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Issued By Authority. |
HEALTH IN THE WILLAGE, Ill
SIR HENRY W. DYKE-ACLAND, K.C.B.,
D.C.L., M.D., F.R.S., &C., &C.
| Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford; Honorary | S-
Physician to A.R. H. the Prince of Wales ; President of the General
Medical Council; Hon. LL.D. Cambridge, Eainburgh,
Lurham : Aſon. M.D. Zºrin. Coll. Dublin, &c.
|LLUSTRATED.
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED ros THE
(£xecutibe (Iouncil of the $nternational 3.jealth Gºxhibition,
amb for the Glouncil of the Society of 3rta,
BY
iS WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED, Z
1. r2, CHARING CROSS, S.W.
ſº
1884.
* – - -
º
*
º
ONE SHIIRIRING

C O N F E R E N C E S
Held in connection with the International Health Exhibition.
MANSION BIOUSE COUNCIL ON THE DWELLINGS OF THE POOR.—The
Lord Mayor, President; John Hamer, Secretary. 3, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. Contents:—“The
Population of London and its Migrations”—The Treatment of the London Poor”—“Overcrowding ”
—” Suburban Dwellings and Cheap Railway Fares”—“On the Creation of a Building Fund”—“Some
Difficulties of Sanitary Legislation in the Metropolis”—“Suggestions to the Royal Commissioners.”
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BIRITISH ARCHITECTS.—Ewan Christian, President;
William H. White, Secretary. 9, Conduit Street, W. Contents :-" The General Subject of the
Construction of Houses with regard to Sanitary. Arrangements”—“The Sanitary Arrangement of
Houses in London during the last 120 years”—“Drainage under Dwellings”—“The Impermeable
Construction of Roofs, Walls, and Basement Floors, with a reference to Ventulation and Warming
incidental thereto ”—“The Construction of Chimneys”—“A suggestion with regard to the Construc-
tion of Doors so as to afford opportunity of Escape from Fire ; and another on an economical mode of
Fireproof Construction, adapted in several instances in Public and Private Buildings”—“Sanitary
Aspect of Internal Fittings and Decoration”—“The Hygienic value of Colour”—“Collection,
Storage, Management, and Distribution of Water for Domestic Purposes.”
SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION.—Sir Richard Temple, Bart., G.C.S.I., C.I.E.,
President; J. L. Clifford-Smith, Secretary. I, Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C. Contents:–“What
conditions are essential for a Healthy Dwelling, whether in an urban or in a rural locality, and how
far is it desirable that they should be rendered compulsory by legislation?”—“What, if any, restric-
tions in the interests of health should be enforced in connection with the employment of girls and women
in Workshops and Factories 2°–“Is it desirable that notification of Infectious Disease should be
obligatory 7”—“Is it desirable to legislate further respecting the duties of Medical Officers of Health ?”
CENTRAL CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.-Henry Chaplin, M.P., President; Major
Craigie, Secretary. 7, Arundel Street, Strand, W.C. Contents :-‘‘The Sources of our Meat
Supply”—“The Causes which have Checked the Development of our Home Production of Meat”—
“Home-grown Meat Supply and the Increased Production of Home-grown Meat.”—“The Means of
Securing the Supply of Meat to largely-populated Centres *
INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY. —Professor William Odling, M.A., F.R.S., President; Charles
E. Groves, F.C.S., Secretary. Somerset House Terrace, W.C. Contents :—“Food Adulteration
and Analysis,” with Appendix.
BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION.—The Baroness Burdett-Coutts, President;
Rev. H. R. Peel, M.A., Secretary. Royal Horticultural Gardens, S.W. Contents:—“Foul Brood
and its Prevention”—“Adulteration of Honey.”
SOCIETY OF MEDICAL OFFICERS OF HEALTEI, ) Chairman of the Conference
SAINITARY INSTITUTE OF GEREAT BRITAIN. } Joint Committee: T. Orme
P.A.R.E.ES MITUSEUM OF HIYGIENIE. Dudfield, M.D.
Contents :-Domestic Sanitary Arrangements of the Metropolitan Poor—The Improvement of the
Sanitary Arrangements of Metropolitan Houses—Domestic Sanitation in Rural Districts—Sanitary
Houses for the Working Classes in Urban Districts—Industrial Diseases—Spread of Infectious Diseases
—(a) Through the Agency of Milk—(5) Through other agencies—Notification of Infectious Diseases—
(a) Its Importance and its Difficulties-(5) The Right and the Duty of the State to enforce it—
Disposal of the Dead–Cremation.
ST. JOHN AMIBULANCE ASSOCIATION.—St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell.—Sir Edmund
A. H. Lechmere, M.P., Chairman. Contents :-On the Carriage and Removal of the Sick and
Injured—On the Ambulance Organisation of the Metropolis during Epidemics.
SOCIETY OF AIRTS.—John Street, Adelphi...—Sir Frederick Abel, C.B., F.R.S., Chairman:
H. Trueman Wood, M.A., Secretary. Contents :-Water Supply and Distribution. Sourées of
SUPPLY.—“On the Area of Chalk as a Source of Water Supply”—“Water Supply in its influence on
the Distribution of the Population ”—“On a possible Increase of Underground Water Supply”—
“Water from the Chalk”—“The Origin of Water Supplies”—“Water Supply to Villages and Rural
Districts”—“Water Supply”—“Sources of Water Supply.” QUALITY of WATER. FILTRATION
AND SOFTENING —“Water for Domestic Use ’’—“The Softening of Water”—“The Detection of
Sewage Contamination by the Use of the Microscope, and the Purifying Action of Minute Animals and
Plants '—“The Chemistry of Potable Water ’’—“On the Purification of Water on a large Scale.”
METHODs of Distribution ; MoDEs of Giving PRESSURE; House FITTINGs ; Discovery AND
PREvention of WASTE, &c., &c.—“Water Distribution and Dual Supply”—“Modes of Dis-
tribution, with some remarks on Dual Supply”—“Water Supply for Fire Extinction ”— ‘Mode of
Distribution of Water.”
IMIEDIUAL SOCIETY OF LONDON AND INATIONAL HIEALTH SOCIETY.—
Sir Joseph Fayrer, M.D., F.R.S., Chairman ; A. Pearce Gould, Secretary. Address: 11, Chandos
Street, Cavendish Square, W. Contents :-Dietaries—Duties of School Managers in relation to Epi-
demics—Preventive Treatment of Epidemics in Public and High Schools—Grammar and JHigh Schools,
their construction and arrangement—School Dormitories—Effects of Posture in Schools—Gymnastics
in Schools—Gymnastics Feriencolonien-The Health and Physical Development of Idiots as compared
with mentally sound children.
ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY.—R. H. Scott, President; William Marriott,
Assistant Secretary. Address: 30, Great George Street, S.W. Contents :-Some relations of Meteo-
rological Phenomena to Health—English Climatological Stations—Cumulative Temperatures, &c., as
shown' on the Diagrams exhibited by the Meteorological Office in the International Health Exhibition
—Some occasional Winds and their Influence on Health—The Equinoctial Gales—Do they occur in
the British Isles?
ASSOCIATION FOR THE ORAL INSTRUCTION OF THE DEAF AND
DUMIB.—The Earl Granville, K.G., President; A. H. Moses, Esq., Hon. Secretary. Address:
11, Fitzroy Square, W. Contents.-On the Oral Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb.-On the
Education of Incurably Deaf Children.
SOCIETY OF TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS AND ELECTRICIANS. —
IELECTRIC LIGHTING—MUNICIPAL AND DOMIESTIC.—Professor W. Grylls
Adams, F.R.S., President; F. H. Webb, Secretary. Address: 4, The Sanctuary, Westminster, S.W.
Contents : Electric Lighting in relation to Health—Physiological bearing of Electricity in relation to
Health.
FPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—N. Chevers, M.D., C.I.E., "President.
Addless: University College, Gower Street, W.C. Contents:–Health in India—Change of Type in
Epidemic Disease–Leprosy in India, and the best means of preventing its increase.
LONDON : WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED, 13, CHARING CROSS.
Infernaţiona/ / /ea/#/. Atachióiſion,
LONDON, 1884.
HEALTH IN THE WILLAGE.
BY
t
\
SIR HENRY w. ACLAND, K.C.B., F.R.S.,
Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford;
Aonorary Physician to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales;
President of the General Medical Council; Hon. LL.D. Cambridge, Edinburgh, Durham ;
Hozu. M. D. Trizt. Coll. Dzublizz,
&ºc.
×oqſa kai étuo Thum kal eigé8eia trpos Tov Köpuov, otrol eioſi 6moravpol Sukatoa tºwns
“Wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times.”
PR/AV7'EZ) AAWD PUBLISHED FOR THE
Čxecutiſe (ſouncil of the 3|nternational jealth &bibition,
amb for the Countil of the Šociety of 3rts,
BY
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH EXHIBITION,
AND 13, CHARING CROSS, S.W.
1884.
LONDON :
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLow ES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS,
Sº,*º
º
NOV 2 9 1938
->
PR E F A C E.
tº-a- -ººº-
THE object of this Paper is twofold :--
1st. To sketch certain conditions of village life that are
clearly unfavourable to health and to well-doing ; and at
the same time to show that observers sometimes attempt
to assign too precise limits to the conditions requisite for
Village health.
2nd. To present to the general reader a broad view of
the circumstances most favourable to the good Order and
happiness of a rural population,
The mass of information on these questions is so great, the
instances that might be given SO numerous, and the choice
of illustration so wide, that these few pages seem to the
writer wholly inadequate to treat SO large a subject. He
throws himself therefore on the mercy of the reader.
Still he hopes that the instances given are fairly typical
and suggestive. Space will not allow him to make here
any detailed acknowledgments to the great Sanitary teachers
of our time, such as Farr, Parkes, Christison, Stokes,
Sidney Herbert, Shaftesbury, Simon, Chadwick, Rawlin-
son, Galton, Pettenkofer, Michel Levy, Morin, Bowditch,
Waring, or Billings. For forty years he, as many others,
has been under deep debt to them and their colleagues in
this and other countries for unwearied Scientific and philan-
thropic work. Nor can he forget what the world owes to
Miss Nightingale, and now England to Miss Octavia Hill.
The writer desires to record his hearty thanks to several
who have assisted him in this seemingly trivial task.
Especially he thanks all who have furnished him with plans
of Cottages and information about them ; His Royal
iv PREFA CE.
Highness the Prince of Wales, His Grace the Duke of
Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of Bedford, the Earl
of Rosebery, His Excellency the Earl Spencer (for per-
mission to describe his village of Chapel Brampton), the
Office of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, Messrs. Clutton
and their Architect, Mr. Beauchamp, The Honourable C. A.
Gore of H.M. Woods and Forests, his brother Sir Thomas
Dyke Acland (among whose labourers he has passed from
childhood some of his most instructive and happiest hours
in the Hill Country of the West), to Mr. Harbottle, Archi-
tect, of Exeter, to Mr. Robert Castle, of Oxford, and Mr.
Field, for their plans and advice, for years past, in the little
parish of Marsh Gibbon, to his co-trustees there, to Mr.
E. F. Griffith, the Civil Engineer, who gave the designs of
the Chapel Brampton drainage and water-supply; and
lastly, to Mr. Collings, for his patience and skill in hur-
riedly preparing all the delicate woodcuts from sometimes
very rude material,
Oºford, May, I884,
C O N T E N T S.
I.—THE TALE TOLD.
SKETCH OF LOWMARSH-AN ENGLISH VILLAGE IN THE PRE-
SANITATION PERIOD e Q gº e & &
VARIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS IN THE RUDER KIND OF
VILLAGES, e.g., ST. KILDA AND DONEGAL, AND AMONG
THE TENTs of THE BEDOUINS (NORTH AFRICA) AND
MICMAC INDIANS (NOVA SCOTIA), WITH GENERAL CON-
CLUSIONS THEREON O © © © o O O
II.--THE NEED STATED.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEALTHY VILLAGE LIFE
THE DWELLINGS . tº © tº tº ©
THE WATER-SUPPLY g © O o O
THE REMOVAL OF REFUSE . Q e ©
EDUCATION, OCCUPATION, AND RECREATION .
CARE IN SICKNESS . © º © © O
III.--THE LESSON LEARNT.
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF ENGLAND .
PROGRESS sº te * tº tº ve © Q Q
THE END, OR LOWMARSH REVISITED . Q Q G
IV.
INTRODUCTORY BOOKS, © * > O \ } US O
REGISTERS OF COTTAGES - O Q º Q. Q
PAGH
I4
57
74
78
84
85
I L L U S T R A T I O N S.
a-ºe-
I. THE COLLEGE o © ſº e p O * gº
2. THE BEDRIDDEN SISTER ge gº O sº Ç to
3. THE TECHNICAL SCHOOLROOM © Q e © tº
4, INTERIOR OF THE SCHOOL . © © © tº e
5. MAP OF THE PARISH OF MARSH GIBBON & e $9
6. LAND-MARKS . . . e e e º © e ©
7. WIGWAM UNIT OF AN INDIAN VILLAGE, 1860 g ©
8. BEDOUIN TENTS NEAR CARTHAGE, 1838. © © Q
9. THE VILLAGE OF ST. KILDA IN 1834 . e g *
Io. WEAVER's HOME IN DONEGAL (BY LIONEL MUIRHEAD,
1881). . © ſe e g te sº e * e
11–19. STANDARD LABOURER'S COTTAGE (MARSH GIBDON) .
20–27. COTTAGE, NO. 2 Q ſº & º te © O
28. COTTAGE, NO. 3 (SIR THOMAS DYKE ACLAND) © O
29–30. OCCASIONAL COTTAGE, CHADWICK AND NICOLL º
31–36. ASH OR EARTH COTTAGE CLOSETS USED IN SOMERSFT
AND DEVON, (M.R. NEVILLE GRENVILLE AND SIR THOMAS
DYKE ACLAND) . e o
37. PLAN SHOWING THE DRAINAGE AND WATER-SUPPLY OF
CHAPEL BRAMPTON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE . te tº
38. DRAINAGE OF BLOCK PLAN OF FIVE COTTAGES
39. METHOD OF DISCONNECTING House DRAIN FROM SEWER
40. DISCONNECTION OF SINK {} e * º © *
41–43. PLAN AND SECTIONS OF FLUSH TANK . º ©
44. CLOSET . © g o g sº * º © O
45. PLAN OF A COTTAGE AT SANDRINGHAM O º ©
46. DO. DO. DO. e e tº ©
47, 48. DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLANT'S ONE-FLOOR COTTAGES
49–5 I. DO. DC, TWO-STOREY DO.
52. ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONERS’ COTTAGE . © &
PAGE
IO
I I
I5
I5
I6
65
66
I. THE TALE TOLD.
F, SKETCH OF LOW MARSH, AN ENGLISH VILLAGE
IN THE PRE-SANITATION PERIOD.
ON a sultry evening in the summer of 1858, I was sitting
On a grassy knoll, looking Over a flat and broad expanse
in a midland county of England. A delicate outline of hills,
not wholly unlike that of the Alban mount which bounds
the Campagna of Rome, could just be seen some miles
away through the heated haze that rose from the surface
of the plain.
Dividing the level lands were rare hedgerows and rarer
trees. No sounds were to be heard save the nibbling of
stunted grass by Some ill-fed sheep, and the continuous hum
of countless insect life SO uncommon here, so common in some
Other lands. As I stayed gazing on this not extraordinary
scene (for in country life there is always a rich field for
reflection), suddenly there rose, from below a mile away,
the pleasing murmur of village bells. Then distant, and
yet more distant, peals took up the melody, in churchyards
far beyond. Peering through the hot and wavy air I saw
first one church tower half hidden among clustered trees
and then another; but though several vesper bells were
heard I could see through the mist no other sacred edifices.
As I slowly descended the green and slippery slope, the
music of ever remembered words seemed to chant in unison
within me —
Dear lovely bowers of innocence and ease,
Seats of my youth, where every sport would please;
How often have I loitered o'er thy green,
Where humble happiness endear'd each scene !
[H. I.] B
2
HEA/L TH IN THE VIL/A G/E.
How often have I paus’d on every charm,
The shelter'd cot, the cultivated farm,
The never-failing brook, the busy mill,
The decent church that topt the neighbouring hill,
The hawthorn bush, with seats beneath the shade,
For talking age and whispering lovers made
# entered a straight, rough parish road, bounded on
either side by a grassy border some twenty feet wide, and
by treeless hedges beyond. Soon I came to a spot where
the way divided into two. At the angle stood a spare
wiry man, past the prime of life. He seemed to be a
yeoman. To judge by the twinkle of his grey eye, his
intelligence was above the common run. “Which is the
way to Lowmarsh P” I said. “Well,” he answered, “you
can go which way you please. This way (pointing south)
will take you to the ‘Bulldog.' This one (pointing eastward),
to the Church and School.” “Which is the best road P "
I said. “You can decide that for yourself,” he replied;
“ and if you don't like to go either way, you can stop here.”
He was then leaning against a low wall. It was the
boundary of a prim plaster-fronted Chapel. At this
moment a hymn, Sung lustily, arose within. On this,
he, saying nothing, briskly went away along the eastern
road. I stood for a minute listening and musing what
he should mean. “The ‘Bulldog,” he said, “ or the
Church and School, whichever you please, or stop here.”
Then I chose the way by which he had gone, towards
the Church and the School. But he was out of sight.
Before I reached the church I passed a half-ruined
cottage; in front of it lay a brown and stagnant pool. The
cottage had been of the better kind. It had an old carved
door ; the panels of which, with the solid oaken styles, formed
a broad, deeply moulded cross. A post-office and the
house of the village grocer were opposite. Then I passed
the workshop of a wheelwright. The doors of this were
formed as barn-doors, closed to-day, being Sunday, but,
as I learnt afterwards, on week days thrown open wide
for daylight and free air as he worked at his laborious
A.O WMA. A.S.H. CATURCA. 3
and skilful occupation. He is maker of the heavy waggons
and lighter tax-carts for the district of the Marsh.
Now I was near the churchyard and the church. But
first I passed a grey old manor house of the Elizabethan
kind. There was a little garden in front with a grass plot
unshorn. There were drooping fuchsias in the corners;
wall-flowers generally wandered about unweeded beds. Ivy
alone seemed triumphant here. I could now hear, through
the open doors, chanted in measured cadence, the words,
“Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace.”
I did not then enter the church, lest, being a stranger, I
should disturb the Congregation. I might perhaps have
brought on me the rebuke, which, as I learnt afterwards
from my friend with the grey eyes, the churchwarden had
poured down on a devoted couple, heard whispering in the
corner. “Mr. Woods,” said he, rising after the second
lesson, and addressing the Vicar slowly and distinctly,
“Will you stop a bit, if you please ? Bessy Jones and
John Thorn have something to say to each other. One
at a time, if you please, during church, Mr. Woods.” It
is said that no untimely whispers have since been heard
in Lowmarsh church.
I walked through the churchyard. Scarce any inscription
caught my eye. Literature had not as yet flourished in
Marsh-by-the-Moor, though close to the churchyard was “the
College.” Into this institution I found my way, stepping
Over the ruins of a low wall that would have parted it from
the burial-ground had not it, the wall, been in ruin. The
College needs special description. It stood on the south
side of the church. Between the chief buildings and the
broken boundary, were privies and pigsties. These were each
constructed of grey lichen-covered boards, set up at every
possible angle, and bound into a kind of wall by every con-
trivance of post, or withy, or strips of rusty iron. The
surroundings of each were equally nauseous; brown, dark
slush that never dries. I picked my way to the chief of
the buildings. The College is the name given to the com-
Posite group of about twenty. In Oxford it would rather
B 2
4 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
be the university and the single buildings the colleges.
But let that pass. Two only will I describe in detail.
One is noteworthy because it can no longer be seen. The
other may perchance still have held together.
The first, and the nearest the church, was a long cottage,
two storied. It was almost in ruins. Only one half was
habitable. The pig and privy slush permeated the frag-
ments of the broken wall to within a few feet of the
inhabited dwelling. The size of the rooms, above and
below, was about nine feet Square. In these two chambers the
earthen floor of the lower rooms was scarce less crazy than
the gaping planks of the latter. Nor was the moss-grown
roof more dry than the reeking ground around. This
building was the freehold property of the resident, who
owned but the soil covered by the cottages, the piggery,
and the intervening muck-covered ground. Thus in-
structed, I walked south some five yards to the adjoining
tenement. It was a yet more wonderful freehold property.
It measured in full ten feet by nine. The house covered
the whole demesne, and not an inch of land outside it.
§l W.
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I.--THE COLLEGE,
All beyond was public way. The room above and the
room below constituted the castle of three unmarried
sisters. They each had some pittance from the parish, and
held little intercourse with their neighbours. One poor
soul had been bedridden for several years. She had

A.O WMARSH CO/C/CAE GE. 5
harmless delusions of frequent communication with the
unknown world, which made her an object of terror to all
but her devoted sisters.
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2.—THE BEDRIDDEN SISTER,
At this point my yeoman guide suddenly accosted me:
“Well, sir, what do you think of our College Would you
like, sir, to see our drinking-water as well ? maybe it will
be a new sort to you, sir.” We wound our way through the
other dwellings. Each had a small garden, bright with
flowers ; some of them were very patterns of order and neat-
ness. They were freeholds, of about four square perches each.
Through open doors I could see pillows of lace-workers
carefully covered over for the day of rest. We walked
some two hundred yards across a grassy field. “There
is our reservoir,” he said, pointing to a shallow pit about
eight feet across, full of brown peat-coloured water, which
trickled over the lower lip of the crescent hollowed out of
the sloping field. The footmarks and droppings of sheep
and of cattleshowed the spring of Stump well to be as popular
with the quadrupeds, as needed by their masters. An
aged dame just then came up, with a pail in either hand.
“Good step from Summers Town on a hot night,” she


6 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE,
said, “How far?” said I. “Well, three quarter of a mile
to my home—no water no nearer,” she said. She filled
her pails and returned. “You might like, maybe, to see
Summers Town,” said my grey-eyed companion. “It is a
nice little lot of squatters—it is so.” “Oh, Squatters!”
said I. “How is that * * “I will tell you. It was years
ago that they took to enclosing the moor. It made a
great change for us all. We all got on pretty well till then.
We are a rough lot, but we understood one another. Why,
how do you think they sometimes cured the bacon, till they
was found out 2 This way it was. A lot on 'em agreed on
a farm some miles off. They went in the night, got hold of
a pig and killed it without noise, and brought it home. It
was well known, but no one could ever trace these pigs. Then
it was found out that they were cut up and stored away
for salting on the leads of our church roof. But after this
was known they had to give up that plan. Oh, yes;
I mind very well the last of this. It was chiefly squatters
as did it.” I naturally desired to see alike the homes, and
persons of the race. For the race I can truly say I found
them much as other men, or perhaps more kindly. I have
often seen them since. There is not now one that is not
my friend. If we were not all harassed by the demand of
certain professors of political economy to flout our affec-
tions, I might since have done more for them, and neither
had been the worse. By this time we reached Summers
Town. It was nearly dark, so that what I relate was not
all learnt this evening. I presently turned back, wished
my companion good-night, and walked briskly to the
‘Bulldog.' It was surrounded by the quaint paraphernalia
of a true village feast, with the still quainter owners, with
their tight trousers, thin legs, and short overcoats. It had
been the Marshmoor Feast the day before. The débris
of gingerbread and tobacco-pipes strewed the ground.
There were a few still drinking, strangers who had come
to the feast to leave only on the morrow. Though the
Morris Players had ceased a few years before in this
part of England, yet the villagers had danced here
* THE BUZZ DOG.” 7
till past twelve on this summer moonlight night, with
homely fiddle and boyish fife, on the open ground :—
“For all the village train, from labour free,
Led up their sports beneath the spreading tree;
While many a pastime circled in the shade,
The young contending as the old surveyed ;
And many a gambol frolicked o'er the ground,
And sleights of art and feats of strength went round.”
I got a bed which a pedlar should have occupied. On the
walls were two rude coloured prints, invented before South
Kensington ruled the arts and sciences of the nation from
Lerwick to the Himalayas, and men were still left to draw
their own “free hand.” In one, “Britannia's Glory’ is repre-
sented by Britannia seated in a water-wheeled car, with
a lion for her footstool, in the middle of the sea, and
drawn by two mastiff-headed dolphins with portentous
fins. In one hand is an ensign on a staff, with a portrait
of Nelson with yellow hair; and on the other is a figure
of George III. in a full-bottomed wig. Neptune is
swimming, the waves not reaching to his waist, with out-
stretched arms, one pointing to a fleet of full-rigged
ships on the model of Dutch barges, and above him, in
full flight, a fleshy cherub trumpeting his praise. On
the mantlepiece were plaster cats, with coarse whiskers
painted black, and plaster spaniels with thick brown
dabs of paint promiscuously put on. I slept till the cries
of the gipsies, the oaths of the showmen, and the shrill
scoldings of the women awoke me at early dawn. I rose
and visited Summers Town. The folk were already up;
the men were off to work in the fields; the women and
children were already at their heavy task of piece-work in
lace.
Here is the training-school ; an industrial annex to a
squatter's ordinary home. It is now closed, and the deft
little fingers ply no more, You can believe they had not
much space, even if they had time, for the frolics of child-
life. When I saw them, there were in a room nine feet by
eight, and not seven feet high, thirteen children. Here they
8 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
are happy enough, and very busy. Oh, shades of Howard
and of Parkes, thirteen children in a cubic space of 504 feet!
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4.—THE INTERIOR OF THE SCHOOL,
of lace that could be made, the money that could be earned
and the School fees paid to her, when my old guide again










































THE A/OMES OF THE HARES. 9
appeared. “Good morning,” he said, “you only see them
now they are up. Have you a mind to look into a bedroom
or two?” I assented. “Come, then : can you go up ladders ?
there ain't no stairs.” We entered a Squatter's hut not far
off, and mounted a short and fragile ladder, of which two
out of six rounds were gone. “There,” says he, “them is
eleven in family; parents, growed up girls and boys, and
little ones, all sleep in twelve feet by ten Oh! they
does somehow ; very bad for 'em all. You can't move
betwixt the beds. The three Hares, though, ain't troubled
that way, for they ain't got any.” “How is that?” said I.
“Why,” says he, “they are three brothers that live together;
live, I say; no one knows how they live. At all events;
they goes out and goes in ; and has food somehow. Here is
their home close by: come and see 'em.” The brothers Hare
happily were in; they sat in a row on a log, which also served
as the block whereon to chop their fuel with an old billhook.
This billhook is important as being one of five articles of
domestic use which the Hares possessed, viz., the hook, two
knives and a fork, with an iron pot. The log which I named,
and a block of stone were all the furniture proper of the
house. The official ladder was in the corner north of the
chimney. A glance at the upstairs sleeping apartment
showed only a heap of straw in one corner become soft by
long use, and the fragments of old sacks,—the bed clothes.
There was always some doubt as to the exact labour per-
formed by the Hares. They had a worthy, steady brother,
who lived under the same roof, in the adjoining hut, with
his wife and seven children. They were a tidy, industrious
family, with two well-appointed rooms. The ladder was
whole, and was concealed by a clean cotton print curtain.
The three bachelors were a thorn in the side of the married
brother. He did not approve their gipsy ways. Some
time after the date of this visit, he enquired of one skilled
in the law if he might take steps to reform them. The
exact reply I do not know, but the same day, the bachelors
being away from home, he leapt on to the low roof, with a
bar like the “Weaver's Beam,” and before twilight, first
IO HAEA L TH MAW THE VILLAGE.
roof, and then walls were laid low, and the bachelors on
reaching home found themselves houseless. The result
was on the whole satisfactory. The deed was counted to
be on the side of order and morality—two bachelors took to
more methodical ways, and one third only maintained the
rights of vagrancy. He worked by day as much as got him
food, and by night reposed without leave in his neighbour's
linhays. His garments were latterly made by himself from
old sacks which he begged of his friends. He refused the
gift of a good, strong working suit to be made by the tailor
of the neighbouring town ; he would not have his measure
taken. And so he lived. He read with facility, and for
long attended church with punctuality and devoutness.
A change of ministration thwarted his special convictions,
and he ceased from his Sunday service.
There was not much illness in the village. The parish
surgeon was at this time, and is still, as most parish surgeons
are, a kindly man. But the poor had then to send full
four miles for necessary, and perhaps also sometimes un-
necessary, medicines. This did not encourage in them the
vice of polypharmacy.
To the row, or esplanade, of Summers Town there is no
outlet behind. It was arranged in this wise. The squatters
built unmolested on the twenty-foot grass waste of which
I spoke. Behind the houses, and between them and the
adjoining hedge, was a deep ditch. The plain being flat
there is scarce any fall. Some of the twenty houses had,
some had not, special rudely-built latrines. In either case
the deep ditch was made by the daily excretions an
elongated and hateful cesspool. Fever was not common.
It is not my purpose now to enter into historical details
more than is necessary to illustrate the health conditions
of a typical village, which exhibited with no fault of its own
many of the evils as well some characteristics of the growth
and making of England; but a few words may indicate
how the village came to be laid out in the way described.
The broad flat lands, Some of the peculiarities of which we
have seen, were given by William the Conqueror to one of
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the boundaries of the separate lands. Of these there were in Marsh Gibbon Map
portion, of the 87.5.3 acres which were so divided . The bawlks are still visible.
The dotted lines i
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ZAAV/DS A/VD LA/VD /l/A/R/K.S. I I
his followers. By him they were bestowed upon a Norman
monastery. On its suppression in France Marshmoor be-
came escheated to the Crown. They passed into the posses-
sion of a charity, and then underwent but few changes. Of
these the most notable was the effect of the Inclosures Acts
of 40 years ago. Till then the parish system and parish life
were all in all. Within the memory of living men, the
wholly unenclosed land was parcelled out into lots, which

º
6. –LANDMARKs on THE “LANDS.”
were called “lands,” and these were separated from each
other by “balks,” or strips, which are still visible. These
lands seem to have been apportioned by Common agree-
ment to certain proprietors. Each Strip had a sign which
marked the ownership. “They called the lands after their
own names.” Of these many are still remembered. A
hook, a pitchfork, a crowsfoot, a pair of pincers. These
strips of land containing sometimes only a few perches,
I 2 Aſ EA LTH I/V THE VILLAGE.
might be held singly by one proprietor. But in many
parts of the divided lands in this parish one person would
hold as much as three yardlands, (by a “yardland ” was
meant thirty acres), or he might have but one land of half
an acre. Outside these apportioned lands all was common,
with “common " rights enjoyed by the parishioners. Before
the inclosure, all cattle and horses were necessarily tethered
and watched, as there were no hedges. A straying animal
might do much mischief, and quickly. The crops were
rotation-crops, determined by the parish both as to time of
sowing, and as to the seed sown. There was kept, more-
over, a Parish Bull. The labourers, called “serving men,”
lived with masters, who were the larger and more pros-
perous proprietors. Only a few were outside labourers.
There were certain roads, by the side of which these toilers
would build their huts. They built them in this wise. A
youth would build for himself such a hut as I have already
described. When he had a family they crowded together
till their life became insufferable, and then they built
another hut on the waste hard by. Then came the
Inclosures Acts; and the village became such as I have
described.
We must now wholly change the point of view from
which this village must be regarded, premising always that
the above is the merest abstract of one kind of the con-
ditions of tenure and development of village life. They
are characteristic enough. In one sentence let us gather
up the ideas suggested by facts, visible to this day.
Look down from our grassy knoll upon the church (in
this case dating from the 13th century) which was the
centre of the parish life, and then on the manor house,
the parsonage, the school, the village chapel—sign of
freedom and dispute, the then hostelry—now the public
house, the village pedlars, the rude development of rustic
amusement; the games, the half Savagery of the wander-
ing men; the industry, the order of the better souls,
the difficulties of growth without skilled guidance, and
yet the yearning for a higher life, personal, political,
THE PICTURE OF LOWMARSH. I 3
and spiritual, which we find cropping up at every turn.
Only once more let the saddened village Seer speak:—
“A time there was, ere England's griefs began,
When ev'ry rood of ground maintain’d its man;
For him light labour spread her wholesome store ;
Just gave what life required, but gave no more :
His best companions, innocence and health ;
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.”
Such then is my experience of what a village in England
can be and has been, and is with some alterations even now.
No evictions here, no tyranny, only the Operation of natural
causes, assisted, I am bound to say to Some extent, by the
generally beneficial Inclosures Acts. I do not doubt that
upon the whole these Acts benefited the upper yeomen, and
consolidated farming operations, as a study of the annexed
map, and as Mr. Seebohm's book will show. As to the effect
on the class below that is a further and different question.
This tale of Lowmarsh, when in type, was sent by me to
a well-known Land Agent, who knew the place in 1858. He
has travelled in his profession, from then till now, throughout
all England. He returned me the proof, with the following
comment, of the truth of which I am too sadly aware :—
“Your picture of Lowmarsh in its old days is a very
faithful one in its most pleasing, or, perhaps I should say,
least shocking moments. But I certainly knew it in
phases and moods which are strongly and painfully im-
pressed upon my memory, and which your more pleasant
picture does not recall to me. I ever think of the squalid
misery of poor, wretched, woebegone men and women, and
above all, of children, from whom happiness of any whole-
some kind seemed hopelessly gone; the hungry, half-starved
families crowding round a miserable bowl of potatoes, often
without even a bit of bacon, and thankful indeed to get it,
supplemented with a supply of bread and weak tea ; the
miserable girls of I 5 or 16 years of age, with still more
miserable puny babies in their arms, clothed in rags, and,
I4 AIEA/L 7TH //V 7THAE VILZ.A.G.A.
as a matter of course, illegitimate ; and the reckless and
sullen fathers, ready to hate and curse, and with very little
encouragement, to do worse than that. These also were
only too common in those days, and were the fruits of the
circumstances in which they, poor people, were compelled
to live. I think a complete picture should have some
reference to them.”
The land agent being a gracious man leaves me to complete
my own picture. I will therefore add yet one touch in black,
and one in white. Tom was a wild man and lived a rough
life. He never took kindly to reproof 7%e agent crossed
Tom's mood. Like lightning he rushed for /ćis are to cut off
his visitor’s head. The agent stood firm and still, the
ap/ifted arm fel/ powerless. The grey-eyed yeoman witnessed
this scene. On Tom's behalf he says to this day, “Tom
was a rough man; but Tom wouldn't never have took to his
are to chop off the agent's head in Lowmarsh ºf he warm'z
more hot than usual.” So in this state of /a/man degradation
there comes ever and amon the touch in white which I promised,
“Blessed are the peacemakers.”
VARIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS IN VILLAGES.
Four instructive instances of the effects of very dissimilar
conditions upon human dwellings may here be shown by
the woodcuts which follow. They are taken from sketches
drawn on the spot by myself at various times since 1834.
The first is a Micmac Indian wigwam in Nova Scotia,
on an Open breezy site. There is ample space about it.
It is easily left when offensive or inappropriate to the few
wants of the inmates. It is on a slope where natural
drainage is perfect, and it is near the lake for canoe and
fishing.
The Second is a Collection of Bedouin tents between
Tunis and Zagouhan reposing awhile under the shadow of
the great aqueduct which supplied a copious stream of
pure water to Carthage. They are on an arid, porous,
sandy soil; the Sun and the soil all tending to the comfort
MICMACS AND BEDOUINS. I 5
and perfection of armed gipsy enjoyments, though in fact
full often offensive and foul.
7.—THE WIGWAM UNIT OF AN INDIAN VILLAGEe
By the side of the tents are rows of wicker bee-hives,
showing the pleasing bee-keeping industry so prized by
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8. —BEDOUIN TENTS NEAR CARTHAGEs















I6 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
these tribes, and so often neglected now in the villages of
Fngland.
In contrast with these frail tenements, existing under
DRY climatic conditions, one of great heat and the other of
intense cold, you may compare far more substantial hovels
in climates where dampness, uncontrolled, is the cause too
surely of enfeebled physical power and loss of life.
Nothing can be more striking than the difference between
the health-aspect of these children of the desert and of the
hunting-ground, and that of some of the dwellers in less
favoured districts, such as the Saturated islands of the
Western Hebrides or the Atlantic coasts of Ireland.
9.—TITE VILLAGE OF ST. KILDA, 1834.
The above sketch shows the low huts constituting the
village of St. Kilda, drawn by me in 1834—filled with smoke,
the ground saturated with offal, the entrails of sea-birds,
the resting-place of their cattle and themselves alike.
The second is an example of one of the brighter cabins
of the Celtic inhabitants—drawn two years since by Mr.
Muirhead and myself in the west of Donegal. The two
first of the four sketches are suggestive of activity, freedom,
and the winds of Heaven ; the two last of damp, dis-
comfort, and dirt.
The Arts have advanced indeed in the cabins of Erin.
The weaver and the weaver's loom ; the distaff and the
spinning-wheel; the mother and the infant in arms, the
bright-haired beautiful girl ; the wizened grandmother ; the

ST. KILDA A/V/D DO/VEGA Z. 17
babies, the fowls, and the cat in a common bed ; the in-
quisitive swine and panting sheep ; the floor of earth, and
thereon the chimneyless smoky peat; the outside of the
hovel all slops and muck and refuse from the ruined cow-
shed—all set forth conditions in which mankind live, in
which family life is often virtuous, bright, and not un-
happy, though in it are found all the conditions for making
that life a burden and that family a hotbed of crime and of
V1 Ce.
Io.—THE WEAVER's HOME IN DONEGAL.
Both time and space forbid me from giving other
descriptions of Village life among the nations of the earth.
It were easy, indeed, to draw similar contrasts in various
parts of Europe—in Norway, in Switzerland, in Italy, in
France—without going so far afield as India or Africa,
or the countless modes of existence in the continents
and islands of the Southern Hemisphere. I will therefore
conclude this portion of a rough sketch of Village life by
the following extract from a Report on the Village of
Great Horwood which I drew up in the year 1858. I
[H. I.] C

18 Aſ EA LTH MAW THE VILLAGE.
insert it, because from the perusal of these facts, together
with those which I have already presented, and the in-
ferences which may be justly drawn from them, the account
of which will presently follow of the simple requirements
of a healthy village will be more interesting, and the lesson
to be drawn will be more convincing.
“The causes of disease that are common to all those
houses are offensive exhalations of some kind adjoining
the houses, coupled with deficient ventilation in all the
rooms, and more particularly in the bedrooms. In some
of these good health is impossible. There are doubtless,
in Horwood, many Sanitary errors, but Scarce any that
may not be found in hundreds and thousands of other
rural parishes.
“In most agricultural districts there are many points
connected with the older dwellings, which are either
remediably or irremediably bad. Some have thatch, where
they should have slate; half-bricknogging, when there
should be walls of the thickness of a brick and a-half; and
porous, absorbent tiles instead of hard flagstones, or
wooden flooring. They have rooms six feet high below,
or even between the rafters, when they should be 7 feet
6 inches, or 8 feet, as a minimum below them ; the door
and the windows are not seldom on One side of the house,
whereas there should be a back door and windows at the
back for through draught; they have one casement of the
window to open when they both should be hinged ; they
have a pantry without a window, when it should always
have free access to the outer air. Some have a small ladder
to the bedroom, instead of Convenient stairs; have One bed-
room window a fourth of the proper size on the floor below
the wall plate, or on the floor, dormerwise, instead of two
against the ceiling; and allow in some instances but half
of the cubic air space for two adults which should be
allowed to one. Every such fact may be seen in most
agricultural districts, which have not been thoroughly
taken in hand by influential landlords.
“Nor is this all ; the exterior of many of the dwellings is
no less unsatisfactory than the interior. In some instances,
A UA’AAC FE VE/& D FAW.S. I9
even if the dwellings were better than they are, the gardens
might cause disease. Into one an Open privy Overflows ;
into another the refuse of the house is thrown near the
door, and forms a putrescent heap round which the
children play; from it the father, as he returns home
weary from a breezy field, inhales foulness which blasts the
energy that the hours of night should give.
“The evils which are alluded to, which might be much
enlarged upon, were pointed out long ago in the Reports
of 1842 on the labouring population of England. Those
who are ignorant of the habits and dwellings of our rural
populations would be surprised to find how little the
labouring classes interest themselves in improving their
cottages. If a drain be out of repair, it is usually left
untouched until the owner of the property becomes aware
of the defect; and if the privy becomes full, it is left un-
cleaned until the increase of the soil renders the accommo-
dation inaccessible. To the state of the privies in the
cottage gardens is attributable more illness than to any
other cause. The construction of these conveniences is
usually of the rudest character, being nothing more than a
hole dug in the ground. In the course of time the soil
rises in these holes to the level of the surface mould, when
a natural drain is formed beneath the cottage floor, which
is usually lower than the Surface. In a row of Cottages on
a dry heath in Buckinghamshire, I was surprised to find
fever prevailing amongst the inmates, who were agricultural
labourers, possessing unusual advantages. The Cottages
had been constructed with much attention to the comforts
of the inmates; yet by the neglect to empty the privies, the
vegetable mould beneath the floors had become thoroughly
saturated by the drainage, thus producing frequent and
serious indisposition amongst the inmates.
“The following history gives probably an example of the
two simplest modes of origin of fever ; the one by poisoning
through malarious exhalations from the soil, the other by
infection from a person already ill. A young man dug
the foundations of a wall at Horwood, on a spot where
C 2
2O Aſ EA LTH //V THE VIZLA GE.
refuse and ordure had been accumulated ; he went home
to Winslow and had fever. Two brothers and a sister
have since fallen ill in the same house ; all are recovering.
“Compare the following. The cottage which I should
designate as the most dirty, worse kept, and on the whole,
as far as I know, most unsatisfactory cottage in Horwood,
has not had a single death. One inmate had severe typhus
twelve years ago, and more than one minor attack since.
Three slight cases have occurred in the house this spring;
all the inmates are always unhealthy; but in this endemic,
though no one has been very ill, no one has been well in it.
“In truth, where a combination of circumstances is re-
quired to produce the disease, people seem sometimes to
escape because they are worse off than their neighbours;
just as in the thickest of the fire a man escapes, while
a single chance shot kills his comrade. A parish house,
near the village, which seems positively dangerous, is two
feet below the road, and has the floor three inches below
the door sill, is yet airy, because it is large and out of
repair ; the bedroom looks miserable, and has no ceiling at
the collar; but if it were tiled, from the reasons given, would
be healthy enough. I have seen in Oxfordshire and Bucks
many such houses, and have heard the people say “they
prefer them to (what they call) the better sort : to be sure
they look Slovenly, but you see, Sir, we have room to move,
and fresh air.’
“Again, a positive good is neutralised by one careless-
ness. It has been already said that Some of the cottages
have no back door ; it is almost impossible that a labourer's
dwelling should be healthy when this is the case. This fact
alone condemns the construction of the new buildings at
Nash End, and renders them dangerous. But, on the other
hand, a back door may lead to concealed and confined
filth, unless there be adequate space behind. Lately I
asked, during a Sanitary inquiry in a house to which there
was a back door, where the privy was placed. The answer
was, ‘Mine ain't a privy, it's a tub l’ The tub was, among
other articles of domestic use, at the back door. The
object was to collect the manure for the garden.
|
CA US ES OF COTTA GE FE VER. 2 I
“Or compare these two instances: in one charmingly kept
cottage, with a capital garden, the whole of one side of the
garden is occupied by a privy ; its Overflow, a general
swamp, 9 inches deep, for the pig to play in ; and his stye ;
and in the tenement next to it, were is a similar arrange-
ment, there has been scarcely any illness in this house.
The pigs' swamp is open (i.e. has no roof), and the bedroom
window is not over it. But in another cottage, where the
bedrooms are larger, the window is over the roof of a
reeking pig-muck, and the strong man that slept by the
window fell ill and died, and his widow is yet struggling
for life.
“There is no reason for supposing that the food is in-
ferior, or the general condition of the labourers at all
worse in Horwood than in agricultural districts generally.
On the contrary. The allotments which were apportioned
to them when the common was enclosed have greatly
helped them in providing the house. But I fear also that
the muck has been treasured up, and more pigs kept close
to the cottages, for the purpose chiefly, if not wholly, of
supplying manure. The water is obtained chiefly from
wells, and is not complained of. That obtained from the
rivulets is not fit for drinking, and is not used for it.
The south-eastern rivulet, as it flows at the back of the
Wigwell, is often impregnated with Oozings from cess-
pools, and from surface refuse.
“It remains only now to sum up into a few words the
conditions which appear to have favoured the development
of fever in these cottages. They were destitution, bodily
and mental depression, contagion, Over-crowded dwellings,
putrescent animal and vegetable matter, and an insufficient
supply of fresh air, or, as it is called, bad ventilation. We
must attribute the persistence of the affection in various
degrees to the last four, and especially to bad ventilation.
The evil is most grievous in the sleeping-rooms. ‘We
can do no more,' said one admirable woman, “than keep
clean that which we have. We cannot get our landlord to
give us more air, or make the windows we have to open.
“Women,” he said, “are best shut up.” Some of the small
22 A/FAA. TH //V 7'AAAE VI Z.A.A. GA2.
cottages at Wigwell are models of personal cleanliness and
of neatness on the part of the inmates. The fault is not in
them, but in their tenements. So offensive do the bed-
rooms of Some become in the rooms where the windows
are near the floor, that one said to me, ‘I often awake in
the night stifled, and me and my husband go and sit at the
window.’
“Too much stress cannot be laid on this. It is an evil,
which the inmates cannot, with their present education and
notions, rectify. It would seem very easy, by borrowing
a tool or two, to make, at the cost of a little labour and
the exercise of a little wit, an additional window in a roof;
but, “it is the landlord's place' to do it. He does not
know of the necessity, or has not the means, or doubts
the soundness of what he considers sanitary innovations.
And as for the father, he comes home tired. From day
to day the old small casements remain ; no better are
substituted, and none are added. -
“To this I must only append the oft-repeated caution
against the accumulations of muck, filth, and piggeries close
to human dwellings. The great difficulty of the case must
be admitted. Custom, convenience, poverty, want of time,
family cares and close living, combine against the formation
of the energetic moral habit which leads to the most
healthful state of body and mind. With many, therefore,
the difficulties of living are barely surmounted ; complete
mastery of their circumstances is seldom attained.”
At the time when the above passage was written it had
hardly been generally recognised that typhoid fever *
ravaged the dwellings of the agricultural labourer as cer.
tainly as the alleys and courts of our large towns. This
fact is now thoroughly established, and has led to the pub-
lication of many admirable works, more or less detailed, on
the condition of the farm labourers. Now that, as a conse-
quence of the Sanitary Commission of 1870, a medical
officer has been appointed for every spot in the kingdom,
under a special Sanitary authority, it can only be a question
of time when truly evil conditions shall cease, though it
* See Registrar-General's 21st Annual Report, 1860, p. xxv.
THE AWE ED STA TAZA). 23
was calculated by Lord Napier and Ettrick” that it would
cost seventy millions sterling to rebuild the 700,000 labourers'
cottages which he concluded would need reconstruction in
Great Britain. º
The remarks which follow now will not be confined to
the question of cottage building, but will comprise the
general conditions which may be assumed to be desirable
for health in a village. It was nobly said by Michel
Lévy, and cannot be too often repeated, “I’Hygiène c'est la
moralité et l’aisance.” Public and personal health rest on
morality and competency. Morality and order are the
presumed foundation of the parish system : competence
is to be attained by the toiling dwellers in the country,
through the possession of adequate land, or of adequate
wages, with industry and conſentment. It is obvious, how-
ever, that the political principles, and the relation of the
population to the land and to manufactures, touched on
in this statement, involve questions which lie at the root of
the national life, and cannot be discussed here.
II.
THE NEED STATED.
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEALTHY VILLAGE
LIFE.
The health, then, of a village depends chiefly upon these
factors:–
1. The Dwellings.
2. The Water-Supply.
3. The Removal of Refuse and Drainage.
4. Education, Occupation and Recreation.
5. Care in Sickness. {
* Transactions of Social Science Association, 1872, p. 22.
24 AIAEA L TH //V THE V///A GAZ,
I. DWELLINGS.
In considering what houses are to be recommended as
the best units of dwelling in a village, it has to be remem-
bered that it is not possible to name any plan which is
actually the best, or which is either desirable or possible
for all villages. It is, however, easy to say what are the
essentials of all fairly good, though humble, houses for the
families of an agricultural labourer and for the other classes
of inhabitants in a rural village. In every mixed village
community in this country there are to be found as occu-
pants the parish clergyman, possibly the Squire, perhaps also
the doctor of the district, the Small shopkeeper, grocer and
mercer, or keeper of a general shop, artizans, i.e. carpenters,
masons, wheelwrights—not often the glazier or painter,
possibly a farrier, butcher or pork butcher, baker, shoe-
maker, one or more publicans, and by chance other trades
and occupations depending on the local conditions of the
district about the village. But of these last it is not
necessary to speak, for these persons are generally provided
for, either by themselves or by their predecessors in the
same occupation. They constitute only individual cases,
and have not to be considered as a large class. But besides,
we have chiefly to regard the active agricultural labourers;
to whom must be added the aged, the unmarried, and those
without families who do not require such a cottage as is
needed by a man in the prime of life who is maintaining
and bringing up a family. This is all well known to every
one of every class who has ever lived in the country for
even a short time.
In building, then, a labourer's cottage, the following
points have to be considered and decided upon :
I. The site, the general materials—Stone, brick, concrete,
cob, wood, iron ; the walls—hollow, Solid, plastered ; the
character of the windows as regards ventilation and light;
the material of the roof; position of the door or doors; the
floor; warming; cooking, and washing.
2. The water-supply.
COTTAGE REQUIREMENTS. 25
3. The drainage.
4. The cost and the principle on which rent is to be
fixed. -
5. The garden or allotment, or both.
6. The pig-sty.
7. The approach.
Upon carelessness in any one or more of these details a
large part of the Comfort and character of the rural popu-
lation throughout the world depend. Many of the details
are regulated by local custom, and by local conditions ;
some by geological formation, as regards material and
water-supply; and some by the conveniences or difficulties
of transport. In this country, however, the last is rapidly
becoming everywhere equalised.
It is not in the province of this paper to discuss in detail
the work of the architect or contractor. Certain general
principles should, however, be stated.
As regards the site, it would not be recommended as a
good rule to follow the practice of more than one specu-
lative builder, or even, as has been observed in towns, of
more than one member of a Sanitary Board, and to pur-
chase cheap suburban lands—cheap because too low and
wet, or foul for garden ground—and run up artizans' dwel-
lings thereon, knowing the water to be within nine inches
of the surface, and then not even attempting to lay down
a concrete floor. These days are past, at least Sanitary
Authorities can and should stop the erection of such
buildings. In villages generally, the site depends on the
convenience of the situation. None should be sanctioned
where drainage and dryness of Soil are impossible. A layer
of concrete should be laid over the whole area to be occu-
pied by the house. A damp course of pitch or of cement
and slate, or the hard stoneware perforated tiles now to
be obtained at no great cost, should be built in. The
last seems to be far the best ; and sleepers for supporting
floor joists should be of the same material.
The plans which follow may be taken as a standard for
a convenient labourer's Cottage, containing every actual
26 HEA/L 7TH IN 7"HE V// CAGE.
requirement on a moderate scale, for a family consisting of
the parents and five children.
The following comprise the chief provisions:
Ist. A living room, with superficial area of about 150
sq. ft. ; and a capacity of 1275 cubic feet, i.e. 12 ſt.
× 12 ft. 6 in., 8 ft. 6 in. high.
This is entered by a snug porch with a double
door. Through the porch is also a small ventilated
pantry approached from the living room without
opening the outer door.
2nd. From the living room is (I), a door to the bedroom
floor; and (2), a door to the washhouse imme-
diately opposite the back door.
In the washhouse are a fireplace, a copper con-
taining IO to I6 gallons, and a sink.
All washing and cleaning operations of the
family are carried on there. No steam need enter
the house.
The staircase leads to three rooms.
3rd. The parents' bedroom, 150 sq. ft. area × 8 ft. 3 in.
high, giving nearly 1250 cubic feet, fireplace, and
ample window.
4th. Girl's room, about IOO sq. ft. area × 8 ft. 3 in. (825
cubic feet), fireplace, ample window.
5th. Boy's room, 90 sq. ft. area × 8 ft. 3 in. high (740
cubic ft.), ample window, door opening to the head
of the staircase, in which there is thorough ventila-
tion by opposite windows.
6th. The staircase is a means of thorough ventilation in
itself; and for all the rooms on either floor, by
setting open the downstair door.
7th. Outside the washhouse and beyond the pantry is an
ample fuel-house, about 36 Sq. ft. area.
At the back of the cottage, removed to a convenient
distance, say 20 ft., is a bakehouse with Oven, including
store room for faggots and brushwood. On one side of the
bakehouse is an earth-closet and ash-heap under shelter.
STA WDARD COTTAGA. 27
Of this more hereafter, in considering the arrangements
for drainage.
To the rear again of the bakehouse towards the end of
the garden is the pig-sty, solidly built, with yard and pig-
house, and a clear area of about 90 sq. ft.
—iz-- • T- 1–1–
ºr -ír. | —ºl-r-l T
: ; *-* a 4.
E ND ELEVATION
spale of rerº 20FT SECTION A, B
|
C HAM BER PLAN
STANDARD -COTTAGE. (MARSH GIBBON.)
It is not, as I have said, the province of this paper to
usurp the functions of the architect. But the above few



28 Aſ E A LTH //V THE VILLAGE.
facts being taken as the basis of the requirements of a farm
labourer's Cottage, certain generalities on Cottage building
from the point of view of health may be added.
S C A LE OF FE ET
|0
*H W }. --
29 fºr
$ -- k--64 -- Rt.
§§ §
§h- -
§ l :
ºf - - - - was House Ojo
§§"'. Hº
PANTRY
-
i_0 B B Y wargº |
i. -——izio"---- ------ 12!-6----- N
§EEEğ= HESN
G R O U N D PLAN
B
No. 1. STANDARD COTTAGE. (MARSH GIBBON.)
1st. The cottage above described should be one of a
pair. On this it will follow that:
1st. That the chimney is in the centre of the two cot-
tages for the economy of fuel, and maintenance of
warmth.
2nd. The doors are placed so that they do not interfere
with the space round the fire, nor with the
window.
3rd. Three-fourths of the room are therefore unbroken
by doors.





PA IVCIA LES OF COTTAGE PLA A/S. 29
4th. The staircase and pantry act as an air jacket, being
on the outer side of the living room, of which one
side only and a bit of another are exposed to the
outer air. A few feet area in this plan are given
to the upstairs lobby to the abstraction of the same
from the rooms. This is a choice of difficulty.
The staircase is winding—an arrangement incon-
venient for an adult coffin, but difficult to plan
otherwise without loss of Space.
5th. In three-light windows, two at least should open.
In two-light windows, both. Window heads are to
be close to ceiling. Window fastenings always to
be made to allow window either to Open wide or
be set ajar. -
6th. The roof should be lined with plank.
7th. The whole area beneath the ground floor should be
concreted. The sitting-room floor should be partly
laid with best hard tiles near the fire, or in Some
districts with slate. The best material for the rest
admits of question. Inspectors say wood. Those
z0/io use the floors usually say stone or brick.
8th. The aspect of the cottage should be, if possible, one
facing the half cardinal points S.W. and N.E. back
and front, rather than due north and south.
9th. The plans here described were built in Mid-England
for £300 the pair, no great sum. At present, this
would not be undertaken for less than 4,370 or £380.
In the following plan the principles laid down above
are generally followed. The arrangements and materials
will be such as to reduce the cost. It will be noticed,
however, that the fuel house, pantry, and staircase are
disposed so as to give the least amount of wall and angle
work, though the dimensions are but little less. The block
is rectangular, and the walls are double, or hollow walls in
bonded brick. The offices are reduced in cost by the
extent of roof over the ash floor. This probably is to
be built as cheaply as a good cottage of the plan described
3O A/EA L TH //V THAE VILLAGE.
FRONT ELEVATION END ELEVAT ON
SCALE OF FEET
|O S IO
20 F :
| -------- | l
GROUND PLAN
------------Tº
~~~~~~~~~~~rrº:- 3- ºriºs
-----> Tºs ºn-º-º: sº
:A\og
!
SECTION A. B
SCALE OF FEET"
JO IO
2O Fº
I 1-1 i ! | |
º
sº
ELEVATION OF OFFICE
COT TAGE NO, 2.







DIVERSITY OF ARRANGEMENTS. 3 I
can be, and might cost for the pair about £300; exclusive
of fencing and water-supply, which may add IO per cent.
One other modification of what I venture to call here
the standard Cottage is added, because, though these modi-
fications are not considerable, they help to draw attention
to the small difference which may add to, or detract from,
the comfort of those houses of the poor, and at the same
time make but little change either in the cost or general
appearance of the dwelling.
In this case the living room has only one door, that,
namely, into the porch, which contains also the staircase,
fº * * * * Ş SS
Ashes;
* * | to' 7'
º x
PRIvy]O N
SHED
LARDER!
sº É §s-a-Fºr-ress
S. º SNNº. NS BEID F O O M P L AN
| iLIVING ROOMiliving Room: |
S. SS f , S f g §: s IO O 1O 20 FT
|35 x ll 15 x || § ld 1––––– | ;
$x SCALE OF FEET
* s
S.E.E.ESSEEE-S
G ROU N D F LAN
º
#||||} lºſſ.
*;tºll."
} i. It | |
****t * .. it.!!!!!" :
- UVIII ºf
|
: ºr ====
º-ºx===". → -º-º-º-º-º: >~~ ==
-- F-X x -:
>-----_ - --
E L E v. At on
28.-NO. 3. COTTAGE PROPOSED ON SIR THOMAS ACLAN D S ESTATES.
The back kitchen, or washhouse, is of the same width as
the front room, namely, I I feet. The wood or coal shed
is close to the back door, and the closet and ash shed
immediately beyond. The cost would be about the same
as the standard.

















32 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
It would not be right, even in so slight a sketch as this
paper contains, wholly to omit reference to the many pro-
posals which have been made outside the ordinary range
of building operations, such as iron or concrete cottages.
The following plan is therefore reproduced from Mr.
%% % %2%% ** Ž%;
a
w.cloſio] we k0As
Y ARD Y A R D C. A R D E. N.
STEP S =#9: § 3. HGH ===ſº-H
Bºº S | NK HE REH tº
w is lºwed
SCU LLERY BED ROOM BEDRO OM
| | X 8'
B\º/D Nº
zzzz ~ * * * D
AD JOINING ...------A------, - ADJOINING
HéHer
Ó PEN IN C.
OW E-R.
COT TAGE, LIVING ROOM 3 Doo R C OTTAGE,
14 x 12
"----, BED ROOM
FANALIC HT’, * f
29 TCA OPEN', || x 8
6 FT HIGH cover over 6 FF HIGH
D OO R WAY
P L. A. N.
S N
[]
i
!. fis
li- ~
Cn lºa
| %
32 4. tº,
JO O
fº--------
S C A LE of F E. E. "T
OCCASIONAL COTTAGH,
O
F
T
Chadwick’s interesting Report on the Dwellings exhi-
bited in the International Exhibition at Paris in the
year 1867. To what extent this kind of construction has





WA TEA'-.S UPP/L V. 33
found favour I am not able to say. The arrangements
are ingenious, and the cost, when constructed of the
wire, wattle and cement material proposed by Mr. Nicoll,
is said to be not more than £60. This includes
living room and Scullery, and three bedrooms, with
kitchen range, copper, and latrine. All have larger floor
space than the types which have been above described.
This plan is here inserted, not so much for the purpose of
recommending it, as for suggesting the application of
ingenuity to the construction of the class of dwellings
which may not be required to be so lasting as well-built
cottages, and which yet should be healthy as long as they
are required, and can be quickly built and easily removed.
2.—WATER-SUPPLY.
There are three modes of Water-Supply for a single
cottage as for the village. Ist, by rainfall and tanks; 2nd,
by wells; 3rd, by conducted water. The first point to
be ensured in all cases relates to the quality; the second as
to the quantity obtainable.
As to the quality—Ist, rain water as received in a rural
district may be counted to be pure and “good for use.” In
many level districts it is necessary to carefully collect and
store it in tanks, great care being taken as to the recep-
tacle for storage. The quantity that can be obtained in
England varies greatly between the west and east, and
where it is most wanted the least is to be obtained. In the
Nene level the case is becoming urgent, as I am informed
by Mr. Wing, the Duke of Bedford's auditor. An average
cottage may yield perhaps an average of 2 gallons per
head a day, or nearly 3OOO gallons annual, excluding loss
by evaporation. A storage tank of 40OO gallons is not a
great affair, but not to be lightly proposed. No owner
of cottage property would willingly rely now on this source.
Thatched roofs and lead gutters are not to be employed.
Whenever there is an adequate fall in the district, the
superfluous rain gravitates to the nearest brook, after having
[H. I.] D
34 Aſ EA L7"H //V THAE VIZZA GE.
been caught at the cottage itself so as to keep full a large
water-butt, or a cistern in the kitchen. -
2nd. The supply by wells.-No data generally applicable
to the very various geological conditions of England can
be given. Local experience is generally adequate. The
shallow wells, which are those commonly found in single
cottages and in villages, are always liable to contamination
from surface water, and such contamination is seldom
absent. In agricultural districts such water has the double
risk of contamination from surface manure, and from the
excreta from the house. As a general rule, a cesspool and
a well should not exist on the same premises, though in
some strata such prohibition may not be necessary.
The chief Officer of Health should be able to supply the
details of Well construction.
3rd. Conveyed water may be conducted to villages and
cottages either by natural streams or rivers, or artificially
as in towns. This mode of supply is that almost wholly
relied upon in all the hill countries of the West of England,
of Wales, and of Scotland. In the flatter districts of the
Midland and Eastern Counties, both streams and rivers
are less frequently the natural Source of supply, even of
the villages. In Some places they have ceased to be safe.
This subject requires further scientific investigation.
It is an error to suppose that the beautiful rivulets
which we see in the hill country are all pure. Not infre-
quently, the cottage below the farm receives the bright
draught contaminated by the farmyard above; just as many
rivers have, as all know, “previous sewage contamination.”
All such sources of water-supply have to be considered
locally, and in cases of doubt, referred to the public
analyst through the medical officer of health. In
rivulets from hill districts it is easy, at the cost of a few
shillings, to arrange a miniature filter-bed on the stream
above the cottage.
These observations are necessarily of the most perfunc-
tory kind. The Public Health Water Act of 1878 has
made such stringent provision in respect of the water.
A W OF WATER-S UPA/. V. 35
supply of villages and cottages, that there is nothing to be
added in the way of legal power to obtain whatever water
arrangements the district admits.
Will may be wanting—and in that case the breakdown
of all organisation is certain, if the will be absent in a
vital part of the machinery. Inspectors of nuisances if
well instructed, medical officers of health if trained by
general and by scientific education, and the sanitary
authorities if wisely chosen by an intelligent constituency,
have together an instrument of precision in the Health
Laws of this country, which should greatly protect us even
against the germs of the period. Perhaps we expect too
certain immunity in an order of things in which “Change
and decay in all around we see,” and in which the law of
progress means also the necessity of death.
The valuable House of Commons Report on Water (1876),
which led to the Public Health Amendment Act (1878),
contains together with its evidence a full account of many
of the difficulties of village administration. It illustrates
with great force the necessity of a strong central authority,
which should, however, interfere as little as possible in local
details, save in the way of Instruction and Report. As
regards the actual question of Water-supply for villages, it
is very tersely stated in a paper by Mr. R. H. Paget at pp.
184—188 of the Report here referred to. The principles there
explained are virtually carried out by the Act just named.
In this Act it is laid down that it is the duty of every Rural
Sanitary Authority to see that every occupied dwelling-
house within its district has within a reasonable distance an
available supply of wholesome water sufficient for the con-
sumption and use for domestic purposes of the inmates of
the house. Provisions are duly made for throwing the costs
of this supply on the owner of the house, or on the district,
as the case may be. It may happen that it is impracticable to
provide the supply at a reasonable cost ; or it may happen
that the only available Supply is so situated that it is out
of the power of the owner to obtain it ; and that for these and
other reasons the expense should be borne by the district.
D 2
36 Aſ EA L 7 AH //V THAE l’ſ Z/A GA2.
These exceptional circumstances are usually well understood
in the localities; but as was shown to the Parliamentary
Committee (p. 189), instances may and do occur where the
local authority, or the majority of it, is indisposed from local
reasons to act with justice on the facts. There is probably
no single factor in Rural Health arrangements more com-
plicated by numerous interests, requiring more care, or
calling for more Sound judgment, than this one of the
regulation of the Water-supply in relation to village health
and comfort. -
3.—REMOVAL OF REFUSE.
The refuse to be removed from a single cottage unit or
from an aggregation of Cottages is the same in kind as
that from a town, excluding the products of manufactures.
The principle of its disposal is, however, in some respects,
not the same.
It consists of five portions: the rain water ; the surface
water ; the house refuse, i. e. washings ; the ashes; the
excreta.
The water has to be partly stored and partly removed to
the nearest brooks.
The house refuse, the ashes, and the excreta, go to the
garden or the allotment, or the farm.
The following general arrangements seem to be desirable:
There is to be no private closet under the cottage roof.
The washings are to be emptied into a sink, which commu-
nicates directly with either a small trap, through a grating
(the pipe being disconnected with the trap), or, if there be
a sufficient fall, to a garden, by an Open gutter, or open tile
drain leading thereto. The ashes and the human excreta
are mixed together, and removed by the agency of one or
other form of “Earth Closet,” taking that term generally
for an apparatus which is not a Cesspool, and which has to
be frequently emptied of its contents in a more or less dry
state, and which is wholly above ground.
The annexed woodcut shows a good arrangement, in
AºA2//O VA/L OF /ē/2 FOWSAZ. 37
which the principles are carried out in the simplest
manner. They are these :
- #: : #; > -º- sº
CROUND PLAN. side ELF
:#;
VAT. ON .
&
G ROUND PLAN. SECTION AT A.B.
SIMPLE ASH OR EARTH COTTAGE-CLOSETS USED IN THE WEST OF ENGLAND.
a. Seat joist. d. Dry earth; flat enclosed,
b. Step. No. 3. Sunk receptacle, concrete and
C. Covered flat; open. - cement; water-tight.
Ist. All the human excreta, and no other refuse, are
deposited in it, with the frequent daily addition of either
dry earth or ashes.
2nd. The ashes are applied, on every occasion, by raising
the cover on its hinges.
3rd. A sloping slate or slab directs all contents, either to
a slightly inclined stone or concrete floor, which ought to
be above the level of the surrounding ground ; or into a
receiving tank on low wheels. This mixture is conveyed



38 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
to the garden, or to the earth somewhere, once or twice in
every week.
The rear of the closets is protected by a roof whereby no
rain can enter to dilute the sewage.
It has to be noted here, Ist, that in the arrangements
of Nos. I and 2, all the refuse is absolutely above the
surface; and 2nd, that the worst known form of closet is
the common garden one of the open, so-called dry cesspool.
The principle above stated applies equally to the
arrangements of the pig-sty, viz., that the floor is above
the level of the surrounding earth, and slopes gently to-
wards the entrance. - - -
Now the method of refuse removal just described is wholly
opposed to the method of removal of refuse by water
carriage—the ordinary sewage method of modern towns.
This method practically presupposes a copious water-
Supply, an adequate fall, land available for irrigation, and a
large outlay. How far it is applicable to villages will now
be shown.
In the Report of the Public Health Amendments Bill
Committee, April 5th, 1878, at pp. 92–IO4, there is a full
account of the drainage of many villages in the Brixworth
Union on the ordinary principle of town sewering. It is
there stated that the method thoroughly answers. In the
following Map, and in Woodcuts Nos. 37 to 44, the sewerage
and water-supply of the village of Chapel Brampton, is given
in detail. It is the best instance with which I am acquainted,
where the modern methods of sewers and water-supply are
complete as applied to a straggling rural village. It
was executed for His Excellency Earl Spencer, now Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, by Mr. E. F. Griffith, his Sanitary
Engineer.
The village of Chapel Brampton is distant about four
miles from Northampton. It is situated on the River Nene,
and stands on a slope about eighty feet above it. The
stratum on which the village stands is chiefly ironstone, but
near the river it is clay. The arrangements, both in con-
~
S3-, *
>Jºe -
S3. 3
SJ-4. T:
º -
Sºº º-
>, < º
> * > -
~ *. - |
ton
ramp
ºcwº "“”
scALE OF FEET.
r-e-r-so o -- ido lso 200 -so 300 -so 400 feet
Nate.The figuras in red thus ſoºn
reſºr only to Surface Lºwels.
Note . The Branch Drawns are f * diam.
Pſ, ANſ
SHEWING THE DRAI NAGE & WATER SUPPLY
['HAPEI, BRAMPTſ)N, NORTHAMPT)NSHRF
COMPLETED APRIL 13X].
_-T 5T - Wºrce ºzº
rººrºº not being swºrthy--
pºrt ſº domestºcznayºoses the naº,
tº taken from the &rary tº a Water
* hºck & worked by the Kwer.
\
w
w
w
w
w
W
w
\
\
\
\
\
\
—A-
w
w
w
\
\
\
\
w
\
w
w
\
w
w
w
w
\
\
\
\
w
w
\
w
\
\
\
w
w
W.
\
w
\
w
w
- Qºsſº Wºrworks were carried out at the sºuncºme as the Drawnaye
\ • Jºhe Water Mans are lºad parallel whº, drawns ºut at a
~ Jugher level tºwave cºnfision these are show, thºs —----
- sº wrºn
ºn " -
-
~-
37.
Line ºf Man ºewer she ºn thº-
Lºne of flowse drowns
REFERENCE,
ºwner and Grazºnºs º no-
Manholes ---
Zarning Cºamºer ---
*71shing rank - - - -
&phones - -
Wºrrºw, ºxº ---
Direction of flow-cºwater ºn-
--
ºillºr
rms w ...”
-
º:

















SAE WEA’AGE OF CHAPE L /3/&A M PTO/V. 39
nection with the drainage and water-supply, are of the
simplest kind, and will be readily understood from the
various diagrams.
Before the village was drained there had been serious
cases of illness, caused, it was believed, by bad water and
bad drainage. The excreta were collected in the common
privy, and the water-supply was obtained from wells
situated very often close to it.
In the scheme of water-supply the works are made not
only to supply the village of Church Brampton, about
14 miles distant, but also several large farms. The
water had to be supplied sometimes to as many as 200
head of cattle at one farm during the winter months. For
the works first carried out, not including Church Bramp-
ton, the total population was about 360, and about 500
head of cattle. -
The water is taken from a beautiful clear spring (see
General Plan, No. 37). It is taken by a 6-inch stoneware
pipe to an old mill situated on the River Nene. A wheel
and pumps have been fixed here for forcing the water up
to a reservoir near Sanders Farm, the lift being about 200
feet. A tower has been constructed near the reservoir on
purpose to supply this farm, which is a very large One.
There is only one 3-inch iron pipe to the reservoir from
the pumps, and off this main all the house-Services are
taken, each house being Supplied with water. A service is
taken off a pipe leading to the scullery and to a three-
gallon automatic waste-preventer fixed in the closet.
The water is perfectly clear, not requiring any filtering,
and the Supply is ample, not only for the farms and Chapel
Brampton, but also for the village of Church Brampton, as
before mentioned, about 14 miles distant. Each service
has a stop-cock fixed close to the main. The service is
Constant, as when the wheel is not working, the reservoir
situated at Sanders Farm is made sufficiently large for
three days' supply. There are no particular remarks
to be made with regard to the water-supply, excepting
two ; of these the first is very important.
4O AEAZ TH IAW THE VILLAGE.
To each of the cottages a garden is attached, and in a
dry Summer the whole of the evening is occupied by the
tenants in watering the gardens. The consequence is that
the amount of water used, it being a constant service, is
enormous as compared with the population. The next
difficulty is with regard to the waste-preventers and frost;
the closets being fixed outside in the garden, the waste-
preventers are liable to freeze, especially as it is very
difficult to get country people to pay attention to the
means proper to provide against this difficulty.
As regards the drainage, every house in the village has
been completely drained. The main drainage, which con-
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38.—DRAINAGE OF BLOCK PLAN OF FIVE COTTAGES.
1. Main Sewer. 4. Ventilator.
2. Manhole. 5. Water Closets (See plate 44).
3. House Disconnection (See plate 39). 6. Sinks (See plate 4o).
sists of a 6-inch stoneware pipe, is taken all on to an
osier-bed, situated in a hollow some little way from the



CHAPEZ. BRAMPTO/V SECTIONS 4 I
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1. Removable Iron Ventilating grating. 3. 4-inch Ventilating Pipe.
2, 4-inch Syphon Trap. 4. House Drain 4-inch diam.
S. Main Sewer 6-inch diam.
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42
HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
village. It will be noticed that no part of the main drain
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FZ USA TANKS AND CLOSET. 43
along the main road is of considerable depth, being about
13 feet deep ; and the greater portion of this had to be
blasted, the stratum being hard ironstone. The depth of
the drain is due to the fact that the land slopes towards the
river, and that one part of the road is very much higher
than the other. Woodcut No. 38 shows the principle on
SCALE #27ch to 1 foot
44
G R O U N D L IN E
44.—CLOSET-METHOD OF FIXING HoPPER BASIN witH wastE
PREVENTER.
1. Automatic Waste Preventer. 4. Stoneware Trap. e
2. 13-inch Service Pipe. 5. 4-inch Stoneware Drain.
3. Sharpe Cottage Basin. 6. Service to Cistern.
which each block is drained. Nos. 3 and 4 on woodcut 38
correspond with the method of disconnecting the house-


44 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
drain shown on No. 39, The advantage of this form of
disconnexion is, that if the Syphon No. 2 (see woodcut
39) becomes choked, it can be cleansed by removing the
grating at No. 1 and passing a rod down to the syphon.
By examination of the woodcuts, it will be seen how
the several disconnexions are effected.
The sinks are disconnected, as shown on woodcut
No. 4O.
No. 41 is one of Mr. Field's Flush Tanks. A pipe is
laid on from the water-main to this tank, the cock being
regulated so that the self-acting tank discharges twice a
week. The cock cannot be tampered with, as it is locked.
New closets with waste-preventers have been fixed at each
house, as shown at No. 44.
These closets answer admirably, when it is considered
that cabbage-leaves, hay, straw, &c., are constantly being
thrown down. The number of stoppages are extremely
few, and can be removed immediately. It will be noticed
that the drains have been laid perfectly straight from point
to point, ventilating-manholes being fixed at regular in-
tervals. -
The osier-bed is said to be successful as the recipient of
the Sewage.
4.—EDUCATION, OCCUPATION, AND RECREATION.
The material needs of the individual tenements of a
rural village, in respect to health, having been thus briefly
considered, certain other circumstances which affect the
whole community have to be as tersely alluded to.
The structure of a house, much as it has to do with the
health condition of a human family, cannot directly provide
for many of its wants. Three things specially lie outside
its province. (Ist) Education, (2nd) Occupation, (3rd) Re-
creation. On each of these a few words must be said, and
but a few.
And first as to Education.
Although it is certain that the bad dwellings conduce to
EDUCATION, OCCUPATION, RECREATION. 45
every form of vice and misery, physical and mental, yet
some of the meanest hovels are found within to be models
of order and neatness. I have seen a widow, hardly main-
taining herself by unceasing work with her needle, or with
the laborious pillow for lace, with the fabric of her hut as
bad as the hovel of the Hares, the floor bare earth, the roof
but rugged poles and scanty thatch, yet all her little store
as orderly as though it were in a palace. And I remember
the saying of such an one. “They talk, sir, of putting me
in a better house. Promise me I shall not leave this but
in my coffin. Here my children were born and taught; here
they and their father died. Oh, let me too follow the same
road.” How is this It is simply the result of personal
character | And what is personal character 2 The develop-
ment of the higher moral nature through self-sacrifice, self-
mastery, and generally through suffering. And self-sacrifice
with suffering has given peace to human souls under every
condition of development from pole to pole since the Race
began, and will be so till the mysterious destiny of the
Race has been fulfilled. This being so, I shall say little
on Education. “L’Hygiène c'est IA MORALITÉ et L’AI-
SANCE.” Education is the just development of the whole
faculties, with special attainment and knowledge according
to the conditions. It has hitherto been mainly associated
with religious teaching. A Swing of the pendulum of
thought seems now to point only to training by the facul-
ties of observation and by logic, which lie at the root of
Science. Dilute science appears to Some minds to be the
key to the formation of character. “And a knowledge of
the Vertebrata,” I once heard said at a public meeting,
“and the still more weighty privilege and responsibility of
children in comprehending the Invertebrata,” seem to
Some to be the only methods calculated to train the infant
mind the way it should grow, rather than obedience to
parents, cheerfulness, unselfishness, reverence, and industry.
But be this as it may, it may be assumed that the health
of the Village will depend in large measure on the
possession of the moral qualities exhibited in some form
46 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
by all great souls, howsoever obtained, and in what way
soever applied, as the popular poet sings—
Lives of great men all remind us
We may make our lives sublime,
And departing leave behind us
Footprints in the sands of time.
/
Experience has shown that, on the whole, wretched habi-
tations are incompatible with such elevation.
The Village School then, and the Village Church—
interpret “School ’’ and “Church” as you will—are essential
to the development of Village Health. Without an intelli-
gent and an orderly population you will not have a clean
or healthy one. Without the “School” for the head, and
the “Church” in the heart, are neither knowledge nor
wisdom in the child.
And now a few thoughts upon Occupation and Recrea-
tion.
I have written the above words together with some
reluctance. To the ordinary poet Village Life is one
that suggests healthy occupation, and the warm delight of
simple ways. And so it is, for those who have steady work,
regular wages, happy homes, healthy families, and good
masters. I know no happier life for a contented and un-
ambitious soul, who lives in the strong faith of a Christian
man, upon the estate of a true gentleman, who takes care
of him, as soon as he is past work, as of a faithful friend.
Of the millions of labourers “who go forth to their work,
and to their labour until the evening,” to what number does
this description apply P. This question is harder now to
answer than it was. But I put the two ideas of occupation
and recreation together, because they are essentially corre-
lative. The recreation, if we describe it as of a yeoman
with a moderate farm, is not the same as that of a labourer.
Many a small yeoman leads, or did, fifty years ago, lead in
England a more anxious and precarious life than a modern
steady and good farm-labourer in a permanent place.
SZA TE AND PEAVC/Z FARMING. 47
What Colonel Waring, engineer, soldier, philanthropist,
says of “slate-and-pencil farming” in Massachusetts is most
true of the small English farmer. “Ten acres of land can
be ploughed, manured, and planted with corn, and the crop
can be well cultivated and harvested for so many dollars.
Such land with such manuring and cultivation may be
trusted to yield so many bushels of corn to the acre; and,
after making due allowance for chance, the balance of the
calculation shows a Snug profit. In like manner we may
figure out a corresponding return from the hay-fields, from
the root-crops, from two or three acres of potatoes, and
from a patch of garden-truck for which the neighbouring
village will furnish a good market. Then the poultry will
return a profitable income in eggs and in “broilers ;' and
altogether it is easy for an enthusiastic person to show
how interest on invested capital and good compensation
for labour are to be secured in agriculture.
“But when the test of practice is applied to our well-
studied and proven scheme; when we see how far our
allowance for ‘chances ' has fallen below what is needed
to cover the contingencies of late springs, dry summers,
early frosts, grass-hoppers, wire-worms, Colorado beetles,
midge, weevil, pip, murrain, garget, milk-fever, potato-rot,
oats-rust, winter-killing, and all the rest ; when we learn
the degree of vigilance needed to keep every minute of
hired labour and team-work effectively employed; and
when we come finally to the items of low markets and bad
debts, we shall see how far these and similar drawbacks
have undone our arithmetic, and how often our well-
contrived balance must be taken into the footings of the
other column of figures.
“In nearly every other occupation than farming, the
hardest worker finds a daily relief from his toil, and from
the suggestion of toil, in a home that is entirely apart from
his industry. However arduous and anxious and long-
continued the work, there comes a time when it is laid
aside, and when the workman goes into a new sphere,
where the atmosphere is entirely changed. His home is a
48 HEA / 7"H //V THAE VIZZA GA2.
place of rest and pleasure, or at least a place of change.
The pen and the hammer are left in the counting-room
and in the shop ; and, however far the home may fall below
his desires and ambition, it is at least free from the cares of
the day's occupation.”
Any one conversant with the detail of a small farmer's
life knows how absolutely true this is. It is a life of
unceasing toil, in all weathers, under every circumstance of
success or disappointment alike, and One perpetual struggle
with details which he cannot by any foresight influence.
It is not my part to draw a comparison with other forms
of life. Nor will I here say anything of the personal family
history of the farmer with large capital, its risks, its suc-
cesses, its skill. The steady labourer has another form of
trial. It is one of weekly care. His health is his daily
income. His income has no increase, variation or elasticity.
It is the least on which he can live. And it is hardly won.
What are his means of Recreation out of hours of toil? There
seems to me to be mainly three. Chiefest of all, the peace of
the Sabbath-day. Next, outside his home, his Allotment,
and his garden, objects of personal interest and personal
ambition ; and thirdly, his Village club. A treatise may
be written on each of these, and nothing new then said.
Each must be insisted on. An allotment is counted now
almost a necessity for an agricultural labourer, and not to
have it a misfortune and a waste. It may vary in size
from the eighth of an acre to three or four acres.
The argument for Co-Operation, in allotments on a small
scale, is becoming almost unanswerable. There is a parish
in the Midland Counties where there were, twenty-five years
ago, thirty cows—and now not five. In the days of commons
many small proprietors had cows. Now none can keep
them ; and, moreover, in very many grass parishes not a drop
of milk can be bought. All the milk goes for the supply of
the great towns. The children never taste it. This may
become a great evil by weakening the stamina of the rural
population. Cow co-operation is not easy, but is possible.
But herein political and economical questions enter, and
V/L/A GE ſº EAD/WG-ROOMS. 49
so I pause. Here we deal with questions of Health. The
allotment, if near, insures for the labourer careful use of the
refuse from his home. It adds thus to his enjoyment, his
kitchen, and his purse, and so to his Health.
Of these three factors of Recreation here named, the most
that need now be said is of the Village Club. And here
we have the great authority on Sir John Lawes. I propose
to quote these words which he has kindly sent to me:–
“It will probably be asked, What are the benefits which
the parish has derived from this club, and what induce-
ments it holds out to others who contemplate the establish-
ment of a somewhat similar institution 2 As a substitute
for the public-house, it possesses many advantages. A man
can hardly go into a public-house, and Occupy a seat for
the evening without also drinking beer there, for the
publican must be paid in some way for providing fire and
candles; whereas at the club no one is expected to drink,
each member acting entirely in accordance with his own
inclination. In villages where there are several public-houses,
it is well known that each has its regular customers, and some
houses have a bad reputation with the police; petty thefts,
and even worse crimes, being often developed where small
parties of men are frequently meeting. In a club of any
size (Rothamsted has about 18O members) such things are
impossible. Those who consider all public-houses an evil,
and all drinking of alcohol in any form, and in whatever
moderation, an unmitigated Curse, are not likely to give
any encouragement to an institution which has for one of
its main objects the Supply of beer to its members. As,
however, we cannot prevent drinking, it appears to me
desirable that we should endeavour to lessen and arrest
some of the evils attendant upon it. If any one will picture
to himself the limited accommodation of a labourer's cottage
on a winter's evening, with One Small fire entirely sur-
rounded by his wife and children, he will hardly blame the
man who seeks warmth, quiet, and the Society of his fellow-
labourers elsewhere. Some attempt made by me to Sub-
stitute coffee for beer was not successful. It is true the
[II. I.] E
5O AAA LTH //V THAE VIC/AGE.
men drank it, and pronounced it very good, as long as I
supplied it gratis, but they could not be persuaded to
purchase it as a substitute for their beloved beer. To
become a member of the club, it is necessary to possess an
allotment-garden, the Ordinary size of which is one-eighth
of an acre, and the rent five shillings per annum, although
some allotments are only half that size. I occasionally
give prizes for the best cultivated gardens, and every
second year we have a show of vegetables. The men take
immense interest in these gardens, and should the Royal
Agricultural Society offer a premium for the best set of
allotment gardens, we should stand a very fair chance of
carrying off the prize.
“At the Annual Dinner, which takes place the first
Saturday in June, I have an opportunity of meeting almost
all the members of the club, and of discussing subjects of
mutual interest; even the delicate one of ‘strikes' has not
been avoided, and a discussion on the subject, bearing
upon the relation between the employers of labour and the
labourers, has not in any way altered the friendly feeling
between them. The influence of the club upon the moral and
religious condition of the members can hardly be discussed
in these pages. I think, however, any one who reads over
the rules of the club, and considers that they have been
formed by a committee elected by the annual vote of every
member of the club, and that they are not merely printed
rules, but are rigidly enforced, must acknowledge that the
members submitting to these rules must have arrived at a
position considerably in advance of that generally accorded
to the agricultural labourer in this country.”
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ROTHAMSTED
ALLOTMENT CLUB.
1. Every one elected as a member shall pay one shilling entrance
fee; he shall sign his name to the rules, and shall pay one halfpenny
weekly to the club, and threepence on the death of any member or his
wife.
2. Any person wishing to take an allotment garden, can have his
A U/LAES OF PAR/ISA/ CZ UAP. 5 I
name written on a board, to be hung up in the club-room, in the
following form :—A. B. proposed by C. D., member.
3. When a vacancy occurs in an allotment-garden, the names of the
candidates shall be taken in the order they are written on the board,
and they shall be voted on at a meeting of the committee,
4. The club shall be managed by a committee of twelve members,
who shall hold office for one year ; they shall have power to make
rules, and the whole management of the club shall be in their hands.
5. The annual meeting of the club shall take place in the month of
June, on which occasion the committee for the succeeding year shall
be elected. The members of the committee may be re-elected, but it
shall be competent for any member of the club to nominate any other
member to serve on the committee. The election to be decided by a
majority of votes.
6. Each member to draw the beer in order, according to the
number of his allotment; on failing to do so, a forfeit of one penny to
be paid to the club.
7. The member who draws the beer shall be in attendance at the
club-room every week-day at Six o'clock: if he is not there at a
quarter-past six, he shall be fined threepence ; if he does not attend
at all he shall be fined sixpence. He is to remain until ten o’clock,
but in the event of no member being present at nine o'clock, he may
shut up the room at that hour.
8. The member whose turn it is to draw the beer shall receive from
the previous member the oath book, sixteen shillings and sixpence,
and half a barrel of beer, and shall deliver over these articles to the
succeeding member. He shall also pay over to the brewer the sum of
sixteen shillings and sixpence, and order half a barrel of becr. Any
neglect of this rule shall make him liable to a penalty of five shillings,
for which sum he shall be sued in the County Court, as well as for
any deficiency in the amount of money entrusted to him.
9. Any member selling beer shall be expelled from the club.
Io. Any member giving beer to any one except to his wife and
children, or to his brother and sister, will be fined one shilling.
II. Any member drawing beer on a Sunday morning shall be liable
to a penalty of one shilling, to be paid to the club.
12. Any member drawing beer after ten o'clock, except on a quarter
night, when half an hour longer will be allowed, shall be liable to a
penalty of sixpence, to be paid to the club.
13. Any member making, or causing others to make, any disturb-
ance or row in the club-room, will be fined threepence.
14. Any member swearing, or repeating an oath in the club-room,
E 2
52 HEAZ TH //V THE VIZZA GAZ.
or under the verandah outside the door, shall be liable to a penalty of
twopence each time, to be paid to the club.
15. Any member getting vegetables in the garden-fields after nine
o'clock on a Sunday morning, by Rothamsted time, will be fined
sixpence.
I6. Any member not paying his money before ten o'clock on the
quarter night will be fined thréepence ; if not paid within one month
from that date, he will cease to be a member of the club, and will
forfeit his garden ; he can then only enter the club by a fresh election
and the payment of a fine of one shilling.
17. Any member not keeping his allotment-garden clear from seed-
weeds, or otherwise injuring his neighbours, may be turned out of his
garden by the votes of two-thirds of the committee, after receiving
proper notice.
18. Any member wishing to give up his allotment, must give notice
to the committee, and the Succeeding tenant can enter on any part of
the allotment which is uncropped at the time of notice of the leaving
tenant.
19. The committee shall meet four times every year for transacting
the business of the club, namely, on the first Monday in January, the
first Monday in April, the first Monday in July, and the first Monday
in October, from seven to eight o'clock in the evening. Any member
not attending, except in the event of illness, shall pay threepence to
the funds ; and no member shall allow his name to be put down to
serve on the committee unless he is in a position to attend, and take
an interest in the same.
20. As soon as possible after the death of a member of the club, the
sum of two pounds shall be paid out of the funds of the club to the
widow, or widower, or if the member is not married, to the nearest
relation.
21. Any member drawing or giving beer to those who are expelled
from the club, shall be fined threepence.
22. No member shall be entitled to the money paid at death until
he has paid up all his subscriptions and fines for twelve months.
23. Any member breaking a mug, is to pay the cost of replacing the
Sal]16.
24. Rents for the gardens are due on the 29th of September; if not
paid within one month of that date, the members who have not paid
will forfeit their allotments, and will be proceeded against by the
committee for the amount due in the County Court. If paid between
the 29th of September and the 29th of October, a fine of sixpence will
have to be paid.
25. Any member or members belonging to this society found
TEACH//VG //V SCHOO/CS. 53
fighting, or striking in the room or in the field, will be liable to a
penalty of five shillings for each offence, to be paid to the club.
26. The books of this society shall be examined every half-year,
and a full statement made of the income and expenditure of the Society
at a general meeting, and a full report shall be presented to the
members at the annual meeting of the members in Jur.e.
27. Any member taking tools from another man's garden without
leave, and not returning them the same day, will be fined one shilling.
28. Any member laying dung on the gravel roads, will be fined one
shilling for the first offence, and for the second offence he will be
expelled from the club.
29. Any member who sells the produce of his garden to a stranger,
must be present himself—or some of his family must be present, or he
must give notice to the man who attends to the walks to be present—
when the produce is cut or removed. If the purchaser removes the
produce without a witness, the owner of the garden will be fined one
shilling.
30. When a member has drawn his barrel of beer, he must show
himself in the club-room, and ask for the next member to take his
place, or be fined one shilling ; but if no one is there to take it, he can
tap a second barrel. -
31. Any member making a dispute about any of the rules, it shall
be settled by the committee, and their decision shall be final.
The reader need not be detained by comments on the
admirable remarks of Sir John Lawes, or on the Rules of
his Allotment Club. Nor need I dilate on the kind of
amusements which are in the present day accessible to the
young of a contented rural district. With a good club
there would certainly be good lectures. There are such
now in many parts of the country. Most of our schools
teach elementary Science and art—the former not always the
best, nor practical, yet still good and elevating. It is quite
possible to provide Science in such form that it may be
neither difficult nor superficial, and to instil a love of
nature and thereby of true art, so that it may lead to pure
Sentiments expressed without pedantry. These can thus
be conveyed in a manner suitable to the true and simple
natures of good and artless people. With such aims, and
they exist now all through the land, there need be no lack
any more of all the Occupation and recreation which may
54 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
conduce to Village Health among a population advancing
by inheritance and education in intelligence and capacity.
5.—CARE IN SICKNESS.
TNo village of any importance can be considered properly
provided for, in respect of the health of the labouring
classes, which has not four separate factors for ensuring care
of them and their families in sickness. I do not include
life insurance, or burial, clothing, or coal clubs. The four
are a Cottage Hospital, a Dispensary-house, a Provident
Dispensary Society, and a District Nurse. For a poor
district where these are most needed, this may seem an
excessive requirement, an expectation not to be realised.
It is manifest, however, on reflection, that all these may
be combined in one house, and at little cost. Suppose now,
a double cottage, in good sanitary condition—if an old farm
house adapted, so much the better—suppose the district
policeman, living in one half, paying only half the rent of
the cottage, and his wife taking care of the other half. The
downstairs front-room of the empty half being then the
doctor's room, the back-kitchen being the waiting-room,
and the upstairs room arranged to take two cases of
accidents or acute illness. The doctor (the Union Surgeon)
attends, in his room, at Stated days and hours, to all parish
cases, or provident dispensary cases. He keeps here a stock
of his Ordinary drugs, the requisite dispensing arrangements
being provided for him by the Guardians. His bad cases
from the neighbourhood send there for their medicines
after he has seen and prescribed for them. His provident
dispensary cases do the same. When a bad case requiring
regular nursing is brought in, he gets from the nearest
county nursing institution a skilled nurse for the time
being—an arrangement according to the nature of the
district being made for the payment of her services by the
proper persons, legal, or charitable, or personal.
All the above, except the nurse, can be provided for ten
pounds a year ; indeed, it can be paid out of the Provident
A RA2AAVG EA/E/VTS /AV S/CATVAZ.S.S. 55
Dispensary Funds. The comfort to the surgeon and the
poor is incalculable. Thirty years since, these simple
arrangements were proposed by me to the then Poor Law
Board—with this addition, that the Board of Guardians
should pay the bill for the wholesale druggist, and that in
large districts they should always provide a dispenser to
relieve the surgeon of the labour as well as the expense of
dispensing his Medicines. This last plan is now adopted
in various Unions. Into the relative value of Charity
Dispensaries and Provident Dispensaries there is no need
to enter here. The latter, through the exertions mainly of
Sir Charles Trevelyan, have been successful even in London,
and are largely spreading in Our towns, notably in North-
ampton. But the method is also extending to the country
villages, to the satisfaction alike of the medical staff and of
those who value the independence of the poor—whether
among themselves or their richer friends.
The reader will observe that each of the arrangements
here advocated, viz., hospital, dispensary, provident club,
and district nurses, are here spoken of as they may be
administered with advantage in the very poorest district
and in the simplest form. Space forbids that I should
trace the development from this simple type up to the
fuller scale attainable or attained in the larger and more
populous villages, or in the lesser borough towns, or in
the neighbourhood of wealthy residents. District nurses,
one or more always resident, exist in Some county parishes;
quite different from the parish sage femme. District nurses
always should be, and generally are, skilful persons trained
to be nurses in suitable large hospitals. Every county
hospital should be able to train and supply them to its
county. It is so with some ; it might be so with all, and
probably will be. Telegraphic wires run through all our
chief villages, and the villages would often be better served
by establishing a connexion with the nearest central
TNursing Institution than by having one person often un-
employed for many weeks, and then perhaps overtaxed by
the distance she might be expected to travel.
56 Aſ EA/. TH //V THE VIZ MAGAZ.
The cottage hospital, as I have described it, in its rudi-
mentary but useful shape, may, if necessary, grow up into the
miniature but complete hospital such as exists in towns
like Banbury; or, such as in Aylesbury rivals the large
institutions of Provincial centres in providing both for
curative and preventive medicine,
These two factors—the trained district nurses and the
Cottage hospitals—are slowly transforming the methods
for the cure of the sick poor, and indirectly, too, affecting
the well-being of the rich in country villages. The able
and cultivated young men now passing in large numbers
through the offices of trust, surgical and medical, of our
Metropolitan and greater provincial Schools, are able
and willing to undertake with knowledge and with the
confidence that knowledge gives, the management of
almost all cases of disease and injury. For these,
however, they need two things, when they are placed
in rural districts, viz., a hospital and a skilled nurse,
who may all be trained to dispense for the union Surgeon,
in the village dispensary. The public mind is seizing these
conceptions. Both will be gradually provided, and capable
practitioners will be found in all the principal villages which
need them. Nothing seems to be more certain than this.
There is only one fear, that the development of public
interest in these directions will attract more workers than
can live by their labour. On the other hand, as regards the
Nurses, women of the highest character and education are
leaving, for a time at least, some of the frivolities of town
life for a more engrossing and healthy Occupation, viz., the
intelligent and skilful care of the sick poor. For such
trained service, blessing and blessed, hospitals, workhouse
dispensaries, cottage hospitals, and districts are offering
ample opportunity in the remotest Village as well as
among the denser dwellings of the Metropolis,
P/V//VC//2ZAZS OF PA’OGA2A.S.S. 57
III.
THE LESSON LEARNT.
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF ENGLAND.
The tale of the village has been shortly told. The
needs have been briefly stated. The lesson has to be
learnt.
It has been shown how vile and terrible are some of the
physical conditions of the poor. I do not care to discuss
the relative misery of the bad portion of London, which I
have known nearly as long as the huts of St. Kilda.
The evils are different. The causes are in many respects
dissimilar. It is not, however, certain that the remedies of
both are not in some measure correlative. The people have
crowded into the towns. Seeking to lighten their own
burdens they have added to those of others, and have not
diminished their own. In the towns gigantic efforts have
been made and are being made to remedy the existing evils
of the dwellings, and to check the rising tide of difficulty.
The Shaftesbury Estate; the Peabody dwellings; the railway
companies in various ways ; Miss Octavia Hill's work, with
a thousand other plans, have striven and are striving to
stem the torrent in London. Two or three salient instances
selected in the north and middle of England, and the
records of great public bodies, will show something of that
which has been attempted, and the principle on which it
has been attempted for Our village populations.
But it is certain that a foreigner crossing England from
the Land's End to the Nore, or from Freshwater Gate to
John O'Groat's House, would be as struck, as he went, by
the contrasts in the rural dwellings of the tillers of the soil,
as by the variety in the geological formation of the lands
and of occupation of the people. He would read the “tale
that has been told.” He would also see the ornate and
carefully-arranged habitations that are near the parks, and
the mansions which are among the features of this island of
58 HEA/L TH //W THE VILLAGE.
gardens. By a few salient instances I propose to show
what is in progress in this direction of improvement and
care, aid the general principles on which it has proceeded.
Sandring/lam.
*-
These principles, as regards labourers' dwellings, can be
well shown in the east of England at Sandringham, and
by the gracious permission of His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales I am enabled shortly to illustrate them
by what I have observed there. This particular property
is not extensive, and therefore the facts can most readily
be secrl.
1st. There are cottages in good order, ample for the
wants of the parishes to which they belong.
2nd. These are of very various descriptions :
a. Old ones found on the property have been judiciously
repaired when fit for repair, others have been removed.
ð. They are of various descriptions, suited to the wants
of rural labourers.
c. The village shop, which may be reckoned as a double
Cottage.
d. The dwellings for the labourers with a family are of
two dimensions, the larger, or Alexandra cottages,
the smaller or Louisa cottages. These each, however,
contain sitting-room, Scullery, pantry, store, three
bedrooms, two having fireplaces, the staircases being
conveniently arranged. A garden of about 20 poles.
(Opposite are the ground plan and chamber plan of a pair.
The same plan practically as the “Standard,” No. 15.
The internal arrangements could not be more con-
venient; though, as has been said, changes may be rung in
applying the general principles.)
& Smaller cottages on one floor for aged couples, or for
couples without a family, with three rooms, each
room having a fireplace.
f. A cottage hospital, wherein a married couple live
SA/VD/CIAVG HAM VILLAGE MA/VA GEMA, MT. 59
pursuing their respective avocations. Two airy
furnished rooms, with possible supplementary apart-
ments, are therefore always ready. A woman nurse
can be obtained at any moment by telegram from
a neighbouring institution.
ºº::=º º Pº
* T i
CHANIBER PLAN G R O UN D PLAN
fi AND RINGHAM
f : . . . . . ." f 30 fi
SCALE OF FEET
45. PLAN OF A COTTAGE AT SANDRINGHAM.
OF Fi C E S
cHAMBERT chamBER tº
IO O IO & O 30 F :
Ll | | | | | | | | |
S C A LE OF FEET
46. PLAN OF A COTTAGE AT SANDRINGHAM.
g. There is no public-house in four adjoining parishes.
Many of the villagers are wont to keep small casks
of beer brought round from a neighbouring brewer.




60 Aſ EA A 7TP/ //V THA. V.ZZZA GAZ.
h. A village club-house, or reading-room, is in course of
erection in the present summer.
2. To a part of one village, as well as to Sandringham
House, there is constant water-supply from a water-
tower, the water being raised by steam-power from
the chalk, and softened by Clark's process. Those
not SO Supplied have wells—but (intentionally) not
one for every cottage.
j. The removal of excreta is by the old arrangement of
garden closets, kept in good order by inspection.
These will mostly be altered to the above-ground
system. *
Å. The churches have been restored and are in beautiful
condition.
The varied sizes of well-constructed cottages—the
absence of public-houses — the cottage hospital — the
village club — the bright parish churches — the ample
water-supply — together exhibit the principle on which
arrangements for village health in an agricultural popula-
tion can be maintained on a property where there is no
pressure of population, when there are adequate means
at the disposal of a thoughtful landowner to enable him to
provide for the wants of the people. The mode of carrying
out the principle must be adapted to the conditions of the
geological formation.
Of the varying conditions, and the mode of meeting
them, England offers multitudinous illustrations. It is
not in my power, with the time and space at my disposal,
to fully illustrate them. The kindness, however, of the
Duke of Northumberland in the north of England, of the
Duke of Bedford in the middle of England, of the Ecclesi-
astical Commissioners of England, and of the Honourable
Charles Gore, Commissioner of Woods and Forests, enable
me to name types of these conditions; while His Excellency
the Earl of Spencer, by permitting the description just
given of Church T3rampton, shows a case of complete
COTTAGA, A R/QAAVG EA/E/WTS A T WO/3 U/C/V. 61
rural water-supply and water carriage of excrcta ; and the
Earl of Rosebery and Mr. Cyril Flower have furnished me
with examples of complete and successful Superintendence
of the other chief mode for the disposal of refuse.
Bedfordshire.
From the hundreds of examples which might be given of
the views of great landowners on village arrangements, two
only can be selected, one from the South and one from the
north of England. Any one who desires to see a typical
example of careful consideration bestowed over a long
series of years might advantageously repair to Woburn.
There is a valley to the east of the Abbey at Eversholt,
where, beyond the circuit of the property of the Duke of
Bedford, may be seen cottages of the type of Lowmarsh,
with both the virtues and the faults of the tenements
described there. There are the Orthodox two rooms above
and below, the upper with only some 600 cubic feet of space,
the bedroom of a cheery couple, the man, of eighty-three,
has lived there in health and happiness these sixty years,
and would be heartbroken to leave this picturesque abode,
full of the associations that belong to a large family brought
up in contentment, in their little crowded home, or lives of
labour.
Not far off may be seen a recent example of the Duke's
anxious care to discover the rules for constructing an abode
most fit for the peasant labourer. The old cottage just
described is rented for a shilling a week; the latter,
the result of every careful thought, for sevenpence more.
It is a type of a simple unadorned structure, massive, and
considered carefully in every point. It has overhanging
eaves for dryness of foundations, hard-brick causeway sur-
rounding it ; a yard of asphalte laid on concrete, a little
barn, and wash-house and earth-closet ; the rain-water
tank and protected well, with covered pump. The wooden
floors and staircase, and ample rooms, two below and three
above, contain everything which a moderate family would
62 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
desire, in any station of life, for real need. But then the
cost Not less than £370, without reckoning the ground
and the spacious garden, or any expense of professional
superintendence. I take these two cases as typically show-
ing the two extremes of village life. The first case is that
of a life not unhappily led through a long family history.
The second is a complete illustration of careful arrangement
without waste or ornament, but with a skilled consideration
for the wants of the people. It is needless, almost, to add
the words that as a commercial undertaking the Duke's
cottage is out of the question with the present amount of
peasants' earnings, or any that are probable in the future.
In and near Woburn may be seen similar effort bestowed
in various manners and degrees. It would require a special
treatise to record the several plans in detail in which, during
forty years, these modes of village life have been studied
and put in force in respect of education and of dwellings.
It would be instructive to some outside critical observers
did they know the extent of unceasing Supervision of the
most exact kind that has been and is employed to obtain
the result that is everywhere to be seen. Had I, indeed,
space to do this now, it would be to violate the trust which
put every particular into my hands on the Occasion of a
recent examination made with Mr. Wing, His Grace's
administrator. The cottages are all carefully repaired
every six years, and on every change of tenants they are
cleansed and whitewashed ; they are quarterly inspected,
the tanks and spoutings periodically cleansed and repaired,
and every cottage fumigated and cleansed by the landlord
after all infectious diseases. Indeed, the amount of thought
that is bestowed on the thousands of cottages of this great
proprietor in divers parts of England, is itself a lesson
of lifelong exertion in the cause of the village labourer.
Norf/ºt/ºber/a/2d
I select one other example of village life on a great scale
for a special object and to enforce a special lesson, not
MO/37/7 (W///3/E/º/CAAWD CO 7"TA GA.S. 63
theoretical, but practical. In the outset of the essay,
certain standards of Cottages were given with the conviction
that no one standard or model is desirable or attainable.
Any One acquainted with the populous villages of the pitmen
in the North, and with the striking villages of the splendid
fishing population of the Eastern Coast, must be aware how
far they are removed, even in design, from any such model
as has been shown here. Some of the solidly-built one-
storied tenements are so associated with the notion of
convenience and comfort in the minds of the inhabitants on
those stormy localities, that they often refuse to inhabit
what we call or consider better dwellings. Indeed, where
land is of little value they are doubtless right. Visitors
sometimes confuse the filthy surroundings with the type
of the house itself. This is an incorrect impression. The
interior of the northern pitmen's homes, and the dwellings
of the fishers, are, in many cases, as remarkable for their
neatness, their order, and their convenience, as their in-
habitants are for Courage and Sagacity.
I therefore append two contrasting forms of cottage,
which the Duke of Northumberland has provided on the
great estates, for which his Grace has cared so much ;
spending annually several thousand pounds on these dwell-
ings alone. No. 47 and 48 are the carefully-considered
plans of a ground-floor double cottage of stone, with its
snugly inclosed yard, its tanks, its ashpits, its piggeries.
By the Duke's kindness the design of other cottages more
conformable to the notions of the public are here given.
They are placed second that they may be near the ad-
mirable plans adopted in various parts of England by the
Ecclesiastical Commissioners of England, and by her
Majesty's Commissioners of Woods and Forests.
It will be noticed that in the Duke's plans, whether for
the ground-floor houses or for the two-storied houses, the
principle on which the outbuildings are here laid out is to
inclose them in a common yard. They who have wan-
dered on our eastern coasts, or on the cliffs and moors of
Cornwall, must know well the comfort of the wall built in
64 HAEAZ TH IN THE VIL/A GE.
solid stone, a shelter against the cruel gale, and protection
to the single house door at the back—an arrangement not
desirable in situations less exposed.
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THE DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND'S ONE-FLOOR COTTAGES,
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In contrast with this disposition of the court may be
put at once the ground-plan lately adopted by the Com-
missioners of Woods and Forests and the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners, which, by the kindness of Sir George






NORTAIE/RM NEAED.S. b;
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THE DUKE OF NORTHIUM BERLAND’S TWO-STOREY COTTAGłº,
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66 AAA/L TH ZAV ZTA/AE VIZZA GA2.
Pringle and of the Hon. Mr. Gore, I am allowed to use as
illustration. It will be noticed at once that in this southern
cottage, of excellent arrangement (though the single house-
door is a doubtful improvement), the back premises are
constructed so as to entirely separate the houses in that
direction. This is for the purpose of privacy. It illustrates
in connexion with the Northumberland plan that which
LIVING ROOM)
16.10%
36.5°
G ROUND PLAN
JO IO Q F3
SCALE OF FEET
52.-ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONERS’ COTTAGE,
cannot be too strongly insisted on, the necessity of freedom
and variety of design, as well as of cost and dimensions,
and the avoidance of any stereotyped method to be sown
broadcast Over the country, without regard to local ex-
perience. While venturing to compare the systems pursued
in regulating the Northumberland and Bedford villages
with those of two great National Offices, those of the
Ecclesiastical Commissioners and the Commissioners of
Woods and Forests, it is interesting to note how the private
owner can use, if he be willing and able, a freer hand than

ECCLAESIASTICAL COMMISSIO/WEA’.S. 67
the trustees of the public purse. But the condition of the
property of these great State offices, as bearing on this
whole question of Village Health, is so instructive, and the
good done throughout England so great, that I add a
condensed statement with which I have been favoured.
The bulk of the estates now in possession of the Eccle-
siastical Commissioners was, until within recent years, held
on beneficial or renewable leases for years or lives, or on
copyhold grants for lives, for the most part in numerous
small holdings.
On the lapsing or purchase of the outstanding leasehold
or copyhold interests, these properties usually came into
the possession of the Commissioners in a dilapidated state,
and the cottages which had been originally constructed of
unsubstantial materials, were in many cases unfit for habi-
tation.
The Commissioners have from the first recognised the
obligation of providing suitable accommodation for the
labourers employed on their farms, and, in addition to the
improvement of such existing houses as were worth im-
proving, they have erected some hundreds of new cottages
on their estates, and on those which have been transferred
to Ecclesiastical Corporations for permanent endowments.
The cottages so erected are substantially built with
hollow walls, usually in pairs; they have each three
Separate bedrooms, and are provided with a proper water-
supply and detached offices, so that their sanitary condition
should be ensured.
As typical cases of estates in which improvements of this
nature have been made in the habitations of the labouring
poor, the two following may be selected, viz., Staverton and
Thorverton in the county of Devon.
The estate now in possession of the Commissioners in
the parish of Staverton is about 3700 acres, which have
been acquired since 1862 by the purchase or lapsing of
beneficial leasehold or copyhold interests, in nearly 100
holdings.
The houses and cottages standing on these small inter-
F 2
68 HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE.
mixed holdings at the time of their acquisition by the
Commissioners were generally of an inferior character,
being timber-framed, cob and thatch buildings, and, in
many instances, they had become greatly dilapidated from
neglect.
The estate has now been thrown into farms of reason-
able size and compactness, and comprises fourteen farms
of IOO acres and upwards, and about thirty smaller
occupations.
The cottage accommodation provided for these holdings
consists of thirty-six new cottages, built by the Commis-
Sioners, and thirty-five cottages (partly old farmhouses con-
verted), which have been altered and improved, so that they
are now comfortable dwellings.
The estate in Thorverton, now in possession of the Com-
missioners in this parish, comprises about 1300 acres, and
has been acquired since 1862 by the purchase and lapsing
of leases and copyhold grants, as in the case of Staverton.
In this case the Commissioners have built eighteen new
cottages, and altered and improved ten old ones.
Nearly the whole of the village of Thorverton was held
on beneficial leases, and had got into a bad sanitary condi-
tion. Those of the houses which were unfit for habitation
have from time to time been removed as the leases fell in,
and those of a better class which were not needed for the
farms were sold to the respective lessees, so that they
might have an interest in aiding in the general improve-
ment of the village.
The water-supply has been obtained from a spring on
the estate at a distance from the village. The water is
conducted by pipes into a reservoir near to the church, and
the reservoir and works have been recently made over by
the Commissioners to the Parish Authorities for the general
use of the population. *
It may be stated that the cost of building the new
cottages on the estates above mentioned has been from
A375 to £450 per pair, including outbuildings, nearly
the same as those given above (p. 29.) The difference in
WOODS AAWD FOREST.S. 69
the cost arises not from alteration in design, but from the
gradual increase in the cost of building during the last
twenty years.
Nor less instructive is the following example:—
The Commissioners of Woods consider it essential that
the Cottages, situated on the Crown estates, and intended
for the occupation of labourers on those estates, should be
sufficient in number and suitable in size and construction.
Since 1851 the Commissioners have built 522 new cot-
tages for labourers, and have enlarged, or otherwise im-
proved, 3 II existing cottages.
The new cottages are usually built with hollow walls,
and almost invariably contain five rooms, with pantry,
detached fuel-house and other conveniences, and also with
garden and water-supply. Ovens are added where they are
necessary. They are usually built in pairs, and, in recent
years, the cost of a pair, under ordinary circumstances, has
been upwards of £450.
In the enlargement of existing cottages, an endeavour is
made to provide, in each case, as much accommodation as
is provided in the new cottages.
But I must now draw these remarks to a close with one
observation. If any one should be at the pains to read the
depressing account of the villages of England published by
Dr. Hunter, in the year 1864, in Mr. Simon's invaluable
series of Reports to the Privy Council, and then reflect
on the mass of effort that has been brought to bear on
improving the healthy condition of our village dwellings
as well by great owners as by public authorities, he will
conclude, as I conclude from observation and from reason,
that the present is wholly unlike the past; that we know
at what to aim, and that the result is as sure as the aim
is true. How to deal with small freeholds, the property of
the needy, is a question in which I do not now enter. It is
One to be approached with caution. Compulsory closing
and destruction may lead to further evils in the country,
and to more disastrous crowding into the town. The Royal
Commission on the dwellings of the labouring classes will
give all the advice which devotedness and ability can bring
7o F# EA/E TH IN THE VILLAGE.
to bear on this national problem : only let us seek to save
if we can, the haven of simple English life, and peaceful
peasant homes.
Earth Closets at Tring.
One point of detail in village administration remains.
In a previous section the arrangements for removing excreta
by water-carriage adopted by Earl Spencer were described
as being typical of this thorough mode of refuse removal.
An instance of the other method carried out by individuals
with equal perfection on the Rothschild estates should be
described, as it is the method best adapted to single or
detached cottages, and straggling villages. The closets used
are Moule's Patent. They are arranged as follows, every
detail being carefully and well constructed :—An ample hut
is constructed ; on one side of it is a cupboard of about
7 feet high, and area of about 9 feet. This is a receptacle
for storing clean dry earth, and will hold about a month's
Consumption.
Next to it, at the rear, is the door to the back of the
closet ; above, is the receptacle of dry earth, below, a tank
about 2 feet deep for the dejecta.
For a small family about I cwt. of earth is required
weekly ; i.e., about 3 tons annually.
The tank is emptied weekly, i.e., for one cottage, one
barrow load ; for twenty Cottages, one ton—a cart load.
To do this, two men, a horse and cart with their care-taker,
are practically required ; but the same staff will keep I 50
Cottages, within a reasonable distance, taking 8 tons of dry
earth to the Cottages, and removing the same, plus the
weight and mass of the excreta from the cottages, to the
place of deposit; the distance to be traversed from the
place where the earth is kept to the drying-house, then
to each of the I5O cottages, back to the drying-house,
and then ultimately to the land—all these manifestly
imply factors varying in every locality. I speak, there-
fore, but roughly. Besides the man in charge of the
drying stove, and the man for the horse and cart, one or
more are needed to collect and prepare the untainted earth,
FA A 7TP/ C/COSA. T A/A/VA GA2//E/VT. 71
whencesoever obtained, for the 150 cottages; that is to say,
about 300 tons annually, or about I ton a day. I first said
3 tons a year for each cottage, and here I have said 2 tons.
The former amount was the quantity of the earth used by
the cottages, I now speak of the fresh earth, freshly dug up.
The meaning of this will appear directly. At Tring, on the
estate of Sir Nathaniel Rothschild, is the central drying
kiln, working for about 150 cottages, in five villages,
including part of Aylesbury, seven miles off. But at Ayles-
bury the product is not returned. Only the 52 tons of dry
earth travel thither annually, or a load weekly. I will not
pursue these details, for as I said in every district they must
vary. The cost, therefore, also must vary. The principle
remains exactly the same. This central kiln supplies the
Rothschild cottages at Tring, Aston-Clinton, Weston Tur-
ville, Aylesbury, and Buckland. The earth is the detritus
of chalk, dug and screened small. This is baked on hot
iron plates over a furnace, with an exposed surface of about
8o superficial feet. When heated and dried it is stored
under a shed for use, and this is carried on actively in the
summer so as to store up under cover for the winter's con-
sumption the requisite tonnage of dry earth. The known
quantity for 36 cottages in Tring is taken round weekly,
with this reservation, that some cottagers may prefer to
fill their closet from their own store, described as before.
Therefore their store is supplied with four times the weekly
load once a month. This again is only a matter of detail.
The earth is taken in sacks, each holding about 200 lbs.
This is emptied partly into the hopper, partly into the store
closet, as implied above. Then once a week the removal
tank is emptied by a handy scoop in a few minutes.
Now the tainted earth so removed is almost inodorous.
It is taken back to the central store (weekly)—say from
2O cottages, each day; about 6 tons weekly is thus dried in
the kiln, and put in store for a second use. This is taken
round in due course, and returned ; and this residue, after
its second use, is carted to the woods or the fields for
manure. These are, therefore, in store always: Ist, pure
dry earth ; 2nd, the first returns ; 3rd, the second returns.
72 AEA LTH //V THAE VIZZA G.E.
The shed is absolutely inodorous. The same was the
case in every cottage that I visited.
The school was in striking contrast with the cottages. It
is managed with ordinary so-called dry earth, and the
arrangements are offensive and foul—a remark made not for
criticism, but for instruction. Mr. Richardson, the intel-
ligent manager of the cottage arrangements, was convinced
that no ordinary dry earth (i.e., without kiln,) or ashes,
could ever produce the effect always obtained by the
method described. It only remains to be said that nothing
can be more satisfactory than the result, Save only the cost.
A confirmation of the above remarks is given me by the
kindness of the Earl of Rosebery in the following statement
by Mr. Knight Bruce. I have been unable to examine
Mentmore personally, and I am the more indebted for
this Paper:-
“At the present time we have about 150 earth closets
built in connection with the cottages on the Mentmore
estate, and we find the system working admirably. Each
Cottage, as a rule, is provided with a barn, and under the
same roof an earth closet is fixed. The form of apparatus
generally used is that known as the ‘Self-acting’ apparatus.
A charge of dry earth, about I; pints, is delivered auto-
matically on the user of the closet rising from the seat, and
effectually conceals the contents of the receptacle ; this
receptacle should be a water-tight vault of the same width
as the closet, of about 4 feet from front to back, and from 2
to 4 feet in depth. The vault should be formed of brickwork
and lined with cement. Into this vault the excreta and
earth will fall, and when required to be emptied the
material is removed through a small door at the back
of the closet. After the vault is emptied, dry earth should
be spread over the bottom. We find dry-sifted chalk
a very good substitute for earth ; at the same time it is
a powerful absorbent. If the chalk is not sufficiently dry,
we place it on the “drying stone’ before using. The
product of the closet, namely, chalk and excreta, is placed in
a covered shed open at one end, and when required for use
is dried on the drying-stone, when it becomes perfectly
MENT//O RAE A/VD TR/WG. 73
inodorous, and this material is used over again in the
closet. I would prefer, instead of drying the product on
the drying stone, to place it under an Open shed, sheltered
from rain, and exposing it to wind for about two months,
and occasionally turning it over until it becomes Sufficiently
dry to use over again in the closet. Under this system its
value as a manure would be increased.
“It has been estimated that earth used but once in a
closet is worth, when dry, from £2 to £3 per ton. The
value of the earth manure increases in proportion to the
number of times it is passed through the closet.
“On this estate two, even with a horse and cart, are con-
stantly employed emptying the earth-closet vaults. The
cart is divided in the centre with a board, one side being
used for dry chalk, the other for the contents removed from
the closets. Each cottage has its earth-closet emptied
twice a week regularly.”
It is fair here to say that a well-known sanitary engineer
writes to me that, “The difficulty which has always arisen has
been caused by the trouble of keeping the closets regularly
clean. It has been found by experience that the tenants
themselves will not do this, and that the only way is for the
sanitary authority in the village to do it themselves. This
is all very well where the property belongs to one person,
but to get over the difficulties is so serious a matter that in
many cases it has proved a failure. In adopting the dry-
earth system it must also be remembered that drains have
to be laid to take the slop water, and consequently the cost
of the earth system, if the village is properly drained, is not
so cheap as it would appear at first sight.”
From all my enquiries during many years I am satisfied
that the Rothschild rural administration is the true and
only one, viz. regular and compulsory supervision. This
may be by voluntary arrangement in the case of great
landlords, or by the Sanitary authority, as in towns. But
official charge of the Scavenging there must be, if cleanliness
is to be secured.
74 Aſ EA/, 7 H //V THAE VIZ/AGE
PROGRESS.
This brief review of facts in respect of Village Health is
like some dramatic scene of horror and of beauty, wherein
evil and good contend for victory. In the first pages were
two sketches, one of St. Kilda, and one of huts under shadow
of the great aqueduct of Carthage. I was impressed in
my youth by these contrasts between the loathsomeness
and degradation of filth, and the grandeur of efforts made
by a great nation for a supply of one of the simple neces-
saries of man. I can never forget, I now often see, the
vision of the massive walls that guarded the bright out-
pouring of the splendid stream above the Oasis of Zagouan,
which was conveyed to the city of Dido by an aqueduct,
just as in the better-known Campagna of Rome. But so
warned and so taught, with what strange amazement did
the same youth stand by the wooden undershot wheel as
it pumped water impregnated with sewage from the slums
of St. Thomas's round the City and the University of
Oxford until the year 1856. Not till the cholera year of
1854 was it known that in that famous city the gruel of
the county prisoners was made from the same source.
Almost till then a merry college-porter was Chairman of
the Guardians of the City parishes. The foul cell for the
unhappy prostitutes in the Workhouse now pulled down
was more loathsome than country kennels which I knew.
Most workhouses and workhouse hospitals are now, I
believe, fairly good, and there is perhaps no place where
the chance of health is greater than in a County Prison.
The head of the Cathedral College of Oxford, himself
as laborious in scholarship, as broad in his Social, political,
and scientific interests, was for years the active Chairman
of the Committee which has given to this same city an
efficient and masterly system of drainage, laid down on
the most scientific principles. Fever dens in the hospital,
a disgrace to any institution, have been replaced by wards
AA V//VG OUT VIZZA GAZS 75
as bright and as good as any fever-stricken wretch, whether
poor or rich, could desire for care and for recovery , while
in the laboratories of the University, Burdon Sanderson
and his colleagues are investigating the biological condi-
tions under which zymotic diseases flourish or decay, with
every appliance in preparation for the complete investigation
of these astonishing phenomena.
This is but an example. What has happened in one
central city has happened often more quickly, and on
a larger scale, throughout the land. It could not be in
England as it has been, and is, in the United States,
that on virgin prairies there should be laid out with
complete knowledge, scientific skill, and patriotic insight,
the Model Village. We, with the proud inheritance of
the making of England, have also the legacy of many a
Lowmarsh. We have to deal with each of these amidst
the growing difficulties of increasing population, with the
fresh demands and new discontent which education and
material surroundings, dazzling every sense, have brought
in our day. We cannot, if we would, with Waring, lay
out large territories of some square miles, beginning
with the church and the school, planted at the central
intersecting streets; placing the cottages and the farm,
precisely where on a settled plan they are most handy ; and
arranging all their details of water-Supply and drainage, just
as we lay out the new parts of a modern Suburban district.
There are no places left where this can be done for the first
time in rural England. The attempt was made by O'Connor
at Minster Lovell, and it egregiously failed. What can be
done has been long begun ; and has produced great fruits
by individual and by combined exertion, viz., the education
in this matter of the people, under the guidance of scien-
tific and humane men, devoted to the prevention of sickness
and of bodily suffering.
We have just seen examples of what the individual
exertion of great landowners is doing and has done, we have
glanced at the tentative efforts on a vast scale of such
persons. The lessons are in every corner of Our rural
76 AEA LTH IN THE VILLAGE.
districts. Public bodies, acting as trustees of the public
funds, have long established all over the country examples
of what should be aimed at, if even not to be obtained,
of the greatest reasonable comfort with the least waste of
capital expenditure. As we have gone on, difficulties, not
imagined, have arisen and been met : difficulties of political
economy, based on limited data ; class difficulties, caused
by infirmities on either side, by ignorance, and by prejudice.
And yet what have we not seen in the last ten years I
pass by, as not belonging to this Paper, the vast exertions
in Our large cities, the local improvements, the weighty
Acts, such as those of Torrens and Cross—I speak only of
the position of our village population. On the advice of
the Royal Sanitary Commission of 1871, a local authority
was appointed for Sanitary affairs in every spot in the
country. These were to be under the general guidance
of a Central Government Board, which was to have an
adequate staff of the most skilled Engineers, Medical
advisers, and Administrators. There is no Hamlet, nay,
no Cottage, on the remotest hill-side that is not in
immediate relation to the central office, which, more prob-
ably than any Council in the world, has access to all that is
known or can be known, that bears on the public health.
And if we were called upon to show proof of the steps that
have been gained, two only need be named. The first
is the Report of Dr. Thorne and Mr. Power on hospital
accommodation for infectious diseases issued two years ago
by Dr. Buchanan, the admirable and overworked suc-
cessor of Mr. John Simon as chief medical adviser to the
Board ; and the other, the model Bye-laws for Rural and
Urban Authorities issued by that faithful and accomplished
public servant, Sir John Lambert. This volume of Iłye-
laws, illustrated by Mr. Rogers Field, whose name is a
guarantee for science and practice alike in this work, gives
to every village authority that wills it, the exact details of
all that is necessary for accurate sanitary appliances. What
contrasts between the present and the past these two docu-
ments show ! On the one hand, the prevention and the
HEA/L TH OFFICERS. 77
treatment of the chief diseases that call for public surveillance,
on the other the state of uncertainty and ignorance of twenty-
five years ago. It is perhaps necessary to have lived in both
periods to understand the force of this. How much has
yet to be done in the arrangement of areas; in the mode
of appointing health officers, and in their qualification ;
in collecting and distributing experience; in hindering
wasteful experiments; in avoiding needless expense and
needless interference,—need hardly here be said. Two things
are certain—the one that the people are becoming rapidly
educated in the idea that material order, work, and cleanli-
ness, are among the needful portion of a good, and happy,
and useful life; the other, that nothing in this direction
should be compulsory by law, unless under the guidance
of men of the widest experience and most exact know-
ledge of what is essential. Such men are being trained
in ample numbers to supply the public service. The
medical officers of health are the main-spring of the whole
machinery. They must be men of strong common-sense,
as well as of Scientific education. The superior ones, not a
large number, must not be in the practice of their pro-
fession, and should be responsible only to the higher Boards.
All the local sanitary inspectors must make returns to them.
Their reports on the multifarious affairs comprised in the
term Public Health, should be annually published and pre-
sented to parliament, and displayed in every public library
through the country. This step alone would disseminate
and interchange the varied knowledge acquired throughout
the country, and would so educate the whole community
that the next generation would look with astonishment at
the labours that have been requisite to lay down the
principles, and to secure in future to our Garden Island the
blessings, of A HEALTHY VILLAGE.
78 AIEAL TH //V THAE VIZZA GE.
THE END, OR LOWMARSH REVISITED.
I am again on the parish road to Lowmarsh. A quarter
of a century has passed by. What have we not seen in
this period, whether of human progress, or only of change,
or of both 2 Twice I have been in the United States, before
and after the Rebellion, conversing intimately on past,
present, and future, with strong backwood men in the clear-
ings and with statesmen in the White House and the Capitol;
seeing real life in the detail which builds it up, and hearing
the vague generalities about it which mystify. Half-a-mil-
lion of violent deaths caused by the American rebellion
alone; the lightning flash of the Franco-German war; a
legion of Successes and disasters, bloody and bloodless, all
about the world, are some fruits of our civilisation. But
what changes, in another way, by the prevention of death
and of disease through the awakened care of the Public
Health ! Since first I was here two Health Officers have
been appointed to every district in the country. There is
not a hamlet which is not looked after with more or less of
discretion and of skill. Is this all sound and right? What
has happened here? There, in the distance, are the college
and the church. How shall I find them P I am to say some-
thing on the health of villages for the Exhibition which
the Prince of Wales has set on foot. Yes, thirty years
ago, the far-seeing Prince Consort studied with care,
among a thousand other things, the dwellings of the poor,
whether in villages or in towns. His son now does the
same. Another son, Prince Leopold, was in all things
nobly following his father's steps in this life—when he passed
suddenly to the next. What a multitude of sorrows—and
aspirations—what a tale of life what deaths l But here
again is the prim Old Chapel. It, at all events, is the same.
“Here I am,” it seems to say, “the World and the ‘Bull-
ZO W MAASH A&E VIS/TED, 79
dog’ on one side of me—the School and the Church on the
other. I stand at the entrance of things, great advocate for
freedom and fight.” “Maybe the hand-post is wrong :
they often is,” drily said a sceptical wayfarer once to me
on the Chiltern Hills, as passing he saw me on a stormy
winter's night struggling to decipher an old sign-post by
aid of a coach-lamp. There is no one near me now. I
choose the old road, and go once more towards the church.
The post-office is there, and the wheelwright, and the dark
pond. The cross has been mended. Opposite is a long
row of pleasant and well-built cottages, with gardens and
flowers. There is a terrace to the gardens keeping the
children safe from the road, as they play about the wall
of a well like Rachel's well in a drawing of Fra Angelico.
I come to the churchyard. It is larger and fuller. A
rusty old iron frame stands erect at the gate to carry such
light as old frames with new lamps can, to those who enter.
I cannot cross to the college, for a strong wall is now there.
I go round. The college is altered. The maidens' castle is
gone. Several of the old hovels are renewed but not
removed. Though not rivalling the new in appearance,
they please the old folk better than the destruction of their
young-life memories could have done. Ah! but the cottage
with slush, and the muck-heaps, are there. The small free-
holder cannot, however, now live in it, for the roof has fallen
in. He, though a poor man, will not sell the soil. It is his
birthright. “How is it with Stump Well,” I said to a group
of women with their children P “Oh ! walled all round,”
they said. “The water runs in pipes under the ground
all the way to Summers Town. There's taps in oak
‘posties.” “Waste not, Want not is cut in them all along
by the road,” she said. “And I can't pitch mother's bucket
into the well no more,” said a little urchin, throwing a sum-
mersault like a Catherine wheel. “What a sell,” he said,
as he came up the other side. I returned on my way: there
was a green path across a field. All around were allotments
let by the parson ; in them were well grown wheat, and
green crops, and roots. Far beyond, too, many new cottages.
8O FIEAL TH IN THE VI// A GA2.
The Sun was setting on them. One was a long low roof,
where they told me was a dispensary, with a room for the
doctor and his patients. The policeman lived there too in
peace with his family. They help the doctor and the sick.
When I visited Lowmarsh first, no policeman would be
safe. There was then a sullen savagery among the people.
A post-boy hesitated to drive me through the village by
night. Men connected with the Inclosures Act were more
than once in fear of their lives, without any special cause.
How different is it now ! The cottages near the dispensary
were set at different angles and aspects, apparently to show
there were two ways of looking at things. There were
clean well-built pigsties, and good gardens with flowers.
It all seemed, however, incomplete. Order was evolving
without force. I passed a recreation ground of five acres.
There were boys still playing at cricket. I walked on :
I came to the old pond again. There was my grey-eyed
friend, himself greyer, watching some cattle as they drank.
“Bless me,” said he, “I thought you were the inspector
about the pond again.” “Oh, no,” said I, “what about it 2 ”
“Oh,” says he, “since we met we have had a lot of in-
spectors. Gentlemen say there oughn't to be no roadside
ponds. But Beauty here,” fondly patting the cow next
him, “and I knows better. It's a way water has about here
to run into hollows and bide there. ‘Very natural, Beauty
thinks, I'll be bound, and very convenient,” he said.
“Couldn't do without. Some on 'em is all for getting it away.
It won't go though. All for the best, and I am much
obliged to them all the same,” said he, “How are the
Hares?” said I. “Oh, all gone, cottage and all. Canvas
Hare, as we call him, went to the union at last. Where
do you sleep to-night — not at the ‘Bulldog’ 2 Good
people, though, at the ‘Bulldog.' Come with me.” We
entered a small farmhouse. The passage and the room
floor were of stone, clean as the delf-plates on the dresser.
A white cloth was laid on an Old Oaken table with carved
oak legs. Upon it were set a home-made loaf, a cheese
and milk, and a mug of home-brewed beer. They were
THE E VEAV/AVG // EA/. 8 I
waiting. “We'll say grace,” he said ; and we sat down
three generations of us. The village carrier was there; the
mug of beer was for him. In ten minutes we had finished.
I observed that little was said during our meal. All rose.
“The Lord be praised,” he said. In a minute the few
plates were gone. A Bible was set down before each of
us. My grey-eyed friend began to read, “Plessed are the
poor in spirit: for their's is the Kingdom of Heaven.” We
all read the first part of the Sermon on the Mount, each
a verse; with just an occasional literary catastrophe from
the youngest and from the carrier. Then the head of the
family knelt and prayed a short prayer and rose. “You
will sleep here,” he said. “Is the room ready, Jane 2"
“Yes,” said she ; “and I hope the gentleman won't wonder
if he hears us moving about in the morning.” “Oh !
no,” I said, “I shall be up early too.” “But it's churning
morning,” said Jane ; “sisters and I begin churning at Three.
That's early for such as you. You See, sir, we like to get
churning done before the day's work begins at Six.” “Do
you see the empty chair there 2 ” said the father; “that's
her Mother's,” said he ; “tain't empty though exactly.
The children all thinks she is there, and tries to do as she
did or would wish them now. That keeps them up, you
see. It's our way in Lowmarsh—always was. Don’t know
how it will be. They disputes So now. They's always
making new laws. They’ve given up bidding us be law
for ourselves as they used. It's all very well about cottages;
I hold to 'em. But these Hares, the good Ones was good in
a bad cottage, and the bad One would be bad in a good one.
Why, if those old maids was angels they couldn't love
one another more than they did. One's gone home. Some
on 'em came from London and held a meeting off the Plough
t’other day. They said they was just come to throw over
the parson and take the land and the farmers and the
landlords and the whole lot of us. Many of them said
‘Hoornay! come on!' They kept to that some time. Then
the good lot said, “Why, if you don't do your best as you
be now, you won't be no better off then. Seems to me,’
| II. I.] G
82 HEAZ 7"H IAV Z H E V//ZA GE.
says he, “they that does their best is most ways happy.”
Nobody's let alone, sir, now. With their politics and
their disputings, life's all a fighting to the end. There is no
peace, nor won't be this side of the churchyard. And
then P — ”
Jane, who had been standing by the door, an old brass
candlestick in her hand, Smiling said, but half reprovingly,
“Father, you know quite well every one's happy, if he
finishes his churning before the day begins.”
I observed she now said, “Finish churning before the day
begins.” She first had said “before the day's work begins.”
She now left the room, and I think she meant to give an
answer to her father's faltering question, “And then P”
And I think she meant “when our life's work ends, perhaps
daylight begins.” But I don't know how this may be.
I went to bed, and half woke as they went downstairs at
Three. I know I then muttered “Won’t be no rest till the
churchyard,” and “You have to finish your churning before
the day begins.” However, I went to sleep again, as we
often do while others churn.
I resolved, though, to write one day what I had to tell
about Village Health ; this resolution was not one of
Dante's, as these pages have shown. I wish I could as
easily express what I owe to the lessons of Lowmarsh,
and to the example of the poor.
If any gentle Reader has had patience to follow this
slight sketch of Village Health through its dark hints and
its dry details, he may perchance find his interest increased
in the problem of Village Life.
For under the word VILLAGE, as we now understand it,
even with the limitation of an agricultural, as distinguished
from a mining, or a fishing, or a manufacturing village,
there lie problems of deep significance in the evolution
of society, whether in Indian communities, Teutonic, or
British. It suggests much in the history of property and
COMPARATIVE AWA TIO/VA L HEALTH. 83
in the future of the English people. I have not striven to
conceal these deep questions, nor yet have I had the rash-
ness, just now, or here, to discuss them. The movement,
indeed, of the Rural and the Urban populations of England,
as Dr. William Ogle has remarked to me, is one of the
gravest subjects of our country districts and of our towns.
It is not to be lightly written of. The Local Government
Board and the Registrar General's offices are amassing
facts and drawing inferences, such as, until the last few
years, were unattainable, and such as will form the sound
basis of much Social thought.
As regards the other word, HEALTH–Health personal,
Health national, or that wider kind, comparative National
Health, which looms large in the biological science of the
future, and which treats of the development, the inheritance,
the tolerations and adaptations of our race, and which lies
closely allied to, and at the root of, those strange problems
in comparative pathology, that are concerned with the
causes and prevention of diseases common to the rest of
the animal world and to man, or communicable from them
to ourselves, I have not sought to veil my profound con-
viction, that while the material surroundings of man are
important factors in the formation of his character, it
will be a fatal plunge for any people that think that these
alone can regulate their happiness or guide Our Higher
Nature to its appointed end.
( 84 )
IV.
Readers approaching the subject of this Paper for the
first time may find the following Books useful as an
introduction thereto —
Handbook of Hygiene and Sanitary Science. By Dr.
George Wilson.
Annotated Model Bye-laws of the Local Government
Board. Knights.
Dangers to Health. By T. Pridgin Teale.
Observations on the Construction of Healthy Dwel'ings.
By Captain Douglas Galton.
Millage Communities. By Sir Henry J. Maine.
The English Village Community. By F. Seebohm.
The Sanitary Condition in City and Country Dwelling
Houses. By George E. Waring.
Village Improvements and Farm Villages. By George
E. Waring.
ſillage Politics. By C. W. Stubbs.
Public Hygiene in America. By H. J. Bowditch.
Pſandy Book of Cottage Hospitals. By Horace Swete.
Ose and Influence of Hospitals for Infectious Diseases.
Annual Report of the Local Government Board,
I88O—8I.
State of the Dwellings of Rural Labourers. By Dr
Hunter. Report of Medical Officer of Privy Council,
(7th), 1864.
Report Public Health Act (1875) Amendment Bill,
April 5, 1878.
The Dwellings of the Labouring Classes. By H. Roberts.
The Cottage Register. Forms for Registering the Sami-
tary Conditions of Villages. By Dr. Acland, F.R.S.
(Parker, Oxford). e
A Manual of Practical Hygiene. By E. A. Parkes.
Personal Care of Health. By E. A. Parkes.
( 85 )
NOTE ON REGISTERS OF COTTAGES.
After the Horwood Fever, to which allusion has been
made in the text, it seemed to me that the first step to
a complete reform of the condition of Cottages, of Villages,
and of Artizans' dwellings in urban and suburban districts
all over the kingdom, would be to obtain a Register of
their condition.
With such a Register on his table, every Surveyor,
Landowner, Clergyman, or Medical Officer would have the
facts of the case before him.
The Form which here follows has been in use in some
districts for many years, having been first issued in 1861.
Extended knowledge has made me more than ever desire
to see the use of such Forms universal.
Each leaf represents one Cottage. Every Cottage should
have the door numbered to tally with the Register.
Any intelligent person can fill up the Forms. A village
carpenter can fill in the record of a village in a day or two.
Every Vestry, Local Board, or Health Authority would
find it very convenient to keep such Registers in its office.
The various Public Health Acts, imposing, as they do,
the detailed charge of the Public Health on the Local
Authorities, make it more than ever desirable that all Local
Officers of Health should possess such records for reference
of the state of the Cottages, Hamlets, and Villages within
their districts. There is no doubt they do now possess such
accounts more or less systematically over the whole country
either themselves or by means of their Sanitary Inspectors.
It is not therefore so much for Authorities that I venture
to take this opportunity of recommending these or some
such Registers, but for owners of Cottage Property,
( 86 )
These Forms have been sold at cost price by Messrs. Parker,
of Oxford, in covers with 50 and IOO leaves (or cottages)
in each book. Every owner of cottages therefore can, and
should, have such a record on his table. A benevolent and
able landlord lately discovered by a systematic enquiry
that he had near his own house sixty cottages without a
fireplace in any bedroom. This fact alone may excite
many non-resident owners to ascertain exactly in this
simple way the state of every house. What he is to do is
of course another and further question. To have the know-
ledge is one help to the solution.
( 87 )
FoRM OF COTTAGE REGISTER, EACH LEAF IN A VOLUME OF 50,
OR IOO, REPRESENTING ONE COTTAGE.
AJafe 18 .
PARISH OF COTTAGE, NO.
Situation
Owner
Tenant. Employer.
Ages.
Married ? Children. Boys. | | |
Girls. | |
Mumber and Dimensions of Rooms used as
Bed-room. Living-room. Wash-house.
ft. by . high. ft. by . high.
ft. by gº high. ft. by e
ft. by gº high.


What rooms have fireplaces 2


g How many Can they open | Are they near || Are there windows on
Windows 2 square feet fully Ž the floor or opposite sides of Cot-
of glass 2 ceiling 2 tage 2
In bedroom I
2 Užstairs |
Downstairs
In down-
stairs rooms I
2
Is there a porch, and back-door 2
Are there, or when were there,
any Lodgers ; and how many,
JMale or Female P
Condition of Drainage and na-
ture of Privy, Earth-closet,
or analogous arrangement
( 88 )
Pig-sty?
Surrounding Ground drained, or
capable of Drainage 2
State of Repair?
Probable Cost of repair P
Is the Cottage worth repair, or
would it be better to re-
build it?
Is it wanted in the Neighbour-
hood, or had it better be
placed elsewhere; and where?
Water-Supply.
Well.
Spring.
Tank.
Conduit.
Quality.
Nearness to Cesspool or Drain.
GENERAL REMARKS.
Under this head may be recorded any social or other memoranda.
Estimafe made by
77tade by
Report |
examzâted by
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ANGLO-SAXON HOUSES. By Professor J. FREDERICK HodgetTs.
HEALTHY HOUSES. By T. PRIDGIN TEALE, F.R.C.S.
HEALTHY TOWN AND COUNTRY HOUSES. By W. EAssie, C.E.
FOUT, AIR IN HOUSES. By Professor W. H. CoRFIELD, M.D. -
VENTILATION IN CONNECTION WITH WAIRMING AND
LIGHTING. By Captain Douglas GALton, C.B., F.R.S.
| HEALTHY FURNITURE. By Robert W. EDIs, F.S.A.
DOMESTIC USE OF GAS. By HAROLD B. Dixon, M.A.
IHEALTH IN THE WORKSHOP. By JAMEs B. LAKEMAN, one of Her
Majesty's Inspectors of Factories.
SMOKE ABATEMENT. By ERNEST HART, M.R.C.S.
THE DIGESTIVE FERMIENT'S AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF
DIGESTION. By Professor ARTHUR GAMGEE, M.D., F.R.S.
REARING OF HAND-FED INFANTS. By EDMUND Owen, M.B., F.R.C.S.
PRACTICAL DIETETICS. By Professor F. DE CHAUMONT, M.D. -
CHEMISTRY OF BREAD-MAKING. By Professor CHARLEs GRAHAM, D.Sc.
SCIENCE OF COOKERY. By MATTIEU W. WILLIAMs, F.C.S.
PURE, MILK. By G. W. WIGNER, F.I.C., F.C.S.
THE ENGLISH DAIRY. By Professor J. P. SHELDoN, F.C.S.
THE DANISH DAIRY. By ALEXANDER MARIBoE.
DAIRY MANAGEMENT. By Miss MARIAN SMITHARD.
AESTHETIC USE OF WINE. By John L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D., F.R.C.P.
ANGLO-SAXON DRESS AND FOOD. By J. FRED. HopgETTs.
VILLAGE HEALTH AND VIII, AGE LIFE. By Sir HENRY W. DyKE-
ACLAND, K.C.B., D.C.L., M.D., F.R.S., &c., &c.
RECREATION. By G. D. DARBISHIRE, M.D.
AMBULAN C1E ORGANISATION IN WAIR AND PEACE. By Surgeon-
*. Major G. J. H. Evatt, M.D., A.M.D.
THE PREVENTION OF CHOLERA. By Professor F. DE CHAUMont, M.D.
HISTORY AND RESULTS OF A DISPENSATRY FOR SICK CHILD.
REN THREATENED WITH CHRONIC DISEASE. By Dr. GIBERT of Havre.
ETHICS OF THE SKIN. By MALcolm MoRRIs, M.R.C.S.
OUR DOMESTIC POISONS. By HENRy CARR, M. Inst. C.E.
THRIFT IN ITS RELATION TO HEALTH: OR, THE RIGHT USE
OF REFUSE. By GEORGE Vivian Poors, M.D., F.R.C.P.
PARASITES OF MEAT AND FOOD (Two Lectures). By T. SPENCER
Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S.
CANDLES. By LEOPold FIELD.
SOAP. By CHARLEs F. CRoss.
HISTORY OF ENGLISH DRESS. By Hon. Lewis WINGFIELD.
CHILDREN'S DEESS. By Miss ADA S. BALLIN.
TEXTILES GENERALLY. By WILLIAM MoRRIs,
PHYSICAL, EXERCISES FOR GIRLS. By Miss M. A. CHREIMAN.
OLD AND MODERN POISON LORE. By A. Wynter BLyth, M.R.C.S.
LONDON: WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED, 13, Charing Cross.
-º-º-
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International Health Exhibition are already published :—
Demy 8vo., in Illustrated Wrapper. Price Is. each.
HEALTH IN THE VILLAGE. By Sir HENRY W. Dyke-AcLAND, K.C.B.,
D.C.L., M.D., F.R.S., &c., &c. Illustrated,
HEALTHY NURSERIES AND BED-ROOMS, INCLUDING THE
LYING-IN-ROOM. By Mrs. GLADstone.
HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY HOUSES IN TOWN AND COUNTRY.
#. WILLIAM EASSIE, C.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., with an Appendix by Rogers FIELD, B.A.,
... INST. C.E. Illustrated.
HEALTHy FuRNITURE AND DECORATION. By Robert W. EDIs,
* * * * * * * ºustrated.
HEALTHY SCHOOLS. By CHARLEs E. PAGET, M.R.C.S.
HEALTH IN THE WORKSHOP. By JAMEs B. LAKEMAN, one of Her
Majesty's Inspectors of Factories.
ON VENTILATION, WARMING, AND LIGHTING FOR DOMESTIC
USE. By Captain Douglas GALTON, C.B., F.R.S., &c., &c. Illustrated.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION AND THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS,
By Professor ARTHUR GAMGEE, M.D., F.R.S. Illustrated.
DIET IN RELATION TO HEALTH AND WORK. By ALEXANDER
WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F.C.S., &c.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COOKING. By SEPTIMUs BERDMoRE.
FOOD AND COOKERY FOR INFANTS AND INVALIDS. By Miss
WooD, with a Preface by W. B. CHEADLE, M.D., F.R.C.P.
WATER AND WATER SUPPLIES, AND UNFERMENTED BEVE-
RAGES. By Professor ATTFIELD, Ph.D., F.R.S.
SALT AND OTHER CONDIMENTS. By John J. MANLEY, M.A.
Alcoholic DRINKS. By JoHN L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Lond.),
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66 oº: Pºly" IN REGARD TO HEALTH. By GEORGE VIVIAN Poore,
INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND ITS PREVENTION. By SHIRLEY F.
MURPHY, M.R.C.P.
ACCIDENTAL INJURIES: THEIR RELIEF AND IMMEDIATE
TREATMENT. How To PREvent AccIDENTS BEcoMING MoRE SERIous. By JAMES CANTLIE,
M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S. Illustrated.
AMBULANCE ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT, AND TRANSPORT.
By Surgeon-Major G. J. H. Eva TT, M.D., A.M.D. Illustrated.
CLEANSING STREETS AND WAYS IN THE METROPOLIS AND
LARGE CITIES. By WILLIAM Booth Scott, M. Inst, C.E.
FIRES AND FIRE BRIGADES. By Captain EYRE M. SHAw, C.B. Illustrated.
LEGAL OBLIGATIONS IN RESPECT TO DWELLINGS OF THE
POOR. By HARRY DUFF, M.A., Barrister-at-Law ; with a Preface by ARTHUR Cohen, Q.C., M.P.
SCHOOLS OF ART: THEIR ORIGIN, HISTORY, WORK, AND
ºCº. By John C. L. SPARKES, Principal of the National Art Training School, South
enslngton.
ATHLETICS; or, PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND RECREATION. Part I,
By Rev. EDMOND WARRE, M.A., Eton College. Illustrated.
ATHLETICS. Part II. By Hon. EDward Lyttelton, M.A., and GERARD F. Cobb,
M.A.
DRESS, AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND CLIMATE. By
E. W. Godwin, F.S.A. Yllustrated.
FERMENTATION. By Dr. DUCLAUx, Professor of Biological Chemistry at the
Sorbonne. Illustrated.
PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY WORK. With Catalogue as Appendix.
# W. Yºgºs CHEYNE, F.R.C.S.; W. H. CorfielD, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.; and C. E. CASSAL,
..I. • 2 º º º
LONDON WATER SUPPLY. By Colonel Sir FRANCIs Bolton, C.E.
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LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS,