furrow of the tongue: no distinct parotid mass
(species small.)
a. Two series of teeth (no canthus rostralis): fourth
toe with four phalanges.
Mandible shorter than muzzle: head elongate, width
between eyes behind equal from same to nares: width
of head 6.5 times in length to groin: black, with numer-
ous grey annuli on body and tail..
CINGULATUM.
Mandible longer than muzzle: head short, broad:
width between the eyes behind equal from same to end
of muzzle: body stouter: width of head 6.5 to 7 times.
in length to groin; lead-colored with a few grey shades
below.....
MICROSTOMUM.
34
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
While the above is exceedingly valuable, and to some
would be all that could be desired, it is probable that
the following will be more serviceable to most persons
in the determination of species.
Spots large, very different from the usual color. (a)
Spots none, minute, or nearly uniform with the ground
color. (1)
a. Plantar tubercles two. (h)
a. Plantar tubercles indistinct or none. (b)
b. Costal grooves 14, vomerine series of teeth
two. (f)
b. Costal grooves 12. (e)
b. Costal grooves II.
3. (c)
Vomerine series of teeth
b. Costal grooves 10, vomerine series of teeth 3.
TALPOIDEUM. (5)
c. Color black: spots or bands large: medi-
an series of teeth concave behind or
straight. (d)
c. Color plumbeous: spots small: median se-
ries of teeth convex behind.
CONSPERSUM. (12)
d. Back with transverse bands of gray.
OPACUM (2)
d. Back without transverse bands or gray.
PUNCTATUM. (1)
e. Vomerine series of teeth 3: canthus ros-
tralis distinct: back with a gray line.
MACRODACTYLUM. (7)
e. Vomerine series of teeth two: can-
thus rostralis none: no gray dorsal
line...
TENEBROSUM. (9)
f. Canthus rostralis wanting. (g)
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
35
f. Canthus rostralis distinctly marked.
TEXANUM. (10)
g. Back and tail with gray rings or bands.
CINGULATUM. (19)
MICROSTOMUM. (8)
g. Back plumbeous: sides spotted.
h. Costal grooves 12. (i)
h. Costal grooves II: vomerine series of teeth 3.
BICOLOR. (II)
i. Tail shorter than the body: canthus ros-
tralis wanting. (j)
i. Tail exceeding the length of the body: can-
thus rostralis distinct......XIPHIAS. (15)
j. Vomerine teeth in a nearly continuous
line. (k)
j. Vomerine teeth in four distinct patches.
TRISRUPTUM. (14)
k. Nares inequidistant: yellow spots
usually small... TIGRINUM. (3)
k. Nares equidistant: yellow spots
large……. MAVORTIUM. (6)
1. Plantar tubercles indistinct, or none. (m)
1. Plantar tubercles two distinct.... OBSCURUM. (13)
m. Costal grooves 12 or more. (n)
m. Costal grooves II...... PAROTICUM. (17)
n. Vomerine series of teeth 3, extending
to exterior of nares. (o)
n. Vomerine series of teeth 2, extending
only to interior of nares.
ATERRIMUM. (18)
o. Width of head 4.5 to 5 times the
length to groin.
JEFFERSONIANUM. (4)
o. Width of head 5.5 to 6 times the
length to groin. PLATINENUM.(16)
•
36
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1 Amblystoma punctatum, Baird. (14)
1
VIOLET COLORED SAL AMANDER.
Synonyms, Amblystoma subviolaceum, Tschudi; Sal-
amandra subviolacea,De Kay, Holbrook, Harlan,Schle-
gel; Salamandra punctata, Lacepede, Wagler; Sala-
mandra venenosa, Barton, Daudin; Lacerta subviolacea,
Barton; Lacerta punctata, Linnæus; Lacerta maculata,
Shaw.
Color black, at least above, sometimes slightly pur-
plish, changing to brown in alcohol: two sets of bright
yellow spots arranged somewhat in rows on each side
of the back: legs also spotted, spots unequal and change
to white in alcohol: tail oval, compressed at the end:
body cylindrical: head large, depressed: muzzle round-
ed: skin smooth, perforated with pores: two patches of
these on each side of the head, one reaching from the
nostril backwards, above and somewhat around the eye,
the other in the parotid region: cervical fold strong: an-
other fold present behind the eye, the two connected by
a ridge: costal furrows eleven, strongly marked, some-
times with others less marked; furrows behind the leg
in the anal region four, and others less prominent upon
the tail; back with a longitudinal groove: tail indistinct-
AMBLYSTOMA.
PUNCTATUM.
OPACUM.
TIGRINUM.
JEFFERSONIANUM.
TALPOIDEUM.
MAVORTIUM.
MACRODACTYLUM.
MICROSTOMUM.
TENEBROSUM.
Above.
Black.
Brown or Black.
Brown.
Brown.
Color.
Below.
Paler.
Dark Slate.
Green and Yellow-Green.
ish White.
Brown.
Paler.
Dark Brown.
Brown with Gray Dorsal
Black.
Longitudinal Band.
Brown.
Brown.
Paler.
Reddish Brown.
Pale.
Color.
Yellow.
Gray.
Yellow.
None or Light Blue Plumbeous Gray. Yellow.
Grayish White..
Plumbeous.
Dark Brown.
Spots
Shape.
Round.
Transverse Bands.
ent Blotches.
Round and Conflu None or Light Blue Blotched & Marbled Transverse Ellipti-Dots.
Costal Furrows.
Eleven.
Eleven
Twelve.
Thirteen.
Ten.
calBands orBlotches
Twelve.
Indefinite.
Marbled.
Twelve.
Fourteen.
Twelve.
Plantar Tubercles.
Indistinct.
Indistinct.
Two.
One almost indis-
Two.
Indistinct.
tinct.
Canthus Rostralis.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
Vomerine Series of Teeth.
Three.
Three.
One.
Three.
Three.
One.
Distinct.
Three.
Indistinct.
None.
Two.
None.
Distinct.
External and Internal Nares. Inequidistant.
Inequidistant.
Inequidistant.
Equidistant.
Inequidistant.
Equidistant.
Equidistant.
Phalanges of Fourth Toe.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Length.
16 inches.
3½ inches.
Diameter of Head.
% inches.
15-16 inch.
7 inches.
% inch.
35% inches.
334 lines.
3.8 inches.
6 1-5 inches.
4 inches.
1.52 inch.
7 inches.
Habitat.
United States.
United States.
United States.
Vermont to Wis-Illinois and South-California,Minneso. Puget's Sound.
consin.
ta & New Mexico.
ern States.
4 lines.
United States.
Inequidistant.
Two.
Inequidistant.
Three.
9.3 inches.
1 1-5 inches.
Oregon and Colum-
bia.

AMBLYSTOMA.
TEXANUM.
BICOLOR.
CONSPEKSUM.
OBSCURUM.
TRISRUPTUM
XIPHIAS.
PLATINENUM.
PAROTICUM.
ATERRIMUM.
CINGULATUM.
Above.
Brown.
Brown.
Plumbeous.
Brown
Brown.
Color.
Below.
Color.
Yellow.
Light.
Yellow and Olive. Paler.
Yellow.
Yellow.
spots.shape.
Costal Furrows.
Fourteen.
Bands and Blotches Small, Roundish.
Eleven.
Brownish Yellow. Brown.
Bark Brown, barely
Yellow.
Visible.
Blotches.
Yellowish Olive.
Brighter Yellow.
Brown.
Plumbeous.
Paler.
Whitish, Indistinct. None.
Brown.
Paler Brown.
Black.
Plumbeous.
Black.
Black and Gray.
Transversely Ellip-Bands and Ventral Blotches.
None.
None.
None.
Gray.
tical Blotches.
Spots.
Rings and Specks.
Eleven.
Twelve.
Twelve.
Twelve.
Twelve.
Eleven.
Twelve.
Fourteen.
Plantar Tubercles.
Two.
Indistinct.
Two.
Two.
Two.
Indistinct.
None.
None.
None.
Canthus Rostralis.
Marked.
None.
None.
None.
Vomerine Series of Teeth. Two.
External and Internal Nares. Inequidistant.
Phalanges of Fourth Toe
Three.
Three.
Four.
Four.
Distinct.
One.
None.
Marked.
None.
Three.
Three.
Two.
Two.
Inequidistant.
Equidistant.
Equidistant.
Inequidistant.
Equidistant.
Equidistant.
Equidistant.
Inequidistant.
1
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Three.
Length.
12 3-10 inches.
5 5-6 inches.
31.9 lines.
8 1-6 inches.
6 4-5 inches.
11 inches.
Diameter of Head.
Habitat.
834 lines.
3.7 lines.
11 lines.
¡4-5 inch.
10%½ lines.
7.2 inches.
34 inch.
Texas.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania to
Georgia.
DesMoines, Iowa. Ocate River N. M. Ohio.
Ohio.
Puget's Sound.
Three.
61½ inches.
4½ lines.
Rocky Mountains.
Four.
3½ inches.
34 lines.
South Carolina.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
37
ly furrowed lengthwise upon the side: eyes prominent:
nostrils small distinct.
Length 6 inches.
Tail
2/2
66
Body
32
(C
Head to cervical fold 34 inch.
Diameter of body
66
"head
5/8
(6
5/8
66
Habitat United States east of the Rocky Mountains.
(2) Amblystoma opacum. Gravenhorst. (14)
:
THE BLOTCHED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra fasciata, Green, Harlan Hol-
brook, De Kay, Storer, Wagler; Salamandra opaca,
Gravenhorst; Salamandra Gravenhorstii, Leuckart.
Color above light clay or ash, with transverse dark
brown or bluish bands, sometimes in blotches, and ex-
tend from head to tail: below the color is dark slate:
head with a triangular spot: in alcohol the animal is a
grayish ash, with transverse bands of dark brown or
brownish black: tail oval, with indistinct lateral furrows:
'body nearly cylindrical, thickest in the middle; head
large, depressed; muzzle round: mucous pores of the
skin numerous, about equally distributed, hence no spe-
cial patches above the eye and in the parotid region;
cervical fold, fold behind the eye and connecting groove,
costal furrows, and furrows in the anal and caudal region
38
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
as in A. punctatum: dorsal longitudinal groove less mark-
ed than in that species, but still distinct: eyes small yet
prominent: nostrils minute.
Length 3½ inches.
Tail 112
Body 2
ve
66
Head to cervical fold ½ inch.
Diameter of body ½inch;
head 15-16 inch.
66
Habitat United States east of the Rocky Mountains.
Cope says, "The principal difference in form and
structure between this species and A. punctatum are
seen in the absence of any dorsal furrow, or a less prom-
inence of that on the side of the tail. The limbs are
more feeble, the head narrower, etc." In the eight spec-
imens before me however, all of which came from South-
ern Illinois, the dorsal groove is very distinct. In a
specimen from Ann Arbor it is barely visible. In these
the most prominent mark of the species is its color,
which differs very strikingly from the A. punctatum.
Mann (60) states that this animal lays its eggs in the
beds of small ponds, and in some cases the number of
these amounts to one hundred and eight. He found
them in this situation in summer, and also in November,
and always with the male and female curled up over the
eggs as if in the process of incubation.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
39
(3) Ambiystoma tigrinum, Green. (14)
Synonyms, Amblystoma luridum, Baird, Hallowell;
Amblystoma episcopus, Baird, Hallowell; Salamandra
lurida, Sager;* Salamandra ingens, Green; Salamandra
tigrina, Harlan, Green; Triton tigrinus, Holbrook, De-
Kay.
Color in alcohol varying from brown to lurid above,
plumbeous and yellowish white below, the yellowish
white in blotches between the brown and plumbeous,
sometimes connected longitudinally: spots varying from
reddish brown to white, yellow in fresh specimens, ex-
tending from the head to the tail and scattered irregu-
larly: tail oval: body cylindrical in some, in others thick-
est in the middle, and tapering both ways: head depress-
ed: muzzle round; skin smooth with numerous mucous
pores: cervical fold and fold behind the eye with con-
necting parotid ridge: costal furrows eleven, strongly
marked, and others becoming indistinct; furrows behind
the legs gradually ceasing, so that the end of the tail is
smooth: back with longitudinal groove: tail without
any indication of lateral furrows: eyes prominent: nos-
*Dr. Sager believes his A. luridum distinct from tigrinum.
If so the above description is that of luridum, and I have not
seen the tigrinum.
40
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
trils smail, distinct: plantar tubercles two, well de-
veloped.
Length 7 inches.
Tail
3
6.6
Head to cervical fold I in.
Diameter of bodv
66
I
66
head 7%
66
Body 4
Habitat Michigan to Minnesota, Nebraska, Louisiana
and New Jersey.
Hoy (59) states that this animal moves very slowly
upon land, but is very active in the water. Insults of
fered to its mouth or eyes are resented by strokes or
the tail. They are nocturnal in habits; remain in con-
cealment during the day, are sometimes found in cellars
after a wet night, and probably only quit the water in
the fall to seek more congenial winter quarters.
4 Amblystoma Jeffersonianum, Green. (14)
THE GRANULATED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra granulata, De Kay; Triton
higer, De Kay; Xiphonura Jeffersoniana, Tschudi,
Gray; Salamandra Jeffersoniana, Green, Holbrook,
Harlan, Schlegel; Amblystoma fuscum, Holbrook; Am-
blystoma laterale, Hallowell.
Color black to greenish in alcohol, above green-
ish slate, without blotches or spots, below of a grayish
green tinge; cervical fold white; tail roundish oval;
body cylindrical, much longer and slimmer than A.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
41
punctatum; head elongate, apparently not separable
from the body; muzzle round; mucous pores of the skin
distributed over the body generally, and not collected in
special groups; cervical fold indistinct, but its place
marked by a white band; fold and connecting ridge be-
hind barely discernible; costal furrows thirteen, less
marked than in A, punctatum, but nevertheless distinct
or at least their place represented by a whiter color;
furrows behind the leg also less prominent, and extend-
ing almost to the tip of the tail; dorsal longitudinal groove
nearly or quite indistinct; lateral caudal furrows want-
ing, but a subcaudal extends from anus to tip; eyes
small but prominent; nostrils minute.
Length 35% inches.
Tail 1 9-16
Body 2 1-16
66
CC
Head to cervical fold 7-16 inch.
Diameter of body
3/8
66 head
5-16 "
66
Habitat Vermont, Pennsylvania, Southern Illinois,
Wisconsin, North Shore Lake Superior, and the coun-
try included.
5 Amblystoma talpoideum, Gray.
Synonym, Salamandra talpoidea, Holbrook, De Kay.
Color brown above, paler beneath, blotched or mar-
bled with grayish spots; back and tail with dark spots;
tail roundish oval, without lateral groove; body depress-
ed; head slightly wider than the body; canthus rostra-
lis not well defined but present; mucous pores numer-
42
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
ous, a prominent row passes interior to the eye; cervi-
cal fold distinct; costal furrows ten; eyes prominent but
small; nostrils minute.
Length 3 4-5 inches.
Tail
Body
1½
2.3
c
66
Head to cervical fold .55 inches.
Transverse diameter
of head .52 inches.
Length of hind leg 1.7
Habitat Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.
66
6 Amblystoma mavortium, Baird. (13.)
Synonyms, Amblystoma proserpine, Baird; Amblys-
toma maculatum, Hallowell; Amblystoma nebulosum,
Hallowell; Camarataxis maculata, Cope; Amblystoma
Californiese, Gray; Desmiostoma maculatum, Sager;
Siredon lichenoides, Baird.
Color dark brown, paler to yellow below, with yellow
caudal and dorsal spots or blotches, and lateral ellipsoid
bands extending transversely; limbs blotched; costal
furrows less marked than in Amblystoma punctatum;
tail ensiform; body stout; head large, very broad; muz-
zle rounded; vomerine series of teeth forming an angle
with the apex in front; Hallowell (31, b) says "arched
in four patches, the two middle convex anteriorly, nearly
in contact;" digits triangular, depressed; males with a
fin at upper base of tail in the breeding season; anal re-
gion swollen.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
43
Length 834 inches.
Tail
4
66
Head to cervical fold 1 inch.
Transverse diameter of head I"
Body 4 3/4"
66
64
66
body I "
Habitat California, Nebraska, New Mexico, and the
region of the Rocky Mountains.
Siredon lichenoides, Bd. is here placed in the list of
synonyms because the recent observations of Prof. O.
C. Marsh (37) on the specimens from Lake Como, so
confirmatory of and more explicit in regard to species
than those made by Dumeril, (32) leave no doubt that
it is simply an undeveloped larva of this species. Baird's
description (27, c) which is still valuable as giving the
characteristics of the young, is as follows: "Body uni-
form blackish brown, covered all over with licheniform
patches of grayish yellow; snout rounded; tail compress-
ed and lanceolated; toes broad and short."
7. Amblystoma macrodactylum, Baird.
Color in alcohol brown, with dorsal stripe of grayish
brown extending from head to the end of the tail; dark
brown spread over the animal from this stripe to the
belly, and a few spots occur in the stripe; lateral gray-
ish white dots present, and sometimes extend to the
limbs; tail somewhat compressed; costal furrows twelve;
body cylindrical, depressed; head depressed and elon-
gated; palatine teeth in three or four patches; transverse
44
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
diameter of head three-quarters the distance from muz-
zle to cervical fold, eyes prominent; nares equidistant.
Length 4
inches.
Habitat Oregon and Washington Territory.
8. Amblystoma microstomum. Cope.
Synonym, Triton porphyriticus, (?) Holbrook.
Color in alcohol brownish black, paler beneath; plum-
beous spots of indefinite outline scattered thickly and ir-
regularly over the sides, sometimes wanting, at others
licheniform; tail round or nearly so at the base, but be-
coming ensiform towards the end; body slender; length
about thirteen times its greatest diameter; head narrow-
er than and not separable from the body; projection of
upper jaw not as great as that of the lower; dorsal fur-
row present, but not deeply indented; mucous pores of
the head not different from those of the body; lingual
longitudinal furrow present.
Length 4 inches.
Tail
Body
66
1½"
2½"
Head to cervical fold .45 inch.
Diameter of head
.3I
66
Habitat Illinois and Ohio to Louisiana and Arkansas.
This species very closely resembles Plethodon glutin-
osus, but is distinguished from it by the arrangement of
the teeth in a transverse uninterrupted row arched in
front instead of being separated by a wide interval, and
also by the tail being very much compressed laterally:
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
45
while in the glutinosus it is cylindrical or only slightly
compressed. The Triton porphyriticus of De Kay is
probably Plethedon glutinosus.
9. Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard.
Color in alcohol uniform chestnut brown, marbled
with darker brown, and head with a grayish tinge; body
cylindrical, depressed; head nearly elliptical; skin cor-
rugated; tail short tapering, much compressed, edges
near the tip sharp; limbs relatively strong; fingers short,
depressed, the third longest, with a kind of bulb on the
under surface; vomerine teeth in two groups, both con-
vex in front, uniting at a slight angle with the apex back-
wards; animal as a whole "especially characterized by
its massive frame and huge size among true Salaman-
ders."
Length 9.3 inches.
Tail
3.65"
Body 5.65
66
Habitat Oregon.
Head to cervical fold 1½ inches.
Breadth of head
1.15
Expansion between toes on
CC
opposite sides. 3 3-5 inches.
1
46
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
10. Amblystoma Texanum, Matthes. (13)
Synonyms, Salamandra Texana, Matthes.
Color above brown, laterally and below yellow; a se-
ries of light spots on each side near the back, one cor-
responding to each costal fold; other spots scattered ir-
regularly over the sides and legs; body subcylindrical,
slender; tail long, tapering; head oval, broad, somewhat
depressed; vomerine series of teeth arched; tongue not
grooved; limbs ordinarily strong; costal grooves four-
teen, well marked; cervical and cephalic folds slight
but distinct; eyes and nostrils of average size.
Length 2.31 inches.
Habitat Texas.
11. Amblystoma bicolor, Hallowell.
Color blackish above, yellow beneath, olive in the mid-
dle, yellow upon the sides in spots or blotches; limbs
transversely banded; tail yellow with dark spots; muz-
zle marked and spotted; parotid region yellow; body
strong; head large; feet somewhat depressed; tail com-
pressed but thick and rounded at base; vomerine teeth
in three series, sometimes brushform; posterior nares
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
47.
small; dorsal longitudinal groove present, but faint:
skin smooth; cervical and cephalic folds poorly devel-
oped.
Length 5.85 inches.
Tail
2.65
66
Head to cervical fold .81 inches.
Breadth of head
66
-73
Habitat Beesley's Pt., New Jersey.
Hallowell (31, b) says, "perhaps the young of Am-
blystoma tigrinum." However the eleven costal folds,
the non-emarginate tongue, and the dentition seem to
indicate a separate species.
12. Amblystoma conspersum. Cope.
Color above cinereous brown or plumbeous finely
speckled with white, below dirty white; sides with in-
distinct light colored spots; muzzle sometimes marbled
at the end; body much compressed; dorsal groove in-
distinct; costal grooves eleven; tail compressed through-
out its whole length; head large, oval; vomeṛine teeth
in three groups, the middle longest; tongue elliptical ;
limbs short, digits long and slender; skin smooth, visible
mucous pores few upon the body, but many upon the
tail; species resembles A. Jeffersonianum.
Length 31.9 lines.
Tail
12.6 66
Head to cervical fold 4.3 line s
Breadth of head
Habitat Pennsylvania to Georgia.
3.7
T
48
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
13. Amblystomɛ obscurum, Baird.
Color above and laterally brown, beneath brownish
yellow; sides with darker vertical blotches barely per-
ceptible; tail similarly marked; head very broad; gape
unusually large; inner nares and tongue large, the latter
broader than long; vomerine series of teeth four, V form
the angle anterior and interrupted along the median
line, branches reaching to the anterior border of inner
nares; inner anterior series about twice the length of
the external ones; skin much corrugated; costal grooves
twelve; tail compressed.
Length 8 inches, 2.15 lines. Head to cervical
Tail
(C
3
2
66.
Habitat Des Moines, Iowa.
fold 12.75 lines.
Breadth of head 10.9 lines.
14. Amblystoma trisruptum, Cope.
Color in alcohol dark blackish or bluish brown; a
single series of large, yellow, transversely elliptical
blotches extending from the neck to tip of tail, and a
round one just behind the eyes; body strong; head
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
49
broad, ovate, much depressed; muzzle pointed; vomer-
ine teeth in four groups, with large intervals; nares equi-
distant; tongue broader than long; tail compressed to-
wards the tip with sharp edges; skin granulated;
mucous pores as usual; certain particles noteworthy in
the parotid region.
Length 6 4-5 inches.
Tail
3
66
Head to cervical fold .9 inch.
Breadth of head
Habitat Ocate River, N. M.
4-5
66
15. Amblystoma xiphias, Cope.
Color yellowish olive, brighter yellow beneath; sides
and back with brown anastomosing or reticulating
bands; head small; cheeks swollen; eyes rather small
but distinct; mandible projecting; outer nares nearer
together than the inner; tongue large; vomerine teeth
V form, at an obtuse angle, interrupted along the me-
dian line, and limbs of the V curve; tail oval, crestless,
grooveless, longer than the body, compressed from the
base and not elevated; digits triangular, depressed.
Length 11 1/4 inches.
Tail
6
(C
Habitat Columbus, Ohio.
Head to cervical fold 1 inch.
Breadth of head. .88"
تر
1
50
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
16. Amblystoma platinenum, Cope.
Color plumbeous, paler beneath, with numerous in-
distinct whitish blotches; body elongated; head oval;
muzzle rounded; nares equidistant; dermal cryptæ
present in the parotid region; breadth of head five-sev-
enths the distance from muzzle to cervical fold; vomer-
ine teeth in three patches; angle of the eye anterior to
that of the mouth; mucous pores in series along super-
ciliary, also behind and below the orbit, and in the parot-
id region.
Habitat Northern Ohio.
17. Amblystoma paroticum, Baird.
Color reddish brown, paler beneath; immaculate;
body strong, rounded and depressed; tail oval, tapering
towards the tip, compressed, edge below sharp; head
depressed; nares about equidistant; vomerine teeth in
four groups, with angle anterior; tongue moderate,
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
51
nearly circular; eyes very large and prominent; neck
constricted; limbs large; digits long, linear, and not tri-
angular; costal furrows eleven.
Length 7.2 inches.
Tail
66
3.4
Habitat, Puget's Sound.
Head to cervical fold .95 inch.
Breadth of head
3/4
66
17. Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope.
Color above black, plumbeous beneath; body strong;
tail short, upper edge and posterior half compressed;
head oval, broad; tongue large, as broad as long; vomer-
ine series of teeth in two groups, beginning behind the
inner nares, passing in a curve to the anterior, then turning
towards the median line at a right angle to their pre-
vious direction; nares equidistant; cervical fold promi-
nent; parotid mass or ridge invisible; costal folds twelve,
indistinct; limbs strong; palms wide, toes short, de-
pressed.
Length 6½ inches.
Tail 22
66
Head to cervical fold 1234 lines.
Breadth of head
934
Habitat Northern Rocky Mountains.
52
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
.
19. Amblystoma cingulatum, Cope.
Color in alcohol black, beneath speckled with gray;
transverse dorsal gray bands present, and extend down
the sides between the costal folds, sometimes branching
and meeting on the back so as to enclose an area; annu-
li present from the orbits to tip of tail; body very slen-
der; head long, ovoid; muzzle long, projecting beyond
mandible; tongue oval, elongate, with a deep longitu-
dinal furrow; row of vomerine teeth convex in front, not
extending beyond inner margin of internal nares; gape
of mouth short; external nares three-fifths as far apart
as the internal; cervical, parotid, and cephalic folds well
marked; body elevated in scapular and pelvic regions;
tail compressed, carinated above, and towards the tip
below; digits slender, depressed.
Length 3½ inches.
Head to cervical fold 6
Breadth of head
Habitat Grahamville, South Carolina.
lines.
3 I-5 lines.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
53
ANIMALS KNOWN ONLY IN THE LARVAL
STATE.
While the following species have hitherto been refer-
red to a distinct genus, the researches of Dumeril, Marsh,
and Tegetmeier render it probable that they are only
immature forms, and probably as suggested by Cope in
regard to the first, they all belong to the genus Amblys-
toma. At the same time it should be borne in mind that
no one has ever seen a species of true Axolotl, such as
Siredon Mexicanus, undergo metamorphosis, all the ob-
servations recorded on this point having been with
Siredon lichenoides, which soon after naming by Prof.
Baird, was suspected of being a larval form. Still fur-
ther, in all the collections brought from Mexico not a
single Amblystoma has ever been obtained south of the
26th parallel, while the Axolotl inhabits the Lake of
Mexico. Dumeril has also shown that the Siredons
were capable of reproduction, while so far as our pres-
ent knowledge goes, the metamorphosed Amblystoma
is always barren. These facts leave still room for doubt
as to whether these animals undergo transformation.
And yet while no specimen has ever been observed show-
ing a tendency to a change, their relation to an animal on
which observations have been made is such as to render
54
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
a metamorphosis in their case exceedingly probable un-
der favorable conditions. In naming them here the ge-
neric term, Siredon, though perhaps inappropriate, is re-
tained where a better has not been given, because when
the adult is discovered, it will probably be some already
well known Salamander, and in the present state of sci-
ence to assign them new designations would only add
to the already burdensome list of synonyms. Also the
characteristics of Siredon are still valuable as referring
to the young, and hence are given as follows.
Siredon, Wagler.
AXOLOTL, rarely ATOLOCALT.
Body short and thick; head depressed; tongue small;
vomerine teeth numerous, small, disposed obliquely to
the palatine and pterygoid bones; trunk short, slightly
compressed; external branchial tufts three, partially
covered at base by a floating skin; gular folds repre-
senting the operculum; feet four, well developed; toes
free, four in front, five behind; tail compressed, not sep-
arable from the body.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
55
Amblystoma Mexicanum, Cope.
Synonyms, Gyrinus Mexicanus, Shaw and Nodder;
Siren pisciformis, Shaw, Daudin, Home and Mayer;
Gyrinus edulis, Hernandez; Lusus aquarum, Nierem-
berg; Piscis ludricus, Hypochthon pisciformis, Graven-
horst; Axolotes guttatus, R. Owen; Axolotes macula-
tus, Gray; Siredon Humboldtii, Dumeril and Bibron.
Color brown or dark gray; irregularly black spotted,
extending upon their borders in radial lines; tail and
belly also spotted; dorsal membrane and upper cau-
dal united, the latter curved; subcaudal fin smaller and
nearly straight.
Hernandez was certainly the first to discover this an-
imal, and his allusion to it was so singular as to have
been transcribed by naturalists. As it may be of inter
terest to some it is given here.
"Illuvies menstrua et Lubricus gestus unde nomen
meruit Axolotl id est Lusus aquarum. Genus quoddam
est piscium lacustrium, molli cute intectum, ac Lacer-
tarum more quodrupes, dodrantis longitudine, pollicem
que crassum et si interdum cubitum exedat. Vulvam
habet mulieri similliman, ac venter ejus maculis fuscis
distinguitur. Corpore medio ad caudam usque, mempe
56
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
prolixam et qua juxta finem tenuissima sit, paulatim ac
sensim graciles sit. Pro lingua est Cartilago brevis ac
lata. Quaternis natat pedibus, in totidem digitos per-
similes Ranarum fissis. Caput depressum et reliqui
corporis proportione magnum. Hiscens rictus, aterque
color. Huic menstrua singulis quibusque mensibus
fluere observatum sæpe sæpius est, haud aliter ac muli-
eribus, etc., etc.
Salubre et gratum præbet alimentum-postea de
Condimentis."
Siredon Harlanii, Dumeril and Bibron.
Synonyms, Axolotes maculatus, Owen; Siredon mac-
ulatus, Baird.
Color ashy gray, with numerous, round, distinct,
black spots, beneath immaculate; dorsal membrane rising
upon the nape.
Length 8 inches.
Siredon Dumerili, Duges. (39)
"Lower parts much lighter than the upper; throat
and breast sometimes white; four white spots upon the
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
57
sides. In the male the dorsal crest commences between
the shoulders; some sunk points upon the skin, chiefly
above; these are openings of the glands which secrete a
lactescent, bitter and fetid humor." Duges. (39)
2. Onychodactylus, Tschudi.
Synonym, Dactylonyx.
Vomerine teeth in a transverse, medially interrupted,
row behind the inner nares; sphenoidals wanting?
tongue round, entire, free only at its borders; skin smooth,
perforated with mucous pores; tail long, round, but dis-
tally compressed; digits distinct, four in front and five
behind, terminating above usually in a black nail-like
spot.
The name of this genus, derived from dactylus nail
and onyx finger, has reference to this last character-
istic; but an interesting fact is that a similar spot is often
present in large Amblystoma, and it seems to be merely
incidental, varying with age and the seasons.
58
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1. Onychodactylus Schlegeli, Tschudi. (12)
Synonyms, Onychodactylus Japonicus, Bonaparte,
Gray; Salamandra Japonica, Houttuyn; Salamandra
unguiculata, Schlegel.
Color dark brownish gray, lighter beneath, often
marbled with yellow; back with a large reddish yellow
band extending from the occiput to the middle of the
tail; margins of the band irregularly notched, and the
stripe itself bifurcate upon or posterior to the inter scap-
ular region; head short; eyes prominent; muzzle round;
parotid mass distinct, separated into two parts by a line
from the commissure; postorbital and gular fold well
marked; costal furrows fourteen; limbs and body strong;
digits long and slender, ending in a kind of pellicle.
Habitat Japan.
3. Hemidactylium, Tschudi.
Desmodactylus, Dumeril and Bibron.
Vomerine teeth in two rows, one on each side behind
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
59
the inner nares, sphenoidals also in two groups, separat-
ed from the former and each other; tongue oval, adhe-
rent in front; parietal bones osseus; præmaxillaries two,
fontanelle wanting; toes rudimentary, palmate at base,
four in front and four behind.
1. Hemidactylum scutatum. Schlegel,
Synonyms, Salamandra fusca, Green, Jour. A. N.
Science, Phil. 1818, page 357, not Rafinesque; Sala-
mandra scutata, Schlegel; Salamandra melanostica,
Gibbes; Desmodactylus melanosticus, Dumeril and
Bibron.
Color above brown, muzzle yellowish, limbs and tail
orange brown; upper surface with black spots on each
side scattered irregularly; beneath white, with pitchy
black spots especially numerous in the gular region;
head large; muzzle obtuse; eyes not very prominent;
iris yellow; pupil black; gular fold well developed; cos-
tal furrows well marked; skin of the back similarly cut
making it resemble scutæ; body cylindrical, short;
limbs slender; tail round at base, compressed distally,
бо
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
equal to once and sometimes twice the length of the
body.
Length 2 3-5 inches.
Habitat Abbeville, South Carolina.
Found in April under old logs and rails in open woods
at some distance from the water, and was very quick
and lively.
4. Anaides, Baird,
Vomerine series in a continuous row, sphenoidals in
two groups contiguous in front; tongue adherent anteri-
orly; maxillary teeth lance-shaped, large, but becoming
smaller and disappearing posteriorly; præmaxillary
bones united into one; commissure much curved as a re-
sult of the arching of the maxillary bones; toes distinct,
four in front and five behind.
Approaches Plethedon in many respects, but differs
from it in its powerful dentition, curved commissure, con-
tinuous vomerine teeth, cutting edge of its maxillary,
and its single præmaxillary embracing a fontanelle.
Size large, digits short, distinct; top of head and dor-
sal region brown, with irregular yellow spots.
A. LUGUBRIS. (1)
Size small; digits long; thumb indistinct; top of head
and dorsal region with serrate band....A. FERREUS. (2)
i
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
61
1. Anaides lugubris, Hallowell.
Syononyms, Salamandra lugubris, Hall, Hallowell;
Taricha lugubris, Gray.
Color brown above, with numerous irregular yellow
spots extending from the occiput to tip of tail, spots
sometimes nearly in rows, beneath yellowish, unspotted,
head large; muzzle truncate; nostrils distinct; eyes
prominent, situated far in front of the posterior part of
the commissure; gular fold distinct, others anterior to
axilla barely visible; costal grooves thirteen, prominent;
tail small round, tapering and annulate; body and limbs
strong.
Length 54 inches.
Head to gular fold 7–8 inch.
Tail
Body
21/4
3
66
66
66
66
axilla
Breadth of head
Habitat California and Oregon.
Found in spring under logs.
2. Anaides ferreus. Cope..
I
1/2
66
Color above and upon the tail black, nape and sides
greenish gray, beneath dark yellow, immaculate; limbs
black above, lighter or brown below; head eccentric
1
62
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
oval; muzzle truncate: nostrils joined to the commissure
by a delicate furrow; vomerine teeth eight, on an arched
ridge; outer nares farther apart than the inner; gular
fold prominent; costal furrows fourteen; body slender,
cylindrical; limbs appressed; digits long and slim; thumb
with a short phalanx, but not distinct.
Length 3.65 inches.
Tail
1.65
66
Habitat Oregon.
Head to axilla
.7 inch.
Breadth of head .28 “
5. Plethodon. Tschudi.
Phatnomatorhina, Bibron; Plethodon and Desmogna-
thus, Baird, Cope.
Vomerine teeth in two patches, one behind each of the
inner nares rarely wanting; sphenoidals numerous in two
almost quadrilateral groups; tongue large, round, or
oval, entire or slightly notched behind, adherent in front
and centrally, laterally and posteriorly free; skin smooth;
body cylindrical; tail round tapering to the tip; toes
four in front and five behind; præmaxillaries two.
With the exception of Plethedon persimilis, the exact
position of which is doubtful, the following table will
serve for the determination of the species:
Sphenoidal teeth in two medially contiguous groups;
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
63
vomerine patches separted by a distinct inter-
val. (a)
Sphenoidal teeth in two not contiguous groups; vo-
merines often approximated. (d)
a. Color cinereous; dorsal band red, rarely
wanting. (b)
a. Color black, dorsal band always wanting. (c)
b. Costal furrows 16 or more.
P. ERYTHRONOTUS. (1).
b. Costal furrows 14..P. INTERMEDIUS. (5)
c. With irregular gray blotches, costal
furrows 14........P. GLUTINOSUS. (2)
c. Color uniform black; costal furrows 12.
P. NIGER. (7)
d. Costal furrows 13 or less; muzzle truncate;
vomerine groups of teeth medially approx-
imated. (e)
d. Costal furrows 14 or more; muzzle round;
vomerines few or none. (t)
e. Plantar tubercles two in front; spots
minute.........P. OREGONENSIS. (3)
e. Plantar tubercles none; spots large
...P. CROCEATER. (4)
f. Dorsal band wanting; dots red or none;
orange...
toes long; body marbled below.
P. FUSCUS. (6)
f. Dorsal band yellowish; dots brown;
toes short; body dirty white below.
P. OCHROPHÆUS. (8)
64
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1. Plethodon erythronotus, Green. (14)
THE RED-BACKED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra erythronota, Green, Storer,
De Kay, Holbrook, Harlan; Salamandra agilis, Sager;
Plethedon cinereum, Tschudi; Amblystoma erythrono-
tum, Gray; Saurophis, Fitzinger; Spelerpes erythrono-
tus, Kennicott.
Color upon the sides cinereous; dorsal stripe extend-
ing from the occiput to the extremity of the tail of deep
or light red; head brown above; lower jaw and gular
region whitish; ventral part of the body light, but not
as much so as the throat and chin; sides in alcohol some-
times reddish brown, and dorsal stripe cream-colored;
eyes large, black; head somewhat depressed, scarcely
separable from the body; canthus rostralis none; costal
grooves sixteen to nineteen; caudal furrows about twen-
ty; cervical fold indistinct, its place represented by a
white line; nostrils laterally situated.
Length 3½ inches.
66
66
Head to cervical fold 9-16 inch.
Tail 13/4
Width of head
7-32
Habitat Northern Michigan, Kentucky, South Caro-
lina, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia. Very common.
Haldeman (38) states that while Herpetologists have
supposed that P. erythronotus and cinereus are different
sexes of the same species from their having been so oft-
en found associated together, yet he as a result of care-
*
PLETHODON.
ERYTHRONOTUS.
GLUTINOSUS.
OREGONENSIS.
CROCEATER.
INTERMEDIUS.
FUSCUS.
NIGER.
OCHROPHÆUS.
*




PERSIMILIS.
Above.
Cinereous.
Black.
Brown.
Black.
Cinereous.
Brown.
Black.
Yellowish.
Black.
Color.
Below.
Light Marbled.
Plumbeous.
Yellow.
Orange.
|Light Marbled.

Marbled.
Black.
Color.
Ashy.
Gray.
Black.
Orange.
Ashy.
Red.
None.
Dirty White.
Brown.
Plumbeous.
Gray.


Spots.
Shape.
Speckled.
Irregular.
Minute Dots.
Large.
Speckled.
Minute or None.
None.
Dots.
Dorsal Band.
Red.
None.
None.
None.
Red.
None
None.
Yellow.
Muzzle.
Truncate.
Truncate.
Truncate.
Truncate.
Truncate.
Round.
Round.
Round.
Teeth
{
Vomerines medially. Distant.
Distant.
Approximated.
Sphenoidals.
Contiguous.
Contiguous.
Vertebræ.
Amphicœlous.
Amphicœlous.
Costal Furrows.
Sixteen & Nineteen.
Fourteen.
Digits.
Palmate.
Free.
Plantar Tubercles.
Indistinct.
None.
None.
Length.
31½ inches.
4½ inches.
Width of Head.
7-32 inch.
3% inch.
Habitat.
U.S. east of the Miss. U.S. east of the Miss.
Separate.
Amphicœlous.
Ten & Eleven.
Free.
Free.
Two in front.
3 7-11 inches.
6 inches.
4 lines.
64 lines.
3 lines.
Oregon.
Lower California.
Approximated.
Separate.
Amphicœlous.
Thirteen.
Distant.
Contiguous.
Amphicœlous.
Fourteen.
Nearly free
Indistinct.
Few or None.
Distant.
Irregular.
None.
Truncate.
Few or None.
Separate.
Contiguous.
Opisthocœlous.
Fourteen & Fifteen.
Ophisthocœlous.
Twelve.
Distant.
Opisthocœlous.
Fourteen.
Long and Free.
None.
|3.65 inches.
3%½ inches.
3% lines.
Vancouver Is. to L. Cal. U. S. east of the Miss.
U. S. east of the Miss. Pennsylvania.
Long and Free.
None.
Short and Free.
None.
Free.
6 inches.
3 inches.
5 lines.
1-5 inch.
Siam.
UNIV
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
65
not.
ful examination came to the conclusion that they were
Four cinereus opened by him contained gravid ova-
ries, and hence were females; on the other hand two
erythronotus contained only seminal matter and sperma-
tozoa imperfectly developed. Two others were found,
however, with gravid ovaries; hence we have of the
erythronotus both male and female. Prof Green, how-
ever, after careful revision concluded that the cinereus
was probably only an aged individual in which the dor-
sal stripe had become obsolete.
The Red-backed Salamander is the first seen in spring,
having been observed in the middle of April. It is
found in moist woody places, hiding under stones and
old logs, and when discovered if alone it quickly disap-
pears in the decayed wood, moss or earth, but if accom-
panied by its young neither it nor the little ones attempt
to escape. It climbs glass by adhering with its abdo-
men, is frequently curled up on herbs, and if disturbed
springs away by a sudden uncoiling. Their food ap-
pears to be small snails or mollusks, and when the young
are found as a rule they are accompanied by the parent,
but are sometimes alone. Their little ones as well as
their eggs occur under the moss and bark of decayed
trees. The latter are found in bunches of from six to
eleven each, and individually are about 3-20 of an inch
in diameter. The young are supplied with branchiæ, but
lose them very early-that is in about three or four days
after hatching.
66
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
2. Plethodon glutinosus, Tschudi, (14)
THE GRAY SPOTTED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra glutinosa, Green, Schlegel,
Harlan, Holbrook, Storer, De Kay; Salamandra vario-
lata, Gilliams; Salamandra cylindracea, Harlan; Pleth-
odon variolosum, Tschudi, Dumeril and Bibron; Cylin-
drosoma glutinosum, Dumeril and Bibron; Triton por-
phyriticus? De Kay; Plethodon granulatum, Gray;
Salamandra elongata, Valenciennes.
Color above black glossy, with numerous minute
gray spots, upon the sides larger, in some almost conflu-
ent, in others licheniform patches; color below plum-
beous, with small spots of gray in the gular region; legs
also spotted; cervical fold and a narrow strip on each
side of anus of a yellowish tinge; costal furrows fourteen;
nares equidistant; vomerine series of teeth extending to
the exterior of inner nares; canthus rostralis none; nos-
trils small, laterally situated; head and body scarcely or
not at all separable; cervical or gular fold distinct; body
with a dorsal longitudinal furrow; tail long, round, ta-
pering; legs moderately long, slender and not very
strong; head depressed; eyes not as prominent as in
P. erythronotus.
Length 4½ inches.
Tail
2
66
Head to cervical fold ½ inch.
Breadth of head
38
''
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
67
Habitat Massachusetts, Florida, Louisiana, Illinois,
and the country included. Straits of Belle Isle? (2)
Common.
This animal conceals itself under rocks and logs in
moist places, but has been found upon dry elevated
ground. The color seems to vary much with age, the
young being much more thickly spotted than the adult.
In the specimens before me this variation is not influ-
enced by locality.
3. Plethodon Oregoneusis, Girard.
Synonyms, Heredia Oregonensis, Girard; Ensatina
Eschscholtzii, Gray; Plethodon ensatus, Cope.
Color brown above, but under a lens appears as mi-
nute black dots upon an olive ground; sides similarly
spotted; below yellow; head broader than body; muz-
zle truncate; nostrils small, widely separated; eyes prom-
inent; cervical fold well marked; vomerine teeth
in two series, one on each side, almost uniting in
front in a reversed V form; tongue attached in front;
parotids none; plantar tubercles two in front, none be-
hind; costal furrows ten or eleven; tail cylindrical, taper-
ing; limbs slender, anterior ones longest; toes tapering,
slender and free.
Length 3 7-12 inches.
Tail
66
Head to cervical fold 5 lines.
Breadth of head
I 7-12
Habitat Oregon, California ?
re
4
68
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
4. Plethodon croceater, Cope.
Color above black, below reddish orange; parotid re-
gion with a very large reddish orange spot; four simi-
lar spots present on each side of the back; base of tail
with a pair of spots; limbs orange, with a transverse
band of black below the knee; head broad; maxillaries
converging; muzzle truncate; vomerine series of teeth
in two arcs; eye large; postorbital, and parotid grooves
distinct; costal furrows thirteen, not well marked; tail
slender, subcylindrical, exceeding the length of the body;
limbs long and slender.
Length 6 inches.
Tail 3/4 "
Habitat Lower California.
5
Head to cervical fold lines.
Breadth of head
634
66
5. Plethodon intermedius, Baird.
This species is very clearly related to P. erythronotus,
from which it is separated by having fourteen instead of
sixteen to nineteen costal furrows, thus shortening the
main part of the body. The feet are scarcely at all pal-
mate, and the third and fourth toes much longer. Its
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
69
habitat also is quite different, but on the whole I am
disposed to consider it a variety of that species.
Habitat Vancouver's Island and Lower California.
6. Plethodon fuscus.
Synonyms, Salamandra picta, Harlan, Storer, De Kay;
Salamandra intermixta, Green; Salamandra quadramat-
ulata, Holbrook; Triturus fuscus, Rafinesque; Desmog-
nathus fusca, Baird, Cope; Salamandra auriculata,
Hallowell, Gray, Baird; Cylindrosoma auriculatum, Dum-
eril and Bibron: Salamandra Haldemani? Holbrook:
Spelerpes Haldemani? Hallowell.
Color brown marbled with pink; vertebral region not
so dark; laterally and ventrally still lighter, sometimes
yellowish or very light orange, but generally brown
and white marbled; chin and gular region almost white;
head very much depressed; muzzle round, not truncate:
parasphenoidal teeth not contiguous; vomerines few in
a row on each side, often wanting; eyes prominent; dor-
sal longitudinal furrow present; cervical fold, postorbital
and parotid grooves well marked; costal furrows 13 to
15, usually 14; limbs small; toes long and slender; ver-
tebræ opisthocœlous; tail compressed, carinate above,
sometimes terminating in a fin, but usually pointed.
Length 3½ inches. Head to cervical fold ½
*
inch.
Tail
13%
66
Breadth of head
5-16
66
70
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Habitat New York to Georgia, Alabama and Ohio.
Common.
Var. auriculatus differs from this by being black or
nearly so above, with a reddish spot behind and below
the eye, and minutely punctate with red upon the sides.
Lives in shallow brooks, and emits its eggs in a string
connected by albuminous matter, which is afterwards
wound around the body by one of the pair.
7. Plethodon niger, Hallowell.
Synonyms, Desmognathus nigra, Baird, Cope, Gray;
Triton niger, Holbrook; Salamandra nigra, Green,
Harlan.
Color dark brown or black, lighter beneath; head
large, depressed, not separable from the body; muzzle
rounded; sphenoidal teeth in two groups, almost or
quite united anteriorly; vomerine series approximated
in two oblique rows; tongue round; body large; limbs
appressed; toes very long, distinct; gular fold well
marked; parotid and postorbital grooves scarcely visi-
ble; eyes prominent; costal furrows twelve; tail subcy-
lindrical at base, becoming compressed, tapering to the
tip, and usually provided with a fin.
Length 6 inches.
Tail 2 4-5 inches.
Habitat Massachusetts to Georgia and Louisiana.
Inhabits shallow springs in cool moist places, and con-
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
71
ceals itself under stones; quick in its movements and
difficult to capture. Seems to be highly endowed with
vitality, and its metamorphosis is effected early, speci-
mens one and one-half inches long being without bran-
chiæ, and the females have been found from April 28th
to June 26th with as many as seventy eggs in the ova-
ries. The eggs are yellow, not seen in the oviduct, and
the number in the two ovaries was not equal.
8 Plethodou ochrophæus, Cope.
}
Synonym, Desmognathus ochrophæa, Cope,
Color brownish yellow, shading into a dirty white be-
low, with a dark brown vertebral band; brown dots
pres-
ent in dorsal region; males somewhat darker; head de-
pressed, oval; sphenoidal teeth well separated, vomer-
ines few and often wanting; mandible in males concave
in front of the eye, and toothless, but dentigerous in fe-
males; eyes prominent; cervical fold distinct; costal fur-
rows thirteen, well marked; limbs appressed; toes free
and short; tail very long, compressed, sometimes carin-
ate, but never provided with a fin.
Length 3 inches.
Tail
1½ "
Head to gular fold ½ inch
Breadth of head
1-5
66
Habitat Alleghany Region of Pennsylvania.
Dwells in damp woods under rocks, bark, wood, etc.
A variety of P. fuscus ?
+
72
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
9. Plethodon persimilis, Gray.
Mivart claims this is not a Plethodon, and designates
it as Pectoglossa, but not having a specimen or a good
description I am unable to satisfy myself of its true rela-
tion, and hence permit it to remain here.
Color black, speckled with white; laterally the specks
are closer and more numerous; hind toes elongate, une-
qual; tail compressed.
Habitat Siam.
Dr. Gray states that the only difference he is able to
discover between two specimens of this species received
from Siam and Plethodon glutinosus from the United
States is that "the toes of the hind foot appeared rather
longer, more slender, and unequal in length, and the tail
much more compressed."
6. Geotriton, Gene.
Oedipus, Gray.
Vomerine teeth in a transverse row behind the inner
nares, medially forming a sharp angle pointed back-
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
73
wards; sphenoidals in two elongated groups, not touch-
ing the vomerines; tongue boletoid; eyes prominent;
parotids wanting; toes palmate, four in front and five
behind.
Some writers designate the first species as Geotriton,
and the remainder as Oedipus, because in fuscus the two
præmaxillaries are distinct, and are united in the others;
but this is a characteristic difficult to determine, and
probably the result of an immature condition. Until,
then, further researches establish the fact, one is not
warranted in making separate genera.
Back black or brown; no dorsal band. (a)
Back yellow, or with yellow dorsal band. (d)
a. Costal furrows ten or eleven. (b)
a. Costal furrows twelve or thirteen. (c)
b. Toes with two free phalanges.
G. FUSCUS. (1)
b. Toes completely palmate. G. RUFESCENS. (4)
c. Body below and limbs dotted with white.
G. MORIO. (2)
c. Body and limbs uniform dark brown.
G. ALTAMAZONICUS. (6)
d. Body moderately elongated.
d. Body short and thick..
G. CARBONARIUS. (3)
G. ADSPERSUS.
(5)
!
74
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1. Geotriton fuscus, Gesner. (12, b)
Synonyms, Salamandra fusca, Gesner, Aldrovandi,
Laurenti; Salamandra savii, Gosse; Salamandra Genei,
Schlegel; Geotriton Genei, Tschudi.
Color brown above, with reddish lines scarcely per-
ceptible; beneath spotted with white; head white;
sphenoidal and vomerine teeth separated by a large in-
terval; costal furrows ten; digits depressed, with two
free phalanges.
Habitat Southern Italy.
2. Geotriton morio, Cope.
Synonyms, Oedipus morio, Cope; Geotriton carbona-
rius, (black variety) Cope.
Color black above, dark plumbeous below; whitish
dots numerous over the limbs and lower parts of the
body; head flat; muzzle truncate; sphenoidal and vo-
merine teeth nearly contiguous; costal furrows thirteen,
distinct; limbs appressed; toes, except the inner, with
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
75
one free phalanx; tail cylindrical, tapering, annulate
laterally.
Length 3.29 inches.
Head to axilla .63 inches.
66
Tail
I.35
66
Breadth of head.28
Habitat High Lands of Guatemala.
3. Geotriton carbonarius, Cope.
Synonyms, Oedipus carbonarius, Cope; Bolitoglossa
Mexicana, (Pars) Dumeril and Bibron; Salamandra pla-
tydactyla ? Cuvier; Oedipus platydactylus ? Tschudi;
Oedipus Salvinii ? Gray.
Color above yellow, from muzzle to tip of tail with
black spots, and laterally changing abruptly to black,
which color continues over the whole under surface;
limbs spotted with yellow; the yellow upon the back
might in some cases be regarded as a dorsal band; muz-
zle truncate; sphenoidal teeth contiguous, and continued
towards the vomerines, but not touching them; costal
furrows twelve or thirteen; toes broadly palmate; tail
cylindrical, tapering, annulate for two-thirds its length.
Length 64 inches.
Tail 3/4
(6
Habitat elevated regions of Eastern Mexico.
76
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
4. Geotriton rufescens, Cope.
Synonym, Oedipus rufescens, Cope.
Color above black, below brown, with white specks;
head above somewhat rufous; muzzle truncate; teeth
not prolonged outwardly beyond the inner nares; sphe-
noidals nearly contiguous, and somewhat prolonged to
the front; costal furrows ten or eleven; limbs appress-
ed; toes completely palmate; tail cylindrical, thickened,
shorter than body.
Length to groin 1.04 inches.
66
" axilla .39
Habitat Vera Cruz.
66
5. Geotriton adspersus, Peters.
Synonyms, Oedipus adspersus, Cope; Spelerpes ads-
persus, Peters.
Color above black or dark brown, paler beneath,
sprinkled above and below with white or yellow in the
form of dots or small lines; dorsal band present, often
sprinkled with black; head short, a little longer than
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
77
broad; muzzle obtuse; sphenoidal teeth in two groups
contiguous in front and diverging behind; gular fold
very distinct; body short and thick, with well marked
costal furrows; skin otherwise smooth; thumb and first
toe rudimentary; limbs short, anterior reaching almost
to the eye, posterior scarcely longer; tail very short.
Length 3.1 inches.
Breadth of head 3.3 lines.
Tail
1.5
66
Habitat Bogota.
A variety of G. carbonarius ?
I
By an examination of an impregnated female, Peters
(15, c) discovered developed eggs of nearly 1½ lines in
diameter, and thence concluded that a copulation had
taken place, and that they were viviparous.
6. Geotriton altamazonicus, Cope.
Synonyms, Oedipus altamazonicus, Cope.
Color uniform dark brown; head elongate, oval;
width less than one-sixth the length to groin; muzzle tu-
mid emarginate; nostrils small, piercing each tumidity;
vomerine teeth in contact medially, and outwardly limit-
ed by the inner nares; sphenoidals numerous in two
patches, contiguous in front; costal furrows thirteen;
dorsal longitudinal groove present; body slender; limbs
weak, thin, and as well as the appressed feet, extending
78.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
over four costal furrows; mucous pores numerous; tail
oval, swollen at base.
Length 3.23 inches.
Tail 1.57
66
Habitat Nauta.
Breadth of head .28 inches.
:
7. Batrachoseps, Bonaparte.
Vomerine teeth in a transverse, medially interrupted,
row behind the inner nares; sphenoidals in two elongated
groups, not touching the former; tongue boletoid or ad-
herent towards the front; præmaxillaries united into a
single piece; head short; body and tail slender; toes
elongated, four in front and four behind.
Color above brown or yellowish, with black dots, lines
or bands. (a)
1.
Color above uniform brown. (b)
a. Tongue attached in front... B. ATTENUATUS. (1)
a. Tongue fully boletoid. . B. QUADRIDIGITATUS. (4)
b. Toes palmate.
.B. PACIFICUS. (3)
•
b. Toes free and rudimentary. B. NIGRIVENTRIS. (2)
"
:
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
79
1. Batrachoseps attenuatus, Eschscholtz.
Synonym, Salamandra attenuata, Eschscholtz.
Color above reddish brown with a black vertebral
line and transverse diagonal bands; beneath brown;
costal furrows twenty or twenty-one; limbs weak, hind
one extending over four costal spaces, fore one not
reaching to the gape of mouth; feet small and thin; toes
free; tail longer than the body.
Length 3 7-12 inches.
Tail
2 I-12
66
Habitat San Francisco.
:
2. Batrachoseps nigriventris, Cope.
.!
Color above dark brown; tail and under surface black;
muzzle short; gular fold marked; parotid groove pres
ent; costal furrows twenty or twenty-one, extending up-
on the back; body somewhat compressed; limbs weak;
hind ones extending over six costal spaces; forelimb al-
most reaching to the orbit; toes rudimentary, distinct;
80
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
tail stout at base, nearly quadrate, strongly annulate,
and compressed distally.
Length 22 lines.
Tail 8½ 66
82
Head to axilla 3½ lines.
Breadth of head 1.7"
Habitat Fort Tejon, California.
3. Batrachoseps Pacificus, Cope.
Synonym, Hemidactylium Pacificum, Cope.
Color uniform brown, yellowish beneath; head oval;
elongate; muzzle round; eyes large, prominent; tongue
eccentric oval; sphenoidal and vomerine teeth almost
in contact; gular fold not marked, but represented by a
line; costal furrows eighteen; fore limb extending to or-
bit, hind one reaching over seven and a half costal
spaces; toes palmate, inner quite rudimentary; tail slen-
der, nearly cylindrical.
Length 33½ lines.
Tail
17
66
Habitat Santa Barbara, California.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
81
4. Batrachoseps quadridigitatus, Holbrook.
Synonyms, Manculus quadridigitatus, Cope; Sala-
mandra quadridigitata, Holbrook.
Color dirty yellow, with minute dark brown spots
or dorsal lines and irregular lateral spots of a similar
shade; abdomen bluish silvery white; head large; tongue
fully boletoid, never adherent towards the front; limbs
moderate; toes distinct; tail very long.
Length 3/4 inches.
Habitat South-eastern Georgia.
Found under decaying wood, comes out during wet
days and after dusk.
Insectivorous.
8. Spelerpes, Rafinesque.
Synonyms, Cylindrosoma, Tschudi; Cylindrosoma et
Bolitoglossa, in part Dumeril and Bibron; Spelerpes
and Pseudotriton, Baird, Hallowell; Spelerpes Ophioba-
trachus, Gyrinophilus, Stereochilus, and Thorius, Cope.
Vomerine teeth in a transverse row behind the inner
nares, interrupted medially; sphenoidals in two elongated
82
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1
groups, separated from each other, usually narrower in
front, and diverging behind; tongue boletoid; head short
depressed; body cylindrical, slender; digits free, four in
front, five behind; tail long, tapering, and distally com-
pressed.
Body with distinct spots or bands. (a)
Body spotless, or with minute dots. (h)
a. Costal furrows 15-17. (b)
a. Costal furrows 14 or less. (c)
b. Color in the main red. . . . . . . .S. RUBER. (4)
b. Color cinereous and white with black,
S. MARGINATUS. (11)
c. Inner toes rudimentary. (d)
c. Inner toes not rudimentary. (e)
d. Spots yellow, licheniform.
S. LEPROSUS. (7)
S. BELLII. (8)
d. Spots red, in two dorsal pyriform series.
e. Color above yellow. (f)
e. Color above cinereous, lines black.
S. BILINEATUS. (1)
e. Color above brown. (g)
f. With dark spots; no vertebral
line....S. LONGICAUDUS. (2)
f. With black vertebral line.
S. GUTTOLINEATUS. (3)
g. Costal furrows 14, white be-
low..S. PORPHYRITICUS. (10)
g. Costal furrows 13, yellowish
clouded below.
S. PENNATULUS. (12)





SPELERPES.
BILINEATUS.
LONGICAUDATUS.
GUTTOLINEATUS.
RUBER.
CHIROPTERUS. CEPHALICUS.
LEPROSUS.
BELLII.
MULTIPLICATUS PORPHYRITICUS.
MARGINATUS. PENNATULUS.
LINEOLUS.
VERMICULARIS.

Above
Cinereous.
Yellow.
Color.
Below
Yellowish.
Lighter.
Yellowish.
Mottle.
Red.
Brownish Black. Brownish.
Black.
Paler.
Impure White. Impure White. Brown.
Color
Black.
Black.
Black.
Black.
None.
None.
Yellow.
Black.
Paler.
Red.
Brown.
Lighter.
Pale Brown.
White.
Cinereous.
White.
Brown.
Black.
None.
Gray.
Black.
Yellowish cloud-
ed.
Gray.
Paler.
None.
Black.
Spots.
Shape
Dorso-lateral Lines. Spots and Bars.
Lines nd Bars.
Circular.
None.
None.
Vomerine & Sphenoid Separate.
Separate.
Separae.
Contiguous.
Separate.
Separate.
Licheniform.
Separate.
Pyriform in two None.
Band with “V”
series.
Separate.
Separate.
Irregular.
Separate.
Dots and Lines.
form spots.
None.
Minute.

Contiguous.
Separate.
Separate.
Separate.
Teeth.
Costal Furrows,
Fourteen.
Inner Toes.
Developed.
Tail at Base.
Almost Tetragonal.
Thirteen.
Developed.
Subround.
Thirten.
Fifteen & Sixteen.
Eleven & Twelve Eleven & Twelve Twelve.
Twelve.
Develoed.
Subroud.
Developed.
Round.
Rudimentary.
Rudimentary.
Rudimentary.
Rudimentary.
Twenty-one.
Small.
Round.
Round.
Round.
Round.
Round.
Fourteen.
Developed.
Round.
Seventeen.
Developed.
Compressed.
Thirteen.
Short.
Fourteen.
Subquadrate.
Rudimentary.
Constricted.
Nineteen.
Short.
Length.
234 inches.
5 inches.
17 inche
5 inches.
3 inches.
3 inches
3½ inches.
8 inches.
34 inches.
5.7 inches.
2 11-12 inches.
2 inches.
2% inches.
63% inches.
Breadth of Head.
24 lines.
4 inch.
6 lines.
3 lines.
3 lines.
.3 inch.
Habitat.
U.S. east of the Miss. U. S. east of the Miss. S.Caroha to Alabama U.S. east of Rocky Mts Mexico.
Mexico.
Mexico.
6 lines.
Mexico.
.22 inch.
Arkansas.
2 lines.
1 3-5 lines.
Alleghany Mts. Georgia.
Mexico.
Mexico.
Mexico.
}
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
83
h. Costal furrows 21......S. MULTIPLICATUS. (9)
h. Costal furrows 19.
h. Costal furrows 14.
•
h. Costal furrows 11-12.
S. VERMICULARIS. (14)
.S. LINEOLUS. (13)
i. Vomerine teeth prolonged outwardly be-
yond nares.
S. CEPHALICUs. (6)
i. Vomerine teeth not prolonged outwardly
beyond nares. ......S. CHIROPTERUS. (5)
1 Spelerpes bilineatus, Green. (14)
:
STRIPED-BACK SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra bilineata, Green, Holbrook,
Harlan, Cuvier, De Kay; Salamandra flavissima, Har-
lan, Holbrook; Salamandra cirrigera, Green, Harlan;
Spelerpes cirrigera, Baird, Gray, Hallowell; Bolitoglos-
sa bilineata, Dumeril and Bibron.
Color above cinereous, with two or three longitudin-
al black lines; vertebral line narrow, but broader in
front, sometimes nearly or quite effaced; below yellow
or yellowish white; color very much obscured by alco-
hol; head oval, eyes ovate; iris yellow; postorbital and
parotid folds distinct, gular only marked by a cicatrice;
costal grooves fourteen, in most specimens indistinct;
limbs slender; digits long, excepting the first and last;
tail nearly as long as the body, sometimes longer.
84
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Length 234 inches.
Tail
14
66
Head to gular fold 3% inch.
Breadth of head
3-16"
Habitat Maine to Florida, Louisiana, and Wisconsin.
Common.
Lives under stones and decaying matter in woods and
moist places, especially along the banks of brooks and in
shallow water, and is very active.
Var. cirrigera seems to differ from this mainly in the
possession of two barbels between the nostrils and lip in
the male; they are not present in the female. Green
(9, b) says, "when these animals were alive the cirrhi or
nasal appendages were about one-fourth of an inch long.
From the situation where they were found, and from
their general appearance, they must be placed among
the Land Salamanders; but their fleshy cirrhi seems
conclusively to prove that their principal resort must be
in the water."
2. Spelerpes longicaudus, Green. (14)
THE LONG-TAILED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra longicauda, Green, Holbrook,
De Kay, Harlan; Spelerpes lucifuga, Rafinesque; Cy-
lindrosoma longicaudatum, Tschudi, Dumeril and Bib-
ron; Saurocercus longicauda, Fitzinger.
Color yellow; body, head, chin, and gular region
cream-colored, belly yellowish white; spots dark color-
CADUCIBRANCHIATA,
85
ed, numerous, and irregular in form, scattered thickly
over the upper and lateral surface; below immaculate;
head nearly oval, more depressed than in the preceeding
species; vomerine teeth and sphenoidal groups not con-
tiguous; eyes elongated, not very prominent; nostrils la-
teral and minute; postorbital fold invisible, parotid well
marked, but the place of the gular represented by a
scar; limbs slender; digits moderate, widely separated;
tail very long, nearly equaling and sometimes exceeding
twice the length of the body; back without a longitu-
dinal groove, but with the spots here and upon the sides.
arranged somewhat in rows.
Length 5 inches.
Tail 3 I-5"
Head to gular fold 5% inch.
Breadth of head
1/4
66
Habitat Maine to Florida, Louisiana and Wisconsin.
Frequents running water in deep caverns, and thus re-
sembles the Proteus of Carniola. Its subterranean hab-
its prepare us to expect what we actually find it to be,
one of our most beautiful specimens of Salamander.
Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbrook.
Salamandra guttolineata, Holbrook, De Kay; Cylin-
drosoma guttolineatum, Dumeril and Bibron.
Color above pale yellowish, with a black vertebral
line which bifurcates upon the nape in order to allow its
two branches to terminate interior to the eyes; a lateral
band of black containing small square spots and edged
r
I
86
:
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
with a white line below; body beneath white, dark gray,
or mottled; tail black, barred with yellow, carinate
above, longer than the body, and sometimes equaling
twice the distance from muzzle to posterior of anus;
head short, in size equal to the trunk; sphenoidal and.
vomerine teeth not contiguous; costal furrows thirteen;
inner toes longest.
Length 7 inches.
Habitat Mountains of South Carolina, Georgia, and
Alabama
Spelerpes ruber, Daudín.
THE RED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra rubra, Daudin, Holbrook,
De Kay: Salamandra maculata, Green, Storer, Harlan:
Salamandra rubriventris, Green; Salamandra subfusca,
Green; Salamandra fusca, Harlan; Pseudotriton sub-
fuscus, Tschudi; Mycetoglossa ruber, Bibron; Myceto-
glossus subfuscus, Bonaparte; Siren operculata, Palissot
Beauvois; Proteus neo Cæsariensis, Green; Pseudotri-
ton ruber, Baird; Pseudotriton sticticeps, Baird; Pseu-
dotriton montanus, Baird; Pseudotriton flavissimus,
Hallowell.
Color above red with numerous nearly circular small
black spots; beneath less vivid and immaculate, except
in the gular region; in alcohol the color is dark yellow-
•
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
87
ish or light brownish, and the spots brown; head in per-
pendicular longitudinal section nearly a perfect triangle,
in width equal to the body and not separable from it;
muzzle round; sphenoidal and vomerine teeth contiguous
at the anterior margin of the former, the latter continu-
ing outwardly to posterior of inner nares; eyes promi-
nent; nostrils minute; postorbital and parotid grooves
indistinct; gular fold strongly marked; costal furrows
fourteen to sixteen; tail and anal region with numerous
circular folds indistinct above and disappearing distally;
a longitudinal groove runs from the anus towards the
extremity of the tail; skin upon the back forming a longi-
tudinal ridge from the nape backwards; limbs moderate,
hind ones much the stronger; inner toes longest; tail
round at the base, but compressed distally.
Length 5 inches.
Tail 1/4
Head to gular fold 5% inch.
Breadth of head
1/2
66
Habitat United States east of the Rocky Mountains.
Common.
The Red Salamander is found under stones in shallow
water and marshes. When discovered in the former
they seem to be alarmed, and endeavor to get away, but
in the latter situation show no disposition to stir. They
are apparently nocturnal animals, remaining in conceal-
ment during the day, and at night sallying forth in search
of prey. Their food is mainly small worms, though Hal-
lowell found in the stomach of one a coleopterous in-
sect, and the tail and posterior limbs of a Salamander,
probably Plethodon niger, and they are themselves de-
voured by the American Bittern, and doubtless many
other animals in like manner prey upon them. In con™
88
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
finement they rarely leave the water in the daytime, but
usually do so at night.
Green's description (9, c) of Proteus neo Cæsarien-
sis gives the characteristics of the young, and is as fol-
lows: "Cauda mediocri et compressa forma pinnæ, cor-
pore albido.
Length between four and five inches; tail as long as
the body, tapering and forming a fin; tongue short,
round, adhering to the lower jaw and having a cartilag-
inous edge; branchiæ persistent; eyes very small; nos-
trils invisible; back dirty white, with small dots, margin-
ed with a narrow red line, commencing at the fore shoul-
der and terminating at the posterior legs, beneath whit-
ish; posterior feet five-toed, anterior four-toed."
5 Spelerpes chiropterus, Cope.
Synonym, Spelerpes orculus, Cope.
Color above brown or black, paler along the verte-
bral line, but not forming a longitudinal band; beneath
dirty white; head oval; muzzle truncate; vomerine teeth
forming an arch not contiguous with the sphenoidal
groups; gular fold distinct; costal furrows eleven or
twelve; limbs moderate; digits short, depressed, free, in-
ner represented only by a wing-like rudiment; tail com-
pressed, flat above, sometimes cylindrical at base, but
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
89
apering rapidly, one-fifth longer than the distance from
muzzle to posterior of anus.
Lenth 3 inches.
Head to gular fold 3 4-5 lines.
Tail 1.9 (6
Habitat Mexico.
Breadth of head
Spelerpes cephalicus, Cope.
3
66
Very much resembles the preceding, of which it is
probably a variety; without seeing a specimen, the only
points of difference seem to be the prolongation in this of
the vomerine teeth outwardly beyond the inner nares,
the short and stouter form, and the marbling of the gu-
lar region.
Habitat Table Lands, Mexico.
7. Spelerpes leprosus, Cope..
Color black above, brown below; sides and gular re-
gion licheniform, spotted, with pale yellow which
changes to gray in alcohol; head broad; muzzle short
truncate; vomerine series prolonged externally beyond
the inner nares, touching medially, but not contiguous
}
•
•
90
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
with the sphenoidal groups; postorbital and parotid
gooves indistinct; gular fold well marked; costal fur-
rows twelve; limbs moderate; digits short, but longer
than in chiropterus, round, and terminating in swollen
extremities; tail cylindrical and tapering.
Length 32½ inches.
Tail
11/2
I
66
Head to gular fold 4-5 inch.
Breadth of head
3
Habitat Elevated Regions of Eastern Mexico.
66
8 Spelerpes bellii, Gray. (12, b)
Synonyms, Oedipus platydactylus, Tschudi, Baird:
Bolitoglossa Mexicana, Dumeril and Bibron; Salaman-
dra guttata, Wiegman.
Color black, with two dorsal series of pyriform red
spots; in alcohol changes to plumbeous with white spots;
the two series of spots unite into one nodulous row above
the anterior limbs, but bifurcate upon the nape and
swell into two large blotches in the parotid region; be-
low immaculate; head short and broad; muzzle round-
ed; vomerine teeth prolonged externally beyond the in-
ner nares, and not contiguous with the sphenoidal groups;
body large and strong; limbs stout; digits broad, short,
depressed, free or uery nearly so, never palmate as rep-
resented in Dumeril and Bibron's plate; extremities of
toes with small round pellets; gular and postorbital folds
prominent; costal furrows twelve or thirteen, strongly
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
91
,
marked, as are also the caudal annuli; tail cylindrical
and swollen at the base.
Length 8 inches.
Tail 43/4 "
Habitat Eastern Mexico.
Head to gular fold 23 inch.
Breadth of head
1/2
66
9. Spelerpes multiplicatus, Cope.
Color uniform brown, below a lighter brown, espe-
cially around the throat and chin; sides rarely of a pink-
ish hue, and sometimes the belly and gular region are
pale yellow; head much depressed; muzzle truncate;
vomerine teeth in two short series, not touching medial-
ly, and well separated from the sphenoidal groups; toes
short, inner minute; costal furrows twenty-one; tail round
at base, distally compressed, and carinate.
Length 34 inches.
Breadth of head .22 inch.
Habitat Red River, Arkansas.
10. Spelerpes Porphyriticus. Green. (14)
SALMON-COLORED SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Salamandra porphyritica, Green, Hol-
brook; Salamandra salmonea, Storer, Holbrook, De
92
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Kay; Pseudotriton salmoneus, Baird, Hallowell, Allen;
Spelerpes salmoneus, Gray, Cope; Gyrinophilus porphy-
riticus, Cope; Amblystoma salmoneum, Dumeril and
Bibron.
Color yellowish brown above; sides salmon color,
with a tinge of yellowish; upper surface irregularly
marked with gray, below white; tail yellowish, head
large, flattened; muzzle truncate; eyes prominent, and
distant from each other; inner nares large; nostrils
small; gular fold strongly marked; canthus rostralis prom-
inent; dorsal longitudinal groove present; costal furrows
usually fourteen; limbs moderate; digits entirely distinct;
tail compressed and carinate.
Length 5.7 inches.
Tail
2.3
66
Habitat Alleghany Mountains from Vermont to Ala-
bama. Common.
Found on moist land and in still water. It attempts
self-defense, snaps savagely, and throws its body into
contortions when disturbed. In confinement it appeared
healthy for a year, and lived upon flies.
11. Spelerpes marginatus, Hallowell,
Synonyms, Pseudotriton marginatus, Hallowell; Ste-
reochilus marginatus, Cope.
Color above dark cinereous, dimly shaded with yel-
lowish; sides with a band of dusky white, edged with
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
93
black, extending from limb to limb; beneath white, with
minute black spots or blotches; head small, depressed;
muzzle round; eyes lateral, not prominent; inner nares
small; sphenoidal teeth in several rows, contiguous with
the vomerines; tongue small, boletoid; præmaxillary
bones united; fontanelle none; gular fold distinct; cos-
tal furrows seventeen; tail compressed from base.
Length 2 11-12 inches.
Tail
1/3
(6
Head to gular fold ½ inch.
Breadth of head
Habitat South-eastern Georgia.
16
CC
12. Spelerpes pennatulus, Cope.
Synonym, Thorius pennatulus, Cope.
Color brown above with a gray dorsal band, below
yellow and clouded; margins of dorsal band serrate with
V form divergent spots; head neither depressed nor sep-
arable from the body; muzzle quite prominent; sphe-
noidal teeth in two pyriform groups, narrowest in front;
vomerines consisting of four or five teeth on each side;
postorbital grooves and gular fold not prominent; costal
furrows slightly marked below, invisible above; limbs
moderate; digits short and separate, or slightly palmate
at base; tail subquadrate near the anus, not carinate, but
compressed distally.
Length 2 inches.
Tail
I
66
Habitat Orizava, Mexico.
Head to axilla 3 3-5 lines.
Breadth of head 1 3-5
66
a
94
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Spelerpes lineolus, Cope.
Synonym, Opheobatrachus lineolus, Cope.
Color above black, sides paler; chin and gular region
cinereous; muzzle truncate; vomerine teeth in a long
series; gular fold distinct; costal furrows fourteen; an-
terior limbs weak, posterior stout; toes flat, inner rudi-
mentary; skin finely wrinkled; tail constricted at base.
Length 22 inches.
Head to axilla 6 4-5 lines.
Tail
I 12/3
66
Habitat Table Lands of Eastern Mexico.
Spelerpes vermicularis, Gray.
Synonyms, Ophiobatrachus vermicularis, Gray, Cope;
Oedipina uniformis, Keferstein.
Body very much elongated, vermiform, hence the
name; head small; muzzle obtuse, ovate; costal furrows
nineteen; skin smooth, closely and minutely punctate
with black; teeth minute; vomerines in an arched row;
sphenoidals not contiguous with each other; skull mem-
•
:
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
95
branous above; parietals distinct, scale-like; limbs long,
slender, weak, and distant from each other; toes short.
Length 63% inches.
Tail
44
66
Habitat Costa Rica.
9. Hynobius, Tschudi.
Synonyms, Hynobius and Pseudo-Salamandra, Tschu-
di; Hynobius and Molge, Gray; Ellipsoglossa, Dumeril
and Bibron, Hallowell.
Vomerine and palatine bones not dentigerous; sphenoi-
dal teeth in two rows, one on each side of the median
line, divergent in front and approximated behind, thus
resembling a V; tongue oval, entire, free only upon its
sides; toes four in front, five behind; tail much compress-
ed. Species both aquatic.
This genus is especially characterized by the arrange-
ment of the teeth, it being the only one in which the
sphenoidal teeth are widely divergent in front, and also
by having the tongue attached anteriorly and posterior-
ly, and hence not protrusible.
Body short and thick; color yellowish brown.
H. NEBULOSUS. (1)
Body very much elongated: color bluish or slaty gray.
H. NæVIUS. (2)
96
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1. Hynobius nebulosus, Schlegel.
Synonyms, Salamandra nebulosa, Schlegel; Ellipso-
glossa nebulosa, Dumeril and Bibron, Hallowell.
Color yellowish brown, more or less darkened with
very fine marblings; usually a yellow caudal stripe above
and below; trunk short and thick; truncal vertebræ sev-
enteen; head not separable from the body; gular fold
not very prominent.
Length 4 inches.
Tail
66
2
Head to axilla 1 inch.
I
Breadth of head .47
66
Habitat Japan.
2. Hynobius nævius, Schlegel. (12)
Synonyms, Salamandra nævia, Schlegel; Pseudo-Sal-
amandra nævia, Tschudi; Molge nævia, Bonaparte;
Molge striata, Merrem, Gray: Ellipsoglossa nævial
Dumeril and Bibron, Hallowell.
Color bluish to slaty gray, with small lighter spots;
sides marbled; skin smooth; body elongated; trunca,
vertebræ eighteen; head scarcely separable from the
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
97
body; eyes very prominent; postorbital and gular fold
strongly marked; parotid mass distinct; dorsal longitu-
dinal groove present.
Length 5.12 inches.
Tail
2
66
Head to axilla 1.1 inches.
Breadth of head .4
66
Habitat Japan.
10. Salamandra, Wurfbain, Laurenti.
Teeth in two longitudinal rows upon the palatine bones
overlapping the sphenoid; transverse or vomerine series
none; tongue free only at its sides, and partially so be-
hind; parotids very prominent; body stout; ribs rudi-
mentary; head large, depressed; skin usually rough; a
series of mucous pores present on each side; limbs
strong; toes large, distinct, four in front and five behind
Spots large yellow. (a)
Spots none.
a. Palatine teeth in arches.
a. Palatine teeth parallel.
.S. atra. (3)
S. MACULOSA. (1)
.S. CORSICA. (2)
1. Salamandra maculosa, Laurenti.
Synonyms, Salamandra maculata, Merrem; Salaman-
dra vulgaris, Cloquet; Salamandra terrestris, Lacepede
and others.
98
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Color black, with large yellow blotches arranged over
the upper and lateral surfaces; head ovate; muzzle form-
ing an obtuse angle; nostrils directed forward; eyes not
very prominent; parotids exceedingly large; postorbital
and parotid grooves distinct; gular fold strongly mark-
ed; costal furrows eleven; dorsal longitudinal groove
barely visible; tail annulate, especially in the anal region,
carinate below, and compressed from the base.
Length 6 inches.
Tail
24
66
Habitat Europe.
Head to gular fold 7–8 inch.
Breadth of head 34
66
In the daytime lives under stones, old walls, etc., but
comes out during rain, and at night to seek its prey,
which consists of flies, beetles, young snails, worms and
the like. Reproduction ovoviviparous.
Dumeril and Bibron (12) distinguish three varieties ac-
cording to the disposition of the yellow spots but these
are found to readily shade into one another.
2. Salamandra Corsica, Savi. (12, b)
Synonym, Salamandra moncherina, Bonaparte.
Color black; upper surfaces with numerous, large, ir-
regular, yellow, spots; head, muzzle, nostrils, eyes, par-
otids, grooves, and appearance of the body as in S.
maculosa; teeth in four longitudinal rows, the two outer
somewhat curved, the inner parallel for more than two
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
99
thirds the length, and then curved so as to enclose an
oval or circular space.
Length 6.3 inches.
Tail 3.15
66
Habitat Corsica, Sardinia, and Algeria.
Found in damp places.
3. Salamandra atra, Laurenti. (5)
THE BLACK SALAMANDER.
Synonyms, Lacerta Salamandra, Gmelin; Salaman-
dra nera, Bonaparte; Salamandra nigra, Gray.
Color uniform black; head depressed; interval be-
tween the parotids nearly cruciform; gular fold well
marked; costal furrows distinct; lateral pores present;
tail annulate, tapering, compressed, but not carinate.
Length 4 4–5 inches.
Head to axilla .8 inch.
Diameter of body .5
Tail
2 2-5
66
66
Habitat Mountains of Southern Europe near the snow
line.
Reproduction viviparous. The mother brings forth
two young, and can expel them upon the land instead of
in the water,
100
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
11. Salamandrina, Fitzinger.
Palatine teeth in two arched rows nearly contiguous
in the front half of their course, and widely separated be-
hind; tongue oblong, entire, free laterally and posterior-
ly; skull much depressed, broad; fronto-temporal arch
distinct, but joined to the cranial bones; body granular;
ribs well developed; tail long, subcylindrical; toes four
in front and five behind.
1. Salamandrina perspicillata, Fitzinger. (12, b)
Syonyms, Salamandra tridactyla, Daudin, Bonnaterre;
Molge tridactylus, Merrem; Seiranota condylura, Barnes;
Seiranota perspicillata, Gray.
Back dark brown or black, with a half-circular line of
ruddy yellow upon the head, the ends of which point
towards the eyes; below whitish, with dark brown or
black spots; lower part of the feet and tail red; under
jaw white; body slender; lateral line of pores wanting;
vertebral region with a chain-like process, which is con-
tinued upon the tail, the latter with knotty lateral protu-
berances.
Length 3½ inches.
Habitat Appenines of Tuscany.
Tail 2 1-5 inches.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
ΙΟΙ
12. Pleurodeles, Michælles,
Palatine teeth in two longitudinal, almost parallel
rows which terminate anteriorly much in front of the in-
ner nares; tongue small, round, or oval, slightly free
posteriorly and laterally; skull depressed; fronto-tem-
poral arch distinct; ribs greatly developed; parotids
present; lateral line of pores low down between the ax-
illa and groin; tail long, compressed; toes four in front,
and five behind.
Pleurodeles Watlii, Michælles. (12, b)
Synonyms, Salamandra pleurodeles, Schlegel; Pleu-
rodeles exasperatus ? Dumeril and Bibron.
Brown or whitish gray, with yellow marblings and
dark spots, more yellow upon the sides; body short and
thick; skin granular above, smooth below; gular fold
distinct; tail and limbs, as well as fingers and toes,
slender.
Length 7½ inches.
Tail
.6
4.7
Habitat Spain.
Breadth of head .9 inch.
102
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
13. Bradybates, Tschudi.
Palatine teeth few; tongue very small, round, adher-
ent by its whole under surface; parotids none; body
short, broad, the sides perforated by the ribs; toes four
in front and five behind.
Bradybates ventricosus, Tschudi.
Color brownish yellow, with darker spots; head de-
pressed; eyes small and remote from each other; nos-
trils almost under the eyes; tail short, subcylindrical,
and differs from the uniform one of Pleurodeles; body
depressed, very thickly covered with fine warts.
Habitat Spain.
Dumeril and Bibron consider this a young Pleurode-
les, as it possesses many of the characteristics of that
genus, and differs from it mainly in the form of the tail.
Hallowell cites a specimen in the Bonaparte Collection,
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, labeled Brady-
bates Poireti, which he says is evidently a young Pleu-
rodeles. He also quotes Tschudi as saying of this spe-
cies, "Zahne ganz Plethodon," but considers it manifest-
ly an error.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
103
14 Notophthalmus, Rafinesque.
Synonyms, Diemyctylus, Rafinesque, Cope; Cynops,
Tschudi; Taricha, Gray.
•
Teeth in two longitudinal series, closely approximated
in front, divergent behind; tongue attached anteriorly
and posteriorly, and with only a small portion of its la-
teral margins free; postorbital arch long and strong,
formed by the union of the tympanic and frontal bones;
palatine processes cuneiform; spinous processes of ver-
tebræ quadrangular; ribs rudimentary; tail small, com-
pressed from the base; toes four in front and five behind
the first and fifth rudimentary.
Spots beneath numerous and black. (a)
Spots beneath few or none. (b)
a. Skin smooth...
a. Skin above rough.
•
b. Skin much granulated. (c)
b. Skin slightly granulated..
..N. VIRIDESCENS. (1)
N. PYRRHOGASTER. (3)
…….N. LÆVIS. (4)
c. Color beneath bright yellow.N. TOROSUS. (2)
c. Color beneath plumbeous.. N. CHINENSIS. (5)
1
104
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
1. Notophthalmus viridescens, Rafinesque.
THE CRIMSON SPOTTED TRITON.
Synonyms, Triturus viridescens, Rafinesque; Die-
myctylus viridescens, Rafinesque, Hallowell, Cope, Allen;
Diemyctylus miniatus, Rafinesque, Hallowell, Cope, Al-
len; Salamandra stellio, Say; Salamandra symmetrica,
Harlan, Holbrook, De Kay, Storer; Salamandra puncta-
tissima, Wood; Salamandra dorsalis, Harlan, Holbrook,
Storer; Salamandra millepunctata, Storer; Salamandra
coccinea? De Kay; Notophthalmus miniatus, Storer;
Triton millepunctatus, De Kay; Triton dorsalis, Hall;
Triton symmetricus, punctatissimus, et dorsalis, Dumer-
il and Bibron.
Color varying from olive to scarlet above, from orange
to red beneath, the two colors abruptly separated; sides
with five or more ocellate spots, often arranged in a line
and sometimes with other similar but smaller spots low-
er down; entire under surface punctate with black dots,
which sometimes cover the back and tail as well; head
oval; muzzle rounded at the apex; commissure of the
mouth not extending behind the posterior canthus of the
eye; gular and postorbital folds wanting; costal grooves
about fourteen, indistinct; back usually with a dorsal
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
105
crest; tail strongly carinate above and below; limbs long
and slender.
Length 34 inches.
Tail
134
66
Head to axilla ½ inch.
Breadth of head 1/4
66
Habitat Maine and Vermont to Florida, Illinois, and
Northern Shore of Lake Superior. Common.
Found under stones, and decayed wood, and also in
brooks. Holbrook observed them swimming with vi-
vacity under ice an inch thick. Storer found fragments
of Lymnea and Physa in their stomachs, and also ascer-
tained that they cast their skin in June, and that the new
cuticle was similar in all respects to the old.
2. Notophthalmus torosus, Eschscholtz.
Synonyms, Triton torosus, Eschscholtz, Hallowell;
Triton ermanni, Wiegman; Triton granulosus, Skilton,
Hallowell; Taricha torosus, Gray, Hallowell; Diemyc-
tylus torosus, Cope.
Color dark brown, beneath yellowish; body strong, in
alcohol very much granulated; head large, ovate; muz-
zle angular, rounded at apex; teeth not contiguous in
front; commissure decurved under the eye; gular fold
well marked, other folds and costal grooves indistinct;
limbs long and strong; tail compressed so as to form a
fin above and below.
Length 5 7-8 inches.
Tail
3
Head to axilla 7-8 inch.
Breadth of head 5%
Habitat Oregon City and San Francisco.
106
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
3. Notophthalmus pyrrhogaster, Boie.
Synonyms, Molge pyrrhogaster, Boie; Salamandra
subcristata, Schlegel; Cynops subcristatus, Tschudi;
Cynops pyrrhogaster, Gray; Triton subcristatus, Dum-
eril and Bibron, Hallowell; Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster,
Cope.
Color above deep brown, often with scattered yellow
spots; beneath red, with numerous irregular black spots
or dots; head large, flattened; muzzle obtuse; body
warty, or with a very granular skin above, and with lat-
eral tubercles at the origin of the throat; dorsal crest
small and almost effaced.
Length 5 inches.
Tail
234
66
Habitat Europe, Northern Africa, and Japan?
Common in the stagnant water of the overflowed
fields.
4. Notophthalmus lævis, Baird and Girard.
Synonyms, Taricha lævis, Baird and Girard; Diemyc-
tylus lævis, Cope.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
107
Baird and Girard (27, d) give a very imperfect de-
scription of this as follows:
"Allied to T. toroso, gray, but smoother, having
but slight indications of granulations. Tail very much
compressed, with a fringe along the upper edge, and the
posterior half of the lower. Color above dark purplish
brown, beneath bright yellow, the line of demarkation
very distinct. Body 3 inches long; tail 4½."
Habitat San Francisco.
5 Notophthalmus Chinensis, Gray.
Synonyms, Cynops Chinensis, Gray.
Color above olive brown, beneath bluish black, with
small, irregular, yellow spots on the gastræum, and un-
der sides of the limbs; tail yellowish on its under edge;
sometimes gray above, margined with black; skin gran-
ular; head and parotid glands similar to N. pyrrhogas-
ter; size large.
Habitat North Eastern Coast of China, inland from
Ningpo.
108
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
15. Triton, Laurenti.
Palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, almost paral-
lel or approximated in front, and divergent behind;
tongue fleshy, papillose, round or oval, free only upon its
sides, in T. punctatis slightly so all around; fronto-tem-
poral arch usually incomplete or wanting; parotids not
very prominent; body smooth or warty, flattened below;
digits developed, four in front and five behind; tail much
compressed, with vertical cutaneous margins at the pe-
riod when the animal inhabits fresh water.
This genus is especially difficult to understand. This
difficulty results from the changes they undergo. Some-
times they exist upon the land, and then resemble the
terrestrial Salamanders. At other times, especially near
the epoch of fecundation, they betake themselves to wa-
ter, assume more beautiful and varied colors, produce a
dorsal crest in the male, and exchange their round tail
for one exceedingly compressed. These changes are so
great, and the difference between the sexes so marked,
as well as the variations due to age, that at times we can
scarcely believe that certain animals observed are the off-
spring of a common parent. Robin (34) has some very
interesting observations on the fecundation of Triton
cristatus, alpestris, palmatus, and punctatus. He there
shows that in them, as also in the Siredon, spermatozoids
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
109
occur in the female cloaca, and to some distance up in
the oviducts. These were found in pregnant females not
engaged in oviposition as well as those that were, thus
showing that the eggs were fecundated some time prior
to leaving the mother.
Perhaps the best analysis that can be given is the fol-
lowing modeled after Dumeril and Bibron:
Skin of the back rugose. (a)
Skin of the back smooth. (d)
a. Belly spotted black. (b)
a. Belly immaculate. (c)
b. Palatine teeth in two nearly parallel rows.
T. CRISTATUS. (1)
b. Palatine teeth contiguous in front, widely
divergent behind..
T. BLASII, (8)
c. Dorsal band wanting..T. MARMORATUS. (2)
c. Dorsal band large, yellow.
d. Belly spotted black. (e)
d. Belly immaculate. (f)
T. PYRENÆUS. (7)
e. Spots large, round; no yellow lateral band.
T. PUNCTATUS. (3)
e. Spots simply dots; large yellow lateral band.
T. VITTATUS. (5)
f. Fronto-temporal arch incomplete; lateral
line of pores none; color cinereous.
T. ALPESTRIS. (4)
f. Fronto-temporal arch complete; lateral line
with distant, single pores; color tawny.
T. PALMATUS. (6)
·
IIO
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
*1. Triton cristatus, Laurenti. (20, 42)
Synonyms, Salamandra aquatica, Wurfbain, Ray, Pet-
iver, Daleus, Daudin; Salamandra Batracon, Camerari-
us; Salamandra platyura, Daubenton; Salamandra lati-
cauda, Bonnaterre; Salamandra cristata et pruinata,
Schneider; Salamandre cretee, Latreille; Salamandra
platycauda, Rusconi; Lacertus aquaticus, Gesner, Gro-
novius; Lacerta palustris, Linnæus; Lacerta porosa,
Retzius; Lacerta lacustris, Blumenbach; Molge palus-
tris, Merrem; Hemisalamandra cristata, Duges; Triton
marmoratus, Bibron; Triton cristatus et Bibroni, Bell;
Neurergus crocatus? Cope; Chioglossa? Du Bocage.
Color above brownish green to black; beneath orange
with black spots of considerable size; upper surfaces
with dark blotches more or less distinct; sides with sim-
ilar dark markings and projecting white points; head
long, much depressed; muzzle round; palatine teeth in
two long, widely separated, and nearly parallel rows
terminating anteriorly in front of choane; inner nares
large, equidistant from the outer; nostrils moderate;
eyes elongated; commissure terminating under the or-
bit; gular fold usually well marked; dorsal crest well
developed, reaching from muzzle to tip of groin; limbs
*For Hybridation in this animal (see 42, b) and for showing
that the limbs may be amputated and regenerated, but not if
their basilar portion has been removed, (see 35, a and c,) and for
reproduction (see 45, a.)
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
III
moderate; inner toes very long and free; feet flattened,
with two well marked plantar tubercles; tail much com-
pressed, with a membrane or fin above and below.
Length 434 inches. Head to gular fold 7
Breadth of head 5½
Tail
66
2
lines.
Habitat Europe and Northern Africa. Common.
66
Dumeril and Bibron (12, b) recognize three varieties.
A. Very large, 8 inches long, black above, and the white
lateral points wanting. B. Length four to five inches,
brown above, or grayish in the males. C. Triton car-
nifex, Laurenti, are females of small size, without dorsal
crest.
In a specimen before me from Leeds, England, one
hind foot has seven toes, of which the anterior three are
distinct, the other four all united at the base, and in
pairs towards the tips, the pairs being digitally distinct,
and each toe separate at the very tip. In other speci-
mens this abnormal development (which is probably a
result of injury) does not occur.
Cope (31, g) describes as Triton subcristatus an ani-
mal which probably belongs here. The only points of
difference which appear in his description are the absence
of the white lateral dots, and the relative length of the
tail. He also quotes Schlegel to show a different osteol-
ogy for the head and a less number of vertebræ, both
of which, without seeing the specimen in question, seem
to me doubtful.
Habitat Loo Choo Islands.
112
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
2. Triton marmoratus, Latreille. (12, b, 42)
Synonyms, Triton Gesneri, Laurenti, Schneider; Tri-
ton carnifex, Laurenti, Bonaparte; Salamandre marbree,
Latreille, Daudin; Hemisalamandra marmorata, Duges;
Pyronicia marmorata, Gray.
Color greenish, marbled with black or brownish red,
with white points; dorsal band red or yellow; belly im- .
maculate; body strong; lateral line of pores well mark-
ed; skin subtuberculose; costal furrows not prominent;
limbs stout; hinder toes somewhat fringed.
Length 6 inches.
Habitat France and Portugal.
Tail 2.6 inches.
A variety, or rather three varieties, of Triton crista-
tus ?
3. Triton punctatus, Latreille.
Synonyms, Triton Parisinus, Laurenti; Salamandra
tæniata, Schneider; Salamandra punctata, Latreille,
Daudin; Salamandra elegans, Daudin; Molge punctata,
et cinerea, Merrem; Molge tæniata, Gravenhorst; Lis-
sotriton punctatus, Bonaparte, Bell, Cope; Lophinus
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
113
punctatus, Gray; Triton lævis, Higginbottom, Pyronicia
punctata, Gray.
Color greenish to yellow above, with round black
spots arranged in rows, and with five lines of black upon
the neck; beneath yellow, with large round black spots
arranged in two or three lines; dorsal crest of males at
epoch of fecundation very distinct.
Length 2½ inches.
Habitat France.
4. Triton alpestris, Laurenti.
Synonyms, Triton Wurffbanii, Laurenti; Salamandra
rubriventris, Daudin; Molge alpestris, Merrem; Lisso-
triton alpestris, Bonaparte; Hemitriton alpestris, Duges,
Gray.
Color above cinereous, with black spots along the
sides and margin of the lower jaw, and thus border the
gastræum: ventral and gular region orange, immaculate,
red during life; limbs and feet spotted with black, with
half rings; digits slender, depressed; tail large, almost
transparent, with numerous black spots below.
Length 2½ inches.
Habitat Italy and Austria.
114
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
5. Triton vittatus, Gray.
Synonyms, Molge vittatus, Gray; Ommatotriton vit-
tatus, Gray; Lissotriton palmipes Var., Bell.
Color above grayish white, with black dots arranged
in lines; sides with a large, yellow band, margined
above and below with black; beneath red or yellow with
black spots; body smooth; lateral line of pores single,
distinct; dorsal crest present in males, but interrupted
over the loins; legs membranous on their inner edge;
plantar tubercles subulate, present in front.
Length 3 5-6 inches.
Tail 134 inches.
Habitat England, France, and Belguim.
Dumeril and Bibron consider this species as doubtful
and intermediate between Triton alpestris and T. pal-
matus.
6. Triton palmatus, Schneider.
Synonyms, Salamandra exigua, Laurenti, Rusconi;
Salamandre suisse, Ragoumowski; Salamandra palmata,
Schneider; Salamandre palmipede et abdominale, La-
treille, Daudin; Salamandre abdominale, Bonaparte;
✔
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
115
Triton exiguus, Bonaparte; Triton minor, Higginbot-
tom; Molge palmata, Merrem; Lophinus palmatus,
Gray; Lissotriton palmatus, Bell, 1849.
Color various, above usually brownish olive, green, or
tawny, with black spots often arranged in two lines; be-
neath orange or yellowish often with a few black spots
irregularly distributed; tail with a large cream-colored
band on each side, margined with black dots; female
paler; palatine teeth in two not contiguous series; body
smooth or slightly granular; lateral lines of distant, sin-
gle, indistinct, pores; dorsal crest in male present at
times; back with three ridges; feet in male palmate, in
female free; tail usually compressed and often terminat-
ing distally in a filament.
Length 23 inches.
Habitat England, France, and Germany.
Higginbottom states that at the time of reproduction
the tail in the male is terminated by a filament three lines
long, and the hind feet entirely palmate; but after the
breeding season is past, the filament and membranes are
absorbed, leaving the tail with a round tip, and the toes
free.
E
"
:
7. Triton Pyrenæus, Dumeril and Bibron.
Color above brown, with a large yellow dorsal band,
the margins of which are dentated and marked with
116
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
numerous black dots; beneath reddish yellow, immacu-
late; body warty; tail much compressed.
Length 3½ inches.
Habitat Pyrenees.
8. Triton Blasii, De l' Isle, (42)
Color above green with brown, undecided spots; be-
low orange, often white or whitish upon the sides, with
circular black spots; dorsal band of a silver shade in the
males, yellow in the females; feet orange; digits with
black rings; head elongated: muzzle round; palatine
teeth contiguous in front, widely divergent behind; gu-
lar fold distinct; body large and robust; dorsal crest in
male very prominent, serrate above; pelvis articulated to
the fifteenth or sixteenth vertebra; skin tuberculose, es-
pecially upon the back and sides; tail short, very much
compressed; toes distinct.
Length 7.16 inches.
Tail 3.23
66
Habitat France.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
117
16. Euproctus, Gene.
Palatine teeth in two longitudinal rows somewhat con-
verging towards the front; tongue adherent anteriorly,
free posteriorly and laterally; vomero-palatine processes
cuneiform; head large; muzzle round; parotids none;
skin rugose or warty; tail compressed; toes four in front
and five behind.
Palatine series of teeth closely approximated in front;
skull elongated; fronto-temporal arch weak.
E. PLATYCEPHALUS. (1)
Palatine series widely separated; skull rounded;
fronto-temporal arch strong...E. POIRETI. (2)
1. Euproctus platycephalus, Otto.
Synonyms, Molge platycephalus, Otto; Euproctus
Rusconii, Gene, Gray, Dumeril and Bibron; Megapter-
na montana, Savi; Hemitriton asper et punctulatus,
Duges; Calotriton punctulatus, Gray; Triton glacialis,
118
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
Phillippe; Triton punctulatus, cinereus, rugosus, Bibronii,
et repandus, Dumeril and Bibron.
Body above brownish olive, with traces of black; be-
neath gray, with black or bluish black points or spots;
head and skull rhombic; tongue oval; pterygoid and
superior maxillaries united by the mediation of a jugal
bone; lateral line of pores wanting; cloaca usually pro-
longed.
Length 234 inches.
Habitat Spain, Pyrenees, Italy, Corsica, and Sardinia.
:
2, Euproctus Poireti, Gervais. (12, b)
Synonyms, Lacerta palustris, Poiret; Triton Poireti,
Gervais, Gray; Triton nebulosus et Euproctus Rusco-
nii, Guichenot; Glossoliga Poireti, Bonaparte, Gervais,
Gray, Cope.
Brown above with black spots beneath paler with
buff and brown; head and skull semicircular; forehead
flattened with scattered tubercles tipped with brown;
muzzle rounded; fronto-temporal arch complete and
strong; nares more separated than in the preceding
species; pterygoid and maxillary bones united directly
with one another; lateral pores single, small, arranged
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
119
in a continuous line; tail longer than the body, with a
yellow band extending to its tip.
Length 634 inches.
Tail 3½
66
Habitat Northern Africa.
Breadth of head .59 inches.
List of Salamandrida unknown to the writer either by
a specimen or a good description:
TRITON ENSATUS, Eschsch. Zool. At, Pt. V. Pl. 22,
figs. 1–12.
Habitat San Francisco.
SALAMANDRA TERETICAUDA, Eschsch. Zool. At. Pt.
V. p. 14.
Habitat San Francisco.
SALAMANDRA GREENI, Gray. Catalogued in Griff.
Cuv.
SALAMANDRA BEECHEYI, Gray, Zool. of Blossom Pl.
31, fig. 3. Catalogued in Griff. Cuv.
SALAMANDRA OCELLATUS, equal to SIMILIS, Fitz.
Fitz. neue Class. Rept. 1825.
SALAMANDRA SINCIPUT-ALBIDA, Green, Jour. Acad.
Nat Sci. 1818, p. 352.
Habitat New Jersey.
120
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
•
?TRITURUS LUTESCENS, Rafinesque, 1832 Atlantic
Jour. No. 3, p. 121.
Habitat Kentucky.
TRITURUS HYPOXANTHUS, Raf. 1820 Annals of Nature,
No. 20.
Habitat Kentucky.
TRITURUS NEBULOSUS, Raf. 1820 Annals of Nature;
No. 23.
Habitat Long Island.
į
་་ *
OPHIOMORPHA.
121
OPHIOMORPHA, Nicholson.
Synonyms, Gymnophyona, Rolleston, Cope, Huxley;
Apoda, Bell, Tenney, Swainson; Peromeles, Dumeril
and Bibron.
This order comprises but a single family, Cæciliadae,
and hence in the present state of knowledge the same
characteristics will answer for both order and family.
Should subdivisions ever be made it will then be time
enough to provide separate descriptions.
CÆCILIADÆ.
:
Body vermiform; limbs wanting; young with internal
branchia, and a branchial aperture on each side of the
neck; adult with lungs, the left being relatively very
small; eyes small, almost concealed, or wanting; skin
apparently naked, viscous, with many folds or wrinkles,
and containing numerous delicate, horny, rounded, der-
mal scales; tongue large, papillose, fixed in the cavity of
the jaw, neither forked nor protusible; nostrils open be-
hind the palate; heart with two cavities, at least the auri-
cle not sufficiently divided to be regarded as double;
122
OPHIOMORPHA.
lobes of liver many, in numerous transverse lamellæ;
bones of skull soldered together; orbits of eyes covered
by maxillaries, and resemble a small hole; maxillary and
palatine teeth in two concentric lines; hyoid bone com-
posed of three pair of arches; ossiculum auditum or audi-
tory bone a small plate on the fenestra ovalis; os quad-
ratum soldered immovably to the cranium; rami of low-
er jaw united by symphysis at the chin; occipital con-
dyles two; vertebræ amphicœlous.
From the above characters it will be seen that the
Cæilians are like the Ophidians in, (1) the form of the
body; (2) the absence of limbs; (3) the presence of der-
mal scales; (4) the relative size of the lungs; and (5) the
teeth, which are long, tapering, and directed backwards.
They were in fact classed with the serpents in the writ-
ings of Goldfuss, Voight, Cuvier, and the older naturalists,
and it was only when Muller discovered the pores at the
side of the neck of a young E. glutinosa, with branchial
fringes within upon the corners of the hyoid, that they
were assigned their true position. The characters serv-
ing to distinguish them from the Ophidia are, (1) the
presence of two occipital condyles; (2) the amphicœlous
vertebræ and their union with each other; (3) the dove-
tailing of the tympanic bone into the cranium, and solidi-
fication of the whole; (4) the symphysis of the lower
maxillary and size of the mouth resulting from the man-
ner of its articulation; (5) the cloacal aperture round in-
stead of transverse; (6) the presence of internal branchiæ
in the young.
They also somewhat resemble sea-eels among fishes
in, (1) the amphicœlous vertebræ and cavities filled with
OPHIOMORPHA.
123
semigelatinous remains of the notochord; (2) the form and
structure of the skeleton; (3) the mode of implanting
teeth; and (4) the articulation of the jaw and cranium.
But they are unlike fishes in, (1) the presence of two oc-
cipital condyles; (2) the nostrils opening into the mouth;
(3) the presence of lungs; (4) the absence of branchiæ in
the adult.
Again they are very similar to worms, (1) in respect
to their viscid, damp, slimy skin; (2) their forms and cu-
ticular folds; (3) their habit of boring into the ground in
damp places; (4) their food, vegetable matter, earth and
sand having been found in their intestines, but the pres-
ence of a vertebral column, and a cerebro-spinal nervous
system at once forbids their being grouped with this
class.
Taken as a whole they seem to be possessed of a quin-
tuple nature, that is, they are related to the Amphis-
bænæ, Ophidia, Pisces; Vermes, and the true Batra-
chia. Certainly the discovery of gills places them
among the last, though they will always be interesting
from their resemblance to the others. They furnish but
another illustration of how close is the union between the
cold-blooded vertebrates, and how artificial is the best
classification of the naturalist.
In endeavoring to subdivide this family we find four
genera commonly recognized. The following table, tak-
en with slight changes from the British Museum Cata-
logue, will enable any one readily to refer an individual
to its appropriate place:
11
124
OPHIOMORPHA.
Muzzle pitted. (a)
Muzzle not pitted..
a. Pit before each eye. (b)
a. Pit under each nostril..
b. Rings on the body broad.
b. Rings narrow
...RHINATREMA. (4)
…….CÆCILIA. (1)
....SIPHONOPS. (2)
.EPICRIUM. (3)
The matter of a pitted muzzle seems to the writer in-
sufficient to constitute generic distinctions, and were he
to follow his own inclinations but one genus would be
given under this family. It looks very much as if nature
had only made one, and man had devised the other three.
But since these terms have come into general use, and as
our knowledge of these animals is very incomplete; and
since it is a source of great confusion to vary from estab-
lished names, it has been deemed best to retain the four
genera.
1. Cæcilia, Wagler.
Fossa two, one below each nostril; eyes distinct or in-
distinct; body and head cylindrical; muzzle projecting;
tongue velvety or cellular, and usually supplied with two
narial valvules.


Cæcilia.
LUMBRICOIDEA.
TENTACULATA.
ROSTRATA.
COMPRESSICAUDA.
OXYURA.
OCHROCEPHALA
PACHYNEMA.
IBYARA.
GELATINOSA.
KAUPII.
Length.
Diameter.
Color.
Annuli.
Black.
Fifteen.
Large, Round.
Two feet.
inch.
Two feet.
Thirteen inches.
Nineteen inches.
One foot.
1294 inches.
4-5 inch.
½ inch.
4-5 inch.
Black, marbled with
white below.
Brownish Olive.
Brownish Olive.
3-5 inch.
Olive.
4 inch.
Yellowish Plumbeous
130 odd, Part incom-
plete.
125 complete.
Muzzle.
Eyes.
Invisible.
Plicated, with
Tongue.
Valvules.
Posterior Terminus of
Round.
Body.
Habitat.
Surinam.
Large, Round.
Invisible.
Narrow, Obtuse.
Invisible.
140 below, incomplete 180, only last 30 com-
above.
Large, Round.
plete.
Slightly Narrowed.
Visible.
Visible.
200 complete.
Depressed, Narrow,
Acute.
Invisible.
170-180.
25 Distinct.
One foot.
One inch.
Black, with white
ridges.
One foot.
3-5 inch.
Brownish.
|300-400,
Obtuse.
$
Visible in adult.
Narial Plicated, with Narial Plicated, with Narial
Valvules.
Round.
Surinam.
Plane.
Plane.
Valvules.
With Narial Valvules
Round.
Compressed.
Pointed.
Depressed, Obtuse.
Isles Seychelles and
Guiana.
Guiana.
Malabar.
Panama.
Ecuador.
|Brazil and Guiana.
Angostura.
OPHIOMORPHA.
125
Cæcilia lumbricoidea, Daudin. (12)
WORM-LIKE CÆCILIA.
Synonyms, Cæcilia, gracilis, Hemprich, Shaw; Cæcil-
ia lumbricoidea of most authors.
Length more than seventy times the greatest diameter;
annuli few at each end, others seen only with the micro-
scope; muzzle large and rounded; eyes invisible; tongue
with plicæ and large, oval, narial valvules; posterior ex-
tremity of the body cylindrical, and rounded; color black-
ish or brownish, sometimes with an olive taint; max-
illary teeth about twenty in each jaw, palatine or second
row sixteen above and ten to twelve below, all the teeth
acute, conical, turned backwards, and somewhat scatter-
ed; posterior half of the body smaller than the anterior,
and with a small swelling near the extremity; scales
large, thin, cycloid, imbricated, and verticillate.
Habitat Surinam.
Cæcilia tentaculata, Lacepede. (12)
!
Synonym, Cæcilia albiventris, Daudin, Merrem, Gray,
de Saint-Vincent, Cuvier, Griffith.
126
OPHIOMORPHA.
Length about thirty times its greatest diameter; an-
nuli 130 odd, extending the whole length of the body, but
(every other one not forming a complete circle ?); muz-
zle large and rounded; tongue with plice and two large,
oval, narial valvules; posterior part of the body cylin-
drical with rounded end; color blackish, belly marbled
with white; teeth, first row in each jaw about twenty,
second row from ten to a dozen below, and sixteen above,
all the teeth conical, acute, and turned backwards; scales
large, quadrilateral with rounded angles, and imbri-
cated.
Cæcilia rostrata, Cuvier.
SHARP-NOSED CÆCILIA.
Length twenty to twenty-one times its greatest diam-
eter; annuli 125, forming complete circles; eyes and
tongue as in C. lubricoidea; muzzle narrow, with end
obtuse or slightly pointed; posterior part of the body cy-
lindrical, with extremity rounded; color brownish olive
throughout; scales oval and smaller than in C. tentacu-
lata; narial fossæ very small.
Habitat South America and the Isles Seychelles.
The occurrence of this animal in regions thus separated
and possessing such distinct faunas, is certainly remark-
able and well worthy of note. It opens up an interest-
ing question in regard to geographical distribution, and
furnishes an excellent opportunity to theorize on how
they came there.
:
រ
OPHIOMORPHA.
127
Cæcilia compressicauda, Dumeril and Bibron.
Length twenty-five times its greatest diameter; annuli
140 below, incomplete above; muzzle large, rounded at
the end; tongue plane; posterior part of the body consid-
erably compressed; color brownish olive throughout;
eyes visible.
Habitat Cayenne.
This species has been made exceedingly interesting by
the researches of Peters. Prior to this M. Leprieur
had discovered accidentally that some of the Cæciliæ
were viviparous or ovoviparous, but the species upon
which his observations were made was not determined.
Peters (15, b) with a female Cæcilia compressicauda
which had been captured near Cayenne floating upon
the top of the water, determined over again this interest-
ing fact. Soon after its capture this animal gave birth
to a young one, and upon dissection five others were
found in a dilatation of its oviduct.
The young and the fœtuses were from 5.35 to 5.79
inches long, and what is very remarkable, were without
either anal fringes or branchial apertures, both of which
åre present in the young Epicrium glutinosum. In this
case however, neither internal branchiæ nor branchial
slits could be discovered. Rather there were present in
the nuchal region two vesicles 2.17 inches long, of irreg-
ular form, and with their narrow, transverse bases in
connection. These receive a vascular trunk, and the
B
128
OPHIOMORPHA.
same ramifies over their surfaces, and in the scars left
by the vesicles in detaching themselves there remains a
small hole on each side of the neck, and to this as an
opening runs a vessel or pair of vessels in communica-
tion with the Aortic arch.
These vesicles are evidently external branchiæ, and
their discovery shows still more closely the relation of
these animals to the Amphibians. They recall the ex-
ternal branchiæ discovered by Wienland in the larval
Notodelphys ovifera, and show certain interesting rela-
tions between the young Cæcilians and some of the tree
toads.
The researches of Peters upon this animal are exceed-
ingly interesting, because they apparently indicate that
this order hitherto so imperfectly understood begin their
existence as external, then change to internal gill-breath-
ers, and finally replace these by true lungs.
Cæcilia oxyura, Dumeril and Bibron.
Length about twenty times its greatest diameter; an-
nuli exceeding 180, part incomplete; muzzle slightly
narrowed; tongue without narial valvules; posterior ex-
tremity of the body cylindrical, with pointed terminus;
eyes visible; scales small, transparent, striated concen-
trically, imbricated and verticillate; color olive, borders.
of annuli yellow.
Habitat Malabar.
!
}
OPHIOMORPHA.
129
Cæcilia ochrocephala.
Length about fifty times its greatest diameter; annu-
li 200, equidistant, complete, and with intermediate ones
on the back, beginning one inch and terminating three
lines from the posterior extremity; eyes invisible; muż-
zle narrowed somewhat, decurved, extending at an acute
angle beyond the mouth; color plumbeous yellow, throat
and head ochreous, annuli brownish black; posterior ex-
tremity of the body depressed and obtuse.
Habitat Panama.
Cæcilia pachynema, Gunther.
Annuli 170 to 180; eyes visible in small, invisible in
large animals; tongue with two narial valvules; maxil-
.lary teeth eight on each side above and six below; pala-
tines five on each side, all the teeth conical and directed
backwards; color brownish, sometimes with lateral blue
spots.
Habitat Ecuador.
!
130
OPHIOMORPHA.
Cæcilia Ibyara, Margrave.
Length about twelve times its greatest diameter; an-
nuli 25, distinct; muzzle blunt; color black, white ridges.
Daubenton (21) makes this synonymous with C. ten-
taculata and C. rugis, Linnæus, but that is evidently an
error. Bonnaterre (20, p. 73, pl. 34) figures and de-
scribes a species under this name, but he has evidently
confounded it with C. tentaculata and an Amphisbæna.
Dumeril and Bibron (12) also express doubt as to wheth-
er it is not properly one of the last named genus. Not
having a specimen I am unable to determine its true re-
lation, but am inclined to think the species well founded,
and for this reason have inserted it here. The animal
has been found living three feet under ground in wet
places.
Habitat Brazil and Guiana.
Cæcilia gelatinosa.
Length twenty times its greatest diameter; annuli be-
tween 300 and 400; color brownish.
This may be a variety of E. glutinosum.
OPHIOMORPHA.
131
Cæcllia Kaupii, Berthold.
This species is described in the Gottingen Nachrich-
ten, (1859, p. 161) but being without either the work or
a specimen, the writer is unable to give a description
here.
Habitat Angostura.
Cæcilia maculata, Catesby.
This is no Cæcilia at all, but is the Anguis ventralis,
Linnæus.
CECILIA SQUALOSTOMATA is unknown to the writer.
Habitat Africa.
2. Siphonops, Wagler.
Fossa two, situated in front of and below the eyes; body
and head cylindrical; muzzle short; tongue plicated and
:
Ï32
OPHIOMORPHA.
without narial valvules; eyes visible; annuli broad; ten-
tacles on the fossa wanting.
Siphonops annulatus, Wagler. (12)
Synonyms, Cæcilia interrupta, Cuvier; Cæcilia annu-
lata of many authors.
Length 23 inches; diameter.7 of an inch; annuli 86 to
100, usually forming complete circles; muzzle large with
rounded end; teeth conical and directed backwards;
posterior extremity of the body rounded; scales conceal-
ed if not altogether wanting; color blackish, olive, bluish,
or ash colored, annuli with white circles.
Spix estimates upwards of 200 bands or folds of the
skin on the body of this animal, but probably none can
be found with that number. The S. annulatus lives in
marshes several feet under ground, and is specifically the
same as C. interrupta, Cuvier. In the latter, part of
the annuli do not form complete circles.
Siphonops Mexicanus, Dumeril and Bibron.
Length 13½ inches; diameter 4-5 of an inch; muzzle
slightly narrowed; teeth conical, curved backward; an-
OPHIOMORPHA.
133
nuli about 160, of which the first 50 and last 20 only form
complete circles; posterior extremity of the body round-
ed at the end; scales small, numerous, and imbricated;
color yellowish below and grayish above.
Habitat Mexico.
Siphonops syntremus, Cope.
Muzzle depressed, projecting, rounded in front; man-
dibular teeth five on each side and large; annuli about
130, complete, and with intermediate, lateral segments
on the posterior third of the body; annuli ventrally in-
terrupted in front and the segments becoming complete
circles behind; posterior extremity of the body with a
depressed, pointed terminus; body as a whole slender,
cylindrical; eyes very small, barely visible; postgular
and gular folds present; nostrils open internally at some
distance behind the palatine arch; color dark, plumbeous
with yellow lines upon the annuli; length one foot; di-
ameter 4 of an inch; "Differs from the four species hith-
erto known by the close approximation of the narial and
tentacular openings; the latter lie a little behind the form-
er, and are slightly larger. *** It resembles C.
ochrocephala, from which it is distinguished by position
of the foramen and inner nares, also by color and char-
acter of annuli." Cope, (24, e.)
Habitat Belize.
SIPHONOPS BRASILIENSIS, Lutk, and SIPHONOPS INDIS-
TINCTUS, Lutk, are both unknown to the writer.
Habitat Brazil.
134
OPHIOMORPHA.
}
ز
3. Epicrium, Wagler.
Ichthyophis, Fitzinger.
Fossa two below and slightly in front of the eyes; body
subfusiform; head depressed; tongue with a velvety sur-.
face, and without narial valvules; eyes visible; annuli
numerous, complete.
}.
:
t
Epicrium glutinosum, Wagler. (20)
:
;
!
}
JAVANESE CÆCILIA.
Synonyms, Epicrium Hasseltii, Wagler; Ichthyophis,
Hasseltii, Fitzinger; Cæcilia hypocyanea, Hasselt; Cæ
cilia viscosa, Latreille; Le Serpent Visquex, Daubenton;
Le Visquex, Lacepede and Bonnaterre; Cæcilia glutin-
osa of many authors.
Length 13 inches; diameter ½ inch; annuli 350, being
transverse striæ rather than plicæ, and united beneath at
an acute angle; muzzle obtuse; scales many, thin, and
articulated above; color blackish to grayish, with a yel-
lowish band on each side extending the length of the
body.
Habitat Ceylon, Malacca, and Java. Daudin says
America, but this is probably a mistake.
OPHIOMORPHA.
135
Thanks to the researches of Muller, Hasselt, and Pe-
ters, we know something of the development of breath-
ing organs in this species. It seems that in a specimen
4½ inches long Muller first discovered the branchial
pores, and later, in a specimen 5 lines in length, saw the
same more precisely formed. Also Hasselt in one from
Java, saw these apertures, and located them in the centre
of the yellowish stripe. Peters, (15, a) on the contrary,
locates them in the upper border of the stripe, and deter-
mines that the forward gill slits are not one-half smaller,
as in Muller's example, but the same size as the hinder.
He also shows that distinct gills are not present, but pro-
jections of the skin beside and between the gill openings
are toothed and fringed so as to have allowed the pres-
ence of gills. Probably, therefore, they were present at
some stage in the animal's development. Also the eyes
in the young are much more distinct than in the adult,
and directly in front of each is an angular depression
larger than the fossa below and in advance of the eye.
Epicrium monochrous, Blecker.
This species is described in Natuurk, Tijdschr. Med.
Indie xiv. p. 188.
Habitat Borneo.
136
OPHIOMORPHA.
2
Rhinatrema, Dumeril and Bibron.
Fossa wanting; body subfusiform; head depressed;
tongue velvety, without narial valvules; eyes visible;
annuli numerous, complete.
Rhinatrema bivittatum, (12, 23)
THE BANDED CECILIA.
Synonym, Cæcilia bivittata, of many authors.
Length 7.8 inches; diameter .31 inches; annuli 340,
complete; muzzle obtuse; posterior extremity of body
pointed; teeth conical, quite narrow, and curved back-
wards; scales numerous, transparent, circular and retic-
ulated; color black, with a yellow band on each side of
the body, yellow anal ring, and with yellow and brown
on the lower jaw.
Habitat Cayenne.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
137
LIST OF AUTHORS
Consulted in the Preparation of the Present Work.
1. Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, Manual of Zoology.
2. Weiz, Rev. Samuel, List of Vertebrates observed at
Okak, Labrador, with Annotations by A. S. Pack-
ard. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. 10, p. 272.
3. Rolleston, George, Forms of Animal Life.
4. Girard, Charles, On a New Genus and Species of
Urodela, from the collections of the U. S. Expl. Ex-
ped. under command of Chas Wilkes, U. S. N.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1856, p. 140.
5. Amphibien in Bronn's Klassen, und Ordnung des
Their-Reichs.
6. Mivart, St. George, The Common Frog.
7. Voigt. Lehrbuch der Zoologie.
8. Gervais, M. Paul.
a. Sur la Cavitie Orbitaire de la Cecilie.
Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1853, T. xx. p. 315.
138
LIST OF AUTHORS.
b. Sur le Glossoliga Poireti et 'l Euproctus Rus-
conii. Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1853, T. xx, p.
312.
c. Reptiles in Dictionnaire Universel d' His-
toire Naturelle.
9. Green, Jacob, Papers in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
a. Description of a new Species of Salamander,
1825, p. 116.
b. Description of two new Species of Salaman-
der, 1830, p. 253.
c. Description of several Species of N. Am.
Amphibia, accompanied with observations.
1818. p. 348.
d. Say, Thomas, Notes on the Above Paper,
1818, p. 405.
10. Huxley, Prof. T. H., Art. Amphibia in Encyclopæ-
dia Brittanica.
11. Goldfuss, Handbuch der Zoologie.
12. Dumeril and Bibron, Reptiles in Suite a Buffon.
a. Tome viii.
b. Tome ix.
13. Baird, Spencer F., Reptiles in Major W. H. Emory's
Report on U. S. and Mex. Boundary.
14. De Kay, James E., Reptiles in Nat. Hist. of N. Y.
15. Peters, W., Papers in Monatsberichte der Koenig-
lichen Preufs, Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
139
a. Eine junge Cæcilia glutinosa mit Kiemen
loechern aus Malacca, 1864, p. 303.
b. Observations sur le Development du Cæcil-
ia compressicauda, 1874, Ann. des Scien
Nat. 1874, Art. 13.
c. Mittheilungen ueber neue Batrachier, 1863.
P. 445.
16. Storer, Dr. D. H.
a. Report on Reptiles of Mass.
b. Memoranda of Facts observed extending the
Geographical range of Certain Reptiles.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol iv. p.
138.
17. Jordan and Van Vleck, Popular Key to the Birds,
Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes of the Northern
United States.
18. Cuvier; Baron, Animal Kingdom.
19. Holbrook, Dr. J. E., North American Herpetology.
20. Bonnaterre, l' Abbe, Erpetologie in Encyclopedie
Methodique.
21. Daubenton, Ophiologie in Encyclopedie Methodique.
22. Cecilia Art. in Cyclopedia of Nat. Hist., conducted
by Chas. Knight.
23. Knight, Chas., Pictorial Museum of Animated Na-
ture.
140
LIST OF AUTHORS.
24. Cope, Ed. D., Papers in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Phil.
a. An Examination of the Reptilia and Batra-
chia obtained by the Orton Expedition to
the Upper Amazon, with Notes on other
Species, 1868, p. 96.
b. On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus, and other
American Batrachia, 1863, p. 43.
c. Notes upon some Reptiles of the Old World,
1862, p. 337.
d. Third Contribution to the Herpetology of
Tropical America, 1865, p. 185.
é. Fourth Contribution to the Herpetology of
Tropical America, 1866, p. 123.
f. Sixth Contribution to the Herpetology of
Tropical America, 1868, p. 305.
g. Description of Reptiles from Tropical Amer-
ica and Asia, 1860, p. 368.
h. On some Batrachia and Nematognathi
brought from the Upper Amazon by Prof.
Orton, 1874, p. 120.
i. A Review of the Species of the Plethodonti-
dæ and Desmognathidæ, 1869, p. 93.
j. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sono-
ran Province of the Nearctic Region, 1866,
p, 300.
k. Partial Catalogue of the Cold Blooded Ver-
tebrata of Mich., 1865, p. 78.
7. On the Primary Divisions of the Salaman-
dridæ, with Descriptions of two new Spe-
cies, 1859, p. 166.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
141
m. A Review of the Species of the Amblystom-
idæ, 1867, p. 166.
n. On Siredon Metamorphoses, etc. Ann, and
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1871, vol. vii. p. 246.
.. Supplement to Arciferous Anura on the Os-
seous Structures of the types of the Urod-
ela. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil. 1866, vol.
vi. p. 97.
25. Segond, M. L. A., Reptiles et Batraciens classes d'
apres leurs affinites par Rapport a cinq Types dont
les Caracteres sont empruntes aux Parties les moins
modifiables du Squelette. Jour. de l'Anatomie et la
Physiologie publie par M. Chas. Robin, 1872, p 645.
26. Harlan, Richard, Papers in Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien.
Phil.
a. Genera of North American Reptilia, and a
Synopsis of the Species, 1827, p. 317.
b. Description of a new Species of Salamandra,
1825, p. 156.
c. Description of two new Species of Salaman-
dra, 1825, p. 136.
d. Note on Amphiuma means, 1829, p. 147.
e. Description of a new Species of Salamandra,
1827, p. 101.
f. Dissection of a Batrachian Animal in a living
state, 1823, p. 54.
27. Baird and Girard, Papers in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci-
ences, Phil.
a. Characteristics of some new Reptiles in the
142
LIST OF AUTHORS.
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution,
1852, p. 173.
b. Description of New Species of Reptiles col-
lected by the U. S. Expl. Exped. under
the command of Captain Chas. Wilkes, U.
S. N., 1825, p. 174.
c. Characteristics of some new Reptiles in the
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution,
1852, p. 68.
d. List of Reptiles collected in California by
Dr. John L. Le Conte, with Description of
new Species, 1853, p. 300.
28. Verrill, A. E., Catalogue of the Reptiles and Ba-
trachians found in the vicinity of Norway, Oxford
Co., Maine. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol ix.
p. 195.
29. Borland, Dr. J. N., List of Reptiles collected in Cal-
ifornia by Mr. E. Samuels. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. vol. vi. p. 192.
30. Gray, Dr. J. E., Papers in the Annals and Maga-
zine of Nat. Hist. London.
a. Proposal to separate the family Salamandri-
dæ Gray into three Families according to
the form of the skull, 1858, vol. ii. p. 292.
b. Observations on Dr. Hallowell's Paper on
Urodele Batrachians and Trigonophrys,
etc., 1858, vol i. p. 353-
c. Descriptions of new Salamanders from Chi-
na and Siam, 1860, vol. v. p. 151.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
143
d. On the eyes of Emydidæ and Batrachia,
1864, vol. xiii. p. 175.
31. Hallowell, Dr. Edward, Papers in Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Phil.
a. Notice of a Collection of Reptiles from Kan-
sas and Nebraska, presented to the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences by Dr. Ham-
mond, U. S. A., 1856, p. 238.
b. Description of several new North American
Reptiles, 1857, p. 215.
c, Description of several Species of Urodela,
with remarks on the Geographical Distri-
bution of the Caducibranchiate Division of
these animals, and their Classification, 1856,
p. 6.
d. Notes on the Reptiles in the Collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1856, p. 221.
e. Description of two new species of Urodeles
from Georgia, 1856, p. 130.
f. Description of a new Species of Salamander
from Upper California, 1848, p. 126.
g. Report upon the Reptilia of the North Pa-
cific Exploring Expedition, under com-
mand of Captain John Rogers, U. S. N.,
Edited by E. D. Cope, 1860.
h. On some new Reptiles from California, 1853,
p. 238.
i. Remarks on the Urodela about Philadelphia,
1856, p. 101.
j. On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batra-
144
LIST OF AUTHORS.
chians. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phil.
1858, vol. iii. p. 238.
32. Dumeril, M. Aug.
a. Nonvelles Observations sur des Axolotls
Batraciens urodeles de Mexico (Siredon
Mexicanus vel Humboldtii) nes dans la
Menagerie des Reptiles au Museum d'
Histoire naturelle et qui y subissent des
Metamorphoses, Comptes Rendus, 1865,
T. lxi. p. 775.
b. Creation d'une Race blanche d' Axolotls a
la Menagerie des Reptiles du Museum d'
Histoire naturelle et Remarques sur la
Transformation de ces Batraciens.
ptes Rendus, 1870, T. lxx. p. 782.
Com-
c. Metamorphoses des Batraciens urodeles a
Branchies exterieures du Mexique dits
Axolotls. Ann. des Sciences, Nat. 1867,
p. 229.
d. Experiences faites a la Menagerie des Rep-
tiles du Museum d' Histoire naturelle, sur
des Batraciens urodeles a branchies ex-
terieures du Mexique dits Axolotls, et de-
montrant que la vie aquatique se continue
sans Trouble apparent apres l' Ablation
des Houppes branchiales. Comptes Ren-
dus, 1867, T. lxv. p. 242.
d2. Experiments on the Axolotl. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. London, 1867, vol. xx.
P. 446.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
145
33. Plateau M. Felix.
a. Sur la vision des Poissons et des Amphi-
bies. Ann. des Sciences Nat. 1867, p. 15.
a.2 On the vision of Fishes and Amphibia.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, vol. xix.
p. 469.
34. Robin, M. Chas.
a. Observations sur la Fecundation des Ba-
traciens urodeles. Comptes Rendus, 1874,
p. 125-4.
a2. Observations on the Fecundation of the
Batrachian Urodela. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist, London, 1874, vol. xiv, p. 96.
35. Philipeaux, M.
a. Etudes experimentales sur la Greffe Ani-
male et sur Regeneration de la Rate chez
les Mammifers et des Membres chez les
Salamamanders aquatiques. Ann. des Sci-
ences Nat. 1867, p. 5.
b. Sur la Regeneration des Membres chez l'
Axolotl (Siren pisciformis). Ann. des Scien.
Nat. 1867, p. 228.
c. Expermiments demonstrating that the mem-
bers of the Newt (Triton cristatus) are on-
ly regenerated when their basilar portion
at least is left in its place. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xix, p. 72.
36. Hogg, John, Notes on some Amphibians. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. London, 1865, vol. xvi, p. 120.
146
LIST OF AUTHORS.
37. Marsh, Prof. O. C.
a. On the Metamorphoses of Siredon into Am-
blystoma. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
vol. xii, p. 87.
a2. Siredon a larval Salamander. American
Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 493.
38. Haldeman, Letter in Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.
1874, p. 315.
39. Duges, M. A.
a. Note sur une nouvelle Espece d' Axolotl (le
Siredon Dumerilii.) Ann. des Scien. Nat.
1872, Art. 17.
b. Recherches sur l' Osteologie et la Myologie
des Batraciens a leurs differens Ages.
40. Gibbes, Lewis R., Papers in Boston Jour. Nat. Hist.
a. Description of a new species of Salamander,
vol. v, p. 89.
b. Description with figure of Menobranchus
punctatus, vol. vi, p. 369.
41. Wood, Wm. W. Description of a new Species of
Salamander. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil. 1825,
p. 306.
42. De l'Isle, M. Arthur, Papers in Ann. Des Scien.
Nat.
a. Notice Zoologique sur un nouveau Batracien
Urodele de France, 1862, p. 363.
b. L'Hybridation chez les Amphibies, 1873,
Art. 3.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
147
43. Barnes, D. H., An arrangement of the Genera of
Batrachian Animals, with a Description of the more
remarkable Species. Am. Jour. of Science, vol. xi,
1826, p. 268.
44. Le Conte, Capt. John, Papers in the Annals of the
Lyceum of Natural History of New York.
a. Description of a new Species of Siren, 1826,
p. 133.
b. Description of a new Species of Siren with
some Observations on animals of a similar
Nature, 1823, p. 52.
45. Configliachi and Dr. Rusconi, Papers in Edin. Phil.
Jour.
a. Observation on Natural History and Struc-
ture of the Aquatic Salamander (Sala-
mandra platycauda), and on Development
of Larva from the egg to the perfect
Animal.
b. Observations on the Natural History and
Structure of Proteus anguinus, vol. iv,
p. 398, vol. v, p. 84.
46. Ehrenberg, Ueber, die mit dem Proteus anguinus
zusammenlebenden mikroskopischen Theirfor-
men den Bassins der Magdalenengrotte in Krain.
Monatsberichte Acad. Berlin, 1859, p. 758, and
1862, p. 579.
47.. Kneeland, Dr. Samuel, Papers in Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist.
148
LIST OF AUTHORS.
7
a. On Siredon hvemalis, vol. vi, p. 152.
b. Habits of Menobranchus, vol. vi, p. 371.
c. Breathing of Menobranchus, vol. vi, p. 429.
48. Smith, J. Augustine, Account of the Dissection of
the Proteus of the Lakes (Menobranchus) with re-
marks on the Siren intermedia. Ann. Lyceum
Nat. Hist. New York, vol ii, p. 259.
49. Baird, Spencer F., Revision of the North American
Tailed Batrachia, with Descriptions of new Genera
and Species. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phil. vol.
i, p. 281.
50. Burnett, Observations upon the Reptilia found about
Aiken, Georgia. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
vol. iv, p. 146.
51. Blanchard, M. Emilie, Note sur une nouvelle Sala-
mandra gigantesque (Sieboldia Davidiana) de le Chi-
ne occidentale. Comptes Rendus, 1871, T. 73,
p. 79.
52. Allen, J. A., Papers in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
a. Catalogue of the Reptiles and Batrachians
found in the vicinity of Springfield, Mass.,
vol. xii, p. 198.
b. Notes on Massachusetts Reptiles and Ba-
trachians, vol. xii, p. 263.
53. Gunther, A., On the Geographical Distribution of
Reptiles. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858,
vol iii, p. 311.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
149
54. Homan, John, Regeneration of Limbs in Triton.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol x, p. 174.
55. Wyman, On the Structure of the Heart and Physiol-
ogy of Respiration in the Batrachians. Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. vol v, p. 51.
56. Putnam, F. W., Remarks on Plethodon erythrono-
tus and its eggs. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol.
ix, p. 173.
57. Sager, Abram, On American Amphibia. American
Jour. Sciences and Arts, 1839, p. 320.
58. Kennicott, Robert, Animals seen at Fort William,
North Shore Lake Superior. Trans. Chicago Acad.
vol. i, p. 144.
59. Hoy, P. R., On the Amblystoma luridum. Smithso-
nian Reports, 1854, p. 295.
60. Mann, Rev. Chas., On the History of an Aquatic
Salamander Amblystoma opacum, Smithsonian Re-
ports, 1854, p, 294.
61. Vaillant, Dr. Leon, Histoire Anatomique de Sirene
lacertine. Ann. des scien. Nat. 4me ser. Tome xix,
p. 295.
150
LIST OF AUTHORS.
Alphabetical List of Authors, with the Numbers
Referring to their Works.
54
59
IO
17
58
47
22, 23
44
37
6
I
•
35
33
Allen...
52
Homan
• •
Baird..
13, 49
Hoy
•
Baird and Girard....
27
Huxley
Barnes.
43
Jordan
Bibron...
12
Kennicott.
Blanchard.
51
Bonnaterre..
20
Borland..
29
Kneeland...
Knight.
Le Conte..
Burnett.
50
Marsh..
Configliachi..
Mivart
45
Cope..
24
Cuvier..
18
Nicholson ..
Philipeaux
Plateau
Peters
Daubenton.
De Kay.
De l'Isle..
Duges.
21
•
15
15
42
Putnam
56
39
Robin
34
Dumeril ..
· 32, 12
Rolleston.
3
Ehrenberg
Gervais..
Gibbes.
Girard.
4, 27
Goldfuss
II
Gray.
30
Green.
9
46 Rusconi.
8 Sager..
40 Segond.
Smith..
Storer
Vaillant
Van Vleck.
45
57
...
25
48
16
61
• •
Gunther..
53
Verrill
Haldeman .
38
Voigt..
17
28
7
Hallowell..
31
Weiz.
Harlan...
26
Wood...
Hogg.
36 Wyman
•
2
41
55
Holbrook...
19
INDEX.
命
​In the following Index the names printed in small cap-
itals are retained; the Roman letters denote Synonyms.
Abranchus.
prosperpine
Alleghanensis
22
PUNCTATUM
AMBLYSTOMA
29
salmoneum
ATERRIMUM
51
BICOLOR
46
Californiense
42
CINGULATUM
- 52
CONSPERSUM
47
episcopus
erythronotum
fasciatum
fuscum
-
-
JEFFERSONIANUM
39
94
laterale
40
luridum
39
MACRODACTYLUM
-
43
maculatum
43
MAVORTIUM
42
AMPHIUMIDA
MEXICANUM
MICROSTOMUM
nebulosum
nigrum
-
55
44
42
ANAIDES
FERREUS
LUGUBRIS
-
70
ANDRIAS
OBSCURUM
48
ANOURA
OPACUM
PAROTICUM
PLATINENUM
37 Apoda
-
50
-
· 50
ATOLOCALT.
Atretoderes
subviolaceum
TALPOIDEUM
TENEBROSUM
TEXANUM
TIGRINUM
TRISRUPTUM
XIPHIAS
37 Amblystomidæ
40 AMPHIBIA
40 Amphipneusta
AMPHIUMA
didactylum
MEANS
TRIDACTYLUM
1
42
36
92
36
41
45
-
46
39
48
49
25
9
IO
20
20
20
-
21
19
60
1
61
- 61
24
IO
121
54
24
152
INDEX.
AXOLOTL
AXOLOTES
GUTTATUS
MACULATUS
BATRACHOSEPS
ATTENUATUS
NIGRIVENTRIS
PACIFICUS
QUADRIDIGITATUS
Bolitoglossa
bilineata
-
9, 54 Calotriton
I
-
54
55
78
55, 56
-
punctulatus
Camarataxis
maculata
Caudata
79 Chioglossa
79 Chrysodonta
80
larvæformis
CRYPTOBRANCHUS
JAPONICUS
salamandroides
117
- 117
42
IO
-
IIO
20
20
- 81
23
81
24
83
22
Mexicana
rubra
BRADYBATES
Poireti
VENTRICOSUS
CADUCIBRACHIATA
75,90 Cylindrosoma
81
86
auriculatum
69
102
glutinosum
66
102
guttolineatum
85
102
longicaudatum
84
18
Cynops
103
CÆCILIA
albiventris
124
Chinensis
107
· 125
ANNULATA
bivittata
-
COMPRESSICAUDA
GELATINOSA
glutinosa
gracilis
hypocyanea
IBYARA
interrupta -
KAUPII
-
LUMBRICOIDEA
MACULATA
OCHROCEPHALA
OXYURA
PACHYNEMA
ROSTRATA
SQUALOSTOMATA
VISCOSA
-
132
·
pyrrhogaster
subcristatus
136 DACTYLONYX
127 DEROTREMATA
130 Desmiostoma
134
125 Desmodactylus
105
-
тоб
- 57
· 19
42
maculatum
42
58
134
melanosticus
-
- 59
130
scutatus
-
- 132 Desmognathida
<
131 Desmognathus
auriculata
fusca
125
131
129
niger
128
-
ochrophæus
129 Diemyctylus
· 126
Shg༄
59
25
62
-
69
· 70
71
CECILIADAÆ
103
lævis
тоб
-
131
miniatus
104
134
pyrrhogaster
106
121
torosus
105
!
INDEX.
153
viridescens
Ellipsoglossa
navia
nebulosa
Ensatina
104 Hemisalamandra.
95 cristata
୫୫୫.୪
marmorata
96 Hemitriton.
IIO
I12
alpestris
113
-
-67
asper
117
134
punctulatus
117
134
Heredia
67
134
Oregonensis
67
-
-
-
135
Heterotriton
-
- 29
-
117 Hynobiida
117 HYNOBIUS
NÆVIUS
25
95
96
NEBULOSUS
- 96
Eschscholtzii
EPICRIUM
GLUTINOSUM
Hasseltii
MONOCHROUS
PLATYCEPHALUS
EUPROCTUS
POIRETI
Rusconii
}
118
117, 118
Eurycea
macronata
22
22
GEOTRITON
carrarae
72
ADSPERSUS
ALTAMAZONICUS
- 76
77
Laurentii
CARBONARIUS
FUSCUS
Genei
MORIO
RUFESCENS
Glossoliga
Poireti
Schreibersii
xanthostichus
76 Ichtyodes
118 Ichthyophis
Hasseltii
118
24 Immutabilia
75
pisciformis
74
Hypocthon.
Freyeri
Haidingeri
-
16
- 16
16
- 16
-
55
16
74
74
Gradientia
Gymnophiona
16
II
·134
134
25
121 Lacerta.
Gyrinophilus
81
aquatica
IIO
porphyriticus
92
lacustris
Gyrinus.
IIO
maculata
edulis
36
55
palustris
Mexicanus
IIO, 118
HEMIDACTYLIUM
Pacificum
SCUTATUM
55
58
1000
porosa
IIO
80
punctata
salamandra
36
- 59 subviolacea
99
36
154
INDEX.
+
Lophinus.
palmatus
115
punctatus
113
Lusus.
aquarum
55
Manculus
81
quadridigitatus
81
Mecodonta
25
Megalobatrachus
Sieboldii
Megapterna
montana
MENOBRANCHUS
LATERALIS
23
24
- I17
117
• 17
Lechriodonta
25
striata
96
Lissotriton
tæniata
II2
alpestris
palmatus
palmipes
punctatus
113
tridactylus
115
vittatus
IOO
114
·
114
II2
Murænopsis
Mycetoglossa:
ruber
subfuscus
Myctodera
20
86
86
88888
86
-
24
17
2000
нны
- 18
luteus
maculatus
maculosus
Neurergus
crocatus
NOTOPHTHALMUS
CHINENSIS
17
17, 18
- 17
-
IIO
Necturus
fuscus
-
IIO
103
107
LÆVIS
106
-
17
maculatus
18
miniatus
104
punctatus
18
PYRRHOGASTER
тоб
MENOPOMA
TOROSUS
22
105
ALLEGHANENSIS
VIRIDESCENS
22
104
fusca
22
Oedipina.
MENOPOMIDA
21
uniformis
94
Molge
95
Oedipus
72, 73
alpestris
113
cinerea
II2
gigantea
22
nvia
96
palmata
115
palustris
IIO
platycephalus
117
adspersus
altamazonicus
carbonarius
morio
platydactylus
rufescens
Salvinii
-
76
-
punctata
-
II2
Ommatotriton
pyrrhogaster
106
vittatus
77
74, 75
74
75, 90
76
- 75
114
114
INDEX.
155
ONYCHODACTYLUS
-
Japonicus
SCHLEGELI
Ophiobatrachus
lineolus
vermicularis
OPHIOMORPHA
Pectoglossa
PERENNIBRANCHIATA
Peromeles -
Phanerobranches
57 PROTEIDA
58 Proteides
58 PROTEUS
ANGUINUS
14
IO
9, 14
16, 17
81
94
carrarae
94
Freyeri
-
121
Haidingeri
72
IO
121
IO
Phanerobranchus
17
cepedii
18
Phatnomatorhina
62
PISCIS.
ludricus
Plagiodon
PLETHODON
cinereum
CROCEATER
-
Laurenti
maculatus
neo Cæsariensis
Schreibersii
tetradactyle
xanthostichus
zoisii
Protonopsida
55 Protonopsis.
horrida
590 +35
Pseudobranchus.
intermedius
Pseudophydiens
15
16
16
16
·
. 18
86
-
15
17
15
16
21
- 22
13
68
striatus
13
ensatus
67
II
ERYTHRONOTUS
64
Pseudo-Salamandra
95
FUSCUS
69
navia
96
GLUTINOSUS
66
Pseudo-Sauriens
24
granulatum
66 Pseudotriton
81
INTERMEDIUS
68
flavissimus
86
NIGER
71
marginatus
92
OCHROPHÆUS
71
montanus
86
OREGONENSIS
PERSIMILIS
- 72
variolosum
Plethodontidæ
PLEURODELES
exasperatus
WATLII
Pleurodelidæ
66
རེཙུན་
67
ruber
86
PSEUDOTRITON.
salmoneus
25
stricticeps
-
IOI
subfuscus
ΙΟΙ
Pyronicia.
ΙΟΙ
26
marmorata
punctata
-
-
86
112
113
888888
92
86
156
INDEX.
RHINATREMA
BIVITTATA
-
- 136
horrida
136
ingens
SALAMANDRA
97
abdominale
114
agilis
64
Alleghanensis
23
aquatica
IIO
ATRA
99
longicauda
lugubris
attenuata
79
lurida
auriculata
69
maculata
Batracon
IIO
MACULOSA
Beecheyi
119
marbree
bilineata
83
maxima
cinerea
64
cirrigera
coccinea
CORSICA
83
intermixta
Japonica
Jeffersoniana
laticauda
melanostica -
millepunctata
-
-
-
-
- 23
39
69
58
· 40
IIO
84
61
39
86,97
97
II2
23, 24
59
104
104
moncherina
98
cretee
IIO
cristata
IIO
navia
nebulosa
nera
cylindracea
66
nigra
dorsalis
104
OCELLATUS
elegans
II2
opaca
elongata
66
erythronota
exigua
fasciata
64
114
37
palmata
palmipede
picta
platycauda
-
flavissima
83
platydactyla
fusca
59, 74, 86
platyura
Genei
74
pleurodeles
gigantea
23
porphyritica
-
98
96
96
99
70, 99
-
-
119
37
114
114
69
IIO
75
IIO
ΙΟΙ
91
glutinosa
66
pruinata
IIO
granulata
40
punctata
Gravenhorstii
GREENI
guttata
guttolineata
Haldemani
37
punctatissima
-
119
90
85
-
69
81
86
rubriventris
86, 113
quadramatulata
quadridigitata
rubra
· 36, 112
104
69
INDEX.
157
.
salmonea
91
SYNTREMUS
133
Savii
74
SIREDON
54
scutata
59
DUMERILII
56
similis
119
HARLANII
56
sinciput-albida
119
Humboldtii
stellio
55
104
hyemalis
18
1000
subcristata
106
lichenoides
42
subfusca
86
maculatus
56
subviolacea
36
Mexicanus
54
suisse
114
SIREN
12
symmetrica
104
intermedia
12
tæniata
II2
LACERTINA
12
talpoidea
41
maculosa
18
tereticauda
119
operculata
12, 86
terrestris
97
pisciformis
55
Texana
46
STRIATA
13
tigrina
39
Sirenidex
tridactyla
IOO
unguiculata
variolata
venenosa
vulgaris
SALAMANDRIDA
Salamandridæ
SALAMANDRINA
PERSPICILLATA
Saurocercus
longicauda
Seiranota
-
-
- 97
-
24
25
100
IOO
- 84
58
66
SPELERPES
adspersus
BELLII
36
condylura
perspicillata
Sieboldia
Davidiana
maxima
SIPHONOPS
ANNULATUS
MEXICANUS
- 131
II
81
76
BILINEATUS
83
CEPHALICUS
89
CHIROPTERUS
88
cirrigera
83
erythronotus
64
GUTTOLINEATUS
85
Haldemani
69
84
LEPROSUS
89
100
LINEOLUS
100
100
23
LONGICAUDATUS
lucifuga
MARGINATUS
-
94
84
84
92
-
- 24
MULTIPLICATUS
91
24
orculus
88
PENNATULUS
93
132
PORPHYRITICUS
91
·
132
RUBER
86
158
INDEX.
salmoneus
92
minor
-
VERMICULARIS
94
nebulosus
Stereochilus
SI
niger
marginatus
92
PALMATUS
Taricha
103
Parisinus
115
- 118
40, 70
114
II2
lævis
106
lugubris
61
torosus
105.
Thorius
81
PUNCTATUS
Poireti
porphyriticus
punctatissimus
44, 66
104
II2
118
pennatulus
TRACHYSTOMA
Trematoderes
Tritomegas
TRITON
ALPESTRIS
Bibroni
BLASII
93
punctulatus
- 118
-
II
PYRENÆUS
25
repandus
23
rugosus
108
subcristatus
113
symmetricus
-
IIO, 118
tæniata
-
115
- 118
106, III
104
II2
118
116
tigrinus
39
carnifex
cinereus
III, 112
118
torosus
105
VITTATUS
114
cristatus
IIO
Wurfibanii
113
dorsalis
104
Triturus.
ensatus
119
fuscus
69
ermanni
105
HYPOXANTHUS
120
exiguus
115
LUTESCENS
120
Gesneri
II2
NEBULOSUS
120
glacialis
·
117
viridescens
104
granulosus
105
URODELA
-
ΙΟ
lævis
113 Visqeux
134
lateralis
17 Xiphonura
29
MARMORATUS
II2
Jeffersoniana
40
NOV 28 1919

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