، ، ، ، ، ، ، ſae.* * • • •ſºſ §§:n ºſatur · · · · ·:·º·:· návyna;rº: ſ-º !!!į sº re sv ſw ) : • • • ENGIN, LIB, *...*** ***.*.*.*.* : - …sºrº, - *-ar-º-º-cº ..-sº #TTUTITUTITUTIII Hºſt #ºvºſīT R& YººHº É cº XXRTÉ's - ºur RSIRoºkings H f # º - º … -- - º ÜNº. # ºth AERS Peninsuºſofº ---, 1.8 S. jºr- \ ºx.º.º.º. Sº s: ~,--_ºi. : = < *ś - ? T #|ºts Fº Ǻx * . --- ... "...º.º. T-7 ------- - - - -----. - F-v - --- • ‘ - --> - -- . ...I - - -:C - - F-7 - |F |-C - Ö - ENGINEERING A - CN º º wº- §: . . … ... . .” D- āīIIITITIIITITITITIIITſº ºilHIIIHTITHIIIITIIIHITIſ: Fºres as ºse essess ºrrrrrrrrrºr-r-rrºr-rrºr- C Cº - e º ºr a cº-º-º- Eſſº [F # l i * . ... " 29 A- by 93 v,7 batsºeux * \, ce-ºn-º *. IN THE Supreme Court of the United States THE STATE OF MISSOURI S vs. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS Original, and - f Docket No. . THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. Before FRANK S. BRIGHT, Commissioner of the Supreme Court of the United States. VOLUME 7. A—375a. VOLUME 7. 2:00 P. M., Wednesday, December 2nd, 1903. 9620 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN. O. JORDAN, - resumed the stand for further direct-examination by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: - * (Witness continues answer begun before adjournment). From the facts just enumerated, it is clear that while the Colon bacillus resembles in many important particulars the ty- phoid bacillus, it is under all conditions in which the viability of these two organisms has been compared a more hardy and more resistant organism. Its longevity under adverse conditions is greater than that of the typhoid bacillus. This fact, and the ease with which it is isolated and identified, combine to render it a particularly significant organism from a sanitary point of view. - Q. What is the significance of the bacillus coli, communis in sanitary water analyses? - A. Owing to the fact that bacillus coli communis leaves 9621 the human body in large numbers in feces, it is one of the prevailing forms in fresh sewage. For this reason the presence and relative abundance of bacillus coli communis in water is regarded as one of the most delicate, precise and al- together significant indications of recent sewage pollution. As an illustration of the way in which the presence of this organism can be used for demonstrating the existence of pol- lution of a dangerous character, I may cite from a paper upon Municipal Water Supplies, and Their Examination, by Dr. Wil. liam G. Bissell, of Buffalo, New York, bacteriologist of the *- * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6001 f † - ºr ſlº Department of Health in Buffalo. This paper was printed in the Philadelphia Medical Journal August 30th, 1902. ‘‘Two samples were prepared, each representing one-half gallon of water, one was a sample of water from the Niagra river taken from the tap at Buffalo after it had passed through a sterilized filtering stone of a Pasteur Chamberland filter. To this sample there was added a small proportion of salt. The other was a sample of Niagra river water collected at Niagra Falls (and in which it was easy to demonstrate the colon bacil- lus in cubic centimeter amounts of the sample) into which there was introduced a small aount of human excreta. No data were sent with either sample, except that they were said to 9622 be river water.’’ ‘‘’Reports came back that the source from which the first sample was obtained was “unsafe for use on account of the high percentages of chlorides’’ and that the second sample was ‘wholesome for household use.’’’ This illustration suffices to show that it is possible by means of the delicate test for colon bacilli to detect a degree of pollu- tion which might be altogether missed by the use of less deli- cate and less precise methods. So far as I have been able to discover, it is at the present time, the prevailing opinion among those bacteriologists who deal with sanitary water analysis that the test for the colon bacillus properly applied and interpreted, furnishes one of the most satisfactory clews to the sanitary condition of a water. In this connection it should be emphasized that it is not so much the presence or absence of bacillus coli communis in a large quantity of water that is significant as it is the relative abundance of this micro-organism. I will cite a statement from a recent monograph bearing upon this matter. This monograph is by Dr. William G. Savage, lecturer on bacteriology, University College, Cardiff, Wales; bac- teriologist to the Cardiff County Public Health Labora- 9623 tory. The article is entitled: “The Significance of the bacillus coli in drinking water.’’ and appeared in the Journal of Hygiene, 1902, Volume 2, page 320, edited by Profes- sor George H. F. Nuttall, and published by the Cambridge Uni- versity Press. This author gives extended tables of the ex- aminations of waters from various sources for their content in colon bacilli. f A—376 6002 The State of Missouri vs. On page 321, the author states that -" “In such an investigation the three following points must in my opinion always be kept in view: - 1. That it is not so much the presence of B. coli which is of possible value but the number present. The consideration of the problem is essentially quantitative, and the number of B. coli in a standard amount of water must be considered. This view is insisted upon by many English bacteriologists, and there can be no doubt of its vital importance in studying the question.” In his conclusions on page 338, the writer states that “The number of B. coli present is an essential factor but arbitrary standards of the number of this organism allowable per liter, are of but little value, and are fraught with con- siderable possibilities of error, unless the particular kind 9624 of water and the local conditions are considered in every case.” In further support of the view already expressed as to the significance of bacillus coli in water supplies, I may cite a re- port of a committee of the American Public Health Associa- tion presented at the Washington meeting of this association October 26th to 30th, 1903. An abstract of this report being printed in the Journal of the American Medical Association for November 21st, 1903, page 1292. This report of the committee on the significance of bacillus coli in water supplies was presented by the Chairman, Professr S. C. Prescott, Assistant Professor of Biology at the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology. The abstract is in part as fol- lows: * “To present a statement of the opinion of the committee individually and as a whole, as probably representing the gener- ally accepfed views of sanitary bacteriologists as to the signifi- cance of B. coli in water, the following questions were sent to each member; the answers appended, except as otherwise stated, were practically as given below: • 1. In view of the fact that numerous investigators have found B. coli in nature where it could not be directly traced to Sewage or fewal pollution, do you believe that the colon 9625 test of water is as safe an index of pollution as it was formerly regarded to be? Yes sir. The State of I llinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6003 2. Are you of the opinion that the number of colon bacilli rather than their presence, should be used as a criterion of recent sewage pollution? Yes. … 3. To pronounce a water sewage polluted, would you re- quire as evidence that B. coli was present in a majority of one cubic centimeter samples? Yes, in general.” These opinions or the opinions expressed by these writers coincide with my own experience based on a considerable num- ber of examinations for the presence of bacillus coli communis. It is my judgment that the relative abundance rather than simple presence of this organism should be considered in Sani- tary water analysis. . I may add furthemore, that my own opinion as to the signi- ficance of the abundance of bacillus coli communis in the waters of a flowing stream, has been greatly strengthened by some recently published investigations in a report on water purifica- tion investigation, and on plans proposed for sewerage and waterworks systems published by the sewerage and water board of New Orleans, Louisiana, 1903. 9626 The work included in this report has been largely carried out under the supervision of Mr. G. W. Fuller, of New York, who I understand has already testified as a witness in this case. I quote from page 47 of this report, paragraph headed “Bacillus coli Communis:” “In waters which contain unpurified sewage, the test for this intestinal organism is of the utmost importance. In the Mississippi river at New Orleans, however, there is evidently so much self-purification effected by natural agencies, such as dilution, sedimentation, etc., that this normal intestinal bacillus was one of the least common of the forms isolated. In about 100 tests with volume of water varying from one to 300 cubic centimeters, its presence was demonstrated only three times, although the larger samples of water were concentrated in a centrifuge before being seeded into the media contained in fer- mentation tubes.” The remarkable fact that bacillus coli communis was dis- covered only rarely in the water of the Mississippi river at 6004 - The State of Missouri vs. this point even when large amounts of water were tested, il- lustrates the condition that is likely to prevail in a river water of this character when protected from the entrance of 9627 polluting matters during a considerable part of its course. I quote further from page 49 of this New Orleans re- port: e “From what goes before, it will be seen that the Mississippi river at New Orleans as evidenced by the data obtained during this investigation is unusually pure from a sanitary standpoint. For instance, it is believed that if 100 cubic centimeter samples of water were taken from the Merrimac, at Lawrence; the Hud- son below the Mowhawk, the Schuylkill, the Potomac, the Ohio at Cincinnati, they would show the presence of bacillus coli Com- munis as a rule. Such is not the case with the Mississippi river water at New Orleans, because as stated above, the opportunities for natural purification are so great during the last few hundred miles of its flow, and the amount of additional pollution received, is so small in comparison to the discharge of the river, that the bacteria which one is accustomed to consider to be the normal inhabitants of surface water effectually crowd out those ab- normal bacteria which are carried into the river with the drain- age from populated and cultivated areas. It must also be re- membered that the banks of the Mississippi above New Orleans are protected by levees. These levees also in turn protect the river from contamination, except where sewers exist. 9628 Since it is usually more convenient for the towns im- mediately above New Orleans to carry their drainage away from the river almost no local pollution exists.” It is in my opinion certainly a striking and highly remark- able circumstance that the Mississippi river at New Orleans after receiving countless millions of colon bacilli contributed by the cities of the Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri val- leys, together with those on the many tributary streams and bearing in mind the facts already instanced as to the relatively high longevity of the colon bacillus, should show itself so nearly free from organisms of this class. This condition furnishes a singular confirmation of the views that have been expressed regarding the sanitary signifi- Cance of this organism when found in water supplies. MR. JEFFRDES: I move to strike out all that the witness The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6005 has read into the evidence from various publications, for the reason that the same is incompetent, and for the further reason that the evidence of the persons Writing the articles is the best evidence and their production upon the witness stand should be had in order to give complainants an opportunity to 9629 cross-examine them with reference to the statements made or purported to have been made by them as detailed in evidence by this witness. Q. M.R. TODD: Will you state the methods employed by you in the determination made for the bacillus coli communis? A. Two methods were employed in these determinations, One consisting in the mixing of a measured quantity of the water Sample with broth containing a small amount of carbolic acid. Incubation of this broth was then resorted to and the resulting growth plated out on litmus lactose agar. The red colonies that developed resulting from the fermentation of the lactose, were picked from the plate and studied in regard to further char- acteristics. This method may be briefly designated as the carbol- broth method. A second method which may be denominated the fermenta- tion tube method, was also employed in a considerable portion of the work. This method consisted in inoculating a measured quantity of the water into Dextrose broth fermentation tubes (photographs of these fermentation tubes will be subsequently shown). The use of the fermentation tube depends upon one of the most characteristic properties of the colon bacillus, namely its ability to produce gas by the fermentation of grape sugar. 9630 In some cases plates were made from the tubes showing gas production, and the colonies that developed were studied in detail, and complete identification arrived at. Throughout a large part of the work, however, the adoption of a more speedy method was rendered necessary by the large num- ber of water samples to be examined, and what is known as the presumptive test for the presence of the bacillus coli was applied. The interpretation that I have adopted for this presumptive test is as follows: Positive reactions—that is those indicating the presence of B. coli were regarded as those tubes showing gas production amounting to over 20 per cent of the tube length, the tubes yield- 6006 The State of Missouri vs. ing on absorption hydroxide with sodium, a gaseous residue ap- preciably in excess of the carbon dioxide absorbed. Negative reactions were those showing: (a) No gas production, or (b) gas production less than ten per cent of the tube length. The doubtful class was made to include: - (a) those tubes yielding only ten to twenty per cent of gas. and • (b) those yielding more than twenty per cent with an ap- 9631 preciable excess of carbon dioxide. Any method suscep- tible of rapid application, like the one just outlined, leads to occasional misinterpretation, but the following data indicate that where a large number of water samples are treated, the error is not unduly large. The organisms were isolated from a Series of 63 fermentation tubes and studied in detail, and Com- plete identification was arrived at. The results summarized, were as follows: In 39 cases the interpretation was positive, and a typical bacillus coli communis, responding to the most rigorous bac- teriological tests, was isolated. - In 7 cases where the interpretation was positive, bacillus coli was not isolated. At least part of these and in my opinion probably all of these negative results were due to the fact that the colon bacillus originally present in the tube was overgrown by other forms and so missed at the plating; that this often oc- curs when the fermentation tube stands too long is well known to Sanitary water analysts. - In 9 cases where the interpretation was doubtful, the bacil- lus coli was not isolated. In 4 cases, where the interpretation was doubtful the typi- cal bacillus was isolated. - 9632. In 4 cases, where the interpretations were negative, bacil- lus coli was not isolated, and in addition, some twenty tubes were examined which showed growth in the closed arm, but yielded no gas producing organisms of any kind. Such a presumptive test must always be open to the pos- sibility of occasional misinterpretation, but in view of the data just cited, I cannot believe that the margin of error from this source is so great as to vitiate in any degree the results ob- tained. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District o f Chicago. 6007 In support of my... opinion as to the value and importance of the presumptive test for the presence of the bacillus coli in water, I may cite some conclusions in a paper by Mr. George C. Whipple, of Brooklyn, who l understand has already testified as a witness in this case. The paper is entitled “On the Practi- cal Value of presumptive tests for Bacillus Coli in Water.” It was printed in the “Technology Quai terly, published at the Mas: sachusetts Institute of Technology”, volume 16, No. 1, March, 1903. I quote from page 31: “The methods necessary for the certain identification of bacillus coli in water involved technique so complicated and so time consuming that they are not practical as working tests in connection with the Supervision of water supplies. - 9633 2. The fermentation of Dextrose broth as first suggested by Dr. Theobald Smith, furnishes the most rapid and most practical test for the presence of bacillus coli in water. 3. The extension of this test to cover different quantities of Water in the same samples, thus making the test quantitative, within limits as well as qualitative, greatly enhances its value. 5. But whether or not bacillus coli is simply an intestinal germ, the fermentative test described above is a useful test to determine the sanitary quality of water and is one which gives results that agree well with chemical and biological analyses.” At another point in this same paper, page 22, Mr. Whipple says: “Speaking broadly the typical reactions offer satisfactory presumptive evidence of the presence of this species (B. coli- communis) or species very closely allied to it. In a subsequent paper I hope to give the data to support this assertion, but at . this time will offer as corroborative testimony, the statement of Mr. Irons, who in his paper on some observations of 9634 methods for the detection of the bacillus coli communis in water, states: “When the Dextrose tube yields approximately 33 per cent of carbon dioxide, bacillus coli communis is almost invariably present.” The work of Mr. Irons here referred to was done in my laboratory in connection with the analyses that are now being considered. 6008 The State of Missouri vs. 96.35 From all my experience upon the value of presumptive tests for B. coli, I am obliged to believe that this test is of high value in sanitary water analysis, and enables conclusions to be drawn as to the presence or absence of the colon bacillus which are in the main thoroughly satisfactory and decisive. Q. The table of colon determinations which you have pre- pared regarding the preparation of which you testified to, cover what period of time? A. They cover determinations made upon samples of water collected between May, 1899 and the end of June, 1900. Q. From what places were the samples of water collected and by whom, for the colon determination, as evidenced by the tables which you have prepared? A. These determinations were made from the bacteriological samples collected by the same water takers and at the same times as heretofore specified in my testimony. The colon de- terminations cover the samples obtained from the following stations: Illinois and Michigan canal, Lockport, Drainage canal, Kedzie Avenue, Drainage canal, Locgkport, 9636 Desplaines river, Lockport, Kankakee river, Wilmington, Illinois river, Morris, Fox River, Ottawa, Illinois river, Ottawa, Big Vermillion river, LaSalle, Illinois river, LaSalle, Illinois river, Henry, Illinois river, Averyville, Illinois river, Wesley City, Illinois river, Havana, Sangamon river, Chandlerville, Illinois river, Grafton, Mississippi river, Grafton, Mississippi river, Alton, cross-section, Missouri river, West Alton, Mississippi river, Intake tower, St. Louis waterworks, Mitchell. - St. Lous tap water. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6009 The chemical and bacterial determinations corresponding with these colon determinations, may be found by reference to the serial number and date. 9637 Q. Will you produce and read table No. 12 A. Yes. It is as follows: TABLE I. (Illinois and Michigan Canal, Lockport.) Serial Date, . 00001 C. C. . 0001 c. c. .001 c. c. .01 c. c. .1 c. c. Number. 1s09. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? 526 Aug. 29. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , . . . . 1 0 . . 1 0 876 Oct. 31. 4 0 2 0 e 914. NOV. 7. () 4 1 O 1 9:50 Nov. 14. 2 2 1. 0 1 © 982 Nov. 21. 1. 1. 4 () 1011 Nov. 28. 0 2 2 1 1 1042 Dec. 5. 0 0 1 I 0 1. 1072 Dec. 12. 0 2 2 1 1 1110 L)ec. 19 0 2 3 0 1 t 1146 Dec. 28 O 2 4 0 1900 - 1168 Jan. O 2 2 2 1199 Jan. 0 2 3 1 2 0 1239 Jan. 16. 1. 0 2 0 © 1269 Jan. 23. 0 4 4 0 1303 Jan. 30. () 4 1 3 • 1334 Feb. 0 2 2 2 1457 Mar. O 4 1 3 1493 Mal'. 13. O 2 2 1 1 1 0 1522 Mar. 20. 1 2 1. 2 1563 Mar. 28. 1 2 3 0 1597 Apr. 3. () 3 I 2 1636 Apr. 10. 1 1 2 () 1675 Apr. 17. O 2 O 1 1. 1 O 1717 Apr. 24. 1 O 1 1 0 0 1 1753 May 2 0 1 O 2 1 O 1786 May 8. () 1 1 0 2 0 • ºf 1817 May 15. 0 1 1 0 1 0 1856 May 22. 1 1 1 0 1 1895 May 29. 0 2 1 1 1923 June 5. O 2 1 O 1. 1959 June 12. O 2 2 0 2000 June 19. 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 . . 2032 June 26. O 2 2 e tº 6010 The State of Missouri vs. 9638 Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table, and their sanitary significance? t A. Table No. 1 contains the results of colon determina- tions made upon samples of water from the Illinois and Michi- gan canal at Lockport, between August 29th, 1899 and June 26th, 1900. Owing to the large numbers of colon bacilli present in the water of this canal, it was found necessary to examine small quantities of water. The numbers at the head of the five columns indicate quanti- ties of water used in the several tests, namely, .00001 of a cubic centimeter; .0001 of a cubic centimeter; .001.01 of a cubic centi- meter and .1 of a cubic centimeter. The sewage was diluted in each case by mixing with ex- actly measured quantities of sterilized water, one cubic centi- meter of the dilution being added to the fermentation tube. The signs “plus’’ ‘‘minus” and “interrogation point” in each column have reference to the positive, negative or doubt- ful outcome of the test. The criteria upon which these tests have been based have been already explained in detail. The table shows that in this highly polluted water the bacillus coli was occasionally present in so small an amount of water as .0001 of a cubic centimeter, and that it was usually pres- 96.39 ent in so small an amount of water as .0001 of a cubic centimeter. Q. Will you produce and read table T. B.? A. Yes sir. It is as follows: TABLE I-B. (Drainage Canal, Kedzie Avenue.) Serial Date. . 00001 .0001 .001 .01 c. c. .1 c. c. Number. 1900. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? 1789 May 8. O 1 O 1 2 0 1 0 1816 May 15. O 1 0 1 0 1 • * g & 1850 May 21. * 0 1 O 2 O 1 1889 May 28. 0 1 0 2 O 1 1922 June 4. * tº e º e e 0 0 1 1 0 1955 June 11. 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1992 June 18. 1 0 1. 0 1 0 . . 2027 June 25. 0 1 2 0 1 O 0 1 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6011 Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table and 9640 their sanitary significance? & A. Table I B contains the results of colon determina- tions made upon samples of water taken from the drainage canal at Kedzie Avenue between May 8th and June 5th, 1900. The greater dilution of the sewage in the drainage canal during this period as compared with the condition of the Illi- nois and Michigan Canal shown in table 1, is manifested by the comparatively rare occurrence of the colon bacillus in .0001 of a cubic centimeter of water, and its occasional absence, even when .001 of a cubic centimeter of the water was examined. Q. Will you produce and read table I Cº A. Yes sir, it is as follows: - 964.1 TABLE I-C. (Drainage Canal, Lockport.) Serial Date. . 00001 .0001 .001 .01 c. c. .1 c. C. Number. 1900. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? -i- — ? 1677 Apr. 17. 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 . . 1719 Apr. 24. 0 1 1 1 0 1 1755 May 2. * 0 1 0 2 . . 1 0 . . 1788 May 8. 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1819 May 15. 0 1 0 1 0 1 tº e º & 1858 May 22. 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 . . 1896 May 29. 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 . . . . 1925 June 5. e tº 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1961 June 12. 0 1 1 0 . . 1 0 1 0 2002 June 19. tº is tº e º e 0 1 O 0 1 1. O 1. 0 2034 June 26. & e º e º tº 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 O Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table and 9642 their sanitary significance? A. Table I C contains the results obtained from the ex- amination of samples taken from the drainage canal at Lock- port between April 17th and June 26th, 1900. The dilution shown in the drainage canal at Kedzie Avenue is shown also in the drainage canal at Lockport, the colon bacillus being present in all the samples of .1 of a cubic centimeter that were examined, and in many of those of .01 of a cubic centimeter, 6012 The State of Missouri vs. .e. but being almost invariably absent in those where .001 of a cubic centimeter was examined. ADJOURNED until 10:00 A.M., Thursday, December 3rd, 1903. 9643 10:00 A. M., Thursday, December 3rd, 1903. Continu- ation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN, resumed the stand for further direct-examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: - Q. Will you produce and read table II of the colon deter- minations? A. Yes, it is as follows: 9644 TABLE II. ' (Desplaines River, Lockport.) 1 C C. 1 C C Serial Date, .01 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? 883 Aug. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... 418 Aug. 8.................................... 498 Aug. 22.................................... 527 Aug. 29................................. ... 877 Oct. 31.................................... 915 Nov. 7.................................... 951 Nov. 14.................................... 1012 Nov. 28.................................... 0 3 . . º 1 0 9645 Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table and their sanitary significance? - A. Table 2 contains the results of colon determinations made upon the water of the Desplaines river between August 1st, and November 28th, 1899. Q. Professor, I desire to call your attention to the testi- mony of Dr. Ravold. On page 150 of his testimony given in this case, Dr. Ravold testified that the colon bacillus was found in 72 per cent of the samples taken from the Bear Trap Dam at The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6013 Lockport, in the month of March, 1900, and at page 320 of his testimony he testified that the bacillus coli communis was found in 71 per cent of the samples collected from the St. Louis Set- tling basins during the period from May 1st to October 31st, 1900. Would you infer from those statements that colon bacillus was present in the water of these settling basins in St. Louis in anything like the same proportion that it was in the water of the drainage canal at Lockport? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question because it is leading and suggestive. - g A. I certainly should not. Q. Give your reasons? A. It is very important in making the test for the colon bacillus, especially when a polluted water is being dealt 9646 with to use dilutions of the water high enough to prevent the overgrowth of the colon bacillus by other sewage forms. I have frequently in my own experience, found that by the use of so large a quantity of water as one cubic centimeter of water, apparently negative results are obtained, while by examination of a smaller quantity of the same water, positive results invariably appear. The explanation for this plmenone- non, which may prove very misleading, is that when a large Quantity of a sewage polluted water is introduced into fermenta- tion tubes, other forms of bacteria such as some of the anaerobic bacteria, are present. These overgrow the colon forms, leading to an apparently negative result, and thus completely obscuring the true interpretation. I have frequently encountered this difficulty in dealing with highly polluted waters, in using quan- tities as large as one cubic centimeter. It is my opinion that if the colon determination be carried out properly, with due regard to the difficulties here mentioned, the colon bacillus would be found to be present in every cubic centimeter of the water in the drainage canal. Indeed, my examinations have shown no fewer than several hundred colon bacteria per cubic centimeter in the water of the drainage canal, and gener- 9647 ally, several thousands, while in the water of the Missis- sippi river which is pumped into the settling basins at St. Louis, and in the tap water drawn from the tap in St. Louis, the number of colon bacteria never approximate anything like these figures. - 6014 The State of Missouri vs. For these reasons I am compelled to assume that the state- ments to which you refer are based on defective analytical methods, and do not indicate that the actual number of colon bacilli in the water of the drainage canal and in the St. Louis settling basins are at all comparable. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table III? A. Yes, it is as follows: 96.48 TABLE III. (Kankakee River, Wilmington.) Serial Date. - .1 c. c. 1 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? — ? 415 Aug. 7... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 496 Aug. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 0 528 Aug. *~… 1. 0 . . 1. 566 Sept. 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 1 1 875 Oct. 30.......... 1 0 918 Nov. 6... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 0 1 981 Nov. 20.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . e - e º G & 1 0 . . 9649 Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table and their sanitary significance? A. Table TTI contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water collected from the Kankakee river at Wilmington, between August 7th, and November 20th, 1899. They show that during this period the colon bacillus was fre- quently present in .1 of a cubic centimeter, and usually present in One cubic centimeter. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence, table TV 2 A. Yes, it is as follows: gT09 'o6poſuo ſo louisva flappups out pup stoulinſ ſo 2101S au.I. 0 T 0 & T 0 “12 aunſ’ 1802, 0 T 0 & T 0 "GT OUIllſ 966 I 0 T. 0 & I 0 ‘ZI 9DIn ſº z96I T 0 0 & 0 T. ‘Q 9DIn ſº SzGI 0 & T I I 0 '63 AEIN 868L * * 0 I (, 0 T 0 ‘zz, Áu IV +QSI 0 T I I T 0 '91 Keiw zz81 ' ' 0 I 0 & T 0 ‘8 At IW #81 I O T T T 0 ‘ ‘ I 0 a suiv sell * 0 1 I I 0 I () 'ga Id V g|L1. I 0 T 0 & I 0 "LI 'Id W ()89I 0 T 0 & 0 I ‘OI ‘Id V () #9 I T 0 I I I () *# "Id V a.09I 0 & T I I 0 Gö, "...I.GIN. I.1.2T º 0 & I O T & 0 '08, "...It?IN 97.9 I T T I T I T 0 ‘QT "...It?IN 002 I 0 & I 3 T T ‘8 "...It?IN IQFI 0 W I z I & 0 '03, "Clo,H 0()f-T 0 & 3 T Ø, 0 '#1 qo'ſ glº I 0 & # 0 ’9 "Q9, H 889 I o 0 & 3, 3, 3 0 ‘O3 "Upſ 108T 0 & O & Z T "Lº, "Uº ſº. 96%. I º 0 & 0 T 6I "Upſ’ 8+z I & 0 I O T ‘OT "UIBſ 60ZI te 0 & T O 3 I () T '1. ºutſ 96 II 006.T e e • O ş O # T '82, "AON #IOT e e e O 3 § 3. 3, IZ, "AON Q.86 g T 0 3 O 3 3, "QT "AON 3.96 º tº tº 0 & I T & 1, "AON, LTG e º O & T & ‘I3 °40O 6.18 & — + * — -- & — + & — + 6 — F '668'ſ "...[90 Ulm.N. *O "o T •o 'o T' ‘o ‘O TO’ "O ‘O TOO" *O 9 TOOO" ‘olt?01 It?I.IOS (‘SI.I.IOWI ‘IQAI?I SIOUIIIII) "AI (HTSIVJ, 0996 6016 The State of Missouri vs. 9651 Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table and their sanitary significance? A. Table TV contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Morris between October 31st, 1899 and June 27th, 1900. They show that during the early part of this period the colon bacillus was generally present in .001 of a cubic centimeter of the water, while in the latter part of this period, namely from January 30th, 1900 to April 23rd, 1900, it was rarely present in this dilution. In fact, in May and June, 1900, the colon bacillus was even absent in quantities of .01 of a cubic centimeter, and occasionally absent in .1 of a cubic centimeter sample. ' Q. Professor, will you explain what the double dots mean as they appear in the tables both preceding the one under con- sideration, as well as the one under consideration, and the subsequent tables in this series? A. These dots signify that there were no determinations following under the several heads at these points. Thus, on May 29th, 1900, no examinations were made of the water from the Illinois river at Morris, in dilutions of .0001 and .001; that One examination of .01 was made, resulting negatively. Two examinations of .1 of a cubic centimeter were made, one 9652 of which was positive, one negative. Two examinations of one cubic centimeter of the water were made, both of which were positive. This system of record is used throughout this series of tables. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table V” A. Yes, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6017 9653 TABLE V. (Fox River, Ottawa.) Serial Date, . 1 C. c. 1 c. c. 5 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? 384 Aug. 1.................................... 0 1 0 1 420 Aug. 8.................................... 0 1 0 1 500 Aug. 22.................................... , 0 1 529 Aug. 29...... •............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 881 Oct. 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 0 1 1. O 918 NOW. & 7... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 958 Nov. 14.................................... 0 1. 0 1 986 Nov. 21.................................... 0 l 0. 1 1015 Nov. 28.................................... 0 1 0 1 1900 1282 Jan. 26.................................... 0 2 1 1 2 1528 Mar. 21.................................... 0 3 O 3 1568 Mar. 28.................................... 0 2 1 2 0 1608 Apr. 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2 0 1 0 1642 Apr. 11... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 1. O 1681 Apr. 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 2 1 0 . . 1722 Apr. 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1759 May 2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 0 1 0 2 1 0 1790 May 9... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 1 0 2 0 1 0 1828 May 16... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 0 1 0 2 1 0 1859 May 23.................................... 0 1 0 2 0 1 1980 June 6.................................... 0 1 O 2 0 0 1 1963 June 12.................................... O 1 0 1 1 1. O 1997 June 19.................................... 0 1 0 2 1 0 2035 June 26.................................... 0 1 . 1 1 1 0 . . 9654 Q. Will you explain the results shown in this table an ...their sanitary significance? A. Table V contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Fox River at Ot- tawa between August 1st, 1899 and June 26th, 1900. They show that in this water the colon bacillus was rarely present in .1 of a cubic centimeter; was often present in one cubic centi- meter and usually present in five cubic centimeters of water. Q. Professor, will you produce and read in evidence table VI? . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Yes sir. Table VI is as follows: * $ - A—377 60.18 The State of Missouri vs. 9655 TABLE VI. Serial Date, Number. 1899. 385 421 501 530 830 919 934 987 1016 1076 1130 II 53 1174 1221 125ſ) 1283 1340 1402 1455. 1490 1529 1569 1604 1643 1682 1723 1760 1791 1824 1860 1931 1964 1998 2036 Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Oct. NOV. NOV. NOV. NOV. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. • Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. May May May May June June June June tº e º 'º - © tº e º 'º - e º 'º e o tº e e s - e. e. e. e º 'º e º e º e º 'º e we • * * * * * s is e & e º e º ºs e tº e e tº º ſº tº º tº e º ſº e º O º º is º º g º e - © tº e º is e º 'º - © tº tº º ºr e - © e º 'º e º & tº º e º 'º tº e º ſº e - © - a tº e º e s - - - - 8 tº e º - G - e º 'º e º 'º e º 'º - © tº e & tº & Q & © º ºs e º e º 'º - a g º tº e s * - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. * - © tº e º e s tº e º - tº º e º º º • e º e e e s is a e e - e s e e s e • * * * * s e e is e e e s e e s e is (Illinois River, Ottawa.) .01 c. c. + — ? 0 1 O 2 O 2 1. 1 O 2 1. 1. 1 O º 1. 0 1 1 O O 1 * 0 2 ... O O 2 O 2 O 1 1 0 2 O 1 O 1 O 1. O 1. 1 O 0- 1 0. 1. .1 c. O : . . 1 9 . . The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6019 9656 Q. Will you please explain what is shown by table Vl and its sanitary significance? A. Table VI contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Ottawa, between August 1st, 1899 and June 26th, 1900. They show that during the greater part of this period colon bacillus was occasionally present in .01 of a cubic centimeter and that it was frequently present in .1 of a cubic centimeter. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table VII? A. Yes sir. It is as follows: sº 9657 TABLE VII. (Big Vermillion, La Salle.) Serial Date, .1 C. C. 1 c. c Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? 388 Aug. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 5 . . 0 1 . . 423 Aug. 9... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 0 0 1 502 Aug. 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 588 Aug. 30... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... 0 1 0 1 882 Nov. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. 1 0 . . 1 0 920 Nov. 8... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... 0 1 959 Nov. 15... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. 0 1 988 Nov. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... 0 1 . . 1 0 1917 Nov. 28. . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... 0 1 . . 1 0 9658 Q. Please explain what is shown by table VII, and its sanitary significance? A. Table VII contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Big Vermillion river at LaSalle, between August 2nd, and November 28th, 1899. The colon bacillus was commonly absent in .1 of a cubic centi- meter of water, and found only about half of the time in one cubic centimeter samples. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table VIII? A. Yes sir. It is as follows: 6020 The State of Missouri vs. 9659 t . . . . . TABLE VIII. (Illinois River, La Salle.) . Serial Date, .1 c. c. 1 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? 889 Aug. 2.…. 0 0 1 424 Aug. 9... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 1 0 0 0 + 508 Aug. 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 584 Aug. 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 0 1 0 0 1 883 Nov. 1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 1 0 1 0 900 Nov. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 0 1 1 0 . . 989 Nov. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... 0 1 0 0 1 1918 Nov. 28...................................................... 0 1 1 0 9660 A. Please explain what table VIII shows and its sani- tary significance? A. Table VIII contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at LaSalle between August 2nd, and November 28th, 1899. The number of colon bacteria found here corresponds very closely with the number found in the Big Vermillion river, it being noted that the samples were taken at these two points on the same dates. - Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table IX? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: 9661 TABLE IX. (Illinois River, Henry.) Serial Date, .01 c. c. .1 c. c. 1 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? 107 June 7.................................... 0 1 .. 184 June 14.................................... 0 1 173 June 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e s tº a tº º ºs e s & s g g g a º º 0 1 0 1 212 June 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 0 1 () 1 588 Sept. 7... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 0 0 1 0 0 1 616 Sept. 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 1 0 1 0 652 Sept. 20.................................... e 1 0 1 0 690 Sept. 27.................................... 0 1 . . 0 1 .. & 1116 Dec. 20...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g & de e º p e ſº tº a tº º 4 0 1900 1170 Jan. 4. . . . . . . . . . . ......................... tº e º 'º e de 1 1 . . 1 0 1 1207 Jan. 10.................................... gº tº tº g g tº tº e s & © tº 2 2 1246 Jan. 17.................................... e e & © tº e 1 3 . . 3 1 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6021 9662 Q. Please state what table IX shows and its sanitary significance? A. Table IX contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Henry, between June 7th, 1899 and January 17th, 1900. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table X? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: 9663 4: ...! TABLE X. * * * ... • Yºº & (Illinois River, Averyville.) Serial Date, .01 c. c. .1 c. C. 1 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? 119 June 9.................................... 0 1 136 June 12.................................... e º 0 1 174 June 21.................................... * @ e º 'º e O 1 0 1 218 June 28.................................... e e º 'º º ſº e - 0 1 887 Aug. 2.................................... s © º e º e ºs tº º e º 'º º 1 0 580 Sept. 6.................................... 1 0 1 0 617 Sept. 13.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e o 'º e e 0 1 0 1 668 Sept. 20........................ & e s e e s - e. e. e. e. e. O 1 0 1 691 Sept. 27.......... 's e e s e e a * * * * * * * * e e º e º e a c e s e • * > * > e 0 1 0 1 1900 1275 Jan. 24.................................... 0 4 0 2 1312 Jan. , 31............. & e s s a e e º 'º e s 6 tº e s e º 'º e º e º e e B tº e º 'º 0 2 2 2 1344 Feb. 7....... * & e º e º e i t e e s a e e º e s as e e ſº e º e s & s is 0 2 0 1 1380 Feb. 14......... # * * * * s s & s a s & e º e º a e < e < * * * * & e • * 0 0 3 - 0 1406 Feb. 21...... 4 * * * * * * e o e s e e s a e s s a e e º a 4 s e ... •'• • e e º e 0 1 4 0 1437 Feb. 2s * * * * * * * * e e º e º e s e º 'º e º a tº e º ºs e e º is a tº º e º e & 1 1 2 2 . . 1459 Mar. 7............ '• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e e º º 0 2 2 2 . . 1498 Mar. 14.................................... & 6 º' - 1 0 1 0 2 1583 Mar. 21.................................... 0 1 1 0 1570 Mar. 28.................................... 0 2 1 3 0 1608 Apr. 4.................................... e e º º 0 1 1 0 1 1647 Apr. 11..… e tº e s tº º o'................... e dº e - e de 0 0 1 0 0 2 1687 Apr. 18.............................. '• * * * * * e e º 'º O 2 O 2 1727 Apr. 25.................................. ‘e s . . . . . . 0 1 ... 0 1 1 1765 May 2.................................... e tº º ſº 0 1 . . 0 1 1 1795 May 9........ '• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & ſº tº e º & e & © tº O 1 0 1 1 1882 May 17........................ '• s • e'e e s = < * * * e e º e º e 0 0 1 1 0 1 1864 May 23........................ & e º e s e e º e s e e! e g º O © º 0 1 0 0 2 1901 May 29............ '• • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e e º 'º 1 1 2 0 . . 1985 June 6.................................... e e - © 0 1 0 1 1 1969 June 13.............. & is e e º e º e º e º e º o '• * * * * * * * . . . . O 1 0 2 . . 2006 June 20.................................... © e º º 0 1 . . 2 0 . . 2041 June 27........ tº º e º & & e º ºs tº e • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a gº tº e s & 0 1 . . 0 2 . . 6022 The State of Missouri vs. 9664. Q. Please explain what table X shows and its sanitary significance? g A. Table X contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Averyville, between June 9th, 1899 and June 27th, 1900. The relatively large number of colon bacteria present in the Illinois river at Morris as shown in table TV has been greatly diminished between Morris and Averyville, so that while at Morris the colon bacillus was found almost invariably in .1 of a cubic centimeter of water, at Averyville it was but rarely present in this amount of water, and occasionally absent even in one cubic centimeter of water. This group of organisms appear to have suffered a great mortality in the water between Morris and Averyville. Q. Will you produce and read into evidence table XI? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary"District of Chicago. 6023 9665 TABLE XI. (Illinois River, Wesley City.) Serial Date, .0001 c. c. .01 C. C. .1 c. c. 1 C. C. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? 120 June 9.................. 0 1 () 1 - 136 June 14.................. () 1 () 1 177 June 21.................. 1 0 1. () º 214 June 28.................. º º 1 0 1 0 o 581 Sept. 6.................. * * * * * * 0 0 1 1 0 * 618 Sept. 13.................. tº dº e º e ºp 0 0 1 0 0 1. º 692 Sept. 27.................. () 1 0 1 0 0 1 sº 1900 1345 Feb. 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... a tº 0 2 1 3 0 0 2 1881 Feb. 14.................. 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 1411 Feb. 23.................. O 2 1 3 2 0 © 1460 Mar. 7.................. tº e º 'º 0 2 1 1 2 T 1 1584 Mar. 22.................. 0 2 2 0 2 0 . . 1581 Mar. 30.................. tº e 0 2 0 1 1 1. te 1610 Apr. 5.................. tº e º e º & 0 1 0 2 1 0 . 1648 Apr. 11.................. * @ e º e = 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1689 Apr. 18.................. tº e º 'º e tº O 1. 0. 2 e º ſº 1728 Apr. 25.................. e - - e º & 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 . . 1767 May 3.................. e sº º e º º 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1796 May 9.................. O 1 1 0 1 1 0 & 1829 May 16.................. 1 0 2 0 . 1 0 . . 1866 May 23.................. 0 1 & O 1 1 0 . e & 1902 May 31.................. 1 0 & 1 0 1 1 0 • * º 1938 June 7... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 O 2 tº e 1973 June 14.................. 0 1 e 0 1 O 2 O 2008 June 21.................. 0 1 1 1 1 0 © tº 2042 June 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 O 2 0 1 6024 The State of Missouri vs. 9666 Q. Please explain what table XI shows and its sanitary significance? A. Table XI contains results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Wesley City, between June 9th, 1899 and June 28th, 1900. The increased pollution of the river at this point is shown by the swollen number of colon bacilli, which were found quite often in .1 of a cubic centimeter of water. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table XII? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: 9667 TABLE XII. (Illinois River, Havana.) Serial Date, .1 c. c. 1 C. Number. 1899. - + — ? 115 June 7... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 June 14...................................................... 178 June 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 June 29...................................................... 589 Sept. 7...................................................... 1 625 Sept. 14...................................................... 0. 1. 0 C. 2 1& *9 Sept. 21...................................................... 699 Sept. 29.................................. • - - - - - - -'............ . 9668 Q. Please explain what table XII shows and its sanitary significance? A. Table XII contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Havana between June 7th and September 29th, 1899. The Colon bacillus was commonly present in one cubic centimeter of Water. - Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table XIII? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6025 9669 wº TABLE XIII. (Sangamon River, Chandlerville.) Serial Date, .01 c. c. .1 c. c. 1 c. c Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? 116 June 8.................................... e - e º e e e e s tº e e 0 1 . 182 June 22.................................... & e º e º a e e º º sº tº 1 0 . . G20 Sept. 14.................................... 0 1 0 0 1 600 Sept. 21.................................... 1 e 1 0 . . 715 Sept. 29.................................... - - - - iº - 1 0 1. 0 1900 1276 Jan. 25.................................... 1 3 4 0 1315 Feb. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 . 0. 4 1855 Feb. 3.................................... 2 0 4 0 . 1884 Feb. 15.................................... 2 1 1 1 0 1 1488 Mar. 2.................................... 0 1 3 3 1 1470 Mar. 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * > * 3 1 2 0 2 1508 Mar. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © tº º ºs º º e & 1 1 1 0 3 . 1544 Mar. 22............ ...................... 3 0 3 0 1572 Mar. 29.............. e e º e s e e is e e º e s e º e s & e º e e 0 2 0 2 . 0 1 1 1613 Apr. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 tº 1 1 1 1 . 1652 Apr. 12.............................. © tº º ſº tº º 0 2 . 0 0 2 2 0 . 1692 Apr. 19............. & Cº - e º e º e º G & º e e º 'º º e º e º e & 0 -1 0 1 2 0 . . 1781 Apr. 26............ • e e e s e s a's e's s s e e e s s a • e s • * 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 1770 May 3....................... ſº tº e º 'º e º tº e º & © e & 0 1 . 2 0 2 0 . . 1805 May 10........ * * * * * * * * '• • * * * * * * * * * * • e º º e º s a tº 1 () 2 0 1 0 - 1839 May 17.............. ‘e e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 0 1 O 2 0 . . 1875 May 24.......................... e e º e º 'º - º e is a 1 O 1. 2 0 2 0 . 1911 May 31...................................... 1 0 1 0 . . 1945 June 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 2 1. 0 . 1981 June 14.......4 * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 1 0 2 1 0 . . 2011 June 21..................................... 2 O 0 1 1 2 0 . . 2051 June 28..................................... O 2 0 1 1 0 . . 6026 The State of Missouri vs. 9670 Q. Please explain what table XIII shows and its sani- tary significance? A. Table XIII contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Sangamon river at Chandlerville, between June 8th, 1899, and June 28th, 1900. As has before been stated, the Sangamon river receives above Chandlerville the sewage of a very considerable urban pop- ulation, and this condition is reflected in the relatively high number of colon bacilli, which during the period covered by these determinations, range much higher than the number found in the water of the Illinois river at Averyville, as evidenced especially by the determinations made of .1 of a cubic centi- meter samples. The colon bacillus was even found occasionally in .01 of a cubic centimeter of water taken from the Sangamon river at this point. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table XIV 2 A. Yes sir, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6027 9671 TABLE XIV. (Illinois River, Grafton.) Serial Date. .01 c. c. . 1 C. C. 1 c. c 5 c. c Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? 117 June 8.................... 0 1 184 June 22.................... 0 1 222 June 30.................... 0 1. 591 Sept. 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1. 0 1 628 Sept. 14................... 1 0 1 0 ſe 662 Sept. 21................... • * 1 0 1 0 tº e 701 Sept. 29.....". . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1. 1 0 996 Nov. 23................... 1. 1 2 O 2 0 1025 Dec. 1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1. 0 1. 0 © e te 1057 Dec. 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . 1 0 * 1098 Dec. 15.................. 0 1 0 1 tº º e º 'º 1127 Dec. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 0 ge e ſº 1156 Dec. 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ge tº 0 1 . . 0 0 e is a tº e tº 1900 1187 Jan. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 2 tº tº e º 'º º 1217 Jan. 10... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . 0 1 1 * * > * > 1261 Jan. 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e O 4 0 2 tº º ſº tº º º 1287 Jan. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & e e º 'º º 1 1 2 1 e tº G ſº 1317 Feb. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 2 2 2 * e * > 1356 Feb. 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 1 . . * e e gº 1386 Feb. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº º º 1 0 2 0 tº 1408 Feb. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 3 0 tº º 1484 Mar. 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 4 0 . tº º º 1509 Mar. 16.................. 2 0 4 0 tº tº º e 1586 Mar. 22............... tº e e 0 3 . . 0 1 2 . © tº 1579 Mar. 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 3 2 0 1 tº e e 1615 Apr. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 1 0 1 . tº º º 1654 Apr. 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 1 e tº 1693 Apr. 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº tº tº 0 1 . . 1 0 1 . º e º 'º º 1732 Apr. 26. . . . . . . . 's a e s e e e s e * e tº tº dº 0 1 . . 1 1 . . tº º ſº tº gº 1771 May 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © tº gº º & 1 0 . . 2 0 . . tº e º ſº º 1806 May 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº e º º © e º ſº º º 1 0 . . 2 0 . . tº e º 'º º 1841 May 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º º & 4 º' 1 0 . . 2 0 . . tº º ſº tº º 1877 May 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º e & 1 0 . . 2 0 . . tº gº e º 'º -> 1912 May 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . gº tº e º & tº tº º º 0 1 . . 0 2 . . e e º e º (º 1946 June 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 . . 0 0 1 0 0 1 1983 June 15.................. 0 1 . 1 0 1 0 . . 2019 June 22.............. e e º e 0 1 . 2 0 . 0 0 1 2058 June 29.................. tº e º º 1 0 . . 2 0 . . 1 0 . . 6028 The State of Missouri vs. 9672 Q. Please state what table XIV shows and its sanitary significance? A. Table XIV contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Grafton between June 8th, 1899, and June 29th, 1900. The colon bacillus was present in .1 of a cubic centimeter samples in about the same proportion as at Averyville, and was present in the majority of one cubic centimeter Samples, as is usually found to be the case with unprotected surface waters receiving at more or less frequent intervals the drainage of urban and rural communities. w Q. Will you produce and read table XV2 A. Yes sir, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6029 9673 - f TABLE XV. (Mississippi River, Grafton.) Serial Date. .01 C. C. . 1 C. C. 1 c. c. 5 c. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? 118 June 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e is tº s e e tº - º º e e 0 1 185 June 22.............. . . . . tº e º e º 'º 0 1 223 June 30.................. 1 0 592 Sept. 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 629 Sept. 14.................. 0 1 0 0 1 663 Sept. 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 0 1 0 - 702 Sept. 29.................. 0 1 1 0 1026 Dec. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 O 1 1 0 1058 Dec. 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 º 1099 Dec. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1128 Dec. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 1 1157 Dec. 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 1 0 2 1900 1188 Jan. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0 1 1 1 1218 Jan. 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 1 1 1 1262 Jan. 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 1 2 1 1286 Jan. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 1 1318 Feb. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 2 2 1357 Feb. 8.................. 1 1 1 1 2 1387 Feb. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 1 1409 Feb. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 0 2 1435 Mar. 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 1 1510 Mar. 16.................. 1 1 3 0 1 1537 Mar. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 0 1580 Mar. 29.................. 0 3 1 2 1616 Apr. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 1 1 1655 Apr. 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 2 1 1 1694 Apr. 19. . . . . . . . .... • * * * * * * * * 0 1 0 2 1733 Apr. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 3 0 1772 May 3. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 1 1807 May 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2 . () 1878 May 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 0 1 1913 May 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 0 1 1947 June 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 0 () 1 1 0 1984 June 14.................. 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 2019 June 22.................. 0 1 () 0 1 2054 June 29.................. tº & © tº () 1 2 1 () 6030 The State of Missouri vs. 9674 Q. What does table XV show and what is its sanitary significance? A. Table XV contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken from the Mississippi river at Grafton between June 8th, 1899, and June 29th, 1900. The colon bacillus was found during this period not infrequently in .1 of a cubic centimeter samples, and in the majority of one cubic centimeter samples, being in this respect like the Illinois river, a typical unprotected surface water. Q. Will you please produce table XVI and read it in evi- dence? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6031 96.75 TABLE XVI. (Mississippi River, Cross-Section at Alton.) Serial Date, - .1 c. c. 1 C. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + — ? East Bank— * 248 July 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 284 July 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 319 July 20... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 856 July 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 736 Oct. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º ºs e º e º 'º - º 'º e - e º s e º e º ºs e e s s e e s e a s - e º e 0 1 0 1 773 Oct. 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 1 1 0 846 Oct. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 East Center— 249, July 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 285 July 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 0 0 1 320 July 20... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 357 July 27.............. '• • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 0 1, 0 737 Oct. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 774 Oct. 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 847 Oct. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 Center— 250 July 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 286 July 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 321 July 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 858 July 27... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1. 0 1 738 Oct. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 . 775 Oct. 12... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 848 Oct. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 () 0 0 1 West Center—— 251 July 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 287 July 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 0 O 1. 322 July 20... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 359 July 27... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 739 Oct. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 776 Oct. 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 849 Oct. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 0 West Bank— & 252 July 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 288 July 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 323 July 20........... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 1 1 0 . . 360 July 27..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1. O 740 Oct 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 . . 6032 The State of Missouri vs. 9676 Q. Please explain what is shown by the table XVI and what is its sanitary significance? A. Table XVI contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of water taken in cross Section from the Mississippi river at Alton, Illinois, between July 6th and Oc- tober 26th, 1899. - Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table XVII? . A. Yes sir, it is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6033 9677 TABLE XVII. & (Missouri River, West Alton.) Serial Date. .01 C. c. .1 c. c. 1 c. c. Number. 1899. - + — 2 -H — ? + — 7 376 July 28.................................... 0 1 0 1 ... 671 Sept. 23.................................... 0 1 0 0 1 71.4 sept. 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () () 1 () () 1 749 Oct. 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 () 789 Oct. 13. . . . . . . . . . . ......................... 0 1 0 1 S69 Oct. 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 () 1 1900 1189 Jan. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 2 () 4 1235 Jan. 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 1 1 () 1263 Jan. 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * 1. 3 1 2 1 1295 Jan. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 3 1 1820 Feb. 2.…. 0 2 0 4 1358 Feb. 8. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 2 . 1888 Feb. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 3 1 1410 Feb. 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 4 1439 Mal'. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . .‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 4 4 4 1471 Mar. 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 2 2 1 1 1499 Mar. 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 () - 0 1 2 1556 Mar. 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 0 0 1 2 0 1594 Mar. 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Or 2 0 1609 Apr. 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2 0 1650 Apr. 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 O 2 0 1690 Apr. 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 () { 1 1 1 1721 Apr. 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 0 1766 May 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 0 1 1793 May 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … 1 0 1 0 1831 May 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 1865 May 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 0 1910 May 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 0 1 () 1937 June 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2 0 1970 June 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. O 2 0 2007 June 20... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 O 1 0 & 2050 June 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 0 1 0 9678 Q. Please explain what table XVII shows and its sani- tary significance? A. Table XVII contains the results of colon determinations A—378 6034 The State of Missouri vs. made upon samples of water collected in the Missouri river at West Alton, Missouri, between July 28th, 1899, and June 28th, 1900. During this period the colon bacillus was found quite commonly in .1 of a cubic centimeter of water, especially in the months of May and June, 1900, and was commonly present in the one cubic centimeter of water samples. Q. Will you produce and read table XVIII? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: 0670 7 TAPLE XVIII. (Mississippi IRiver, Intake Tower, St. Louis Waterworks, Mitchell.) Serial Date. .01 C. C. . 1 C. C. 1 c. c. 5 C. c. Number. 1899. + — ? + —- ? + — ? + — ?" 295 July 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 ... 1 0 * - 330 July 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & © tº £ tº () 1. 1 () 373 July 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § { } & © & e 1 0 . . 1 0 7.43 Oct. 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * () f () () 1. 8.5%; Oct. 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s g º is e () 1. () 1 1900 1 299 Jan. 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº $ $ & & 1 1. 1. 1. 2 1 361 Feb. 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * g s 1. () 1. 4 0 1426 Feb. 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * e º 'º 1 1 1 0 3 1474 Mar. 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ tº e º ſº is () () 1 1 0 1 1,547 Mar. 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s tº g º º 3 () 2 () 1. 1585 Mar. 30. . . . . . . . . . . .… . . . . . . () 2 1 1 1 0 1 (3:24 Apr. 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * () 1. 1. 1. 1658 Apr. 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * e º e º º () 1 2 () 1702 Apr. 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * - tº º tº e 1 1. () () . 2 1810 May 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 1. () 2 () 1. 1845 May 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e º e () () 1 () 0 2 1 1885 May 25.................. & © º e º ºs 1 0 6 () () 2 1917 June 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * g º º º 1. ſ) . . 2 () 1950 June 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g º 'º e tº e () () 1 1 () 1 1987 June 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 () 2 () 2022 June 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 () 1. ſ) 2 0 2057 June 29.................. 1 {} 2 () 1. () 9680 Q. Please explain what table XVIII shows and its sani- & tary significance? A. Table XVIII contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of Mississippi river water collected at the The State of Iuinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6035 intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks, between July 14th, 1899 and June 29th, 1900. * - - The results show a general similarity with those obtained from the water of the Missouri river at West Alton. Q. Will you produce and read in evidence table XIX? A. Yes sir, it is as follows: 9681 TABLE XIX. (St. Louis Tap Water.) § Serial Date, . . .1 c. c. 1 c. c. 5 c. c. TNumber. 1899. + — ? + — ? + — ? 265 July 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * 0 1 1 0 298 July 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 tº ſº 388 July 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 865 July 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 1 781 Oct. 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 *. 1. * 1900 1289 Jan. 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 1 1347 Fel). 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 3 1 1864 Feb. 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 4 1876 Feb. 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 2 0 3 1. tº 1883 Feb. 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 0 4 1 0 1395 Feb. 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 2 0 3 1 1413 Feb. 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 () 4 1 1 1448 Mar. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 2 0 3 1 * > 1476 Mar. 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 1 & 1514 Mar. 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 0 0 1549 Mar. 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 2 0 0 . . 1587 Mar. 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 1 1 (* . . 1626 Apr. 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 1 0 2 # e. e. 1660 Apr. 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 1 0 1704 Apr. 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 a º 1748 Apr. 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 . . 1778 May 4… 0 1 1 1 1812 May 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 0 1 0 1847 May 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 2 1 1879 May 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 () O 2 1914 June 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 1 1 1 1 0 1952 June 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* * * * * * * () () 1. 1. 1 1989 June 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () 1 | 1. 2025 June 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. () 1 () I 2000 June 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 1 tº ſº º 6036 The State of Missouri vs. 9682 Q. Please explain what is shown by table XIX and its sanitary significance? - A. Table XIX contains the results of colon determinations made upon samples of St. Louis tap water taken between July 7th, 1899, and June 29th, 1900. The smaller number of colon bacteria in .1 of a cubic centi- meter samples, as compared with the number found in the Mis- sissippi river at the water intake indicates a considerable dimi- mution in the number of colon bacteria during the passage through the settling basins and water pipes. Q. Professor, have you a table of summaries of results for the principal stations on the Illinois river? A. I have. It is as follows: I. PRINCIPAL STATIONS ON THE ILLINOIS RIVER, 00001 C. c. .0001 C. C. .001 c. c. .01 C. C. 1 C. C # , ; , = 2.É 25 2.É 25 2.É 25 2.É ## #5 # #5 £3 £5 § #3 & #5 33 33 33 33 3: 33 33 33 3: 33 Collecting Stations. ; sy- § erºt 3 *- § sº ; ** ‘E * 's's 5: ‘S’s “5 : 5:5 s : 3:5 s is 3:5 3 - 3 - 3 > 3 > 3 > 3 > 3 > 3 > 3; & C & © . C º C . c Cº. C . C. c. C . C Cº 9 º Z - Z. ſº Z ºr Zºº Z. 2: Zºº Z, ºr Zºº Z. Bº Z, ſº Illinois and Mich. Canal, Lockport 28 7 32 28 11 8 4 4 2 2 Illinois River, Morris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 20 11 30 20 23 20 Illinois River, Ottawa.............. 22 6 34 19 Illinois River, Averyville. .......... 1 0 27 4 Illinois River, Wesley City. . . . . . . . 7 1 22 3 26 13 4. 1. 35 13 Illinois River, Grafton.............. 9684 Q. Will you please explain what the table shows? A. This table summarizes the results obtained from the colon determinations made upon the waters collected at the principal stations along the Illinois river. It shows that in the water of the Illinois and Michigan canal at Lockport the bacil- lus coli was present in .001 of a cubic centimeter of water on 28 days out of 32 days on which examinations were made. It shows further that in the water of the Illinois river at Morris the colon bacillus was present in .01 of a cubic centimeter of water on 20 days out of 30 days on which examinations were The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6037 made, while at Ottawa it was present in the same quantity of water on only 6 days out of 22 days on which examinations were made. At Ottawa the colon bacillus was found in .1 of a cubic centimeter of water on 19 days out of 34 days on which exami- nations were made, while at Averyville it was found in the same quantity of water on only 5 days out of 27 days on which ex- aminations were made. - The increased pollution of the water at Wesley City is shown by a larger number of colon bacilli as indicated by the fact that the colon bacillus was found in .1 cc of water from this point on 13 days out of 26 days, on which examinations were made, or more than three times as frequently as in the Illinois river at Averyville above Peoria. - 9685 At Grafton at the mouth of the river the colon bacillus was found in .1 of a cubic centimeter on 13 days out of 35 days on which examinations were made. These summaries show that the colon determinations co- incide with the results of the routine chemical and bacterial examinations already referred to. The processes of oxidation of the organic matter, the death of the mass of sewage bacteria and the mortality among the specially significant group of colon organisms appear to run a closely parallel course, and the inference as to the purification of the stream drawn from the chemical analyses and from the count of bacterial colonies, is further emphasized by the mor- tality shown to occur in this significant class of sewage bacilli. Q. Have you a table of summaries comparing the Illinois river at Averyville and Grafton with the tributaries of the Illi- nois, and with the Mississippi river above Grafton and the Mis- souri river at West Alton 2 A. I have. It is as follows: 6038 The State of Missouri vs. 96.86 I. Illinois River at Averyville and Grafton, Compared with Tributaries and with the Missis- Sippi (Grafton) and Missouri (West Alton) Rivers. .01 C. C. .1 c. c. 1 c. c. ....5 c. c 2.5 2.É 2.5 2.É zº 2.É 2.5 2.É 23 P = 2, 3 > 3 > E >, E : B 5, E - é à é& 5 # 33 35 33 3: 33 Collecting Stations. - 3 -- # * * * *- 3 * * : * = E = 5:5 is ; ; ; ; ; ; ; is & & & 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 3 : 3... .3 : 3., 9 & 2.3 9 ºf .9 . Z - Z. & Z = zºº Z. B. Zºo Z. B. z º. Illinois River, Averyville........................ 1 0 27 4 31 13 tº gº Illnois River, Grafton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 pººr 35 13 38 26 <) Mississippi River, Grafton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 34 10 35 23 3 DeSplaines River ................................ 1. 5 Kankakee River . . . . . . . . . . . .* .. * * * g º º º g º e º 'º e º 'º º ſº ſº tº 3 5 Fox River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº & iº º 22 2 23 6 13 10 Big Vermillion Ikiver............................ tº gº gº º j 1 9 Sangamon River .................................. 13 4 25 14 27 21 Missouri River .................................... 6 3 32 13 31 21 II. Total, Illinois River (Averyville and Grafton) . . . . 62 17 69 39 Total, tributaries of Illinois River............ tº ge tº tº 66 21 69 36 Mississippi and Missouri Rivers................ tº º tº gº 66 23 66 44 9687 Q. Please explain what this table shows and its sanitary significance is? A. This table contains a summary of the results of the colon determinations made upon the Illinois river at Averyville and Grafton, compared with the tributaries of the Illinois and with the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. On comparing the number of days on which bacillus coli was found in one cubic centimeter, samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Averyville, with those taken from the Illi- nois river at Grafton, from the Mississippi river at Grafton, from the Desplaines river, from the Kankakee river; from the Fox river, from the Big Vermilion river; from the Sangamon river, and from the Missouri river, it appears that so far as the colon content enables one to pass an opinion as to the sanitary quality of these waters the Sangamon river at Chandlerville, is one of the more highly polluted streams. -- The Illinois river at Grafton, the Mississippi river at Graf- ton and the Missouri river at West Alton appeared to be on Sub- r — * ---, * * • - !. º rº, . . . . . . . . . a cºrº The State of Illinois and the Sanitary Dºrict of Chicago. 6039 stantially the same footing wifh one another in espect to their colon conent, while the Fox I iver contailſ, d a smaller proportion of colon bacilli than any of the streams under considera- tion. 9688 The Illinois river at Averyville comparcs in respect to its colon content very favorably with the Illinois, Missis- sippi and Missouri live1s and is perceptibly less highly con- taminated than the water of the Sangarºon liver at Chandler- ville. Summing up these facts in the second division of this table it is seen that samples of water taken on 69 different days from the Illinois river at Averyville and at Grafton contained bacillus coli communis on 39 days, while the various tributaries of the Illinois river, samples from which were taken on 69 days, contained colon bacillus on 36 days. Samples taken from the waters of the Missouri on 66 days contained colon bacillus on 44 days. wº It appears therefore from these tables, that if the opinion that I have expressed regarding the sanitary significance of the colon bacillus in water is correct, the water of the Illinois river at Averyville and Grafton was not materially different from what if would have been if the tributaries of the Illinois, exclu- sive of the Desplaines river and its sewage content, had alone fed the basins of this stream. The colon content of such a stream at Averyville and at Grafton would have been sub- 9689 stantially what it is at present. Q. What sanitary significance do you attach to the tables of colon determinations as presented in evidence by you, considering them as a whole? A. As stated in my testimony of yesterday, my experience leads me to adopt the view that the relative abundance of the colon bacillus in water affords the most satisfactory single analytical indication that sanitary science at present possesses as to the sanitary quality of a natural water. Basing my opinion upon this I may say that I regard the relative abundance of colon bacilli in the water of the Illinois river at various points, and in the various tributary streams as furnishing a highly important clew to the freshness of the pollu- tion entering, and the amount of real purification undergone by each stream. Considered from this standpoint the water of the 6040 The State of Massouri vs. Illinois river at Averyville and at Grafton, is no more impure than the water in the principal tributarics of the Illinois, and certainly no more impure or dangerous than the water of the Mississippi river at Grafton, or the Missouri river at West Altom. The successive and striking diminution in the number of colon bacilli at various points along the Illinois river from Lockport to Averyville, is proof in my judgement of the occur- rence of a process of genuine self-purification. 9690 Q. What sanitary significance, do you attach to your chcraical, bacteriological and colon determinations here- tofore introduced into evidence, as evidenced, by the tables intro- duced for the period extending from May, 1899 to the end of June, 1900? A. I regard these determinations as forming a connected and correlated whole, mutually sustaining one another, and all pointing in my judgment, to but one interpretation. The oxi- dation. of the organic matter that was introduced in enormous quantities at Lockport, the more or less complete destruction of the sewage bacteria also introduced at this point, and especi- ally the high mortality among the colon bacteria occuring in the upper stretches of the river, all appear to me to indicate that infectious matters that might have been introduced into the sewage of Chicago and found their way into the drainage canal during this period from May 1899 to the end of June 1900, did not make their way down river so far as Averyville. So far as my interpretation of the results of the chemical analyses, the bacterial counts and the colon determinations is concerned, I have no hesitation in expressing as my opinion that the water of the Illinois river at its mouth is no more liable to convey disease or to produce injurious consequences of any kind than the waters of the Mississippi river at this point, or the water of the Missouri river at West Alton. In expressing this 9691 opinion I am taking into consideration all the knowledge that I have acquired by personal experience and all the information that I have obtained regarding the chemical and bacterial content of these waters during the period under con- sideration. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out all the inferences, conclusions and opinions of this witness based upon the tables of analyses with reference to the period from May 1899 to the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6041 close of the year 1900, for the same reasons given and stated in my objection to the introduction of the tables themselves. AD.JOUTRNED until 2:00 P. M. same day. 96.92 2:00 P.M., Thursday, December 3rd, 1903. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN, resumed the stand for further direct-examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Professor, did you make any survey of the waters of the Illinois river, the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers, in 1901% - A. I did. - Q. State the circumstances which led up to the making of this survey? A. So far as I understand these circumstances, an agree- ment was reached between the authoritiés of the State of Mis- Souri and the State of Illinois for conducting a joint investiga- tion of the water of the rivers named, at certain points. The aim of this joint examination was as I understand it, to secure that the samples should be taken at specified places, at speci- fied times, and under uniform conditions. 9693 Q. What part did you have in connection with this in- * vestigation? § A. I was asked by Dr. Arthur R. Reynolds, director of the Streams Examination to establish and equip three laboratories; one at Peoria on the Illinois river; one at Grafton at the mouth of the Illinois river, and one at St. Louis. At these laboratories Samples of water were to be examined bacterially by methods left to my discretion. These laboratories were accordingly established in October, 1901, under my direction, and work Continued up to the end of December, 1901. The laboratory at Peoria was under direct charge of Mr. F. W. Schule; that at Grafton under the charge of Mr. W. S. 6042 The State of Missouri vs. Sayer; and that at St. Louis in charge of Mr. E. E. Irons, and Mr. W. G. Sackett. I believe that all these gentlemen except Mr. Irons, have already testified in this case. º Q. They were all under your direction and supervision? A. Yes. Mr. Irons in addition to carrying out much of the work in the St. Louis laboratory personally had supervision of all three laboratories, visiting them at intervals and report- ing to me. In addition, the workelis in charge of the three laboratories sent in weekly written reports to me at the Univer- sity of Chicago, keeping in addition, duplicate copies of these re- ports in their laboratories, all of which were finally turn- 9694 ed over to me for final scrutiny. The work carried out at these three laboratories consist- ed chiefly in plating samples of water daily and also in making daily colon determinations. Data were secured regarding the temperature of water and air at the time of collection, the hour of plating, etc. Besides this routine work in the laboratory, the different workers were instructed by me to select from the col- onies of bacteria appearing upon the plates, all the different kinds of bacteria that could be distinguished by their growth. upon the medium used. These different colonies thus picked off the plates were transferred to agar tubes which were shipped by express to me at the bacteriological laboratory at the Uni- versity of Chicago, where they were studied in detail. All of the work in all three laboratories was under my supervision. My assistants were given careful and minute instructions re- garding all details of laboratory procedure, and so far as I could determine from inspeation of the work and its results, these in- structions were scrupulously followed. 9695 Q. At what points were samples of water collected for examination in these three different laboratories? A. The work carried on at the Peoria laboratory com- prised examinations of samples of water taken from the Illinois river at two different localities; namely, at Averyville, above Peoria and at Pekin, below Peoria; the precise points of col- lection were approximately those selected for the investigation of 1899 and 1900. The laboratory at Grafton dealt with samples of water col- lected from the Illinois river at its mouth (above the point where The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6043 any mixing with the Mississippi river water was possible), and from the Mississippi river above Grafton, the precise points of collection being the same as in the 1899 and 1900 series. In the laboratory at St. Louis examinations of five samples of water were regularly made, namely, from the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks, a cross section of four samples being taken at this point, the points of collection being those specified in the 1899 and 1900 series. The fifth sample was obtained from the Missouri river at Fort Bellefontaine, West Alton. Q. What instructions were given by you for the planting of these samples relative to the time of collection ? 9696 A. The various laboratory workers were directed to plate the samples of water as soon after collection as pos- sible, in every case. e Q. What determinations were made in these different laboratories? A. The work done during this period was wholly bacter- iological in character and may be grouped conveniently under three heads: * - (a) The determination of the number of bacteria in the river water as shown by the ordinary colony counts. (b) The number of germs of the colon group in the river water as shown by the Dextrose fermentation tube test. (c) Study of the species of bacteria isolated from the river water. - The first two determinations were carried out in the res- pective branch laboratories, and it is certain that a decided gain in the accuracy of the results was attained by conducting this work at or near the points of collection, upon freshly collected samples, instead of allowing as in the previous work, a consider- able interval to elapse while samples were being transported to a distant point. The detailed study of the bacterial species was carried out under more advantageous conditions of 9697 fered for this kind of work by the University laborator- ies. Q. What methods were employed in making all these de- terminations? A. The methods used for the numerical estimation of the germs in the river water were those originally recommended by 6044 The State of Missouri vs. d the committee upon Standard Water Analysis, appointed by the American Public Health Association (Science 1900, Decem- ber 14, pages 906 to 915), together with the conditions and mod- ifications embodied in the report of this committee presented at the Buffalo meeting of this association in 1901, (Reports and papers of the American Public Health Association, 27, page 377). Gelatin of a standard reaction (one per cent acid to phenolph- thalein) was employed as the nutrient medium and in order to insure strict comparability between the results obtained in the Several laboratories, all gelatin used in the three laboratories was made by Mr. Irons in the St. Louis laboratory. In my opinion it was because of this uniformity in method that the re- sults in the several laboratories sustained a close and constant re- lation here to one another and can be legitimately compared. The counts of the bacterial colonies appearing on the gelatin plates have been made after 48 hours incubation, at an average tem- perature of 20 degrees centigrade. Several different deci- 9698 mal dilutions of the water were usually employed, the dilution that was selected for record in the accompanying tables was always, where possible, the one showing from about 25 to 125 colonies on a plate. The method used for estimating the number of colon bacteria in the river was the Dextrose fermentation tube method and was sufficiently described in con- nection with the 1899 and 1900 series. All the results detailed in the tables that I have prepared were obtained by this method, and the system adopted for recording the results was the same as in the preceding work. The methods used in the study and differentiation of species were those generally employed in the best bacteriological laboratories in this country. * * Q. Have you the tables prepared at the different stations where these determinations which you have just described were made? e A. I have. Q. The data from which those tables were made were ob- tained in what manner, Professor 2 - A. From reports made to me by my assistants at the sev- eral laboratories. Q. Were these analyses made at the different laboratories, made under your direction and supervision? A. Entirely so. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6045 9699 Q. The results of the analyses made by your subor- dinates located at the different laboratories were com- municated to you in what manner? A. In writing, each report being signed by the man send- ing it. - Q. Have you these reports with you from which the tables which you have prepared, were made? A. I have them all here. Q. Will you produce them? (Witness produces tables.) MR. TODD: I offer the original analytical report from the laboratory at St. Louis made by W. G. Sackett, that at Grafton made by W. S. Sayer, and that at Peoria made by F. W. Schule, to Professor E. O. Jordan of the Chicago University, under whose direction and supervision these analyses were made. Also the coli determinations made by the same parties at the three different laboratories for this period and reported to Pro- fessor Jordan in the same manner as above indicated. These reports are offered for the inspection of counsel and will be made a part of the evidence if objection is made to their non- introduction. Q. Have you the tables made by you from the examina- tions at the Peoria laboratory ! - A. I have. 9700 Q. How many tables have you made of the determina- tions made at Peoria.? A. Two sets, one covering the samples, of water collected at Averyville, the other covering those collected at Pekin, below Peoria. Q. Will you produce and read the table for the determina- tions made at Averyville in the Peoria laboratory? A. I will. It is as follows: 6046 The State of Missouri vs. 97.01 IILINOIS RIVER—Averyville (Above Peoria.) Date 1901 Hour Of Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per ce. Oct. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. ' 9 2.00 3.00 16.5 16. 1-100 1) 10000 - º 2) 9700 9800 10 8.10 9.00 14. 11, 5 29.32 1-100 34300 34300 •11 9.20 10.1Q 17. 21. 29.30 1-100 1900 1900 32 9.00 10.00 16.5 - 13. 29.40 1-100 1800 1800 14 8.00 9.00 14.5 10. 29.40 1-100 800 800 15 8.15 9. 10 13. 11. 29.38 1-100 1) 1100 2) 1000 1000 16 8.20 9.00 13. 7. 29.47 1-100 1) 1100 - - 2) 800 1000 17 8.00 9.10 13. 7. 29.43 1-10 1) 540 1-100 2) 890 720 18 8.00 9. 15 12.5 8. 29.38 1-10 360 360 19 8.00 8.55 12.5 S. 12.38 1-10 1) 320 2) 360 340 21 8.25 9.45 13. 8.5 29.48 1-10 1) 780 - 2) 430 600 22 8.10 10.10 13. 9. 29.53 1-10 1) 750 - 2) 810 780 23 8.30 10.10 13. 11. 29.52 1-100 1) 4300 2) 3800 4000 24 8.00 10.00 13.5 10. 29.55 1-10 1) 1010 2) 1040 1030 - - 3) 1050 25 8.00 9.15 13.5 6. 29.56 1-10 1) 1280 2) 840 3) 1190 1100 26 8.00 9.10 13.5 12. 29.50 1-10 1) 680 2) 780 3) 1220 890 28 8.00 8.50 13. 6. 29.58 1-10 1) 730 2) 730 3) 510 660 29 7.50 8.40 12. 17.5 29.50 1-10 1) 1180 - 2) 1130 1150 30 8.00 8.55 14. 19. 29.56 1-10 1) 690 - 2) 760 730 31 7.40 8.45 14. 17. 29.55 1-100 1) 430 - - - 2) 370 400 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6047 9702 ILLINOIS RIVER–Averyville (Above Peoria). ſ)ate 1901 FIOur Of Temperature C. Height of No. Of Colonies per co. Nov. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 1 8.00 9.45 14 6 29.68. 1-10 1) 860 2) 650 750 29.68 1-10 1) 320 2) 240. 280 4 8.00 9.10 11 -6 29.69 1-10 1) 980 2) 910 950 5 8.00 9.00 9 -3 29.65 1-10 1) 640 - 2) 590 610 6 8.15 . 9. 20 8 5 29.52 1-10 1) 260 2) 150 210 7 8.00 9.15 (8 3 29.60 1-10 1) 210 2) 280 240 29.60 1-10 1) 300 2) 280 290 9 8.00 9.05 7 3.5 29.68 1-10 1) 230 2) 210 220 11 800 9.05 8 18 29.50 1-10 1) 240 $ -. - 2) 260 240 12 8.10 9.15 8 10 29.70 1-10 1) 1900 - 2) 2500 2200 1-10 1) 1500 2) 1240 1400 14 8.00 9.00 6 3 29.63 1-10 1) 1280 2) 1320 1300 15 8.00 9.15 4 -6 29.62 1-10 1) 1180 2) 980 1100 16 8.00 9. 15 4 -6 29.58 1-10 1) 3600 - 2) 3400 3500 18 8.00 9.20 4 -5 29.55 1-10 1) 730 2) 930 830 19 9.10 10.15 4 -5 29.50 1-10 1) 1090 2) 460 770 20 8.00 9. 15 4 -5 29.54 1-10 1) 920 2) 970 950 21 8.00 9.00 4 -2 29.55 1-10 1) 530 - - - 2) 650 590 22 8.00 9.00 4 -5 29.58 1-10 1) 1600 2) 1650 1600 2 8.00 9.25 13. 5 8 5 8 8.00 9.10 7. 5 -- 1. O 9 3 2 Q 6 3 13 8.00 9. 10 8 6048 The State of Missouri vs. 9703 ILLINOIS RIVER–Averyville (Above Peoria). Date 1901 Hour of , Nov. collection. Plating. , Temperature C. Height-of Water. Air. Water. No. of Colonies per ce. Dilution. Averages. 23 8.00 9.10 4. 3. 29.70 1-10 1) 860 2) 900 880 25 8.00 9.10 4. 3. 29.76 1-100 1) 2400 ſº 2) 3000 2700 26 8.00 9.00 2. -2 29.76 1-10 1) 2670 * 2) 2450 250C 27 8.00 9.15 3. -2 29.78 1-10 1) 1090 2) 1440 3) 1600 1400 29 8.00 9.10 3. 3. 29.73 1-100 1) 2600 2600 30 8.00 9.20 4. -1 29.75 1-100 1) 2800 2) 2200 2500 Dec. 2 8.00 9.10 4. 4. 29.73 1-100 1) 2500 - 2) 4200 3400 3 8.00 9.20 4. 1. 29.72 1-100 1) 1500 2) 1800 1600 4 8.00 9.20 3. -3 29.68 1-100 1) 1800 2) 2300 2000 5 8.00 9.00 2. -4. 29.63 1-10 1) 1440 2) 2150 1800 6 8.00 9.05 2. O. 29.60 1-100 1) 3200 2) 2400 2800 7 8.00 9.20 2. 2. 29.57 1-100 1) 3300 - 2) 3000 3200 9 8.00 9.25 2. 1. 29.70 1-100 1) 4100 • ‘ 2) 4600 4300 10 8.00 9.20 2. O. 29.68 1-100 1) 4100 2) 4800 4400 11 8.00 9. 10 2. (). 29.72 1–100 6100 6100 12 8.00 9.00 2 2 29.70 1-100 1) 2900 & -- 2) 3300 3100 13 8.00 9.00 2 2 29.80 1-100 1) 3500 - 2) 3700 3600 14 8. 9.10 0 -20 29.90 1-100 1) 5200 2) 4100 4600 16 8.15 9.20 0 -14 29.85 1-100 l) 7900 2) 7100 7500 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6049 9704 ILLINOIS RIVER–Averyville (Above Peoria). Date - 1901 Houl. Of Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per co. Dec. collection. I’lating. Water. Air. Water. I)ilution. . Averages. 17 8.15 9. 15 (). -16 29.82 1-100 1) 11700 2) 14500 13000 18 8.00 9, 10 () -18 30.00 1-100 1) 28100 2) 31800 30000 19 8.00 9.10 () —23 30.15 1-100 1) 28200 2) 27000 28000 20 8.00 9. 1() () –2() 30.30 1-100 1) 9200 2) 10500 9800 21 8.00 9. 15 () -14 30.40 1-100 1) 10200 2) 10400 10300 23 8.00 9.00 1 4 30.80 1-100 1) 14500 2) 16200 15000 24 8.00 9.00 1 4 30.88 1-100 1) 56800 - 2) 69400 63000 26 8.00 9. 20 1 () 30.92 1-100 1) 54400 2) 65400 60000 27 8.00 9.05 | -1 30.92 1-100 1) 16900 - 2) 18400 17000 28 8.00 9.05 1 1. 30.90 1-100 1) 9500 2) 7800 8600 30 8.00 9. 10 1 -3() 30.83 1-100 1) 58.200 2) 46200 52000 General average, 5800. 97.05 Q. Will you state what the table that you have just read shows, and its sanitary significance? A. This table contains the results of daily bacterial deter- minations made upon samples of water from the Illinois river at Averyville between October 9th and December 30th, 1901. On this table are specified the date of collection, the hour of collection and the hour of plating, the temperature in degrees centigrade of the water and air; the height of water; the dilu- tion in which the sample was plated, the number of colonies per cubic centimeter (two samples in most cases) and the aver- age of these daily determinations. Throughout October and A—379 6050 The State of Missouri vs. November the numbers of bacteria in the water as shown by the colony count were low; the counts showing often only a few hundred colonies per cubic centimeter. In December the numbers increased somewhat and in the latter part of December, the numbers are on several occasions in the tens of thousands. So far as the bacterial count is concerned, these examina- tions show that the water of the Illinos river at this point was in a condition which considered as a river water, was fully up to the average of river waters in this country. 97.06 Q. Will you produce and read the table showing the de- terminaitons made at the Peoria laboratory for the point at Pekin? A. Yes, sir. It is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6051 97.07 ILLINOIS RIVER—Pekin (Below Peoria). ſº Hour of - Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per ce. Oct. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 16 3.15 5.15 13.5 14 1-1000 1) 170000 *2) 150000 160000 17 7.50 10.00 11. 4. 1-10000 230000 230000 18 8.00 10.15 12 8 1-1000 1) 45000 2) 33000 39000 19 8.00 10.00 12 12.5 1:1000 1) 69000 2) 47000 58000 21 7.50 10.10 12.5 9.5 2.2 1-1000 1) 57000 2) 79000 69000 22 7.50 10.05 12.5 9.5 2.2 1-1000 1) 96000 2) 106000 101000 23 7.55 10.00 11.5 10. 2.2 1-1000 1) 163000 - 2) 155000 3) 166000 161000 24 7.50 9.55 11. 9. 2. 1-1000 1) 89000 2) 73000 3) 74000 79000 25 7.55 9.50 13. 9. 2.2 1-1000 1) 149000 2) 178000 3) 186000 171000 26 7.50 10.05 13. 8. 2.2 1-1000 1) 312000 2) 352000 3) 302000 1-10000 4) 360000 341000 28 7.55 9.50 12.5 8 2.2 1-1000 1) 390000 - 2) 330000 3) 420000 380000 30 7.50 10.30 16. 15 2.2 1-1000 1) 275000 º 2) 241000 258000 30 7.55 10.30 14. 13 2.2 1-10000 1) 1140000 2) 900000 1000000 31 8.10 10.00 14.5 14 2.2 1-10000 1) 730000 Nov. 2) 670000 700000 1 8.00 10.15 13 8 2.2 1-10000 1) 630000 - 2) 560000 600000 2 8.00 10.15 12.5 8 2.2 1-1000 1) 50000 2) 46000 4800 4 8.00 9.50 10 -10 2.2 1-10000 1) 410000 2), 360000 380000 6052 The State of Missouri vs. 9708 Date 1901 Nov. 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 32 23 25 ILLINOIS RIVER–Pekin (Below Peoria). collection. Plating. Water. 10.15 10. 10 4.30 9.50 9.50 10. 10. 9.50 9.50 9.50 10.15 10.30 10 Hour of 8.00 8.15 8.15 8.00 8.00 8.00 2.45 8.00 8.15 8.00 8.15 8.10 9.50 9.50 6.00 10. Q 8 7 8 7 Air. -10 4 6 : 2 2 13 : 2 •) * e 2. 2 2 2 2 2 2 : 2 : 2 •) * 2 ... 3 . 2 1-1000 .4 .4 .4 Temperature C. Height of Water. H-1000 1–1000 1-1000 1–1000 1–100 1–100() 1-1000 1-1000 1-1000 1-1000 1–100 1-1000 1-1000 1–100 .4 1-100 .4 .4 ... 3 . 3 ... 2 1–100 1–100 1–1000 1–1 ()() 1–100 Dilution. 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 1) 2) 1) 2) No. of Colonies per ce. Averages. 69000 88000 56000 51000 14000 12000 20000 19000 11000 16000 30000 27000 26000 19000 31000 28000 16000 23000 37000 32000 9300 9800 21000 48000 66000 64000 23000 18000 13900 14800 6900 7900 7100 4800 5300 24000 8000 7200 6500 7400 79000 53000. 1900 19000 14000 28000 23000 29000 20000 34000 9600 35000 65000 20000 14300 6900 7500 5100 24000 7600 6900 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6053 . 97.09 Date 1901 IIour of ILLINOIS RIVER – Pekin (Below Peoria). Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per cc. Nov. collection. I’lating. Water. Air. Water. L)ilution. Averages. 30 8.15 10.05 2 0 2.2 1-100 1) 3700 2) 4200 4000 Dec. 2 8.15 10. 4 2 2.2 1-100 1) 14200 2) 11000 12600 3 8.15 10.10 3 1 2.2 1-100 1) 15300 2) 17000 16000 4 8. 15 10. 3 4 2.2 1-100 1) 97.00 2) 10400 * 3) 8100 9400 5 8. 20 10. 2 –4 2.2 1–100 1) 19400 2) 19300 3) 17800 18800 6 8.10 10.05 2 -1 2.3 1-100 1) 7100 2) 6700 3) 6900 6900 7 8.15 9.55 2 3 2. 3 1–100 1) 6200 2) 6900 3) 5700 5900 9 8.15 9.55 2 –2 2.3 1-100 1) 4400 2) 7400 3) 7300 6400 10 8.00 9.55 1. -1 2.3 1-100 1) 3200 2) 3400 3) 3000 3200 11 8.00 9.55 1. 1 2. 3 1–100 1) 9200 2) 9800 3) 8900 9300 12 8.10 10.10 2 3 2. 3 1-100 1) 5600 2) 5700 3) 6600 6000 13 8.15 10.15 2 2 2.3 1-100 1) 11300 2) 9800 3) 11100 10700 General average, 90000. 6054 The State of Missouri vs. - 97.10 Q. What does this table show and what is its sanitary significance? A. This table shows the results of colony counts made from samples of water collected from the Illinois river at Pekin be- tween October 16th and December 13th, 1901, the same data being given as in the table for Peoria. Throughout this period this water is characterized by a much higher bacterial content than the water of the Illinois river at Averyville. On October 26th, for example, the average number of four determinations at Pekin was 341,000, per cubic centimeter, while at Averyville on the same date there were only 890 colonies per cubic centimeter. Q. Will you produce and read the table for the deter- minations made of the Illinois river at Grafton? A. Yes, sir. It is as follows: 97.11 ILLINOIS RIVER– Grafton. Date 1901 FIOur Of Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per cc. Oct. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 1 2.00 3.00 21 29 2.7 1-100 1) 1700° 2) 1400° 1550 2 2.45 3.45 20.5 18 2. 7 1-100 900* 900 3 4.00 5.30 18.5 17. 5 2.7 1-100 900* 900 4 8.15 11. 16.5 9 2. 6 1–100 900* 900 5 10. 11.30 16. 15 2. 6 1–100 1200* 1200 7 8.30 10.30 16. 18. 2.5 1-10 27.0% 270 8 8.15 10. 17 18 2.5 1-10 210 210 9 8.15 10. 16.5 16 2. 6 1-10 490 490 10 8.15 10. 17. 18. 2.6 1–10 350 350 11 8.15 10. 17. 5 19. 2. 7 1-10 230 230 12 1.45 3. 17.5 15. 2.9 1-100 1) 2200 2) 2600 2400 14 9.00 10.30 14. 11. 3.0 1-10 1) 1120 - 2) 840 1–100 1200 1090 15 3.20 4. 15. 20. 3.1 1-10 1) 550 2) 670 610 *Agar plate counts, 8 days; all others, gelatine, 48 hours. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6055 P}ate 1901 16 17 18 19 21 22 25 97.12 26 28 .29 30 31 Nov. Hour of Oct. - collection. I’lating. 3. 3. 3. 3 3 3 3. 45 30 30 .15 .45 . 30 . 30 .30 . 30 .30 .00 20 ILLINOIS RIVER– Grafton. 4.30 4.15 4.30 4.15 ! ! . 4.30 4.30 4. 20 Temperature C. Height of Water. 15. 14. 14. 15. 16. 16. 16. 16. 16. 15. 15. 16. 16. 16. 16. 16. 12. 5 Air. 17. 16. 20. 5 Water. 3 <> * > . 3 ! ; .4 7 .9 1. 1. Dilution. 1-10 1–1() 1–1() 1–1() 1–10 1–100 1–100 1–10 1–1() 1–10 1–10 1–1() 1–10 1–10 1–10 1-10 1-10 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) No. of Colonies per co. Averages. 350 33() 430 450 220 210 270 190 360 600 700 500 360 340 540 560 330 260 570 540 430 420 590 420 590 620 590 550 560 630 450 490 340 440 210 230 360 650 500 350 550 300 550 420 . 510 600 600 470 6056 The State of Missouri Q) S. ILLINOIS RIVER– Grafton. Date 1901 Hour of Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per ce. Nov. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 5 3.30 4.30 11. 9. 3.7 1-10 1) 280 2) 260 270 6 3.00 4.00 10. 19. 3.6 1-10 1) 320 w 2) 380 350 7 3.15 4.15 10. 11. 3.6 1-10 1) 240 2) 230 230 1-10 1) 380 2) 360 370 5 8 3. 15 4.15 10: 15. 3. 2 1-10 1) 640 2) 620 630 12 4.10 4.50 11. 10. 3.4 1-10 1) 950 2) S90 920 1-10 1) 610 2) 520 570 14 3.15 4.15 9. 10. 3.4 1-10 1) 920 2) 710 810 7. 5. 3.4 1-10 1) 1180 2) 1170 1180 (64 hours) 16 2.45 3.00 6. 4. 3.4 1-10 1) 710 2) 770 740 18 3.15 4.00 5. 8. 3.5 1-10 1) 830 - 2) 930 880 19 4.00 4.45 5. 7. 3.6 1-10 1) 960 - 2) 1020 990 *9 3.00 4.00 11. 12. 3.4 1-10 1) 450 2) 420 43() 11 3.15 4.15 11. 22. 3. 5 13 3.30 4.15 10. 18. 3. 15 3.00 3.50 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6057 9713 Date 1901 IIour of Noy. 20 21. 22 28 29 30 Dec. 2 3.15 3.00 3.20 ILLINOIS RIVER– (; rafton. 4.15 3.45 4.10 3.45 4.20 3.30 2 collection. Plating. Water. 5. 5 5. 5 5 5 5 5 11. 12. 11. 5. 10. 10. 10. 11. 12. 12. 2 Temperature C. Height of Air. ' Water. 3. 3. Y J 3 3 3 3 3 6 3.6 7 7 5 .5 Ljilution. 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1080 1120 1950 1740 No. Of Colonies per CC. Averages. 1100 . 10 3.45 • 3.40 4.00 4.45 3.45 3.35 4.30 3.10 4.20 1–10 1–10 1–100 1–100 1–100 1-100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–10 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 3100 2200 8800 9200 2700 3600 2500 2900 6200 6900 7400 7900 6400 6400 4400 4300 3500 3700 2100 2300 1850 1800 1900 3800 4100 9600 9800 8500 8200 4100 4400 1840 2700 9000 3200 2700 6500 1850 4000 97.00 8400 4200 6058 The State of Missouri vs. Date 1901 Hour Of Dec. 10 11 12 9714 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 23 24 2.45 2.45 2.45 2 .3 () 2.00 2. 20 2.00 2.00 1.30 ILLINOIS RIVER–Grafton. collection. Plating. 3.30 . 20 .00 .30 Temperature C. Height of Water. Air. Water. Dilution. No. of Colonies per ce. Averages. 3. 5. 3.0 1-100 1) 8600 2) 9800 3.5 4. 3.0 1-100 1) 8800 2) 9200 3.5 14, 2.9 1-100 l) 6200 2) 6100 3.5 -1. 2.9 1-100 1) 11800 2) 12200 1. -12. 2.8 1-1000 1) 28000 2) 31000 0. -3.5 1.1 1-1000 1)124000 2)122000 0. -12. 1.0 1-1000 1) 63000 2) 62000 0. -12. 1.0 1-1000 1) 18000 2) 17000 0. -8. 9 1-1000 1) 53000 2) 54000 0. -13. 9 1-1000 1) 18000 2) 22000 0. -5. 1.9 1-1000 1) 13000 2) 16000 0. 12. 2.4 1-100 1) 26000 2) 26000 0. 13. 2.4 1-100 1) 15300 2) 13500 General Average 6900 9.200 9000 6100 12000 30000 123000 62000 18000 53000 20000 15000 26000 14000 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6059 97.15 Q. Will you state what the table you have just read shows, and its sanitary significance? A. This table contains the results of bacterial counts made from samples of water taken from the Illinois river at Grafton, between October 1st and December 24th, 1901. The data speci- fied as given in the Peoria tables are given also in this table. The numbers of bacteria per cubic centimeter found in the water of the Illinois river at Grafton are very similar to those found in the water of the Illinois river at Averyville. 97.16 Q. Will you produce and read in evidence the table for the determinations made of the Mississippi river above Grafton? sº A. Yes sir, it is as follows: 97.17 MISSISSIPPI RIVER– Grafton. Date 1901 Hour Of Temperature C. Height of No. of Colonies per ce. Oct. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 1 2.30 3.00 21. 29. 2.7 1-100 1) 2200* 2) 2300° 2300 2 3.30 3.45 20.5 18. 2.7 1-100 1900* 1900 3 4.45 5.30 18.5 17.5 2.7 1-10 1450° 1450 4. 9. 15 11.10 16.5 9. 2.6 1–100 1700* 1700 5 10.30 11.30 15.5 15. 2.6 1–100 1500* 1500 7 9. 15 10.30 15. 19. 2.5 1-10 840* 840 8 9.00 10.00 16. 18. 2.5 1-100 900 900 9 8.45 10.00 16. 16. 2.6 1–10 990 990 10 9.00 10.00 16. 18. 2.6 1–10 1350* 1350 11 8.45 10.00 17. 19. 2.7 1-100 . 700° 700 12 2.15 3.00 17. 15. 2.9 1-100 1) 2200 2) 2000 2100 14 9.30 10.30 14. 11. 3.0 1-10 1) 1060 2) 1010 1040 15 4.00 4.15 14. 20. 3.1 1-10 1) 860 2) 530 700 16 4.30 5.00 15. 17. 3.4 1-10 1) 610 2) 640 620 *Agar plate counts eight days; all others, gelatine, 48 hours. 0909 ‘80 anoSSAW ſo app?S 21ſ.I. O39 0I6 OT6 06.6 ‘se:38.19AV ‘90 Jod Sapuoroo Jo ON (Z (I (z (I (Z (I (3 (I (3 (I (Z (I (3 (I (3 (I (3 (I (Z (I (Z (I (a (I (z (I (a (I (& (I OT-I 00I-I ()T-I 00I-I OT-I OOI-T OOI-I OT-I 00I-I ()0T-T ()I-I 00I-I OT-I OI-I ‘ūOI1n IICI I F /...I I ºf 8& I # 96. I # 66, ()' if 06 I F TG I F 86, I f G 8% I ‘f Iz ()' iſ 8T 0 36 6'8 0% J. 9 9T ‘.1913 AA ‘.I.IV JO , [I310H ‘O 9.In 3 p.100 U19,I, GI GI g|I ‘Iolt, AA 3U [181, I 'uoſhooHoo JO IIlo H 09 # I # g’ F gł # ‘UO1.JP.I.E)-3TCHAINI ICI, IISSISSIN 09 # Q I . G# ‘g 00 F GI p 008T O08T 009.I OOI& 0.09% ()098 006& 00.19 006 I 060T 009T 008& 006I 0%f I O89T 006I 00II Of II 060T 009.I 006.I 09&T 078T ()09% 006% 0/8T 06/T 0.08% 0.07% 00/8 O068 09 IC, Of 96 009.9 0009 006I 096. 080T 009T 009T 069 00I-I OT-I 00T-T 9I GI F 00 F T8 08 6& 8I/6 86, 9% Q& #& 8% 66, Tć 6T 8T J.T “100 I06 I o! ROI T909 “Offoo!"[O ſo 404448?(I fºup44?UpS 914 pup S40W417I ſo 24049 au.I, 086 088 (3 * 086 (I OI-I g g 8 g ºf gif ºf GI’f SI 090T OCOI (& 060I (I OI-I # 8 # g g 00 ºf 08' 8 9T 006, I (S.III #9) 09&II (& 0&II (I OI-I # 3 g g ‘9 03' + (); 090 I O&OI (G 01.0L (I OI-I # 3 OT g’8 g; ºf OI’f #I 0/TT 09 II (& 08II (I OI-I g’8 8T 6 00 g 0& F 8 I 009 I 089I (& 0.13ſ (I OT-I # 3 OT g’ 6 OI’g Of' F &I 008T 031. I (& - O#8T (T OT-I & ‘g ZZ OI g; ºf GI’; II. 088T O#8I (& º 036T (T OT-I # 8 &I 6 08 ºf 00' + 6 0.13 I 08&I (& e OLGI (T OI-I g’8 gT 6 08 ºf 00 ºf 8 08:#1 Ogi I (& * 0&#I (I OT-I 9’8 II 6 g; if g[ºf 1. 09&T 09&I (& OFäI (I OI-T 9 g 6I 0/IT 080I (& 09&I (I OI-T / ‘g 8 g’6 08 . g Ogºf g 09&T 08&I (3 O1&I (I OT-I 8 g 8 II 00 g 08 ºf # 008T OOIZ (3 009 I (I 00I-I 039L (3 081T (T OT-T 6’ 3 SI 9T 00 F 08' g a 0/9I 08GI (3 09GT (T OT-I I- # 8& 9T 00 g O& # I ‘se:3ela AV "UOI1th IICI "...[3] BAA ‘.I.IV "Ioht.\\ ‘āuilt: I.T 'uoploo IIo9 AoN ‘oo Jod Sopuo IOO JO ‘ON Jo Aušra H 'O 9:111)biodulop JO Ill OII IOGI 31 BCI 8 GI G 6 G# # GI F 9 ‘UO3] B.Ił)-H(HAIH ICHCHISSISSIN 6062 The State of Missouri vs. 9719 MISSISSIPPI RIVER– Grafton. Date - - 1901 Hour of Temperature C. Height of º No. of Colonies per co. Nov. collection. Plating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 19 4.40 5.15 4 7 3.6 1-10 1) 1220 - 2) 1340 1280 20 4.15 4.45 4 11 3.6 1-10 1) 1350 2) 1280 132() 21 3.45 4.15 4 12 3.6 1-10 1) 1450 2) 1360 1400 1-10 1) 1620 2) 1860 1740 23 3.45 4.30 4 5 3.7 1-10 1) 1720 - 2) 1890 1800 10 3.7 1-10 1) 740 7 22 4.15 4.45 4 11 3. 5 25 4.15 4.40 5. - 2) 820 780 26 4.15 5.00 5. 10 3.5 1-10 1) 640 . 2) 580 610 27 3.40 4.15 5.5 10 3.5 1-10 1) 820 2) 820 820 28 2.00 2.40 5.5 11 3.5 1-10 1) 940 * 2) 930 940 29 3.40 4.15 5 12 3.5 1-10 1) 760 2) 790 770 30 3.45 4.20 5.5 12 3.5 1-10 1) 860 2) 880 870 2 4.00 4.40 5 5 3.5 1-10 1) 1080 - 2) 1050 1060 3 4.50 5.20 4.5 4 3.4 1-10 1) 420 2) 450 430 4 3.45 4.20 4 3.5 3.3 1-10 1) 720 2) 660 690 5 3.50 4.40 2.5 1 3.2 1-10 1) 520 2) 580 550 6 4.15 4.45 2.5 4 3.1 1-10 1) 510 * 2) 530 520 7 3.15 3.45 2.5 7 3.0 1-100 1) 600 2) 700 650 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6063 Date 1901 Hour of Dec. 9 10 11 97.20 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 - 23 24 4.15 3.30 3.30 4.10 4.10 3.30 3.30 3.30 2.30 3.20 2.40 General average, 1300. MISSISSIPPI RTVE.R.—-Grafton. collection. Plating. 5.00 4.00 4.15 4.30 4.00 5.00 4.40 4.30 4.05 4.10 3.45 3.15 4.00 3.20 Water. . .2. 2. 2 2 Air. 12 13 4) d 2 2 2 2 2 . () .9 Temperature C. Height of Water. 3. 1-10 1–10 1-10 1–10 1–100 1-100 1-10 1-10 1-10 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10 Dilution. 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 1) 2) 880 760 580 570 860 780 510 480 2100 2500 2700 2200 960 930 1030 1060 820 850 580 580 520 410 360 780 730 820 850 No. Of Colonies per CC. Averages. 820 570 S20 500 2300 2400 950 1040 840 580 550 390 750 840 6064 The State of Missouri vs. 97.21 Q. Will you state what the table you have just read shows, and its sanitary significance? A. This table contains the tabulations of colony counts made from samples of water obtained from the Mississippi river at Grafton between October 1st, 1901, and December 24th, 1901, other data specified in the Peoria tables being also included in this table. Throughout most of the period covered the results correspond rather closely with those obtained upon the Illinois river at its mouth. Q. Have you a series of tables for the cross-section of the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks? A. Yes, sir. Q. Will you produce and read those tables? A. Yes, sir; the tables are as follows: 9722 MISSISSIPPI RIVER-Chain of Rocks–Illinois Shore. Date 1901 Hour Of No. of Colonies per co. Temperature C. Height of Oct. collection. I’lating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 7 8.10 11.3() 16 17 79.05 1-100 1) 4000 ar 2) 6000 5000 8 8.10 11.30 79.1 1-10 1) 21:30 2) 2450 2300 9 8.30 11.30 79.15 1-100 1) 2600 - 2) 2200 2400 10 8.20 9.20 17 16 79.15 1-100 1) 1900 y 2) 2000 2000 11 8.30 12.00 18 19 79.1 1-100 1) 2200 . - 2) 2600 2400 12 8.30 9.15 64F 59F 79.25 1-100 1) 1900 - 2) 2000 1900 14 8.15 9.00 58F 48F 79.15 1-100 1) 2200 º 2) 2700 2500 15 8.20 8.45 55F 48F 79.1 1-100 1) 2700 2) 4700 3700 16 8.15 8.50 54F 50F 79.1 1-100 1) 2700 2) 2600 2600 17, 8.15 8.45 13C 8C 79.25 1-100 1) 2200 2) 1800 2000 'offwoº/O ſo 101.4181 (I ſ.lp?ywpS 911 pup S407/4111 ſo 9101S alſ.I. Q909 000 009 O09 I 008T 00&T ()09.I 009.I 009 I 00). I ()0 IC, 0.09% 0008 009 006 00FC, 0092. 00IC. ()()[9. 008C ()088 ()0&G, ()0T8 009T ()08T 006.8 006.8 ()() I.C. 00IG ()09T 00FI 00:1 006, I ‘se:3 eleAV (z (I (c. (I (a (I (& (I (& (f (z (I (a. (I (a (I (Z (I (& (I (z, (I (a (I (a. (I (a. (I (a (I (a. (I ‘oo led soluoſo, ) JO ‘ON ‘olous spouſſ|I-S Moo?] Jo UIbuID-SIGHAIH Idd ISSISSIN 00T-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I ()0T-I 00I-I ()()[-T 00I-I 00I-I ()() I-I 00I-I ()() I-I ()() I-I ()() [-T ()() I-I ()0T-I ‘UIOI]ll II (I & & 9 Q9 61 "...I all?,\\ JO JUI310 II - II 9T #I .#I OT (){ SI 6 "...I IV GT #I #I #I #T GI #I # I if I 8T G &I "...lol B,\\ "...] O.Ill] tº.10(IUIO,L 00 ()ć, gł gł gł 0() ' giF ()() ()() ()() ‘5u I.] BI, I 'uoploat[o.) 6 6 6 000 009T 00FI 009 I 006 I 0.08% ()0/ ()096, ()09& 00I9 0092, ()0/I ()0C8 00Iº, ()09T 006. I 00 0g. gł (S3—V Oć, 8 0I '8 () ['S 08 8 () [ 8 0I '8 ()T 8 () { 8 ()T 8 ().I 8 () ['S ()T 8 ()I 8 ()& 8 (). I 8 GT 8 (ST ST "..] OO JO Ill OH L()(; I 91 BCI 6666 The Slate of Missouri vs. }}ate 1 :){}1 NOV. 6 7 MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks—Illinois Shore. II Our Of collection. I’lating. 8 . () 8.10 8. 20 9. 10 8. 40 9.05 9.05 8. 40 9. 30 9, 1() 9 , ()() {} 4 5 10. 9. 35 Temperature C. Wate]'. 3 .5 4 4) *) . 16 .5 3 9 3 Air. . 5 Height of Water. 79. 1. . 1 2 2 2 2 2 Dilution. 1–100 1-100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–1()() 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1–1 ()() 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 No. of Colonies per ce. 2 ) Averages. 1100 500 1300 1000 2100 1900 2300 2100 3200 2300 3300 2800 2400 2200 .2300 2000 1300 1800 2500 2200 2600 2400 1400 1100 3100 1800 2100 1600 2900 2300 800 1200 2000 2200 2800 3000 2300 2200 1500 2400 2500 1300 2500 1800 1(). 7 1–100 2000 1900 2600 1900 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6067 9724 MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks—Illinois Shore. Date 1901 Hour Of collection. Plating. NOV. 26 27 29 30 Dec. 10 11 12 13 14 General average, 2400. 9.30 10.30 10. 10 9.30 9. 15 9. 30 9.45 9.45 10.15 9. 20 9.40 10.15 5 6 Air. 3 6 11 Temperature C. Height of Water. Water. 78.9 78.9 78.8 8.45 9.40 9. 20 8.45 8.15 9.00 8.40 8.50 9.45 8.50 8.45 8.50 78.8 78.7 78.5 78.6 78. 5 78.4. 78.4 78.6 Dilution. 1-100 1-100 1–100 1–100 1100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 No. of Colonies per ce. 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1.) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1-100 1) 2) Averages. 3000 2200 2000 3000 4900 3000 3600 . 4500 3200 2500 2300 2200 3300 3000 2700 2900 3100 2900 1700 1500 1600 1600 6700 6400 2600 2500 4000 4000 2900 2200 3200 2800 3000 1600 1600 6500 6068 The State of Missouri vs. 9725 MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks—Mid-stream. Date 1901 Hour of Temperature C. Height of Oct. collection. Plating. Water. 7 8 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 28 8.23 8. 20 8. 30 8.00 8.35 8.25 8.25 8. 20 8.15 8. 20 8. 20 8. 20 8. 20 11.30 11.30 9. 20 12.00 9. 15 9.00 8.45 8.50 8.45 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.45 9.00 8.45 8.45 16 17 18 64F 58F 55F 54F 13C 14 14 14 15 14 14 14 Air. 17 25 19 59F 48F 48F 50F 8C 11 13 16 10 10 79 Water. . ()5 79. I 7 .65 8.45 Dilution. 1–100 1-10 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1-10ſ) 1–100 1–100 No. of Colonies per ce. Averages. 1) 1). 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 7000 3400 4000 3300 3200 4600 3200 2100 2300 11000 9900 7600 7800 15700 15000 5200 6100 2700 1700 2500 2000 6100 6000 7600 7800 9800 8800 6700 7000 5100 8600 6800 7000 7700 7300 7000 3700 3300 3900 2200 10000 7700 15000 5700 2200 2300 6100 7700 94.00 6800 6800 6900 7500 6909 ‘offpoyſQ ſo 1944484GI fl.ºppywpS 97/4 pup Syou!!! I ſo 2404 S alſ.I. 000? O00&I 0.078 or OOff 0099 00:1 00IOT 00.13 0.09% 009& O006, 006% 009.I 00.1% 0088 0.066 O068 00If 00IST 009 II 00I8 00/3, 0069 0069 O009 008& 0099 009). ()07). 00T/ ()0TOI 0.06% 0096, 008T 0008 0.07% 0.08% 0.09% 009& 000& 006T 000& 0.09% 009 I ()07I 0.09% 006& 0068 00.18 0096, 00I9 ‘se:Sella AV •oo Iod Soſuo IOO JO ‘ON (z (I (Z (I (z (I (z (I (a (I (a (I (& (I (I (& (I (3 (I (3 (I (a (I (3 (I (z (I (z (I (3 (I (3 (I (Z (I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I ()()T-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I OOI-T 00I-I 00T-I 00I-I 00I-I 00ſ-I 00I-i 00I-I 00T-T ‘Uloºm IOI & 6 l G 6 l 6 6 l & ) Q 61. Q 61 G 61. . "Jø113 AA JO 111319 II G 9T #I #I ‘.IIV 1. l 0T #I #I "...Io] tº AA "O 9,1111 tº.19tſulo,I, OI Of 6 ()f 6 (); 6 00 6 0I 6 08 6 09 8 00 6 G# 8 ‘àu IlúI.I ‘uoploe IIod JO lilo II I ()(; I 0& Of 09 08 Gö, 0% 0& 0& 0& 0& 8 8 6T st 9T g|I #I 8T ZI II & I ‘AON 93/6 03 8 Ig 0& 8 03 0& 8 66, *10 O 9] UCI ‘UIt?0.I]S-pHIN-SXIOOH JO [[It?ITO-QIGHAINI ICI, IISSISSIN 6070 The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER– Chain of Rocks–Mid-Stream. Date 1901 NOV. 20 21 22 23 25 26 9727 27 29 30 Dec. 2 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hour of collection. Plating. Water. 8.35 9. 10 9. 10 8.45 8.50 8.50 9.45 9.25 8.50 8. 20 9.05 8.50 8.55 9.50 8.55 8.50 9.00 General average, 5200. 9.45 9. 35 9. 35 9.20 10.10 9.30 10.30 10.10 9.30 9.15 9.30 9.45 9.45 10.15 9.20 9.40 10.15 4 4 5 5 0 Air. () 4 -15 Temperature C. Height of Water. 79. 79. 79. 79. 79. 78. Dilution. 1–100 1–100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1–100 1-100 1-100 1-100 1–100 1–100 1–100 No. of Colonies per cc. 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 3) Averages, 6900 6300 6000 6900 8100 8900 6000 2300 4200 4100 3200 3900 4200 6800 1800 2600 4200 4600 7300 8900 2700 2000 8300 7400 2400 3000 8500 7200 1600 2500 2100 2700 4000 4200 4 6600 6500 8500 4200 4100 3500 5500 2200 4400 8100 2400 7900 2700 7800 2400 4100 00093 00993 (3 00F93 (I 00I-I gº 61 OI FI O& 6 08' 8 8& 00018 00683 (3 * - 00p88 (I 00I-I gif 61 &I FI gi’8 03' 8 93 000FG 00IIG (Ö 00693 (L 00I-I g’ 61 OI FI gi 8 08' 8 ga. 00F1 0071 (I 00I-I 9' 61 9T g|I g?’8 0& ‘8 #3 00081 0088T (6 00II8 (I 00I-I 1 61 II f I Gif 8 03 8 & 00063 00818 (6 O010ſ (I 00I-I 2' 61 &I FI 00' 6 g8 8 I& 000II 0086 (6 008.8 L (I 00L-I g’ 61 SI 81 00' 6 08' 8 6T 0008I 00IGI (G 00FFT (T 00I-I # 61 6 g’ &I 00' 6 08' 8 8T 0009L 0081T (G - 0099 I (I 00I-I gå 61 O8 O8.I Gſ 8 03' 8 ZI. 00038 00968 (3 00.133 (I 00I-I I- 61 (H09 Hyg 00' 6 08' 8 9T 00063 00018 (3 008:16 (I 00I-I I- 61 (HSF (Hgg gi 8 gº. 8 GT 00033 0013G (G - 00923 (L 00I-I QI' 61 JSF H89 00' 6 g8 8 FI 0.098 006& ( & 00&# (I 00I-I gå 61 H69 If 9 g|I’6 Og 8 &I 00I6 00F6 (& - 0088 (I 00I-I I- 61 / I 8T 00 GI gå 8 II 000II 0008 I (& 00:8 (I (){}{-I GI’61 G& 1T ()& 6 ()f 8 OT 0092 00I8 (& 0001 (I (OI-i I 61 J. 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G() 61 0I &I 0T 9T J.I /...I "..I.IV #I #I #I g| UH89 (HF9 8T /...I 9T 9T ‘.Ioll?AA JO 1U5 (9PI ‘O 3.Inlb.190/UIO,L Oć g; gł gł G# 00 00 00 gł 09 gł 00' GI’ o 06. 09 09 O3 ‘5uſ] Bid 'uoploe IIo9 I0 JIlOH TI II II O0 00 00 00 00 G() 00 00 00 O0 Q0 00 Of 00' /0 03 00 QG 8 8 1. 86 9& G& #& 66, I6 6I 8T /...I 9T GT #I &I II 0I 1. ‘10O L06 I 9113CI arous InossII\-shooti Jo uſulio-hGHAIM IddissISSIN gloo. oppoſuo ſo ousta flamups out pup stouni ſo owns out ‘Se:38.13AW ‘oo Iaq SøIUOIOO JO ‘ON (z (I (z (I (z (I (Z (I (z (I (a (I (a (I (Z (I (z (I (Z (I (3 (I (z (I (a (I (3 (I (z (I (z (I (z (I ()00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-T 00I-I 00I-I 00I-1 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I ‘UOIln IICI g’ g’ "...I.91% AA JO 1U319|H ‘O 3.In 1U.[adua, I, 6). 6). 6/. 6/. 61. 9T #I FI ‘IIV G OT #I GI GI GI #I 'Iolt, A\ 3UII]t, Idi uoploat[oo 00038 00009 000).T 00076, 000IG 00083 00018 001. If 00I/ 00IQ 008& 006? ()038 003? 006& 0068 0009T 00I). O0008 00003 000/9 000?0 0009T O008T ()0096, 00083 000/T 00093 008I8 007.Qf 007&8 00%If 002. If 0079 006/, 0000 00IG ()09& 00I9 ()0/7 ()0IG (3098 0008 00If 00FF 0.09% 00IG 0068 0088 0.096T 0068.I 0069 006, 1. 000T-T 000T-I 000T-I 000T-T Q0 OI 09 6 00 6 OI 6 08 6 ()0 6 09 8 G# 8 Çf 8 () G 8 ()() 6 G# 8 Jo InoH IO6I GI 6 ors gg's GQ 8 09 8 0& 8 8T () 8 8 &I TI () I 8 0I '8 8 00 8 / 00 8 9 0I '8 G 00'S # 00 8 & 06 8 I ‘AON 68/6 00 8 T3 00 8 09 00 8 63, “100 31 tº CI ‘9.IOUIS I.In OSSIW-SX(90*H JO (IIBTIO – RIGHAIRI Iqq ISSISSIN 607.6 ° The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks–Missouri Shore. T}a to j 4}()1 Nov. 20 8. 21 8. 22 8. 9733 29 9. 30 8. Dec. 10 8. 11 9. 12 8. 13 8. 14 HOur of collection. I’lating. 25 50 05 30 , 00 .45 . 30 9.45 9. 35 9. 35 9. 20 10. 10 9.45 10.15 9. 20 9.40 1.15 $ Temperature C. Water. 4 5 7 Air. () 4 7 11 2 2 -15 5 I [eight of Water, 79. .4 78.6 L)ilution. 1–1000 1–1000 1-1000 1-1000 1–1000 1–1000 1–100 1–100 1-1000 1-1000 1-1000 1–1000 1-1000 1–1000 1-1000 1-1000 1-1000 General Average, 17000 No. of Colonies per cc. Averages. 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 21000 22000 21000 41000 21000 14000 20000 24000 17000 14000 9000 12000 25500 20200 47000 33000 33000 38000 18000 17000 18000 18000 18000 17000 13000 15000 14000 12000 3000 3000 1000 6000 4600 4100 w 31000 18000 22000 15000 10000 23000 40000 36000 18000 18000 17000 14000 13000 3000 8000 4400 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6077 9734 Q. State what those tables show and their sanitary sig- nificance? - A. These tables contain tabulations of colony counts made from samples of water taken from the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks between October 7th, 1901 and December 14th, 1901, at four points across stream, namely, those specified in the records of the cross section at this point for 1899 and 1900. These tables show that throughout the period covered the num- ber of bacteria contained in the water taken from the Mississippi river at the intake tower and from the Missouri shore contained a noticeably larger number of bacteria than the water on the Illinois shore. . Q. Will you produce and read the tables showing the colony determinations from the Missouri shore at Fort Bellefontaine? A. Yes sir, the tables are as follows: 9735 MISSOURI RIVER–– Bellefontaine. Date 1901 FIOur Of Temperature C. IIeight of No. of Colonies per cc. Oct. collection. I’lating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 9 9. 15 11.30 60F 62F 4.9 1-100 1) 11100 * - 2) 9200 10200 11 9.25 12. 60 62 4.8 1-100 1) 10000 - 2) 10800 10000 14. 9.30 11.30 48 50 4.5 1-100 1) 51000 - 2) 53000 52000 15 9. 30 12.30 45 47 4.3 1-100 1) 34300 * 2) 32100 33000 : 16 9.30 1.00 48 50 4.3 1-100 1) 39700 2) 40700 40000 17 9.30 12.30 42 44 4.3 1-100 1) 11100 2) 11900 11000 18 9.30 1.45 52 45 4.3 1-100 1) 35800 2) 28800 32000 19 9.30 1.30 52 58 4.3 1-100 1) 25.300 - 2) 28000 27000 21 9, 55 2.40 52 59 4.5 1-100 1) 29200 2) 31200 30000 9.55 12. 30 15C 16C 4.4 1-100 1) 17300 23 2) 21200 19000 8/09 'sa tanossºſſ ſo 24p1S alſ.I. 000&# 0003% (3 000FF (I 00033 00063 (6 00013 (I 000; 009ff (G 00%; (I 00009 0080g (6 00199 (I 00083 00107 (& 00898 (I 000;3 00803 (3 00913 (I 00F9 0039 (6 0091 (I OOF8 0001. (3 00+6 (I 00p8 0096 (3 0031 (I 0019 0019 (6 0019 (I 003g 0087 (3 - 0019 (I 0069 0089 (3 0069 (I 000II 000II (& 0080I (I 00&g 0039 (& 00&g (I 00I) 00I.1 (I 0009; 0069; (3 0009; (I 0008T 0068 I (& 00181 (I ‘se:38.19AV ‘oo 190. SøIUOIOO Jo ON 00I-l ‘UOI]n IICI 8, g C. I z' # g"f "...IO1 BAA 9 8 9 6 Ić Q OT / 8 G 8 G 8 G Gó, 8 8 OT #I G GI .9T 8T Tć, G '9T /I 9T 8T 9T GT 9T 8T J.T 1I 91 Iö, 9T 'II V "Jø18AA JO 1U319H 'O 3.In 113,190 U19.L 00 GI’ GI’ gł 08: gł 00 O3 08 00 08 09 II II &T II II K. I T &I ‘5uT1b IJ "uop 100IIo9 JO Jil OIH IOGI outnuojelloa-IIAIH IInossIN 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08:6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 ()3 6 ()3 6 000T-T 00I [ 00I-I 00I-I 00I-T 00I-I 00I-I 00I-I 00T-I 00I-I 00I-I 00I-T 00I-I 00T-I 00I-I 00I-T 08 6 08 6 9T ŽI TT T8 08 6& 8% 9& Q& #3 “100 34t; GF The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6079 MISSOURI RIVER—Bellefontaine. Date 1901 NOV. No. of Colonies per ce. AverageS. Houl. Of collection. Plating. Temperature C. Height of Water. Air. Watel'. Dilution. 14. 9.30 12.30 9 8.5 4.2 1-1000 1) 35000 - 2) 30000 33000 15 9.30 12.30 6 2 4.2 1-1000 1) 31100 2) 28000 29000 16 9.30 12.30 6 1 4.1 1-1000 1) 28000 - 2) 27000 28000 18 9.30. 1.00 4 1.5 4.0 1-1000 1) 5000 2) 9000 7000 19 9.30 1.30 4 1' 3.9 1-1000 1) 16000 2) 17000 16000 20 9.30 12. 30 4 1 3.8 1-1000 1) 14000 2) 48000 31000 21 9.30 12.20 4 5 3.8 1-100 1) 38300 º 2) 36300 37000 22 9.30 12.35 5 9 3.8 1-100 1) 7000 - 2) 7400 7200 23 9.30 12.30 5 3 3.7. 5 1-1000 1) 6000 2) 8000 7000 25 9. 30 1.30 5 4 3.8 1-1000 1) 5000 2) 7000 6000 26 9.30 1.30 5. 4 3.5.5 1-100 1) 3400 2) 2900 3100 28 9.30 1.30 5 8 3.5.5 1-100 1) 25000 ! 2) 35000 30000 30 9.30 12.40 5 6 3.4 1-1000 1) 17000 2) 16000 17000 9737 Dec. *. 2 9.30 1.5() 5 4 3.4 1-1000 1) 8000 - 2) 10000 9000 3 9.30 12.00 5 4 3.3.5 1-1000 1) 4000 2) 4000 4000 4 9.30 10.45 4 2 3.3 1-1000 1) 17000 - 2) 9000 13000 5 9.30 11. 50 3 O 3.3 1-1000 1) 4000 2) 4000 34000 6080 The State of Missouri vs. MISSOURI RIVER-Bellefontaine. *: Hour of Temperature C. Height of - No. of Colonies per ce. Dec. collection. I’lating. Water. Air. Water. Dilution. Averages. 6 7.30 12.30 3 1. 3.2.5 1-100 1) 11800 2) 7900 9900 7 7.30 9.30 3 3 3.2.5 1-100 1) 32000 - - 2) 29000 31000 9 12.30 2.30 3 5 3.2.5 1-100 1) 9700 2) 11300 10500 10 7.30 12.40 2 () , 3.2 1-1000 1) 12000 2) 9000 10000 11 7.30 1.50 2 2 3.3 1-1000 1) 11000 2) 11000 11000 12 7.30 9.30 2 3 3.2.5 1-1000 1) 30000 2) 28000 29000 13 7.30 1.30 2 9 3.4 1-100 1) 2700 2) 2200 2500 15 7.30 9. 15 1 –4 3.5 1-1000 1) 21000 - 2) 21000 21000 16 7.30 9.50 1 –9 3.5 1-1000 1) 53000 2) 111000 82000 General average, 21000. 9738 Q. State what the table shows and its sanitary signifi- Cance? *. º A. This table contains tabulations of colony counts made from samples of water collected from the Missouri river at Fort Bellefontaine between October 9th and December 16th, 1901; other data being included as hereinbefore specified. It shows that throughout this period the number of bacteria in the water of the Missouri river at this point was noticeably higher than in the water of either the Illinois river at its mouth, or the Mississippi river above Grafton. - Q. Have you prepared a table of averages from the table just read? - A. I have. Q. Will you produce and read the table of averages which you have prepared? - A. Yes, sir; the table of averages is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6081 97.39 - Average number Collecting Station. Number de- colonies per CC termination. Oct.-Dec., 1901 Illinois River, Averyville (above Peoria) . 69 5800 Illinois River, Pekin (below Peoria) 50 90000 Illinois River, Grafton, 73 6900 Mississippi River, Grafton, 73 1300 Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks, Illinois Shore, 54 2400 Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks, Mid-stream, 53 5200 Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks, Intake Tower, 52 21200 Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks, Missouri Shore, 53 17000 Missouri River, Fort Bellefontaine, 51 21000 97.40 Q. State what this table of averages shows and what conclusions you draw from it from a sanitary standpoint? A. This table contains the averages of the colony counts made from the water of the Illinois river at Averyville, at Pekin and at Grafton; from the Mississippi river at Grafton, and in cross-section at the chain of rocks, and from the Missouri river at Fort Bellefontaine. The number of bacteria found at Avery- ville and at Grafton was not dissimilar. These averages were higher than the average for this period in the Mississippi river. The usual winter increase which occurs in river waters took place this year in the Illinois river before making its appearance in the Mississippi. Up to the middle of December, 1901, the two waters were very similar as regards their bacterial content. Throughout the whole of the period studied, the average num- ber of bacteria as shown by the colony count in the water of the Missouri river at West Alton was several times as great as the water in either the Illinois river at its mouth or the Mississippi river above Grafton. The number of bacteria in the Illinois river at Pekin as shown by these averages was greatly in excess of that found at any other of the collecting stations, as in 974.1 my opinion naturally follows from the entrance of the sewage and refuse of Peoria, into the river above this point. A—381 6082 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Have you a table of averages for the cross-section of the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks? A. I have. Q. Will you produce and read the table in A. Yes, sir; the table is as follows: 974.2 Date. Oct. 7 8 9 1() 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 Nov. : AVERAGE NO, COLONIES PER CC. Missouri River. Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks. Illinois shore. 5000 23()() 2400 2000 24.00 1900 2500 3700 260() 2000 1200 1500 2100 3200 1700 2600 3100 2600 2500 700 2800 1900 1500 1400 1600 5{}{} 8()() 1200 Mid- stream. 7000 3700 3300 3900 2200 10000 7700 15000 5700 2200 2300 6100 7700 94.00 6800 6800 6900 7500 2900 3800 2700 1500 2200 2000 260() 2600 2400 Intake tower. 14400 5500 7600 11000 9100 3500 22000 29000 33000 16000 13000 11000 : 39000 18000 7400 24000 31000 26000 15000 25000 4800 6300 6000 7600 48(){} 5200 11000 shore. 5000 4700 47(){} 9500 6900 3300 15000 33000 24000 1500() 9500 16000 110()() 1400ſ) 18000 19000 32000 18000 71()() 16()()() 39()() 2900 4300 3200 49()() 28()() 5100 evidence? Missouri Ft. Bellefountain. 102()() 10000 52000 33000 40000 11000 32000 27000 30000 19000 13000 46000 7100 5200 11000 5900 5300 5700 8400 840ſ) 64()() 24000 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6083 97.43 AVERAGE NO. COLONIES PER CO, Con. Date. Illinois Mid- Intake Missouri Ft. Bellefountain. Nov. shore. stream. tower. shore. 8 2000 2700 27000 7100 38000 9 e. 55000 11 2200 10000 43000 4.1700 44000 12 2800 7300 42000 37000 22000 13 3000 6600 66000 38000 43000 14 2300 4400 42000 21000 33000 15 2200 4600 26000 24000 29000. 16 1500 3400 22000 17000 28000 18 2400 1200() 32000 60000 7000 19 2500 4000 32000 32000 16000 20 1300 6600 34000 22000 31000 21 2500 6500 38000 31000 37000 22 1800 8500 18000 7200 23 2600 4200 13000 22000 7000 25 1900 4100 18000 15000 6000 26 2600 3500 16000 10000 3100 27 2500 5500 14000 23000 31000 28 30000 29 4000 2200 46000 40000 30 4000 4400 47000 36000 17000 Dec. (Dec. 4) 13000 2 2000 8100 36000 18000 ‘9000 3 4000 6 2200 2400 28000 18000 9900 (Dec. 5) 4000 9 3200 7900 14000 17000 10500 (Dec. 7) 31000 10 2800 2700 18000 14000 10000 11 3000 7800 10000 13000 11000 12 1600 2000 15000 3000 29000 13 1600 2400 12000 8000 2500 14 650ſ) 41 ()() 4300 4400 15 21000 16 - 82000 5200 21500 17000 21000 Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks. Gen. Av. 2400 |Missouri River. 6084 The State of Missouri vs. 9744 Q. Will you state what the table shows and its sanitary - significance? - A. This table contains the results of the bacterial counts made upon samples of water taken from the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks. The averages are arranged in their proper relation, namely, the Illinois shore, mid-stream, intake tower and Missouri shore, the count for the Missouri river being contained in the right hand column. These figures show that during the period covered by this investigation the number of bacteria in the water of the Mississippi river at this point was much lower on the Illinois shore than on the Missouri shore. It shows, moreover, that the water of the intake tower during this period partook of the character bacterially of the water of the Missouri river and of the Mississippi river on the Missouri shore. In other words, during these three months of 1901, judg- ing from the bacterial content of the Missouri river and of the Mississippi river at this point, little, if any, water from the Illinois river entered the intake tower of the St. Louis water- Works. It is evident also from the bacterial count, that if any water from the Illinois shore did pass into the water intake, it improved the condition of this water so far as reducing the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter was concerned. 97.45 Q. Have you stated in evidence the stages of water in the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri rivers during the time of this investigation? A. Yes, they are included in the detail tables which I have presented. - Q. Have you any photographs illustrating the different Cross-sections of the Mississippi river at this point? A. I have. Q. Will you produce and identify the photograph which you hold in your hand so that the same may be incorporated into the record at this point? A. The photograph is as follows: 9746 MISSISSIPPI RIVER, 375. r/ sº C/º/77 of Rocks Bacteriological Laboratory. University of Chicago. PLATE I. 34, 34azzº e / - CA 7777 of ſºcºs ºf Za. ºve º Lºe We * ſºng º 2. º,. cºaº º Fºº 24a,” “A Zººs Photographs of Agar Plates Showing NUMBER or coLONIES in rºo cubic centimeter Developing in Different Water Samples. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6085 97.47 (). Will you please explain the photograph just intro- duced in evidence and made a part of the record and state what it shows? - A. To this card has been affixed five photopraphs of agar plates showing the number of colonies in .01 cubic centimeter, developing in different water samples collected from the Missis- sippi river in cross-section at the chain of rocks, and also from the Missouri river at Fort Bellefontaine on October 28th, 1901. This is designated plate 1. These photographs show that the number of colonies appearing in the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks was at this date very much lower than the number in the Mississippi river at the intake tower and the Missouri shore, and also in the Missouri river. These photographs are thoroughly representative of the results obtained at the chain of rocks throughout this period, October, November and December, 1901, and show clearly that the mingling of the water from the Illinois shore of the Missis- sippi river with the water of the Missouri river would tend to diminish the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter in the lat- ter water. º It is also evident from these photographs that the water 9748 entering the intake tower at the chain of rocks, was much more largely composed of Missouri river water than of Illinois river water. Q. Have you prepared a plate of photographs of other Samples taken at the cross-section of the Mississippi? A. I have. Q. Will you produce plate of photographs No. 2 so as to make it a part of the evidence on record in the case? A. Yes, sir; plate 2 is as follows: 97.49 MISSISSIPPI RIVER, ſº 72. sa. yº. Z/ ºore. º C ha nºſe. Vº. º º Tºwer. Chaº ſºcºs Chain ºf Rocks. Chaºn ºf ºcºs Chain ºf Recº. Bacteriological Laboratory. University of Chicago. Photographs of Agar Plates Showing NUMBER OF COLONIES PLATE II in rºm cubic centimeter. - Developing in Different Water Samples. Vº. me Rºver. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6087 4749a Q. State what the photographs on plate 2 represent? A. The photographs on plate 2 are the photographs of agar plates made from samples of water collected on November 20th, 1901. They show the number of colonies in .01 of a cubic centimeter, developing in different water samples taken at cross- Section at chain of rocks in the Mississipi river and also from the Missouri river at Fort Bellefontaine. They show a substan- tially similar condition to that obtained on October 28th, 1901, as shown in plate 1. The water from the Illinois river is much freer from colonies than the water from the Missouri liver, from the Mississippi river at the irrtake tower and from the Mis- souri shore. Plate 2 shows again the close similarity between the water from the Missouri river and that taken from the Mississippi river at the intake tower and shows that in the mixing of the water from the Mississippi river along the Illinois shore, that the water from the Missouri river would diminish the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter. - Q. Have you prepared another plate numbered 3? A. I have. - - - Q. Will you produce that plate so as to make it a part of the evidence in this case? 4749b A. The plate is as follows: 97.490 MISSISSIPPI RIVER, ſº Z / Gard ºwn aſ Rocks Bacteriological Laboratory. University of Chicago. PLATE III. Zºº lººſa ºver cºaº **** - - - Zºº, Zºe. fºe - - 24a/º ºf ºzº. /43. Za. Sºare. *** * * Photographs of Agar Plates Showing NUMBER OF COLONIES in ºn cubic centimeter Developing in Different Water Samples. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6089 9750 (). State what plate 3 shows 2 A. Plate 3 shows five photographs of agar plates made from samples of water collected from the Mississippi river at chain of rocks on November 13th, 1901. They show the number of colonies in .01 cubic centimeter of water, developing in dif- ferent samples taken in cross-section at the chain of rocks, and also from the Missouri river at Bellefontaine. A similar condition to that shown in plates 1 and 2 is also apparent in these photographs, namely, that the water in the Mississippi river on the Illinois shore contains fewer bacteria per cubic centimeter than the water in the Missouri river or the Water at the intake tower, Missouri shore. The general simi- larity of the photographs of samples of water from the intake tower, the Missouri river, from the Missouri shore, the Missouri river and from the Missouri river itself shows that the water entering the intake tower at this date was in a great part, if not wholly, derived from the Missouri river. These photographs show also that in case any water from the Illinois shore of the Mississippi river intermingled with the water of the Missouri river at this date it would decrease the number of colonies de- veloping per cubic centimeter as shown in the table of averages e for this cross-section at the chain of rocks during the 9751 period of 1901, which has just been introduced in evi- dence. These photographs are thoroughly representa- tive of the conditions obtaining in the Mississippi river during this period. The agar plates showing this condition have been Selected for reproduction because of this representative char- acter. - MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the photographic plates just introduced in evidence and made a part of the record, for the reason that the samples of water from which the analyses and plates or photographs were made, do not characterize the bacterial condition of the water at all times of the year, and for the reason that they are not representative of the bacterial con- tent of the water at all times at the particular points in the river where the samples of water were collected, and are not represen- tative of the bacterial condition of the water in the river at that point at the time the samples were taken as shown by different results having been obtained by other bacteriologists in analyz- 6090 The State of Missouri vs. ing companion samples of water taken at the same time and place as these in question. - And I move to strike out all that the witness has said with reference to these photographs properly character- 97.52 izing and representing the bacterial condition of the Water in the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks during the entire period of 1901, for the reason that they are not based upon any bacterial or scientific knowledge, but the facts so sought to be stated, and so stated by the witness can be observed by the Court in comparing the number of bacteria contained during the entire period of 1901, with the number of bacteria appearing in the samples from which the photographs were made, and I move to strike out the photographs in question for the reason that they are incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial and throw no sufficient light upon the subject at issue that can be relied upon to any credible extent, and I move to strike out all of the tables with reference to the analyses of water in the Illinois river at Grafton, and the water in the Mississippi and Missouri rivers during the period of 1901 introduced in evidence by this witness for the reason that the same is incompetent in that no sufficient foundation is laid for the introduction of the results of the analyses determined by the persons in charge of the sta- tions at St. Louis, Peoria and Grafton, and I move to strike out the table of averages read into the record by this witness and based upon the analyses of the water at the points in question, during the year 1901, for the reason that the table of 9753 averages conceals and fails to reveal all the conditions . that pertain to the waters of the river at the respective points during all times and seasons of the year. - Adjourned until 10:00 a. m., following day, Friday, Decem- ber 4th, 1903. 10:00 A. M., Friday, December 4th, 1903. 97.54 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. THE COMMISSIONER: Gentlemen, I have the sad duty to announce to you that I am just in receipt of a telegram from Captain R. W. Springer, announcing the death last night of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6091 his father, the Honorable William M. Springer, one of the coun- sel in this case. MR. TODI): Mr. Commissioner, in view of the sad tidings which you have communicated to us in regard to the death of Judge Springer, I believe it fitting and proper as a mark of respect to his memory that the hearing of this case be adjourned. Mr. Commissioner, no man connected with this case was held in higher regard and respect than Judge Springer. I believe I voice the sentiment not only of the attorneys who are as- Sociated with him upon the side of the defense, but the senti- ment of the attorneys representing the complainant. I believe that his conduct in the trial of this case has impressed upon us all the sincerity and beautiful character of the man. His acts and utterances here have appealed not only to all of the attor- neys, but to the witnesses who have been called upon both sides to testify. The witnesses who have testified in this case 97.55 are representatives of the highest thought and scientific opinions, men of unquestioned integrity, lofty scientific learning, who occupy positions of high trust in our different col- leges and universities, and these men have held Judge Springer in the highest respect and esteem, and in view of his sad taking off at this time, we can only express our feelings of sympathy for his loved ones that remain. I move therefore, that this hearing be adjourned until the 28th day of December, and if the Supreme Court shall grant a continuance that then it be continued again until the 5th day of January, 1904. MR. DRENNAN: I concur sincerely in all that Mr. Todd has said in reference to Judge Springer. JUDGE CREA: On behalf of the State of Illinois and H. J. Hamlin, Attorney General of the State, I concur entirely with all that has been said with reference to William M. Springer. MR. JEFFRIES: I want to assure counsel for the defense that the State of Missouri, the complainant in this cause, con- curs fully in every word that has been uttered, and I want to join with him and his associates, in asking the continuance re- quested in this motion. I want to say further, Mr. Commissioner, that during the time we have been engaged in taking the testimony, I, in con- s 6092 The State of Missouri vs. nection with counsel upon both sides of the case and in 9756 conjunction with all of the witnesses who have testified, have not only learned to know Judge Springer, but have learned to love him. We have learned to know him not because of the particular part that he has taken in the production of the evidence here, but by his conduct we have learned to judge of the record that he has made during his life, and through his conduct here, and judging his life as we feel we have a right to do, we have learned to love him. I do not know that more could be said at this time, than the simple statement that by his conduct here, his political and private life, lead us to be- lieve that he realized that by the golden gift of God he was given an opportunity to live but once on earth, and having but the one opportunity, he endeavored to live nobly, and by living nobly his heart was happier, his burdens lighter, and we know that the world and our people are the better for it. THE COMMISSIONER: It seems particularly sad that Judge Springer should not have lived to complete his part in this great controversy to which he has devoted to my personal knowledge, most of his working hours for the last three years, and to which he brought at its very inception a mind trained and thoroughly qualified to take up the work which he has done. His death, however, is to me a very great personal loss. I had no better friend and no man ever had a truer one than William M. Springer. 97.57 Young and old, we can ask nothing more than that when it comes to us to lay down our lives, it can be so truly said of us “He has done his part well.” The motion for continuance until the 28th of December 1903, out of respect to the memory of Judge Springer is granted. - FRANK S. BRIGHT, Commissioner. ADJOURNED until December 28th, 1903. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary Districk of Chicago. 6093 STATE OF MISSOURI, 97.58 WS. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS and the SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. Met pursuant to adjournment Monday, February 1, 1904, at 869 Rookery Building, Chicago. - PRESENT: - Frank S. Bright, Esq., Commissioner of the Supreme Court of the United States, Messrs. Todd, Drennan and Crea, representing defendants. Mr. Jeffries, representing the complainant. 97.59 PROFESSOR. E. O. JORDAN resumed the Stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd. - Q. Professor, did you make any determinations for colon bacilli in 1901? A. I did. Q. These determinations were made in the three labor- atories that you have testified to as having been established at Peoria, Grafton and St. Louis? A. Yes sir, at those three stations. Q. What stations along the Illinois, the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers were the Čoli determinations made from ? A. In 1901 from the Illinois River at Averyville and Pekin; from the Illinois River above Grafton, and the Mississippi River above Grafton, from the Missouri River at Bellefontaine and from a cross section in the Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks. At four places, the Illinois shore, mid stream, intake tower and Missouri shore. Q. What purpose did you have in view to be subserved in making determinations for the bacillus coli communis? A. The relative abundance of the colon bacillus in water I consider as affording the most satisfactory indication 9760 of the sanitary quality of such water. In my opinion this is the judgment of most sanitary experts at the pres- ent time. In a paper entitled “The Significance of Bacterio- logical methods in Sanitay Water Analysis,” published from 6094 The State of Missouri vs. the Biological Laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by C. E. A. Winslow and C. P. Nibecker, and printed in the Technology Quarterly, Volume 16, number 3, September, 1903 appears the following statement: “Colon bacilli are either wanting in good waters or are so rare as not to be found in the examination of samples of one cubic centimeter; they are found in a majority of one cubic centimeters of water so polluted as to be dangerous for drink- ing; between these two extremes their numbers vary with the amount of pollution. Klein and Houston in England, Jordan, and Winslow and Hunnewell in America, and very recently Petruschky and Pusch in Germany have exhaustively studied the distribution of the colon bacillus with uniform results, and that the absence of this organism demonstrates the harmless- ness of a water as far as bacterliology can prove it, no one would probably hesitate to acknowledge; and that when pres- ent its numbers form a trustworthy measure of its sanitary con- dition, the observers above quoted have proved beyond 9761 reasonable cavil.” - - This statement represents my own judgment in the matter as well as what is the prevailing opinion among sanitary experts generally and it is for this reason that in my studies into bac- teriological conditions existing in the waters above mentioned, I have paid particular attention to the presence and relative abundance of the colon bacillus. Q. What methods did you employ in the determination of the coli bacillus in this examination made in 1901? A. T employed a method known as the Dextrose Fermenta- tion Tube Method. Exhaustive comparative tests were made with the dextrose fermentation tube method, with the neutral red method, with the carbol broth method and other methods some- times used in making this test with the result that the dextrose fermentation tube method proved the most reliable. The method consisted in inoculating measured quantities of the water to be tested in fermentation tubes containing or- dinary nutrient broth with an addition of one per cent. dextrose. The interpretations adopted for the changes so produced were as follows: Positive reactions, that is those indicating presence of B. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6095 coli were regarded as those tubes showing the gas produc- 97.62 tion of over twenty per cent. of the tube length; the tubes yielding on absorption with sodium hydroxide a gaseous residue appreciably in excess of the carbon dioxide observed. Negative reactions were those showing (a) No gas production or w (b) Gas production less than ten per cent. of the tube length. The doubtful class was made to include: (a) Those tubes yielding only ten to twenty per cent of gas, and (b) Those yielding more than twenty per cent, before that appreciable excess of carbon dioxide. A series of fermentation tubes was examined in detail to determine the limits of accuracy of this method, with the re- Sult that out of sixty-three tubes examined in thirty-nine cases where the interpretation was positive typical bacillus coli com. munis was isolated from the tube and identified in all its bio- logical characteristics. In Seven cases where the presumptive test yielded a posi- tive result the bacillus coli was not isolated. This may have been and in my opinion was because the colon bacillus after producing its characteristic fermentation changes was sub- Sequently overgrown by other forms such as the sewage strepto- CGCCU.S. In nine cases where the interpretation was doubtful the colon bacillus was not isolated. 9763. In four cases where the interpretation was doubtful typi- cal bacillus coli was isolated. In four cases where the interpretation was negative the bacillus coli was not isolated. It may be added that these last named cases were those showing less than ten per cent. of gas in which gas forming or- ganisms not B. coli were isolated. In addition some twenty tubes were examined which showed growth in the closed arm but yielded no gas producing organism of any kind. These results, in my opinion, show conclusively that where a large number of water samples are treated the error due to relying on the presumptive test alone is not unduly large. The specific application of this method to the problem of 6096 The State of Missouri vs. self purification of streams depend upon ascertaining in each case the dilution at which the tests give uniformly positive and that at which it gives uniformaly negative results. This method which rests upon the determination of the relative abundance of the colon bacillus is an extremely delicate test for recent sewage pollution. - Winslow and Nibecker in the paper just referred to, on 9764 the significance of bacteriological methods in sanitary water analyses state, on page 237, ‘‘In the second place the bacteriological methods are far more delicate than in the others. Klein showed by experiment with dilutions of sewage that the colon test was from ten to one hundred times as suc- cessful as the methods of chemical analysis.” “Studies of the self purification of streams have confirmed these conclusions on a practical scale. Thus, ‘‘in the Sudbury River it was found that while the chemical evidence of pollu- tion persisted for six miles beyond the point of entrance the bacteria introduced could be detected for four miles further.’’ This latter statement refers to the study of self purification in the Sudbury River in Massachusetts carried out by A. G. Woodman, C. E. A. Winslow and P. Hansen, and published in the Technology Quarterly, Volume 15, 1902, page 105. Q. These analyses which you have made in regard to colon —did you make any tables of the result of your analyses of the Waters taken at the different stations which you have enum- erated in your previous answer? A. I did and I have these tables here. 9765 Q. Do those tables correctly tabulate the results of your coli determinations, made during this period of investi- gation? A. They do. Q. Will you produce and read the coli tables into the record for the station at Averyville! A. This table designated “Illinois River, Averyville, pres- ence of bacteria of the colon group,” includes a record of de- terminations made on daily samples collected between October 19th and December 30th, 1901, and is as follows: - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6097 9766 Date 1901 Oct. Nov. 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 ILLINOIS RIVER—Averyville. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. .001 cc. Serial No. 2013 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 40 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 + 1 1. 1 º .01 cc. + — ; º : : : : .1 cc. — ? 1. i : i 1. 1. CC. i : 1. 6098 The State of Missouri vs. Date 1901 27 29 30 Dec. 9767 ILLINOIS RIVER—Averyville. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. .001 cc. Serial No. 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2101 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 + — No days examination made No. days B. Coli found No determination made No positive results Per cent. positive results 9768 Q. Will you state what the table you have just read - shows in regard to colon contents? ? .01 cc. + — 1. i .001 cc. 3 0 3 0 0% º 2 : : 1 .01 cc. 6% l 2 1i: 1 1 1 .1 CC. + º 1 | 1 1. CC. 1 : .1cc. 60 38 114 49 43% 1. 1.cc. 41 34 54 39 72% The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6099 A. The table shows that during this period the colon bacil- lus was never found in .001 cc. ar That it was but rarely found in .01 cc (4 positive out of 72 determinations). That it was found 49 times out of 114 determinations in .1 cc and 39 times out of 54 determinations in 1.cc. Q. Will you produce and read the coli tables into the record for the station at Pekin? A. This table headed ‘‘Illinois-Pekin, presence of bacteria of the colon group” includes the colon determinations made daily between October 19 and December 30, 1901. Q. Will you state what the table you are about to read shows in regard to colon contents? A. It shows that out of 25 determinations made with .001 cc. of river water taken from the Illinois River at Pekin, the colon bacillus was found in 28 per cent. of the samples exam- ined. In .001 cc in 21 per cent. In .1 cc 78 per cent. And in all 100 per cent of the 1. cc samples. The table is as follows: 9769 ILLINOIS RIVER—Pekin. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date 1901 Serial No. .001 cc. .01 cc. .1 cc. 1. CC. + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? Oct. 19 2014 1. 2 1 1 21 16 1. 2 2 1 22 18 - 1 l 1 1 1 23 20 • 2 1 1 1 24 22 2 2 28 28 1 1 2 1. 29 30 1. 2 1 30 32 2 2 1. 31 34 2 1 1 1 *::. Nov. 1 36 2 1 1 1 • e 2 38 2 2 4 40 1 1 1 1 1 tº a º 5 42 2 2 2 '''“ 6 44 1 1 1 1 6100 The State of Missouri vs. Date 1901 Nov. : 11 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 26 29 Dec. 3 10 11 ... 12 ‘.... 13 No.{ays examination made ILLINOIS RIVER–Pekin. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Serial No. 46 48 . 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2100 ()2 04 06 No. §§ys B. Coli found No. determinations made No. positive results - Per cent. positive results, .001 cc. + — ? l 2 2 ; .01 cc. + – ? i: : i 1 # 4. - 25 7 28% 1 .1 cc. + — ? : 1 1 1 1. 2 44 14 75 16 21% 77 1. CC. * — ? 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 44 .17 40 17 17 60 17 78% 100% The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6101 Q. Will you produce and read the coli tables into the 9770 record for the station at Grafton? A. The table number 3, entitled “Illinois River, Graf- ton,” presence of bacteria of the colon group includes a record of colon determinations made daily between October 10th and December 24th, 1901, and is as follows: 9771 ILLINOIS RIVER– Grafton. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date 1901 Serial No. .001 cc. .01 cc. .1 cc. .1 cc. 1901 + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? Oct. 10 1017 2 2 1. 1 11 19 2 1 12 21 1 1 2 14 23 1. 1. 2 15 25 2 2 16 27 1 1 1 1. 17 29 1 1 1 1. 18 31 2 1 1 19 33 2 1 21 35 2 1 1 22 37 2 . 2 23 39 1. 2 2 .1 24 41 1 1 1 2 1. 25 43 1 2 2 1 26 45 1 1 1 1 1 28 47 1 2 2 1 29 49 1 2 1 1 l 30 51 1. 1 1 2 1. 31 53 1 2 . 1 1 1 Nov. 1 55 1. 2 2 1 . 2 57 1 1 2 2 1. 4 59 1 1 1 2 f 5 61 1. 2 2 1 .. 6 63 1 2 1 1 1.:* 7 65 1 2 2 ... 1 8 67 1. 2 2 :::: 1 9 69 1. 2 2 ... 1 11 71 1. 2 1 1 © e 1. 12 73 1. 2 2 1. 6102 The State of Missouri vs. TLLINOIS RIVER—Grafton. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc. 1. cc. 2. cc. 5. cc. 1901 + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? Nov. 13 75 1. 2 2 14 77 2 2 2 15 79 2 2 2 1. 16 81 2 2 1 1 1. 18 83 2 2 2 1. 19 85 2 2 2 1. 20 87 2 2 2 1. 21 89 1 1 2 1 1. 1. 22 91. 2 2 1 1. 23 93 2 2 2 1. 25 '95 2 2 2 1. 26 97 2 1 1 2 1. . The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6103 ILLINOIS RIVER—Grafton. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc. 1. cc. 2. cc. 5. CC. 1901 + – ? -i – ? + — ? + – ? + – ? F — ? 9772 NOV. 27 1099 1. 1. 2 1 1 1 1 29 1103 1. 2 2 1. 1. 1 30 05 1. 2 2 2 1 1 Dec. 2 O7 1 1. 2 1 1 1 1. 3 09 1. 1. 2 2 1. 1. 4 11 1. 1. 2 1 1 1. 1. 5 13 1 . 1. 2 2 2 2 6 15 1. 2 2 1. 1. 1. 7 17 1. 1. 2 1 1 1. 1. 9 19 1. 1. 1 1 1 1. 1 1. 10 21 1. 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 11 23 1. 1. 2 2 1. 1. 12 25 1. 1. 2 2 1 1 13 27 1. 1. 2 1 2 1 1 14 29 1. 2 1 1 2 1 16 31 2 1 1 2 1 17 33 2 2 1 1 2 18 35 2 2 2 1. 19 37 1 1 1 1 1. 20 39 2 9 1 1 1. 1. 21 41 2 1 1 2 1. 23 43 2 2 1 1 1. 24 45 2 2 2 1. No. days determinations made 52 64 64 53 13 16 No. days B. coli found 4. 6 12 19 5 8 No. determinations made 72 117 125 71 15 17 No. positive results 5 6 16 21 5 8 Per cent. positive results 7%. 5% 13% 30% 33% 47% 6104 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Will you state what the table you have just read 9773 shows in regard to colon content? A. This shows that the colon bacillus was present in 7 per cent. of the .001 cc samples. in 5 per cent. of the .01 cc samples. in 13 per cent. of the .1 cc samples, and in 30 per cent. of the 1. cc samples. - Q. Will you produce and read the coli table into the record for the station at the Mississippi River above Grafton? A. Table number 4, headed “Mississippi River, Grafton, presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group” includes a record of colon determinations made daily from the water of the Missis- sippi River above Grafton between October 10 and December 24, 1901, and is as follows: 9774 MISSISSIPPI RIVER—Grafton. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc. 1. cc. 2. cc. 5. ce. 1901 + – 1 + – 1 + – 2 + – 1 + – 3 + – ? Oct. 10 1018 1 1 2 2 11 20 1 1 12 22 1 1 1 1 14 24 1 1 2 15 26 2 1 1 16 28 2 1 1 17 30 1 1 2 18 32 2 2 19 34 2 21 36 2 2 22 38 2 2 23 40 1. 2 1 1 1 24 42 1 2 1 1 1 25 44 1. 1 1 1 1 1 26 46 2 2 1 28 48 1 2 2 1 29° 50 2 2 2 1 30 52 2 2 2 1 31 54 1 2 1 1 1. g()[9 °06'09)*IO ſo 19744S4CI fºup44ttpS 97/4 pup S40wyll I ſo 2401S 91ſ.I. i : T| T ; I : & i ;! iI. T I I 4 – 4 – 4 – 4 & — 4 ‘99 'g too 'z ‘oo “I '99 I. % - -- % - + 99 TO 90 TOO’ ‘ON [8].IeS 'dnoro uoroo oth Jo Bioloeg Jo ooliosold #2, G6 0& 8T 9I #I ČI OI 80 90 #0 00II 86 96 #6 Č6 06 88 98 f$ Č8 08 82. 9/. #1. 3/ 0/. 89 99 #9 Z9 09 89 99 ‘UI04.JB.I.9-?IGHAISI ICHCHISSISSIW II 08 6& 16 9% G3 86, 66, Tć 0% 6T 8T 9I GI #I 9T ZT I ‘99CI ‘AON T06 I 9]bOI 6106 : The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER—Grafton. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. I)ate Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc. 1. cc. 2. cc. 5. cc. 1901 + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? Dec. 12 26 1. 1 2 1 1 1 1. 13 28 1. 1 1 1 2 1. 14 30 1 1. 1. 1 1 1. 16 32 2 2 2 1. - 9775 . 17 1134 2 2 2 1. 18 36 2 2 2 1 1. 19 38 1. 2 2 1 1 20 40 1. 2 2 1 1 1. 21 42 2 2 2 2 23 44 1 2 2 2 24 46 1 2 2 1 1 No days examination made 52 64 62 54 12 16 No. days B. Coli found () 6 25 25 4 11 No. of determinations made 69 115 123 74 12 16 No positive results () 6 29 28 4 11 Per cent. positive results 0% 5% 24% 38% 33% 69% Q. Will you state what the table you have just read 9776 shows in regard to colon content? A. This shows that the colon bacillus was present in 5 per cent. of the .001 cc samples, in 24 per cent. .1 cc samples, 38 per cent. of the 1. cc samples. Q. Will you produce and read the coli table into the record for the station at Ft. Bellefontaine, Missouri River? A. Table number 5, headed “Missouri River, Bellefontaine, Presence Bacteria of the Colon Group,” contains the result of daily determinations made upon samples of Missouri River water between October 23 and December 17, 1901, and is as fol- lows: 1019 'o6voluo ſo ſoulsta flappups out pup stoumi ſo atoms out T T I I 6 T 973 G I 6 & T Tjø if T T & T T T I86 (, ‘99CI T T T I T T 966 08 T G & T Töö, 6& T T T T T I 9I& J.C. T 6 & T TTG 96, T T I & T 90% Gö T & & T T06 86 T I T & T 96T 66 T T & T T T T T6I TG T T T & 98T 0% T T T8T 6I T T T T 9/T 8T T T T & T T/T 9T T I T T I T 99 I GI T & T I T T9T PI I & & T 99T 8T T & T T I TGI &I T & & T 97T II I T I & T TfL 6 T & • 6 6 Of I 8 T T T & T . G8I / T & I 9&I G T & T - T&T # T & T ! 8TT & T - IIT I AON T & T T 66 08 T T T T #6 66, T I T T 68 86, T T T T #8 96. T I T T 61 ga. T I I T \ #1. FC T & & 69 8& "100 § – 4: $ – 4 & – 4 & – + , – -- T06I 90 g 00 I 99 I' 00IO 90I00 ‘ON IBI.IOS olboſ ‘dno.IF) UOIOO 901 JO b|Jø1989. Jo 90uoso.I.T outuluojelled-AGAIA IºnossIN 1126 $ -- - sºr” 6108 The State of Missouri vs. MISSOURI RIVER-Bellefontaine. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001CC .01cc .1 cc 1. cc 5. cc 1901 + — ? + -— ? t — ? + – ? + — ? 6 251 1 2 1 l 9 257 1. 1 1 1 1 l 1. 10 265 1 2 2 l 1. 11 270 1: . 2 2 1 1. 12 2.75 1 1. 1 1 1. - 13 280 1. 2 1 1. 1 14 285 1. 2 1 1 16 286 1 1 1 S 1 8 1 1 2 1. 17 287 1 2 1 1 1 1. 288 1. 1 1 2 1 1. No. days examination made 32 44 44 43 8 No. days B. Coli found 1. 13 31 34 7 No. determinations made 34 84 95 44 8 No. positive results 1 16 48 35 7 Per cent. positive results 3%. 19% 50% 79% 88% Q. Will you state what the table you have just read 9778 shows in regard to colon content? A. This shows that the colon bacillus was present: In 19 per cent. of the .001 cc samples, in 50 per cent. of the .01 cc samples, in 79 per cent of the 1. cc samples. • . Q. Will you produce and read the coli table into the record for the station at the Chain of Rocks, Mississippi River? A. These tables, numbers 6, 7, 8 and 9, contain records of the daily colon determinations made upon the water of the Mis- sissippi River at the Chain of Rocks, in cross sections, as pre- viously described in my testimony, viz.: at a point near the Mis- Souri Shore, at the Intake Tower, in midstream and at a point mid way between the Illinois shore and midstream. These tables contain records of the daily colon determina- tions made between October 22 and December 14, 1901, and are as follows: 60I9 °00'004"|O ſo 107.11870 ſ.1011100S 97/4 pup S40w!!! I ſo 2404S alſ.I. I I I & T Q33 08. T & & I 066, 6& I ... 3 I I I GIG /ć, I & & T OTG 96, I & & T Q03, G3 I T I I T ()0& 86, T T I I I T Q6) 36, I I I I I T 06T IC, T 6 G T Q8T O& T & 08T 6I I & T Q/I 8T I & & I 0/I 9T I & z - I Q9I GI T I I I I I O9T fºlſ. I I I I I I GGI 8T T & T T 09 I &I T T & T G#I II I & I 68T 8 T I I & T . fºg I Z. T & & T 08T 9 T & T Q&I G T I I T 0&T # T & . I ČII & I I I T OTI I ‘AON I T 86 08 T & T 86 66, T I I I 88 86, & & T 08 96 T T I T Q/. Q& T & T 0). jø I T T & Q9 86, - T I I & I9 33 100 § – 4 – + , – 4 & - + 3 − 4 § - + T06I po g 90 & 90 I 09 I' oo IO 90 IOO’ ‘ON IBLIoS 91 BCI ‘dno.IO UOIOO ouſ) JO BII64089. Jo 90U0so.I.T + ‘9.IOUIS I.In OSSIN--SXIOOH JO UIbuIO-H(HAIXIIqqISSISSIN 6//6 6110 The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER—Chain of Rocks–Missouri Shore. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc 1901 + — ? Dec. 230 240 245 250 256 10 264 11 269 12 274 13 279 14 284 No. days examination made, 27 No. days B Coli found, 1. No. determinations made, 27 No. positive results, 1 Per cent. possitive re- : Sults, 4% .01 cc + — ? 1 1 41 : i .1 cc + — ? 1 1 2 2 1 1. 2 1. 41 24 81 33 41% 1 1 1 1. cc 2. cc 5. cc + – ? + – ? — ? 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 l 1. 1 1 1 1 1. 41 4 36 4 42 4 38 4 88% 100% III9 °0600?"IO ſo 19744S4CI fl.1044ttpS 97/4 pup S40wyll I ſo 9401S 30/I, iT ;T T Č .6 T : : ; : & i 6, T § – 4: , – + , – 4 & - + oo g 90 a 99 I 09 I' T : ; I T 6, § - + 99 TO’ . T § - + 90 [00 ‘ON IBI.IoS #36 6T6 #IZ 60% #0% 66I #6I 68T #8T 6/T f/I 69T #9T 69T #GI 6FT ##I 88T 99T 6&T FøI 6II GIT 60I 60T 26 36 18 88 8/. 8/. 89 #9 ‘dno.19 UOIOO 9U1 JO BII.04989 JO 90UIose.I.T ‘IoMo.I. oxleiuſ-siooa Jo uſeq0-813 AIH Idd.ISSISSIN 0816 T ‘AON 86, 36 “10O T06T 918OI 6112 The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks—Intake Tower. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc 1901 Dec. 2 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 229 239 244 249 255 263 268 273 278 283 + — ? No. days examination made, 27 No. days B Coli found, No. determinations made, 0. 27 No. positive results, 0 Per cent. positive re- Sults, 0. + — ? 43 11 71 14 20 2 2 2 .1 cc 1. CC 2. cc + — ? + — ? 1 1 2 1 42 30 84 48 57 1 36 43 36 84 1. 43 5. CC + — ? + — ? 1. 1 1. l 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 5 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 100 100 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6113 9781 MISSISSIPPI RIVER– Chain of Rocks–Mid-stream. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. - Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc 1. cc 2. cc 5. cc 1901 + — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? + s— ? + — ? Oct. 22 63 2 1 1 23 67 1 1 1 24 72 1. 1 1 1. 25 77 1. 1 26 82 l 2 1. 28 86 1. 2 1 29 91 1. 2 1. 30 96 1. 1. Nov. 1 108 1. 1. 1. 2 114 1. 1, 1 1. 4 118 1 2 1. 5 123 1. 1 1 1. 6 128 1. 1 1 1 1 1 7 132 1. 2 2 1. 8 137 - 1. 1 1 1 11 143 1. | 1 1 1 1. 12 148 1. 2 1 1 1. 13 153 1 2 1 1 1 14 158 1. 2 2 1. 15 163 1 1 1 1 1 1. 16 168 1. 2 2 1 18 173 1. 2 1. 19 178 1. 1 1 1. 20 183 1. 2 1 1 1. 21 188 1 2 2 1. 22 193 1. 2 2 1. 23 198 1 2 2 1. 25, 203 1. 2 2 1. 26 208 1 2 1 1 1 27 213 1. 2 2 1. 29 218 1 2 2 1. 30 223 1. 2 | 1 1. 1 A—3S3 61.14 The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks—Mid-stream. Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc 1. cc 2. cc 5. cc 1901 - + — ? -F – ? + – ? + – ? + – ? + — ? Dec. 2 228 1 2 | 1 1 - I 4 - 238 1 2 2 l 1 5 243 1 2 2 1. 1. 6 248 1. 2 2 1 9 258 1 2 1 1 1 1. 10 262 1 2 1 1 1 1. 11 267 1 2 2 1 1 12 272 1 1 2 1 13 277 1 2 1 1 1 14 282 1 2 2 2 No. days examination made, 27 41 41 42 7 No. days B Coli found, 0 4 16 35 6 No. determinations made, 27. 68 82 43 7 No. positive results, 0 4 18 35 6 Per cent. positive re- Sults, 0 6 22 81 86 gtig oppoſuo ſo ousta haviºurs on put stouni ſo aims out T I I I I I I T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T I I T I * – 4 – + 3 − 4. oo g oo a 90 I : T T &&i T ; I I (, 6, & & I I % - 4. 99 I' : T & i – 4. 90 TO’ I &G /IG &IC, /06, Č06, /6T 36T 28T Č8T Z/T & J.T /9I 39T /9T ČGT 2fT ŽižI 99T T3T /GT 3&I /II 9II 20T G6 : 06 : Q8 T8 9/. I/. 99 6.9 § - + 99 T00 ‘ON IBILoS ‘dno.I.O BIIologgſ UOIOO ou? JO 9000so.I.T •o.1OUIS spouſſiT-s}{908I Jo uſelſ)- HGHAIH IJäISSISSIW 3816 I ‘AON 9% Č& "100 T06T 94 BCI 6116 The State of Missouri vs. MISSISSIPPI RIVER–Chain of Rocks–Illinois Shore: Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. Date Serial No. .001 cc .01 cc .1 cc 1. cc 2. cc 5. cc 1901 F – ? F – ? + — ? + – ? + — ? + — ? Dec. 2 227 1 2 1. 1 1 4 237 1. 2 2 1. 1 5 242 1. 2 2 1. 1. 6 247 1. 2 1 1 1. 9 253 1. 2 2 1. 1. 10 261 1 2 2 1. 1. 11. 266 1. 2 2 1. 1. 12 27] 1. 2 1. 13 276 1. 2 2 1. 14 281 1. 1 1 2 1. No. days examination - made, 25 41 41 42 7 No. days, B Coli * found, {} 3 S 25 5 No. determinations made, 25 66 80 42 7 No. positive results, 0 3 8 25 5 Per cent. positive re- . . Sults, 0% 5% 10% 60 71% The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6117 9783 Q. Will you state what the table you have just read shows in regard to colon content? A. These tables show that on the Missouri shore the colon bacillus was present in 13 per cent. of the .01 c. c. sample, In 41 per cent. of the . 16. c. sample, and, 88 per cent. of the 1. c. c. sample. At the Intake Tower the colon bacillus was present in 20 per cent. of the .01 c. c. sample, and in 57 per cent. of the . 1 c. c. sample, and 84 per cent. of the 1. c. c. sample. In the samples taken from mid stream the colon bacil- lus was present in 6 per cent. of the .01 c. c. sample, In 22 per cent. of the .1 c. c. sample, 81 per cent. of the 1. c. c. sample. In the water of the Mississippi river at the Illinois shore the colon bacillus was present in 5 per cent. of the .01 c. c. samples, 10 per cent. of the . 1 c. G. samples, 60 per cent. of the 1. c. c. samples. Q. Did you prepare a table of summaries based upon the 9784 coli tables which you have already introduced in evidence? A. Yes, sir, I have them here. Q. Will you produce and read the table of summaries pre- pared by you from the tables of coli determinations already read . in evidence? - - l A. Table A is as folows: : * i . ET J'ſ - . . . . | - -z J- r * * . & *… * (...i g º ** Table A.—Showing Presence of Bacteria of the Colon Group. 0001. CC, .001 CC. .01 CC. 1 CC. 1. CC. 2. CC. 5. CC. Collecting Stations. g * No: Days No. Days No. Days No. Days No. Days No. Days No. Days No. Days|No. Days No. Days No. Days|No.Days No. Days Nº Water | B. Coli Water | B. Coſi | Water | B. Coſi || Water | R. Ooii | Water | B. Coli Water B. OOli Water #. CO Exam’d. Found. | Exam’d. Found. Exam’d.| Found. | Exam’d. Found. Exam’d. Found. | Exam’d. Found. Exam’d. Found. ll linois river— Averyville . . . ....l..........l.......... 3 0 49 3 60 38 41 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois river— n; river . ' ' ' ' ' 17 4 44 14 44 40 17 17 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i - ºveº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * e º e e 52 4 64 6 64 12 53 19 13 5 16 8 Miss. river— §aß. e tº e º is a e º ºs e tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 52 0 64 6 62 25 54 25 12 4 16 11 Miss. Riv.—Chain of * Miº *ciº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 25 0 41 3 41 8 42 25 !. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 iss. Riv.–Ohain o Miś *lº, * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * e 27 00 41 4 41 16 42 35 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 SS, tº V.-Unº, On O - Mſ.": intake twr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 0 43 11 42 30 43 36 6 6 5 5 iss. Riv.—Ohain of Miś MO. shore...l..........]. ........ 27 1 41 8 41 24 41 36 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 SSOuri River— Bellefontaine. ...l..........l.......... 32 1 44 13 44 31 43 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 ***-*-*--...--__ The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6119 9786 Q. Will you state what the table you have just read in evidence shows? A. This table shows the presence of bacteria of the colon group in the water collected from the stations just set forth. This table shows the total number of days on which water was examined during this period and the total number of days On which bacillus coli was found. Q. Have you made other tables of summaries besides table A” - A. I have here table B showing the presence and percent- age of the bacteria of the colon group, based on the total number of determinations made? . f Q. Will you produce and read table B in evidence? A. It is as follows: 6120 The State of M QSSO?!???, ?) S. 88!· 8• • • • I • • • • I • • • •%6||98††%0g$ſ;96%6I9]#8%8I'#8w w. • • • •� �… •• • • + • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •* * * * 9U ĮgļūOļ9|[[9{I‘IQAȚIĻIrlOSSȚIN 001 |#| |# |.* * * * |* * * * |* * * * | %88 || 8 |&# |% Iý |g8 ||I9 || %8I 16 ||SQ || %ș | I || 3 |* * · · · ·|-* * * |* * * * |* * * * * * * * * 9.Iouſs ļJmoss! IN ‘sx{ooſ jo upę (IO “Jº AĻI ĮđđţssȚssȚIN 00Į |9| |g* * |* * * * |* * * * |%ț8 |98 |8ý | 29 |8ý lý8 || %0.3 |#| ||I2 |% 0 || 0 || ? |* * * * |* * * * |* * * * |* · · · · · ·‘ “ ’ IQAA0J, ºx{8}u I ‘SYIOONI JO U Į BUVO ‘IQAȚI ĮđđțSSĮSSȚIN 98 ||9 || ||00] [9 |9 |% 18 |98 |E# | & |8| |38 || %9 |# |.89 || %0 10 || 3 |* * · · · ····|····|············ulearns-pſu 'syſooſ jo uſeųo 'roați ſăđ|ssſssſſſ . 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I b :| k || … : | b : : : : : ) ::::: ģ#|#| |#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#|#| |#|#|#|#|#|#|#| ? ••QD .،:•„ • •: İ’ſ að ș#|#| |#|#|#|#|#| |#ğl șĚ [Ě :|#|#| ŠĖ ĮĖ |#|#| ? |#|#| |#|#|$Ë Ë Ë Ēģ| $#|#|#|$$ šņ;|5 || @ $|$$$ | E ||ğ§ 5. |E ||ğ §| šņ5 | 5 ||ğ §| Šý; || 5 ||$ $| ŠĶĒ ||5 : $ š| šķ5; || 5 ||$š šģ|#| ||ğšļēģ|#| |#5$ $ |? :|ğ8|| $ $ | 5 :|ğ £|| $ $ | ; :Ę E | § @ ₪; : ğ E| $3 | 5 ||ğË f)→£-|·Ê-{Z | GD± ș4 || ? :| GDº : | q)-№ ā5 | 92 • QD+ →92 : | 35 $ $|&&||53|52||8||2||5||?53&&ſă ģ58&g|5 g§§8.g|5 g | # * |8.g š g!§§8{,}||, ſą • →c5dö33• • •!Gd3=•!●• •+ +••*�° • ו•ł∞• •y=4•••! •° • ו+ +•º •) ſº|2° 2 ºſº|24|2*|$*|? *|? *|? *|? *|? *|? *|? *|? *|?= |272=|ſ= |gºl2= *00 ºg00 ‘º, ºoo * Iºoo Iº*00 I0°* OO IO()**00 [000” ºdno.iſ) uo[00 ºtſ! Jo eſ-104088I JO 03B]uºðJºaſ pub Jo 90uºse.I q. 5ūļAOLIS—ºg øſquJ, /8/6 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 612.É. 9788 Q. State what table B shows? A. Table B shows the total number of determinations made from samples of water collected from the already speci- fied points in the Illinois, Missouri and Mississippi rivers, to- gether with the number of positive results and the percentage of positive results. Q. What sanitary significance do you attach to your tables of coli determinations considered as a whole? A. In my opinion the fate of the colon bacillus in running water furnishes a very satisfactory indication as to the degree and rate of self-purification in such water. The fact that the colon bacillus is present in but 43 per cent. of the .1 c. c. examinations from the Illinois river at Avery- ville while it is present in 100 per cent. of the .1 c. G. Samples taken from the Illinois river at Pekin and in only 13 per cent. Of the . 1 c. c. sample taken from the Illinois river at Grafton shows lot only the extreme delicacy of this test for sewage pollution but shows a very considerable improvement in the sanitary Quality of the water occurs between Pekin and Grafton, not- withstanding the large amount of pollution at Pekin. Compar- ing the condition of the water in the Mississippi river above. Grafton with that in the Illinois river above Grafton 9789 as evidenced by the colon content of these two waters, it appears that the colon bacillus was present in 5 per cent. of the determinations made of .01 cc of water from these two. places. It may be mentioned that 117 determinations were made of the Illinois River water above Grafton and 115 of the Missis- sippi River water above Grafton during this period, so that the substantial agreement in percentage shown in the sanitary char- acter of these waters during this period has a satisfactory sta- tistical basis. * Comparing the examinations made of .1 cc of water during this same period it is shown that 24 per cent. of the samples from the Mississippi River yielded positive results while 13 per cent. of those from the Illinois River above Grafton yielded positive results. In 1. cc of water from these two stations 38 per cent. of the samples from the Mississippi River and 30 per cent. of those from the Illinois River gave positive results. 61.22 The State of Missouri vs. In other words, so far as any conclusion as to the sanitary character of these waters can be drawn from the colon deter- minations—and I have already indicated that in my opinion and in that of sanitary experts generally, the colon test is the most delicate and satisfactory clue that we have to the sanitary con- dition of the water—the water of the Mississippi River above Grafton during this period was, if anything of a less 9790 wholesome character than the water of the Illinois River above Grafton. Comparing further the colon content of the Missouri River water above Bellefontaine during this period it is shown- that 19 per cent. of the .01 cc samples were positive as compared with 5 per cent. in the Illinois River at Grafton, and that 50 per cent. of the .1 cc samples were positive as compared with 13 per cent. in the Illinois River at Grafton and that 79 per cent. of the 1.cc samples were positive as compared with 30 per cent. in the Illinois River above Grafton. Comparing the per centages of positive results obtained in the examination of 1. cc. of water in cross section at Chain of Rocks it appears that there was a smaller per centage of colon bacteria in the Mississippi River on the Illinois shore and in mid stream than at the intake tower and on the Missouri shore. This confirms the difference already noted between the colon content of the Illinois River and the Mississippi River at Grafton and that of the Missouri River at Bellefontaine. The higher colon content of the Missouri River betrayed itself in the larger num- ber of colon bacilli found in the Mississippi River at the 9791 Intake Tower and near the Missouri shore at the Chain of Rocks. The sanitary significance which I attach to these findings is based on what I have been able to learn by my own observation and experiments regarding the significance and relative abun- dance of the colon bacillus in waters of various kinds as well as that derived from an examination of the available literature On the subject and the opinions of various sanitary experts al- ready referred to in my testimony. It may be summed up by the statement that the water from the Missouri River during this period was distinctly more dangerous and unwholesome than the water of either the Illinois or the Mississippi River at Grafton, and further that the difference between the Illinois The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6123 River above its mouth and the Mississippi River above Grafton while not great shows that on the whole the Illinois River was in a less highly polluted condition than the Mississippi. MR. JEFFRIES : I move to strike out the last part of the answer where the witness undertakes to form an opinion and draw a conclusion as to the sanitary condition of the water in the three respective rivers for the reason that the same is not based upon all the Sanitary and the unsanitary conditions pertaining to the re- spective waters and ask that the opinion, if it be permitted 9792 to stand be confined solely to the tables that the witness has introduced with reference to the colon test and I move to strike out all of such tables because no proper foundation has been laid for their introduction and for the further reason that they do not represent the condition of the water in the respective rivers so far as the colon bacilli are concerned at all times of the year, and for the further reason that the number of analyses made for these two tests are so limited and indefinite as com- pared with the great volume of water under consideration, that the evidence is-wholy immaterial and is not worthy of credit. MR. TODD: º Professor, were those examinations made in pursuance of an agreement mutually entered into between the representatives of the complainants and the defendants? A. I understand that they were. MR. JEFFRIES : I object to anything that the witness understands. A. I will change the answer. In my opinion, yes, they were. Samples of water were taken at points designated, and on days specified by representatives of the bacteriological work undertaken by the City of St. Louis and by representa- 9793 tives of the bacteriological work undertaken in behalf of the sanitary district. MR. JEFFRIES : I move to strike out the question and answer for the reason that it is immaterial and move to strike out the answer because of the fact that samples of water taken, as stated by the witness, were not sufficient grounds to authorize any such conclusions as the witness has undertaken to draw from the analyses made by him from the samples of water so taken. (3124 The State of Missouri vs. MR. TODD: - - Does counsel deny that such an agreement was made be- tween the Sanitary District and representatives of the complain- ant as to points of collection, the time of collection and the methods to be pursued in these analyses 2 - MR. JEFFHIES : - In answer to Mr. Todd's question I will say that I can not say that I know any such arrangement was made or that any such arrangement was not made, but, if made, it would not be binding upon the State of Missouri, because the City of St. Louis is not a party to the proceedings here, and for the further reason that if made such an agreement would not warrant 97.94 or authorize this witness to draw any such conclusions as he has undertaken to draw from the analyses alone. MR. TODT): I want to state for the benefit of the counsel that I am not asking my question as touching upon conclusions but merely to have information as to whether when I, as rep- resenting the Sanitary District, met with the representatives from St. Louis, whether they were appearing before us in good faith as representing the State of Missouri or whether they were inpostors. - MR. JEFFRIES: I would like to ask counsel to state when and where the representatives of the State of Missouri or the City of St. Louis appeared during the hearing held by this commission. - MR. TODI): {} I would like to state, for the benefit of counsel, that the gentlemen who assumed to represent the complainant in this case appeared before the Board of Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, where it was mutually agreed between the Board of Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago and the State of Illinois, represented by the Attorney General, that cer- tain places should be designated for the taking of samples, cer- tain samples should be taken for analysis, and that this 97.95 investigation should be conducted jointly, but that each one could put in the results of their examinations separ- ately as they saw fit and this is the first time it has been inti- mated to me that such an agreement could possibly have been made with representatives from St. Louis, not in good faith. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6125 MR. JEFFRIES : - Well, I will state for the benefit of counsel that if any such arrangement or any such agreement was ever made between himself and persons purporting or representing themselves as representing the City of St. Louis and the State of Missouri that this is the first intimation that I ever had of any such agree- ment. I have heard of an agreement between sanitarians and certain witnesses in the case as to the manner in which samples of water should be taken, but who were the parties to that ar- rangement or agreement I have not yet been able to fully de- termine. I will say further that I care nothing about it for the pur- pose of my objection, whether any agreement of this kind was made either with counsel for the State of Illinois or the Sani- tary JDistrict of Chicago on the part of certain persons, 9796 citizens of the State of Missouri, but I do object to the conclusions that this witness has undertaken to draw, wherein he has confined himself solely to the results of the analy- ses for colon bacilli determination. MR. TODD: - Q. Professor, did you prepare any photographs? A. I did. - tº - Q. Photograps of what did you prepare, Professor? A. In addition to the photographs of plates of colonies which I have already introduced in my testimony I have two plates of photographs of fermentation tubes, showing the differ- ences in amount of gas production in fermentation tubes from samples of water taken from the Missouri River at the Chain of Rocks and from the Missouri River at Bellefontaine. Q. Are those photographs characteristic of the samples of water which you analyzed at the points from which samples were taken from which photographs were made? A. They are entirely so and were selected for the reason that they were thoroughly representative of the conditions ex- isting. Q. Will you produce plate 4 and make it a part of the record? - 97.97 MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the photograph being in- troduced in evidence for the reason that it represents one 6126 ... The State of Missouri vs. single sample of water taken at the point in question and can not from the very nature of things be representative of the whole volume of water or the chemical or bacterial conditions of the whole body of water passing down the river from which it was taken. A. Plate Number 4 is as follows: 97.98 Photographs of Fermentation Tubes. Showing Difference of Gas Production. 7'ssº ºr ſº aſſºcºs, º, Zºe 72 ºver /* TV sºare, º was cº- a cº- º º, Bºſe ſº ºne. º º º - - - -- º, º *_ - º ºnash ſºmeº - - - - - - - º º- | º Cº. º Cº. Bacteriological Laboratory. University of Chicago. PLATE IV. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6127 9799 Q. Will you state what plate 4 shows? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the witness making any Statement as to what the plate shows for the same reason as stated in my objection to the introduction of the photograph and for the further reason that no chemist, bacteriologist or Sami- tarian can draw conclusions as to the sanitary condition of the water by the chemical or bacteriological or both analyses of only One sample of that water. - MR. TODD: I am surprised to find that counsel for the complainant did not realize the force of his objections when he placed his own witness upon the stand as by a careful study of the testimony he will find that they drew conclusions from two different samples taken from two different rivers and testified as to the sanitary condition of the water from those two Sam- ples, while this photograph is representative of a number of samples taken from the point heretofore indicated. THE WITNESS: The upper left hand photograph, label- ed “Mississippi River Chain of Rocks 144 Intake Tower, 142 Illinois shore,” illustrates the difference usually obtaining be- tween samples of water taken from the Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks. The tubes shown in the photographs were pre- pared from samples of water collected on November 11, 1901, at the Intake Tower of the St. Louis waterworks and at a point in the Mississippi River half way between mid stream 9800 and the Illinois shore. The 6 tubes in the left of the photograph show results of inoculating similar tubes with varying quantities of water, viz.: 1.cc at the extreme left (1 tube), .1 cc (2 tubes), .01 cc (2 tubes), .001 cc (2 tubes). - The photograph shows that the gas appeared in the 1. cc tube, in both of the .1 cc tubes, and in one of the .01 cc tubes. There was no gas in the .001 cc tube. In the right of the photograph are shown the results of in- oculating into the tubes the same quantities of water taken from the Mississippi River near the Illinois shore. No gas appeared in the .001 cc tube and no gas appeared in .01 cc tube, and only 1 tube of the .1 cc samples showed gas production. Since one of the most salient characteristics of the colon bacillus is its production of gas in these fermentation tubes the photograph plainly shows what the detailed tables show on a {5128 The State of Missouri vs. larger scale, viz: that the colon bacillus, during this period, was not so abundant in the water of the Mississippi River near the Illinois shore as it was in the water of the Mississippi River at the intake tower of the St. Louis water works. - - The upper right hand photograph headed 1-10 cc shows 9801 the results obtained by inoculating fermentation tubes on November 22, 1901, with .1 cc of water taken in cross section at chain of rocks at the usual points, and also from the Missouri River at Bellefontaine. It shows that no gas appeared when this quantity of water taken from the Illinois shore was inoculated into the fermenta- tion tube while both tubes of water taken from the Missouri river and from the Mississippi River at the Missouri shore showed gas, indicating the presence of some member of the colon group. The lower left hand photograph, labeled “Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks” 152 Illinois shore, 154 Intake, shows the result obtained by inoculating samples of water taken from the Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks on November 13, I901. º The same relation shown to exist in the photograph pre- viously described obtains here also, viz.: more tubes of water from the river at the intake tower show gas than is the case with water taken from the Illinois shore. - The lower right hand photograph, labeled “Mississippi River, Chain of Rocks” show a similar difference. 9802 Comparing the .01 cc tubes it is shown that no gas was developed in these tubes on inoculation of samples of Water from the Illinois shore and no gas in the sample of water taken from the channel while both tubes containing this quan- tity of water taken from the Intake Tower showed gas produc- tion. These four photographs illustrate entirely typical conditions in the water of the Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks and show that as a rule the water from the Missouri River and from the Missouri shore and Intake Tower of the Mississippi River and the Chain of Rocks contains the colon bacillus in larger numbers than the water of the Mississippi River along the Illinois shore. Q. Have you a photograph known as plate 5? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6129 A. I have. This is labeled “Photographs of fermentation tubes showing the difference in gas production, Bacteriological Department of the University of Chicago, Plate 5.” Q. Will you produce and make a part of the evidence Plate 5? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the introduction of plate 5 for the same reasons stated in my objection to the introduction of plate 4. - A. Plate 5 is as follows: A - 384 98.03 Photographs of Fermentation Tubes Showing Difference in Gas Production. - º º º |-- º- º Bacteriological Laboratory. PLATE V. University of Chicago. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6131 9804 Q. Will you state what plate 5 shows? A. Plate 5 shows photographs of a series of 30 fermen- tation tubes prepared from samples of water collected from the Mississippi River on November 23, 1901, in cross section at the Chain of Rocks and from the Missouri River at Bellefontaine. On the left of the photograph are the samples taken from the Mississippi River, Illinois shore; only one of these, viz.: that in which 1. cc of water was inoculated shows gas production. The same is true of the samples of water taken from the Mis- sissippi River in the channel, although more gas was produced in this case. - The sample of water taken from the Intake Tower show's gas production, not only in the 1. cc tube but in the .1 cc tube, and in one of the .01 cc tubes. An entirely exact correspondence is shown by sample No. 200 taken from the Mississippi River at the Missouri shore. 4 tubes showed gas production in this case also. The Missouri River, No. 201, shows a very similar condi- tion, except that no gas was produced in eithér of the .01 cc tubes. This close correspondence between the colon content of the Missouri River and that of the Mississippi River along the Mis- souri shore and at the Intake Tower points in my opinion 9805 unmistakably to the conclusions that the sanitary char- acter of these waters was very similar, and that the water flowing past the Intake Tower at the time at which these sam- ples were collected was derived in a large part from the Mis- souri River rather than from the Mississippi or the Illinois. The close agreement between the samples from the Illinois shore and the channel shows the essential uniformity of the body of water from these two sources and shows, furthermore, that from the sanitary point of view the water in this part of the river was less unwholesome less highly charged with objection- able bacteria than the water from the Missouri River or than the water in the Mississippi River at the Intake Tower. Q. What do the photographs show, professor, as to the mixing of the waters at this point of the three rivers? A. They show that as far as the bacterial content is con- Cerned the water flowing along the Missouri shore and by the Intake Tower was derived in large part if not wholly from the 6132 The State of Missouri vs. Missouri River while the water derived from the Illinois River . clings to the Illinois shore and mixes little, if any, with the - water of the Missouri. - . Q. What is the character of the different waters? A. The character of these waters during this period as 9806 shown by the colon examinations and as set forth in the tables and illustrated by the photographs is quite differ- ent. The colon content of the Missouri River is markedly higher than that of either the Illinois or the Mississippi River at Grafton, and from this I infer that during this period the Missouri River was more highly charged with dangerous bac- teria and was distinctly less safe than the water of the Illinois River. - Under these conditions the effect of any mixture of the Illinois River water with the Missouri River water at the Intake Tower of the St. Louis water works would therefore tend to diminish the colon content of the water at that point, thereby rendering it less dangerous for human use. Such mixing of the Illinois and Missouri waters as took place would hence improve the conditions existing during this period in the Mississippi River at the Intake Tower. Q. What were the stages of the water at the time the photographs were taken and the colon determinations were made? A. Throughout this period, in the latter part of 1901, the water was low in the three rivers, the Illinois, the Mississippi and the Missouri. 9807 A. The exact figures of the height of the water are given in the detailed tables embodying the colony counts already submitted. MR. TODD: Professor, Mr. Allen Hazen, on page 4530 of the record, was asked this question “when the mixing begins at the mouth of the Illinois River, by the time it gets to the mouth of the Missouri River, is that mixing complete” and he answered “I do not think it is absolutely complete. It is ap- proximately so; more so at low water than at high water.” What do your bacterial analyses show as to whether there is more mixing of these waters at low water than at high water. MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question as improper and The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6133 made for the purpose of discrediting the testimony of Mr. Hazen and contradicting his testimony. MR. TODI): In reply to counsel I submit that the very purpose included in his objection is correct and a legitimate in- ference to be drawn from the question and perfectly proper as a matter of evidence. - A. I may state in reply that in my opinion the total num- ber of bacteria in the water at the Intake Tower and near the Missouri shore at the Chain of Rocks as well as the number of colon bacteria in the water at these points shows conclu- 98.08 sively that during this period of low water, the water collected at these two stations was almost wholly if not altogether Missouri River water and was mixed little, if any, with the water from the Illinois. If it be true, therefore, that mixing is more complete at low water than at high water it will certainly follow that the amount of Illinois River water present in the Mississippi at these two points at high water stages must be exceedingly small. Q. What analyses did you make for species determination? A. I made an extended examination of species of bacteria taken from the river water at the three stations already de- scribed. Q. That includes the six points? A. Yes sir. This examination continued through the fall of 1901 and included the study of bacteria found in the samples of water from all the collecting stations. Q. What methods did you employ in your species deter- mination? A. The organisms studied in this work were isolated from four different kinds of culture media: (1) from 48 hours gel- atine plates, incubated at 20 degrees Centigrade; (2) from 48 hour old dextrose broth fermentation tubes, incubated at 37 degrees; (3) from litmus lactose agar plates 35 degrees 9809 Centigrade, after passage through carbol broth at 37 degrees; (4) from neutral red broth at 37 degrees centi- grade. In this way 543 cultures were isolated, studied in great detail and classified. Q. Will you please read the table of species determina- tion? º A. Yes sir, it is as follows: # | i e 9810 Table II. Illinois River. Mississippi River. MissOuri River. Chain of Rocks. Illinoi Type. Averyv'lel Pekin. Grafton. Grafton. ºis |Fort Belle: Total. - Missouri | St. Louis Channel Shore. fontaine. hore. Intake. º B. Coli communis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 22 1 7 4 2 1 3 3 46 B. lactis aerogenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sº e s - 7 8 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 . 1 1. 27 B. coli communis and B. lactis aerogenes.. 6 12 1 | . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 ... . . . . . . . . . 3 2 29 Proteus.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 5 7 2 3 2 2 2 40 B. cloacae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 5 1 2 4 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . jº 21 B. enteritidis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - * | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......l...... a * * * * | * e º e º e - - - - wº 6 B. fluor. liq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 7 9 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 |... . . . . . . . . . 33 B. fluor. non-liq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 2 2 4 1 5 1 2 25 B. subtills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 12 4 4 6 4 2 6 46 B. gelat.-liquef, milk acid... .............. 19 11 10 15 4 6 -........... 1 8 74 & & * { milk alk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10 7 2 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 B. non-gelat.-liquef, milk acid. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8 2 | . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 6 4 1 2 ! 6 tº $ e & milk alk....... . . . . . . . 17 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 4 2 1 29 t & t tº ſº ‘‘ milk amphot......... 17 6 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ............ 1 2 30 Chromogenic Bac. *...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1. . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Chrom. Staphylococci...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 § 1 1 1 1 1 |. . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Non-chrom. Staphlyococci. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 3 2 * . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 2 35 Sarcinae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 3 Streptococci.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 139 115 65 58 40 33 32 29 30 543 1 TWO cultures of the red chromogenic group are without data as to place or mode of isolation. The State of I llinois and the Sanitary District of C licago. 6135 9811 Q. What sanitary significance do you attach to the Species determination made by you ? - A. This detailed study of species shows that on the whole those forms regarded by bacteriologists as characteristic of sew- age pollution are found more abundantly in the water of the Illinois river at Pekin than elsewhere. . The Streptococcus forms which are believed by some to be specially characteristic of re- cent sewage pollution were found in four cases only, viz.: two in the Illinois River at Pekin and two in the Mississippi River near the Missouri shore. The results as a whole confirm the de- ductions drawn from the study of the colon tables. AD.JOURNED until 10 A. M., Feb. 2nd, 1904. 98.12 10:00 A. M., Tuesday, February 2, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN, resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: $º Q. Do you know whether it is the usual practice in this country among analysts to make daily and hourly determina- tions of a river water for a long period of time in order to de- termine the sanitary quality of such water? A. Reference to some of the recent studies of river water that have been made in this country shows that opinions have been formed and judgments passed on the sanitary character of river water on a smaller number of determinations than would be involved in hourly or even daily examinations. 98.13 Thus I find in the report on water purification investiga- tions carried out under the direction of Mr. G. W. Fuller, in behalf of the sewage and water board of New Orleans, Louisiana, the report being published in 1903, a series of tables showing the turbidity, alkalinity and chlorine contained in the Mississippi River water from October 1, 1900 to December 15, 1900 (page 38). I also find a series of tables showing the composition of the Mississippi River water as determined by its examinations be- tween December 10, 1900 and August 17, 1901. In another recent investigation of the composition of river 61.36 The Sta. º. of 31 issouri ºs. water contained in the report of the Filtration Commission of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, printed in 1889, I find a series of in- vestigations conducted under the Supervision of Mr. Allen Hazen who, I believe, has already testified in this case. In Ap- pendix Number 2 of this report, I find the statement “It was de- sired especially to learn about the character of water obtained from various cribs in the Alleghany river.’’ 9814 in the next paragraph the statement appears: “The samples of the Alleghany River at Brilliant were collect- €d about once a week from the beginning of the work until about March 1, 1898. For the next three months samples were col- lected twice a week and after June 1, 1898, samples were again Collected once a week until the close of the experiments.’’ From what I know of the work of Mr. Fuller and Mr. Hazen I infer that these gentlemen, who have had large exper- ience in undertakings of this character, would not have had these examinations of river water carried out under their direction at daily and weekly intervals during portions of the calendar year if they had not believed that such determinations actually give a basis for a fairly satisfactory judgment of the character of a river water. Mr. Fuller’s examinations at Louisville and at Cincinnati, while extending over a longer period, are sub- stantially of the same character as those in the later inves- tigations. ſº In European countries, so far as I know, no extended exam- inations of river water, based on daily and weekly analyses, have been made, which cover so long a period of time as those that have been made in this case. It is, therefore, my opinion that the usual practice of those experts having to do with the examination of river waters 9815 in this country is based on the belief that an adequate - Opinion as to the character of the water can be formed by examinations made at intervals as frequent and during periods as long as those indicated in the instances just cited. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out all the witness said with reference to the instances which he has just cited and all that the witness has read from the reports on the subject, for the reason that the same is not responsive to the question. Q. What period of time have your own analyses covered throughout this investigation? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6137 A. The examinations which I have made in behalf of the Sanitary District of Chicago cover two periods, the first, one of weekly examinations extending from about the first of May, 1899, to the first of July, 1900. During this period the regular weekly examinations were supplemented by daily and in some instances hourly examinations of the river waters at several points. The second period includes daily examinations made between about the first of November, 1901, to about the first of January, 1902. In all, the examinations that I have 98.16 made cover a period of one year and five months. Q. In your opinion is it possible to pass a competent judgment upon the waters of the Illinois, Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers on the basis of the analyses you have submitted in your testimony ? A. It is decidedly my opinion that such is the case. The analytical data, chemical and bacterial, that I have secured by these weekly, daily and hourly determinations, extend over a sufficient interval of time and include sufficiently varying conditions to permit of a satisfactory judgment being rendered as to the general character of the waters' dealt with. The sep- arate analyses number many thousands and the results embody the experience gleaned from a study of high water and low water conditions, of summer and winter temperature, and of varying climatic and meteorological factors. It is my judgment that taking into consideration the analyses made concurrently by Professors Palmer, Long, Zeit, Gehrmann and Burrill no such extensive and exhaustive study of river water, in connection with the problem of self purification of streams, has ever been made anywhere in the world as that carried out during this period. 98.17 Q. Professor, from your survey of the Missouri and Illinois Rivers, as evidenced by your various analyses heretofore testified to in this case, will you state how the Mis- souri River compares with the Illinois River before the 17th day of January, 1900, as to its sanitary quality? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to that as immaterial. A. During this period the condition of the Missouri River as compared with that of the Illinois River above Grafton was less satisfactory from the sanitary point of view, and was dis- tinctly inferior to the Illinois River at Averyville. 61.38 The State of Missouri vs. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the answer as be- ing misleading, indefinite and not responsive. Q. How did the Illinois River compare with the Missouri River after January 17, 1900? - - A. The relative character of the two rivers was not ma- terially different from the 17th of January, 1900, to the first of July, 1900. That is to say, the Missouri River water was more objectionable from a sanitary standpoint than the water of the Illinois River at its mouth or at Averyville. Q. How did the Illinois River compare with the Missouri River for the period 1901? A. During the period October–December, 1901, when 98.18 daily examinations were made and a large number of re- Sults obtained, the sanitary quality of the Missouri River Water was, in my opinion, distinctly inferior to the Illinois River Water at its mouth and at Averyville, as shown especially by the colon determinations. Q. What sanitary significance do you attach to your chem- ical and bacterial analyses including the colon tests, colony Counts and species determinations heretofore introduced into evidence, as evidenced by the tables and charts and photographs already introduced by you? A. Taking into consideration all the analytical data that I have obtained throughout the seventeen months covered by the investigations, I conclude that one of the most remarkable facts, if not the most remarkable, is the entire concurrence of the re- Sults derived from the chemical and the various bacterial deter- minations. The amount and rate of nitrification in the water of the Illinois River at various points along its course, as shown by the tables of chemical analyses, are in line with what the experience of water analysts has shown to accompany a real purification. The large amount of organic matter present in the upper stretches of the Illinois River is oxidized during its 3. passage down stream, and before Averyville is reached 9819 the nitrification of this organic matter has progressed practically to completion. - On the bacterial side, the evidence is wholly confirmatory of this improvement in the quality of the Illinois River water. The enormous number of bacteria poured into the Illinois River in its upper stretches, as shown by the number of bacteria present The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6139 in the Illinois River at Lockport and Joliet, is greatly diminished in a flow of less than one hundred miles. Under certain condi- tions even, and at certain periods of the year, the Illinois liver becomes nearly free from the great mass of sewage bacteria with which it was originally laden in as short a distance as 24 miles, as evidenced by the observations between Morris and Ot- tawa, already introduced. Both at Averyville and above Graf- ton the bacterial composition of the Illinois River water is about the same as that of tributary streams and as that of the Missis- sippi River just above Grafton. The colon contents of the Illinois River water is in my opinion, especially significant from a san- itary point of view, and affords evidence in entire harmony with the conclusions derived from the chemical examinations and from the number of bacteria of all kinds shown to be present in these waters. The colon bacteria which are found in great abun- dance in the waters of the drainage canal and in the 9820 upper stretches of the river practically disappear before Averyville is reached. - It is clear from the data that I have presented that the water of the Illinois River undergoes a real and very considerable purification. The colon bacteria which are shown to be present in large numbers in Chicago sewage disappear almost con:- pletely in less than 150 miles flow. At the mouth of the Illinois River, despite the enormous initial pollution and the very large secondary pollution at Peoria, the number of colon bacteria is certainly no greater than the number in the Mississippi River at this point, and not as large as the number in the Missouri River at Bellefontaine. Since all investigators are agreed that the colon bacillus is more hardy than its relative, the typhoid bacil- lus, and can live in water for a longer time there is every reason for supposing that the latter microbe dies out with at least the same rapidity. If it be true, as I firmly believe to be the case, that the fate of the colon bacillus in running water furnishes the most satisfactory indication we can secure at present of the continuance of vitality of the typhoid bacillus, there can be no hesitation as to the conclusion to be drawn from this investiga- tion. Since this biological relative of the typhoid bacil- 9821 lus perishes speedily and in large numbers in the course of the Illinois River, it is my opinion that the typhoid 614 (; The State of Missouri vs. bacillus itself can not long survive exposure to the same condi- tions. Q. Have you made a special study of bacteria? A. Yes, that has been my main occupation for some fifteen years. Q. What are bacteria? A. Bacteria are the smallest and simplest of all living things. They are one-celled organisms, closely related to the lowest forms of plant life. Q. How are they classified and distinguished? A. The most general method of classifying bacteria is based on certain differences in form. Three forms of bacteria are generally recognized. The sphere, the rod and the twisted or spiral form. These three kinds of bacteria may be distin- guished by the microscope. The spherical bacteria are known as the coccus or the micrococcus forms, the rod-shaped bacteria as the bacillus form, and the corkscrew-shaped forms as the spirillum or vibrio type. The subdivisions of these three groups are distinguished by bacteriologists at the present time by cer- tain structural and functional characteristics. Thus the 9822 position and numbers of the organs of locomotion, the method of spore formation and other qualities have been used for distinguishing and classifying the various species and varieties. Especial importance has been laid upon the chemical changes brought about by bacteria in the substances in which they grow. Thus, the liquefaction of gelatin, the production of pigment, and the formation of acid or alkali in various food Substances are used for distinguishing and differentiating the Various kinds of bacteria. The sure and certain differentiation of the numerous species and varieties of these microbes has be- come a matter involving much time and special skill, and de- mands special training and experience for its satisfactory ac- complishment. Q. How are they distributed? A. They are distributed in nature very widely; being found in air, in water and in soil, upon the bodies of living plants and animals and, in short, wherever they can find suitable conditions for growth and multiplication. They are found in large numbers where suitable organic matter is present which serves them as food and enables them to thrive and multiply. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6141 Where the conditions are not suitable owing to improper tem- perature, to lack of moisture or to insufficiency of food, they are not found so abundantly, and if found at all are likely to be in a dormant rather than an active condition. 9823 Q. What are the characteristics of the bacteria peculiar to waters? A. Certain species of bacteria are commonly found in pure, unpolluted waters, such as the waters of deep wells, of springs in sparsely inhabited districts, and of lakes and ponds into which no sewage enters. These harmless water bacteria are dif- ferent from the bagteria found in waters contaminated with Or- ganic matters of animal origin, and there is no reason to suspect these water bacteria of possessing any dangerous qualities. Only those bacteria derived from the bodies of human beings or of the higher animals have any special sanitary importance. The so-called water bacteria as a class are simply harmless sapro- phytes living upon the small amounts of organic matter ordin- arily present in pure waters. Q. Will you distinguish between the so-called saprophytes and parasites? A. A saprophyte (from Greek corpse-plant) is a name usually applied to those forms of plant life that feed upon life- less organic matters such as are contained in the dead bodies of plants and animals. Parasites on the other hand are 9824 those forms of life that are able to invade the bodies of Some other organism and to obtain their nourishment from the tissues of the host-animal or host-plant. Some bac- teria are exclusively saprophytic so far as known; that is, they grow only on lifeless matter and when introduced into the bodies of animals or plants are not able to grow and multiply there. Some bacteria on the other hand are strict or almost strict parasites. That is, they find the most favorable conditions for their existence in or upon the live bodies of animals or plants, and grow feebly, if at all, outside of the bodies of their respec- tive hosts. The bacillus of leprosy is a familiar instance of a strict parasite. While it multiplies in the tissues of man it has not yet been cultivated outside of the human body. It is a parasite strictly adapted to the human host. 6142 The State of Missouri vs. Most bacteria, however, are able to live either as sapro- phytes or as parasites. . Q. Will you distinguish between non-pathogenic and path- ogenic bacteria Ž - A. The pathogenic bacteria are those bacteria that are 9825 able by their presence and products to bring about mor- bid changes within the bodies of plants or animals. No sharp line can be drawn between pathogenic and non-patho- genic bacteria, any more than between saprophytes and para- sites. No bacterium is pathogenic for all animals under all con- ditions. Thus the typhoid bacillus which lives and produces dis- ease in the body of man dies out speedily in the intestinal tract of other higher animals without producing any injurious effect. What is known as the virulence of a bacterium, that is to say, its power to produce disease or morbid changes, varies considera- bly. A bacterium which under certain conditions is pathogenic for man or other animals may lose its virulence or pathogenic power by long sojourn under natural conditions outside of the animal body. It is well known for example that the tubercle bacillus when freshly isolated from sputum or the animal body is more virulent than when it has been kept under culti- vation on lifeless organic matter outside of the body for a con- siderable period. In other words, it loses its virulence outside of the animal body. The same thing is known to be true of other kinds of pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenicity then 9826 is relative, not an absolute term. Q. What are the known bacteria pathogenic to man? A. The list is quite a long one. It includes the typhoid bacillus, the anthrax bacillus, the diphtheria bacillus, the tetanus bacillus, the cholera spirillum, the micrococci causing blood pois- Oning, septicemia and erysipelas, the bacillus of tuberculosis, the micrococcus of pneumonia and some others. Q. What pathogenic bacteria are water-borne and find their way into the human body in drinking water A. In countries in the temperate zone the typhoid bacillus and its near relative the paratyphoid bacillus are those most commonly entering the body by means of infected drinking water. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6143 It is probable that some members of the group of dysentery bacilli also enter the body in this way. The cholera spirillum is also commonly conveyed by drink- ing water in countries where Asiatic cholera is prevalent. These two diseases, cholera and typhoid, are by far the most important of the water-borne infectious diseases. Q. What is the bacillus prodigiosus? A. The bacillus prodigiosus is a name applied to a species of bacterium, or perhaps a group of species, characterized among other things by the production of a red pigment. The group has other well defined biological properties. 9827 Q. What are its characteristics and life history? A. It is a bacillus with a diameter less than one micron. It is motile, forms no spores, produces turbidity in nutrient broth but no pellicle on the surface, liquefies gelatin rapidly, grows upon potato luxuriantly; grows in the closed arm of the fermentation tube; grows both at body temperature (37°C.) and at room temperature. It does not produce its pigment when grown at body temperature. Ft is a facultative anaerobe. Lique- fies casein and blood serum. Produces gas in dextrose and Saccharose broth, but not in lactose. This gas is carbon dioxide and is wholly absorbed by sodium hydro-oxide. It reduces nitrate; does not produce indol; curdles milk with an acid re- action. No fecal odor is produced. Chromogenesis at ordinary temperatures is marked. Some varieties are non-pathogenic for mice, rabbits and guinea pigs, but other varieties have a very marked pathogenic power. - Q. Is it found in river water? A. Yes, it has been found in the water of rivers and in Other bodies of water in various parts of the world. Q. Have you found it in the waters of the Illinois River? A. On November 6, 1899, T isolated from the water of 9828 the Illinois River collected at Morris an organism which in all the characters I have described resembles exactly the bacillus prodigiosus. - I have here a sheet of species description in which the bio- logical characteristics of three cultures of bacillus prodigiosus obtained respectively from the University of Michigan Bacte- 6144 The State of Missouri vs. riological Laboratory, from Yale University, and from the On- tario Board of Health, are tabulated. This shows that the char- acteristics of these three organisms, were similar. The organ- ism isolated from the water of the Illinois River just above Morris on November 6, 1899, possesses all the characters mani- fested by these three specimens of bacillus prodigiosus and it is in my opinion a member of that group. Q. Did you find any organism resembling the prodigiosus in the water of the Illinois aside from the one you have already spoken about? * A. Yes. In addition to this form that I have identified as bacillus prodigiosus I found on several occasions organisms which resembled the bacillus prodigiosus very closely, and might On Superficial examination be mistaken for it. Q. In what respect did the organisms resembling the 98.29 prodigiosus differ from them 2 - A. One of these labeled B 210 (a) was isolated from a sample of water taken from the Mississippi River near the Mis- souri shore near the Chain'of Rocks November 16, 1901. It pro- duced red pigment just as the typical bacillus prodigiosus did and on this ground might have been mistaken for it. It did not, however, produce any gas in dextrose broth. It did not liquefy blood serum and did not curdle milk, three very important re- Spects in which this organism differs from the true bacillus pro- digiosus type. Q. Have you charted out upon the diagram alongside the prodigiosus from the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Ontario Board of Health the one which you separated from the Illinois River at Morris on November 6, 1899. A. Yes, I have the tables showing these five cultures in Comparative form. Q. What is the significance of the plus sign and the minus sign on the table which you have prepared 2 A. The plus sign indicates that the characteristic appear- ing in the printed form was found upon investigation of the or- ganism concerned. Thus: a plus sign under the head of 9830 “blood-serum” indicates that the organism liquefies blood serum, and the minus sign under the same head indicafes that it did not liquefy blood serum. The same is true The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6145 of the caption “gas production in dextrose broth.” The same is true also of the signs under the head of “curdling of milk,” and so on. - . Q. Will you read the table including these five organisms into the record? - A. It is as follows: 6146 The State of Missouri vs. 9831 t BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, SPEOIES Morphol- Cultural Features. Og º *.* y Nutrient Nutrient G. ; broth tubeſagar tube. plate stab. Name of Source. - GAD Organism §33.5% g g g ; e; Fáž Ö Sº : C £3 F; * ** 3 & 6D 3. ft) =|##|5|}|| | | 5 || 3 || 5 | ##| |-|3|a, § 5 #| |: * | : g | ##|E|. Sº ; , ,” ‘d : Qu 95 Fº E|3: H Stº : | | | | | ##| |3|3|3 : 3 tº. ##| |3|E #|: : : |5|: B. Prodigiosus IV Univ. of Mich., “Q”.......... ) 4 & VIIYale Univ., (Dr. º +| – |+|—|| -- + — ? — + |-|-|--|-H 6 & VIIIOntario, B'd of Health...... B. 917. . |Illinois River, Morris, Nov. 5, 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +| – |+|—|| -- + - *sº + |+|+|+ B. 210 A.......... M.R. River, Missouri Shore, Chain of Rocks, Nov. 5 Livva. " " - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * — — —|—|| -- + - t- + |+|+|+ The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6147 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. DESCRIPTION. BIOLOGY. º * Patho- Biochemical Features. genesis. § º *m- } { Potato Fºº- ..? g e; Liquefac- || Gas pro- #5 Milk. . Nutrient, Mice. tube 5 9 || 3 |& 5 tion. duction. H |5 3|agar tubes tube. 3; E. §§ g Hº- 9. : st C 'd |e E g º: o | p || > |3| c | * }* :* gº H - * | or d, 92 || > | dº | Sº- (D §: º | H |o E" Hº-1 -.P. Ca , ºr 4 |. - | (a || O 5 | Q G| : : F | * H ; tº sº # | 3 || 33 ||: #| 3 || || 3 | #| 3 || 3 || 3 | #|##| 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 || #5 }- * !-de M-4 : tº: - Cº § |#| # || || 3 || || 5 |f| = | 3 | #| ||##|g| |#| | | | 3 || # - E P, .. ă ş |: ;| P | | | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 |*|† : o Oſº 3 9: § : *† ; : 3 |: S. B | 5 || 3 || 5 |: GD 3. 33 5 : #| 3 |: ; : | 5 || 5 || 3 # : É º : #| | |: ; : I : | E. : *. + | + | + || + | + | + | + | + | + | + | – | + |+|—| + | + | – |-| + || – - + || -- + + | + | + | + | + | + | + | – || -- |+|—| + | + — — —- + - + — H- + | + | + | + | + | – || – || -- || – |-|-|-| – || –– — — —H -*- - Pigm. Pre | Cip. ADJOURNED until 2 p. m. Thursday, February 2, 1904. 6148 The State of Missouri vs. 9832 2:00 P. M., Tuesday, February 2, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. TROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Professor, did you find, during your analyses of the water of the Illinois River, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers any organisms that resemble prodigiosus, other than the One you have just described? A. On several occasions we have isolated from the water of the Illinois and Mississipyi Rivers organisms which in many particulars, especially in regard to pigment production, re- semble very closely the typical bacillus prodigiosus: These Or: ganisms differ oftentimes in very slight degree from the true prodigiosus type. The differences consist, for the most part, in variations in their actions upon milk, gelatin, casein and blood serum and in their action upon the different sugars. Any ex- amination of these organisms, other than a searching and 9833 detailed one, might lead to their being mistaken for the true prodigiosus type. Q. Professor, have you read the testimony of Mr. Ravold wherein he detailed the result of what is known as his prodigi- Osus experiment? A. Yes sir, I have read this testimony as it appears in the record of this case. Q. What importance, as a bacteriologist, do you attach to the value of that experiment as given in the record of the evi- dence in this case? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the witness making any statement as to the value or weight to be placed upon the testi- mony of Dr. Ravold, that being a question for the court to de- termine. I object to the question because it is incompetent and immaterial, A. It seems to me to constitute a demonstration of the power of self purification in streams, from the fact that along the upper collecting stations in the Illinois River this organism was not recovered, although frequent examinations were made * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6149 of the water at these points and although, according to the tes- timony, prodigious numbers, of this organism were introduced into the water of the drainage canal. As regards the finding of a few individuals in the water of the Mississippi River, assumed to be of the same variety 98.34 as that introduced, I can only say that the identification does not appear from the records to be altogether com- plete. And, furthermore, assuming that the organisms recov- ered from the Mississippi River were actually those introduced in the drainage canal, the appearance of so small a number would not in itself be significant. This is true especially since organisms belonging to this prodigiosus group, as has been shown, are sometimes found in the water of these rivers and are Saprophytic forms which are evidently rather easily habituated to aquatic life. Q. Assume that 107 barrels of 40 gallons each of the culture of bacillus prodigiosus, consisting of one hundred million billion to a cubic centimeter, as contained in said barrels, was deposited in the Chicago Drainage Canal at the town of Lamonte, on the afternoon and evening of the 6th of November, A. D., 1901, dur- ing a period of from four to eight hours. Assume further that immediately after the said barrels were emptied into the Drain- age Canal, the laboratories established at Lockport, Joliet, Peoria, Grafton, on the Illinois River, and the Intake Tower of the St. Louis water works, Chain of Rocks, were notified and that samples were collected at each of these places every hour of the day and night for the purpose of bacterial analyses, 9835 for the ascertainment of this bacillus prodigiosus, and assume that at Lockport these hourly samples taken day and night, were taken from November 7th to November 25th, a period of 18 days, the total number of samples taken being 432. Assume that at Joliet these hourly samples taken day and night, were taken from November 7th to November 25th, a pe- riod of eighteen days, the total number of samples being 432. Assume that at Peoria these daily samples, taken day and night, from November 8th to November 30th, a period of 22 days, amounted to a total of 528 samples. Assume that at Grafton these hourly samples were taken day and night from November 12th to December 15th, a period of 33 days, the total number amounting to 792 of which 384 were analyzed by Dr. Ravold. 6150 The State of Missouri vs. Assume that the total number of samples taken hourly, day and might, at the Chain of Rocks were 720. Assume that at the lab- Oratory tap these hourly samples taken day and night from No- ºvember 20th to March 1, 1902, a period of 100 days, amounted to a total of 2400. Assume that the total number of samples analyzed at the different points for the period above mentioned was 5304. Assume further that on December 4th at 8:45 one bacterium bacillus prodigiosus was found at Intake Tower at Chain of Rocks. Assume that on December 5th at 9 A. M. 1 ba- cillus prodigiosus was found at the Intake Tower, Chain of Rocks. Assume that on December 8th, at midnight, 1 bacillus prodigiosus was found at the Intake Tower, chain of 9836 rocks. Assume that on December 6th, at 8 A. M., at Graf- ton, 1 bacillus prodigiosus was found. Assume that on December 7th, at midnight, at Grafton, 1 bacillus prodigiosus was found, and assume further that these five organisms were all the organisms of prodigiosus that were found in the examina- tions made from Iockport to the Intake Tower at the Chain of Rocks and the laboratory tap in the City of St. Louis, which were made during the progress of this investigation, as herein- before set forth, and at no time was there more than one single bacterium found at each of these places. Assuming all of the facts as hereinbefore stated to be true, what is your opinion as a bacteriologist as to the value of this experiment as indicating the possible longevity of an infecting bacillus as measured by the longevity of a bacillus prodigiosus or the possibility that a typhoid bacillus entering the drainage canal from the sewers Of Chicago would survive the journey down the Illinois River and Mississippi River to the Intake Tower at the Chain of Rocks at St. Louis, based upon all the facts contained in the foregoing hypoethetical question? A. In my opinion this experiment sheds a certain amount of light on the probable longevity of a typhoid bacillus 9837 under the conditions as stated. This is true for the rea- son that the relatively insignificant findings of bacillus prodigiosus, assuming identification to be correct, indicate that this organism, while in a fairly hardy saprophytic form, does not live long in the river water, and that the typhoid bacillus, which is beyond doubt a more highly specialized parasitic form than bacillus prodigiosus, would not survive as long as the lat- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6151 ter. The experiment, in my judgment, affords strong confirma- tion of the evidence already derived from a study of the death rate among colon bacilli in the water of the Illinois River. Since bacillus prodigiosus dies off so speedily and in such large num- bers, the typhoid bacillus would be less likely to survive expo- Sure to these same conditions. Q. Will you please give the characteristics and patholog- ical significance of the cholera germ? A. The cholera germ belongs to the group of spirally twisted bacteria, known as the spirilla. It grows luxuriantly upon our ordinary culture media and liquefies gelatin very rap- idly. It is actively motile and forms no spores. It usually finds its way into the human body by way of the alimentary tract, being taken in either in drinking water or by means of contam- inated food, such as raw vegetables, fruits, etc. It produces vio- lent fermentation of the intestinal contents and probably 98.38 generates powerful toxins or poisonous substances, capa- ble of injuring the body cells. The absorption of these toxins into the body gives rise to many of the general symptoms of Asiatic cholera and if the poisoning is sufficiently intense the infection may result in death. The evidence that the cholera Spirillum is the cause of Asiatic cholera in man is convincing and complete. Cases of laboratory cholera have been known to Occur among persons working in bacteriological laboratories at a time when no cholera was present in the city or town in which these laboratories were located. Infection in these cases could have come about only through some break in the chain of labor- atory precautions and in several of these cases it has been shown that such neglect or carelessness occurred. These cases of lab- oratory cholera among persons working with the cholera spiril- lum afford sufficient proof that this germ in pure culture is capable of causing the typical symptoms of the disease, in such intensity even that the outcome may be fatal. Q. Will you give the characteristics and pathological sig- nificance of the tetanus germ? A. The tetanus bacillus belongs to the class of strict 9839 anaerobes, that is to say it will not grow in the presence of ordinary atmospheric oxygen, but in order for it to thrive free oxygen must be absent from its surroundings. Like 6152 The State of Missouri vs. other anaerobes it is spore producing. Under anaerobic condi- tions it will grow upon the ordinary culture media, such as glucose agar and glucose gelatin. It is usually introduced into the body through some deep wound. It does not, so far as known, infect human beings when taken into the normal ailmen- tary tract but must find its way into the tissues. It does not spread far from the seat of inoculation but produces a very powerful toxin at the point of growth. The diffusion of this toxin throughout the body, affecting particularly the nervous system, causes the symptoms and lesions peculiar to the malady. known as lockjaw of tetanus. The most common form of te- tanus in this country at the present time is the so-called Fourth of July tetanus which comes from gunshot wounds, wounds with the toy pistol and similar injuries which result from the forcing into the deep tissue layers a mass of earth or other or- ganic material containing tetanus bacilli or their spores. Q. Is the tetanus germ a water borne germ? A. I know of no instance where a case of tetanus has 9840 been traced to water borne infection. The germ is com- mon in street dust, finding its way there probably from the droppings of horses in which it is usually present in consid- erable abundance. Q. Will you give the characteristics and pathological sig- nificance of the anthrax germ? A. The anthrax bacillus is one of the longest known and best studied of pathogenic bacilli. It is a spore forming aerobic bacillus and grows readily upon our culture media. The disease known as anthrax or splenic fever is primarily a disease of cat- tle and sheep and is sometimes transmitted from them to man, . the Ordinary modes of transmission being by cutaneous infection through some wound or abrasion, or by inhalation of the spores of anthrax bacilli which may be dislodged into the air from the hides or fleece of infected animals. The affection known in England as wool sorter’s disease is the pulmonary form of an- thrax due to inhalation of the spores. Cattle are infected by grazing in pastures that have become infected from the presence of diseased animals or where the carcasses of animals dying from anthrax have been superficially interred. The disease in man is not a common one. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6153 Q. Is this germ a water horne organism : 9841 A. There are a few cases on record where the refuse from tanneries has been washed into stream and depos- ited on fields; and cattle grazing on these fields have been known to become infected. There are also a few cases where the Water of a well has become infected in this way and has caused disease among cattle. So far as man is concerned anthrax is not, prop- erly speaking, a water borne disease since infection from this source, if it has ever occurred, is extremely rare. Q. Will you give the characteristics and pathological sig- nificance of the bacillus enteritidis sporogenes? A. This organism is more commonly known as bacillus aerogenes capsucatus. It is a spore forming anaerobe and is widely distributed, being found in street dust, in sewage, in manured soil and in similar situations. It is found in the con- tents of the healthy human intestine. This bacillus has been supposed by Klein and some other writers to have some patho- genic property for man. Taken into the human alimentary tract, however, as has been shown by Glynn ((Thompson-Yates Laboratory Report, 1901, Volume 3, Part 2, Page 131) is seems to be harmless. This might, indeed, be inferred from the fact that this bacillus occurs in healthy human evacuations. 9842 Glynn, in the investigation cited, partook of portions of the curd of milk in which this organism was numerous and suffered no ill effects, showing that when taken in this way it can not be called a pathogenic microbe. Inoculated into the circulation of guinea pigs, however, the organism produces pathological changes and death. It appears sometimes when introduced through wounds into the body of man to have some pathogenic properties, producing, oftentimes, accumulations of gas in the tissues and internal organs. Q. When this germ enters the human system through drinking water will it produce disease? A. Not so far as is known. The evidence indicates quite the reverse. The experience of Glynn, who, as just described, swallowed large numbers of these bacilli, without suffering any ill effect, shows that this is the case. The mere fact that this bacillus is found in the evacuations of patients suffering from di- arrhoea is no proof of its casual relationship with their condi- 6154 The State of Missouri vs. tion, since the same organism is found in the dejecta of perfectly healthy persons. 98.43 Q. Will you give the characteristics and pathological significance of the dysentery bacillus? A. The dysentery bacillus is a member of the colon typhoid group of organisms and is very closely related to the typhoid bacillus, being distinguished from it by its lack of motility and by its reaction to the serum of dysentery patients. There ap- pear to be several varieties of the dysentery bacillus differing slightly one from another one. The modes of infection with the dysentery bacillus are probably very similar to those in the case of the typhoid bacillus. Q. Have you made any special study of the typhoid germ? A. Yes sir, I have on various occasions given rather par- ticular attention to the characteristics of the typhoid bacillus, to the modes of infection with this organism, to its longevity in water and to its other relations with human pathology. Q. Will you give the characteristics and pathological sig- nificance of the typhoid germ? A. The typhoid bacillus is an actively motile non-spore forming organism. It grows readily upon gelatin, upon potato, in milk, in broth and the other ordinary culture media of the laboratory. It does not liquefy gelatin. It does not curdle 9844 milk although producing a slight acidity in milk which may be transient or may persist permanently. Some varieties of typhoid bacilli produce alkali in milk which may obliterate the original acidity. It does not form gas in dextrose broth although it ferments the dextrose with the production of acid. Upon potato most varieties produce the so called invisible film, a delicate thin growth covering the surface of the potato and so nearly the same color of the potato as to be under most conditions almost invisible. The typhoid bacillus usually finds its way into the human body through the alimentary tract, being swallowed with in- fected drinking water or infected food. The bacilli, although invading the body through the alimentary tract, do not remain confined to this location but may spread through the body and be found in the blood, in the spleen and in the internal organs generally. There are some resemblances between infection with the typhoid bacillus and with the cholera spirillum, the toxins The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6155 produced by the two organisms being not dissimilar, and im- munity to these two diseases appearing to rest upon the same biological foundation. Q. Where are typhoid germs found? 9845 A. Typhoid germs may be found either in the body of the patient or in the discharge from the body of such pa- tient or in waters or soil infected with such discharges. The clothes and bedding of the patient may also become contamin- ated with the typhoid bacillus unless proper measures of infec- tion are resorted to. Q. What germs does it resemble? A. The typhoid bacillus is a member of the so called colon typhoid group of organisms. This is a very large group of bac- teria, containing many varieties or species. The colon typhoid group includes bacillus coli communis and its allies, the typhoid bacillus, the paratyphoid bacillus, the desentery bacillus, the hog cholera bacillus, bacilli found in certain cases of meat pois- oning, bacilluspsitacosis and other micro organism of more or less pronounced pathogenicity. Q. Is it related to the colon bacillus, and if so in what way? A. It is related to the colon bacillus in being a member of this large colon typhoid group. It differs from the colon in being less vigorous. Many of the positive biological qualities of the colon bacillus are represented by negative charac- 9846 teristics of the typhoid germ. Thus, the colon bacillus ferments dextrose, with gas production, curdles milk and produces indol while the typhoid bacillus does not ferment dex- trose with gas production, does not produce indol and does not curdle milk. I have already shown that as regards longevity in water, resistance to freezing, to drying and other adverse conditions of life the colon bacillus is a more hardy organism than the typhoid bacillus. The two microbes are, however, bio- logically very closely related. Q. What methods can be employed for differentiating and identifying typhoid bacillus? * A. The typhoid bacillus can be differentiated from other members of the colon typhoid group by these qualities that I have just enumerated, viz.: absence of gas production in dex- trose broth, failure to curdle milk or to produce any very large amount of alkalinity in milk and especially by the so called serum 6156 --- The State of Missouri vs. reaction which enables an investigator to differentiate the ty- phoid bacillus with certainty from the dysentery bacillus, per- haps its nearest relative in the colon typhoid group. The serum test is generally regarded as a final and precise criterion of the authenticity of a given culture. This test is based on the fact that the blood of an animal such as a rabbit or guinea pig which has been inoculated with the culture of a genuine typhoid 9847 bacillus becomes capable of clumping or agglutinating other strains of typhoid bacilli, irrespective of their sources. By applying serum from an animal that has been in- oculated in this way with the typhoid culture to a suspected germ it can be determined with a high degree of certainty whether or not that germ is a genuine typhoid bacillus. This is the method of differentiation and identification commonly em- ployed at the present time. - Q. How does the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the human body compare with that in soil or in water? A. From the available data it appears that under certain conditions a typhoid bacillus may remain alive for weeks or even for months in the human body. There are cases on record where even years after an attack of typhoid fever the typhoid bacillus has been found in the bone marrow and other situations in the body of human beings. Outside of the human body on the other hand the life of the typhoid bacillus is comparatively brief. There is no evidence that it can remain alive in water for more than a few days. It may remain alive in accumulations of dejecta in out houses and privies for a much longer time and in the soil also it may retain its vitality for a consideable period. - 9848 Q. Will you state the established instances where the typhoid bacillus has been detected in potable water ? Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question for the reason that typhoid bacilli have never been detected in potable water, using the term potable as applied to sanitary science. Mr. Todd: I use it in the sense in which it was employed by Dr. Teichmann in giving his testimony. A. Although the evidence which connects polluted water Supplies with outbreaks of typhoid fever is entirely convincing both in character and mass, there have been relatively few in- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6157 stances in which bacteriologists have succeeded in isolating a Specific typhoid bacillus from suspected waters. In view of the insufficiency of the data relied on for identi- fication most of the early statements concerning the finding of the typhoid organism must be regarded as of an exceedingly doubtful value. The criteria upon which up to a Very few years ago such identification was based would by no means be accepted by bacteriologists of the present time. Especial uncertainty has again been recently introduced into the subject by the discovery of the group of dysentery and pseudo dysentery bacilli, of bacil- lus fecalis alcaligenes and of a host of related organisms. 9849 A survey of the literature shows that there are very few - reported cases of the detection of the typhoid bacilli in water, which conform to present day requirements. Losener (Arbitin a. d. Kais. Gesundheits 1895, 11, p. 207) working in the Hygenic Institute in Berlin, isolated from the laboratory water supply an organism that agreed culturally with the typhoid bacillus in all respects and that also responded favorably to Pfeiffers’ immunity test. - Remlinger and Schneider (Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur 1897, 11 p. 55) found in various natural waters organisms that possessed the biological qualities of a typhoid bacillus and that agglutin- ated with typhoid serum and also conformed to Pfeiffers’s im- munity test. Some conservatism is shown, however, in accepting the work of these latter authors at its face value both because of their sweeping statements with regard to the “ubiquity of the typhoid bacillus’’ and because of certain other internal evidence in the paper referred to. Hankin (Centrable f. Bakt. 1899, 26 p. 554) working in India found a typhoid like bacillus in samples of water derived from various sources and substantiated his cultural ex- 98.50 amination with the observation that agglutination oc- curred with a 1 to 600 dilution of anti typhoid serum. Kublar and Neufeld (Zeitschr f. Hyg. 1899, 31 p. 133) re- lated a particularly interesting case of the finding of a typhoid bacillus in the water of a shallow well to which infection had been traced. In the course of the investigation it was noticed that no colon bacilli were present in the water, a fact that in the opinion of the author's pointed to infection with typhoid urine 6158 The State of Missouri ()S. rather than with fecal discharges and that explains the relative ease with which the typhoid bacillus is isolated as well as the unusually long persistence of the organisms in the water. Both the agglutimation test and Pfeiffers’ test were employed to es- tablish identification. - Genersich (Centralbl f. Bakt. 1900, 27 p. 241) isolated 11 cultures of typhoid like bacillus from the water of incriminated cisterns. These organisms agglutinated in a dilution of 1 to 50 typhoid serum obtained from a human patient but the serum of animals inoculated with the water cultures failed to agglutin- ate a control typhoid culture except in a single instance. Fischer and Flatau (Centralbl f. Bakt. 1901, 29 p. 329) have reported an apparently unimpeachable case of the 9851 isolation of a bacillus from the water of a well at Rellin- gen. Both the agglutination test and Pfeiffers’ test were applied with positive results. There are, therefore, perhaps six cases where undoubted typhoid bacilli have been isolated from ordinary drinking water. If the evidence adduced by Remlinger and Schneider and by Genersich is not regarded as wholly convincing the number of such cases is reduced to four. On the other hand the finding of a paratyphoid bacillus in water by Simon and Negel (Centralbl f. Bakt. Orig. 1902 32 p. 480) may practically be put in the same category with the discoveries of genuine typhoid bacilli. The meagreness of the findings despite the thousands of examinations that have been made by skilled bacteriologists in every part of the world is in my opinion explained chiefly by the relative short duration of the life of the typhoid bacillus in water. The period elapsing between the moment of infection and the initiation of bacterial investigation is usually at least two or three weeks, owing chiefly to the time occupied in incu- bation and in the insidious development and perhaps tardy recognition of the disease. Some time is also consumed by 9852 the preliminaries necessary for the setting on foot of competent investigation. It is apparently only under ex- ceptional conditions, such for instance as obtained in the case reported by Kubler and Neufeld, that the life of the bacillus can extend throughout any considerable period. The history of most outbreaks of typhoid fever shows that the bacilli have dis- appeared from the water by the time search is inaugurated and The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6159 it is for this reason that a negative finding is the usual result of bacterial examination. Q. Have you investigated the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in different kinds of water in laboratory experiments? A. I have. - Q. Will you give the results of those experiments? A. These experiments were made upon the life of the ty- phoid bacillus in sterlized waters, kept in glass bottles in the laboratory. They showed, among other things, that the age of the typhoid stock influences a good deal the life of the bacilli in- troduced into the water, a freshly isolated stock possessing dis- tinctly greater vitality than one that had been under cultivation for some months. The typhoid bacillus when introduced with proper precautions into sterilized Lake Michigan water 9853 does not multiply but may under certain conditions main- tain its vitality for upwards of 93 days. The colon bacil- lus on the contrary under similar conditions undergoes rapid multiplication and may remain alive for upwards of 262 days. In redistilled water the typhoid bacillus perishes much more speedily than in the water of the Lake. It may be noted that all these experiments were made with sterilized water and in glass bottles. Q. Does the typhoid bacillus multiply and increase in na- ture? - - A. I know of no evidence that this occurs. On the con- trary from an examination of literature the evidence appears to me overwhelming that typhoid bacilli once discharged from the human body undergo a constant diminution in number. Q. Are the conditions of laboratory experiments more or less favorable to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus than the conditions that obtain in nature? A. In my opinion they are decidedly more favorable. Q. Will you please state your reasons for that opinion? A. It has been shown by experiments made by Ficker (Zeitschr F. Hyg. 1892, 29 p. 1) that water sterilized in 98.54 glass bottles brings into solution substances which favor continued vitality on the part of the various micro organ- isms. These experiments are well known and show how pecu- liarly favorable are the conditions in these glass bottle experi- ments for the long life of the microbes introduced. 6160 The State of Missouri 2)S. Q. Will the germ of typhoid live as long in polluted water as in pure or sterilized water? A. No sir, I think it will live longer in pure water than in polluted water and it is well known from the experiments of many observers that it lives longer in sterilized water than in unsterilized. Q. How do you account for this 2 A. I attribute the relatively speedy death of the typhoid bacillus in polluted waters as compared with pure and in un- sterilized waters as compared with sterilized to the action of the various saprophytic microbes which inhabit these waters. Where the typhoid bacilli are removed from competition with these saprophytic forms as in the case where they are intro- duced into sterilized waters they live longer than under the con- ditions where they may be injuriously infected by the products of other microbes. In the case of the polluted waters the 98.55 greater concentration of organic matter may favor a more intense action of the products of the saprophytic microbe present in these waters. In other words these products in the polluted water are in more concentrated form than is the case in the pure water, and so bring about the death of the typhoid bacillus sooner. It is therefore to the action of the Saprophytic microbes that I attribute the dying off of the ty- phoid bacillus in polluted waters and in unsterilized waters. Q. From your knowledge of the character and quality of the waters of the Drainage Canal, the Desplaines River and the Illinois River what is your opinion as a bacteriologist as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in these waters? - A. From what I know of the chemical composition and bacterial content of the waters of the Illinois River at various points along its source it is my opinion that the life of the ty- phoid bacillus introduced into the Illinois River at the upper end of the Drainage Canal would not be more than three or four days. • Q. What reasons have you for the opinion that the life of a typhoid bacillus in the waters of the Drainage Canal, the Des: plaines and the Illinois Rivers is shorter as compared 9856 with the laboratory experiments? A. In the water of the Desplaines and the Illinois Rivers the typhoid bacillus is subjected to the unrestricted action of the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6161 products of the various saprophytic microbes that inhabit these waters. The large amount of organic matter in the upper stretches of the river favors the concentration and the conse- quent intensity of action of these saprophytic products. As compared with the laboratory conditions again the typhoid bacillus can hardly be favored in these rivers by the presence of any such substances as go into solution from the glass bottles used in laboratory tests. These two reasons, therefore, the ab- sence of the favoring laboratory conditions and the free and vigorous action of the products of growth of saprophytic microbes lead me to adopt the opinion that I have just expressed. ADJOURNED UNTIL 10 O'CLOCK FEBRUARY 3, 1904. 9857 10:00 A. M., Wednesday, February 3, 1904. Continua- tion pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commis- Sioner and same Counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: Q. Are you acquainted with the Chicago River, the Drain- age Canal, the Desplaines River, the Illinois River and the Mis- sissippi River from Grafton to St. Louis, and the Missouri River as it empties into the Mississippi! A. In a general way I am. Q. What opportunities have you had for acquainting yourself with the Drainage Canal? A. I have been several times by train along the course of the Drainage Canal from Chicago to Lockport. I have several times visited the Bear Trap Dam at Lockport, and I have been by water from near the mouth of the Chicago River to the Bear Trap Dam at Lockport along the full course of the drainage canal. ~ Q. What opportunities have you had for acquainting your- self with the water course from the Bear Trap dam to Grafton, including the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers. 9858 A. I have been to Joliet and inspected the conditions at that point on the Desplaines River. I have visited Mor- ris during the progress of this investigation on a number of oc- A—386 - *** - " 6162 The State of Missouri vs. casions, and have spent some time on the Illinois River between Morris and Ottawa in a boat, carrying out special observations and making hourly examinations of the river water at these points. I have visited Ottawa and examined the conditions pre- vailing about and below this town. I have observed the point where the Fox River empties into the Illinois at Ottawa. I have been to La Salle and examined the conditions in the Illinois River and the Big Vermillion at this point and have also noted where the old Illinois and Michigan Canal finally empties into the Illinois River at La Salle. I have been to Peoria and have been out on the Illinois River in a boat, above and below this place. I have been to Pekin, to Havana, and to Beardstown. I have visited Grafton at the mouth of the river a good many times, and have spent several days there on various occasions, making examinations of the river water and the conditions pre- vailing at that point. I have personally made bacterial ex- aminations of the water from the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers at Grafton, doing the plating on the spot. I have 9859 also traveled down the Illinois River from La Salle to Grafton by day light in steamboat and have observed the physical and topographical conditions throughout this stretch of the river. I have been out on the Mississippi River at Grafton and at Alton and have examined the conditions surrounding the mouth of the Missouri River where it empties into the Missis- sippi below Alton. I have also passed in a steam boat by day- light from Grafton to St. Louis, viewing the conditions exist- ing along the course of the Mississippi River between these points. I have several times been out to the water intake of the St. Louis water works at the Chain of Rocks, have collected Samples there myself and am generally familiar with the con- ditions in this neighborhood. Q. Turing what periods were these visits made, as you have indicated? - A. My first trip along the course of the Illinois River was made in March, 1899 and my latest visit in September, 1903. The other visits to the several collecting stations and trips on the river were made at intervals between these dates. Q. Will you describe the physical conditions of the Illi- 9860 nois River? MR. JEFFRIES: He is giving his own descriptions? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6163 MR. TODD: His own descriptions of what he personally knows of the conditions. Q. And its tributaries? A. From the point where the drainage canal empties into the Desplaines River at Lockport, the fall is quite rapid to a point somewhere below Morris. The lower portion of the Illi- nois River, especially that part of the River from La Salle to the mouth of the Illinois at Grafton is very sluggish and con- sists of a series of pools in which the current is very slow and in which opportunities for sedimentation abound. In the lower reaches of the river the current is so slight as to be hardly noticeable. At intervals in the course of the river, dams are located; one at Marseilles, between Morris and Ottawa, one at Henry, between La Salle and Averyville, one at Copperas Creek, Some 58 miles below Peoria and two others between this point and Grafton at La Grange and Kampsville. These dams ac- Centuate the tendency of the river to form pools and back Waters. At Joliet and above Peoria there are wide expansions of the river known respectively as Lake Joliet and Lake Peoria. In these expanded reaches the current is very slight and the body of water as a whole is almost entirely quiescent. At 986.1 many points along the course of the river, especially be- low La Salle, the banks of the river are low and an in- crease in the height of water in the river causes an overflow of the surrounding country, flooding the meadows and low lands adjacent to the river bank. In the lower 225 miles of the Illi- . . nois River there is a fall of only about 30 feet and the extremely sluggish current thus produced affords nearly ideal conditions for sedimentation. During the flood stages the valley of the Illinois River becomes virtually a great lake into which flood Waters from the upper portion of the valley and tributaries are precipitated, and from the lower end of which they pass out in diminished and equalized volume. Q. What effect do the lakes along the Illinois River, be- tween Chicago and Grafton, have as a factor for the elimination of the infection and pollution entering the Desplaines River through the drainage canal from the sewers of Chicago? A. If it were true that any of the infecting and polluting matters from Chicago reached as far down even as Lake Pe- oria the conditions existing there and further down the Illinois 6164 The State of Missouri vs. River would be such as to bring about a further dimin- 9862 ution in the amount of the substances. Under the cir- cumstances of semi-stagnation already enumerated, the settling out of food particles, the entanglement of the bacteria in these, and possibly the slow sinking of the bacteria them- selves would all have full effect and would work to diminish the number of suspended bacteria. Q. From what other sources than that of the drainage canal does the Desplaines and Illinois River receive pollution f A. The sewage of Joliet, a city with a population of some 29,000, empties into the Desplaimes River, as does also the Sew- age from a number of the suburban towns near Chicago. The Rankakee River, which unites with the Desplaines to form the Illinois, above Morris, also receives sewage from Kankakee of a population of about 14,000, and other communities. On the Illinois River the sewage from Ottawa, a sewered town, with a population of about 11,000, and the sewage of La Salle and Peru, with a combined population of nearly 20,000, also empties into the Illinois River. The Fox River which enters the Illinois above Ottawa, receives the sewage from Aurora, with a pop- ulation of some 25,000 and of Elgin with a population of about 23,000. The Big Vermillion River, entering the Illinois 9863 above La Salle, also receives drainage from Streator and Pontiac, with a combined population of about 19,000. A very large amount of pollution enters the Illinois River at Pe- oria, with a population of about 56,000. In addition to the sew- age of the town, the drainage from the stockyards and the dis- tilleries enters the river here. At Pekin a sewered town, with a population of about 9,000 considerable sewage and distillery refuse also enter the river. The sewers of Havana also dis- charge into the Illinois River. The Sangamon River, one of the chief tributaries of the Illinois, receives a considerable amount of sewage from Springfield, with a population of about 25,000, from Decatur, with a population of about 20,000 and Bloomington, with a population of about 24,000. Beardstown, with a population of about 5,000 is the last town upon the Illi- nois River contributing a very large amount of sewage, the other towns below Beardstown being relatively small communi- ties. All along the course of the Desplaines and the Illinois Rivers and their tributaries, in addition to these urban com- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6165 munities, there is a very considerable rural population often draining directly into the river or small tributary streams, 9864 and this constitutes a source of pollution and possibly infection, not to be ignored. Q. Considering all sources of pollution and infection en- tering the Illinois River from its tributaries and towns lying along its shores, and the City of Chicago, as well as its rural population, what importance do you attach to the dams and lakes and physical conditions of the river as a factor in the pur- ification of said stream, at all times and under all conditions that obtain in the Illinois River? A. I regard the conditions of semi-stagnation prevailing in the Illinois River at most points along its course as an im- portant factor in influencing the fate of polluting and infectious matters added to the water of this stream and to the various tributaries. The exceedingly low gradient in the river which has been already referred to and which is further accentuated by dams at various points, retards the progress of suspended matters down stream and affords highly favorable conditions for purification. This is most marked during period of low water but at high water the flooding of the low-lands and the meadows along the banks of the river also affords opportunity for sedimentation and the retarding influences are still 9865 active. It is my opinion that the conditions prevailing in the Illinois River during summer and winter, during low water and high water, are much more favorable to the self pur- ification of the stream than conditions that exist in a stream flowing over a bed with a steep gradient where any infectious elements introduced might be hurried down without opportuni- ties for sedimentation or for loss of vitality. The considerable time that must be consumed by a given mass of water flowing along the Illinois River affords opportunity for the death and destruction of such infectious and polluting matters as may be introduced into this river, either directly or from the tributaries. Q. Will clear water afford greater or less opportunity for the sedimentation of bacteria than turbid water containing mat- ter in suspension? - A. Supposing that the velocity of the current is slow enough to allow the settling out of the particles of matter that impart turbidity to the water then any bacteria that might be 61.66 The State of Missouri vs. in suspension, in such a water, would be carried to the bottom more quickly in a turbid water than in a clear water under sim- ilar conditions of movement. This has been proven experi- mentally by suspending in water bacteria together with 9866 clay particles and other substances, and allowing set- tling to occur. It is found that when there is a consider- able amount of suspended matter in the water, bacteria are more quickly dragged down than when the water is relatively clear. Q. Is the degree of sedimentation in the Illinois River af- fected by diluting the sewage of Chicago with Lake Michigan Water ? A. There is at times a considerable amount of suspended matter in the water of Lake Michigan, near the mouth of the Chicago River, but on the whole the water of Lake Michigan is not a turbid water. In that portion of the Illinois River, however, where most sedimentation obtains, the amount of sus- pended matter introduced into the water from the tributaries and entering the river directly, is, in my judgment, sufficient to affect the same degree of sedimentation that would occur if the present amount of dilution with Lake Michigan water at the extreme upper end of the river was absent. Q. If all the sewage of Chicago is turned into the drain- age canal, diluted by one million cubic feet of Lake Michigan Water per minute passing over the Bear Trap Dam, would that amount of dilution with Lake Michigan water affect the 9867 sedimentation of bacteria in the Desplaines and Illinois River under the conditions that obtain in those rivers? A. In my judgment such a dilution as that indicated would affect the degree of sedimentation in the Desplaines River and probably in the upper part of the Illinois near the union of the Desplaines and the Kankakee, but in the lower part of the Illinois River, especially in that stretch from La Salle to Grafton, where sedimentation is most active, it is my Opinion that such dilution as that described would not mater- ially affect the degree of sedimentation of bacteria. Q. Why? A. From what I know of the physical conditions of the Illinois River and of the character of the various tributary streams, it is my opinion that there would be sufficient sus- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6167 pended matter in the water to bring about a mechanical drag- ging down of bacteria, and, moreover, that such an increase in the body of water as might result from this dilution would re- sult in the spreading out of water of the Illinois River over the low lands, thus affording peculiarly favorable conditions for the sedimentation of bacteria. 9868 Q. What significance does dilution have in considering the problem of the self purification of streams? A. When polluting or infectious matters are added to a water it maturally follows that the greater the dilution of such matters the less dangerous is a given quantity of such water, such for instance as a quart or a liter. In this sense dilution with a purer water may be said to increase the purity of the stream. So far as the actual destruction of infectious elements is concerned, dilution to such an extent as usually occurs, prob- ably has but little influence. Q. Is the danger of infection, really diminished by dilu- tion? A. It certainly is. Q. In what way? A. Suppose that infectious material was introduced into sewage to such an extent that each tumblerful of the sewage contained one typhoid bacillus. Suppose further that such sew- age were diluted with nineteen times its bulk of pure and un- infected water, it would then be true that out of one hundred glasses of this mixture of sewage and pure water only five would contain typhoid bacilli instead of the whole one hundred as was originally the case. In other words the same effect is obtained as if 95 per cent. of the typhoid bacilli per- 9869 ished. In this way dilution unquestionably diminishes the danger from infection. Q. What effect does the dilution of Chicago sewage with the pure water of Lake Michigan have upon the condition of the water in the Illinois River? A. Considering the conditions at the mouth of the Illi- nois River above Grafton, I should say that such dilution has little if any effect upon the infectious quality of such water, since whether the sewage be diluted or not, death of any ty- phoid bacillus originally present therein would occur, in my Opinion, long before the mouth of the Illinois River was reached. 6168 The State of Missouri vs. Considering the character of the Desplaines River at Joliet, however, such dilution would diminish the danger to any per- son venturesome enough to partake of the fluid at this point, since the dilution would diminish the number of typhoid germs contained in a given quantity, say a tumblerful of the mix- ture. Q. Is the addition of Lake Michigan water to the sewage of Chicago a detriment or benefit to the sanitary condition of the Illinois River, in its upper branches, considered from the standpoint of dilution alone? - 9870 A. If by sanitary condition is meant the infectivity of a given measured quantity of the water, such dilution would improve the Illinois River water in its upper stretches. So far as the destruction of typhoid bacilli is concerned, it is my opinion that this dilution has little or no influence upon the longevity of this microbe. The actual number of typhoid bacilli passing a given point would not be materially influenced by dilution, but the proportional number in a given quantity of Water would of course be lessened. As regards the process of decomposition which goes on in such sewage and sewage polluted waters, the river water is ren- dered much less offensive by dilution with the purer water of Lake Michigan, as I have observed myself to be the case at Mor- ris. An improvement in the quality of the river water is also evidenced by the fact that fish now come up the Illinois River as far as Morris, where prior to this dilution they had not been known for years. Q. Professor, I will ask you this question which was asked of Professor Sedgewick, on page 3542 of the rec- 9871 ord: “Professor, assuming the fact that the waters of the Chicago Drainage Canal, taken from points in Lake Michigan at or near the mouth of the Chicago River, were to be Conveyed from Lockport to Grafton on the Mississippi River, through a canal or closed conduit, so built as to maintain the same velocity of flow provided in the present canal, built as far as Lockport, and further assuming the contents of this canal or conduit received none of the Chicago sewage except such por- tion as now reaches Lake Michigan directly, and without enter- ing the Chicago River, do you or do you not consider that the assumed conditions above mentioned would constitute a menace The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6169 or danger to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, and es- pecially of the City of St. Louis, drinking the Mississippi River water in its raw condition, the waters of the drainage canal flowing to the extent of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, emptying into the Mississippi River.” A. Assumming the question as quoted to apply to the pas- sage through a conduit of the water of Lake Michigan, under . the conditions stated, from the Lake Front of Chicago to the Mississippi River at Grafton, I would say that I do not consider that it would be a menace or danger to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and especially to the citizens of St. 9872 Louis drinking the Mississippi River water in its raw condition. I make this answer because in my opinion the typhoid bacillus would not survive exposure to the conditions in such a closed conduit any more than in my opinion it does survive exposure to the conditions existing in the Illinois River. And furthermore, assuming that no greater mixing of such Water with the waters of the Mississippi River and Missouri River occurs than is the case at present it is my judgment that a very small portion of such water would reach the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks, pass through the settling basins and be delivered to the inhabitants of the City of St. Louis. Q. Would such a volume of Lake Michigan water emptied into the Mississippi River in the manner indicated in General Crow’s question, co-mingling with the waters of the Mississippi, and thence with the waters of the Missouri, ever pollute and in- fect the said waters of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers as the same should pass along the shore of the State of Missouri and the City of St. Louis, at the St. Louis intake? A. On the contrary, assuming the conditions in the Mis- Souri and Mississippi River to be as they are at present, it is my judgment that the water issuing from such a conduit, 9873 and experiencing the same degree of purification which now takes place in the Illinois River, would tend rather to improvement and purification of such water so far as it might mingle with it. * Q. How do the physical conditions of the Illinois River Compare with the other rivers in the country for the purpose of purification? A. As compared with rivers of high velocity the condi- 6170 The State of Missouri vs. tions for purification in the Illinois River, as already set forth, are especially favorable. The sluggish current which permits a sufficient lapse of time for the death of pathogenic bacteria and which also facilitates and furthers sedimentation consti- tutes an element wholly favorable to self purification. As compared with the Mississippi River where the current is swifter and especially as compared with the Missouri River the opportunities for purification in the Illinois River are quite Superior. - Any factors that tend to increase the opportunities for sedi- mentation and that tend to delay the progress of pathogenic microbes down stream further the process of purification. In these respects the conditions in the Illinois River are 9874 greatly superior to the conditions in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. As compared with some other streams in this country that have been studied with a view to the oppor- tunities for self purification the Illinois River is well adapted for self purification. I find in the report to the Filtration Commission of Pitts- burg, Pennsylvania, published in January, 1899, in a Report upon the Sources of Typhoid fever in Pittsburg, by my friend Professor W. T. Sedgwick, who has testified in this case the following statement: I will quote what he says about the Al- legheny River under the heading “The Allegheny River a rapid stream with little or no opportunity for self purification,’’ page 18. “Any one who will take the trouble to follow the Allegheny River from Oil City to Pittsburg merely as a passenger on the Allegheny Valley Railway, particularly if he is familiar with the streams in the less mountainous parts of the country can not fail to be impressed immediately with the fact that we have in the Allegheny River a peculiar and characteristic stream. Owing no doubt to the character of the rock through which it has cut its way, it exhibits a very regular deep line from Oil City to Pittsburg. There is no mill dam of any consequence be- tween these two cities and the river is therefore narrow as is - not frequently the case with rivers in New England and . 9875 elsewhere in which a series of mill ponds containing slowly moving water, and in which the elements of slug gishness and quiesence are except in period of freshets a chief The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6171. characteristic, but rather, even at low water like a brawling brook, making its way rapidly over a stony bed in which are very few pools or other quiet places adapted to purification in which there is little or no evidence of effective sedimentation. as is proved by the absence of mud banks, sand bars and the like—but exhibiting everywhere stones polished by the Swiftly flowing stream and without effective lodging places for mud or bacteria. An estimate roughly made of the rate of flow shows to the traveller a probable velocity in most places of at least a foot per second and often much more than this even at low water. With high water the velocity must obviously be much more rapid. Clearly the two fundamental elements looking towards self purification in rivers are here wanting, namely time and quiescence. The velocity of the river and the character of its bed are such that foul water introduced for example at Oil City. or nearer points may and indeed must arrive at Pittsburg within a very few hours. Fortunately however we do not have to rely on the rough observations of passing travellers but are in: 9876 possession of authoritative calculations. According to. results obtained from the United States Engineer's of fice at Pittsburg the average velocity of the Allegheny River even during low water is from one to two miles per hour. Dur- ing high water it is from 7 to 8 miles per hour and on the aver- age of about three and one-half miles. This means that infec- tious materials poured in at Oil City of nearer points may ar- rive at Brilliant within fifteen hours or even at low water must. arrive within a few days. . It has just been shown that in the bed of the Allegheny River very little or no opportunity occurs for purification en route by the usual processes which are more or less effected in rivers.” - I would say that I entirely agree with Professor Sedgewick that the Allegheny River as he describes it affords few oppor- tunities for the process of self purification, and that I agree in his conclusions as to the rapid march of infectious material under such conditions. The conditions in the Illinois River, however, as hereinbefore set forth are very different from those prevailing in the Allegheny River. In the Illinois River as in Other sluggish streams those elements that favor self purifica- {5172 The State of Missouri vs. tion in rivers, namely time and quiescence, are present in 9877 force. There are few rivers in the United States with which I am familiar where the factors making for self purification are so potent as they are in the case of the Illi- nois River. Both the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers are less favorable in this respect. ADJOURNED until 2 P. M. same day, February 3, 1904. 98.78 MET PURSUANT TO ADJOURNMENT AT 2. P. M., FEBRUARY 3, 1904. Present the Commissioner and same counsel. PROF. E. O. JORDAN. resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd. MR. TODD: Mr. Commissioner, have you got the last part of Professor Sedgwick’s testimony given in connection with the Washington epidemic, as I would like to have the same for in- spection. - * THE COMMISSIONER: Professor Sedgwick has that part of the record with him in Boston, it being understood that he is to correct it and when he next returns to Chicago bring it to me to be signed, after we have gone over the corrections which he can make in conformity with the agreement heretofore entered into. *. MR. TODD: I have a transcript of his evidence in my pos- session which has not been corrected or signed by him, and would like to predicate a question upon the testimony as I have it, as I will not have an opportunity to ask this witness this question after you have received the testimony from Professor Sedgwick with his corrections. Q. Professor Sedgwick on page 369 of the transcript of his testimony, an uncorrected copy of which I have, stated: “The River Commissioners of Great Britain, in a report pub- 9879 lished by them in 1874, state there is no river in England long enough to purify itself from any sewage admitted to it, even at its source;” that stands as one of the axioms of san- itary science today, that those River Commissioners in 1874 I think it was made that statement that there is no river in the United Kingdom I think they said, long enough to purify itself The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 617.3 of any sewage introduced into it, introduced at its source, and of course some of the rivers of the United Kingdom are very long.” And again, on page 4398, this question was asked him : “Do you know how the distance from Cumberland to Washing- ton by river compares with the length of the river Thames in the United Kingdom” answered “The Thames is 209 miles long and is, I believe, the longest river in the United Kingdom, and this epidemic seems to confirm in a very remarkable way that state- ment of the Rivers Pollution Commission of Great Britain to which I have referred in my previous testimony where they said that there was no river in the world that was long enough to purify itself of any sewage introduced into it, even at its source.’’ I will ask you if you are familiar with the report of the River Pollution Commission of Great Britain for 1874? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for the reason that it is not a proper way to impeach, contradict or de- 9880 stroy the credibility of the testimony of Professor Sedg- wick, but that counsel may introduce a copy of said re- port in evidence for that purpose, there being no showing that copies of said report are not extant. A. Yes sir, I have frequently consulted it in connection. with my teaching and investigation work. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out all that part of the question which relates to other than the witnesses acuuain- tance with the report in question. * Q. Will you state what the River Pollution Commission Report for 1874 did state about river purification? A. The statement is as follows: “It will be safe to infer, however, from the above results that there is no river in the United Kingdom long enough to ef- fect the destruction of sewage by oxidation.” Q. What is the difference between the expression “to ef- fect the destruction of sewage by oxidation” and the expression “to purify itself of any sewage introduced into it at its source?” MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the last preceding answer because it is not the best of evidence, and for the further reason that the witness did not attempt or claim to give all that was said by said Commission upon the subject of self puri- 9881 fication of water in the rivers of the United Kingdom. MR. TODD: In reply to the objection will state that -6174 The State of Missouri vs. when Professor Sedgwick testified to it in regard to what the report stated, he did not produce the report but assumed to tes- tify from memory and the reference to this report is made fre- quently in his testimony as an axiom of sanitary Science. MR. JEFFRIES: In answer will state that what he has said may be true but that it does not necessarily follow that this board in its report did not say both what is attributed to it by Professor Sedgwick in his testimony and also what is said by this witness because the two statements, that made by Profes- sor Sedgwick and that made by this witness, are not in conflict with each other. Q. Question read. - A. At the time this report was published in 1874, the knowledge of sanitarians regarding the quality of a water was based on chemical data, this being before the rise of the science of bacteriology. Practically nothing was known at that time regarding the elements in sewage that imparted to it its dan- gerous character. The fact had, however, been determined em- pirically that a certain relation existed between the ox- .9882 idation of sewage and the loss of its dangerous qualities. It was not known however precisely what this relation was or upon what it depended. At the present time our con- ception of the purification of a sewage-polluted stream is based rather upon what information we are able to obtain regarding the disappearance and destruction of disease producing bacteria that may be introduced into it rather than upon oxidation pro- cesses. There is, therefore, a wide difference between stating that the purification of a stream is effected within a certain dis- tance and that the destruction of sewage by oxidation is ac- complished within a certain distance. It does not, by any means, follow that because complete destruction by oxidation of the Organic matters contained in a sewage polluted water does not occur within a specified distance, that the real purification of the Sewage, that is to say its freedom from dangerous bacteria may not be accomplished within that distance. It is certainly true that the process of nitrification, or oxidation and the pro- cesses leading to the disappearance of dangerous or suspicious bacteria do not always run in a strictly parallel course either in sewage tanks or polluted rivers. Q. Does the report of the Rivers Pollution Commission The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6175 of 1874 contain anywhere in it the statement that no river 9883 in the United Kingdom is long enough to purify itself of any sewage introduced into it at its source? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for the reason that counsel is undertaking to lead the court to believe that the language used by Professor Sedgwick in his testimony is the exact language used by the Commissioners in their report, and I object to it for the further reason that counsel is undertaking to get the witness to state or to relate to the court things that are not contained in the report, and while it is true that witness has stated that certain statements were contained in the report purporting to set out the exact language by the Commissioners in their report, yet the introduction of such statements do not justify this witness in undertaking to tell this court all that the Commission failed to specify, determine or say, and in this con- nection I suggest that the report must speak for itself as to what it does not contain. Q. Question read. A. I have examined this report with some care and have failed to discover in it any statement couched in the language you have just used. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the answer because the question and answer imply and undertake to con- 9884 vey to the mind of the court the impression that Professor Sedgwick used exactly the identical language contained in the report. Q. Is there in that report any language that carries the idea expressed in the sentence “there is no river in the United Kingdom long enough to purify itself from any sewage admitted to it, even at its source?” MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for the reason it is for the court to determine from the report itself whether or not there is any such language used that would convey the impression stated in this question, and not for this witness to determine such fact, and that all of these questions are unfair and irrelevant and incompetent because the report itself is the best evidence. MR. TODD: I will suggest on the ground of fairness that if counsel who introduced Professor Sedgwick was actuated by the same degree of fairnesss that counsel is in filing his objec- 6176 The State of Missouri vs. tions he would have had Professor Sedgwick produce the report. and there could have been no misunderstanding, as this report has been referred to by several witnesses on the part of the complainant in this case. 9885 MR. JEFFRIES: I will state that whatever counsel may say with reference to fairness of counsel upon either side in this case, that such statements do not justify this witness in undertaking to state to the court whether or not the report con- tains or promulgates any such propositions as contained in the language expressed in this question, and it is not for this witness to say but for the court to determine upon all the evidence and from the report itself if counsel desires to introduce the report. Q. Question read. - A. As I have already stated I have made a somewhat care- ful examination of this report, and the statement that I have found in it that most nearly expresses the idea embodied in the citation from the record, is the statement that I have already quoted. - Q. From your knowledge of the physical conditions that obtain along the Illinois river as well as your analyses of the water, both chemical and bacterial, what effect, if any, does the Sewage from Chicago, discharged into the drainage canal, have upon the waters of the Mississippi river as the same passes along the shore of the State of Missouri ? * A. The large amount of harmless inorganic chlorine in the water of the Illinois river at its mouth is derived chiefly 9886 from the sewage of Chicago and Peoria. So far as the water of the Illinois mingles with that of the Mississippi along the Missouri shore, so far is the chlorine content of the Water heightened. In respect to the other constituents of the Illi- nois river water, the sewage introduced at Chicago influences the total amount of nitrogen compounds in said water. This is especially true of the nitrates, which are usually high at Graf- ton. In respect to the bacterial content of the water, the mixing of the Illinois with the Mississippi does not in my opinion intro- duce into the mixture any significant number of bacteria derived from the sewers of Chicago. It is my opinion that practically all the bacteria introduced into the drainage canal from the Chi- cago sewers perish long before the mouth of the Illinois is reached. The State o f Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6177 I conclude that the sewage from Chicago, introduced into the drainage canal, has no injurous effect upon the waters of the Mississippi as the same passes along the shore of the State of Missouri. Q. What is your opinion as to whether any pollution, dan- gerous to public health, entering the drainage canal from the sewers of Chicago, reaches as far down the Illinois river as the town of Grafton 2 9887 A. None. Q. What evidence have you that justifies the conclusion just expressed that no pollution dangerous to public health coming from the sewers of Chicago, reaches as far down the Illinois river as Grafton? A. All the analytical data that have been introduced by me in evidence justify, in my opinion, the conclusion that I have expressed, the rate of oxidation of the organic matters in the sewage, the enormous death rate among the sewage bacteria in the extreme upper reaches of the Illinois, and especially the high mortality among the colon bacilli, all combined to furnish Con- vincing evidence that pollution dangerous to public health, com- ing from the sewers of Chicago, does not reach as far down the Illinois river as Grafton. Q. What is your opinion as to whether any infectious mat- ter coming from the sewers of Chicago, by way of the drainage canal, in a dangerous state reaches as far down the Illinois river as the city of Grafton? A. I am unable to differentiate clearly between infectious matter and pollution dangerous to public health in this connec- tion, since polluting matters dangerous to the public health are, So far as I am aware, those able to communicate infec- 9888 tion. I, accordingly, would answer this question in the same way as I have answered the preceding, namely, that in my opinion no infectious matter coming from the sewers of Chicago by way of the drainage canal reaches as far down the Illinois river as the city of Grafton. Q. Is there any evidence, bacterial or chemical, that you know of that would justify the conclusion that polluted and in- fected matter coming from the sewers of Chicago would reach as far down the Illinois river as the town of Grafton? A—387 61.78 The State of Missouri vs. MR. JEFFRIES: I object to that as leading and sug- gestive. A. I know of no evidence, bacterial or chemical, that would justify such a positive conclusion. On the contrary, as I have stated, the evidence of which I am cognizant points to precisely the opposite conclusion, namely, that such deleterious elements do not reach as far down the Illinois river as the town of Graf- ton. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the answer because the witness has confined himself to the evidence introduced in this case, and to his personal knowledge of the conditions, 9889 and does not state the source of the evidence to which he refers in his answer. Q. Would a condition of low water in the Missouri river at a time when there was high water in the Illinois river be in any way a factor in carrying infected and polluted matter from the sewers of Chicago to the City of St. Louis? A. In my opinion it would not. In my judgment the Illi- nois river at its mouth does not contain infectious matter of a dangerous character, derived from the sewers of Chicago, and so could not be a factor in carrying infectious and polluting mat- ters from the sewers of Chicago to the City of St. Louis. Q. T’rofessor Sedgwick, in answer to this question (on page 3545 of my transcript of the record), “Professor, will you state whether or not it is within the bounds of human possi- bility for any competent expert to say that in the period of low water on the Missouri river, such as is likely to occur at next Christmas a thaw on the Illinois river watershed might not en- danger the lives of the people using the waters of the Mississippi below the mouth of the Illinois on the Missouri shore and at the City of St. Louis by sending to them in that water the suspended Sewage of the sanitary district of Chicago?” answered, “I do not believe that it is, because in my opinion no competent 9890 expert whatever can or will say that any means exist at present by which such unpurified sewage can be warded off from the people on the Missouri shore and the citizens of St. Louis under these conditions.” I will ask you to state what is your knowledge in regard to the assumption that low water might exist in the Missouri at a time of flood water in the Illi- nois, and also state whether you know of any means existing in The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6179 the Illinois river at present that would permit unpurified sewage from the City of Chicago to become a danger and a menace to the public health of the citizens of Missouri and the citizens of St. Louis using the water of the Mississippi river for drinking and domestic purposes. A. In reply to the first part of the question I will state that it is of course conceivable that low water may exist in the Mis- souri at the time of flood water in the Illinois. During the period, however, that I have had a knowledge of the conditions of the water stages in these rivers I have not known such a con- dition as that described in your question to exist. It seems to me rather unlikely that a period of flood water in the Illinois would coincide with a period of low water in the Missouri. In reply to the second part of the question I will state 9891 that the natural factors of self-purification that are ob- served in the Illinois river at present and that in my opin- ion lead to the death and destruction of pathogenic germs intro- duced into this river from the sewage of Chicago are sufficient to prevent unpurified sewage from Chicago from becoming a danger and a menace to the public health of the citizens of Mis- souri and the citizens of St. Louis. I assume that by unpurified sewage is meant sewage containing its original dangerous quali- ties. It is my judgment that the dangerous elements present originally in Chicago sewage do not pass down the Illinois river far enough to affect the public health of the citizens of St. Louis. * - Q. Professor, from your knowledge of all the conditions that obtain along the Illinois river as well as your knowledge of the conditions that obtain in Chicago and the drainage canal, also your knowledge of the water supply of St. Louis, such as is had at the intake tower at the Chain of Rocks—what effect does the sewage from Chicago have upon the water supply of the City of St. Louis or upon the water of the Mississippi river as it passes along the shores of the State of Missouri’ A. From my knowledge of all the conditions indicated in your question, it is my judgment that the sewage of Chi- 9892 cago has no injurious or deleterious effect upon the water supply of the City of St. Louis or upon the water of the Mississippi river as it passes along the shores of the State of Missouri. 6180 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Professor, will you please state upon what facts you base your opinion that a typhoid bacillus will not live more than three or four days under conditions as they obtain in the drainage canal, the Desplaines river and the Illinois river? A. I base my opinion chiefly upon an elaborate experiment that I have recently carried out upon the life of the typhoid bacillus under natural conditions in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street, and at Lockport. Q. Was this experiment conducted by yourself alone? A. No, sir; by arrangement with the Sanitary District of Chicago the experiment was conducted under the supervision of Professors Russell of the University of Wisconsin, Zeit of the Northwestern Medical School and myself. It was a co- operative experiment, special features of the work being as- signed to each investigator. Q. Professor, will you give the general plan of the experi- ment? 9893 A. The experiment was planned with a view to imitat- ing as closely as possible the conditions that would en- viron a typhoid bacillus introduced into the drainage canal from the sewers of Chicago. I have already indicated the serious and insurmountable Ob- jections to experiments upon the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in glass bottles under laboratory conditions. With a view to removing these objections a different receptacle was planned for imprisoning the typhoid bacillus in the drainage canal under normal conditions of life, temperature, etc. Five different bodies of water were selected for the experiment, namely, the Water of Lake Michigan, the water of the Chicago river, the Water of the drainage canal at its mouth at Robey street, the water of the drainage canal at Lockport and the water of the Illinois river at Averyville. Professor Zeit carried on the ex- periments in Lake Michigan water and the water of the Chicago river. Professor Russell carried on the experiments in the water of the Illinois river at Averyville; and under my direc- tions experiments were carried on in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street and Lockport. To avoid the use 98.94 of glass in these experiments parchment sacs were employed, one of which I have here. These parchment sacs contained about eight hundred cubic centimeters of water The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6181 and were suspended in floats which T shall describe presently. These parchment sacs permit the passage of certain substances in solution but do not allow the bacteria to pass through their walls. The conditions under which the typhoid bacilli intro- duced into the sewage in these sacs are subjected are therefore almost precisely the conditions obtaining in nature, since the bacteria inside and outside of the sacs can not pass through the walls of the sacs, and yet the bacteria are subjected to the action of the toxic products or saprophytic microbes in the Sewage. The parchment sac in brief acts as a prison for the bacteria. The bacteria themselves are otherwise under the same condi- tions as those obtaining in the drainage canal. Q. Will you describe these parchment sacs in detail which you employed in this experiment? A. These sacs were made of parchment tubing about two inches in diameter and were prepared from heavy parchment paper such as is used in chemical work for osmotic ex- 9895 periments. The sacs were fastened to a piece of glass tubing some six inches in length and were firmly tied to this and sealed with a mixture of tallow and rosin. The sac was weighted so as to swing freely in the water when filled with Sewage. These sacs were suspended in the water in a frame work covered with a wire screen which permitted free circula- tion of the water. This frame was made of fine strips of wood and was four feet long and three feet wide and three and one- half feet deep. The bottom, top and lower five-sixths of the sides and ends of this frame were covered with wire screen. The upper six inches of the sides and ends of the box and the sides and ends of the cover six inches deep were of one inch pine fencing. The top opened with a hinge and was fastened in place by a hasp and padlock. The box was balanced in such a Way that it floated with the water level up to the height of the lower margin of the upper solid portion of the body. The part above the water was thus of boards and served to break the Waves from passing vessels or wind. At Robey street the box was set between the timbers of a large floating frame. 9896 The wire covering the box had two and one-half meshes to the inch. At Lockport the box was fastened to the floating dock near the Bear Trap Dam. The wire covering the box is of a three-quarter inch mesh. At both of these places the 6182 The State of Missouri vs. floats were situated in such a way as not to prevent free circula- tion of water through the large wire meshes. And from an ob- servation of the conditions both at Robey street and Lockport I am confident that the water within the frames differed in no essential particular from the open waters of the drainage canal. Inside the box were several coarse strips about an inch above the water level in which slots were cut in intervals of about three inches to receive the glass ends of the tubes. Opposite each slot was a staple through which was passed a cord attached to the tube which was thus securely held in place. To guard fur- ther against the tipping of the tubes small slips were fastened across the slots to prevent effectually the accidental removing of the sacs. These boxes were fastened with a padlock and throughout the experiments the key to both boxes was in the possession of my chief assistant, Mr. Irons, no other person hav- ing access to those boxes. The lower end of the parch- 9897 ment sac was sealed. It was rolled up tightly and wrapped with thread. Both the upper and lower joints were saturated with a mixture of resin and tallow. The capacity of the sacs ranged from 700 to 800 cubic centimeters. The Sacs were tested for cracks or punctures before leaving the labora- tory and then again when they were filled in the field. To the lower end of each sac a small weight was attached which served to keep the sac in an upright condition in the water. A cord was also fastened to the lower end by means of which the sac was brought to the surface of the water and the contents agi- tated at the time of taking samples. The tubes were open to the air at the upper end, allowing a free interchange of the air and gases. Owing to the slight wavy motion that was usually pres- ent in the water there was a fairly constant though slight move- ment of the body of the sacs. After several days in the water the tubes became coated with a dark slimy shag material which On examination was found to consist of a species of bryozoan. It is found on all submerged plants and debris in the vicinity. It was most marked at Robey street, but was seen to a less de- degree at Lockport. 9898 Q. The description which you have heretofore given ap- plies to the part of the experiment which was conducted under your direct supervision, does it not Professor? A. It does solely and entirely to that. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6183 Q. The other branches of the experiment were conducted by Professor Zeit and Professor Russell? A. Yes, sir, in general in the same way, but independently, under.the control of those investigators. - - Q. Did you three men consult together about the scope of the experiment and the methods to be pursued 2 º A. Yes, the general plan of the experiments and the de- tails were discussed very fully by us before the work was under- taken. We also held conferences during the progress of the experiment. Q. You have described now the equipment which you em- ployed for the making of the experiment, have you? A. Yes, the equipment used in making the experiment has been described. Q. Will you describe now in detail the manner in which the experiment was made? A. We considered it important to obtain cultures of typhoid bacilli which had not been weakened or attenuated by arti- 9899 ficial cultivation. Since I had already shown in some experiments on the death of typhoid bacilli in water, as previously referred to in my testmony, that freshly isolated cultures lived longer in water than those that had been under cultivation in the laboratory for some time, and since certain individual differences sometimes existed between cultures ob- tained from different sources we considered it necessary to pro- cure several cultures. Three cultures were employed in the ex- periments carried out in my laboratory. These were designated respectively as typhoid x - typhoid y and typhoid Z. Typhoid x was isolated on September 22, 1903, from the blood of a patient suffering from typhoid fever in the county hos- pital in Chicago. The symptoms of this case which I have here in detail are those of typical typhoid fever. The history of this case is as follows: Mike L., age 26, laborer, Polish; date of admission 21st of September; date of death 26th of September. - History: Patient is Polish and, speaks no English. 9900 No history can be obtained other than that he has been sick one week. By gestures it is learned that he has had 6184. The State of Missouri vs. pain in his head and neck and has some tenderness in abdomen, has a few drops of blood on his clothing which he says came from his nose. EXAMINATION. General, young man about 25, medium stature, good physical development, well nourished, expression dull, skin hot and dry; breathing 30, quite shallow; pulse 100, regular; slightly dicrotic. REGIONAL. Spleen, dullness extends to the ribs in mid sternal line; edge readily palpable beneath costal arch. ABDOMEN. Rounded, well formed; two or three typical rose spots that disappear on pressure. No tenderness, no dis- tention. - RESUME. September 22, 1903, 5 cubic centimeters of blood were drawn from medium bacillic vein of the right arm 9901 in a sterile manner. With this two flasks of plain bouil- lon and one of litmus milk each containing 100 cubic cen- timeters were inoculated. From these flasks the typhoid bacil- lus was isolated in pure culture. TEMPERATURE. On the day of blood cultures ranged. from 101 to 104, pulse 90, respiration 30. Leucocyte count September 24, 1903, 8,000. September 24, patient was transferred to the surgical side and was operated upon. EXAMINATION. Patient received in condition of partial collapse; abdomen tymponitic and painful; respiration rapid and shallow; pulse rapid and weak; patient conscious but ex- tremely weak. TREATMENT: Laparotomy. September 25, 1903, pulse 158 (by stethoscope). Pulse ex- tremely weak, respiration rapid and shallow, abdomen very tym- ponitic and rather tense. Wound discharging profusely. Wound dressed, dressing saturated. 8:45 p. m. Lowest stitch removed and strip of iodoform gauze inserted. Gas escapes from wound. September 26, 1903. Death 12:20 p.m. 9902 AUTOPSY. Perforative peritonitis. Acute splenic tumor. Ulcerative enteritis (typhoid ulcers). I should state that these notes were made by Dr. E. C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6185 Rosenow, working under my direction. In this case was ob- tained a pure culture isolated from blood. The history of isolation of typhoid Y which was found in the urine of a typhoid fever patient, was as follows: Thomas W. S. admitted to the Cook County Hospital Sep- tember 22, 1903 having been sick five days, age 22. HISTORY onset. Began with headache, loss of appetite, pains in back and limbs and general feeling of malaise. No his- tory of chill, vomiting, or sweats. Has slept poorly. Bowels had been very loose since taking salts on day of onset. No urinary symptoms. No epistaxis. EXAMINATION. Reginal, abdomen, distension slightly above normal. Moderate tymponitis and considerable gurgling. SPLEEN. Palpable. A few pin head sized red spots over abdomen, disappearing on pressure. . - September 23, 1903. Temperature 102.8; pulse 84; 9903 respiration 20 at noon day of the disease. September 25, 1903. Sputum examination negative as to tubercle bacilli. Blood examination leucocytes 6,000. Widal not positive in one hour, 1 to 40 dilution. September 28 (12th day). Widal positive. September 30. General condition good. No complaint. Stomach was disturbed; some diarrhoea. --- Examined the abdomen, distended; tymponitic. Spleen palpable. October 1, 1903. History contains the following note: Ex- amination of feces and urine by Dr. Rosenow showed typhoid bacilli in both. October 5, 1903. General condition good. Convalescence un- interrupted. October 19. Patient is up and around. Clinical diagnosis, typhoid fever. October 17, 1903. Specimen of urine collected and handed to Mr. Irons.” In regard to this case I want to say that in addition to using in the experiment a culture of the typhoid bacillus isolated 9904 from the urine of this patient a sample of the urine itself as collected under natural conditions was obtained from this patient and added directly to the sewage in some of the sac 6186 The State of Missouri vs. experiments, thus imitating as closely as possible the conditions under which typhoid bacilli pass directly from the body of a patient into the sewage in the ordinary urine dscharge. “Typhoid Z. Mike, O. H. Of Irish descent; age 22 years; admitted to the Cook County Hospital August 28; died Septem- ber 28th; no postmortem was held. The case was a perfectly typical one of typhoid fever. Typhoid bacilli were isolated from the patient’s feces on September 28th.” These three cultures, typhoid X, typhoid Y and typhoid Z were therefore all freshly isolated cultures obtained for the purposes of this experiment from typical cases of typhoid fever. One of these typhoid bacilli was obtained from the blood of a patient, one from the urine of a patient and one from the feces of a patient. The virulence of these organisms is shown by the fact that in two instances the outcome of the case was fatal. The aim of isolating these cultures in a fresh condition from the body of patients was to obtain the maximum 9905 degree of vitality and virulence, thus making the outcome of the experiment, whatever it might be, as valuable as possible from a scientific point of view and as conclusive as pos- sible on the sanitary side. Adjourned until 16:00 a. m., February 4, 1904. 9906 10:00 A. M., Thursday, February 4, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JOB.DAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Professor, will you describe the methods employed by you in developing the typhoid germs which you isolated from the blood, urine and feces of the three persons or patients con- cerning whom you testified at the close of yesterday’s testi- mony? A. In each case the material obtained from the patient’s blood, urine and feces respectively was mingled with nutrient material in which bacteria are able to thrive. From this they were finally plated out in a solid gelatin or agar medium where The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6187 each individual germ developed a colony about itself. Separate colonies were examined and the growth obtained in pure cul- ture. The appropriate tests for the typhoid bacillus 9907 were then applied to the microbes so isolated. The growth was tested in gelatin, milk, nutrient broth, dex- trose broth, the other usual bacteriological media. The morph- ology of the organism was then studied, its motility determined and finally the Widal test applied. By these methods it was definitely ascertained that the micro-organisms isolated from the bodies of these several patients were identical with the true typhoid bacillus, and these cultures after such complete identi- fication were used in the experiments that have been referred to. Q. Why did you select parchment sacs for use in this experiment? A. For the reason that it was desired to imprison the ty- phoid bacilli where they might be under observation, and at the same time to imitate as closely as possible the natural condi- tions. Similar sacs made of celloidin have long been used in bacteriological work; they have been found particularly useful in performing experiments upon animals. Small celloidin sacs, filled with a fluid culture of bacteria, have been introduced into the bodies of animals under aspetic conditions. The advantage of the celloidin sacs used in this way is that it permits the 9908 solube products and toxins generated by the bacteria to pass through the wall of the sac while confining the bac- teria themselves and not allowing them to spread through the body. This method has shed a good deal of light upon the action of the poisonous products of bacteria, as distinguished from the changes produced in the body by the presence of bacteria them- selves. It was thought that by using similar sacs for these ex- periments upon the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in sewage, the advantages known to be derived from the use of such sacs in animal experiments would be obtained in the experiments upon Sewage. In other words, under these conditions the solu- ble products of the typhoid bacilli would be free to diffuse into the surrounding liquid, and conversely, similar products of the Sewage bacteria outside of the sac could diffuse into the sac. Any action that these products might have upon the typhoid bacilli could then be exerted under these conditions. The parch- ment sacs are of substantially the same character as celloidin 6188 - The State of Missouri vs. Sacs and the parchment paper of which they are constructed is used commonly in dialysis in the chemical laboratory. The parchment sacs are somewhat stiffer and less fragile than the celloidin sacs and for this reason were used in the ex- 9909 periments in the canal. Parallel tests with large celloidin sacs of the same size and construction as these parch- ment Sacs have given strictly analogous results. To sum up, parchment sacs confining typhoid bacilli mingled directly with the contents of the drainage canal, represent nat- ural conditions as closely, I believe, as it is possible to repre- sent them. Q. After the cultures were prepared in the manner you have indicated did any of your associates use these same cul- tures in similar experiments A. Yes sir; these three cultures isolated and identified under my direction and designated respectively as typhoid X, typhoid Y and typhoid Z were sent to Professor Russell of the University of Wisconsin, and one of these cultures, typhoid Y, if I remember correctly, was sent to Professor Zeit. Q. Who assisted you in these experiments? A. Mr. E. E. Irons who was my principal assistant in a large part of the work that I carried out upon the Illinois River for some three years was assigned the important work of inocu- lating the sacs placed in the floats in the drainage canal, 99.10 and also of obtaining samples from these sacs at times Specified by me. After the floats were installed in the drainage canal at Robey Street and at Lockport I visited both these places with Mr. Irons and inspected the results of his work. In the laboratory I was assisted by Doctors Norman Mc- Leod Harris and Miss Mary C. Lincoln who worked with me and immediately under my supervision. Q. How many sacs of the character that you have de- Scribed were employed in making this experiment? A. At Robey Street 16 and at Lockport 12. These were all inoculated sacs, that is sacs into which typhoid bacilli were in- troduced. In addition a number of sacs were introduced into the water at both Robey Street and Lockport which were filled with the sewage taken directly from these places and were used as control sacs. Q. Will you explain what you mean by control sacs? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6189 A. These sacs known as control sacs were not inoculated with typhoid bacilli but contained simply the raw sewage 99.11 taken from the canal at the respective points. Samples of water taken from these control sacs were plated at fre- quent intervals and examined as to their bacteriological content, the aim being to discover what happened to the sewage bacteria, especially the colon bacilli and streptococci present in the sew- age. It was thought that in this way some valuable information might be obtained as to the course of events in the sewage itself as it passes on down the drainage canal into the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers. Laboratory experiments with such sewage placed in glass bottles are open to the objection that they are not under natural conditions and so do not afford a true insight into the changes taking place in nature. Our expectations regarding the value of these control sacs were fully justified by the outcome. Q. Will you describe the method employed by you for the inoculation of these sacs with the typhoid bacillus? - A. The typhoid bacilli, X, Y and Z were grown upon the Surface of nutrient agar, at the body temperature, for twenty- four hours. The surface growth was then scraped off and in- troduced into. sterilized lake water or sterilized sewage, 9912 or in some cases into urine derived from typhoid fever patients. This suspension of typhoid bacilli, as it is tech- nically called, was then introduced by Mr. Irons into the parch- ment sacs which had been filled with sewage from the drainage canal just prior to inoculation. In order to determine precisely how many typhoid bacilli were introduced in each case, a measured quantity of the sus- pension already alluded to was diluted with a known quantity of sterilized water and plated in the usual way. By counting the mumber of colonies developing upon the plate the number of typhoid bacilli that were introduced into each parchment sac was determined with accuracy. By using a young—24 hours old—culture of typhoid bacilli isolated but a short time before, as already stated, every attempt was made to favor the intro- duction of the typhoid bacillus into the sewage in a condition of maximum vitality, and thus guard so far as possible the lia- bility that the cultures employed were attenuated or weakened in any degree. 61.90 The State of Missouri vs. Q. After the sacs were inoculated what was the next 99.13 step in the experiment? A. Samples of water were collected from these sacs in sterilized glass bottles by Mr. Irons, according to my instruc- tions. These samples were brought to the Bacteriological Lab- oratory of the University of Chicago as speedily as possible. Q. What were your instructions for the collection of Sam- ples from these sacs? A. Mr. Irons was directed to obtain the samples from cer- tain sacs which I specified to him before leaving the laboratory. He was instructed to obtain the samples according to the most rigorous bacteriological methods and to use all aseptic precau- tions. Before collecting the samples Mr. Irons was told to agi- tate the contents of the sacs freely for some time so as to permit thorough mixing of the contents. The sacs were then tilted so that the fluid in them contained passed up in the glass tube and could be easily withdrawn by a sterilized pipette. Mr. Irons was further told to observe very closely the condi- tion of each sac at the time of collection and to notify me as to its precise condition. I may state here that during the course of the investigation it was found that after about fourteen days some of the sacs would break down owing to maceration and disintegration in the sewage. After the samples were 9914 collected under suitable bacteriological conditions, a pro- cedure in which Mr. Iron’s large experience in work of this sort was of great benefit, the samples of water were brought at Once by him personally to the University Laboratory. Q. After these samples were brought to the University Iaboratory what was done with them? * A. Accurately measured quantities of the sewage into which typhoid bacilli had been introduced were mingled with special nutrient media of various kinds, and the mixture poured Out into sterilized glass dishes. The amount of sewage used was Such that a suitable separation of the colonies developing on these plates was arrived at. On the following day these colo- nies were examined by me and my assistants and any colonies that resembled typhoid colonies were taken from the plates and Subjected to a searching examination. Q. What methods were employed in the identification of the colonies? & g The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6191 A. We considered this from the outset as a most important part of the work. Until recently a considerable obstacle in the way of the isolation of typhoid bacilli in the presence of other Organisms has been the difficulty of separating them 9915 readily from allied sewage bacteria. In planning the ex- periment the whole field of possible methods was can- vassed and after many preliminary experiments certain media were found most suitable for the differentiation and identifica- tion of the typhoid bacilli. I will describe simply those media that after many experi- ments we found to be most useful and to give highly satisfactory º results. 9916 “Methods employed in making up the following media: I. Medium of Drigalski and Conradi. To two litres of sugar free broth were added Peptone (Witte) 10 grams. Nutrose 10 * * Sodium Chloride 10 * * and dissolved by the aid of heat. The mixture brought to the boil and sixty grams of agar-agar were added, and the mixture kept boiling until the agar was dissolved. Then the reaction of the mass was made weakly alkiline to litmus by the addition of sodium hydrate (4% sol). This being done, a mixture of litmus solution (6%) and lac- tose (c.p.) Litmus sol - 260 cc. Lactose 30 grams. were added while both solutions were hot, and the whole boiled gently for five minutes. Then was added a solution of water- free sodium carbonate (10%) in the proportion of 4 cc followed by 20 cc of fresh solution of crystal violet (Grubler's)—o.1 gram in 100 cc water—and the whole mass filtered through cot- ton, tubed, and sterilized in the Arnold sterilizer for 20 9917 minutes on three successive days. Ref. : Zeit. f. Hyg., 1902, Heft ii, p. 283. 6.192 The State of Missouri vs. II. Medium of Drigalski, and Conradi (modified). Modification was brought about by leaving out such con- stituents as nutrose, sodium chloride and solution of water-free sodium carbonate, and by filtering the mixture before adding the litmus lactose solution, a much clearer medium was Ob- tained which scarcely contained any flocculent precipitate after being sterilized in the Arnold sterilizer thrice. III. Medium of McConkey, as modified by Grunbaum. Twenty grams each of agar-agar and peptome were dis- solved in one litre of boiling water, and the whole made alkaline by adding 4 cc of a normal solution of sodium hydrate after having first brought the reaction to the neutral point of litmus. Then was added while hot Sodium taurocholate 5 grams Lactose 10 * * Neutral Red (5% watery solution) 10 cc 9918 When the solution was complete the mass was filtered through cotton, tubed, and sterilized in the Arnold ster- ilizer once for twenty-five or thirty minutes. Ref. : Brit. Med. Jour, 1902, Pt. 1, p. 1473 IV. MacConkey’s medium (Second modification) The medium having very little restraining power, crystal violet solution (1 gram to 100 cc water) was added in the pro- portion of 83 cc per litre of medium, and the technique was al- tered in the following ways:– After the agar and peptone were dissolved, the medium was made 1.8 acid in reaction to phen- olphthalein by adding sodium hydrate solution, and the mass was antoclaved for five minutes at 120°C., cooled, cleared with white of egg, and filtered through cotton. This prevented a flocculent precipitate which formerly caused trouble in the original method. Finally, the other ingredients were added, and also crystal violet solution as mentioned above, and the medium was tubed and sterilized once in the Arnold sterilizer for thirty min. utes. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6193 99.19 V. The plating medium of Hiss. Agar º 15 gms. Gelatine 15 “ Ext. of meat (Liebig) 5 * * Sodium chloride 5 * * Dextrose 10 * * Water (distilled) # 1000 GC The water being brought to the boiling point, the remain- ing ingredients were dissolved, reaction left unadjusted, and, after reducing the temperature to 60" C., the mass was cleared with white of egg, filtered, tubed, and sterilized for thirty min- utes in the Arnold sterilizer on three successive days. Ref. : Jour. Med. Research, 1902, v. VIII, No. 1, p. 148 (n. s. v. III, No. 1) VI. Elsner’s Medium. Five hundred grams of potato, cut small, were put in a flask with 1000 cc. of water, and heated in an Arnold sterilizer for one hour and a half. Then the water was drained off and preserved, the potato mashed and strained, and finally 9920 cast out. The water and strainings were mixed and brought up to 1000 cc by addition of water. To this fifteen grams of gelatine were added and the mixture boiled for ten minutes gently. The reaction was made 2.4 acid to phenolphthalein. The mass was cooled at 60°C, cleared with white of egg, and filtered; then potassium iodide was added in the proportion of one per cent. and the medium was tubed and sterilized in the Arnold sterilizer for thirty minutes for three successive days. Ref. : Zeit of Hyg. 1895, XXI. |HORROCKS GLUCOSE LITMUS AGAR. Agar-agar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 grams. Peptone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 * * Glucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 * * Water (distilled) 1000 cc. A—388 6194 The State of Missouri vs. Ingredients combined in the usual manner. Then sufficient aqueous solution of litmus added to give the medium a light blue color. For use the medium is melted, cooled at 42" 9921 C. and then deci-normal sodium hydrate added, so that each 10cc of thc medium has an alkalinity equal to 1.8 cc decinormal alkali. - Ref. : An Introduction to the Bacteriological Examination of Water, by W. H. Horrocks, Lond., 1901. 9922 These methods, after careful experimentation and testing with the cultures employed gave satisfactory results and permitted identification of typhoid colonies with readiness. * I have some of the plates prepared by these methods from the infected sacs. I have in my hand a plate prepared in Mac- Conkey's medium, as just described, showing the results obtain- cq by plating sewage, into which typhoid bacillus from one of the X. Y. Z. cultures used in these experiments had been intro- duced. These plates have all been sterilized with formalin and are sealed with parafine. The thin light blue colonies in this medium shown by hold- ing the plate up to the light are colonies of typhoid bacilli, the small red colonies being colon bacilli. This medium greatly facilitates the differentiation of the typhoid bacillus, and also Suppresses many sewage bacteria not belonging to the colon ty- phoid group, thus diminishing very greatly the total number of Colonies appearing on the plate and rendering the separation of the typhoid colonies a much more simple process. When the plate is freshly prepared the color differentiation is even 9928 sharper than shown in this preserved specimen. Mr. Todd: I offer this plate in evidence and ask to have it marked as Professor Jordan's Exhibit A. Which said plate is marked by the Commissioner “Jordan’s Exhibit A, Frank S. Bright, Commissioner.” 9924 Professor Jordan: I have here also a plate prepared in a similar way, showing the mixture of typhoid bacilli from one of the X. Y. Z. cultures with sewage, this plate being made from the Drigalski Conradi medium, the blue colonies on this plate representing typhoid bacilli. Mr. Todd: I offer this plate in evidence and ask to have it marked Jordan’s Exhibit B. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6195 Which said plate is marked by the Commissioner “Jor- dan's Exhibit B, Frank S. Bright, Commissioner.” 9925 A. I have here a plate showing the same mixing of ty- phoid bacilli with sewage, this time plated in Hiss's med- ium. The very thin, delicate watery colonies on the surface of this medium represent typhoid colonies. I have encircled one of these with ink. The hardening of this medium for the pur- pose of preservation destroys something of the sharpness of differentiation. Mr. Todd: I offer that plate in evidence and ask to have it marked Jordan’s Exhibit C. * Which said plate is here marked by the Commissioner “Jor- dan’s Exhibit C, Frank S. Bright, Commissioner.” 9926 A. In the use of these media it was found that after a few days experience it was a relatively simple matter to pick off typhoid colonies from these plates. Mixtures of ty- phoid bacilli with sewage in the laboratory, showed, as has been stated, a great suppression of the ordinary sewage forms, and a rather sharp distinction between the typhoid bacillus and its near ally the colon bacillus which is always present in sewage in large numbers. In such mixtures of typhoid bacilli with fresh raw sewage the great majority of colonies that were picked off as resembling typhoid colonies on these plates proved, on thorough examina- tion, to be genuine typhoid bacilli, responding in all their char- acteristics to the strain of typhoid bacillus originally introduced. In most cases over 90 per cent. of the sewage bacteria were Suppressed in these media and from those remaining typhoid colonies could be easily distinguished. - w Q. Which one of these methods proved to be most satis- factory? • A. Four of these methods, namely the Drigalski and Con- radi, the Horrocks, the Hiss and the MacConkey gave results which were in close harmony. Towards the latter part of the work we became more expert in identifying the colonies appearing on Hiss medium 9927 than on the others, and some other advantages in the use of this medium also presented themselves, but throughout the investigation the four media were used side by side in practically all cases. Elsner's medium to which we gave 6.196 & The State of Missouri vs. a careful examination, did not prove so satisfactory as the oth- ers, and was not much used. i Q. Will you describe your method of identification of the typhoid bacillus in this experiment? A- A. Typhoid-like colonies appearing on these several media were picked off from each plate. In all cases where it was practicable all of the typhoid like colonies on a plate were trans- ferred to tubes and subjected to further examination, and On several occasions all the surface colonies of every kind appear- ing on the plate were picked off and transferred to tubes for study. These suspicious colonies were first inoculated into tubes of nutrient agar to which one per cent of sugar (dextrose) had been added. All those in which gas productions occurred were discarded, since the typhoid bacillus does not produce gas in this 9928 medium. From those tubes showing no gas production a second transfer was made to tubes of sterilized milk to which litmus had been added. The growth of the typhoid bac- illus in such litmus milk is highly characteristic, and those tubes that did not show the initial slight acidity in litmus milk pro- duced by the typhoid bacillus were discarded as being not true typhoid organisms. All organisms passing these tests were then studied as to growth in dextrose broth, in gelatin and in respect to their var- ious morphological characteristics. Finally those organisms that ran the gauntlet of all these tests were subjected to the Widal test, and a positive reaction in this test established the final identification of the typhoid bacillus. Q. Will you describe the method employed by you in tab- ulating the results of this experiment? A. Particular attention has been paid to recording all the data obtainable in the case of these experiments. The number of ordinary sewage bacteria in the waters of the drainage canal at the respective stations has been determined by the usual col- ony count method. The number of colon bacilli present in such waters has been determined and also the number of 9929 streptococcus forms present in these waters. On each oc- casion a record has been kept of the number of typhoid bacilli introduced into each sac together with the amount of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6197 Sewage contained in the sac so that information was had re- garding the number of bacilli in each cubic centimeter of water in the inoculated sac. The date on which the sample was collected is recorded; each sac was given a number that it retained throughout the ex- periment. The amount of sewage plated in each case is recorded in the tables. The medium from which the plates were made is recorded in each case and after the first few days the total num- ber of colonies appearing on each plate is recorded. The total number of colonies picked off each plate, and whether these col- onies were suspicious typhoid colonies or not, were all questions Concerning which we have exact data. The colony picked off from a plate for further study was given a serial number which allowed its complete identification at any time. Any culture that turned out to be from a genuine typhoid colony could be traced by this method to the exact plate and dilution from which it was obtained. Thus, to take one instance, at random from the tables 9930 one cubic centimeter of sewage to which typhoid bacilli had been added, was collected on seven days after the in- Oculation had been made. This was in Drigalski medium and 120 colonies in all developed on this medium. 25 colonies of these were picked off for further study, none of which proved to be typhoid. Throughout the conduct of each experiment a record was kept of the temperature of the air and of the temperature of the water in the drainage canal at the point where the float was anchored. Q. How were the results preserved, the results of this ex- periment preserved? A. Typewritten record sheets were prepared, upon which the history of every sample taken, of every plate made, and of every colony studied, was accurately preserved. So that in every case we are able to establish precisely the grounds upon which the colony was discarded or upon which it was determined to be a genuine typhoid bacillus. Q. Have you prepared tables showing the results obtained from this experiment? A. I have. & Q. In what manner are those tables prepared? 6198 The State of Missouri vs. A. They are typewritten copies, numbered and properly labeled, according to the point at which the experiment 9931 was carried out, and the number of the sac used in the experiment. tº Q. How many tables have you prepared for the experi- ment performed at Lockport? A. I have six such tables. Q. Will you produce and read table I? A. Yes sir. It is as follows: 9932 TABLE I* Drainage Canal at Lockport. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . , 110000 ‘‘ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000–6000 ‘‘ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 B. typhosus, strain (x), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 12000 typhoid bacilli per ce. Time after Sac. Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium O]] colonies * in ce. plate fished found. 1 day B1 Drigalski 40) () é & Horrocks 60) 60 () 2 days B2 Drigalski. 40) () & 4 & 4 Horrocks 30) 70 () 3 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 4) () & 4 & 4 0.1 Drigalski 3) & 4 & 4 1. () Horrocks 2) 19 0 & 4 & 4 0.1 Horrocks 3) & 4 { { 1.0 MacConkey 7) 5 days & 4 1. () Drigalski 86 8) é & & 4 1.0 Horrocks 50 8) 24 0 & 4 é & 1.0 MacConkey 166 8) 7 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 120 25) é & & 4 1.0 Horrocks 170 20) 45 0 9 days 6 & 1.0 Neutral agar 20) () & 4 & 4 1.0 T}rigalski 12) 49 0 & 4 & 4 1.0. MacConkey 10) & 4 & 4 1.0 Horrocks 7) *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 5-14 the temperature of the air ranged from 14° C to 19° C and of the Water from 14.5° C to 17° C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6199 9933 Q. Will you explain table I? A. Table I is the record of an experiment carried out in the drainage canal at Lockport, by the methods hereinbefore in- dicated, between October 5th and 14th, 1903. The temperature of the air during this period ranged from 14 degrees Centigrade to 19 degrees Centigrade that of the water from 14.5 C. to 17 degrees C. The sewage bacteria in the water of the canal at the time of inoculation was 110,000 per ce. The number of colon bacilli was 4,000 to 6,000 per ce. and the number of strep- tococcus 1,000 per ce. Bacillus typhosus, strain x, was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approx- imately 12,000 bacilli per cc. On the first day 60 colonies were taken from the plates. None of these proved to be typhoid col- onies. On the second day 70 colonies were taken from the plates, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. At three days 19 colonies were taken from the plates, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. At five days 24 colonies were taken from the plates, none of which proved to be typhoid col- onies. At seven days 45 colonies were taken from the 9934 plates, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. At nine days 45 colonies were taken from the plates, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. Two different sacs, B, and B, were used in this experiment. 9935 Q. Will you produce and read table II A. It is as follows: 9936 - TABLE II.” Drainage Canal at Lockport. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 110,000 ‘‘ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . * - - - - - - - - - 4,000–6000 ‘‘ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 B. typhosus, strain (x), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 600 typhoid bacilli per cc. *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 5–14, the temperature of the air ranged from 14° C to 19° C and Of the Water from 14.5° C to 17° C. 6200 The State of Missouri vs. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIT colonies in ce. plate fished found. 1 day C, Drigalski 16) € $ { % Horrocks 4) 20 () 2 days C. Drigalski 20) & 4 & 4 Horrocks 10) 30 () 3 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 230 30) & 4 { % 1. () Horrocks 130 10) 50 6 * & 4 1. () MacConkey 270 10) 5 days { % 1. () Drigalski 8) & 4 & 4 1. () Horrocks - 8) 24 () & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 8) 7 days { % 1.0 Drigalski 8) & 4 & 4 1.0 Horrocks 4) 12 () 9 days & 4 1. () Drigalski 5) & 4 { % 1. () Horrocks 4) 10 () < * , & 4 1. () MacConkey 1) 9937 Q. Will you state what table II shows A. Table II contains a record of experiments carried on in the drainage canal at Lockport on the same days and under the Same conditions as the experiment described in table 1, namely, between October 5th and October 14, 1903. The initial number of sewage bacteria, the colon bacilli, and the streptococci were, of course, the same as that described in the preceding table. A smaller number of typhoid bacilli, strain X, was added to this sewage in each sac. Each sac in this experiment con- tained approximately 600 typhoid bacilli to 1 cc. Twenty colonies were taken from plates after one day. 30 after 2 days, 50 after 3 days, 24 after 5 days, 12 after 7 days, 10 after 9 days. None of these proved to be typhoid bacilli. Q. Will you produce and read table III? A. It is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6201 9938 TABLE III.” Drainage Canal at Lockport. Initial colony count sewage bacteria.. 110,000 ‘‘ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000–6000 “ Streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 B. typhosus, strain (y), was added to this sewage in Sugh numbers that each sac contained approximately 180 typhoid bacilli per cc. The bacilli were added in 5 cc of urine from a typhoid patient. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium O]] colonies in ce. plate fished found. 1 day I), 1. () Drigalski 10) & 4 & 4 1. () Horrocks 3) 13 0 3 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 5) & 4 é & 1. () Horrocks 8) 20 () é & & 4 1.0 MacConkey 7) 5 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 6) - & 4 & 4 1. () MacConkey 6) 12 () 7 days { { 1. () Drigalski 8) & 4 & 4 1.0 Horrocks 6) 20 0 & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 6) *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 5-14, the temperature of the air ranged from 14° C to 19° C and of the water from 14.5° C to 17° C. 9939 Q. Will you state what table 3 shows? A. Table III contains a record of an experiment carried out in the drainage canal at Lockport between the same days as those reported in tables I and II, the character of the sewage being the same. In this experiment another strain of the typhoid bacillus, that previously designated as strain Y, was added to the sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approxi- mately 180 typhoid bacilli per ce. The bacilli were added in this case in 5 cc. of urine obtained from a typhoid fever patient. 13 colonies were picked off after 1 day, 20 colonies were picked off after 3 days, 12 colonies were picked off after 5 days, 6202 The State of Missouri vs. 20 colonies were picked off after 7 days. And no typhoid colonies were found among this number. Q. Will you produce and read table TV 2 A. Table IV is as follows: 9940 TABLE IV* Drainage Canal at Lockport. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . ‘‘ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 ‘‘ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (z), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 30000 typhoid bacilli per cc. Time after Sac. Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium O]] colonies in ce. plate fished found. 3 days L. 1.0 Drigalski 8) & 4 & 4 0.01 Hiss 8) 20 0 6 & & 4 1.0 Horrocks 4) 6 & L. 1.0 Drigalski 8) & 4 & 4 1.0 Hiss 5) 20 0 & & & 4 1.01 Hiss 2) & 4 & 4 1.0 Horrocks 5) 5 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 510 7) & 4 & 4 1.0 Horrocks 5) 12 0 6 & Ls 1.0 |Hiss 3180. 8) 6 & & 4 1.0 Drigalski 180 4) 12 0 6 days L. 1.0 Drigalski 1860 10) & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 1320 7) 17 0 8 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 8) 6 & & 4 1.0 MacConkey 6) 24 () & 4 & 4 1. () Hiss 10) 10 days & 4 1.0 MacConkey 12) & 4 é & 1.0 Hiss 14) 26 0 *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 14-27, the temperature of the air ranged from 10°C to 17.5°C, and of the water from 10°C to 14.5°C. 9941 Q. Will you state what table IV shows? A. Table IV contains the record of an experiment car- ried out in the drainage canal at Lockport. The initial number The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6203 of sewage bacteria was in this case not obtained. The initial number of colon bacilli was 1,000 per cc. and the initial number of streptococcus 2,000 per ce. During the conduct of this experiment between October the 14th and the 27th the temperature of the air ranged from 10 degrees to 17.5 degrees C. and that of the water from 10 de- grees C. to 14.5 degrees C. The bacillus typhosus, the strain previously designated as strain Z, was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 30,000 typhoid bacilli per ce. After three days 40 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. After 5 days 24 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. After 6 days 17 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. After 8 days 24 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. After 10 days 26 colonies were picked off, none of which 9942 proved to be typhoid colonies. Q. Will you produce and read table V” A. It is as follows: - 99.43 - TABLE V.* Drainage Canal at Lockport. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . ‘‘ Colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 “ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (Z), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 1500 typhoid bacilli per ce. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 3 days M1 0.01 Hiss 5) & 4 & 4 1. () Drigalski 5) 10 0 5 days M2 (). 1 Drigalski 130 2) é & 6 & 0.1 Hiss 790 6) 8 0. *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 14-27, the temperature of the air ranged from 10°C to 17.5°C, and of the water from 10°C to 14.5°C. 6204 The State of Missouri vs. 9944 Q. Will you state what table V shows? A. Table V contains the record of a similar experiment carried out between the same dates as in the preceding case, namely, between October 14th and 27th, 1903, in the same body of water, differing from the experiment reported in table IV, only in the fact that each sac contained approximately 5500 typhoid bacilli per co. instead of 30,000; 10 colonies were exam- ined after 3 days, 8 after 5 days, none of which proved to be typhoid colonies. These early experiments gave negative results throughout largely because of the number of typhoid bacilli added in these cases; but especially because in these early experiments the time allowed to elapse after inoculation before a very large num- ber of colonies were examined was in most cases too great, as is shown by the later experiments in which a shorter interval was allowed to elapse between inoculation and examination of the material in these sacs. The experiment, for example, recorded in table IV where no examinations were made of the water of the Sac until after 3 days had elapsed is a case in point. The outcome of these early experiments convinced us that if typhoid bacilli were to be found at all in the waters of 9945 the drainage canal under these conditions it must be by ` examinations made within a short time after the infection of sacs had been effected. Q. Will you produce and read table number VI? A. It is as follows: 99.46 - TABLE VI.” Drainage Canal at Tockport. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . . ‘‘ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 “ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (y), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 360,000 typhoid bacilli per ce. *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 17-27, the temperature of the air ranged from 10°C to 17.5°C, and of the water from 10°C to 14.5°C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 205 Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 10 min. O, 0.0001 Drigalski 45 14) 13) & 4 ‘‘ 0.001 Horrocks 160 18) 17) 63 é & ‘‘ 0.001. Hiss 230 36) 33) 2 days “ (). 1 Drigalski 410 15) & 4 ‘‘ (). 1 Hiss 5700 25) 65 0 & 4 & 4 0.01 { % 25) 3 days ‘‘ 1.0 Drigalski 268 10) & 4 & 4 0.1 & 4 10) & 4 ‘‘ 1.0 MacConkey 270 10) 63 0 & 4 & 4 (). 1 & 4 10) & 4 “ (). 1 Horrocks 250 13) & 4 ‘‘ (). 1 Neutral agar 5840 10) 5 days O, 0.1 Drigalski 3) & 4 & 4 1.0 é & 14) & 4 ‘‘ 1.0 MacConkey 21) 46 () & 4 ‘‘ (). 1 Hiss 2) & 4 ‘‘ 0.1 Neutral agar 6) 7 days O, 1.0 MacConkey 126 8) & 4 ‘‘ 1. () Hiss 390 11) 19 () & 4 ‘‘ 1.0 MacConkey 32 5) & 4 “ (). 1 . Hiss 370 18) 23 () 10 days ‘‘ 1.0 Hiss 85 85) () 9947 Q. Will you state what table number VI shows? A. Table number VI contains the record of an experi- ment carried out in the drainage canal at Lockport between Oc- tober 17 and 27, 1903. The temperature of the air during this period was from 10 degrees C. to 17.5 degrees C. and that of the water from 10 degrees C. to 14.5 degrees C. Initial colony count of the sewage bacteria was in this case not obtained. The initial number of colon bacilli was 1,000 per cc. The initial number of streptococcus was 2,000 per ce. The bacillus typhosus, the strain previously designated as strain Y was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 360,000 typhoid bacilli per cc. 6206 The State of Missouri vs. In this case a particular test was made of the validity of the methods employed in isolation and identification. 10 minutes after the typhoid bacilli had been introduced varying amounts of the mixture of the sewage and typhoid bacilli were plated in three different media. In one of these cases .001 of a ce. was plated and there were 45 colonies 9948 in all on the plate. 14 of these colonies were picked out as looking suspiciously like typhoid colonies and on ap- plying appropriate tests, as already described, 13 of these proved to be genuine typhoid bacilli. From this same sample of water .001 of a ce. of water was plated and 160 colonies in all developed on the plate. 18 of these were picked off as looking like typhoid colonies and 17 of them proved to be genuine ty- phoid bacilli. Of this same sample .001 of a CC. was plated in Hiss' medium, 230 colonies developed on the plate, 36 of these were picked off as resembling typhoid colonies and 33 of these proved to be genuine typhoid colonies. The fact that on these three different media. 63 out of 68 colonies that appeared to be like typhoid colonies turned out to be genuine typhoid organisms, demonstrates the great aid that these special media were in differentiating the typhoid bacillus in the presence of a multitude of sewage forms. Continuing the record of this same experiment, after 3 days 65 colonies were taken off from 6 plates, a smaller quantity of water being used, instead of .001 of a ce. .01 of a ce. in one case and instead of .001 of a ce. .1 of a ce. Out of 65 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. 9949 After three days out of 63 colonies examined, 2 out of 6 plates being from 1 cc. of the sewage, none proved to be typhoid. After 5 days out of 46 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. - After 7 days out of 42 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. After 10 days out of 85 colonies examined, none proved to be typhoid. & I consider this as one of the most remarkable of all exper- iments that were made. On the 10th day after inoculation 1 cc. of the contents of the sac was plated in Hiss medium and 85 colonies in all developed on this medium, which is not only very & The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6207 favorable to the growth of the typhoid bacillus but to all other Sewage forms, its inhibitive effect being less than that of other media. Eighty-five colonies in all developed in 1 cc. of this sew- age, and the whole number of 85 colonies was picked off the plate and examined and not one of these proved to be typhoid al- though 10 days previously when the sac was inoculated, each cc. in the sac contained 360,000 typhoid bacilli. 9950 This experiment plainly shows an enormous mortality among typhoid bacilli under these natural conditions in the water of the drainage canal. Examination of one whole ce. of the water after 10 days shows that of the 360,000 that it orig- inally contained not one was left alive. ADJOURNED UNTIL 2 P. M. SAME DAY. 9951 MET PURSUANT TO ADJOURNMENT AT 2 P. M., FEBRUARY 4, 1904. Present the Commissioner and same counsel. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd. Q. Do these six tables complete the work so far as ty- phoid determinations are concerned at Lockport during this ex- periment? A. Yes sir, these six tables contain records of the inocul- ated sacs. Q. Have you any tables from the Robey Street part of the experiment? A. Yes sir, tables VII to XV, inclusive, deal with the ex- periments conducted in the drainage canal at Robey Street. Q. Will you produce and read table VII? A. It is as follows: 6208 The State of Missouri vs. 9952 TABLE VII* Drainage Canal at Robey Street. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . .390000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000–6000 ‘‘ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (x), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 11500 typhoid bacilli per ce. - - Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 4 days F, 1.0 Drigalski 10) é & é & 1. () Horrocks 7) 25 () & 4 é & 1. () MacConkey 8) 6 days 6 & 1.0 Drigalski 10) é & & 4 1. () MacConkey 5) 20 () & 4 & 4 1.0. Hiss 5) 7 days F. 1. () MacConkey 2) é & & 4 1. () Hiss - 8) 15 () & 4 & 4 1.0 Neutral agar 5) 11 days & 4 1. () Drigalski 112 7) * & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 54 4) 19 0 & 4 é & 1.0 Hiss 5590 8) 12 days F, 1.0 Drigalski 9) & 4 & 4 1.0 Hiss 20) 41 0 & 4 € $ 1.0 Horrocks : 12) 14 days F. 1. () Drigalski 510 6) & 4 & 4 1.0 . MacConkey 560 8) 27 () & 4 & 4 1.0 |Hiss 940 13) *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 9.-23, the temperature of the air ranged from 13°C to 18°C, and of the water from 12.5°C to 14°C. 9953 Q. Will you explain table VII? A. Table VII contains the record of an experiment car- ried out in the drainage canal at Robey Street between October 9th and 23rd, 1903. During this period the temperature of the air ranged from 13 degrees C. to 18 degrees C. and that of the water from 12.5 C. to 14 degrees C. The number of bacteria. present in the drainage canal at the time of inoculation was The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 3209 390,000 per cc. The number of colon bacteria from 4,000 to 6,000; the number of strepticocci 2,000. Bacillus typhosus, the strain previously designated as X, was added to this sewage in such numbers that the sac contained approximately 11,500 typhoid bacilli per ce. This was one of the early experiments and the first exam- ination of the water was made four days after inoculation at which time 25 colonies were picked off. None of these proved to be typhoid. After 6 days 20 colonies were picked off, none of which were typhoid. After 7 days 15 colonies were taken off, none of which were typhoid. After 11 days 19 colonies were picked off, none of which were typhoid. After 12 days 41 col- onies were picked off, none of which were typhoid. After 14 days 27 colonies were picked off, none of which were . . 9954 typhoid. Q. Will you produce and read table VIII? A. It is as follows: 9955 . TAIBLE VIII* Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 390000 ‘‘ Colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000–6000 ‘‘ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (X), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 670 typhoid bacilli per ce. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 2 days G. 1.0 Drigalski 5) - & & & 4 (). 1 Drigalski 10) & 4 é & 1.0 MacConkey 5) 35 () & & & 4 0.1 MacConkey 13) & 4 é & (). 1 Hiss 2) 4 days é & 1. () Drigalski 6) & 4 & 4 1. () Horrocks 3) 15 () é & & 4 1.0 MacConkey 6) 7 days G., 1. () MacConkey 10) & 4 & 4 1. () Hiss 8) 23 () { { { { 1. () Neutral agar 5) *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 9.-23, the temperature of the air ranged from 18°C to 18°C, and of the water from 12.5°C to 14°C. A—389 6210 The State of Missouri vs. 9956 Q. Will you explain table VIII? A. Table VIII contains a record of an experiment car- ried out in the drainage canal at Robey Street between October 9 and 23, 1903. During this period the temperature of the air ranged from 13 to 18 degrees C. and that of the water from 12.5 to 14 degrees C. The number of sewage bacteria colon bacilli and streptococcus was the same as that indicated in table VII. Bacillus typhosus, a strain previously described as X, was added to the sewage in such numbers that the sac contained approx- imately 670 typhoid bacilli per cc. 2 days after inoculation 35 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. After 4 days 15 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. After 7 days 23 colonies were picked off none of which proved to be typhoid. Q. Will you produce and read table IX? A. It is as follows: 9957 TABLE IX* Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 390000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000—6000 “ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (3), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 18000 typhoid bacilli per ce. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIOl colonies - in ce. plate fished found. 4 days H, 1.0 Drigalski 20) & 4 & 4 1. () Horrocks 15) 50 0 & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 15) 6 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 8) & 4 4 & 1. () MacConkey 5) 19 () & 4 & 4 1. Hiss 6) *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 9.-23, the temperature of the air ranged from 13°C to 18°C, and of the water from 12.5°C to 14°C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6211 7 days & 4 1.0 MacConkey 9) & & & 4 1.0 Hiss 8) 22 , () & 4 & 4 1.0 Neutral agar 5) • 11 days H. 1. () Drigalski 4) & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 310 5) 14 0. & 4 & 4 1. () Hiss 5) 12 days Ha 1.0 Drigalski 13) & 4 & 4 1.0 Hiss 10) 34 () & 4 - é & 1.0 Horrocks 11) 14 days H2 1.0 Drigalski 102 8) é & & 4 1. () MacConkey 136 4) 23 0. é & & 4 1.0 Hiss 1890 11) 9958 Q. Will you explain table IX? - A. Table IX contains the record of an experiment con- ducted in the water of the drainage canal at Robey Street, be- tween October 9 and 23, 1903, the temperature of the air and water and the number of sewage bacteria per ce. and the num- ber of colon bacilli and streptococcus being the same as indi- cated in tables VII and VIII. Bacillus typhosus, the strain pre- viously designated as Z, was added to this sewage in such num- bers that each sac contained approximately 18,000 typhoid bac- illi per ce. - 4 days after inoculation 50 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. - 6 days after inoculation 19 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 7 days after inoculation 22 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 11 days after 14 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 12 days after, 34 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 14 days after, 23 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. In all, 18 plates were examined for typhoid bacilli 1 cc. 9959 of water being used in making each plate. Q. Will you produce and read table X? A. It is as follows: 6212 The State of Missouri vs. 9960 TABLE X* Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . .390000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000–6000 “ Streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (Z), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 900 typhoid bacilli per ce. - Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium colonies in ce. plate fished found. 2 days I. 1.0 Drigalski 5) é & & 4 0.1 Drigalski 10) & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 5) 35 0 & 4 & 4 0.1 MacConkey 10) & 4 é & 0.1 Hiss 5) 4 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 6) é & & 4 1.0 Horrocks 3) 15 () & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 6) 6 days & 4 1.0 Drigalski 5) g & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 2) 17 () & 4 é & 1.0 Hiss 10) *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 9.-23, the temperature of the air ranged from 13°C to 18°C, and of the water from 12.5°C to 14°C. 9961 Q. Will you explain table X? A. Table X contains the record of an experiment con- ducted in the drainage canal at Robey Street between October 9 and 23, 1903, the temperature of the air and water and the in- itial number of sewage bacteria per cc. and the number of colon bacilli and streptococcus being the same as in the three tables just preceding. Bacillus typhosus, the strain previously de- scribed as Z, was added to this sewage in such number that each sac contained approximately 900 bacilli per ce. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. .3213 2 days after inoculation 35 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 4 days after inoculation 15 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. t 6 days after, 17 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. - Q. Will you produce and read table number XI. A. It is as follows: 9962 TABLE XI* Drainage Canal at Robey St. l Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . 113000 ; “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 “ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strain (y), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 25000 typhoid bacilli per cc. The bacilli were added in 50cc of urine from a typhoid patient. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OI). colonies in ce. plate fished found. 2 days R, 0.1 Drigalski 11) () 3 days R, 0.001 Drigalski 6) { % & 4 0.001 Horrocks 7) 19 0 & 4 & 4 0.001. Hiss 6) 5 days & 4 0.01 Drigalski 5) & & & 4 0.01 MacConkey 3) 12 O é & & 4 0.01. Hiss 4) * *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 18-23, the temperature of the air ranged from 14°C to 19°C, and of the water from 14.5°C to 17°C. 9963 Q. Will you explain table XI. A. Table XI contains the records of an experiment con- ducted in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street, be- tween October 18 and October 23, 1903. During this period the temperature of the air ranged from 14 degrees C. to 19 degrees 6214. The State of Missouri vs. C. and that of the water from 14.5 to 17 degrees C. The number of sewage bacteria per ce. at the outset of this experiment was 113,000. The number of colon bacilli 1,000. The number of streptococcus 2,000 per cé. Bacillus typhosus, the strain pre- viously designated as strain Y, was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 25,000 bacilli per cc. The bacilli were added in 50 cc. of urine from a typhoid patient. - 2 days after inoculation 11 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 3 days after 19 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. * 5 days after inoculation 12 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. - Q. Will you produce and read table number XII? A. It is as follows: 9964 TABLE XII.” Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 113000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 “ Streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 B. typhosus, strains (y), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 16,800 typhoid bacilli per cc. The bacilli were added in 50 cc of urine from a typhoid patient. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 2 days S, 1.0 Drigalski 9) - 3 days • & 4 0.001 Drigalski 7) & 4 & 4 0.001 Horrocks 6) 17 0 & 4 & 4 0.0001 Neutral agar 4) 5 days & 4 0.01 Drigalski 5) & 4 , & 4 0.01 Hiss 9) 14 () *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 18–23, the temperature of the air ranged from 14°C to 19°C, and of the water from 14.5°C to 17°C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6215 9965 Q. Explain table XII? A. Table XII contains the record of an experiment con- ducted in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street, be- tween October 18th and 23rd, 1903. The temperature of the air and water, the initial colony count of sewage bacteria, the number of colon bacilli and streptococcus being the same as indicated in table XI. B. typhosus, the strain previously described as Y, Was added to this sewage in such numbers that each Sac Con- tained approximately 16,800 per cc. The bacilli were added in 50 cc. of urine from a typhoid patient. 2 days after inoculation 9 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 3 days after inoculation 17 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 5 days after inoculation 14 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. Q. Will you produce and read table XIII? A. It is as follows: 6216 The State of Missouri vs. 9966 TABLE XIII.” Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 240000 ‘‘ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 ‘‘ streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 B. typhosus, strain (z), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 285,000 typhoid bacilli per co. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium on colonies - in ce. - plate fished found. 1 hour P, 0.001 HiSS 430 25) 20). & 4 & 4 0.001 Drigalski 80 6) 4) & 4 & 4 (). 0001 & 4 3) 49 2) 41 ( & 4 & 0.001 MacConkey 210 15) 15) 20 hrs. & 4 0.001 Hiss 440 37) 13) & 4 & 4 0.001 Neutral agar 610 4) 1) & 4 & 4 0.001 Drigalski 15 6) 54 2) 21 & 4 & & 0.01 MacConkey 1780 7) 5) 28 hrs. & 4 0.01. Hiss 1350 33) 24) & 4 { % 0.001 é & 4) 1) & 4 & 4 0.01 Drigalski 60 3) 61, 0) 46 é & & 4 0.01 MacConkey 430 21) 21) 2 days & & 0.01. Hiss 173 59) 1) { % & 4 0.01 MacConkey" 3) 69 0) 1 & 4 & 4 (). 1 & © . 108 7) 0) 3 days & 4 0.01. Hiss 182: 25) & 4 & 4 0.1 & 4 6) 31 0 4 days & 4 (). 1 Hiss 3400 15) & 4 & 4 1. () Drigalski” 45 6) 21 0 5 days & 4 (). 1 Hiss 105 10) & 4 & & 1.0 Drigalski 32 6) 16 0 6 days é & 0.1 Hiss 1344 32) 32 0 7 days ( & 0.1 Hiss 1130 28) & 4 & 4 1.0 Drigalski 160 8) 36 0 8 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 440 31) - & & & 4, 1.0 MacConkey 120 4) 35 0 *All typhus ahnliche colonies fished on MacConkey. *All typhus ahnliche colonies fished on Drigalski. *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 25-Nov. 4, the temperature of the air ranged from 6°C to 13°C, and of the water from 9.5°C to 12°C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6217 9967 Q. Explain table XIII. A. Table XIII contains a record of an experiment car- ried out in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street, be- tween October 25 and November 4, 1903. During the conduct of this experiment the temperature of the air ranged from 6 de- grees C. to 13 degrees C., and that of the water from 9.5 de- grees C. to 12 degrees C. B. Typhosus, strain Z, was added to this sewage in such numbers that the sac contained approximately 285,000 typhoid bacilli per cc. - One hour after inoculation 49 colonies were picked off from 4 different plates, 41 of which proved to be typhoid. 20 hours after inoculation 54 colonies were picked off from 4 plates, 21 of which proved to be typhoid. 28 hours after inoculation 61 colonies were picked off from 4 plates, 46 of which proved to be typhoid. 2 days after inoculation 69 colonies were picked off from 3 plates, 1 of which proved to be typhoid. 3 days after inoculation —— colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. - 4 days after inoculation 21 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 4. 5 days after inoculation 16 colonies were picked off, none 9968 of which proved to be typhoid. 6 days after inoculation 32 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 7 days after inoculation 36 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 8 days after inoculation 35 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. Q. Will you produce and read table XIIIa.” A. It is as follows: 6218 The State of Missouri vs. 996.9 TABLE XIII A.” Drainage Canal at Robey Street. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 240000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 B. typhosus, strain (z), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 285000 typhoid bacilli per ce. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies. Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OEl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 3 days P. 0.01 Eliss 1130 14) { % é & 0.1 Drigalski' 229 3) 19 0 & 4 “ 0.01 MacConkey 35 2) - 4 days “ 0.1 Hiss 6120 13) é & & 4 1.0 MacConkey” 5) 18 0 5 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 1890 23) “. & 4 1.0 MacConkey 97 10) 33 () 6 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 1540 15) - & 4 & 4 1.0 Drigalski 83 8) 23 0. 7 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 1296 11) & 4 é & (). 1 Neutral agar 670 5) 18 0. & 4 & 4 1. () Drigalski 44 2) * 8 days “ 0.1 Hiss 1890 18) 18 0 9 days & 4 0.1 & 4 1960 8) é & & 4 0.1 Neutral agar 1460 13) 41 0 & 4 é & 1.0 MacConkey 140 20) 10 days “ 0.1 Hiss” 1820 24) & 4 é & 1.0 MacConkey 86 13) 37 3 "All typhus ahnliche colonies fished on MacConkey and Drigalski. *All typhus ahnliche colonies fished on MacConkey and Drigalski. - *All surface typhus ahnliche colonies fished on Hiss and MacConkey. *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 25-Nov. 4, the temperature of the air ranged from 6°C to 13°C, and of the water from 9.5°C to 12°C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6219 9970 Q. Explain table XIII A2 A. Table XIII A contains a record of an experiment carried out in the water of the drainage canal at Robey Street, under precisely the same conditions as those recorded in table XIII. The sac numbered Pº was inoculated at the same time and in precisely the same manner as P', recorded in table XIII. 3 days after inoculation 19 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 4 days after 18 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 5 days after 33 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 6 days after inoculation, 23 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 7 days after 18 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 8 days after inoculation 18 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. - 9 days after inoculation 41 colonies were picked off, 9971 none of which proved to be typhoid. 10 days after inoculation 37 colonies were picked off, 3 of which proved to be typhoid. Q. Will you produce and read table XIV? A. Table XIV is as follows: 9972 TABLE XIV.” Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . 240000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . * e º 'º e º e º e 1000 B. typhosus, strain (y), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 857,000 typhoid bacilli per ce. The bacilli were added in 50 cc of urine from a typhoid patient. *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 25-Nov. 4, the temperature of the air ranged from 6°C to 13°C, and of the water from 9.5°C to 12°C. 6220 The State of Missouri vs. Time after Sac Amount inoculation 20 hrs. & 4 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 8 days 9 days & 4 No. -N1 $ 6 & 4 { { & 4 plated Medium Oll in ce. plate 0.001. Hiss 730 0.001 Neutral agar 1020 0.001 Drigalski 118 0.01 { { 0.01 MacConkey 960 0.01 Hiss 540 0.01 Drigalski 380 0.01 MacConkey 392 0.01. Hiss (). 1 Drigalski 0.01 MacConkey" 0.1 & 4 0.01. Hiss” 1072 0.1 Drigalski 4080 0.01 MacConkey 520 0.01. Hiss” 2040 0.1 “ - (). 1 Hiss 7200 1.0 Drigalski 230 0.1 Neutral agar 1490 1.0 Drigalski 180 0.1 Hiss 1890 (). 1 Hiss 1390 0.1 Hiss 17400 1.0 MacConkey 214 Colonies Colonies Typhoid colonies fished found. 17) 5) 2) 0) 7) 50 0) 20 15) 6) 9) 9) 32) 23) 15) 57 10) 43 10) 10) 23) 3) 14) 0) 5) 52 4) 9 10) 2) 36) 8) 56 0 12) 25) 10) 35 () 16) 7) 23 0 4) 6) 10 0 25) 25 () 23) 23 () 13) 19) 32 () "All typhus ahnliche colonies fished on MacConkey (0.01). *No surface typhus ahnliche colonies on Hiss (0.01) and Drigalski. "All surface typhus ahnliche colonies fished on Hiss. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6221 9973 Q. Explain table XIV 2 A. Table XIV contains the record of an experiment con- ducted in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street, be- tween October 25 and November 4, 1903. During this period the temperature of the air ranged from 6 to 13 degrees C.; that of the water from 9.5 to 12 C. The number of sewage bacteria in the water at the time of inoculation was 240,000, the number of colon bacilli 1,000 per ce. Bacillus typhosus, the strain previously described as Y, was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 857,000 typhoid bacilli per ce. The bacilli were added in 50 cc. of urine from a typhoid patient. 20 hours after inoculation 50 colonies were picked off, 20 of which proved to be typhoid. 28 hours after inoculation 57 colonies were picked off, 45 of which proved to be typhoid. 2 days after inoculation 52 colonies were picked off, 9 of which proved to be typhoid. • 3 days after inoculation 56 colonies were picked off, non 9974 of which proved to be typhoid. 4 days after inoculation 35 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 5 days after inoculation 23 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 6 days after inoculation 10 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. w 7 days after inoculation 25 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 8 days after inoculation 23 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 9 days after inoculation 32 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. Q. Will you produce and read table XV2 A. It is as follows: 6222 The State of Missouri vs. 9975 TABLE XV.” Drainage Canal at Robey St. Initial colony count sewage bacteria. . . . . . 240000 “ colon bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 B. typhosus, strain (y), was added to this sewage in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 857,000 typhoid bacilli per ce. The bacilli were added in 50 cc. of urine from a typhoid patient. Time after Sac Amount Colonies Colonies Typhoid inoculation No. plated Medium OIl colonies in ce. plate fished found. 4 days N., 0.01. Hiss 336 6) & 4 & 4 0.1 Hiss 8) 14 0. 5 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 2360 . 15) & & & 4 1. () Drigalski 280 7) 29 0 & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 260 7) 6 days , & 4 0.1 Hiss 2640 12) 12 0 9 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 3400 8) & 4 & 4 1.0 MacConkey 592 21), 29 () 10 days & 4 0.1 Hiss 3210 35) & & & 4 1.0 MacConkey 468 24) 59 () 9976 Q. Explain table XV: A. Table XV contains a record of an experiment con- ducted in the water of the drainage canal at Robey street, be- tween October 24th and November 4, 1903. During this period the temperature of the air ranged from 6 degrees C. to 13 degrees C.; that of the water from 9.5 de- grees C. to 12 degrees C., the initial number of sewage bacteria 247,000 per cc., the number of colon bacilli 1,000 per cc. Bacil- lus typhosus, the strain designated as Y, was added to this sew- *During the conduct of this experiment, Oct. 24-Nov. 4, the temperature of the air ranged from 6°C to 13°C, and of the water from 9.5°C to 12°C. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6223 age in such numbers that each sac contained approximately 857,000 typhoid bacilli per ce. The bacilli were added in 50 cc. of urine from a typhoid patient. - - 4 days after inoculation 14 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 5 days after inoculation 29 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 6 days after inoculation 12 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 9 days after inoculation 29 colonies were picked off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 10 days after inoculation 59 colonies were picked off, 9977 none of which proved to be typhoid. Q. Did you use any control tubes? A. Yes, sir, I did. Q. What purpose did you have in using these control sacs? A. My aim was to discover, if possible, what happened to the sewage bacteria left in such sacs. It is well known that sew- age or sewage polluted water removed from its original source and allowed to stand in glass bottles in the laboratory shows a numerous multiplication of bacteria contained in it, thus demon- strating the existence of favorable conditions for the multiplica- tion of sewage bacteria. Under these circumstances, in glass bottles, the number of bacteria in such sewage polluted waters rises into the millions and may even reach tens of millions. Now, it is well known that in sewage polluted rivers where Samples of the water are plated immediately after collection, no such enormous numbers of bacteria are found as in these glass bottle experiments. * -- In the waters of the Desplaines river and the upper Illinois river, for example, no such numbers of bacteria are observed as in these laboratory observations. 9978 I have already called attention to the fact that an almost steady decline in the number of sewage bacteria and the colon bacteria occurs during the passage of the water down the river, even in the upper stages where the dilution is relatively slight. In brief, no such multiplication of bacteria is noticed under natural conditions as has long been known to occur in glass bottles in the laboratory. 6224 The State of Missouri vs. This is one of the reasons for assuming that the conditions in these glass bottles are more favorable for the life of bacteria generally than in nature, and I have already indicated that one possible reason for this favorable effect is to be found in the nature of the substances dissolved by the water. It was interesting and important to determine, therefore, whether the sewage bacteria confined in these parchment Sacs behaved like those confined in glass bottles or acted more nearly in conformity with what has been observed in natural conditions. This was the prime object of these control tests. An- other reason for making these control tests was to dis- 9979 cover how long the integrity of the parchment sac was maintained. n & Q. Did you prepare any tables showing the result of your analyses of these control tubes for the determination of river bacteria? A. Yes, sir, I have four tables, tables A, B, C and D, show- ing the history of such control sacs. Q. Will you produce and read table A in evidence A. Yes, sir; it is as follows: 99.80 TABLE A. CONTROLS LOCKPORT. No. days in Sac. Sac Colony count No. B. Coli No. Strepto- No. agar 37° in 1 cc. cocci in 1 cc. Initial A. 470,000 4000–6000 1000 3 days As 2,000 less than 1000 1000 7 days A. 660 50 none in 1 cc. 9 days As 2,520 5 none in 10 cc. 9981 Q. Please explain table A” A. Table A contains the records of the observations upon the bacterial changes occurring in one of these parchment Sacs, hereinbefore described, containing water taken from the drainage canal and placed in the drainage canal at Lockport. The initial number of sewage bacteria per cc. was 470,000. In 3 days this number had sunk to 2,000. The initial number of colon bacillus in one ce. was from 4,000 to 6,000. In 9 days the number of colon bacteria had diminished to 5; the number of * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6225 streptococcus in one ce. was, at the beginning, 1,000; at 9 days no streptococcus was found when 10 cc. of this water was ex- amined. - Q. Will you produce and read table B in evidence? A. It is as follows: 99.82 TABLE B. CONTROLS LOCKPORT. - No. days in Sac. Sac Colony count No. B. Coli No. Strepto- - No. agar 37° in 1 cc. cocci in 1 cc. Initial Kı º 1000 2000 3 days & 4 8000 10 20 5 days K. - 6–9 None in 5 cc 6 days é & 1332 6-8 { { { % 8 days K. 11800 7 9983 Q. Please explain table B? A. Table B contains the records of observations on one of these parchment sacs. These observations were of the same character as those in the preceding table, containing the water taken from the drainage canal and placed in the drainage canal at Lockport. A decrease in the number of sewage bacteria, colon . bacilli and streptococcus was observed. Q. Will you produce and read table C in evidence? A. It is as follows: 9984 TABLE C. CONTROLS ROBEY ST. No. days in Sac. Sac Colony count No. B. Coli No. Strepto- - No. agar 37° in 1 cc. cocci in 1 cc. Initial Ea 390000 4000-6000 40000 2 days & 4 21000 100 20 4 days { % 19500 70-90 1 in 5 cc 6 days { % 70200 50 none in 4/2 c 7 days E, 17200 90-100 none in .1 cc 11 days & 4 14600 20 none in 1-5 cc 12 days Ea 75600 4-10 none in 5 cc 14 days ‘‘ too thick to COunt 6-10 2 A—390 6226 The State of Missouri vs. 9985 Q. Please explain table C. A. Table C contains the record of the observations made upon the bacterial changes occuring in one of these parchment sacs containing water taken from the drainage canal and placed in the drainage canal at Robey Street. I should say, perhaps, that in the case of all of these parch- ment sacs, both those infected and the controls, the water was taken from the drainage canal at the point where the float was located, and was filled with this water just before inoculation and just before the initial sample was taken. The initial number of sewage bacteria was 390,000 per ce., the number of B. coli 4,000 to 6,000; the number of streptococcus 40,000. - - In 2 days the number of sewage bacteria had fallen to 21,– 000; the number of bacilli colon to 100; the number of strep- to COccus to 20. This sac showed signs of breaking down six days after the beginning of the experiment. This was the earliest that any Such change was noticed. The loss of integrity on the part of the sac is first evidenced by an increase in the total number of Sewage bacteria and this is followed usually, in several 9986 days by an increase in the number of colon bacillus and streptococcus. I introduce this table as illustrating the changes taking place in one of those control sacs when the integrity of the sac becomes impaired. Q. Will you produce and read table D? A. It is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6227 99.87 TABLE D. CONTROLS Robey Street. No. days in Sac. Sac Colony count No. B. Coli No. Strepto- No. agar 37° in 1 cc. cocci in 1 cc. Initial V, 240000 800–1000 20 hrs. & 4 327000 700– 900 28 hrs. & 4 326000 800 2 days & 4 122000 100– 200 4 days & 4 17000 20 5 days { { 16400 7 – 8 6 days { % 17800 5– 6 7 days { % 7900 8 8 days { % 5980 9 9 days é & 730() 6– 8 9988 Q. Please explain table D ! A. Table D contains a record of the more detailed means of observations upon one of these control sacs containing water taken from the drainage canal at Robey Street and placed in the canal at Robey Street. The initial colony count in this case was 240,000. --~~~Another sample was taken at 20 hours, showing a slight in- crease in the number to 327,000. In 28 hours the number was 326,000. In 2 days the number was 122,000 and in 4 days the number had fallen to 14,000, and in 9 days to 7,300. The num- ber of colon bacilli in this case remained about the same for the first 28 hours, namely, from 800 to 1,000. In 2 days the num- ber had fallen to from 100 to 200 and in 4 days to 20 per ce. I regard this experiment as being especially interesting in that it shows a slight initial increase similar to what is observed Sometimes in the waters of the drainage canal flowing between Robey Street and Lockport. This very slight initial increase is, however, followed by a rapid decline, and I would call particular attention to the fact that the initial increase does not amount to anything like what is observed in samples of this sewage standing in glass bottles in the laboratory. 6228 The State of Missouri vs. . To sum up, the conditions shown by these control sacs, 9989 the behavior of the bacteria is shown to be practically identical with what I have seen reason to believe is the natural course of events in the sewage polluted stream itself. There is at first, perhaps, a slight increase in the number of Sewage bacteria, while the colon bacilli apparently hold their own for about 24 hours. There is then a marked and continuous decline in the number of ordinary sewage bacteria as determined by the colony count, and also in the number of colon bacteria and streptococcus, thus simulating in a very precise fashion the changes that take place in the canal and river water. I regard the evidence presented by these control sacs as con- firming altogether the inferences which I have already drawn concerning the naturalness of the conditions in these parchment sacs. The course of events, so far as the death of sewage bac- teria and colon bacilli are concerned is precisely the same as what I have been led to consider happens in the river when these sewage bacteria are added to it in Chicago sewage. In both cases there is the same marked diminution in the number of sewage bacteria and in the number of colon bacilli. 9990 Q. Do these tables which you have read into the record and explained complete the experiment as far as your work is concerned, Professor? A. Yes sir. Q. Professor, I show you one of these parchment sacs and ask you to state what it is? - A. It is the sac upon which the observations described in the last table, table D, were made. It was removed from the water at the end of nine days. Sacs of this character and these dimensions were used throughout the experiment just described. MR. TODD: I offer this sac in evidence and ask to have it marked “Jordan’s Exhibit D.” The sac is marked by the Commissioner as requested by counsel. 9991 Q. When the sac just offered in evidence was taken out of the water was it intact? A. It was tested and found intact. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6229 Q. Have you got a table of summaries for the drainage canal at Lockport, based upon the tables that have been offered in evidence? . A. Yes sir, I have. Q. Will you produce and read the table of summaries? A. It is as follows: 6230 The State of M QSSO'M7°0, Q)S. *0–UIOĮq'8 I noouĮ JO Atap Jºſqļºg punog pĮoqđAq ſºqoJ, *W&6–uoſqe/noouſ Jo Kbp Jaſųº uºx{Bq saquoſoo (gqoJ, *89–punoj pĮoqđAn Iºqo, I, '&66-uºx{84 sºļūOĻ00 lºņOJ, 0 |0II0 |690 |#30 |6II0 ||I0 |98 I | * * * * * *· · · · · ·| 0|×0 |g9I0 |868989* ''[8ļOJ, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •e s • • • • t • • • • • • + • • • • • • • • • • • • •08—I ‘0]* * * * * *• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •* * * * * * * * 100gIº IN • • • • • I • • • • • • ! e º - • • • || «… • • • • • I • • • • • •• • • • ¶ • • • • • • 1 • • • • • •» «, , , º ſº I • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • •· · · · ·|| 0 | 9-0’ I || ....|........|......|......|......|........[ | 0 | g-10' 0 | Í009 I* W •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • + • • • • • • • • • • • • d • • • • •!0&I-0 * I• • • • • • • • • • • ••± •• • • • • •→• • •• • • • • • • • • H • • • • • • • • • • • • • d • • • • • • ••00008er I |0g–0°]• • • • • •ſe º• •08I–0* I w ، ، ، ، ، ،�•�• • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • I • • • • • • I • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• M • • • • • • I • • • • • • • •% Ķ ķī£}|::::::|::::::|}}Ķīķi}00008rI _^ • ¡ | • • • • • • I • • • • • •►_^ • ¡ ¿ • • • • • • I • • • • • •_^ • T | • • • • • • ! • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •0 |&I—0° I || ....|........|......|..• • • • I • • • • • •* • • • • • •� 0 |9Ż-0" |0 |;&-0 * I0 || 1-0" |}} |#|#|#|||0000€trī • și- • •• • t • ¶ • • • • • • • • • ••00&-0 * I- - - - - € 1, * · · · ·0åI-0 * I• • • • • • • • • • •00?–0* I• • • • • • I • • •-- - … • →0£I-0 * I• • • • • • I • • • • • • • •08ſ*CI • • • • ••001-0" |• •0Źſ-0 * ]• • • • • • • • • • • • •0ț¢&-0" |«• •• • • • • •009–0* I008«» e «» , , , e º ſe • • • • • • • • • ¶ • • • •'|009“O • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ¶ • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • •• • • • • • d • • • • • • • • • •�§ ø ± • • • • • • I • ••·• •003• • • • • • • • • • • •ș00$)! 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Will you explain the table of summaries and state what it shows? A. This table of summaries of the experiment made in the drainage canal at Lockport, on this sheet, headed “Drainage Canal at Lockport,” which has just been read in evidence shows the combined results of the several experiments. One sample was taken ten minutes after inoculation, and out of 68 colonies examined 63 were typhoid. One day after inoculation out of 93 colonies examined none were typhoid. 2 days after inoculation out of 165 colonies examined, none was typhoid. 3 days after inoculation out of 242 colonies examined none was typhoid. & 5 days after inoculation out of 136 colonies examined none was typhoid. 6 days after inoculation out of 17 colonies examined none was typhoid. 7 days after inoculation out of 119 colonies examined none was typhoid. * 8 days after inoculation out of 24 colonies examined none was typhoid. - 9 days after inoculation out of 59 colonies examined none was typhoid. - 10 days after inoculation out of 110 colonies examined none was typhoid. 9994 The total number of colonies examined after the date of inoculation was 924. In this number no typhoid colonies were found. Q. Have you a table of summaries for Robey Street pre- pared from the tables already introduced in evidence? A. Yes sir, I have. - g Q. Will you produce and read the table into the record? A. It is as follows: - 6232 The State of M (, SSO'M7"?, ?) S. 4 Days. Canal— No. Typhoid Found. . . . . . No. Colonies Taken in .. � • • • • • • • • • • 3 Days. ralnage D No. 'Typhoid Found. . . . . . No. Colonies Takem in.. No. Typhoid Found. . . . . . No. Colonies Taken in.. • & & & & & e ſe e ø § © ® e • • • • § € • • • e & § § § ø ± ø § § § • • • • • • e & &œ e ø œ œ & � � • • • • • • • • • No. Typhoid Found . . . . . . • æ æ ø ± ø • » e «» , , Ō Ō Ō Ō * ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، • • • • • § € œ • ! No. Colomies C. C. ș œ œ œ œ Œ œ • § €. «» ) » «, , , º £ © ® ſe u ç • & & & & � � e ø œ • § € £ € © ® & s & & & & & e º ſe • • • • • ¡ ¿ $¢ £ € Taken in.. No. Typhoid Found . . . . . 5 • • • § € Œ œ • � e ø œ • • • • • • • • • • § © ® § © ® ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، | 1 Hour. | 20 Hours. 28 Hours. 2 Days. No. Colomies! Taken in.. ÑO.īyūñõīā Found. . . . . . © :<> &O CO \№ •• Aſº GNQw +={ | || T. • • • ! !!!� <!-- < : : :<2 © © !=4• !={ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● : : : : : : : : » e «» e e º © º & & & & & &© Q> • • • • • • • • • § © ®© e e ø Œ œ •ș→ £ € © § © ®U | € œ § → √ ţă± &=> ● ● ● ● ● ●< > ≡ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ș-4 • • • • • • • È ; ; ; ; ; ; ; w ł • • • • • • • <=> • • • • • • • c=> <+> • • • • • • • & = & & • • • • ¶ • • • • • • • • • • «» «» e «» , , , , , ! • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • § € & & & • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • No. Colonies Taken in.. C. C. 9995 No, Typhoid Bacilli In- troduced... Ģ Ģ Ģ & Ō Ō Ō Ō • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • § ø œ œ • • • ► ► • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • e º ſe e s , s e º ſe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * * * * Total typhoid found, 184. 49 Sac No. P, ...............!?85,öö. P2 . N1 ........ N 2 . . . . . . . F, ●& {}• • • • • • ��●œ • • • • • • • • Total.. Total colonies taken, 1,658. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6233 N. Robey St. Total typhoid found after 2 days, 3. §, |No. Typh. Fºd: : : : : : : : : :<> <>:<><> : : : : : : : | <> çº: : : : : : : : : :§§ : : : * ??? : : : : : : : Ğ | N9, Coloņies) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;cșeș ;§§● ● ● ● ● ● ●§ . <%Takem im..: : : : : : : : : :eº: ; : , :es: : : : : : : : ș,4 || || • • • • •• → √æ√• ș→ șae • • • • • • • §|N};\;\;\phold| ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; | ; § || Found..... | : · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·� º | No, poloņies) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ?ſağěÄŤ| ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; | ; & | NQ. Typhoidſ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;<><>; ;>Found......: : : : : : : : : ::: : : : : : : ∞} | –––––––––-: , : : : : :§ 3º:>:>: . : : : : : : º ! No. Oolonies; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ET:ȚI : : : : : : : || ? :Taken in.; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;ī£º ; ; ; ;35 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; į | Ng, ſyphoſq| } | {eº ſeese ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; |º $ | №ºËH−##########-##-##-#--#-#-##-##-##-# No.Oolonies: sºrſ• ! ! !Ge : , e ); & & & § ø § $ $ $ $© S2Talzeň in... | : : : rº:º : rº:º ::º : : : : : : : : : : : : : . : | ° • © w {<!=> • <=> w=! • • • • • • • • • • • _* _ • g | Nģ;,\;\phoſº|| ! ; ſee ſeseº ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;|º șFound. . . . . .�• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « »)gry Co QO • • • • • • • • • • • • • •! © | No. Colonies| -5 ... :º?? :( ...?: : : : : : : : : : : :& ©Taken in..3 ; ; gº jºgº ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; | T. • <=> → • <=> • w=! • • • • • • • • • • • • • • : || No. Typhoid• • • : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : · · · ·|= §, | TFöuñáſ..….…..: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6:3• w-, C--> v={ș–! • • • • •• !!! :-) • • • • • • vňNĘpțgig: : : : : : • • • • • • •::<> ;:<> ; ;Q:> !>>Ollſ[10] . . . . . .: : : : ::: : : : : : &3· :$ : : :* • • • Q • • © • w:=4» wae• • {� ģ |No. Typh. F'd.|_ºººººº ſºº ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ſºº ; lº • • ¶ • ¡ ¿ • • • • • • • • • • •GN, ≡ + ∞ √− < > ≡ • <> • • • • • • • • •<=> © Total Colonies taken after 2 days, 1,166. 6234 - The State of Missouri vs. 9996 Q. Will you please explain what that table shows? A. The table contains the summarized results of the ex- periment conducted in the water of the drainage canal at Robey Street. Combining the results obtained from the several sacs the following totals appear: 1 hour after inoculation out of 49 Colonies taken 41 were typhoid. * . - 20 hours after inoculation out of 104 colonies taken 41 were typhoid. - 28 hours after inoculation out of 118 colonies taken 89 were typhoid. - - I may say at this point that the reason why a larger propor- tion of colonies was found in the 28 hour samples than in the 20 hour samples was because a larger quantity of water was ex- amined or plated and this of course resulted in the appearance of a larger number of typhoid like colonies on the plate. - After 2 days inoculation out of 221 colonies examined 10 proved to be typhoid. 3 days after inoculation out of 142 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. * 4 days after inoculation out of 193 colonies examined none 9997 proved to be typhoid. 5 days after inoculation out of 127 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. - 6 days after inoculation out of 133 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. e < * 7 days after inoculation out of 139 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. º 8 days after inoculation out of 76 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. - …- - 9 days after inoculation out of 102 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. 10 days after inoculation out of 96 colonies examined 3 proved to be typhoid. - 11 days after inoculation out of 33 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. - 12 days after inoculation out of 75 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. - • *. 14 days after inoculation out of 50 colonies examined none proved to be typhoid. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6235 9998 Q. Professor, you have read into the evidence all the tables and the tables of summaries based upon the exper- iment which you conducted with parchment sacs, infected with typhoid germs, suspended in the drainage canal, have you not?. A. Yes sir. Q. Did you make any experiments supplemental to the ex- periments that you have heretofore introduced into evidence? A. Yes, I have made some experiments comparing the parchment sacs with celloidin sacs. Q. Will you describe the manner in which this experiment was made in detail? A. Large celloidin sacs were prepared by my Assistant Dr. Harris who has had special experience in making these. They were made of the same size as the parchment sacs used in the experiments hereinbefore described and for the sake of having a comparison as to the course of events in these sacs Some preliminary tests were made in the laboratory. The parch- ment Sac and the celloidin sac were placed under identical con- ditions in large glass vessels and a stream of lake water from the tap allowed to pass continuously through the glass vessel So that the temperature was kept constant and the conditions Surrounding the sacs were the same. Bacillus typhosus, 9999 the strain previously designated as Y, was added to lake Water in such numbers that each sac contained approx- imately 3,080 typhoid bacilli per ce. The original number of bacteria in the lake water as determined by the usual colony COunt was 65. 1 day after inoculation of the parchment sac 21 colonies were picked off, 19 of which proved to be typhoid. In the celloidin sac 1 day after inoculation out of 16 colonies picked off 6 were typhoid. * 2 days after inoculation of the parchment sac out of 20 colonies picked off the plate 9 were typhoid. In the celloidin sac 2 days after inoculation out of 20 col- Onies picked off the plate 2 were typhoid. 3 days after inoculation of the parchment sac out of 20 col- onies picked off the plate 5 were typhoid. 3 days after inoculation of the celloidin sac out of 20 col- onies picked off the plate none was typhoid. 6236 The State of Missouri vs. 4 days after inoculation of the parchment sac out of 20 colonies picked off the plate 1 was typhoid. 4 days after inoculation of the celloridin sac out of 20 colo- nies picked off the plate 1 was typhoid. On the 5th, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 15th days after inoc- ulation out of 177 colonies examined, an average of about 10000 20 per day and the same number were examined from the celloidin sac. In no case, however, was the typhoid bac- illus found later than the fourth day. This experiment shows several points of interest. 1. The validity of the methods of isolation used is again demonstrated by the large proportion of typhoid bacilli obtained in the early days from suspected colonies. The total number of colonies appearing on the plate was very large on the third and fourth day of the experiment reach- ing to upwards of 120,000 in spite of the fact that a relatively small number of typhoid bacilli had been added originally, namely 3,080. The isolation of the typhoid bacilli did not prove to be difficult. This seems to me a most striking demonstra- tion of the great value of the special media employed. (2) In the second place it may be noted that the typhoid bacilli lived about twice as long in this experiment in the lake water as they did in the water of the drainage canal at Robey Street. (3) In the third place the essential similarity between the course of events in the parchment sacs and in the celloidin 10001 sacs shows that the conditions surrounding the bacilli are substantially the same whether they are imprisoned in parchment or in celloidin. This was perhaps to be expected since both the celloidin and the parchment have long been used for work in dialysis and since both allowed bacterial toxins and other soluble products to pass freely through their walls while strictly confining the bacilli. tº ADJOURNED UNTIL 10:00 A. M., FEBRUARY 5, 1904. 10:00 A. M., Friday, February 5, 1904. * i 10002 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel represent- ing the respective parties. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6237 © PHOF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: Q. Professor, did you make any other comparative experi- ments? A. Yes sir, I compared the behavior of sewage placed in parchment and celloidin sacks and kept under the same condi- tions. Q. Will you describe that experiment? A. Fresh sewage obtained from the 56th Street sewer in Chicago was placed in parchment and celloidin sacks, suspended in running lake water in the laboratory as described in the ex- periment just cited. The initial number of sewage bacteria, as determined by the colony count, was 500,000, the number of B. coli per cc. from 70,000 to 90,000, the number of streptococcus per ce. about 30,000. A multiplication of the sewage bacteria occurred in the first day, the number in the parchment and celloidin sacks ris- ing to a little over 2,000,000. This was followed in the next 24 hours by a marked decline in the number of bacteria shown in the colony count. The number of colon bacteria and 10003 streptococci remained about the same through the first 3 days and then diminished very greatly. After 7 days the count showed in the parchment sacks 64,- 500 bacteria per cc., 1,000 bacilli coli per ce. and 100 streptococ- ci per ce. In the celloidin sack the total number of sewage bac- teria was 10,200; the number of B. coli 500 to 700; the number of streptococci 300. The other examinations made on the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12th days showed essential similarity between the course of events in the parchment and celloidin sacks thus confirming what was observed in the preceding experiment. I conclude that the conditions in the parchment and cel- loidin sacks are substantially identical. Q. Did you prepare and send any culture media to Profes- sor Russell? s:-. A. Yes sir, the culture medium used by him in his worſ: at Peoria was prepared in my laboratory and sent to Mr. Haşi. 6238 The State of Missouri vs. ings who was Professor Russell’s assistant in the work at Peoria. º Q. State what kind of medium was sent and how it was prepared, briefly 2 10004 A. The medium sent was the Drigalski and Conradi medium, the method of preparation of which was de- scribed in full in my testimony of yesterday. Q. From the results of these experiments what conclusion do you draw as to the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in the water of Lake Michigan? A. It was found by actual experiment under conditions which I believe to simulate closely those in nature that the ty- phoid bacillus, introduced into unsterilized Lake Michigan water was recovered four days after inoculation and was not found in Subsequent examinations made up to the end of the fifteenth day. It is probable that specially resistant individual cells might sur- vive longer than appeared to be the case in the experiment de- scribed in my testimony, but in my opinion even such highly resistant individuals, if they did exist, would not live more than about twice as long as the time recorded in these experiments. So that I conclude that 8 to 10 days would be a maximum period of longevity for the typhoid bacillus in the water of Lake Michi- gan, under natural conditions. Q. From the result of these experiments what conclusion do you draw as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in 10005 the water of the drainage canal? A. These experiments, of which a large number were made with varying numbers of typhoid bacilli introduced directly into the water of the drainage canal, gave generally uniform results. It was not difficult to discover typhoid bacilli during the first two days. Later than that they were never found either at Lockport or at Robey Street, with one exception. In this anomolous case, 3 typhoid bacilli were isolated on the 10th day from a single plate in a single sack. Taking into consideration all of the experiments made in the waters of the drainage canal, and assuming, as before, that .:::pecially resistant individual cells might exist, which would #xe twice as long as those found it is my opinion that typhoid bºili introduced into the waters of the drainage canal, under º O • * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6239 natural conditions, would not and do not live in that situation longer than four days. - Q. From the result of these experiments, what conclusion do you draw as to the longevity of typhoid bacilli in the water of the Illinois River? A. Remembering that the upper stretches of the Illinois River are highly polluted with sewage and that considerable ad- ditions of sewage are made to the Illinois River at points along its course, I do not believe that bacilli introduced into the Des- plaines or upper portion of the Illinois River would live 10006 under natural conditions more than five or six days. Q. What in your opinion would be the fate of a typhoid bacillus passing from the sewers of Chicago into the Chicago River and thence into the drainage canal and down the Des- plaines and Illinois Rivers? - A. It is my opinion that a typhoid bacillus, discharge from the body of a typhoid patient in Chicago and assuming that such discharges were not disinfected so that the bacillus could pass into the sewers of Chicago and thence into the Chicago River and drainage canal, might live as long as 3 or 4 days after leaving the body of the patient. From what I know of the rate of flow in the drainage canal and in the Desplaines and Upper Illinois Rivers, in my judgment such a typhoid bacillus would perish long before Averyville was reached, even at a period of low temperature and high water. Q. From a scientific standpoint what value do you attach to this experiment as showing the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in polluted water? - - A. I regard the experiment as described as shedding a great deal of light upon the life of the typhoid bacillus under natural conditions. The results, in my opinion, show quite conclusively that 10007 if any typhoid bacilli survive later than 48 hours after they have been introduced into the highly polluted waters of the drainage canal they must be highly resistant and very exceptional individuals. In the experiments as reported there is one instance wher:. typhoid bacilli were found in a single case, on the 10th dº: 6240 The State of Missouri vs. The singularity of this finding and its isolation from all the other results that were obtained in the course of examination of a large number of sacks, Over a long period of time in my opinion demands a special explanation. The sudden appearance of 3 colonies in the sack after an interval of 8 days, during which no typhoid bacilli were found, although a large number of colonies were examined, points to some unusual occurrence. The most reasonable explanation seems to me to be that at the time when the contents of the sack were heavily infected with typhoid bacilli, during the process of tilting and agitation previously referred to some concrete particle in the sewage to which typhoid bacteria were adhering, was deposited and became dried upon the walls of the sack above the water line. Under these conditions it is my opinion that the typhoid bacillus might remain alive for some time. Such a dried particle, containing living typhoid bacilli, 10008 might conceivably be washed off from the place where it had lodged. These typhoid bacilli suddenly introduced into the sack after an interval of 10 days might appear on the plate and be found as in this case. It is certainly difficult to account otherwise for the sudden apearance of three colonies and for their occurring only on one plate. If these typhoid bacilli had remained alive in the water of the sack throughout this whole period, it would be expected that between the second day and the tenth day other resistant individual germs, straggling survivors of the great multitude Qriginally introduced, would also have appeared on some plates and been picked off and iden- tified. w I am inclined to believe, therefore, that this isolated case was due to an accident occurring under the conditions in which the experiment was conducted, and does not indicate that ty- phoid bacilli would survive as long as ten days in the water of the drainage canal itself. The outcome of all the other ex- periments made it distinctly opposite to the latter view. Answering your question then as to the significance of the whole experiment, I would say that in my opinion it indicates ..: longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the polluted water of the :aſſainage canal of not more than 3 or 4 days. cº º • *e * e The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6241 10009 Q. Does the experiment shed any light upon the longev- ity of the typhoid bacillus in the sediment of polluted . streams? * A. I think it does in this way, that although some sedi- mentation of the suspended matter occurs in these sacs the tilt- ing and agitating of these sacks each time before the sample was taken led to a thorough mixing of the suspended and sedimented particles. I found no reason for believing that bacilli lived any longer in the sediment of such sacks than freely suspended in the fluid. Q. What is the behavior of the colon bacillus in soil as compared with its behavior in water 2 A. In my opinion it can live much longer in soil than in water, but there is evidence that a certain destruction of colon bacilli takes place also in the soil although not so rapidly as in Water. Q. Is there such a thing as self purification of soil? A. Yes. I have here a paper entitled “Self Purification of Made Soil, published by Dr. William G. Savage, Bacteriologist to the Cardiff and County Public Health Laboratory and late lecturer on bacteriology, University College, Cardiff.” This paper was published in the Journal of the Sanitary Institute, Volume 24, part 3, 1903, page 442. In this paper the writer described the experiments made on the continuance of vitality of the colon bacillus in made soils of various kinds. He finds that the colon bacillus lives for 10010 some time in the soil but disappears as times goes On, the ordinary soil organisms invading the material and taking the place of the colon bacillus. He concludes “that the gradual diminution and disappearance of the B. coli in this refuse is of interest from the point of view of specific contamination. This organism, apparently, rapidly dies out in such material. It is a more resistant organism than the typhoid bacillus. It is a fair assumption from this that the typhoid bacillus, if present in such soils, would also rapidly die out and that the danger of Specific typhoid contamination from building on such made soil can be neglected.” These observations show that B. coli introduced into soil A—391 6242 The State of Missouri vs. disappears less rapidly, it is true, than in water, but neverthe- less shows a tendency to die out. Q. Does the experiment which you have introduced in evi- dence shed any light on the life of the colon bacillus in polluted water? A. It certainly does. The control experiments I have de- scribed show that the colon bacillus dies off in polluted water when imprisoned under natural conditions in parchment 10011 sacs. This confirms what has already been noticed re- garding the disappearance of B. coli in the running Water of the Illinois River and adds weight to the view that the life of the typhoid bacilli under these conditions is very brief, since the colon bacillus is a much hardier organism than the former. Q. Does that experiment shed any light on the life of the streptococcus in polluted water? A. Yes, the controlling experiments show that the Sewage streptococci die out very rapidly. Q. To what do you attribute the death of the typhoid bacil- lus in water? A. T attribute the death of the typhoid bacillus in such un- sterilized water as I have examined to the poisonous action of the products of other microbes. It is a well established fact that the typhoid bacillus dies off more rapidly in unsterilized water, that is the water contain- ing a normal number of microbes, than in the same water sterilized, that is containing no other form of micro-organisms. It is also well established that the products of growth of one microbe are often injurious and detrimental to another microbe. Q. Why is it that the typhoid bacillus will not live as 10012 long in polluted water as in pure water? s A. In my opinion this is because the products of the microbes are present in more concentrated form in the polluted waters than they are in the purer waters. The action of these toxic products in their concentrated form is naturally more in- tense than where these products are in a diluted condition. Q. What is your opinion as to whether the typhoid bacil- lus will live longer in the sediment of a polluted stream than it would in the water of the same stream? A. It is my opinion that there would be little material dif- ference. - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6243 Q. Why? A. In the sediment of running streams the typhoid bacilli are in very much the same surroundings so far as I can picture to myself the conditions obtaining in this sediment that they would be in the water of such streams, except that it is fair to Suppose that the organic matters on the bed of the stream in the sediment are more abundant. This latter condition would bring it about that the food substances of the saprophytic bac- teria would be present in the sediment more abundantly, and that therefore the products of growth of these microbes 10013 would exist there also in a more concentrated form, so that so far as typhoid bacilli would be differently affected by the conditions obtaining in the sediment they would be ex- posed to the toxic products of saprophytic microbes more in- tensely than in the water of the stream above this sediment. This condition would tend if anything to cause their death more speedily in the sediment than in the water of the same stream although I do not believe that the difference would be very great. - . Q. Will you differentiate between the conditions that ob- tain in moist soil and the sediment of a running stream? A. In moist soil the bacilli are not exposed to the action of the toxic products of the microbes with which they are sur- rounded for the reason that such soluble toxic products can not act upon the bacilli through the intervening air space. A continuous layer of fluid would be needed for a diffusion of the Soluble toxic products of these saprophytes and unless the ty- phoid bacilli were in contact with these, the conditions in an ordinary damp soil would be very different from the condi- tions prevailing in the sediment on the bottom of a river or pond. Q. Does the time that the typhoid bacillus will live in moist Soil furnish any criterion for its longevity in the sedi- 10014 ment of a running stream. A. I do not see how it could, for the reasons just stated. Q. Are the two conditions comparable? A. They seem to me very different unless one assumes that by moist soil is meant soil saturated or covered with water, in which case the conditions would be substantially the same 6244 The State of Missouri vs. as these obtaining in the sediment, and the same result might be anticipated. Q. How long in your judgment will a typhoid bacillus live in a moist soil? .* A. Under such conditions as prevail where the contents of privy vaults are spread upon the surface of fields or vegetable gardens typhoid bacilli may in my opinion live for many months. Under these conditions there is sufficient moisture present for them to retain their vitality, and at the same time, owing to the lack of a continuous layer of fluid, any toxic products of other microbes can not diffuse through the mass and injure the ty- phoid bacilli. Q. Would the fact that the typhoid bacillus lived several months in moist soil justify the assumption that it would live for the same length of time in the sediment of a river ? A. By no means. - Q. Will you please give your reasons in full for the answer 10015 you have just given? A. The conditions in ordinary moist soil and in the sedi- ment of a river differ practically since in ordinary moist soil, if I understand what is meant by that term, there is slight op- portunity for the action of the soluble toxic products of sap- rophytic bacteria upon the typhoid bacilli, and, as I have stated, there is reason to believe that it is the effect of these soluble products upon the typhoid bacillus in water that causes the death of the latter. The poisons of these bacteria could not in- fluence so profoundly the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in soil. The experiments by Dr. Savage that I have already cited, on the disappearance of the colon bacillus from soil indicate, however, that the typhoid bacillus will probably die out in soil, like its more hardy relative the colon bacillus, although less speedily than in the sediment of a river or in polluted water. Q. To you know of any bacteriologist since the beginning of bacteriology that has demonstrated by any experiment that typhoid germs do live in the sediment of lakes or rivers for a long period of time? A. I do not. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6245 10016 Q. Professor, Mr. Fuller, in his testimony, on page 4218 of the transcript of the record, a copy of which I have, stated that “There were observers over in Switzerland who made such examinations with positive results showing the presence of typhoid germs in the sediment of Lake Geneva, I think also Lake Zurich.” Do you know anything about these observations to which Mr. Fuller referred? A. I know of the observations on Lake Geneva, to which I suppose this statement refers. I have made an examination of the literature to discover something regarding the presence of typhoid germs in the sediment of Lake Zurich but I have found nothing that bears directly on this point. Q. Will you please state the facts and circumstances as you know them in connection with these observations? A. The observations on Lake Geneva were reported by an investigator named Lortet at the International Medical Con- gress in Berlin between the 4th and 9th of August, 1890. 10017 These investigations were published in the Centralbl f. Bakteriologie, 1891, Volume 9, p. 709, entitled “Patho- genic Bacteria of the Deep Mud in Lake Geneva.” - 'The observations as reported covered the examination of slime taken from a depth of 40 to 50 meters, 2 kilometers from the shore. This deep mud was found virulent when inoculated into animals and was more virulent than that taken from near Shore. The material taken 200 meters from shore in the water 4 meters deep was sterile, and animal experiments gave negative results. The statement is made that the staphylococcus pySo- genes aureus, the tetanus bacillus, the bacilii coli and the bacil- lus typhosus were isolated from the deep mud 2 kilometers fron: shore as already alluded to. No statements are made as to the methods of identification of these microbes. This was before the Widal tests was used for the identification of the typhoid bacillus and in view of the fact that no statements are made by this authority regarding his other methods of identification the mere report of finding 10018 these organisms was not a satisfactory one. It may be added that the author makes a statement that every part of the lake from which material for investigation was taken contained chemically very pure water. Assuming 6246 - The State of Missouri vs that the pathogenic bacteria isolated were correctly identified, which seems rather a violent assumption in view of all the premises, there are no data as to the length of time that these organisms had been present in the sediment. I may add that Loeffler in his treatise on Water and Micro- organisms, one of the leading German authorities on questions of this sort, in mentioning Lortet's report of the finding of the ty- phoid bacilli in the slime of Lake Geneva (page 592) puts an in- terrogation mark after the name typhoid bacillus, indicating his skepticism as to the correct identification of this microbe. Per- sonally I share this skepticism and am unable to assume, in view of the facts given by Lortet in his report, that this identification was correctly and satisfactorily accomplished. Q. In the light of the present knowledge in regard to bac- teriology what importance do you attach to these observations in connection with Lake Geneva 7 10019 A. I can attach no importance to them so far as shedding any light upon the logevity of the typhoid bacillus in sediment, since even supposing that the identification were cor- rect there is nothing to indicate how long such bacilli had been present in the sediment of Lake Geneva. Adjourned until 2:00 P. M. same date, February 5th, 1904. 2:30 P.M., Friday, February 5, 1904. 10020 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Mr. Fuller, in his testimony, (page 4218 of the transcript of the record, a copy of which I have) in answer to the question “Had it ever been demonstrated by a bacteriologist that ty- phoid germs have lived in the sediment of a running stream” answered “It has been demonstrated that they have lived for a long time in the sediment of lakes, and I do not consider that there is any weakness in the process of reasoning by which one steps from a lake to a river, provided, of course, that each of The State of I llinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6247 these waters are live waters and not subject to aseptic actions.” The further question “By whom has it been ascertained that the typhoid germ has been found to live in the sediment of a run- ning stream or lake.” Answer “There are several over in Swit- zerland who made such investigations with a positive result showing the presence of typhoid germs in the sediment 10021 of Lake Geneva and I think also Lake Zurich.” I will ask you do you regard the observations in Lake Geneva as quoted by Mr. Fuller as a demonstration that the typhoid bacillus has been found to live for a long time in the sediment of lakes? A. T certainly do not. Q. Will you please give your reasons? A. As already stated there are grave objections to regard- ing Lortet’s investigations in Lake Geneva, first as demonstrat- ing that the genuine typhoid bacillus was found in the slime at the bottom of the lake as alleged. Second, that there are no data as to the length of time such bacilli had remained in the slime, assuming this author’s identification to be correct. Q. Mr. Fuller, in his testimony (page 4219 of the transcript of the record which I have) in answer to the following question ‘‘Is not the length of time that a typhoid bacillus will live in a sediment more a matter of assumption than a matter of de- monstrated proof? Answer “I consider that it is a very clean cut demonstration where the typhoid fever germs may die and have continued to live in the sediment of running streams.” Question “For what length of time”? Answer “I should 10022 say for a month or more, possibly in cases for years.” Question “Who has demonstrated that it has ever lived a year’’? Answer “I think that the conditions existing in a moist Soil in many rural places in this country where typhoid fever prevails from time to time is proof that typhoid fever germs in the presence of moisture can live for such a term. If that were not so then there would be an elimination of typhoid fever absolutely through the rural districts of this and all other countries.” I will ask you, professor, whether you know of any experiments or observations that have demonstrated that ty- phoid fever germs may and do and have continued to live in the sediment of running streams for a period of a year and 6248 The State of Missouri vs. whether the conditions of moist soil furnish any criteria for the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the sediment of a run- ning stream? A. In reply I will say that I do not know of any experi- ments or observations that demonstrate that typhoid fever can live in the sediment of running streams for a period up to a year. . * - In my opinión the conditions obtaining, in:màist, soil are very different from those obtaining in the sediment of running streams, and I see no reason whatever for believing that 10023 the typhoid bacillus will live in the sediment of running streams for a similar period. - Q. Do you know of any one who has gone into the question of the life of the typhoid bacillus in matural waters and has made any experiment as extensive as the experiments which you and Professor Zeit and Professor Russell have made and which you have introduced in evidence? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for the reason that it leaves it to the witness to determine comparatively speak- ing the length and extent of the investigations that have been had upon the subject in question and does not require of the Witness to state or give his understanding as to the extent, dura- tion and limit of the investigations that have been made by others than himself and the persons associated with him in the investigations in question, and that it is for the court to deter- mine and not this witness as to whether or not the investiga- tion made by him and his associates is as thorough or is as extensive and complete as the examinations and investigations that have been made by others upon the same subject. A. I do not know of any published report of an experi- 10024 ment of this character so extensive in detail as the one that has been introduced. MR. JEFFRJES: I move to strike out the answer for the reason that it is based upon what the witness has learned from published reports and for the reason that the witness states that in those published reports no investigations which have been made, wherein the details are set out, were such as were made in the investigations by this witness and his associates, and I move to strike it out for the reason that the evidence here shows, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6249 and all published reports show, that it has never been considered necessary by competent and reputable and distinguished bac- teriologists, sanitarians or epidemiologists to set out in the re- port published to the world the exact manner and detail in which all of the experiments at the various experimental stages were made, and I move to strike it out for the reason that it is an attempt to reflect discredit upon all reports made by sanitarians and investigators wherein the details of the analyses are not set out, and for the reason that it is incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial and insufficient and is not responsive to the ques- tion. MR. TODD: In reply to so much of counsel’s objection 10025 as he claims is based upon the record in this case, I de- sire to state that the record does not show the facts to be as counsel has stated them to be disclosed by the records. Q. How near does the experiment named by you approach natural conditions? A. I have already indicated it as my opinion, and to this I firmly hold, that the conditions under which this experiment were conducted imitate natural conditions as closely as it is possible to imitate them in the present state of bacteriology. Q. Are the conditions of the experiment which you have introduced more or less favorable to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus than the natural conditions of the water in which the experiment was made? A. These conditions are, in my opinion, so close to natural conditions that I am unable to say whether they are more or less favorable. The difference is, in my opinion, insignificant. Q. What reasons, if any, have you for supposing that the conditions described in your experiment, closely simulate natural conditions? A. The bacteria in the parchment sacks are exposed to 10026 similar conditions of temperature. They are also ex- posed to the action of the substances present in the sew- age and such substances formed by the multiplication of Sap- rophytic bacteria within the sacks. The diffusion that takes place through the walls of the parchment sacks allows soluble Substances to pass through, both those inside the sack to pass 6250 The State of Missouri vs. out and those outside to pass in where the osmotic conditions are suitable. - - These sacks have been tested with solutions of dyes and acid and alkali and have been found permeable. Thus, if a solu- tion of litmus be placed in a glass vessel and a parchment Sac containing dilute acid be suspended in this solution of litmus, the acid will pass through the walls of the parchment Sac and will cause the blue color of the litmus to change to red. Conversely, if a litmus solution be placed inside the sac and the sac suspended in the acid solution, the acid will pass through the parchment into the sac, changing the litmus to red color. In either case the interchange of substances between the parchment sac and the fluid outside continues until a state of equillibrium is established. So that the contents of the 10027 parchment sac suspended in the water of the drainage canal are in free communication with the waters of the drainage canal itself, and interchange of food substances and other toxic substances being possible. - For these reasons it is my judgment that the conditions of the experiment similate with great exactness natural con- ditions. Q. How do the conditions of this experiment differ from those of the glass bottle experiments such as have previously obtained in the laboratory experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacillus? * A. In the glass bottle experiments substances are dissolved from the glass by the water, and these favor continued vitality On the part of the microbes contained in the water. These Substances dissolved from the glass are not found in the case of the parchment sac experiments. - Q. Is there any reason for anticipating greater or less longevity on the part of the typhoid bacillus in the glass bottles than under the conditions of your experiment? A. I should anticipate that typhoid bacilli would live longer in glass bottles than in parchment or celloidin sacs. Q. What do the facts show? 10028 A. The experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacilli that have been made in glass bottles in the laboratory and have been previously published by other investigators, show a The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6251 generally greater longevity than that found in the conditions obtaining in my experiment. - Q. What is your opinion, based upon all the knowledge which you possess, as to whether typhoid bacilli coming from the sewers of Chicago and entering the drainage canal, could survive the journey from Chicago to St. Louis, a distance of 347 miles, and be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of the City of St. Louis using the water of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes? A. It is my opinion that typhoid bacilli could not survive the journey from Chicago to St. Louis, under the conditions just mentioned, and I do not believe that such typhoid bacilli would arrive in the Mississippi River in a condition that they could be called a menace to the inhabitants of St. Louis. Q. Are you familiar with the settling basins employed by the City of St. Louis? fe A. I have observed these settling basins at the St. Louis waterworks on a number of occasions. - 10029 Q. Do the settling basins at St. Louis afford any pro- tection to the citzens of St. Louis against infectious mat- ters in the waters of the Mississippi River at the Intake Tower? A. In my opinion they do afford a very considerable pro- tection against infectious matters that may be present in the waters of the Mississippi River at the Intake Tower. It appears from the testimony of Professor Ravold in this case that 75 per cent. Of the bacteria are removed in the sedimentation basins. In my opinion the water supplied to St. Louis is much safer than it would be if settling basins did not interpose between the raw water of the Mississippi River and the consumer. Q. Are the settling basins of St. Louis any protection to the citizens of St. Louis against the sewage of Chicago? A. I do not believe that any dangerous elements entering the sewers of Chicago reach as far as the Mississippi river and if that is the case I do not see how the settling basins of St. Louis could protect against the sewage of Chicago. Q. If none of the sewage in its dangerous state reaches the city of St. Louis from Chicago, from what source in your 10030 opinion comes the infectious matter which these settling basins eliminated? 6252 The State of Missouri vs. A. It comes, in my opinion, from places nearer to St. Louis than Chicago, places situated on the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois rivers, within five or six days flow from the Intake Tower. Q. When a settling basin holds a sufficient amount of water to supply the city for a period of thirty days, and as the water is taken out for domestic uses, raw water is immediately sup- plied, and typhoid fever should prevail among the people using said water, what is your opinion whether such a condition justi- fies the assumption that because the reservoir holds a supply for a period of thirty days, that a typhoid bacillus will live in that water for such a period A. In reply I will state that I should wish to investigate thoroughly the conditions surrounding a community so situated and to determine to my satisfaction that the water supply in the settling basin was the source of the typhoid fever prevail- ing among the people. Some further points would also have to be considered. As I understand the situation described it is not true that all the water pumped into the settling basin would remain there for a period of thirty days, allowing that length of time for typhoid bacilli to die out, but on the contrary water 10031 would be drawn continually from the reservoir during this period of thirty days. Such being the case it seems to me obvious that not all of the water drawn from the reservoir could have remained in the reservoir for a period of as long as thirty days. Some of it in fact may be drawn from the reservoir within a very short time after its entrance into said reservoir, possibly within 24 or 48 hours of its being taken from the river. Any typhoid germs introduced in this way might be drawn out from the reservoir without having remained in it for a period as long as that mentioned. It does not seem to me to follow because a reservoir or set- tling basin holds a thirty days’ supply that all typhoid bacilli introduced into the reservoir remain there for thirty days. Q. T)o you know of any experiments dealing with the longevity of cholera and anthrax bacillus in aquaria? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6253 A. Yes sir, I know of some experiments on the longevity of cholera and anthrax bacilli in aquaria. Q. Will you please give them? 10032 A. These were by Dr. L. Hoeber from the Hygienic In- stitute at Wurzburg Centralbl f. Bakt., 1895, Bd. XVII, p. 443. I quote from this paper by Dr. Hoeber: “The result of my work is therefore as follows: Cholera as well as Anthrax bacilli can remain alive in aquaria, there- fore, under conditions which correspond closely to those in nature, no longer, or at least, only a short time longer, than in the different waters in which up till now their longevity has been investigated. Whether by mixing with blood (sewage, drainage), etc., the results would be otherwise, is still to be in- vestigated. In experiments by Professor K. B. Lehmann, where anthrax broth cultures were added to the aquaria, the bacilli perished with accompanying luxuriant increase of green des- mids.” Q. Have you had any experience in the investigation of epidemics? A. Yes sir, I have investigated several epidemics of typhoid fever in this country. Q. What epidemics have you investigated? A. Recently I have investigated the epidemic at Ithaca, New York, and at Butler, Pennsylvania. Q. Professor, have you made a special study of epi- 1.0034 demics? A. I am generally familiar with the classical epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, etc., as described in the literature. I have also known of the conditions surrounding a number of epidemics of typhoid fever occuring in this country and have visited the places where these outbreaks have taken place. I have also, as already stated, investigated in considerable detail the circumstances of several of the most important outbreaks of typhoid fever that have occurred in the United States. Q. Will you describe the epidemics that you have investi- gated? A. The epidemic of typhoid fever that occured at Ithaca, 6254 The State of Missouri vs. New York, in February and March 1903, was one of the most extensive that has ever been reported in this country. In a population of about 15,000 inhabitants there occurred during a period of about two months some 1,300 cases and 78 deaths. A large number of these cases and deaths took place among the students of Cornell University. It was suspected from the natural history of this outbreak that the public water supply was in some way implicated. 10034. The peculiar distribution of typhoid fever in the town at once drew attention to the significant incidents of the infection. That portion of the town supplied with the main public water supply developed a large number of cases of ty- phoid fever while Cornell University campus and some surround- ing houses which were supplied from another source remained entirely exempt from the disease. The rest of the town suffered severely. The University buildings and some 52 houses on of near the campus and about 17 houses at Cornell Heights re- mained free from the fever, although all through the rest of the town especially in the student boarding houses situated close to the campus many hundreds of cases of typhoid fever developed. With one exception the women students of the Sage college lo- cated on the campus numbering over 200 were not affected. On investigation the distribution of water supply in town it was found that the maximum number of cases of typhoid fever developed in that portion of Ithaca supplied with water taken from a small stream known as Six Mile Creek. The water shed of this creek was found, on investigation, to be in 10035 a very objectionable condition. Loosely constructed Outhouses and privies were situated along the bank of this creek and there were a number of opportunities for pollu- tion. It was not found possible to trace the precise origin of the infection of the water supply, although several possibilities existed, any one of which might have given rise to the outbreak. . The Ithaca epidemic was undoubtedly a water borne infection as shown by the distribution of cases in strict accordance with the various water supplies. - Q. Were these different sources of infection of an urban Or a rural character? A. They were such sources of infection as one sees fre- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6255 quently in the country districts of this country; over-hanging privies and water closets close to the banks of streams. There seemed to be no supervision of the water shed in the way of guarding against contamination by bands of laborers. I should call the sources of infection in this case distinctively and pecu- liarly rural. Q. What other epidemics have you investigated recently, Professor? A. The one at Butler, Pennsylvania, occurring in Novem- ber, December and January, 1903 and 1904. 10036 Q. You have investigated that epidemic since you be- gan to testify in this case have you not? A. Yes sir. Q. Will you describe the Butler epidemicº A. The Butler epidemic first became apparent early in November 1903, and has resulted up to the present time in some 1,400 cases and about 110 deaths. In the number of deaths therefore the Butler epidemic ranks with that at Plymouth, Pa., in 1884, as one of the most extensive reported in the sanitary history of the United States. The town of Butler contains about 16,000 inhabitants and is supplied with water drawn from Connoquenessing Creek. Owing to the rapid increase in the population of the town, the demand for water has increased very rapidly and the water sup- ply, which is in the hands of a private company, has not been adequate to the needs of the expanding community. The water Was pumped from a point in Connoquenessing Creek about a mile and a half above the town and for some time has been filtered by open gravity filters into which a coagulent, basic sul- phate of aluminum, was ordinarily introduced. These filters were thrown out of service between October 20th and 10037 31, 1903, in order to permit of some connections being made between the new high service pump and filtered water basin, and also to join some new piping with the old low service piping. These changes necessitated the emptying of the filtered water basin and the shutting down of the filters that Supplied it until the changes were completed. There seems no doubt that that this interruption of the filters during this period in the latter part of October was re- 6.256 The State of Missouri vs. sponsible for the great outburst of typhoid fever that followed. There are abundant opportunities for infection on the Con- noquenessing water shed. No fewer than 17 cases of typhoid were found to have existed on this water shed from the begin- ning of July, 1903 to the end of the year. Apparently the waters of Connoquenessing Creek and some of its tributaries had been highly charged with infectious matter during a con- siderable period, and it simply required the putting out of com- mission of the filters to precipitate the catastrophe. 10038 Here as in the case of Ithaca, the water supply was def- initely implicated from the outset by the topographicai incidence of the disease. That part of Butler lying south of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad tracks and known locally as Springdale remained almost entirely exempt from the infection throughout the epidemic. This territory forms topographically a part of the town of Butler and apparently differs from it only in the fact that it is not provided by city water, but re- ceives its supply from a number of artesian wells. In this part of the town, with a population of about 2,500, it is stated on high authority that but few cases developed and these among persons attending school or working in that portion of Butler supplied with the Connoquenessing water. Q. Was the source of infection in the Butler epidemic at- tributed to urban or rural population? A. To rural population. These houses on the Connoquen- essing water shed in which the cases of typhoid fever occurred were typical small American farm houses and shanties provided with loosely constructed privies. Discharges from the bodies of patients were thrown, with little attempt at disinfection, either into these Outhouses or directly upon steep rocky 10039 hill sides where they remained until washed down into the creek by heavy rains. The class and character of the infection were such as pertain distinctively to rural con- ditions. Q. What other epidemics are you acquainted with besides the two you have detailed? A. I was at Lowell for a short time with Professor Sedge- wick when he investigated the outbreak of typhoid fever in that city, to which reference has been made in his testimony. I The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6257 visited Stamford, Conn., during the progress of a considerable epidemic of typhoid fever in that town, due to an infected milk supply. I have also known something about the conditions in the city of Chicago, leading to excessive prevalence of typhoid fever in this city. Q. Are you acquainted with the Plymouth epidemic” A. I know of the Plymouth epidemic only from what is found in the printed reports of this outbreak. This is perhaps the most famous epidemic of typhoid fever in the Sanitary an- mals of this country. The severity of the infection as well as the large number of persons attacked and the large number of deaths resulting from the epidemic make it one of the most celebrated epidemics of which there is any record. 10040 Q. Was the Plymouth epidemic an urban or a rural in- fection? A. This also was a case of rural infection. The outbreak was traced to an infection of the water supply with the de- jecta from a single typhoid patient which had been thrown out On the hillside and allowed to accumulate near one of the feed- ers of the reservoirs supplying the town with water. There the most of the infectious material remained until washed down into the stream by spring floods and melting snows. Q. What was the cause of the Lowell outbreak? A. The Lowell outbreak was traced by Professor Sedge- wick to the infection of Stony Brook, a small feeder of the Merrimac River, entering the Merrimac River a short distance above the intake of the Lowell waterworks. Several cases were found. by Professor Sedgewick, on investigation, to have been a possible source of the infection of the water of Stony Brook, and the history of these cases corresponded in time and other circumstances with the conditions surrounding the out- break of typhoid fever in Lowell. Q. What was the character of that infection as to whether or not it was rural or urban? A. These also were cases of infection by rural popula- 10041 tion, if as I understand is meant by that, a population not provided with sewers but isloated in character and draining by individual outhouses or by over-hanging privies directly into brooks or other small streams. The infection at A—392 6258 The State of Missouri vs. Stony Brook was very similar in character to that already de- noted as occurring at Ithaca, Butler and Plymouth. Q. What other epidemics aside from those you have re- ferred to are you acquainted with ? - A. I am familiar with some of the well known instances recorded in the books on sanitary subjects and water supply. One of the very remarkable outbreaks of epidemic disease, due to infected water, was that occurring in Hamburg, Germany, from Asiatic cholera. Although Hamburg itself was .severly afflicted with cholera the neighboring suburb of Altona re- mained almost entirely exempt although its water supply was derived from the River Elbe below the point at which the sew- age from Hamburg entered. The water supply of Altona was, however, safeguarded by the interposition of sand filters which proved effectual against the highly polluted river water. The difference between the two water supplies was so marked 10042 that in streets near the boundary line between Hamburg and Altona supplied partly by Hamburg water (unfil- tered) and partly by Altona water that had passed through sand filters, the distribution of cholera cases corresponded exactly with the distribution of the water supply. Cholera cases oc- curred in houses supplied with the Hamburg water while the houses supplied with Altona water remained exempt from this disease. º This is regarded by sanitarians as one of the most striking demonstrations ever given of the connection between a polluted Water and an outbreak of epidemic disease. Other classical epidemics of water borne disease in Europe are the One at Lausen, Switzerland, where typhoid fever was caused by the polluted spring water; the outbreak of cholera in London due to the use of water from the Broad Street Pump; Several outbreaks of typhoid fever in England, namely at Cot- terham, at Worthing and in the valley of the Tees. AD.JOURNED until Tuesday, February 9th, 10:00 a. m. 10043 10:00 a. m., Tuesday, February 9, 1904, Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6259 PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. What does the term epidemiology embrace? A. As I understand it the term epidemiology embraces the study of vital statistics, the interpretation of these statistics; a consideration of the weight to be placed on the data of bac- teriology and chemistry; a study of the modes of causation of various forms of infectious disease; a study of the sources and intensity of infection; a study of the relative incidence of dis- ease upon rural and urban populations and the modes of spread of disease in urban and rural districts; a study of the relative share of urban and rural populations in polluting the public water courses; a study of the vehicles of infection in any given community, such as food, drink, air infection, etc.; a 10044 study of the character and manner of differentiation of various infectious diseases. - As I understand these and kindred topics are included with- in the scope of what is sometimes known as the science of epi- demiology. Q. Is there any distinct difference between an epidemi- ologist and a sanitarian, or are the terms synonimous? A. As the terms are used at the present time they are of— ten used interchangeably, epidemiology, as I understand it, be- ing one branch and a very important branch of sanitary science. Q. Please state what you mean by vital statistics and what Sanitary significance do they have to an epidemiologist or sani- tarian? - i A. By the term vital statistics is meant all the available information regarding the number of persons attacked by vari- ous diseases, the number of persons dying of each disease or each class of diseases, the factor involved in the age and Sex distribution of the population, and the influence of occupation and the factor so far as these affect the prevalence and fatality of disease: In short, all the information that can be obtained in a sta- tistical form regarding the morbidity and mortality in 100.45 a given district or population. As regards the Sanitary significance that vital statistics 6260 The State of Missouri vs. have for the epidemiologist, I may say that it is generally con- sidered that a correct understanding of vital statistics forms the necessary and proper foundation to the science of epidemi- ology. The accurate collection of facts regarding the preva- lence and fatality of disease must perforce constitute the basis for any sound deductions as to the spread, causation and main- tenance of epidemic conditions. Q. Explain what you mean by the interpretation of vital statistics? A. Assuming that the facts that furnish the basis for a study of vital statistics are accurately collected and tabulated, there remains the very important question of the interpretation of such statistics. It is not a matter of indifference how the figures so collected are viewed by the statisticians. Statistical pitfalls are numerous and certain fallacies of interpretation ex- ist, the introduction of which may vitiate any conclusion drawn from figures in themselves exact. To give an illustration: It is very commonly assumed that the death rate in a city, that is the number of deaths per 10046 thousand population annually is a correct measure of the healthfulness of such a city. The death rate, how- ever, among individuals of different ages and of different nation- alities varies so much that the crude death rate, that is the death rate per 1,000 population, without regard to age or sex distribution, or to racial characteristics, is often very far from affording any indication of the healthfulness of a given com- munity. - Thus, that population having in it a large per cent. of in- fants or of aged individuals would have a larger number of deaths per thousand population than a community having a larger proportion of the individuals between the very resistant ages of say 15 and 40. So in comparing one section of a city with another, the racial distribution of the population, that is to say the preva- lence of persons of American born or German or Irish or Rus. sian, parentage will affect the death rate very profoundly. In the interpretation of vital statistics, therefore, the interpreta- tion of the crude facts observed is a matter of the utmost im- portance. - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6261 Q. In what way do racial characteristics manifest them- selves? . . . . A. It is well known that certain races of mankind mani- 10047 fest inborn powers of weakness or of resistance to the Onslaughts of various forms of disease. For example, persons of Irish parentage are much more li- able to consumption and pneumonia than Russian and Polish Jews. Any city or any section of a city, therefore, having a large proportion of its population of Irish parentage, will have a higher death rate from consumption and pneumonia, than a district containing few Irish and a larger proportion of Russian and Polish Jews. t * Q. How much importance do you attach to the proper in- terpretation of vital statistics? A. I attach the very highest importance to the interpre- tation of such statistics. The facts in themselves are meaning- less unless correctly interpreted. Q. What do you understand to be a proper interpretation, of vital statistics? A. An interpretation taking into account all the known factors of every kind that may have had a share in bringing about the conditions observed. Unless these factors are con- sidered there can be no such thing as proper interpretation. Q. Are you acquainted with the method known as the mor- tality percentage method? 10048 A. I understand that you mean by the expression “‘mortality percentage method’’ the method of repre- Senting the prevalence or fatality of a disease by reckoning the ratio of deaths from that disease to the total deaths occurring in that population during the period under consideration. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitarian and epidemiologist as to the correctness of employing, the mortality percentage methods for the purpose of ascertaining the prevalence of a given disease in a community? A. It is my opinion that the mortality percentage method may and often does fail to give correct information as to the prevalence of a given disease in a community during any speci- fied period. * Q. Is the mortality percentage method the method adopted 6262 The State of Missouri vs. and approved by the sanitarians and epidemilogists of this country and of Europe? A. I think on the contrary this mortality percentage meth- od, is distinctly not in favor among sanitarians and epidemiol- ogists here and in Europe. The following is an excerpt from Newsholme's Vital Sta- tistics, published in 1899, page 186. This book is recognized as the leading authority in the 10049 English language on the question of vital statistics. The statement is as follows: “The mortality from any given disease or group of dis- eases may be stated as a proportion to the deaths from all causes. This method is, however, essentially fallacious, as it constitutes a ratio between two factors, of which both are vari- able, viz., the mortality from the specified disease, and the mor- tality from all causes. Dr. Ransome gives the following ex- ample of its fallacious character. Suppose a town of 1000,000 with 2,000 annual deaths, of which 500 are caused by phthisis. Here the general death rate is 20 per 1000; the death rate from phthisis is 5 per 1000 living and the death from phthisis forms one-fourth of the total deaths. In another town, having the same population, the total deaths are 4,000, and therefore the death rate 40 per 1,000 inhabitants; the deaths from phthisis are 1,000, and therefore the death rate from phthisis is 10 per 1,000; but the proportion of the phthisical to the total mortality is one-fourth, as before. In the second town, however, there is by the latter test apparently no worse condition, so far as phthisis is concerned, than in the first, though matters are really twice as bad. In annual reports of medical officers of health the zym- 10050 otic mortality is frequently stated as a percentage of deaths from all causes. Thus, if in one year the zym- otic mortality forms 11 and in the next year 15 per cent. of the total mortality from all causes, it is evident that the relative mortality might be increased either by a diminution in total deaths or an increase of zymotic deaths, though the inference to be drawn in the two cases would be very different. It is occasionally convenient to know the percentage of deaths due to different causes, in order to estimate the rela- tive magnitude of the different causes of death; but this method The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6263 can not be employed with propriety in comparing one commun- ity with another, or even in comparing the records of the same community in Sucessive years.” Then again on page 336 of this book the paragraph headed “Fallacies arising from stating deaths in proportion to total deaths.” Which statement follows: * tº ‘‘These have already received consideration (pp. 124, 186). They present themselves under two heads. The deaths at one age are stated in proportion to the total deaths at all ages; or the deaths from one cause are stated in proportion to the total deaths from all causes. In both cases the same 10051 fallacy is involved. A relationship is attempted to be established between the two factors both of which are variable in value. An alteration in the total deaths on One hand, or in the deaths at one group of ages or from one cause on the other hand, might equally affect the proportion between the two, though the conclusion to be drawn in the two cases would by no means be necessarily identical.” I think that these statements of Dr. Newsholme represent the correct opinion among sanitarians and epidemiologists, re- garding the validity of the mortality percentage method. This method involves an obvious fallacy. Q. Does the mortality percentage method receive your ap- proval as a sanitarian and epidemiologist? A. For the reasons already set forth I do not consider or regard this method as shedding a true and proper light upon the relative incidence of disease in a community. Q. What reasons have you for opposing the mortality per- centage method as not furnishing the correct rule for the inter- pretation of vital statistics? A. I will give an illustration of the fallacious character of this method. In the city of New York, with a population of 955,921, in the year 1871, there were, according to the records of 10052 health for that City, 26976 deaths, 251 of these being from typhoid fever. The per cent. of the typhoid fever deaths to the total number of deaths was 0.93. The death 6264 The State of Missouri vs. rate per 10,000 inhabitants from typhoid fever was in this same year 2.62. ' - In the year 1898, in the City of New York, with a popular tion of 2,048,830, the total deaths were 40,438, of which 376 were typhoid fever. ~-- The typhoid fever deaths were again 0.93 of the total deaths, but the death rate per 10,000 inhabitants was 1.83. In other words, in these two years, 1871 and 1898, the percentage mor- tality of typhoid fever was the same but there was actually a decrease in the typhoid fever rate from 2.62 per 10,000 to 1.83 per 10,000, or a real reduction of over 30 per cent. The mortality percentage method fails utterly to show that this reduction of over 30 per cent. has occurred. A still more striking instance of the failure of the mor- tality percentage method to reveal such relations is shown in the annual reports of the health department of the City of Boston. 10053 In the year 1871, with a population of 258,032, the total number of deaths from all causes were 5,888, of which 176 deaths were from typhoid fever. The percentage of typhoid fever deaths to those from all causes was 2.99. The death rate per 10,000 inhabitants being 6.82. In the following year, 1872, with a population of 265,764, the deaths from all causes were 8,090, of which 229 were from typhoid fever. The typhoid fever deaths were in this year 2.83 per cent. of the deaths from all causes. Thus, it would appear from the mortality percentage method that there had been a reduction in typhoid fever in that community, although the actual number of deaths had risen from 176 to 229. This apparent reduction was of course caused simply by the remarkable increase in the number of deaths from all Causes, namely from 5,888 to 8090. The death rate from typhoid fever, reckoned per 10,000 inhabitants, gave, however, a truer indication of the real conditions and showed that in- stead of diminishing from 1871 to 1872 typhoid had actually increased from 6.82 to 8.62. e Here again the mortality percentage method gives an en- tirely incorrect and erroneous conception of the real amount of mortality from typhoid fever. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6265 Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to this question, page 10054 3540, of my copy of the record: “What method of as- certaining the percentage did you use in fixing the in- crease in typhoid fever in St. Louis,” answered, “I used the method known as that of mortality percentages in which the typhoid fever mortality is compared with the total mortality of any given district. This method is a common One among sanitarians and students of vital statistics and is regarded as on the whole the most accurate, inasmuch as it takes no account of the population, always a dubious and uncertain factor, while the number of deaths is always or is usually more readily de- termined and also more accurate. It is the same method which I employed in my studies of the typhoid fever statistics of the city of Chicago in 1892, and I have often employed it in my investigations.” What is your opinion as to the validity of using the mortality percentage method in estimating the con- ditions of typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis? MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out all that part of the question which refers to the statement made by Professor Sedgwick or to the question put to him and all the question with the exception of the latter part which asks the direct ques- tion of the witness as to the value he places upon mortality percentages, for the reason that that part of the question which I move to strike out is incompetent, irrelevant and im- 100.55 material. A. I have already indicated my reasons for believing that the mortality percentage method is not a valid method. Uncertain as the population factor may sometimes be, the es- timation of the death rate on the basis of population does not involve any such fundamental fallacy as that contained in the mortality percentage method, when owing to the fluctuation in the number of total deaths from year to year it is dealing with two variables and the ratio of deaths from one specific cause to the total number of deaths can not give a true indication of the prevalence of mortality from a specified cause. It is, therefore, my opinion that the mortality percentage method is not a valid one to use in estimating the typhoid conditions in the city of St. Louis. Q. Is the “mortality percentage” method regarded as on 6266 The State of Missouri vs. the whole the most accurate among sanitarians and students of vital statistics? A. In my opinion it is not. Q. What, in your opinion as a sanitarian and epidemi- ologist, are the correct and proper methods to be employed in estimating the typhoid conditions in a given city? A. In my opinion the statistics in the health records should be carefully examined and scrutinized as there are con- 10056 siderable differences in the practice of various health boards and organizations in the matter of reporting deaths under various and varying designations. The ratios of deaths from a specified cause to the popula- tion, or what is known among vital statisticans as the death rate, usually considered on the basis of 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population, will then give, with a reasonably accurate estimate of the population, a fairly correct conception of the mortality from year to year and from decade to decade. ADJOURNED until 1:30 p.m. same day. 10057 1:30 p.m. Tuesday, February 9, 1904. Continuation pur- Suant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. What do you mean by the expression “were to be based on bacteriological and chemical data?” A. I mean that in my opinion a sanitarian should give such weight to all the evidence that he can obtain from bacteri- ology, from chemistry and allied science and should even go further and affirm that any information of whatever character, derived from whatever source, that throws light on the ques- tions at issue, should be considered in epidemiological investi- gations. Q. What is your opinion as to the value to be placed upon chemical and bacterial analysis of a water course? A. It is my opinion that such analyses furnish important The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6267 evidence as to the character of a water, and that while they often supplement and confirm the results of observation, 10058 they also at times reveal conditions that mere ocular in- Spection or observation would fail to bring to light. Q. Do chemistry and bacteriology afford any assistance to an epidemiologist or a sanitarian in arriving at a correct judg- ment to be placed upon the value of a river water, and do they supply facts that are important? - A. In my opinion chemistry and bacteriology often afford very great assistance in arriving at a judgment of the character of a river water. It is sometimes true that chemical and bac- teriological data are the only data that one can obtain in re- gard to the character of a given water and while the inferences from bacterological or chemical data alone are perhaps rarely final, such data are frequently the only available material upon which a judgment can be founded. In any case an experienced epidemiologist would attempt to Secure chemical and bacteriological data regarding the char- acter of a river water as constituting an important element in enabling him to form a judgment of the water. Q. What light do analyses of a river water shed upon 10059 the problem of self-purification of streams? - A. Here, in particular, analyses offer a material aid in determining the rate and extent of the process of self-purifica- tion. Analyses of a river water, polluted at its source, which are made at various points along its course, make it possible to trace the successive changes that take place in the amount and condition of the organic matter in the water, and in the number and kinds of bacteria. It is my opinion that correct inferences may be drawn re- garding the process of self-purification by the study of such analytical data. Q. Are all these sources of information of which you have spoken about valuable to a sanitarian and epidemiologist? A. I will reiterate what I have already stated that all Sources of information of any kind, tending to shed light on questions in issue, are valuable to sanitarians and epidemiolo- gists and should be investigated and considered. Q. How is the presence of infectious disease ascertained? 6268 The State of Missouri vs. A. In nearly all countries there are regulations requiring physicians to report all cases of certain infectious diseases OC- curring in their practice, to the health authorities. Some in- fectious diseases, such as smallpox, are very fully reported in this way, but it is true of many of the infectious dis- 10060 eases, especially the less highly contagious kinds that such reports to the health authorities are not made uni- formly by all physicians. In most parts of the United States the system of notifica- tion of cases of infectious diseases is very imperfect and in- complete. It is perhaps rather the rule than the exception for cases of infectious diseases to be reported promptly and in their full numbers to the health authorities. In too many instances all that the epidemiologist in this country has to depend upon is the mortality returns, the number of deaths recorded by the health authorities rather than the number of cases reported to them. Usually the only clue to the prevalence of typhoid fever in a community during a given period is the number of deaths recorded in the official health reports. Q. What are the ordinary modes of causation of infectious diseases? A. The ordinary modes of causation are very different and variable, according to the specific infections. In some cases there is reason for thinking that the infectious matter is air borne, such for example as in the case in tuberculosis and prob- ably in smallpox. In others that the infection is trans- 10061 mitted from one individual to another by more or less direct contact, as is the case in diphtheria. In still other cases the use of infected drinking water or infected food is the common mode of causation. Q. What are the chief sources of infection in typhoid fever? * A. The typhoid fever germ usually leaves the body of a patient in the urine or feces. These substances may carry the infection to the sewers, in case proper methods of disinfection are not practiced. The mingling of such infected sewage, con- taining the discharges from the bodies of typhoid fever pa- tients, with water that is soon afterwards used for drinking purposes is the most common source of infection in typhoid The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6269 fever, by far the largest number of outbreaks of typhoid fever that have been traced being due to infected drinking water. A considerable number of cases and of epidemics of typhoid fever are however caused in other ways. The milk supply some- times becomes infected, either directly from a typhoid fever patient or convalescent, or indirectly through the medium of infected water. * Articles of food that are eaten in a raw condition such as Oysters, celery and certain fruits may also be the source of infection in this disease. It may also sometimes happen that the dust from dried 10062 excreta may be blown about and settle upon food and thus be taken into the alimentary tract. Insects, too, may play a part in contaminating substances. In the case of physicians and attendants having to do with the treatment of a typhoid fever patient, infection by con- tact may also occur, and in houses in which there are typhoid fever patients or convalescents, what is known as a secondary infection sometimes results, these cases of secondary infection being due to more or less direct transfer of the discharges of the patient to well persons. Q. Is it important for the sanitarian and epidemiologist to know the source of infection as well as the results of such infection? A. It is certainly most important that the source of in- fection be known since without such information it is impossible to take proper precautionary measures to prevent the spread or recurrence of an epidemic. Q. Is it a legitimate inference that because typhoid fever increases in a city such increase is due to an increase in the infection of the water supply? A. By no means, unless other sources of infection are elimi- nated. An increase of typhoid fever in a city may be due of course to an increased infection of the public water Sup- 10063 ply, but it may also be due to the infection of the milk supply, to an infection of private Wells, to special oppor- tunities for the transmission of the disease by insects or to a change in the character of the population, such as the immigra- tion of a large number of persons of susceptible ages, who had 6270 The State of Missouri vs. not previously lived in the city, and acquired a certain degree of immunity. - Q. What other sources of infection are there in a city be- sides that coming from its water supply? A. The milk supply; various articles of food; the agency of insects and other factors contribute to an increase in typhoid fever in a given city. - Q. In the case of the city of St. Louis which takes its water supply from the Mississippi River at the chain of rocks, Intake Tower, said river at that point being a mixture of the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois Rivers—assuming that the reports of the St. Louis Board of Health show an apparent in- crease of typhoid fever during the years 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903, as compared with previous years, is there any scientific reason that justifies the conclusion that said apparent increase of typhoid fever in St. Louis is due to infectious matter com- ing from the sewers of Chicago by way of the drainage canal? A. Assuming that the reports of the St. Louis Board 10064 of Health show an apparent increase in typhoid fever during the years 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903, as compared with previous years, it is not in my opinion a justifiable conclu- Sion that said apparent increase of typhoid fever in St. Louis is due to any infectious matter passing into the sewers of Chicago and thence into the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, by way of the drainage canal. An increase in the infection of the Missis- sippi River water from points near at hand would seem to me to afford a more satisfactory and scientific explanation of an increase of typhoid fever in St. Louis than the passage of any typhoid bacilli into the intake of the St. Louis waterworks from a point So far removed as Chicago. Q. What are the instances where the sources of infection that caused epidemics of typhoid fever are known? A. I have already cited several epidemics in which the evidence seems to me convincing that an infected drinking water was the cause Qf the outbreak. Such are the epidemics of typhoid fever at Plymouth, Lowell, Ithaca and Butler, in this country. An epidemic of typhoid fever traced to infected milk sup- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6271 ply has occurred at Stamford, Conn., and Professor 10065 Sedgwick has described several cases of outbreaks of typhoid fever in the state of Massachusetts, attributed to infected milk. At the time of the Spanish American War in this country outbreaks of typhoid fever among the soldiers in the military camps were traced to infection by flies. Q. Are there sources of infection which cause typhoid fever epidemics other than drinking water? A. Yes sir, those that I have already mentioned, namely, milk supply, infected food stuffs, the carriage of the bacilli by flies and perhaps some other agencies. - - It has not been recognized until a relatively recent date that the fly can serve as a carrier of the typhoid bacilli. Strong epidemiological evidence for believing that that might be the case was brought out in connection with the occurrence of ty- phoid fever in the camps at the time of the Spanish American War, as already mentioned. Since that time it has been definitely proven by Dr. Alice Hamilton, whose results have been printed in an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association for February 28, 1903. Miss Hamilton demonstrated the presence of living ty- phoid bacilli on the bodies of flies from privies or fences of two yards, on the walls of houses and in the room of a ty- 10066 phoid patient, and as the result of an extended investi- gation she concludes that flies played a part in spread- ing typhoid fever in one section of the city of Chicago in the summer of 1902. It seems clear from her work that where the discharges from typhoid patients are left exposed in the privy or yards flies may be an important agent in the dissemination of typhoid in- fection. & Q. What do you mean by intensity of infection as an ele- ment to be considered by sanitarians and epidemiologists? A. The specially severe incidence of disease in one district or in one section of a city might be regarded as a special in- tensity of infection. If there are 1,000 cases of typhoid fever in One ward in the city as compared with 50 in a neighboring 6272 The State of Missouri vs. ward, with the same population, the infection might be said to be more intense in one case than in the other. The word intensity might be used, too, I suppose, to indi- cate severity of individual cases of disease. If among 1,000 cases of typhoid fever in one ward 200 died while in a neigh- boring ward with the same number of cases only 50 died, the intensity of infection might be said to be greater in the former case than in the latter. Q. What evidence have you that the nearer the sources 10067 of infection the more severe the incidence of the disease? A. It has been observed that where a community is Served by an infected water supply there are often fewer cases of typhoid fever in the periphery of the town at a distance from the central source, than they are close to the point where the Water is pumped into the mains. In other words, the greater the distance from the source of infection the less the intensity of the disease. The nearer the source of infection the more Severe the incidence. Q. Do you know of any facts or observations that justify the conclusion that the more remote the source of infection the less severe the disease? A. The observations that I have just alluded to are ob- Servations of this character and indicate that the more remote the source of infection the less severe is the incidence of disease. Q. Is there such a thing as decrease in the virulence of a typhoid fever germ? A. It is probable that there is a decrease in virulence of a typhoid fever bacillus after its discharge from the human body although the evidence on this hand is scanty and not altogether Satisfactory. Such evidence as there is, however, indi- 10068 cates that some decline in the virulence of a typhoid bacillus through a prolonged sojourn in water probably does occur. Hankin (Centralbl f. Bakt. 1899, 26, p. 544) mentions that on a number of occasions he has found typhoid bacilli in waters at a time when these waters were being used for drinking pur- poses and that in several such instances no cases of fever de- Veloped among the users of such waters. Indeed, he specifically takes the ground that “My finding The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6273 typhoid microbes in a water supply gives no proof microbes were then present in a condition in which they could produce infection.” Remlinger and Schneider (Ann. de T.’Inst. Pasteur, 1897, II, p. 55). * ‘‘Also encountered typhoid bacilli in waters that were not giving rise to fever and that water designated by them as being very pure.” & Kubler and Neufeld (Zeitscher f. Hyg., 1899, 31 p. 133). state that the typhoid bacillus that were first isolated by them from well water would kill a guinea pig in the dose of One-fifth of a loop, whereas a culture isolated later from 10069 the water of the same well did not prove fatal to a guinea pig in a dose five times as great. There thus seems to be good reason for believing that by prolonged aquatic life typhoid bacilli are rendered innocuous Ol' at least less virulent even where they are able to survive at all. The evidence then as to the decrease in virulence of a typhoid fever germ indicates, such as it is, that the longer a typhoid bacillus remains in water the less likely it is to cause disease. º Q. What do you mean by the decrease in virulence of a typhoid fever germ 2 A. By decrease in virulence of a typhoid fever germ, I mean a diminution in its power to invade the human body and bring about pathological conditions. Q. What is your opinion as to the relative virulence of a typhoid bacillus coming from a remote as compared with a nearer SOurce? A. It is my opinion, based upon such evidence as exists as to the diminution in virulence of a typhoid bacillus, that the longer such a bacillus sojourns in the water of a lake or river, the less likely it is to cause disease. It follows, consequently, that a typhoid bacillus after making a long journey by 10070 water will be less virulent than after a short journey. Q. Will you distinguish between the effect of an urban and rural population upon a water shed? A. I take the question to imply that the sewage and drain- A—393 6274 The State of Missouri vs. age from such urban and rural communities are discharged without purification or special treatment into the streams upon such water shed. It is now true that most urban communi- ties are provided with sewers and it is also true that such sew- age often passes directly into the nearest watercourse. The amount of pollution added directly to a river by an urban community is therefore considerable. In the case of a rural community or of isolated dwellings or scattered farm houses the waste matters due to human life and habitation are not added as a rule so directly to the stream, although, as is well known, in most parts of this country it is a common custom for the Outhouses and privy vaults to be located on or near the banks of small brooks or rivulets. On the whole, however, the total amount of organic mat- ter added to a water course by an urban community 10071 provided with sewers is greater per capita than the amount of similar organic matters added by a rural population of the same dimensions. Q. Is typhoid fever more prevalent in urban than in rural communities? * A. No sir—just the reverse is true. Typhoid fever is a rural rather than an urban disease. For example the death rate from typhoid fever in the thinly populated “Adirondacks and Northern” district of New York state in 1900 was 3.9 per 10,000 as compared with 2.0 in the so-called maritime district, including New York and the population thickly settled along the seaboard. This is only one of many instances that might be given as to the greater prev- alence of typhoid fever in the country than in the city. As confirmation of this statement I may quote from an article on typhoid fever in the Journal of the American Medical Association for January 9, 1904, by Dr. John S. Fulton of Baltimore. According to the figures given by this authority, derived from the 12th census of the United States, typhoid fever 10072 is conspicuously a rural disease. He says “When we examine the rank of typhoid fever among all the causes of death we find that rural typhoid fever is credited with 62 in every 1,000 deaths as against 38 per 1,000 from urban ty- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6275 phoid.” This writer gives elaborate diagrams and tables which bring out with great clearness the fact that typhoid fever at the present time in the United States is a rural rather than an urban disease. Q. Is the danger from a rural population to be given slight consideration by a sanitarian or an epidemiologist? A. It is my opinion that the danger from a rural popula- tion can by no means be ignored by any sanitarian or epidemi- ologist who wishes to take into account all data bearing upon Questions of the spread and transmission of infection. Q. Is the rural population on the water shed an important factor to be considered in passing upon a water supply of a city using river water for domestic and drinking purposes? A. In my opinion it is a very important factor since seri- ous infection of a water course may be due to rural infection. I am aware that the significance of rural population in this connection is not always assigned the importance which 10073 in my opinion it deserves. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in his testimony (page 3,620 of my transcript of the record), stated in reply to the question: “Is it not a fact in sanitary science that the pollution of rivers by what we term the rural population is a very large factor in the consideration of the amount and the degree and kind of pollution,” answered, “of pollution, yes sir.” Question: “But Scientifically considering infection you do not take it into ac- count?” answer, “Not so much because the rural infection to begin with is well known and in the second place, owing to the time factor which is apt to come in, in the partial purification of the pollution the infectious matter may be destroyed.” Is it a fact that the infection in the rural population is less common? A. As I have just stated, typhoid fever is more prevalent in rural than in urban districts. So far from the disease being less common in a rural population the facts, in my opinion, show that it is more common. MR. JEFFRTES: I move to strike the answer out because it is contained in a previous answer, and the question be- 10074 cause it is repetition, no new facts being brought out either by the question or the answer. Q. Does the time factor mentioned by Professor Sedgwick 6276 The State of Missouri vs. really play an important part in preventing rural infection of water courses? º - A. It is of course well recognized that in rural communi- ties a longer period may elapse after the discharge of typhoid bacilli from the bodies of typhoid patients before the bacilli enter water courses, than is the case with such discharges in an urban community furnished with a sewage system. It is also well known that typhoid bacilli in the infections or infectious discharges from the body of typhoid patients, when emptied into a loosely constructed privy vault or out- house may retain their vitality and virulence for a long period. Such was the case in the Plymouth epidemic already cited. Typhoid bacilli have been known to retain their vitality for upwards of five months in the contents of privy vaults. It is evident that if the contents of such vaults or outhouses be Washed down into a stream by heavy rains or melting snows, - Or if the contents of said vaults be spread as manure 10075 upon fields near the banks of a river or other stream, the bacilli may find their way into the water course. Despite the fact, therefore, that a long time elapses after the discharge from the body of the patient, and before such germs find their way into the water, the infectious matter may not be destroyed, owing to the conditions under which it is stored. The time factor, therefore, would be of less significance in this connection than where bacilli were discharged directly into the stream itself. Q. Do you know of any important typhoid epidemics in which infection has come from the rural population? A. The most extensive localized epidemics of typhoid fever in this country, namely those at Plymouth, Pa., Ithaca, N. Y., and Butler, Pa., have been caused by infection from a rural population. The epidemic at Lowell, Mass., was also due to the infection of the Merrimac River by isloated cases of typhoid fever and not from a population provided with sewers. Q. Are there any reasons why infection from the rural 10076 population is to be specially feared? A. It seems to me that there are at least two reasons The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6277 why infection of a water course by a rural population is espe- cially to be feared. Q. What are those reasons? A. The first of these is that, on the whole, disinfection of the dejecta and urine is less carefully and thoroughly carried out in rural communities than in urban, so that in a given num- ber of cases of typhoid fever a larger proportion will be im- properly cared for in rural communities than in cities. In the second place, the storing up or accumulation of in- fectious material from typhoid cases may result in a very heavy infection of a water course, since the discharges that have collected during the whole course of a case of typhoid fever may be washed, all at once, by a heavy rain into a watercourse. Still another reason and one that I believe to be very important is that when typhoid bacilli are added to a stream in the sewage of an urban community, they are accompanied by a large amount of organic matter and a large number of saprophytic bacteria. 10077. In rural infection on the other hand, the bacilli from a single case of typhoid fever may pass into a stream unaccompanied by any considerable amount of organic matter. The dilution with pure water of this relatively large number of bacilli and their mingling with the waters of a large stream constitute a peculiarly, dangerous kind of infection. The com- petition of the sewage bacteria in such a case is not nearly so great as in the case of typhoid bacilli passing into the sewers of a large city. It has been shown previously that typhoid bacilli will live longer in relatively pure water in the presence of a relatively Small amount of organic matter than in a polluted water, charged with the sewage of a great city. - For these reasons, therefore, it is my judgment that the infection from a rural population should not only not be ignored but should be especially feared. - Q. What do you mean by character of diseases as an ele- ment to be considered by sanitarians and epidemiologists? A. I mean by that that the vital statistics, the reports of morbidity and mortality should be examined with a view to 6278 The State of Missouri vs. determining the class and nature of the disease as disclosed by an analysis of the alleged causes of death as reported in 10078 the Official publications. The discrepancies in nomen- clature and the varying practice of the custodians of public health records in the various parts of the country render such examination necessary if a correct idea is to be obtained regarding the actual character of the disease present or rife in a given community. - º Q. Have you examined the typhoid mortality statistics of the city of St. Louis as evidenced by the reports of the Board of Health of the city of St. Louis? A. I have. Q. Have you examined the typhoid mortality statistics of the city of Chicago as evidenced by the reports of the Board of Health of the city of Chicago? A. I have. Q. Have you prepared a table of typhoid deaths based upon those reports? A. Yes sir, I have a table of the deaths reported from ty- phoid fever in St. Louis by months from January, 1890, to . December, 1903, inclusive, and I have a similar table for Chi- cago for exactly the same period. Q. Will you produce and read the mortality typhoid sta- tistics of the city of St. Louis and the city of Chicago 10079 as compiled by you from the Board of Health reports Of those two cities, covering said periods? t A. They are as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6279 10080 TYPHOID FEVER, ST. LOUIS. Month. 1890 1891. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Jan. 11 5 13 36 2 12 4. Feb. 4 9 8 17 7 3 4 March. 6 4 7 8 8 3 3. April. 4 10 9 8 14 7 4. May. 8 9 3 3 5 6 9 June. 8 11 6 2 11 * 6 6 July. 12 17 15 11 21 9 13 Aug. 19 12 8 42 24 17 29 Sept. 27 32 23 32 32 9 13 Oct. 18 26 45 20 20 15 9 Nov. 16 11 111 25 20 13 7 Dec. 7 16 189 11 7 7 5 140 162 442 215 171 107 106 10081 TYPHOID FEVER—ST. LOUIS. Month. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Jan. 7 4 10 19 8 14 15 Feb. 9 6 7 5 14 16 15 March. 7 7 4 16 11 11 20 April. 4 6 5 4 4 14 17 May. 7 2 2 4 8 11 15 June. 9 7 5 8 6 7 16 July. 10 9 9 15 13 14 27 Aug. 18 9 6 20 31 26 37 Sept. 17 14 16 13 24 21 42 Oct. 17 12 15 30 32 32 29. Nov. 15 7 32 13 27 31 24 Dec 5 12 20 19 20 25 31 125 95 131 168 198 222 288 6280 The State of Missouri vs. 100.82 Month. Jan. Feb. March. - April. May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 10083 Month. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TYPHOID FEVER-CHICAGO. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 53 67 311 41 46 136 61. 187 30 26 103 71 76 41 27 45 136 56 58 30 82 408 70 56 31 107 167 55 60 31 86 200 211 55 37 115 182 179 76 52 95 198 138 86 71 72 171 92 81 68 67 150 67 43 38 47 186 47 43 34 Total 1008 1997 1489 670 491 TYPHOID FEVER—CHICAGO. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 38 29 44 23 26 46 32 24 14 16 41 71 18 27 15 19 94 23 23 20 13 67 25 19 24 23 35 28 17 9 27 55 41 26 55 42 ° 45 62 34 83 48 65 58 34 74. - 61 62 44 38 102 44 56 43 39 54 35 55 32 43 31 Total 437 636 442 337 509 1895 30 21 26 30 30 18 36 59 76 90 60 42 518 1902 21 14 20 16 24 22 44 193 165 78 72 132 801 1896 87 89 65 3 31. 44 5S 64 87 89 6() 44 751. 1903 97 54 49 33 26 21 29 59 82 45 56 36 588 10084 Q. What relation do the monthly deaths from typhoid period from 1890 to 1903, inclusive? in Chicago bear to those in the city of St. Louis the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6281 A. From these tables I am unable to discover any relation between the monthly deaths from typhoid fever in Chicago and those in St. Louis. I have compiled from these tables a statement showing those months of maximum typhoid fever in Chicago and St. Louis and those showing the minimum deaths from typhoid fever in these two cities. The month showing the largest number of deaths in Chi- cago precedes the maximum in St. Louis by 11 months in one year (1892), by 8 months in one year (1903), by 6 months in one year (1891), by 5 months in two years (1896 and 1898), by 3 months in one year (1899), by 2 months in one year (1902). The Chicago maximum coincides with the St. Louis max- imum in five years, namely: 1893, 1895, 1896, 1897 and 1900. The minimum typhoid fever in Chicago precedes the 10085 minimum in St. Louis in six years, namely, 1891, 1893, 1898, 1900, 1902. The Chicago minimum coincides with St. Louis minimum in 2 years, 1892 and 1890, and follows the St. Louis minimum in 7 years, 1890, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1901 and 1903. Q. Have you made a study of the typhoid death statistics of the City of St. Louis and Chicago covering that period? A. Yes sir, I have examined these very carefully and the results are set forth in the tables as just recorded. Q. Is an increase in the death rate from typhoid fever in St. Louis preceded by a corresponding increase in the death rate from typhoid fever in Chicago? A. It is not. Q. Is a decrease in the death rate from typhoid fever in Chicago followed by a decrease in the death rate from typhoid fever in St. Louis? • A. I am unable to discover any relation between the monthly deaths from typhoid fever in Chicago and those in St. Louis. º A decrease in the number in Chicago is not followed by a decrease in the number in St. Louis, nor is an increase in the 6282 The State of Missouri vs. deaths in St. Louis preceded by a corresponding increase in the deaths in Chicago. - Q. If the typhoid fever in St. Louis, for the period from 10086 1890 to 1903, inclusive, was caused by infection coming from the city of Chicago, would not some relation exist between typhoid conditions in Chicago and the typhoid condi- tions in St. Louis? t A. I should certainly expect to find some relation obtain- ing between the prevalence of this disease in Chicago and that in St. Louis. I should anticipate that in general if the typhoid fever conditions in St. Louis were dependent upon those in Chicago that a large number of deaths from typhoid fever in the latter city would be followed within three or four months by an in- crease in the number of typhoid deaths in St. Louis. No such relation appears in the monthly records of ty- phoid fever of these two cities as tabulated. It is therefore my judgment that typhoid fever conditions in St. Louis are unaffected by a large amount or a small amount of typhoid fever in Chicago. ADJOURNED until 10:00 a. m., February 10, 1904. 10087 10:00 a. m., Wednesday, February 10, 1904. Continua- tion pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: - - Q. What relation do flood waters in the Illinois River bear to the increase or decrease of typhoid fever deaths in the city of St. Louis? A. I have prepared a table showing the water gauge read- ings obtained by the United States engineer at the Kampsville Lock, by months, for the years 1899, 1900, 1901 and 1902. These are the means of tri-daily readings. The readings are referred to the lower miter sill, or 7 feet below low water. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6283 I find on comparing these readings of the heights of water in the Illinois River at the Kampsville Lock, that high water occurred in Miarch, 1899, and low water in September, 1899. The maximum typhoid fever in St. Louis in that year occurred in the month of November and the minimum typhoid 10088 fever in the month of May. In 1900 the high water period was again in the month of March and the lowest water recorded in January. The max- imum typhoid fever in 1900 was in the month of October and the minimum in the months of April and May. In 1901 the maximum height of water occurred in the month of April and the low water period in October. The maximum typhoid fever in St. Louis occurred in the month of October and the minimum in the month of April. In 1902 the maximum high water occurred in the month of July and the minimum in the month of January. The maximum typhoid fever in St. Louis occurred in the month of October and the minimum in the month of June. A very interesting comparison may be made between the months of July, August, September, October and November, 1901 and 1902. The water in the Illinois River averaged nearly twice as high in 1902 as in 1901 and yet the typhoid fever at St. Louis was almost exactly the same in the latter part of those years as is shown by reference to the tabulated table of monthly deaths. Q. When there is low water in the Illinois River what 10089 effect does that stage of water have upon the increase Or decrease of typhoid fever in St. Louis? A. From an examination of the tables just referred to I am unable to discover any connection between the stage of low Water as disclosed in the gauge readings at Kampsville and a large amount or small amount of typhoid fever in St. Louis. In the four years for which record is at hand, absolutely no relation exists between low water in the Tllinois River as shown in the gauge readings at Kampsville and an increase or decrease in the typhoid mortality in the city of St. Louis. Q. Is a high death rate from typhoid fever in Chicago, during cold weather, followed by correspondingly high death rate from typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis, allowing for the 6284 The State of Missouri vs. period of incubation and distance of flow between Chicago and St. Louis? | i A. From an examination of the monthly deaths reported from typhoid fever in St. Louis, I am unable to discover any such relation between a high death rate from typhoid fever in Chicago in the winter months and the typhoid mortality in St. Louis, two or three months later, when allowance is made for the periods of incubation and time of flow between Chicago - and St. Louis. : 10090 Thus, in December, 1900, the number of deaths reported from typhoid fever in the city of Chicago was the larg— est reported for any month in that year. In the early months of 1900 in St. Louis no marked increase of deaths appears as a consequence of the large number of deaths in Chicago. Again, in 1902, the number of deaths from typhoid fever for Chicago in December and also in January, 1903, was very extensive, but the number of deaths in St. Louis in March, April and May of 1903, was not materially in excess of those in the preceding year when the number of typhoid deaths in Chicago for the corresponding months of January and De- cember had not been one-fourth as great. Q. From a careful study of the typhoid death rate in St. Louis and Chicago, covering the period from 1890 to 1903, inclusive, taking into consideration the seasons of the year and the stages of the water in the Illinois River, is there, in your opinion, any relation existing between the typhoid conditions in St. Louis as evidenced by its mortality statistics and the typhoid conditions in Chicago, as they exist, as evidenced by the mortality statistics of Chicago, showing that the typhoid condition in St. Louis during this period is due as a whole or in part to infection coming from the city of Chicago? 10091 A. From an examination of the monthly deaths re- ported from typhoid fever in Chicago and St. Louis be- tween 1890 and 1903, inclusive, I am unable to discover any dependence of the mortality in St. Louis upon that in Chicago, as respects extent of mortality, season of year or stages of water in the Illinois River. Q. Have you made a special study of the so-called germ diseases? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6285 A. Yes sir, in connection with my work in bacteriology I have had to study a number of the so-called germ diseases with considerable care. Q. Do these diseases caused by germs come within the Scope of your study? A. Yes sir, it is generally conceived that the scope of bac- teriology today includes the various diseases due to germs of various kinds, to those closely related to bacteria as well as to bacteria themselves. I refer especially to the so-called proto- Zoan diseases of which malaria is a type. The malaria germ is not a bacterium properly speaking, but a protozoan. Malaria is, however, one of the germ diseases and is studied and inves- tigated by bacteriologists. Q. Will you distinguish between a protozoan and a bac- terium? - A. A protozoan is a one-celled animal; a bacterium a one- celled plant. 10092 The protozoa are of a more complicated sturcture than the bacteria and possess as a rule more intricate life histories. Protozoa are the lowest members of the animal series as the bacteria are the lowest plants known. Q. What studies have you made upon typhoid fever and malaria fever from the standpoint of a bacteriologist? A. I have examined the organisms of these diseases and have made blood examinations from cases of typhoid fever and malaria and have examined the literature with reference to the geographical distribution, fatality and general character of these diseases. Q. In connection with such study as you have detailed, does that lead you into the question of the proper diagnosis of the fevers, the kinds of typhoid and malaria? - A. Yes sir, that has become a very important question in bacteriological laboratories in the last few years. It is now generally recognized that a very important and perhaps the most important means of distinguishing between typhoid fever and malaria is by examinations made in the laboratory. Q. Have you had any experience with the diagnosis of these fevers? 6286 The State of Missouri vs. Yes sir, I have examined and caused to be examined 10093 blood coming from patients suffering from these dis- €8 SéS. Q. Have you studied these questions sufficiently to give an expert opinion upon them? A. I think that I have. Q. What is typhoid fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. The symptoms of the disease known as typhoid fever are quite various, but the disease is characterized ordinarily by certain well marked peculiarities, such as the temperature curve with its gradual step-like ascent, until the height of the fever is reached, and then its gradual step-like decline. The onset of typhoid fever is often marked by a severe headache, although this symptom may be absent. There is often abdom- inal pain and tenderness. In a considerable proportion of cases, Over 70 per cent., I believe, rose spots appear on the abdomen. These spots are due to typhoid bacilli in the skin where the Spots become reddened. This is a specific eruption due to ty- phoid bacilli in those cases. Epitaxis is not an uncommon symptom in this disease. In most cases of typhoid fever a few days after the onset of the attack an examination of the blood by what is known as 10094 the Widal test affords a highly characteristic mark of the disease and is one of the most important diagnostic features. The blood of patients suffering from genuine typhoid fever responds positively to this test while the blood of well per- Sons or persons suffering from other diseases than typhoid fever give as a rule negative results. - Q. What is malarial fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. There are three well recognized types of malarial fever, due to three different kinds of parasites. These different types of fever are characterized by a difference in the periodicity of the well known malarial paroxysm. In the tertian type of ma- larial fever the parasite completes the cycle of its development every 48 hours. The onset of the paroxysm coincide with the sporulation of the parasite and the disintegration of the blood corpuscles that accompanies this process. The tertian form of malarial fever is much more common in the temperate zone The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6287 than either of the other phases. It is rarely, if ever fatal in its uncomplicated form. . The quartan malarial fever is caused by a parasite very similar to the tertian parasite, but completing its life cycle in 72 hours instead of 48. The malarial paroxysm occurs every third day instead of every other day, as is the case in 10095 the tertiary fever. - Tropical malarial fever is caused by a parasite with a Somewhat irregular cycle of development; the parasite of the tropical fever is not so commonly found in the circulating blood as the others, but carries out a large part of its life history in the internal organs, such as the spleen. This is the most seri- ous of the three types of malarial fever. These parasites, the tertian, the quartan and the tropical parasite can be recognized by a blood examination. The parasites, in each case, invade the red blood corpuscles and pass through the various phases of their development ensconced in the body of the red blood Corpuscles. Q. What is intermittent fever and its diagnosis? A. The term intermittent fever refers to that type of fever in which the temperature after being high for some time is in- termitting, and the temperature of the individual returns com- pletely to the normal. The term is loosely used but is applied often times to various forms of malaria. Q. Is it a distinct type of fever? A. It is not. g Q. What is remittent fever and its clinical diagnosis? 10096 A. The distinction between remittent and intermittent fever lies in the fact that the temperature does not re- turn completely to normal in the remittent, but rises and falls. Q. Is remittent fever a distinct type of disease? A. It is not. The symptom of remittency may character- ize various pathological conditions. Q. What is typho-malaria fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. The term typho-malaria fever as ordinarly applied in this country is used for fevers which may be either typhoid or malaria. Most of the cases of so-called typho-malaria are real- ly cases of typhoid fever. It may rarely happen that a mixed infection occurs, that an individual is infected both with the 6288 The State of Missouri vs. bacilli of typhoid fever and with some one of the malarial para- sites, but these cases are so rare as to rank as medical curi- osities, and have no far-reaching significance. Typho-malaria fever is not a distinct entity. Q. What is congestive fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. The term congestive fever is a vague term, comprising no definitely recognized type of disease. The symptom of con- gestion of various internal organs such as the liver is what has perhaps given rise to the use of this term. 100.97 No such disease as congestive fever is recognized by the best physicians at the present day. Q. What is simple continued fever and its clinical diag- nosis? A. The term simple continued fever is an old term in med- icine which owes its origin to a period when methods of diagº nosing diseases were not so far advanced as at present. As the name implies, it refers to a type of fever in which the tempera- ture remains high for quite a long period. Most of the cases that would be likely to be reported as cases of simple continued fever at the present time are simply cases of mild typhoid fever. Q. Are intermittent fever, remittent fever, typho-malaria fever, congestive fever and simple continued fever distinct types of fevers and so recognized by bacteriologists and clinicians? A. Most of the affections designated by these different names are either typhoid fever or malaria, and these terms, mentioned in your question, are not generally employed at the present time as representing different and specific types of disease. 100.98 Q. What epidemiological and sanitary significance are attached by statisticians to these fevers as above de- scribed, when they appear in vital statistics? A. It is generally considered that these designations re- late in almost every instance to cases of typhoid fever and that they should be so regarded. It is the general opinion among statisticians that the deaths So classed should be transferred bodily to the column of deaths from typhoid fever since they are practically in all cases death from typhoid fever and not deaths from malaria. Malaria in fact, as it occurs in temperate countries is rarely fatal. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6289 Professor William Osler of Johns Hopkins University, in his article on malaria fever in Allbutt’s System of Medicine, Vol. III, p. 738, states: “Unfortunately for many years and in many regions prac- titioners have been in the habit of labeling as malaria every instance of obscure disease in which they could not make a diagnosis; so that the vital statistics are falsified in a remark- able manner. In the United States Census. Report for 1890, which covers the six preceding years, the deaths from 100.99 malarial fever in New York and in Brooklyn were more numerous than from typhoid fever. In both these cities it is notorious that a death from true malaria is a great rarity, not more than three or four cases occurring each year in the entire hospital practice of the city of New York.” “In the regular forms of malarial fever the death rate is very slight, and results usually from complications, such as acute nephritis.” In the testimony of Dr. William C. Woodward, who has already testified in this case, page 4602, I find the question: “In this table marked Exhibit 74, you have what is known as typhoid malaria and typhoid fever. What is the difference between typhoid fever and typhoid malaria”? The answer: “I regard a case of typho-malaria fever as a case of typhoid fever, in which the physician has made a mistake at the be- ginning and called it malarial fever, and he seeks the best way to get out of the hole. We classify them separately because Some people regard them as different diseases, and we furnish our statistics to people and let them use them as they see fit, but I have expressed my opinion.” “There is a very marked distinction between malarial 10100 fever and the other diseases, unless you regard the typho-malarial fever as typhoid fever. When it comes to typhoid malaria and typhoid fever, the best authorities to- day, I believe, regard them as the same disease.” - In a recent article by Dr. John S. Fulton, Health Officer of Baltimore, Maryland, entitled “Typhoid Fever,” and appear- ing in the Journal of the American Medical Association, for January 9, 1904, this matter of the relation between typhoid A—394 6290 The State of Missouri vs. fever and malaria is exhaustively discussed with a very full statistical presentation. On page 74 of this article is given a series of charts, showing the typhoid mortality and the reputed malaria mortality in different sections of the United States. These charts show that the malaria curve below the line re- flects the typhoid curve above as faithfully as the shores are reflected by the surface of a lake, the seasonal apex of the groups corresponding. Dr. Fulton states his own opinion as follows: “My personal belief is that fatal malaria intoxication does mot happen to one citizen a year in Maryland, though malaria is in some parts of the state a considerable cause of disability.” Then again: “Of all the mortality charged in the South to malaria, death perhaps is due to typhoid fever. The United States Army experience would indicate that not more 10101 than half is due in fact to typhoid, and certainly more than 50 per cent. of the mortality so charged is not due to malaria. In the North a much larger part, probably two- thirds of the reputed malarial mortality, represents unrecog- nized typhoid.” g Outside of certain well known areas malaria does not kill citizens of the United States, and within those areas, where malaria is a cause of grave sickness, its right to be considered an important cause of death has not been subjected to the rigid scrutiny which its apparent importance demands.” “Speaking for that part of the United States that I know best, I can say that the terms “malarial” and “typho-malarial” express no definite belief as to the cause or character of a disease, but are applied to fevers of inderterminate nature.” 10102 It is my opinion that these statements represent cor- rectly the prevailing judgment regarding these designa- tions of intermittent fever, etc., used in mortality records. The great majority of the deaths so reported are due to typhoid fever. - Q. Mr. William C. Woodward, whom you quoted, is the Health Officer of the District of Columbia is he not? A. T believe that he is. Q. Does the number of deaths reported as occurring from typhoid fever in the City of St. Louis, according to the reports The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6291 of the St. Louis Health Department represent, in your opinion, the total number of typhoid deaths actually occurring in that city for the period from 1890 to 1903, inclusive? A. They certainly do not. Q. What reasons have you for stating that they do not? A. I find in the records of the Health Department of the City of St. Louis a very considerable number of deaths under the heading remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers. I have already given what seems to me adequate reasons for believing that the majority of these, if not indeed all of them, were deaths from genuine typhoid fever and properly should be so classed. 10103 Q. To what do you attribute the failure of these statistics to properly disclose the number of typhoid fever deaths occurring in the City of St. Louis? A. Since there is, in my opinion, no question that a number of deaths reported under the head remittent, intermittent, ty- pho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers were un- doubtedly deaths from typhoid fever and since there is no pre- cise method of determining just what proportion of these deaths were actually deaths from typhoid fever, it is certainly diffi- Cult, if not impossible, to determine how many typhoid fever deaths actually occurred in St. Louis during a given year, par- ticularly since the number of deaths recorded under the head- ing remittent fever, etc., is so very large in St. Louis. Since there is no reason to suppose that these figures do not correctly represent the reports received from the physicians of St. Louis, I see no escape from the conclusion that the value of these statistics to properly disclose the number of typhoid fever deaths occuring in St. Louis was due to an improper diagnosis. Q. Why is it that doctors will apply the terms remittent, intermittent, typho malarial, congestive and simpſe continued to fevers that are recognized as being typhoid or malaria? 10.104 A. These terms that you mentioned have the weight of traditional use behind them. Furthermore it is only in relatively recent years that the sure distinction and differentia- tion of typhoid and malarial fevers has become possible, through the application of laboratory methods. Many of the physicians who received their medical education before these laboratory 6292 The State of Missouri vs. methods were in vogue do not habitaually employ such methods in their practice, and without these modern methods, on the basis of clinical symptoms alone, it is often difficult and indeed well nigh impossible to differentiate obscure and indefinite types Of fever. • Q. To you know of any city in the country where the death rate from malaria alone is as high as in the City of St. Louis, as evidenced by the Board of Health reports of that city? A. No sir, I do not. In my opinion no city in the United States has as large a death rate from genuine malaria as would be indicated by the official records of St. Louis, assuming that all deaths reported under this head of remittent, intermittent fever, etc., were deaths from malaria. 10.105 What do the malaria statistics show in cities where care- ful attention has been paid to malaria fevers? **. A. In the city of Baltimore where particular attention has been paid to the study of malaria and typhoid fever and their diagnosis, at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School, the effect of such study is shown in the relatively small number of deaths reported from malarial and typhoid malarial fevers. I may say that it is the practice in that city to class the deaths reported from typho-malarial with the deaths from ty- phoid fever rather than with malarial. This seems to be an in- dication that the health authorities of that city are convinced that the deaths reported by physicians as occuring from typho malarial are in reality cases of typhoid fever. Q. Is it generally recognized by sanitarians and epidemio- logists that classifying typhoid fever in one column and remit- tent, intermittent, typho malaria, congestive and simple con- tinued fevers in another column in board of health reports is an improper classification from a scientific standpoint of view, as affording a true indication of the prevalence of typhoid fever and malaria? A. In my opinion the classification is so recognized. 10106 A truer indication of typhoid fever mortality would be obtained by adding the deaths reported under the mis- cellaneous headings to the deaths reported as occurring from typhoid fever. This confusion of the records of vital statistics is, of course, especially liable to occur in those districts where The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6293 malaria is prevalent and where a faulty diagnosis on the part of the attending physician is more liable to occur. Q. Have you compiled from the board of health reports of the City of St. Louis, a table showing the typhoid deaths by each month from 1895 to 1903, inclusive, with a table for the Same period, with the fevers indicated at the heading, remittent, intermittent, typho malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers? - - A. I have. Q. Will you produce and read into the evidence, the com- pilations which you have made? A. It is as follows: 101.07 ST. LOUIS. 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Jan. 12 10 4 13 7 7 4 6 10 4 Feb. 3 7 4 10 9 5 6 10 7 8 March. 3 S 3 6 7 11 7 9 4 6. April. 7 7 4 11 4 13 6 8 5 6 May. 6 9 9 10 7 8 2 8 2 12 June. 6 14 6 7 9 18 7 10 5 8 July. 9 8 13 23 10 17 9 13 9 18 Aug. 17 15 29 34 18 20 (9 14) 6 30 Sept. 9 32 13 27 17 31 14 18 16 28 Oct. 15 24 9 20 17 24 12 12 15 16 Nov. 13 S 7 14 - 15 13 7 13 32 8 Dec. 7 13 5 2 5 5 12 13 20 4. A—Typhoid Fever. B–Remittent, Intermittent, Typho-malarial, Congestive, and simple continued fever. 6294. The State of Missouri vs. 101.08 ST. LOUIS. 1900 1901 1902 1903 A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Jan. 19 6 8 5 14 5 15 4 Feb. , 5 3 14. () 16 6 15 I March. 16 9 11 4 11 9 20 4. April. 4 7 4 7 14 3 17 4 May. 4 7 8 7 11. 8 15 8 June. 8 12 6 9 7 4 18 8 July. 15 9 13 15 14 12 27 10 Aug. 20 20 31 5 26 7 37 10 Sept. 13 20 24, 9 21, 16 42 1.7 Oct. 30 9 32 11 32 17 29 17 Nov. 15 3 27 5 31, 9 24 3 T}ec. 19 7 20 3 25 6 31 5 A—Typhoid Fever. B—Remittent, Intermittent, Typho-malarial, Congestive and simple continued fever. 10109 Q. Will you state what this table shows? A. This table shows the deaths in St. Louis by months from January, 1895, to December, 1903, inclusive, recorded under the headings A typhoid fever, B, remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers. The table shows a close parallel between the number of deaths reported from these two causes. In the months of July, August, September and October the number of deaths reported under both of these headings is high, while in the months of April and May it is on the whole low. An interesting change is noted in the latter part of this table. For the first five years of the table the number of deaths under the heading B (remittent fever, etc.), was greater than the number of deaths under the heading A (typhoid fever). Beginning with 1901 the reverse is true. The number of deaths reported under the heading typhoid fever becomes greater than the number reported under the heading remittent fever. To take for example the month of September: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6295 A (typhoid fever) B (remittent fever etc.) 1895 9 32 1896 13 27 1897 17 31 1898 14 18 1899 16 28 1900 13 20 1901 24 9 I902 21 16 1903 42 17 10110 Inspection of these figures shows that in the last four years there has been a transfer from the column B, that of remittent fever, etc., to the column A, that of typhoid fever, the effect being to diminish the number of deaths reported as remittent fever, etc., and increase those reported as typhoid fever. () Q. Have you prepared a table from the board of health reports of the City of St. Louis for the years 1890 to 1903, in- clusive, showing the number of deaths reported in the typhoid Column the number of deaths in the remittent, intermittent, ty- pho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fever column, and the added totals of these two columns for the period above mentioned? - A. I have. Q. By whom was the table that you have already read in evidence and the one that you now have prepared, and from What source was the information taken that is contained in the tables? A. These tables were prepared by me personally and the information upon which they are based was obtained 10111 from the official reports of the health department of the City of St. Louis. Q. Will you read the table last described by you in evi- dence? A. It is as follows: 6296 The State of Missouri vs. 101.12 n ST. LOUIS. Population 1900, 575,238 Typpus Reported Deaths from Typhoid Fever Remittent, Intermittent, Typho-malarial Conjestive and simple Continued Year Fevers. Total 1890 140 226 361. 1891 165 216 381 1892 441 326 767 i893 215 284 499 1894 171 179 350 1895 107 . 155 262 1896 106 177 283 1897 125 172 297 1898 95 134 229. 1899 131 148 279 1900 168 112 280 j901 198 80 278 1902 222 102 324 1903 288 91 379. Q. State what the table you have just read in evidence 101.13 shows? A. This table shows a similar condition to that evidenced in the table of monthly tables just produced. The total number of deaths per year reported under the heading typhoid fever, and under the heading remittent fever, etc., are given in this table. They show that a much larger proportion of deaths is re- Corded under the heading remittent fever, etc., before the year 1900 than since that year. They also show that whereas the number of deaths reported from typhoid fever was generally less during the first 10 years of this period than the number of deaths reported from remit- tent fever, etc., during the last four years, the case has been just reversed. It is evident that there has been some cause or that there have been some causes at work tending to produce a more accurate diagonsis on the part of the physicians and that a larger number of cases of true typhoid fever have been The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6297 recognized as such during the latter period than during the earlier one. - Q. Professor Teichmann testified (page 2336 of my trans- script of the record) that two circular letters “one issued 101.14 in the fall of 1900 and another one issued in the fall of 1901” were “issued by the Health Commissioner of St. Louis, calling the attention of physicians to the fact that the law required them to report all cases of typhoid and all deaths from typhoid” and at the time that letter was sent out the ques- tion of opening the drainage canal was being agitated in the public press of St. Louis and there was considerable discussion” and an investigation was going on at that time of the analyses of the samples, etc.,’’ and that attracted considerable attention. From your examination of the statistics of St. Louis for the years 1900, 1901 and 1902, as compared with previous years, does the effect of such a letter, as testified to having been sent to the doctors of St. Louis by the health department of St. Louis, manifest itself in the statistics? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to for the reason that it is for the court to determine from all the evidence whether any effect. whatever was produced by the issuance of the letter as testi- fied to by Professor Teichmann, and not for this witness to draw conclusions therefrom, the question not eliciting expert analysis or testimony. “w. 101.15 A. It certainly seems reasonable to suppose that such a letter as that described in your question as having been sent to the physicians of St. Louis would have some effect upon their scrutiny of cases of fever and that it might cause them to pay closer attention to diagnosis and perhaps apply some of the modern methods of differentiating typhoid fever from condi- tions for which it might be mistaken. - It is certainly in my opinion a significant fact that since 1900 there has been this decided change in the mode of report- ing deaths. Mr. Jeffries: I move to strike out the answer for the reason stated in the question, and for the further reason that the answer is all together argumentative and it is not for this wit- neSS to argue this case. , Adjourned until 2:00 P. M same day. 6298 The State of Missouri vs. 2:00 P. M., Wednesday, February 10, 1904. 10116 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. In what way does the effect of such letters appear on the statistics? MR. JEFFRIES: Objected to for the same reason as con- tained in my objection to the last preceding question. A. Beginning with the year 1900 the proportion of deaths from typhoid fever is much greater as compared with the deaths from intermittent fever than in the preceding decade. This is just the effect that would be expected if the attention of the physicians had been specially directed to the diagonsis and differentiation of typhoid fever in its various forms, including obscure and mild cases. For the three years, 1899, 1900 and 1901, the total number of deaths reported from “typhoid fever,” and “remittent 101.17 fever, intermittent fever,” etc., is almost precisely the Same, but the proportion reported from typhoid fever alone in 1900 and 1901 is much greater than in 1899. Q. From your examination of the typhoid and typho-ma- larial group (meaning to include in the latter those deaths re- ported under the head of remittent, intermittent, typho malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers), what is your opinion as to whether these two tables taken separately correctly show the typhoid condition in the City of St. Louis for the period mentioned? A. It is my opinion that considering the number of deaths reported separately under the heading typhoid fever, that the total number of such deaths and the average number is not cor- rectly represented by the tables reported under this head alone. Q. Upon what do you base your opinion that they do not Correctly show the typhoid conditions in the City of St. Louis, taking them separately? - A. I base my opinion upon all the facts that are known The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6299 concerning the sources of error in the collection of vital 10118 statistics, the possibility of error in diagonsis in this group; the improvements in methods of diagnosis during the last few years, and the attention that has recently been Specially focused upon this group of diseases. There is every reason to suppose that during the first five years covered by these tables a larger proportion of the deaths recorded under the heading “intermittent fever, etc.” were genuine typhoid fever than in the latter period owing chiefly to the progress that has been made in the methods of diagnosis. Q. From your knowledge of the classes of fevers mentioned in these two columns of vital statistics, taken from the board of health reports of the City of St. Louis, how should they be treated by an epidemiologist and sanitarian in order to arrive at the true condition of typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis? A. That is a difficult question to answer owing to the fact that during the latter portion of the period covered the con- ditions of record and diagnosis have not been strictly compar- able with those in the early portion of this period. - One way of attempting to arrive at the true typhoid mor- 101.19 tality in the city of St. Louis during the period indicated would be by assuming that all the deaths recorded under the heading “remittent fever, etc.” were actually cases of ty- phoid fever and should be added to those in the column of ty- phoid fever proper. Another method would be to assume that a certain pro- portion of the deaths reported from remittent fever. etc., Say 50 per cent. were deaths from genuine typhoid fever and that this 50 per cent. should be added to the deaths reported under the heading “typhoid fever’’ alone. It is my opinion that the truth lies somewhere between these two extremes and that for one-half of the deaths reported from intermittent fever to all the deaths reported from this cause should be classed as genuine typhoid fever. The propor- tion undoubtedly varies somewhat from year to year, the num- ber that should be transferred from one column to another prob- ably being less in the last five years or six years than in the earlier period. On the whole it is my opinion that most epidemiologists and sanitarians would consider that at rurer conception of the ty- 6300 The State of Missouri vs. phoid fever mortality in St. Louis would be derived by trans- ferring all the deaths from the remittent, intermittent 10120 column than by transferring only 50 per cent. of the deaths, but that is a matter of opinion simply. Q. Have you made any studies of comparisons between the typhoid and typho-malarial groups of the City of St. Louis with those of any other cities? A. Yes sir, I have examined the deaths reported from ma- laria fever in the City of Chicago from 1851 to the end of 1902, and have recorded them by months in the accompanying table, and have also examined the figures for typhoid fever during this Same period. The table is as follows: 10121 MALARIAL FEVER. DEATHS AS REPORTED BY MONTHS;TOTALS BY YEARS Hº: :- E = P- - - - P 4. C 2 tº H 1851 6 4 5 2 17 1852 2 1 1 3 4 10 11 6 38 1853 1 1 1 2 2 2 18 2 1 4 34. 1854 1. 1 2 11 12 17 10 9 5 2 70 1855 3 1 2 3 1 4 7 5 30. 1856 1 4 2 3 3 3 5 1. 22. 1857 5 1 2 3 13 4 4 10 5 47 1858 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 16 1859 3 2 1 1 2 1. 10 1860 3 1 1 1 4 3 4 7 1 24 1861 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 15. 1862 2 2 3 2 3 5 19. 1863 1. 3 1. 2 2 1 4 2 1 7 2 1 27 1864 8 4 6 4 1 2 1 4 - 2 32 1865 1 1 6 4 3 5 11 8 4 43 1866 1 5 1 2 2 7 1 10 16 17 8 4 74 1867 4 5 9 3 3 1 4 5 3 1 1 39 1868 2 1 2 2 1. 3 6 1 4 7 29 J.869 1. 3 2 1 2 3 1 3 7 4 5 32 1870 2 5 2 4 1 3 5 7 3 5 8 4 49 1871 3 3 5 2 2 3 4 5 8 35 I089 offpoyſO ſo 107.11870 flappupS 211 pup S4014111 ſo 24p1S 2'II, Tø I I I 8: G T G & I () I () Č06E ZZ T T 8: 8 I 3 T 3 () , f' & I T06I 63 I () Q 9 & 3 8 & 8 & 3 & ()06I Q& 0 || 0 8 J & & G 0 & 3 f 668T 23 & I 8 9 & 3 T 3 & I 0 g 868T fö I I 8 I & I & Q 3 T 3 & /68T 86 IOI Č8 I & I & 8, 8 & 3 & Q 8 9 968T 99 / # 1 g 9 g & 1 & # 8 g Q68T #3 & # 7 g I I & 8 F & I G f68T 98 || 8 TT 8 Q Q Q 8 &I f f G 868T 68T / 9 8 8T 13, IG 9T OT G 6 8 6 368. I 9.7L 0T 0T &I 8 FI 0I / 36, 8T 9|| 6 || T68 I TGI 8 J, OT 6 9T / 6 QT 6 &T II 8 068T G0I 9T 63 &I / 8 OT 8: Q Q 1 / 3 688T 96 g 9 9 gL GI 6 9 II &I 1 g f 888 I /8 9 TI OI 8 9 &I & 9 6 8 Q II J.88T 8TI 8 GT 0I &T 9 I 8 Q 8 &I 8 FI 1. 988.I. TTT iſ 0T 8 & I TH 6T ().I & I Q &I G 8. G88T 86 9 GT 6 9 8 OT 9 8 OT 6 jz OT fºg I g6.8 9 9 &I g 6 g|I 8 6 1 9 9 888 I 68 p 6 OT 6 TT #7 & Q 9 / 6 8T Č88T #&T 6 OT 3T Gø 8T ), f II 8 8 8 8 T88T T1, 9 Q 8 6 9 Q & 8 8 8 9 Q 088I 67 & 9 G 8T 8 & 3 J. & F 8 618T 69 g g 6 8 S 9 Q 8 9 f iſ 8 818 I 06 & 9 & 3 # I T T 8 //8T 39 - 9/8T Gł g g g 8 g # 3 # 8 & 8 Q18T I9 I I I 9 G if I 1 & I & f/8T go P & 8 g 9 OT 1 g 3 & 1 g 818 I 19 # 9 6 IT I g g g 9 # 9 318T º * (i) H º e : bh P. e * e ČIOI 6302 The State of Missouri vs. 10124 I have also examined the deaths reported from typhoid fever and those reported from malarial diseases in the city of Albany, by months, between January, 1891, and Decem- ber, 1903. I have also examined the Baltimore figures as I have al- ready mentioned. Q. If so, please state how they compare? A. There is the same general correspondence by months and years that has been noted in the St. Louis records. For example, the largest number of deaths reported from malarial fever in Chicago was in the year 1891, the same year when ty- phoid fever prevailed in epidemic form in this city and caused the largest number of deaths ever reported from this cause. In general when the deaths reported from typhoid fever are low those reported from, malarial fevers are low and vice Vel’Sa. . The proportion of deaths reported from malarial fever is lower in the last ten years than in the earlier portion of this period, owing in large part probably to progress in methods of diagnosis. A very Interesting condition is revealed by the monthly deaths reported from typhoid fever and malarial dis- 101.25 eases in the city of Albany, New York. As is well known a sand filter was put in operation in Albany on September 6, 1899. During the ten years, 1891 to 1899, inclusive, the total number of deaths reported from ty- phoid fever was 777, or an annual average of 86. For the four years since the filter was put in operation the total number of typhoid deaths has amounted to 106, or an annual average of 26 since the filter was opened as against S6 preceding. An exactly similar decline is noticed in the number of deaths reported from malarial diseases. Prior to the opening of the filter the deaths reported from malarial fever amounted to 61, an annual average of 7. In the four years since the filter Was Opened only two deaths in all have been reported from malarial diseases, or an annual average of 1/3. The inference is plain that both reported causes of death, namely “typhoid fever” and “malarial diseases,” have been affected by the opening of the filter, and the only conclusion The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6303 that can be drawn is that the deaths reported as occurring from malarial diseases were really cases of genuine typhoid fever. The strict parallellism between the deaths reported from typhoid fever and malarial diseases in St. Louis, in Chicago, in Baltimore and in Albany demonstrates conclusively to my mind that the confusion in diagnosis already set forth has ex- 101.26 isted in widely separated localities. This confusion, however, has been less marked in those regions where malaria is less prevalent and where, therefore, physicians would be less likely to resort to it as an explanation of disease and death. Q. Have you a table of the death rates from typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis? A. I have. - - Q. From what sources did you obtain the data from which the table which you made were compiled? A. The figures for population were obtained from the United States Census reports for 1890 and 1900, the population for the intervening years being estimated by Farr's formula, as was also that for the years 1900 and 1903. - Q. What is Farr's formula? - A. Farr's formula is a formula well known to vital statisti- cians, by means of which the increase of population may be estimated on the hypothesis that the population increases in geometrical progression. It has been found that this method gives results that closely approximate to actual conditions. It has been thoroughly tested in Europe and in this country. Taking the population as determined by the United States census as a basis and assuming that the increase between 101.27 these years has proceeded regularly and by geometrical progression, it is a simple mathematical process to de- termine the population for each year between the two census years. Q. Upon what did you make the basis of compilation in the tables that you have prepared? g A. I have estimated the death rate per 100,000 inhabitants based upon the figures of population obtained in the way just. 6304 - The State of Missouri vs. described, under three heads, namely: For typhoid fever alone as tabulated in the health reports of the city of St. Louis; for typhoid fever, plus 50 per cent of the deaths recorded under remittent fever, intermittent fever, etc., and for typhoid fever plus all the deaths recorded under the head remittent, intermit- tent fever, etc. - Q. Will you read into evidence the tables which you have prepared? A. Yes sir. They are as follows: 101.28 TYPHOID FEVER DEATH RATES. ST. LOUIS. I903 Death Rate per 100,000. .* Fº H H H : s: 2. o Éa S. ##### I890 451,709 30.0 56.67 81.2 1891 462,763 35.6 58 .98 82.3 I 892 474,077 93.0 127.40 161.7 1893 485,668 44.2 73.52 102.7 1894 497,565 34.3 52.24 70.3 I895 509,740 29.9 30.35 51.3 I896 522,225 20.2 37.37 54.1 I897 533,762 23.4 39.53 55.6 I898 548,590 17.3 29. 53 41.7 I899 361,510 23.3 36.49 49.6 1900 575,238 29.2 39.07 48.6 1901 589,315 33.5 40.39 47.1 I902 603,736 36.7 45.21. 53. 6 618,510 46.5 54.0 61.3 10129 Q. Please state what these tables show as to the death rate in the city of St. Louis from 1890 to 1903, based upon the percentage of population? A. They show a considerable difference in the death rate The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6805 according to the number of deaths assumed to be deaths from genuine typhoid fever. Considerable variation is exhibited in the three columns during this period, owing to the transfer of reported deaths from the intermittent column to the typhoid column, as already referred to several times in my testimony. Q. Will you compare the death rate of typhoid fever in St. Louis from 1890 to 1899, inclusive, with that of 1900 to 1903, inclusive A. Assuming that the deaths reported under the heading typhoid fever alone during this period were the only deaths that occurred from this disease in the city of St. Louis, the average annual death rate from 1890 to 1899, inclusive, as shown in the detailed table, excluding, however, the year 1892, as be- ing a year of special epidemic prevalence, was 28.8. On the same basis the average annual death rate from 1900 to 1903, in- clusive, was 36.5. Assuming that only one-half of the deaths recorded under the heading intermittent fever, etc., were deaths from genuine typhoid fever, the average annual death rate from 1890 to 1899, inclusive, excluding as above the year 1892, was 46.07. 101.30 On the same basis the average annual death rate from 1900 to 1903, inclusive, was 44.67. - Assuming that all the deaths reported under the heading intermittent fever, etc., were deaths from genuine typhoid fever, an assumption which in my opinion is not very wide of the mark, the average annual death rate from 1890 to 1899, inclu- sive, excluding as above the year 1892, was 65.4. On the same basis that from 1900 to 1903, inclusive, was 52.1. On either of the latter assumptions the death rate from typhoid fever in the four years, 1900 to 1903, was distinctly lower than in the preceding decade, even when the year of maximum typhoid prevalence in that decade is excluded from the estimation. Q. Assuming that all the deaths in the typhoid column and the typho-malarial column are typhoid, how does the periods 4 years prior to 1900 compare with the period 4 years since 1900 as to whether there is an increase or decrease in the ty- phoid fever in the city of St. Louis? A—395 6306 The State of Missouri vs. A. The annual death rate on this basis is almost ex- 101.31 actly the same, being 52.2 for the period of 4 years prior to the opening of the canal, and being 52.7 for the period of four years since the opening of the canal. With these figures it would be impossible to assert that there has been either an increase or a diminution in the typhoid fever death rate in this period on the assumption just predicated. Q. Has typhoid fever increased or decreased in the city of St. Louis since 1900 over the conditions that obtained for the 10 years prior to 1900, in the city of St. Louis? - A. It is emphatically my opinion that the average death rate from typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis has been less in the 4 years beginning with 1900 than the average for the preced- ing decade, excluding in this comparison the epidemic year of 1892. Q. How does the typhoid fever death rate in St. Louis . compare with the death rate in other American cities during this period? - A. Regarding the typhoid fever death rate as reported in St. Louis, from the figures of typhoid fever alone, the death rate is not very different throughout this 14 year period with the death rate in the city of Boston, omitting in this comparison the epidemic of 1892 in St. Louis. In Boston the average 10132 annual death rate from 1890 to 1902, inclusive, as taken from the official figures in the health reports in the city of Boston was 29.7, while the death rate in St. Louis, as inserted in the column typhoid fever alone during the 14 year period already mentioned, excluding the year 1892, was 31.1, or almost exactly the same as that in the city of Boston during that period. The water supply of Bostom throughout this period has been regarded as being a fairly satisfactory municipal supply. In the city of Lawrence, Mass., before filtration was introduced, the death rate from typhoid fever averaged 120. The death rate in the state of Massachusetts from typhoid fever during the period 1897 to 1902 was 40, or considerably higher than that in the city of St. Louis, for the period just indicated. In 1894 the death rate in the city of Lawrence was 48 and in 1899 it Was 33. Considering the real death rate in the city of St. Louis from The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6307 typhoid fever to be represented by the death rate computed on the total of the two headings, typhoid fever and intermittent fever, the death rate in this city throughout nearly the whole period under consideration has been excessive and higher than ought to exist in a city provided with a pure water Sup- ply. º 101.33 Q. Is there any reason other than those you have given for supposing that the number of typhoid fever deaths in St. Louis is higher than that indicated by the figures recorded under heading typhoid"fever alone? A. Yes, I think the fact that I have just instanced regard- ing the death rate in other American cities is a very strong rea- son for believing that the actual number of typhoid fever deaths in St. Louis is higher than that indicated under the heading typhoid fever alone. Knowing what I do of the source of the St. Louis public water supply and of the character of the water shed of the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois Rivers for some distance above the water intake I should expect that a city Sup- plied with a non-filtered surface water of the character of the Mississippi River water at the intake tower at St. Louis would give rise to a higher death rate from typhoid fever than is indi- cated by the figures under the heading typhoid fever alone in the St. Louis health reports. The death rate from typhoid fever in St. Louis as reckoned on the total of typhoid deaths and typho-malarial deaths is, in my opinion, much nearer what would be anticipated from a consideration of the character of the Mississippi River water than the death rate as reckoned from the so-called typhoid fever deaths alone. - Q. Professor, from a careful analysis of the typhoid and the typho-malarial mortality statistics as they appear in 10134 the board of health reports of St. Louis and your knowl- edge of the conditions that obtain in other cities using a water supply from a river as well as all other sources of knowl- edge which you possess upon this question what is your opin- ion as to whether there has been an increase in typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis since January 17, 1900, over the average typhoid conditions that prevailed in St. Louis for ten years prior to that time? º MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for the reason 6308 The State of Missouri vs. that the number of years to be compared are not the same in point of number, the duration of the periods to be compared are not the same and for the further reason that during a portion of one period, to-wit: from 1890 to 1895 the water supply of the city of St. Louis was not taken at the same point and the man- ner of taking was not the same as it has been since that period. A. In consideration of all the facts regarding the mortality of typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis during the period in- dicated that can be obtained from the official records as pub- lished it is my opinion that the average annual death rate from typhoid fever in that city has been lower for the four years 1900 to 1903 than for the preceding decade, excluding the epi- demic year of 1892. : Q. Assuming the same conditions in the previous ques- 101.35 tion, what is your opinion as to whether there has been an increase of typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis since January 17, 1900 down to 1903, inclusive, over the gen- eral typhoid conditions that prevailed in St. Louis for the 4 years prior to 1900? A. From the facts already cited which embody all the in- formation that I have been able to obtain, and from a critical analysis of the figures presented in the reports of the health de- partment of the city of St. Louis I conclude that there has been no increase in the annual death rate from typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis since January 17, 1900, as compared With the average annual death rate for the 4 years preceding 1900. As shown in my answer to a previous question the death rate for these two periods computed on the assumption that the typhoid fever deaths and the typho-malarial deaths should be considered as a whole, is almost exactly the same. Q: What is your opinion based upon all the information and knowledge that you have in regard to the typhoid condi- tions of the water sheds above the St. Louis intake at the chain of rocks as to whether the typhoid conditions that have pre- Vailed in St. Louis since January, 1900, are due directly to the opening of the Chicago Drainage Canal which took place on January 17, 1900, wherein the sewage of Chicago was emptied into the Desplaines and Illinois River? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6309 MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for the reason 10136 that the witness has not yet stated what knowledge he has with reference to the conditions of the water sheds above the chain of rocks. - MR. TODD: In reply to the objection I will state that it is a matter for counsel to bring out on cross-examination if he entertains any doubt as to the witness’ knowledge of the typhoid conditions as mentioned in the question. MR. JEFFRIES: I suggest to counsel that ordinarily that . might be true, but when this witness undertakes to testify as an expert he must first show sufficient qualification upon which to base his expert testimony and unless that be shown in the evidence the question and any answer given thereto would be incompetent and irrelevant. MR. TODD: I submit that it is a question for the court to decide whether this witness is qualified to answer the question. MR. JEFFRIES: That is always a question for the court to decide. - Q. Question repeated. - A. It is my best judgment based upon all the information of which I have become possessed that no portion of the typhoid fever mortality occurring in St. Louis since January, 1900, can be attributed directly or indirectly to the opening of the Chi- cago Drainage Canal. t 10137 Q. Are you acquainted with the typhoid conditions that obtain along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers above the intake of the St. Louis waterworks as well as those that ob- tain along the Illinois, the conditions of typhoid in St. Louis and the conditions of typhoid fever in Chicago? A. I have already submitted the information that I possess regarding the typhoid conditions of Chicago and St. Louis. I have here tables showing the deaths reported from typhoid fever in the principal cities on the Mississippi River above Grafton, the Missouri River and the Illinois Rivers for the years 1893 to 1902, inclusive. Q. Is there any connection in your opinion between the ty- phoid condition that has prevailed in St. Louis since the open- ing of the drainage canal and the discharge of the sewage of 6310 The State of Missouri vs. Chicago through the drainage canal since January 17, 1900? A. In my opinion no such connection exists. Q. Will running water purify itself so as to be free from pathogenic bacteria that might have been placed therein? A. Running water, like still water, will rid itself of patho- genic bacteria after a sufficient time. The factor of time rather than distance influences the disappearance of pathogenic mi- crobes. There is satisfactory evidence that a flowing stream becomes freed from large numbers of sewage bacteria that are introduced into it, and since many of these sewage bac- 101.38 teria are much more resistant than most pathogenic mi- crobes it follows that the rate of disappearance of the latter is probably more rapid than that of the harmless sewage bacteria. A remarkable instance of the disappearance of sewage bacteria in running water is furnished by the condition of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. Although the sewage of the whole interior of the North American continent enters the Mis- sissippi River and its tributaries the number of colon bacilli, the most characteristic bacteria of sewage at New Orleans is so Small that from this standpoint the water compares favorably with many filtered waters and indeed many pure spring waters. The evidence on the whole is overwhelming that running water, like standing water, can and does purify itself. Q. This question was asked of Professor Sedgwick on page 3448 of my transcript of record, and I desire to ask the same question of you. “State your opinion as an expert on water Supplies for cities and towns as to whether or not the waters of the Mississippi River west of the center thread of the main channel of said river below the mouth of the Illinois River and down to the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks at the chain of rocks is less valuable for drinking purposes and more liable to carry water-born diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera now than it was before the sewage from the sani- 101.39 tary district of Chicago was run into the drainage canal and through it into the Illinois River?” A. It is my opinion that the waters of the Mississippi west of the center of the main channel of the river below the mouth of the Illinois River and down to the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks at the chain of rocks are no less valuable for The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chacago. 63.11 drinking purposes nor more liable to carry Water-borne diseases than they were before the sewage of the sanitary district of Chicago passed through the drainage canal and through it into the Illinois River. I hold this opinion for the reasons that I have already set forth in considerable detail in my previous testimony, namely that it is my judgment that typhoid bacilli will not live long enough in the waters of the drainage canal or Illinois River to travel from Chicago to St. Louis and fur- theremore that the change in conditions in the Illinois River since the opening of the drainage canal has not been of a char- acter to justify the assumption that the conditions for the longe- vity of the typhoid bacillus have been materially improved. Q. With reference to the quantity of water in the Illinois River do you know what proportion the added volume from the drainage canal will bear to the waters of the Illinois? A. The proportion of water coming from the drainage canal to the total flow of the Illinois River varies of course con- siderably from year to year and from season to season, 101.40 resulting from the variation in the amount of rainfall and run off. When the Illinois River is high the flow from the drainage canal may amount to not more than one-tenth of the total discharge of the Illinois River, and at times of low Water the flow from the drainage canal may amount to possibly as much as one-half of the discharge. Q. This question, page 3450 of my transcript of the record, was asked of Professor Sedgwick and I desire to ask it of you. “State whether or not an increase in the speed of the current of the Illinois River by reason of the added volume of the water of the drainage canal would affect the amount of sedimentation that might otherwise occur in the Illinois River and if it does effect it, how and in what manner?” A. I have seen no reason to think that the added volume of water from the drainage canal would materially affect the amount of sedimentation occurring at most seasons in the Illi- nois River, since the speed of the current in the river appears to be but slightly affected by the increased discharge from the drainage canal. The increased volume leads rather to the Spreading out of the river into the low-lying banks and sub- 6312 The State of Missouri vs. jacent meadows thus affording additional opportunities 101.41 for sedimentation rather than leading to a scouring of the channel. Q. This question was asked Professor Sedgwick on page 3450 of my transcript of the record, and I desire to ask you the same question. “What effect, if any, would the increase in the speed of the current in the Illinois River have upon the time within which the sewage from Joliet, Peoria and other towns on the Illinois River might be removed into the waters of the Mississippi (if the same are so removed) as compared with the conditions that existed and the time it might have taken be- fore the added volume of water from the drainage canal was poured into the waters of the Illinois?’’ A. The analyses and examinations that have been made of the water of the Illinois River at its mouth do not in my opinion show that the opening of the drainage canal has caused the sewage from Joliet, Peoria and other towns of the Illinois River to be hurried into the waters of the Mississippi River any more rapidly than was the case before the added volume of water from the drainage canal was poured into the waters of the Illinois. s Q. I will ask you this question which was asked of Pro- fessor Sedgwick on page 3451 of my transcript of record: “If the water is made more clear and less turbid than it was before the added volume of water being placed therein, will such bacilli as typhoid have more or less tendency to go down to the 10142 bottom of the stream than they had prior to the water being rendered less turbid?” A. There is no doubt that the presence of large quantities of suspended matter in the water of a sluggishly flowing stream tends to facilitate the sedimentation of such bacteria as may be present in the waters of that stream. The life of the typhoid bacillus, however, is so short under the conditions presented in such waters that it makes very little difference whether this Organism perishes while suspended in flowing water or dies out in the sediment deposited in the bottom of such stream. De- spite the dilution of the water of the Illinois River with the less turbid water from Lake Michigan it is my opinion that the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6313 life of the typhoid bacillus would not be increased by such addi- tion. Q. This question was asked of Professor Sedgwick on page 3452 of the record that I have, and I desire to ask it of you: “If an increased volume of water in the Illinois by the addi- tion of the water of the drainage canal would make an increased Speed in the current of the Illinois River would that increase in said current have the effect of increasing or diminishing the typhoid and liability to typhoid and other water-born diseases On the part of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the water of the Mississippi River for drinking purposes 101.43 below the mouth of the Illinois River?” A. I do not think that such increased speed as might reasonably be assumed to result from the opening of the drain- age canal would increase in any degree the liability to typhoid and other water-born diseases of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri for the reason that such shortening of the time in- volved as might legitimately be assumed to occur would not come within the range of longevity of a typhoid bacillus under these conditions. It is undoubtedly true that the typhoid bacil- lus can live longer in relatively pure water such as a lake, well or cistern than in water containing numbers of sewage bacteria. It is generally believed to be true that the rapid mortality of typhoid bacilli in unsterilized water is due to the action of the toxic products of other microbes, which are in sewage polluted Water, the toxic products are there present in a more concen- trated condition and the typhoid bacillus therefore is acted on by them more speedily. Q. Professor Sedgwick in answer to this question on page 3453 of my transcript of the record: “What do you say as to the longevity of the germ of typhoid fever as a general proposition in connection with sewage polluted water,” answered, “Here also our ideas have undergone some change of late years; my ideas have undergone some late change. Broadly speaking the tendency has been to come to the belief or has been to show or to indicate a greater and greater longevity. Laboratory 10144 experiments have sometimes indicated a short and some- times a longer longevity. Practical experience has tended to make us believe in a greater longevity than that form- 6314 The State of Missouri vs. erly entertained, and having reference to the conditions in the stream, the various conditions in streams, my belief is that in a Sewage polluted stream a typhoid germ might live in gradually diminishing numbers for weeks or months or even years.” What is your opinion as to the correctness of that belief based upon your knowledge as a bacteriologist and sanitarian? A. I know of no evidence that indicates that in a sewage polluted stream typhoid bacilli might live for years, months or even weeks. On the contrary all the evidence that I am familiar with regarding the life of typhoid germs in water, even under the very favorable conditions present in sterilized water, in glass flasks in a laboratory shows that this organism is not Only not able to multiply under these conditions, but that it diminishes rapidly and steadily. If it were true that the ty- phoid bacilli could persist for such long periods in the water of réservoirs and settling basins the epidemiological evidence would, I think, indicate that this is true. So far from this be- ing the case a sudden change in conditions such a diversion of Sewage away from the water supply usually leads to a 101.45 marked improvement in the typhoid fever conditions. An appropriate illustration of this is afforded in the case of the opening of the Chicago Drainage Canal which was fol- lowed in the ensuing twelve months by the lowest death rate from typhoid fever ever recorded in the sanitary history of Chicago. This would hardly have been the case if the typhoid germs which had been poured into Lake Michigan in what we must believe to be considerable numbers, during several de- cades had persisted for any lengthy period in the sediment of the waters of the lake. ADJOURNED until 10:00 a. m., February 11, 1904. 101.46 10:00 A.M., Thursday, February 11, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and Same Counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. FDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. This question was asked of Professor Sedgwick, on The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6315 page 3454 of the transcript of the record that I have, and I de- sire to ask it of you. Assuming that the number of bacilli coli communis in the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton are at intervals no greater than the numbers contained in it above the opening of the drainage canal, do you consider for that reason that the water is at all times no more dangerous than formerly? A. In my opinion, and I believe in that of bacteriologists generally, the presence of colon bacilli in water affords a sat- isfactory clue to the amount and freshness of sewage pollu- tion. Since it is true that the number of colon bacilli now found in the water of the Illinois River at Grafton is no greater 10147 than the number found in the water at this same place before the opening of the drainage canal, I am certainly compelled to conclude that the character of the water and its liability to contain typhoid germs has not been materially changed and that the water is no more dangerous than formerly. Q. Professor Sedgwick, on page 3454 of the transcript of the record which I have, in answer to the following question: “Assuming that the germs of typhoid fever coming from the sewers of Chicago, and passing by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria, be in large numbers deposited in the bed of Lake Peoria for the period of a month say, do you consider that ty- phoid germs would be entirely destroyed at the end of that time, in that deposit” answered “no sir.” What do you say as to the assumption that typhoid germs could pass from the sewers of Chicago by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria and be deposited there in the bed of Lake Peoria for a period of a month, and as to whether or not typhoid germs coming through the drainage canal, under the conditions as they exist today, would live for a period of a month and not be destroyed before the end of that period? - A. From all that I have been able to learn concerning the life history of the typhoid germ in water, it is my opinion that it is most improbable that typhoid germs would live long 10148 enough in the Illinois River to pass from Lockport to Lake Peoria. In case of such an extremely unlikely oc- Currence any such typhoid germs deposited on the bed of Lake Peoria would in my judgment be in an extremely weakened con- dition and would not be likely to live for more than a few hours. **. 6316 The State of Missouri vs. It is my opinion that there certainly would be no accumulation of bacilli under these conditions. r Q. Professor Sedgwick, on page 3455 of the transcript of the evidence which I have, in answer to the question “assuming that typhoid fever germs coming from Chicago sewers are de- posited in large numbers in the lakes and slack water portions of the Illinois River above Peoria, do you or do you not con- sider that flood conditions such as would scour the deposits from the beds of the streams would cause the water leaving Lake Peoria to contain at times more infectious and dangerous pol- lution than is at present in the diluted sewage entering at the Bear Trap Dam at the foot of the drainage canal” answered “I think that at times it might.” Question “Why?” answer “Because if accumulations of typhoid germs were found in the lakes or slack water basins of the river, these might, especially in the case of a large amount of typhoid fever in Chicago, re- sult in the storage of a vast number of germs and with a 10149 sudden flood might sweep out these accumulations and actually bring it about that sometimes more typhoid fever germs would be flowing in that stream than in the drainage canal itself.” What is your opinion, taking into consideration all that you know about the conditions in the drainage canal, the Desplaines river and the Illinois river, as a bacteriologist and Sanitarian as to whether such a condition at that time might or does exist? - A. It is my opinion, taking into consideration all that I know about the conditions in the drainage canal, the Desplaines river and the Illinois river, and taking into consideration all the facts that I have been able to obtain by personal investiga- tions and by examination of the leading authorities in the mat- ter, that typhoid fever germs live so short a time under the con- ditions enumerated that there is no dangér that the water that leaves Lake Peoria can at any time contain more infectious material, or, specifically, more living typhoid bacilli than exist in the diluted sewage flowing from the Bear Trap Dam at the foot of the drainage canal. Q. What is your opinion as to whether typhoid fever germs coming from the Chicago sewage are deposited in large numbers in the lakes and slack water portions of the Illinois river, above Peoria Ž - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6317 10150 A. It is my opinion that typhoid fever germs coming from Chicago sewage rarely, if ever, live long enough to reach Averyville, and it is consequently my judgment that such germs can not be deposited in large numbers in the lakes and slack water portions of the Illinois river above Peoria. Q. What is your opinion, based upon all the knowledge which you have, as a chemist and bacteriologist and sanitary ex- pert, as to whether at any times of the year under any conditions of water in the Illinois river the number of typhoid fever germs at that point is ever as great as they are at the Bear Trap Dam at the end of the drainage canal? tº A. It is emphatically my opinion that the number of ty- phoid germs in the water of the Illinois river and Lake Peoria is never as great as the number in the drainage canal near the Bear Trap Dam at Lockport, and furthermore that the assump- tion that they are is not, so far as I am cognizant of the facts, borne out by any data, chemical, bacteriological or epidemio- logical. - Q. Do you know of any evidence based upon any investi- gations made by yourself or by any one else that justifies the conclusion that at one time, under any conditions, there are a larger number of typhoid fever germs at Lake Peoria than at the Bear Trap Dam at the foot of the drainage canal? A. I know of no evidence based upon any investigation that I have made or that have been made by any bacteri- 10151 ologist in any part of the world that justifies the conclu- sion that there are larger numbers of typhoid fever germs in Lake Peoria than in the water of the drainage canal at the Bear Trap Dam at Lockport. On the contrary, from all the in- formation that I have been able to obtain, I am satisfied that there is a much smaller proportion of typhoid fever germs in the water of Lake Peoria than in the water of the drainage canal at the Bear Trap Dam. In my opinion such typhoid fever bacilli as may be present in the waters of Lake Peoria are not derived from the sewers of Chicago but come from sources much nearer this point. Q. Do you know of any evidence, scientific or otherwise, that shows that accumulations of typhoid germs are found in lakes or slack water basins of rivers and remain there in storage in vast numbers for any considerable period of time in a viru- 6318 The State of Missouri vs. lent state, and are suddenly flooded out by freshets so that greater numbers of typhoid fever germs are present, flowing in a stream a considerable distance from the source of pollution itself than they exist at the source of pollution? A. I not only know of no evidence that indicates that ac- cumulations of typhoid fever bacteria take place in lakes or slack water basins of rivers and remain there in storage; 10152 but on the contrary it is my opinion that the evidence available on this point shows distinctly that no such ac- cumulations take place. It is my belief, as already stated in my testimony, that typhoid germs introduced into sediment under these conditions speedily perish and would not survive so long in a virulent state that they could at some future time he flushed out from such slack water basins. Q. Has the removal of deposits of sewage matter from the beds of streams resulted in causing typhoid epidemics, and do you know of any well established authenticated case where the cause of the epidemic was established as being due to the re- moval of deposits of sewage matter from the beds of strealms beyond all reasonable doubt? - A. It is possible that where deposits of sewage matter are fresh and recent, as they are, for example, in the bed of the Chicago river, that the sudden flushing out of such a stream might lead to an outbreak of typhoid fever within two or three days distance from such deposits. But where sewage matter has been deposited on the bed of a stream and allowed to remain there for a period of several weeks, without receiving any ad- dition of fresh material, I know of no instance where an epi- demic of typhoid fever has been traced beyond all rea- 10153 sonable doubt to the removal or flushing out of deposits of such sewage matter. g Q. Have you studied and are you acquainted with the facts upon which the conclusion has been arrived at that the Detroit epidemic was caused by the dredging of the Black river at Port Huron? A. I have read the testimony that has been given in this case regarding the dredging of the Black river at Port Huron and its supposed connection with the outbreak of typhoid fever . in Detroit. Q. From your knowledge as an epidemiologist do you con- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6319 sider the cause of the epidemic at Detroit has been established as coming from the Black river at Port Huron beyond a reason- able doubt? A. I do not for the reason that other sources of infection have not been eliminated, and moreover it is my opinion as a bacteriologist and epidemiologist that under the conditions as described typhoid bacilli could not travel from the Black river at Port Huron to Detroit in sufficient numbers and in a suffi- ciently virulent condition so that they would be capable of caus- ing an outbreak of typhoid fever in the latter place. Q. This question was asked of Professor Sedgwick on page 3457 of my transcript of the record, and I desire to ask it of you: “Now, assuming that the only pollution of the Illi- 10154 nois river was that contributed to it by the Chicago Sani- tary District and having in mind a large amount of ty- phoid fever in said district, do you or do you not consider the effects of the time interval, dilution and sedimentation occurring between Chicago and Grafton would be such as to render the water as it reaches the Mississippi at all times free from lia- bility of producing water borne diseases to those who drink it? A. It is my opinion, assuming that the only pollution of the Illinois river was that contributed by the Chicago Sanitary District, and considering the presence of dilution, of sedimenta- tion and particularly of the time interval occurring between Chicago and Grafton, that these would be factors of sufficient. power to render the water of the Illinois river as it empties in the Mississippi river free from the liability of introducing ty- phoid fever or any other water-borne disease among those drink- ing such water. Q. Assuming that no other pollution or infection enters the Illinois river save that which it receives from the Sanitary District of Chicago. From your knowledge as a chemist, bac- teriologist and sanitary expert and epidemiologist, have you had any reasons, experience or knowledge which would lead you to believe that the waters of the Illinois river at 10155 Grafton is infected with the sewage from Chicago, and if said water at Grafton enters the Mississippi river, be- coming mixed with the latter would the Illinois river water be a menace to the health of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using said Mississippi river water mixed with the Illinois river 6320 The State of Missouri vs. Water for drinking purposes at points on the Missouri shore? A. From all the knowledge that I have, I have formed the opinion that the water of the Illinois river at Grafton does not contain infectious elements derived from the sewage of Chicago, and that consequently such water reaching the Mississippi river and becoming mixed with that water is not a menace to the health of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, on the Mis- souri shore of the Mississippi river or to the citizens of St. Louis. Q. Is there anything, based upon your knowledge as a chemist, bacteriologist and sanitary expert which you know that would lead you to believe that the water coming from the Illinois river at Grafton was infected from the sewers of Chicago, and assume that the waters from the Illinois river mixed with the water of the Mississippi river at Grafton, and subsequently mixed with the waters of the Missouri river at its mouth, 10156 do you consider the water of the Illinois river, thus co- - mingled with the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers a menace to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, upon the Missouri shore of the Mississippi river, using the Mis- sissippi river water for drinking purposes at points below on the Missouri shore? - A. In reply to this I would state that my position is as already stated in answer to the preceding question, namedy, that in my judgment no such effect exists. Q. Is there any evidence, chemical, bacteriological, or otherwise, that can establish the conclusion that the waters of the Illinois river at Grafton are infected by the sewers from Chicago, eliminating all other sources of infection? A. I know of no evidence that indicates, directly or indi- rectly that the waters of the Illinois river at Grafton are in- fected from the sewers of Chicago, and in view of the large amount of pollution of the Illinois river that takes place at points less remote from its mouth than Chicago, it is my opinion that convincing evidence of such infection coming from Chicago would be very difficult if not impossible to secure. Q. This question was asked Professor Sedgwick, on page 3463 of the transcript of the record which I have, which 10157 T desire to ask you: “Now, assuming that the only pol- lution upon the watershed of the Mississippi and its The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6321 tributaries above the intake of the St. Louis waterWorks Was that derived from the sewage district of Chicago, and having in mind a large amount of typhoid fever in Chicago, do you or do you not believe that infection and dangerous pollution might under existing conditions find its way into the water supply of the City of St. Louis? tº A. I do not believe that infections or dangerous matter passing into the sewers of Chicago finds its way, under existing conditions, into the water supply of the City of St. Louis for reasons which I have set forth previously in great detail. Q. This question, on page 3463, was asked of Professor Sedgwick which I desire to ask of you: “Assuming that there was no typhoid fever pollution of the waters upon the watershed of the Mississippi river or its tributaries above the intake of the St. Louis waterworks other than that derived from the sanitary district of Chicago, do you or do you not believe that typhoid fever germs from said district are liable to find their way into the water supply of the City of St. Louis through the intake at the chain of rocks ''' - A. Assuming that there was no typhoid fever pollution of the waters of the watershed of the Mississippi river or its 10158 tributaries above the intake of the St. Louis waterworks other than that derived from the sanitary district of Chicago, I certainly do not believe that typhoid fever germs from said district would be liable to find their way under existing con- ditions into the water supply of St. Louis. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the foregoing ques- tion, stated: “I believe that they are liable to find their way into the intake” and when asked why, answered, “For the reason that typhoid fever having been frequently abundant in the City of Chicago, I must state with the assumption that a very large number of typhoid germs find their way into the sewage of the city, pass through the sewers and on into the drainage canal and subject to local conditions may, in diminishing numbers, pass out of the Illinois river, mingle with the waters of the Mis- sissippi, pass over to the other side and find their way into the intake at the chain of rocks.” I want to ask you, Professor, do you know of any evidence based upon any analysis, experiments or otherwise that justify the assumption that typhoid fever A—396 6322 The State of Missouri vs. germs will pass from Chicago, out of the Illinois river, into the Mississippi river, thence to the chain of rocks and the intake tower of St. Louis? - - MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out all that part of 10159 the question except the latter sentence which elicits from the witness whether he knows of any evidence of any char- acter whatever that would lead one to believe that typhoid bacilli pass from Chicago to the intake tower of the water supply of the City of St. Louis, for the reason that whatever this witness may say with reference to that part moved to be stricken out will be merely a comment upon the evidence, and that portion of the question moved to be stricken out is a comment upon the evidence and incompetent, irrelevant and not a proper question. MR. TODD: In reply, will state that counsel correctly in- terprets the purpose for which the question is asked as is per- fectly competent to ask this witness as to the assumption, not the belief as counsel stated, but the assumption carried in the answer of Professor Sedgwick. - - MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the suggestion of counsel for the same reason stated in my objection or motion to strike out the question, that it is for this witness as an expert to give his opinion upon facts as he sees them and for the court to determine the weight of the testimony of the respective wit- messes and not for themselves to understake to determine the particular weight or credit that should be given each others testimony. - A. I have myself made a number of analyses, experiments, and observations upon the Waters of the drainage canal, 10160 the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, and have examined with Some care the reports of analyses, experiments and observations made by others, and I have been unable to dis- cover any evidence that justifies the assumption that typhoid fever germs can or do pass from Chicago out of the Illinois river into the Mississippi river, thence to the chain of rocks and the intake tower of St. Louis. Q. This question, on page 3465, was asked of Professor Sedgwick, and I desire to ask it of you: “Assuming that an epidemic of Asiatic cholera should occur in the City of Chicago, is it possible that the germs of that disease might find their way The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6323 into the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks at the chain of rocks, from the City of Chicago?” A. The germs of Asiatic cholera are less hardy than the germs of typhoid fever and in view of the conditions that have been shown to exist regarding the life of the typhoid fever bacilli in the waters of the drainage canal, it is my opinion that it is most improbable that germs of Asiatic cholera could travel from Chicago to St. Louis by way of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. * Q. I want to ask you this question which was asked of Professor Sedgwick, page 3470 of the transcript which I have: “Now, Professor, considering your personal knowledge as 10161 an expert of typhoid fever conditions in the sanitary dis- trict of Chicago, under existing conditions in said district as to sewers and the outfalls there are and the amount of sewage and all the existing conditions of the Desplaines, Illinois, Mis- sissippi and Missouri rivers, and all conditions existing upon the watershed of said streams and the tributaries thereof, and all existing conditions as to the water supply of the City of St. Louis and the general sanitary conditions existing in the City of St. Louis, would you or not beyond a reasonable doubt attri- bute the principal portion of the increase of typhoid fever in St. Louis, since the opening of the drainage canal, to the infected sewage of the sanitary district of Chicago?” A. I certainly should not. Q. Why? A. Assuming that there had actually been a marked in- crease in typhoid fever in St. Louis since the opening of the drainage canal, which appears to me to be contrary to the fact, it would, in my opinion, be more reasonable and significant to attribute such an increase in typhoid fever to other causes, such, for example, as an infection of the water supply nearer the water intake, to infection of the milk supply or to some other factor rather than to infected sewage coming from the sanitary district of Chicago. * 10162 Q. Professor, do you consider that the Illinois river Water, containing the mixed sewage and canal water from the Chicago drainage canal, since the opening of the drain- age canal, has rendered less safe and wholesome now than be- fore the opening of the canal, for drinking purposes on the part 6324 The State of Missouri vs. of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, the waters of the Mississippi river below the mouth of the Illinois river? A. It is my opinion and judgment that the chemical, bac- teriological and epidemiological evidence is altogether convinc- ing that the water of the Illinois river at its mouth is no more unsafe and unwholesome now than it was before the opening of the canal, and that consequently the water of the Illinois river since the opening of the canal has not rendered less safe and wholesome the waters of the Mississippi river below the mouth of the Illinois river. Q. This question was asked Professor Sedgwick, on page 3486 of my copy of the evidence, which I desire to ask you : “Now, Professor, I will get you to state whether or not in your opinion the liability to contract typhoid fever or other water borne diseases on the part of the inhabitants of Missouri using the Mississippi river water for drinking purposes, below the - mouth of the Illinois river, by reason of the sewage from 10163 the drainage canal infecting the water of the Illinois river is constant, immediate and continuous under all existing conditions upon the Mississippi, the Desplaines, the Illinois and the Missouri rivers, and the tributaries of said streams, under all existing conditions, upon the watershed of the said rivers and the tributaries thereof and the drainage canal and the sanitary district of Chicago' - A. It is my best judgment that the inhabitants of Missouri, using the Mississippi river water below the mouth of the Illinois for drinking purposes are not, under existing conditions, liable to contract typhoid fever by reason of sewage from the Chicago drainage canal infecting the waters of the Illinois river. Q. Professor Sedgwick, on page 3495, in answer to a ques- tion, among other things, answered, “The mere presence of pol- lution, I mean by that disinfected sewage, that, is, supposing Chicago reduced her typhoid rate and could still put her sewage down there, that sewage as affecting the longevity or growth of germs which go in from Peoria or anywhere else would be an added menace to cities with water supply, even if she did not Send typhoid fever germs down, sending the filth alone down is serious.” I will ask you what is your opinion based upon your experience as a bacteriologist and sanitarian that the sewage from Chicago favors the longevity or growth of germs from The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6325 Peoria or anywhere else, emptying their sewage into 10164 the Illinois river? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to that because it is incom- petent and immaterial. A. On the contrary, it is my opinion that the introduction of sewage or organic matter of a similar character into the river water is distinctly detrimental to continued longevity or growth on the part of the typhoid fever bacillus. In my judg- ment the experiments carried out upon the life of the typhoid fever bacillus in the waters of the drainage canal show that the presence of a considerable amount of organic matter or sewage in the water favors the speedy dying out of typhoid fever bacilli, rather than their continued vitality. As I have alread pointed out this is what might be anticipated in view of the greater con- . centration of the toxic products of saphrophytic microbes in Waters highly charged with organic matter than in purer waters. This being the case it would follow that typhoid fever germs passing into the river from Peoria would not be favored in any respect by the fact that Chicago sewage had entered the Illinois Valley 150 miles above. On the other hand they might be actu- ally injured by the products originating from the decompo- sition of such sewage which were carried down even as 10165 far as Peoria. Q. Does the presence of sewage in water add to the longevity or growth of pathogenic bacteria? - A. I have already stated that I considered the presence of sewage in water under natural conditions does not add to the longevity or growth of pathogenic germs but favors their speedy dying out. - Q. Professor Sedgwick answered this question, on page 3496, which I desire to ask you: “Do you or not consider that the Illinois river water, polluted and infected by the sewage from the Chicago sanitary district, since the opening of the drainage canal has rendered less safe the water supply of the City of St. Louis as drawn at the intake tower at the chain of rocks and upon what do you base your opinion?” A. I do not consider that any pollution or infection with sewage from the Chicago sanitary district, since the opening of the drainage canal, has rendered less safe the Illinois river Water at its mouth or in consequence the water supply of the 6326 The State of Missouri vs. City of St. Louis as drawn at the intake tower at the chain of rocks. . I base my opinion upon all the testimony that I have sub- mitted in this case and upon all the information of every kind Chemical, bacteriological and epidemiological, that I have been able to secure. - 10166 Q. This question, on page 3497 of my record, was asked of Professor Sedgwick, which I desire to ask of you : “Assuming that the population of the sanitary district of Chi- cago covers about 3,000,000 people and that the flow through the drainage canal reaches 600,000 cubic feet a minute, what in your Opinion would be the effect upon the water of the Illinois river as compared with that water at its mouth as found during the past three years?” - A. I do not believe that the sanitary quality of the Illinois river water at its mouth would be affected by a change in coln- ditions such as that indicated in the question. Q. This question was asked of Professor Sedgwick, On page 3498 of the testimony, which I have, and which I desire to ask you: “Assuming that the Chicago sewage from 1,500,000 people living in the sanitary district and city of Chicago should be discharged into the Chicago canal and carried from the canal to the Desplaines river and thence into the Illinois river, Chicago being 357 miles from the St. Louis intake, and assuming that a typhoid fever epidemic of extraordinary proportions should be- come prevalent among the residents of the sanitary district of Chicago at a time when the sewage from said district is being so discharged into the canal, what immediate and impending danger would exist and what effect would it have on the people 10167 of St. Louis and those people living on the Missouri side of the Mississippi river below Grafton, who use the waters of the Mississippi river for drinking purposes?” A. I know of no reason for believing that typhoid fever germs discharged into the sewers of Chicago, even in immense numbers, could travel down the Illinois river and affect the Quality of the water and the health of the people of St. Louis. On the contrary, under existing conditions, the evidence is to my mind strongly in favor of the view that all the typhoid bacilli introduced into the waters of the Chicago river from the sewers The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6327 of Chicago, perish before the flow from the drainage canal reaches Averyville. Q. This question was asked Professor Sedgwiek, following the last question, which I desire to ask you: “Now, Professor, assuming the same conditions as in the last question you have been answering, and assume that instead of an extraordinary typhoid fever epidemic prevailing in the sanitary district of Chicago, a cholera epidemic should prevail in the sanitary dis- trict of Chicago, a severe cholera epidemic should prevail in the sanitary district, would the danger be imminent, impending and immediate to the people of Missouri below Grafton who used the waters of the Mississippi for drinking purposes, as far down as the chain of rocks? 10168 A. The statements that I have already made regarding my opinion as to the life of the typhoid bacillus in the . waters of the Illinois river, under existing conditions, apply with even more force to the possible longevity of the cholera Spirillum. The danger in my opinion would not be imminent, impending or immediate to the people of Missouri below Graf- ton who use the waters of the river for drinking purposes, but Would on the contrary be imaginary, hypothetical and non- existent. - Q. What in your judgment was the sanitary character of the water supply at St. Louis after having passed through the Settling basins as delivered to the subscribers during the years 1895 to 1899, inclusive, and upon what do you base your conclu- sions? * A. It is my judgment that the water supply of the City of St. Louis, during the years 1895 to 1899, inclusive, was not a satisfactory municipal supply. I base this opinion upon the great amount of typhoid fever in the city, as shown by the con- siderable number of deaths reported during this period from typhoid fever or typho malarial fever and other infections which are properly to be classed as typhoid. Taking these into con- sideration the typhoid fever death rate during the years men- tioned was much higher than ought to be the case in a 10169 city having a pure and satisfactory water supply. Q. What is your opinion as to the satisfactory charac- ter of the water of St. Louis since 1899 % & 6328 The State of Missouri vs. A. In my opinion the character has been substantially the same since 1899 as before that year, except that the increasing population in the towns and villages and rural communities im- mediately above St. Louis, on the Missouri, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers has had the effect of somewhat increasing the degree of pollution. - The mortality from typhoid fever in St. Louis in 1902 and 1903 was somewhat greater than in the years immediately pre- ceding. Q. State in detail what position the science of bacteriology occupies in regard to the ascertainment of the purity of river Waters ? § A. In my opinion bacteriology affords a very valuable service to the sanitarian engaged in the consideration of the character of waters. The colon test represents, in my opinion, the most satisfactory single test for determining the wholesome- ness of natural water. The information derived from this and other bacteriological tests should, however, be supplemented by chemical, epidemiological and other data where these can be ascertained. * 10170 Q. What position does the science of bacteriology Oc- - cupy in what is known as sanitary science? A. Bacteriology constitutes in a sense the foundation and basis of all sanitary science, since the infectious diseases with which sanitary science is particularly concerned are germ dis- eases. The best known of these germ diseases are due to bac- teria of various kinds, and not only the nature of the infecting Organism, but the vehicle of infection, the channel of entrance into the body and other factors depend for their distinction upon bacteriological data. Q. State in detail what place the science of chemistry holds in regard to the ascertainment of the purity of river waters? A. The data derived from the chemical analysis of river water are often very important in enabling a sanitarian to form an independent judgment as to the character of a water. The various stages of organic nitrogenous matter, the amount of chlo- rine and other elements furnish oftentimes a very good indica- tion of the changes that have taken place in polluted river waters, and from this as a basis correct inferences can be drawn as to the degree of self-purification that has occurred. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6329 Q. What position does chemistry occupy in what is known as sanitary science? s 10171 A. In addition to supplementing the bacteriological ex- amination of river water the study of chemistry affords data that sheds light upon many of the general problems of sanitary science. In general, applications to the problems of bacteriology chemistry has been found particulary useful and important. Q. In the ascertainment of the quality of river water what aid is chemistry and bacteriology to the sanitarian in forming a judgment of the quality and potability of such water? A. The data derived from bacteriology and chemistry are often the only data that a sanitarian has for forming a judgment as to the character of a given water. Correctly interpreted these data afford very valuable and significant clues as to the sanitary history of a water and often to its quality at the time the exam- ination is made. For a full and complete understanding of the character of a water such chemical and bacterological examina- tions are indispensable. Q. From all the tables and analyses submitted by you in evidence in this case, where is the locality along the Illinois river where practical purification of the sewage of Chicago has taken place? A. Assuming that by practical purification is meant the death of typhoid bacilli, in my opinion this purification has oc- . curred before the flow-of the Illinois river reaches Avery- 10172 vile. The exact point must vary somewhat with rate º of flow, temperature, number of bacilli introduced, con- centration of sewage, etc. - Q. Has the question of self-purification of running streams received consideration from scientific men? A. Yes, sir, the question of self-purification of running streams has often been broached and great attention has been given to the problem in Europe and in parts of this country. Q. Are you acquainted with the views of scientific men ex- pressed upon this subject? A. I have read the statements on this matter in the leading authorities on water supply and river water published in Eng- lish, French and German. 6330 The State of Missouri vs. Q. What statements are there regarding the process of Self-purification, regarding running waters A. I have here a quotation from a book entitled “Water and Water Supplies” by Dr. John C. Thresh, Medical Officer of Health to the Essex County Council; Lecturer on Public Health, King’s College, London; Editor of the Journal of State Medicine; Hon. Sec. Incorporated Society Medical Officers of Health; Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry; Member of the Society of Public Analysts, etc. This book is one of the best known and most authoritative 10173 treatises in the English language on water supply. The statement follows: “The balance of evidence is decidedly on the side of those who uphold the theory of self-purification, and the diverse con- clusions arrived at by different observers can be accounted for by the varied and often imperfect character of the experiments, and by the diverse conditions which obtain in different streams. That river water, grossly befouled by sewage in its higher reaches, becomes a few miles lower down so pure, from a chemi- cal point of view, as to be certified by the most eminent analysis to be fitted for all domestic purposes, and is actually so used by millions of our population, is a fact which can not be gainsaid. Whether this process of purification be merely due to sedimenta- tion and dilution, or to those factors, assisted by oxidation, is however, a matter of trifling importance, since it is now fully recognized that the disease producing material is not the dead organic matter in solution, but the living organisms in suspen- Sion. The problem is not a chemical one, but a biological one.” The statement above is made by Dr. Thresh in his chapter On the self-purification of streams. - In my opinion this statement in Dr. Thresh's treatise 10174 represents correctly the prevailing opinion today among students of this question. Similar statements appear in other English and in German treatises. s Q. In order to qualify as a sanitary expert is it necessary for such expert to have a knowledge of chemistry and bacteri- ology? A. I should consider that some knowledge of chemistry and bacteriology was absolutely necessary for the fundamental principles of sanitary science. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6331. Q. Does not a sanitary expert call to his assistance all the information available from chemistry and bacteriology as well as knowledge of the sources of pollution in passing judgment on the Sanitary character of a river ? A. It seems to me self evident that all information of whatever kind that tends to shed any light on the questions at issue should be considered by an epidemiologist in the course of his investigations. Q. As a sanitary expert, acquainting yourself with all the means of bacterial knowledge which is available to you, what is your opinion as to whether a typhoid bacillus lying in the sediment of a polluted stream for a period of sixty days would be able to cause typhoid when taken in the human system after it had remained in such sediment for that length of time ! 101.75 A. It is my opinion that a typhoid bacillus that had re- mained alive for sixty days in the sediment of a stream or a lake, a supposition in itself extremely improbable,_would not be virulent and capable of causing disease in man. I base this opinion upon the observations on virulence of typhoid ba- cilli after a long sojourn in water. Meager as these observa- tions are, they indicate that a decline in virulence does occur. I should like to add that from all the information that I have been able to gather it seems to me highly unlikely that a typhoid bacillus could remain alive and virulent in sediment for a per- iod as long as that designated. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert as to whether polluted or infected matter coming from the sewers of Chicago through the drainage canal, deposited on the bottom of the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers, between Chicago and Pe- oria, can remain there for a period of from thirty to sixty days and yet contain dangerous matter as well as pathogenic bac- teria? A. As I understand the question the terms “dangerous matter’’ and ‘‘pathogenic bacteria” mean one and the same thing, since the so called dangerous matters present in ordin- ary sewage may for practical purposes be taken to mean 10176 pathogenic bacteria. As I have already stated I do not believe that the typhoid bacillus, which is the only one of the pathogenic bacteria that need be considered in this con- 6332 The State of Missouri vs. nection, may retain its virulence under the conditions desig- nated. gº - Q. From your personal knowledge of the Illinois River and your knowledge as a sanitary expert, together with all chemical and bacterial knowledge derived from every source, what is your opinion as to whether the sewage from the City of Chi- cago, passing through the drainage canal into the Illinois River in the different seasons of the year, and at different stages of the water in the Illinois River would be a danger and menace to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the citizens of the city of St. Louis using the water at the intake tower at the chain of rocks, or from the Mississippi River as the same passes along the eastern shore of the State of Missouri; A. From a long and searching examination of all data, chemical, bacteriological and epidemiological from every source, that I have been able to secure, I am convinced that the citizens of the city of St. Louis and the inhabitants of the State of Mis- souri are not menaced by or endangered by infectious materials passing into the sewers of Chicago and thence into the 10177 drainage canal. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert, based upon all the tables of your chemical and bacterial analysis, intro- duced in evidence, of the waters of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers as represented by such tables, as to which one of these three rivers, from these analyses, discloses the least amount of impurity or pollution? A. Comparing the Missouri River near its mouth with the Illinois River above Grafton, and the Mississippi River above Grafton, I have no hesitation in saying that I regard the waters of the Mississippi and Illinois, at the point indicated, less dam- gerous and less unwholesome than the waters of the Missouri River. Between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers, at the point indicated, there is, in my opinion, not much to choose from a sanitary point of view. Q. If the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers disclose from Such data as aforesaid the least amount of impurity, what would be the effect of the waters of the Illinois River emptying into the Mississippi River at Grafton and consequently uniting with the Missouri River at its mouth, upon the combined waters of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6333 the Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois River at the intake tower and chain of rocks? A. Such an admixture as occurred of the Illinois River Water with the Missouri River water would tend to improve the Quality of the water since the number of colon bacilli 10178 in the waters of the Missouri River are distinctly greater than those in the waters of the Illinois, and this condi- tion, in my opinion indicates that the Missouri River water, which is more highly charged with these objectionable bacteria, is more likely to be the vehicle of typhoid fever bacilli than the water of the Illinois which does not contain so many bacteria of this type. - Q. Does the mixing of the Illinois with the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, as indicated in the foregoing question, create any added danger to the already polluted and contaminated Waters of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers below Graf- ton? de A. In my opinion it does not. Q. From all your knowledge of conditions that obtain in and below the Illinois River, what is your opinion as a san- itary expert as to whether deleterious substances, infectious matter or pathogenic germs which come from the drainage canal, from the sewers of Chicago, would reach as far down the Illi- nois River as the city of Grafton? & A. All the analytical data that I have obtained myself and all that I have seen which has been obtained by other inves- tigators indicate both from the chemical changes that take place and from the diminution in the number of ordinary sewage 10179 bacteria, and especially in the diminution of the number of bacillus coli communis that under existing conditions, in- fectious materials introduced into the sewers of Chicago can not and do not pass down the Illinois River as far as Grafton. Q. Do any of these substances in a dangerous state, reach the intake tower of the St. Louis water works at the chain of rocks in your opinion? A. In my opinion they do not. ADJOURNED UNTIL 2:00 P.M., SAME DAY. '6334 " The State of Missouri vs. 10180 2:00 P. M., Thursday, February 11, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Assume that in 1890 the increase in typhoid fever in Washington, D. C. was due to an epidemic of typhoid fever in Cumberland, Maryland, and assume that Cumberland, Mary- land, is 580 feet above the level of Washington, D. C., and is dis- tant by water 170 miles, or in time 4 days. Assume the above facts to be true, does the typhoid condition in Washington and Cumberland afford any epidemiological or sanitarian basis for a comparison between those cities and the city of St. Louis and Chi- cago, taking into consideration that the elevation of Chicago over St. Louis is approximately 198 feet and distance 357 miles, or 18 1-2 days the mean average time of flow, together 10181 with all that you know about existing conditions that obtain upon and in the water courses between Chicago and St. Louis? - - A. On the assumption just stated it would certainly be impossible to draw a fair comparison between the conditions prevailing on the water sheds of the Illinois and Potomac Rivers. The relatively very rapid flow from Cumberland to Washington and the relatively short space of time within which a body of water can travel this distance represents a very dif- ferent set of conditions from those prevailing in the Illinois River between Chicago and St. Louis, since in the lower por- tion of the Illinois River the current is sluggish and the time required for a body of water to pass a mean average flow from Chicago to St. Louis is very much greater than the required time, on the assumption, to pass from Cumberland to Wash- ington. The conditions are, therefore, radically different and it does not follow that if typhoid bacilli have passed from Cumberland to Washington, under the conditions prevailing on that watershed, that typhoid bacilli can also pass from Chi- cago to St. Louis under the conditions prevailing in the Des- plaines, Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6335 Q. As a sanitary expert do you consider the sewage of 10182 Chicago entering the drainage canal, the Illinois River, which in turn enters into the Mississippi River, a men- ace and a danger to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and to the citizens of the City of St. Louis, taking their water sup- ply from the Mississippi River and from the intake tower at the chain of rocks from the Mississippi River? A. I can not regard the discharge of sewage into the Chicago sewers and into the drainage canal under the conditions specified as constituting any danger in the way mentioned to the health of the citizens of St. Louis and the inhabitants of the State of Missouri. In my opinion the dangerous elements in Chicago sewage are eliminated from the Illinois River before the mouth of said river is reached. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitarian expert as to whether the germ of typhoid fever could lie in the sediment of the drainage canal or upon the bottom of the Illinois River for a period of from one to three years? A. It is my opinion that the typhoid bacillus could not live nearly as long as from one to three years in the sediment of the river or drainage canal. -- Q. Do you know of any instance on record or reference in literature upon the subject of bacteriology where the ty- 10183 phoid bacillus has lived from one to three years in the sediment of streams ? A. I know of no such case. Q. What is your opinion as to whether a typhoid bacillus deposited on the bottom of the Illinois River could remain there for a period upwards of five years and then be stirred up by the action of the waves, winds, steamboats or by other means, could continue its journey down to St. Douis in a virile state and be a cause of danger to the inhabitants of the State of Mis- souri using the water of the Mississippi River and to the in- habitants of the City of St. Louis using the water of the Mis- sissippi River for drinking purposes? A. The hypothetical case proposed in your question of a typhoid bacillus living as long as five years in the sediment of the Illinois River and retaining its virulence during that period is, so far as I am aware, wholly without basis in observed fact and finds no support in the deductions that can be drawn from 6336 The State of Missouri vs. my own observations or from the observations of others upon the conditions prevailing in the Illinois River or elsewhere. Q. What is your opinion as an expert chemist, and bac- teriologist, as to whether the pollution and contamination 10.184 from the sewers of Chicago, emptying into the Chicago River and thence into the drainage canal, continues to be manifest and persistent as far down the Illinois River as Grafton and at the chain of rocks on the Mississippi River? A. The pollution that has occurred at Chicago is manifest at the mouth of the Illinois River chiefly in the increased amount of chlorine present in the water of the Illinois River at that point. The introduction of a large amount of nitrogenous Organic matter is also betrayed by the large amounts of various compounds containing nitrogen present in the water of the Illi- nois River at its mouth, but so far as the original polluting mat- ters and pathogenic bacteria introduced into the Chicago drain- age canal are concerned, I can find no grounds for adopting the opinion that these substances and these bacteria persist in their Original condition as far down the river as Grafton. Q. From your examination of the waters of the Illinois River what is your opinion as a sanitary expert as to whether any of the original organic matter of the sewage from Chicago finds its way into the intake tower of the St. Louis water works at the chain of rocks? & A. It seems to me quite possible that some of the very stable and slightly oxidizable compounds introduced into the - sewage of Chicago may reach the mouth of the Illinois 10185 River but these stable compounds which do not undergo ready decomposition under natural conditions have, so far as is known, no sanitary significance. The unstable and readily oxidizable nitrogenous products are, in my opinion, al- tered before reaching the mouth of the river to such a degree that it can not be properly said that any of the original organic matter finds it way to the intake tower of the St. Louis water works. Q. Will you state your opinion as a sanitary expert, bas- ing your opinion on all the information you possess in this case, whether the water supply of St. Louis is contaminated, polluted or injured by the sewage of Chicago entering the drainage canal and from thence into the Illinois River? - The Slate of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6337 A. It is my firm opinion that no such pollution, contam- ination or infection of the St. Louis water supply, by the Sew- age of Chicago, occurs. * Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question unless the witness confines his answer to the information which he may have re-, garding conditions affecting the sanitary condition of the water of the Illinois and Mississippi River as has been detailed by him in his evidence and as is shown by his testimony. Q. What effect does an increased volume of water in the Illinois River have upon the low lands lying along the 10186 banks of the Illinois River ? * A. At such high water periods the low lands along the banks of the Illinois River, especially in its lower stretches, are flooded and large stretches of the river become for days im- mense settling basins. Q. If the increased water at flood times from the tribu- taries of the Illinois as well as the Illinois itself, exclusive of the water of the drainage canal, causes a large area of the land to be overflowed along the Illinois river valley, what effect does this overflow have upon sedimentation of the sewage from Chicago entering the Illinois river through said canal? A. So far as the current of the river is slackened in these overflowed areas, so far will those elements in the sewage that persist long enough to reach these points be retarded in their passage down the river and perhaps be permanently deposited On these flooded low lands. - Q. What would be the effect upon sedimentation if the volume of water was great, thereby causing a greater area of territory to be overflowed in the Illinois river valley A. The larger the amount of territory flooded the greater will be the opportunities for sedimentation of particles, and re- tarding the flow. º Q. Assume that five dams, one at Marseilles, one at Henry, one at Copperas Creek, one at La Grange and one at 10187 Kampsville, exist in the Illinois river, backing the water up stream for a considerable distance; also there is a lake known as Lake Joliet, a lake above Peoria known as Lake Peoria and many small lakes lying along the Illinois river, re- ceiving their water supply from the Illinois river, what effect A—397 6338 The State of Missouri vs. do these dams and lakes have as sedimentation basins and also what effect do they have in the elimination and purification of polluted and infected matter, coming into the Illinois river from the Chicago drainage canal? MR. JEFFRIES: Objected to for the reason that the de- fendants’ testimony shows, and the examination of the witnesses along the Illinois river, that since the opening of the drainage canal there has been and is now a continuous direct and ever flowing current in the Illinois river, from source to mouth, and while it may be true that certain lakes obtain in part their supply of water from the Illinois river, yet the fact remains that the current is often continuous and direct from the source of said river to its mouth, and that the facilities for sedimentation, as elicited by the question, are not affected by or in any Way ma- terial to the question here involved. 10188 A. These dams and slack water basins or lakes in my opinion materially facilitate process of sedimentation and also serve to retard the current in a not inconsiderable de- gree. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the question and an- Swer for the same reason stated in my objection to the question and for the further reason that defendants’ testimony shows that so far as the dams on the Illinois river that were con- structed by the State of Illinois, they not being kept in proper Condition an effort is being made to have such dams remvoed because the opening of the drainage canal has removed the reason for their construction, and for the reason that the State of Missouri has no assurance upon the part of the Federal Gov- ernment or of the defendants herein that any of the dams so Constructed will be continuously maintained from now on, even though it be conceded that they play an important part in effecting the purification of the sewage from the City of Chi- cago, and for the further reason that the evidence here shows since the opening of the drainage canal a continuous and ever- flowing current, from one end of the year to the other, both above, below and over said dams, thereby removing the facili- ties for sedimentation and such purification as necessarily was produced thereby prior to the opening of said canal when the water immediately and for miles above the dams remained The State of I llinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6339 10189 in practically a quiescent state during the greater part of the year, such conditions as then existed not per- taining to said river on account of said dams since the opening of said canal. Q. Assuming that the dams at Henry, Copperas Creek, LaGrange and Kampsville, as they exist today, should be re- moved from the Illinois river, what effect would the removal of these dams from the Illinois river have upon the water supply of the State of Missouri and the City of St. Louis assuming that the sewage from Chicago should enter the drainage canal and thence into the Desplaines and Illinois rivers after the dams were so removed the same as it does under present conditions? MR. JEFFRIES: Object to the question for the reason that the questions heretofore put by the counsel for defendant assume and take it for granted that said dams to a certain ex- tent are a means of purification and to such an extent a safe guard to the people of the State of Missouri, and for the further reason that it is incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial. A. So far as the purification of the sewage of Chicago is Concerned the assumption of the removal of the dams at the places stated would in my opinion not materially affect such purification, since the elimination of typhoid bacilli takes place, in my judgment, in the upper stretches of the Illinois 10190 river. It is possible that a removal of said dams might have some effect in retarding the purification of the Sew- age and the elimination of dangerous bacteria discharged by various communities in the lower half of the river. Q. Would the water supply of St. Louis at the St. Louis intake and the citizens of Missouri taking their water supply from the Mississippi river be endangered or infected by the . Sewage of Chicago entering the drainage canal if the four dams before mentioned in the Illinois river should be removed? A. Not so far as the danger of infection in the sewage of Chicago is concerned. & Q. From your chemical and bacterial examinations what parts do the dams in the Illinois river play in the purification of the sewage from Chicago? A. In my opinion they have little, if any, share in effecting or accelerating the purification of the Chicago sewage, 6340 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Will you state as an expert sanitarian and epidemiolo- gist from all sources of knowledge that you possess whether the water of the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks was prior to January, 1900, a safe and potable drinking water fitted for domestic and drinking purposes in its raw state? 10191 A. In my opinion the Mississippi river water at the intake tower at the St. Louis water works at the chain of rocks was unfit and unsafe for drinking purposes during the period mentioned. - Q. Was the Missouri river at Ft. Bellefontaine a safe water for drinking and domestic purposes in its raw state or treated with settling basins prior to the opening of the drainage canal in January, 1900. - MR. JEFFRIES: All these questions are objected to as being immaterial. A. Assuming that the period of storage of such water in settling basins was not greater than three or four days it is my opinion that such water was not fit or safe. Q. Was the Illinois River water a safe water for drink- ing and domestic purposes prior to the opening of the drain- age canal in January, 1900, at Grafton? A. In my opinion it was not. Q. Has the sanitary condition of the water of the Illi- nois River at Grafton been improved or damaged by the open- ing of the drainage canal? A. In my best judgment the sanitary quality has not been materially affected either in the direction of improvement or in deterioration. 10192 Q. Since the opening of the drainage canal are the wa- ters of the Illinois River at Grafton less sanitary than the Waters of the Missouri River at its mouth or the Mississippi River above Grafton ? Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question as immaterial. A. So far as I can judge from all the analytical data that have come under my observation the Illinois River water at this time was no worse than the water of the Mississippi River, While the water of the Missouri River was distinctly inferior in its sanitary qualities to both the water of the Mississippi and the Illinois. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6341 Q. What effect does the sewage discharged through the drainage canal have upon the waters of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River at the chain of rocks? * Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question as immaterial and a repetition. . A. Beyond increasing the amount of chlorine and per- haps of some other constituents of no sanitary significance it is my opinion that the sewage of Chicago has had no material ef- fect upon the water of the Mississippi River as indicated in the Question. & Q. Does the sewage of Chicago, in your opinion, ever reach the intake tower of the city of St. Louis at the chain of rocks? - A. If by sewage is meant living pathogenic bacteria I 10193 am firmly of the opinion that it does not. If by sewage is meant the original, unstable organic compounds of Chicago sewage I am also of the opinion that these do not reach the chain of rocks, at any rate in any quantity possessed of San- itary significance. Q. Are the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, exclusive of the water of the Illinois, safe and suitable water for domestic and drinking purposes, to be used by the citizens of St. Louis in its raw state or treated as now by the City of St. Louis in settling basins? Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question as immaterial. A. In my opinion the water of the Missouri River at its mouth and the water of the Mississippi River at the chain of rocks excluding the Illinois River from the latter, are not fit and wholesome waters and would not properly be recommended as a source of municipal water supply in a raw condition. Q. If the sewage from Peoria and all other towns along the Illinois River and its tributaries as well as the rural pop- ulation upon the water shed of the Illinois River was elimin- ated from the Illinois River would all of the sewage of Chi- cago be eliminated long before it reached Grafton. 10194 Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question as leading. A. In my opinion it would, so far as the ordinary de- composable and unstable organic substances are concerned. It would also disappear so far as the pathogenic bacteria origin- ally present in said sewage are concerned. 6342 The State of Missouri vs. Q. If the typhoid condition in St. Louis since 1900 can not be attributed to the sewage from Chicago beyond a reasonable doubt will you please state what cause in your opinion it should be attributed to and give your reasons for such an opinion? A. Assumming that the amount of typhoid fever occurring in St. Louis during the period mentioned is in excess of what would naturally exist in a city provided with a fairly pure and Satisfactory municipal water supply in my opinion the most rational and scientific explanation of such excess would lie in the infection of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers above the intake tower of the St. Louis water works by com- munities rural and urban within five or six days flow from the intake tower. Since in my opinion the major part of the Water Supplied to St. Louis during this period was derived from the Missouri River and inasmuch as it is my opinion the Missouri River is more seriously infected than either of the other rivers mentioned it is my judgment that the infection of the Missouri River has been the main factor in causing such excess of ty- phoid fever in St. Louis as occurred during the period 10195 under consideration. * Q. Professor, taking into consideration all the knowl- edge which you possess in regard to the chemical, bacterial and physical condition of the waters of the Illinois River and its tributaries; the different towns sewering into the Illinois River and into its tributaries; the population upon the water sheds of the Illinois River, both rural and urban; the stages of the river under all conditions and during all seasons, what is your opin- ion as a sanitary expert as to the effect of flowing the sewage from Chicago through the drainage canal into the Desplaines and Illinois River upon the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the waters of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes? A. It is my opinion, assigning due consideration to all the facts mentioned, that the discharge of the sewage of Chicago into the drainage canal has had no injurious or detrimental ef- fect upon the health of the inhabitants of St. Louis or the State of Missouri. - Q. Professor, taking into consideration all the knowledge which you possess in regard to the chemical and bacterial and physical condition of the waters of the Illinois, the Mississippi The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6343 and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries; the different towns Sewering into these three rivers and their tributaries, the 101.96 population upon the watersheds of these three rivers, both rural and urban; the stages of the three rivers under all conditions and during all seasons and taking into consideration all the knowledge that you have in regard to the typhoid conditions as they obtain along the water shed of the Missouri and Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, in the City of Chicago and in the City of St. Louis, what is your opinion as to whether the typhoid conditions as they have existed in St. Louis, since Jan- uary 17, 1900, the date of the opening of the drainage canal, can be attributed to the opening of the drainage canal as the direct, immediate and proximate cause of said typhoid condition exist- ing in said City of St. Louis beyond all reasonable doubt? A. Summing up all the experience that I have gained in my studies of the Illinois and Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries and all the information that I have gained from all sources it is my firm opinion that no relation near or remote, has been traced between the typhoid conditions in St. Louis since January 17, 1900, and the opening of the drainage canal on that date; and it is further my opinion that no such relation exists, and that the opening of the drainage canal was an event entirely unconnected and unrelated with any typhoidal conditions prevailing in St. Louis at that time, and has 10197 remained up to the present time, unrelated and uncon- nected with the typhoid fever mortality in the City of St. Louis. Adjourned until 10:00 a. m., February 12, 1904. 10198 10:00 a. m., Friday, February 12, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN - resumed the stand for cross-examination by Mr. Jeffries, and testified as follows: - Q. Professor, have you ever examined water known to be infected with typhoid germs, that was used or being used for domestic and drinking purposes? 6344 The State of Missouri vs. A. I am not sure what is meant by the expression “known to be infected with typhoid germs.” If by that expression is meant a water which there was reason to suppose was causing on excessive amount of typhoid fever among the community served with such a supply, I would say that I have examined such waters. If by the expression is meant that typhoid germs were known to be in the samples of water at the time the ex- amination was made, I would say that I have not. A given source of supply, as a lake or a river, may, on epidemiological grounds, be suspected of causing typhoid fever, but when an ex- amination of such water is made the typhoid bacilli may have disappeared. It is chiefly for this reason, in my opinion, that the findings of typhoid bacilli are so few in number. 10199 Q. Then I understand you to say, Professor, that you have not examined water known to be infected with ty- phoid ſever germs at the time of the examination, which water was being used or had been used for drinking purposes and do- mestic purposes? A. I have never found typhoid bacilli in such water. Q. But have you made an examination of such water? A. As stated in my first answer the only proof that such Water was infected with typhoid bacilli at the time an examina- tion was made would be the finding of such bacilli in the water. This I have never accomplished. Q. Then do I understand you to say that there can be no other proof of the existence of typhoid fever germs in water other than the absolute finding of them by the analysis in the Water? - A. No sir, that is not a correct inference. The presence of typhoid fever germs in a water might be demonstrated either by finding them in such water or it might be demonstrated by administering such water to a healthy human individual under laboratory conditions, excluding all other sources of infection. These are the only methods I know by which the existence of ty- phoid bacilli in a given quantity of water could be determined beyond a question. - 10200 Q. What is the most general way in which typhoid in- ld fected water has been so determined in the scientific WOrld 2 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6345 A. I know of no royal road to the accomplishment of this end. The question of the sanitary quality of a water can be approached in other ways and by other methods than by a direct search for the presence of a typhoid bacillus in a given quantity of water. Answering your question directly I would say that in my Opinion the most convincing evidence of the presence of typhoid bacilli in a given water during a given period would be the tracing of cases of typhoid fever to that water, it being assumed that other sources of infection were sufficiently well excluded to permit the establishment of the conviction that the particular Water under consideration at the particular time stated was re- Sponsible for the production of the cases of typhoid fever. Q. Then, as I understand you, the best evidence as to water being typhoid infected is the result which it produces upon a CGmmunity using it for domestic and drinking purposes? Is that true? A. That is true. Q. Now, Professor, have you, during the pendency of a ty- phoid epidemic, which was reasonably known to have been caused by the use of a certain water supply examined 10201 that water supply scientifically, chemically and bacteriol- ogically? w A. The long period of incubation in typhoid fever—about 14 days—and the period that elapses before death occurs—an average perhaps of about three weeks—brings it about that at least several weeks elapse between infection with typhoid fever bacilli and the first manifestations of the existence of an epi- demic. For this reason examination of the water in such epi- demics is not, as a rule, made until after infection has taken place. During this period of four or five weeks elapsing between infec- tion and bacteriological examination the conditions of the water may become so altered that it is no longer infectious. I have made Some examinations of water supplies while the epidemic itself Was pending, but in all such cases a considerable interval had elapsed since the initial infection that gave rise to the epidemic. Q. State briefly what water supplies were examined by you as mentioned in your last answer? - A. I made some examinations of the water supply of the 6346 The State of Missouri vs. city of Chicago in the fall of 1902. I also, a number of years ago, made examinations of the water supply of the city of Lowell, at the time a typhoid epidemic was prevailing there. There was reason in both these cases to think that the water Sup- ply was the cause of the outbreak of typhoid fever pre- 10202 vailing in these respective communities. Q. Did you make any examination of the water supply at Butler, Pa., and Ithaca, New York? A. No, I did not. Q. How long in your opinion did this infection at the places mentioned by you continue? A. At Lowell there seems to have been infection of the water supply by several cases of typhoid fever on several Oe- casions. I do not recall the exact dates on which such infection occurred nor do I know that such exact information was ob- tainable. I have no means of knowing the period through which infection lasted at Chicago. Q. Have you any information as to the duration of the in- fection in the water supply at Ithaca, which you have-testified to in your direct examination? A. I have not. º - Q. Do you know how long the epidemic had prevailed prior to your visiting Ithaca, New York? A. So far as the facts could be ascertained regarding the time of Onset and the outbreak it appears that about 14 cases of a low fever, possibly typhoid, occurred between November 17, 1902, and January 15, 1903. Then on January 15, some 5 or 6 Cases of fever developed and during the following week several Cases each day were reported. After January 25th the 10203 number of cases reported daily seems to have increased Very materially, and the presence of a serious epidemic began to be recognized. Q. When did you say you visited Ithaca? A. I reached Ithaca on March 7th and remained there about a week. Q. Were there any cases of typhoid fever in Ithaca at the time you were there? A. There were a great many; several hundred. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6347 Q. Were there any new cases developed while you were there? - A. Yes. Cases continue to develop in every large epidemic of typhoid fever long after the original source of infection has disappeared. This is what is known as secondary infection, which plays an important part in the spread of every consider- able epidemic. This source of infection was very conspicuous both at Ithaca and at Butler. Q. In what way did this secondary infection manifest it- self at Ithaca.? A. Cases of typhoid fever occurred in the household of patients already sick with the disease, among the family or among the nurses, physicians or attendants on the sick. This So-called secondary infection consists in a more or less direct transfer of bacilli from the body of the patients to those 10204 persons in the immediate surroundings of the patient. Professor Sedgwick has called attention to a very interest- ing instance of secondary infection in Bondville, Massachusetts. Q. This secondary infection that you speak of is attribu- table to the association of persons with those having typhoid fever is it? - w A. Yes sir, that is what is generally meant by secondary infection. Q. As a matter of fact, Professor, were there not newly developed cases of typhoid fever at Ithaca when you were there, attributable to the primary infection or cause? A. I think that that is quite possible. The history of in- fection of the water supply, so far as it could be gotten at, indicates that bacilli had been washed from the soil or from ac- Cumulations on the banks of the stream in Six Mile Creek which served as a source of the supply. If any such fountain head of infection existed, it might continue to be active for a long period, owing to the circumstance, which I have already men- tioned on several occasions, that typhoid bacilli can live for Weeks or even months in such accumulations of fecal matter or in soil so that the water supply of Six Mile Creek may 10205 have been fed for a considerable period with typhoid bacilli. Q. Can you describe the reservoir which contains the water 6348 - The State of Missouri vs. supply or holds the water supply of Ithaca, as it existed at that time? - A. The water supply of the city of Ithaca was considerably mixed. A mixture of the water from the Six Mile Creek and Buttermilk Creek was pumped into a small reservoir, holding, if I remember correctly, hardly more than a day and a half’s supply. Q. Do you know anything as to the depth of the water in that reservoir, and its dimensions, its length and breadth” A. I have no precise memoranda on those points with me at present. I obtained them at the time I was in Ithaca, but have not them with me at present. Q. If the first noticeable cases of typhoid fever appeared in Ithaca about the 17th of November, 1902, in your judgment how long prior thereto was the water supply of Ithaca infected with typhoid bacilli? A. In my opinion the water supply of Ithaca had probably been infected with typhoid bacilli at intervals for some years prior to this date. The previous history of the typhoid fever and the so-called Ithaca fever in the town indicates that the Water supply had been more or less infected for Some 10206 years. The prevailing opinion among persons connected with Cornell University and who paid attention to mat- ters of this character was that the water supply had been unsafe for such a considerable period, and in many families it had not been used in its raw condition for years before this specific outbreak of typhoid fever. From the best information that I could obtain there seems to have been a certain amount of typhoid fever on the water shed of Six Mile Creek at intervals during a very long time. Q. With reference to the specific epidemic at Ithaca, which you investigated, how long prior to November 17th was the water supply of that city infected to an abnormal extent, so as to produce and bring about the epidemic at that place? A. I should not place the outbreak of the epidemic at Ithaca quite as early as November 17th, since there were only 14 cases between November 17 and January 15th. The specific Outbreak of typhoid fever at Ithaca seems to have begun about January 15th. The specially heavy infection which gave rise The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6349 to this excessive number of typhoid fever cases appearing on that date may have occurred between 10 and 18 days previously. Q. Is it not a fact that there had been no cases of typhoid fever on the water shed of Six Mile Creek for several weeks prior to the outbreak of the epidemic at Ithaca? A. The exact source of this epidemic has, in my opinion, 10207 not been definitely ascertained, that, is the precise case or cases of typhoid fever that gave rise to the ex- cessively heavy pollution of the water of Six Mile Creek. Two possible sources of infection were, however, quite conspicuous in the minds of persons in Ithaca. One of these was the presence of some Italian laborers some months previously who had en- camped along the banks of Six Mile Creek during the process of constructing a dam, and the other was the presence of Some railway laborers constructing a culvert over the stream. No history of typhoid among the Italian laborers could be obtained. Regarding the railway workmen the case was somewhat more Suspicious. Whatever the source of infection, however, it seems not to have been a case of direct water pollution, but a washing away of bacilli from the soil or from fecal accumulations. Q. Is it not a fact that an effort was made in investigating the rural homes upon that water shed and in that investigation no cases of typhoid fever were found in those homes for several months prior to this epidemic 2 - A. I believe that Dr. Soper, representative of the New York State Board of Health, was conducting such investigation at the time of my visit in Ithaca. I have not seen any published statement of the outcome of this inquiry. Q. Was not an investigation of this character going on 10208 at the time you were there? A. Yes sir. That is the one I referred to as being con- ducted under the supervision of Dr. Soper. Q. In the event bacterial analysis had been made at the time or at any time within thirty days prior to the epidemic, in your judgment would any such analysis disclose the presence of typhoid bacilli? A. I think that is possible. Q. Is it probable? A. That would depend upon several factors. First, the 6350 - The State of Missouri vs. number of typhoid bacilli in the water; second, the methods used for examination of the water; third, the extent of the examina- tion. Q. In the event there be one typhoid fever germ for every pint of water, would you consider that as a water supply highly infected or not? A. I should not. Q. And such an infection would not, in your opinion create or cause a typhoid fever epidemic? * A. Nothing is known as to the number of typhoid fever bacilli necessary to produce a case of typhoid fever in Iſlall. - 10209 Q. Based upon your last answer how then can you say that a distribution of typhoid fever germs in the water supply at the ratio of one germ for each pint of water is not to be considered a highly infected water? A. While nothing definite is known as to the number of typhoid bacilli necessary to produce a case of typhoid fever in man, Some light is thrown on this by experiments made upon animals. It is well known that in working experimentally with pathogenic microbes a single germ is rarely able to produce in- fection. Based upon laboratory experiments with pathogenic bacteria it is my opinion that a single typhoid bacillus would not be capable of causing an infection in a human being, since it is found that in practically all cases of inoculation of animals with specific pathogenic bacteria, not one germ alone but many hundreds must be used in order to produce infection, even When these bacteria are introduced into the most delicate por- tions of the body. As indirectly bearing on your question I may mention a case which has recently been published of the attempted suicide by a laboratory worker through swallowing typhoid cultures. Several tubes of broth cultures of typhoid bacilli were swal- lowed with the aim of committing suicide, but only a 10210 mild case of typhoid fever resulted in 'spite of the hund- reds of millions of bacilli that were taken in in this highly infected broth. It is of course a matter of opinion as to what constitutes a highly infectious water. Personally I should not The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6351 regard a water containing one typhoid bacillus per pint as a highly infected water. Q. This instance of experimental suicide would not in your opinion have the same effect if undergone by all persons pro- miscuously would it? A. Certainly not. Q. So then certain typhoid infected water may be a high infection as applied to certain persons or when taken into the system by certain persons, when it would not be highly infected when taken into the system by other persons? Is that true? A. On that point again there is very little data on which to base an opinion. We do not know how widely the susceptibility of different individuals in infection with typhoid fever bacillus varies or upon which such susceptibility depends. Individuals between the ages of 15 and 35 are, as is well known, more liable to typhoid fever than younger persons or those of more ad- vanced age, and it is a striking and well recognized fact 10211 that robust individuals in apparently excellent physical condition contract cases of typhoid fever when weaker individuals do not. Upon what this variation and susceptibility depends, or how great it is, there is, as I have said little informa- tion. There are certainly individual differences in respect to infection with typhoid fever just as in the case of other diseases. Q. What do you understand to be highly infected typhoid water as applied to sanitary science and to the history of epi- demics with which you are acquainted. . A. I should regard the water supply of Ithaca and Butler at the time of the typhoid epidemics pervailing there as a highly infected water. In these two communities almost ten per cent. of the population was affected. Q. Is there anything in sanitary science that enables one to reach the conclusion that the water supply of either Ithaca or Butler was infected to a greater extent than one typhoid. germ to each pint of water contained in those suppplies? A. Only the reasons which T have given, which seem to me sufficient. Q. Is there anything in the science which furnishes absolute and definite assurances that an infection of one typhoid germ to one pint of water, when contained in the water supply of a 6352 The State of Missouri vs. 10212 city such as Ithaca or Butler will not, does not and has not produced typhoid epidemics in those cities? A. I have aready expressed my opinion that all the experi- ence gained in bacterioligioal laboratories from inoculation of hundreds and thousands of animals with many kinds of patho- genic bacteria, under varying conditions has shown that rarely if ever can one germ or two or three germs, even when belonging to highly virulent varietics, produce an infection. So far as I know, this analogy is all that we have to depend upon for forming an opinion on the point indicated in your question. It is my opinion that swallowing one or two or a half dozen typhoid germs would not produce a case of typhoid fever in man, basing this opinion on the analogies drawn from laboratory experience. Q. As an epidemiologist will you make any alterations in the conclusions which you have just drawn? A. If it could be shown by indisputable proof that a com- munity supplied with a water supply containing not more than One typhoid germ per pint of water developed a largely exces sive amount of typhoid fever, plainly attributable to the use of Such water, I should certainly change my opinion. Q. This answer then is based upon the fact that there is no way of determinig scientifically or otherwise the cause 10213 of the infection of any water so far as the quantitative infection is concerned is it not? A. It is based rather upon the fact that we do not know how many typhoid bacilli are necessary to produce a case of typhoid fever in man. Q. Typhoid fever is contracted by drinking water is it not, professor? A. That is one of the ways in which it may be contracted. Q. Is that the most prevalent and general way? * A. Taking the world as a whole I think it is undoubtedly. Q. While it may be true as stated in your second pre- ceding answer that it has not yet been scintifically determined as to the exact number of typhoid germs necessary to produce typhoid fever in a patient is it not also true that Science has thus far been unable to determine quantitatively speaking the extent of the infection of the water known to be infected? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6353 A. Understanding that question to mean the number of typhoid bacilli present in the water at the time that the use of such water has given rise to an epidemic of typhoid fever I would say that so far as I am aware the number of typhoid bacilli present in such water has never been precisely deter- mined. Q. Do you know of any instance where the typhoid fever 10214 germ has been discovered by bacteriologists in their an- alysis of the water supply of the city? A. Yes, I have already submitted in my testimony a record of all the cases that I have been able to find in the literature on the subject where a typhoid bacillus has been isolated from water Supplies. Q. And the cases to which you refer are known by you as the six recorded cases? A. They are, I know of only the six cases that I have re- ferred to. - Q. And those six cases are the result so far as you know of the work of bacteriologists as applied to the sanitary science for a number of years past, is it not? * A. T should not be willing to make any such a broad state- ment. I should simply confine myself to the statement I have already made that these are the only recorded instances I have been able to find in the literature where the typhoid bacillus has been discovered in water ordinarily used for drinking. The time that elapses after the infection of water before a com petent bacteriological investigation can be set on foot is one reason why bacteriologists so seldom examine suspicious waters for the presence of typhoid bacilli since experience has shown that when such waters are examined the long period that 10215 has elapsed since infection has permitted the dying out of bacilli. Tn one of the cases that I have presented, namely that by Kubler and Neufeld the evidence indicated that the ty- nhoid bacilli had been introduced in pure culture, so to speak, in the well water in which they were found, namely in the urine of typhoid fever patients containing only typhoid fever germs. The absence of competing fecal bacteria might account for the relative long life of typhoid bacilli in the well water A-—398 6354 The State of Missouri vs. under these conditions. It is apparently only in such accidental cases that typhoid bacilli survive long enough in water to be found at so late a date as that at which the bacteriological ex- amination is usually undertaken. If one knew just when a given water supply were to be heavily infected with typhoid bacilli and if a proper investigation of such a supply should be under- taken the positive findings would be more numerous than they can possibly be at present, where the stable is not locked until after the horse is stolen. Q. In water that is infected the typhoid fever germs at the ratio of one germ to each pint of water, could those germs be easily detected by a bacterial analysis? A. They could not. Q. If a thousand samples of that water were examined, each sample representing one cubic centimeter, what, in 10216 your opinion, would be the probability of it being de- tected? A. It is not likely that it would be. Q. What in your opinion as a bacteriologists in the ex- amination of water supplies is the necessary distributive num- ber of typhoid bacteria as to guarantee positive typhoid results in the analyses? A. Assuming in your question that proper methods were used by a bacteriologist, with proper and special experience in this kind of an investigation, and assuming that 10 cc. of water Were examined, and that typhoid bacilli were distributed in such a way that there was one in each co., I think that with Water of ordinary bacterial content typhoid bacilli should be found in one-half of the samples. It might be found in them all, and would if a sufficiently detailed examination were made. Q. And unless the greatest of care would be used it might not be found in any? A. My answer assumed that the examination was made properly and by a skilled and an experienced observer. Q. At the rate of one bacilli for each ce. of water how many would that be per pint, Professor? A. About 500. 10217 Q. Now in making these determinations where the ty. phoid germ is distributed throughout the water at the ..jºr The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, 6355 rate of one germ to each ce. of water the ability to find these specific germs in that water by the analysis would depend largely upon the presence of other bacteria would it not? A. Very largely. Q. In what way would the presence of these other bacteria affect the finding of the typhoid? A. Their presence would increase the number of plates that must be made in order to bring about a suitable separation of the colonies developing thereon, and would increase the labor in this way. - Q. Would their presence in any way bring about an over- growth of colonies or by reason of their great number submerge the typhoid colony on the plate? A. Special media are used for this kind of investigation and these may suppress a very large percentage of the ordinary Sewage bacteria, while allowing the typhoid bacillus and some nearly related forms to grow. Where these plates are made properly the colonies are absolutely distinct and separate and there is only a remote chance of the obscuration of the typhoid colony by some other colony. 10218 Q. Is it not a difficult matter, Professor, to distinguish at all times the difference between colon and the typhoid? A. Not when these special media are used. It is on the contrary very simple. The mere color of the colony, accord- ing to the media used, red or blue, enables one to effect an instant and complete differentiation with the naked eye. Q. Does this special media about which you speak have a tendency to retard the colon or does it develop with the same precision as the typhoid? A. These media permit the development of the colon colonies, but differentiate their colonies from those of the ty- phoid bacillus. Q. Professor, in the analysis of water that is known to have been infected with typhoid germs, and afterwards an- alyzed, was there any information preserved with reference to the extent of the coli present in any of the cases which you have referred to in your testimony? A. Yes, I have in several cases the record of the number of colon bacilli. I can get those if you want them. 6356 The State of Missouri vs. Q. No, I don’t care anything about that. In your opinion does the extent of the coli throw any light upon the extent of the infection so far as the particular cases referred to in the last preceding question are concerned? A. In reply to that I can only state that at the time I 10219 examined the Chicago water in the autumn of 1902, shortly after the great epidemic of that year, the number of colon bacilli in the water was higher than I had found it at any previous time. I had made no systematic observation of the Chicago water for any long period but during the ten pre- ceding years I had at occasional intervals and on some occasions for periods of several months made examinations of such water to determine the presence of coli bacilli and at no time had there been as much typhoid fever in the city as in the summer of 1902. At no time also had I found the colon bacilli so abundant in the water as in the fall of 1902, just after the especially severe Outbreak of that year. - Q. Do you know whether the water at Butler was being examined by bacteriologists when you were there? A. It was. - Q. Do you know whether there was an increase in the coli as shown by those examinations over what was shown prior to the epidemic? - A. So far as I know, no examinations had been made prior to the epidemic. Q. Going back now to the subject of infection would you consider 500 typhoid germs per pint of water and that distribu- tion maintained throughout the water supply as being highly infected? A. I have not given very careful consideration to estab- lishing a limit for what constitutes a highly infectious 10220 water. I should think that water with 500 bacilli per pint was certainly much more dangerous than one averaging one typhoid bacillus per pint and that the danger from drinking Such water would be much greater in the former case than in the latter. * Q. Is it not a fact that no sanitarian has given the permis- sible extent of infection ſuch study, but that all efforts so far The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6357 as sanitarians are concerned has been to the elimination of in- fection and to a study of its possible presence? * A. I think that is true. Adjourned until 2:00 P. M., February 12, 1904. 2:00 P.M., Friday, February 12, 1904. 10221 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. - Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN resumed the stand for further cross examination by Mr. Jeffries, and testified as follows: 4. Q. Professor, there is nothing in sanitary science that undertakes to fix a standard of permissible infection is there? A. I know of no standard of permissible infection. Q. What are the elements that enter into the determination of the sanitary condition of a given water supply by an expert Sanitarian? * A. The amount of infection entering such supply So far as this can be determined by reference to the population, urban and rural, draining into such supply, together with the condi- tions as to the probable disinfection of discharges from the bodies of patients; the freshness of such infection as indicated by the nearness of the source of infection to the point where the water supply is obtained; the analytical data, chemical 10222 and bacteriological. All these elements enter into con- sideration in passing judgment on the quality of a given Water * Q. Is there anything in sanitary science that permits or has established an exact, definite and distinct formula, so far as time limit is concerned, from the source of the deposit of the infected material in the water of the stream that is being an- alyzed or examined? A. I know of no such formula nor do I believe that it would be wise or feasible in the present state of sanitary science to attempt to advance such a formula inasmuch as a problem of this sort contains certain individual elements which compel it to be considered as an individual case. - Q. The life limit of the disease producing organisms dis- 6358 The State of Missouri vs. charged into a running stream or a water supply depend, do they not, upon the character of the organism, the temperature of the atmosphere or water as well as the volume of water? A. The character of the specific microbe and the temper- ature of the water would certainly have some influence upon the period of longevity. I am not quite clear as to what is meant by the volume of water in this connection. If a single discharge from the body of a typhoid fever patient was mingled with 1,000 gallons or 10,000 gallons of ordinary city sewage, I do not See how the longevity of typhoid bacilli contained in said dis- charge could be materially influenced by the volume of the sew- age in which it was placed. - 10223 Q. I gathered from your direct examination, Professor, that a certain amount of typhoid infected material would survive longer if discharged into a large body of water than if discharged into a small body of water. Am I correct? A. I think I made the statement that if a given quantity of typhoid infected material were discharged into a body of pure water the bacilli would, in my opinion, live longer in that pure water than if they were discharged into a body of water highly polluted with sewage. Q. By the use of the term “pure water” in your last answer, do you mean distilled water? A. I understood the question to refer to a natural body of Water and answered it with that understanding. Q. What is the relation between the chemical operation going on in the purification of water and the bacterial opera- tion that is going on in the purification of water, Professor? A. The term “purification of water” may be and often is used with reference to distinct processes. What is commonly meant by the chemical purification of a polluted water is the oxidation and nitrification of the organic compounds contained in such water. The phrase “purification of water” may also be used to express the disappearance of pathogenic bac- 10224 teria that may have been introduced into it. In a general way it is found that the processes of chemical and bac- terial purification run a parallel course. Q. Do Sanitarians regard that water as safe for domestic purposes which gives unsatisfactory results when examined The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6359 chemically but fails to disclose unsatisfactory results when ex- amined bacterially, so far as bacterial counts are concerned? A. There are conceivable and indeed actual cases when light may be shed on the sanitary quality of a water by the chemical examination, when the bacterial count, at the time the examination is made, fails to shed much light. For example, the water of some wells is often found to be high in nitrates and chlorine, under conditions that indicates that such chlorine and nitrates originally proceeded from sewage pollution. The number of bacteria in such well water may be low at the time the examination is made, but owing to the dangerous character of the surroundings of such a well, as indicated by the nitrates and chlorine, such water would be condemned by the prudent sanitarian although the bacterial count was not high. The rea- son for this is that such a well water showed a bad history. It had been seriously polluted in the past but the pollution had passed away as shown by the bacterial count and the high nit- rates. Such a water might be, however, at any time liable 10225 to another influx of pollution and so should be condemned On the basis of the information revealed by the chemical analysis, although the bacterial count might be so low as to show at the time of the examination it was innocuous. Q. Is it not a fact that all your chemical analysis of the waters of the Illinois River, the Desplaines River and the drain- age canal has indicated bad ancestry of that water? A. The analysis of the drainage canal and of the Desplaines River, below Lockport, certainly indicates undesirable water. The analysis of the Illinois River water shows in my opinion that the water has not had an unimpeachable sanitary history. The water of the Illinois River at its mouth above Grafton shows, by its chemical constituents, that it has at some point or points along its course, received a large amount of sewage. The condition of such a water as that of the Illinois River at its mouth is, however, very different from that of the well water that I have just mentioned. In forming any judgment as to the character of the Illinois River at its mouth there ought al- ways to be taken into consideration the sources of pollution on the entire water shed of the Illinois River from its source to its mouth. 6360 The State of Missouri vs. 10226 Q. And in considering whether or not the water in the Illinois River, at its mouth, as shown by the chemical an- alysis of it is free from pathogenic germs or substances, the Sanitarian must take into consideration the question as to whether or not the natural facilities for purification and time limit for death of such pathogenic germs has occurred before reaching the point in question, must he not? - A. It is very difficult, as I have already pointed out, to reason from chemical changes taking place in a flowing stream to the death of pathogenic bacteria in such a stream. We simply know that in general the processes of nitrification and the death of pathogenic bacteria run a parallel course. In other words both require time for their accomplishment. The exact time relations in each case are, however, a matter for experi- ment. Such factors as temperature, concentration of organic matter, the intervention of algae or other higher forms of life may play a part in influencing either process. In a river like the Illinois, the process of nitrification is a very complicated one. The oxidation of organic nitrogenous compounds to nit- rates may be interrupted by the agency of green algae or by the introduction into the stream at various points along its course of fresh organic matter. Q. Of what particular value then do you consider the 10227 chemical analysis of the water in a running stream in passing judgment upon the sanitary condition of that Water? A. When examinations of a stream are made at several points along its course at different seasons of the year, and with due regard to the introduction of fresh organic matter, such examinations show that a considerable time has elapsed since the introduction of sewage which might presumably have con- tained pathogenic bacteria. The art of chemical water analysis as F understand it, is based upon experience. Analysis made by many investigators in different parts of the world have shown that waters in which the process of nitrification is far advanced are not so liable to cause disease as waters containing the un- stable nitrogenous compounds. It is purely in this empirical way that chemical water analysis is valuable and sheds light upon the sanitary character of a water. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6361 Q. Professor, based upon table 134, introduced by yourself, being a part of the several tables known as Streams examina- tion Chicago Sanitary District, wherein 26 samples of water were analyzed from the 2nd day of January, 1900, to the 26th day of June, 1900, the samples being analyzed weekly, the aver- age chemical constituents for the 26 samples being as follows: Residue on Evaporation, total 303.1. Residue on evaporation, suspended, 55.5, 10228 Residue on evaporation, dissolved, 247.6, Chlorine 13.55, Oxygen consumed, total, 8.1, Oxygen consumed by dissolved, 6.6, By suspended matter, 1.5, Free Ammonia, .815, Albuminoid ammonia, total .366, Dissolved .226, Suspended .114, Nitrogen as nitrates .064, As nitrites 1.15, Bacterial counts 51,834, the maximum and minimum chemi- can constituents and bacterial counts of these samples being as follows: - Residue on evaporation, the total, |Minimum 210, Maximum 486, Dissolved, minimum 132, maximum 358, Suspended, minimum 0, maximum 304, Chlorine, minimum 7, maximum 49, Oxygen consumed, total, Minimum 5.8, maximum 17.2, Dissolved, minimum 5, maximum 8, 10229 By suspended matter, Minimum 0, maximum 10, Free ammonia, minimum .12, maximum 2.56, Albuminoid ammonia, total, Minimum 2.56, maximum 7.36, Dissolved, minimum .12, maximum .384, Suspended, minimum .008, maximum .464, Nitrogen, as nitrates, Minimum .01, maximum .24, 6362 The State of Missouri vs. As nitrites, Minimum 0, maximum 3.4, Bacterial counts, Minimum 800, maximum 210,000. * Knowing that the sewage from about 1,600,0000 people liv- ing in the City of Chicago is discharged into the drainage canal thence into the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers, and passes the point on the river known as Averyville, 155 miles from Chi- cage, the same being the point at which the samples of Water in question were taken, I will ask you if in your opinion the Water at that point has become freed from the effect of Said Sewage upon it, as shown by the results of the above an- 10230 alysis? A. The large amount of chlorine present in the Chicago Sewage as in all sewage makes itself evident in the waters of . the Illinois River at Averyville, as shown by the analysis cited. So too does in my opinion the large amount of nitrogen intro- duced in the sewage of Chicago. It is difficult to see how this could be otherwise. The chlorine is in the form of a stable, mineralized compound, common salt, and suffers little if any diminution in the total amount in its passage down the river. The nitrogenous compounds of various kinds are altered more or less in their passage down stream, and the amount of nitro- gen appearing under different heads varies from point to point, and some of that oringinally introduced into the stream dis- appears. There is, however, a large amount of nitrogen in the form of its various compounds, free ammonia, albuminoid am- monia, nitrates and nitrites, in the waters of the Illinois at Averyville which has in my opinion come in a more or less changed condition from Chicago. Q. What is true with reference to the chemical condition of the water in the Illinois River as shown by table number 134, just referred to, so far as the respective chemical substances are concerned is also true with reference to all other tables in- troduced by you, containing the chemical analysis of the 10231 waters of the Illinois River is it not? A. That some effect exists due to the introduction of Chi- cago Sewage, yes sir. Q. What I have reference to, Professor, is that these various The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6363 chemical constituents make their appearance in the chemical an- alysis at the various points on the river where the samples of water are taken, which are afterwards analyzed, and show pre- ceding discharges of polluting material into the river above the points where the samples of water were taken? A. Yes sir. Q. Speaking from the science of chemistry alone, as you . understand it, can you state that your chemical analysis of the water of the Illinois River at any point is free from disease pro- ducing substances, and if not can you as a chemist state with any degree of certainty the exact source of such substances? A. I can only say that in the light of all the experience that I have had in the chemical examination of water, and all the in- formation that I have derived from a study of the work, of Other investigators, the amount and rate of nitrification in the Waters of the Illinois River, from Lockport to Grafton, are such as have been found in the experience of water analysts to 10232 accompany the disappearance of disease producing ele- mentS. Answering your question directly I will say that I do not believe it is possible to affirm absolutely from the results of the chemical examinations alone that the water of the Illinois River at any point where I have taken samples and made an- alysis is free from disease producing elements. -- Furthermore, assuming that such disease elements are pres- ent in the water of the Illinois River at Grafton, I do not see how it is possible to affirm, on the basis of chemical analysis alone, whether these disease producing elements were derived from Peoria, from Havana, or from some farm house situated two or three miles above the points where the samples were taken. The whole question of chemical water analysis, as I have reiterated, is simply one of deduction made on the basis of past experi- ence. A chemical examination does not disclose the existence Or presence of the different disease producing elements in the Water. It simply affords a certain kind of evidence that must be weighed in forming a judgment as to the sanitary quality of the water. Q. Professor in all of the chemical tables or all of the 6364 The State of Missouri vs. tables of chemical analyses which you have introduced in 10233 evidence, did you perform the work personally yourself? A. I did not. The work was done by one of my assistants, Dr. Stevens. Q. And under your superivision? A. Yes sir. Q. State whether or not in your opinion, Professor, the chemical analyses so introduced by you are accurate in every respect? A. The methods used in chemical water analysis are liable to certain sources of error, depending upon the experience of the observer and other factors inherent in the methods them- selves so that the results have chiefly a value for purposes of comparison. - Q. What is the percentage of inaccuracy allowed by you in each of the determinations made by you? * A. In the case of the residue on evaporation where the de- termination is properly performed the limits of error ought not to be more than two per cent. in the hands of an experienced investigator. In the case of chlorine, where allowance is made for volume, the error perhaps would be 5 or 10 per cent. The Oxygen consumed, the error may be as much as 15 per cent. * The tables of free and albuminoid ammonia ought to be 10234 accurate within about 5 per cent. The nitrite determination is very delicate and the error here may be considerable. Unless strict laboratory precautions are used, the error may be as much as 10 or 15 per cent. The method for determining nitrates I do not regard as ac- curate within 20 or 25 per cent. Q. Do you know whether the methods that were used by Professor Palmer were the same as those used by you in making the chemical analyses of the water? A. In general they were the same. Professor Palmer, I believe made no correction for volume in his chlorine determina- tions which would make his chlorine results somewhat higher. In general the methods were the same. * Q. State, Professor, whether the samples of water examined The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6365 by you chemically and also by Profesor Palmer taken at the same time and in the same places should show practically the same result” A. I do not think that they should for the reason that the time consumed in transporting the samples to the University of Illinois laboratory at Champaign and to the University of Chicago laboratory where the work under my supervision was done, was quite different for different samples of water. The residue on evaporation and chlorine ought to be substan- 10235 tially the same. Errors of analysis would sometimes oc- cur in spite of all precautions. The nitrogenous com- pounds and the oxygen consumed may show considerable varia- tion owing to the changes taking place during transportation. Q. And in these nitrogenous compounds you include nitrites and mitrates? A. I certainly do. Those are compounds that are very liable to change during transportation. Q. Then the large quantities of nitrites and nitrates ap- pearing in the analyses made under certain conditions may be the result of the delay in transportation and in the delay in analysis after the samples were taken? A. That may in part account for the conditions observed as regards the nitrites and nitrates but the methods used for the determination of nitrates may also account for some of the conditions observed. - - Q. There would be a considerable change would there not in the nitrates and nitrites? A. There might. . E. Q. In what way would that change manifest itself? 10236 A. The nitrates might diminish and the nitrites increase in some water or both nitrates and nitrites might diminish owing to the reduction of these contents in the presence of organic matter. Suppose that living algae were taken in a bottle of water and died during transportation, the bacteria present in the waters would flourish upon the nitrogenous mat- ters contained in the body of these algae and in so doing would reduce the nitrates and nitrites and might cause the marked diminution or even disappearance of these compounds. Q. In the event that the nitrites or nitrates should be in 6366 The State of Missouri vs. creased or either of them increased from what particular chemi- cal substances would they be drawn? A. The increase in the amount of nitrates would come from the oxidation of the nitrites. The increase in the amount of nitrites might come from the oxidation of free ammonia or it might come from the reduction of nitrates. Q. I notice, Professor, in comparing your results of your analyses made by yourself and Professor Palmer from the water taken at Kampsville January 17, 1900, you find 1.15 nitrates, Professor Palmer finds 2.60 nitrates. Those samples were taken at the same place by the same sample taker. Your analysis 10237 was made on the 19th and Professor Palmer’s was made on the 18th the analyses, however, showing a difference of 126 per cent. based upon your analyses as 100 per cent. What do you say as to this variation? A. This variation may be an analyst’s error or it may be due to the method employed for the estimation of nitrates which did not prove altogether a satisfactory one. It may be due pos- sibly to a reduction of nitrates in the samples of water sent to my laboratory owing to the longer period elapsing after col- lection and before examination was made. I have already men- tioned the fact that such reduction of nitrates does sometimes Occur. It is my opinion that such a discrepancy as that to which you call my attention did not exist in the original samples of Water but that some other explanation must be found. Q. Have you any other reason to believe that Professor Palmer's analyses of determinations of the nitrates as contained in that sample better represented the actual condition of the Water in the river at that point at that time than does your own analysis? A. I have no means of knowing which of these two figures more correctly represents the original condition of this water. Q. Professor, comparing your analyses with those of Pro- 10238 fessor Palmer made from water taken from the Illinois River at Kampsville, the samples of water being taken, as shown by the testimony, by the same water taker and shipped to the respective laboratories in the manner described The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6367 in your testimony I find the result of determination of nitrates of the following samples to be as follows: - Sample taken January 25, analyzed by both you and Pro- fessor Palmer on the 26th, in which you found 1.1 nitrates and Professor Palmer found 2.0 nitrates. The sample taken Jan- uary 31st, examined by you on the 2nd day of February, and by Professor Palmer on the first day of February, you found 1.7 nitrates, and Professor Palmer found 1.8 nitrates. The sample taken February 7th, examined by each of you February 8th in which you found .25 nitrates and Professor Palmer found 1.84 ni- trates. The sample collected February 14th and examined by each on the 15th, you found .55 nitrates and Professor Palmer found 1.72 mitrates. The sample collected February 21st, ex- amined by you on the 22nd and by Professor Palmer on the 23rd you found .6 mitrates and Professor found 3.0 nitrates and in these respective determinations in a sample collected on the 25th day of January the variation between the two determination was 81.9 per cent, the variation in the sample taken January 31 was .59 per cent., the variation in the sample taken Feb- 10239 ruary 7th is 635 per cent., the variation in the sample taken February 14th is 213 per cent., the variation in Sample taken February 21st was 234 per cent., based upon your figures as 100 per cent. In each instance Professor Palmer found a greater quantity of nitrates than yourself. I will ask you if there is any reason to believe that your determinations represent more actually the condition of the water in the Illi- nois river at Kampsville, at the time the samples were taken as far as the chemical constituent known as nitrates are con- Cerned, than does the chemical determinations of Professor Pal- mer for that chemical constituent? - A. On the contrary I should say on examining these results critically that Professor Palmer's examination possibly repre- sent the original condition of the water as regards the nitrates contained more nearly than my own, for the reason that samples of water collected at Kampsville could reach the laboratory of the University of Illinois at Champaign in a shorter time than they could reach the laboratory of the University of Chicago. In the latter case time for reduction of the nitrates would be afforded. Especially if the bottles of water were allowed to remain 6368 The State of Missouri vs. in warm express offices instead of in a refrigerator in the labora- tory. It is true of most of the samples from the lower part of the Illinois river that the time consumed in transportation to Chi- cago was greater than that consumed in the transpor- 10240 tation to Champaign, and changes taking place might be assumed to be greater. This is a possible explana- tion of the lower nitrates at Kampsville in the determinations made in my laboratory as compared with the nitrate examina- tions made in Professor Palmer's laboratory in the University of Illinois. & Q. Is it your opinion that the chemical constituents known as nitrates would make such a radical change from the point of collection to the point of analysis within the time which this examination was made? - - - A. Such a change might take place within 24 hours under certain conditions. Q. How do you acount for the variation in such large per- centages in those samples that were collected upon the same day and analyzed by each of you upon the same day, especially referring to samples collected on the 25th of January, the 7th of February and the 14th of February? A. I have already indicated a possible explanation for the low nitrates observed in the determinations made in my labora- tory, namely, the changes that takes place after the collection of a sample and before the determination is made. Q. I notice, Professor, a variation of 42 per cent. in the dissolved residue in the samples collected on the 17th of January, 1900, as shown by the analyses made by yourself and 10241 Professor Palmer, his being 42.3 per cent. greater than your own, basing your work at 100 per cent. I will ask you if you can acount in any way for this variation? A. I can not. Any one who has had experience in Water analysis, knows that differences in collection, in transportation and errors in the process of analysis sometimes Occur where a large number of samples are examined in spite of all efforts to obtain uniform and strictly comparable results. Whether this difference to which you call my attention was due wholly or in part to an error during process of analysis I am unable to state. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6369 Q. Should there be any marked difference in the deter- mination of chlorine results? A. This determination depends upon the reading of color by the different observers. They vary somewhat in their ac- curacy in making this determination. Q. I notice in the sample of water collected on the 21st day of February, 1900, a variation in the determinations made for the chemical constituent known as chlorine by yourself and |Professor Palmer of 41.5 per cent. Is this an average or an abnormal variation? A. That is a variation larger than I should expect to occur without some error on the part of someone engaged in the ana- lytical work. Q. Do you attribute that variation to a difference in the 10242 chemical condition of the water at the time and in the place where the two samples were taken? A. It may be due in part to either circumstance. I should personally be inclined to attribute it to the analysis itself. Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that the determinations made chemically are of such a delicate character that the exact chem- ical condition of any water can not be absolutely determined? A. Referring your question to the determinations usually made in Sanitary water analysis— Q. I intended to put that in. A. I would say that it is certainly a fact that those deter- minations are so delicate that even experienced water analysts obtaining samples of water under the conditions in which these Samples were collected would be expected to arrive at results that would differ in some cases. These results might differ considerably, as you have shown that the results obtained by Professor Palmer and myself do differ. Regarding the sanitary significance to be attached to such variations, however, is a dif- ferent matter. Variations of 50 or 100 per cent. in certain con- stituents of certain waters would have no sanitary importance whatever. The averages of a considerable series of anal- 10243 yses are more important from the sanitary point of view than any single analysis and this fact is so generally recognized by water analysts that little weight is attached to a single determination. ADJOURNED until 10:00 a. m., February 13, 1904. A—399 6370 The State of Missouri vs. 10244 10:00 A. M., Saturday, February 13, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same Counsel representing the respective parties, also C. D. Corum representing complainant. PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN, resumed the stand for further cross examination by Mr. Jef- fries, and testified as follows: * Q. Is it not true that the results of various competent ob- servers differ greatly as to the longevity of the cholera spir- rillum in natural water? A. The reported experiments on this matter relate, so far as I am aware, to the life of the cholera spirillum in glass bot- tles in the laboratory and vary with respect to number of germs introduced, to freshness of isolation and in other respects. I think it would be anticipated on bacteriological grounds that experiments conducted under these conditions would show considerable variation in the outcome. Q. It is true then is it that there is a great difference in the results as determined by various competent observer's ' A. In these laboratory experiments conducted under dif- ferent conditions, yes sir. Q. Do you know of any experiments conducted in any other way for the purpose of determining the longevity of the cholera germ 2 10245 A. Experiments in aquaria have been made to simulate natural conditions. I have already referred to the out- come of these experiments in my testimony. Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that competent observers have found it to live after 7, 15, or 20 days, or even three months or longer? - A. I am familiar with the experiments to which your ques- tion refers, and I would state that in my opinion the conclusions drawn as to the life of the cholera spirillum in such waters under such conditions are by no means valid, for the reason that in the experiments referred to in your question the agglutina- tion test for the identification of the cholera spirillum was not performed, and it has been shown recently that organisms ex- ist in water, especially in polluted water, which simulate the cholera germ very closely in their bacteriological characteristics The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6371 and which can be distinguished from it only by the application of this agglutination test. Unless this agglutination test be em- ployed we are unable to attach any weight whatever to re- ported findings of cholera spirillum in waters after the lapse of long periods. Q. Then you disregard and attach no credit to the deter- minations made by such observers? A. In the light of recent discoveries I am compelled to ac- cept the position as stated. The agglutination test is now 10246 recognized by bacteriologists as essential to the identifica- tion of these organisms and within the last few months an important paper has been published in the Zeitschrift fur Hy- giene, from one of the leading German Laboratories, in which it is shown that organisms formerly classed as cholera microbes, and preserved in various bacteriological laboratories are not cholera germs at all. It seems possible that some of the exper- iments to which you refer were conducted not with the genuine cholera germ but with some of these sewage bacteria which there is every reason to anticipate would have a greater longevity than the cholera germ itself. Furthermore, the isolation of a spirillum from a polluted water into which cholera spirilla had been introduced would have little or no significance unless the agglutination test were applied. Q. Professor, is it not a fact that competent analysts and observers have found the cholera germ able to live in sewage as long as from seven to thirteen days? A. I have already indicated very clearly my answer to that question in the two preceding answers. I do not believe that it has been so demonstrated. Q. And your reason for so believing is as stated in your preceding answer? e A. My reasons are as stated. Q. What in your judgment did you say was the life limit 10247 of the cholera spirillum in ordinary river water? A. I have no experimental data bearing on the question of the longevity of the cholera spirillum, under truly natural conditions, nor so far as I am aware do such data exist. 6372 The State of Missouri vs. Q. So then in your judgment that question has never been answered by sanitary science?’ A. The question as to the specific longevity of a true cholera spirillum under natural conditions, no sir. Q. Professor, are bacteriologists in close agreement as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus, under various conditions? A. As I have stated in my answer to a similar question concerning the life of the cholera spirillum, the laboratory ex- periments that have been conducted in glass vessels have been under such varying conditions of temperature, age of typhoid culture employed, the nature of the water into which such a bacterium was introduced, and other experimental factors that it would be anticipated that the results would show some var- iation. The experiments that I have introduced in my testi- mony, which were made with as close an approximation as pos- sible to natural conditions, have given, in my opinion, singu- larly concordant results, using different strains of typhoid ba- cilli, different numbers in a given quantity of water, and other- wise attempting to simulate conditions occurring in natural in- fection. 10248 Q. It is a fact then is it not that they differ widely as to the number of days during which typhoid bacilli may live in water and in sewage? A. If you refer to these experiments that have been con- ducted during the last 15 or 20 years by different bacteriologists using different methods, and at different periods in the state of the Science, and working under laboratory conditions varying very widely in fundamental and important particulars, it is of Course true that the life of the typhoid bacillus has been re- ported to vary widely. I have myself found that in sterilized water taken from Lake Michigan a freshly isolated culture will live for 93 days, but that a freshly isolated typhoid culture in- troduced into ordinary sewage under natural conditions, lives but two days. Q. It is an agreed fact among bacteriologists and sanitar- ians that typhoid fever germs live in water and in sewage is it not, after such germs have been discharged into such sewage or water? A. It is, I think, generally conceded that some typhoid The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6373 bacilli may retain their virulence, after reaching the water or sewage, just as some typhoid bacilli introduced into an antiseptic solution remain alive for a certain period and do not die in- stantly. Q. Is it not a fact that a sufficient number of typhoid ba- cilli when discharged into a water supply by means of the sew- ers of a city or otherwise do create typhoid epidemics among the people who use that water supply for domestic and drinking purposes? * 10249 A. In my opinion the epidemiological evidence that water can be a vehicle for conveying typhoid infection is overwhelming, as I have repeatedly stated in my testimony. Q. Now, while scientists agree that typhoid fever germs when discharged into a running stream or water supply live and remain virulent in sufficient quantities to produce typhoid epi- demics, is it not also generally understood by such scientists that the life of the typhoid germ depends for its duration upon the character of the water into which it is discharged, the natur- al conditions which surround it and the temperature of the Water ? A. I think it is generally conceded that the character of a body of water into which a typhoid bacillus is discharged in- fluences the period of longevity of such bacillus. º Q. May not the conditions in a water supply, such as running stream, be of such changeable character as to permit at various times the interchangeable shortening and lengthen- ing of typhoid germs which are being discharged into the Wa- ter? A. As I have indicated in my previous answers changes in the character of a water may influence within limits the longev- ity of a typhoid bacillus introduced into it. Q. What limits do you have reference to, Professor? A. It is my opinion that from such changes as might ordin- arily be expected to occur in a natural body of water that 10250 the life of the typhoid bacillus would not be indefinitely prolonged by such changes. Under the favorable con- ditions existing in laboratory experiments when the typhoid bacillus is introduced into sterile water in glass bottles it has 6374 The State of Missouri vs. been shown that the typhoid bacillus perishes after a short per- iod. In natural waters a similar termination would undoubtedly occur even under the most favorable conditions that would ex- ist in nature. There is no evidence, bacteriological or epidemiologically that indicates that the typhoid bacillus multiplies in matural waters, but on the contrary all the available evidence shows that from the moment of introduction a diminution in the number of typhoid bacilli takes place. In other words, I do not believe that in natural waters the life of the typhoid bacillus can be indefinitely extended. Q. What effect has the added volume of water from Lake Michigan upon the typhoid fever germs discharged from the sewers of Chicago as it passes through the Chicago River and the Drainage canal, as applied to the conditions and surround- ings of those germs while contained in the sewage proper? A. I have made no experiments upon the life of the ty- phoid bacillus in sewage taken directly from the city sewers of Chicago as compared with the life of the same bacillus in such sewage diluted 20 times with Lake Michigan water. I have, however, made some experiments upon the diminution in the number of colon bacilli in ordinary undiluted sewage and 10251 in sewage diluted 1 to 20 with Lake Michigan water, and I find no difference in the rate of dying off of the colon bacillus in these two fluids, namely raw ordinary sewage and sewage diluted 1 to 20 with the waters of Lake Michigan. It is conceivable that the life of the typhoid bacillus may be prolonged for a few hours if introduced into a less concen- trated medium, owing to a difference in the intensity of the action of the toxic products, but I do not believe that such in- fluences would extend the life of the bacillus more than a few hours. - Q. In expressing the above opinion you do so without hav- ing made a personal observation or analysis of the water under the two respective conditions do you not? A. I have determined, as heretofore related in my testi- mony, the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the sewage of the drainage canal. This longevity is so brief that, assuming that the bacillus dies out in concentrated sewage in less than two The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6375 days, the difference can hardly be more than a few hours. The behavior of colon bacilli in concentrated and diluted sewage has also influenced me in forming the opinion that I have just expressed. Q. The opinion which you stated with reference to the longevity of the typhoid germ in the drainage canal was fixed at a limit of 2 days was it not? A. In the experiments that I have recorded in my tes- 10252 timony I did not find typhoid bacilli later than 2 days, even when enormous numbers were introduced into the sewage, numbers much larger than would be at all likely to ex- ist in the drainage canal under natural conditions. Q. Assuming, Professor, that the sewage of Chicago be discharged into the drainage canal, as now, and that the water and sewage passes down the canal for a period of two days, at which point it is discharged into a reservoir from which a community obtains its water supply, would you consider that Water as being free from typhoid fever germs, assuming also that there is an average rate of from 700 to 1000 deaths from typhoid fever in the City of Chicago per annum? A. I should not wish to put myself in the position of re- commending the introduction of sewage of any degree of stale- ness into a reservoir from which a public water supply was im- mediately taken out. The sanitary question is not the only one to be considered in such a connection. The aesthetic side is also Worthy to be taken into account. In discussing the results of my experiments performed in the drainage canal I have already stated that I should not as a sanitarian be willing to place two days as the utmost limit of longevity of typhoid bacillus in such water although this Was the extreme limit found in a considerable number of care- fully conducted experiments. This time ought at least to 10253 be doubled and possibly trebled in order to insure safety. So far as the introduction of sewage contained in the Chicago drainage canal is concerned, provided such sewage were from 4 to 6 days old, it is my firm opinion based on the experiments that I have made and all the information, epidem- iologically and otherwise that I have been able to obtain that G376 The State of Missouri vs. typhoid bacilli would not be alive in such sewage. I should like to relate in this connection an incident con– nected with my work at the Lawrence Experiment Station in Massachusetts. Among the experiments conducted there, were some experiments upon the filtration of city sewage through beds of sand. From one of the tanks used in these experiments an effluent was obtained which, chemically and bacterially, was very pure, although it had passed through only 5 feet of sand and was in point of time less than 5 days removed from the Original sewage. º The analytical results, chemical and bacterial, obtained upon this effluent were so convincing that a number of those engaged in the experiments at the Lawrence Experiment Sta- tion at that time, including Professor Sedgwick, Mr. Hazen and myself, drank of this effluent and suffered no ill effect. The results of the experiments that have been made by Professors Russel, Zeit and myself are, in my opinion, 10254 as convincing as those obtained in the Lawrence Experi- ment, and in my opinion such sewage, under the condi- tions described, that had been infected 6 days before would be free from typhoid bacilli. Q. Assuming, Professor, that the canal mentioned in the preceding question was of sufficient length to permit a flow of 6 days, and the other facts being as assumed in the preced- ing question, would you consider the water as being free from typhoid fever germs? A. I should not hesitate to consider it as being free from typhoid bacilli. Q. Professor, have you made any investigations as to the longevity of a typhoid fever germ in the waters of the Illinois River at Averyville? A. I have not personally made such investigations, but I know of examinations made by Professor Russell in connectiºn with the experiment that has already been described. g Q. That experiment was made in the same manner in which you made your experiments? A. In substantially the same manner, I believe. Q. Do you know, Professor, whether typhoid fever ba- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6377 Jº cilli are influenced in death rate more rapidly by the toxin cre- ated by themselves or by the toxin created by other forms of bacteria? A. Those substances that are spoken of in a general way 10255 as toxins have not been isolated as definite chemical bodies and studied as such. It is, therefore, difficult to answer your question which, as I understand it, is as to whether the products of the growth of typhoid bacilli are not more detrimental to typhoid bacilli than the products of growth of other micro organisms. The question is one which would have to be investigated with pure cultures and carefully controlled laboratory conditions, and there would be certain experimental difficulties. I know of no data directly bearing on your question. - Q. Do typhoid fever germs create toxin while in an un- natural state? - A. Understanding you to mean by unnatural state the con- ditions that prevail when typhoid bacilli are confined in glass. vessels or other receptacles outside of the animal body, I would Say that the meaning of the question, as I understand it, is not altogether clear. I am not sure whether you refer to substances that are poisonous for man or substances that are poisomous for other bacteria or substances that are poisonous for the typhoid bacillus itself. Q. Are toxins thrown off by typhoid bacilli at any other time than when they are in course of growth and multiplica- tion? 10256 A. Assuming that by your question is meant the forma- tion of any chemical substance, poisonous to any living Organism including in this the typhoid bacillus itself and other bacteria, I would say that the cells of practically all bacteria contain within themselves substances, chemical compounds, that are injurious to certain other organisms and there is no reason to Suppose that the typhoid bacillus is peculiar in this respect. The disintegration of the cells of typhoid bacilli may give rise to substances in the immediate neighborhood of such disintegrat- ing bacilli which are poisonous for various forms of organic life. 6378 * The State of Missouri vs. Q. Professor, do you understand the products of decom- posing and disintegrating typhoid bacilli to be the toxin usually and naturally thrown off by such bacilli? A. Assuming that by this question you mean to ask whether the toxin liberated by the typhoid bacillus which is re- Sponsible for the peculiar symptoms and lesions of typhoid fever in man originates from dead and disintegrating bacilli rather than from living ones, I will say that I do not. Q. State, Professor, whether or not typhoid fever germs throw off toxins of any character while contained in water other than the toxins created by disintegration and decomposition of the typhoid cells themselves? 10257 A. Assuming again that by toxin you mean toxic pro- ducts, I will say that I do not know whether typhoid ba- cilli contained in water emit, during life, any product harmful to themselves or to other organisms. Nor do I know whether, if such be the case, such products emitted during life are differ- ent from those that may pass into water from the disintegrat- ing and breaking up of the cells after death. I do not believe that any accurate information on these two points exists. Q. I will ask you, Professor, if it is not a generally ac- cepted truth that typhoid bacilli will perish more rapidly from the effects of the decomposing and disintegrating typhoid cells which immediately surround them than from the disintegrating and decomposition of other bacteria? A. I certainly do not know that to be a generally accepted truth. - Q. May not that, in your opinion, be a fact? A. I have no opinion to offer on that point. I know of no evidence enabling one to form an opinion one way or another, Q. Reasoning from the analogy of nature, I will ask you,' Professor, if it is not reasonable to believe that typhoid bacilli would perish more rapidly on account of being surrounded and buried in their own filth and the products and by products of its own decomposing matter more rapidly than surrounded by such products and by products and decomposing mat- 10258 ter produced by bacilli of a different nature and char- acter? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6379 A. I do not see how such a conclusion can possibly be drawn. For example, to take an instance from bacteriology. In a mixture of bacillus anthracis and bacillus pyocyaneus, the anthrax bacillus will die out much more readily than in a cul- ture where anthrax bacilli are present alone. The products of bacillus pyocyaneus upon bacillus anthracis seems to be much more injurious than the products of bacillus anthracis upon it- self. I know of absolutely no ground for assuming or suppos- ing that the products of one micro organism are more injur- ious to itself than the products of every other micro-organism are to that particular one. i Q. Professor, with reference to the special analysis which were made by yourself in connection with Professor Zeit and Professor Russell upon the longevity of the typhoid bacilli, I will ask you if these parchment sacks were suspended in the water to their full depth? A. They were. The glass tube to which the parchment Sack was attached alone projected above the water. Q. How far above the water did the point of the glass tube project? A. I should say on the average several inches. Q. How large was this glass tube, that is the opening? A. About two-thirds of an inch. 10259 Q. On table 1 introduced in evidence by you, Professor, when you testified with reference to those special exam- inations, was this water that was used taken from the drainage Canal at Lockport and the experiment carried on at that par- ticular point? A. It was. The parchment sack was filled with sewage taken directly from the canal at Lockport and then suspended in the float and typhoid bacilli immediately introduced. Q. When were these determinations made with reference to the initial colon count of sewage bacteria? - A. The sample was brought immediately to the laboratory and plated at once. Q. And the determination for the sewage bacteria, the colon bacilli and the streptococcus was then and there made? A. Yes sir. 6380 The State of Missouri vs. Q. And those determinations represented the laboratory determinations of the quantitative amounts or numbers of the respective bacteria contained in that water? A. Yes sir. - Q. I notice that this table, Professor, says that the ap- proximate amount of typhoid bacilli was 12000 per co. May that have been greater or less? - A. The number may have been anywhere between 11000 and 13000. The number was determined by plating from a sus- pension in proper dilution and counting exactly the num- 10260 ber of typhoid colonies appearing on the plate. All bac- teriologists recognize, however, that where such large numbers are dealt with the determination is an approximate one and not exact to the individual unit. Q. Now, in plating these samples of water from this parch- ment sac after it had been suspended in the canal for 12 days or more, is it not a fact that bacteria other than typhoid ap- peared in large numbers upon the plate? A. Upon some of the plates, yes, sir. The special media used, however, suppress a very large proportion of the ordinary Sewage bacteria while permitting the typhoid bacillus to grow. In some cases over 90 per cent. of the sewage bacteria are sup- pressed by these special media. w Q. Do not other forms present themselves with the same rapidity as the typhoid? A. Certainly. Q. Forms that resemble the typhoid? A. In some cases, yes. Q. How many plates did you use, Professor, on an average in making these respective determinations? - A. 2 or 3. Q. Do you consider that a sufficient number? A. A sufficient number for what? Q. To determine the presence or non-presence of ty- 10261 phoid bacilli in these experiments? A. I am not altogether sure that I understand the ques- tion. The details are set forth in each case. Thus, in table 1, on the fifth day after infection 1 cc. of the water which originally The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6381 contained 110,000 ordinary bacteria and 12000 typhoid bacteria was examined. This cubic centimeter of water when plated in T}rigalski medium developed only 86 colonies in all, it being remembered that there were at the outset approximately 12000. Eight out of the total number of 86 colonies which developed on this plate were selected as the only ones closely resembling ty- phoid colonies. These were studied in detail and none of them proved to be typhoid bacilli. In this case, therefore, the presumption is very strong in- deed that out of the 12000 typhoid bacilli originally present in that cubic centimeter of water not one had survived for the period of five days. Q. How much of the water contained in the sac did you analyze on the 5th day, of table No. 12 A. The table shows that 3 separate cubic centimeters were examined. These 3 cubic centimeters, together contained in- itially 36000 typhoid bacilli. Not a single typhoid bacillus was found in this quantity of water at the end of five days, and the conclusion is irresistible that these 36000 had perished. Your question seems to me to ask for an explanation 10262 as to the significance of the examination of small quan- tities of water. Assuming that typhoid bacilli were origi- nally uniformly distributed throughout the contents of the sac, each cubic centimeter theoretically contained 12000 bacilli. If these typhoid bacilli are found to have vanished completely from 1 or from 3 cc. of the water after 5 days the inference is plain and uneScapable therefore that no typhoid bacilli remain alive in the other 600 or 700 cc. in the sac. It is not the abso- Jute disappearance of each individual that is shown in each of these experiments but the relative and absolute death rate. Q. Professor, what per cent. of the original 12000 would have given the rigid reaction of typhoid in the event they had been plated immediately after being deposited into the parch- Iment sacs? A. I believe that all of them would have given the typical reaction if they could have been recovered immediately from the sac. - Q. Did you make an effort at such determination? A. In one case, table 6, a sample was taken from the Sac 10 minutes after infection of the sae, and 1-10000 of the mixture 6382 The State of Missouri vs. plated in Drigalski medium. Out of 14 colonies taken from this plate 13 proved to be typhoid, indicating a typhoid content of this water of at least 130000. It should be said, however, that in this case not all of the typhoid like colonies on the plate were picked off. 10263 Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that in all laboratory ex- periments, there is a certain percentage of stºrinkage from the original number of typhoid bacilli placed in the mix- ture examined 2 - A. I think that is so. Some of the bacilli die immediately or very shortly after their introduction. Q. Is it not a fact that because of the delicacy of the de- termination that a certain percentage of them are not recovered 2 A. Assuming that by delicacy of determination is meant the difficulty of procuring the isolation and correct identifica- tion of the typhoid bacillus, I would say that by the use of ordi- mary media that is undoubtedly true. With the use of these special media, however, that we have employed in this experi- ment, I think the shrinkage from this source is exceedingly slight. The media used gave results that were to me quite sur- prising in the accuracy with which typhoid colonies could be differentiated and correctly identified in the presence of other forms. In this particular case, on table 6, where 1-10000 of a cubic centimeter of water was examined 10 minutes after infectioã. and 13 typhoid colonies were found on this plate, not all of the Colonies that might have been typhoid were taken from this plate and it seems to me probable that had all the colonies been taken substantially the same number of typhoid 10264 bacilli would have been found as was originally intro- duced. Adjourned until 1:30 p.m., February 13, 1904. 10265 1:30 p.m., Saturday, February 13, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. - Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6383 PROF. EDWIN O. JORDAN, resumed the stand for further cross-examination by Mr. Jeffries, and testified as follows: - Q. State whether or not it was impossible according to the plan used by you in making these special determinations for any of the typhoid bacilli to have been suppressed or withheld from development on the plates? A. I think it is possible that some slight retardation of de- velopment may have occurred in the case of Drigalski and Hor- rock’s media, but there was absolutely no suppression, so far as I could determine, on Hiss's medium. Q. You did not use Hiss's media on tables 1, 2 and 3, did you ? A. No, sir; these were the earliest experiments and we did not find until the experiment had proceeded for a few days that Hiss's medium was especially favorable. It is my opinion, moreover, that such suppression as occurred was due to a weak- ening or attenuation of typhoid bacilli which was premonitory to death. Q. All of the colonies which appeared upon the plates were not fished off of the plates and examined afterwards, were they 2 A. No, sir; we very soon learned in the progress of the experiments to distinguish sharply between typhoid-like 10266 colonies and those that were not typhoidal. For ex- ample on the Drigalski media the colon colonies were red and could not have been mistaken for typhoid colonies by the most superficial observer. Q. Were all of the blue colonies fished off? A. On many occasions, yes, sir. For example, table 14, after 2 days on MacConkey’s medium all of the typhoid-like colonies on the plate were fished and this was usually done, especially after the first 24 hours. This was not true as regards colonies taken from the plates through the first day, since the number of typhoid like colonies was so great that the labor of picking off and examining all of them was so great and obviously unnecessary that it was not undertaken. As soon as the number of typhoid germs seemed to be diminish- ing, all the typhoid-like colonies were taken off. . In the later :6384 The State of Missouri vs. days of these experiments, that is to say especially after four or five days, it was very difficult to find any typhoid-like colonies on the plates at all and only those colonies could be taken that seemed to bear some semblance, however remote, to the typhoid colonies. Q. Is it not likely that the colonies which were fished off the plates were merely surface colonies and that there were others which were submerged on the plates? A. The plates were allowed to develop until the colonies that were at first submerged came to the surface. The sub- merged colonies in these media in many cases presented 10267 typhoid-like appearances, so that it was not necessary for them to make their way to the surface in order to cause suspicion as to their character. Q. Was it not necessary in order to obtain or determine the presence of typhoid bacilli in these experiments to have plated at least 10 plates in each instance in order to guarantee accuracy 3 A. In this case what was aimed at, as I have stated several times, was the proportionate mortality rather than the absolute presence of a lingering typhoid bacillus in a given quantity of the sewage. If the results showed, when 360,000 per ce. were introduced into the contents of a sac originally, that after three days searching, examination of 1 cc. showed no typhoid bacilli the significance of the experiment is apparent. If such a death rate was maintained during the first three days as to cause the disappearance of 360,000 bacilli from 1 cc. of the water it seems fair to assume that substantially the same mortality had pre- vailed in the other cc. of the sac. And although it is undoubtedly possible that a few straggling bacilli might have remained alive, even these specially resistant forms would, in my opinion, per- ish speedily since the mortality rate among the typhoid bacilli generally had proved so very great. Q. Is it not a fact that the tables of these special observa- tions which you have introduced show that you did not make a searching examination of which you speak in your last 10268 answer, by reason of the fact that in certain instances your examinations ranged from 1-10000 to 1-10 part of a ce. ? A. In reply to this question I would call special attention to the fact that these examinations of relatively small quantities The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6385 of water to which you refer were in the early days of each ex- periment, and that on the later days it is true in substantially every case that 1 cc. of the water was plated and examined. The numbers of typhoid bacilli introduced in several of these experiments was so enormous that it would have been absurd to examine larger quantities of the water since the typhoid bacilli were readily found in much smaller quantities. In table 15, for example, after 5 days, 3 examinations were made, one of 1-10 cc. and two each of 1 cc., and although 857,000 bacilli per cubic centimeter were introduced into the contents of this sac on the day of infection none were found after 5 days in a searching examination made of 1 cc. Q. Professor, even in the examinations where it shows that you discovered the typhoid bacilli by an examination of a small Quantity or a small part of a ce., your tables also show that you failed to find it when at the same time you examined a larger quantity of water. Will you explain why such results pertain? A. On reference to the tables I fail to find any such con- stant relation as that stated in your question. * 10269 Thus in table 13, after 1 hour 1-1000 of a co. was plated in Hiss's media, and out of 25 colonies fished 20 proved to be typhoid. From 1-1000 of a ce. plated in Drigalski, out of 6 fished 4 proved to be typhoid. From 1-10000 of a ce., also plated in Drigalski, out of 3 colonies fished 2 proved to be typhoid. - From 1-100 of a ce. in MacConkey's out of 15 fished 15 proved to be typhoid. After 20 hours 3 samples of 1-1000 of a Co. were plated and the typhoid bacillus found in all of them. One sample at this same time was plated in 1-100 cc. and typhoid bacilli were found. The same is true after 28 hours. I am unable to dis- cover in the records of the experiment anything suggesting the condition to which you refer. On table 14, after 20 hours 3 plates were made from 1-1000 of a ce. and the typhoid bacilli were found in one of these plates; 2 were made from ten times this amount of water and the ty- phoid bacillus was found on both plates. After 2 days in this same experiment 2 plates were made A—400 6386 . The State of Missouri vs. of 1-100 of a ce. of water and 2 of 1-10. In both 1-100 cc. samples typhoid were found and in one of those of 1-10. Such a relation as that indicated in your question does not obtain, as a general rule, although certain instances 10270 can be selected from the tables in which the typhoid bacillus was found among colonies selected with plates made with a smaller quantity of water while none were found among colonies selected from plates made with a larger quantity of water. This may have been because a larger number of colo- nies were examined in one case than in the other or because they were not there in the larger quantities of water, although by chance a straggling individual might occasionally be encoun- tered in a small quantity of water. The same occasional variation is noticed sometimes in ex- aminations for the presence of the colon bacillus, as every bac- teriologist has had occasion to determine. Q. How do you explain a discrepancy of this character as shown from the tables that where 1-10 part of a ce. Of water was examined and 1 cc. of the same water was examined at the same time, as, for instance, on the second day of table number 10, shows a larger number of colonies fished out as having the ap- pearance of typhoid bacillus or typhoid colonies in the smaller quantities examined than in the ſarger quantities of water ex- amined 2 A. In referring to the table mentioned, I find there is no Statement on this table to the effect that only the typhoid-like colonies were fished from these plates, and as the record stands in the table no such condition is implied as that indicated 10271 in your quesion. I may say that it happened very fre- quently in the conduct of these experiments that there Was a very small number of typhoid-like colonies on the plate, and in such cases other colonies were taken in order to extend the number of examinations made. This is the condition to which you refer in table 10, and the same thing obtains in many of the other tables. Especially in the later days of these experi- ments, it was often very difficult to find any typhoid-like colo- nies at all. Sometimes colonies had to be taken from plates for examination when their resemblance to genuine typhoid colonies was exceedingly remote and problematical. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6387 Q. Were there not more colonies developed upon the plate when a large quantity was used in the observations than when a small quantity was used? A. More colonies of all kinds, certainly. Q. And in such cases was it not more difficult to distin- guish true typhoid upon the plates developing the larger quan- tity of water? - A. Not when the plates were made with the proper quan- tities of water. The dilutions of the water varying by 1-10 pre- sented no material difficulty. Q. Then why was it necessary to fish off more colonies in one instance than the other ? A. It was not necessary. It was simply a matter of chance that on some plates more colonies were taken than on 10272 another, except in those instances to which I have al- ready referred, when all the typhoid colonies were taken off a plate as happened in the early days of this experiment. Q. Professor, on table XIII A, the analysis of the water on the 10th day, where you found the 3 typhoid colonies, I will ask you if those three colonies could not be more readily found in that particular observation than if contained in the one pre- ceding it on the same day, with a smaller quantity of water, but wherein there were a large number of colonies found upon the plate? - A. No, sir, quite the reverse is true. The Hiss medium on the whole, as I have stated several times, differentiated more sharply than the MacConkey medium. Q. Would they not be more liable to be submerged in the one instance than in the other and disappear on the surface of the plate A. If these typhoid colonies had developed on the Hiss plate instead of on the MacConkey they would, in my opinion, have been quite as likely to have been detected as on the Mac- Conkey. The differentiation on the Hiss medium is very sharp. Q. Professor, were there any analyses made of the water contained in the parchment sac, under table XIII A, on the tenth day, than the two samples shown upon the table? A. There were not. 10273 Q. After having discovered the three typhoid colonies did you subsequently examine the contents of that sac’ 6388 The State of Missouri vs. A. As will be moticed by reference to the table, this sac, the record of which is tabulated in table XIII A, was a companion to the one tabulated in table XIII. No typhoid colonies had been found in either of these after the second day, and from the way in which the preceding experiments had resulted, it was supposed a continuous negative result would be maintained so that on the day this sample was taken, the sac was removed from the water. It was not known until some weeks later that the colonies taken at this time were genuine typhoid bacilli. Q. Were any other efforts made thereafter to examine the water contained in these parchment sacs as long as 10 days whereby various quantities of water were examined by plating out 10 or more plates in each instance for the purpose of making a more correct and accurate determination as to the existence or non-existence of the typhoid fever colonies or germs Con- tained in the water up to and longer than the 10th day, or did you rely solely upon what you had previously found, and attribute this finding to the lodgement of some foreign substance to which was attached a typhoid bacillus upon the parchment and above the water line as the only reason why a further and more ex- tended examination along this line should not be made 3 10274 A. As the records show the sac referred to Was One employed in one of the later experiments of the canal, and soon after the completion of these experiments all the Sacs were removed from the water. I should explaim once more the method of procedure adopted in isolating and identifying the typhoid organisms. The plates were made as soon as the samples were brought to the labora- tory and incubated for 48 hours. The colonies developing on these plates were then examined by a long and laborious test taking for its completion several weeks. It was not until long after all the sacs had been removed from the water and the series of experiments brought to a termination, that final identification was arrived at in the case of the most of the typhoid colonies. The results were not known until the whole series was finished and tabulated. As regards the sudden appearance of these three colonies On a single plate late in one of the experiments I can only say that the most plausible explanation for their appearance in this way is, in my opinion, the one that I have given. According to The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6389 the doctrine of probability if typhoid bacilli were alive in the water in these sacs between the second and the tenth day they should have been found and their presence noted in some of the many hundreds of examinations made. The fact that 10275 they were not so found indicates, in my opinion that they were not present in the water, but found their way into the sac by some such accident as that I have mentioned. Q. How many observations were made of the water con- tained in the sac as shown by plate XIII A2 A. Examinations were made on eight different days, and of 207 different colonies. In several instances, as indicated in the notes at the foot of this table, all of the typhoid-like colonies appearing on the plate were fished and examined. That was the case when 1-10 of a ce. of water was examined on the third day of the experiment. All of the typhoid like colonies appearing on the Drigalski medium and all of those appearing on the Mac- Conkey medium on that day were fished and examined, no typhoid colonies appearing among them. If these three typhoid germs whose presence in one plate was manifested on the 10th day, had been alive in the water throughout this period, it would be reasonable to expect that other straggling individuals would have been found in the interval between the third day and the tenth, especially since quantities as large as 1 cc. of the water were examined several times, beginning as early as the fourth day of the experiment, when on this same medium all the typhoid like colonies were fished and examined. Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that as shown by table XIII A the initial colony count of sewage bacteria contained 10276 240,000 bacteria per ce. and colon bacilli at the rate of 1000 bacteria per cc. and typhoid bacilli at the rate of 285,000.00 per cc.; that the sac from which the observations were made contained about 700 cc., and that the 207 colonies fished represented the number of colonies examined for typhoid fever bacilli out of the entire initial number of bacteria con- tained in the parchment sac on the day of its introduction into the water, the examination of the 207 various colonies taking place from day to day for eight days, beginning three days after the introduction of the parchment sac into the drainage canal at Robey street and continuing for eight days or until the 10th day after the submergence as aforesaid? 6390 The State of Missouri vs. A. The question seems to me to involve an entire miscon- ception of the conditions under which these experiments were conducted. I should like to point out that on the 7th day the plate made in nutrient agar, developed with 1-10 of a ce. of water contained only 670 colonies per ce. There is, in other words, an enormous decline from the initial content of the water. To the 240,000 sewage bacteria were added, in this ex- periment, 285,000 typhoid bacilli, making a total of 525,000 of all kinds, per cc. In 7 days only 6700 bacilli of all kinds were present per cc. in the water of the sac, a reduction in other words of from over 500,000 bacteria per ce. to 6700 bacteria of all kinds. Instead of the initial number of bacteria in the sac being present, therefore, throughout the conduct of the experiment, the number is very much smaller than was originally 10277 the case, and it seems to me only reasonable to suppose that of this 6700 bacteria present in a co. of the water On the seventh day the larger number belonged to the more hardy sewage bacteria, while the more delicate typhoid bacillus had perished in even greater numbers than shown by the enorm- Ous mortality that prevailed among the sewage bacteria them- - selves. It is not proper, therefore, to make comparison between the number of colonies examined in the earlier days of the experi- ment when the number of bacilli in the sac was large, with the number of colonies examined in the later days of the experiment, When the total number of bacilli in the water had shrunk to such relatively insignificant proportions. g Q. I will ask you, Professor, in view of your last answer, how it is that in a case of the neutral agar, as on the seventh day of table XIII as referred to by you in your answer, devel- oped only 670 colonies while on the ninth day, with the same quantity of water observed, the same plate or character of plate developed 1460 colonies, and I will also ask you if in your an- SWer to the last question you have taken into consideration the number of bacteria that are retarded or suppressed by reason of the earlier character of plates used by you and about which you have testified heretofore ? - A. Taking the last part of your question first, I would sa that I purposely selected for comparison of colony counts The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6391 10278 the ordinary neutral agar plate in which no suppression OCCUll’S. I may add that this was the kind of plate used in determin- ing the initial number of sewage bacteria and so is directly com- parable with it. As regards the appearance of a different number of colo- nies on the agar plate on the seventh day and on the ninth day, I would say that the difference is so small as not to create special interest or concern in the mind of any bacteriologist who has had experience in plating samples of water. It is possible that the sample taken on the ninth day may have been slightly longer in transit, but even supposing that no such difference in time of plating occurred, such differences in number as that shown be- tween 670 and 1460 are sometimes found in duplicate samples of water plated from the same bottle by the same observer at the same time and in the same medium. Q. Then from your last answer I assume it to be a fact, generally recognized by bacteriologists, that it is not a safe proposition in making these determinations or in making de- terminations of this character to use in your investigations less than ten plates at one time in order that the bacterial contents of the water may be properly observed 2 A. I do not see how such an inference can be properly drawn from the answer that I have given. Q. As to the agar plate used by you in your determina- 10279 tions that degree of suppression or retardation of or- dinary water or sewage bacteria did not take place as was stated by you in your direct examination in reference to these tables and these experiments to be one of the objects of this particular character of work A. I made the statement that the Drigalski and MacConkey media, as used by me, suppressed a large number of the Ordi- nary sewage bacteria. I did not intend to make nor do I believe that I made the statement that neutral agar was used for the purpose of suppressing such forms. - I may add that the neutral agar plates that appear in some of the tables were made primarily with a view to determining the correct colony count for exact comparison with the initial number of bacteria, since the initial number of bacteria as given 6392 The State of Missouri vs. under the head of each table was ascertained by the use of this neutral agar media. wº Q. But is it not a fact, Professor, that the 207 colonies fished from the plates as shown by table XIII A are the only colonies developed from the contents of the parchment sac at that place which were specifically examined for typhoid deter- minations? A. That is correct. These were the only suspicious typhoid- like colonies that were examined. I would point out, however, that 170 of these were examined before the 10th day, not a single typhoid colony being found among them. 10280 On the 10th day out of 13 colonies taken from one plate 3 proved to be typhoid. Q. Is it not also a fact that during the 8 days only 7.02 cc. of the 700 cc. contained in the parchment sac were developed, On Table XIII A 2 - A. I have already pointed out the fallacy of interpretation involved in such a question and any direct answer that could be given to it. The rate and extent of mortality among the typhoid bacilli is the significant thing in these tables rather than the quantity of water examined. & I should, however, like to point out that even viewed in the narrow sense in which your question is asked that this quantity of water, namely, 7.02 cc. contained originally about 20,000,000 typhoid bacilli and that in the course of 8 days examination only 3 typhoid bacilli were found. Even when looked at in this way which seems to me open to misconstruction it is certainly a highly remarkable and sig- nificant fact that out of 20,000,000 bacilli only 3 should be found even assuming what in my opinion is not correct, namely, that these 3 typhoid bacilli had remained alive in the waters of the Sac during this long period of investigation. Q. On the 10th day, Professor, as shown by table XIII A, Only the surface colonies were fished, were they not? A. Yes, sir, according to the statement made in the note. 10281 Q. These sacs, as they were suspended in the water, were well shaken each day, were they not? A. Yes, sir, Mr. Irons, who had charge of collecting the Samples was under specific instructions from me to mix thor- oughly the contents of each sac before taking samples, and I The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6393 have every reason to believe that he followed out these direc- tions. Q. Did the water in these sacs extend to the glass tube, the upper end? - A. I think in some cases it did. I am not sure about all the Sa C.S. * Q. Could this deposit containing the 3 bacilli of typhoid as shown on table 13, on the 10th day, have remained there any length of time without having been disturbed, as explained by you in your direct examination? A. I see nothing improbable in that assumption. A par- ticle of organic matter in the sewage with typhoid bacilli adher- ing to it and lying underneath it, might adhere to the glass and remain there for several days finally to be dislodged by some Special accidental occurrence. *. Q. Knowing that those conditions would likely pertain should not a more extensive or extended analysis of the Water be made than was made, in order to determine its bacterial con- dition? A. In reply, I would say that if I understand the question correctly it implies that this source of error might have been foreseen. As a matter of fact it was not foreseen by me 10282 and the possibility of an accident of this character did not occur to me until after the experiments had been closed. - I do not regard, however, the general outcome of these experiments or the deductions to be drawn from them as affected by this accidental occurrence. Q. Professor, in your direct examination you spoke of the great care urged upon Mr. Irons in shaking each time the con- tents of the sac and running the water up into the glass tube, so that the water could be drawn with a pipette. In this case would not the sides of the tube and the parchment sac have to be washed down each day, if your instructions had been carefully obeyed? A. I have already answered that question. It seems to me that a particle of suspended matter present in the sewage at the time a large number of typhoid bacilli were present might adhere with such tenacity to the glass as not to be washed down during a series of examinations. 6394 The State of Missouri vs. I should also like to call attention in this conneciton to the fact that no samples were taken from this particular sack until 3 days after the infection of the tube. The washing up of the sewage from the sack into the tube, due to agitation of winds, etc., might have caused some of these particles to dry with such firmness in the first few days, that subsequent motion over them in the process of agitating the contents of the sac did not 10283 dislodge these firmly adhering particles. An exceedingly minute concrete particle in the sewage, no larger than the point of a needle, might have clinging to it many thousands of typhoid bacilli. Q. Professor, how long after these parchment sacs were suspended in the water before they became coated with this bryozoan & A. This growth was especially noticed in the sacs set in the canal at Robey Street. The coating appeared, as I recall it, in some 8 or 9 days after the sacs were immersed. Q. Did you not state, Professor, in your direct examina- tion that it appeared upon the sacs within two or three days? A. There may be some confusion as to the time of appear- ance of a slime on the walls of these sacs and the appearance of the bryozoan. * - Q. How soon did the slime appear after the sacs were sub- merged? A. At Robey Street usually within two or three days. Q. Were these parchment sacs of sufficient strength to hold the water? A. They were. Q. Were they air tight—I mean by that, would they per- mit the diffusion of air through the walls of the sac Before the Water was put into them? A. I think not, but I am not sure on this point. Q. Would they hold the water within the sac while sus- 10284 pended in the air 2 . A. Yes sir, they were tested on that point. I am speak- ing now of the sacs that were used in the experiment. Some SacS were found defective, having been injured in the process of making, and these were discarded. The sacs used in the ex- periment were tested in that direction. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6395 Q. What were the differences between the parchment Sacs and the celloidim sacs or receptacles? º A. One difference was that the celloidin sacs were a little more fragile and had to be handled more carefully and kept moist to avoid breaking. Diffusion takes place a little more rapidly in the celloidin sacs when they are made properly, other- Wise the conditions are very similar. Q. Did these slimy substances form on both the celloidin and the parchment sacs? A. In my experiments I had no celloidin sacs in the Water of the drainage canal. Q. Is it not a fact that the formation of the slime and the bryozoan upon the exterior of the sacs prevented diffusion through the walls of the sacs, rendering the conditions exactly similar to a laboratory experiment 2 A. I do not see how this could have been the case. The formation of slime may have retarded diffusion in some slight degree, but I do not see how it could prevent it altogether or even hinder it materially. As evidence of the similarity of con- ditions prevailing in the slime coated sacs in the drainage 10285 canal and sacs not so coated with slime I may instance the laboratory experiments that I made, when the sacs did not become coated with slime, but the course of events in these sacs ran a parallel course to that obtaining in the slime coated sacs in the canal showing essential identity of conditions as far as the bacterial life was concerned. Q. Would not that retardation of the diffusion depend upon the extent of the formation of the brazoa upon the exterior of the sacs? - A. It might to some extent, but the sacs were carefully ob- served with this very point in mind, and no material difference was found in the behavior of sacs rather heavily coated with Slime and those relatively free from it. The changes in the bac- terial content of the sacs were very much the same at Robey Street and at Lockport, although on the sacs at Lockport there was relatively very little slime. Q. How can you tell that there was diffusion in those sacs coated with slime and Bryozoa. tº A. I have already stated that the events shown to take place in the slime-coated sacs and in those without such slime 6396. The State of Missouri vs. coating were substantially the same. I see no grounds for as- suming that the coating of slime could materially retard diffu- sion. *. Q. T)o you understake to say that there was that same dif- fusion from within and without the sac as there would be and was during that time in the running water of the canal? 10286 A. I believe the conditions to be essentially the same. Q. In what way do you use the word essentially A. So far as products affecting the life of the bacteria are concerned. Q. Do you believe that the diffusion through the walls of the sac was sufficient to permit the products and by products of the bacterial contents of the water in the sac to pass through the waſ] and out of the sac, and also the products and by-pro- ducts of the bacteria in the water itself to pass from the main body of the water into the sac under the same conditions and to the same extent as it would be diffused, distributed and mixed as though in the running stream? A. Some of the products and substances would in my opin- ion not be readily diffusible. Assuming, however, that no diffu- sion whatever occurred, the changes that take place in the con- tent of the sac would be still of the utmost significance since there would be simply a portion of the water of the canal pres- ent under similar conditions of temperature, in each of these sacs and whatever took place in such a body of water might be reasonably assumed to take place also in the waters of the canal. Q. That answer is based altogether upon the proposition that all parts of the water in the canal are equally charged with polluting material from substances and that the bacterial counts are the same at all times at that particular place in the 10287 canal during the 8 days that the parchment bag was sus- pended in the water, is it not?. A. That is not quite correct for the reason that reference . to the tables of the experiment will show that the water into which the typhoid bacilli were introduced varied considerably in bacterial composition in the different experiments. Q. Professor, if these sacs became coated with slime which you have referred to in your direct examination, is it not a fact that they thus became impervious to all substances and im- pervious to dissolved oxygen? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6397 A. I do not know that that is so, but assuming that it were true the fact still remains that the changes in the bacterial con- tent of these sacs are the same whether the sac be coated with slime or not. So far as dissolved oxygen is concerned, there is probably very little if any of this in the waters of the drainage canal and I may further recall the fact that the tubes were open at the top and freely exposed to oxygen. Q. It is your opinion then that there is very little dis- Solved oxygen in the waters of the canal 2 A. In a water of the character of that in the drainage canal I do not well see how there could be much dissolved oxy- gen. Q. And there would be less in the parchment sac used in these experiments, would there not? - A. I have no means of knowing whether there would or would not. g Q. Professor, you analyzed bacterially the waters of 10288 Lake Michigan during the prevalence of typhoid fever in Chicago did you not, prior to the opening of the drain- age canal 2 A. Yes sir, I have made a number of examinations of Lake Michigan water as drawn from the tap in the University labor- atory. Q. State, Professor, whether or not there were more bac- teria in the waters of Lake Michigan, as shown by the colony counts upon your examination, than there were in the waters of the Illinois River at any point examined by you during this en- tire investigation? A. Yes sir, I have several times found more bacteria in water drawn from the laboratory tap than found at Averyville and at Grafton. * Q. As a general proposition was not the reverse true, in this to-wit: that you found more bacteria as shown by the col- ony Counts in the waters of the Illinois River than in the waters of Lake Michigan? A. I have not made a sufficiently extended examination of Lake Michigan water for a long period covering different sea- sons of the year, different wind and temperature conditions, etc, to be able to answer that question. 6398 The State of Missouri vs. I may also mention that a decline in the numbers of bac- teria usually takes place as a water passes from mains and ser- vice pipes so that the conditions in Lake Michigan may not be correctly represented by the colony count obtained upon samples of water drawn from a tap. 10289 Q. Prior to the opening of the drainage canal how far out in Lake Michigan was the water of the lake affected by the sewage of Chicago, if you know? A. I do not know. Q. Did you make any examination on that subject? A. I did not. Q. Professor, assuming that typhoid fever germs pass to the bottom of a body of water, either a river or a lake, and become deposited in the sediment, I will ask you if it is not more likely that such germs would afterwards be washed out and re- moved from the sediment, if deposited in the bed of a river than if deposited in the bed of Lake Michigan, opposite the mouth of the Chicago River, taking into consideration the average depth of a river, together with the depth of the water in Lake Michi- gan at the given point? A. Assuming what seems to me contrary to the fact, namely, that typhoid bacilli can be deposited in such sediment and maintain their vitality for any considerable period, it would of course follow that where changes in the surroundings and velocity were very pronounced such germs would be more likely to be picked up and carried along than in cases where the bot- tom ooze was not disturbed. Q. Assuming, Professor, that typhoid fever germs are 10290 carried out into Lake Michigan and deposited in the sed- iment of the lake would they be afterwards taken up and be carried into the water supply of the City of Chicago as freely and to the same extent as though they had been deposited in such a running stream? - A. Assuming indefinite continuance of vitality on the part of the bacillus I should say that the answer to that question depended upon the extent to which the sediment in the bed of Lake Michigan was infected and the degree to which such in- fected sediment was disturbed. I do not know how frequently or how profoundly such sediment is stirred up and becomes The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6399 mingled with the water. The water as drawn from the tap is certainly very turbid at certain times. RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION, By Mr. Todd. 10291 Q. . Professor, will you distinguish between the terms “presence of sewage” and “effect of sewage” as the terms were used by you in answer to a question of Mr. Jeffries? A. When I stated that the effect of sewage was present in the waters of the Illinois River at Averyville or Grafton, I re- ferred of course to the fact that the chlorine present in such large quantities in Chicago sewage was manifest in the water of the Illinois River at this point, and also the fact that the large amount of nitrogenous matter introduced into the Chicago sewage was shown by the amount of nitrates and other nitro- genous compounds present in the water of the Illinois River at Averyville. The effect of the addition of sewage to such a river water as shown in the chlorine and the nitrogenous con- tent might persist for hundreds and thousands of miles 10292 irrespective of any change that might occur in the sew- age itself. Thus, the chlorine would not disappear from the water of the river if the river were thousands of miles in- stead of hundreds of miles long. I should make this distinction between the effect of sewage and its presence. Q. On cross-examination you were asked several questions pointing to the possibility of the typhoid bacillus being able to swim away from injurious or toxic substances? Do you know how fast this bacillus can move? A. Some investigations have lately been published on the speed of a typhoid bacillus in the Archiv fur. Hygiene, 1903, 46, page 311, by Lehmann and Fried. These show the results of careful measurements made of the speed of the typhoid bacil- lus and other bacteria. The mean of the highest and the mean of the lowest observations are given in this paper. Moving at its highest speed a typhoid bacillus was found to move at the rate of four and one-half (4 1-2) inches in an hour, the mini- mum rate being about one-fifth of this. From one to five inches per hour, therefore, would represent the speed with which a typhoid bacillus could move. 6400 The State of Missouri vs. 10293 In a river flowing at the rate of half a mile an hour the velocity of the current then would be about 5,000 times as great as that of the typhoid bacillus, so that this organism would be helplessly borne along and brought into contact with various toxic substances without being able to remove itself from their neighborhood. RE-CROSS EXAMINATION By Mr. Jeffries. Q. Do you know of any means of determining accurately . and definitely the velocity which may be obtained by the ty- phoid fever germ in water A. These data that I have referred to afford the most recent information that I know of bearing on this subject. The measurements were carefully made with the microscope. It does not seem likely that under natural conditions the velocity would vary more than shown by the figures obtained by these investigators. Q. There is nothing in those experiments that show that any artificial means was used for the purpose of producing the most rapid probable velocity of these particular germs? A. The observations on other species of bacteria made 10294 at the same time with those upon the typhoid bacillus show that even those species of bacteria known to be most highly motile do not vary in their speed very much from the figures thus quoted. The typhoid bacillus itself is a very ac- tively motile organism and a rate of 10 to 12 inches an hour would be an enormous speed for any microbe under any con- ditions. Q. Do you know the volume of the particular particles of toxic products that are generally found in polluted waters? A. In regard to the nature of these so called toxic pro- ducts in water very little is known, as I have already stated in my testimony. They are, however, doubtless in solution and not in the form of concrete solid particles. Q. A very short space of removal may only be necessary, to bring the particular bacilli away from the disturbing toxic products into more formidable surroundings, may it not, taking into consideration the size of the particular bacilli? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6401 A. I should think that would not be the case for the rea- son that the diffusion of dissolved substances through water takes place at a very rapid rate and it seems unlikely that there should be a much greater concentration of these toxic bodies at One point in a mass of water than at another. The diffusion through the water and the mixing caused by the moving 10295 would tend to bring about a very uniform condition of the water within a space of several feet. Q. Then by the addition of water the diffusion becomes more Scattered and less concrete and effective, so far as its de- leterious effect upon the bacilli is concerned? A. I have already stated that that is in my opinion the most plausible explanation for the more rapid disappearance of ty- phoid bacilli in highly polluted waters as compared with pure waters, namely the greater concentration of the toxins in the Sewage polluted waters. Q. Professor, from your answer to the first question put to you by Mr. Todd, in re-direct examination, in which you de- Scribed the difference between presence of sewage and effect of Sewage chemically speaking, in water, do T. understand you to say from that that none of the bacterial counts which may be found in the Illinois River at Averyville come from Chicago, and that all bacteria originating at the city of Chicago have dis- appeared before Averyville is reached? I mean by that, all bac- teria of every kind and character that may be deposited or dis- charged into the Chicago River or the drainage canal at Chi- cago? 10296 A. Taking into consideration the enormous number of bacteria and the large number of species discharged into the drainage canal at Chicago and the relatively small number of bacteria found in the water of the Illinois River at Avery- ville, and taking into consideration also the continuous dis- charge of bacteria into the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers be- tween Lockport and Averyville, from the sewers of Joliet, La Salle and from the drains of many smaller streams or places, it seems evident that by far the larger number of germs intro- duced by the Chicago sewage must have perished long before Averyville is reached. Whether every individual bacterial cell entering the drainage canal perishes before reaching Averyville is a matter difficult to determine, There is this indirect evi- A-401 - 6402 The State of Missouri vs. dence, however, gathered from the composition of the various streams tributary to the Illinois. These streams, such for ex- ample as the Fox, the Sangamon and others, have not received the drainage from Chicago and yet their bacterial content, SO far as numbers is concerned, is almost identical with that of the Illinois River at Averyville. From my study of species of bacteria isolated from the Illi- nois River at Averyville as compared with the species 10297 present in the Chicago drainage canal it seems to me unlikely that any significant numbers of bacteria find their way from the canal to Averyville. It is impossible to state, however, that some bacteria be- longing to saprophytic species adapted to an aquatic life may not survive long enough to pass from the drainage canal to Averyville. Q. It is your opinion, then, is it Professor that no sewage bacteria or pathogenic bacteria of any kind or character, orig- inating in the sanitary district of Chicago and discharged into the Chicago River or drainage canal pass down the Illinois River as far as Averyville under all conditions that have existed or may exist in the future? A. I certainly should not be willing to express an opin- ion as to what might obtain under future conditions. Using the term pathogenic bacteria in the way which I as- Sume that it is meant, I would say that it is my opinion that few if any pathogenic bacteria pass down the Illinois River under existing conditions as far as Averyville. 10298 Q. But you will not say that they do not pass down as far as Averyville 7 * A. It is impossible to say that a few straggling individ- uals may not pass so far, just as it is impossible to affirm that they do pass as far as Averyville. Q. Now, Professor, in what way do you assume that the term pathogenic bacteria is used in the question and as expres- sed in your answer? A. I understood you to mean the pathogenic bacteria or- dinarily regarded as pathogenic for man. EDWIN O. JORDAN. ADJOURNED UNTIL 10:00 A. M., MONDAY, FEBRU- ARY 15, 1904. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6403 10299 10 A. M., Monday, February 15th, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. N. MAC I. HARRIS, a witness called in behalf of the defendants, having first been duly sworn by the Commissioner, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION BY Mr. Todd. State your name? Norman Mac Leod Harris. What is your business? . I am employed as an assistant in the Chicago Univer- sity, Associate in Bacteriology. Q. Under whom do your duties fall? A. Under Professor Jordan. Q. How long have you been connected with the University of Chicago? A. Since June 15th. Q. What business were you connected with, prior to that time? A. I was associate in Bacteriology at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. - 10300 Q. For how long? A. From October, 1897, to May, 1903. Q. Under whom did your duties fall, in the Johns Hop- kins University ? A. Under Prof. Wm. H. Welch. Q. From what institution did you graduate? A. From the University of Toronto. Q. Did you take a Post-Graduate degree anywhere else? A. Yes sir, in London, England, I obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons, and Licentiate to the Royal College of Physicians, London. Q. Did you do any work under the direction of supervision of Prof. Jordan, for the Sanitary District of Chicago, in con- nection with an experiment made in the Drainage Canal? A. I did. ; 6404 The State of Missouri vs. Q. What part of that work did you perform? A. The preparation of certain media used for the concen- tration of the organisms. Q. Were the preparations of these media done by you ac- cording to the directions and under the supervision of Prof. Jordan? A. By myself, upon consultation with him, upon certain points. Q. After the media were prepared, what did you do in connection with the experiments? 10301 A. My duties were the identification of the organisms, isolated by Miss Lincoln, who was an assistant. Q. And were you and Miss Lincoln in the laboratory to- gether? A. Not in the same room, we were working apart. Oc- casionally I would go in and see her work. Q. Miss Lincoln is the lady that Prof. Jordan referred to as being his assistant in his laboratory there? A. Yes sir. Q. After the identification of the bacteria was made—this identification was made under the direction and supervision of Prof. Jordan? It was. - After that was made, what else did you do? I simply kept a record of my daily work. And were these records submitted to Prof. Jordan? They were. As the work progressed? Yes sir. And everything you did in connection with the exper- iment, was done under the direction and supervision of Prof. Jordan? A. Yes sir. Q. After you obtained the instruction he gave, in regard to the method to be pursued? - A. I did. 10302 No Cross Examination. Signature Waived, F. S. B., Com’r. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6405 ERNST. E. IRONS, a witness called in behalf of the defendants, having first been duly sworn by the Commissioner, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION BY Mr. Todd. What is your name? Ernst E. Irons. What is your business? . I am assistant in the University of Chicago, in Bac- teriology. Q. Are you employed there now? . A. Not during the present quarter, no. Q. But do you still retain your connection with the uni- versity? I do, at present. What are you doing now? I am in the Presbyterian Hospital as interne. When did you graduate? In the University of Chicago, in 1900. After your graduation, what did you do? I was associated with Prof. Jordan, in bacteriology. . How long were you connected with the university under Prof. Jordan in bacteriology? A. From January, 1897. 10303 Q. Did you do any work in connection with streams ex- *..., amination, under the direction of Prof. Jordan, in the year 1899 and 1900? A. I did. Q. At what place did you do the work? A. At the University of Chicago. Q. This work was done in connection with the examination of what rivers? A. The Illinois river, and the Mississippi and the Missouri. Q. The results of that examination has been published in what is known as Streams Examination by the Sanitary Dis- trict? - A. It has. Q. As well as in the tables introduced in evidence by Prof. Jordan? i i Q 6406 . The State of Missouri vs. Yes, sir. g What part of that work, in a general way, did you do? I made the bacteriological examinations. Q. Did you receive the samples as they came into the labor- atory from the water takers? A. I received part of them in association with Mr. Stevens. Q. And after the samples were received by you, what was done with them? A. They were properly labeled, identified and examined. Q. The examination that you pursued in this matter 10304 was the examination under the direction of Prof. Jordan? A. Yes, sir. Q. For that period? A. Yes, sir. * Q. And all the reports you made were given directly to him? A. Yes, sir. Q. This laboratory is his working laboratory that you Worked in? A. It was. Q. And under the immediate supervision of Prof. Jordan? A. Yes, sir. e Q. And the results of those examinations that you have heretofore indicated, are the tables that are published and which have been testified to be Prof. Jordan’s tables? A. Yes, sir. Q. All the work you did in connection with these examina- tions, was done under the supervision and under the direction of Prof. Jordan? A. Yes, sir. Q. Mr. Irons, did you do any work under Prof. Jordan, in connection with the colony count, and the coli determinations, for the period of 1901? A. I did. Q. What work did you do? A. I established laboratories at Peoria, Grafton, and 10305 St. Louis. My chief work was at St. Louis, but from time to time I was at Peoria and Grafton for a day at a & time. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6407 Q. In establishing these laboratories, under whose direc- tions were you acting 2 A. Under Prof. Jordan's. Q. Do you know whether the City of St. Louis had labora- tories established at these three points at the time the labora- tories were established by you? A. They did. Q. Do you know whether water was taken from the Salme points in the river, that water was taken for the laboratories you have just testified as having been established at these three points? - A. So far as I know, the samples were taken at Peoria, from the same points. At Pekin, I do not know, I am not sure about that. At St. Louis and Grafton, I believe the samples Were taken at the same points, so far as I know. Q. What laboratory did you have charge of ? A. The St. Louis Laboratory. Q. Who else was there in connection with you? A. Mr. Sackett. Q. That is the gentleman that has already testified in this case? A. I think he has. 10306 Q. At what points was the water taken that was an- alyzed in the St. Louis Laboratory? * A. From the Mississippi river, Chain of Rocks, four sam- ples, and from the Missouri river, at Bellefontaine. Q. What determinations were made from the water thus Secured from these places? A. Determinations of the colony count and colon deter- minations. Q. How long after the water was taken, was it before they were plated? A. In the case of the samples at the Chain of Rocks, the Samples were examined on the spot in a temporary laboratory fitted out at the Chain of Rocks, that was done by Mr. Sackett. The samples from Bellefontaine, Missouri river, were brought to the laboratory, arriving in about two hours after collection. Q. All these determinations made by you and Sackett were tabulated? - A. They were. 6408 The State of Missouri vs. Q. And the results reported to Prof. Jordan? A. They were. Q. Were these examinations made in pursuance to direc- tions given you by Prof. Jordan? * A. They were. 10307 Q. Were these examinations made in pursuance to di- rections given you by Prof. Jordan? A. They were. Q. And under his directions and supervision? A. They were. - s s Q. After you had completed the work at St. Louis, what was done with the results of that work? A. Prof. Jordan had charge of all the results. Q. They were sent to him? A. They were. Q. Those are the results of that laboratory that has been offered in evidence here by Prof. Jordan, and you are the as- sistant that did the work under his direction, that he has testi- fied to ? - A. I am. Q. Did you do anything under the direction of Prof. Jor- dan in connection with an experiment made in the drainage canal, for the Sanitary District of Chicago? A. I did. Q. State what you did? & A. I had certain boxes constructed and placed in them 10308 parchment sacs containing various cultures, and samples of water. Q. From whom did you get the parchment sacs? A. The parchment tubes were bought from a chemical com- pany in the city, and were made into sacs by me. W. Q. How did you make the sacs, just describe the process? A. I cut off sufficient sizes, or pieces of tubing from the roll, and fitted in the upper end a glass tube, about 34 of an inch in diameter, and rolled up the lower end in such a way as to seal it. The joints at the upper end and the lower end were then satu- rated in a solution of rosin and tallow, and bound around with twine. After construction, the sacks were tested in the labora- tory to see that there were no breaks in them. Q. T)id the sacks come as tubing? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6409 A. They did. Q. What test did you employ to ascertain the integrity of the sacs? - A. The sacs were moistened, filled with water, suspended, and then observed to see if any minute points of fracture ap- peared in the outside, which would indicate perforation. Q. After you had prepared the sacs in the manner that you have indicated, did you use any sacs that gave 10309 evidence of perforation? No, sir. Q. After the sacs were prepared as you have indicated, what was then done by you? A. The sacs were taken out to the drainage canal and filled with the water in the canal. After they were filled they Were again suspended and observed to see whether there were any perforations. In case there was a perforation, the sack was thrown out. Q. Then what was done? * A. The sacs were suspended in the wire cage. Some of them were inoculated with typhoid cultures which had been pre- viously obtained, and some of them were allowed to remain with- Out any inoculation. - - Q. What were those sacs called that were not inoculated? A. They were called control sacs. g Q. The sacs that were inoculated, what were they inocu- lated with ? A. They were inoculated with suspensions of typhoid ba- Gilli. Q. What do you mean by suspensions of typhoid bacilli” A. A colony of typhoid was grown in the incubator for 24 hours in bouillon, then a portion of this culture was 10310 placed in sterile normal salt solution in a flask. Q. Who prepared these cultures of the typhoid bacilli? A. Do you mean originally? Q. Yes, sir? A. There were three cultures employed, obtained from the bodies of typhoid patients by Dr. Rosenow, at the county hos- pital. - Q. Did you secure these cultures from Dr. Rosenow? A. Directly, yes, sir. 6410 The State of Missouri vs. Q. After you secured them from him, what did you do with them? A. I handed them to Prof. Jordan. Q. And then, when did you get hold of them again? A. I received them at the laboratory from Dr. Harris, who had examined them in the mean time. Q. In what form did you receive them from the media? A. In agar streak cultures. Q. Then what did you do with them? A. I made a bouillon culture for each of them as required and inoculated them after 24 hours into a normal salt solution. Q. How were these typhoid strains designated? A. As typhoid X, Y and Z. 10311 Q. Now, after you prepared the culture in suspension, as you have described it, what was done with it? A. A certain amount of the suspensions was placed in certain of the sacs, which had been placed in the wire cage in the canal. Q. Now, how were the sacs numbered? A. The sacs were numbered A. B. C, and so on, down the alphabet, the letter designating a certain series, and then a number of similar sacs of the series was made. These were designated A 1, B 1, etc., and A2 B2, and so on. Q. And after the box was prepared, and the sacs inocu- lated, and placed in the water, was this in accordance with the instructions given you by Prof. Jordan? A. That was all under his instructions. Q. Then what did you do? A. After inoculating the sacs, and agitating them, samples Were removed from the sacs for immediate examination. Q. Will you describe what you mean by agitating the 10312 sacs? - A. Attached to the lower end of each sac was a cord, which is brought up and tied to the rack holding the neck of the Sac. The bottom of the sac was alternately brought to the sur- face and lowered, this was done repeatedly for ten or fifteen times. Q. Then after you had agitated the sac, what did you do? A. Samples were taken from the sac. Q. What means were employed for taking samples? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6411 A. I used sterile 10 c. c. pipettes with a rubber bulb at- tached to the upper end. The sample of the water was drawn up in these pipettes and placed in sterile 50 c. c. bottles. Q. After it was placed in the sterile bottles, then what was done? A. The bottles were sealed and taken to the laboratory at the University. Q. And after they were taken to the laboratory at the University, what was done with them? A. They were examined by Miss Lincoln. Q. And then what was done? A. That was where my work ended. Q. Did you keep a record of what you did? A. I did. 10313 Q. Did you keep a record of the time at which the Sam- ples were taken? A. I kept a record of the time they were inoculated, and the time they were removed, and the time they were delivered at the laboratory, and the condition of the cage, and sacs, at each visit. - Q. What was done with the record that you kept? A. It was handed to Prof. Jordan. Q. When you put these sacs in the water, did anything form on them? - A. There was a growth of water organisms which, on ex- amination, proved to be brazoa. Q. How soon after these sacs were placed in the water, did these brazoa, appear on the outside of the sacs? A. Little small spots began to appear about the third or fourth day, about the fourth day, and these gradually became larger, so that after a number of days there was a coating over the surface of the sac. Q. About how many days does it take to make a complete coating over the surface of the sacs? A. I should say about 14 days. Q. Did the brazoa appear on the sacs at Robey street and at Lockport? A. At both places. Q. At the same time and in the same quantity? 6412 The State of Missouri vs. 10314 A. No, they appeared somewhat earlier at Robey street, so far as I was able to observe. Q. Did they appear on all the sacs uniformly? A. Not entirely uniformly, the position in the box seemed to make some little difference, but I was unable to determine just what the reason was. Q. All of the work which you did in connection with this experiment as you have detailed it, you reported to Prof. Jordan? A. I did. Q. And was done under his direction and supervision? A. It was. Q. Did you at any time make any examination of the water of the Mississippi river at Quincy, Illinois, for the purpose of determining the presence of the bacilli coli communis? A. I did. Q. When did you make this examination? A. That was in the fall of 1902, in September and October, and in December, 1902, until February, 1903, and a week in March, 1903. - Q. For whom did you make this determination? A. This determination was made in connection with some work that I was doing for the American Steel and Wire 10315 Company, in connection with sulphate of iron for the purification of water. Q. Have you prepared a table showing the results of your examination of the water of the Mississippi river at Quincy, for that time? A. Such a table appears in the report that I made. Q. Was that table made by you? A. It was. Q. Who took the samples of water? A. I took them, myself. - Q. All this work was done by you personally? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was the same method pursued in this examination that was made for the coli determinations in the laboratory at St. Touis? A. Practically the same, yes, sir. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6413 Q. Will you read the table in evidence that you prepared there of the waters of the Mississippi river at Quincy? A. It is as follows: 10316 TABLE Showing the relative frequency of occurrence of B. coli communis in Mississippi river water at Quincy. Date. No. Of .001 C. c. .01 c. c. .1 c. c. 1. C. c. samples. * — ? + — ? + — ? + — ? Sept. 27-Oct. 3, 7 1 7 1 4 6 1 12 0 1 7 0 Dec. 30-Feb. 7, 13 4 17 13 13 1. 19 5 8 0 Mar. 24-Mar. 27, 5 0 7 1 10 9 3 11 0 Totals, 25 5 31 1 18 29 2 40 8 1 26 0 Q. Did you examine, the results of the coli determination at the station of Grafton? A'. I did. Q. Were you there at that station? A. From time to time I was. About every two weeks. Q. How does the presence of coli bacilli in the Mississippi river at Quincy compare with the coli bacillus at Grafton? A. Judging from the determinations that I made during the course of my work for the Steel Company, the colon bacillus was much more numerous in the Mississippi river at Quincy than it is in the Mississippi river at Grafton, or of 10317 the Illinois at Grafton. } CROSS-EXAMINATION, by Mr. Corum. Q. Mr. Irons, from what school are you a graduate? A. University of Chicago, and Rush Medical College. Q. Where are you employed now? A. As interne in the Presbyterian Hospital. Q. When did you graduate? A. At the University of Chicago, in 1900. Q. From Chicago, in 1900? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you attend any school since that time? A. The Rush Medical College. * Q. And you graduated from that school? A, Yes, sir, in 1903, t 6414 The State of Missouri vs. i What time in 1903? December, 1903. How old are you? Twenty-six years old. Now, these experiments that you made, were made under the direction and supervision of Prof. Jordan? A. They were. - Q. In each instance you did as you were told to do by him? J 10318 A. With the exception of this Quincy matter, yes, sir. . Q. You were then working for the American Steel and Wire Company? I was. Now, you say you placed some laboratories at Grafton? At Grafton, Peoria and St. Louis. When did you place this laboratory at Grafton? That was about September 28th. Of what year? ga 1901. How long did that remain there? The Grafton laboratory remained in operation until December 15th, I think. 103.19 J901? 1901. Did you personally superintend it during its existence? Mr. Sayer had charge of the laboratory. You were not present there at all times? No, I was not. At what other point did you place a laboratory? At Peoria and St. Louis. - When was the laboratory placed at Peoria? The first week in October, 1901. How long did that remain? A. Until about January 10th, if I remember. Q. Did you personally superintend that one? A. Mr. Schule had charge of that laboratory. Q. You were not there present at all times? A. I was not. Q. The other laboratory, did you personally superintend that during its existence? A, I did. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6415 Q. At all times? A. At all times except when I was called away on other matters. Q. Now, you stated that you took four samples from the Chain of Rocks in the Mississippi river? A. Four samples were taken. Q. Did you take those? A. We had collectors who took those samples under the direct supervision of Mr. Sackett. Q. Now, as I understand, you took some sacs out to the canal, yourself? A. I did. Q. How many of those? A. Between 30 and 40, I should judge. Q. And where did you place those? A. They were placed in the canal at Robey street and at Lockport. Q. Near each other, and how close were they together, those at Robey street? A. The sacs were placed at Robey street in a box 4 feet long and 3 feet wide. 10320 Q. All in that box? A. All the sacs were not in the box at the same time. because several of the experiments were repeated from time to time. Q. Now, those at Lockport, did you say? A. At Lockport. - Q. Now, how were they placed? A. They were placed similarly. Q. In a similar kind of a box? A. In a similar kind of box. Q. What sort of sacs were they? A. They were parchment sacs. Q. Were they such as to admit the diffusion of air? A. The upper end of the tube was open to the air. Q. But would the sacs themselves permit the air to be dif- fused? A. The sacs themselves were beneath the surface of the Water, 6416 The State of Missouri vs. Q. What remained above the water, how about the diffusion of air, what remained above the water? A. That would allow the diffusion of air, the same as most solids will allow the diffusion of a small amount of gas, if long enough time is allowed, but ordinarily speaking, it would not. 10321 Q. What do you mean when you say ordinarily speak- ing? A. There were no punctures in them. Q. They would not permit it, unless they were punctured, is that the idea? A. Any parchment membrane will allow the diffusion of a Small amount of air if long enough time is allowed. Q. Now, before these sacs were taken out did you test them thoroughly as to whether they would permit the water to soak through? A. At the time of removing each sac, it was inspected in the same way, it was inspected when placed there. Q. I mean prior to placing them in the canal, did you give them a thorough inspection to see whether there was any leak- age? A. I did. Q. Test them thoroughly? A. Yes, sir. Q. Then, when you took them out to the canal they were not tested again? A. They were. Q. Why, if they had been thoroughly tested before? A. As a matter of scientific exactness, they were tested again. ' * Q. And you did not detect any leakage on either test? A. If there was a leakage, it was reported at the time. Q. And then what was done with those sacs? 10322 A. They were thrown out. Destroyed? A. Yes, sir. Q. After these sacs were put in the box, they were per- mitted to remain there, as I understand, for different times? A. They were. Q. How long was it until you removed the first sac: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6417 Only a matter of three or four days. Did you remove the first sacº I did. What did you do when you removed it? I removed the entire contents for a chemical examina- tion. - What did you do with the contents? Took it to the University. Take it along in the sacs? It was taken in a chemical bottle. Was the bottle sealed? The bottle never passed from my possession until it was delivered. The bottle was sealed and did not pass from my possession until it was passed to the person who was to ex- amine it. Q. You made a chemical analysis of it? A. No, I made no chemical analysis. 10323 Q. Who did make that? -- A. I don’t know; that is, I don’t remember the man’s Ila Iſle. Q. Did you remove all of those sacs in the box at Robey street? * A. All the sacs that were removed, I removed. How long until you removed the last sac: . The last sac was removed at the end of the experiment. The last sac was removed about the 10th of November. Q. They were placed in there when 2 A. The first sac was placed in there, I don’t remember the date. - Q. Were all of these sacs intact when they were removed by you from the box2 A. No, they were not. Q. How many of them were not, if you remember? A. Well, there were several sacs which remained a matter Q. Were they all removed that were placed in there? A. They were. Q. And you removed them all? A. Yes, sir. Q. A A—402 6418 The State of Missouri vs. of about 18 days, as I remember, that were perforated when re- moved. Q. Several of those? A. Yes, sir. 10324 Q. Could you tell how long they had been perforated, Mr. Irons? A. Indirectly, I could. By judging from the other sacs which I examined that were not perforated, at different periods of time. * Q. Then how long had these been perforated, if you can determine it indirectly? - A. I should judge that the sacs remained intact about on an average of about 17 days. Q. While these sacs were in the canal, you spoke about a string being attached to them by means of which you would agi- tate them, what was the purpose of that? A. The purpose of the string? Q. Of the agitation? A. At the time of taking samples, it was decided that the Sample should represent the contents of the entire sac, and the agitation was used in order to completely mix the contents of the Sac, so that the sample should be a fair sample. Q. That was done only at times when you took the samples from the particular sac, was it? A. Yes, sir; or at times when it was decided to inspect the Sac possibly without taking samples. Q. Could you not have inspected the sac without agitat- ing it? - A. It would have to be agitated to some extent, 10325 because it would be impossible to see the sac in the water. Q. Did you put this typhoid culture in the sacº A. I did. Q. Where did you procure that? A. From Dr. Rosenow. Q. You simply acted on his statements about where he ob- tained that culture, you knew nothing about that of your own personal knowledge, did you, Mr. Irons? A. No, I know nothing except that I obtained the culture from him, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6419 Q. And acted upon what he said, about where he obtained it,” A. Yes, sir. * Q. These bottles that you put your samples in, were they sealed, hermetically sealed? : A. The samples from the sacs were collected in sterile glass stoppered bottles containing about 75 c. c. Q. And the bottles were sealed? A. The bottles were sealed with a rubber cloth over the stopper, fastened by a rubber band around the neck of the bottle. Q. Referring to that agitation again, Mr. Irons, would 10326 not the tendency be in shaking the sac in that manner, to shake down whatever might be attached to the sides of the sac, and it would fall to the bottom as a sediment, would that not be the natural tendency? A. I do not think it would. Q. Why would it not? A. Because, if there is other sediment, by its nature, it will be found at the bottom of the sac, if it is present at all, so that in order to examine that fluid, we agitated it. Q. Then, anything on the side, or in the bottom, would ap- pear in a liquid? A. Anything lodging of such a nature, that could float off in the agitation, would appear in the liquid. Signature waived. F. S. B., Com’r. 10327 MARY C. LINCOLN, a witness called in behalf of the defendant, having first been duly sworn by the Commissioner, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION, by Mr. Todd. What is your name? Mary C. Lincoln. What is your business? Bacteriologist. Where are you employed? . I am employed at the Food Preservaline Company, M. Cohen Brothers. i 6420 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Chicago, Illinois? A. Chicago, Illinois. Q. Did you do any work under Prof. Jordan at the Chicago University, in connection with an experiment made by him on the waters of the Drainage Canal for the Sanitary District of Chicago? - A. I did. Q. In what capacity were you then engaged? A. As an assistant doing the laboratory work. Q. Did you receive the samples that were brought into the the laboratory by Mr. Irons? A. I did. Q. And what was done with these samples when they were brought into the laboratory? A. They were plated by me. Q. Was the work which you did in connection with these samples done under the direction and supervision of 10328 Prof. Jordan Ž A. It was. Q. This was his private laboratory in which you were engaged? A. Private laboratory. Q. And the results of that work was tabulated by him in the tables that have been introduced here in evidence? A. It was. (JROSS EXAMINATION BY Mr. Corum. Q. Did you have anything to do with picking off the ty- phoid colony? A. I did. Q. Did any one assist you in that? A. Only Dr. Jordan, and Mr. Irons twice, I think. Signature waived. F. S. B., Com’r. Adjourned until 2 p. m., same day. 10329 2 P. M. Monday, February 15, 1904. Continuation pur- Suant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner, and same counsel representing the respective parties. * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6421 F. R. ZEIT, recalled for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, testified as follows: Q. Prof. Zeit, since you gave your testimony in this case, last October, have you made any experiment upon the longevity of the typhoid bacillus? A. I have. Q. Was this experiment made by yourself, or in conjunc- tion with some one else? A. It was made in conjunction with Prof. Jordan and Prof. Russell. * Q. Will you state the general plan as outlined for the making of this experiment? t A. The plan outlined was that Prof. Jordan should de- termine the longevity of typhoid bacilli under the most natural conditions, as would obtain in the drainage canal, both at the beginning of the drainage canal and at its end, and that Prof. Russell was to determine the same question with regard 10330 to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus at Averyville and that I was to determine the same question in Lake Michigan water, and in the Chicago River. Q. Did any one assist you in this work? A. Yes sir, my assistants Dr. Bassett and Dr. West. Dr. Bassett is an assistant and instructor in bacteriology at the Northwestern University Medical School, and Dr. West is my assistant at the Post-Graduate Medical School. Q. After the stations at which each of you were to do your respective work were selected, what were the general plans which you adopted in carrying on this experiment? A. I adopted two plans, the first was to use parchment Sacs, the second plan was to use celloidin sacs, both intended to allow osmosis, and both to contain the typhoid bacillus in the presense of the normal saprophytes present in the water of Lake Michigan, and the Chicago River. Q. Will you describe the characteristics of the parchment sacs and the celloidin sacs for the purposes for which they were used in these experiments? A. Both allow osmosis to take place the parchment Sac as well as the celloidin sac. The only object of using them was 6422 The State of Missouri vs. to allow the saprophytic bacteria in the sacs to multiply 10331 without retaining their excretions in the sacs which might destroy the typhoid bacillus. In this way, there was a free interchange between the excretions of bacteria im- prisoned in the sacs, as well as the products of micro-organ- isms in the free waters of the Lake, as well as the Chicago River. The principal object was to allow free interchange and to have the conditions in the sac the same that they were outside of the sac, with the one exception that, inside of the sacs there were, besides the usual water bacteria and saprophytes, also typhoid bacilli. Q. How were these parchment sacs and celloidin sacs pre- pared? A. Parchment sacs of a size to contain about 1000 cc. of water were folded at one end twice, and then also folded length- wise, at the upper end around a glass tube and then tied with a string, after which they were, the folds and string were covered with a mixture of sealing wax, tallow and rosin. In the upper end was inserted a glass tube of the size of about ten mm. which was tied in with a string and sealed with sealing wax, tal- low and rosin. The celloidin sacs were prepared from what is known as Park Davis’s Veterinary Capsules, No. 00. These are 10332 made of gelatin, and into each capsule was inserted a glass tube of a diameter of about 5 mm. Then the cap- Sule, which contained 30 cc. of water, was coated over with 6 % celloidin solution. A number of coats of this solution were applied, always allowing drying between each application, and then the sac was filled with water and the gelatin inside allowed to dissolve with heat. It was then repeatedly washed out, so that finally only the celloidin sac together with the glass tube was left. Both kinds of sacs, the parchment sacs as well as the cel- loidin sacs were tested. We tested them by first blowing into them, the sacs being under water, and looking for air bubbles. Second, we tested them by introducing an albumen solution into the sack and then testing the outside fluid in which they were suspended for 24 hours, for albumen. If these tests were negative the sacs were considered satisfactory and they were Ilsed in the experiment. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District o f Chicago. 6423 The sacs were sterilized before use whenever we inoculated the boiled water of Lake Michigan, or boiled Chicago River water with typhoid bacilli. We did this in order to see how long a typhoid bacillus could live if other bacteria were killed 10333 by boiling bacteria normally present in the Lake Michigan water, or in the Chicago river water, were present. The principal experiments that were made were, however, always made by filling the sacs, both parchment and celloidin sacs, with the Chicago river water, or Lake Michigan water, and then in- Oculating the non-boiled raw water with typhoid bacilli about on an average of 500,000 to the ce. of water in the sac, and then suspending all these sacs in the water according to what water was in the sac. If it was Chicago river water, why, then the Sacs would be suspended in a box, and if it was Lake Michigan water, the sacs were suspended in a jar in my laboratory at the Post-Graduate Medical School. *. Q. After these sacs were prepared, tested and sterilized in the manner that you have indicated, what method did you pursue in infecting the sacs with typhoid bacilliº A. The sacs were inoculated with typhoid bacilli which had grown upon agar slants, for 24 hours in the incubator. Of these, coli grown on agar slants enough material was placed into the sac to produce a mixture of about 500,000 typhoid bacilli to the ce. of the water. Q. Where did you get the cultures of the typhoid fever germs that you planted on the agar slant? A. We received one strain of typhoid bacillus from Prof. Jordan marked “Bacillus X.” These bacilli were ob- tained from the blood of a typhoid fever patient at the Cook County hospital. The other bacillus we received from Parke, Davis & Co., in Detroit. This bacillus had been used to im- munize a horse. With this bacillus we also received the serum of the immunized horse. * Q. . After these cultures of bacilli were received by you, what did you do with them? A. We inoculated many other agar tubes from them, and put them in the incubator over night, and these were the cul- tures which we used. 6424 The State of Missouri vs. Q. After your culture was prepared, what method did you employ for infecting the sacs of parchment and celloidin that you prepared? A. We suspended these sacs in the Chicago River at the Ashland avenue bridge in a box, and similar sacs were suspended in a jar of water through which fresh Lake Michigan tap water was constantly flowing. At the time they were suspended in these two localities, we plated out upon agar, and, from now on we plated out every day from these sacs which we had 10334 in the Chicago River, and in the laboratory with the tap water, and made agar plates. We made agar plates every day, from both Lake Michigan and also river water, from these Så.C.S. < Q. Will you describe the boxes into which these sacs were suspended ? A. The boxes were prepared in the same manner as Prof. Jordan prepared his. The boxes were suspended in the same manner except that we had inside of the box a cross piece. On which were fastened a number of burette clamps into which the glass tubes of the parchment sacs were clamped, the sac being suspended in the water. The celloidin sacs were suspended in the same manner, the open tube closed with cotton, the same as in the parchment sacs and passing out for some distance above the outside water. 3 Q. What was the purpose of the cotton? - A. The purpose of the cotton was principally to prevent the entrance of other bacteria except those in the water, and Second, to allow free access of air. It acts as a germ filter, but does not prevent the entrance of air. Q. How were the sacs which you have described, infected with the typhoid bacillus that you had prepared? 10335 A. In the parchment sacs we took a suspension of ty- phoid bacilli in sterile water made by distributing ma- terial from colonies grown upon the agar slants for 24 hours. We took these watery suspensions of typhoid bacilli to the Ashland Avenue bridge. The sacs were suspended in the box in the river, under the south side of the bridge. We filled the Sacs, first with river water, and then added to the 800 cc. of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6425 º river water enough of our watery suspension of typloid ba- cilli to make in the sac a mixture containing between 200,000 to 1,500,000 typhoid bacilli per cc. We made these experi- ments numerous times. We used an average suspension of 500,000 typhoid bacilli to the ce. in the sac. Q. After these sacs were infected in the manner that you have indicated, what was the next step pursued by you in the experiment? A. We would plate out at once and then go there the next day and remove from the parchment sac by means of a sterile pipette a quantity of the water in the sac after the sac had been Shaken. We would always first loosen the burrette clamps, take out the whole sac and see whether it was still patent, and that there was no leak. If there was no leak, we would shake the sac and then remove by means of a sterile pipette, a quantity of water which was placed into a sterile flask which we had 10336 brought along. This flask was immediately taken to the laboratory and here plated out. We would plate out on agar, and we would use for each agar plate .001 cc, .01 cc, .1 and 1 cc, and sometimes larger quantities, as much as 5 cc. Q. How soon after the sacs were suspended in the drain- age canal at Ashland avenue would it be before the samples were taken out in the manner you have just indicated? A. The first samples were usually taken after 24 hours and after that, daily. We took one sample a day from the mo- ment that we placed the sacs in the river. Who placed these sacs in the river? Dr. Bassett and myself. You had personal supervision of this experiment? I did. And all parts of it? And all parts of it. Confining yourself now to the experiment at Ashland avenue, how many sacs of parchment and celloidin were placed in the Chicago river at that point by you? A. There were 8 experiments made at each place, that is, eight experiments at the Ashland avenue bridge in the river Water, and 8 experiments made in flowing lake water from the tap of the Post Graduate laboratory. i 6426 The State of Missouri vs. 10337. Q. How many of these 8 sacs at Ashland avenue which you employed in this experiment were celloidin, and how many were parchment? A. There is some difference between those experiments. In the case of parchment sacs we filled each sac only once, and would take samples daily from the sac. In the celloidin sack experiment we used very many sacs, and took out a whole sac every day and took it to the laboratory. We never took any Samples of water out of the celloidin sacs in the river but always took a whole Sac. We would take for one experiment, as many as 8 or 10 celloidin sacs to the river filled and infect them and suspend them all, and bring home one of these sacs every day, and plate out from it at the laboratory. In other words, we avoided any possible contamination of the specimens to be plated out, and used 8 to 10 celloidin sacs for one experiment, whereas, with the parchment sacs, one sac always made one ex- periment and we would take out 25–30 CC water from that, daily. Q. Now, professor, will you explain in detail the definite means employed, the manner in which they were employed, in making the experiment at Ashland avenue? A. After the parchment sacs were filled and infected with the suspension of typhoid bacilli that we had taken to the place, We then took from the mixture a specimen of water from 10338 the sac into a sterile flask and took that home to the laboratory for control. The next day, and every day fol- lowing, Dr. Bassett would go to the box and obtain from this Sac a quantity of the fluid after examining the sac for holes, and bring this material in a sterile flask to the laboratory. At the laboratory every day, then, we would plate out this material in a number of plates, using .001; 0.01; .1; 1 cc, and some- times more of this water from the parchment sac. Common agar was used. The agar plates, which were placed into the incubator over night, were then examined from day to day and any typhoid like colonies were inoculated into Hiss's medium. This was done for several days, the colonies which in Hiss's Medium proved to be non-motile bacteria, or which proved to be gas producers were thrown aside. Only those colonies in Hiss's medium which showed no gas but showed a diffuse cloudiness due to the motility of the organism that had been The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6427 growing there, were then tested with the serum obtained from Parke, Davis & Co. of the immunized horse which would ag- glutinate typhoid bacilli in a dilution of 1 to 1000, almost in- stantly. If by this test we found that such a colony was 10339 a typhoid bacillus, we would take it for granted that the typhoid bacillus was still present. When it was impos- sible to get any positive Widal serum reactions by this means, then we would take that plate in which we were unable to find typhoid bacilli and inoculate from it Hiss's tubes, taking every colony that had grown on it. Then, again, from Hiss's Medium, we would pick out the motile, non gas producers and make a Widal serum test. We would sometimes, also use Litmus milk. Q. Professor, will you explain the bacteriological signifi- cance of the strain of the typhoid bacillus which you used to- gether with the significance and meaning from a scientific stand- point of the serum of the horse, which you employed in this ex- periment? o A. The object of using preferably the Parke, Davis bacil- lus ‘‘O’’ was to enable us by means of the Widal test to quickly find colonies of typhoid bacilli if present. In other words, we avoid very much labor in the way of running the colonies , 10340 through so many different culture media. We could tell the typhoid bacillus sometimes almost immediately. We could tell it sometimes directly on the plate. I have taken agar plates after they had been in the incubator and right away picked up a typhoid like colony and tested it with the serum of the immunized horse. The reason we preferred this bacillus to the “X” bacillus was because we could do so much more work. We could examine so many more colonies and we would find typhoid bacilli much quicker. We would avoid a great deal of troublesome examination. When we were satisfied that we had a Widal reaction in the dilution of 1 to 1000, we put that down as positive that the typhoid bacillus was present. The whole method of diagnosis of a typhoid bacillus, that is the most certain and acceptable one is that of being able to agglutinate typhoid bacilli by certain substances which are present in the serum or in the blood of the person who has ty- phoid fever, or the immunized animal which has been injected with typhoid bacilli. If an animal is injected with typhoid ba-. cilli in a less dose than that which would kill it, the result is that 6428 * * * The State of Missouri vs. a substance is produced in the animal’s serum which agglutin- ates typhoid bacilli, which clumps them. 10341 The typhoid bacillus is normally a very motile and active bacillus, but when small traces of the serum of an im- munized horse or the serum of a typhoid fever case is added to a watery suspension or the fresh bolliuon culture of motile ty- phoid bacilli, they lose their motility and aggregate in clumps. This constitutes one of the essential points of diagnosis and therefore we preferred to use the Parke Davis bacillus in most of our experiments. Q. What relations existed between the strain of typhoid bacillus that you used, and the serum of the immunized horse which you used? A. It was the homologous germ. It was the germ which had been used for immunizing the horse, and therefore the test was more to be depended upon than if we had used the serum of a typhoid fever patient which had been infected with an- other strain of typhoid bacillus. Q. Where did you secure the serum which you used, and how did you get it? * A. We received both the typhoid bacillus with which this horse had been immunized as well as the serum of the im- . munized horse at the same time from Dr. Larned, the Chicago representative of Parke Davis Co. who had told me that they had an immunized horse whose serum would agglutinate the homologous germ in the dilution of 1 to 50,000, or 1 to 10342 60,000. - We found, however, that it would agglutinate it only in 1 to 1000. Q. What other strain of typhoid did you use in the ex- periment, or at Ashland avenue, in the Chicago river? A. We used a strain received of Prof. Jordan’s laboratory, typhoid bacillus ‘‘Y,” which was obtained from the Cook Coun- ty Hospital from the blood of a patient having typhoid fever. Q. Will you describe the part of the experiment conducted at Ashland avenue with the celloidin sacs? A. We would take from 8 to 10 celloidin sacs for one ex- periment to the Ashland avenue bridge together with suspen- sions of typhoid bacilli in water, which had been grown on agar in the incubator over night, and would then fill all the sacs by The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6429 removing the cotton stopper and placing the sacs under water. We would not entirely fill these. We would pour out some of the sacs and we would then infect them with our suspension, to a number of 500,000 typhoid bacilli per 1 cc and then insert the cotton stopper, place their glass tubes into the burrette clamps, suspended in the water, only the glass tubes 10343 sticking out, and we would remove one sac and take it to the laboratory every day, and proceed in the same manner of plating out and differentiating, as we did with the water specimen of the parchment sacs. Q. What strains of typhoid fever did you employ in these celloidin sacs? A. In the celloidin sacs we only used the Parke Davis strain. g Q. In the parchment sacº A. In the parchment sac we used both strains, the bacillus X of Prof. Jordan and the Parke Davis bacillus. Q. Were these mixed together in the parchment sac? A. They were not. We either used the one or the other. Q. How many parchment sacs did you use at Ashland avenue? A. Six. - Q. How many celloidin sacs did you use at Ashland avenue? A. 16 to 20, I should say, because some broke. We took 10. We usually took 10, but some accident would occur once in a while. We intended to have 10, and take one out every day after we knew how long the typhoid bacilli lived at Ashland avenue bridge, by the parchment sac experiment. We took 10 sacs of celloidin for one experiment knowing that we would not find them any longer than ten days, but usually some of 10344 them would break, so that probably we had 16 to 18 sacs in all, suspended. Q. How would this breakage occur? A. This breakage would occur by dropping one and break- ing the glass upon the stone foundation of the bridge. The whole danger of breaking existing at the time that we put them in, not at the time that we took them out, and if one sac would drop, then why, the glass tube which was very long, was broken. We could not use that tube. It was not the sac that broke. The 64.30 The State of Missouri vs. sac was so strong that you could pull it considerably, or it could be thrown on the floor without breaking the celloidin sac. It is the glass tube that broke, the structure of the bridge being stone. Q. After the contents of this celloidin sac were plated, as you have indicated, what then did you do? A. We plated out on agar, using .001, .01, .1, 1CC, and Sometimes several co, 2 to 5 even. Q. After you had done the plating as you have indicated, what was the next step in the experiment? A. The plates were placed in the incubator over night at blood temperature and the colonies that appeared the 19345 next day examined and any typhoid suspicious colonies were them inoculated into tubes containing Hiss's me- dium. These were allowed to grow, and those which showed no cloudiness in the Hiss medium, or, which showed gas, were set aside, whereas, all the non-gas producing motile bacteria, in Hiss's medium, were again tested with the immune serum. Q. How was that test made Professor? A. It was made by making a dilution of serum one part and fresh typhoid bouillon culture 1000 parts. The way this was done, was to take 1 cc of a fresh bouillon culture of typhoid bacilli, and adding diluted serum, enough to make the mixture, 1 miligram of immune serum to 1 cc of fresh typhoid bouillon, grown in the incubator for 24 hours. This mixture was placed upon a slide, a cover glass placed over the fluid and examined by the microscope. If the bacilli lost their motility and agglu- tinated in clumps, we would call that bacillus a typhoid bacillus. If no bacilli agglutinated in this manner we would take 1 cc of typhoid bouillon and one centigram of the immune serum, making a dilution in this way of 1 to 100, and again look for loss of motility and clumping. If we had no reaction in this 10346 manner by loss of motility and clumping, within 2 hours, we would say, that bacillus was not a typhoid bacillus. In this case we would go back to the plate from which the bacil- lus was obtained and inoculate Hiss tubes from all the colonies that had appeared upon the agar plate. The Hiss tubes showing motile bacilli, and no gas, were again tested with this serum, and if it proved positive, we would say that there was a typhoid bacillus present. If it proved negative, we would take all the motile non-gas producers from Hiss's media, to other culture The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6431 media, such as litmus milk, potato slants, gelatin stabs, to verify that they were not typhoid bacilli. If we found that a bacillus in the dilution of serum to typhoid bouillon, 1 to 1000, would ag- glutinate any bacillus we found we would call that a typhoid bacillus without going any further in the way of making cul- tures. Q. How many tests did you make at the Ashland avenue station in this experiment? A. I made in all, 8 experiments. Six experiments were made with parchment sacs. Two experiments were made with celloidin sacs, using from 8 to 10 celloidin sacs for each experi- ment. Q. Will you state in detail, the results that you ob- 10347 tained from all these experiments made by you at Ash- land avenue? - A. In all the experiments with a surprising similarity we found that during the first 24 hours the total number of bacteria would greatly increase and typhoid bacilli could be found even with the increasing numbers of all bacteria present in the sac. That typhoid bacilli were found for the next day, during which the total number of bacteria greatly decreased and from now on the total number of bacteria continued to decrease except the typhoid bacteria which were found for three days at the most in Chicago River water. It was impossible, after three days in any of our sacs to find typhoid bacilli. There was no difference in the results of the experiments between the parchment sac and the celloidin sac. In both there was great increase of all bac- teria for 24 hours, then the number dropped from day to day and no typhoid bacilli could be found after the third day. In Some of the experiments, after two days we found no typhoid bacilli. The longest we ever found them was three days. Q. How many days did you follow up this investigation in each experiment? 10348 A. In the parchment sacs, we would examine for 15 days, in one instance for 20 days. In the celloidin sacs, we followed it up as many days as we had sacs. We started out to have 10 sacs for 10 days. Occasionally one would get broken, and the minimum was 8 sacs for one of the celloidin experiments. We found that in the parchment sacs, after two weeks the sacs usually went bad, and so we ceased, after the first experiments, 6432 The State of Missouri vs. to use the parchment sacs longer than 10 days. That is also the reason why we used the celloidin sacs only 10 days. Feeling certain that we had examined every colony on the plates in one of the first experiments after typhoid bacilli could not be found any more and that the results were negative after 3 days, We thought that 10 days was all that was necessary to follow up the experiment on an average in future experiments. - Q. Have you stated everything connected with the Ash- land avenue experiment, now? A. No, I have not. We have also made experiments in which we have taken the river water and filtered it through a Pasteur filter and then have plated it out to make certain that no water bacteria had passed through the filter. Such raw, filtered river water we infected with typhoid bacilli and found that typhoid bacilli die in this water also in two days, in 10349 some instances, so that it would appear that there is in the water itself something which destroys typhoid bacilli even if no saprophytes are mixed with typhoid bacilli. The reason I mention this is because in some of my former testimony, I laid particular stress upon the fact that I thought the disap- pearance of the typhoid bacillus in the experiments reported at that time was principally due to the overgrowth of saprophytic bacteria, whereas, as a result of these experiments, I conclude that there are in this river water certain substances, possibly excreted substances of saprophytes, which alone are sufficient to prevent the growth of the typhoid bacillus and even to de- stroy it within a very short time. We have also made experiments in which we inoculated a typhoid bacillus into boiled river water. And in these experi- ments the bacillus lives longer than it did in the raw but filtered river water. In boiled river water containing no living bacteria, into which we inoculated typhoid bacilli, they would live longer than they would in the unboiled, filtered sterile river water. 10350 Q. How much longer, Professor? A. Three days longer. Q. In the boiled filtered water? A. Yes sir. Q. How long did they live in the parchment sacs and the celloidin sacs which you employed at Ashland avenue? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6433 A. The longest was three days. There is not so much difference between the presence of saprophytes in the sacs and the effect of raw filtered water on typhoid bacilli. Q. Did you make any other experiments in conjunction with this experiment? A. I made, in one instance, an experiment by which I added to the water from a parchment sac, immune serum of this horse, and then collected the preciptate in the form of a conical glass tube and added peptone solution to this precipitate, hoping that if I had escaped any typhoid bacilli by the other method, this way I could enrich the number of typhoid bacilli, if any had been left alive. I tried this several times, always adding again Serum of the immune horse in that way, hoping to agglutinate and precipitate the typhoid bacilli of the whole quantity of Water used, and in that way obtaining all the typhoid bacilli that were present in the water, and getting it to the bot- 10351 tom, pouring off the rest and adding nutrient material . to the residue because it is a fact that immune serum agglutinates typhoid bacilli, but will not kill them. So I thought if I used large quantities of the water I might be enabled to find typhoid bacilli later than in the other experiments, where only small quantities of water are used for plating out. I was entirely unsuccessful here in finding typhoid bacilli probably because these experiments were only made after the other experiments showed the disappearance of typhoid bacilli. I am convinced the method is a good one and will enable us to find typhoid bacilli if they are there, much easier because we can use a larger quantity of water for this test. If we have enough serum, we can agglutinate all the typhoid bacilli and they fall to the bot- tom and can be grown again on plates because the precipitated clumps of typhoid bacilli are not dead. I was unsuccessful, after the third day, in the river water, by this method, to find any typhoid bacilli. 10352 Q. Did you employ that method before the third day? A. I experimented on it before I employed it. I added a very small loop full of bouillon culture to a liter flask of water, and of this liter flask full of water took one loop full and added it to another liter glass full of sterile water, and tried the experi- ment upon this dilution in the second flask and had no trouble in finding typhoid bacilli. - A—403 6434 The State of Missouri vs. Q. How many ce in a liter? A. 1000. - Q. What success did you have in agglutinating the X strain sent to you by Prof. Jordan, with the horse serum? - A. That agglutinated, although not in as great dilutions. The best that we could do was to agglutinate a dilution of 1 to 30 or 1 to 40. We also inoculated a few rabbits with this bacillus, the serum of the animals which lived never agglutinated the same bacillus X, in a greater dilution than 1 to 50, or 1 to 100. Feeling that the Widal test was such an impor- tant one in our work for the identification of the typhoid bacil- lus, we preferred to use the Parke Davis culture mostly. Q. How did the Parke Davis culture compare in vital- 10353 ity with the X strain? A. The vitality was just as great if not greater. It was more motile than the bacillus “X.” It was a great deal more motile than the bacillus X. Q. In making this experiment at Ashland Avenue how comprehensive was it as far as the known methods of bacteri- ology for the determination of typhoid in the water was con- cerned ? º A. I would say that the manner employed here of using a membrane that allowed osmosis of the fluids outside of the Sac in the river as well as the excretions of the bacteria, multiplying inside of the sac to pass freely in and out, conditions were pro- duced which were as nearly those existing in nature as could be artificially produced. This experiment shed more light upon the true conditions of the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in polluted streams than we have known in the past. The opinions of bac- teriologists the world over have varied as to the length of time that a typhoid bacillus would live in lake and river waters and I am satisfied now that this variation in their statements as to its longevity is not due so much to the varying vitality of the typhoid bacillus as to the presence in the water of certain sub- stances which in one case will destroy a typhoid bacillus 10354 quicker than in another. I think that these variations can only be explained by such experiments as we have made. The fact that even in the raw filtered river water, free of all saprophytes typhoid bacilli die rapidly is evidence that there is in this water something which destroys the typhoid The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6435 bacillus quickly. That effect must vary in different rivers, and such variation is due to the greater or lesser presence of sub- stances excreted by saprophytes which explains the greatly varying statements of different authors. - Q. Professor, will you explain in full the experiments which you conducted with Lake Michigan water? A. With Lake Michigan water we used parchment Sacs and also celloidin sacs. The parchment sacs were filled with Take Michigan water from a tap at my private laboratory at the Post Graduate Medical School, second floor. The infection of the sacs with typhoid bacillus, first the X bacillus, afterwards the Parke Davis Bacillus, was done exactly in the same manner. as those in the Chicago River. The sacs were then suspended in a large earthenware jar by burrette clamps, in the same man- ner as in the river. The sacs were prepared in exactly the same manner and the water from the tap was, by means of a 10355 large rubber tube, allowed to flow day and night, the tube extending to the bottom of the earthenware jar, and the fluid overflowing the top of the jar, so that at all times fresh tap water was flowing through the jar, on the outside of the sacs. After the sacs were placed, small quantities of water were re- moved from the sacs daily, after removing the sac and testing it for holes, and then shaking the sac. The mixture from the sac was plated out in agar, using for the agar plates .001, .01, .1, 1, 2, 3, and 5 cc. daily. The colonies that appeared upon this agar in the incubator were inoculated into Hiss media. The number of colonies sometimes was very small and every colony on the plates was inoculated into Hiss media. During the first four or five days we would usually succeed in picking out a typhoid suspicious colony from one of these plates, which immediately gave a Widal, test, so that would be Set aside. The longest that we found typhoid bacilli here was for 8 days. At the time when they disappeared on the ninth day We would take every colony on all the plates and inoculate every , One into Hiss tubes. This was repeated several times to get all the colonies and pass them all through Hiss meria and 10356 then only those which showed motility in Hiss media and which produced no gas were then passed through the usual culture media and were tested with the immune serum. 6436 The State of Missouri vs. The longest that we found typhoid bacilli was 8 days. Some- times we did not find any after 4 days. Q. Did you employ the celloidin sacs in this experiment? A. The celloidin sacs were also used. We used possibly Some 30 celloidin sacs with lake water and took one celloidin sac out every day. f Q. When you speak of one experiment with the celloidin sacs does that experiment embrace a series of 10 celloidin Sacs that were inoculated to the same degree of infection with typhoid bacillus in which you took one of those sacs each day? A. In the case of Lake Michigan water the series of Sacs usually consisted of 15, in some of these experiments for 15 days, once for 20 days. The 20 days was parchment. When I say 30 sacs with the celloidin experiments I mean 2 complete series of experiments of 15 sacs each. We made six parchment 10357 sac experiments, but one sac broke in taking it out. So there are two completed experiments with celloidin Sacs and five completed experiments with the parchment sacs. Q. In the waters of Lake Michigan? A. Jn the waters of Lake Michigan—tap water. Q. Did you make any other experiments in conjunction with this experiment in Lake Michigan? A. We also here inoculated sterilized Lake Michigan water in sacs with typhoid bacilli, and these lived 10 days longer than in raw filtered lake water. They varied a little. Q. What other experiments did you make? A. That is all. Q. What were the results obtained in the experiment of Lake water that you have detailed? A. In the lake water the typhoid bacillus lived at the long- est 8 days, when mixed with the unsterilized lake water. At times we were unable to find the bacillus after the 4th day. Q. How near in your opinion does the experiment made by you yourself simulate natural conditions? A. The conditions are as close to natural conditions as it is possible to make them. 10358 Q. Were the conditions of the experiment which you have introduced more or less favorable to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus than the natural conditions of the water in which the experiment was made would be? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6437 A. I do not think that there is much difference between the conditions in the sac and the conditions outside. Q. What reasons have you for supposing that the condi- tions described in your experiment closely simulate natural Con- ditions. A. Because the surroundings of the typhoid bacillus in the river are the same as those in the sac, by osmosis of the different fluids, and as I have already stated before the principal cause of the death of the typhoid bacillus in water is evidently the pres– ence of some saprophytic products which are outside of the Sac just in as large a quantity as inside of the sac, and if there ex- isted any difference these differences would be quickly equalized by osmosis. Q. Professor, does this experiment which you have made and introduced furnish you with any basis for an opinion as to the life of the typhoid bacillus in the waters of the Chicago River and Drainage Canal and Illinois River? A. Yes sir. As a result of the experiments which have 10359 been made by all of us, Professor Jordan, Professor Russell and myself, I am of the opinion that typhoid bacilli can not live in the drainage canal or in the Chicago River or the Illinois River for more than three days. Q. What is your opinion, based upon all the knowledge which you possess in regard to this experiment, and other ex- periments made by you, as to whether the typhoid bacilli com- ing from the sewers of Chicago and entering the drainage canal and from thence into the Illinois River could survive the journey from Chicago to St. Louis, a distance of 357 miles, and be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of St. Louis using the waters of the Mississippi River at the St. Louis intake, or the residents of Missouri using the waters of the Mississippi River, as it passes along the eastern shore of the State of Missouri, for domestic and drinking purposes? A. It is my opinion that it offers absolutely no danger to the citizens of St. Louis and that no typhoid bacillus coming from the sewers of Chicago will live to reach there. Adjourned until 10:00 A. M., Tuesday, February 16, 1904. 6438 The State of Missouri vs. 10360 10:00 A.M., Tuesday, February 16, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. DR. EDWIN C. ROSENOW, a witness called in behalf of the defendant, having first been duly sworn by the Commissioner, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION by Mr. Todd. What is you name? Edwin C. Rosenow. Of what college are you a graduate? Rush Medical College. When did you graduate from Rush! 1902. Where do you live, Doctor? Presbyterian Hospital, Chicago. What business are you in at present? - I am an interne at the Presbyterian Hospital. Before becoming connected with the Presbyterian Hos- pital were you connected with any other hospital? A. Why, in a way, I was only secondarily connected, as 10361 Fellow at Rush Medical College in pathology. Q. Professor Jordan has testified in this case to hav- ing received three strains of the bacillus typhosus from you, to be used in the experiments which he made on the life of that Organism in the drainage canal. When did you give him those typhoid bacilli? . - A. Why, I don’t remember the exact date. I have notes that would give the exact date. Q. About when? - A. Some time last September. Q. Where did you get them from? *. A. I got them from three cases of typhoid fever in the Cook County Hospital. Q. Did you give to Professor Jordan a clinical diagnosis of the patients from whom these germs were taken? A. You mean the diagnosis or history? Q. Yes sir? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6439 A. Why, I copied the history of these three cases of un- doubted typhoid fever and handed them to Mr. Irons, who in turn was to hand them to Professor Jordan. Q. You have heard read the diagnosis of the three pa- 10362 tients from whom typhoid bacilli were taken by yourself and handed to Mr. Irqns and Professor Jordan, as testi- fied to by Professor Jordan in his testimony in this case. Are you the doctor who collected these samples? A. Yes sir. Q. Are the statements that I have read to you from Pro- fessor Jordan’s testimony as to the clinical history and diagnosis of these cases the correct history and diagnosis that you gave to Professor Jordan with the samples that you collected? A. Yes sir. Q. Doctor, state how these samples were collected from these three patients? A. Why, the blood of the first patient was collected as given in there, from the medium bacillic vein of the arm with a glass syringe, in a sterile manmer. The blood was then used to inoculate the various media from which the typhoid bacillus was isoluated in pure culture. The urine from the second case was collected in a sterile bottle of about the size of 10 ounces. That urine was taken to the laboratory by myself and the vari- Ous inoculations made from which the typhoid bacillus was iso- lated and the feces were collected from a sterile bed pan, into a sterile test tube, and also taken to the laboratory and 10363 the inoculations made at once. Q. And after the typhoid bacillus was separated from these three patients, what did you do with the typhoid bacillus? A. After proving and testing it every way as being typhoid bacillus, I handed them to Professor Irons. NO CROSS-EXAMINATION. Signature waived. F. S. B. Com’r. 10364 PROF. F. R. ZEIT resumed the stand for further re-direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Professor, upon examining your testimony that was 6440 The State of Missouri vs. r given yesterday, I find that you did not state the size of these parchment sacs or celloidin sacs that you employed in this ex- periment. Will you please state how large they were? A. The parchment sac was of a size to contain 1000 cc of water. The celloidin sac was of a size to contain 30 cc. of water. The measurements of a parchemnt sac were 24 inches by 3 inches. The size of the celloidin sac is about 3 inches by 1 inch. Q. Professor, as an expert in bacteriology and clinician, availing yourself of all bacterial knowledge which you possess based upon this experiment, as well as knowledge obtained from other sources, what is your opinion as to whether a typhoid bacillus, lying in the sediment of a polluted stream such as the Illinois River, for a period in excess of 60 days would be able to-cause typhoid fever when taken into the human system after it had remained in such sediment for that length of time? A. It is my opinion that after that length of time there would be no typhoid bacilli present any more. The conditions existing in material on the bottom of rivers and lakes 10365 by sedimentation must contain organic material and Saprophytic bacteria, which again would produce sub- stances that would destroy the typhoid bacillus if it was present in just as quick a manner as they do in the river or lake water. In fact I should think that being so much closer in contact with the saprophytic bacteria in the presence of organic material that the quantity of these poisonous substances produced by sapro- phytes would be even greater and cause typhoid bacilli to die at least as quick if not quicker under these conditions than in flowing water. Q. What is your opinion as a bacteriologist and patholo- gist as to whether typhoid bacilli coming from the sewers of Chicago, through the drainage canal, deposited on the bottom of the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers between Chicago and Peoria can remain there for a period of 30 to 60 days and yet retain their dangerous qualities as well as their pathogenesis? A. By what I have learned from the experiments that we have made, that is impossible. Typhoid bacilli die under those conditions in three days. Q. From your personal knowledge of the Illinois River 10366 and your knowledge as a bacteriologist and pathologist, together with all bacterial knowledge which you possess, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6441 . derived from every source, what is your opinion as to whether the Sewage from the City of Chicago, passing through the drain- age canal into the Illinois River at different seasons of the year and at different stages of water in the Illinois River, would be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of the State of Mis- Souri using the waters of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes, and to the citizens of the City of St. Louis in particular using the water of the Mississippi River at the intake tower at the chain of rocks for drinking and domestic purposes? * A. It is my opinion that they would never reach the intake of St. Louis alive, because it has been proven by our experi- ments that they die in three days or less in the water of the drainage canal and the Illinois River, so that they could never reach the lower course of the Illinois River even. Q. What is your opinion as a bateriologist, based upon your examinations of the waters of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers as to which one of these three rivers disclose the least amount of impurity of pollution? 10367 A. The Illinois River, bacterially speaking, was less polluted during my investigations than either the Mis- Souri or Mississippi. T)uring all of my examinations in the past that has been the case. - Q. If the Illinois River discloses from such examinations made by you the least amount of impurity, what would be the effect of the waters of the Illinois River emptying into the Mississippi River at Grafton and subsequently uniting with the Missouri River at its mouth, upon the united waters of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers at the intake tower of the chain of rocks? - A. As the Illinois River is bacterially purer than the Mis- sissippi River it could only improve conditions by dilution. Q. Does the mixture of the Illinois with the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, as indicated in the foregoing question, create any added danger to the already polluted and contami- nated waters of the Missouri and Mississippi River below Graf- ton Ž • * - A. It does not, in my opinion. The very reverse would be true, according to my former answer. Q. Do you consider the sewage of Chicago emptying into 6442 The State of Missouri vs. the drainage canal and the Illinois River, which in turn emp- ties into the Mississippi River, a menace and a danger to the in- habitants of the State of Missouri, using the waters of the 10368 Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes and to the citizens of the City of St. Louis taking their water supply from the intake tower at the chain of rocks, from the Mississippi River? h - A. I do not for the reasons stated in my former examina- tions, in which I stated that the Illinois River at Averyville was purer, bacterially, than any part of its course from Chicago to Grafton, and that I considered that absolute purification from Saprophytic as well as pathogenic bacteria had taken place above Averyville. Q. Taking into consideration all the knowledge which you possess in regard to the bacterial and physical conditions of the waters of the Illinois River and its tributaries and the river itself, the different towns sewering into the Illinois River and its tributaries, the population upon the watershed of the Illinois River, both rural and urban, the stages of the river under all conditions, during all seasons, what is your opinion as to the effect of flowing the sewage from Chicago through the drainage canal into the Desplaines and Illinois River, upon the inhabi- tants of the State of Missouri, using the water of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes? 10369 A. The contamination produced by the sewage of Chi- cago would be all practically removed before it reaches Averyville, according to my investigations and answers in this case, in which I have expressed these convictions at some length. I am speaking now, of course, of bacterial purification and not of chemical substances, but I should judge that also chemical purification has taken place so as to convert dangerous organic compounds into non-dangerous ones, as soon as saprophytic life has again decreased and thereby shows that the end products of organic material have been produced by saprophytic multiplica- tion, and I therefore can not consider this a danger or a menace to the citizens of St. Louis or the citizens of Missouri using the water for drinking and domestic purposes. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6443 CROSS-EXAMINATION By Mr. Corum. t Q. Professor, your experiments consisted in placing these sacks, the parchment and celloidin sacks in the waters of the drainage canal and in the waters of the lake? 10370. A. Yes sir, in the case of lake water we used tap Water which was kept flowing continually. The other experi- ments were made in the Chicago River. g Q. That tap water came from the lake? A. Yes. Q. And you did not place any of these sacks in the Illinois River? r A. I did not. Q. Or in the Mississippi River? A. I did not. Q. The only two waters in which these sacks were placed by you were the waters of the canal and the waters of the lake? A. No sir, in the water of the Chicago River just where the drainage canal begins at Ashland Avenue Bridge. That is still the Chicago River. * Q. How many sacks did you place in there near the Ash- land Bridge? A. Celloidin sacks? Q. The celloidin sacks first? - A. We placed 6 parchment sacks in the river, and we placed between 16 and 20 celloidin sacks in the river. Q. Now, who removed these parchment sacks from the river? - A. Dr. Bassett. 10371 Q. How soon after having placed them in there did he remove the first one? A. 24 hours. - Q. Do you know what course he pursued in removing the sacs? A. He would loosen the burette clamp, take hold of the glass tube at the top of the parchment sack, lift it out, examine it for leaks after holding it a while, then shaking it and then re- placing it. After removing the cotton stopper, he took out, by means of a sterile pipette a quantity of water, placed it in a 6444 The State of Missouri vs. sterile flask that he had brought with him, replaced the cotton stopper, and brought it immediately to the laboratory and plated it out. Q. Then he put this same sac back into the box again? A. Immediately after he had inspected it and had shaken it, it was placed back. Q. Did he take any further samples from that Sacº A. He took one sample each day from every Sacº Q. From each sac 2 A. Yes sir, these sacs were not all put in at the same 10372 time. The celloidin sac experiments followed the parch- ment. Q. We are talking about the parchment sac. During the examination of these samples which were removed from the parchment sacs on the first day you found some typhoid germs? A. Yes sir. Q. In each sample? - A. The first day we found always typhoid bacilli in the SaCS. Q. Did you examine each of the sacs? A. In every sac we found them. Q. On the second day did you find typhoid germs? A. On the second day we sometimes found the germs and Sometimes not. On the third day the same, we found sometimes germs and sometimes not. After the third day we were never able to find any more. Q. On the first day did you find the germ in considerable amounts? - - A. Yes sir, in large numbers. Q. Have you any means of comparing the number that 1073' you found on the first day with the number that were in the sacs at the time you placed them there? A. Yes sir. Q. How was that comparison? A. Dr. Bassett will be on the stand this afternoon and he has all the counts of every sac, and how many colonies there were. I am not reciting from memory and I should judge that there were about 500,000 of typhoid bacilli to the ce. of river water in the sac, that is every co. contained a half a million ty- phoid bacilli, therefore we had no trobule in finding them the first day. When the sacs were seeded very lightly, that is much The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6445 less than a half a million, we would occasionally find them gone the second day. I am speaking now of heavy seedings in all these experiments, because we found that that was neces- sary to judge as to when they were really gone. Q. Suppose that in a certain sac that you found on an ex- amination the second day that there were no typhoid germs in it? Then you examined that sac for the third day and found ty- phoid germs in it---how do you account for that? A. That has never happened. 10374 Q. Did it not happen in one of your examinations that in an examination of the samples that were taken from a certain sac on a certain day you did not find any typhoid germs and afterwards, on the following day, or some day following that you would examine the same sac and find typhoid germs in it? A. That has happened in none of our experiments, simply because when we thought that all typhoid bacilli were gone we would go back to that plate and go over it so thoroughly that we could usually say that we have examined every colony that had grown. We would sometimes find typhoid bacilli on the Second day in a plate after we had been unsuccessful in the first attempt not having examined enough colonies. We can say that in no instance did we find typhoid bacilli after a day on which we found none, in our experiments. That holds good for all of them. Q. After a day when you had examined to see whether there were any typhoid germs, would you take any samples after that? A. We would take samples for ten days and more in some of the first experiments. Q. And in no instance did you succeed in finding any germ 2 A. In no instance. In the first experiment that we made 10375 we examined the contents of our parchment sac, the first sac that we used, for twenty days. That is when we were getting acquainted with the conditions necessary for the ex- periment and in that sac also typhoid bacilli had been seeded very heavily, over 1,000,000 per cc. They could only be found for three days. After the third day the whole character of the plate changed suddenly. For three days in succession we would have plates with numerous typhoid colonies, in this first sac, 6446 The State of Missouri vs. seeded very heavily with typhoid bacilli, and after the third day it was just as though normal water had been plated out. An entire change of the whole character of all the plates took place. - - Q. Please state the reason for using the different kind of Sacs? A. The celloidin sacs, we felt, were safer to use. They had proven reliable in bacteriological animal experiments, in which for instance, we would take tetanus bacilli into a celloidin Sac, close the sac and place it in the abdomen of an animal. The animal would die of tetanus, although the bacteria re- 10376 mained in the sac. The bacilli would grow in the sac and at no time in our laboratory experiments have we ever seen bacteria pass out of the sacs, but only toxic excretions of bacteria would pass out and produce convulsions. In that way we had in the past studied the effect of toxins removing from the experiment the effect that the germ itself might have, and it was principally due to the success of this method, that We used it also here with the water to allow osmosis. Q. Why did you not use it exclusively? A. The parchment sac was larger and we could make one sac do for a great many experiments. Cellodin sacs we could use only in smaller sizes, although we made them 20 times as large as they are usually made for animal experiments, by hav- ing these big verterinary gelatine capsules. We had to use 8 to 10 of these for one experiment, in the river removing one Sac each day, because we could not very easily take water from these celloidin sacs. Now, in the laboratory experiments with lake tap water we did use some of the celloidin sacs several days be- cause we were under less difficulties in removing portions of water from the delicate little sac, but in the river we found it was necessary to always take the complete Sac home. 10377 Q. In the lake water I understand that at the expira- tion of ten days or eight days--- A. In the lake water the first experiment, both with lake water and with river water was 20 days and after that, when we found that bacteria died so much earlier, we would run the ex- periment 10 days and sometimes 15 days, but always ten days taking cultures every day. - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6447 Q. And how long did you find that the typhoid germ sur- vived in the lake water? A. In the lake water the longest time we found them was eight days. One time we thought we had found them on the ninth day, but further examination proved that this was wrong. Q. Professor, you stated yesterday that you had found the typhoid germ to survive in boiled river water for the space of three days? A. In boiled river water? You mean in filtered river water. Q. I understood you to say boiled and also filtered? A. No sir. In filtered river water I stated the germs live 2 days only, that is filtered through a Pasteur filter. Q. How many days? A. Two days. 2 days is the longest that they live in fil- tered river water. We have done that numerous times now and some of the experiments in fact were finished yesterday 10378 and we know that the filtered river water as it exists now will kill typhoid bacilli in two days, river water contain- ing no bacteria whatever. Q. I want you to explain the reason for the different length of life of the typhoid bacilli in boiled river water and in filtered river water? - A. Having proven that filtered river water, free of all germs, kills typhoid bacilli within two days, and also knowing that the boiling of such river water allows the same bacilli to live a longer time I conclude that by boiling you destroy cer- taind poisonous saprophytic products present in the water an' that, therefore, in boiled river water the typhoid bacilli will live somewhat longer than they would in filtered river water. Under the same conditions in lake water typhoid bacilli will live eight days in the filtered lake water, and have lived fifteen to eighteen days in the boiled lake water. 10379 Q. What property is taken from the water by the pro- cess of boiling that tends to add to the longevity of a typhoid bacillus? A. I take it that the saprophytic products that destroy the yphoid bacilli are destroyed by boiling and that therefore the typhoid bacillus which enters boiled water can live longer than in water that has only been filtered, because the saprophytic products filter through the filter. 6448 The State of Missouri vs. r - - - - Q. Now Professor, are these saprophytic products to be found in the waters of the drainage canal? A. They are. Q. And in the waters of the Illinois? A. And in the waters of the Illinois. Q. Are they to be found in all waters? A. They are to be found in all waters in which there is any pollution whatever. As soon as the water receives any organic material, such as sewage or other material, saprophytes begin to multiply in the organic material and produce these sapro- phytic products which are harmful to the disease producing bac- teria. Q. Is there any way of removing these saprophytic pro- ducts other than by boiling? 10380 A. There is not so far as I know. Q. Is it eliminated by the running of the stream? A. I do not think that it is eliminated by the running of the stream, it is simply diluted. - Q. By the addition of other waters? A. Yes sir. tº Q. And if the other waters are infected by the same pro- duct why of course there would be no betterment of conditions? A. If the other streams are polluted with the same ma- terial the same saprophytic products are produced which are again harmful to disease producing bacteria. The reason of the Saprophytes multiplying more in water than the disease pro- ducing bacteria is because the temperature of the water is more favorable to the multiplication of saprophytes than it is to the multiplication of parasites, therefore pathogenic or disease pro- ducing bacteria can not multiply in lake or river water. They are not destroyed, if the lake or river water was pure and free of all polluting organic material and therefore free or prac- tically free of saprophytic life. As soon, however, as there is any pollution whatever with organic material you have an in- crease of saprophytes and an increase of saprophytic products and then the few disease producing bacteria that are 10381 present, and that were unable to multiply, are now de- stroyed by the saprophytic products. I originally thought that this effect of the disappearance of the typhoid bacteria was really due more to the over growth of saprophytes, making the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6449 conditions of life for typhoid bacilli unfavorable, than to the Saprophytic products which are diffused through the water, but I have convinced myself now by these filtering experiments, that there is in the river water sufficient of these saprophytic pro- ducts present to destroy disease producing bacteria. Q. Now, Professor, if the boiling of the water destroys the Saprophytic products, why is it that a germ will not live in- definitely when placed in water having been boiled? A. Because some of the saprophytic products are not de- stroyed by boiling. What I call saprophytic products are sub- stances of a very complicated nature of which we know very little in chemistry or bacteriology. We do not know today even the chemical composition of the diphtheria toxin or anti- toxin, and similar products. We know but very little of the chemistry of these products. They are no doubt very complex and very numerous, innumerable. Some are more affect- 10382 ed by heat, some are less. But we can not conclude that all those which are poisonous are destroyed by heat be- cause we know that that is not true. Some of the poisonous products are not destroyed by heat although most of them aI'ê. Q. Now, in making your investigation as to the longevity of the typhoid germ in this boiled water you found sometimes that they lived three days and from that to fifteen days? A. In boiled water in Lake Michigan they lived as long as 15 to 18 days. Q. Now, did you make some experiments in which you failed to find any prior to the expiration of 15 days? A. In boiled lake water we have always found them for 15 days and even more. That is we found them for 15 days and then did not always examine any further. Now, such is not the case in the river. In the river, while they also lived longer in boiled than in filtered water, they disappear sooner so that there must be present in the river water certain substances that are injurious to the typhoid bacillus which are not destroyed by boiling, although river water is not as deadly to the typhoid bacillus when boiled, as when it is only filtered. Q. Do bacteria living but not multiplying in water pro- duce these saprophytic products? A—404 6450 The State of Missouri vs. 10383 A. They do not. Saprophytes are non-disease produc- ing bacteria, they do not produce infection, whereas dis- ease producing bacteria are parasites and produce infections. The Saprophyte is a germ that lives on dead organic matter. Disease producing germs are germs that live on living organic matter. Q. Do bacteria, living but not multiplying in water, pro- duce any product? A. I should judge not. The products of the germ are due to the multiplication of the germ. When the germ finds food and multiplies in a favorable temperature then it also produces excretion products. If, therefore, no multiplication takes place, the food conditions are unfavorable and the temperature con- ditions are unfavorable, and if it does not multiply it will not produce these excretion products. To illustrate: If you inoculate a nutrient bouillon tube with the diphtheria bacillus and you place that tube in the ice box where the bacillus can not mul- tiply, it will not produce diphtheria toxin in the tube. It will Only produce diphtheria toxin if you place it at blood temper- ature where the bacillus multiplies and uses up organic material in the bouillon and when it multiplies it produces excre- 10384 tion products which are so poisonous that 1-100 of a ce. can kill an average size guinea pig in 15 minutes. Now, if you prevent that multiplication by lack of food or low tem- peratures there will be no poinsons in the tube, so I should an- Swer your question by saying that they will not produce such poisonous products when they do not multiply. Q. You say that the only object of using these parchment and celloidin sacs was to allow osmosis so that excretions would be removed? A. Yes sir, the excretions of the saprophytes in the sac could be removed. Objections were made to some of my pre- vious experiments in which I had filled liter flasks of the water of the lake or the water of the Illinois River or the Mississippi River or the Missouri River and then infected them with ty- phoid bacilli and then determined how long typhoid bacilli would live in those bottles. It was stated that in my bottles the Saprophytes could multiply more rapidly than the typhoid ba- cilli and therefore the products of the former would remain in my bottles and kill the typhoid bacilli. I have admitted that The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6451 to be possible, and that is one of the reasons why we made these experiments so as to exclude and overcome the objection raised by Mr. Jeffries. 10385 Q. Would the toxin products or other bacteria excre- tions pass through these sacs? A. Just as well. The toxic products in the sac could pass out and the toxic and other excretion products of the bacteria outside of the sac in the river could pass in, so that there ought to be a fairly free interchange of different bacterial products through the wall of the sac in and out. By osmosis the condi- tions would eventually become the same in regard to the qual- ity of the bacterial products present outside as well as inside of the sac. Q. Would the dissolved oxygen of the river or other water used pass through the sac? A. That would. º Q. Now, in reference to the length of life or longevity of these typhoid germs, Professor Jordan, I think, multiplied the length of life by two in order to be certain and I think probably by three. Now, Professor, as a precautionary measure what do you say about that? ^, A. I have here given purely the results of my experiments. In those experiments we were careful to take up every colony shown on some of those plates so that I know typhoid bacilli were not there any more. Further, in some of the waters 10386 in which the typhoid bacillus had disappeared after the third and fourth day we would employ the method which I described yesterday of agglutinating and precipitating typhoid bacilli from a large quantity of water—we usually used 50 cc. of water. We would add to that the immune serum. clumping the typhoid bacilli that were present in the water, and then we would take the sediment from this quantity due to the clumping of any typhoid bacilli, if there were any, and plate those out. Now, it has been shown by that method which is one of the most recent ones, that you can detect the typhoid bacilli if there was one part of typhoid bacilli to many thousand million parts of water. It was this method which T quoted yesterday as having experi- mented with, to first see if I could find them that way. By this method I was unable to find them on the fourth day. I think I may say that the bacilli were not present in that water. Now, 6452 The State of Missouri vs. I see no reason why I should extend the time and say that they may be present so much longer or that certain very resistant forms of bacteria might be there so much longer. I simply want to apply the results of the experiment and say that they could be found so long at the longest. Now, sometimes I have found them to live a shorter time for one day. I have stated the longest time for which we were able to find them with the most exhaustive work in detecting them. If we were to 10387 judge that certain resistant forms could live very much longer then the value of these experiments would be doubtful. If this was simply a matter of speculation as to whether they might not live twice as long or three times as long as the experiment, it might be argued also that they could live ten times as long. I think I want to strictly confine myself to the actual findings that I have given here and say that they live that long and that I know by the experiment on the filtered water of the river that they die in two days or less and in non- filtered river water in three days or less. Q. Professor, would not the length of the life of these germs depend sometimes upon their virulence and the strength of the particular germ? A. Some germs are slightly more resistant than others, but we had a very motile and very resistant germ. Q. To which one do you refer now, strain X or B? A. The strain “O,” the Parke Davis strain, which was used in the immunization of a horse for the purposes of pros- pective serum treatment of typhoid fever patients. Q. Was not that a somewhat unreasonable thing, Profes- SOr? A. What? Q. The treatment of a horse? 10388 A. It was not unusual. Parke Davis & Co. are trying to produce immune serums for the treatment of infec- tious diseases, and in doing so they must experiment with many different cultures to obtain the highest immunizing value of the Serum in the horse, and they would naturally confine their ex- periments to one germ that had proven the most efficient, the most virulent germ. That is the one they must use. For their diphtheria anti-toxin, they must immunize horses. They have The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6453 to raise the virulence and vitality of the diphtheria bacillus to such a point that the poisons produced by this germ will kill an animal in the dose of .01 cc. The virulence and vitality of the germ is usually increased by passing it through a series of animals, and a horse is then immunized by repeated injections Of these filtered poisons. Afterwards the blood serum of the im- munized horse is used as anti-toxin for the treatment of patients. In the case of their typhoid bacillus, the high agglutination power of the horse’s serum speaks best for the activity and virulence of the typhoid bacillus used in our experiments. Q. This was the first horse that was ever immunized with typhoid germs within your knowledge, was it not? A. I do not know how many horses they are immunizing, but this is not the first one. Q. Do you know of others? A. Dr. Larned tells me they had numerous horses that are injected continually with all kinds of disease producing 10389 bacteria or toxins. Q. Now, Doctor, this strain taken from the horse is man- ifestly different from the strain that would be taken from the typhoid fever patient? A. All typhoid bacilli come from human cases, not from the horse. We have also used one strain that came directly from the blood of the typhoid fever patient, bacillus X received from Prof. Jordan. Of the horse we used only its serum. The bacillus was used for injecting the horse and producing an ag- glutinating serum. Q. Now, there was a difference in those strains, was there not ? A. There was no difference in the results of the experi- ments between the two germs. Q. Then in your opinion there was no difference between these two strains? - A. There was no difference in those two strains as far as I could see except in the Parke Davis strain we had, besides the bacillus, the serum of a horse which had been highly immunized with it. That made it so much easier for us to discover the ty- phoid bacillus in the plates when it was present. 6454 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Doctor, did those sacs that you placed in the water be- come coated with any sort of material? r A. After ten days they had become quite coated and We 10390 found in the first experiment that the sac lasted about two weeks. - Q. After how many days did you say? A. Ten days. - Q. So that the first you noticed of this coat being formed was after the expiration of about ten days? + A. The coat began to form already after a few days, but it was not very noticeable until five or six days and by ten days the coat was quite thick. Q. What effect did this have upon the osmotic products of the sac? A. The osmosis must have been slightly less than it was when the sac was fresh. Q. Do you not think this coating began to form about the third day? A. The coating was not noticeable until the third, or fourth or fifth day. It was insignificant the first days and was certainly such as not to prevent osmosis for a week, in the least. This slimy coat does not prevent osmosis. It may make it slightly slower but it can not prevent it. The only objection to the slimy coat was that after two weeks it would produce leaks in the Sac and thus spoil the whole sac by that time. Q. Did you find this same coating in the lake water exper- iments? 10391 A. In the lake water experiments it was much less al- though some coat formed also. Q. Did you find it where you had boiled the water? A. In boiled water, how do you mean? Q. Well, after you had boiled this water and put it in these sacs did you find this coating on the sac: A. We only kept that in bottles for a few days. In the lake water in ten days there is no appreciable coat on parch- ment sacs. If you keep it for two weeks or twenty days in the river the sac rots. If in the lake water it probably takes three weeks or maybe four weeks for the sac to become deficient by rotting. Q. Now, you used the agar plates, I believe? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6455. A. Entirely, from the first plating out. Q. Now, did they show these colonies as clearly as the Hiss medium? - A. That is all a matter of experience. I have been able to detect large numbers of typhoid colonies on the agar plates in the heavily seeded sacs after three days. After three days the whole character of the plate was usually changed, sometimes after two days, and then if we did not find any more typhoid like colonies we would take off every colony on the plates and transfer it to Hiss medium. Every one of the plates from the river where we used 0.001 cc. of water, and in the case of 10392 lake water the plate to which 1-2 cc of water was used, we found we could get plates with a few hundred colonies Only. We would thus inoculate from one plate some 300 col- onies, that is, all the colonies on the plate, into the Hiss media. None of these proved to be typhoid bacilli so that I could quite safely say that in that whole plate there was not one typhoid bacillus and this water had been stirred and mixed. Q. Professor, I think you testified that in one experiment that a typhoid germ lived in lake water eight days and in an- other experiment a germ lived four days. Now, might not still another germ live for a longer period of time? A. That depended upon the seeding. If the seeding was very heavy we would find them a little bit longer. If the seed- ing was light they would disappear in a shorter time. The same holds true also in the river when I gave three days as the longest time we found them in the river. I meant there the heaviest seeding that we used, that is over a million typhoid bacilli to every ce. of water in the sac. Q. Does not the longevity of the germ depend upon its 10393 strength or virulence. A. That is one factor. Q. Then the life or the length of the life of the germ de- pends upon the hardness of the germ itself? A. That is only one factor. The more important factors are the surrounding, temperature and food conditions and com- petitive other saprophytic bacteria present. - Q. What time of the year was it that you made these tests, Professor? • A. October, November, December and January. 6456 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Suppose the tests had been made during the hot sum- mer months? A. I am quite certain that if these tests had been made in the hot summer months that we would have found them to die Sooner yet than what we state here, because the saprophytic multiplication in the summer must be a great deal more pro- nounced than it is during the time of our experiment. Q. But you made no experiments during the summer months? A. We did not. ſy Q. What is osmosis? & A. By Osmosis we mean the interchanging of material be- tween fluids on two sides of an animal membrane, until 10394 the contents of crystalloids in the fluid on one side of the animal membrane is the same as the contents of crystal- loids on the other side of the animal membrane, and the equal- ization of the specific gravity of the fluids on both sides of the animal membrane. Now, to illustrate that still further: If on One side of the animal membrane we have a salt solution of a Specific gravity we will say of 1040 and on the other side of the animal membrane we have a salt solution of a specific gravity of 1002, then osmotic pressure causes a passage of the solids through this membrane from the one of higher specific gravity to the lower until the two are equal. That is osmosis. In other Words if there is an animal membrane between two fluids of different specific gravities, osmotic pressure is brought about in the direction from the higher to the lower, until the specific gravity of both fluids on both sides of the membrane is the same, and therefore if in our sacs the specific gravity produced by the multiplying of the saprophytes, resulting in excretions, which in my bottles might have destroyed the typhoid bacilli, but which here produce a greater specific gravity than existing in the water outside of the sac, then these increased saprophytic products would pass out through the parchment membrane sac which acts just the same as an animal membrane, until 10395 the specific gravity outside of the sac were the same as the specific gravity inside the sac and vice versa if the Specific gravity of the contents of the sac was lower than that existing in the outside water, then the crystalizable substances, the so called crystalloids, of which nature are the saprophytic The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6457 or disease producing bacterial products, would pass into the sac until the specific gravity of the fluids on both sides were the same. Whenever the specific gravity of fluids separated by Such membranes varies, osomotic pressure is set up from the fluid of the higher specific gravity towards that of the lower until the two are equalized. F. ROBERT ZEIT. AD.JOURNED UNTIL 2:00 P.M., SAME DAY. 10396 2:00 p. m., Tuesday, February 16, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. DR. VICTOR. H. BASSETT, a witness called on behalf of the defendants, first having been duly sworn by the Commissioner, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION, by Mr. Todd. Q. What is your name? A. Victor H. Bassett. Q. Where were you graduated? A. I graduated from Knox in 1896, from Knox College at Galesburg, Illinois. - Q. After graduation what did you do? * A. I took up a scientific work in the University of Wiscon- sin, beginning in 1896. Q. How long were you there? 10397 A. I was there until the fall of 1899. Q. Who were you under in the University of Wisconsin? A. I went there in the spring of 1896. For the first two years I was assistant in chemistry under Dr. Daniels, and the following year I became assistant to Dr. Russell and remained with him one year. Q. After leaving the University of Wisconsin where did you go? - A. I went to Johns Hopkins Medical School. Q. At Baltimore? A. Yes, sir. 6458 The State of Missouri vs. How long were you there? Four years. While there what did you do? 4. I took the medical course and acted as an asistant at the same time. Q. Assistant under whom? A. I was assistant under Dr. Harris, in Dr. Welch’s Patho- logical Laboratory, specifically in the place of what they call a student assistant. Q. And did you do anything else in Baltimore except that? A. During the last two years that I was there, during the summer season, I acted as bacteriologist to the Thomas Wilson Sanitarium where children who have summer diarrhoea are cared for. 10398 Q. After leaving there, what did you do? A. Following my graduation in June I spent another Summer at the sanitarium and on the first of October became an assistant to Professor Zeit of the Northwestern. Q. Northwestern, what? º A. In the Medical College of the Northwestern University. Q. Did you assist Professor Zeit in the experiment which he made upon the waters of the Chicago river and Lake Michi- gan, testing the longevity of the typhoid bacillus? A. Yes, I did. Q. What part of the experiment did you conduct? A. I did what might be called the more active part of preparation and gathering of samples and then together we sought for the organism in the water samples gathered. Q. Will you explain what you mean by preparation? A. Well, it was necessary to prepare media, prepare sterile glass ware, to have cultures of the organism to be studied, to Seed the waters studied, and place the preparations in the river and in the lake water, and collect the samples. Q. What means were employed to make this experiment? A. It was designed by means of placing suspensions of 10399 the typhoid bacillus in river water and in lake water, closed in parchment sacs and in celloidin sacs, suspended in river and lake water respectively, to subject them to the con- ditions which existed in the river and lake. Q. At what points were those experiments conducted? i The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6459 A. The examinations of the river water. The samples of the river water were taken from the Chicago river at the Ash- land Avenue bridge. The lake water specimens were specimens of tap water taken in Dr. Zeit’s laboratory, in the Post Graduate Hospital. Q. How many sacs of parchment and how many sacs of celloidin were used in this experiment at Ashland Avenue? A. I used five parchment sacs for the typhoid organism and one for the dysentry organism. I used one set of celloidin sacs in the river and one set of celloidin sacs for typhoid and One set for dysentery in lake water. Q. What do you mean by one set? A. Well, the celloidin sacs were made quite small. It is not easy to make them so large as the parchment Sacs, so 10400 that in place of conducting the experiment by taking samples from the sacs, I prepared a number of Sacs and Subjected them to the same conditions and took one daily as a Sample. In the lake water it was possible to take a small por- tion of the water from one of the celloidin sacs, on account of convenience of working in the laboratory. Q. How were these sacs tested after being prepared? A. They were tested first for their integrity, that is for the presence of holes. I did this by blowing them up, that is testing them as one does a bicycle tire by putting air pressure into them and placing them under water, I found that if there was only a minute hole that the escape of air would show its presence. I further tested them by determining whether sub- stances which could not pass through parchment membranes by Osmosis would be found in water outside the sac when the sac was suspended and filled with such substances. For this I used egg albumen in water solution. I filled the sac and left it sus- pended in water 24 hours to 48 hours and then tested the water outside the sac for albumen. In some cases I found albumen, in which case I found holes in the sac and discarded them, and when I did not find albumen and when they did not show 10401 the presence of holes by this air pressure test, I con- sidered that they were intact. The celloidin sacs I tested in the same way. I also tested their osmotic property by placing in them solutions of salts which I might say would pass through permeable membranes, and I found these were 6460 The State of Missouri vs. permeable to salts such as sulphate of magnesia. That shows that such substances can pass from them through them, even when there are no holes, and that osmosis could occur readily. Q. After the sacs were prepared and taken to Ashland Avenue bridge, who placed them in the water? A. I did. Q. Just describe the method that you pursued in placing them in the water? r A. I had prepared the box about 3 feet long at first, and I lengthened it a little. The lower 2 feet of the box on each side was covered with a coarse netting, with a mesh about 3-8 of an inch, I judge. Inside the box was a shelf on which there was a series of clamps in which the glass tube in the top part of the parchment sacs could be clamped. The upper part of the box was outside the water, and the lower part underneath the water about 2 or 3 feet. This box was fastened to the pier of 10402 the Ashland Avenue bridge, about 30 feet out in the river, where the water was said to be about 20 feet deep. The celloidin sacs I placed in a box which I floated in the river, attaching them to a shelf. I tied them to little pegs. Q. How were these sacs infected? A. I prepared 24 hour cultures on agar of the typhoid or- ganisms to be tested and then made suspensions in the first place in the water itself, infecting directly (or suspending the typhoid organisms in salt solution, which I then added to the water). In the earlier experiments I added to the water direct a certain amount of the agar culture of the typhoid organisms, that is of the growth upon the agar. The later samples I infected by pre- paring suspensions in 100 cc. of sterile salt solutions, and added Varying portions of this to the sacs containing the water. Q. Confining yourself first to the parchment sacs, how many typhoid bacilli were placed in these sacs? A. In the first series of three sacs I infected heavily. Two of them I infected with about one and one-half million organisms per ce. The third sac I infected exceeding two million 10403 per cc. The water at this time that I used contained about 200,000 organisms per ce. Q. In doing this work you were acting under instructions from Professor Zeit? A. Yes, sir, we decided upon the plan of work. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6461 Q. Now, after these sacs were placed in the water who col- lected the samples? A. I collected the samples myself. Q. What method did you employ in the collection of these Samples? A. In making the earlier collections I unlocked the box in which they were placed and carefully took the sacs out, shaking them up somewhat, by tipping them back and forth and then by means of the sterile pipette I withdrew about an ounce of water and let that run in the sterile bottle and carried it to the labora- tory. Q. Before taking the samples out of the sac what was done to the sac, if anything? A. Well, I first observed the sac to see whether it was intact and then took the end of it and tipped it back and forth, shak- ing the water to get an even seeding, and usually also 10404 assisted the shaking of the water by drawing up some of the water in the sterile pipette and letting it flow back. Q. How were the celloidin sacs seeded and placed in the Water? A. It was necessary to seed those in a somewhat different way. I brought the water to the laboratory and then infected it in a similar way to that in which I infected the water from the parchment sacs and having made plates to determine the seed- ing then by means of sterile pipettes filled these small sacs from this stock solution of infected water. Q. Then what did you do with the celloidin sacs? A. The sacs were then taken at once and placed in the river? Q. Who took them out of the river to the laboratory? A. I took them. Q. How many experiments did you carry on there? A. I did five experiments in the river with parchment sacs. Q. On the typhoid? A. On the typhoid, one on the dysentery organism. I did One experiment, that is, I tested one set of celloidin sacs, in- fected with the typhoid organism, and one series infected with the dysentery organism. Q. That made eight experiments? 6462 The State of Missouri vs. A. In the river, yes. - - 10405 Q. Now, how many celloidin sacs in all were placed in the river? A. I put from 6 to 10, a sufficient number, so that I could conduct the experiment about 10 days. When I used six sacs as I did in one case, I had to take the samples every other day, in the latter part of the experiment. Q. How were the celloidin samples taken? A. I brought the sac entire to the laboratory and then re- moved the water by means of a sterile pipette. I did that in the case of the river water. In the case of the tap water I at times left the sac remain in the water for several days. That is, I often did not remove the sac entirely, but took out a small por- tion as a sample and replaced the sac in the tap water, taking a second sample the following day. Q. The typhoid bacilli that were placed in those sacs were typhoid bacilli given you by Professor Zeit? A. I secured the first culture which we used from Pro- fessor Jordan. It was sent by him. Q. That was the sample that Professor Jordan sent to Pro- fessor Zeit, known as strain X? A. Yes, sir. The second was a culture sent to Professor Zeit from Parke, Davis & Company, taken from a case of 10406 typhoid fever, and known as their culture “O.” In addition to that I used in some of my control experi- ments a third culture which we had in the laboratory and which I isolated from a case of typhoid fever in Johns Hopkins Hos- pital. Q. After the samples were taken out of the water and de- livered to the laboratory they were tested for the presence or ab- sence of typhoid bacilli? - A. Yes, sir. Q. When were these sacs first placed into the Chicago river at Ashland Avenue? º A. The first series was placed in the latter part of October, from the middle to the latter part, I should judge about the 20th. I placed a sac about the first of January. That was a celloidin sac, and also another parchment sac about the first of December. Q. When were they taken out? } A. Well, I ran the experiments about ten days. Some of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6463 the sacs I left in, and did not take out at all, that is, I did not remove them from the water. Q. When was the last sample of water taken from Ashland Avenue? & A. I am still taking it from the celloidin Sac series. What? 10407 A. I am still taking from one series. The last one I took complete was about the middle of January. Q. That is what I mean, this experiment that Professor Zeit testified about? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, after the samples were taken to the laboratory, analytical determinations made, everything was reported to Pro- fessor Zeit as to the results that were made, were they not? A. Yes, sir; I made cultures and then we worked upon those cultures together, and I reported to him fully in regard to the work. Q. The dysentry bacillus that was made at this time, was made by yourself? A. Yes, sir. Q. Professor Zeit did not participate in that? A. No, sir. - # Q. Will you detail the method that you used in the dysentry bacillus, and how the experiment was made, and when it was made, in full? A. I tested the longevity of the dysentry bacillus in the river water, beginning the first of December, placing it in a parchment sac. I made a second experiment in the river 10408 water about the first of January, placing them in celloidin sacs. I made a third experiment placing the dysentry organism in celloidin sacs, in tap water, at about the same time. The sacs were prepared and seeded in a method similar to that which I have already described. I used cultures of bacillus dysenterial Shiga. I used two strains, one a Sub- culture of Shiga’s original culture, the alkaline form of the dysentry organism, and the second a culture of the acid form of the dysentery organism, isolated from a case of Summer diarrhoea at Mt. Wilson in 1903, by myself. - Q. Where did you get the Shiga bacillus that you employed in this experiment? 6464 The State of Missouri vs. A. This was a culture which was a subculture of one of the stock cultures at the John Hopkins Pathological Laboratory. Q. Now, proceed, Doctor, with the experiment, just as you made it? A. In the first series in December I seeded the river water with several hundred thousand of dysentery organism per cc. The water contained about 8,000 or 10,000 water and sewage organisms at that time. I took samples of the water daily and made plate cultures in agar agar, making a large number 10409 of plates, usually as many as 15 or 20. These plates were Set in the thermostat and at the end of 24 hours the colonies which appeared were marked. I then placed them in the laboratory a second 24 hours, and at the end of that time looked for colonies which had appeared on the second day. This process is one which was developed by Dr. Flexner and his pupils and has been specially valuable for the isolation of the dysentery organism. It depends upon the principle that the dysentery is slow in growing in mixed cultures and colonies usually do not appear in the first day. One is able then to pick out, with certainty, dysentery colonies from the colonies appear- ing later. I made subcultures from these which appeared in the ‘Second 24 hours upon special media making them usually on a Slant litmus glucose agar on which dysentery organisms grow in a characteristic manner. I was able to throw out all gas formers, all alkali forms and all other organisms which grew in an un- satisfactory manner unlike the dysentery organism and pro- ceeded then to cultivate the organisms which resembled dysen- tery and established their identity by the agglutination test with ante-dysenteric serum. In the experiment in the river I was able to find the organism for three days; and even with heavy Seeding I found them only three days, and then up to 10410 about the tenth day I was unable to find any. I made experiments in a similar way, about the first of December, using celloidin sacs, seeding them in a similar way, using, however, a rather smaller number of organisms, about 10,000 per ce. I was able to find the dysentery organism on the first and second days, in lake water, and on the first day only in river water. Q. Did that complete your experiments on the Shiga? A. Yes, sir, in connection with these waters. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6465 Q. How long did you find that the Shiga bacillus lived in the waters of the Chicago river? A. With a heavy seeding, that is, several thousand organ- isms per cc. I succeeded in finding it on the third day when it was mixed with water which contained a few thousand water bacteria per cc. When it was mixed in the proportion of 10,000 per cc. with water which contained several hundred thousand water and sewage organisms I found it only on the first day. Q. What means did you employ for determining the pres- ence of the Shiga bacillus? 10411 A. I used the plate method, and the method of marking the colonies and identifying by culture media and by agglutination of the anti-dysenteric serum as described. CROSS-EXAMINATION, by Mr. Corum. Q. Will you give the number of days which the typhoid bacillus lived in each of your experiments that were made at Ashland Avenue? A. Of the first series of experiments made in October I started in with 5 sacs, one on the first day was punctured in taking it out, and I was obliged to discontinue that. One was a control in which I put salt solution infected with the typhoid Organism. That became infected on the second day, and So Was discontinued as a control. I found the typhoid organisms in there on the third day and not later. And of the other three sacs—these are parchment sacs—one which was infected with over two million organisms per cc. to about 200,000 water or- ganisms, in that I found the organisms on the third day and not later, and I made a single culture as late as the 15th day. 10412. In the other two which were seeded with about one and one-half million organisms per cc., I found the typhoid Organisms on the second day and not later than up to the tenth day. That included all the tests made in October, making five ex- periments, omitting the one which I was obliged to discontinue. I made a second experiment in a parchment sac, beginning the first of December. This was inoculated with about 20,000 organisms per cc. to about 8,000 water organisms, and in that I found the organisms on the first, second and third days, and A—405 6466 The State of Missouri vs. later I did not find the typhoid bacillus, continuing experiments until the ninth day. In this on the fourth and on the ninth day I made a special examination by means of taking off all the colo- nies on a plate which was seeded with three hundred or four hundred organisms, and also by taking about 50 cc. of water, attempting to precipitate the typhoid organisms, if present, with Serum and plating out the precipitate. These were negative on the fifth and ninth days. This method is the method that Schep- ilewsky described in the Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, 33rd Volume. 10413 The next series was a series begun on the 30th of Decem- ber, a series of celloidin sacs, which I inoculated with about 11,000 typhoid organisms per ce. to 640,000 water or- ganisms. In this I found the typhoid organism on the first day, not on the second, fifth or ninth days, using the special methods already described. I find that I was mistaken in that I had done one celloidin experiment in the river only and two experiments in the tap water, making seven in the river. Q. Now, in your testimony you have been referring to the experiments in the river? A. Yes, sir. Q. In this Chicago river? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, I wish you would refer to your experiments in the lake? A. I did two experiments in October, suspending the sacs as described in Professor Zeit’s laboratory, in one of which I infected with about one and one-half million typhoid organisms per cc. I examined those daily for fifteen days and found the Organism on the fifth day. The second one I infected in a similar way and found the organism on the seventh day. 10414. In November, beginning the 18th of November, I did an experiment with the parchment sac, which I infected sim- ilar to those described and in that I found the organism on the eighth day and not later, for six days later. In this I deter- mined by the methods described, the absence of the organism. I made a second experiment in which I placed a parchment sac in air and I found the organism on the 5th day and not later to the 12th. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6467 I did another experiment in which I used celloidin Sacs, in- fecting them in a similar manner, and I found the organism on the 7th day and not later to the 14th day. Q. That was lake water, too? A. Yes, sir. I did a control experiment in which I used boiled lake water, and I found the organism on the 15th day. Q. When you speak of organism you mean what? A. The typhoid organism. Q. That is all of the typhoid experiments that you per- formed? 104.15 A. Yes, sir, with the exception of some controls. Signature waived. F. S. B., Com’r. Adjourned until 10:00 a.m., Wednesday, February 17, 1904. 104.16 10:00 A. M., Wednesday, February 17, 1904. Parties met pursuant to adjournment. Present the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. There being no witnesses present, an adjournment was tak- en until 10:00 A.M., Thursday, February 18, 1904. 10417 10:00 A. M., Thursday, February 18, 1904. Met pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. H. L. RUSSELL a witness called on behalf of defendants, being first duly sworn by the Commissioner, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION By Mr. Todd. What is your name? H. L. Russell. Where do you reside? Madison, Wisconsin. What is your business 2 Teacher. In what capacity ? . I am in charge of the department of Bacteriology in the University of Wisconsin. 6468 The State of Missouri vs. 10418 Q. What institution were you graduated from Profes- SOr? A. I received my bachelor’s degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1888; remained there as Fellow in Bacteriology until 1890, and then went to Europe and studied in Koch’s In- stitute in the University of Berlin, in the Zoological station at Naples, and in the Pasteur Institute at Paris. I returned to America in 1891 and took my Ph. D. degree at Johns Hopkins University. Q. When did you assume the professorship in the Univer- sity of Wisconsin at Madison? A. 1893. Q. What experience have you had in sanitary work? A. I have been connected, since 1894 with the Wisconsin State Board of Health as Bacteriologist, and in that capacity as well as in a private capacity I have had to do with the analy- sis of waters from a bacterial point of view, for sanitary pur- poses. Q. What water courses have you investigated? A. We have had the examination of all the waters which were submitted for public analysis in the State since that time and have been engaged especially in an examination of 10419 the water supplies of the cities of Superior, Ashland, Marinette, Menominee, Michigan, Merrill, Steven's Point, Warsau, Eauclaire, Portage, Green Bay, Beloit, Baraboo, and Dubuque, Iowa, besides a number of smaller places. Q. Have you made a special study of sanitary problems? A. In connection with this work I have carried out inves- tigations on the sanitary nature of waters. Q. Have you studied any typhoid fever epidemics? A. Yes sir. The very severe outbreak of typhoid fever in Baraboo, in the year 1901, and I had the examination of the Waters at the time of the typhoid outbreak in Ashland, and just Subsequent to the typhoid outbreak in Superior, Wisconsin. Also in Menominee, Michigan, and Marinette, Wisconsin. Those are the main outbreaks. & Q. Are you acquainted with the literature bearing upon typhoid fever epidemics? A. Yes sir. - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6469 Q. Are you acquainted with any epidemics other than ty- phoid fever? A. Relating to water born diseases? 10420 Q. Yes? A. In connection with water born diseases I have studied the literature with reference to outbreaks caused by Asiatic cholera, organisms producing gastro intestinal diseases, dysen- tery, and also anthrax. Q. Have you made a special study of water analysis? A. In connection with the work previously mentioned it has been necessary for me to make a bacterial analysis of Water in large numbers. I have not studied from a laboratory point of view the chemical side of it so much. Q. What branch of sanitary science have you given special attention to? A. Bacteriology. Q. Have you had any experience in the interpretation of the chemical analyses of water? A. In the course of our sanitary work in the State the waters are received by me. Samples of the same are taken out for bacteriological analyses and the balance of the samples turned over to the State Chemist. His report comes to me merely as a chemical report, without any interpretation, and it has been necessary for me to combine the results of the bacter- iological and chemical examination, and give a proper 10421 interpretation of the coordinated methods of analysis. Mr. Todd: Mr. Commissioner, have you compared all the tables and charts introduced in evidence with all the tables and charts contained in the book known as reports of Streams Examinations published by the Sanitary District of Chicago? I ask this question for the purpose of simplifying my examina- tions as I will refer to Streams Examinations instead of to the individual tables that have been introduced in evidence. The Commissioner: I have made this comparison and have found that all the tables and plates printed in the publication referred to have been copied into the testimony in this case by the witnesses who have hitherto testified. Counsel for complainant makes no objection to this inter- rogatory or answer. Q. Have you examined and studied the bacterial and 6470 The State of Missouri vs. chemical analysis of the waters of Lake Michigan, the Drain- age Canal, the Desplaines River, the Illinois River, the Missis- sippi River and the Missouri River as made by Professors Jor- dan, Gehrmann, Palmer and Burrill, the same being published in what is known as “Reports of Streams Examinations,’’ pub- lished by the Sanitary District of Chicago? 10422 A. I have. - Q. What opportunities have you had for becoming ac- quainted with the water course from Chicago to St. Louis? A. In September, 1903, I made a trip, in conjunction with a number of other individuals, from Chicago to St. Louis, by way of the drainage canal, Desplaines River, Illinois River, Mississippi River and had given me special opportunities for the physical examination of those streams. Q. How was this trip made? A. This trip was made by boat from Chicago to Lock- port; we then went by rail from Lockport to Joliet, and from Joliet to Peoria on the Rock Island, and then took the Fish Commissioner’s Steamer, Illinois, at Peru and made the contin- uous passage from there to St. Louis, stopping en route during the night so as to give an opportunity for the physical exam- ination of the stream throughout its entire course by day light. Q. Did you go up the Mississippi! A. We went up the Mississippi at its junction with the Illinois to Grafton, for the distance of a few miles, so as to ob- Serve the physical conditions of this stream before and at its confluence with the Illinois. 10423 Q. Have you made a special study of bacteriology? A. I have. Q. What are bacteria? A. Bacteria are one celled plant structures of the very lowest order of existence. Their methods of reproduction and nutrition ally them with the plants, not possessing green color- ing matter, rather than with the animal forms of life. Q. How are they classified and distinguished? A. The bacteria are classified primarily on the basis of the form which the cell assumes, there being three fundamental type forms, known respectively as coccus, bacillus and spirillum. The extreme simplicity of the bacteria renders it necessary to bring into the classification of this group of plants a variety of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6471 physiological data, which are not used in the classification of the more highly organized forms of life. These physiological data refer to the growth of the organisms on various kinds of Culture media, the reactions which are produced in these media as a result of this growth, the appearance of the organisms as grown in masses tº linicºy knew in as colonies and their relations to other forms of life when artifically in- 10424 troduced into them, such as is the case with the patho- genic or disease producing bacteria. Q. How are they distributed? A. The bacteria are almost universally distributed in na- ture, being found over the surface of the earth in varying num- bers. - Q. What are the characteristics of bacteria peculiar to Water? . A. The water bacteria, those that are normally native to this habitat, belong to the group of organisms which are tech- nically known as saprophytes, that is, organisms living upon dead organic matter in contradistinction to the parasitic forms which live upon live organic matter. The water bacteria pos- Sess also in addition to this characteristic of growth upon dead material, the ability to thrive in solutions which contain a minimum amount of organic nourishment. So that under natural conditions in waters which are relatively free from organic mat- termany of these organisms possess the power of multiplication in a very great degree. Q. Please distinguish between the so called saprophytic and parasitic bacteria? - A. The saprophytic bacteria live upon dead matter. The parasitic bacteria grow in and on living material. The 10425 parasitic bacteria are divided into two groups one of which is called the obligatory parasites, when the organ- ism is unable to grow on any material which is not alive The facultative group possess the power of growing on both live and dead material. This production of pathogenesis is subject to material alterations in intensity, owing to the environmental conditions under which the organism is placed, and it is there- fore possible to deprive a normal pathogenic organism of its power of producing a diseased condition in the number of sus- ceptible hosts. 6472 - The State of Missouri vs. Q. Distinguish between the pathogenic and non-patho- genic bacteria? . A. The distinction of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bac- teria is a different classification from the parasitic and Sapro- phytic. The pathogenic bacteria are parasitic, although there are organisms that are capable of producing a pathogenic effect that are not strictly parasites. The non-pathogenic classifica- tion is merely a megative one, including all organisms which can not come under the pathogenic or disease producing class. Q. What are the known pathogenic bacteria to man? A. The most commonly recognized pathogenic organisms 10426 for man are those which cause the diseases of typhoid fever, diphtheria, tetanus or lock jaw, Asiatic cholera, Bubonic Plague, dysentery, cerebro spinal meningitis and an- thrax. Q. What pathogenic bacteria are water borne when taken into the human body by means of drinking water? A. The most common organisms of this class are the Or- ganisms producing the diseases of typhoid fever, cholera, dysen- tery, anthrax, under certain conditions also organisms capable of producing certain gastro-intestinal disturbances. These are the ones most likely to be disseminated through the medium of water. - - Q. What is the bacillus prodigiosus? A. The bacillus prodigiosus is a well recognized harmless Saprophyte that is one of the best known of any which are studied in the bacteriological laboratories. The organism is especially easy to recognize on account of its ability to form a red pigment on certain food media which with other means leads to recognition. - Q. Will you give its characteristics and life history? A. The characteristics of bacillus prodigiosus are that it 10427 is a short plump organism. On culture material it is cap- able of liquefying gelatine, producing a funnel shaped liquefication in the test tube, in which there is a slight accumula- tion of red pigment. On the cut surface of a potato the organism. grows luxuriantly forming a thick mass of bacterial growth which possesses a blood red color, changing to a metallic luster with increasing age. These cultures frequently possess a herring brine odor, which is a characteristic of the organism. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6473 Q. Is it found in river water? A. Bacillus prodigious is occasionally found in river water, as well as other locations of the outside environment. Q. Have you found bacillus prodigiosus in the water of the western country? - A. Yes sir, in several instances I have found the organism known as bacillus prodigiosus under external conditions. Several of these cases have been in samples of milk which were examined, but in other cases I have found it in water supplies which were reasonably certain to be entirely free from any polluted ma- terial. Q. Are you acquainted with the experiment made with the bacillus prodigiosus, by Dr. Ravold? 10428 A. Yes, I am conversant with the data which has been presented in connection with the case. Q. Assume that 107 barrels of 40 gallons each of culture of bacillus prodigiosus, consisting of a thousand million bacilli to a c. c., as contained in said barrels was deposited in the Chicago Drainage Canal at the time, and late on the afternoon and even- ing of the sixth day of November, 1901, during a period of from four to eight hours. Assume further that immediately after the said barrels were emptied into the drainage canal, the labora- tories at Lockport, Joliet, Pekin and Grafton on the Illinois River and the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks, chain of rocks were notified, and that samples were collected at each of these places every hour of the day and night for the purpose of bacteriological analyses for the ascertainment of this bacillus prodigiosus and assume at Lockport these hourly samples, day and night, were taken from November 7th, to November 25th, a period of eighteen days, the total number of samples taken being 432. Assume that at Joliet these hourly samples taken day and night were taken from November 7th to November 25, a period of 18 days, the total number of samples taken being 432. Assume further that at Peoria these hourly samples were taken day and night from November 8th to November 10429 30th, a period of 22 days, amounting to a total of 528. Assume that at Grafton these hourly samples were taken day and night from November 12th to December 15th, a period of 33 days, the total number amounting to 792, of which 384 were analyzed by Dr. Ravold. 6474 The State of Missouri vs. Assume that the total number of samples taken hourly day and night at the chain of rocks was 720. Assume that at the laboratory tap these hourly samples taken day and night from November 20 to March 1, 1902, a period of 100 days, amounted to a total of 2400. Assume that the total number of samples analyzed at the different points for the period above mentioned was 5304. Assume further that on December 4, at 8:45 A. M. 1 bac- terium prodigiosus was found at the intake tower at the chain of rocks. Assume that on December 5th, at 9:00 A. M. 1 bacillus pro- digiosus was found at the intake tower, chain of rocks. Assume that on December 8th at midnight 1 prodigiosus was found at the intake tower chain of rocks. Assume that on December 6th at 8:00 A. M. at Grafton 1 bacillus prodigiosus was found. Assume that on December 7th at midnight, at Grafton, 1 bacillus prodigious was found, and assume further that 10430 these five organisms welle all the organisms of the pro- digiosus that were found in the examination made from Lockport to the intake tower at the chain of rocks and the labor- atory tap in the city of St. Louis which were made during the progress of this investigation as hereinbefore set forth and at no time was there more than one single bacterium found at each of these places. Assuming all the facts as hereinbefore stated to be true, what is your opinion as a bacteriologist as to the value of this experiment as indicating the possible longevity of the typhoid bacillus as measured by the longevity of a bacillus prodigiosus and the probability that a typhoid bacillus entering the drain- age canal from the sewers of Chicago would ultimately find its way through the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers to the St. Louis water works at the chain of rocks. $. A. Taking into consideration the assumptions as indicated in the question and also considering the question in the light of all the knowledge which I possess with reference to the dis- tribution of the organism known as bacillus prodigiosus under natural and normal conditions, my opinion is that this experi- * ment does not in any way throw any light on the matter 10431 of the probable longevity of the typhoid bacillus as meas- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6475 ured by the longevity of the bacillus prodigiosus, and the assumptions mentioned in the question propounded, leads me to believe it is highly improbable that the organisms reported to have been found on the fourth, fifth and eighth of December at the intake tower, chain of rocks, on the sixth and 7th of De- cember were the same or derived from the organisms which were placed in the waters of the Chicago Drainage Canal at Lemont on the 6th day of November. - - This conclusion is based upon the fact that a series of ex- aminations made on the samples taken from the water of the Illinois river at Lockport, Joliet, Peoria and Grafton between the 7th of November and December 15th, amounting in all to 1752, and also samples taken from the intake tower at the chain of rocks, at the laboratory tap in the City of St. Louis, between November 20th and March 1st, amounting in all to 3120 failed to reveal the presence of the bacillus prodigiosus until 28 days had elapsed from the time the cultures were placed in the river at Lemont. If the organisms which were reported to have been isolated from the waters of the Illinois river at Grafton and the Mis- sissippi at the chain of rocks had been the same or the 10432 progeny of the same as those which were deposited in the Chicago Drainage Canal at Lemont, it would have been natural to expect that in the numerous preceding analyses which had been made, organisms of this species would have been found, as there is reason to believe that the flow of water from Lemont through the Illinois river to the City of St. Louis would not have consumed a period of 28 days. Assuming that the organisms reported as bacillus prodigi- Osus, which were found on December 4, 5 and 8th, at the intake tower, chain of rocks, and December 6 and 7 at Grafton, were organisms derived from other sources than those due to the depositing of 107 barrels of cultures of the bacillus deposited On November 6th in the river, and assuming that hourly and daily Samples were made at these stations along the course of the Illinois river from Lockport to Grafton, and from the waters of the Mississippi river at St. Louis, said analyses amounting in all to 5304, and assuming that in no case were any organisms belonging to the bacillus prodigiosus found in any of these sta- tions, with the excepiton of the three germs found at the intake 6476 * The State of Missouri vs. tower, chain of rocks, December 4-8, and 2 organisms found in the Illinois river at Grafton on December 6th and 10433 7th, after a period of 28 days after those 107 barrels of culture had been placed in the Illinois river at Lemonit, and assuming the well known fact that the bacillus prodigiosus is a saprophytic organism, capable of living in the water under natural conditions a longer period of time than active, vigorous non-spore bearing parasitic bacteria, such as the bacteria of typhoid fever, it is my opinion that the results of the above ex- periment show that it is highly probable that the saprophytic bacillus prodigiosus had been destroyed in the waters of the Illinois river during the course of its flow from Lemont to Graf- ton and the City of St. Louis, and, therefore, assuming that such was the case it would be much more probable that the more deli- cate and easily affected organism of typhoid fever, entering the waters of the drainage canal of Chicago, from the sewers of Chicago, would not have survived a journey down the Illinois river and Mississippi river to the intake tower, chain of rocks, at St. Louis. Q. What importance do you attach to the experiment as assumed in the hypothetical question? A. As to throwing light upon the question at issue as to the longevity of the typhoid organisms, I do not consider 10434 the experiment detailed in the foregoing case, where bacillus prodigiosus were placed in the waters of the Illinois river, would be of any direct value, as the selection of this organism would not give conditions which would permit of a proper interpretation of the results obtained. Q. Are there any other kinds of bacteria resembling the prodigiosus found in this western country? A. It is not uncommon to find in water and under other Conditions in nature, in this region as well as in other places, Organisms possessing the characteristic which simulate those - belonging to bacillus prodigiosus, by reason of the red pigment which they are capable of producing when grown upon the or- dinary nutrient media and which might, therefore, be mistaken for bacillus prodigiosus unless the characteristics of the germs isolated were studied in detail so as to be absolutely certain whether the said organisms belonged to the species bacillus prodigious or not. tº The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6477 Q. Will you give the characteristics and pathogenic sig- nificance of the cholera germ? A. The cholera germs belong to the class known as the spirillum, slightly curved, and therefore receive the name of comma bacillus, on account of its resemblance to the 10435 character comma. This organism is capable of grow- ing on artificial media readily. On nutrient gelatine it is able to liquefy the gelatine, producing a characteristic appear- ance, both on gelatine plates and in gelatine culture. This is characterized by the formation of gas by products which are rapidly volatilized, causing the formation of a sharply defined pit, in the bottom of which the developing colony is to be noted. The organism upon agar is not especially characteristic. It grows under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It is capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites and possesses the well known and well characterized cholera red reaction which en- ables it to be readily distinguished from other spirillum. It is capable of producing toxic products which are able to produce fatal results in the bodies of experimental animals under cer- tain conditions, although not normally doing so by ordinary means of inoculation. Q. Of the tetanus germ 2 A. The tetanus germ is a bacillus, spore bearing, produc- ing a spore much larger than the mother cell, and therefore giving a drum head appearance to the organism in micro- 10436 scopic examinations, which is very characteristic. The germ is a strict anaerobe, therefore does not develop On ordinary nutrient media, exposed to contact with air. It is capable of growing in artificial media, in the presence of hydro- gen or nitrogen, producing in gelatine cultures a very charac- teristic radiating growth which resembles an inverted fir tree. The germ is capable of producing a very powerful toxin which in exceedingly small quantities produces fatal results in labora- tory animals. Q. Of the anthrax germ? A. The anthrax germ belongs to the bacillus group, is a very large organism for bacteria, square ended, spore bearing, grows readily upon artificial media; presents in gelatine a well characterized appearance; on agar, less distinct, causes the death 6478 The State of Missouri vs. ~ of most kinds of laboratory animals upon inoculation of exceed- ingly small quantities of culture. Q. The enteriditis sporogenes? A. Bacillus enteriditis sporogenes is an organism which was discovered by Klein of England. He found it particularly common in sewage and waters polluted with fecal material. This organism is an anaerobic germ, spore bearing, capable of growing upon ordinary culture media; possesses char- 10437 acteristic appearance in milk, which enables it to be readily recognized; is toxic for laboratory animals, although it is not usualy associated with disease conditions in IY) all. - Q. Of the dysentery bacillus? A. The dysentery bacillus is the organism which was dis- covered by Shiga in Japan, in cases of Japanese dysentery. It has also been recently found by Kruse in Germany, and Flexner in the Phillipines, both of whom have associated it with the pro- duction of bacillary dysentery in man. The organism is some- what allied to the typhoid organism or the colon bacillus. It possesses culture characteristics more nearly related to the ty- phoid than any other important bacterial form, although it is readily distinguished from the typhoid organism by its reaction towards glucose sugar. - Q. Have you made any special study of the typhoid germ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Give the characteristics of the typhoid germ? A. The typhoid organism belongs to a group of bacteria which is sometimes called the typhoid colon group. The 10438 organism is a germ capable of growing both in the body of animals and in artificial media. On gelatine it is in- Capable of liquefying the media. Surface colonies present an irregular contour, bluish gray by transmitted light, giving a peculiar lustre, which is quite characteristic on certain media. The organism grows well on agar, in colonies, producing, how- ever, no marked change in the physical properties of the colony. It grows well in broth to which sugar is added, and in these media can be readily distinguished from the varieties of the Colon group. Q. Where are typhoid germs found. A, Typhoid organisms are found, of course, in cases of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6479 typhoid fever, thriving and growing in the intestinal tract, in the lesions produced in the intestinal wall, spreading from thence into the interior tissues of the body where it is found most frequently and in largest numbers in the spleen. It is located in other portions of the body during cases of the disease and may even retain its vitality after convalescence. The organism ap- pears in the feces and the urine of the typhoid patients and re- tains its vitality in these materials for varying periods of time after the same have been voided from the living host. 10439 Q. What germs do they resemble? A. The species of bacteria included under the head of the typhoid germ closely resemble a number of other bacteria, not only morphologically, so far as form and structure are con- cerned, but also as to certain characteristics which they possess similar to other related organisms growing on ordinary nutrient media. Q. Is it related to the colon bacillus, and if so, in what way? A. The germ of typhoid fever belongs to a group of Or- ganisms which includes, in addition to this specific organism, other bacteria such as bacteria coli communis, or the colon bacil- lus, and also other bacilli which stand intermediate between the colon bacilli and the typhoid fever organism, which are known as the para colon and the para typhoid organism. The typhoid organism is, therefore, related to the colon bacilli, such rela- tionship being expressed by the morphological similarity of the two organisms as to form and structure, size and arrangement of cells and in a number of growth characters, as exhibited by both organisms when grown on artificial media. Q. What methods are employed for determining and identi- fying the typhoid bacillus? 10440 A. The determination and identification of the typhoid organisms is made by isolating the presumptive organ- ism in pure culture from various sources and then transplanting these in various nutrient media in which the organism grows and develops, producing thereby characteristic by products, some of which are peculiarly specific to this organism and permit of its differentiation from other closely related organisms. Such dif- ferential tests may be applied as the growth of the typhoid bacillus in milk, to which litmus is added. Its growth in broth to which lactose is added. Its growth in a broth when litmus 6480 The State of Missouri vs. and dextrose is added, when the acidity of the media is increased by reason of the fermentation which is produced in the added glucose; also recognized by its inability to liquefy gelatine and produces colonies which are more or less characteristic, and is especially recognized by its power to cause an agglutination or a clumping of the blood serum of animals which have been arti- ficially immunized against the typhoid bacillus by repeated in- jection of cultures of such bacilli in the body cavities of animals. Q. Please give the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the human body? A. The typhoid fever organism grows and multiplies 10441 in the human body, and is capable of retaining its vitality even after convalescence for a considerable period of time, as is shown by the continued excretion of the organism in the urine of patients, for weeks and sometimes even months after the disease has run its course, and still longer as has been shown by the isolation of the typhoid fever organisms from portions of the body such as the bone marrow where it has been found in a few cases even years after the disease had dis- appeared. Q. Please give the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in soil? A. The typhoid fever organisms is capable of retaining its vitality in soil for a varying period of time, depending upon the influences to which it is subjected and its environment. When deposited in the soil by burial, the organism rapidly loses its vitality so that at the expiration of a short period, measured by a few days, it can no longer be detected in the upper layers . of the soil. When the soil is moist and the organism is deposited in typhoid dejecta, the germ is capable of retaining its vitality for a longer period of time, a period of time which may be meas- ured by months. Some experiments indicate a retention of vitality for five or six months. 10442 Please give the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in Water? A. The longevity of the typhoid bacillus in water is materi- ally shorter than it is under soil conditions, and here again de- pends largely upon the conditions of exposure. Where the or- ganism is brought in contact with an aqueous medium with nor- mal saprophytic bacteria, such as would naturally be found The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6481 where the organism was exposed in sewage or polluted waters, the vitality of the typhoid germ is greatly impaired, and its longevity is thereby lessened, so that it is my opinion that under such conditions in waters of this character, the longevity of the organism would not normally be more than three or four days or so, but that in waters of a greater degree of purity where Saprophytic bacterial life is not so abundant and therefore the Vital concurrence between these native bacteria and the typhoid organisms would not be so great, the longevity of the typhoid Organisms, under these conditions, would be increased so that it might be found in waters which would ordinarily be deemed as pure waters, even at the expiration of a longer period, possibly One or two weeks. g Q. Have you made any experiments upon the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in different kinds of water? A. Yes, sir; I have carried out an extensive series of 10443 experiments in connection with this matter of the longevity of the typhoid organism. These experiments indicate that when the organism is exposed in water which is ordinarily pronounced as pure and which has first been sterilized by heat and thus deprived of its germ life and possibly of meta- bolic products of bacterial activity, this process changes the conditions of the water so that in these waters the germs of typhoid fever are capable of retaining their vitality for a period of time, measured by months. I have also conducted experiments where such water was deprived of its bacterial life by filtraton rather than by heat, and under conditions where the soluble products of bacterial growth in the water would be brought in contact with the typhoid organism. Q. Please give the results of those experimnets? A. The results of these experiments which have been made with waters sterilized by these two processes of heating and filtration indicate consistently that the vitality of the typhoid Organism in raw water rendered sterile by filtration was con- siderably shorter than in the same water which had been ren- dered sterile by the application of heat. These results obtain not only where the amount of typhoid organisms which were seeded were even light, but also where large numbers, A—406 6482 The State of Missouri vs. 10444 several thousand per loop, were inoculated. The results of these tests were uniform and indicated that without exception the vitality of the typhoid organism in such raw Waters as these was much shorter than in water sterilized by heat. 10445 Q. Does the typhoid bacillus multiply and increase in nature? * A. So far as my experience goes, it is not my belief that the typhoid organism is capable of multiplying and increasing outside of the body under a natural condition. At least this is not the case so far as its relation to water is concerned, and the general opinion among investigators upon this subject is that when discharged with fecal material upon the surface of the ground it is exceedingly questionable whether there is any growth when brought in contact with soil bacteria. Q. Are the conditions of laboratory experiments more or less favorable than the conditions in nature for the longevity of the typhoid bacillus? º A. The conditions in which laboratory experiments have been performed on the longevity of the typhoid fever organism, are, as a rule, more favorable for the prolongation of vitality of this organism, than would exist where the organism was ex- posed under natural conditions. Q. What reason have you for this opinion? A. This opinion is based upon the well known fact that when the typhoid organism is exposed under natural conditions, in, for instance, flowing waters, it is subjected to a num- 10446 ber of factors of a detrimental character, exerting a detri- mental influence which often can not be readily simulated under laboratory conditions, and which in the case of the labora- tory experiments that have been published relating to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus, in many instances no attempt has been made to overcome. Q. Will the germ of typhoid fever live as long in polluted water as in pure sterilized water? A. It has been recognized by practically all investigators on this subject that the organism of typhoid fever lives longer in sterilized water than it does under raw conditions and if such waters are polluted, if normal raw waters are polluted, it is my The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6483 belief that the longevity of the germ would be much less than in the case of purer sterilized water. Q. How do you account for this? A. My opinion that the typhoid organism will not live as long in polluted as in pure waters which have been sterilized by heat, is based upon the fact that there exists an antagonism between the saprophytic bacteria, found in polluted waters, or the bi-products of the growth of these organisms and the typhoid organisms, which exerts a prejudicial effect upon the 10447 development of the typhoid germ, thereby diminishing its vitality and shortening its longevity. Q. From your knowledge of the quality of the water in the drainage canal, the Desplaines river and the Illinois river, what is your opinion as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in those waters? A. From my knowledge of the conditions which obtain in the water of the Chicago drainage canal and the Illinois river my opinion is that the longevity of the typhoid organism would not be beyond the average more than a few days, at the most, say three to four days. - Q. How do you account for your assumption that the life of the typhoid in the waters of the Illinois river and drainage canal and Desplaines river is shorter as compared to the labora- tory experiments? A. The reason assigned for the diminished vitality of the typhoid organism in the waters of the Illinois river in compari- Son with those which have been reported in laboratory experi- ments, is, that under the conditions under which the organism is exposed, in said stream, the germ would be subject to 10448 a number of environmental influences which would exert a prejudicial effect upon the vitality of the organism, and would thereby shorten the longevity of the germ to a period much shorter than would be found in an experimental test car- ried on in the laboratory conditions where the influence of these detrimental factors was more or less excluded. Q. Have you made any experiments on the competition existing between the typhoid and the saprophytic bacteria? A. Yes, I have made a large number of experiments on this very matter, of the vital concurrence or competition which would 6484 The State of Missouri vs. exist when the typhoid organism was exposed under artificial conditions to the influence of various saprophytic bacteria. Q. Please state these experiments in full? A. These experiments have covered a period of four or five years and have been conducted along a variety of lines. One group of these experiments have been made, where cultures of the typhoid organism were placed in celloidin sacs, which were germ tight and therefore would not permit of the passing out of the typhoid organism or the passing in of any extraneous organism, but which will permit of the passing in and 10449 out of the soluble products of the growth of these or- ganisms. These sacs were placed in cultures made of nutrient material, to which material was added such as soil, water, and other matter containing divers forms of saprophytic bacteria. Under such conditions bacterial growth was of course abundant in the outside medium. The results of such experi- ments indicated frequently that the typhoid organism was un- able to grow on the inside of these sacs, even when placed in nutrient medium, such as beef broth. In many instances not Only was this inability to grow marked, but the organism was actually killed off. Further experiments have been made to isolate from these impure cultures, the organisms on the out- side of these sacs which were capable of bringing about this change. It was possible to demonstrate in this way that there Were a number of saprophytic bacteria such as the bacillus flourescencens liquefaciens, a well recognized and well known Common water bacterium, that possessed the power of exerting an antagonistic effect against the typhoid organism to such an extent that the typhoid germ placed in nutritive medium inside of the sacs, was incapable of growth. Under such circumstances the typhoid germ itself was only brought in contact with the Soluble products of the growth of the saprophytic water 10450 bacteria, which were capable of passing this permeable membrane. The fact that under such conditions the Organism lost its vitality, indicates to my mind a specific illustra- tion of the law of antagonism which is konwn to be operative with various organisms among the bacteria and which is un- doubtedly a potent agent in the destruction of pathogenic bac- teria in the outside environment. - Further experiments have been made where the typhoid The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6485 organism has been grown in normal waters, which have been rendered germ free by the processes of sterilization and filtra- tion. In such cases the longevity of the typhoid germ is always shorter in raw water which has been rendered germ free by filtration, than it is in the same water which has been rendered germ free by sterilization. The process of sterilization by heat destroys in all probability certain toxic or préjudicial substances which are naturally present in waters where bacterial growth has previously existed. The direct antagonism between the typhoid organism and certain saprophytic bacteria was shown particularly well in my judgment in a series of experi- 10451 ments in which boiled water was taken and inoculated with the colon organism, and also one other well known water bacillus, the flourescence bacillus before mentioned. After these organisms had thrived and grown in boiled water they were then rendered germ free by filtration. This deprived the water of the bacteria themselves but left in the water the soluble products that had been produced by these organisms which were capable of passing the filter. Such filtered waters were then inoculated with typhoid organisms of varying strains, of vary- ing age, with varying amounts, and it was observed that in a large proportion of the cases the typhoid organisms so inocu- lated into these waters which had previously supported the bac- teria life of the saprophytic class, resulted in the early destruc- tion of the typhoid germs. In fact, in two or three days time. Whereas, the same strains of the typhoid organism of the same age of culture in varying amounts similar to those that have been used in the other experiments were inoculated into the same kind of water which had been previously boiled, but which had not been seeded with these saprophytic organisms. 10452. In these cases the typhoid organism lived longer. The results of these conclusions lead me to believe that there exists in nature a direct antagonism between various sapro- phytic bacteria which are normally to be found in water, and the typhoid organism, and that such antagonism results in the loss of vitality of the typhoid germ very much more rapidly than would be the case if the typhoid organism was not ex- posed to such a prejudicial environment. Q. Are there any other experiments aside from those you have detailed, which you know of, or have made yourself, touch- 6486 The State of Missouri vs. ing upon the longevity of the typhoid as compared with the life of other bacteria? º A. These experiments which I have just detailed were not only made by myself, but have been investigated by a number of my advanced students working under my direction and the re- Sults have been confirmatory in a general way. The discrepan- cies in the results, being no more than I would naturally expect would occur where different observers have worked at different times under slightly different conditions. Q. Are you acquainted with the physical conditions of 10453 the drainage canal, the Desplaines river and the Illinois river, and the Mississippi from Chicago to St. Louis? A. I have had an opportunity of examining into the physical conditions of the Chicago drainage canal, the Des- plaines river, the Illinois river and the Mississippi river. Q. Will you describe the dams in the Illinois river? A. In the trip which was before mentioned I had an op- portunity of seeing the dams which have been placed in the lower reaches of the Illinois River, and was able to note the effect these dams would produce upon the physical appearances of the river. Q. What effect did those dams have upon the problem of sedimentation? - - A. The rate of flow in the lower reaches of the Illinois river is much slower than in the upper, causing the river to spread out over a wider cross-section. The damming up of this stream through the construction of the dams on the var- ious points of the river, widens still further the body of water in the river, causing slack water to exist for a considerable distance back to the extent that the height of the dam would equal the normal fall of the river. As the fall per mile 10454 in the lower reaches of the river is relatively low in com- - parison to what it is in the upper portion, this damming back of the stream of low water must amount to considerable. This retarded rate of flow of the current reduces the carrying power of the stream, as to the transportation of the suspended material, and thereby produces marked sedimentation. The subsidence of this matter carries down to the bottom of the stream much of the bacterial life which is present in the river, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6487 . thus purifying the water of the river, of its bacteria as well as relieving it of its suspended load of sediment. Q. How is sedimentation in the Illinois river affected by the higher and lower stages of water A. At low water, where the flow is small, the result of the dams must produce slack water to a certain extent, causing sed- imentation. At high water the load of suspended sediment in the river is a great deal increased owing to the eroding ef- fect of the surface run off on the land. This increase in the amount of the load carried, naturally increases the possibil- ities of sedimentation, where there are no variations in the rate of flow of the current. As the flow per mile diminishes from the upper to the lower reaches of the river, the current is naturally retarded and thus has a tendency to deposit 10455 its load. On the contrary, the larger volume of water found in high water increases the rate of flow and tends to retard this rate of deposition. If the river rises to high stages, where the banks are over- flowed, which condition would easily be possible, as the Illi- nois river flows through a relatively low plain, the water spreads out over the banks and causes deposition by sedimentation. On the trip taken in September, I noted locations where the water was several miles wide. These locations I would consider as giving favorable opportunity for the production of slack water to a greater or less extent and would therefore permit of the marked deposition of the suspended matter which might be present in the stream. tº Lºs Q. Will bacteria respond to the law of gravity in the pure water of the running stream 7 A. The specific gravity of bacteria is only a trifle above that of water. Hence the sedimentation of bacterial cells them- selves cannot well occur in pure water freed from all insoluble Sediment except in a state of absolute quiescence. 10456 In this connection I have made a large number of ex- periments on the vertical distribution of bacteria in lakes such as Lake Mendota, at Madison. In the winter when the lake is covered with ice, and therefore there are no disturb– ing currents due to wind action and temperature changes, the results of these experiments show that the upper layers of the water, although entirely free from sediment contain a rela- 6488 The State of Missouri vs. tively large amount of bacterial life and in fact I am unable to ascertain that there is any material settling out of germ life by mere gravitation in waters which are pure, even in a quies- cent condition, and much less so in that of a running stream. Q. What is it that causes bacteria to settle at the bottom of a running stream? - 4. A. The reason why bacteria settle to the bottom of a flow- ing stream depends not on the sedimentation of these organ- isms themselves, but on account of the subsidence of suspended matter in the stream. The small soil particles, which consti- tute the mud and silt found in running streams, Carry 10457 down with them as they fall to the bottom of the stream, a large part of the bacteria which may be found in such waters. In this way the germ content of the muddy water may be very greatly reduced by the sedimentation of its suspended load. - - - . . Adjourned until 2 P. M., the same day, February 18th, 1904. - 10458 2:00 P. M., Thursday, February 18, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. H. L. RUSSELL resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Could sufficient water from Lake Michigan be carried through the drainage canal into the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers to create a condition of purity and clearness so as to preclude the operation of sedimentation in the Illinois River? A. I am not familiar with the conditions well enough to know the maximum amount of water which it would be possible to pass through the drainage canal into the Illinois River but I think it extremely improbable that if all the sewage of the City of Chicago was discharged into said drainage canal that a sufficient amount of pure water could be discharged through this channel so as to produce a condition in the waters of the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers which would preclude the 10459 operation of sedimentation in the latter stream. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6489 Q. Assuming that the entire sewage from the city of Chicago should be diverted into the drainage canal and that one million cubic feet per minute should pass over the Bear Trap dam at Lockport, would that amount of dilution be sufficient after it reached the Illinois River, mingled with the sewage of Chicago, to so separate the matter in suspension in the Des- plaines and Illinois River, as to prevent the operation of sedi- mentation of bacteria? * A. Assuming the present rate of flow to be somewhere in the neighborhood of 300,000 cubic feet per minute with the present amount of sewage discharged, and a condition of tur- bidity and sediment equal to that reported as existing in the Sewage at the time of the analysis as made by Professors Jor- dan, Palmer, and Gehrmann, and reported in Streams Examin- ation, I do not consider that an increase in the amount of Lake Michigan water to a point that would equal a discharge of a million cubic feet per minute over the Bear Trap Dam, would permit of entire separation of the suspended matter which would be present in the waters of the drainage canal to such a point that the dilution would prevent the sedimentation of such material and the consequent removal in part of the bacterial life in the water. 10460 Q. What sanitary significance does dilution have in con- sidering the process of the problem of self purification of streams? A. The increase in the volume of water noted in the flow of any stream is due to two causes. First, the Water received from surface tributaries which constitute the so called run off from the surface of the land; second, the volume of water which comes from the percolation of the water directly through the soil, seeking a lower from a higher level, and therefore appear- ing in the drainage channels, either in the form of springs or Oozing through the ground. This flow, known as the dry weather flow of a stream, together with the water which finds its way over the surface of the soil, are both factors which cause dilution in a stream, through an increase in the amount of water. The water contributed by the first factor is water which is rich in germ life of a saprophytic nature and those organisms present in the surface of the soil. The water contributed in the second case is the ground 6490 - The State of Missouri vs. Water Supply which has been deprived almost if not entirely of its germ contents by filtration through large or smaller masses of soil, and the introduction of this comparatively sterile water would, therefore, greatly reduce the germ content in any existing body. Whenever the possibility of disease bac- 10461 teria is present, the admixture of this relatively germ free ground water, or even the surface run off, dimin- ishes the number of disease organisms materially which would be present in any given body, although it might contribute in a considerable measure numerous water bacteria. The dilution of any polluted water therefore with waters coming from these Sources would thereby greatly diminish the danger of contract- ing disease through the introduction of pathogenic bacteria. Q. Is the danger of infection entirely diminished by dilu- tion? A. The infection of the human system from disease bac- teria undoubtedly requires in some cases a simultaneous intro- duction of more than one specific organism of any disease. When water which is infected with disease bacteria is there- fore diluted with water not containing these organisms the dam- ger of infection which might arise from the ingestion of such Water is really diminished, as the case of a given quantity of Such water would permit of the absorption of a smaller num- ber of those specific organisms connected with that disease, and it is entirely conceivable that in this way the amount of water which would be taken might contain less than the lethal dose. Q. Is it a fact that the greater the dilution of sewage the 10462 less the danger from infection? A. On the assumption that the danger of infection from Sewage comes from the presence of pathogenic bacteria which find their way into the sewage from the fecal discharges, it is true that a dilution of sewage containing those organisms would diminish the number of bacteria of a specific kind, capable of bringing about this infection, and when it is further assumed that it is probably necessary in the case of intestinal diseases that there shall be a simultaneous introduction of more than One organism of a specific disease such as typhoid fever, it there- fore follows that the dilution of sewage may reach a point where the danger of infection from sewage which might origi- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6491 ally have been dangerous would be brought to such a point as to be relatively harmless. Q. What effect does the dilution of the Chicago sewage with the water of Lake Michigan have upon the conditions of the water in the Illinois River? A. The dilution of the Chicago sewage, as found in the drainage canal, with the purer waters coming from Lake Mich- igan would result in a diminution of the number of disease bac- teria which might be present in Chicago sewage in any given volume, and would thus greatly minimize the danger of 10463 infection which might come through the ingestion of the water taken from the Illinois River. Q. Is the addition of Lake Michigan water to the sewage of Chicago a detriment or a benefit to the sanitary condition of the Illinois River, considered from the standpoint of dilution alone? A. If we consider this question from the standpoint of dilution alone it is evident that the addition of water from Lake Michigan, relatively low in germ content and of a very much purer quality than would exist in the sewage as found in the drainage canal at Chicago, then the addition of this water would be a benefit to the sanitary condition of the water as found in the Illinois River. *. Q. Is the addition of Lake Michigan Water to the sewage of Chicago a detriment or a benefit to the sanitary condition of the Illinois River, considered from the standpoint of chemical and bacterial changes taking place? . A. The addition of the waters of Lake Michigan to the sewage of the City of Chicago undoubtedly alters the sani- tary condition of the waters of the Illinois River in that it di- lutes a very impure and polluted water with waters of a much higher degree of purity. This must of necessity modify 10464 the conditions which would obtain from the standpoint of the chemical and bacterial changes which would take place in the upper regions of the river. Q. If a sufficient volume of Lake Michigan water should be added to the sewage of Chicago so as to cause the elevation in the waters of the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers, what ef- fect would this increased volume of water have upon the ques- tion of sedimentation in the Illinois River? - 6492 - - The State of Missouri vs. A. If a sufficient volume of water, Lake Michigan water, should be added to the sewage of the City of Chicago and dis- charged in the waters of the drainage canal, so as to cause an elevation in the waters of the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers to such an extent as would lead to the overflow of the low lands adjoining these rivers, this increase in the volume of water Would undoubtedly facilitate the sedimentation of the suspended matter in such localities where this slack water existed. Q. How does the physical condition of the Illinois River Compare with the other rivers of the country, for the purpose of purification and sedimentation? A. On account of the fact that the banks of the Illinois 10465 River are relatively low it is therefore possible at high water stages for these banks to be easily covered and the widening of the stream during such stages of high water would lead necessarily to a retardation of the current and so cause to be deposited on these low lying lands much of the sed- iment which would be present in the stream and so would lead to a material sedimentation, and by reason of this fact to a material purification of the water in the Illinois River, when compared with other rivers in which the elevation of the shore was such as to prevent the ready overflow of their banks. Q. From your knowledge of the physical conditions that obtain along the Illinois River as well as from the results of the analysis of the waters, both chemical and bacterial, as they appear in Streams Examinations, what effect, if any, does the Sewage from Chicago, discharged into the drainage canal, have upon the waters of the Mississippi, as the same passes along the shore of the state of Missouri’ - A. Taking into consideration the conditions which obtain in the Illinois River as to the sedimentation and dilution, and all other conditions that can be observed, which permit of the production of chemical and bacterial changes in the sew- 10466 age, as revealed by the analyses reported in Streams Ex- aminations, I do not consider that the sewage of Chi- cago, as discharged into the drainage canal, can have any ma- terial effect upon the waters of the Mississippi River except possibly to increase the amount of such undissolved salts as chlorine which are not taken out of solution and which would therefore find their way down the stream and thus probably Z'he State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6493 increase the chlorine content of the waters of the Mississippi River as they pass the shores of the State of Missouri. Q. What is your opinion as to whether any pollution, dan- gerous to public health, entering the drainage canal from the sewers of Chicago, reaches as far down the Illinois River as the town of Grafton? A. Basing the results which have been recorded on the self-purification of flowing streams on the fact that the typhoid Organism does not thrive in natural waters, and it is only a Question of how long it will live in waters of this class, that the time of flow is so great that pollution dangerous to public health would cease to exist in sewage passing from the city of Chicago to the Illinois River, down as far as the town of Grafton, from the fact that experimental evidence shows that the ty- 10467 phoid organism will not live in highly polluted waters like those of the drainage canal and upper portions of the Illinois River for more than a brief period of time, measured by three or four days, my opinion is that any pollution which would be dangerous to public health which might arise from the sewers of Chicago and enter the drainage canal would not exert any influence on the character of the waters of the Illi- nois River at its mouth, at the town of Grafton. Q. What evidence have you that justifies the conclusion just expressed that no pollution dangerous to public health, com- ing from the sewers of Chicago, reaches as far down the Illi- nois River as Grafton? A. The evidence which can be adduced for the justification of the conclusion just expressed rests upon an experimental evidence which has been adduced, which shows that organisms capable of causing typhoid fever will not live in the waters of the Illinois River for a sufficient period of time so that it would have been possible for them to have been carried from the sew- ers of the city of Chicago down the Illinois River as far as Graf- ton. Q. What is your opinion as to whether any infectious mat- ters coming from the sewers of Chicago, by way of the drain- age canal, in a dangerous state reach as far down the 10468 Illinois River as the city of Grafton? A. My opinion is that any infectious matters which may 6494 The State of Missouri vs. be discharged from the sewers of Chicago by way of the drain- age canal, are deprived of their infectious properties by rea- son of the conditions which exist in the waters of the drainage canal and in the waters of the Illinois River before they have had time to have been carried by the waters of said stream from the city of Chicago down through the drainage canal and the Illinois River to the city of Grafton. Q. Is there any evidence, bacterial or chemical, that you know of that would justify the conclusion that polluted and in- fectious matter coming from the sewers of Chicago would reach as far down the Illinois River as the town of Grafton. A.. I have no knowledge or any data whatever of a chem- ical or a bacterial nature that would justify the conclusion that the pollution brought through the sewers of Chicago to the drainage canal and thus finding its way down the Illinois River would be brought as far down that river as the town of Grafton, in a condition where it could be dangerous. Q. Would the condition of low water in the Missouri River at a time when there was high water in the Illinois River 10469 be in any way a factor in carrying infected and polluted matters from the sewers of Chicago to the city of St. Louis? X- - - A. If the typhoid fever organism is destroyed under nat- ural conditions which obtain in the Illinois River, in the course of three or four days, the stage of water in the Missouri River and the Mississippi River would exert no effect as I can see on the carrying of infected or polluted water from the city of . Chicago to the city of St. Louis. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to this question, on page 3545 of the record which I have, “Professor, will you state whether or not it is within the bounds of human possibility for any competent expert to say that in the period of low water on the Missouri River, such as is likely to occur at next Christmas time a thaw on the Illinois River waters shed might not en- danger the lives of the people using the waters of the Missis- sippi below the mouth of the Illinois on the Missouri shore and at the city of St. Louis by sending to them in that water the Suspended sewage of the sanitary district of Chicago,” ans- wered: “I do not believe that it is because in my opinion no The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6495 competent expert either can or will say that any means 10470 exist at present by which such unpurified sewage can be warded off from the people on the Missouri shore and the citizen of St. Louis, under those conditions.” I will ask you to state what is your knowledge in regard to the assumption that low water might exist in the Missouri at a time of flood water in the Illinois, and also state whether you know of any means existing in the Illinois River at present that would per- mit unpurified sewage from the city of Chicago to become a dan- ger and a menace to the public health of the citizens of Missouri and the citizens of St. Louis? & A. From the knowledge which I have of the conditions which would exist if infected and polluted matters entered the drainage canal at Chicago and found their way down through the drainage canal, the Illinois River and the Mississippi River, I would say that I do not regard the assumption that low water might exist in the waters of the Missouri simultaneously with the existence of flood waters in the Illinois would have any ef- fect upon the waters of the Mississippi as would exist at the city of St. Louis so far as the presence of infected and polluted matter derived from the city of Chicago was concerned. Also that the conditions which exist in the waters of the drainage canal and in the waters of the Illinois River under natural 10471 conditions would be such as to destroy infectious matter capable of producing a disease, which were discharged into the waters and which originated from the sewers of the city of Chicago and that therefore it would be highly improb- able that any unpurified sewage from the city of Chicago would pass through the waters of the drainage canal down the Illi- nois River and Mississippi River and reach the water supply of the city of St. Louis, which would be a danger and a menace to the public health of the citizens of that city. Q. Professor, from your knowledge of all the conditions that obtain along the Illinois River, as well as your knowledge of the conditions that obtain in Chicago and the drainage canal, also your knowledge of the water supply in St. Louis, such as is had from the intake tower at the chain of rocks, what effect does the sewage from Chicago have upon the water supply of the city of St. Louis or upon the waters of the Mississippi River, as it passes along the state of Missouri; 6496 The State of Missouri vs. A. From the knowledge which I have gained with refer- ence to other conditions which exist in the waters of the Chicago drainage canal and in the waters of the Illinois River, together with the evidence which has been presented as to the 10472 degree of purification which obtains in that stream, as reported by the chemical and bacteriological examina- tion made of the waters of the drainage canal and Illinois River and the Mississippi River, down to the intake tower at the chain of rocks, at the city of St. Louis, I do not consider that the introduction of the sewage of Chicago into the drainage canal exerts any deleterious effect upon the water supply of St. Louis or upon the waters of the Mississippi River as they pass the State of Missouri. Q. Please state upon what facts you base your opinion that a typhoid bacillus will not live more than three days or four days under the conditions as they obtain in the Illinois River? A. The conclusion that the typhoid organism will not livo in the waters of the Illinois River for more than a period of three or four days is based upon an extensive series of exper- iments which were arranged and planned for conjointly with Professors Jordan and Zeit and myself, but carried out inde- pendently. These experiments were designed to show how long freshly isolated typhoid organisms would actually live under conditions as they obtained in the drainage canal and in the waters of the Illinois River. - Q. Please give the full details of the experiment made 104.73 by yourself, as indicated in the foregoing question and answer? A. The experiment was planned at the time that a num- ber of scientific men made the trip from the city of Chicago through the drainage canal, down the Desplaines and Illinois and Mississippi Rivers to the city of St. Louis. It was deemed advisable at that time to make an actual test of the conditions as obtaining in the waters of these rivers, as to just how long ty- phoid fever organisms would be capable of maintaining their vitality, when exposed to the waters of these rivers under as nearly natural conditions as were compatible with experimental methods. This experiment was planned by Professor Jordan of the University of Chicago, Professor Zeit of the Northwestern University and myself. The work was planned in detail and to The State of I llinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6497 each one of the respective parties was assigned certain par- ticular steps to take in the experiment, each one assuming the responsibility for the individual part of the experiment under his own control. - It was designed to expose the typhoid organism to the Waters as found in Lake Michigan and in at least three points in the waters along the Chicago River and Drainage 10474 canal, and at least one point along the course of the Illi- nois River. For the purpose of determining what rela- tion the varying conditions of the water as found in Lake Mich- igan, Chicago River, drainage canal and the Illinois River would exert upon the mortality of the typhoid organism. The matter of detail and methods was thoroughly discussed at the time this trip was taken and it was decided in order to remove the pos- sible objection which might come from the use of the laboratory Stock cultures such as would be found in various bacteriological laboratories the virulence of which might be possibly atten- uated to a greater or less degree through their cultivation upon artificial neutrient media for a varying period of time that it would be preferable to employ for the purpose of this experi- ment strains of the typhoid organisms which had been freshly isolated from the body of patients who were suffering from the disease of typhoid fever. • In order to remove the possible objection which might be urged against the use of merely one strain of the typhoid or— ganism with a knowledge that there is under natural conditions some fluctuations in the virulence and possibly the vital- 10475 ity of different strains of the typhoid bacillus, it was deemed advisable to repeat these experiments and for this purpose said experiments were performed not with merely one culture but with three cultures which were freshly isolated from bodies of persons suffering with typhoid fever, and the use of which would therefore remove any possible objection which might exist, if such experiment had been performed upon only One strain of this organism. - During the time of this trip, when these arrangements were being made, the matter of technique was thoroughly discussed, and it was deemed advisable that in order to remove the ob- jection which might be made to independent experiments con- A—407 6498 The State of Missouri vs. ducted by different persons with culture material of possibly varying composition, it would be preferable for the work as out- lined to be done in as nearly the same manner, so far as tech- nique was concerned, and upon the same batch of culture ma- terial, so far as practicable. With reference to the detail of the experiment it was de- cided that Professor Zeit should carry on the experiments in which the typhoid organism was exposed to the waters of Lake Michigan and the waters of the Chicago River; that Pro- 10476 fessor Jordan would carry on the experiments in at least two places in the waters of the drainage canal, and for that purpose it was decided to select the entrance and the end of the drainage canal; that I should carry on co-ordinate experi- ments in the waters of the Illinois River at such point as would represent the greatest possible degree of purification that would be likely to be found. This variation in conditions of exposure of the typhoid or— ganism was made on the assumption that if the organism was exposed in waters ranging all the way from the strongest Con- centration of sewage as found in the waters of the Chicago River and at the entrance of the canal, to the point of the greatest degree of purification which could be found in the waters of the Illinois River, and also with the pure waters of Lake Michigan, that this variation in conditions of exposure would be such as would produce the greatest possible range in the results as to the longevity of the typhoid fever organism,' when exposed in such waters. In accordance with this understanding the series of ex- 10477 periments which were allotted to myself were carried out at the city of Peoria where the conditions of exposure at Averyville were such as was deemed to show the most com- pletely purified stage of the waters of the Illinois River. For the purpose of this test a laboratory was established at the Bradley Polytechnic Institute, and an assistant placed in charge under my direct supervision for carrying on the detail of this work. The waters which were infected with the typhoid culture were withdrawn by my assistant and plated out, cultures being taken therefrom and shipped by express to me at Madison, for further study. The cultures which were used in this experiment The state of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6499 at Peoria were received by me from Professor E. O. Jordan, and was designated as culture typhoid X, typhoid Y and ty- phoid Z. - - The technique of the experiment was carried out in the fol- lowing manner: - . Recognizing the difficulties which have heretofore obtained in experiments of a similar character in which the typhoid or- ganism was tested as to its longevity in various waters 10478 where such experiments have been conducted in closed vessels made of glass, recognizing the fact that the con- ditions of such experiments do not accord with the conditions to which the typhoid organism would be exposed when deposited in the waters of a flowing stream, it was deemed necessary to se- Cure information which would present the conditions that would actually obtain when such organisms were exposed in running Water and the method was therefore devised of exposing the typhoid organism under such conditions as would permit of the establishment of a state of affairs which would be more nearly in accord with those which existed in the flowing stream. For this purpose a method was used which I had devised and used in similar work in preceding years, where cultures of bac- teria could be exposed in permeable sacs which would permit of the ingress and egress of soluble substances on either side of this permeable membrane. For the purpose of this experiment large parchment sacs were employed, the cubic content of which could be varied at will and could be entirely closed so as to prevent the leakage of bacteria from the inside toward the out or vice versa, but which would permit of the osmotic action of any 10479 soluble substances either to the inside or outside of this permeable membrane. In this way it was expected that many of the defects which have heretofore obtained in experi- ments which have been made in closed vessels constructed of glass would not obtain where the conditions of the experiment were such as to permit of this free osmotic action. At the same time the conditions of the experiment precluded the possibility of particulate substances such as bacteria from passing either in or out. The conditions then under which this exposure was made was to fill these sacs with water taken from the point in the river where the sacs were to be later immersed, and added to 6500 The State of Missouri vs. $ this volume of water placed in these sacs varying quantities of fresh cultures from these freshly isolated typhoid organisms. In this way the typhoid organism would be subjected to the same conditions as would obtain in the river. The conditions were identical with those which would obtain in any given quantity of river water equal to the capacity of the sacs. If any deleterious effect was to be observed on the typhoid organism due to growth and development of water bacteria which are more habituated to this environment, it would impose itself upon the imprisoned tphoid organisms if the experiment were kept s under such conditions as would permit of their isolation. 10480 After some experiments were performed in which the parchment sacs were exposed in the waters of the river in a partially submerged condition, which experiments came to naught through the breaking of the sacs, and the surrounding floats from their moorings, on account of the high winds which existed at such times as when the wind was blowing up the river, it became necessary to vary the original plan of the experi- ment and entirely immerse the sacs which were filled with river water and inoculated with typhoid bacillus. It was therefore necessary to close the upper opening of these sacs in such a way as to permit of easy access so that samples of water could be removed at intervals for subsequent examination. This was done by making the sacs longer than they would ordinarily be made and folding the same back and forth for at least eight times, placing between the same pieces of soft wood, and binding down this folded parchment by means of strong clamps, slightly wider than the tube on which they were placed. This permitted of the complete immersion of the parchment sac with the open- ing of the sac closed so tightly that water could neither pass in nor out. 10481. The difficulty of recognizing the typhoid organism when growing in competition with the ordinary water bacteria which are found so abundantly in surface waters led to the necessity of introducing some measures which would tend to repress, as far as possible, these saprophytic water organisms and which would also permit of the differentiation of the typhoid Organism from the colon bacillus and other allied forms which might naturally be expected to be found in sewage. * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6501 104.82 These sacs were then immersed in large galvanized iron cylinders, the top and bottom of which were covered with a removable wire screen. They were immersed at a distance ranging from 6 to 12 inches below the surface of the water. This was done for the purpose of placing the sacs under such condi- tions as would not permit of their being torn to pieces by the Violent wave action which frequently obtained under the condi- tions of the experiment. These galvanized cylinders containing these sacs were immersed in the waters of the Illinois river im- mediately above the Averyville wagon bridge at such a point as would permit of their being exposed to the rapid current of the stream, but protected by the false work of this bridge, so as to permit their escaping rupture from contact from passing boats and floating objects of any sort. The galvanized iron receivers which held these sacs were padlocked by the collector carefully each day after removing the requisite sample. As an additional precaution to prevent any tampering with the experiment, the bridge tenders were engaged to watch the galvanized receivers to see that no acident befell them in any way. The samples of water taken from the interior of the sacs were re- 10483 moved from the same day by day, and a quantity of water ranging from 7 to 10 cubic centimeters being taken out for each sample before the sample was removed, the parch- ment sacs were thoroughly shaken so as to distribute the con- tents uniformly and thus permit the securing of a proper sample. The samples were removed in sterile containers, taken imme- diately to the laboratory and culture plates prepared in accord- ance with the plan previously outlined on the culture material, which was used by Prof. Jordan. The time which elapsed be- tween the securing of the sample and preparation of the culture plates, ranged from one to not more than two hours. 10484 Recognizing the necessity of differentiating readily the typhoid organism, from the water bacteria, and sewage Organisms which might possibly be present in the waters of the flowing stream, it was deemed preferable to make the cultures used for the isolation and separation of the presumptive typhoid organism upon media which would, if possible, inhibit the growth of these other than typhoid forms, or at least permit of the more or less ready differentiation of the typhoid bacteria from related organisms. For this purpose, Drigalski’s medium was 6502 The State of Missouri vs. employed for the differentiation of the typhoid organism. In Order to eliminate any possible variation which might come from the use of different batches of such media, I received at my re- quest from Prof. Jordan a batch of the above mentioned media and a part of which was also retained by him, for the purposes of use in the portions of the experiment, which was detailed to him. This permitted of the direct comparison of the organisms as to the numbers and kinds found in the waters of the Illinois river at Averyville in the comparison with the samples 10485 which were taken from the drainage canal by Prof. Jordan. In making the cultures, wide variations in the amount of Culture material was employed until such experience was ac- quired as would permit of the preparation of plates which would give the maximum amount of bacterial growth without causing a suppression of the organisms on account of their being present in such large numbers as to prevent the proper development of the cultures. Culture plates were incubated at blood heat for a period of 24 hours. They were then examined and from the resultant growth which was obtained on the same, pure cultures were isolated on agar or glucose agar and prepared for shipment to Madison. The plates were kept for a certain period of 24 hours at the 100m temperature in order to permit of the further development of any colonies which might not have appeared during the first 24 hours’ incubation of the cultures at the higher temperature. They were then worked over again and in case any organisms were noted which resembled in any way the colonies of the typhoid fever organism, as indicated by their growth 10486 upon the Drigalski’s medium, they were isolated, tubed, and also sent to Madison for further study. Recognizing the fact that a considerable part of the varia- tion in results which have heretofore been reported on the longevity of the typhoid fever organism when exposed in waters which normally contained water bacteria, is due to a variation in the amount of seeding which is present in a given volume of liquid, this series of experiments was extended by seeding dupli- cate sacs filled with river water, with a varying quantity of a freshly grown typhoid culture. In this series of experiments The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6503 there were placed 15 different parchment sacs, inoculated with three different strains of freshly isolated typhoid organisms, denominated “X,” “Y” and “Z,” which had been previously received from Prof. E. L. Jordan . Sacs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were inoculated with that strain of organism designated as typhoid “X.” Sacs 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were inoculated with that strain of typhoid organism denominated typhoid “Y.” Sac No. 11 was a non-inoculated control sac, filled with water from the river. 10487 Sacs No. 12, 13, 14 and 15 were inoculated with strains of culture taken from a culture denominated typhoid • ‘Z.” º The amount of seeding of a typhoid organism placed in these sacs ranged in the case of the X cultures, from approxi- Imately 1000 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter in sac 1, approximately 2000 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter in Sac 2, approximately 4000 typhoid organisms per cubic centi- meter in Sac 3, approximately 10,000 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter in Sac 4, and approximately 20,000 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter in sac 5. In the series of sacs inoculated with the culture ‘‘Y,” the range in seeding was approximately the same: About 1000 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter being inoculated in sac 6. Approximately 2000 in sac 7, approximately 4000 in sac 8, ap- proximately 10,000 in sac 9, and approximately 20,000 in sac 10. In the series of cultures, or, rather, in the series of sacs, in- fected with “Z” culture, sac 12 received 540 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter. Sac 13 approximately the same 10488 number, sac 14, approximately 5400 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter and sac 15 approximately 10,800 typhoid organisms per cubic centimeter. This gave a range from the lightest to the heaviest seeding represented in the series of cultures inoculated with “Y,” “Y” and “Z,” from 1 to 20 fold. These seedings were determined by taking an equivalent amount of culture to that which was used in the seeding of the Sac, and plating the same upon Drigalski’s culture medium so as to determine with approximate accuracy the number of inocu- lated organisms. In conjunction with this inoculation the num- ber of organisms which were normally present in the uninocu- 6504 The State of Missouri vs. . * lated water was also determined, so as to show the relative number of typhoid bacteria, to those which normally belonged to the water. - These determinations of the water bacteria were also made at first upon Drigalski’s medium which does inhibit the growth of a large portion of the water bacteria, but inasmuch as Dri- galski’s medium was used for the detection of the typhoid or- ganism, it was regarded as essential to know the relative number t of typhoid germs which were added to parchment sacs in 10489 comparison with forms normally present in the Water. The number of water bacteria found in each sample in a cubic centimeter of river water were approximately 50 to 80, whereas the number of typhoid organisms which were inoculated in such waters, which gave the strongest growth on Drigalski medium of water bacteria, ranged from the minimum of 540 per cc. to 20,000 per ce. The ratio then of typhoid fever organisms to all other organisms present in the water, was in the lowest case about 11 to 1, and in the strongest seeding about 40 to 1. In this way, it is evident that the seeding of typhoid bacteria which was placed in the water, would be vastly greater than would be likely to obtain under natural conditions where typhoid material found its way into flowing streams. For the purposes of comparison of the purity of this water with that of waters taken from any other sources, and particu- larly with the waters in Lake Michigan, the number of organisms per cubic centimeter as found in the water of the river, was de- termined upon ordinary nutrient agar as well as upon Drigalski medium. - * The results of those analyses made on a number of days, are as follows: 10490 Oct. 13, river water, plain agar, 500 bacteria per cubic centimeter, Drigalski, 80. - Oct. 15, river water, plain agar, 60 bacteria per cubic centi- meter, Drigalski, 25. Oct. 16, river water, plain agar, 240 bacteria per cubic centi- meter, Drigalski, 55. Oct. 19, river water, plain agar, 200 bacteria per cubic centi- meter, Drigalski, 40. Oct. 21, river water, plain agar, 163 bacteria per cubic centi- meter, Drigalski, 2. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6505 Oct. 23, river water, plaim agar, 102 bacteria per cubic centi- meter, Drigalski, 11. It is thus evident that the use of the Drigalski medium gave us exceptional conditions for the repression of the indigenous water bacteria, and rendered it possible for the easier detection of all typhoid colonies which developed on the medium. This is a matter of importance, as it frequently happens in experiments of this sort that the number of indigenous organ- isms is so large in comparison with the adventive organisms, such as the typhoid germ, that the failure to detect the presence of the typhoid germ may easily arise from the overlook- 10491 ing of isolated colonies of this organism when grown in cultures containing large numbers of indigenous bacteri. The cultures were shipped by express to Madison, where they were subjected to all of the differential tests which are necessary to differentiate the typhoid organism from related. bacteria. Cultures were first made in glucose agar. In this medium the typhoid organism is unable to ferment the sugar. The colon and other sewagic forms, are capable of producing gas. By an inspection of the cultures frequently for 24, and always after 48 to 72 hours of incubation, it was possible to eliminate all cultures of the colon type by reason of their rapid fermentation of the glucose sugar. All cultures which showed no signs of gas production, when inoculated in glucose shake cultures, were them inoculated upon nutrient gelatine, litmus milk, and glucose free broth for the production of indol. Indol cultures were then incubated at blood heat for a period of 3 to 4 days; all milk cultures for not less than 7 days, 10492 and all gelatine cultures, were kept under continuous observation for a period of not less than ten days. All cultures which showed no tendency to liquefy gelatine in ever so small a degree, or which caused the production of acid in litmus milk, with the decolorization of the litmus solution and the curdling of the milk, and all cultures which showed in litmus milk the production of alkaline reaction, evidenced by the in- creasing intensity of the color of the litmus solution, were ex- cluded from further consideration. 46506 The State of Missouri vs. All cultures which had shown no signs of gas in glucose shake cultures, no signs of liquefaction when grown for a period of not less than 10 days in nutrient 10 per cent. beef broth gelatine, and which were unchanged, or showed only a change to a lilac tint in milk, were still held for examination, as presump- tive typhoid organisms, and further tested. Also those which showed a negative reaction for indol were still held for examina- tion and subjected to a test upon litmus dextrose broth made from glucose free media, to which 1 per cent. of glucose sugar and litmus was added. & The results of this series of cultures were then charted, 10493 and all organisms which were practically unchanged on milk, and which showed negative indol reaction, but which were able to ferment glucose producing acid, thereby changing the color reaction in litmus dextrose broth solution, were still kept for further examination. These results were then charted in accordance with the well known plan of Fuller, so as to permit of the use of plus or minus signs for ready identification and all organisms which were aberrant, with reference to typhoid characteristics in only one characteristic, were again retested so as to be absolutely certain that the culture characteristics were correct. No organism was eliminated from this series of culture tests unless it departed from the usually expected culture characters given in connecton With descriptions of the typhoid bacillus. Cultures which had up to this point shown characteristics which brought them within the pale of the culture characters Which are found in the case of the bacillus typhosis, were then Subjected to what is known as the agglutinating test, 10494 which is regarded as the most crucial test which any pre- Sumptive typhoid organism can be subjected to. The agglutinating test was made by using the blood of rabbits which had been previously immunized by repeated and frequent injections of freshly grown agar cultures of the strains of the typhoid bacillus which were used in these experiments for this purpose. For this purpose rabbits were immunized, with the cultures previously denominated “X,” “Y” and “Z,” respectively. The degree of immunization was continued with these cul- tures until a point was reached were the agglutinating property The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6507 of the blood of these rabbits was able to cause a sedimentation of a freshly prepared homeogenous emulsion of a 24-hour old agar Suspension of the homologous organism in dilution of not. less than 1 to 1000. This degree of dilution is sufficiently high so that any organ- ism which would react positively to blood in this diluted solu- tion, would be regarded, so far as this most crucial test 10495 is concerned, as positively typhoid. Adjourned until 9:30 a. m., Friday, February 19th, 1904. 9:30 A. M., Friday, February 19, 1904. 10496 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. H. L. RUSSELL resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: 10497 Q. Professor, go on and describe the experiment in full which you made at Peoria? A. In addition to the tests which were made for the use of homologous sera in which the degree of dilution of 1 to 1,000 was reached, further experiments were made with the use of control Sera. The purpose of using these control sera, which consisted of taking the blood of normal rabbits, was that in some cases it has been found that organisms are capable of aggluti- nating the blood of the rabbits when the degree of concentration is very strong. For this purpose in these control experiments the con- centration of the blood serum which was used was increased ten-fold over that which was employed with the homo- logous sera. That is to say all organisms which gave a posi- tive reaction with the homologous sera in the degree of dilu- tion of 1 to 1,000 were further tested with normal sera of rab- bits in the degree of dilution of 1 to 100. In such cases a nega- tive test for aggulutination must be regarded as confirmatory evidence that a positive test in the degree of 1 to 1,000 with homologous sera is indicative of the fact that the organism 10498 tested is a genuine typhoid bacillus. In addition to these tests with control sera a large num- ber of organisms which were up to this time regarded as nega- 6508 The State of Missouri vs. tive typhoid on account of their aberrent culture characteristics on nutrient media of the different kinds employed were used for agglutination with the respective sera in the degree of dilu- tion of 1 to 1,000. In such cases organisms should show no agglutination if they had no typhoid affinities. Further, in addition to the cultures which were tested with the homologous sera, 1 to 1,000, controls tests were likewise made in which the organism was exposed in test tubes to which no blood serum was added. In such cases the turbidity of the homogeneous suspension which was produced by the mixture of the agar growth with the Salt solutions which were used as a menstrum for testing these Control tests, should remain unimpaired. The results of the tests which were made with these differ- ent Sera will be reported later, in a summary of findings. As stated before, the number of bacteria which were natur- ally present in the water of the Illinois River at Averyville was relatively low when placed upon Trigalski media. The 10499 number of typhoid organisms which were added per ce. to the water in the parchment sacs was invariably very much larger than the number of bacteria which appeared upon the Drigalski media. In no case was this ratio of water bacteria to typhoid organisms less than 10 to 1, and in the parchment sacs containing the strongest seeding were as high as 400 to 1. As a natural consequence of this relation of the number of colonies which appeared upon the culture plates when Driga]- ski medium was employed for isolation, the large majority showed upon an examination of such plates, characters which allied them to the typhoid bacillus. The use of the Drigalski medium cuts out by far the larger proportions of the water bacteria, even more so than it does the sewage bacteria, and in as such as the colon or sewage bacteria occurs only in limited numbers in the waters of the Illinois River at Averyville, it naturally followed that by far the larger proportion of the ap- pearing colonies under these conditions would be typhoid in appearance. It was, therefore, unnecessary to remove all of the colonies which appeared upon the plates in every in- 10500 stance. This, however, was done in a number of in- stances, and it was shown that the selection of representa- tive colonies from the large number of presumptive typhoid The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6500 colonies which appeared on the plate gave as positive results for the determination of the presence of typhoid as did the removal of the entire number of appearing colonies. It should be borne in mind that the work of identifying the presumptive typhoid organisms which were removed from the Culture plates at Peoria required the work of several weeks, as these cultures were shipped to Madison and then subcultured at this place, and finally agglutinating tests employed. It was, therefore, impossible, in any case for us to determine whether an organism was going to be proved to be typhoid or not until after a considerable lapse of time, and this in no case was done until after the completion of the experiment at Peoria, so that it was impossible in any way for us to know the actual outcome of these experiments until after the experiment itself had long been completed. - The results of the findings as to the presence and absence of the typhoid organism in the respective parchment sacs which were placed in the water at Averyville will now be given. 10501. The series of cultures which were used in these experi- ments embraced three different strains, designated as “[X,’’ ‘‘Y” and “Z.” In the series of the cultures made with the Organism “X,” five different sacs were employed, which were placed in the river on the 8th day of October, 1903. In the series made with “Y,” four were employed; in the series made with “Z” four. The variation in the amount of seeding ranged from 540 typhoid organisms per cc. to 20,000. The results of the find- ings of those tests in the case of parchment sac number 1 are as follows: From the plates made 24 hours after the sacs had been im- mersed in the water 12 colonies were removed, 1 of which was found to be typhoid. - On the third day 9 were removed, none of which proved to be typhoid. * On the fifth day 11 were removed, none of which were found to be typhoid. On the tenth day 10 were removed, none of which were found to be typhoid. -- In these different series emphasis was placed in the mat- 10502 ter of tracing out the two extremes as far as seeding was concerned, therefore a large number of cultures were 651() The State of Missouri vs. taken of the sacs which contained the lightest and the heaviest seedings, and the intermediate seedings were used as checks or duplicates. In the Sac designated 2, inoculated with the “X” colony, 8 Colonies were removed from the plates made on the 4th day. None of these was found to be typhoid. In Sac 3, 12 colonies were taken off on the sixth day, none of which was found to be typhoid. In sac number 4, 13 (13) colonies were removed, on the 4th day, none of which was typhoid. On the 5th day 3 colonies were fished. None of these proved to be typhoid. On the 7th day 8 were removed, none of which was ty- phoid. - t In sac number 5, “X” series which contained the maximum degree of seeding, 20,000 typhoid organisms per ce. the total approximate typhoid contents of the tube being about 4,000,000 typhoid bacteria in the 200 cc. sample used. 6 colonies were taken off the plates made on the first day, 10503 none of which was found to be typhoid. 13 were removed on the second day, two of which were found to be typhoid. 9 were taken off on the 5th day, none of which was typhoid. 8 were taken off on the 6th day, none of which was typhoid. 7 were taken off on the 7th day, none of which was typhoid. 12 were taken off on the 10th day, none of which was ty- phoid. 12 were taken off on the twelfth day, none of which was typhoid. - 11 were taken off on the 14th day, none of which was ty- phoid. 15 were taken off on the 17th day, none of which was ty- phoid. Sacs numbered from 6 to 10, inclusive, inoculated with the “Y” culture were placed in the river on the 10th day of Octo- ber, 1903. The results of the findings with cultures taken from these sacs are as follows: 10504 Of 8 colonies which were removed from the plates after the organisms had been exposed in the sac in the river water for one day, 3 colonies proved to be typhoid. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 651ſ. Of six removed on the third day 2 proved to be typhoid. In these particular sacs no further tests happened to be made until the 14th day on which 9 were removed, none of which was typhoid. In Sac 7, 9 colonies were removed on the 4th day, none of which proved to be typhoid. 5 were removed on the 12th day, none of which was typhoid. 5 were removed on the 14th day, none of which was ty- phoid. 6 were removed on the 16th day, none of which was ty- phoid. In sac 8, 8 were taken on the sixth day, none of which was, typhoid. 6 were removed on the tenth day, none of which was ty– phoid. 4 were removed on the 12th day, none of which was ty– phoid. 10505 8 were removed on the 16th day, none of which was ty– phoid. - In sac 9, 11 were removed on the 4th day, none of which was typhoid. 7 were removed on the 7th day, none of which was typhoid. 11 were removed on the 10th day, none of which was ty- phoid. 6 were removed on the 12th day, none of which was ty– phoid. In sac number 10, containing the highest amount of seed- ing 20,000 typhoid organisms per cc., 8 colonies were taken on the first day, 4 of which proved to be typhoid. 16 were taken on the 3rd day, 10 of which proved to be ty- phoid. 18 were taken on the 5th day, none of which was typhoid. 6 were taken on the 7th day, none of which was typhoid. 7 were taken on the 10th day, none of which was typhoid. Tube number 11 was used as a control tube, filled with 10506 river water, but not seeded with the typhoid organism. Cultures were made of this from time to time but no pre- Sumptive typhoid colonies were observed. Series consisting of sacs 12 to 15, inclusive, inoculated with the “Z” culture, and immersed in the river on the 15th day $6512 The State of Missouri vs. of October, 1903, were found to show the following results: Tube Number 12, inoculated with 540 typhoid organisms per ce., the lightest seeding which was employed in the case of any of the experiments, showed, 1 hour after the tube had been immersed in the water, 3 positive typhoid colonies out of the 3 colonies which were removed. - After 24 hours immersion in the water 17 colonies were picked off from the colonies of which 15 were found to be ty- phoid. On the second day 12 were taken off, 6 of which were found to be typhoid. - - ' On the 5th day 18 colonies were removed, none of which were found to be typhoid. On the twelfth day 2 colonies were taken off neither of which was typhoid. - Sac 13 showed on the 7th day no typhoid colony of the 10507 3 which were removed. - On the ninth day 4 colonies were fished off, none of which proved to be typhoid. 7 colonies were removed on the 12th day, none of which was typhoid. Sac 14 one hour after immersion, 3 colonies were removed, all 3 proved to be genuine typhoid. 7th day, 1 colony taken off found not to be typhoid. Sac 15 24 hours after immersion 15 colonies were removed, 14 of which proved to be typhoid. On the second day 13 colonies were taken off, 6 proved to be typhoid. On the 5th day 12 colonies were removed, none of which proved to be typhoid. On the 9th day 14 colonies were removed, 1 of which proved to be typhoid. On the 12th day 2 colonies were removed neither of which proved to be typhoid. Summarizing the results obtained in the foregoing analyses 72 colonies were examined from the different sacs after they had been exposed in the water for 24 hours and of these 43 were found to be typhoid. These 72 colonies were taken 10508 from 8 different sacs, and in these 8 sacs the typhoid organisms were found in 7 of these sacs. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6513 Of the 25 colonies which were examined on the second day, 12 were found to be typhoid. These 25 colonies were removed from 2 sacs, both of which contained typhoid. Of the 44 colonies removed on the third day 14 of them were found to be typhoid. - - These 44 colonies were taken from 5 sacs and the typhoid organisms was found in three out of five of these sacs. 41 colonies were taken off on the 4th day, from 4 different Sacs, and in none was any typhoid colonies found. 61 colonies were removed on the 5th day from 6 different sacs and in no case was typhoid found. 28 colonies were taken from 3 sacs on the 6th day, and none proved to be typhoid. 32 colonies were taken from 6 sacs on the 7th day, none of which was typhoid. 18 colonies were taken from 2 sacs on the 9th day, 1 of which proved to be typhoid. 10509. On the 10th day 5 sacs were examined, 46 colonies being removed, no typhoid found. In 7 sacs taken on the 12th day, 38 colonies were examined, none were found typhoid. In 3 sacs examined on the 14th day, 25 colonies were re- moved, none, were typhoid. From 2 sacs examined on the 16th day 14 colonies were re- moved, none of which were typhoid, and in 1 sac examined on the 17th day 15 colonies were taken off, none of which were typhoid. • In these particular series of experiments 459 colonies were ... examined. The different sacs which were employed were tested 54 times and the typhoid organism was found fourteen times, 70 colonies out of the total 459 belonging to this organism. During the first 3 days 141 colonies were fished off, 69 of these were found to be typhoid and in the 318 cases which were examined after 3 days only 1 typhoid organism was found. Q. Have you prepared a table of summaries, based upon this experiment with the typhoid bacilli in the parchment Sacs? A. I have. 10510 Q. Will you produce and read such table of Summaries? A. It is as follows: A—408 6514 The State of Missouri vs. 10511 © IDAYS. ==3 1 3 4 ##3 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2: º Strain of cult used. Laº, NO. #. 9 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 9 || > 3. 3. 5 3. Ul C. : *: . -> º sº º O © tº e e ; g- || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 ||3 : * * 5. ty : gº #| 5 || 5 || | | #| 3 | #| 3 || 3 || 3 | # 3. ... tº go ty Q | ET | Q E" | > | : E" | ? E" | ? . O * || 2 | T | 9, gº 6t, Q | . (D : ; F | = | | | a a S. S. a. X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . 1,000 12 | 1 9 || 0 . 11 || 0 X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . 2,000|.... [... 8 || 0 |. X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000|.... [.... 12 || 0 X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000]... . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 || 0 || 3 || 0 |. X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 6 || 0 |. . 13 2 9 || 0 || 8 || 0 Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000| 8 || 3 |. 6 || 2 |. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 . . . . . . 9 || 0 |. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000l. ... [.... [...]... . . . . 8 || 0 Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000|... . 11 || 0 |. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 8 || 4 |. ..] 16 || 10 |....]....] 18 || 0 |. 11. . . . . . . . . . . Control.l....]....!. 1 hrſ 3 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . . . . . . . . . 540, 3 s e º º || @ 9 º' | * 8 || 0 |. 17 | 15 |12 || 6 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . 540l....l....l. . . . . . . . 1 hrſ 3 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. . . . . . . . . . . . 5,40ſ 3 Z .. ... [15. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,800| 15 14 13 || 6 |.... ſº º ºs . 12 || 0 |.... No. Col. daily examined from all sacs..... 72 ..] 25 |... | 44 . 41 . 61 |.... 28 |. No. typhoid colonies found on successive days. |....| 43 |....| 12 ... 14 0 |. 0 0 Total number sacs examined on different days of exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 8 |. 2 |. 5 |. 4 |. 6 3 |. Total No. sacs in which typhoid was found....|.... 7 2 . 3 |. 0 |. 0|.. 0 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 65.15 DAYS. Totals .........:;:|ÈŞº§ 3. °| No. ty. eol....<=>: : <>: • §:• § ©� „| No. col. fished.ſię}| 3}!= {} º|No. ty. col.....}: : <>: • şe}�•& „| No. col. fished.:}|×GNQ} ºſìNo. ty. col.....:; : ;; ; șG}e!�• „| No. col. fished.:; ;; ; º| No.ty. Col....<>} <>} <> |ק∞ „| No. col. fished.!§© ºſºNo. t.y. col.....! ? <ſNo. Col. fished.;; : ;} °|No. ty. col.....©<> | <>© (N)� <ſNo. col. fished.:§or | 33}©• ºſ No. ty. col.....;:; ; ±���e „| No. col. fished.}}}}; ; ŒNo. ty. col.....<!><>; <>} <> <>ſæs∞� w=! „| No. col. fished.| 2§§E| 3; : ; •No. ty. col.....}�;- : --| – ©&�● No. col. fished.| }>$ | ºg : ^ ; No. ty. Col.....:}:; : ;; ; CO �}|}— No. Col. fished:::: : No. ty. col....©©; <>; <> !•¿∞ No. col. fished.ſtºs(~$© 6516 The State of Missouri vs. 10512 Q. Did you make any other experiment, using any other means except the parchment sacs? A. Yes sir. Q. Will you detail the experiments that you made where- in you employed other means, in full? * A. In addition to the series which were made with the parchment sacs, another method was used which approached the problem from a somewhat different point of view. The method which was employed in this case was as follows: Ordinary commercial agar which is a plant jelly ordinarily employed for bacterial purposes was taken and this was washed in running water for a period of Sciveral days so as to remove as far as possible, all soluble products which might happen to be present in this agar substance. This agar was then prepared in the usual manner followed in bacteriological laboratories when such is employed in the preparation of nutrient media and from the prepared agar small rectangular blocks were cut out, which were about a half inch square, and about 2 inches long. These rectangular blocks were inoculated with 103 3 freshly grown typhoid cultures by means of a platinum wire. This forced the typhoid organism down into the center of the block, and the top of these agar blocks was sealed from contamination with the exterior by means of Searing the surface with a hot iron. The typhoid organism under these conditions was placed in a medium which was incapable of Sup- porting growth as this ordinary agar had had added to it no nutrient substances, and moreover all soluble substances capable of being removed by soaking were taken out. Tests were made upon this non-nutrient agar to see whether the typhoid organism Would be able to grow under these adverse conditions. It was found that such was not the case. According to Oswald the eminent German physicist, this soluble agar possesses the property of allowing diffusion to take place quite as rapidly through its substance, as would be the case in water itself. Hence it follows that if typhoid organisms were placed on the interior of an agar mass and then exposed in an aqueous medium con- taining bacteria of various kinds then the typhoid Organism would be subjected to the influences which would arise 10514 from the growth and development of these water or sew- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 65.17 age bacteria in the surrounding media in which these agar blocks were immersed. Control experiments were instituted when these agar blocks inoculated with the typhoid bacilli were not exposed in water but kept in air. It was determined, under these conditions, that the typhoid organism was not capable of growing in these blocks, but was capable of retaining its vitality for a period of time which was at least two weeks and in some instances con- siderably longer. - These agar blocks were inoculated with the three strains of typhoid bacilli, “X”, “Y” and “Z”, and were placed in considerable numbers in the waters of the Illinois River in small galvanized iron cylinders, the top and bottom of which were covered with a coarse wire mesh. Under these conditions the water had free access to these individual blocks on the inside of which were inoculated these pure cultures of the typhoid or- ganism. The results of the series of tests, 4 in number, which were made with cultures “X,” “Y” and “Z,” are as follows: Series 1, inoculated with culture X, was examined on the first day by taking one of these agar blocks from the number which was immersed and paring off the upper surface of 10515 the block and attempting to transfer any material which was in the line of the inoculation previously made. It should be said in this connection that the exact point where the typhoid organism was present was known because in making this inoculation the needle was first touched to a mass of sterilized carbon, and then touched to the typhoid culture so that in making the inoculation a streak of black carbon was deposited along the line of the needle track, together with the typhoid organisms which of course would be transferred. In this way the exact location of the typhoid germ could be de- termnied in every case and in removing the transfer cultures care was always taken to see that the needle traversed the sooty streak which marked the place where the typhoid organisms had been planted. Transfers made from this first series of agar blocks were made on the first, third, fifth, ninth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth and nineteenth days, after their immer- sion in the river water. In no case did any resultant growth occur in any of the sub-cultures which were made from these 10516 transfers. . 6518 The State of Missouri vs. Series 2 was inoculated with the same organism and cul- tures taken immediately, on the first, second, third, sixth, eighth, tenth and thirteenth days and typhoid organisms found in the case of the transfers which were made immediately after the infection, also on the second day. Series 3, inoculated with the strain of typhoid organisms designated as ‘‘Y,” were prepared in a similar way and from these cultures transfers were made immediately after inocula- tion, on the first, third, fifth, seventh, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth and seventeenth days. In no case was any organism found in such transfers except those which were found in the transfers made immediately after insertion, and also on the fifth day. In the fourth series, inoculated with “Z” culture, cultures were removed immediately after inoculation on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 8th, 10th and 13th days. In this series organisms belonging to the typhoid class were found in those transfers made 10517 immediately after inoculation on the 1st, but at no later date. These experiments were conducted in the river water of the Illinois River at Peoria. Subsequent to this time another series was made in the lake water of Lake Mendota, at Madison, Wis- consin, in order to increase the amount of data long this line and to determine any possible variation in waters of different organisms. These consisted of two experiments made in a simi- lar manner with non-nutrient agar, and cultures were removed on the 3rd, 7th, 11th, 12th, 15th and 21st days after their im- mersion in the water. From these sub-cultures were prepared and in no case was the typhoid fever organism found except in the case of the samples removed on the third and seventh days. - A second series was also prepared in which cultures were removed on the 3rd, 7th, 10th, 12th and 15th days, and in no instance was the typhoid organism found, except in the case of the colony removed upon the third day. The summary of the results of these cultures on the vitality of the typhoid fever organisms, inoculated in numbers, so large that the number of organisms produced turbidity to be 10518 recognizable with the unaided eye, that the exposure of these numerous typhoid organisms in the waters of the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6519 º Illinois River and also in the waters of Lake Mendota at Madi- son, resulted in loss of vitality of this enormous number of ty- phoid bacteria to such an extent that in no case were any ty- phoid organisms found after the eighth day and in the case of One series none was found even on the first day. This variation in the vitality of the typhoid cultures, were an indefinite num- ber of organisms were inoculated, under these conditions, and where it was not exposed directly to the competition which exist between water and sewage bacteria and the typhoid or- ganism is more surprising as the organism was not directly ex- posed to the influences of the competing bacteria, themselves but merely to the soluble products which these germs are capable of producing. Q. Professor, how did the experiment with the agar block differ from the experiment with the parchment sacs? A. In the case of the parchment sacs the typhoid bacteria were exposed to the direct contact of all of the water or other bacteria which might be present in the samples of water which were placed in the sacs. In the case of the agar blocks 10519 the typhoid organisms were not exposed to this direct contract but were exposed to those products of the meto- bolic activity of water and other bacteria which might be pres- ent in the outside medium and which would find it possible, if in Solution, to pass through the agar block, by diffusion, and so possibly act upon the typhoid bacteria themselves which were Screened by these agar blocks. Q. Which method afforded the best opportunity for the life of the typhoid, the agar block or the parchment sacs? A. I find that the experiment made with the agar blocks gives more favorable conditions for the retention of the vitality of the typhoid organism than was the case in the parchment sacs where the contact of typhoid organisms with other bac- teria was rendered possible. Q. Are you acquainted with the results of that part of this experiment which was made by Professor Jordan on the waters of the drainage canal and Professor Zeit on the waters of the Chicago River and Lake Michigan? A. Since the practical completion of the experimental work which was done at Peoria, I have had several conferences with 6520 The State of Missouri vs. * Professors Jordan and Ziet relative to the experiments 10520 which were assigned to them, and am familiar with the results which tiley have obtained in these experiments on the longevity of the typhoid organism in the waters of Lake Michigan, the Chicago River and the drainage canal. Q. From the results obtained in this combined experiment what conclusion do you draw as to the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in the water of Lake Michigan? Mr. Jeffries: I object to that for the reason there is not a sufficient number of examinations made upon which to base a safe and reliable opinion. - A. I should say from the results of these experiments with which I am familiar, that the longevity of the typhoid organism immersed in the waters of Lake Michigan would be considerably longer than in the waters of the Chicago River, and the organ- ism would probably be able to live for a period of six or eight days. Q. What conclusion do you draw as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the waters of the Chicago River and the drainage canal, based upon the results of this experiment, con- ducted by Professors Zeit, Jordan and yourself? 10521 Mr. Jeffries: Let the record show that the complainant objects to the witness giving any opinion upon any of the determinations made in this joint and concurrent experi- mental transaction for the same reasons stated in the objection to the previous question. - A. I should consider that the typhoid organisms deposited in the waters of the Chicago River and drainage canal would have a much shorter duration of vitality than in waters of Lake Michigan, and that such vitality would not extend to a period of more than two or three days. Q. What conciusion do you draw as to the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in the waters of the Illinois River, based upon this experiment? A. From experiments which I have actually made when freshly isolated cultures of bacillus typhosus were exposed in permeable sacs in varying numbers so that the germ content of the typhoid organism exceeded at least the germ content of the water used in the ratio of 100 to 1 or more, and where the or- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6521 ganisms were destroyed in the course of about three days, with one possible exception, and that if this was the condition which was obtained under the conditions in which the experi- 10522 ment was made, when the effect of other environmental factors were excluded, such as the influence which would come from scolimentation, dilution, influence of light, vital con- Currence with green plant forms which might be found in the waters of such river, I should certainly consider that the life of the typhoid organisms when subjected to the more severe conditions which obtain in the waters of the Illinois River it- Self than was the case in the experiments with the parchment Sacs, that it certainly would be no longer in the waters of the Illinois River and in all probability would be shorter, hence I would conclude from the foregoing data that the vitality of the typhoid organism would not in any case be maintained for more than a period of a very few days, three or four at the outside. Mr. Jeffries: I move to strike out the answer for the rea- Son that it is not entirely responsive to the question in that it is not based upon the statement of facts contained in the ques- tion, not confined to the experiments made by this witness and the experiments made by Professor Jordan and Professor Zeit, jointly, but that the witness has taken into consideration other factors such as sedimentation, dilution and plant destruction of bacteria, and I move to strike out all the testimony of this witness and Professors Jordan and Zeit with reference to 10523 these particular experiments, for the reason that from the answer given by this witness other things must be taken into consideration in determining the life of the typhoid beside the naked experiments themselves, and that any conclusions or opinions that may be based upon these experiments alone as to the life of the typhoid germ are unreliable and untrustworthy as shown by the testimony of this witness in the answer which he has just given to the last question. Q. What in your opinion, based upon all the knowledge which you possess in regard to typhoid germs would be the fate of the typhoid bacillus passing from the sewers of Chi- cago into the Chicago River, and thence into the drainage canal, and down the Desplaines and the Illinois Rivers? A. In view of the facts that have been obtained in the 6522 * The State of Missouri vs. experiments which have been conducted conjointly by Profes- sors Jordan, Zeit and myself, and in view of my knowledge of the conditions which would obtain where the sewage of Chicago was allowed to flow in to the Chicago River, thence into the drain- age canal and down the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers, and in view of the fact that the experimental evidence as to the vitality of the typhoid organism when exposed to the waters as 10524 found in the Chicago River, the drainage canal and the Illinois River, under the conditions of the experiment pre- viously described, and in view of the fact that in my judgment typhoid organisms so deposited in the Chicago River, drainage canal and the Illinois Rivers would be subjected to even more detrimental conditions than did exist under the conditions as recorded in these experiments, and in view of the fact that the sewage of Chicago, deposited in the Chicago River and finding its way through the drainage canal, and down the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers would require a much longer period of time to pass from the city of Chicago down the Desplaines and Illi- nois River than is required to kill typhoid organisms when placed in such an environment as would exist under these condi- tions. * I am of the opinion that typhoid organisms finding their way through the sewers of Chicago, into the Chicago River and thence into the drainage canal, down the Desplaines and into the Illinois River would be destroyed before such water had passed the course of the Illinois River. - Q. From a scientific standpoint what value do you attach 10525 to this experiment as showing the longevity of a typhoid bacillus in polluted waters? - A. In comparing numerous experiments which were made under varying conditions as to the longevity of the typhoid or- ' ganism in the waters of the drainage canal and the Illinois River with the experiments which have been previously re- ported by other investigators on the typhoid organisms exposed under various conditions, I am of the opinion that the conditions under which the experiments now reported were made approach more nearly to the natural conditions to which the typhoid fever organism would be subjected when exposed in the water of the flowing stream such as would be the case in the Illinois The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6523 River in passing from the city of Chicago down the said river, and therefore from a scientific standpoint a greater value is to be attached to the important results of this experiment made by Professor Jordan, Zeit and myself, independently but con- currently, than to the conclusions which have been previously drawn from the experiments of other investigators, and that the results of such experiments show that the longevity of the ty- phoid bacillus is less in polluted waters than in waters of a pure class. Q. Does this experiment shed any light upon the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the sediment of polluted 105.26 streams? A. Pathogenic bacteria exposed in the sediment of pol- luted streams are brought in contact with even a larger num- ber of bacterial organisms than would be the case if they were exposed to superincumbent water masses and therefore pre- sumably in contact with the increasing amounts of metabolic products, and inasmuch as the pore spaces between the particles of sediment are entirely filled with water, it is my opinion that the conditions which would obtain in the sediment of polluted streams would certainly not be less prejudicial than those which would be found in the water of the stream itself, and therefore I would consider that if the longevity of the typhoid bacillus be impaired by the action of sewage and the water bacteria of a polluted stream that at least the same if not a greater effect would be produced if the typhoid organism was in contact with these bacteria and the products of their growth in the sediment of such a stream. r - Q. Had this experiment been conducted in warm weather instead of the season that it was, what effect in your opinion would be manifested in the results? - A. It is a well recognized fact in bacteriology that the 10527 vitality of various organisms, particularly those of a pathogenic class which find unsuitable conditions for their development in the outside environment is profoundly af- fected by temperature of their surroundings, and the results of many tests upon this point indicate that the vitality of such or-. ganisms is retained for a longer period of time during those periods when the temperature is low than is the case when higher temperature prevails. 6524 The State of Missouri vs. The reason for this undoubtedly lies in the fact that the characteristic changes which occur. in the life history of any organism go on more rapidly with an acceleration in temper- ature, and therefore if this experiment had been conducted at those seasons of the year when the metabolism of all organisms is at its highest during the period of highest temperature the results of the experiments undoubtedly would have shown that the vitality of the organisms would not have been as long as was the case when the temperature under which the experiments were conducted was materially lower than those which would have prevailed in the height of summer. -- . Q. What is the behavior of colon bacillus in soil as com- pared with its behavior in water Ž - A. The colon bacillus in ordinary soil which is not Satu- 10528 rated completely with water is able to live longer than it is in the water itself. Q. Is there such a thing as purification of soil? A. Dead effete organic matter undergoes slow decom- position which universally results in the disintegration of such matter and consequently purification of the soil from such re- fuse material. Such beneficient operation prevents the surface of the earth from being clogged with the accumulated mass of organic debris and refuse which would result from the death of living forms and which would render continued residence on its surface possible. Inasmuch as we know that this does not occur, it is therefore evident that organic matter discharged. On the surface of soil or in soil does undergo a series of changes which result in its destruction and consequently the purification of such soil. Q. Why is it that the typhoid bacillus will not live as long in polluted water as in pure water? - A. Polluted water-is likely to contain a large amount of or- ganic matter which encourages the rapid growth of sew- 10529 age and other saprophytic bacteria which may find their way into it, and these bacteria in their growth are cap- able of producing various compounds or products which I have previously testified to, on the basis of experimental results, as exerting a positive deterimental effect upon other forms of bac- terial life. This prejudicial effect is likely to be more marked The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6525 upon bacteria belonging to the pathogenic class and which have therefore not habituated themselves to an environment suitable to saprophytic development. Inasmuch as these conclusions are based upon experimental results which have been previously reported, in my opinion it therefore follows that the typhoid organism would not live as long in waters which were rich in germ life or the products of germ activity, as would be the case in pure water in which these bacteria or their products were not present. Q. To what do you attribute the death of the typhoid bacil- lus in water? A. The typhoid fever organism naturally thrives upon complex organic material and inasmuch as it does not ordinarily find suitable food supply in normal waters which permit 10530 the active cell growth, the starvation of typhoid cells when placed in water must soon set in, and it is a question therefore as to how long such organisms will be able to preserve their vitality in such a medium. The death of an organism of this class is undoubtedly due to the operation of a complex series of conditions. It is a well known fact that direct sunlight exerts a detri- mental effect upon bacteria with which it comes in contact. Par- ticularily is this true in relation to the organisms belonging to the pathogenic class. An exposure of the organisms, such as the typhoid, to the direct rays of the sun will destroy the vitality of these organisms in a short period of time. It has also been demonstrated that another powerful factor which is operative in the destruction of the typhoid organism is that which comes from the effect in which various water and sewage bacteria or the bi-products of which they are capable of exerting have upon the vitality of the typhoid bacillus. When the typhoid organism is brought in contact with large numbers of these organisms it has been demonstrated that it is unable to retain its vitality for more than a brief period of time. In addition to this there should be mentioned the effect which comes from further 10531 competition which may exist between other forms of life which may be present in the waters in which the typhoid organism is exposed, including under this head the microscopic forms of life, both animal and vegetable, such as algae and other 6526 The State of Missouri vs. related organisms. The effect of sedimentation in waters more or less heavily charged with suspended material; the effect which comes from the addition of varying quantities of water not containing these organisms in varying numbers has a tend- ency to place the typhoid organisms in such waters under con- ditions where this rate of starvation or actual destruction which takes place through the effect of these varying forces will go on. These factors are undoubtedly the main ones which ap- peared to cause the more or less rapid loss of the vitality of the typhoid organism when exposed in a watery medium. Q. Will the typhoid germ live as long in the waters of the Illinois River as in the waters of Lake Michigan? A. I do not think that the typhoid organism would live as long in the waters of the Illinois River under the conditions as there exist in nature as would be the case in the waters of Lake Michigan. - 10532 Q. How do you explain the more rapid death of the or- ganism in the waters of the Illinois River than in the waters of Lake Michigan? A. The waters which are found in the Illinois River are derived from the smaller tributaries to which is added the waters brought from Lake Michigan through the Chicago River and drainage canal. The waters coming from Lake Michigan through the Chicago River and drainage canal receives a very large amount of bacterial life, largely of a saprophytic class, which find it possible to grow and multiply to an enormous ex- tent in these waters. The result is that these organisms are capable of producing various products of growth, some of which are unquestionably soluble as is shown from the results of the previous experiments recorded and these soluble products find their way down the waters of the drainage canal, Desplaines River and into the Illinois River after the organisms which have produced them may have disappeared. The result is that even after the process of self purification has gone on to such an ex- tent as to reduce the germ content from the high numbers 10533 which exist in the drainage canal to the low germcontent which is found at certain points in the Illinois River that the soluble product which have been made by these organisms in the upper reaches of the river pass from the same as would The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6527 be the case of any material in solution. It is therefore conceiv- able that products of this class are present in the waters of the Illinois River in the same way for instance as is chlorine which has been derived from the sewage of Chicago and the presence of which is detected in the waters of the Illinois River even after the organisms which were present in the sewage and there- fore in contact with the chlorine of that sewage have entirely disappeared. The presence of these soluble substances has been demonstrated in experiments previously reported, but further proof can be adduced in the experiments which have not yet been detailed, and which were conducted in the following man- IlêI’: Cultures were taken and prepared with various saprophytic bacteria planted in agar. These organisms were allowed to grow for a period of 24 hours and then over the surface of these agar plates was streaked cultures from freshly grown subcul- tures of the typhoid bacillus. A portion of these plates was left free from the growth of the water and saprophytic 10534 bacteria so as to serve as a control which would be indi- cated by the growth of the typhoid bacillus. In these plates, half of which were seeded with various saprophytic bac- teria and half of which were free from any growth of these organisms, the typhoid organism was seeded by drawing an in- fected wire over the surface of such plates. It was observed that when the needle infected with the typhoid organism was drawn over the sterile agar surface abundant growth occurred, but where the needle was traced over the surface of the plate on which these other organisms were beginning to develop that the typhoid organism was incapable of thriving to any material extent. If the two infections, that is the infection of the plate with the water bacteria and the typhoid organism were made simultaneously, the typhoid organism was able to make a small growth. In case where the water bacteria were inoculated first and the typhoid organism later inoculated say 12 to 24 hours, the growth of the typhoid germ was usually absent. This indi- cates, in my judgment, that there are products produced by various bacteria indigenous to water and of a saprophytic class, Some of which were isolated and found to be representative, common, well recognized water organisms, that this antagonism 6528 - The State of Missouri vs. between the products of the growth of these saprophytic 10535 bacteria and the typhoid gerin are such as prevent the growth and development of this organism inasmuch as this could only be produced through the action which is caused by soluble products diffusing through the agar medium, and it would indicate that the presence of colonies of bacterial growth would exert a poisonous or an inhibitive effect upon the develop- ment of the typhoid organism. - Q. What is your opinion as to whether the typhoid bacillus will live longer in the sediment of a polluted stream than it would in the water of the same stream? A. If the typhoid organism is imbedded in the sediment of a polluted stream it would be surrounded entirely by a water medium in which there would be present a very large number of bacteria belonging to the saprophytic and probably the sewage class, a number which would ordinarily be much larger than found in the water above. Doubtless the amount of by products thrown off by the activity of these organisms, under the cir- cumstances where these large numbers of bacteria would be found, would also be larger than would exist in the waters of the stream itself, taking into consideration the effect which the proceeding experiments have revealed as to the prejudicial action of waters rich in bacterial life on the vitality of 10536 the typhoid organism in such waters it can hardly be considered that the vitality of the organism in the sedi- ment of such a stream would be enhanced; even there are germs in the water itself, and there is no evidence which I know of that indicates that the typhoid organism would be capable of living in the sediment of such a polluted stream for a longer time than it would in the water of the same stream. Q. Will you differentiate between conditions that obtain in moist soil and the sediment of running streams? A. The conditions which obtain in moist soil and the sedi- ment of running streams are materially different. In the one case the soil is not completely saturated with water for the soil particles are surrounded by a hygroscopic film which adheres to the particles themselves, but gives a considerable amount of pore space in the interstices which is filled with air. In the sediment found in running streams or lakes this condition would not obtain as these spaces are entirely filled with water. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6529 Q. Does the time that a typhoid bacillus will live in moist soil furnish any criteria for its longevity in the sediment of a running stream? A. In as much as the conditions which would prevail in a moist soil where the soil interstices were largely filled 10537 with air, and where the amount of water present in such interstices was confined to the thin hyproscopic film which is in contact with the surface of the soil grain itself, and in as much as the conditions herein described are materially different from those which obtain in the sediment found in a running stream, it is my opinion that the conditions which ob- tain in a moist soil and the results which are here found would not furnish any criteria for the determination of the longevity of the organism as found in the sediment of a running stream. Q. Are the two conditions comparable? A. The two conditions as found in a moist soil and in the Sediment of a running stream, for the foregoing reasons, are not comparable. - Q. Would the fact that a typhoid bacillus lived several months in moist soil, justify the assumption that it would live for the same length of time in the sediment of a river? A. In view of the fact that the conditions under which typhoid organisms would be exposed in moist soil are different from those which are found in the sediment of a river, I would not consider that this would justify the assumption that it would live as long in the sediment of a river as would be the case if the exposure was made in moist soil. 10538 Q. Will, you give the reasons for the answer you have just given? * • A. The reasons which I would assign for the above answer rest upon the fact that the water content of the moist soils is confined to an exceedingly thin film surrounding the moist grain and that the large portion of the pore space between the soil particles is filled with air. These conditions do not obtain in the sediment of streams, and inasmuch as a prominent factor in the destruction of typhoid bacteria is that which comes from the effect produced by the sewage and water bacteria on the products formed by that growth and inasmuch as the effect of this influence would be much less in the case of a moist soil A—409 65.30 The State of Missouri vs. than it would be in the case where the space between the soil particles was entirely filled with a watery medium, such as would be the case in the sediment in the bottom of a stream, I would not consider that the typhoid organism would be able to live as long in such sediment as would be the case in moist soil. - Q. Do you know of any bacteriologist since the birth of becteriology that has demonstrated by any experiment that typhoid germs do live in the sediment of lakes or rivers for a long period of time? 10539 A. The only experiment which I know of in which the claim is advanced that typhoid fever organism is capa- ble of living for a long time in the sediment of lakes and rivers are those which were made by Lortet of Lyons, France, which were presented to the Tenth International Medical Congress at Berlin, in August, 1890, and published in the Centralblatt ful' Bakteriologie, 1891, volume 9, page 709. Q. From the experiment which you have introduced in evi- dence as well as the laboratory experiments which you have also introduced in evidence, what is your opinion as a bacter- iologist as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in the sedi- ment of the Illinois river? A. On the basis of the experiments which I have been able to perform on the vitality of the typhoid organism when exposed to the waters of the Illinois river, and in view of the facts that the conditions which obtain in the bottom of that stream are such as would undoubtedly bring the typhoid or- ganism in contact with even large numbers of water and sewage bacteria, and the products of their growth, that would often be the case in the waters of the stream itself, it is my opinion 10540 that the longevity of the typhoid organism when ex- posed in the sediment, as found in the Tllinois river, would certainly be no longer than it would in the superincum- bent water above, and that it is quite possible that their longe- vity might even be shortened. Q. What conclusion do you draw from the experiment which you have introduced? A. From all of the experiments which I have made on the conditions which obtain where the typhoid organism is exposed The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6531 in the Illinois river it is my belief that this organism will lose its vitality in the conditions wheh would obtain n the waters and in the sediment of such a stream in a relatively short period of time, that period of time not exceeding more than three or four days. * Q. Does the experiment which you have introduced shed any light upon the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in sewage polluted waters? A. The experiments which I have conducted myself on the longevity of the typhoid organism in the waters of the Illinois river which are known to have received large quantities of sewage pollution, and when compared with similar experiments made by Professor Zeit in the waters of Take Michigan, 10541 indicate that the longevity of the typhoid organism in such waters is considerably less than it is in the case of pure waters, and from the knowledge which T possess as to the results which have been obtained in the co-operative experi- ments previously mentioned, the special portion of which has been carried out by Professor Jordan and Professor Zeit, on the conditions which are found as to the longevity of the typhoid organism in the Chicago river and Drainage Canal, T am of the opinion that these experiments, taking them all into con- sideration, do throw, upon the question as to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in sewage polluted waters, much light. Q. Mr. Fuller, in his testimony on page 4218, stated that there are observers in Switzerland who made examinations with positive results, showing the presence of typhoid germs in the sediment of Take Geneva, and I think also Take Zurich. To you know anything about those observations to which Mr. Fuller referred 3 A. T do. Q. What were the facts and circumstances in connection - with these observations? 10542 A. These observations which are referred to by Mr. Fuller are, I take it, those which are reported as made by Mr. Lortet. of Tvons, France, and were peresented to the In- ternational Medical Congress at Berlin, and published in the journal referred to above. It was stated in this paper that samples of the sediment 6532 The State of Missouri vs. were taken from Lake Geneva, at a distance of a mile and a Quarter from shore, and at the depth of 120 to 150 feet, where the temperature of the water was approximately 40 degrees Fahrenheit. It is further stated that the water over the places where these organisms were removed was a chemically pure water. It is further stated that an analysis of the samples of mud taken under these conditions revealed the germs of tetanus or lock jaw, typhoid fever and possibly the tubercular organism. It is further stated in this paper that other samples were taken from a point 200 meters from shore, and in water 12 feet deep, and that the mud under these conditions was found to be absolutely sterile. It is further stated that it was commonly observed that when portions of this lake sediment were injected into labora- 10543 tory animals that it resulted in the production of malig- nant oedema, and the opinion is advanced that there may have been an actual multiplication of these disease produc- ing bacteria in this mud for many generations. Adjourned to 2:00 p.m., February 19, 1904. 10544 Met pursuant to adjournment at 2 p.m., February 19th, 1904. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel. PROF. H. L. RUSSELL resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: - Q. In the light of the present knowledge in regard to bacteriology what importance do you attach to those observa- tions? A. From the results of the experiments which have been quoted it is my belief that these experiments were either care- lessly performed or not carried out with sufficient detail, and under sufficiently stringent precautions to warrant the conclu- sion which is drawn. The reasons for my belief as indicated are as follows: It is stated in this paper that samples were taken a mile and a quarter from shore at a depth of 120 to 150 feet, and at a temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit and that the water over The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6533 these samples was a chemically pure water, and that in 10545 the mud found underneath this chemically pure Water the germs of tetanus typhoid and possibly tuberculosis were present. If the sediment in the bottom of this lake contained the pathogenic organisms referred to it would be probable that there would be some evidence of the organic pollution which would have resulted in the deposition of such organism say as typhoid fever. Moreover, he further states that in samples taken 200 metres from shore and in water 12 feet deep the mud was found to be perfectly sterile, a condition which is known and recognized by all bacteriologists of repute to be totally at variance with the actual facts of the case. There is no reference made in these experiments to the length of time which it is supposed that these typhoid, tetanus and tuber- culosis organisms had presumably been exposed in the mud of this lake. The details which are given with reference to the identifica- tion of these organisms are exceedingly vague and indefinite. No bacteriologist who makes the statement that tetanus, 10546 typhoid and possibly tuberculosis organisms are found under any conditions, can help laying himself open to the charge of careless manipulation because of the laxity of such Statements. In view of the fact that the majority of the earlier findings with reference to the discovery of the typhoid organism, ante- dating the introduction of the agglutinating test, are generally regarded as more or less unreliable, and inasmuch as no ade- quate data are given with reference to the technical methods employed, and the accuracy with which they are carried out, it seems to me plain that the results of these investigations as reported are far from being a satisfactory demonstration of the presence of these pathogenic organisms in the sediment of this lake. - The opinion is further advanced that there has been an actual multiplication of these disease producing bacteria in the mud of the lake, a multiplication which may have continued for many generations. This conclusion is so at variance with the generally accepted opinion of bacteriologists and sanitary 6534 The State of Missouri vs. experts, that any person advancing the same should 10547 take a special precaution to fortify his conclusions with very carefully controlled experiments and adequate data so that the course of reasoning which would lead him to draw these conclusions might be closely followed. It is my opinion therefore that the conclusions established in this paper are not justified from the experiments as presented. I find that this opinion is shared by other bacteriologists and discredit is thrown on the same by the well recognized water expert, Prof. Ferdinand Loeffler, of Greif wald, Germany, who, in his book on “water, and water organisms,” page 592, refers to LOrtet’s experiments, and places after them an interrogation point making it evident that he regards the conclusions drawn from his work as not perfect from the facts as stated. • MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the answer for the reason that it is argumentative and not entirely responsive to the question and for the further reason that the witness under- takes to base his criticisms upon the experiments referred to in the question on the fact that nothing is shown in the report as to the character of the examination or the extent or time that the deposits were contained in the bed of the lake, the 10548 presumption being that competent and proper prepara- tions were made in the analysis of such water at that time and the mere statement of failure to set out the character or extent of the examination constitutes no reason for the wit- ness’s assumption that proper precautions were not taken and proper examination made. q MR. TODD: Q. Mr. Fuller in his testimony on page 4218 of my transcript of record, in answer to the question, “Has it ever been demonstrated by bacteriology that typhoid germs have lived in sediment of a running stream?” answered, “It has been demonstrated that they have lived for a long time in the sediment of lakes and I do not consider there is any weak- ness in the process of reasoning, by which one steps from a lake to a river, provided of course that each of these waters are live waters and not subject to septic action.” I will ask you, do you regard the observation in Lake Geneva, as quoted by Mr. Fuller, as a demonstration that the typhoid bacillus has been found to live for a long time in the sediment of lakes? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6535 A. From the observations quoted in the question and 10549 to the answer to the preceding question, I do not con- sider that the result of observations so reported a dem- onstration sufficiently full and accurate that a typhoid bacillus So found, as to say that it was capable of living in the sedi- ment of the lake so mentioned for a long time. Q. Mr. Fuller in his testimony, on page 4219, of my tran- Script of record, in answer to the question, ‘‘Is not the length of time that a typhoid bacillus will live in the sediment more a matter of assumption than a matter of demonstrated proof?’’ answered, “I consider that it is a very clean cut demonstrated fact that typhoid fever germs may and do and have continued to live in the sediment of running water.” “For what length of time?” “A. I should say for a month or more, possibly in cases for years. Q. Who has demonstrated that it ever lived a year? A. I think conditions existing in moist soil in many rural places of this country where typhoid fever prevails from time to time is proof that typhoid fever germs in the presence of moisture can live for such a time. If that were not so, then there would be an elimination of the typhoid fever absolutely through- 10550 out the rural districts of this and other countiries. - Q. I want to ask you whether you know of any demon- stration that shows typhoid fever germs may and do and have continued to live in the sediment of running stream for a period of a year? MR. JEFFRIES: Now I move to strike out all down to the question which refers to Mr. Fuller, for the reason there is nothing to show that this witness is acquainted with all the examinations and observations that were made of which Mr. Fuller is cognizant, or that the two men, this witness and Mr. Fuller have been informed, identically the same of all the ex- aminations and observations that have been made looking to the life of the typhoid fever germ in moist soil or otherwise in the bed of streams. A. On the basis of the results as reported by Lortet, which were quoted by Fuller in affecting questions of the life and conditions known to exist with reference to the vitality of the typhoid fever organism when placed in moist soil, also 10551 to the fact that the conditions which here obtain are by no means similar to the conditions which would obtain if 6536 The State of Missouri vs. such typhoid organisms were deposited in the sediment of run- ning streams, in place of moist soil, I should say I know of no demonstration that affords sufficient proof that the typhoid Organism is capable of living for the period of a year. Q. How near in your opinion does the experiment made by you, Prof. Jordan, and Prof. Zeit, approach the natural con- ditions? A. In the experiments which have been detailed by myself, and which also have been previously testified to by Professors Zeit and Jordan, it is my opinion that the conditions under which these experiments were performed approach more nearly to the conditions to which the typhoid organism would be ex- posed in the water of a running stream than do the experiments previously reported by other investigators, so far as I know or have any cognizance of. Further, that the condition of these streams as reported by Jordan, Zeit and myself, afford 10552 an oportunity for the exercise of the prejudicial effect which might come to the typhoid bacillus by reason of the action of the soluble products of bacterial growth which would be capable of exerting their influences under conditions in which this experiment was performed. Further, that this experiment differed from the natural conditions to which the typhoid fever organism would be exposed in the waters of the flowing stream, in that the cultures prepared by us were pro- tected from the effect of a number of environmental factors which would also exert a more or less injurious action and Would have a tendency to weaken the virulence of and destroy the vitality of the typhoid organism. I refer to those factors the effect of which have been previously amplified under the heads of sedimentation, influence of dilution, influence of light to a greater or less extent, and the influence of organisms which might be present in the waters of the flowing stream other than those which are ordinarily present in the samples of 10553 water placed in the parchment sacs in the experiments detailed. Q. How do the conditions of this experiment differ from those of the glass bottle experiments such as have previously been obtained in the laboratory experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacillus? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6537 A. The claim has been made by various investigators, and on this subject there has been published a number of papers, that the conditions which obtain when experiments are conducted on the vitality of typhoid fever organisms, where such experiments are made in glass bottles, favor the longevity of the typhoid germ under these experimentally reported con- ditions as a certain amount of soluble material is dissolved from the glass, which in some way or other affects the vitality of the contained organism. Q. Is there any reason for anticipating greater or less longevity on the part of the typhoid bacillus in glass bottles than under conditions of your experiments? A. In the experiments previously referred to, the influ- ence which glass bottles seem to have on the vitality of the typhoid organism, indicate that the vitality of that or. 10554 ganism is enhanced, and it is capable, therefore, of living longer under the conditions as found in glass bottles than would normally be the case in the experiments which have been performed where typhoid organisms were exposed in parch- ment sacs. The error which would obtain if glass bottles were used, would be avoided, and it is my opinion that the longevity of the organism when placed under such conditions where it is brought in contact with glass surfaces, is greater than under the conditions referred to in the experiment with parchment sacs. *. - Q. What do the facts show? A. The opinion which has been previously advanced is One which was made by taking all the facts which I have any cognizance of, into consideration. Subsequent experiments were also made in the case of the agar block experiments where One Set of the blocks inoculated with typhoid organisms in accord- ance with the method previously described was placed in run- ning water, another set inoculated in a similar manner with the same organism, the same batch of media and under 10555 identically the same conditions was placed in a small glass container, the vitality of the organisms as demon- Strated by the special cultures made from said agar block shows that organisms exposed in glass containers were able to retain their vitality for a period of 16 days, whereas those placed in 6538 The State of Missouri vs. running water were not found in any case for a period longer than 8 days, and in some instances the longevity of the germ was not more than two or three days. Q. What is your opinion based upon the knowledge which you possess as to whether the typhoid bacilli coming from the Sewers of Chicago and entering the drainage canal, could sur- vive the journey from Chicago to St. Louis, a distance of 357 miles, and be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of St. Louis, using the water of the Mississippi river for drinking or domestic purposes? A. By reason of the fact that the previous experiments which have been detailed, show that the vitality of the 10556 typhoid organism is destroyed in the course of not to exceed four days, and that the extent or period of flow which would be necessary for the sewage of Chicago, entering the drainage canal, to pass from Chicago to St. Louis, a dis- tance of 357 miles, would be so great that it would be impos- sible for the typhoid organism to survive this journey, it is my opinion that the diffusion of such bacilli in the waters of the drainage canal would not be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of St. Louis, using the water of the Mississippi river for drinking and domestic purposes. Q. Do the settling basins at St. Louis afford any protection to the citizens of St. Louis against infectious matters of the waters of the Mississippi at the intake tower? A. Owing to the extensive sedimentation of suspended matter which must take place when the turbid waters of the Mississippi river are introduced into the settling basins, and the fact that such sedimentation does eliminate bacterial life and would eliminate much infectious matter if such 10557 were present, it is my opinion that the interposition of these settling basins between the waters of the Missis- sippi river and the consumers of water in St. Louis, would afford a material protection to them against the infectious matters which might be present in the waters of the Mississippi river at the intake tower. º - Q. Are the settling basins any protection to the citizens of St. Louis against the sewage of Chicago? A. In as much as the typhoid organisms deposited in the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago 6539 city of Chicago and finding their way into the drainage canal would be killed before the waters filled with such sewage would find their way from Chicago to St. Louis, I must say that the Settling basins of the city of St. Louis would afford no protec- tion to the citizens of St. Louis against the sewage of Chicago. Q. Against what sort of protection would the settling basins be a protection? º A. The protection which would be afforded to the citizens of St. Louis by passing water through the sedimenta- 10558 tion basins, would be from those places adjacent to St. Louis, in which the typhoid organism would not be killed during the journey from such places to the sedimentation basins of the St. Louis Supply. Q. Where a settling basin holds a sufficient amount of water to supply a city for a period of 30 days and as the Water is taken out for domestic uses raw water is immediately sup- plied from the open river, and typhoid fever should prevail among the people using such water, what is your opinion as to whether such a condition justifies the assumption that be- cause the basin holds a supply for a period of 30 days, that the typhoid bacillus will live in the water deposited? A. Water in flowing through a reservoir, does not move with a uniform rate of rapidity, owing to the motility of the Water molecules. A stream flows fastest in or near the center, because the friction of the water on the sides of the stream is sufficient to retard the rate of flow. The same principle is op- erative in the waters of the reservoirs. In another con- 10559 nection I have had occasion to test the effect which variation in this rate of flow would have, as in the case of milk flowing in a continuous stream through a Pasteurizing machine. In this case a small column of milk was passed through a winding machine, and the rate of flow was found to vary from one-half a minute to five minutes, indicating a differ- ence of at least 10 fold. If this is true in a machine of a few inches in diameter, it would be true to a much larger extent in a large reservoir into which water was flowing at one point and flowing out at another. If the capacity of the reservoir was sufficient to hold and settle for a period of 30 days, and typhoid fever should prevail among the people using such a 6540 The State of Missouri vs. supply of water, in the light of the above well recognized prin- ciple of hydraulics, I would not consider that because a basin holds a supply sufficient for 30 days, that the typhoid fever Organism lived for that period of time. Q. What does the term Epidemiology, embrace? A. Epidemiology is that science which relates to epidemic diseases. 10560 Under the general term would naturally be embraced a general study of the causation of epidemic diseases, ways in which disease organisms are disseminated in nature, and a consideration of all the data of a bacteriological and chemical nature that would throw any light on the question at issue, geographical distribution of diseases, the effect which variable factors exert, such as age, race, sex, etc., on the Suscep- tibility of the human being toward the disease in question, the influences of other predisposing factors such as density of popu- lation, whether in city or country, the study of vital statistics connected with diseases in order to ascertain how these varying predisposing factors influence the death rate, the interpretation of these statistics. In fact, the term epidemiology is an ex- ceedingly inclusive term, and one must understand the signifi- cance of scientific methods which have been introduced into the study of diseases, especially in recent years, as shown in the development of the bacteriological science as well as in chem- istry. 10561 Q. Have you examined the typhoid statistics of the Illi- nois, Missouri and Mississippi water sheds above St. Louis? A. I have. Q. Have you examined the mortality statistics of the City of St. Louis? A. Yes sir. Q. How do you interpret the mortality statistics of the City of St. Louis, in connection with the typhoid statistics on the three water sheds? A. In interpreting the mortality statistics from typhoid fever in St. Louis, it would be necessary to take into considera- tion the typhoid statistics obtained on or about these water sheds which contribute water finding its way into the Missis- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6541 sippi, past St. Louis, laying special emphasis upon those statis- tics which are from cities nearest to the city of St. Louis. Q. Have you studied the typhoid statistics of the City of Chicago? A. I have. Q. Have you studied the typhoid statistics of St. Louis? 10562 A. I have, yes sir. Q. Now, in the matter of the interpretation of statistics, what methods do you employ? A. There are two methods that are employed, one which is used largely for comparative purposes known as the mortality percentage method, in which the death rate from any given disease is figured and determined in terms of the total number of deaths in that community. The other method, which is more generally used, and considered more reliable, determines the ratio which exists between the number of deaths from any given disease, based upon the actual population from which the death statistics are collected. This is known as the death rate from that disease per unit of population, usually given in terms of 10,000 to 100,000 persons. Q. Which one of these methods in your opinion the most correctly gives the typhoid conditions in a given city? A. I regard the latter method as the preferable method to follow in determining the death rate from any given specific disease, and it should be followed wherever possible. 10563 Q. What is your opinion of the validity of using the mortality percentage method in estimating the typhoid condition in a given city ? A. The method of determining the death rate from any given disease by comparing the mortality of that disease with the total mortality of the community instead of the population itself is liable to introduce error into the results which might readily viti. ate the accuracy of such statistics to such an extent as to render them all of much less value than otherwise would be the case. The reason for this is, that when you compare the deaths from any disease to the total deaths, in order to study the increase or decrease of any disease in any community, you are using a Wrong basis for comparison. What is wanted in any given com- 6542 The State of Missouri vs. munity is to know whether a disease is increasing more rapidly than the increase in population. When this rate is based on the ratio between that disease and the total death rate the variation which might and often does occur in the total death rate may be subject to many conditions which now enter 10564 into the consideration of the disease in question. Sup- pose, for instance, that a serious epidemic of some other disease, like the Bubonic Plague, or yellow fever, should break out, it would be manifestly improper to compare the typhoid death rate in that community before and after such an epidemic and compare the actual number of typhoid deaths, with the total number of deaths, and say that the typhoid was increasing or decreasing, where such a fallacious method was employed. Q. Is the mortality percentage method regarded as on the whole the most accurate among sanitarians and students of vital statistics? A. No sir. For the reasons which have just been given, where evident fallacies might creep in where the mortality per- centage method was used. You are dealing with two variables, and therefore the liability of misinterpretation is greater than where based upon the actual population. Q. What are the liabilities of typhoid infection of rivers coming from the rural districts? 10565 A. In view of the fact that the urine of typhoid patients often contain bacilli in great abundance, and in view of the fact that this material is not ordinarily looked upon as dangerous, and therefore is frequently thrown upon the sur- face of the ground, and in view of the fact that in rural com- munities greater carelesness prevails in regard to the disposi- tion of this excreta, and even solid material, than would be true where special systems of sewage disposal were present, it naturally follows that the liability of the population to the in- fection of the river is added to considerably from the rural population. Q. Is the infection from the rural population less common than from the urban? - A. It is a well recognized fact from statistical evidence, that the percentage of infection designated as typhoid fever mor- tality at least is not less common among the rural population than in urban communities. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6543 Q. Do you know of any important typhoid epidemics in which infection has come from the rural population? - A. There are a considerable number of typhoid epidemics which have been reported in which the sources of pollu- 10566 tion have been traced specifically to infection arising from the rural population. Among these may be mentioned the Swiss case, which is found in many text books, in the small village of Lausanne, Switzerland. The case mentioned by Gaffky, of a troop of soldiers, in the barracks of Wittenburg, Germany. The best known case here under American conditions, is that which occurred in the small city of Plymouth, Pennsyl- vania, in 1884. The epidemic of typhoid fever in Lowell, was traced by Prof. Sedgwick to sources of infection, which were rural in origin, and the very recent epidemics which occurred in Ithaca, New York, and also one which has just passed at Butler, Pennsylvania, where in each instance over a thousand cases of typhoid fever occurred, are both of them undoubtedly attributed in their origin to infectious matter which would be designated as rural. - - Q. Are there any reasons why the infection of the rural population is to be especially feared? A. On account of the carelessness which prevails in the disposition of the dejecta and also the fact that disinfection of this waste is not carried on so frequently in the country 10567 as it is in the city communities, I would consider that these were features which render the conditions which would obtain in the rural population a matter of especial danger. Q. What is your opinion as to the value to be placed upon the chemical and bacteriological analyses of the water course? A. If I understand your question to mean the relation which these bear to the determination of the purity of the water, I should regard that evidence which is to be adduced from the chemical and bacterioligioal study of such waters, affords us the best possible means which we have at our com- mand to determine whether such waters are likely to serve as Garriers of contagion. Q. What light do the analyses of river water shed upon the problem of self purification of streams? 6544 The State of Missouri vs. A. The analytical evidence which can be gathered from the analyses of waters taken at frequent intervals for a con- 10568 siderable period of time and at various points along the course of the stream, give us the best possible means which we have at our command at the present time, of showing the progress of the self-purification which occurs in such run- ning streams where organic matter is gradually disposed of and converted into mineral material. Q. Are all these sources of information valuable to a Sanitarian and epidemiologist? A. I should consider that the data furnished by bacterio- logical study, and to some considerable extent, that of chemistry, are the foundation on which a sanitarian or epidemiologist must base his conclusions as to the character of any waters and their liability to be a source of danger and menace. Q. How is the presence of infectious diseases ascertained? A. Interpreting your question to mean the presence of disease organisms in the outside environment, I would say that bacteriological methods of analyses which permit of the detec- tion of the specific organisms associated with such 10569 diseases, and the growth and study of the characters which are evident upon artificial media, give us a possible basis upon which such study can be carried on, and the reintro- duction of the organisms so isolated into bodies of susceptible animals, prove conclusively the presence of infectious disease Organisms. - Q. What are the ordinary modes of causation of infectious diseases? - A. If I interpret your question to mean the way in which disease organisms find access to the human body, I would say that air and water, and food supplies, serve as the passive vehicles for the transmission of contagious organisms. To some extent insects, and by the presence or through the medium of Wounds, or bruises, organisms are introduced into the body. Q. What are the chief sources of infection in typhoid fever? A. The main sources of infection in typhoid fever are de- jecta, coming from the intestinal canal, and within recent years the importance of the urine has been much more clearly recog- nized than formerly. The urine contains the typhoid organisms The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6545 10570 in about 25 to 30 per cent. of all cases, and is often found in large numbers. - Q. Is it important for the sanitarian and epidemiologist to know the source of infection as well as the results of such infection? - A. It is very important in making any study of any epi- demiological question that the sources of infection should be taken into consideration as well as the results of the infection, for the distribution of the disease, and its dissemination may depend largely upon how the organism finds its way into the human being. - Q. Is it a legitimate inference, that because typhoid fever increases in the city, that such increase is due to the increase in infection of the water supply? A. By no means, for it has been abundantly proven in a considerable number of cases, that the organism of typhoid fever is capable of being introduced into the body in other ways than through the medium of infected water. 10571 Q. What other sources of infection are there in the city besides that coming from its water supply? A. A very important source of infection, which is found in the case of city population, is that which may come from the infection of the milk supply. The typhoid organism is capable of thriving and growing in milk, which is not the case normally in water, therefore if milk is infected with even an exceedingly small number of organisms, the power of multiplication of this germ, which is able to withstand a considerable amount of acid germs, permits of its development even in milk supplies. This has been determined experimentally, and there is bacteriologi- cal evidence through the accumulation of a large number of epidemics of typhoid fever, the origin of which has been traced to the infection of milk. Q. In the case of St. Louis, which takes its water supply from the Mississippi river, at the St. Louis intake, and the water at that point being a mixture of the Missouri, the Mississippi and the Illinois rivers, assuming the reports of the St. 10572 Louis Board of Health show that the apparent increase of typhoid fever during the years 1900, 1901, 1902 and A—410 6546 The State of Missouri vs. 1903 as compared with previous years, is there any scientific reason that would justify the conclusion that such apparent in- crease of typhoid fever in St. Louis is due to infectious matter coming from the sewers of Chicago by way of the Drainage Canal? - . A. Assuming that the reports as to the typhoid death rates for the city of St. Louis, for the years mentioned, are true, and taking into consideration the conditions which obtain in the water sheds of the three rivers mentioned, and the fact that there are sources of pollution from which typhoid organisms might arise which were not as far removed from the City of St. Louis, as would be the case of the City of Chicago, and taking into consideration further, the results of the typhoid experi- ments which have been made, and which have been detailed in the foregoing answers, I should say that there was no scientific reason which justified the conclusion that the increase of 10573 typhoid fever in St. Louis as reported in the Board of Health reports for the years 1900 to 1903 inclusive, is due to infectious matter which is derived from the sewers of Chicago by way of the Drainage Canal. Q. Is there such a thing as a decrease in virulence of the typhoid fever germs? A. A typhoid fever organism is subject to a considerable change in its power of producing disease. The examination of various strains of typhoid organisms taken from different patients indicate that there is a natural variation in the ability of these organisms to produce death in laboratory animals, and it is also possible to demonstrate experimentally that such varia- tions of virulence may be produced where the organism is grown under artificial conditions. * Q. What do you mean by the decrease in virulence of the typhoid fever germ? A. The decrease in virulence means that the organisms lose wholly or in part their ability to produce an infective con- 10574 dition in the blood of the susceptible host. Q. What evidence have you upon which to base such an Opinion? A. The evidence which I can adduce to support this opinion, is based upon experimental tests made in the laboratory The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6547 on the gradual diminution in virulence of such organism when cultivated upon artificial nutrient media. 10575 Q. Have you made a study of the so-called germ diseases? - A. In connection with my studies on bacteriology, it has been necessary for me to make special studies of the various germ diseases caused by bacteria and other lower forms of life. Q. Do these diseases caused by germs come within the scope of your study ? A. Many of the diseases of man and animals of a trans- missible nature are caused by the injection of parisitic organ- isms belonging to bacteria, and hence in the work of bacteri- ology, consideration of these diseases and the diseased under which they are introduced, is properly within the scope of my study. Q. Have you made any study upon typhoid fever and malarial fever from the standpoint of the bacteriologist or clini- cian Ž * A. From the bacteriological point of view it has been pos- sible for me to make a study of the diseases of typhoid fever and malaria, and the organisms which are known to possess : 10576 a causal relation to those diseases. - Q. In connection with your study as you have detailed, have you taken up the question of the proper diagnosis of fevers known as typhoid fever and malaria? A. In connection with such studies it is absolutely necessary in order to make a proper diagnosis of such fevers, to take up the study from the laboratory point of view, and determine by examination of the blood whether the disease causes a reaction or not, and in connection with such studies I have performed these tests. Q. Have you had any experience in the diagnosis of these fevers either in the laboratory or at the bedside? A. In connection with my studies of these diseases, and also in connection with routine work of the diagnostic labor- atory with which I am connected, I have had experience in the study of these diseases and their diagnosis. . Q. Have you studied these diseases sufficiently to give an expert opinion on them? 6548 The State of Missouri vs. 10577 A. In connection with the diseases previously men- tioned this experience has been sufficient, together with the study of the literature relating to this subject to warrant me in giving an opinion as to whether diagnoses of typhoid fever or malaria are correct or not. Q. What is typhoid fever in its clinical diagnosis? A. Typhoid fever is a disease which is confined to man, and is widely distributed throughout the temperate zone. The symptoms of the disease are not always specific, but in general it is characterized by the production of fever which often begins in a relatively obscure manner, the temperature rising from day to day until it reaches its maximum, and then gradually declining. The symptoms of the disease most frequently noted are headache, sometimes with more or less tympanitis, the pro- duction of rose colored spots on the abdomen, which, however, in some cases do not appear, the enlargement of the spleen, ac- companied sometimes with tendernesses, and frequently copious bleeding at the nostrils. The lesions of the disease are 10578 usually manifested in the intestines, affecting peyers patches and the solitary glands, causing an ulceration Sometimes through the intestinal wall which may result in the production of a secondary complication of peritionitis. Q. What is intermittent fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. Intermittent fever, so called, is a fever which is char- acterized by a marked variation in the temperature where it falls to a normal after a rising temperature and then a sub- Sequent rise again, which is followed the next day by a fall. Q. What is remittent fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. Remittent fever, so called, is one of the older expres- Sions which is used to designate a type of fever in which the Variation in temperature does not fall to the normal, but which is marked by frequent and rapid oscillations in temperature. Q. What is typho-malarial fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. Typho-malarial fever is again one of those older desig- 10579 nations which is used to designate a type of fever and is employed to include many low types of fevers that with the better diagnostic means which are now available especially since the introduction of the Widal test for typhoid fever can usually be differentiated into genuine typhoid or genuine ma- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6549 larial fever. Rarely does it happen in communities where both of these fevers are universally present, that the organisms cap- able of producing these specific distinct diseases are found in the same case simultaneously. Q. What is congestive fever and its clinical diagnosis? A. Congestive fever again is an indefinite term applied to low fevers that have no well marked characteristic. Its most marked symptom is more or less acute congestion. It has no accurate clinical significance as applied to any specific disease. Q. What is simple continued fever and its clinical diag- nosis? t - A. The type of fever in which the course of the febrile changes is more or less continuous. It has no marked char- acteristic symptom. 10580 Q. Are remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers distinct types of diseases and so recognized by bacteriologists and clinicians? A. The terms remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, con- gestive and simple continued are relics of old methods of de- scription which attempted to differentiate these febrile changes, merely on the basis of the symptoms which are most evident. They are not recognized by working bacteriologists or clinicians of the present time as being satisfactory names for specific types of fevers. Q. What significance do you attach to these terms as ap- plied to fevers where they appear in vital statistics? A. The use of the terms remittent, intermittent, typho-ma- larial, congestive and simple continued as applied to vital statistics collected under present day conditions would in my judgment indicate that the causes of deaths were not 10581 classified as they should be and would therefore lead one to place less reliance on such statistics than would be the case if they were more accurately classified. - Q. Assuming that the number of deaths reported as occur- ring from typhoid fever in the City of St. Louis as evidenced by the annual reports of the Board of Health in the City of St. Louis Health Department is as follows, from 1890 to 1903: 1890 140 1891 165 6550 - The State of Missouri vs. 1892 441 1893 215 1894 171 1895 107 1896 106 1897 125 1898 95 1899 , º 131 1900 168 1901 198 1902 222 1903 288 10582 and assuming further that the number of deaths reported from the same reports under heading, Remittent, Inter- mittent, Typho-malarial, Congestive and Simple Continued fevers is as follows, from 1890 to 1903: 1890 226 1891 296 1892 326 1893 284 1894 179 1895 155 1896 177 1897 172 1898 134 1899 148 1900 112 1901 80 1902 102 1903 91 do the number of deaths reported as occurring from ty- 10583 phoid fever alone in the City of St. Louis, properly repre- sent in your opinion the total number of typhoid deaths actually occurring in that city? A. From the study of the statistics mentioned in the fore- going question and from the general knowledge of the relation which these diseases bear to each other and the liability of mak- ing an improper diagnosis between them, I do not consider that The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6551 the number of deaths reported in the vital statistics of the board of health of the city of St. Louis for the years 1890 to 1903 in- clusive, represent the total number of deaths from typhoid fever which actually occurred in that city in that interval. Q. What reasons have you for stating that they do not? A. Taking into consideration the fact which is well recog- nized by sanitarians, that fevers classified under the heads of remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued are in a large measure found to be fevers which by means of modern diagnostic methods would be recognized as typhoid fever, it is my opinion that the statistics which include a large proportion of fatalities as due to fevers of this 10584 class, do not represent the true condition which obtained in that city with reference to the total typhoid death rate. - Q. To what do you attribute the failure of these statistics assumed in the hypothetical question, to properly disclose the number of typhoid fever deaths occurring in St. Louis? A. In my judgment the value of the statistics assumed in the hyphothetical question rests in a large measure on the more Or less imperfect diagnosis which has been made by physicians reporting those deaths to the City Health Department. Q. Why is it that doctors employed the terms, remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers that are recognized as being either typhoid or malarial? A. Inasmuch as many practicing physicians are not per- sonally familiar with modern diagnostic methods which are now employed in the most advanced practice with the diagnosis of typhoid fever and malaria, and the differentiation of one 10585 from the other, it frequently follows that the old expres- sions based upon the symptoms of the fever, which used to be used, are frequently used at the present time by such physi- cians when reporting the cause of death. Moreover, it frequently occurs that symptoms noted in cases of fever are not sufficiently distinctive to enable a physi- cian to recognize with certainity whether he is dealing with genuine typhoid fever or malaria, and consequently, owing to the tendency to retain these old terms in the descriptions of diseases, it naturally follows that many of the typical cases, 6552 The State of Missouri vs. which are more or less obscure in their symptoms, are reported in the cause of death as remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers. Q. Do you know of any city in the country where the death. rate from malarial fever alone is as high as in the city of St. Louis, as evidenced by the total number of deaths assumed in the hypothetical question under the heading intermittent, 10586 remittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple con- tinued, occurring in the reports of the board of health of the city of St. Louis? •- A. Inasmuch as the death rate from such malarial fevers as occur in the United States of America is comparatively in- significant (there being practically no pernicious or tropical ma- laria which is exceedingly fatal in this country except where im– ported) it of necessity follows that no city has as high a death rate from pure malaria alone as is represented in the number of deaths reported in the St. Louis statistics and included in the terms, intermittent, remittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued, which are assumed in the foregoing hypothe- tical question. ** Q. What proportion of deaths in the column under the heading, remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued, assumed in the hypothetical question as oc- Curring in the City of St. Louis, as evidenced by the reports of this board of health in your opinion should be classed as ty- phoid? A. In my opinion it is practically impossible for any one to give an accurate idea as to what percentage of the 10587 deaths reported under the heading, remittent, intermit- tent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued, as- Sumed in the hypothetical question as occurring in the City of St. Louis, inasmuch as a majority of the cases terminating fatally are now diagnosed as typhoid fever, it is undoubtedly true that a large proportion of these deaths so reported should be classed as typhoid fever. Q. What proportion is due to malarial fever, of the deaths in the column under the heading, remittent, intermittent, typho- malarial, congestive and simple continued, assumed in the hypo- thetical question as occurring in the City of St. Louis, as evi- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6553 denced by the reports of this board of health in your opinion, What proportion should be classed as malarial? A. Owing to the fact that the disease of malaria as it exists in the United States is a disease resulting in an exceed- ingly low mortality, it is undoubtedly true that the number of cases reported in the foregoing hypothetical question which should be classed as genuine malaria, is exceedingly 10588 small. This opinion is based upon the fact that the hospi- tal records in southern cities where malaria is more or less abundantly prevalent, and where modern methods of diag- nosis are widely used for the recognition of the disease, that the fatality from this disease is so small as to be practically negligable. Q. What do the mortal statistics of malaria show in cities where careful attention has been paid to malarial fevers as re- gards the number of deaths occurring from malarial fever? A. In regions where malaria is known to frequently exist, and where the best modern methods of diagnosis are widely employed, it is noteworthy that the number of deaths reported as due to genuine malaria fever have been . greatly reduced since the introduction of these methods. The results of this character are shown directly by the history of malarial cases which have been recorded in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 10589 situated in Baltimore, Maryland. Malaria used to be very frequently reported as the cause of death in the city, but with the introduction of the methods of making blood examinations, the number of cases now reported show that the total number of deaths has been reduced to a mere fraction of what used to be reported. Q. Is it generally recognized by bacteriologists and clini- cians in classifying typhoid fever in one column, and intermit- tent, remittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers in another column, in the board of health reports of cities, that it is an improper classification from a scientific standpoint as affording a true indication from the mortality from typhoid fever and malaria? - A. Inasmuch as modern methods of diagnosis have enabled the clinician to classify a larger proportion of specific febrile causes under the heads of typhoid fever and malaria, which in '6554 The State of Missouri vs. former years, before the introduction of these methods, were generally classified and based on symptoms of the disease under the heading, intermittent, remittent, typho-malarial, con- 10590 gestive and simple continued, it is well recognized by bacteriologists and clinicians that the continuation of the use of these traditional terms is merely to describe the symptoms of the diseases, that indicate their specific character, and is an improper classification from the scientific standpoint, and that where such a classification is followed, it is no true indication of the mortality which exists with reference to typhoid fever and malaria. - - Q. Assuming that the reports of the Board of Health of the City of St. Louis, by the month, from '95 to 1903, inclusive, under the heading of typhoid fever, which for the purposes of convenience is designated A, in the table that follows, and that intermittent, remittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued, for the sake of convenience is designated as B, in the table that was prepared by Prof. Jordan and given in his testi- mony, is based upon said reports of the City Board of 10591 Health of St. Louis, will you please state what construc- tion you place upon this table as showing the relative mor- tality from typhoid fever, and malarial fever in the city of St. Louis during the period covered by the foregoing table? A. In view of the fact that the mortality from genuine ma- laria in the United States is exceedingly small, it is considered that a large number of deaths which are reported in the reports of the board of health of the City of St. Louis in the year 1895 to 1903 and designated as B, in that table, must include in ad- dition to the exceedingly small number of deaths which are caused by the type of malaria which prevails in the United States, and inasmuch as the fevers which are most likely to occur are either malarial or typhoid fevers, and taking into considera- tion the low mortality which really occurs in malaria, I should consider that it was generally probable that a large proportion of these diseases which are designated for convenience as Col- umn B, for the respective years, should be placed in a column which includes the reports of the fatalities due to typhoid 10592 fever. - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6555 Q. Assuming that an added total of deaths from typhoid fevers and deaths from intermittent, remittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers as they appear in the reports of the Board of Health in the City of St. Louis, is as follows, from 1890 to 1903: 1890 361 1891 781 1892 767 1893 499 1894 350 1895 262 1896 283 1897 297 1898 229 1899 279 1900 280 1901 278 1902 324 1903 379 What do these totals as above indicated, represent in your opinion as to the mortality conditions of typhoid fever in 10593 the City of St. Louis, covering the period as above indi- cated, after allowing in said remittent, intermittent, ty- pho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fever columni, such proportion as being typhoid fever as in your opinion you should allow. What is your opinion as based upon the statistics as assumed in the foreging hypothetical question, as to the ty- phoid deaths under remittent, intermittent, typho-malarial, con- gestive and simple continued fever deaths, in the City of St. Louis, as to whether said statistics show an increase or decrease in the typhoid fever mortality in the City of St. Louis, since "99% A. Assuming that by far the larger proportion of the deaths which are reported in the reports of the Board of Health of the City of St. Louis, for the City of St. Louis, for the years covered in the foregoing question under the head of intermittent, remittent, typho-malarial, congestive and simple continued fevers, were really deaths which are attributable to the disease of typhoid fever and therefore should be added to the '6556 The State of Missouri vs. 10594 totals which were actually reported in that city for those years under the caption Typhoid Fever, and taking into consideration the statistics presented in the foregoing question, I should consider that the said statistics do not show material alteration which could be deduced with certainity in the typhoid fever mortality of the City of St. Louis, from the years '99 to 1903. Q. Assuming that two circular letters were issued in the fall of 1900, another one issued in the fall of 1901 by the Health Commissioner of St. Louis calling attention of physicians to the fact that the law required them to report all cases of typhoid and all deaths from typhoid and at the time those letters were sent out the question of the opening of the Drainage Canal was being agitated by the public press of St. Louis, and there was considerable discussion and investigation was going on at that time in regard to the analyses of the samples so collected, etc., and was attracting considerable attention, from your examina- tion of the statistics of St. Louis, as heretofore assumed in hypo- thetical questions heretofore asked you, for the years 10595 1901 to 1903, as compared with previous years, does the effect of such letter, assuming that the same had been sent to the doctors by the Health Commissioner of the City of St. Louis, manifest itself in these statistics? A. In comparing the statistics assumed in the foregoing hypothetical question, I should consider that such data did manifest itself in the statistics. Q. In what way does the effect of such letter appear from the statistics? A. Take the statistics as to the mortality from typhoid fever and the mortality from those diseases which are included in what we may call typho-malarial, in the column designated in the previous statistics as Column B, taking into considera- tion the fact that such statistics show a marked diminution in the number of the cases reported in the typho-malarial column for the year 1900 and the year 1903 inclusive, and that for the same period a marked increase is noted under the head of deaths from typhoid fever. Further taking into consideration the fact that circular letters were issued in the fall of 10596 1900, and 1901 respectively, by the Health Commissioner of the city of St. Louis calling the attention of physicians The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6557 to the requirements of the law as to the reporting of all cases and deaths resulting from the disease of typhoid fever, it is evident from the data of the report that the issuance of these letters by the Health Department of the city of S. Louis to the physicians of that city does manifest itself in the statistics as reported. * Q. From your examination of the typhoid and typho-ma- larial group of deaths as assumed in the foregoing hypothetical question, what is your opinion as to whether these two tables taken separately correctly show the typhoid conditions of the City of St. Louis for the period mentioned? A. If consideration is given to either of the columns desig- nated typhoid and typho-malarial death reports as reported by the board of health of the City of St. Louis, it is my opinion that neither of these reports of the fatalities do express the actual typhoid mortality of the city of St. Louis for the period men- tioned. - - 10597 Q. Upon what do you base your opinion that they do not correctly show the typhoid conditions in the city of St. Louis, taking them separately? - A. This opinion is based upon the fact that it is highly probable that a large majority of the cases reported in the column designated B, in the foregoing questions, really were cases of typhoid fever, and further taking into consideration the effect which would be produced by the issuance of letters men- tioned in the foregoing questions, it would lead to a more cor- rect diagnosis of the disease of typhoid fever and the report of the same under the caption of Typhoid Fever, I should consider that the results as presented in the foregoing questions do not correctly represent the typhoid conditions which actually occur- red if these tables are considered separately. Q. From your knowledge of these classes of fever men- tioned in the foregoing cloumns in the statistics as heretofore assumed, how should they be treated by bacteriologists 10598 and clinicians and statisticians in order to arrive at the true typhoid fever mortality in the city of St. Louis? A. Owing to the liability to confusion which must of neces- sity exist from the use of old traditional terms which are de- Scriptive more of the symptoms than the specific nature of the 6558 The State of Missouri vs. disease in question, and the direct liability of the confusion of these terms with that of typhoid fever, I should consider that from the standpoint of the bacteriologist, clinician or statisti- cian, in order to get at the true typhoid mortality which would exist in the city of St. Louis, that it would be necessary to add to the statistics which they have reported as typhoid, a large proportion at least if not practically all of the cases which have been reported under the caption which has been designated in previous questions as Column B, to those figures in the given typhoid fever cases. Adjourned until 10:00 A. M., February 20, 1903. 10599 10:00 a. m., Saturday, February 20, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. H. L. RUSSELL, resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Assuming that the table testified to in evidence by Pro- fessor Jordan, as compiled from the typhoid fever mortality and typho-malaria, etc., of the health reports of the City of St. Louis, and based upon the population of the City of St. Louis, for the years 1890 and 1900, according to the United States Census reports, and the intervening years estimated by 10600 Farr's formula, is given by Professor Jordan. Will you please state what is your opinion, based upon the tables heretofore read, as to whether typhoid fever has increased or decreased in St. Louis since 1900 over the conditions that ob- tained in St. Louis prior to 1900? e MR. JEFFRIES: I object to the question for whether the table is correct or incorrect it states on its face what it is worth and the court can draw conclusions upon it as well as the witness. A. Taking into consideration the fact that the circulars issued by the Board of Health of the City of St. Louis have un- Questionably had their influence in increasing the accuracy of the typhoid statistics since the issuance of that circular in 1900, and that the great majority, if not practically all of the deaths. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6559. reported before the year 1900 under the head of remittent, inter- mittent, congestive, typho-malarial, and simple continued fevers were actually cases of typhoid fuer, and, therefore, should have been included in any statistics which showed the total amount of typhoid fever in the City of St. Louis for that time and as- suming the accuracy of the compilations which have been 10601 made by Professor Jordan, based on the relative in- crease of population as determined by Farr's formula when to the typhoid fever death rates there have been added from 50 to 100 per cent. of all recorded deaths which have been reported under the head of remittent, intermittent, coºgestive, typho-malarial and simple continued fevers, and which in my judgment represent data showing the actual amount of typhoid fever which did occur for the periods mentioned much more cor- rectly than is shown by consideration of the reported deaths, as reported in the board of health reports of the City of St. Louis under the caption of typhoid fever alone, I should consider that the actual number of typhoid deaths which have occurred in St. Louis since the year 1900 shows no increase over the death rate in. that city from this disease for the period mentioned prior to that time, with the possible exception of the recognized epidemic which occurred about the year 1892. - Q. From a careful analysis of the typhoid and typho- malarial mortality statistics as they appear in the foregoing hypothetical questions, and from your knowledge of the con- ditions obtaining in any city using a water supply 10602 from a river, as well as all other sources of knowledge which you possess upon this question, what is your opin- ion as to whether there is an increase in typhoid fever in St. Louis since January, 1900, over conditions that prevailed in St. Louis prior to that time? A. Taking into consideration the fact that the typhoid statistics alone, as reported in the board of health report, for the City of St. Louis, do not represent the actual conditions which occur in that city with reference to this disease, but that these statistics should be increased by a large proportion, if not all of the deaths which are reported under the caption of remitti- ment, intermittent, typho-malarial and simple continued fevers, and that when such additions are made for the period which is covered in the foregoing questions, and comparisons are insti- 5560 The State of Missouri vs. tuted between the typhoid mortality in St. Louis, as modified by the additional deaths which should be computed in the ty- phoid statistics and now reported under other causes, when these statistics are compared with the typhoid mortality statistics in other cities where similar types of water supply are employed for municipal purposes, it is my opinion that these 10603 statistics show that there has been no increase in the actual number of typhoid deaths which occurred in the City of St. Louis from January, 1900, to 1903, inclusive, when the typhoid death rate for this period is compared with that which actually prevailed in the City of St. Louis for the period embraced between the years 1890 and 1900, inclusive. Q. Will running water purify itself so as to be free from pathogenic bacteria which may be placed therein? A. In the operation of natural courses running water un- dergoes processes of purification, and frees itself from patho- genic organisms in due course of time. Q. State your opinion as an expert on water supplies for cities and towns as to whether or not the water of the Mississippi river west of the center thread of the main channel of the said river, below the mouth of the Illinois river, and down to the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks at the chain of rocks, is less valuable for drinking purposes and more liable to carry water borne diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera now than it was before the sewage from the sanitary district of Chicago was running into the drainage canal and through it into the Illi- nois river? A. If the typhoid organism is killed out in the Illinois river in the period of time which is less than the necessary time for the flow of the water from the sewers of 10604 Chicago to the City of St. Louis, and assuming that the destruction of the typhoid organism is an index of the destruction of pathogenic organisms in water, and on the basis of the experiments which have been previously detailed in which proof is adduced to show that the vitality of the typhoid organism is destroyed in a much less time than is necessary for the flow of water from Chicago to St. Louis, it is my opinion that the waters of the Mississippi river west of the center of the main channel of the said river and below the mouth of the Illinois river, down to the intake tower of the St. Louis waterworks at the chain of The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6561 rocks, is not less valuable for drinking purposes and not more liable to carry water borne diseases now than it was before the Sewage of the sanitary district was run into the drainage canal and through it into the Illinois river. Q. State whether or not an increase in the speed of the current of the Illinois river, by reason of the added volume of Water of the drainage canal would affect the amount of sedi- mentation that might and must occur in the Illinois river and if it does affect it how and in what manner } A. An increase in the speed of the current of the Illinois river, by reason of the added volume of water in the 10605 drainage canal would probably alter the manner of sedi- mentation that would occur in the waters of the Illinois river from what was the case before the addition of such water from the drainage canal occurred. The addition of this added volume of water from the drainage canal carries with it a larger amount of suspended organic matter, and therefore increases the amount of suspended material which would be present in the waters of the Illinois river and consequently the addition of this added drainage canal water would increase the amount of sedi- mentation which would otherwise occur. Q. What effect, if any, would the increased speed of the current in the Illinois river have upon the time within which sewage from Joliet, Peoria and other towns on the Illinois river have if empticó into the waters of the Mississippi, if the same are so removed as compared with the conditions that existed at the time it might have taken before the added volume of water from the drainage canal was put into the water of the Illinois? A. If it did not cause an overflow of the banks of the stream, the increase in the speed of the current would carry suspended matter farther down stream, but it is my 10606 opinion that the removal from the river of the sewage from the towns mentioned would be performed before such sewage reached the Mississippi river, so that it would not materially alter the condition of the Mississippi river, except in the case of suspended salts, such as chlorine and nitrates which are not eliminated from the water in the purification of the sewage which might be discharged into such stream. Q. If water is made more clear and less turbid than it was A—411 6562 The State of Missouri vs. before the opening of the drainage canal by an added volume of water being placed therein, will such bacilli as typhoid have more or less a tendency to go down to the bottom of the stream than they had prior to the water being rendered less turbid? , A. In case water is made more clear and less turbid by the addition of other volume of water, it would lessen the sedimenta- tion which would normally occur so far as bacteri are concerned. Q. If an increased volume of water in the Illinois by the addition of the water of the drainage canal would make an in- creased speed in the current of the Illinois river, would that in- crease in said current have an effect in increasing or 10607 diminishing the typhoid and liability to typhoid and other water borne diseases on the part of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the waters of the Mississippi river for drinking purposes below the mouth of the Illinois river? A. From the facts of the experimental evidence which has been previously adduced that the typhoid organism would fail to live for a period of time which would be covered by the flow of water from Chicago to St. Louis, it would therefore follow that an additional volume of water discharged by the waters of the drainage canal, which would cause an increased speed in the current of the Illinois river, would not have any effect in increasing or diminishing the typhoid fever or the liability of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the waters of the Mississippi river below the mouth of the Illinois river to con- tract from such waters typhoid or other water borne diseases. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to this question: “What do you say as to the longevity of the germ of typhoid fever as a general proposition in connection with sewage polluted water?’’’ answered, among other things: “My belief is that in a sewage polluted stream the typhoid germ might live in gradually 10608 diminishing numbers for weeks or months or even years.” What is your opinion as to whether typhoid bacillus will live in the sewage polluted streams in gradually diminishing numbers for weeks or months or even years? .A. As it has been shown by experimental evidence that the typhoid organism dies out with a special rapidity in sewage pol- luted waters, it is my opinion that under the conditions which would exist in a sewage polluted stream that the typhoid or- ganism would not live in gradually diminishing numbers for The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6563 the period of time which is embraced in the foregoing question. Q. Assuming that the number of bacilli coli communis in the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton are at intervals no greater than the number contained in it above the opening of the drainage canal, do you consider for that reason that the water is at all times no more dangerous than formerly? Mr. Jeffries: Objected for the reason that the evidence on the part of the defendants show that since the opening of the drainage canal there has been an added volume of water to the Illinois River at the rate of something like 300,000 cubic feet per minute, that such water was not added to the Illinois River to any such extent prior to the opening of the canal, and 10609 the testimony of the defendant further shows that ty- phoid fever germs die out much more rapidly in highly polluted sewage material than in the waters of natural streams, and that from the defendant’s own testimony the evidence shows that typhoid fever germs will live longer in the waters of the Illinois River since the opening of the canal than prior thereto, and for that reason the question is inconsistent and contradic- tory and it conflicts with the previous testimony of this witness and all other witnesses introduced by the defendant. Mr. Todd. In reply I will state that this question, on page 3454 of the transcript of the record which I have, is the identical Question which was asked by complainant’s attorney of Pro- fessor Sedgwick, and I have a right to assume that complain- ant was as well versed with conditions that obtained upon the Illinois River and all scientific propositions relating to that river at the time this question was asked as he is now. Mr. Jeffries: It is not a question as to whether or not the complainant thought the question was a competent question for Professor Sedgwick, but whether or not it is competent by taking into consideration all the facts proven in evidence by the defendants themselves. 10610 A. On the assumption of the conditions as stated in the foregoing question that no marked variation in numbers of colon bacteria occurred when comparisons are made of the colon content of the waters of the Illinois River before and since the opening of the drainage canal, I should consider that the results so assumed would indicate that there had been no material change in the water during this time and that it was 6564 . tº The State of Missouri vs. not more dangerous since the opening of the drainage canal than was the case previous to this opening. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the following ques- tion: “Assuming that the germs of typhoid fever coming from the sewers of Chicago and passing by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria be in largc numbers deposited in the bed of Lake Peoria, for the period of a month say, do you consider that typhoid germs would be entirely destroyed at the end of that time in that deposit?” answered “No sir.” What do you say as to the assumption that typhoid germs could pass from the sewers of Chicago by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria and be deposited there in the bed of Lake Peoria for a period of a month, and as to whether or not typhoid germs Com- ing from the drainage canal, under the conditions as they 10611 exist, would live for a period of a month and not be de- stroyed before the end of that period? A. I consider the assumption that typhoid fever could pass from the sewers of Chicago, by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria, and be deposited there in the bed of that lake for a period of one month as one that is untenable and in the light of experimental inquiry not in accord with the facts, and it is my opinion that under no normal conditions which could obtain in nature as they now exist that the typhoid germs would be able to pass from Chicago to Peoria and not be destroyed before the end of the period covered by the question. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the question ‘‘AS- Suming that typhoid fever germs coming from the Chicago sew- ers are deposited in large numbers in the lakes and slack water portions of the Illinois River above Peoria, do you or do you not consider that flood conditions such as would scour the de- posits from the beds of the stream would cause the water leav- ing Peoria Lake to contain at times more infectious and dan- gerous pollution than are at present in the diluted sewage en- tering the Bear Trap Dam at the foot of the drainage canal?” answered: “I think that at times it might.” What is your opinion taking into consideration all that you know about 10612 the conditions in the drainage canal, the Desplaines River and the Illinois River as a bacteriologist and epidemiol- ogist as to whether such a condition at times might exist? Mr. Jeffries: I move to strike out and eliminate all that The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6565 was said with reference to Professor Sedgwick and his answer thereto for the reason that the question as put to Professor Sedgwick may be put to this witness without reference to what Professor Sedgwick may have or may not have said. A. Taking all of the conditions into consideration that obtain in the drainage canal, the Desplaines and the Illinois River, as to the probable longevity of the typhoid bacilli in the waters of such stream, I should consider that at no time under natural conditions would such conditions exist as would cause the waters of the Illinois River leaving Lake Peoria to contain more infectious and dangerous pollution than would exist in the diluted sewage of the drainage canal, passing the Bear Trap Dam. - Q. What is your opinion as to whether typhoid fever germs coming from Chicago sewage are deposited in large num- bers in the lakes and slack water portions of the Illinois River above Peoria Ž - 10613 A. Inasmuch as the rate of flow is such that Chicago Sewage can not be carried from the city of Chicago to Lake Peoria in a period of time that would be within a period of time that the typhoid organism would be able to retain its vitality, it is my opinion that large numbers of typhoid organ- isms derived from the Chicago sewage would not be found in Lake Peoria above the city of Peoria. Q. What is your opinion based upon all the knowledge which you have of conditions at Lake Peoria, as a bacteriologist and Sanitary expert, as to whether at any time, under any con- ditions, the number of typhoid fever germs at that point is ever as great as they are at the Bear Trap Dam, at the end of the drainage canal? A. Considering all of the conditions involved, and for the reasons previously explained, I should say that my opinion is that at no time, under natural conditions would the number of typhoid organisms even be as great at Lake Peoria as they would be at the Bear Trap Dam. Q. Do you know of any evidence based upon any investi- gations made by yourself or by any one else that justifies the conclusion that at any time, under any conditions, there are larger number of typhoid fever germs at Peoria than at the Bear Trap Dam? 6566 The State of Missouri vs. 10614 A. I know of no evidence whatever that justifies the conclusion that at any time larger numbers of typhoid organisms would be found in the waters of Lake Peoria than would be present at the Bear Trap Dam. On the contrary there is every reason to believe, as a result of the investigations of my own and those made by Professors Jordan and Zeit, that the opposite conditions would prevail and that the organisms of typhoid fever which might be present at the Bear Trap Dam would be destroyed entirely before reaching Lake Peoria, in the natural flow of the river. Q. Do you know of any evidence scientifically secured or otherwise that shows that accumulations of typhoid germs are found in lakes and slack waters basins of rivers and remain there in storage in vast numbers for any considerable period of time in a virulent state and are suddenly flushed out by freshets, so that greater numbers of typhoid fever germs are present flowing in a stream a considerable distance from the source of pollution in greater quantities than they exist at the source of pollution? - A. Inasmuch as the typhoid organism is incapable of 10615 thriving in normal raw waters or in other waters con- taminated with organic matter and therefore they are more or less rapidly destroyed and would therefore be present in diminishing numbers the longer they remain in water, there is no evidence that I know of secured under scientific condi- tions or otherwise that would show that the vitality of the ty- phoid organism would be contained in the sediment of streams which are saturated with water and soluble substances dissolved in that water for considerable periods of time, and I do not believe that the conditions would ever obtain under a natural State of affairs so that a large number of typhoid organisms would be found present in a stream a considerable distance from the source of pollution which were larger than would exist under the original source of such pollution. Q. As a sanitary expert, availing yourself of all chemical and bacteriological knowledge which is available to you, what is your opinion as to whether a typhoid bacillus lying in the Sediment of a polluted stream for a period in excess of sixty days would be able to cause typhoid fever when taken into the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6567 human system after it had remained in such sediment for that length of time ! 10616 A. Recognizing the fact that the typhoid organism is incapable of multiplication in either water of a polluted stream or the sediment of such stream, and recognizing further the fact that this diminishing vitality is undoubtedly coupled with a gradual diminution in the virulence of the organism and recognizing the fact which has been experimentally determined by competent bacteriologists that strains of typhoid bacillus have been found with such low degree of virulence that they were incapable of producing the disease of typhoid fever in the human system, and recognizing, moreover, the inability of the typhoid organism to retain its vitality even for the period of time mentioned, it is my opinion taking all of these facts into consideration, that the typhoid organism exposed under the conditions assumed for the period of time assumed, would not be able to produce typhoid fever. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert as to whether polluted matter or typhoid bacilli coming from the sewage of Chicago, through the drainage canal, deposited on the bottom of the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers, between Chicago and Peoria, can remain there for a period of from thirty to sixty days, and yet retain its dangerous qualities as well as their pathogenesis? * 10617 A. For the reasons which were detailed in the answer to the foregoing question, as to the conditions which would prevail when the typhoid bacillus or polluted matter would be deposited in the bottom of a stream for the period as- sumed in the foregoing question, it is my opinion that if the Or- ganism was deposited for that period, it would not be capable of exerting a pathogenic effect or in any way retain its dangerous qualities. Q. Now, assuming that the only pollution of the river was that contributed to it by the Chicago Sanitary District and having in mind the large amount of typhoid fever existing in said district do you or do you not consider the effect of the time interval, dilution and sedimentation occurring between Chicago and Grafton would be such as to permit the water as it enters the Mississippi River at all times to be free from the liability of producing water born diseases in those who drink it? 6568 The Stafe of Missouri vs. A. Inasmuch as the influence of the particulars which have been assumed in the question would be sufficient to cause the loss of vitality of the typhoid organism which was deposited in the waters of the Illinois River from the sewage of Chicago it would therefore follow that the water which enters the Mis- sissippi River at Grafton would be free from the liability 10618 of producing any water born diseases among persons who should drink such water. Q. Assuming that no other pollution or infection reaches the river save that which it receives from the sanitary district of Chicago, from your knowledge as a bacteriologist and San- itary expert have you had any personal experience or knowl- edge which would lead you to believe that the water of the Illi- nois River at Grafton is infected with the sewage from Chicago, and if the said water enters the Mississippi River becoming mixed with the water of that river would it become a menace to the health of the inhabitants of the Missouri shore of the Mis- sissippi River using that water for drinking purposes at points below, on the Missouri shore? A. Owing to the fact that the pollution or infection which would be deposited in the Illinois River from the sewers of Chicago would be practically purified by the time it has been carried for a portion of its way down the river on the way from Chicago to Grafton, it would naturally follow that the waters of the Illinois River which entered the Mississippi River 10619 at Grafton would not be a menace to the inhabitants of the Missouri shore on the Mississippi River if such water was used for drinking purposes at points below on the Missouri shore. Q. Is there anything based upon your knowledge as a bac- teriologist and sanitary expert which you know would lead you to believe that the water coming from the Illinois River at Graf- ton was infected from the sewers of Chicago, and assume that the waters of the Illinois River mixed with the waters of the Mississippi River at Grafton and subsequently mixed with the - waters of the Missouri River at its mouth, do you consider the water of the Illinois River, thus commingled with the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers a menace to the health of the inhabitants of Missouri, living upon the Mississippi River, using the Mississippi River water for domestic and drinking The Skate of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6569 purposes at points below Grafton on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River? A. I would not consider that the admission of the waters of the Illinois River, in accordance with the conditions as de- scribed in the foregoing question would cause any meance to the inhabitants of the Missouri shore when the waters of the Illinois River were discharged into the Mississippi and com- mingled with the waters of the Missouri River and Mis- 10620 sissippi River, and when the waters of the united streams Q was used for drinking purposes by persons living below Grafton on the Missouri shore. Q. Is there any evidence, bacterial or otherwise, that can establish the conclusion that the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton are infected by the sewage from Chicago, eliminat- ing all other sources of infection? A. The chemical and bacteriological evidence which has been secured in this case through the experimental and obser- vational data which have been presented justify, in my judg- ment, the conclusion that the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton show no indication whatever of unpurified sewage from Chicago that has found its way from Chicago to the latter place. Q. Now, assuming that the only pollution upon the water shed of the Mississippi and its tributaries above the intake of the St. Louis waterworks was that derived from the sanitary district of Chicago, and having in mind a large amount of ty- phoid fever in Chicago, do you or do you not believe that in- fectious and dangerous pollution might, under existing condi- tions find its way into the water supply of the city of St. Louis? A. On the basis of my belief that the germs of typhoid fever would not retain their vitality for a sufficient period 10621 so as to be carried by the waters of the Illinois River from the city of Chicago to St. Louis, and taking into consideration all of the data, both chemical and bacteriological, which I have any knowledge of, it is my opinion that under the circumstances hypothecated in the foregoing question infectious and dangerous pollution derived from Chicago would not find its way, under existing conditions into the water supply of the city of St. Louis. Q. Assuming that there was no typhoid fever pollution of 6570 The State of Missouri vs. the waters upon the water shed of the Mississippi River or its tributaries, above the intake of the St. Louis water works other than that derived from the sanitary district of Chicago, do you or do you not believe that typhoid fever germs from said dis- trict are liable to find their way into the water supply of the city of St. Louis, through the intake at the chain of rocks? A. Under the conditions assumed when the infection of the Illinois River would be confined to the pollution, typhoid pol- lution, arising from the city of Chicago and taking into con- sideration the time of flow and the vitality of the typhoid organ- ism in the waters of such river, I do not believe that the ty- 10622 phoid organisms deposited in the waters of the Illinois River would find their way by the way of the Illinois River to the water supply of the city of St. Louis through the intake at the chain of rocks, for the reasons which have been amplified in the previous answers. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the question just propounded to you, answered “I believe that they are liable to find their way into the intake,” and when asked why, answered “for the reason that typhoid fever having been frequently very abundant in the city of Chicago, I must start with the assump- tion that a very large number of typhoid germs find their way into the sewage of the city, pass through the sewers and on into the drainage canal, and subject to local conditions may, in diminishing numbers, pass out of the Illinois River, mingle with the waters of the Mississippi River, pass over to the other side and find their way into the intake at the chain of rocks.” Do you know of any evidence, based upon any analysis experiments or otherwise that justifies the assumption that typhoid fever germs will pass from the sewers of Chicago into the drainage canal, in diminishing numbers, out of the Illinois River 10623 into the Mississippi and find their way to the intake tower at the chain of rocks? Mr. Jeffries:... I move to strike out the answer by Professor Sedgwick detailed in the question, and the question put to Pro- fessor Sedgwick and all of this question down to that portion which calls for the opinion of this witness, for the reason that the same is incompetent and irrelevant and not a necessary part of the question just propounded, and I move to strike out the whole question for the reason that it has already been answered, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6571 and this witness has given his opinion as to the possibility of typhoid fever organisms passing from Chicago to the city of St. Louis, which opinion, I suppose, is based upon all of the scien- tific knowledge which this witness possesses, and the question now propounded simply calls for the repetition to what the wit- ness has already stated. A. Taking into consideration the time involved in the flow of water from Chicago to St. Louis, and in view of the evidence which I have previously presented in combination with others that the typhoid organism is incapable of retaining its vitality for the period of time assumed in the foregoing question, I would say that I know of no evidence based upon any analysis, experiments or otherwise that would justify the assumption that typhoid organisms deposited in the Chicago drainage canal will pass by way of the Illinois River into the Mississippi 10624 River and find their way into the water supply of the city of St. Louis at the intake tower at the chain of rocks. Q. Assuming that an epidemic of Asiatic cholera should occur in the city of Chicago, is it possible that the germs of that disease might find their way into the intake tower at the St. Louis water works from the city of Chicago? A. In view of the fact that all of the evidence, both analy- tical and otherwise, indicates that the organism capable of pro- ducing Asiatic cholera is more sensitive to the influence of ex- ternal environments than the organisms of typhoid fever, and from the conclusions which have been presented with reference to the vitality of the typhoid organism and their inability to live for a period of time which would be covered by the flow assumed in the question, I should say that it is impossible for the organisms of Asiatic cholera, should they exist in the city of Chicago, to be discharged into the drainage canal and then to find their way down that stream and into the intake tower of the St. Louis water works, at the chain of rocks. Q. Considering your personal knowledge as an expert of typhoid fever conditions in the sanitary district of Chicago, and existing conditions in said District as to sewers and the out- falls thereof and the amount of sewage under all the existing conditions of the Desplaines, Illinois, Mississippi and 10625 Missouri Rivers, under all conditions existing on the water sheds of said streams and the tributaries thereof 6572 * The State of Missouri vs. and all existing conditions as to the water supply of the city of St. Louis and the general sanitary conditions existing in the city of St. Louis, would you or not beyond a reasonable doubt at- tribute the principal portion of the increase of typhoid fever in St. Louis, assuming there has been an increase in St. Louis since the opening of the drainage canal, to the infected sewage of the sanitary district of Chicago? A. Taking into consideration the knowledge which I pos- sess with reference to the conditions under which the typhoid organisms would be capable of living when deposited in the waters of the streams mentioned in the foregoing question, and taking into consideration the fact that other conditions exist which are necessary to consider in considering the question of typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis, it is my belief that I would not consider, beyond a reasonable doubt, the typhoid death rates as occurring in the city of St. Louis (assuming that there has been such an increase since the opening of the drainage canal) to any influence which might arise from the introduction 10626 of the sewage of the sanitary district of Chicago into the Illinois River and which would find its way down the channel of the Illinois River to St. Louis. º Q. I will get you to state whether or not in your opinion the liability to contract typhoid fever or other water borne dis- eases on the part of the inhabitants of Missouri, using the Mis- sissippi River water for drinking purposes below the mouth of the Illinois River, by reason of sewage from the drainage canal infecting the water of the Illinois River is constant, immediate and continuous under all existing conditions upon the Missis- sippi, the Desplaines, the Illinois, the Missouri Rivers and the tributaries of said streams under all existing conditions upon the Water sheds of said rivers and the tributaries thereof and the drainage canal of the sanitary district of Chicago? A. In view of the facts which have been testified to in ans- wer to the foregoing questions relative to the viability of the typhoid organisms and the conditions which would obtain where typhoid organisms are discharged into the drainage canal and the water flows from Chicago to St. Louis, and taking into con- sideration all other facts which bear upon the conditions of the question as stated, it is my opinion that the liability of 10627 the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the Missis- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6573 sippi River water for drinking purposes, below the mouth of the Illinois River, to contract typhoid fever or other water borne diseases is not constant, immediate or continuous, under all existing conditions on the Mississippi, the Desplaines, the Illinois and the Missouri Rivers and the tributaries of said streams under all existing conditions on the water shed of these rivers and the drainage canal of the sanitary district of Chi- Cago. Q. Professor Sedgwick in answer to a question among other things answered “the mere presence of pollution, I mean by that disinfected sewage, that is supposing Chicago reduced her typhoid death rate and would still put her sewage down there, that sewage as affecting the longevity or growth of germs that get in from Peoria or elsewhere would be an added menace to cities with water supply, even if she did not send typhoid fever germs down, sending the filth alone down is serious.” I will ask you what is your opinion, based upon your experience as a bacteriologist as to whether the sewage from Chicago fa- vors the longevity or growth of germs from Peoria or any- where else, emptying their sewage into the Illinois River? 10628 A. It is my opinion that the deposition of sewage of Chicago into the drainage canal does not increase the longevity of the typhoid organism deposited therein, but on the contrary is a potent factor, toward the more rapid destruction of the vitality of the typhoid organism than would be the case if such sewage was not so deposited. Q. Does the presence of sewage in water add to the lon- gevity or growth of pathogenic germs? A. When sewage is added to the water in an unsterilized condition such as would exist when normally deposited in drain- age canals, the addition of such sewage does not increase the longevity of the typhoid organism, but on the other hand is a distinct factor in the early death of the typhoid organism. Q. Assuming that the population of the sanitary district is increased to 5,000,000 of people and that the flow through the drainage canal reaches 1,000,000 cubic feet per minute, what in your opinion would be the effect on the water of the Illi- nois River at its mouth as compared with the water at that point as found prior to 1900? 6574 The State of Missouri vs. A. In view of the fact that under the conditions which 10629 now exist and have existed for the period of the last three years, it is my opinion that the typhoid organism would have been destroyed in a period of time which would com- prise only a small portion of the time necessary for water to pass from Chicago to the mouth of the Illinois River, and as- suming the increase in population which must also assume an increase in amount of sewage not containing the typhoid organ- ism which would be deposited in the waters of the drainage. canal, and taking into consideration the effect which would be produced by such an increase and the influence of conditions as would exist on the basis of the assumption made, it is my opin- ion that the addition of the sewage coming from the number of people mentioned, discharged into the amount of water men- . tioned would not materially alter the conditions which would exist in the waters of the Illinois River at its mouth, so far as these conditions had any effect upon the elimination of those elements in sewage which are of importance in Sanitary mat- ters. The addition of this increased amount of sewage would probably alter the amount of soluble substances which would ap- pear in the waters of the Illinois River at its mouth, but these would have no effect upon the sanitary condition of such waters. Q. Assume that the Chicago sewage from 1,500,000 peo- 10630 pie living in the sanitary district and city of Chicago should be discharged into the Chicago drainage canal and through the canal into the Desplaines and into the Illinois River, Chicago being situated 357 miles from the St. Louis in- take tower, and assuming that a typhoid fever epidemic of extra- Ordinary proportions or a cholera epidemic of extraordinary proportions should become prevalent among the residents of the Sanitary district of Chicago at a time when the sewage from said district is being so discharged into the canal, what im- mediate and impending danger would exist, and what effect would it have upon the people of St. Louis and those people living on the Missouri side of the Mississippi river below Graf- ton, who use the waters of the Mississippi river for drinking pur- poses? A. Taking into consideration the conditions which are operative in nature that lead to the destruction of the typhoid organism when brought in contact with water and sewage organ- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6575 isms such as would exist under the conditions, hypothecated, and also considering the greater sensitivity of cholera to the in- fluences of these conditions in comparison with what happens to the typhoid organism when exposed to such conditions and tak- ing into consideration the distance involved, 357 miles from Chicago to St. Louis, and the time which is necessary for 10631 the sewage containing typhoid or cholera organisms to pass from Chicago to the St. Louis intake, it is my opin- ion then that no immediate and impending danger would exist to the people of St. Louis or those living on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River below Grafton, and therefore that no ef- fect would be produced upon such people who would use the water of the Mississippi River for drinking purposes. Q. From your personal knowledge of the Illinois River and your knowledge as a sanitary expert, together with all chemical and bacterial knowledge derived from every source, what is your opinion as to whether the sewage from the city of Chicago, passing through the drainage canal into the Illinois River at different seasons of the year and at different stages of water would be a danger and menace to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the citizens of the city of St. Louis, using the water of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes? Mr. Jeffries: I object to that as a repetition. A. Taking into consideration the chemical and bacterial knowledge which has been derived from actual experiment and also all knowledge which I possess with reference to the condi- tions which would obtain when the sewage of Chicago was 10632 placed in the drainage canal, and taking into considera- tion the possible variation which would exist at different Seasons of the year and the influence which different stages of water would exert upon the vitality of disease organisms which might be present in such sewage, it is my opinion that the in- troduction of such sewage into the Illinois River would not be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of the State of Mis- souri and the citizens of the City of St. Louis who might use the waters of the Mississippi River at the intake tower, chain of rocks. - Q. From all your knowledge of conditions that obtain in and along the Illinois River, what is your opinion as a sanitary 6576 The State of Missouri vs. expert as to whether deleterious substances, infected matter or pathogenic germs which come from the drainage canal from the sewers of Chicago would reach as far down the Illinois River as the City of Peoria Ž A. From the analytical data which has been presented, it is shown that the addition of the sewage of Chicago to the waters of the drainage canal results in such a degree of purifi- cation that I do not think that deleterious substances or infec- tious matters capable of producing disease would be found in the waters of the Illinois River at the city of Peoria, which were derived from the sewers of the city of Chicago. 10633 Q. Would any of these substances in a dangerous state reach the intake tower of the St. Louis water works at the chain of rocks in your opinion? e Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial and a repetition. A. For the reasons cited in the foregoing answer and for the reason that the time of flow from Chicago to St. Louis would be greater than from Chicago to Peoria, it is my opinion that none of these substances in the sewage of Chicago would reach the city of St. Louis in a dangerous state. Q. . As a sanitary expert do you consider the sewage of Chicago reaching the drainage canal and the Illinois River, which in turn empties into the Mississippi River a menace and a danger to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the citizens of the City of St. Louis, taking their water supply from the Mississippi River. Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as a repetition. A. On the basis of the data previously presented it is my Opinion that the deposition of the sewage in the drainage canal is not a menace and a danger to the inhabitants of the state of Missouri and the citizens of the city of Et. Louis who take their Water supply from the Mississippi River at the intake tower. 10634. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert as to whether the germ of the typhoid fever could lie in the sediment of the drainage canal or the Illinois River for a period of from one to three years? A. I know of no experiments or data which warrant the conclusion that the typhoid organism would be capable of retain- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6577 ing its vitality in the bed of a stream for this period. On the contrary, I do not consider that it would be possible for the Ol- ganism to live for any such period of time. Q. What is your opinion as to whether the typhoid ba- cillus, deposited on the bottom of the Illinois River could re- main there for a period of upwards of five years and then be stirred up by the action of the waves, winds, steamboats or by other means and continue its journey down to St. Louis in a virile state and be a cause of danger to the inhabitants of the state of Missouri or to the citizens of the city of St. Louis using the water of the Mississippi River, at the city of St. Louis, for drinking and domestic purposes? A. It is my opinion that the typhoid organism would not be able to retain its vitality for the period mentioned, and there- fore could not continue its journey in a virile state and be a source of danger to the inhabitants of the state of Missouri and the citizens of St. Louis who used Mississippi River 10635 water for drinking and domestic purposes. Q. Will you state as a sanitary expert, basing your opinion upon all the information you possess in this ,ease whether the water supply of the city of St. Louis is contam- inated, polluted or injured by the sewage of Chicago entering the drainage canal and from thence into the Illinois River? A. For reasons which have been previously given and am- plified it is my opinion that the sewage of the city of Chicago would not be a means of contaminating, polluting or injuring the water supply of the city of St. Louis. Q. Assuming that five dams, one at Marseilles, One at Henry, one at Copperas Creek, one at La Grange and One at Kampsville, existed in the Illinois River, backing the water up stream for a considerable distance; also there is a lake known as Joliet, a lake above Peoria known as Lake Peoria and many small lakes lying along the Illinois River, receiving their water supply from the Illinois River, what effect would these dams and lakes have as sedimentation basins and also what effect would they have in the elimination and purification of polluted and in- fected matter, coming into the Illinois River from the different towns sewering into said river? • A. Taking into consideration the well recognized fact A—412 6578 The State of Missouri vs. 10636 that where a current of a stream is retarded in its rate of flow by an expansion of the cross section of said stream, which condition causes the sedimentation of any sus- pended matter which may be present in the waters of such stream, it is my opinion that the presence of such expanded por- tions of the Illinois River would act in a material way in aiding the sedimentation which would occur in the waters of that stream and that such sedimentation would result in the elim- ination of a large proportion of the total bacterial life, includ- ing any disease organisms, if such should happen to be present, that might be present in such waters. Q. Assume that as the volume of water passing through the drainage canal is increased, the dams at Henry, Copperas Creek, LaGrange and Kampsville, should be removed, would the removal of these dams affect the purification of the sewage of Chicago to such an extent as to be manifest at Grafton? A. In view of the fact that the sewage of the city of Chicago is practically purified before it reaches a point upon the river where the removal of these germs would exert any ap- preciable effect upon the conditions which obtain in that river it is my opinion that the removal of these dams, as indicated in the foregoing question, would exert no effect upon the 10637 condition of the waters of the Illinois River at its mouth at Grafton, so far as the sewage of the city of Chicago is concerned. * Q. Will you state as an expert sanitarian, from all sources of knowledge that you possess, whether the water of the Mis- sissippi River at the chain of rocks was, prior to January, 1900, a safe and potable drinking water, fit for domestic and drink- ing purposes, in its raw state, after passing through the settling basins? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. Taking into consideration the fact that surface waters which drain water sheds more or less densely populated, are in a general sense waters which are no doubt more or less inci- dentally connected with an increased incidence of typhoid fever and other water borne diseases, and taking into consideration the fact which would exist in the question as asked where a Water supply might be polluted with dangerous pollution under the conditions which would prevail where the time of flow would The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6579 not permit of the purification of such water from the sewage which was so discharged, and taking into consideration 10638 the conditions which obtained in the city of St. Louis prior to the year 1900, it is my opinion that such water, furnished under the conditions asked for, is not to be regarded as a thoroughly safe and potable water supply, suitable for all domestic and drinking purposes. Q. Was the Missouri River water a safe water for drink- ing and domestic purposes prior to the opening of the drainage canal in January, 1900? - A. The Missouri River draining a large water shed on which there is a large number of people, and into which there is discharged the sewage of such people, would be regarded as a stream which was very liable to carry pollution for varying distances, and it is my opinion that such a stream is not to be regarded as a perfectly safe supply for drinking purposes. Q. Was the Illinois River water a safe water for drink- ing and domestic purposes prior to the opening of the drainage canal, in January, 1900? A. For the reasons given in the foregoing answer I should also state that the Illinois river was not to be regarded as a safe Supply. - Mr. Jeffries: I move to strike out the last three preceding Questions and answers as immaterial. 10639 Q. Has the sanitary conditions of the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton been benefited or damaged by the opening of the drainage canal? A. I do not consider that the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton should be looked upon as a perfectly safe supply, regardless of the possible changes which have been made by the opening of the drainage canal. Q. Is the water of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, excluding the waters of the Illinois, a safe and suitable water for domestic and drinking purposes, to be used by the citizens of St. Louis in its raw state or treated as now by the City of St. Louis with settling basins, since January, 1900? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. I consider that the use of the waters of any drainage system, such as obtained in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, is not to be considered as a safe and suitable supply for drink- 6580 The State of Missouri vs. ing purposes, as it exists under the conditions which obtain in the foregoing question. Q. Taking into consideration all the knowledge which you possess in regard to the chemical bacteriological and physical condition of the waters of the Illinois river and its tributaries, and the river itself, the different towns sewering into the Illinois river and its tributaries, the population upon the water 10640 sheds of the Illinois river, both the rural and the urban, the stages of the river under all conditions and during all seasons, what is your opinion as to the effect of flowing the Sew- age from Chicago through the drainage canal into the Desplaines and Illinois rivers, upon the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, using the water of the Mississippi river for drinking and domestic purposes? A. Taking into consideration the conditions hypothecated, that the sewage of Chicago is discharged in the drainage canal at such a distance from the State of Missouri that dangerous pollution coming from the sewage of the city of Chicago, So far as that pollution itself is concerned, would be deprived of its dangerous properties during the period of flow which is neces- sary for the passage of such sewage from the city of Chicago to the State of Missouri, it is my opinion that the sewage of Chicago, discharged into the drainage canal, will have no dele- terious effect upon the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the water of the Mississippi river for drinking purposes. Q. Assuming all the facts as contained in the foregoing hypothetical question, and in addition from a study of 10641 all the typhoid statistics as they obtain along the water shed of the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois rivers, and in the City of Chicago and in the City of St. Louis, and as- Suming that an increase of typhoid fever deaths, as evidenced by the death rate in St. Louis, as disclosed by the board of health reports of the City of St. Louis, and taking into consideration all the knowledge which you possess upon this subject under consideration, what is your opinion as a bacteriologist and sani- tarian and epidemiologist as to whether the said increase in typhoid fever in St. Louis, assuming there has been an increase as above indicated, since the opening of the drainage canal can be attributed to the opening of the drainage canal as the direct, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6581 immediate and proximate cause of said increase beyond all reasonable doubt? * A. In view of the fact that the conditions which obtain in the City of St. Louis and the conditions of the watersheds which are immediately adjacent to this city, in view of the fact that the typhoid fever death rate in that city is dependent upon other conditions than those due to the water supply of that city, and may be materially influenced by operation of many other 10642 factors, in view of the conditions which obtain in the Illinois river with reference to the process of purifica- tion which would occur in the sewage of Chicago when deposited in the drainage canal, and taking into consideration all the knowledge which I possess with reference to all data which bear directly or indirectly upon the question involved, it is my opinion that the increase in the typhoid deaths, as reported in the City of St. Louis, assuming such increase to be true, which have occurred since the opening of the drainage canal, can not beyond all reasonable doubt be attributed as a direct, immediate and approximate cause for said increase to the opening of that drain- age canal. Adjourned until 2:00 p.m., of same day. 10643 2:00 p.m., Saturday, February 20, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournmnet. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. H. L. RUSSELL, resumed the stand for cross-examination, by Mr. Jeffries, and testified as follows: Q. Are you a practical chemist, Professor? A. No, sir. Q. You make no chemical or laboratory experiments? A. No, sir. Q. You use it, then, in your work as a sanitarian purely from what you have found to be its import from reading and practice and from your experience in assisting other sanitarians do you not? A. I use the data which are collected in chemical examina- 6582 The State of Missouri vs. tions of water for sanitary purposes as a factor, which together with the bacteriological analysis of the same material is co- ordinated, interpreted together. Q. Why is it, Professor, that a sanitarian can not pass judgment, reliable judgment, upon the sanitary condition of the water from the chemical and bacteriological observations of that water without taking into consideration the extent and 10644 sources of pollution and population and other natural conditions on the watershed? A. The chemical examination of the water is entirely an indirect examination. No chemical examination by itself will determine the presence of disease organisms in a water supply. In the development of the subject of sanitary science the chemi- cal methods were first employed and it was necessary where this indirect method of examination was employed for the person who interpreted the findings to take not only the chemical data into consideration but all the data which threw any light on the Origin, the nature and conditions of the water. In the bacterio- logical examination of water supply the attempt may be made to determine the actual presence of disease organisms and if such were found, it would not be necessary to take into considera- tion the sources of pollution and other conditions mentioned, but if the bacteriological analyses are not made with reference to the direct determination of the presence of pathogenic organisms, but by the indirect method, then the use of these sources in the light of the data collected by both chemical and bacteriological methods are all factors which appertain to the problem in hand. - 10645 Q. In passing judgment upon the sanitary condition of a Water at a given point is not the number of people residing upon the watershed above this given point one of the. prime factors in the determination? A. I consider that it is possible to arrive at a satisfactory examination of a water supply on the basis of chemical and bac- teriological methods without necessarily taking into considera- tion the matter of population. Q. In passing judgment upon a sanitary condition of water from a bacteriological standpoint do bacteriologists take into consideration the number of bacterial counts or the character of the counts as shown by the observation? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6583 A. This would depend upon the origin of the water in- volved in the analyses. In the analyses of certain waters, the determination of the number of organisms present is of minor importance as a general rule. In the determination of the sani- tary quality, the qualitative data are regarded as of more value than the quantitative data. Q. Upon what sources rest, as a rule, the qualitative data found in the sanitary observation of water? 4. A. Assuming that your question refers to the bacterio- logical examination, the qualitative data referred to are 10646 secured by determining the absence or presence of Or- ganisms which are usually associated with sewage and especially the relative number of those organisms, taking also into consideration the origin of the water as to whether it is water which had been in contact with the upper layers of the soil or is derived from subterranean source. Q. Is there any graduated rule or formula used by bacteri- ologists in making these sanitary determinations from a bac- teriological standpoint as measured by the population on the watershed above the point in the stream where the water is ex- amined? A. I know of no such mathematical rule. Q. Has there been any rule or formula established of a general kind based upon the experience of sanitarians during the past years upon various streams throughout the country by which a basis of determination could be made from the bacterial condition of the water of a given stream as shown by the obser- Vation and as compared with previous bacterial observations of streams by sanitarians? A. It is generally conceded that in surface waters the pres- ence of bacteria belonging to the colon type may be noted on ac- count of the fact that these waters have been brought in contact with the surface of the soil where the opportunities for 10647 the introduction of colon organisms from divers sources may be present and in the determination of the sanitary Quality of water of this character, it is therefore especially neces- sary that emphasis be laid upon the quantitative presence of this type of bacterial life. The water supply containing a large number of colon organisms is therefore one that could be re- 6584 The State of Missouri vs. garded by bacteriologists as more or less polluted with sewage at no distant previous date. - Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that water supplies have been known to have been affected with this disease producing organ- ism that contained small quantities of coli bacilli? A. I am unable to answer that question unless I know more specifically what you mean by small quantities of colon bacilli and also as to whether the water was of subterranean or surface origin? Q. Is it not a fact that surface waters, such as lakes and rivers, have been known to have been infected with disease pro- ducing organisms which did not contain a sufficient number of colon type to render the water suspicious as shown by the or- dinary means of analysis? - A. I do not now recall any cases where under natural con- ditions the water has been infected with disease pro- 10648 ducing organisms to such an extent as to be able to pro- duce epidemic disease and where such waters upon ex- amination made at that time failed to reveal the presence of a colon organism in considerable numbers. I can conceive of where an infection was sporadic and discontinuous that the evi- dence of such infection might not be revealed by bacteriological analysis at some subsequent date and still that water might have previously been the direet cause of epidemic disease. Q. In your opinion in an examination of the sanitary con- dition of the water is it necessary to take into consideration the extent of the population residing upon the watershed of the river under examination or form your opinion from the deter- minations of the bacteriological and chemical analyses regard- less of what may be situated upon that watershed, so far as domestic and manufacturing waste is concerned? A. I think that it would be possible to determine whether a water materially changed from what previous experience had shown to be the case with normal streams which were not in- fected with sewage or drainage from human beings without tak- ing into consideraton the density of the population on that watershed. The size and area of the watershed and its 10649 nature whether forrested or unformested and the char- acter of the soil and numerous other problems which are not directly related with the presence of human life are factors The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago 6585 which are quite as important in determining a matter of this sort as the density of the population itself. - Q. Might not a colon type be found in water unexposed to the excreta or sewage? A. It might. The colon organism is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of higher mammals and other animal forms, and therefore its mere presence in surface water—this fact taken simply by itself—can not be regarded as direct evi- dence that its presence had originated from human excreta. Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that in the sanitary obser- vation of water, sanitarians become more interested in deter- mining the presence of pathogenic bacteria or organisms rather than in the quantitative presence of those organisms? A. The ordinary sanitary examination from the bacterio- logical point of view alone does not attempt to determine the direct presence or absence of specific pathogenic bacteria. Q. What then is the object of the sanitarian in making the observations of this character? 10650 A. Because of the intimate relation under existing natural conditions which exist between pathogenic or- ganisms capable of producing disease and certain well known bacteria which do not belong to the distinctive pathogenic class, but which can be very much more readily detected in water. The difficulties which confront the bacteriologist in the isolation of pathogenic bacteria are such that under natural conditions the chances of his finding the organism would be exceedingly remote. Q. The sanitarian then reasons that because of the pres- ence of that class or character of organisms which belong to certain pathogenic bacteria is associated with them that they are present? A. The methods followed by the bacteriologist are pri- marily indirect, although not to the degree that the method of the chemist is, and positive findings of this indirect method afford him presumptive evidence which serves as a further basis for investigation and may be supplemented by direct examination for the presence of pathogenic organisms. This provided that the conditions of the test are such as to indicate the probable presence of those organisms at any given time. Q. So that after all these determinations and observations are made with a view of determining the possible pres- 6586 The State of Missouri vs. 10651 ence of pathogenic bacteria rather than the extent or quantity of such pathogenic organisms, if present? A. The conditions to which pathogenic bacteria are sub- jected in nature are such as to produce a rapid loss in vitality of those organisms and consequently a water may be of such a character as to result in a production of disease and if the examinations are not made in large numbers at that particular time the organisms of a pathogenic character may lose their vitality to such an extent that the determination of their pres- ence and not the number of the pathogenic organisms present may be fairly considered as indicating the probable nature of that water as to the liability of producing epidemic disease. Q. State whether or not the typhoid bacilli is customarily found by observers in water supplies? A. It is not. The attempt is not often made to search for the pathogenic organism directly because of the difficulty of the case. e Q. Now, what difficulties are most likely to arise and exist in making these determinations for the pathogenic bacteria in water supplies? 10652 A. When we take into consideration the fact under natural conditions which would obtain in any community that the organism producing typhoid fever requires for its period of incubation a period of time ranging from several days to Several weeks; that after the symptoms of the disease appear in the first persons infected, that another period of several days elapses before the excreta of the typhoid patient actually con- tains typhoid organisms, and that moreover the water supply is rarely brought under suspicion until after a number of typhoid cases have appeared in any given community, that the period of time which may have elapsed between the original infection of the water which would be capable of starting an epidemic of this disease and the time which would elapse before such waters are ordinarily subjected to examination is usually so long that the organism might have entirely disappeared from the water or be reduced to such small numbers that its determinations is rendered very much more difficult it is evident that the difficul- ties which attend such direct examination are numerous. Q. T)o you in your observations make a practice of look- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6587 ing for the typhoid bacillus and such other pathogenic bacteria in suspected waters? -> - A. In my routine analytical work the practice is never 10653 followed of making a direct examination of such waters as are ordinarily examined for the purpose of detecting the presence or absence of typhoid organism. Q. Is there any rule or formula in the science of bacteri- ology or in sanitary science which measures the life of all classes and kinds of typhoid bacilli virility in sterilized water? A. The conditions which obtain when we attempt to deter- mine the vitality of any living organism are such that I deem it impossible to formulate with mathematical exactness the period of time which the vitality of any organism could be determined. Q. Do you deem it unreasonable to undertake the formu- lation of a rule or system by which the life of the typhoid germ Or Organism may be measured in running water, in river Water, in sewage, in highly polluted water, in sewage polluted water, in sediment, in soil, in moist soil, under all conditions of nature and if so, please state why in your judgment such formula is impossible - A. The conditions to which the typhoid organism would be subjected under the variety of conditions as outlined in the foregoing question, are subject to the influence of so many factors, the effects of which are not directly comparable 10654 and which must be taken into consideration in the dif- ferent cases involved that I do not consider that one can Say with mathematical accuracy just how long it will take for the typhoid organism to be destroyed in those waters, but that in giving an opinion in regard to a matter of this sort one must base his judgment upon the fact that there is some variation to be observed in the influence of these different factors and one could place this limit at such a point as would in his judgment be a safe limit for the destruction of the organism concerned under the variety of conditions which were under consideration. Q. The conditions of moisture in the soil, the character of the sediment, the character and extent of pollution, the extent of dilution are so variable no rule or formula could be adopted by which the life of the typhoid germ under these various con- ditions might be accurately observed without taking into con- sideration the degree of variation that exists in the longevity of 6588 The State of Missouri vs. the various germs themselves. That is, the extent of their virility, their hardiness and robustness as compared with eac other? - A. I do not consider that the data given with reference to the longevity of the organism could be expressed in 10655 terms with mathematical accuracy, and if it were so expressed it would be necessary to take into considera- tion the effect of these factors mentioned, that the typhoid or- ganism is subject to the influence of these variable factors, and that these might change the rate of destruction and in setting such a limit it must be placed at such a point as in the judgment of the investigator will be sufficient to permit of the operation of all of these factors referred to, and effect the destruction of all organisms of the class concerned. Q. So that the organisms of typhoid fever like everything else in nature, depend so far as longevity is concerned upon the environments surrounding each particular germ, together with the particular character of the germ itself? - A. The factors which are of import in the destruction of any organism are those which are inherent to the organism itself and also those which relate to the external environment. These may be varied in such a way as to accentuate the rapidity of the process or not. - Q. So that in accordance with the inherent vital qualities of and the external environment of each particular germ the longevity of that germ is measured? A. So far as any one particular germ is concerned that is true. But it should further be said that experiments which are made under conditions where divers strains of organisms are employed that the validity of the conclusions drawn from 10656 such experiments is very much increased where the ex- perimental conditions are different in each case owing - to the fact that more than one strain of the organism is em- ployed. - Q. And thus differences may result from these unobserv- able differences in the observations brought about because of the extreme delicacy of the observation? A. The experience of the operator in dealińg with matters of this sort is a factor which is of very material significance in interpreting the data of such experiments. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6589 Q. How long have the typhoid bacilli been known to live in sterilized water ? A. Experiments made with typhoid bacilli inoculated into sterilized water have demonstrated the ability of this organism to live for a period measured by a number of months and in some instances upwards of 100 days. The results obtained are widely discordant with respect to the exact time. Q. That also depends, does it not, upon the inherent quality of the germ itself? A. In case of tests made on sterilized water the variations reported are undoubtedly due to the effect which is produced by both sides of variables; first, those which are inherent 10657 to the constitution of the organism in question; second, those which are produced by the variation in the environ- ments? Q. This particular germ lives longer in sterilized water than under any other condition in nature other than that of the laboratory experiments or in the human system, does it not? A. I am uncertain as to what is meant by laboratory ex- periments, but interpreting that question to be the inoculation of typhoid organisms in culture medium kept in laboratory for stock purposes, stock cultures, I should say that the vitality of the typhoid organism in boiled water but not necessarily sterile water, is marked by a period of duration, longer than exists under natural conditions. Q. Would it live as long under such conditions as in the soil, or in privy vaults? A. Interpreting your quesion to refer to the viability of an organism in boiled waters, I am of the opinion that the vitality of the organism might be retained in the water sterilized by boil- ing, a longer time than would be the case if the organism 10658 was exposed in contact with human dejecta, in a moist condition. Q. You stated, I believe, previously, that the typhoid bacilli was a very difficult matter to observe, in the bacteriological ex- aminations of water? A. I stated it was very difficult to determine its actual presence. Q. Is it not a fact that it is a difficult matter to find it, even in sewage when the observer knows it had been deposited re- 6590 The State of Missouri vs. cently, or discharged, that is, that the typhoid bacilli had re- cently been discharged into the sewage? A. When examined under the conditions which would exist in nature, where the typhoid organism would be brought into contact with myriads of sewage bacteria, which themselves are capable of extensive multiplication, it would be a difficult matter to determine the absence of all typhoid organisms, but it is pos- sible by means of the elective media which are now employed in the best laboratories, for the typhoid organism to be differ- entiated from human feces, and diluted organic matter rich in materials of sewage matter. 10659 Q. Is it not a fact that competent observers have found the typhoid organism to live in sewage for a period of from five to seven days, in the laboratorial experiments? A. Interpreting your question to refer to the vitality of the typhoid organism when subjected to sewage under perfect natural conditions and normal conditions, I should say that ex- periments which give such a period of vitality to the typhoid organism, must be tested in the light of the newer methods of differentiation which have been introduced since the agglutin- ing, or Widal test has been devised, and which is now regarded as the most crucial single characteristic which we possess for the differentiating of the typhoid organism from related bac- teria. Q. Has it not been so proven? A. I do not recall at the moment, any experiments which have been made on the typhoid organism, on raw sewage, 10660 where the identification of the organism has been made on the basis of all the methods which are now employed for the differentiation of the organism from related forms, and in which the vitality of the organism so exposed under natural, normal conditions, was retained for a period as indicated in the foregoing question. Q. The life of the germ in sewage would depend largely upon the extent of the concentration of the sewage material? A. It is my opinion that the concentration would not be Operative heyond a certain point. That the difference between the sewage containing say, 10 per cent. of solid excreta, and Say 20 or 25 per cent. of solid excreta, would not be such as to materially alter the rate of loss of vitality. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6591 Q. These percentages which you have just stated, are within the limits of ordinary sewage? A. No, those percentages contain more solid matter than are found in normal sewage, but by the previous answer I mean that the rate of death would not be affected, if there was a suf- ficient amount of the products of other organisms present 10661 in the sewage organisms themselves to accomplish the destruction of the typhoid organism in a period of time. Q. And as the extent of the dilution in a measure localizes the longevity of the germ? - A. When the degree of concentration is at such a point as to just be able to destroy the typhoid organism in a given period of time, manifestly the dilution of that degree of sewage con- centration with water which would reduce the amount of preju- dicial substances, would permit of the retention of the vitality of the typhoid organism for a long period of time. Q. State, Professor, whether or not in your opinion the typhoid fever germs lived longer in the waters of the Chicago river prior to the opening of the Drainage Canal than they will now live in the waters of that river, in the Canal? A. My opinion is that the changes that have been produced in the Chicago river through the opening of the Drainage Canal, are not such as will greatly modify the death rate of the typhoid organism when exposed under these two conditions. 10662 This opinion is based upon my belief that in either in- stance the degree of concentration in the water of bac- terial by-products, and the presence of saprophytic bacteria themselves would be sufficient to cause an early death of typhoid organisms placed in this water. Q. If the typhoid organisms rapidly died out, in the waters of the Chicago river, prior to the opening of the Drainage Canal, what effect would the discharge of that water into Lake Michigan, have upon the prevalence of typhoid fever in the City of Chicago, taking its water supply from Lake Michigan? A. As I understand the conditions which have prevailed in reference to the pollution of the waters of Lake Michigan by sewage of the City of Chicago, a certain proportion of the sew- age of Chicago has been discharged into the waters of Lake Michigan, without remaining in the waters of the Chicago river, and such sewage would have found its way into the pure waters 6592 The State of Missouri vs. of the Lake within a sufficient period of time so that it is prob- able that the vitality of the typhoid organism would not have been lost during this period, and hence it was pos- 10663 sible for the conditions which obtained in nature to serve as an agent for the production of disease in Chicago even though diluted with the lake water. Q. It is your opinion, then, is it, that none of the typhoid germs which passed into the Chicago river prior to the opening of the canal, found their way into Lake Michigan, and from thence into the water supply of the City of Chicago? 10664 A. The answer to the preceding question did not state that no typhoid bacteria did find their way through the water of the Chicago river and so into the waters of Lake Michi- gan, but it is my opinion that the major part of the infection arose from sources where the typhoid organism was not ex- posed to conditions in sewage for long periods of time. Q. It is your opinion, then, that the greater part of the typhoid organisms which produced fever in Chicago entered the lake from 'some source other than the Chicago river? A. It is quite conceivable that a considerable portion of the organisms which found their way into Lake Michigan may have been carried there by way of the Chicago river, but it is my belief that at such times as the river was flushed by heavy rains which would sweep the sewage out in the lake more rapidly than otherwise would have been the case, that this has been assigned as a potent cause for the incidence of typhoid fever in this city. Q. Would that not in your judgment cause spasmodic 10665 waves of typhoid fever to take place in the City of Chi- cago' A. Interpreting your question to mean spasmodic waves of short duration, I should say not necessarily the case. Q. How many typhoid epidemics have you personally ex- amined, Professor? - - A. Interpreting your question to refer to epidemics where I have had anything to do with the analysis of waters at or soon after the time the epidemic occurred, I have examined the con- ditions which prevailed at the city of Ashland, city of Baraboo, city of West Superior, at Marinette, and Menominee, Michi- gan. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6593 Q. Were each of these epidemics caused by a typhoid water supply? A. Each of the epidemics produced in the cities mentioned was caused by impure water supplies. Q. Can you give the source of infection in each of the three cases, the West Superior, Baraboo and Marionette? A. In the case at Baraboo, the water supply is drawn from a series of springs and deep wells, situated below the town. The power house for the pumping of the water is situated on the banks of the Baraboo river and for power purposes the 10666 water from the Baraboo river was employed, being de- rived from the main stream at a point below the town and below the outfalls of the sewers of the city. The water, used in this race, for purposes of pumping the water from the wells by the aid of a water pump, was in a highly polluted con- dition, owing to the fact that the sewers of the city entered im- mediately above. The intake pipe from the wells passed from the wells to the pump house directly through this race of highly polluted water, and it was found upon examination that in this intake pipe consisting of short pieces of iron pipe, five leaks were present, so that when the water was pumped by aid of a steam pump, which had a much higher suctional action than the Water pump which was used for reserve purposes, the water was drawn in through these leaks from the race into the intake pipe. This intermittent introduction of large quantities of polluted Water that would naturally occur when the slower acting water pump was employed was discovered by charting the case rate of the disease as it existed in the city and noting the striking re- lation which was evident between the use of this steam pump and the wave like outbursts of the fever in the city. Examina- tion of the waters at that time revealed the presence of 10667 the polluted condition and the full examination of the conditions mentioned occurred in my judgment from the pollution of this supply which caused an epidemic of about 150 cases of typhoid fever in a period of six weeks, and in a town of about 5500 population. The epidemic at Ashland was produced in this way: The sewers of the city of Ashland are discharged into Chequamegon Bay, a shallow arm of Lake Superior. To protect the harbor A—413 65.94 The State of Missouri vs. the government built a breakwater about a half a mile from shore. The current from the lake sets into this bay, passes around the north and the west shore of the bay, receives the sewage of the city of Ashland and then passes out around the two ends of this breakwater. When the water supply for the city of Ashland was introduced, the intake pipe was run out into the bay water and stopped on the land side of the break water, that is between the break water and the land. The result was that with the increasing amount of pollution discharged into the bay, and the flowing of the current around and conse- quently out past the intake pipe, that the diluted sewage of the city was brought back in the water mains of the town. This resulted in the production of an extensive epidemic of upwards of about 200 cases in a town of 10,000 or 12,000 inhabitants. Q. How far was the intake of the water supply at Ashland situated from the mouth of the sewer? A. About three quarters of a mile I should say. 10668 Q. Out in the lake? A. Out in the lake with the current at times passing directly from these outfalls towards the mouth of the intake pipe. Q. How deep was the lake at that point? A. The bay is a shallow bay at this point, varying perhaps from 10 to 15 feet in depth. The Marinette and Menominee epidemics occurred simul- taneously, and typhoid fever had been present there in much larger than usual proportions for several years. The sewers of the city of Marinette are discharged into the Menominee river, and one of the largest sewers of the city of Menominee is discharged into Green Bay. The Menominee river empties into Green Bay. The intake pipe of the water supply is off shore at a distance of about 2,000 feet. The analytical data collected at the time of this epidemic showed that often the water at the intake pipe was normal Lake Michigan water, and at other times, depending upon wind action, would indicate a polluted condition. The presumption is very strong in favor of the view that the Sewage of this city was carried out for the distance of 2,000 feet, at times found its way past the intake pipe and was pumped up into the water mains. Q. Going back to Ashland, state whether or not the city The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6595 10669 of Ashland is situated upon an abrupt decline or on a level plain? - A. It is not on a hill slope. I should say that the elevation of the center part of the town ranged from 10 to 30 feet above the lowest. Q. And that is true with this last place? A. I have not examined personally the conditions at Menominee and Marinette. Q. All of these epidemics, however, were caused by sewage pollution, that is each of these that you have just explained, or sewage infection? * : A. I should so consider it, yes, sir. º Q. Professor, in the joint and concurrent investigations or observations which were made by yourself, Professor Jordan and Professor Zeit, did you each use strains of culture from the Same source? A. Professor Jordan and myself, I think, used the identical same strains. Professor Zeit, I believe, employed, in addition to the strains which Professor Jordan and myself used, one other. Q. The strains denominated “X,” “Y” and “Z” by 10670 you in your direct examination and as shown on the table which you read in evidence represent cultures from the same strains as those used by Professor Jordan in his ex- aminations, as I understand it? A. And denominated by him “X,” “Y” and “Z.” Q. And denomiated by him “X,” “Y” and “Z?” A. Yes, sir. Q. In point of inherent vitality, can you from the table which you read in evidence, and your observations made of these three strains, state whether or not they were of different inherent vitality? A. The analytical data would not enable me to draw such a conclusion. Q. Why not, Professor 2 A. To have determined this point it would have been neces- Sary to have made the observations at very much more frequent intervals than they were made. Q. Did you make or attempt to make any such determina- tions from these strains? A. I did not. 6596 The State of Missouri vs. - Q. Is it not a fact that the addition of the total number of typhoid seedings deposited in the samples of water used 10671 by you had a tendency to decrease the life of those par- ticular organisms over what the life of any one of those organisms would have been had it been deposited alone in the samples of water used in the determination? A. It is a well recognized fact by bacteriologists that varia- tion in the amount of seeding does exert a difference in the rate at which loss of vitality occurs, and that the heavier the seeding . from a given volume of water the longer will be the vitality of the Organisms in that water rather than shorter, so I would conclude from this that so far as this effect was concerned the increase of typhoid seeding would if it had an effect, increase the vitality of the organism over what would have been the case with very light seedings. . Q. How deep under the surface of the water were these parchment sacs placed or suspended? A. To a depth of about 6 to 12 inches, just sufficient to prevent excessive wave action. We lost a number of the sacs When exposed on the surface, because of breaking from the Wà.VeS. Q. The life of the germ as found from your experiments ranged from one to 9 days in the water of the Illinois river, does it not, at Averyville? - 10672 A. I do not consider that the life of the typhoid or. ganism as illustrated by the experiment cited, does range for a range of one to nine days. Q. What significance do you attach to the presence of the organism on the ninth day in sac number 15 of the “Z” strain? A. Taking all of the data which is incorporated in the table at hand, and taking into consideration the fact that in 141 tests made on the first three days the typhoid organism was found in 69 cases, and further taking into consideration the fact that in 318 analyses conducted subsequent to the third day Only one organism was found which was proven to be typhoid in character, and further taking into consideration the fact that the results of the experiment are so overwhelmingly concor- dant with the exception of this single case, it is my opinion that the conclusion which is to be drawn from this experiment, taken as a whole, warrants the conclusion that typhoid organisms ex- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6597 posed under the conditions of the experiment would be incapable of retaining their vitality in the waters of the Illinois River at Averyville for a period which exceeds that reported in my direct evidence. 10673 Q. Is it not a fact, Professor that of strain Z, Sac num- ber 15, as shown on your table, you made an examination of the contents of that sac on five separate days, towit: the first, the second, the fifth, the ninth and the twelfth, and that of those five examinations you found the typhoid bacilli pres- ent in the first, the second, and the ninth days? A. That is true. Q. Have. you any reason to believe that you would not have found it present on the third and fourth days? A. It is highly probable that if an examination of that particular sac had been made upon the third day after immer- sion, that the typhoid organism would have been discovered in such an examination. Q. And how about the fourth day? A. Taking into consideration all of the analytical evidence which is shown in the accompanying table, where the conditions are all as nearly uniform as can be secured, under the condi- tions of the experiment, and further taking into consideration the fact that out of twelve colonies examined on the fifth day, none of these proved to be typhoid, or of the 14 examined on the tenth day, 13 of which proved not to be typhoid, and of two examined on the twelfth day, neither of which proved to 10674 be typhoid I believe that I am justified in the conclusion that if an examination had been made upon the fourth day, the results which would have been obtained would have been in practical accord with the results which are shown as hav- ing been obtained in those cultures which were made with the cultures “X” and “Y,” when the examination was performed upon the fourth day and where in no case in 41 examinations was the typhoid fever organism found in any instance. Q. When you speak of 41 examinations, you mean 41 col- onies picked off or fished off the plate? A. I do. Q. How many platings did you make of each particular sample of water analyzed or observed on each day? - A. In testing the number of organisms found in the tube 6598 The State of Missouri 2)S. it was customary to make at least three plates from each sam- ple, and from an inspection of these samples select those organ- isms which showed presumptive typhoid appearances. Q. What was the quantity of water plated in each instance? A. In the outset of these experiments the dilutions which were made ranged from .02 of a co. to 1 cc. It was found 10675 upon making these tests, that the number of organisms which grew upon the culture medium when we employed Drigalski medium inhibited to such extent the water bacteria which were normally present in the water that by far the large majority of organisms which appeared upon the plate showed, so far as culture examinations were concerned, the typhoid character and this made it unnecessary to employ larger quan- tities of water because of the great preponderance of the ty- phoid organism, when cultures were made with large quantities of water. Q. In making the final test as to whether the colonies fished were typhoid, did you subject them to the Widal test? A. Yes sir. - Q. State whether or not in your opinion the water con- tained in these sacs represented the bacterial condition of the water in the Illinois River at Averyville, at the place where the sacs were submerged, during the whole time they were sub- merged, aside from the change brought about beause of the additional numbers of typhoid bacilli? A. The water which was used in the making of these ex- periments was taken from the river at approximately the point where the sacs were immersed. Inasmuch as the germ 10676 content of a flowing stream is subject to fluctuations, de- pending upon the amount of sediment and numerous other factors which modify the germ life found in a given body of Water, the sample of water placed in the sac would not and could not under any condition, be exactly the same in germ con- tent as was the case in the water flowing past these sacs for the period of time covered by the experiment. Q. State, Professor, whether or not there was any sub- stance of any kind found on the exterior of the sacs, while they were deposited in the water? A. After the sacs had been left in the water for various periods of time, a reddish spot appeared upon the sacs. When The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6599 first observed these were about the size of a pin head, and grad- ually increased in diameter until they reached a diameter of a half to three-fourths of a ce. These spots never became con- fluent, that is the surface of each sac never was completely cov- ered with the same, and these spots increased in considerable number, but at no time did the aggregate growth of the fungus cause this spot to equal more than a small fraction of the en- tire periphery of the sac. 10677 Q. Did you examine this coating or covering of the sac, or these small red spots under the microscope? A. These were examined and it was found that these Were due to fungus which was capable of growing upon the exterior of the sac. Q. Did not this growth in a measure cause the sac to be- come impervious? A. No sir. Q. To no extent whatever? - A. Not in any way did it produce an impervious condition in the sac. Q. Did you use any other character of sac except the parch- Iment SaG 2 * A. No sac, no sir. The other series of experiments were made with agar blocks and not sacs. Q. May not some typhoid fever bacilli, coming from human patients, be possessed of greater inherent vitality than the ones used in the series of experiments conducted by yourself, Pro- fessors Zeit and Jordan? - A. It is well recognized that cultures which have been grown upon artificial media gradually lose their virulence and also their power of retaining their vitality, and just in order to meet this objection for the purpose of this experiment freshly isolated cultures were taken from the bodies of three 10678 typhoid patients, one from blood, one from the urine and one from the feces, in order that the possible variations which might occur when such laboratory cultures were employed could be obviated. Q. May not other cultures have been obtained from human feces, or of the urine which were possessed of greater inherent vitality than those used? . - A. It is well recognized that there is a certain variation 6600 The State of Missouri vs. in the inherent vitality of pathogenic organisms, but it is my opinion that when three cases are taken freshly isolated from the human body, and when these cases are not in any way con- nected with each other, through the medium of the same out- break and therefore presumably given as wide a range as would normally be found among typhoid bacilli coming from human sources, then it is quite improbable that typhoid organisms, as they normally occur in man, would ordinarily possess a de- gree of vitality which would much exceed those which are rep- resented by the three cultures employed. Q. Taking into consideration the care and precaution that was used by you in making the determinations contained in the tables which you read in advance, in your direct testimony, and assuming that typhoid fever dejecta is deposited into a run- ning stream which flows for a period of nine days, at 10679 which point the inhabitants of a city receive their water supply, and knowing that you had observed the presence of the typhoid bacilli during the series of examinations which . you made in the water at that point—assuming the bacterial contents of that water to remain or be practically as contained in the sacs with which the observations were made, would you recommend that water as free from typhoid bacilli, and there- fore suitable for domestic and drinking purposes? A. Taking into consideration the fact that typhoid organ- isms deposited in running streams would not be subject, under natural conditions to such conditions as outlined in the fore- going question, for the reason that in such flow there are fac- tors operative and always operative which are not assumed in the foregoing question, and which must be assumed if the con- ditions are made to refer to conditions that actually do obtain in a flowing stream, and taking into consideration all the knowl- edge which I possess from a bacteriological analysis of waters SO exposed and the conditions which are referred to, it is my belief that waters discharged into a stream, the character of which corresponded to the conditions which are assumed in the question but which under such conditions are affected by 10680 these other factors which are always operative, it is my opinion that typhoid organisms would not be found in such waters when a period of flow was of nine days duration. Q. But, Professor, assuming aside from the natural con- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6601 ditions that the water remained in the river as it remained in the sacs for nine consecutive days, and in the ninth day you found typhoid bacilli present as shown in your observations, would you consider that water as being free from typhoid ba- cilli, at the end of the ninth day ? A. It would be impossible to base a recommendation of such a character unless all the facts which bear upon this ques- tion were taken into consideration, and if those facts were in accordance with the facts as represented in the experiment re- ferred to in which analyses were made in large numbers and at daily intervals, and in which out of this series of analyses the typhoid organism was found abundantly the first day, the Sec- ond day and the third day, but was not found at any subsequent date, although frequent daily examinations were made, except in one single solitary instance, on the ninth day, and was found in no instance thereafter, although examinations were continued for double this length of time, I should under these cir- 10681 cumstances consider that I was warranted in assuming that the typhoid organisms introduced in such water would have disappeared so completely that under no conditions would the water have been able to have produced disease if it had been consumed by human beings. Q. And under the facts assumed, and at the end of the ninth day, and at the point, the end of the ninth day, you would recommend to the people that they could drink that water with. impunity so far as the effect of the typhoid fever germs were concerned ? : A. The recommendation as to whether a water supply is pure or suitable for domestic use presupposes conditions which are not assumed in the foregoing question and which must of necessity be taken into consideration before any such recom- mendation can be made, and a water supply which is known to contain typhoid bacilli must therefore be subjected to exceed- ingly stringent examination before one would be warranted in making any such recommendation as indicated in the question. Q. To you mean a stringent examination for the purpose of determining the presence or nonpresence of typhoid bacilliº A.. I do. - & Q. Do you consider the observations and examinations 10682 which you made of the water contained in the sacs, as 6602 The State of Missouri vs. shown in your tables, to be a stringent examination of that water, for the purpose of detecting the presence or non- presence of typhoid bacilli? A. I consider that the examinations which were made of the analysis of this water were sufficiently stringent to have detected the presence of the typhoid bacilli if such had been present. Q. Then under the conditions assumed in the preceding Question that if water in a running stream ran nine days was, during the time in the same bacterial condition as the water contained in the sacs which were used in your experiments, and underwent the same bacterial changes, containing typhoid ba- cilli which also underwent the same changes, that water would be suitable for drinking purposes at the end of the ninth day and at the place reached at the end of the ninth day? A. The conditions which were stated in the assumptions named in the question are so entirely foreign to what do exist when waters find their way in a flowing stream that a compar- ison which is made between the conditions of this experiment and the conditions which would occur when typhoid organisms were deposited in a running stream for nine days flow, 10683 are such that I am unable to state exactly what would occur under the conditions assumed, but when I take into consideration the fact that in a case of water containing ap- proximately 5,400,000 typhoid bacteria in a given volume, that an exposure of that water under the conditions as described in the foregoing answers failed to reveal the presence of typhoid Organisms in all but one case out of the entire number exam- ined on the ninth day, so that the vitality of this enormous number of organisms had been entirely lost with the exception of the single germ referred to, except in the case of the first three days, when typhoid organisms were demonstrated, I should consider that a conclusion which is based upon the re- Sults which were obtained in the case of this single organism alone and not the whole of the results of the experiment are not proper as indicating what the condition of affairs would be which would occur in nature. Q. Professor, only two examinations were made of all the Samples in all the sacs by you on the ninth day. Is that true? A. It is. Two samples of water removed from two dif- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6603 ferent sacs and from those two sacs a number of separate and individual tests were made, and from these individual tests 18 suspected typhoid colonies were removed and examined. 10684 Q. On the ninth day no samples of water were taken from the sacs except sac number 13 and sac number 15, in which case only one sample of water was taken from each sac and analyzed? A. The quantity of water that was removed in each in- stance was much larger than the quantity which is necessary for making a bacterial examination and from this large sample a number of separate and independent tests were made in each case. Q. State whether or not the water taken from the Sacs was diluted before analyzed? A. I am unable to answer that question specifically, but it was our custom, owing to the relatively small number of water bacteria which appeared in the plates, to use the samples of Water for inoculation purposes, directly into the media without dilution. Q. Is it not a fact that of the water analyzed on the ninth day only 18 colonies were specifically examined? A. It is a fact that of the water which was analyzed upon the ninth day a much larger number of colonies were examined than is shown in the existing table, but that the 18 colonies which appear in the existing table were colonies which in 10685 a majority of cases were regarded as presumptive ty- phoid colonies which were therefore selected for this pur- pose, but it should be kept in mind that these were selections made from a large number of colonies which appeared in the latter plates. Q. The 18 colonies fished off, that represented the number of colonies that were subjected to the Widal test? Is that true? A. The colonies of course which were represented upon the culture plates and not fished for further identification were not tested for Widal reaction, but in these cases all the tests were applied to the organism which was sufficient to identify them as typhoid or not. Q. And on the tenth day 46 colonies were the only ones that were subjected to the Widal test? A. The number of colonies fished as reported in the table 6604 The State of Missouri vs. were all of them subjected to the various tests employed to de- termine their typhoid nature. Q. And that is true with reference to all the colonies or the various ones shown on the tables? º A. Yes sir. 10686 Q. Professor, what particular significance do you at- tach to the use of the agar blocks as distinguished from the Drigalski plates, in these experiments? A. The experiment made with the agar blocks approached the problem from a materially different point of view and one which in my judgment would favor materially the retention of the vitality of the typhoid organism, but recognizing the im- portance in an experiment of this sort of attacking the prob- lem in hand from as many different points of view as possible, it was deemed advisable to make simultaneous tests with this method of the agar block. As outlined in the direct examination the typhoid bacteria in these blocks were prevented from coming in contact with the water bacteria by a screen of agar which was in all cases ap- proximately 1–4 to 3-8 of an inch in thickness. This agar Screen would permit of the passage of soluble substances, but not the organisms themselves, and so the conditions would in all prob- ability be less prejudicial than was the case in the parchment Så C.S. Q. These observations as shown on the table which you read in evidence in your direct testimony represent the only bacteriological analysis of the water in the Illinois River 10687 or the drainage canal that you have personally made or that has been made under your supervision? A. These represent every independent analysis that was conducted on the water of the Illinois River at Averyville, and in this connection I wish to restate the fact that none of these determinations as to the complete identification of the typhoid Organism could be made or was made until all of the samples of the sacs were removed from Peoria and the station at this city discontinued. Q. Where was the plating done? * A. The plating was done in the bacteriological laboratory of the Bradley Polytechnic Institute at Peoria. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6605 Q. This work was not done, as I understand you, person- ally by yourself, but by your assistant? A. The work at the Peoria station was carried out under my direction, by my assistant, Mr. E. C. Hastings, who per- formed the routine work of packing and shipping the cultures to me at Madison for study and identification. Professor, in your direct testimony you stated that you were familiar with the typhoid mortality of the various 10688 cities situated on the water sheds of the Missouri River above the city of St. Louis. In making that statement it is a fact is it not that you obtained your information from the certificates or copies of the certificates of the health officials of the various cities exhibited to you by counsel for the defen- dants, and you did not obtain your information upon a personal inspection of the records in the various offices in the various cities? A. It was. Q. You obtained no other information and included no other statistics or mortality records in your testimony than Were presented to you by counsel for defendant? A. The answers to the questions on these subjects assumed the statistics with reference to the typhoid statistics of these cities as previously presented in evidence by other persons. Q. And those tables have already been introduced in evi- dence or as you understand it are to be? A. They are. Q. Your statement to the effect that you had examined the typhoid statistics of the city of St. Louis was based altogether upon what you obtained from the health reports of the 10689 Health Department of the city of St. Louis? A. They were. - Q. The published report? A. They were extracted from the published reports. Re-Direct Examination By Mr. Todd. Q. What are the conditions not assumed in the hypotheti- Cal question of Mr. Jeffries to which you referred as existing in nature and not included in the question wherein he asked you if you would recommend water after the flow of nine days from 6606 The State of Missouri vs. the point of infection, infected and of the quality as contained in the sac used in the experiment? A. The conditions as I comprehend them from the question asked imposed conditions which I do not think could possibly obtain in the waters of a running stream, inasmuch as the con- ditions of the experiment precluded the operation of factors which are known to exert a deleterious influence upon the vital- ity of the typhoid organism, and further that the conditions which do so obtain are conditions which would lessen this vital- ity in comparison with that which would be obtained in the ex- periment mentioned, and that the results of the experi- 10690 ment in which the bacteria of typhoid fever were entirely killed in a period of three days, with the exception of the single instance referred to, lead me to consider that no import- ance is to be attached to the presence of this single organism in determining whether the typhoid organism would be able toº exist in flowing water after a period of flow, measured for nine days. { Q. With these assumptions supplied as you have indicated, what recommendation would you make, for domestic and drink- ing purposes, under the conditions obtained in the hypothetical question as to the quality of water after running nine days from its source of infection, assuming that all other sources of infection were eliminated? Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question for the reason that the witness himself has undertaken to put to himself other as- Sumptions which were not embodied in my question asked in cross examination. I object to the question for the further rea- Son that it is improper redirect examination and if counsel de- sired the witness questioned upon any such assumptions, it should have been asked in direct instead of redirect. A. Assuming that all of the sources of infection are elim- inated when water was exposed under natural conditions in a flowing stream, I should regard this period of flow as suf- 10691 ficient to result in the destruction of the typhoid organ- ism, and would therefore regard such supply as not cap- able of producing typhoid disease. -- MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out the two questions asked in re-direct examination and the answers given thereto for the reason that there is nothing in the assumptions in the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6607 questions or in the answers that would preclude the witness from answering the question upon which the first question of this redirect examination is based. H. L. RUSSELL. ADJOURNED until 10:00 A. M., Monday, February 22, 10:00 A. M., Monday, February 22, 1904. 10692 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing respective parties. Also Hon. John G. Drennan, representing the Sanitary District of Chicago. ISHAM RANDOLPH a witness called on behalf of defendants, after being duly sworn by the commissioner, testified as follows: Direct Examination By Mr. Todd: Q. What is your name? A. Isham Randolph. Q. What is your business? A. Civil Engineer. Q. How long have you been a civil engineer, Mr. Randolph? A. I began that line of work in 1868. Q. Are you a graduate of any technical institution of en- gineering? A. I am not? Q. From what source did you gather your engineering knowledge? 10693 A. From practice, observation and study. Q. Will you give your engineering experience, commenc- ing with 1868? A. In 1868 I entered the service of the B. & O. Railroad Company as an ax man, on the Winchester & Strausburg Exten- Sion of that line. I remained with that road in the capacity of ax man and later as rodman until its completion in 1870. In 1870 I went to the Washington & Ohio Road as leveller and surveyed from Round Hill in Lowden County through the moun- tains to Winchester, Virginia. After the surveys and estimates '6608 The State of Missouri vs. were completed I went into the service of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. My recollection is that that was the fall of 1870, locat- ing the extension of that line from Jugtown Mountain to Perth Amboy, New Jersey. My next engagement was with the B. & O. Railroad. I entered their service in March, 1872, as transit man, on the survey from Syracuse, Indiana, to Chicago. I had charge of the locating party on that line, locating 110 miles of the road; later building 27 miles of it, and building the round house and shops for that company at South Chicago. After the completion of that work engineering was pretty 10694 dull and the best thing I could get was book keeping and draughtsman in a plumbing shop in Richmond, Virginia, and I staid, there until the first of January, 1876, when I was invited to a position as assistant engineer on the Scioto Valley Railway in Ohio. After the completion of that road I was its roadmaster. In 1880 I was offered the position of Chief Engineer of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad and the Belt Rail- way of Chicago. I took charge of that work on the 1st day of May, 1880, and remained with that company for four years. I then opened an office for general engineering work in Chicago and in 1886 I went into the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road to locate and build the Chicago, Madison & Northern Rail- road, and the Freeport and Dodgeville Railroad. After that work I opened an office in Chicago, in 1888, and did general railroad and municipal work. I was consulting engineer for the B. & O., for the Union Stock Yards & Transit Company, the Chicago & Calumet Terminal R. R. Company, and for the Stickney project, the Transfer Yards. In 1893 I was tendered the position of Chief Engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was elected to that office on the 7th day of June of that year, and have continued as such 10695 Chief Engineer ever since. - In 1893-4 I was the President of the Western Society of Engineers. - Q: What were and are your duties as chief engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago? A. As Chief Engineer I am responsible for all the work coming under the general term of engineering, the preparation of plans, the preparation of forms of contract, the supervision The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6609 of the work of construction and the enforcement of all contracts for engineering work. Q. Describe the conditions of the Chicago River as they were in 1880 and as they continued to be until 1900? A. My first familiarity with the Chicago River grew out of the fact that the Western Indiana Railroad Company pur- chased a considerable length of river front, extending from Stewart Avenue up to Sixteenth Street. This river front I had to re-dock and fill in slips and make available for elevator and railroad yards. This brought me in constant visual contact with the Chicago River. It was at that time and remained for many years thereafter a very foul stream, the water black and ill smelting and often covered with a slime, a black slime, 10696 and in the summer seasons there was a great deal of agita- tion of the waters due to gases arising from the putrescent matter in the water. Q. Give the effect upon the Chicago water supply result- ing from the pollution of the Chicago River? Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question because the witness is not a sanitarian and has not qualified as such. - A. The Chicago River at that time was a body of water which sometimes flowed up stream and sometimes down stream. Under ordinary lake conditions there was a very, very slight current to the westward, due to the pumping works at Bridge- port. When the lake was rising the water came in the river quite rapidly. When the lake was falling the flow was in the opposite direction, towards the lake, and in times of freshet there was a strong flow towards the lake. In times of freshet the Bridge- port pumps had to be suspended, and whenever the flow was towards the lake the foul waters of the river passed out into the waters of Lake Michigan, and when there was a freshet, ac- cumulated filth of the river was swept out into the lake and went out for long distances, and the consequent effect of 10697 putting foul water into pure water was to diminish the purity of the water into which it was put. Q. Did this condition of the Chicago River, which you have just described, obtain up to 1900? * A. It did. A–414 6610 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Will you describe the sewage system of the city of Chi- cago, the levels of the sewers, the outfalls of the sewers, and at what points these sewers emptied either in the Chicago River or Lake Michigan, up to 1900 and prior thereto? A. The territory north of Twelfth Street, the business part of the city, all drained by sewers leading directly into the Chi- cago river. Those sewers did not drain towards the lake. Some of them entered the main river and others the south branch of the Chicago River. As I remember it at that time there was a sewer on Twelfth Street which discharged directly into the lake; the Twenty-second Street sewer discharged directly into the lake. Each one of those had a large contributary population. The West Side sewers also discharged directly into the river, either into the North Branch or into the South Branch. Those that I recall now—I have not a very clear mental photograph of the conditions on the north branch for I never examined any of the sewers entering the north branch. I simply knew in a general way where they came in. - 10698. On the south branch there were sewers entering at Ran- dolph Street, at Washington Street, at Madison Street, at Harrison Street, at Polk Street, at Taylor Street, at Sixteenth Street, at Eighteenth Street and Twenty-second Street, and Main Or Troupe Street, at Loomis Street, at Ashland Avenue and at Western Avenue. On the south branch—or rather the south fork of the south branch received all the sewage from the stockyards district and the discharge from two trunk sewers coming in from the south, taking the sewage from the large population on the south of Thirty-ninth Street. - The conditions in the south fork of the south branch were more distressing and more disgusting than any other part of the river. There was more organic matter coming in there from the stock yards than any other branch of the Chicago River. With regard to Twelfth Street I have no personal recollec- tion of seeing the outlet to that sewer in the lake. I always understood it went into the lake. It is now reversed and flows in the opposite direction, but at Twenty-second Street there is a large sewage entering the lake at that point, and I do not recall the street numbers at which other sewers empty, although The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6611 10699 I have seen them, but from Twenty-second Street all the way down to South Chicago there were sewers entering the lake at various points. A part of that territory was so flat that the only way a discharge in the lake could be secured was by putting in sewers which were drained to a central well, where pumping works were established and the sewage pumped from these wells into sewers which were discharged into the lake. Q. Have you a map in your office showing the location of all sewers in the city of Chicago emptying into Lake Michigan, and those emptying into the Chicago River and its various branches? A. Yes sir, I have. Q. Will you describe the map to which you refer? A. The map to which I refer is published in one of the re- ports of the Commissioner of Public works of the city of Chi- cago. It is an uncolored map. It is in black and white and the sewers shown by black lines and with the sizes of the Sewers. given in figures. Q. Will you produce the map to which you refer and make it a part of the record? A. The witness produced the map which is as follows: i ()7{}{ \ | | s = e ºsmº - sºmeºmºmºs e ºssºsºme e samº- * * * * * * * * * *-* | | | | | –––N- | N_Iº- ..— . - . — . arv-,n-rrr- - - - - - - - - - - - - º RS lºw a º No. * º - > == Prºs' pc-N H- wºré - W º - AS Aw ºn ot. Avº. .#y:25 = * * * * * * * * * * * - &N *T*. 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" º * -" sº | * | ^, | Sl sº | 8| - h M. - Sl ! 45 v- ST º *— *-------~~i=------- | l i • ~~~~~~~ ſ s | & as | 2 - . * way sigs •e * • tº | sº *H-N —#rº-ºrr *> - - 125 v - f By Sww wºrry A on, w | Sw • *-* * * * *- - -ºº e ºsmº e - - -ºº-ºº e º e l—ºra-zarra | ; 3toº &a +wrv-3 º | : > | : we • S f- | ~ i < © *= * * * * * * * mº ...ºrs th Zºnsing yoa. ſº sº º, tº t - º * — — — — — i & | sº t o 3. ºr | *- * *. t , *, § S$ º : N Cº. 5. º it as J .** J. * *-ºs. | - - /* . 130° - $v *. º - 3. _{=ºi. ºf 2 : " . : ii ; ſ-- l— - - *... " = ~-----------—---. • ** Q t . . . *re • * *: "...is . ºr. * . §§§ W - ... . . . .. - f" ºf - {. * . . . ." § V. A * -, -\: º a v \ , * S: - - • *-* * *ms • -erry • - * * * * * —\ •. • mammam, sº ammºm a ºn tº ammºmº e º 'º - * * The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6613 Q. The map that you have introduced is a correct repre- 10701 sentation of the sewage system of Chicago is it not? A. I believe it so to be. When Chicago was a young city the surface was so slightly above the level of the lake, it was impossible to put in sewers, the drainage was all in open ditches, and during Mr. Chesborough's administration of the Engineer- ing Department of the city, he planned a sewage system which required the elevation of the grades of the streets. This street level admitted the putting in of sewers which would have fall enough to produce a flow towards the outlet. That slope is very slight, indeed; in many instances it is as small as half an inch to 100 feet, and I think I recall instances where it is even less than that. The result of this is that there is often an ac- Cumulation of organic matter in the sewers which is flushed out in times of heavy rainfall or melting snows. At one time it was the habit in the city to flush them mechanically. They had very large square tanks, mounted on trucks, that took from four to six horses to haul them 10702 around, and they would stop this tank over a manhole and let down a spout in the man hole, open the valve and empty the water from the tank into the sewer and flush it in that way. They were kept flushed for many years in that way. Q. Are you acquainted with the Illinois and Michigan Canal? A. I am. Q. Will you describe the Illinois and Michigan Canal and its source of water supply? A. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was commenced about the year 1836 and completed in 1848. It extends from a junc- tion of the south fork of the south branch of the Chicago River in the city of Chicago and in a southwesterly direction across the divide between the Lake Michigan watershed and the Illi- nois Valley watershed, through to Peru Illinois, a distance of about, as I remember it, ninety-six (96) miles. This canal had a navigable depth of about 5 feet and a navigable width of about 60 feet. Its locks were 110 feet long and 18 feet wide. What is known as the summit level extends from the south fork of the south branch of the Chicago River, through to Lock- port, a distance of about 29 miles. The summit level since 1884, 6614 t The State of Missouri vs. I think it was, has been supplied by pumping works 10703 located at Bridgeport in the city of Chicago. The pumps were under a gauranteed capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per minute. Prior to the erection of the pumps of which I have just spoken the summit level was supplied by water coming in through what is known as the Sag Valley. There was a dam at Blue Island, draining off the Calumet River and dividing its flow, a portion of it through a shallow channel, dug for the purpose, and conveying it into the Illinois and Lake Michigan Canal at Sag Bridge. At a period prior to 1870, the date I do not recall, this supply became inadequate and pumps constructed on the principal of the stern wheel to a stern wheel steam boat were put in at Bridgeport, for the purpose of Sup- plying water for this summit level. At some time prior to 1870 the city of Chicago undertook to deepen the summit level and get a gravity flow from the lake through the canal. This work was in progress at the time of the Chicago fire, and a very large Sum of money had been expended by the city, something approxi- mating $1,000,000.00, or a little more, I think, and after the Chicago fire the State of Illinois refunded this expenditure to the city. This gravity flow proved inadequate because 10704 the channel had not been made deep enough and pump- ing works were again established at Bridgeport and the pumps that were put in had a guaranteed capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per minute and lift between 4 and 5 feet. As a mat- ter of fact those pumps did not in practice accomplish what they were claimed to do, and the flow fell to in the neighborhood of 50,000 cubic feet. It ranged between 45,000 and 50,000 cubic feet a minute. This supplied the summit level from Bridgeport to Lockport and the intermediate level between Lockport and the upper pool at Joliet. At Joliet the canal and the Desplaines River flowed together through the upper pool as far as dam number 1. At dam number 1 there was a lock called lock number 5, which passed the flow from the upper pool to the middle pool. The middle pool was created by the building of dam number 2 at Jefferson Street in the city of Joliet. At dam number 2 the river and the canal again separated and the canal had an independent course from that point through to LaSalle, where it emptied into the Illinois River. The supply of what. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6615 is known as the Chanahan or twelve mile level extending from Joliet to Chanahan was taken from the Desplains River at its junction with the waters coming through the canal from the Bridgeport pumping works. At some seasons of the year the Supply of water from the Desplaines was very small indeed, and the canal was almost wholly dependent för its avail- 10705 ability as a navigable stream upon the waters pumped from Bridgeport. When were these pumps placed at Bridgeport? They were completed in 1884. By whom were those pumps constructed? You mean what machine company? Yes sir? • A. They were constructed under a contract with the city of Chicago, and paid for by the city of Chicago. Q. From what source was the water pumped into the Illi- nois and Michigan canal by the Bridgeport pumping works? A. The forebay from which this water was pumped con- nected directly with the south fork of the south branch or what was known as the Stockyards branch. The water entering the pumps came partly from the stockyards branch and partly through the south branch of the Chicago River from Lake Mich- igan. There was a certain small flow of water due to Sewage discharged into the stock yards branch which met the flow from the lake, and the two mingled and were drawn into the pumps. Q. Have you a table showing the amount of water pumped from the Chicago River by these pumps at Bridgeport? 10706 A. Our own tables give that pumpage since 1900. Re- ports of the commissioner of Public Works gave it for previous years. Q. Are those reports published ? A. Yes sir. Q. Will you tell of the conditions in the summit level of the pools in Joliet? A. The water flowing through the summit levels at a very slow velocity, probably a mile an hour, was a black liquid, with a very foul odor, and would leave a greasy black stain on any- thing that was put into it. The water in the two pools at Joliet was at some seasons of the year as bad as that in the canal i 6616 The State of Missouri vs. proper, because there was so little dilution coming in from the Desplaines River, and it was only bettered by what water came in from the Desplaines river. At some seasons of the year that flow was large, and the conditions were very much improved, but in the dry seasons they were foul, horrible pools. Q. Were you acquainted with the condition of the water in the Illinois and Michigan canal from Chicago to LaSalle? And if so state how the conditions of the water in the Illinois and Michigan canal at Ottawa and points below compared 10707 with conditions that obtained in the upper stretches of the Illinois and Michigan Canal? A. I have never traversed that stretch of the Illinois and . Michigan canal from Joliet to Ottawa by boat. The stretch from Ottawa south I have traversed by boat. At Ottawa I made a careful investigation with the eye and the nose only of con- ditions, and at that point I could not detect anything whatever by the eye or the nose, which indicated that the water con- tained sewage. From there on down the conditions were as good as they were at Ottawa and probably improved continu- ally as we went down. Q. Will you give the history of the Sanitary and Ship canal? - A. The sanitary and ship canal has been the outcome of Chicago's necessities. The conditions affecting Chicago’s drinking water had gotten steadily worse from the days when it begun to be a city. The conditions were such that the public generally was excited and the public men of the city determined to see what could be done to relieve the city. It reached a period in 1886 that the city council authorized the mayor, the elder Carter H. Harrison, to appoint an expert commission to decide what should be done for the city. 10708 That commission was appointed, I think in January, 1886, and Rudolph Hering, then of Philadelphia, was made the engineer in charge. His associates were Benizette Williams and Samuel J. Artingstall. These gentlemen were authorized to employ expert help, to make surveys and investi- gations and to prepare a report accompanied by their recommen- dations. The final report of this commission was never made. The preliminary report I have seen, and in fact there is a copy The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6617 - of it in the report of Major W. L. Marshall, accompanying his report to the Governor, I think for the year 1889. In 1889 the Sanitary District law was passed, authorizing the formation of drainage districts in the State of Illinois. * Under that law a board of trustees was elected, consisting of nine members, with power to organize, decide upon plans, levy taxes, enter into contracts and prosecute the work as to them seemed best. This board adopted the project for a water way from Chicago to Lockport, this water way to cause a flow of the waters of Lake Michigan through the Chicago River and through the channel which they constructed artificially and dis- charged in the Desplaines River at or near Lockport, Will county, Illinois. 10709 Q. Will you describe the general outlines of the sani- tary and ship canal? A. The sanitary and ship canal follows the general location of the old Illinois and Michigan canal from Chicago to Lock- port. It traverses the territory which is partly tributary to Lake Michigan and partly to the Illinois water shed. It con- nects with the west fork of the south branch of the Chicago River at Robey Street in the city of Chicago; runs in a south- Westerly direction through a clay formation and crosses the divide near the “Summitt Range line.” The lowest point in the divide between the water shed of the Illinois, the Desplaines valley and that of Lake Michigan is almost on this summit range line. Before the building of the “Ogden ditch” the natural sur- face at its lowest point was 11.72 feet above Chicago datum. Chicago datum is a plane of reference adopted for horizontal elevations by the engineers of the Illinois and Michigan canal when its construction was entered upon. It so happened that this elevation corresponded with the low water of 1847 and hence Chicago’s datum is always spoken of as the low water of 1847. - Q. Low water in Lake Michigan? A. Yes sir. The first seven or eight miles of this chan- 10710 nel is through a clay formation a formation which can be readily dredged, and the cross-section of this stretch of the channel is now less than what it is to be ultimately. It 6618 The State of Missouri vs. is only 110 feet wide on the bottom; the side slopes being 1 foot vertical to 2 feet horizontal, giving a surface width with a min- imum depth of water 22 feet, of 198 feet. At the end of this stretch of channel material was encountered which could not be readily dredged. It is described in our specifications as glacial drift. There the full size channel , was entered upon. This full size channel is 202 feet wide on the bottom with side slopes as before of 2 feet horizontal to 1 vertical, and the result- ing width at the water line is 290 feet with a minimum depth of water 22 feet. This cross-section of the channel is held for 5.3 miles until Willow Springs is reached; there the rock was encountered. The territory from there on to Lockport is either wholly rock or is underlaid by rock. - The channel contracts at this point to 160 feet in width. The grade is increased from 1 foot in 40,000 feet, which 10711 is equivalent to an inch and 5% to the mile, to 1 in 20,000 feet. The length of this cross-section is 14.95 miles. Seven miles of this distance is through cut in rock, the sides are cut prac- tically vertical with two offsets of six inches each on each side, so that the surface width is 162 feet. Wherever the rock did not come to the surface, walls were built from the rock at the elevation found to a height of five feet above Chicago datum. It was necessary that perfect control of the flow through this channel should be maintained and to accomplish this, con- trolling works were erected at Lockport. These works con- sisted of seven lifting gates of the Stoney type, and one bear trap dam. The gates have an opening of 32 feet each. They are counterbalanced and operated by winches, so constructed that two men can raise or lower the gates under pressure, al- though each gate weighs 62,000 pounds. The Bear Trap dam was adopted because it was desirable to have a movable dam which could be raised or lowered to admit of the passage of ice or drift from the channel. The orig- inal bear trap dam dates back to 1836 and was invented 10712 by Hazard and White. The one which we are now dis- cussing is the largest ever attempted. It has 160 feet clear water way with possible oscillation of 17 feet. The dam. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6619. itself is essentially two immense leaves of steel. The down stream leaf hinged at its lower side to massive masonry, the up stream leaf hinged to the down stream leaf like the backs to a book. The up stream leaf plays free upon a masonry bar- rier or a dam, and is supported at intervals of 2 feet upon. wheels which travel on tracks bedded in this masonry dam. The dams fit in between the masonry bulk heads with only sufficient play between them to keep from binding. The space beneath. the dams forms a water chamber which is supplied by a tunnel running the full length of the dam. Water is admitted to this channel through valves operated by hand power. There is a discharge conduit beneath the dam to operate the dam. The process is as follows: If it is to be raised the valve controlling the discharge of water from beneath the dam is closed and the intake valve is opened. The water rushes into the chamber be- low the leaves and forces the leaves up. This is done until the proper height is reached when the discharge valve is opened and the intake valve adjusted so that there should be a steady flow through the tube. The volume of water is kept constant 10713 under the dam. To lower the dam the intake valve is closed and the outlet valve is opened. The water flows out of this chamber beneath the dam and it settles down. The whole mechanism can be operated by one man. It operates so perfectly that the Stoney gates are rarely used. The entire flow can be shut off in five minutes time and in as many more min- utes a flow of 400,000 cubic feet per minute can be discharged. over the dam. Q. Will you describe the bridges that have been con- structed across the drainage canal and why these bridges were constructed? A. There are thirteen bridges across the drainage canal, 7 of these are highway bridges and six are railroad bridges. They are all of a movable type. The sanitary law compels this. style of construction as it is to be a navigable channel. The first of these bridges is a double roadway bridge at Western Avenue; one roadway being devoted to the avenue, to commercial traffic and the other to Marshall Boulevard traffic. 600 feet away is an eight track bridge. This bridge is essen- tially four double track bridges side by side of the Bascule type. 6620 The State of Missouri vs. Two tracks crossing this bridge belong to the Chicago 10714 Terminal Transfer Railway, two to the Union Stockyards & Transit Company and 4 to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. * The next bridge encountered is the bridge of the Chicago, Madison & Northern or Illinois Central Railroad, a double track railway bridge. - The next is a bridge on Kedzie Avenue and following this is a double track railroad bridge of the 26th Street line of the Santa Fe Railway. The next bridge is at the city limits, a four track railroad bridge built for the Chicago & Western Indiana Belt Railroad. There are three other double track railroad bridges and six highway bridges. * With the exception of the eight track bridge, all of these Crossing the earth channel are center pier structures. The bridges Crossing the rock channel are what is known as bob-tail or Counter balance drawers. The pivot pier is located on the right bank of the canal and there is no obstruction in the channel. Q. When was the work first begun on the sanitary and ship canal and when was it completed? 10715 A. Work was begun on the 3rd of September, 1892. The water was let into the channel on the 2nd day of January, 1900. - Q. After the water was let in what was done before the Water was turned over the Bear Trap dam? A. The inspection of the State Commission had extended Over nine months prior to this date, and on the 16th day of Jan- uary, we got the commission together to ask them to recommend to the Governor that we be permitted to open. In fact we did not get them together until the morning of the 17th. We started out after them on the 16th and got them all corralled by the morning of the 17th. The Governor was gotten by telephone, from Joliet, and after considerable parley he authorized the turning on of the water and wired his consent. We then pro- ceeded to Lockport and the president of the commission in the name of the State of Illinois authorized the Board of Trustees of the Sanitary District to lower the Bear Trap dam and caused the waters to flow to the westward. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6621 Q. How long did it take for the water of Lake Michigan to fill the channel? A. The water was turned in on the morning of the second and it was filled to the level of Lake Michigan by the morning of the 14th. 10716 Q. What was the date that the water flowed over the Bear Trap dam or the time that the dam was lowered for the water of Lake Michigan to flow over the dam? A. 11:05 a. m., January 17, 1900. Q. What work has been prosecuted on the Chicago River since the opening of the drainage canal by the sanitary district. of Chicago? A. The work of executing the plans of the district had gone steadily on. The Chicago River as it was in 1898 did not afford an adequate channel to supply the water which the Sani- tary District law required us to flow through our channel. Prior to the beginning of work by the Sanitary District the flow through the Chicago River would have been limited to 150,000 cubic feet and the plans of the sanitary district provided for widening the Chicago River uniformly for 200 feet, deepening it for the central 100 feet to 26 feet below the water surface, mak- ing the depth at the dock lines 16 feet. This would give the river a capacity of 480,000 cubic feet per minute, and a velocity not exceeding a mile and a quarter per hour. 10717 The district is also engaged in removing center pier bridges from the river and substituting therefor Bascule bridges. We have completed seven Bascule bridges. We have two now under contract. We have the plans under way for four additional bridges, in fact that are partially completed, and we propose to do away with the center pier bridges in the Chi- cago River. Q. How many bridges do the plans adopted for the im- provement of the Chicago River contemplate? A. Twenty-two bridges. Q. In addition to the main drainage and ship canal and improvements of the Chicago River what other work in connec- tion with that improvement has been prosecuted by the sanitary district? A. The channel of the Desplaines River south of Lockport £5622 The State of Missouri vs. was entirely inadequate to the demands which would be made upon it by the combined flow of the flood waters of the Des- plaines and the discharge from the sanitary and ship canal. It was therefore necessary that the district should deepen and en- large this channel which it has done to an extent which enables us to carry these combined waters safely through the city of Joliet. 10718 We have made a provision for a flow of 1,500,000 cubic feet of water per minute. For one mile south of the con- trolling works an entirely new channel was made for the Des- plaines River; that brought us to the precipitate slope of the valley. There instead of making a new channel we bought the lands on each side which would be submerged. This method of caring for the water was adopted as far as the E. J. & E. bridge just north of Joliet. From that point into the upper basin we made an entirely new channel for the Desplaines. In the upper basin the width of which was 300 feet we deepened the basin to give a sufficient cross-section to carry the water which I have mentioned as 1,500,000 cubic feet per minute. We were com- pelled by the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners to re- build dam number 1 which we did. The middle basin we de- stroyed, tearing out dam number 2 and maintaining navigation in the Illinois & Michigan canal by building a channel for said canal from dam number 1 to the guard lock located at Jefferson Street. After tearing out dam number 2, which made the sec- ond pool, we widened and deepened the river between Jackson Street and Jefferson Street. We continued this 10719 widening and deepening from Jefferson Street through to a point about 800 feet south of the Rock Island bridge. From that point to the mouth of Hickory Creek, we built a massive embankment to prevent the over flow of the adjacent territory by the flood waters. We were compelled by the city of Joliet to build new bridges at Cass Street and at Jefferson Street. Q. What is the grade from Robey Street to Lockport, through the canal? A. The grade in the channel falls 5.62 feet, and with the minimum depth, the water surface is supposed to be parallel to that grade so that when there is only 22 feet of water in the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary. District of Chicago. 6623 channel which may happen sometimes, the fall of the water surface should correspond with the water in the channel, 5.62 feet. - Q. How long is the drainage canal from Robey Street to Lockport? A. 28.05 miles. Q. How far is it from Robey Street to the mouth of the Chicago River? A. Six miles. - - 10720 Q. What is the grade from Robey Street to the Lake? - A. The theory upon which we based our work was that there would be a fall of 21/2 feet. That has not been sustained. The fall is about 2 feet now and that is being diminished as we increase the Cross-section of the river. Q. Is the level of Lake Michigan variable? A. Yes sir. - Q. To what do you attribute this variableness? A. The widest fluctuations are caused by wind effects. The fluctuations have amounted to something over four feet, nearly five feet in fact. */ Q. How is it that the wind creates this condition? A. When the wind is from the southwest it drives the water off shore and piles it up on the Michigan side of the lake. When the wind is reversed the conditions are reversed and it piles up on this shore of the lake. Q. What has been the cost to the sanitary district of the Sanitary and ship canal which it has constructed? Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question as immaterial, Mr. Todd: Answer the question. 10721 A. The construction cost, up to the first of January, 1904, has been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27,179,781.45 The completion account and the maintenance ac- count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548,988.94 Administration account, in all its departments, engineering, clerical, law, treasury, police, and general account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,828,615.45 Right of way, this covers also the buildings which had to be destroyed, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,808,338.17 Interest on bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,395,033.70 6624 The State of Missouri vs. Interest on tax warrants...................... 468,453.69 Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,062.45 Sundry accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,894.95 Making a total of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,503,168.80 ADJOURNED until 2:00 p.m., February 22, 1904. 10722 2:00 p. m., Monday, February 22, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. ISHAM R-ANDOLPH resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. What were the boundaries of the Sanitary District as first laid out? A. The original sanitary district took in all of the city of Chicago north of 87th Street, except a part of Roger's Park and Norwood Park, and 42 square miles of the country lying directly west of that portion of the city. - Q. Embracing in all how many square miles? A. The original was 185 square miles. Q. By what authority was this sanitary district laid out? A. Under the general law of 1889. - Q. In the work done by the sanitary district of Chicago 10723 was all the work up to last July done under the law passed in 1889 and the amendments passed by the legis- lature prior to July last? # . A. Yes sir, that is true. Q. Do you know whether the last legislature of the state of Illinois passed any acts in connection with the sanitary dis- trict of Chicago? A. Yes sir, it passed an act providing for the annexation of territory and for the building of water power by the sanitary dis- trict. Mr. Todd: I offer in evidence a copy of an act to create Sanitary districts and to remove obstructions in the Desplaines and Illinois River, approved May 29, 1889, in force July 1, 1889, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6625 and all amendatory and subsequent acts passed by the legislature of the State of Illinois since that time relative to the sanitary district of Chicago, and ask that the same be marked Randolph's Exhibit A. - Mr. Jeffries: It is conceded by the complainant that the exhibit is a true copy of all acts of the legislature of the State of Illinois as expressed in the offer of counsel in introducing the bills in evidence. Which said document is marked by the Commissioner, “De- fendant’s exhibit, Randolph’s exhibit A’’ so as to identify it as one of the defendant’s exhibits. 10724 Q. Under the acts of the Legislature extending the boundary of the Sanitary District, passed at the last Ses- Sion of the Legislature, what are the boundaries of the Sanitary district as they exist today? A. Under this bill 78.6 square miles of territory was an- nexed on the north side, known as the North Shore District, and on the South side 94.48 square miles was annexed, known as the Calumet District. That completes the taking into the sanitary district of all the city of Chicago. The whole city is now in the sanitary district. º Q. Have you a map showing the territory of the sanitary district as it was first laid out and the present territory embraced in the sanitary district? A. I have. Q. Will you produce the map in evidence? A. The map is as follows: M A P SHOWING TERRITORY TO BE ANNEXED TO anitary District of Chicago January 15, 1903. AREAS Original District, 185 Square Miles North Shore ** 78.6 -- -- Calumet -- 94.48 “ -- 358.08 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6627 Q. Will you explain the map presented: 10726 A. The map shows the original sanitary district tinted in yellow. The annexed territory is tinted in pink and heavy black lines follow the outlines of the distirct. The origina'ſ district is bounded by a heavy black line. Q. What plans have been adopted for caring for the an- nexed district 2 A. Well, I am not prepared to say that the plan has been adopted. I have been istructed to make surveys and prepare plans, which I have done. These have not been adopted by the Board up to the present time, but they seem to be the only things which are feasible to be done, and it is only a question of a short time before their adoption. It is proposed to reverse the flow of the Calumet River by Constructing a channel from a commection with the Calumet River near Blue Island. This channel extends southwesterly, through what is known as Sag Valley to a junction with the sanitary and ship canal at or near Sag Station on the Alton Railroad. This channel wiil reverse the flow of the Calumet River and prevent the discharge of its waters into Lake Michigan at all times 10727 except in excessive floods. Provision can not be made for taking the entire flood waters of the Calumet region through our channel. On the north it is proposed to extend the north branch of the Chicago River northward as far as Evans- ton and make a connection with Lake Michigan at that point, at a point almost on the boundary line between Evanston and Winnetka. The lake level being the same at this point of junc- tion as it is at the mouth of the Chicago River, it will be impos- sible to get a gravity flow through this channel and therefore pumping works will be erected at the north end, designed to pump 60,000 cubic feet of water per minute into this new chan- nel. Into this channel all the sewage arising along the north shore is to be delivered by sewers constructed for that purpose. Q. The sanitary district as it is at present constructed has a population of how many, Mr. Randolph 2 A. The population of the city of Chicago by the census of 1900 was 1,698,575. Making up the population curve, based upon past experiences and future probability, we bring that population down to 1903, as 1,878,000 at the end of the year. 6628 The State of 11 issouri vs. Q. What is the total population of the sanitary district? A. It is 1,942,000, 10728 Q. Where are the intakes for the water supply of the city of Chicago located and state how many there are? A. Starting from the south the first intake is located about opposite 61st Street, and is about two miles from shore. The next one is very nearly opposite Taylor Street and four miles out in the lake. The next one is opposite Chicago Avenue— there are two there, one 2 miles out and the other 4 miles out. Then we come up to Lakeview and the intake is about 2 miles out in the lake and about opposite Mount Rose Street. Those are the sources of supply from the lake, and out at Washington Heights there are deep wells from which the water is pumped to Supply that village and Morgan Park. Q. What are the plans established by the Sanitary Dis- trict for diverting the sewage of Chicago from Lake Michigan? A. The general plan of the district for providing a means of carrying off the sewage has been described. The city in con- junction with the sanitary district is at work with a system of intercepting sewers both from the north and the south side. The city has built a conduit in 39th street, 20 feet in diameter, and having a capacity of 120,000 cubic feet of water per minute. At the lake end of this conduit a pumping station has been 10729 established in which there are to be six pumps. Four of these are put in by the city for pumping sewage from the intercepting sewers, sewage mingled with lake water. The com- bined capacity of the four pumps is 40,000 cubic feet a minute. The sanitary district puts in two pumps which take their supply direct from the lake without sewage pollution and each of those pumps has a capacity of 40,000 cubic feet per minute. They are the largest pumps ever attempted in the world. On the north side of the city on Lawrence Avenue, the city is building a con- duit to receive the intercepting sewers. That extends from the lake across to the north branch of the Chicago River. The in- tercepting sewers bring in the sewage from the north and south into these conduits. The pumping station is to be erected at the cost of the city and to be operated by the sanitary district. This pumping station will have a capacity of 35,000 cubic feet of water per minute, with arrangements made for doubling that The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6629 volume if it is found necessary, but the pumps will only be put in at present for 35,000 cubic feet per minute. Q. Mr. Randolph, when the improvements contemplated by the sanitary district for the territory on the north and the Cal- mut on the south, as well as the system of intercepting sewers, and the canal itself in the earth section, and the Chicago River are completed, what will be the maximum capacity of the drain- age canal, in cubic feet per minute 2 10730 A. About 825,000 cubic feet per minute. Q. Have you a table showing the flow of the canal as measured at the Bear Trap Dam, since its opening up to the present? - * A. I have those tables compiled up to the middle of 1903. The compilation is not complete to date. These compilations come down to the end of June, 1903, from the date of the open- Ing. Q. Can you give the average flow per week for the year 1900, approximately, over the bear trap dam, through the drain- age canal at Lockport? A. For 49 weeks in 1900 the average was 188,136 cubic feet per minute. The smallest flow was on the 17th of Septem- ber, 1900, 1863 cubic feet per minute, and the largest was on the 26th day of the same month, 326,791. Q. During the period of 1900 were the dams at Lockport, entirely closed at any time? * A. My recollection is that they were for a few hours. I think it was on two or three occasions when vessels got stuck here in the channel, and it was shut off long enough to relieve them. 10731 Q. Were they closed for a sufficient length of time to reverse the flow of the current in the Chicago River so that it emptied into Lake Michigan 2 s - A. I have no knowledge of the water ever flowing through to the lake but once since the channel was opened. Once there was a freshet in the north branch—it was a general freshet and it was not watched close enough to take care of it, and that flow began to go towards the lake, and as soon as that was no- tieed we checked it in a very short time. Q. How long did that flow towards the lake last? . 66.30 The State of Missouri vs. A. I can not answer that question but it was a very short time, probably two or three hours. Q. With the exception of shutting down the flow for the purpose of getting off boats that were stuck on the tunnels in the Chicago River has the flow in the drainage canal been shut off for a period equal to a day? A. No sir. Q. What was the maximum, mean and average flow through the drainage canal in 1901, 1902 and 1903? A. On March 16th was the largest flow of the year 1901, 406,227 cubic feet per minute. On October 3rd was the 10732 lowest, 139,427 cubic feet. The average for the year was 242,323. - Now, we will take 1902. For 1902 I find that the lowest flow was on June 3rd when the works were shut down for fourteen hours on account of the flood in Joliet, the Hickory Creek dis- aster, 107,231 cubic feet was the lowest. There was some water running all the time but not enough to interfere with the flood below. The largest flow was on December 26th, 339,610 cubic feet. The average for the year was 257,006 cubic feet. For the first six months of 1903 it shows the greatest flow to have been on June 5th, 401,425 cubic feet per minute, the lowest May 30th 248,063 cubic feet, the average 312,692 cubic feet. Q. Will you give the maximum, mean and average flow through the Illinois and Michigan Canal for the years 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903. Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. The highest record of the Illinois and Michigan canal was on February 8th, 57,677 cubic feet per minute. The lowest when there was anything doing at all—there were a few 10733 days when there was nothing doing—was 14,800 cubic feet. The average was 26,768 cubic feet per minute. That is for 1900. - The canal appears to have been shut down entirely from the first of January, 1901, to the 24th of April, 1901. The mini- mum was on April 24th, 3,840 cubic feet; on July 3rd, the maxi- mum was 29,206, and the average for the 26 weeks was 20,073. In 1902 the pumps were started May 1st. The minimum The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6631 was 9,200 cubic feet per minute, the maximum 25,080. The pumps were only run for 27 weeks, and the average 22,488. The first six months of 1903, on January 13th, was the milli- mum, 1,913. On June 5th was the maximum, 28,114, the aver- age for the 26 weeks 21,996. Q. What is the per capita consumption of water in the city of Chicago? A. It is varied, in different years. I have taken the tabu- lations for 1900, 1901 and 1902. The average per capita for 1900 was 190 gallons. For 1901 it was 195 gallons and for 1902 it was 197 gallons. g 10734 Q. Will you state the maximum, minimum and average flow of the Desplaines River for 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903? - Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. There were two periods during 1900 when there was no water flowing past Riverside at all. It was simply a pool, from May 31st to June 5th, and from June 26th to July 7th. The largest volume of water passing was on March 19th, 290,- 350 cubic feet per minute. For 1901 there was a period from February 11th to March 2nd when there was only 2,400 cubic feet of water flowing per minute. About March 30th there was 331,680 flowing, and the average for the year was 20,974. In 1902 there were several periods in the year when there was nothing flowing at all past Riverside and the maximum on May 26th was 37,740 cubic feet. The average was 30,235. The first six months of 1903, the smallest flow was June 19th and 20th, 1,200 cubic feet per minute. The largest was March 21st, 437,520 cubic feet per minute, and the average was 4,307. - Q. Will you give the mean average flow of the Desplaines, the Chicago Drainage Canal, the Illinois and Michigan 10735 Canal, at Dam Number 1, where these three waters co- mingle? * A. The mean for 49 weeks in 1900 was 233,976. The mean for 52 weeks in 1901 was 277,153. The mean for 52 weeks in 1902 was 294,132. The mean for 26 weeks in 1903, ending June 27th, was 385,475. ADJOURNED until 11:00 A.M., February 23, 1994. 6632 The State of Missouri, vs. 11:00 A. M., Tuseday, February 23, 1904. 10736 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. - Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. ISHAM RANDOLPH resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: - Q. Mr. Randolph, have you now given the maximum, minimum and mean discharge of the Chicago Drainage Canal, the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and the Desplaines River for the years 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903, up to July 7. A. My recollection is that on yesterday I gave the maximum, minimum and mean discharge of our channel. The maximum, minimum and mean discharge of the Desplaines River, but not the maximum, mean and minimum discharge of the combined. I gave the mean discharge of the combined at dam number 1, as I remember it yesterday. - Q. Have you prepared a table showing the pollution at dam number 1, based upon the mean discharge from the drainage canal, the Illinois and Michigan Canal and Desplaines 10737 River, as well as the population discharging sewage, at that point, etc.? A. I have. Q Will you produce and read the table and chart thus pre- pared in evidence? A. The table is as follows: 10738 POLLUTION OF SANITARY CANAL BY THE SANITARY DISTRICT. 1900 1901 1902 1903 Population of Chicago. Census... . . . . . . . . Estimate . . . . . . . 6 & • e º s is a s * * * * * * * * - - - - - 1,698,575 1,758,000 1,818,000 1,878,000 Proportion using Draimage Camal. 87%"by census of 1890. 84% by school census (1898). 85% estimated 1900-1903. Daily Water Consumption of City. 1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322,599,630 gallons. • g º ºs e e is e º 'º - - .342,813,449 tº 358, 101,710 £ 6 Weights of Ea:creta. Fecal matter 3 Oz. per Capita. Urine 40 oz. per capita. - g P ti º DISCHARGE OF CHANNEL Quantity Proportion Weight wºun Population of Of of Uri discharging AT DAM NO. 1. IN CU. FT. PER MINUTE Sewage. Sewage Urine ...” YEARS Sewage Gals. per Day to Fecal Matter into the FROM WEEKLY AWERAGES same as " | Mean Discharge and O Canal Water of Fecal Matter. | Mean Discharge Maximum Minimum Mean Consumption Canal lbs. per day. of Canal 1900 1,443,789 351,088 40,481 233,976 274,209,685 1 : 9.2 3,880,188 1 : 5429 1901 1,494,300 615,392 197,124 277,153 291,391,432 1 : 1.O. 2 4,015,931 1 : 6211 1902 1,545,300 450,328 244,426 295,527 304,386, 4.54 1 : 10.4 4, 215,494 1 : 6310 H. PURE WATER of 2 & 3 § 3 g 3 3. 2 9 SEWAGE ; ; t r : : : | # 1900 *—- exceera : : } a - SEWAGE : : s : 1901 *— excaera ! } I | SEWAGE - ; : : : | 1902 *— ..., : : i ; I | Per Capita Consumption. 190 gallons. 195 £ 6 197 & 6 # 6634 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Mr. Randolph, will you explain upon what basis the 10739 table just read in evidence is based, and what the table shows in full? - A. The table applies to the years 1900, 1901 and 1902. It is based upon the population discharging sewage into the drain- age canal. The quantity of sewage is determined by taking the per capita of water consumed in the city of Chicago as shown by the reports of the Water Commissioner of the city of Chi- cago for each of the years mentioned. This is taken as the sew- age discharge of the city of Chicago in gallons. This sewage is compared with the mean discharge of water of the combined Illinois and Michigan Canal, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Desplaines River where they come together at dam number 1 in the city of Joliet. The proportion of sewage based on water consumption is then figured out and shown. The absolute weight of urine and fecal matter contained in this sewage is shown, based upon the testimony of Dr. Ravold and other statistics gathered from other Sources. The result of these determinations gives us 3 ounces per day per capita of fecal matter and 40 ounces of urine 10740 per capita per day. Having determined the total weight of urine and fecal matter, this is compared with the total weight of water dis- charged in 24 hours from the three sources heretofore mentioned, combining at dam number 1. The determinations and results are shown for each year, in figures. We add to this; these de- terminations and results are shown graphically in a chart for each year. This chart is divided into a scale of 100 parts. The proportion of sewage is shown in solid black, in the first bar of . the chart; the proportion of excreta or fecal matter is shown in the second bar of the chart for each year, and it is also in black. Q. Upon what do you base the quantity of sewage? A. The quantity of sewage is based upon the Water con- Sumption per capita. The population draining into the canal is multiplied by the number of gallons used per day per capita, to determine the sewage. Q. Is this table based upon gallons or upon pounds? A. The sewage is based upon the gallons. The flow through the channel is based upon cubic feet. The weight of the urine and The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6635 fecal matter is determined by multiplying the number of 10741 inhabitants by 43 ounces and dividing by 16 to get the pounds. The proportion of urine and fecal matter to the Water is obtained by multiplying the mean discharge per minute by 1440, which is the number of minutes in 24 hours, and multi- plying that by the weight of a cubic foot of water, which is 62% pounds. So the weight of water thus determined, divided by the weight of urine and fecal matter thus determined, gives you the proportion of urine and fecal matter to the total flow of Water. Q. How many gallons are in a cubic foot? A. There are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot. Q. How many pounds in a gallon? A. 8.3528 per gallon. Q. What is the proportion of sewage to the mean discharge of the drainage canal as evidenced by your table for the three years, 1900, 1901 and 1902, respectively? A. The ratio is 1 to 9.2, either expressed in gallons or cubic feet. For 1901 the ratio is 1 to 10.2. For 1902 the ratio is 1 to 10.4. 10742 What are the proportions of urine and fecal matter to the mean discharge of the canal for the three years above mentioned? A. 1 in 5429 for 1900. 1 in 6211 for 1901. 1 in 6310 for 1902, the comparison being made in pounds. The table which has just been described is table number 1, and is entitled “Pollution of Sanitary Canal by the Sanitary District.” Q. Have you prepared any other tables? A. Yes sir. Q. Will you produce and read the table number 2, with a heading “Pollution of Sanitary Canal” in evidence? A. The table is table number 2 and is marked “Pollution of Sanitary Canal” based on clause on page 12 of the report of the Hydraulic Engineers, and is as follows: CŞ s | | OS Cºb CŞ 10743 POLLUTION OF SANITARY CANAL. BASED ON CLAUSD ON PAGE 12 OF REPORT OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS. See below, * The daily quantity Of Sewage is based On a water consumption of 60 gallons per head per day which the Commission of Hydraulic Engineers reported in 1902 to be all that is necessary. Page 12 report on the water supply of the City of St. Louis. “E'1'Om investigations made upon water systems of cities where the quantity of water used is measured, it appears that in large cities the average volumes needed for domestic, public and manufacturing purposes are respectively, about 30 gallons, 5 ſº gallons and 25 gallons per day for each inhabitant, and that any supply in excess of 60 gallons per day per capita goes to underground leakage or unnecessary Waste.” Population DISCHARGE OF CHANNEL * rºwn Weight Proºfton discharging AT DAM NO. 1. IN CU. FT. PER MINUTE Sewage Sewage wº º YEARS Sewage FROM WEEKLY AWERAGES based on to and Fecal Matter. into the 60 Gals. Mean Discharge Fecal matter to Canal per head of lbs. per day. Mean ºcharge Maximum Mini Mean g ſº m In Ulm Bal per day Canal Canal 1900 1,443,789 .351,088 40,481 233,976 86,627,340 1 : 29.1 3,880, 183 1 : 5429 1901 1,494,300 615,392 197,124 277,153 89,658,000 1 : 33, 3 4,015,931 1 : 6211. 1902 1,545,300 450,328 244,426 295,527 92,718,000 1 : 34.3 4,215,494 1 : 6310 FURE WATER .# O 2 R 3 3 § 3 g § $ 2 o W.A.G. E. ; : : t I : 0. 1900 × −- ::::::, Fºr ! : –– : | SEWAGE f : i : : ; . | 1901.”—i. = : : : f — Ş * . SEWAGE : | + I — 1902 EXCR ETA : : ! : = The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6637 Q. Will you explain upon what data you base this table 10744 and explain its significance? * A. This table differs from the table just described only in the method of determining the amount of sewage per day. The method here used is based upon the clause in the report of the Water Supply of the City of St. Louis, by the Commission of Hydraulic Engineers, 1902, which clause reads as follows: “From observations made upon water systems of cities where the quantity of water used is measured it appears that in large cities the average volumes needed for domestic, public and manufacturing purposes are respectively about 30 gallons, 5 gallons and 25 gallons per day for each inhabitant and that any supply in excess of 60 gallons per day per capita goes to underground leakage or unnecessary waste.” In this table number 2 the first five columns are identical with table number 1, the first five columns counting from the left. The sixth column gives the quantity of sewage based upon 60 gallons per head per day, and the comparisons thereunder are based upon the substitution of 60 gallons per capita for the gallons per capita used in table number 1. For 1900 the sewage per day was 86,627,340 gallons. The mean discharge, as meas- ured at dam number 1, was, for 1900, 233,976 cubic feet 10745 per minute. The proportion of sewage to the mean discharge was 1 part in 29.1 parts. That is expressed by measure. The total weight of urine and fecal matter, in pounds per day, was 3,880,183, and the proportion of urine and fecal matter to the mean discharge of the canal was 1 part in 15,249, expres- Sed in pounds. - These last two divisions are exactly the same as in table number 1, the difference in the table being in the sixth and Seventh columns. In 1901 the mean discharge was 277,153 cubic feet per minute. The daily sewage discharge was 89,658,000 gallons per day. The proportion of sewage to mean discharge was 1 to 331-3. The weight of urine and fecal matter in pounds per day was 4,015,931, or 1 part in 6211, expressed in weight. 6638 The State of Missouri vs. ' In 1902 the mean discharge at dam number 1, in cubic feet, was 295,527. The quantity of sewage per day was 92,718 gallons. 10746 The proportion of sewage to mean discharge was 1 part in 34.3, expressed by measure. The weight of urine and fecal matter in pounds per day was 4,215,494, or one part in 6310 parts, by weight. Below the table is a graphic exhibit of the facts set forth - in the table. There are two horizontal bars for each year, di- vided into ten parts, each division representing 10 per cent. In the first bar for each year the sewage is shown in solid black. In the second bar the excreta is shown in solid black, and so for each of the three years covered by the table. Q. Have you a population curve for the city of Chicago? A. I have. Q. Will you produce the chart showing the population curve and make it a part of the evidence? A. I will. It is number 3 and its title is “Population curve, city of Chicago,” and is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6639 10747 . 2500000 2250000 2000000 1750000 POP TION CURVE 1500000 S OF CHICAGO. - 1250000 1000000 750000 500000 250000 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 6640 w The State of Missouri vs. Q. Will you explaim the principle upon which this curve 10748 is constructed, as just introduced in evidence? A. This curve is plated upon what is known as cross-sec- tion paper, which is divided up into large squares, and each of these large Squares divided into ten parts, the lines crossing each other at right angles. Rufining across the bottom of this sheet, each one of these squares is assigned to a decade, begin- ning with 1850 and ending with 1910, passing from left to right. Forming up from the plates on the vertical line, each one of these Squares represents a population of 250, running up to a population of 2,500,000. For past years the actual population for each year is dotted upon the vertical line, corresponding to population. All of these dots are joined by a line which a part of the time is undulating, but from 1880 to 1900 is practically straight, very little deviation from a straight line. w From 1900, the line is continued practically straight, show- ing the census year by year. This line is called the curve of population, and for any year you can ascertain what the popu- lation was by looking that year on the bottom of the map, 10749 following the line which corresponds to that year up ver- tically until it intersects the line of poulation curve, then following the horizontal line from this point of intersecton to the figures indicated on the right of the map, and ascertain what the population was for that year. Q. Have you prepared a table of the population of Chi- cago? * : A. I have. It is marked Number 4. Its caption is “Popu- lation of Chicago.” Q. Will you produce and read the table thus prepared in evidence? A. The table is produced, and is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6641. IO750 , POPULATION OF CHICAGO. Census 1900. Census. * is.” “… … 4,470 Ward— y 1850. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,963 1. . . . . . 24,724 1860. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 172 2. . . . . 28,547 1870. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.977 8 . . . . 32,989 1880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503,185 4. . . . . . 37,029 1890. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,099,850 5. . . . . . 43,315 1900........ . . . . . - * * * * * e º e º º sº º is a e º 'º a wº 1,698,575 6 . . . . . 60,216 7 . . . . . 36,844 From Curve 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,758,000 8. . . . . . 38,742 9. . . . . . 51,539 $ 8 ‘‘ 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,818,000 10...... 91,097 11...... 37,533 & 4 ‘‘ 1903. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e = w e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,878,000 12...... 75. 507 13. . . . . . 47. 327 14. .... 71,528 15...... 79,944 16...... 64,859 17. . . . . . 20, 713 ſº # E & sº e = ; Proportion Discharging into Draimage Canal. ë.” < * * * * 4 º º 20 . . . . 29,577 87% by census of 1890 (Federal). 21 ... . 34, 105 j 3. . . . . . 32,767 84% by € $ ‘‘ (School). 23. . . . . . 33,424 24. . . . 35, 830 85% estimated at present. 25. . . . . . 54,588 26. . . . . . 70,757 27 . . . . . 39, 131 28. . . . . . 31,013 g 29...... 41,214 1900 85% of 1,698,57:= 1,443,789 30. . . . . . 106, 124 31...... 56.576 1901 85% of 1,758,000=1,494,300 32 . . . . . 60,202 33. . . . . . 51, 892 1902 85% of 1,818,000–1,545,300 34 . . . . . 91, 145 35. . . . . . 11.795 Total.... 1,698,575 Water Consumption of City, Divided by Population, - Amount Per Capita. 1900. .322,599, 630 gallons per diem. 1,698,575 190 1901. .342,813,449 & 6 $ 8 1,758,000 195 1902. .358, 101,710 6 & & 5 1,818,000 197 Population of District, Multiplied by Per Capita Rate, - Gallons of Sewage. 1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,443,789 190 Or take 274,209,685 1901.............. 1,494,300 195 85% of water 291, 391,432 1902......... .... 1,545,300 197 consumption 304,386,454 Gallons of Sewage Per Day. Galloms Per Minute. Cu. Ft. Per Minute- 1900. . . . . . . . . . . 274,209,685 190,423 © 25,458 1901. . . . . . . . . . . 291,391,432 202,355. 27,053, 1902............ 304,386,454 211,379 28,259. A—416 6642 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Will you explain the table just introduced? 10751 A. The figures shown under the head of “Census” in the upper left hand corner of the sheet, give the census of 1900, of the city of Chicago, by wards, from ward number 1 to Ward number 35, the resulting total is put at the foot of the column. On the right of this census for 1900 are given the suc- cessive reports of the census Bureau for the sixty years from 1840 to 1900, inclusive. Following the data there given the population for the years 1901, 1902 and 1903 are given, and given as taken from the curve of population just described. Beneath the data just de- Scribed is a statement of the proportion of poulation, discharg— ing into the drainage canal, derived from the Federal Census of 1890, and the school census of 1890, and our estimate of the pres– ent time. Then below that comes a further statement for the year 1900, the year 1901 and the year 1902. This information as to population occupies the upper half of the sheet. Following this is a report of the consumption of water by the city of Chicago for the years 1900, 1901 and 1902. This total consumption per diem is derived from the popu- 10752 lation and the daily consumption per capita is thus de- termined. Following this data is an exhibit of the population of the district draining into the channel, measured by the gallons per capita of water consumed to determine the gallons of Sewage. Next follows a statement showing the gallons of sewage per day, the gallons per minute and the cubic feet per minute for the years 1900, 1901 and 1902. Q. What percentage of population of the district drained into the drainage canal in 1900, 1901 and 1902? A. Eighty-five per cent. Q. What was the per capita consumption of water in the city of Chicago in 1900, 1901 and 1902, respectively? A. The daily consumption per capita for 1900, 190 gallons. For 1901 was 195 gallons. For 1902 was 197 gallons. AD.JOURNED UNTIL 2:00 P. M., same day. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6643 2:00 P. M., Tuesday, February 23, 1904. 10753 Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. ISHAM RANDOLPH resumed the stand for further direct-examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Have you prepared a table under the caption of “Ex- Greta,’’’ A. Yes sir. Q. Will you please produce and read the table into the record? - A. Yes sir, the table is as follows: 6644 The State of Missouri vs. IO754 EXCRETA. *Excreta from 100,000 persons per year— 37,610 Men 4,521,664 lbs. Feces 45,217,782 lbs. Urine. 34, 630 Women 1, 237, 040 ** & 6 37, 458, 512 * * tº º 14,060 Boys 1,239,504 “‘ ‘‘ 6,423,670 ‘‘ ‘‘ 13,700 Girls 274,736 ‘' & 8 7,272,944 “ 6 & 5,041,344 ** g & 94,141,308 ‘‘ ſº ſº. Daily per capita................ 3.2 oz. Feces 41.3 oz. Urine. *From another.................. 2.91 Oz. & ſº 34.1 Oz. & 5 From Dr. Ravold...... . . . . . . . . 3.00 Oz. $ & 40. Oz. $ 8. Assume a total of 43 oz. of Excreta. Total weight of Excreta per day. Lb.S. per minute. 1900............ 1,443,789}{43 Oz. =3,880, 183 lbs. 2,694 1901............ 1,494,300X43 oz. =4,015,931 lbs. 2,789 1902. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545,300X43 oz. =4,215,494 lbs. 2,927 Discharge at Dam No 1. Discharge at Dam No. 1. 1900.......... 233,976 Cu. Ft. 1901.......... 277,153 Cu. Ft. 1092.......... 295,527 Cu. Ft. Proportion of Ececreta to Bºharve. e s e g tº e º e º gº tº e º e e 233,976 Cu. Ft. =14,623,500-i-2,694=5,429 O . . . . . . . . . .277, 153 Cu. Ft.=17,322,062-4-2, *i; 211 O Cw. Ft. Sewage. Proportion of sewa; : Discharge. O 25,458 9.2 27,053 1 to 10.2 28,259 1 to 10.4 *First report of Rivers Polluting Commission of Great Britain, page 27. From the Re- searches of Wolff and Lehman. t]?age 156, Sewage Disposal in the United States, Rafter and Baker. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6645 Q. Will you explain the table that you have just intro- 10755 duced and what it purports to show? A. It purports to show the amount of excreta from 100,- 000 persons per year. The first seven lines of this table are taken from the report of the Rivers Pollution Commission of Great Britain, page 27, from the researches of Woolf and Lehman, which give the excreta of 37,610 men, 34,630 women, 14,060 boys, and 13,700 girls, giving the pounds of feces and pounds of urine and as a result they got the average feces of 3.2 ounces and the average urine of 41.3 ounces. - Then another source is page 156 of Sewage Disposal in the United States, Rafter and Baker. They give the average for feces of 2.91 ounces and the average for urine of 34.1 ounces. Dr. Ravold in his testimony which I heard in St. Louis gave 3 ounces of feces and 40 ounces of urine, and it is the data that I have used in making all of my computations. Following this on the assumption of 43 ounces of excreta per capita, and taking the population discharging into the sanitary canal, multiplied by 43 ounces we get the results 10756 which I have read in the tables heretofore. The next item of information is the discharge of dam number 1 and it simply gives the process of arriving at that proportion that was used in all the tables. By the two methods One giving the theoretical volume of sewage as shown by the water supply of the city of Chicago, and the other actually as based upon 60 gallons per capita. Q. Have you a table showing the pollution of the Illinois River prepared under your direction and supervision, Mr. Randolph? A. Yes sir. Q. Will you produce and read the table into evidence? A. Yes sir, the table is as follows: 6646 The State of Missouri vs. IO757 POLLUTION OF ILLINOIS RIVER, Area, Popula- º * 3 ::::::::::: Hº! Cu. Ft. Drainage basins. Square tion (cen- || 1,000 and |ply, gallons lons water per - miles. SuS) 1900. OVer. per capita supplied per second. 1900. per day. day, 1,000 – gallons. DesBlaines........ 1,758 124,855 70,748 99.3 7,025 10.86 Du Page'...................... 21,704 6,851 23.1 158 .24 Kankakee......... 5,302 192,226 44,681 53.2 2,377 3.66 Fox... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,697 175,353 81,743 47.3 3,866 5.96 Vermillion......... 1,413 68,601 27,631 70.1 1,937 2.99 Mackinaw.......... 1, 182 47,296 10,924 37.1 405 .62 Spoon ... .......... 1,905 81,782 28,519 40.0 1,141 1.76 Sangamon......... 5,592 303,096 133,632 91.4 11,215 17.28 Crooked. ......... 1,286 54,574 14,344 13.9 199 .30 McKee.............l........ . . . 16,461 5,624 32.0 180 .28 MaCoupin.......... 1,000 46,362 15,778 32.0 505 .77 Illinois (directly). ... . . . .... 379,077 177, 189 65.5 11,606 17.89 Peoria industries. [............l......... ....l.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 23.11 1,511,387 617,664 65.7 55,614 85.72 Discharge of Illinois river at Kampsville Oct. 20, 1891 (U. S. Engr.S.).........1452.7 O. F. S. ‘‘ of Illinois and Michigan Canal....................................... 600.0 tº g Natural discharge of river at Kampsville Oct 20, 1891............. . . . ........Ts;2.7 6 & Add for basin of Macoupin Creek......................... ........................ 147.3 tº t Natural discharge of the Illinois river Oct. 20, 1891.................. ......... 1000.0 C. F. s. Sewage produced by urban population, 85.72 Cu. Ft. Sec., or 57.19 C. F. S., when reduced; to a basis of 60 gallons per head per day. 1000+57.19=17.48 Pollution=1:17.48 as against Drainage Canal Pollution of 1:34.3. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6647 Q. Will you describe the table just read and what it 10758 purports to show? - A. The caption of the table just read is Pollution of the Illinois River. It is divided into seven spaces: The first space is headed Drainage Basins. The second space is headed Area in Square Miles. The third space is population, census of 1900. The fourth space is Urban Population, towns of 1,000 and Over for 1900. - The fifth space is Water Supply in Gallons per capita per day. The sixth space is the estimated total gallons of a water Supply per day. - The last space is the cubic feet per second. The first drainage basin is the Desplaines, 1758 Square miles. The population is 124,855. The urban population 70,748. Water supply in gallons per day per capita 99.3. Estimated total gallons water supply per day 7,025,000. 10759 The seventh column is cubic feet per second 10.86. For the DuPage we have not the drainage area. The population is 21,704. Urban population is 6,851. Water supply gallons per capita per day 23.1 gallons. The water supplied per day 158,000 gallons. Cubic feet per second .24 of 1 cubic foot. The explanation given with reference to the Desplaines water shed and the DuPage applies to the Fox, the Vermillion, the Mackinaw, the Spoon, the Sangamon, the Crooked, the Mc- Kee, Macoupin and the Illinois, and the last name in the first column is the Peoria industries. For those industries there is no area given, no population, no water supply per capita, but the 1,000 gallons which amounts in this instance to fifteen thous- and thousands or 15,000,000 gallons and the cubic feet per second is 23.11. The poulation in all the drainage areas covered in this table amounts to 1,511,387. The urban population 617,664. The average water per capita 65.7. 6648 - The State of Missouri vs. And the total per day 55,614,000 gallons. The cubic feet per second 85.72. Following the tables is a statement giving discharges at 10760 various points. The first gives the discharge of the Illinois River at Rampsville, October 20, 1891 (U. S. Engineers) 1452.7 cubic feet per second. - - Discharge of the Illinois and Michigan Canal 600 cubic feet per second. - Subtracting the discharge for the Illinois and Michigan Canal from the report of the discharge given by the United States Engineers giving the natural discharge for Kampsville, for October, 1891, as 852.7 per second. The discharge from the Macoupin creek must be added. 147.3 cubic feet per second, making a total annual discharge of the Illinois River October 20, 1891, of 1,000 cubic feet per second. The sewage produced by urban population 85.72 cubic feet per second. 10761 A. Sewage produced by urban population 62.63 cubic feet per second or 57.19 cubic feet per second when re- duced to a basis of 60 gallons per head per day; taking 1,000 cubic feet per second as the natural flow at Kampsvillé and dividing that by 57.19 cubic feet per second, we get, as the re- Sult, 17.48 or a pollution of 1 in 17.48 as against the drainage canal pollution of 1 in 34.3. Q. From the tables which you have introduced, what con- clusions do you draw from those tables? A. I conclude that the natural pollution of the Illinois River is due to the urban and rural population draining into its water shed, exclusive of all sewage coming from Chicago, is more polluted than the waters of the Illinois River are when combined with the discharge from the sanitary canal after the opening of said canal. In the conditions which obtain without considering the discharge from the sanitary canal the pollution is 1 in 17.48. The pollution, considering the sanitary canal, is 1 in 34.3. * * Q. Measured in what? 10762 A. In quantity. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6649 Q. Mr. Randolph, have you a map showing the various water sheds of the Illinois River from Chicago to Grafton? A. Yes sir, I have. Q. Will you please produce the map? A. I will. Q. Is this a correct map of the various water sheds of the Illinois River from Chicago to Grafton? A. It is essentially correct. It is made up from the best data obtainable from the various sources that we have sought. Q. Was this map made under your direction and Super- vision in the office of the Sanitary District of Chicago? A. It was. Q. How are the different water sheds indicated on this map? A. They are indicated by different colors and dotted lines to indicate the summit of the divide between different water sheds. The map shows the number of square miles in each water shed. Q. Are all the cities and town on the Illinois River located on this map?' 4 10763 A. All the important towns are shown on the map. ; Mr. Todd: I offer this map which is known as the Sani- tary District of Chicago Map of the Illinois River water sheds scale 4 miles to an inch, and ask to have it marked defendants’ Randolph’s Exhibit B. Which map is so marked by the Commissioner. 10764 Q. Will you please state whether the Sanitary District of Chicago is laid out on the map that has just been in- troduced in evidence? A. Yes sir, the sanitary district of Chicago is shown on the Southwest side of the area marked “Lake Michigan.” The general outlines are indicated by heavy border lines and the wording “Sanitary District of Chicago” appear within those borders. - Q. Are you acquainted with the Desplaines River and the Tllinois River from Lockport to Grafton? A. I am. Q. What opportunities have you had for acquainting your- self with the physical conditions of these streams? 6650 The State of Missouri vs. A. I have an intimate knowledge with the Desplaines River growing out of frequent passages up and down the stream from Riverside to the junction of the Desplaines and Kankakee. I have never followed the Illinois River continuously through to LaSalle, but I have traveled in sight of it and have been 10765 to many points along that river between the mouth of the Kankakee and La Salle. From La Salle through to the mouth of the Illinois River I have made the trip by boat upon two or more occasions. Q. What are the physical characteristics of the Desplaines River? A. The Desplaines River is one of fluctuating volume. In certain seasons of the year it is almost dry. In other seasons of the year it is a stream carrying very large volumes of water, the maximum volume of which I have information being 800,- 000 cubic feet per minute. The fall of the stream for a distance of about 27 miles southwest from Chicago is slight. The grade is very slight. When it reaches Romeo the valley drops off rapidly and the stream, which follows the trough of the valley, flows very rapidly. From the controlling works at Lockport to the upper basin at Joliet it has a fall of about 30 feet—the fall in the stream itself is about 30 feet, and at Lockport it enters the basin formed by dam number 1. Passing over that dam it enters a large channel made by the sanitary district and falls quite rapidly to Lake Joliet. 10766 Q. What towns lie tributary to the Desplaines River above Lockport, draining directly into that stream? A. Since the diversion of the Desplaines River made by the Sanitary district in 1893 there is no town draining into the Des- planes between Iyons and Lockport. The Sanitary District canal lies between the towns in the valley and the Desplaines River. Riverside drains into it. Grossdale drains into it, through Salt Creek. The population of Riverside is about 1600. Then the next town draining into it is Maywood on the west, and River Forrest on the east. Then the next town of any con- Sequence is Desplaines. Q. After leaving Joliet will you describe the physical char. acteristics of the Desplaines River? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6651 A. There is a rapid fall in the channel from dam number 1 to the head of Lake Joliet, which is about 3% miles south- westerly of dam number 1. The fall in that distance is approxi- mately 21 feet. Lake Joliet is a widening of the stream and is probably a half a mile wide, and something like five miles long. There is a very slight fall from the head of Lake Joliet which is practically Brandon's road through to the head of Treat’s 10767 Island. For the distance of about a mile from Treat’s Island there is a fall of nearly ten feet; from there the fall is gradual until you reach the pool made by the Marseilles dam. The water is backed up by the Marseilles dam for somewhere in the neigh- borhood of twenty miles. The fall at Marseilles is about 12 feet. At Ottawa, about 8 miles from Marseilles, the Fox River empties into the Illinois and the fall is gradual from there to Peru. Peru is the end of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and is at the head of the back water in Henry dam. The Henry dam. is 540 feet long and six and one-half feet high. That backs up. 29 miles. The length of that pool is 29 miles. At Henry there is a lock 75 feet wide and 325 feet long. From the Copperas Creek dam to Henry dam is 59 miles and the back water from Copperas Creek is felt as far back as Henry. Between Henry and Copperas Creek the river forms Lake Peoria, a shallow lake of varying width, probably an average width of a mile and three-quarters, and 8 or 10 miles long, simply an enlargement of the Illinois River. The next dam after passing Copperas Creek is at La Grange. Its pool is 58 miles long. The back water extends back to Copperas Creek. The height of the dam at La Grange is 7.33. feet, and its width is 8.18% feet. The length of the Copperas. Creek dam is 640 feet. 10768 From La Grange to Kampsville is 48 miles and that is the last of the dams in the Illinois River. The La Grange and Kampsville dams were built by the United States Govern- ment. The width of the Kampsville dam is 1200 feet and its height 7.3. From Kampsville it is 31 miles to the Mississippi River. Q. Mr. Randolph, prior to the opening of the drainage canal what was the character of the water that went south in the 36652 The State of Missouri vs. Illinois and Michigan Canal, by the Bridgeport pumping works? A. It was water in a highly polluted state. - Q. When did those pumps begin to pump the sewage of the Chicago River into the Illinois and Michigan Canal? A. The pumps were installed, that is the set of pumps were put in after the deepening of the canal. The canal was deepened between 1865 and 1871 and the flow was only about 9,000 cubic feet per minute. It was insufficient for the sewage and the pumps were put in the latter part of 1884. The operation was commenced about the end of the year 1884. Mr. Jeffries: I move to strike out the answer and question as immaterial. - 10769 Mr. Todd: I offer in evidence an act to provide for the completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal upon the plan adopted by the state in 1836, approved February 16, 1865, published in the public laws of the State of Illinois in 1865, pages 83 to 84, which is set out in exhibit in the answer to the bill of complainant, filed by the State of Missouri. Mr. Jeffries: Without objecting to the formality of the proof or the authenticity of the statute in question, I object to the introduction of the statute for the reason that it has no bearing upon the issues involved in this case and constitutes no justification upon the part of defendant, of the Sanitary Dis- trict of Chicago, committing the nuisance set up in complain- ant's bill, and for that reason is incompetent, irrelevant and im- material. It is agreed that the statute as set out in Exhibit A in the answer of the defendant Sanitary District of Chicago shall be referred to and treated as evidence, subject to the objection presented. Q. From 1884 to 1900 what was the average volume of sew- age pumped from the Chicago River into the Illinois and 10770 Michigan Canal? - Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. Approximately 50,000 cubic feet per minute. Q. After this sewage was pumped into the Illinois and Michi- gan Canal where did it go? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to for the reason that it is imma- terial, and for the further reason that the evidence on the part The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6653 of the defendants shows that the disease producing organisms more rapidly disappeared in their raw state as contained and existed in the Chicago River prior to the opening of the canal than they do in the drainage canal since its opening by the ad- dition of 250,000 cubic feet of water per minute from Lake Michigan. Q. Question repeated. A. It flowed through that canal to Lockport where a por- tion of it was discharged into the Desplaines River over a waste weir or else passed through the wheels of the water power at that point. What did not enter the river at this point entered it after the Desplaines River reached what is known as the up- per basin at Joliet. The complete mingling was in the basin at Joliet. Q. Have you prepared a map or chart showing the popu- 10771 lation on the water sheds of the Illinois River, the Mis- sissippi River and the Missouri River above St. Louis? A. I have. Q. From what was this data prepared, Mr. Randolph? A. It was made up from maps of the states through which these rivers flow. The populations were gotten from the Cen- tury Atlas, in towns of 500 or over. Q. Will you produce this chart or map and make it a part of the evidence? f A. I will. * Mr. Jeffries: I object to the introduction of the map or chart because it is irrelevant and not competent evidence. A. The chart or map is as follows: :6654 The State of Missouri vs. * * 10772 SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. SKETCH SHOWING * - ORBAN POPULATION fº. **t & ON THE #3sº NMISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES ROTE. siąś; ABOVE THE POPULATIONS ARE TAKEN FROM THE CENTURY ATLAS AND INCLUDE & © .LOUIS MO. ABOUT 1300 CITIES AND WILLAGES. * &e - º & Júrtº. 9 ox. sº vº º 2 3.57 * * * Šse, g ź * * º *>; aw cº © -> & z % * > : , * * sº sº 3 º $ 5 | t **sarºn 9S g; R.N. ; ſº º ÇNº HIGAN ſº 'S loº J & - */e % L. çº © Re ..º & *t º # Gº Zºº 'º. & 5*: Af eup ºf Sººn & o & gº gay ºf Jºrg # § 5% Nº. sº *}º, 39 & - * j 'X. & ſ S/ ey. ..ſo g # *S}^*#. * & sº # 3. sº * * * #ſº ºw º § o Sºewa * ºf * 2 *> Spa, 29,5 tº º º &assovº 3. &ſºnrºe, eveace. $297.5t. KANSA º & vºº faississippi sves soº widoc cut º Nº. ST.LOU15 ºº: * * Q. From the map that you have introduced, the poula- 10773 tion of the Illinois River, exclusive of Chicago, as evi- denced by this map, is what? A. 599,751. Q. What is the poulation of the Mississippi River above Grafton? * A. 1,839,586. Q. What is the population of the Missouri River above its mouth ? A. 1,650,594. } Q. What is the population lying tributary to the Missis- sippi River upon the three water sheds above St. Louis, includ- ing Chicago? A. 5,788,506. Q. What is the population on the Tllinois River above The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6655 Grafton, including the sanitary district of Chicago, as shown by the map just introduced? A. The population of the Illinois River, including Chicago gives 2,298,326. Substracting the Illinois River from that gives 1,698,575 for the Sanitary District. ADJOURNED UNTIL 10:00 A.M., February 24, 1904. 10774 10:00 A. M., Wednesday, February 24, 1904. Continua- tion pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. ISHAM RANDOLPH resumed the stand for further direct examination by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: Q. Mr. Randolph, have you the gauge readings of the Des- plaines River at Lockport, and the Illinois River at Peru, which Were asked of you by Professor Van Ornum in a letter, the re- ply to which was read into evidence in this case, by Professor Van Ornum ? A. I have. Q. In what way have you those gauge readings? A. At Lockport I have the daily readings for the month of March and for the whole period since we began flowing water Over the Bear Trap Dam, but I suppose it would be sufficient for your purpose to take the mean weekly readings? Q. Have you the weekly average? A. I have. 10775 Q. Will you read the weekly averages of the gauge read- ings at Lockport in the Desplaines River, for the period that you have the data for 2 A. The period that he asked for was the month of March, 1903. The weekly average for the first week ending March 7th was —4.74. Q. What do you mean by minus 2 A. I mean that he asked for the gauge reading—that shows the elevation of the water on the gauge, that without having a discharge curve—that gives you no idea of the volume of water flowing at that time. He probably had the discharge curve so that he knew what he wanted it to apply to. 6656 The State of Missouri vs. For the week ending March 14th the weekly average was –2.915 feet. For the week ending March 21st, the average was —2.427. For the week ending March 28th the average was —2.575. For the week ending April 4th the weekly average was –2.121. That covers the period asked for. 10776 Q. Will you give the gauge readings at Peru for the period requested in that letter? A. I will give the gauge readings as shown upon the gauge records returned to us from that point, which are as follows: I will preface this statement by saying that the gauge is a little nearer LaSalle than it is Peru, and in our records it is referred to as the LaSalle gauge. The weekly means have not been worked up, but the daily means from March 12th to 25th have been worked up and I will give those. March 12th the mean for the day was 127.75. This 127.75 is referred to Chicago datum, and means that that is 127.75 feet below Chicago datum. March 13th 128.04. March 14th 128.42 March 15th 128.83 March 16th 129.33 March 17th 129.73 March 18th 130.20 10777 March 19th 130.38 March 20th 129.30 March 21st 128.68 March 22nd 128.98 March 23rd 129.43 March 24th 129.50 March 25th 130.28 This apparently carried the readings through the flood per- iod. The next record reading is on March 29th, 131.90, and on April 1st, 133.04. Q. Will you give the volume of flow of the Illinois River at Kampsville, the Mississippi River above Grafton, the Mis- souri River above its mouth, and the Mississippi River at St. Louis? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6657 A. In determining the volume of flow in the Mississippi River and the Missouri River the only source of information I have is derived from a paper prepared by Mr. James Seddon, which paper is illustrated by hydrographs, showing high and low water conditions in the Mississippi River at Prescott, at Clayton and at Grafton, for the year 1883, and in the 10778 Missouri River at Sioux City and Kansas City and St. Charles, for the same year, 1883. Q. Will you produce the discharge chart to which you re- fer and make it part of your evidence? A. I will. It is as follows: A—417 § FLOOD EEGIMEN OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI 1883 JANY|F E B. MAR, APL. MAY | JUNE|JULY | AUG. SEP. OCT. [NOV. D EC. Aſo ºf) 4C 75 *Q 29 ºcy *O 40 AC) 40 ºo 40 ºC. :i i i The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6659 10779 Q. Will you explain that chart and what it represents? A. The caption of this chart is “Flood Regimen of the Upper Mississippi, 1883.” The chart itself is divided vertically and horizontally into squares. The horizontal lines on the left indicate the number of thousands of cubic feet of water flowing, corresponding to the water heights which are shown on the right. The vertical lines indicate the months and the days of the months. Three spaces are alloted to each month beginning with January, 1883. Each space stands for ten days. With the water at zero at Grafton there was forty-five thousands cubic feet per second flowing. The flood elevations, as before stated, are indicated by the figures on the right and the corresponding flood volumes are indicated by the figures on the left and the intersection of the vertical lines with the lines and depth, gonnected by broken lines, show the profile of the flood. With a 4 foot stage at Grafton there was about ninety-eight thousands of cubic feet of water flowing per second. With the Water at a 10 foot stage there was one hundred and ninety thousands cubic feet per second flowing. The lines indicating the flood profile which show the dates upon which this 10780 height or these heights occur by their crossing of the date line. The maximum height of the water for the year 1883 was reached about June 25th, and the minimum about De- cember 28th. º The chart for the Missouri River is constructed in the man- ner before described. - Q. - I will ask you if you have a chart of the Missouri River ? A. I have. Q. Will you produce and make a part of the evidence the chart to which you refer? A. I will. It is as follows: 10781 EXTREME FLOOD REGIMENS OF THE MISSOURI |88 | . . FEB. MAR, APL. MAY |JUNE JULY | AUG..] SEP. |O CT. |NOV. DEC. 40 20 40 ºC) 4G 4Q Lº Tº | 883 . FEB. | MAR. APL. MAY JUNE|JUL. 40 2.0 40 {O 2C 49 Tºo AUC. SEP. OCT. (Nov. D EC AIG) ºº 409 4S 26 ; The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6661 10782 Q. Will you describe the chart just introduced? A. : The caption of this chart is Extreme Flood Regimen of the Missouri. It covers the years 1881 and 1883, respectively. This chart is constructed in the same manner as the chart pre- viously described, for the Mississippi River. It gives the flood conditions at three points, Sioux City, Kansas City and St. Charles. - I have also a chart showing the flood combinations in the Mississippi River at three points, St. Louis, Paducah and Cairo. This chart is as follows: 10783 FLOOD COMBINATIONS St. Louis and Paducah equals Cairo 1881–82 1883–84 OCT. NOV. DEC. JANY FEB. MAR. APL. MAY |June JULY AUC..] SF p oct. Nov. D EC. Y. FEB. iv.A.R. APL. MAY |Jun E|Ju LY AUG. SEF 4Q 20 To 4G 2×) 40 ro 4O RO 3×3 2cy r 4C 263 43 33 º' 4G 30 dº A4) : Nº 4C Žo 45 ºg 4 O & O 49 to 600 5OO 18. l6 12 IO ! IOO º ; The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6663 10784. It also gives conditions in the Ohio River and in the lower Mississippi. The caption of this chart is Flood Combinations, St. Louis and Paducah Equals Cairo. It covers the years 1881 and 1882, for St. Louis, Paducah and Cairo, and the years 1883 and 1884 for the middle Mississippi, the Ohio and the lower Mississippi. The flood volumes at St. Louis equal the combined flow of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. The period covered is October, November and December of 1881 and from January to September, inclusive, of 1882, for St. Louis. - Q. Have you any measurements showing the volume of flow at Peoria 2 A. I have several discharge measurements made for the Division of Hydrography, United States Government by one of my own assistants. - - Q. Will you give the flow measurements at Peoria, for the period that you have given the dates and the flow? A. The first discharge reading is March 18, 1903, obser- vation made by E. H. Heilborn, area or cross section 10785 15376.3 square feet. Mean velocity 2.62 feet. Discharge 41218.7 per second. - April 3, 1903, observation made by E. H. Heilborn, area of cross-section 13713.02 square feet. Mean velocity 1.88 feet per Second. Discharge 25839.4 feet per second. April 29, 1903, measurement made by E. H. Heilborn, total area 13712.4 square feet. Mean velocity 1.9 feet. Discharge 26078.8 feet per second. Observation May 13, 1903, E. H. Heilborn, total area 11072.5 Square feet. Mean velocity 1.39 feet per second. Discharge 15337.5 feet per second. - - July 5, 1903, E. H. Heilborn, area of cross-section 7768. Mean velocity 1.18 feet per second. Discharge 9424 feet per second. - August 22, 1903, measurements made by E. H. Johnson, area of cross-section 7218. Mean velocity 1.20 feet per second. Tischarge 87.13 feet per second. January 30, 1904, E. H. Heilborn, area of cross-section 14874.8 square feet. Mean velocity 1.58 feet per second. Dis- charge 21124.1 feet per second. 6664 The State of Missouri vs. February 14, 1904, E. H. Heilborn. Gauge height was 10786 15.42 on the Peoria gauge. I have not the reference to Chicago datum. The total area of cross-section was 13639.2 square feet. The mean velocity was 1.2 feet per second and the discharge was 16305.1 feet per second. February 14, 1904, E. H. Heilborn, area of cross-section 14814.9 square feet. Mean velocity 1.5 feet per second. Dis- charge 21783.7 feet. Q. Have you the volume of flow at Kampsville? - A. I have information prepared by Major W. L. Marshall. At the time these observations were made he was Captain Mar- shall and was in charge of the Illinois river improvements for the United States government. The first observation which he reports is April 10, 1889, gauge reading 4 feet; area of cross-section 7312 sq. feet. Mean velocity 1.4 feet per second. Cubic feet flow per second 10275. On April 9th he observes the gauge reading as 4.2, the cross- section 7345, the mean velocity 1.37 feet per second. The volume of discharge 10052 cubic feet. - - On April 1st he gives the gauge reading as 4.6, area. 10787 of cross-section 7770, mean velocity 1.48, volume of dis- charge 11548 feet per second. On July 11th the gauge reading of 7.5 feet; area of cross- Section 10859 square feet velocity of flow 2.2 feet per second; volume of flow 23892 cubic feet per second. June 21st, gauge reading 9 feet; area of cross-section 12901 Square feet; velocity in feet per second 2.41; volume of dis- charge 31068 cubic feet. One June 22nd gauge reading 9.2 feet; area of cross-section 13084 square feet; mean velocity 2.43 feet per second volume of discharge 31855 cubic feet per second. Then, he has a note here showing that on May 31st of that year the gauge read 10.5 feet, but it was affected by back water from the Mississippi. The cross-section at that date was 14516 square feet. The velocity was 1.47 feet per second, and the volume of discharge only 21344 cubic feet per second. For January 18, 1900, he gives the gauge reading at Kamps- ville 12.8. That is a local gauge. The area of cross-section. is 13069 square feet. The mean velocity in feet per 10788 second 2.55, the resulting volume 33295 cubic feet. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6665 In 1891 we have October 18th gauge reading 00.2; area of cross-section 2321 square feet; velocity per second .81 feet; Volume of discharge 1878 cubic feet. - On October 20th the gauge read as above—.2 feet, that is, .2 feet below zero. The area of the cross-section 2224 Square feet; the velocity .65 feet per second. The volume mean dis- charge 1453 cubic feet. - - On the same day the same gauge reading he gets a cross- section of 2246 square feet and a velocity of .67 feet, volume of discharge 1505 cubic feet, found in report of Captain W. L. Marshall, for 1889 and 1890 in the report of the Chief of En- gineers for 1890, page 2443; report of Captain W. L. Marshall for 1891 in the report of Chief of Engineers for 1892, pages 2263-6. Q. Have you a profile of the water way from Lake Michi- gan to Cairo 2 * A. I have. . - Q. Where was it prepared? A. It was prepared in my office. 10789 Q. Will you produce and make it part of your evidence? A. I will. Its title is “Profile of Waterway from Lake Michigan to Cairo,” and is as follows: 10790 WESTERN Society of ENGINEERs. Vol. V. No. 4. —-160 || * —ºw |O Trºtos ºr. Paºlº eſº - * - - - - - - - - e - " - - * *-*-* * - Naousoavaa }^{2}3} \, C> Q 3 × OOM-A™O 4e waasees + Ģ ? ? 5· • $ |=|— šķ||O _ -}| º§ “3šį §| ğ |c|+oevoľno†JL^OW!O<--! GX QN| |×| <!--*S „NAGA "g -\,$"|?£ ğ ||•|— š { | }H–łº È || ………ğ }| }> }u-►={> Q!)Ofr) u. #3Oſr? į ||8||– ź$2 º Ê Ê (Đ —|× Š#nº »vsºQ,€={Ē 0 Cfl-<% <{ l|Nowan ſ-t§O ºſoawowąſae>–|8 #**•n•ñ•••: ~pSOE, ŞH–iariorNNNNN.Nfr!–||3 „Laitor 3×v)\\` ·Ñ | \!\, s!— |§. —|3 ·§ |-Elºx\\y»ANº/XAº ul © o lul -S n > <—=—3–$–2–3–3–3 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6927 11286 DEATHS FROM TYPHOID FEWER As reported in Chicago 8-St.Louis Official Health Reports. Deaths in St.Louis are plotted one month in advance i, a. February deaths are plotted as of January we,..., ºr 0: > > ºf E # 5 # * < P —l sº º > 52 e = * 2: 3 c ul in = n = * > z = $ P- - $2 < n < ū. - 5 -> 35 e ºl → * > * > F = < 3 z o. 11287 Q. Will you please state from what data the charts themselves were made? A. The data from which these charts were made was ob- 6928 The State of Missouri (U)S. tained from Professor Jordan’s testimony and afterwards checked from the official records as published by the St. Louis and Chicago Health Boards. Q. Please state what the chart shows relative to the re- lationship existing between typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis and the city of Chicago? - A. The deaths from typhoid fever in Chicago are plotted upon the chart in a solid black line and are given for the twelve months of the years 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903, the number of deaths in each month being stated upon the chart. - The deaths #1 on ty,...oid levei in St. Louis are plotted the same chart in a black dotted line, the deaths in the succes- sive months being stated in numbers upon the chart along such dotted line. The deaths in St. Louis are stated one month ill advance, that is the five deaths in St. Louis in February, 1900, are stated as of January, 1900. The 14 deaths in St. Louis in March, 1900, are stated as of February, 1900, and so on through- out the entire dotted lines. The reason for stating the 11288 St. Louis deaths one month in advance is because of the length of time that it would take a typhoid fever germ, should it go as far as St. Louis, to get there, and because of the length of time that it would take to produce typhoid fever of fatal character after the invasion of the victim had taken place. In other words, if typhoid fever occurring in Chicago in January should produce typhoid fever in St. Louis, the deaths from such fever in St. Louis would be occurring in the month of February. It is for that reason that, for purposes of future comparison, February deaths in St. Louis are compared with January deaths in Chicago, March deaths in St. Louis with Feb- ruary deaths in Chicago, April deaths in St. Louis with March deaths in Chicago, and so on. In examining this chart and observing the fluctuations of the solid line representing deaths in Chicago and of the dotted line representing deaths in St. Louis, I observe that the two lines are by no means parallel. In other words in January, 1900, we have 23 deaths in Chi- cago corresponding to 5 deaths in St. Louis. - In February, 1900, the Chicago deaths have dropped to 14. "We do not have a corresponding drop in St. Louis. We The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6929 11289 have the reverse. We have a rise from 5 to 16. In the following month of March we have a rise in the deaths in Chicago and a drop in the deaths in St. Louis. In the following month we have a slight drop in the deaths in Chicago from 27 to 23, and the same deaths in St. Louis, namely 4 in March and 4 in April. In the next month, namely in May there is a drop from 23 to 19 in Chicago and a rise in St. Louis from 4 to 8. In the next month, in June, there is a further drop in Chicago from 19 to 17 and a rise in St. Louis from 8 to 15. In the next month, July, there is a rise from 17 to 26 in Chicago, and also a rise in St. Louis from 15 to 20. In the following month of August there is a rise in Chicago from 26 to 34 and a drop in St. Louis from 20 to 13. In the following month of September there is no variation in Chicago, 34 to 34, and a rise in St. Louis from 13 to 30. In the following month of October there is a rise in Chicago from 34 to 38, and a drop in St. Louis from 30 to 15. In the following month of November there is a rise in Chi- cago from 38 to 39 and also a rise in St. Louis from 15 to 19. | 11290 In the following month of December there is a rise in Chicago from 39 to 43 and a drop in St. Louis from 19 to 8. - In 1901, there is in January, 1901, a drop in Chicago from 43 to 26, and a rise in St. Louis from 8 to 14. In the month of February there is a drop in Chicago from 26 to 16, and also a drop in St. Louis from 14 to 11. The next month of March there is a drop in Chicago from 16 to 15 and also a drop in St. Touis from 11 to 4. In the following month of April there is a rise in Chicago from 15 to 20 and also a rise in St. Louis from 4 to 8. In the following month of May there is a rise in Chicago from 20 to 24 and a drop in St. Louis from 8 to 6. In the following month of June there is a drop in Chicago from 24 to 9 and a rise in St. Touis from 6 to 13. In the following month of July there is a rise in Chicago from 9 to 55 and also a rise in St. Louis from 13 to 31. A—434. 6930 The State of Missouri vs. In the following month. of August there is a rise in Chicago from 55 to 83, which is a large one, and a drop in St. 11291 Louis from 31 to 24. sº In the following month of September there is a drop in Chicago from 83 to 74 and a rise in St. Louis from 24 to 32. In the following month of October there is a rise in Chicago from 74 to 102 and a drop in St. Louis from 32 to 27. In the following month of November there is a drop in Chi- cago to 54 and also a drop in St. Louis, 27 to 20. In the following month of December there is a drop in Chicago from 54 to 31 and also a drop in St. Louis- from 24 to 14. g * For the year 1902, for the month of January, 1902, there has been a drop in Chicago from 31 to 21 and a rise in St. Louis from 14 to 16. •. * For the month of February there has been a drop in Chi- cago from 21 to 14 and also a drop in St. Louis from 16 to 11. In the month of March there has been a rise in Chicago from 14 to 20 and also a rise in St. Louis from 11 to 14. For the month of April there has been a drop in Chicago 11292 from 20 to 16 and also a drop in St. Louis from 14 to 11. For the month of May there has been a drop in Chicago from 16 to 24 and a drop in St. Louis from 11 to 7. For the month of June there has been a drop in Chicago from 24 to 22 and a rise in St. Louis from 7 to 14. For the month of July there has been a rise in Chicago from 22 to 44, and also a rise in St. Louis from 14 to 26. For the month of August there has been a great rise in Chicago from 44 to 193 and there has been a drop in St. Louis from 26 to 21. For the month of September there has been a drop in Chi- cago from 193 to 165 and a rise in St. Louis from 21 to 32. For the month of October there has been a decided drop in Chicago, from 165 to 98, and a drop also in St. Louis from 32 to 31. In the month of November there has been a drop in Chicago from 98 to 72 and also a drop in St. Louis from 31 to 25. In the month of December there has been a rise in Chicago from 72 to 132 and a drop in St. Louis from 25 to 15. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6931 For the year 1903. For the month of January there has 11293 been a drop in Chicago from 132 to 97 and no varia-. tion in St. Louis. gº For the month of February there has been a drop in Chi- cago from 97 to 54 and a rise in St. Louis from 15 to 20. For the month of March there has been a drop in Chicago from 54 to 49, and also a drop in St. Louis from 20 to 17. For the month of April there has been a drop in Chicago from 49 to 33 and also a drop in St. Louis from 17 to 15. For the month of May there has been a drop in Chicago from 33 to 26, and a rise in St. Louis from 15 to 16. For the month of June there has been a drop in Chicago from 26 to 21, and a rise in St. Louis from 16 to 27. For the month of July there has been a rise in Chicago from 21 to 29 and aſso a rise in St. Louis from 27 to 37. f For the month of August there has been a rise in Chicago from 29 to 50 and also a rise in St. Louis from 37 to 42. For the month of September there has been a rise in Chicago from 59 to 82 and a drop in St. Louis from 42 to 29. - For the month of October there has been a drop in Chicago from 82 to 45 and a drop also in St. Louis from 29 to 24. 11294 For the month of November there has been a rise in Chicago from 45 to 56 and also a rise in St. Louis from 24 to 31. * For the month of December there has been a drop in Chicago from 56 to 36, and for St. Louis I have no data because every- thing has been shoved one month in advance and consequently I am short of data for the month of December for St. Louis. Q. Professor, from your examination of the monthly mor- tality from typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis and in the city of Chicago for the years 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903, what conclusion do you draw as a sanitarian and epidemiologist as to the cause of typhoid fever conditions in the city of St. Louis being attributable to typhoid conditions that exist in the city of Chicago? A. From an examination of the charts just presented T am of the opinion that no relation whatever exists between the typhoid fever as represented in Chicago and as represented in the city of St. Louis. In other words I am strongly convinced 6932 - The State of Missouri vs. that typhoid in St. Louis is not produced by typhoid fever in Chicago. - 11295 It will be seen from an examination of those charts that the curves of typhoid fever are far from being parallel for the two cities. In many instances the rise of the curve from Chicago is coincident with the falling of the curve for St. Louis, particularly so for the month of August, 1902, when the typhoid in Chicago grows from 44 to 193 and the typhoid in St. Louis drops from 26 to 21. - Q. Have you prepared a chart of coli determinations based upon Professor Jordan's tables of coli determinations, made for the year 1901, and introduced by him, and presented and sworn to by him as evidence in this case? A. I have. Q. Will you produce the chart thus prepared and make it a part of your testimony? A. The caption of this chart is “Chart prepared by W. P. Mason based on Professor Jordan’s Coli Determinations for 1901, ’’ and is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6933 ty iI296 CHART FREFARED EY” W. F. MASON.— BASED ON FROF JORDAN'S COL DETERMINATION FOR 19CI. 6934 - The State of Missouri vs. 11297 Q. Will you state upon what facts this chart is made and the sources from whence you secured your informa- tion? * A. This chart is prepared from the numerical data con- tained in Professor Jordan’s testimony, in this case, which I have read, and represents in graphic form the number of times that the bacillus coli communis was found at Pekin, Averyville and Grafton on the Illinois River; Bellefontaine, Missouri River, St. Louis Intake; Missouri shore, chain of rocks; mid stream, chain of rocks and Illinois shore chain of rocks, when operating upon volumes of water varying from .001 of a ce. to 1 cc., the results being stated as representing the per cent of findings of the germ, based upon the number of times the germ was sought for. MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike out this table as read in evidence and as explained by this witness for the reason that the bacteriological data of Professor Jordan upon which it was prepared discloses a variable number of samples of water being examined at the respective places for the purpose of making these coli determinations and the variableness of such examina- tions are such as render the results obtained at the respective places, taking into consideration also the quantity of 11298 water examined per ce. as to render the results incom- parable, and therefore no safe or reliable conclusion can be drawn from the chart so introduced by this witness from the bacteriological data of Professor Jordan. Q. What Sanitary significance do you attach to the pres- ence of coli bacillus in water? A. In as much as bacillus coli communis is a constant in- habitant of the human intestine it is a valuable indication of the presence in the water of discharges although it bears no evidence as to whether those discharges came from a healthy or diseased person. When we find the bacillus coli communis persistently present in small quantities of water we are always more suspicious of such water, the presumption being that if the bacillus coli communis is so constantly present other dis- ease germs may be associated with it. It is true that bacillus coli communis is pretty widely distributed and that it can be pretty generally found if enough water be examined, therefore The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6935 we consider it an important matter to have some notion as to the volume of water operated upon in order to obtain from such information an idea of the number of germs in ques- 11299 tion present in the water. For that reason it is cus- tomary to sow different amounts of the water under ex- amination, .001, .01, .1 of a ce., 1 cc. or even more, although 1 cc. is the amount that is usually made use of. Q. Professor, directing your attention to the chart, based upon the coli determinations of Professor Jordan, what sanitary significance do you attach to that chart as to the comparative pollutions of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers? A. From an examination of this chart I observe that the bacillus coli communis is more frequently found in the waters of the Mississippi River at Grafton, the Illinois at Averyville, the Missouri at Bellefontaine and the Mississippi at the St. Louis intake and the Illinois at Pekin than it is in the Illinois at Grafton, operating upon 1 cc. of water. Operating upon the same quantity of water I observe that the Mississippi River at the chain of rocks contains the bacillus coli communis most fre- Quently upon the Missouri shore, next in frequency at the in- take tower, next in frequency in mid stream and least in fre- Quency on the Illinois shore. - Judging from the bacillus coli communis contents of the 11300 several waters, operating upon 1 cc. as stated, the rela- tive purity of the waters in question would stand, first in purity, Illinois River at Grafton. (2) Mississippi River at Graf- ton. (3) Illinois River at Averyville. (4) Missouri River at Bellefontaine. (5) Mississippi River water at the St. Louis in- take, and (6) the Illinois River at Pekin. Basing upon the same data from the several waters taken at the chain of rocks, the relative degrees of purity would stand, most pure water from the Illinois shore, next in purity from the mid stream, next in purity from the intake tower and least in purity from the Missouri shore. g Q. How does the Missouri river at Bellefontaine and th Mississippi River at Grafton and the Illinois River at Grafton compare as to purity or pollution? A. Basing my reply upon the bacillus coli communis con- tents they compare as follows: 6936 * The State of Missouri vs. The Illinois River at Grafton is the most pure. The Mississippi River at Grafton is next and the Mis- 11301 souri River at Bellefontaine is the least pure. - Q. What is the liability of pollution and infection of a river coming from the rural population? A. The source of pollution from a rural population would come from such sewers as it possessed, together with what sur- face washing might result from its barn yards and from any other source of pollution which there was of surface origin. Q. Do you know of any typhoid fever epidemics in which infection has come from the rural population? - A. Yes sir. It is very well known that Ithaca typhoid came from such source and Butler, Pennsylvania typhoid from Such a source as well. The best known cases are Plymouth and New Haven. The Plymouth and New Haven cases are exceed- ingly alike. \ Q. When considering questions concerning typhoid fever do you regard it as important to note the interval of time elaps- ing between infection of water supply and the drinking of the infected water? A. I regard that as very important. That is a topic upon which I have pretty strong opinions and which I have quite an amount of data. - Q. State fully the reasons for your answer? 11302 A. I have made an analysis of 205 British epidemics reported by Harte in a report entitled “Water Born Ty- phoid made to the Parliamentary Committee of the British Medi- cal Association.” A very full report is obtained in that report of Harte's not only of the deaths but of the character of the Water supply causing them and I have divided those 205 epi- demics into three portions; those that were produced by well water, those that were produced by stream and reservoir water and incidentally those that were produced by milk. Then I had left over some that I could not classify and I have left them out of the count. - In 33 epidemics due to stream and reservoir water I found that the death rate was 9.85 per cent of the cases. In 75 epidemics due to well water I found that the death rate was 11.83 per cent of the cases, and I found that in 20 epi- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6937 demics due to milk the death rate was 12.79 of the cases, show- ing that a well water epidemic was distinctly more serious in character than an epidemic caused by water which had carried the typhoid germ some distance from the point of infection to the point where the water was used for purposes of drinking. I made an examination of 357 cases of typhoid fever in a typhoid fever epidemic which I examined in Waterville 11303 and I was able there to follow the course more clearly of each case and to get the physician’s statement, whether the case was a severe one or a mild one. Some of these cases used the city water supply, which was from a contaminated stream. Some of the cases used well water supply and those Wells were contaminated. Some of those cases used both sources of water. I found that among the cases that used city water only 41.41 per cent were severe, it not being stated whether they were fatal or not, I rated a fatal case as a severe one naturally. w Among those cases not using city water I found that 61.29 per cent were severe, thus showing that the typhoid fever pro- duced by city water was a milder type, and my explanation of that is that the typhoid germ having to struggle for existence in a river under adverse circumstances, when it arrives at the point where the water is drunk it is not capable of producing so much poisonous material, or in other words not capable of pro- ducing so severe a case of fever if it produced one at all. In the opinion of Mr. George C. Whipple, who testified 11304 in this case, which opinion was given on the witness Stand in the case of the Maine Water Company against the city of Waterville. (I was on that case and heard him testify.) He made use of the expression ‘‘immediate pollution is very much more dangerous than remote pollution” a view which is entirely in accórd with my own views. Q. Professor, assume that on April 1, 1895, the total num- ber of wells in the city of St. Louis was 4846 and assume that pursuant to an order of the Board of Health of St. Louis, direct- ing the examination of these wells that the city chemist, after an examination of 59 of these wells condemned them as being unsanitary, and assume further that in August, 1895, upon the report of the city chemist condemning 7 more of these wells the 6938 The State of Missouri vs. board of health of the city of St. Louis passed a resolution to the effect that the city chemist should make no further exam- ination of the wells in question and since 1895 none of these wells has been condemned, what effect would this number of wells in the city of St. Louis have, in your opinion, upon the typhoid conditions existing in the said city, assuming that the water of these wells was used by the inhabitants for drinking and domestic purposes? 11305 MR. JEFFRIES: I move to strike the question out for the reason that the assumptions are not supported by the evidence in the cause. A. Taking all the assumptions stated in the question I be- lieve that the water of those wells was responsible for a portion of the typhoid fever in St. Louis, because I am a believer in greater danger coming from a polluted well water than from the water of a polluted stream. - Q. What are your reasons for entertaining that belief? A. My reasons are based upon data such as that which I gave in answer to a previous question, showing that the death rate of well water epidemics was greater than that of stream epidemics, and showing that the intensity of fever from well Water epidemics was greater than from stream epidemics. Such data as I have given I could increase by statistics from Philadelphia, should it be necessary, but the number I have given is already sufficiently large to give accentuation to my opinion. Q. If the typhoid conditions in part in the city of St. Louis during the last ten years are attributable in part to the 11306 drinking water, and assume that there is typhoid fever existing upon the water shed of the Missouri River water and the Mississippi River water above Grafton, nearer in point of time of flow than the city of Chicago, to what infection would you attribute such proportion of the typhoid in the city of St. Louis as would properly be attributable to its water supply to points having typhoid fever conditions nearer or remote from the St. Louis intake? A. My opinion is that given points nearer and remote from the St. Louis intake, said points being located upon a water Course flowing thereto, and said points all possessing typhoid in The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6939 their sewer discharges, I would attribute the danger of typhoid fever in St. Louis greater from the nearer points than from those more remote. Q. Does a sanitary expert call to his attention or assistance all information available from chemical and bacterial sources as well as knowledge of sources of pollution in passing judgment on the sanitary character of a river? A. A sanitary expert brings to his assistance knowledge of every possible sort that he may possess, bacteriological, chemi- cal and otherwise. - 11307 Q. As a sanitary expert, availing yourself of all chemi- cal and bacterial knowledge which is available to you, What is your opinion as to whether a typhoºd bacillus lying in the sediment of a polluted stream for a period in excess of sixty days would be able to cause typhoid fever when taken into the human system after it had remained in such sediment for that length of time? A. I do not think it would produce typhoid fever. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert as to whether typhoid fever germs coming from the sewage of Chicago through the drainage canal, deposited on the bottom of the Desplaines. and Illinois Rivers, between Chicago and Peoria, can remain there for a period of from thirty to sixty days and yet retain their dangerous qualities as well as their pathogenesis? A. I do not think that they would be able to retain their dangerous qualities after such a discharge in the bottom of the river. - Q. From your personal knowledge of the Illinois River and your knowledge as a sanitary expert, together with all chemi- cal and bacterial knowledge derived from every source, what is your opinion as to whether the sewage from the city of Chi- cago, passing through the drainage canal into the Illinois 11308 River at different seasons of the year and at different - stages of water in the Illinois River would be a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the citizens of the city of St. Louis using the water of the Mississippi? A. I do not think that it would be a danger and a menace to those people using the water in question. 6940 The State of Missouri vs. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert, based upon your examinations of the tables of analysis introduced in evi- dence by Professors Palmer, Burrill, Gehrmann and Jordan of the waters of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers as represented by such tables which you have examined and are reported in Streams Examinations as to which one of these three rivers from this analysis disclosed the least amount of impurity or pollution? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. From the data which you have referred to, my opinion is that of the three rivers named the Illinois represents the least impurity although I do not consider that there is any consider- able difference between the three, what little difference there is being in favor of the Illinois. I moreover, refer you to the chart which I have in evidence which shows the same result 11309 based upon the colon determination. Q. If the Illinois River discloses from such data as aforesaid the least amount of impurities, what would be the effect of the waters of the Illinois River emptying into the Mis- sissippi River at Grafton and subsequently uniting with the Missouri River at its mouth upon the combined waters of the Mississippi River at the intake tower at the chain of rocks. A. The emptying of the Illinois River into the Mississippi River makes no material change in the character of the com- bined waters. What little change there is is an improvement, but as I have already said the three waters are not widely apart. They are all about the same, any difference being in favor of the Illinois. Q. Does the mixing of the Illinois with the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers as indicated in the foregoing question create any added danger to the already polluted and contaminated Waters of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers below Grafton? A. It does not. * - Q. As a sanitary expert do you consider the sewage of Chicago entering the drainage canal and the Illinois River which in turn empties into the Mississippi River a menace 11310 and a danger to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the citizens of the city of St. Louis taking their water Supply from the Mississippi River? - - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6941 A. It is not a menace and a danger to the people in ques- tion. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary expert as to whether the germs of typhoid fever could lie in the sediment of the drain- age canal or upon the bottom of the Illinois River for a period of from one to three years? A. I do not think they could and retain their vitality. Q. Do you know of any instance on record or reference in the literature upon the subject of bacteriology where a typhoid bacillus has lived for a period of from one to three years? A. I do not. - Q. What is your opinion as to whether a typhoid bacillus deposited on the bottom of the Illinois River could remain there for a period upwards of five years and then stirred up by the action of the waves, the winds, steamboats or by any other means, could continue its journey to St. Louis in a virulent state and be a menace and danger to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the citizens of St. Louis using the water of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic purposes? A. My opinion is that such a typhoid bacillus could not live for such a period of time and be stirred up as stated, giv- 11311 ing the results as stated. Q. Will you state as a sanitary expert, basing your opin- ion upon all the information you possess in this case whether the water supply of St. Louis, taken from the intake tower at the chain of rocks, is contaminated by the sewage of Chicago entering the drainage canal and from thence into the Illinois River ? A. My opinion is that it is not contaminated that way. Q. What effect does an increased volume of water in the Illinois River have upon the low lands lying along the banks of the Illinois River? A. An increase in the volume of water in the Illinois River floods those low lands. I saw it. Q. If the increased water at flood tide from the tributaries of the Illinois River as well as the Illinois River itself, exclusive of the waters of the drainage canal, causing a large area of land to be overflowed along the Illinois River Valley, what 6942 The State of Missouri vs. effect does this overflow have upon sedimentation of the sewage entering the Illinois River through the drainage canal? A. It increases the opportunity for sedimentation by over flowng those low lands, the principle being entirely simi- 11312 lar to the one which I illustrated in my morning testi- mony. - Q. Would sedimentation be greater if the volume of water was greater, thereby causing a greater area of territory to be overflowed in the Illinois Valley? * A. It certainly would, for the more acreage that is over flowed by such water the greater number of particles will have a short distance to drop before reaching their final resting place on the soil. * Q. Assume that the five dams which you have described exist in the Illinois River, backing the water up stream for a considerable distance, also there is a lake below Joliet known as Lake Joliet, a lake above Peoria known as Lake Peoria, and many small lakes lying along the Illinois River, receiving water supply from the Illinois River, what effect would these dams and lakes have as sedimentation basins and also what effect would they have in the elimination of the sewage coming from Chicago by way of the drainage canal and the Illinois River? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to for the reason first that the State of Missouri has no assurance that those dams will be con- 11313 tinued even though they be of any benefit in the way of bringing about the process of sedimentation, and for the further reason that the evidence in this case, taken on behalf of respondents. shows that there is a continuous direct channel from one end of the river to the other during all periods and times of the year since the opening of the drainage canal. Mr. Todd: I deny the latter part of counsel’s objection, unless he means to include the locks as a part of the channel. Mr. Jeffries: I am relying upon the evidence of respondent’s witnesses taken on the river trip. A. All of those dams and lakes would have an effect in increasing the opportunity for sedimentation, and such increased Sedimentation would have a beneficial effect in the elimination and purification of polluted and infected waters coming into the Illinois River from Chicago, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6943 Q. Assume that those dams should be remeved at a time when the maximum volume of water was passing through the drainage canal of 800,000 cubic feet per minute, what effect would the removal of those dams have? A. To the extent the sedimentation of objectionable ma- terial would be interfered with, but as I stated this morn- 11314 ing in my testimony I do not think the beneficial effect of the dams amounts to very much and their removal although it would diminish the purifying power of the stream through sedimentation, such diminution would not be great. Q. Do you know of any case where dams have improved typhoid rates in cities? A. Yes sir, there is a recent instance of that in Pittsburg. Pittsburg receives two supplies, one from the Monongahela and the other from the Alleghany. The Monongahela supply is purer water than the Alleghany, and that portion of the city sup- plied with Monongahela water has a lower typhoid rate than the other. The difference between the two rivers lies in the fact that the Monongahela possesses dams and the Alleghany none, hence the improvement in the typhoid conditions is to be credited to those dams and their opportunities for sedimenta- tion. Q. Will you state as an expert sanitarian and from all sources of knowledge that you possess whether the water of the Mississippi River at the chain of rocks was prior to January 1900, a safe and potable drinking water, fit for domestic and drinking purposes in its raw state, after passing through 11315 the settling basins? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. My reply is that it was not. Q. Was the Missouri River water a safe water for drink- ing and domestic purposes prior to the opening of the drainage canal in January, 1900, in your opinion? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. In my opinion it was not. Q. Was the Illinois River water a safe water for drinking and domestic purposes prior to the opening of the drainage canal in January, 1900, at Grafton? - . A. It was not. 6944 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Has the sanitary condition of the water of the Illinois River at Grafton been improved or damaged by the opening of the drainage canal? - A. In my opinion it has been improved. Q. Since the opening of the drainage canal are the waters of the Illinois River at Grafton less sanitary than the waters of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers? A. They are not. They are rather better than those other rivers, although as I have said twice before there is very 11316 little difference between them. Q. What effect does the sewage discharged from the drainage canal have upon the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri River waters, at the chain of rocks? A. It has no appreciable effect. Q. Is the water of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers in your opinion, as a sanitary expert, exclusive of the waters of the Illinois, a safe and suitable water for drinking and domestic purposes, to be used by the citizens of St. Louis in its raw state or treated as now by the city of St. Louis by settling basins? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as immaterial. A. In my opinion the water of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, exclusive of the waters of the Illinois, is not a safe and suitable water for use by the citizens of St. Louis in its raw state. Q. State your opinion as an expert on water supply for cities and towns as to whether or not the waters of the Mis- sissippi River west of the center of the main channel of said river, below the mouth of the Illinois River, and down to the intake tower of the St. Louis water works at the chain of 11317 rocks is less valuable for drinking purposes and more liable to carry water born diseases such as typhoid fever now than it was before the sewage from the sanitary district of Chicago was run into it, from the drainage canal, and through it into the Illinois River? A. In my opinion it is not less valuable for those purposes. Q. State whether or not an increase in the speed of the current of the Illinois River by reason of the added volume of Water of the drainage canal would affect the amount of sedi- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6945 mentation that might otherwise occur in the Illinois River and if it does affect it, how and in what manner? A. Under those circumstances as stated, the volume of water in the Illinois River would be increased, thereby causing the river to overflow its banks and submerge the adjacent ter- ritory giving the same opportunity for increased sedimenta- tion as under the conditions already testified to. Q. What effect if any would the increase in the speed of the current in the Illinois River have upon the time within which Sewage from Joliet, Peoria and other towns from the Illinois River have if emptied into the waters of the Mississippi 11318 River, if the same are so removed as compared with the conditions which existed at the time it might have taken before the added volume of water from the drainage canal was poured into the waters of the Illinois? A. So far as particles which were in the main channel were concerned they would doubtless be carried down stream more rapidly; so far as particles which might be contained in the Waters which over flowed the low lands were concerned they would not go down so rapidly and there would be a deprecia- tion in the velocity of the current, and there would be an oppor- tunity for sedimentation. Q. If an increased volume of water in the Illinois by the addition of the water of the drainage canal would make an in- creased speed in the current of the Tllinois River would that increase in said current have any effect in increasing or diminish- ing the typhoid and liability to typhoid and other water borne diseases on the part of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri using the water of the Mississippi River for drinking purposes below the mouth of the Illinois River? 11319 A. That increase in volume would cause an overflow of the banks and consequently there would be a deprecia- tion in the velocity of the current because of that overflow and that portion of the water which was in the overflow would have low velocity and be given a better opportunity for sedimenta- tion. Some portions of the main channel of the river might or might not have an increased flow in the unit of time, depend- ing very largely upon the amount of water which went over the A—435. 6946 The State of Missouri vs. sides of the river. If the banks were very low as they are in many places, and consequently the river section greatly widened, there would be no material increase in velocity. There might be a decrease. That would have no material influence what- ever on the people of the State of Missouri. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the question: “What do you say as to the longevity of the germ of typhoid fever as: a general proposition in connection with sewage polluted water?” stated among other things: “My belief is that in a sew- age polluted stream the typhoid germ might live in gradually diminishing numbers for weeks or months or even years.” What is your opinion as to the correctness of that belief, based upon your knowledge as a sanitarian? 11320 A. I do not believe that the typhoid germ would live - for such period under those conditions. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the following ques- tion: “Assuming that the germs of typhoid fever coming from the sewers of Chicago and passing by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria be in large numbers deposited in the bed of Lake Peoria for the period of a month, say, do you consider that typhoid germs would be entirely destroyed at the end of that time in that deposit?” answered “No sir.” What do you say as to the assumption that typhoid germs could pass from the sewers of Chicago, by way of the drainage canal to Lake Peoria, and be deposited there in the bed of Lake Peoria for the period of a month, and as to whether or not typhoid germs coming from the drainage canal, under conditions as they exist today, would live for the period of a month and not be destroyed before the end of that period? A. I do not believe that they would live for that period of time under those conditions and I base my opinion very largely upon experiments similar to what I described this morn- ing, the tank experiment which was made by the Massachussets Board of Health, and moreover it is to be remembered 11321 that the burden of proof should be on the part of those who make the statement that the germs will so live. & Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the question, “As: Suming that typhoid fever germs coming from Chicago sewers 'are deposited in large numbers in the lake and slack water por- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6947 tions of the Illinois River above Peoria, do you or do you not consider that flood conditions such as would scour the deposits from the beds of the streams would cause the water leaving Lake Peoria to contain at times more infectious and dangerous pollution than is at present in the diluted sewage entering at the Bear Trap dam at the foot of the drainage canal?” stated “I think at times it might.” What is your opinion, taking into consideration all that you know about the conditions of the drainage canal the Desplaines River and the Illinois River, as a sanitary expert and epidemiologist as to whether such a con- dition at times might exist? A. I do not believe that such a condition might at times exist. I do not believe that there would be any accumulations of germs taking place gradually, said accumulations after- 11322 wards being washed out by flood, and causing wide spread disease in the sections below, and I do not so believe be- cause I observe that we do not have epidemics following floods of that kind. For instance we do not have Spring epidemics of typhoid with us on the Hudson or in the Hudson Valley, al- though our floods are commonly Spring floods. We have high water resulting from the melting of the northern snows with a great amount of scour following. If the statements above re- ferred to were true there would be deposits of typhoid germs that would gradually accumulate and such deposits would be washed out by these heavy floods and as a result we should have typhod below in the spring time. We do not seem to have epidemics coming in that order. I can easily understand how you will have typhoid epidemics from the scour such as you have in the Tees river, but that Scour is quite different. There you have great deposits of fecal matter in privies and the like in heaps upon the shore, and the high water washes them off from the shore in great masses and the conditions below result in typhoid fever. Such is not a case that is at all comparable with gradual accumulation 11323 of river mud, for we know that typhoid will exist for long periods of time in fecal deposits. Q. What is your opinion based upon all the knowledge which you have of the conditions at Lake Peoria, as a sanitary expert as to whether at any time under any condition the num- 6948 The State of Missouri vs. ber of typhoid bacilli at that point is even as great as they are at the Bear Trap Dam at the end of the drainage canal? . A. I do not believe they are ever as great as they are at the Bear Trap Dam. Q. Do you know of any evidence based upon any investi- gations made by yourself or by any one else that justifies the conclusion that at any time under any conditions there are larger number of typhoid fever germs at Lake Peoria than at the Bear Trap Dam? A. I do not. Q. Do you know of any evidence scientifically secured or otherwise that shows that accumulations of typhoid germs are found in lakes or slack water basins of rivers and remain there in storage in vast numbers for any considerable period of time in a virulent state and are suddenly flushed out by freshets so that great numbers of typhoid fever germs are present flowing in a stream a considerable distance from the source of 11324 pollution in greater quantities than exist at the source of pollution? A. I do not believe that, and for the reasons that I have already stated with reference to the Spring epidemics. Q. Are you acquainted - ; ; ; ; ; a Detroit epidemic? A. To the extent that I have had information appertain- ing thereto given me by Professor Williams who has testified in this case. He gave it to me at the time that he was collecting it. I talked the matter over with him and it seemed to me that there might be some doubt with reference to the connection be- tween typhoid fever in Detroit and the dredging of the Black river. * Q. Now, assuming that the only pollution of the river was that contributed to it by the Chicago Drainage canal, and hav- ing in mind a large amount of typhoid fever existing in said district, do you or do you not consider the effects of the time interval dilution and sedimentation occurring between Chicago and Grafton would be such as to render the water as it enters the Mississippi River at all times free from the liability of pro- ducing water born diseases to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri who use the water for domestic and drinking purposes? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6949 A. I think the water described would not be liable to 11325 produce typhoid fever among those using it. Q. Assuming that no other pollution or infection enters the river save that which it received from the sanitary district of Chicago, from your knowledge as a chemist and sanitary ex- pert, have you had any experience or knowledge that would lead you to believe that the water of the Illinois River at Grafton is infected with the sewage from Chicago, and if said water enters the Mississippi River, becoming mixed with the latter, would it be a menace to the health of the inhabitants on the Missouri shore of the Mississippi Ricer, using the water for domestic and drinking purposes at points below on the Missouri shore? A. I have no knowledge of the presence of infected Chi- cago sewage in the Illinois River at Grafton and I believe that the use of the water of the Mississippi at the chain of rocks, be- cause of the admixture of water from the Illinois River, would not be a menace to the health of the inhabitants of St. Louis. Q. Is there anything, based upon your knowledge as a chemist and sanitary expert which you know that would lead you to believe that the water coming from the Illinois River at Grafton was infected from the sewage of Chicago, and assuming that the water from the Illinois River, mixed with the 11326 waters of the Mississippi River at Grafton and subse- quently mixed with the waters of the Missouri River at its mouth, do you consider the water of the Illinois River thus comingled with the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers a menace to the health of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, living upon the Mississippi River using the Mis- sissippi River water for drinking purposes at points below on the Missouri shore? A. I do not consider that the waters of the Illinois River under the conditions obtaining, comingled with the waters of the Mississippi River are a menace to the inhabitants of the State of Missouri living upon the Mississippi River and using the Mississippi River water for drinking purposes at points on the Missouri shore. - Q. Now, assume that the only pollution upon the water shed of the Mississippi and its tributaries above the intake of the St. Louis water works was that derived from the sanitary 6950 The State of Missouri vs. district of Chicago, and having in mind a large amount of ty- phoid fever in Chicago, do you or do you not believe that dangerous infection and dangerous pollution might under exist- ing conditions find its way into the water supply of the city of St. Louis? - - - A. I do not. - - 11327 Q. Assuming that there was no typhoid fever pollution upon the water shed of the Mississippi and its tributaries, above the intake of the St. Louis water works, other than that derived from the sanitary district of Chicago, do you or do you not believe that typhoid fever germs from said district are liable to find their way into the water supply of the city of St. Louis through the intake at the chain of rocks, and become a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of the city of St. Louis? A. I believe that they are not liable to find their way into the water through the intake tower at the chain of rocks and become a danger and a menace to the inhabitants of the city of St. Louis. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to the question just pro- pounded to you stated: “I believe they are liable to find their way into the intake” and when asked why, answered: “For the reason that typhoid fever having been frequently very abundant in the city of Chicago, I must start with the assumption that a very large number of typhoid germs find their way into the sew- age of the city, pass through the sewers and on into the drain- age canal, and, subject to local conditions, may, in 11328 diminishing numbers, pass out of the Illinois River, mingle with the waters of the Mississippi River, pass over to the other side and find their way into the intake at the chain of rocks.” Now, Professor, I want to ask you do you know of any evidence, based upon any analysis, experiments or other- wise that justifies the assumption that typhoid fever germs will pass through the sewers and on into the drainage canal and sub- ject to local conditions may, in diminishing numbers, pass out of the Illinois River, mingle with the waters of the Mississippi River and pass over to the other side and find their way into the intake at the chain of rocks of the St. Louis water supply? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to for the reason it is leading, sug- gestive, incompetent and irrelevant. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 695 A. I do not know of any analysis or experiments that justify such assumption, but on the contrary I am of the opinion that the charts which I have offered in evidence show that there is no connection between typhoid fever in the city of St. Louis and the city of Chicago, and were it liable that typhoid germs should pass into the water at the intake I should expect that the curves of typhoid fever in St. Louis and in Chicago 11329 would show paralellism whereas they show quite the re- V6I’Se. - Q. Assuming that an epidemic of Asiatic cholera should occur in the city of Chicago is it possible that the germs of that disease might find their way into the intake tower at the St. Louis water works at the chain of rocks, from the city of Chi- cago? r t A. Germs of Asiatic cholera would be less liable to find their way into the St. Louis water works than germs of typhoid fever for the reason that Asiatic cholera germs are less hardy than germs of typhoid fever. * - Q. Now, Professor, considering your personal kuowledge as an expert on sanitary subjects and of typhoid conditions in the sanitary district of Chicago and existing conditions in said district as to sewers and outfalls there and of the amount of sew- age under all the existing conditions of the Desplaines, Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, and all conditions existing upon the water sheds of said streams and the tributaries thereof, and all existing conditions as to the water supply of the City of St. Louis, and the general sanitary conditions existing in the city of St. Louis, would you or not beyond a reasonable doubt at- tribute the principal portion of the increase of typhoid 11330 fever in the city of St. Louis, assuming there has been an increase in St. Louis since the opening of the drainage canal, to the infected sewage of the sanitary district of Chi- cago? - A. On the contrary I would attribute any increase in ty- phoid fever which might have taken place in St. Louis to in- fection from nearer points because of what I have already testi- fied to as my belief that the nearer the point of infection the greater the danger, and because, further, that the charts which I have offered in evidence shows that there is no relation be- 6952 The State of Missouri vs. tween the typhoid fever in Chicago and typhoid fever in St. Louis. Q. Professor, do you consider that the Illinois River Water, containing the mixed sewage and canal water from the Chicago sanitary district, since the opening of the drainage canal, has rendered less safe and wholesome now than before the opening of the canal for drinking purposes on the part of the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, the waters of the Mississippi River below the mouth of the Illinois River? A. I do not. Q. Now, Professor, I will get you to state whether or not in your opinion the liability to typhoid fever or other 11331 water born diseases on the part of the inhabitants of Mis- souri using the Mississippi River water for drinking pur- poses below the mouth of the Illinois River, by reason of the sewage from the drainage canal affecting the waters of the Illinois River is constant, immediate and continuous under all existing conditions upon the Mississippi, the Desplaines, the Illi- nois and the Missouri Rivers, and the tributaries of said streams, because of the conditions in the water sheds of the said rivers and the tributaries thereof and the drainage canal and the sani- tary district of Chicago? g - A. Assuming that the question means that the opening of the drainage canal constitutes a constant, immediate and con- tinuous danger under all existing conditions to the inhabitants of St. Louis on the Missouri shore, I shall repeat that in my opinion it does not. Q. Professor Sedgwick, in answer to a question, among other things, answered: “The mere presence of pollution, I mean by that uninfected sewage, that is supposing Chicago re- duced her death rate from typhoid fever, and would still put her sewage down there, that sewage as affecting the lon- 11332 gevity or growth of germs that get in from Peoria or elsewhere would be an added menace to cities with water supply, even if she did not send typhoid fever germs down, Sending the filth alone is serious.” I will ask you what is your Opinion, based upon your experience as a chemist and sani- tarian whether the sewage from Chicago favors the longevity The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6953 ... or growth of germs from Peoria or anywhere else, emptying their sewage into the Illinois River? Mr. Jeffries: Objected to as incompetent, leading and sug- gestive. A. In reply will state that in my opinion the addition of Chicago sewage as in the question, does not favor growth of the typhoid bacilli introduced at Peoria. Q. Does the presence of sewage in water add to the longevity and growth of pathogenic bacteria in your opinion? A. In my opinion it does not. Q. Do you or not consider that the Illinois River water, polluted and infected by the sewage from Chicago sanitary dis- trict, since the opening of the drainage canal, has rendered less safe the water supply of the city of St. Louis as drawn at the intake tower at the chain of rocks, and upon what do you base your opinion? A. It has not rendered it less safe. 11333 I base my opinion upon the fact that the Illinois River at Grafton furnishes water which is in quality better than it was before the opening of the canal, and better or at least as good as the water of the Mississippi into which it flows. Q. Assuming that the Chicago sewage from 1,500,000 people living in the sanitary district of Chicago, should be discharged into the Chicago drainage canal and carried through the canal into the Desplaines River and thence into the Illinois River, Chicago being situated 357 miles from the St. Louis intake, and assume that a typhoid epidemic of extraordinary proportions should become prevalent among the residents of the sanitary district at a time when the sewage from said district is being discharged into the canal, what immediate and impending danger would exist and what effect would it have on the people of St. Louis and those people living on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River below Grafton who use the water of the Mis- sissippi River for drinking purposes? - A. It would have no appreciable effect upon them. Q. Now, Professor, assuming the same conditions as in the last question you have been answering, and assume that instead of an extraordinary typhoid fever epidemic in the Sanitary dis- 6954 The State of Missouri vs. trict, a cholera epidemic should prevail in the Sanitary 11334 district would the danger be impending and immediate to the people of Missouri below Grafton who use the waters of the Mississippi River for drinking purposes, as far down as the chain of rocks? A. It would not for the simple reason that the cholera bacil- lus is less hardy than the typhoid bacillus and what is true with reference to the typhoid dying out is certainly more true with reference to the spirillum of Asiatic cholera. Q. Taking into consideration all the knowledge which you possess in regard to the bacterial, chemical and physical condi- tions of the waters of the Illinois River and its tributaries and the river itself and the different towns sewering into the Illi- nois River and its tributaries, the population upon the water shed of the Illinois River, both rural and urban, the discharge of the river under all conditions and during all seasons, what is your opinion as to the effect of flowing the sewage from Chicago through the drainage canal into the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers, upon the inhabitants of the State of Missouri, using the waters of the Mississippi River for drinking and domestic pur- poses? 11335 A. It has no materal effect upon the health of the people using the water mentioned for drinking and domestic purposes. - Q. Assuming all the facts in the foregoing hypothetical question, and taking into consideration all the typhoid statistics as they obtain along the water sheds of the Missouri, Missis- sippi and Illinois Rivers, in the city of Chicago and in the city of St. Louis, and assuming that there is an increase in typhoid fever cases in the city of St. Louis, since January, 1900, as evi- denced by the mortality statistics in St. Louis, as disclosed by the Board of Health reports of the city of St. Louis, and taking into consideration all the chemical, bacterial and other knowl- edge which you possess, what is your opinion as a sanitarian as to whether the increase in typhoid fever as above indicated, assuming that there has been an increase in the city of St. Louis since the opening of the drainage canal can be attributed to the opening of the drainage canal as the direct, immediate The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6955 and approximate cause of said increase beyond all reasonable doubt * A. I believe that the increase of typhoid fever, if there is an increase of typhoid fever in St. Louis is not due to the open- ing of the drainage canal. - - 11336 Q. If the typhoid conditions of the city of St. Louis, since 1900, can not be attributed to the sewage from Chicago, beyond a reasonable doubt, will you please state to what cause it should be attributed, and give your reasons for such an opinion? A. It should be attributed either to an entirely local cause such as that of well water or milk supply or else to a river carry- ing infection from points nearer at hand, and the reason that I feel that the points nearer at hand should be held more re- Sponsible than those more remote is because of what I have already testified to, namely that the time interval between the point of infection and the point where the water is used is very important. Adjourned until 10:00 A. M., March 7, 1904. 11337 10.00 a. m., Monday, March 7, 1904. Continuation pur- Suant to adjournment. - Present, the Commissioner, and same counsel representing respective parties. PEROF. W. P. MASON resumed the stand for further direct examination, by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: - Q. Professor, have you had any experience in filter plants and in installation of filter systems for waters in rivers of this country? - A. Yes, sir, I have recommended a good many. Q. From your knowledge of conditions that obtain at St. Louis do you regard the water at St. Louis as a safe drinking water as it is at present treated with settling basins? MR. JEFFRIES: Objected to as immaterial. A. I do not. - Q. How should that water be treated in order to become a safe Sanitary drinking water? 6956 - The State of Missouri vs. A. Sedimentation should be supplemented by filtration. 11338 In this opinion of mine I entirely concur with what has been stated by Messrs. Hazen and Fuller in a report On the water supply for the City of St. Louis, dated 1902, in which Mr. Hazen says, after describing the method of filtration which he proposes, on page 77, “I believe that the hygienic character of the purified water will be entirely satisfactory.” And on the same page: “I believe that the raw Water, although polluted far beyond the point where it should be used . in its raw state is very much less polluted than many or most of the river waters used by American cities. Purification will remove a very large percentage of the bacteria and the ele- ments of danger in the raw water. So far as there is danger to health in the present water it will be reduced by filtration to an almost inappreciable amount.” s * Mr. George W. Fuller, in commenting upon Mr. Hazen's statements in this report says, on page 81 of the same report: “With regard to this method of purification for the St. Louis water supply, it is my judgment that it will yield a water of satisfactory appearance and hygienic quality with proper Con- struction and operation of the works and that it 11339 is the best and most applicable method for the conditions existing at and near the chain of rocks.’’ Q. When was that report gotten out? MR. JEFFRHES: I move to strike out what the witness read for the reason that the same is incompetent. A. 1902. Q. Do you concur in the views expressed by Mr. Fuller and Mr. Hazen, as you have quoted them. A. I do. Q. In the installation of a plant for the filtration supply of the City of St. Louis, would the fact that sewage from Chicago entering the Chicago river and the Illinois river, thereafter com- mingled with the waters of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers Create any additional cost in the expense of the plant or in the operation of such a plant over conditions that would exist if the sewage of Chicago was eliminated? - A. My opinion is that the addition of Chicago sewage via the drainage canal to the system of the Illinois river would not add any additional expenses to the purification of the Missis- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6957 sippi water by filtration at the chain of rocks. The installation and operation of the plant would not be greater in point 11340 of expenses by the addition of the Chicago sewage as it now is added to the system of the Illinois river. Q. Have you any acquaintanceship with any rivers more polluted than the waters in the Mississippi at the chain of rocks that have been successfully treated by a process of filtration? A. Yes, sir. Q. What are they A. As an illustration I shall mention the Elbe river at Hamburg and the Hudson river below Troy, which latter Sup- plies both Rensselaer and Albany. Q. Any others? A. There are. I do not recall the analytical data just now. You would have to let me look over a number of them to answer your question. s CROSS-EXAMINATION, by Mr. Jeffries. Q. Professor, in the examination of water supply, what do you say as to the sanitary condition of water, the examination ranging daily for a period of one month, and these examinations being made at the rate of 24 per day, and in the examina- 11341 tion the germs of typhoid fever should be disclosed upon the plates three times, what would you say as to the Sanitary condition of that water? A. T should say that the water contained typhoid fever unquestionably. Q. Is it not a fact that the germ of typhoid fever is a very difficult thing to find in a water supply A. Yes, sir. Q. Is it not a very difficult matter to discover it in a com- position known to contain it? A. It often has been sought for in a water where it was known to be present and has not been found, Q. In the hypothetical question propounded to you by Mr. Todd in reference to the bacillus prodigiosus, and assuming that the germs of typhoid fever were contained in the waters of the Mississippi rivor ºf St. Louis, when those hacilli prodigi- usus were found during that series of experiments, 2 typhoid 6958 . - The State of Missouri vs. fever germs had been discovered, and that these discoveries represented a fair distribution of the germs in the waters of that river, what would you say as to the sanitary condition of that Water? 11342 A. I should say that if I understand your question right, assuming that your question is for me to draw a parallel between the presence of the prodigiosus and the pres- ence of the typhoid bacillus— - Q. Assuming that the typhoid was there. It assumes that. A. It assumes that? Q. Yes, sir? - A. T should say that there was typhoid found there to the extent that it was found. With reference to the death of the typhoid bacillus, its rate of death, I should have to have some notion as to the numbers that have died out between the points at which it was admitted and the point at which it was found. Q. But assuming, Professor, the actual presence of the typhoid fever germs in the water of the Mississippi river at St. Louis, and that the number of times that it was found in propor- tion to the number of examinations that were made represented the bacterial condition of the water of the Mississippi river with reference to this particular germ, at the chain of rocks, what Would you say as to the sanitary condition of that water? A. You do not wish me to include in my answer the 11343 number of samples from the laboratory tap? Q. No, sir, only such samples taken at the chain of rocks from the intake. . . A. Which was 720.. My opinion would be that a water sam- pled at the chain of rocks 720 times and the typhoid bacillus was found twice, that it would be a water certainly containing typhoid fever, as the facts show, but not to such an extent as to be prejudicial to a city supply, provided the supply were used after filtration. Q. If the examination discloses two typhoid fever germs in 700 analyses of a water, would that water be condemned by a Sanitarian as an infected water? A. It would not be condemned by me as a raw water for a city supply. Might T say when I make use of the expression ‘‘raw water” that before the water is actually given to the people it must be improved by artificial means and filtered, The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6959 Q. But it would be condemned for use in its raw condition? A. I would condemn that river in its raw condition. Q. Are sanitarians a unit upon the longevity of the typhoid bacilli? A. I should judge that they were not. 11344 Q. Upon what does the longevity of the typhoid fever germ depend? A. It depends upon the conditions under which the germ finds itself after leaving the human body. Q. And as contained in a running stream are not the con- ditions which control and regulate, to a large extent, the longevity of the typhoid germ continuously changing? A. In a general way, no. Very strictly speaking that is true, and it is because of the material which flows into a stream. which, being the drain of a country, takes all kinds of material added thereto, from pure spring water flowing in at its fountain head to polluted material which may flow from its banks. Q. Is not the life of the typhoid bacillus governed to some extent by local conditions, surroundings and by the effects of dilution, less and greater concentration, and by temperature and floods? - A. Inasmuch as all the conditions which you have named do occur in rivers, there would be variation of course in the longevity of typhoid germs, subject to variation in temperature and in the other items that you have enumerated in your ques- tion. Q. Assuming, Professor, the longevity of the typhoid 11345 germ to be from 1 to 30 days, with gradual diminishing numbers, and that such germs be deposited into running streams would not changes taking place from one end of the year to the other in that stream affect in a general way the longevity of the germ? - A. Under that assumption that the average longevity of a typhoid germ is somewhere between 1 and 30 days, there is no question but that there would be a variation in the longevity, although a small one, as the conditions under which it finds itself might vary. Q. Now, name some of the conditions which would bring about such variable results? 6960 The State of Missouri vs. A. If, for instance, a germ should find itself suddenly im- mersed in water containing large numbers of saprophytic or- ganisms which would produce conditions adverse to the life of that germ of course the period of longevity would be diminished. On the other hand, if the germ should find itself in a water of greater purity, particularly if the water approached the limit of sterility, the longevity of that germ would be increased. Q. Would the change in temperature of the water have 11346 any effect upon the germ? - A. Yes, sir. As the water fell in tempertaure the germ would be adversely influenced, especially near the point of freez- ing, and when frozen in the ice itself the tendency would be to gradually die from such exposure. Alternately freezing and thawing would be particularly adverse to its life. Q. Taking into consideration your knowledge of the waters of the Illinois river, and from your information upon the vari- ableness of the life of the typhoid germ in a running stream can you, as a sanitarian, designate any particular point in the Illinois river wherein the pathogenic bacteria coming from the sewers of Chicago will not reach during any portion or part of the year or on any day of the year? - A. My opinion is that in consideration of the facts regard- ing the Chicago sewage being dumped into the Illinois river, as at present, and the facts concerning the conditions of the Illinois river, that the germs of typhoid fever coming from Chicago Sewers would be destroyed en masse by the time the mouth of the Illinois was reached, although some resistant organisms might go beyond that point, such organisms, however, 11347 representing a small number and in my opinion low vitality. Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that the vitality of the typhoid Organisms as well as pathogenic bacteria depend largely upon their inherent faculties and qualities for their longevity, and that the longevity of these germs is variable on account of a dif- ference in the inherent qualities or faculties of the respective germs? A. My opinion is that the longevity of the typhoid germ depends in the first place upon its parentage, but in the second place it depends upon the conditions under which the germ is grown, and the conditions with which it finds itself surrounded. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6961 In the same way, an individual may come from a healthy par- entage and live in a healthful form, but, because of conditions surrounding that individual, his vitality may be greatly lowered. Just so with the typhoid germ, should it struggle, for instance, over periods of time it will lose, in my opinion, the vigor of its life, and be incapable of producing its normal amount of poison. My reason for this belief is as I have already shown in my direct testimony that there seems to be a great loss in poison- 11348 ing power of the germ when the period of time is length- ened between the point of infection of a water and the point of time when such water is drunk. - Q. Is it not a fact that the typhoid fever germs from some typhoid patients are possessed of greater vitality than the germs from other typhoid fever patients? A. That is true with reference to pathogenic germs in gen- eral, for the same reason that a crop of turnips grown upon a good soil would be better than one grown upon a poor. Q. These variations about which we have spoken and com- mented upon, render it impracticable and impossible for Scientists to definitely determine the longevity of the typhoid fever germ within certain limits, under variable circumstances and conditions in nature? - A. My opinion is that it is impossible to tell what shall be the longevity of specially resistant cells. Experimental data have shown that for the general mass the longevity is fairly well fixed, so that a good deal of knowledge has been obtained with reference to the average germ, although we are still in ignorance as to the longevity of specially resistant individuals. - Q. May it not be true that these specially resistant 11349 typhoid fever cells and the specially resistant cells of all pathogenic bacteria are in reality the ones which pro- duce disease? - - A. My opinion is that these specially resistant cells at their point of departure from the human body are fully as capable or even more fully capable of producing disease than the greater numbers of their less resistant brethren, with whom they start upon their journey, after leaving the body. Whether they ar- rive, after the interval that may be chosen for the period of in- vestigation, in a condition to produce disease, may be open to A—436. 6962 The State of Missouri vs. question, because the mere fact of their being resistant enough to arrive living, does not mean that they will have enough toxin producing powers left to form that serious poison which may cause disease. - Q. That, however, is a matter of speculation? A. That is a matter of speculation. Q. Professor, is it not a fact that in the examination of water supplies, sanitarians are more interested in making a de- termination of the actual or probable presence of pathogenic bacteria rather than the quantity or numbers of such bacteria? A. Whatever their interest may be their practice is not to look for them at all, for the simple reason that it does 11350 not pay. The negative results are so frequent that, tak- ing typhoid fever as an instance, water examiners have given up search for that gérm as a routine portion of their water examinations and have fallen back upon the determina- tion of the bacillus coli communis as an indication of bowel dis- charges without inquiry as to whether those bowel discharges came from bowels that were diseased or bowels that were in a normal degree of health. Q. But regardless of how the determinations may be made, the possible presence of the pathogenic bacteria is of more con- Cern to the sanitarian in passing judgment upon the Sanitary condition of water than the number of pathogenic bacteria that may be present, is it not? A. Were it possible to tell actually the number of patho- genic germs in a given water at a specified point, why of course it would be desirable to obtain a knowledge of that number, but it is not possible with any degree of accuracy to uniformly make a determination of the number of typhoid germs in a water at any particular point in routine work, and for that reason they fall back upon something that will be indicative of what 11351 has taken place in the water as the determination of the presence or absence and the approximate number of the bacillus coli communis. Q. Professor, do you know what was the condition of the Illinois river prior to the opening of the drainage canal? In other words, had you ever observed it personally before that time? A. Never. I made it but one visit. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6963 Q. The only personal observation that you ever made of that river was in 1903? A. September, 1903. Q. Professor, assume that a gallon of infected typhoid dejecta be deposited in the waters of Lake Michigan at a point free from sewage contamination, what would be the character of the bacteria that would first disappear from that water which was formerly contained in the composition just mentioned? A. How is it to be deposited in the water? A. Deposited in the lake at a point where it is free from any sewage contamination. In other words, take the pure lake Water, as near as you can? A. Under those circumstances the typhoid bacteria would disappear first. * a Q. What is your reason for giving that? 11352 A. Because they would be surrounded by myriads of bacteria, ordinary saprophytic bacteria and those bac- teria would set up conditions which would be prejudicial to the life of the typhoid germ. Even though it be deposited in the body of the lake, although the period of longevity I should ex- pect to be increased. Nevertheless the typhoid bacillus would disappear before the lake bacteria would disappear. Q. Would it disappear before the ordinary sewage sapro- phytes would disappear? A. Yes, sir, it would. * Q. Do you know anything about the longevity of the Ordi- nary saprophyte in sewage? A. I could not tell you. - Q. Does not the life of the ordinary saprophyte depend upon its environment also 2 A. It does. Q. Is it not a fact that as soon as the object or the purpose of the Saprophyte has been served and his usefulness exhasuted that he expires? A. That is his end. zºº. - Q. Now, then, whenever he becomes subject to an en- 11353 vironment that is of no service in the purification of that Water he has run his course? - A. Yes, sir, unless there be food for him he dies. 6964 The State of Missouri vs. Q. Do you know how soon he dies after food is removed from him? - A. I could not tell you; probably shortly. * Q. Is it not a fact that the life of the ordinary saprophyte in a composition undergoing purification is indeed very short, and that their decomposition is brought about by the increased numbers of saprophytes that each respective bacterium creates until their course has become exhausted? A. As a general statement that is true. Q. So that in that respect the life of the saprophyte in water differs from the life of the typhoid and other pathogenic bacteria in water? A. In that respect, yes, because the typhoid is merely a foreigner there who has no purpose to fulfill and he is not doing any work. * Q. What effect has dilution upon bacterial life in water? A. If you have a certain number of bacteria present, in water, and then should dilute the same you would dimin- 11354 ish the number of bacteria there because they would be further separated. I mean, when I say “diminish the number” that you would diminsh the number per gallon. Q. What effect would that dilution have upon bacterial longevity? A. I will have to be a little specific, perhaps. Take, for instance, the typhoid fever germ, the dilution would tend to make his longevity greater because it would diminsh the concen- tration of his adversaries. Q. Assume, Professor, that prior to the opening of the drainage canal, during a great portion of the year, the Illinois river was a stagnant or quiescent body of water, that if you would cast a chip or a chunk or a piece of board into the water, it would depend altogether upon the wind as to the direction that that board would travel; that there was a green scummy formation upon the water of that river; that since the opening of the drainage canal the volume and velocity had both been increased, and at no time during the year is the river without a Current, and at no time is it subjected to the green scummy for- mation. Is it not a fact that those conditions which existed prior to the opening of the canal were more conducive to the destruc- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6965 tion of pathogenic bacteria than conditions assumed in 11355 the question existing subsequent to the opening of the canal? - A. The conditions as stated in the question, of practically no current and a green scum before the opening of the canal and a decided current and no scum after the operting of the canal, those conditions being as stated, the two waters before and after the opening of the canal being equally infected, by supposition, the conditions obtaining before the opening of the canal would be more favorable to the destruction of typhoid bacilli than those obtaining after. Q. Assuming, Professor, that there were typhoid fever germs in the waters of the Illinois prior to the opening of the drainage canal, and that the same population resides upon the watershed of the Illinois river, since the opening of the canali as prior thereto, that practically the same number of typhoid cases which would produce typhoid fever germs and from thence be discharged into the Illinois river subsequent to the opening: of the canal that existed prior thereto, is it not a fact that the conditions assumed in the last preceding questión are such that: are conducive to the longer life of the typhoid bacilli thus dis-- charged into that river than they were prior to the opening of the drainage canal? - 11356 MR. TODD: I object to the question as assuming that the conditions of stagnation such as assumed in the previous hypothetical question and made a part of this were con- ditions that obtained at all times throughout the year upon the Illinois river prior to the opening of the drainage canal for the reason that the evidence in this case discloses a contrary con- dition to exist and the condition assumed exists only for a short . period of time. A. My opinion is that those conditions would, from a prac- . tical standpoint, increase the longevity of the typhoid germ, but I do not believe, and it is my opinion in fact, that such increase . would be not material from a practical standpoint. Q. Professor, assume that the dams in the Illinois river were removed, and that the river, so far as the overflowed ground . is concerned, was leveed practically from one end to the other, what effect would the removal of the dams and the leveeing of the land have upon the question of sedimentation as effecting: 6966 The State of Missouri vs. the removal of pathogenic bacteria from the waters of the Illi- nois river? a; MR. TODD: I object to the question for the reason it is not proper cross-examination and for the reason that 11357 the assumption that the river is to be leveed, or that it ever will be leveed is based upon no evidence that has been produced in the record so far as has been or will be produced by complainants and for the additional reason it is based upon an impossible, impracticable assumption that never has and never will exist upon the Illinois river, to-wit: that the river will be leveed from one end to the other, and therefore the ques- tion is not competent unless counsel is prepared to state that he will offer evidence that such a condition at some future time will be carried out. MR. JEFFRIES: In answer to counsel’s statement I Sug- gest that it is not necessary to prove what the intention of the people owning the overflowed land on the Illinois river is. It is a known fact of which the court will take judicial knowledge that levees are projected for the protection and preservation of Overflowed lands, along the river streams, and that in view of this public necessity appeals have been made to national and state legislative authority, coming from various parts of the United States, which appeals have not been disregarded and as population grows and increases in the Illinois river val- 11358 ley the presumption is that the work of leveeing low lands will be continued as they have been until practi- cally every foot of redeemable soil is preserved. - MR. TODD: I move to exclude the statement made by Counsel in his reply to my objection for the reason that there is no evidence in this record that justifies the statement which he has made and this case is being tried upon the records and not upon presumptions, either of law or of fact. Q. Question repeated. º - A. The removal of the dams and the leveeing of the river from one end to the other would interfere with sedimentation and its resulting purification by sedimenting bacteria of the pathogenic type. Q. What effect would it have upon the velocity of the stream? A. It would increase the velocity of the stream. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6967. MR. TODD: Objected to for the same reasons given. Q. Professor, in the tables introduced in evidence by Pro- fessor Jordan covering the bacterial count examination of the waters in the Illinois river at Grafton, from October 1, 1901, to December 24, 1901, and on the Mississippi at Grafton from Oc- tober 21, to December 24, 1901, the maximum bacterial 11359 count in the Illinois river at Grafton was 123,000, the minimum 210, the average bacterial count for the period in the Illinois river at Grafton 6900; in the Mississippi river during the same period the maximum bacterial count was 3700; the minimum 360, the average 1300. Taking into consideration your knowledge of the population upon the watersheds of the respective rivers, which would you consider from this bacterial exhibit the better for sanitary purposes? A. So far as the total count is concerned it shows the Illi- nois at Grafton to be inferior to the Mississippi at Grafton. Where those bacteria came from is of course important. Is it true that they represent ordinary soil bacteria washed into the Illinois river because of special conditions in the way of local rainfall, or don’t they? I don’t know. Right on the face of it, judging merely from the count as it stands, the Illinois is in- ferior to the Mississippi at those points. Q. Professor, upon examination of the tables 91 and 141, introduced in evidence by Professor Jordan, for the period No- vember 1 to December 24, 1899, as compared with the period from January 4 to March 7, 1900, the average temperature of the water in 1899 being 7 degrees centigrade and in 1900 8.3 degrees centigrade during that period of 1899 the aver- 11360 age bacterial count was 3190 during the period covered in 1900 the average bacterial count was 32,600. Assum- ing that these examinations were made from water taken from the same river at the same point, although at the two respective periods, what would you say as to the sanitary condition of that water judged from these bacterial counts, so far as the year 1899 being superior or inferior to that of 1900? A. I should not wish to compare those at all because my experience is that waters in the late fall and early winter are not comparable in the matter of counts with waters in the early spring. You would have a tremendous amount of Washing of * 6968 The State of Missouri vs. surface bacteria into the stream in a period of thaw, so I would not wish to compare those waters at all. Q. Professor, is it not a fact from the tables of analysis as shown in the book known as Streams Examinations, all of which have been introduced in evidence in this case, that since the opening of the drainage canal there has been a reduction of the constituent known as chlorine to a larger and greater ex- tent comparatively speaking than other chemical constituents of the water in the Illinois river at all points where examinations were made, thus showing the diluting effects of the water of the Lake Michigan passing through the drainage canal 11361 upon the chlorine and the effect of the preservation of other chemical constituents that might be contained in that water and is it not a fact that these data also show a preser- vation of the bacterial counts on the numbers of bacteria that are contained in the water? A. It is a fact that chlorine has been reduced all along the line by the opening of the canal, but it is also a fact that album- inoid and free ammonia have been reduced as well. Nitrates towards the end of the canal have been increased. I have made no estimate which would enable me to say whether or not the chlorine has been reduced in the same pro- portion that the other items have been reduced, such as ammonia, free and albuminoid. All that I can tell you is that they have been reduced, but their relative rates of reduction I can not tell you. Q. Professor, I show you a copy of table E, which is a copy of a table introduced in evidence by Professor Edwin O. Jordan, entitled “Streams Examination, Sanitary District of Chicago. Sanitary Water Analysis. Parts per million. Comparative averages 1899 and 1900.” 11362 Now, based upon your answer to the second preceding question, I will ask you if the chemical and bacterial data. disclosed by this table comparatively speaking, for the period from April to. December, 1899, and from January to April, 1900, On account of being at different times of the year are comparable with each other? - A. I think that they are not, and for the reason. I think so let me take as an illustration, the Illinois river at Grafton. The Illinois river at Grafton in 1899, the results from May to The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6969. December—the Illinois river at Grafton in 1900, the results are from January to June, namely the other half of the year. I do not feel that it is wise to compare waters of the same stream at such widely different periods of the year because in one in- stance you get the benefit of the spring changes and in the other case you get whatever influences may come from the changes Q. And what is true with reference to table E is also true with all other tables of a like character? - A. When the waters compared have been sampled and analyzed during periods of the year which are not similar. Adjourned until 2:00 p.m., of same day. 11363 2:00 p.m., Monday, March 7, 1904. Continuation pur- Suant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. PROF. W. P. MASON resumed the stand for further cross-examination, by Mr. Jef- fries, and testified as follows: Q. Professor, in undertaking to analyze the relationship existing between the typhoid fever mortality in the City of St. Louis with that of Chicago is it not a fact that the physical con- ditions of the Illinois river, together with the temperature of the Water, have some effect upon this relationship—that the variable physical conditions of the Illinois river? . A. No. When I undertook to analyze the typhoid con- ditions in those two cities I stated them simply as facts and those facts stand out without any question whatever as to what happened to be between the towns. Were there no Illinois river in existence the facts would stand that the deaths in Chi- 11364 cago were such and such, and the deaths in St. Louis were such and such, and the charts show the relative tracings. Q. And those charts are made without regard to the changes in the bacterial and chemical condition of the Illinois river at various times? - A. Surely. Those charts are simply from the reported 6970 . The State of Missouri vs. . figures from official sources. In other words, those charts could be made by a man who did not know whether there was any water between Chicago and St. Louis. Q. In other words, those charts are made as though one city was situated upon the Pacific Coast and the other upon the At- lantic? A. Certainly. Anybody could have made those. What is between the cities would have no influence upon the way that the man in question drew those charts from the figures given. The charts would appear as they are. Q. But what is between those cities might have some effect upon actual typhoid conditions? w A. The deaths in St. Louis might be attributable to some- thing existing between those cities. Such does not appear as a fact upon the chart. Q. In other words, all the factors which materially enter into the longevity of a typhoid germ in passing down stream between two given points is not displayed in those charts? A. Nothing is displayed in those charts but the number of deaths in those two cities. 11365 Q. Now, in those charts you have removed St. Louis one month in advance of Chicago, have you not? A. I have. s Q. For what purpose was that done, Professor? A. Because the deaths of Chicago, due to typhoid fever in One month, if they be related to deaths from typhoid fever in St. Louis, such relation will show in the death rate of St. Louis for the following month. Therefore, I moved the death rate of St. Louis one point to the left merely for the sake of easy Comparison. I might have left them where they naturally would fall. Under those circumstances, however, a man in examining the charts would have some little trouble in following the oblique lines, and direct comparison would not be so easy. Q. Suppose that the period of incubation be two weeks and the duration of illness three weeks, on an average, without count- ing the time of stream flow, would those charts correctly repre- Sent the conditions which they are intended to display? A. If I were obliged to account for an interval of five weeks it would be necessary to shove those St. Louis records The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6971 11366 slightly to tho left beyond the point where they were pushed. Q. And assuming that the stream flow time of the Illinois river was from 10 to 20 days, and on an average of 14 or 15 days, it would be necessary to shove St. Louis still further to the left? A. Yes, sir; so that it would be shoved perhaps a month and a half all together instead of one month, a difference of per- haps two weeks. Q. Professor, referring to the chart which you introduced in evidence showing the comparative results of the colon test as made by Professor Jordan for 1901, I call your attention to the Illinois river at Grafton, wherein it was disclosed that 7 per cent. Of the determinations made produced positive results of colon when .001 cc. of water was used, and basing that deter- mination, to be accurate mathematically speaking, is it not a fact that if 1 cc. had been used in those determinations that it would have been found in more than 85 per cent. of the examinations? A. No, sir. I do not think that it is an easy matter to com- pare .001" determination with 1 cc. determination, because the opportunity for error is quite considerable in So 11367 small a volume of water as thrat. I attach more value to where the larger quantity of water is used. Q. Does that chart represent the colon condition of the waters in the respective rivers to a mathematical certainty? A. Assuming that by mathematical certainty, you mean, is it thinkable that in some instances the coli were present, sought for and not found, I should say that it does not represent the results to a mathematical certainty. Such determinations can never be upon a mathematical certainty basis. Q. Is it not a fact that on that chart, taking the 1 cc. de- termination, that the water in the Illinois river at Grafton shows a greater pollution than the water in the Mississippi river at St. Louis, the Missouri river at Bellefontaine and the Missis- sippi river at Grafton? A. That is true. Q. Is it not a fact, Professor, that some of these percent- ages are the result of a less number of determinations than others? A. That is true. 6972 The State of Missouri vs. Q. And that such an extent differs the results does it not, the result of the percentages? 11368 A. Of course the larger the number of determinations that we get the more accurately can our percentage be stated. Q. Professor, assume that the average flow of the Illi- nois River for 1900 at Averyville, or at a point above Peoria known as the bridge, was 2874 cubic feet per second or 248,- 313,600 cubic feet per day, which equals to 10,249,408,000,000 cc. per day, and in this number of ce. 7,375,573,760,000 contain the bacilli coli communis, representing 72 per cent., as shown upon the chart prepared by you from Professor Jordan’s de- terminations, and that the flow from Bear Trap Dam to Avery- ville is from 4 days and 8 hours to 6 days and 3 hours, and that the sewage of 1,600,000 people in the sanitary district of Chi- cago was discharged into the Chicago River and the drainage canal, state whether or not in your opinion any of the bacilli coli communis so existing in the waters of the Illinois River at Peoria originated from the sewers of the city of Chicago; assuming further that the sewage discharges from the city of Joliet, Marseilles, Ottawa, Morris, and Peru are discharging directly into the Desplaines and the Illinois Rivers, and tak- ing into consideration also that the Desplaines River 11369 enters this stream at the city of Joliet? -* Mr. Todd: I object to the question for the reason that it is not assumed that the Fox River and the Kankakee River and the Vermillion Rivers upon which are situated large towns also empty into the Illinois River between Lockport and Pe- oria, and no assumption is made as to the rural water sheds of these rivers draining the rural districts mentioned. A. In my opinion some of those do come from the Chi- cago drainage canal. How many I do not know. Q. In your publications you have used both the percentage of mortality system and the numbers per 100,000 in determin- ing the typhoid and other death rates in cities, have you not? A. When I have quoted from a man who used percentage methods I have given it as he stated it. I have not used that method myself. * Q. Now, is it not a fact that if population runs regularly and no epidemic of any character be prevalent that there is The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6973 very little difference in the two systems -so far as applied to a particular city? 11370 A. Assuming nothing unusual in the death rate, why there would be no particular difference between the two methods, but it would be possible to have very misleading re- sults. For that reason I do not use it. I am speaking now of the mortality percentage. Q. Assuming, Professor, that the population in the city of St. Louis increased from 1890 to 1900 at a rate less than 3 per cent. per annum, would it not be from that standpoint as inac- curate to use the Farr formula as to use the actual popula- tion? - . . . A. I am not familiar enough with the use of that formula to answer your question. Q. Assume, Professor, that the total deaths from all causes in the city of St. Louis from 1890 to 1903, inclusive, are as follows: 1890 8409 1891 9530 1892 10225 1893 10303 1894 8710 1895 94.25 1896 9897 11371 1897 9554 1898 8908 1899 10023 1900 9847 1901 10601 1902 10348 1903 11138. t That the population of the city of St. Louis for the year 1890, as shown by the census report was 460,000 and that the population for the year 1900, as shown by the census report is 575,200, and assuming that the difference between census re- port of 1900 and 1890 be divided equally among the various years intervening between those periods which resulted in an 6974 The State of Missouri vs. increase in the yearly population between said census taking of 11,520 per year, and that since the census of 1900 that 11,520 be added to the respective years, to wit: 1901, 1902 and 1903, would that showing in your opinion produce any great differ- ence between the two formulas or systems used, to-wit: the percentage of deaths to the total mortality or the number of deaths from typhoid fever per 100,000 population, and 11372 assuming that from the year 1890 to the year 1902, in- clusive, are as follows: 1890 227 1891 . 166 1892 488 1893 215 1894. 178 1895 106 1896 106 1897 125 1898 95 1899 130 1900 168 1901 198 1902 222 A. Basing my reply on the numerical data submitted in the question, it is my opinion that there is no material difference between the two methods of stating the result. 0. Q. Professor, is it not a fact that of the longevity of the 11373 typhoid fever germ, as well as other pathogenic bacteria, in all the various conditions in nature in which it may be found or may exist, taking into consideration climatic influences and all of the elements which affect the vitality of those organ- isms, scientists have been unable thus far to formulate any rule or formula by which the longevity of the germs may be measured within certain accurately defined limits? Scientists have thus far been able to determine the longevity of pathogenic germs only within roughly accurate limits. WTLLIAM P. MASON. ADJOURNED UNTIL 10:00 A. M., TUESDAY, MARCH 8, 1904. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6975 11374 10:00 A. M., Tuesday, March 8, 1904. Continuation pur- suant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. No witnesses being present an adjournment was taken to 10:00 A. M., Wednesday, March 9, 1904. 11375 10:00 A. M., Wednesday, March 9, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present the commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. No witnesses being present an adjournment was taken to 10:00 A. M., Thursday, March 10, 1904. 11376 10:00 A.M., Thursday, March 10, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. Present, the Commissioner and Same counsel representing the respective parties. RUDOLPH HERING, a witness called on behalf of the defendants, after being duly Sworn by the Commissioner, was examined in chief by Mr. Todd and testified as follows: Q. What is your name? A. Rudolph Hering. Q. What is your business? A. Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineer. Q. Where is your place of business? • A. New York City. - - Q. Under what name are you doing business in New York City? A. As Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineer. Q. I mean under what business name? 11377 A. The firm is Rudolph Hering and George W. Ful- ler. Q. Composed of yourself and Mr. George W. Fuller who testified in this case? - A. Yes sir. Q. Are you a graduate of any educational institution? If So, please state which one? 6976 The State of Missouri vs. A. I took the course in civil engineering at Dresden, Ger- many. Q. When was that—what year? A. In 1867. Q. After taking that course what did you do next? A. I came home and started my engineering work in Brooklyn on Prospect Park and then went to Philadelphia on Fairmount Park and in 1872 was employed on the Geological Survey of the United States Government, making the first sur- vey of the Yellow Stone National Park and in 1873 went back to Philadelphia where I was first assistant Engineer in the De- partment in charge of bridges and sewers until 1880. In 1880 I went to Europe, commissioned by the National Board of 11378 Health, at Washington, to make an examination of and to report on European sewerage systems. I spent almost a year on that work, largely on my own account, studying also Questions of water supply and other municipal problems. Q. What cities in Europe did you visit on this occasion, studying the disposal of sewage? A. All of the large cities of England, France, Germany and Austria. Q. Did you make a report to the National Board of Health as a result of that visit? k A. I did. Q. Was that report published? A. It was in the Annual Report of the Board for the year sº Q. How extensive was that report? - A. It went over the subject of sewerage very fully and answered the question which was one uppermost in the public mind at that time, as to the relative advantages of the separate System of sewerage and combined system of sewerage. It gave a large amount of statistics from all of those cities, and also maps showing the methods of sewerage and drain- 11379 age practiced there. Q. After you had completed that work what did you do? A. I then acted as engineer for a number of cities in an advising capacity or as designer or constructor of works. Q. What cities? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6977 A. From 1883 to the spring of 1886, I was engaged by the city of Philadelphia to make investigations for a new Water supply for that city, and incidentally also for a number of other smaller cities. In 1882 I was engaged by the city of Cleveland to make a plan of sewerage for the interception of the sewage and cleans- ing the Cuyahoga River. After the Philadelphia work was completed, the Mayor of Chicago, Carter H. Harrison, employed me to come here as Chief Engineer of the drainage and water supply Commission and I stayed here about two years. Then I was appointed Consulting Engineer for the Sewer- age works of New York City, by the Commissioner of Public Works and stayed there two years, and since that time I have been engaged by a very large number of cities in the Tºnited States and Canada, and also outside, in making plans 11380 and designs for sewerage and water supply works. Q. What engineering works in this country have you been connected with that dealt with water supply and Sew- erage disposal of cities in the last ten years? A. In Philadelphia I was on the Commission to report on a new water supply and recommended filtration of the water, which is now being carried out. Q. Who made the plans and specifications for the filtra- tion of the waters at Philadelphia-—under whose direction? A. Our commission made the general plans and the de- tail plans and specifications were carried out by Mr. John W. Hill, who is now the chief engineer of the Filtration Bureau. I then made a report for the city of Baltimore, also on a commission for the sewerage of that city. I also made a report, at the request of President Harrison, as Chairman of a Commission to devise a system of sewerage and drainage for the city of Washington, which is being carried out. I have also been connected with the city of New Orleans for ten years on their works, for a sewerage, drainage and water supply. - 11381 Q. Is that New Orleans work being carried out? A—437. 6978 a The State of Missouri vs. A. The works are under construction now. Q. Are you acting now in any capacity? A. Yes sir, as consulting engineer. * I was also consulting engineer for the city of San Fran- cisco on their sewerage system, the plans for which were adopted. *- I have also been consulted in other cities making a report Quite recently on the water supply of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, together with Col. A. M. Miller, U. S. A., and Mr. John W. Hill, Philadelphia. I have also made reports on sewerage and water supply works for four or five cities in Canada, St. John, Toronto, Winnipeg and Victoria, and also for Honolulu, Hawaiian IS- lands, and for Santos, Brazil. Q. . Have you made a specialty of sanitary engineering? A. I have. & Q. What does the term hydraulic and sanitary engineer embrace in its scope of work? A. The branch of hydraulic engineering which I have 11382 paid special attention to is the water supply of cities and regulation of small water courses. The branch of San- itary engineering which I have practiced pertains to the collec- tion, removal and disposal of sewage and also garbage of cities. Q. In passing upon the quality of a water supply for a city, what elements do you take into consideration in arriving at a conclusion, as to whether the water supply is safe or un- Safe, proper or improper for domestic and drinking purposes? A. I take into consideration the quality of the water as judged from the character of the water shed from which the water is derived, from its chemical analysis and bacterial analysis. Q. Are you a chemist or bacteriologist? A. I am neither. Q. How do you utilize chemistry and bacteriologly in your special work? A. I endeavor to keep posted on the progress made in both Sciences so far as they relate to the sanitary condition of the Water, and then I take the results obtained by those men in whom I have every confidence and whose ability is unquestioned, The State of Illinois a wd the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6979 and use them in my practice and suggestions for water supply and sewerage works. 11383 Q. When was it that your attention was first called to the sanitary problems of Chicago? - A. In March, 1886, when I received a telegram from the Mayor of Chicago to make him a visit and spend a day here so that he could talk with me. - Q. That was Carter H. Harrison, the First? A. Yes sir. Q. Pursuant to that telegram received from Carter H. Harrison, Mayor of Chicago, what did you do, Mr. Hering? A. I came here and spent a day and returned home. Q. Then what was the next step? A. I was engaged as Chief Engineer of the Drainage and Water Supply Commission, and asked to come at my earliest convenience. I was then engaged on the Philadelphia work which was not quite finished, but I see that I entered upon duty On March 28th of that month. Q. March 28th, what year? A. 1886. Q. What did you do after your appointment as Chief En- gincer to look into the sanitary problems of Chicago? 11384 A. I made whatever investigations I thought were neces- sary to answer the resolutions passed by the Mayor and the City Council of the city with reference to obtaining ‘‘pure water and scientific drainage.” Q. After your observations were completed did you make any report to the Mayor and the City Council of the city of Chicago as to the conclusions which you arrived at in regard to the sanitary problem of Chicago? A. I did. In January, 1887, I made a preliminary report, giving the general conclusions which had been reached up to that time. Q. Will you read that part of the preliminary report pre- pared by you, which applies to the sanitary problems of Chi- cago, which you had under consideration? - Mr. Jeffries: I object to it because it is incompetent and ir- relevant and immaterial. A. Witness reads report as follows: 6980 The State of Missouri vs. 11385 “Chicago, January, 1887. TO THE HONORABILE MAYOR AND CITY COUN- CIL OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Gentlemen: On Jan. 27, 1886, your honorable body passed a resolution authorizing the creation of a drainage and Water- supply commission. After being amended Feb. 23, it read as follows: WHEREAS, Pure water and scientific drainage are neces- sities of this community, and the people demand a system of water supply and drainage adequate to meet the requirements, not only of the present, but of years to come, nor will any tem- porary expedient or makeshift satisfy them; and "WHEREAS, A thorough and permanent system of supply- ing pure water to our citizens and caring for the drainage of the municipality can not be paid for out of current taxation, there- fore it is desired that a plan shall be devised and perfected be- fore the next meeting of the legislature, to the end that neces- sary legislation may be had. For the purpose of carrying into effect the objects sought, there is recommended the appointment by the mayor of a corn- mission to consist of one expert engineer, whose reputa- 11386 tion is so high that his opinion and report will command the respect of the community, and with him one or two consulting engineers of like experience in engineering and san- itary matters. The duty of this drainage and water-supply commission, made up as above set forth, should be to consider all plans relating to drainage and water-supply which may be brought to its attention; to make such examinations and inves- tigations and surveys as may be deemed necessary; to collect all information bearing on this problem; to consider all recent developments in the matter of sewage disposal, and their ap- plication to our present and future needs; to consider and meet necessity of increasing our water-supply and of protecting the Same from contamination; to remedy our present inadequate methods of drainage and sewage disposal; to consider the re- lations of any system proposed to adjacent districts, and whether . there may not be a union between the city and its suburbs to solve the great problem, to determine the great question as to the interest which the state and the United States may have in the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6981 disposal of sewage by way of the Illinois River, and to de- vise plans to meet any objections thereto, if such system shall be thought best; and in general to consider and report 11387 upon any and all things which relate to the matter of water-supply and drainage of the City of Chicago. The Commission should report on the whole matter COm- mitted to it in the most full and comprehensive manner, with maps, plans, and diagrams complete, and accompany the report with estimates of the first cost and annual requirements for the maintenance of the system proposed. The report of the commission should be made as early as practicable, and not later than the convening of the next ses- sion of the Illinois Legislature in January, 1887. In consideration of the foregoing, be it RESOLVED, That the mayor be, and is hereby authorized and directed to employ on behalf of the city one expert en- gineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters, at a salary not to exceed $10,000 per annum, and also to employ such consulting engineers, not exceeding two in num- ber, as may seem necessary, and such assistant engineers as may be required, all to be paid according to services rendered, for the purpose of carrying out the objects set forth 11388 in the preamble hereto. For the fees of said assistant engineers and for all expenses connected with said work there shall be allowed not to exceed the sum of $20,000. All fees, salaries and expenses connected with said work shall not exceed in the aggregate the sum of $30,000, and the same shall be paid from the water fund of the city upon vouchers audited by the mayor and city comptroller. In accordance with the terms expressed herein. His Honor Calter H. Harrison appointed Rudolph Hering as chief engin- eer, Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall as consulting en- gineers, who, together, should constitute a commission. Mr. Hering entered upon duty March 28, Mr. Williams Sept. 17, and Mr. Artingstall, Dec. 21, 1886. But the large amount of work alone that was asked for made it impracticable to present a complete report in so short a time. It was expected, however, that results could be reached sufficient to indicate the character of legislation required to Carry out any project that might be determined upon, and that 6982 The State of Missouri vs. therefore a preliminary report having this end in view could be made at the stated time, leaving to a later date the presen- tation of a report outlining the detailed features of the 11389 scheme recommended and embracing the minor results of the entire inquiry. The present communication is to cover the ground indi- cated for the preliminary report, and besides containing the conclusions reached regarding the main features of the proposed project, it contains also a brief review of the work done dur- ing the past year and of what still remains to be done. The month of April was devoted to a general examination of the subject, of the territory to be investigated, and of the various suggestions that had been made toward effecting a solu- tion of the problem. - The examination disclosed the fact that the city is some- times greatly suffering from the offensive condition of parts of the Chicago river and its branches, caused by the discharge of sewage into the same, and from the occasional contamination of its water-supply, brought about by the discharge of the polluted contents of the river into the lake. It also disclosed the fact that almost every conceivable way of dealing with these ques- tions had been suggested and in some forms applied during the past thirty years. The problem therefore demands the attainments of two 11390 ends: the protection of the water-supply and the removal of the river nuisance. As the water must be taken from the lake, it is evident that both its pollution and the objection- able condition of the rivers should be prevented by a better dis- position of the sewage. It is therefore the latter question which Constitutes the main object of this investigation. Among the possible methods of getting rid of the Chi- Cago Sewage there are but three that have been deemed worthy of an extended consideration, namely, a discharge into Lake Michigan, a disposal upon land, and a discharge into the Des- plaines river. The preliminary work has therefore been con- fined to these three projects, and was classed as topographic, hydrographic, and miscellaneous. To discharge the sewage from cities into comparatively large bodies of water is not only the usual, but often the best The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6983 method for its disposal. Dilution and dispersion thoroughly , expose it to the action of the oxygen contained in both the Water and the superincumbent air, and it is thereby gradually oxi- dized. Where the body of water is a large river with a strong current, the best conditions for such purification are found. Where it is a lake in which the circulation is slight and 11391 irregular, the efficiency of the method is less and depends for its success on the character of the currents, and the relative amount of sewage to be discharged into it. The hydrographic surveys of the lake made during the past season were therefore partly for the purpose of ascertaining, if possible, the laws governing the currents, so that we would know their effect in dispersing the sewage discharged into the lake. • The following results have a bearing on the question of sewage disposal. Where not effected by local conditions the currents practically go with the winds in water of moderate depth, and quickly responded to any change. In deep Water also the surface currents run with the wind, but at the bottom: and even at mid-depth the direction is usually different. The prevailing current along the shore of Cook county during the past summer has been observed to be toward the north, but it is possible that this result may be different during the winter months. In the open lake wave action seems to be effective in preventing the permanent deposits down to a depth of about sixty feet; inside of the breakwater sewage deposits are found on the bottom. • 11392 The general deduction from these results is clear that, as no constant current exists which would carry the sew- age away in one direction, it should be discharged into the lake at one end of the future city, while the water-supply should be obtained as far away from it as practicable toward the other end, a conclusion which is being acted upon in the other large lake cities. The proper place from which to bring the water would be opposite Grosse Point, and the sewage discharge should be east of Hyde Park. While it might be practicable to allow the sewage in its crude form to enter the lake under such conditions for many years, the necessity would arise later for clarifying it at least partially previous to its discharge. It 6984 The State of Missouri vs. could not be allowed to run into the rivers as at present, but the dry weather flow and a considerable amount of storm-water would have to be intercepted and carried to the outfall through many miles of special conduits. And this entire quantity would have to be raised by pumping in order to get sufficient head to empty into the lake, while the diluted sewage during storms, in excess of the capacity of the intercepting sewers, would be allowed to discharge directly into the river. - 11393 The water supply would have to be brought from Grosse Point in large conduits to the several pumping stations scattered over the city and its present suburbs. The circulation of the water in the Chicago river and branches would have to be maintained practically as it is at present, because the re- moval merely of the dry weather flow of sewage would not al- together prevent its pollution. We shall not at this time enter into a discussion of the prin- ciples underlying land purification of sewage or make historical references showing the success or ill-success of the method as practiced elsewhere. We will simply state that with good man- agement under ordinarily favorable conditions, a disposal on land proves satisfactory, so far as the purification of the Sew- age is concerned, and that with proper conditions in the way of good markets and a favorable soil and climate, sewage farms can be operated on a large scale after the sewage is delivered upon the same, without financial loss. In speaking of a sewage farm of the magnitude required for the metropolitan area of Chicago, it is not understood as being land devoted primarily to the raising of crops, using the sewage only when and where it would most promote 11394 the growth of vegetation. The primary object would be the purification of the sewage on an area of land as Small as could serve the purpose. Technically speaking, the sewage disposal would be by means of intermittent filtration rather than irrigation. To carry out such a scheme for Chicago involves the following: 1. The acquirement of sufficient land suitable for the pur- pose. - - 2. A comprehensive system of intercepting and collecting sewers carrying the sewage to the farm. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6985 3. Pumping-works of a capacity to handle all the dry- weather flow of sewage and a certain proportion of storm- Water. 4. A thorough underdrainage, leveling, and preparing of beds for the filtration areas. 5. A system of underground conduits and surface carriers for distributing the sewage over the ground, and a system of open ditches for removing the purified water to the nearest Water-courses. 6. Buildings, roads, and a complete farming outfit. 7. An organization for properly distributing the sew- 11395 age, for carrying on the farming operations, and for conducting the business of disposing of the crops in the best market. In making estimates for the size of intercepting Sewers, conduits, pumps, and area of land required, we have used as a basis a population of 2,500,000 people, with an average dry- weather sewage discharge of 150 gallons, or 20 cubic feet, per head daily, and made provision for storm-water equivalent to one-fifth of an inch in 24 hours over all portions of the district now drained, or likely to be drained, by a combined system of sewers, allowing surplus-water to escape into the rivers and lakes. The dry weather flow of sewage would therefore be 50,- 000,000 cubic feet per day, and the maximum flow of storm- water, 65,000,000 cubic feet per day, making a total maximum discharge of 115,000,000 cubic feet. It is practicable, however, to exclude the storm-water from the sewers over a large portion of the future city by adopting the separate system of sewerage. The area north of the town of Jefferson and of the middle of Lake View may be treated to • advantage in this way, and also a large portion of Hyde 11396 Park, Ilake, Calumet, and other adjoining towns. Assuming that the area which does not allow the storm- water to be entirely excluded is 140 square miles, the average daily amount becomes 10,000,000 cubic feet, which gives, when added to the sewage, 60,000,000 cubic feet, or 24 cubic feet per head of population per day to be provided for on the farm. As the amount of land required to purify sewage can oi,ly 6986 The State of Missouri vs. be determined by experience, and as this has been very limited in our own country, we are forced to rely mainly upon that of Europe. Without going into details at present, we will simply State that a fair concensus of this experience justifies us in the conclusions that from 10,000 to 15,000 acres of land would be re- quired to dispose of the sewage from the entire metropolitan al"ea. The only available territory for sewage filtration in the neighborhood of Chicago consists of two sandy ridges in the town of Thornton, extending across the state line into Indiana, and in a sandy ridge crossing the town of Niles. The soil is Quite favorable, but the character of the surface is such that the necessary preparation to make it suitable for filtra- 11397 tion beds would be comparatively expensive. An enor- mous cost, is, however, represented by the fact that the sewage would have to be collected by large intercepting Sewers, lifted altogether some ninety feet, and carried about twenty miles before reaching the farms. A third solution of the drainage problem is rendered prac- ticable by the fact that the divide between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi valley lies about ten miles west of Chicago, with so slight an elevation that it is not a difficult matter to carry the sewage from the city westward into the Desplaines river, and thence into the Mississippi river. This method of disposal, as previously explained, is in fact mainly the present one, most of the sewage now being carried across the divide by the Illinois and Michigan canal. - There are two low depressions between the future metrop- olis and the Desplaines river—the Mud lake valley with the present canal, and the Sag valley west of Lake Calumet. Neither is more than ten feet above the lake, nor do they pre- sent any engineering difficulties for canal construction. 11398. It is therefore quite feasible to carry all the drainage from the territory ultimately to be occupied by the me- tropolis, extending from Lake Calumet to Evanston, into the Mississippi valley through these depressions, avoiding thereby all possible Jake pollution and permitting the supply of water to be drawn from any number of convenient points in front of the city. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6987 The possibility of this solution was recognized as early as 1856 by Mr. E. S. Chesbrough, and the first step toward its adoption was taken, as already mentioned, by turning the Sew- age into the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Not until quite re- cently, however, has it become practicable to consider the con- struction of a special waterway for sewage removal, because when the pollution was smaller the expense of the undertaking Was too great. The sanitary requirements demand a flow of water large enough to dilute the sewage sufficiently to make it inoffensive along the river at all times. Beyond this, any increase in the size of the channel to provide for the storm-water which naturally enters it should be kept at a minimum. A glance at the map and an examination of the ground show the possibility of 11399 diverting the greater part of the storm-water from the metropolitan district without serious difficulty. Both branches of the Calumet river can be diverted west of the Indi- ana state line into Wolf Lake, and thence into Lake Michigiºn. The Desplaines river can have its flood waters diverted into the North branch near the north line of the town of Jefferson, and the combined waters can be led from Bowmanville directly into. the lake. • A second branch of the investigation extends to the elements. governing the proper size of the waterway from which a large proportion of the storm-water has been excluded. The area. still draining into it will consist largely of paved streets and roofs, allowing of no absorption, and shedding the water rapidly, It requires a careful consideration to determine the maximum quantity of water that may enter the proposed channel, and, for which an ample allowance must be made to prevent a back. flow of the polluted water to the lake. The proper degree of sewage dilution in the new channel demanded a careful investigation. When sewage is. 11400 mingled with a sufficiently large quantity of water it not • Only becomes inoffensive but readily finds the oxygen which gradually purifies it. When the surface is covered with: ice a greater dilution is necessary for this purpose than at other times when there is a constant replenishment of oxygen from the air. The proposed waterway should of course provide immunity from offense at all times. 6988 The State of Missouri vs. The information upon which definitely to decide this ques- tion will be given in the final report, as the data have not yet been all collected, owing to the necessity of making actual tests f the oxidation of the canal water under the ice, which is being done for the use of the commission by Dr. J. H. Rauch, Sec- retary of the State Board of. Health. The summer conditions are presented in his late report on the Water-supply and Sew. age Disposal of Chicago. The result of these analysis will be compared with those of other streams that are also politted with sewage in order to show the rate of oxidation with vary- ing degrees of dilution and aeration. - For the purpose of estimating the cost of the water channel we have assumed 3,600 square feet for the cross section and a velocity of the water 3 feet per second, or 2 miles per hour. 11401 This gives a discharge of 600,000 cubic feet of water per minute, or 24,000 cubic feet for each 100,000 persons, which we believe equal to the maximum requirements of a popu- lation of 2,500,000 people. A third branch of the inquiry covers the selection of routes for the proposed canals. A fourth branch of the inquiry relates to the study of such data as have reference to securing a proper circulation for the Waterways within the city. In the foregoing we have outlined the main features of the Only three feasible methods of disposing of the metropolitan sewage, and have given the results of the investigation reached to date. A general conclusion as to the preferable method may be given at present, and also an approximate estimate of cost. But we are not able as yet to give either conclusions or detailed statements of the probable expense regarding all parts of the proposed work, and must defer them until the final report. 11402 In comparing the projects we will first mention their probable cost and then their relative advantages. The discharge of the sewage into the lake from a popula- tion of 2,500,000 in the manner described above, including the extra expense, otherwise not necessary, of taking the water Sup- ply at Gross Point, would cost at least $37,000,000, with an an- nual expense for interest and operation of at least $2,400,000. It would require an immediate investment of about $20,000,- {)00. - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6989. To dispose of the entire metropolitan sewage by filtration on land would require an investment of about $58,000,000, with an annual expense of over $3,000,000, for interest, pumping and maintenance, after deducting the profit from the sale of crops. It would be necessary to invest at once about $34,000,000. Land. disposal for the sewage from the Calumet region alone, with a future population of 300,000, would require an investment of about $4,000,000, and an annual expense of at least $250,- ()00. sº 11403 Finally, the cost of the Desplaines project is approxi- mately estimated as follows: - 1. A channel from the South fork to Joliet of the capacity heretofore given, will cost between $17,000,000 and $21,000,- 000. f 2. A diversion of the flood waters of the Desplaines, the North Branch, and Salt Creek will cost between $2,500,000 and $2,800,000. - - 3. Pumping works and locks for the North branch will cost about $150,000. 4. A separate system of sewers to collect the sewage now discharged directly into the lake, and to carry it into the river will cost about $600,000. : 5. A channel from Lake Calumet to Sag will cost between. $2,500,000 and $3,000,000. 6. A diversion of the flood waters of the Calumet river. will cost between $350,000 and $400,000. The total cost of the Desplaines drainage project would therefore be for the main district between $20,250,000 and $24,- 550,000; for the Calumet district, between $2,850,000 and $3,- 400,000. The annual cost, including interest, etc., is 11404 estimated at about $1,300,000 per annum. - It therefore appears that this project is decidedly the least expensive one for the present as well as for the future. Besides the economical advantage of the Desplaines scheme, its superiority is still further emphasized by advantages of an- 5ther kind. The propºsed canal will, from its necessary di’ tº n- way between Chicago and the Mississippi river, suitable for the navigation of boats, having as much as 2,000 tons burden. It will establish an available water-power between Lockport and ió990 The State of Missouri vs. *- Marseilles fully twice as large as that of the Mississippi river at Minneapolis, which will be of great commercial value to the state. The Calumet region will be much enhanced in value by having a direct navigable channel to the Desplaines river, and by a lowering of the flood heights of Calumet lake and river. Within the City the water of the Chicago river and its South branch will get a much better circulation if it flows by gravity than if it has to be pumped, the necessity for which would 11405 remain even if the sewage should be discharged through intercepting sewers either into the lake or upon the land. Under either of the latter conditions an occasional overflow from the sewers into the river during heavy rains would be more ob- jectionable than a constant discharge of sewage into a more rapidly flowing stream. Flood-waters entering the lake by way of the Chicago river would carry into it much filthy matter, either suspended or deposited, notwithstanding the existence of intercepting sewers; but the proposed diversion of such waters before reaching the populated districts will for all time Ob- viate this undesirable occurrence. Lowering the level of the North Branch at Bowmanville by its diversion to the lake will be equivalent to raising the low prairie extending toward Evanston and Niles and greatly benefit parts of these towns. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) Rudolph Hering, Chief Engineer. Benezette Williams, Samuel G. Artingstall, Consulting Engineers.” 11406 Q. After the report was filed which you have just read, what did you do in connection with this problem? A. A subsequent report was made in detail covering the proposition to divert water from the north branch near Bow- mansville, which is the same as the Lawrence Avenue project. This, I believe, was not printed. The final report which required the appropriation of some $15,000.00 in addition to the money that had been spent was never made because it was stated that if the preliminary report contained our conclusions and the final report was merely to give the information which lead up to these conclusions, such information could be subsequently published from appropria- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6991 tions made for the proposed sanitary district, and the work was then dropped. Q. Subsequent to the preliminary report the legislature of the State in 1889 passed a law for the construction of the San- itary I)istricts in Illinois did they not? A. They did. Q. Since the passage of the sanitary district act in 1889 have you kept in touch with the progress of the drainage 11407 canal and its construction as originally outlined by you in your preliminary report to the elder Carter H. Har- rison? A. In a general way I have. My first visit to the territory after I left Chicago, was during the World’s Fair. I have since visited the drainage works on several occasions. Q. Have you seem the work known as the drainage canal since its completion? A. I have. º Q. Will you state briefly what were the facts upon which you based your conclusions as found in the preliminary report as already read in evidence, that the drainage canal was the proper solution of the sanitary problem im Chicago 2 A. The proposition was a somewhat novel one, and in order to get a safe conclusion regarding the size and other con- ditions necessary for the proposed drainage canal I was obliged to study into all facts which would point to the best conclusions. Such facts were to be found in Europe and in America. There had been a number of cases of sewage discharged into water courses carefully observed in Europe and in the East as well as at Chicago. This information was carefully collected, Weighed and laid the foundation for the recommendation which fixed the size of the proposed channel. 11408 I found that the problem of water pollution and of setting up a standard of purity of the minimum allowable propor- tion of sewage, or perhaps the necessity of its entire exclusion, required a distinction to be drawn at the outset. If the water is to be used for potable purposes it should evidently be consid- ered in a different light than if a mere inoffensiveness is re- quired. * In view of the absence of such information as we have to- day, the engineer was confronted with great difficulties for the 6992 g The State of B1 issouri vs. want of reliable evidence regarding the real danger from pol- lution. In many cases there was the question whether he should recommend a palatable water, and by far the most economical source of supply, when some hundreds of miles above another community discharged sewage into it. The question Was whether he should be governed by the degree of dilution and by the number of days or weeks since the polluted water had a chance to convelt the sewage into inorganic and harmless com- pounds. - The question was different then from what it is now, and it was necessary to be very careful in the recommendation 11409 of the investment of so large a sum of money as the sol- ution of the Chicago problem involved. g The best information which was available for the purpose, and the most direct, was the observation of Dr. John Rauch, Secretary of the State Roard of Health of the State of Illinois, who had been making very careful investigations on the grad- ual change in the water of the Illinois and Michigan Canal after the water had entered the Illinois River. He fixed a unit of measure which, from a sanitary point of view, he considered sufficient to obviate any substantial injury to the State of Illi- nois on below. This measure was a flow of water equal to 180 cubic feet per minute for every thousand persons draining in the river at Chicago. - Examinations which I made with reference to the Black- stone River in Massachusetts, which is quite foul at its upper end, and receives much additional sewage on its way, resulted in my conclusion that after a flow of about 140 cubic feet per thousand persons was observed in the river, the character of the water had become entirely inoffensive. 11410 Similar investigations were made from the results ob- - tained in the river Seine, receiving the sewage of Paris, France. The sewage there does not include fecal matter, be- Cause this is otherwise removed. It was found on the Seine that where the dilution was 60 cubic feet per thousand people, and after a flow of 14 miles the river was considered unobjectionable to sight or smell. - Also some German Rivers were considered, the Elbe and the Ober, and similar data were secured. The result from these and still other investigations made The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6993 me conclude that for the Chicago sewage canal there should be a recommendation that the size is sufficient to carry water at the rate of 240 cubic feet per second-for each thousand persons, as stated in the preliminary report. Q. Have you given the subject of dilution any considera- tion? - A. I have ever since I was engaged on the Chicago work. Q. State what facts you have investigated in regard to the question of dilution and what conclusion you have made upon the subject? A. The practical necessity for utilizing rivers polluted by sewage from communities in this country has caused the 11411 engineering profession to look into the question of dilu- tion and my conclusions are as follows: If the foul water or sewage of a community is liable to enter a stream from whence water is taken for drinking purposes, it is imperative either to purify the water or the sewage. Where- ever the stream is not subsequently used for water supply, such a purification may not be required, and it is necessary simply to prevent a nuisance. It is impossible to prevent all disease germs from getting into a water course. We can guard it only against a serious pollution. We can not prevent rain from washing the streets, the fields, the forests and discharging the water into streams, and along with this water must go the dust of the air and the myriads of bacteria, including disease germs which are sometimes contained in the same. There must go with it also parts of the intestimal discharges of animals, birds and insects, and parts of the manure with which the fields are covered. Therefore much injurious matter is carried into the water courses by the rain water and as it is impossible to prevent water subsequently to be used for drinking pur- 11412 poses all surface water supplies must in my opinion be purified. This is the common opinion now prevalent in some of the countries in Europe. A disposal of the sewage by dilution is still very common and it must remain so for a long time. Over in Europe we find cities situated on the large rivers discharging their sewage into them with entire impunity. The A—438. 6994 The State of Missouri vs. city of Hamburg discharges its sewage into the Elbe which is a tidal stream at this point. The adjoining city of Altona does the same, and both cities take their water supply from this stream receiving the sewage of over 1,000,000 of people but both cities carefully filter it. - After the preliminary report of the drainage and water supply was published and other papers on the subject of Sew- age dilution in water courses, the Massachusetts State Board of Health made some investigations with this method as pub- lished in their report for 1890. From that information I have compiled a table which I have used since in my professional work, based upon a flow of water in cubic feet per second per 1,000 persons and chemical constituents of sewage in parts per 100,000 which table is as follows: . . . The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6995 11413 CALCULATED COMPOSITION OF SEWAGE OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF DILUTION IN A RUNNING STREAM. Flowing water. Ammonia. DiSSolved Chlorine. Free. Albumi- Solids. Cubic feet per Gallons per noid. Remarks. tº cººper - - (In parts per 100,000.) 0.062 40 4.50 .90 65.4 12.6 0.077 50 3.60 .72 52.3 10.1 0.093 60 3.00 .60 45.3 8.4 0.108 70 2.57 .52 37.4 7.2 0.124 80 2.25 .45 || 32.7 6.3 0.140 90 2.00 .40 29.1 5.6 g 0.155 100 1.80 .36 26.2 5.0 º 0.186 120 1.50 .30 21.8 4.2 # 0.232 150 1.20 .24 7.4 3.4 # 0.310 200 .90 18 13.1 2.5 É 0.388 250 .72 .14 10.5 2.0 # 0.465 300 .60 .12 8.7 1.7 0.5 323 .5580 . 1114 8.10 1.56 1.0 646 .2790 .0557 4.05 .78 1.5. 969 .1860 .0371 2.70 .52 2.0 1,292 .1395 .0278 2.02 39 2.5 1,615 1118 .0223 1.62 .31 3.0 1,938 .0930 .0186 1.35 .26 4.0 2,584 .0697 .0139 1.01 .19 5.0 3,230 .0558 .01.11 0.81 .16 6.0 3,876 .0465 .0093 0.67 .13 7.0 5,522 .0399 .0080 0.58 .11 S.0 5,168 .0349 .0070 0.51 .10 ſº 9.0 5,814 .0310 .0062 0.45 .09 # 10.0 9,463 .0279 .0056 0.40 .08 # 15.0 9,694 .0186 .0037 0.27 .05 * 20.0 12.926 .0139 .0028 0.20 .04 # 30.0 19,389 .0093 .0019 0.13 .03 # 40.0 25,852 .0070 .0014 0.10 .02 É 50.0 32,315 .0056 .0011 0.08 .0% # 100.0 64,630 .0028 .0006 0.04 .01 6996 - The State of Missouri vs. 11414. It hardly need be said that in applying the table it is necessary to take into consideration each specific case be- cause no single rule applies to the great differences that we find hydrographically. It is necessary to use careful judgment. Two lines have been drawn across this table. Above the upper one conditions are indicated where the dilution is prac- tically in all cases offensive. Below the lower one the dilution has never been found to give offense. These two lines are in- dicated by a dilution of sewage from 2 1-2 cubic feet per second per thousand persons to 7 cubic feet per thousand persons. It is the duty of the engineer to select between these limits that dilution which conforms to the local conditions of the prob- lem. - Q. In considering this question of dilution what standard did you adopt for the drainage canal? A. I adopted the standard of 4 cubic feet per second per thousand persons because in the state of knowledge at that time I did not feel justified in recommending a less dilution. 11415 Subsequently, I understand, the number was reduced to 31-3 cubic feet per thousand persons, and on that basis the canal was constructed. The dimensions were not altered but it was considered that a larger population than the one which I had figured on would be served by this canal by assuming a less dilution. Q. From your knowledge of conditions as they obtain in the Sanitary district of the drainage canal, as applied to the table that you have already introduced in evidence, what con- clusions do you draw as to the dilution? A. I believe that the dilution which it is intended to give the water at all times is sufficient to prevent offensiveness and in view of what I have said above also improve conditions be- low. Q. Have you made any calculations upon the question of dilution of the sanitary canal? A. I have. Q. Have you prepared a table of dilution, based on pop- ulation and flow for 1900, 1901 and 1902 of the drainage canal? A. I have. Q. Will you produce and read such table 2 A. Such table is as follows: 11416. Years. Population Discharging Sewage into the Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Ou. Ft. per Min. * Cu. Ft. per Sec. Cu. Ft. per Min. Cu. Ft. per Sec. Cu. Ft. per Min. Cu. Ft. per Sec. Canal. Weekly Ave. per 1000 Inhab. Weekly Ave. per 1000 Inhab. Weekly Ave. per 1000 Inhab. 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,443,789 351,088 4.05 40,481 .46 233,976 2.70 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,494,300 615,392 6.86 197, 124 2.19 277, 153 3.09 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545,300 450,328 4.85 244, 426 .63 295,527 3.18 § 6998 The State of Missouri vs. 11417 Q. Will you please explain the table just read into evi- dence by you? A. The table shows the dilution in cubic feet per second per thousand inhabitants which the drainage canal has affected during those three years, and conditions of maximum, minimum and mean flows. - It shows that in 1900 the maximum flow was slightly over 4 cubic feet per second per one thousand inhabitants. The minimum was less than % cubic feet per second per thousand inhabitants, and the mean was 2.7 cubic feet per Sec- ond per thousand inhabitants. The minimum was caused by the fact, as appears in the table, that the average weekly dis- charge during that year, which was the first one after the canal was opened, was but 40,481 cubic feet a minute. The canal was not yet in full operation. In the year 1901 the dilution per thousand Inhabitants in cubic feet per second was 6.86, as a maximum, 2.190 a minimum and 3.090 a mean. These three conditions for the year 1902 are given respec- tively as in cubic feet per thousand inhabitants per second for a maximum 4.85, for a minimum 2.63 and for a mean 3.18. - & 11418 Q. How does that dilution come within the table which you have introduced in evidence, prepared by you in 1898, prior to the opening of the drainage canal? A. The table indicates that the mean discharge during each of the three years was above the line which limits the offensive dilution, therefore, indicating that there should be no offense. It indicates that during the year 1900 the minimum was much below the standard line above indicated in my table of 1898, heretofore introduced in evidence. This was due to the fact that the discharge was not yet of the quantity intended. 4. In 1901 the minimum was 2.19, which is also somewhat below the standard limit, but here also the discharge was not yet the discharge that was intended, and it was due, as I am in- formed, to the diminution of the velocity in the canal required by the United States Government. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 6999 In 1902, when the Chicago river had been somewhat widened, the minimum discharge was 2.63, or above the minimum figure in my table. . . . It might be added that the conditions of the drainage canal are most favorable to the dilution of sewage because it is 11419 of very uniform section, comparatively all with a regular perimeter, and because the mean hydraulic radius or mean depth is great, all of which would indicate that a less dilu- tion would answer the same purpose that a greater dilution would, in irregular and shallow water courses in which sewage is now often discharged, and where the upper limit of my table is required. - Q. In figuring out the question of dilution as the same ap- plied to the drainage canal dilution being considered from the Standpoint of the removal of objectionable qualities and charac- ter of the water, what points did you have under consideration in establishing this ratio? A. I had first and foremost the habitations and cities which lie along the drainage canal and the Desplaines and the Illinois rivers in front of which this water was to pass. As the dilution would become greater by the affluents of the Desplaines and the Illinois rivers on a downward course it was of course assumed that what would be satisfactory with a smaller dilution would be and was generally satisfactory with the greater dilu- tion. 11420 Q. Have you investigated the question of sewage dis- posals in Europe and in this country since the filing of your preliminary report? A. I have. Q. TTow extensive have been your investigations upon that Subject since the recommendations contained in the preliminary report which has already gone in evidence 2 A. They have been quite extensive. I must have had surely 50 cases of sewage disposal under consideration myself, and I have examined the principal European works every time I have been there which has been three or four times since then. Q. Have you kept in touch with the progress of the drain- age canal and the work done by that canal for the purification of sewage and the water supply of the city of Chicago since it was opened in 1900? 7000 • The State of Missouri vs. A. I have. - Q. From what you know of the question of the disposal of sewage and from all the knowledge which you have in regard to the drainage canal, the manner in which it is operated, the purposes served in its operation, and taking into con- 11421 sideration the experience which you have had since you made your preliminary report, what changes would you recommend for the sewage disposal of the city of Chicago today, if the same problem was submitted to you now that was sub- mitted to you in 1886, as a sanitary hydraulic engineer? Mr. Jeffries: Object to the question as incompetent and immaterial. A. In considering the several possible ways of disposing of the sewage of Chicago from present knowledge and experience my recommendation today would be that the sewage of Chicago should be disposed of by dilution through a channel substantially like that which has been constructed with a subsequent discharge into the Desplaines and Illinois rivers. MR. TODD: In the study of this problem have you discov- ered anything that would change the views expressed by you in the preliminary report at that time? A. I have not. Q. Have you a chart showing the comparative pollutions of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri rivers? A. I have. Q. Will you produce and make such chart a part of your 11422 testimony? A. Yes. The chart, with the caption “Sanitary Dis- trict of Chicago, Schematic representation of the self-purifica- tion of the waters of the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois rivers between the points indicated, based upon the length of life of the typhoid bacillus, as fixed by experiments made under the direction of Hiram F. Mills,” the results of which are given in the paper entitled “Typhoid fever in its relation to sewage sup- ply,” is as follows: . - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 11423 GA&E) upoº, Merre Mape unora rhE Diazcrion of HiRAM f. MLL8 THE RE60 LT8 of which ARE &ve an in A Papen ENTITLED 'rºphoid FEveR in iro RELArion To ware:R SUPPLY." SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION of the sELF PURIFICATION of THE warţſts of ºrºſe MISSOUR1. MISSISSIPPI ARD ILLINOI8 RIVERS Gºrwºrt Trºz cryºs ſºoºººººº. *-*- The LENGTH of Life of THE rvPºtoio BAcILLU8 as found BY EXPER1- tºGALL2. tº Rizo MTAL.1 inch REPRESENT8 DAY. A sº-sº-s- wºrrical, I inch REPRE8ENTs tooooo in HABITANTS, sº-sm- Chicago, MOVEMBER. 20), *-* -400000 ; 5 MISSISSIPPI RIVER __ºfºº wºvvvºs wwwºw rºa tº-aa-n *www. ºrww. atºn Aſſººn wºw *rºw -- * -º-º-º-º- * ºw sºvº ºwa en-ana sº ºw wºrs fººt- º wwºw 60000 --- - - - - - * * - à - ma__i saavº. ºrru wur * usº- - wº- º º -Wºr w wº *w Fº wº sº wº- ºrew ºn mºn wº º ºwºw * - wºv “PROFILES i | Eurºvarion - º or rºle MISS00Rſ. MISSISSIPPI AND ILLINOIS RIVERS atºvº. ST.LOUIS. CºAt ſº. rtoºzontal. Itnºcºts-20 Milºs. verncAL. . . ittºch-50 resºr. 7002 The State of Missouri vs. 11424 Q. Will you state in detail upon what facts this chart was constructed, how constructed and what information it is intended to convey? *- A. The chart contains two diagrams. The lower one ex- hibits the profiles of the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois rivers above St. Louis. The upper line indicates the Missouri river as far as Omaha. The next line the Mississippi river as far as Minneapolis and the third line the Illinois river as far as the city of Chicago. The three profiles are plated relative to their elevations and to their distances above St. Louis. - It will be seen from these profiles that the Missouri river is the steepest of the three, that it falls from Omaha at an eleva- tion of 960 to St. Louis at an elevation of about 380 above sea level. r The Mississippi river falls from Minneapolis at an eleva- tion of 794 to the elevation above mentioned at St. Louis. 11425 The Illinois River and Sanitary District Canal fall from an elevation of Lake Michigan which is about 578 to Grafton where it enters the Mississippi river. The elevation at Grafton is slightly over 400 feet above sea level. - The distance of Omaha and Minneapolis to St. Louis by water is about 680 miles. The distance from Lake Michigan to St. Louis by water is about 400 miles. - It will be seen that the Missouri river is the steepest one and the velocity of the water in the river is the greatest. The Mississippi river is the less steep and the velocity would be less great. Therefore, it will take the water longer to flow from Min- neapolis to St. Louis than from Omaha to St. Louis, although the distance is nearly the same. The Illinois river is the flattest of the three rivers and the water has a less rapid velocity. The upper diagram on the chart exhibits certain deductions made on the basis indicated in the title with reference to the longevity of the typhoid bacillus as found by Mr. 11426 Miram F. Mills. In the above mentioned report it is stated “to prove whether typhoid fever germs would Survive in the Merrimack river water, when at the low tempera- ture of the month of November, long enough to pass from the The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7003 Lowell sewers to the service pipes in Lawrence, a series of ex- periments was made by the Board by inoculating water from the service pipe with typhoid fever germs and keeping the Water in a bottle surrounded by ice at as near freezing as practicable for a month, and each day taking out 1 cc. and determining the number of typhoid fever germs. The number continually de- creased but some survived 24 days: On the first day there were 6120 germs. On the fifth day there were 3100 germs. On the tenth day there were 490 germs. On the fifteenth day there were 100 germs. On the twentieth day there were seventeen germs. On the twenty-fifth day there were no germs. - The ordinates of the curves presented on the diagram repre- sent the relative number of typhoid bacilli still living at towns indicated in terms of population of such towns, it being assumed in the absence of other information at hand that the num- 11427 ber of germs is directly proportioned to the population. From an inspection of the diagram it will appear that Chicago is situated, so far as the average flow of water is con- cerned, about 18% days from St. Louis. Kansas City, on th Missouri, on the same basis is situated about 6% days and Omaha about 11.6 days from St. Louis. On the Mississippi river, Minneapolis and St. Paul are situated about 15 days from St. Louis on the same basis. The Other cities indicated are at shorter distances. - The conclusions of the chart as indicated by the ordinate at St. Louis is that the relative proportion of typhoid bacilli arriving at St. Louis from the populations situated on the Illi- nois, the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, between the limits of Chicago, Omaha and Minneapolis, are about as 13 to 96 to 107, respectively. These figures are merely the proportions. They indicate the relative frequency of the still virulent typhoid bacilli at St. Louis, arriving there from various cities on these three rivers, based on the population of the cities, and also based on the examinations made by Hiram F. Mills as to the longevity of the typhoid bacilli. - Adjourned until 2:00 p.m., same day, March 10, 1904. 7004 The State of Missouri vs. 11428 2:00 p. m., Thursday, March 10, 1904. Continuation pursuant to adjournment. - Present, the Commissioner and same counsel representing the respective parties. RUDOLPH FIERING resumed the stand for further direct examination, by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: - Q. Were you acquainted with the Illinois system and Mis- souri rivers prior to the opening of the drainage canal in 1900? A. I was in a general way. Q. What is your opinion as to whether the Mississippi river above Grafton was a safe water for drinking and domestic purposes, in its raw state, prior to 1900? MR. JEFFRIES: I object to that as immaterial. A. I consider that the Mississippi river, in its raw con- dition was not a fit supply for drinking water for any modern community. Q. Was the Illinois river at Grafton? A. It was not. - 11429 Q. Or the Missouri river at its mouth? A. It was not. Q. Is the Missouri river, today, in your opinion, a safe drinking water in its raw state 2 A. It is not. Q. At its mouth? A. It is not. Mr. Jeffries: I object to that as immaterial. Q. Is the Mississippi river above Grafton a safe drinking water in its raw state? MR. JEFFRIES: Objected to for the same reason. A. It is not. - Q. Is the Illinois river at Grafton a safe drinking water in its raw state, in your opinion? A. It is not. Q. Is the water of the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks which consists of a mixture of the Missouri, the Missis- sippi and the Tllinois rivers, today, in your opinion, a safe drink- The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7005 ing water in its raw state or as treated in the settling basins of St. Louis A. According to the present views on water supplies held by engineers and sanitarians, it is not. 11430 Q. How should the water of the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks be treated in order to make it a safe drinking water for drinking and domestic purposes by the citi- zens of St. Louis if at present it is not a safe drinking water, in its raw state’ • A. It should be artificially purified. Q. In what way 2 A. By filtration. Q. Have you given the question of filtration of the Missis- sippi river at the intake any consideration? A. I have given it some consideration. Q. To what extent, Mr. Hering? A. I have read a report which was made by a commission of hydraulic engineers upon the water supply of St. Louis to the mayor of the city in 1902. * . Q. Who made the report to which you refer 2 A. A commission of engineers consisting of Mr. Benezette Williams, George Y. Wisner and Allan Hazen. Q. In that report to which you referred did your firm have anything to do with? A. My associate, Mr. George W. Fuller, was asked to con- sider some features and he made a report which is added 11431 to the report of the Commission. t Q. You have read the report of Mr. Fuller that is pub- lished in the document to which you refer in regard to the ques. tion of filtering the water of St. Louis as advocated by Mr. Hazen in that report? MR. JEFFRIES: Objected to as immaterial and incom- petent. A. I have. Q. What are your personal views and opinions in regard to the treatment of the water of the Mississippi river as it passes by the city of St. Louis at the intake tower at the chain of rocks? A. My personal views are that this water in order to be Supplied to the city of St. PLouis for domestic consumption should 7006 The State of Missouri vs. be purified by mechanical or rapid filtration as the best, most rational and least expensive method of purifying this particular Water. - Q. What experience have you had in the filtration of water and the construction of filters for municipalities? 11432 A. I have taken considerable interest in the matter from the time I first visited some European filters in 1881. I was acquainted with Mr. Hyatt who invented the first rapid or mechanical filter and introduced the same in this coun- try, and always anticipated some advantage to be gained from such a method of rapid filtration, and have followed the ad- vances of mechanical filtration ever since. I studied the methods of slow filtration on the ordinary European method and in Con- nection chiefly with the water supplies of Philadelphia and New York, in both of which cases I recommended the slow sand filtra- tion for adoption. I was also asked to pass upon the method of filtration to be adopted at Washington, D. C., in connection with Mr. George W. Fuller and Mr. Allen Hazen, we three making the report. I have gone into the subject of filtration as thoroughly as I know how. * Q. Are you acquainted with the cost of building filter plants? A. I am. Q. Are you acquainted with the cost of operating filter plants? • A. I am. Q. What is your opinion as a sanitary engineer whether it would cost any more to filter the water of the Mississippi river at the chain of rocks, which consists of the combined 11433 waters of the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri rivers with the Sewage from Chicago emptying into the drain- age canal and from thence into the Illinois river than it would if such sewage was eliminated from the sanitary drainage canal? A. In my opinion it would make no practical difference in the construction method or cost nor in the method and cost of Operation. Q. As a sanitary engineer passing upon the quality of the water of the. Mississippi river as it passes St. Louis and the chain of rocks, what facts would you take into consideration in passing upon the quality of that water in its raw state? The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7007 A. The chief object that would first appeal to me to which I would have to get some satisfactory answer and solution is the turbidity of the water because that affects the manner of treatment more than anything else, and then of course I would also consider the pollution of the river by the number and kind of bacteria contained in the water. I would also be governed by the hardness of the water or any mineral content of different kinds. I would have to know what the water was, both chemically and bacteriologically 11434 and physically before I would feel that I was completely and satisfactorily solving the problem. Q. Taking the data which you have introduced in evidence, what help would that data be to you in considering such a prob- lem? gº A. These data would indicate to me that first and foremost a filtration of the water was necessary, due to the probability that typhoid bacilli would reach St. Louis to a large extent from the Mississippi and Missouri and to a less extent from the Illi- mois river. Q. What consideration would you give to the sewage com- ing from Chicago? A. I should give no consideration at all because it was a Small factor in the problem. It was too small a factor in the problem to materially affect any recommendation. Q. In the operation of such a filter plant that would be established to meet the demands of the people of St. Louis for a pure and safe water supply, would the operation of such a plant require a higher degree of skill or more expensive men to manage and operate such a plant with the sewage of Chicago emptying into the Illinois river than it would if such sewage was not present in the Illinois river through the drainage canal 2 A. It would not. -- (Witness temporarily withdrawn.) 7008 The State of Missouri vs. 11435 ALBERT S. CRANE, a witness called on behalf of the defendants, after being duly sworn by the Commissioner, was examined in chief by Mr. Todd, and testified as follows: . Q. What is your name 2 A. Albert S. Crane. # Q. What is your business? A. Civil engineer. Q. What institution are you a graduate from * A. Cornell University. - Q. After graduating at Cornell where did you go A. I spent the summer of 1891 with Mr. Hering in Europe. Q. What doing? A. Visiting sewage purification and water filtration works, principally. Q. After coming back to this country what did you do? A. I went to work with the city engineer of Newton, Mas- sachusetts, and occupied various positions from inspector to assistant engineer and finally division engineer. In De- 11436 cember of 1894 I went to Washington and was engaged in the United States Engineer’s office on sewerage plans for Fort Monroe. In April, 1895, I accepted a position as assistant engineer in the Department of Sewers in the city of Brooklyn and re- mained in that department and the department of city works until October, 1898. From October, 1898, until March, 1900, I was chief assistant engineer of the Michigan & Lake Superior Power Company. Q. Where is that company located? A. Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Q. Briefly, what work did you do at the Sault? A. The first two years I was on water power construction. The last two years I was chief engineer of the Lake Superior Power Company in charge of the waterworks, electric light plant and mill construction and operation. Q. Since leaving the Sault what have you done? A. I have been principal assistant engineer of the Sanitary district of Chicago. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7009 Q. Did you prepare the chart introduced in evidence by Mr. Hering under the caption “Sanitary District of Chicago, - schematic representation of the self-purification of the 11437 waters of the Missouri, Mississippi and Illinois rivers, between the cities indicated, based upon the longevity of the life of the typhoid bacillus, as found by experiments made under the direction of Hiram F. Mills, the results of which are given in a paper entitled “Typhoid fever in relation to water supply?” A. I did. Q. Was this chart made under the direction of Mr. Hering? A. It was. Q. Will you state in detail the sources from which you got the information and state facts relating to the method of Con- structing this chart? A. The data for the profiles, including the Missouri river, Mississippi river and the Illinois river were taken from a paper published by the Department of the Interior, entitled “Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey, Number 44.” + These figures I used entirely in the profiles excepting on the upper part of the Illinois river where other figures were taken in order to make the profile more in detail. These lat- ter figures were taken from a report by L. E. Cooley, 11438 entitled “Waterway from the Lakes to the Gulf” and are part of the archives of the Sanitary District. Q. Will you state what the distance is from St. Louis to Chicago, and where you get the data for the distance? A. On page 39 of the report referred to the distance from St. Louis to the mouth of the Illinois river at Grafton is given as 38 miles. On page 60 the distance from the mouth of the Illinois river to the upper dam at Joliet is given as 325 miles. The distance from dam Number 1 at Joliet to Lake Michigan is 38.6 miles. Q. Will you explain the upper part of the chart, of the plat introduced by Mr. Hering, and upon what you constructed it? A. The figures on the horizontal line represent days time of the flow of water from the various towns to St. Louis. In the case of the Illinois river they were obtained from actual float A—439. 7010 The State of Missouri vs. experiments made during the summer of 1903, by Mr. Heilborn, under the direction of Mr. Randolph. The actual time of flow as representing the minimum time has been corrected for mean time of flow. The minimum time flow was taken as .8 of 11439 the mean. 15 days was the quickest time that we could get that float down. We called that 18% days, or in other words, the actual time was divided by .8. - - Q. Why was .8 taken? ". A. That has generally been considered to be the relation between maximum velocity and mean velocity in an open stream. Q. By whom? * A. Prony was the first man that gave that. Trautwine gives that. It is generally conceded by engineers. The time for the Missouri and Mississippi rivers were computed. First the mean discharges of these two streams was obtained on the Mis- sissippi river at Grafton and the Missouri river at St. Louis. Q. What were they? A. Being 57,000 and 120,000 cubic feet per second, respec- tively. * Q. Where did you get that data from? - A. The data were obtained by using the reports of the Mis- sissippi River Commission, entitled “Tabulated results of dis- charge measurements of the Mississippi river and its tributaries and outlets for the years 1838 to 1898,” and plotting these to form a discharge curve. - In the case of the Mississippi river, the average 11440 gauge readings at Grafton was taken for the years 1890 - to 1894, inclusive, and then for the Missouri River the years 1895 to 1899, inclusive. After these average stages were obtained the average discharge was obtained directly from the kurve. + - - - Q. Have you a curve? A. Yes sir. - - Q. Will you produce and make the curve to which you refer a part of your testimony? A. I will. The chart is as follows: The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7011 11441 . . * I 4 APPEROXIMATE DISCHAFGE CURVES : BASED ON - † , ſº DiscHARGE MEASUREMENTs MADE BY THE Mississippi River commission *. 1838 TO 1898, . - t 100,000 cubic FEET PER SEcond. º O | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 30| 30 , * — — 25 25 wº — on Ç | Cº . 2 - 2 3 : _j C. Lil f ºf tº: ſº 20 20 Lil Ti ul Cº *— Cº -) r) º - “C CJ Cº 5 go { 5 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 | 0 | | 12 100,000 CUBIC FEET PER SECOND. 7012 - The State of Missouri vs. 11442 Q. How did you figure the time between these points? A. In the tabulated results of the Mississippi River Commission above referred to are given a large number of discharge measurements, together with the gauge readings, mean and maximum depth, width of the river and velocity in feet per second. The discharges at the various towns along the river were then computed, and by looking in the table the velocity at these towns or a part of them were found. The velocity of the rivers between the different towns was taken as the velocity at the gauging stations and the time computed by . using the velocity and the distance. ... • Q. Was that method pursued for the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers? A. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, yes sir. Q. Describe how the curved line at the top of the chart was prepared? A. The curves were obtained by using the data obtained by the Massachusetts State Board of Health and published in a report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, in a paper. by Hiram F. Mills, entitled “Typhoid fever in its relation to water supply.” The results there given were embodied in a curve and from this curve I deduced the following: 100.0 per cent of the Bacteria were living on the first day. 73.4 per cent. on the third day. 11443 50.8 per cent. On the fifth. 30.8 per cent. on the seventh. 14.1 per cent. On the ninth. 5.2 per cent. on the eleventh. 2.5 per cent. on the thirteenth. 1.6 on the fifteenth. 1.0 on the seventeenth, and 0.4 per cent. On the nineteenth. s Assuming that the number of typhoid bacilli contributed was proportional to the population, the curves were started at the extreme from St. Louis. Working towards St. Louis the results for the first, third, fifth, etc., days were plotted. These curves were plotted for each city in turn. The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7013 Q. How was it represented at St. Louis? A. The results at St. Louis were so arranged that the re- sult for the Illinois River was placed opposite the combined results of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers so that they might be directly compared. Q. What does the variation between the Illinois, the Mis- sissippi River and the Missouri River, as indicated upon this chart represent as to the comparative populations at St. Louis, of these three rivers? A. This would show that the Illinois River has the effect of a city of 13,000 situated immediately above St. Louis, 11444 the Missouri River of a city of 96,000 and the Mississippi River of a city of 107,000. Q. Or a relationship of 13 to 96 and 107? A. Yes sir. CROSS EXAMINATION By Mr. Jeffries. Q. Where did you get this table of distances on the Illi- nois River? - - A. From the report number 44 of the Department of the Interior, entitled “Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey,” and the few figures from the report of L. E. Cooley above referred to. Q. Mr. Cooley in his report gives 360 miles between Lake Michigan and St. Louis? - A. It comes out 364.7, as I have it here. Q. From Lake Michigan to St. Louis? A. Yes sir. Q. In this chart and these surveys which you have drawn representing the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers 11445 what populations did you take into consideration? A. The populations of the cities and towns of about 5,000 inhabitants, and over, located on these rivers. Q. That is immediately on the banks of the rivers? A. Yes sir, not on the tributaries. Q. What rivers did you take into consideration on the Missouri River—have you a list of them? A. Yes sir. 7014 The State of Missouri vs. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A 154,000 11446 º Just name them! Omaha, South Omaha, Council Bluffs— Have you the population? Yes sir. Put the whole thing in? Omaha, including South Omaha and Council Bluffs, Plattsmouth Nebraska City St. Joseph Atchison Leavenworth Kansas City That is both of them? A. Yes sir. Independence Lexington, Boonville, Jefferson City, St. Charles The Mississippi River? . Minneapolis and St. Paul, combined, Red Wing Winona La Crosse Dubuque Galena Clinton - Davenport, Rock Island and Moline Muscatine Burlington Ft. Madison Keokuk Quincy Hannibal Louisiana Alton 11447 Q. Now, the Illinois River? A. Chicago Joliet 4,964 7,380 103,000 15,700 20,700 215,000 6,974 4,190 4,377 9,664 7,982 365,783 7,525 19,714 28,895 36,297 5,005 22,698 71,995 14,073 23,201 9,278 14,641 36,252 12,78ſ 5,131 14,210 1,698,000 29,353 The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7015 Morris 4,273 Ottawa 10,588 La Salle 10,446 Peru 6,863 Spring Valley * 6,214 Peoria 56,100 Pekin 8,420 Beardstown 4,827 Q. Where did you get the velocity of the waters in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers? A. From the tabulated results of the discharge observa- tions Mississippi River and its tributaries and outlets, published by the Mississippi River Commission. Q. What year? A. Years 1838 to 1898. Q. Published in what year? A. There are three parts published in 1895, 1897 and 1898 respectively. Q. Does that include the Illinois River? A. There are one or two observations in the Illinois River. - 11448 There were a few observations at Grafton. Q. As to the velocity? A. Yes sir. - Q. You did not use any of the velocities published in the Geological Survey on the Illinois River? A. No. - Q. Now, do these velocities that you obtain from the Geo- logical Survey represent the velocity of the Missouri and Mis- sissippi Rivers from Omaha and St. Paul to St. Louis? A. Aſ some points; not at all points. Q. What points were taken? A. On the Mississippi River at Winona, Burlington and Hannibal. On the Missouri River at Omaha, Nebraska City, Atchison, Kansas City and St. Charles, those being the only discharge stations. 5- Q. And those determinations as made by you and which are displayed upon the chart represent conditions which would exist in the event the effects of the sewage discharges into the respective rivers were converted into three respective cities 7016 The State of Missouri vs. upon the Mississippi River immediately above the city of 11449 St. Louis? - A. Yes sir. Q. Now, in what connection did you use the population of the respective rivers with reference to the velocity of the water in those rivers? A. The populations were plotted on the chart directly above the number giving the number of days distance which they were from St. Louis, the effect of this population decreasing according to the curve plotted from the data on which the chart is based. - Q. Now, assume that the time flow from the mouth of the south fork or south branch of the Chicago River to the city of St. Louis was ten days, how would that effect the result of your determination, and what would be the determination figured on a flow of ten days? A. It would have the effect of a town of about 160,000. Q. It would have the effect of a town located upon the Mississippi River, immediately above the city of St. Louis, of about 160,000 population? A. According to the chart. Q. And as the velocity increased and decreased from the figures which you have given the results, comparatively speak- ing, would change at the city of St. Louis? 11450 A. They would. Q. These floats that were used in making the experiment of the velocity of the water in the Illinois River, could you de- scribe them? A. I can. - Q. Then just describe them in a plain way? A. The upper part of the float consisted of two tin seg- ments of a sphere, soldered together, so that the horizontal di- ameter of the float was six inches and its height 1 1-2 inches. On top of this was constructed a small ring in which a cork and flag were placed. Attached to the lower part of the upper float, by means of brass picture wire, was a hollow cylinder, 8 inches high, and 8 inches outside diameter. Q. How deep under the surface of the water was the cylinder suspended? - - The State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago. 7 0.17 A. The cylinder was generally suspended 2 or 3 feet be- low the surface. That varied, however. Q. Did you personally supervise this work? A. I did not. Q. What portion of a body of water in a running stream is the most rapid? - A. Generally the part near the center of the stream, and 11451 a little below the surface. Q. What was the obect in having these cylinders sus- pended from 2 to 3 feet under the surface of the water? A. So they would get the effect of the current and not have the wind effect. In other words that they would show the current rather than the wind. Q. Did the wind effect have any control or influence over the velocity of the cylinders as they passed down stream? A. It probably had a very slight effect. Q. What particular place in the Illinois River, with refer- ence to the current on the surface or the bed of the stream did you get the velocity of by means of the cylinder? A. Generally it was pretty close to maximum velocity. Q. Is it not a fact that engineers recognize that the greatest velocity in a running stream is about 2 feet underneath the surface, when the stream is about 10 feet deep and that it grad- uates according to depth upon that basis? & A. I should say between 2 feet and the surface is the maximum. * Q. Why is it that the surface is not taken as the greatest velocity? ſº •11452 A. On account of the wind and the friction of the air. Q. The whole subject is a good deal a matter of specu- lation is it not, except that you know that such distinctions ex- ist? A. Depends upon the stream. Q. These charts about which you have testified in evidence are the same charts that were testified about by Mr. Hering this forenoon? A. Yes sir. 7018 The State of Missouri vs. REDIRECT EXAMINATION By Mr. Todd. Q. If at maximum flood time the distance in time from Kansas City was 3 days instead of 6.8, as shown by this chart, what would it show? . - Mr. Jeffries: I object to the question as immaterial. A. 230,000. That is the effect of the cities on the Missouri River would be that of a city of 230,000 directly above St. Louis. ALBERT S. CRANE. ADJOURNED UNTIL 10:00 A.M., FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 1904. - - ſiliili 3 go15 06815 5103 ... ---º" . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * º " ºr a ------- * : * : * : * * * * . L. º.º. W., & , ºº, ſº ſº, e - e : 2, & ºr p * * * * . 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