t * * agai'annual Report of the Departmentorgeology and Natural Re- Indiana, 1904, pp. 801-867. W.s, Blatchley, state Geologist,) *... . INDIANApolls auaroko,'oonraaoroa rob st are paintina and arsona. , For some time I have been working upon a monograph of the Insect Galls of North America. This monograph will be arranged with reference to the plants on which the galls are produced, and special attention will be given to the galls as pathological structures. I should very much appreciate specimens and data from differ- ent parts of North America. Most specimens are best sent dry, and should be accompanied by name of host plant or sufficient material for determination. All material and data will be duly credited. Send by mail, under postal regulations for NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. Postal rates to Cuba are the same as within the United States. Address - MEL. T. COOK, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. *: c- s * INSECT GALLS OF INDIANA. 3. MELVILLE THURSTON Cook, PH. D. Chief of the Department of Plant Pathology and Economic Entomology of the Republic of Cuba; Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Formerly Professor of Biology in DePauw Univer- sity, Greencastle, Indiana. Some years ago I became interested in the study of gall insects and the structures produced by them. Having recently moved from the State I present this brief review of the subject, hoping that some one will be sufficiently interested to continue the work. I have also collected in the neighboring States of Illinois and Ohio, and from these States have a number of galls which I have not collected in Indiana, but which doubtless occur in the State. iWot only have a number of known species been overlooked, but there are also a great many undescribed species which will de- mand the attention of the student. The morphology and physi- ology is still an open field, but probably the most interesting field will be 'he rearing and studying the life history of these insects in the light of that masterly work by Dr. Hermann Adler on Alter- nating Generations.” However, the student who takes up this work must expect to meet with a great many difficulties. It will be necessary to make careful observations and experiments through several seasons, and the problem will be very much complicated by the presence of nu- merous parasites and inquilines which in many cases belong to the same families as the gall makers. Abnormal growths on plants may result from any one of several causes; a severe mechanical injury, a repeated mechanical injury or a chemical stimulus due to the action of some insect, a fungous growth, the combined action of insect and fungus, character of soil or fertilizer, or from unknown causes. We wish at this time to speak especially of these structures produced on plants by in- SectS. *Adler—“Ueber den Generations—wechsel der Eichen Gallwes pen.” Translation, “Al- ternating Generations, a Biological Study of Oak Galls and Gall Flies,” by Charles R. Straton. ; :==- ---~~ s t | ſ .*. ( } 802 - REPORT OF STATE GEOT.OGIST. These abnormal growths have attracted the attention of the earliest writers. Redi,” like all other vitalists of his time, believed in a soul in each plant and that this soul controlled the formation of the egg, the gall, and the insect and determined their specific character. r Malpighi, a physician to Innocent XII, professor of medicine at Bologna, and later at Messina, was the earliest systematic writer on galls. In 1686 he published his “De Gallis,” which gave very accurate descriptions of the galls then known to Italy and Sicily. He believed that in the case of the Cynips at least the insect se- creted a poison which excited a fermentation in the acid and this resulted in the formation of the gall. - Among the modern European writers Hartig, Ratzeburg, La- caze-Duthiers, Giraud, Schenck, Reinhard, Taschenburg, Schlech- fendal, Wachtl, Förster, Lichtenstein, Adler, Kieffer, Rubsaamen, Beyerinck, Straton, Nalepa, Mayr, Cameron and Rothera have added to our knowledge of these growths. In America the pioneers in this subject were Baron C. R. Osten- Sacken, Bassett, Walsh, Riley, Fitch, Shimer and Harris, who have done most of the work. Among the modern workers who have written on this subject are Ashmead, Beutenmüller, Pergande, Cockerell, Garman and Gillette. . Nearly all plants are subject to gall formations which are incited by insects representing six entirely different orders as follows: Arachnida (Eriophyidae or Phytoptidae), Hemiptera (Aphididae, Psyllidae and Coccide#), Diptera (Cecidomyidae and Trypetidae), Coleoptera (Bupestidae), Lepidoptera (Gelechidae), and Hymen- optera (Cynipidae and Tenthredinidae). * Born A. D. 1626. f Up to the present time coccid galls have been reported only from Australia by W. W. Froggatt and C. Fuller. The writer has recently found a coccid gall producer on the Anones and figs in Cuba. INSECT GALLS OF INDIANA. 871 PAGE fraxini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Quadripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *... 860 Salicicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 ulmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 Hamamelistes Spinosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 Holocaspis Centricola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 globulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Hormaphus hamamelides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Neuroterus rileyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Pachysylla Celtidis-mammae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 Pemphigus populicaulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 populi-transversus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 ulmi fusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Vagabundus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Phylloxera Caryae-Caulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Caryae-depressa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Caryae-globuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Vastratrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Caryaevenae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 Schizoneura americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Sciara ocellaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Sphaerotheca phytoptophila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962 Trypeta Solidaginis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 Xanthoteras forticornis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Morphology of insect galls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Neuroterus rileyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Pachysylla celtidis-main ni . . . . . . . . . • - e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S44 Pemphigus populicaulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 populi-transversus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S50 ulmi-fusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 vagabundus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S50 Rhodites bieolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 dichlocerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 globulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 radicum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 Sciara ocellaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Schizoneura americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Sphaerotheca phytoptophila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Trypeta Solidaginis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 Xanthoteras forticornis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 • *: § a $ % * * ** * $: sº * Jºk º *-* . à º: º * ****er sær，Æ！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！ № *** • ** ** * * *. »4… ****** «&-&& №ſ:53 #š::：:::: *F、、 、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、。（?！！！！！！！！！！！！ ！！！！！！！！！ ！！！ ��*#* * * * * * s + •§53;{{##########################$$EE;=;|:=≡:（±，±）， *-*-* * * * * * *，*\ſ***... » « șº ț¢ $ €,• ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * · * * * * * * * * *$& & 5 &. & … & …，.，，,4 →& • № & * * * * ſt！?！！?！！?！！?！！?！！?!！?;: $ī£::::::::: * &&*************.**.** * *， ** * * * * * · * * * ·，·）& & š.， ¿¿.*¿¿.*- §:::::：:::::::::：::::::::::::ēšēE！！！E::::::：：::：::: * ， «» ， ** *¿¿.*s*…& №.--* * -ae, º * * 2 * : * * * * · * *** -::::::：:：:：::：::::: ، ،（*******）:::::*: