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ſº
D R T C H R T C H T E R ' S
R H L A T I O N T on M ; R T C A N I, T H E & I U R H .
Science, and the Arts of the University of Michigan for the Degree of
- - - aſ wº |
Doctor of Philosophy. - - 4 wº
ºw. pawſ, aſ -
º
William Weck.
º
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I N T R O D U C T I O N . - * 2 ºf -
f l. . lvº aſ a lºt º 4 /
wºn ºf A-tº-
/ !
The purpose of this treatise is to trace the gradual introduction º
- - ºr i º) ºr i : in ht. An - - - *** - ,
of Jean Paul Friederish Richtºr in America and to explain his **P*-ºſ wº
º
rary popularity among the cultured and intellect, ual elasses. In
his own time he was regarded by many as the equal of Goethe, or at
least, as second only to him: by some, even, as his superior. In
Germany, he was popularly known as "Jean Paul, der Einzige" • In
England, Carlyle, in 1827, says of him: "During the last forty years was 44%
he has been continually before the public in various capacities: and
growing generally in esteem with all ranks of crities: till, at length,
his gainsayers have either been silenced or convinced: and Jean Paul,
at first reckoned half-mad, has long ago vindicated his singularities
to nearly universal satisfaction, and now combines popularity with
real depth of endowment, in perhaps a greater degree than any other
writer; being second in the latter point to scarcely more than one
of his contemporaries, and in the former, second to none."
In America, in spite of the fact that he is ****
to read and even more difficult to translate, he was among the first,
German writers to receive due recognition. This recognition is at test, -
/
ed not only by the eminence of the men who became interested in
f -
him but also by the number of excerpts, ºriticisms/ana Iº e V J & W S 1 #1
American magazines. /A wº. sº gº
/www... t. tº lº ºf
awſº aſ
J. * *
* * * *

II.
Richter was among the most popular literary men in Germany, es-
pecially during the last thirty years of his life, when there was a
- ºvariable cult of the poet in many literary circles of his eountry. /*
Although it would be most interesting to determine the causes which
called forth the boundless admiration he enjoyed in his own country,
I shall confine myself in this thesis simply to an investigation of
Jean Paul's position and influenee in America. The first meager
*º- A ſ. A
----------- º * *
references to him, we find in this country in 1802. The interest in * Y & Ży
- - - -- - --- º ºf . * - -- --
- - º
- -
-- - *- - - --"
him grew slowly but steadily until, owing to the transcendental move—
A
º
ment and other eauses, it reacher its climax during the fift, h and
sixth decades of the nineteenth century, after which time it becomes
a negligible quantity among the representative literary men of
America.
Why should a man who has formerly been so highly regarded, and
who engaged and held the attention of our fore most thinkers for so
long a period, have receded during the last quarter of the nineteenth
century so far into the background as to be practically neglected
by our educated elasses 2 Did he exert any influence on American
- & tº
f - 2 +
men of letters and on American life, had What was the nature of the
influence? Who were the men who became interested in him, and how in-
intelligently was this interest manifested? In short, our problem is to
analyze and determine to what extent his message was vital for America.

III.
Much material bearing upon this problem We shall find in trans-
lations, excerpts, and quotations from German writers in American
magazines. The position of German literature in American magazines
has been carefully studied by Goodnight and Haertel of the University
of Wisconsin, snathereforeſtºne liberty to draw quite freely
*-ºn-º-*
upon the results of their investigations. *
In my attempt to trace the introduction of Jean Paul iſ series, wº *
and to explain the causes of the growth and decline of interest in º,
# , ºf
* * †
- - - -- Cººt ****#. - / % * *
him among our literary men, I have found it neces:sary to treat my / /
A
subject under the following topics:
Chapter I. A Brief Statement of The Literary conditions Which
Prevailed in America. During the early Part of the
Ninet, eenth Century.
II. The Relation between German and American Literature
at the Beginning of the Ninet eenth Century.
III. Mrs. Lee's View of the Religious Element in Richter's
Life.
- - - - - -
IV. The General Idealization of Richter in Mrs. Lee's
º
Biography and in American Magazines.
\
W. Other Influences in the Introduction of Jean Paul \
/
in America.
VI. Estimate of Opinion of Jean Paul in America and

IV.
| Causes underlying His Decline.
Chapter VII. List of Magazines examined and References thereto.
º
º

º
C H A P T E R T .
A Brief Statement of the Literary Conditions which
prevailed in America during the early Part of the Nine-
teenth Century.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century there were several diffi-
culties in the way of the introduction of German literature and culture
into America. Among them were: the prečminence of French as the lang-
uage of culture, the lack of independence on the part of our literary
critics, the general ignorance of German life and thought, the fact that,
the average uneducated German immigrant was regarded as a type of Ger-
man culture, and above all, the rigidity of conservative puritanism.
It will be the aim in this chapter to give a brief statement of
these difficulties and to treat in general the progress made in over-
-
t; he ſm.
coming
->
Among the forces which directly furthered the knowledge of Ger-
man life and culture in America, may be mentioned the following: a
first-hand knowledge of German life and Tiberature and their conse-
quent introduction into American colleges and Universities, the
influence of Coleridge and Carlyle on contemporary English
literature and its effects on American literary circles, *tſº
the transcendental movement, and the founding of the 'Dial' in
s


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2.
Boston, and finally, the arrival of educated German immigrants as
truer representative types of German culture.
To the cultured New Englander of the early nineteenth century
German literature seemed inartistie; to those of conservative puri-
---
tanic mold it seemed pagan. Only the few who eould penetrate into the
- - º
spirit became the enthusiastic spokesmen of its beauty and depth and
saw in it a force that could raise their country from its traditional
conservatism to a broader humanity. The extreme conservºisi of the ºx.
º *
time, especially among the 21ergy, is well expressed by the elder Norton atto,
`s
when he said that he did not want his son to study German for fear that
it might eorrupt his Unitarianism. Even Emerson was at first very son-
servative in recognizing the value of the study of German literature.
-: *r - - -
º
- * . - - - - - - - - - - - -
ſº in it seemed to lack that high ethical idealism which he expected
*-*
}
º
of great literature. On one occasion, probably having Goet he in º, whº
ſ
he said that the puritan in him could accept no apology for bad morals.
The Reverend William Ware was still more out-spoken against the study | |
of German literature. We of this puritanic stamp long barred the Way
to the introduction of a culture which they regarded as morally pernicious.
In the early nineteenth century French was regarded as the lanº-
guage o smººre. The sons of the well-to-do were sent to Eng-
land for their education, where French was the only foreign
5.
language that received any attention from the literary point of
view. French literature and culture were, in this way, deeply
rooted among the intellectual classes of New snaiana. But by 1800
French had apparently lost some of its prestige while German was
- (slowly though) gradually coming into recognition. Goodnight says
that from 1795 to 1845. German rose from almost not hing to an
all-absorbing theme, busying the tongues and pens of the foremost,
men and women of eulture of the day. *
American journalists were almost wholly dependent on English N !.
criticism of serº literature. In the early years of the century *
the American critics ventured very few independent opinions. This / -
was largely due to the fact that they possessed no first-hand
knowledge of German life and literature. "Practically the only works
accessible, aside from a few dramas, were translations made
in England, which were frequently printed here; and criticism
was, for the most part, regroduced directly from English periodicals,
or at , best, molded entirely by British opinion.” A beginning was
made, however, when in 1815, Ticknor and Everett Went, to gettingen
for two years, followed a little later by Cogswell, Bancroft, Hedge,
Calvert, and others. The immediate effect, of he direct study of German
*** ***.*.*.*.*.* *
was it, s introduct, ion into some of the *rīsºmeoneses ºne universities)

notably, Harvard, Andover, the University of Virginia and the Round
Hill School.

4.
It, must also be boré in mind that in the early nineteenth century
t; he type of German immigrant was quite different from that of
later years. These early immigrants were not of the educated
classes; they had no political or social standing, except perhaps
in the state of Pennsylvania, nor did they attempt to exert what
influence they may have had. Though a sturdy, thrifty class, they
were not the type which appealed to the educated people of America.
But by 1835, or 1840 these ignorant immigrants ceased to be regarded
as the type of German culture. Men of stefriing worth had mean-
While ºn. Among them may be mentioned: Lieber, B15ttermann,
Follen and List, reſ of recognized seholarship and high attain- /
ment, S.
The next distinct movement, in the introduction of German
Culture into America - and this was the most important of all, -
-
so far as this treatise is concerned - was the powerful influence ſº
-
wielded by Coleridge and Carlyle in England and its consequent
effect, upon American opinion of German literature. Carlyle's article
º
|
- - - - - - - ºr - - + ºf 35.
in the Bainburſseview, 1ater appearing in his Miscellanies, may be * tº &. J.
*.
regarded º revolution in opinion regarding German literature/º
and German literary men. Through Carlyle, Emerson became interested in -
7
the German cause to such an extent that much of the advancement is due
to his efforts.
Meanwhile Transcendental philosophy was beginning to make it -
º
self felt. Through Emerson as its champion, and through other
2.
/
- Progressive literary men of New England the cause of German was well
º
established. The specific organ of this movement was the "Dial'
established in Boston in 1840. In January, 1841, there appeared in
this journal the revolutionary article on German literature by Theo-
dore Parker. From this time on, the extreme puritanic conservatism
gradually gave way to the recently introduced German culture.
One other item, and that with especial reference to Jean Paul,
deserves to be mentioned here, namely, the publication of the 'Life’ -
of Jean Paul by Mrs. Lee in 1842.
--
---
With these successive steps in mind we can trace clearly the
_”
increasing popularity of Jean Paul in America, as a glance at the various
numbers of magazine articles, year by year will show.

- -
---
- --
-
--
-
-
-









C H A P T E R II.

THE RELATION BETWEEN GERMAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE;
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

One of the most noteworthy facts in American literature is the
friendship between Emerson and Carlyle, and it is doubtless due to this
friendship that the works of Carlyle were so rapidly introduced into
America. Emerson was, almost from the beginning of his career, among
the foremost literary men not only in this country but also abroad. In
England, Carlyle saw to it that the Writings of his friend and 'brother'
found due recognition, and also on the continent Emerson was much read.
Germany regards him today as America's greatest philosopher and man of
letters, as a short statement from Frothingham will indicate. "The
has in Shakespeare, Raphael, Goethe,
S
power that the richest geniu
Bethoven, to ree one ile the soul to life, to give joy for heaviness, to
dissipate fear, to transfigure care and toil, to convert lead into gold
and lift the veil that conceals the forms of hope, Grimm (Hermann)
ascribes in the highest measure to Emerson.” In this country it was
largely through Emerson's introduction of Carlyle's essays that Jean *.
Paul was favorably introduced to the literary public-
Why was Carlyle so much interested in German writers in gen -
7.
eral and in Jean Paul in particular 7 Speaking briefly and from 3.
very gameral point of view, German life, German sentiment, and German
philosophy found in Carlyle a kindred spirit. In type of mind, Carlyle
was more German than Anglo-Saxon. He seems to have had the feeling that
there was something in him that was akin to German writers and especially
to Jean Paul. Both he and Jean Paul had been reared among very conser-
vative religious influences and both were intended for the ministry.
However, neither was ever ordained, for both Carlyle and Jean Paul had
no interest in theology as such and found in that field too many re-
strictions upon their original tallents. Both had religious struggles
and became heterodox, but, in later life drifted back toward the faith
of their ehildhood, though on a higher and wider plain. The biographies
of (both men bring out so many striking points of resemblence in train-
g
ing, in ideals, and in an almost life-long struggle with poverty that
t; he experiences of one seems in many respects a repetition of those
the other.
f
O
Emerson, tes, was the son of a clergyman, was educated for the
ministry, was ordained and, for *while, assumed the duties of a /
minist,er. When in 1838, he delivered his 'Address to the Divinity
College' before the senior class at Cambridge, * he was regarded
by the populace as an/infidel, 3. pantheist, and an *heist) and

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found it incumbent upon him to warn Carlyle, who was then contemplating
a visit to America, against coming until this foolish clamor be over-
blown". Therefore, anyone closely associated with Emerson could hardly
expect a hearing from the American public of that time and least of all
from puritanic circles. This fact is significant in that it shows what
powerful sway puritanism was exercising on the American thinking and
reading public at that time. It might be urged that it was not the
thinking public that found objection to Emerson's views. One need
however, but consider the charact, er of American, eollege life and activi–
ties in the first half of the nineteenth century to refute such an argu-
ment - Up to comparatively recent times Almost every &astern college
of high rank has had at its head a clergyman. Even in the state Univers-
it iss, which had to eliminate any undue influence of denominationalism
and foster an independent scient ific spirit, we find that a considerable
number of presidents in the middle-western inst; it utions were elergymen.
We might ment ion also in this connection the long list of denominational
colleges which were founded during that period because of the reluctance
of the conservative religious elements of our people to send their chil-
dren to any but sectarian institutions.
The influence which clergymen at the head of the leading
institutions exerted upon the student-body was very potent. The

sentiment of the public which demanded that the heads of such in-
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st it utions be religiously inclined clearly shows to what extent
the larger problems of life were still looked upon from the point
of view of ecclesiastical interests. It was the elergyman's word
and not the scholar's that was heeded. The seholar had as yet
not come to his own.
What did such a public demand of its poets, novelists, and men
of letters ? No one whose writings did not exhibit a strong moral and
religious tone could expect readers among the conservative elasses.
These elasses with all their religious traditions in the background
naturally interpreted the authors more or less from a religious point,
of view. This was clearly the ease in regard to Jean Paul; as we note
from the trend and tone of translations of the extracts and excerpts
º --
from his writings in American magazines.
Jean Paul, though not a elergyman, Was a preacher in the same
sense in which Schiller and Carlyle were preachers. It was the
moral element, and the religious sentiment in him that appealed so
strongly to the men and women of America who had time and incli-
nation to read. It was this seeming lack of direct didactic and
moral elements in Goet, he's works, as far as they were known to the

American public, that arºused the severe criticism of Goet, he in
American magazines. In him the preacher seemed entirely lacking.
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10.
Carlyle's studies of Jean Paul's works which resulted in his
brilliant and justly famous essays on the poet in 1827 aroused t; he
strong sentiment which paved the way for his favorable reception
in America. In one of his essays on the poet,” Carlyle says: "Except
by name; Jean Paul Friederich Richter is little known out of Germany.
The only thing connected with him, we think, that has reached this 2'
country, is his saying, imported by Madame de Stäel, and thankfully
pocketed by most newspaper crities: * ''Providence has given to the
French the empire of the land, to the English that of the sea; to the
-
Germans tº hat, of - – t he air "
L Of this last element, indeed, his own
genius might easily seem to have been a denizen; so fantastic, many-
colored; far-grasping, every way perplexed and extraordinary is his
mode of writing." This also gives us a clue to Carlyle's first inspir–
at ion for the study of German literature. Elseshere he says: "There /*
are few of our readers but have read and partially admired Madame de
Stael's Germany; the work, indeed, f:hich, with all its vagueness and
manifold shortcomings, must be regarded as the precursor, if not par-
ent, of whatever acquaintance with German literature exists among us.”
Again We) quote from Carlyle: "As to Richter in particular, we cannot but º
* * *
observe, that strange and tumultuous as he is, there is a certain be-
united in such harmony as bespeaks not a false, but a genuine state of


11.
mind; not a feverish and morbid, but a healthy and robust state. ->
-> Richt, er has been called anj intellectual colossus; and in /*
truth it is somewhat in this light that we view him. His faculties
are ałl of gigantic mold; cumbrous, awkward in their movements; yet
joined in a living union; and of force and compass altogether extra-
ordinary. e º -> Richter is a man of mirth, but he sel-
dom or never condescends to be a merry-andrew. º º Love,
in fact, is the atmosphere he breat hes in, the medium through which he
looks. His is the spirit, which gives life and beauty to whatever it
embraces. Inanimate nature it self is no longer an insensible assem-
blage of colors and perfumes, but a mysterious presence, with which
he communes in unutt erable sympathies. We might call him as he once
called Herder, 'a priest of nature, a mild Bramin', wandering amid
- tº-
spicy groves, and under benignant skies." Further along in the same
essay, under the discussion of humor, he says among other things:
"That in this point (humor) Richter exceij's all German writers, is
saying much for him, and may be sºid trudly." After mentioning the
quality of humor in Lessing, Wieland; Gellert; Hagedorn, Ramler, Goethe,
and Tieck, he goes on to say: "But of all these men, there is none that,
in depth, copiousness, and intensity of humor; can be compared with Jean
Paul. He alone exists in humor; moves and has his being in it. e
º -> Not Without reason have his panegyrists named him
12.
"Jean Paul, the Uniqué'; in one sense or the other, either as praise
or censure, his critics also must adopt this epithet; for surely, in
the whole circle of literature, we look in vain for his parallel.
Unite the sportiveness of Rabelais, and the best sensibility of Sterne,
With the earnest mess, and, even in slight proportions, the sublimity of
Milton; and let the mosaic brain of old Burton give forth the workings º
of this strange union, with the pen of Jeremy Bentham 1*/
If one would note all of Carlyle's penetrating criticisms and his ºw!,
richly sympathetic appreciation of Jean Paul, few of his utterances º
would be left unquoted. Moreover, Carlyle enjoyed such a standing in
England and in America, that what ever he wrote could not be passes by
unheeded, so that his enthusiastic devotion to Jean Paul almost forced
the Americans to direct their attention to the German poet and finally
led to the translation of his most prominent works. Although in all the -
American magazines examined, **Carlyle's name is referred to but four
times, a survey of the articles which appeared before and particularly
after 1827 will show at once that the number of quotations from Jean
Paul in these magazines was steadily growing.
ºr ſº -
* - º, -
Another, writer and critic ef-ºngland, Thomas de Quincey, a con-
t - - - - a. * *
temporary of Carlyle; eº- who from the beginning of his career was much
Fº
read and esteemed in America, gave unst inted praise to Jean Paul. He
too had a distinct predilection for German literature. In answer to a


13.
º
1.
question from a friend 'F' as to his choi
Ç
e of German authors, he says:
"And this leads me to the question; Who is my favorite author - My
answer is that I have three favorite authors: and those are Kant;
Schiller, and Jean Paul Richter. º e e For the present
I shall only observe that in the case of Schiller; I love his works
chiefly because I venerate the memory of the man: whereas in the case
of Richter my veneration and affection for the man is founded wholly
on my knowledge of his works. In point of originality, indeed, there
cannot arise a question between the prete; ions of Richter and those
of any other German author whatsoever. He is no man's representative
but his own; nor do I think he will ever have a successor. "* Again
he says: "I cannot but consider Jean Paul Richter as by far the most
eminent artist in that way since the time of Shakespeare. -> ->
e On this poor earth of ours, I am acquainted with no book of
such unintermitting and brilliant wit as his "Worschule der Aesthetik";
it glitters like the stars on a frosty night; - -> - in
fact, Jean Paul's works are the galaxy of the German literary fºrmament.
I defy a man to lay his hand on that sentence which is not vital and e-
---
- - --- - - - - - º º; º
bullient, wit, h wit” Although there are in the American magazines ex- º
affined only three references to De Quincey on Jean Paul, nevertheless
his writings as (above stated) were so popular in this country that they
- *
*
*~~~~
doubtless contributed to the interest taken by Americans in Jean Paul.


, ºf º ſº
14. - …” * \ º
After Carlyle; De Quincey, Coleridge and others had in their
works called the attention of their countrymen to the freshness and
beauty of German literature, a direct study of German is distinctly
not iceable among the leading literary circles of America. According
to Professor Brandl, Gessner's 'Idyls' were the first offspring of the
German muse which, under the House of Hanover, found a Welcome in England.
This was in 1760 - 1769. The late Professor Hinsdale, says: "As far as
I have been able to discover, Dr. Franklin was the first American, prop-
erly so-called, to investigate, or even visit a German university. The
visit was made to Göttingen in August, 1766: Benjamin Smith Barton
(Physician, born in Lancaster, Pa., Feb. 10, 1766; died in Philidelphia 2
Dec. 19, 1815) has the honor of being the first American sº to take
a degree from a German university. "* In his report, Professor Hinsdale
gives a table with dates, of all American students visiting Göttingen,
Halle, The Royal Friederie h Wilhelm University, and the University of
Leipzig; up to 1850, showing clearly the gradual growth in the interest
taken in the study of German life and literature by American students
at German Universities. The American scholar upon his return from
Germany naturally exerted a most favorable influence upon the study
of German literature in America. -º %
- -
º
- - - - . .
Among the names of those directly interested in Jean Paul in par-
- ºw
ticular are the following: Charles T. Brooks; George Ripley, Margéret



1
5
-
Fuller, James Freeman Clarke, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow; Bayard Taylor,
George Calvert, Mrs Eliza Buckminster Lee, and Edward Henry Noel. To
any one at all familiar with the literary history of New England during
the second and third quarters of the nineteenth century, these Writers
need no introduction, i-ha sºeh-as-à-hey-Wiede-aiſºng the most prominent
Others; Sueh as Professor Adler, W. R.
Alger, Hedge, Roberts, Brinkman, Reeve, and Baºgs, though not
kºwº- - - º ---- -
ºrk in the literary world, were men of great force and ability. Every
one of these men-ha’s contributed directly to the introduction of Jean
Paul in America. With scarcely an exception they were transcendent al-
ists; some were, What Frothingham calls 'pure", others "imperfect,
transcendentalists, but practically all were more or less influenced
by that system of philosophy.
It is still a question whether the introduction of German into
American life and into American colleges and universities was not
- * - - - - - + --- , , §6
largely due to German idealistic philosophy, which exerted streh power-
ful influence upon American thinkers of the first half of the nineteenth
ſ\.
century. This philosophy reached New England just at a time when a re-
volt against puritanism was beginning to assert itself in American
life. What ever our answer to this question may be, it is certain that
the interest in German literature and in German idealistic philosophy
We're almost contemporaneous. Barrett, Wendell says: "The influences


? &
1. Ç -
brought to bear on New England were almost innumerable. e ->
- --~~~~
º
The most important was probably German thought at a time when German,
philosophy was most metaphysical and German literature most rºomantic,
To New England the influences swiftly spread. In 1800, it has been
said, hardly a German book could be found in Boston. Before Channing
died in 1842, you could find in Boston few educated people who could
not talk with glib delight about German philosophy, German literature
and music. **
While the philosophy of Kant, Fichte, Jacobi; Schelling, Sehleier-
macher, Herder, and Hegel all became the subject of serious study among
the New England transgendentalists, the latter were more interested in
isia it from the religious and practical point of view than from the phi-
losophical side, for in New England transcendentalism was a religion
rat her than a philosophy. This transcendentalism was largely deterſ in-
ed by German idealism which f cund its Way into America chiefly through
two channels; (1) through philosophy, and (2) through literature. It
will be the aim here to sketch the introduction of German idealistic
philosophy into America and then to trace the influence of this philo-
sophy on American literature through the literature of Germany, England,
and France, but only in so far as the literature of these countries had
a direct bearing upon the introduction of Jean Paul into America.
While this is not the place to discuss transcendentalism, its

º
*
-**







17.
origin, its course, or its underlying principles, nevertheless, it
will be necessary to mention some of its salient features, and to
sketch the career of the men who were instrument, al in its introduction
Wit, h the view to establishing, if possible, their relation to Jean Paul's
idealism.
When transgendental philosophy first began to exert its influence
upon American literary circles, there had been no objective study of Ger-
man literature. What was known of it was fragmentary, and, for the most
part, , an imitation of English criticism. No attempts had been made to
view it as the natural development, and necessary out growth of German
conditions and civilization; [nor had there been an objective study ****
of any German poet before Bayard Taylor's time, What serious study
of literary Germany there was, had been made With certain pree onceived
ideas, and to some extent, only such poet S and such literature had re-
ceived attention as seeſſed to express or intensify the convictions of
American thinkers. They projected their own ideas on religion and
philosophy into the Works of German writers and approached the study
*. -
of German literature with a very definite set of interests, such as
were best expressed in German literature and philosophy of the time.
In their attempt to free themselves from the religious conservatism
of the time, they felt the need of a substant, iat, ion of their views.
o their rescue. In their contact,
t
In a sense, German idealism came
% WAZ,124 ºvt Pºlºtºtº ſº.- ww.l...! º! &-
etc.
allºw £eſ wº
**
Prº
kº a







1.
8
-
---
º
with this philosophy and literature, they found not only a defense
for their position but also a deepening of their idealism. Although
they had as yet not attained that independence and self-reliance in
the field of philosophical criticism which later found its noblest
expression in Emerson, they saw in German philosophy the light of a
broader humanity, and were in their own way advancing toward it. Under
such conditions they eagerly appropriated all available suggest ions
from German idealism and gradually transformed them to suit their own
needs.
The earliest introduction of Kant's philosophy into America can be
traced through French influence rather than through German or English.
It has been shown that as early as 1804 Degerando lectured on Kant's
philosophy in Paris. As early as 1813 Madamède Stael gave an account,
of it in her De l'Allemagne. At that time, as we have seen; few peo-
ple in America read German, but many French. Moreover, the number of
copies of the original works of either Kant, Fichte, Schelling yor
Jacobi that found their way to the United States was inconsiderable. *
- - º
º } vº. wº w
The Foreign Reviews reported the results of German and French specu-
* º
lation, and these reviews were the main source of information in this
country on German philosophy. As this idealistic philosophy gradually
spread and became more popular in America, more interest was taken in
German life, language and literature, until in 1842, the study of the
-
- - -
- - - - º - - -
--- - -
--- --
--- -
-----
--
---
- ---
-
- --- -
-
--
-
-
-
- - - -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - -
- - - - - -
-
--- -
- -
- - - -
-

















































19.
German language had grown to such an extent among American scholars
as to enable them to read the productions of German thought in the
original. -
Kant's system of philosophy was too metaphysical and intricate to
be read by many in the original. It was made popular through his dis-
ciples, who were not so difficult to read, and especially through trans-
lations, as well as through foreign literary men who had come under his
influence. This was true even in later years, when a knowledge of Ger-
man literature and philosophy was deemed a prerequisite to culture.
Only the severe metaphysicians; of whom there were but few, were close
alwºº,
adherents of Kant,.
Fichte seems to have been more popular among the early transcendent-
alists of the nineteenth century than Kant. He appealed to the heroic
element rather than to the purely intellectual, as was the case with
Kant. His 'Destination of Man', the 'Vocation of the Scholar", "the
Nature of the Scholar', 'The Vocation of Man', 'The Characteristies
of the Present Age', and "The Way toward the Blessed Life", were all
2.
translated into English, published in the Catholic Series of John Chap- • LA.
man, and were extensively read. The character of this class of Writ- -
*
ings naturally attracted a wider range of readers than anything as meta-
physical as Kant's system of philosophy. The English reviewers also
helped to make the author and his ideas known to many readers. Nor
*
{
** w
A.
W
\ M. -
4 º'
ºy",
º º y"
20. º º } º º
should we omit here Carlyle's estimate of Fichte since the writings of
A
ſº
\,)
º
*
Carlyle were rapidly gaining in general favor. Among other things he
says: "He (Fichte) was a great mind, and a greater character - sens-
it ive, proud, brave, determined, enthusiastic, imperious, aspiring;
a mighty soul; a cold colossal, adamantine spirit, standing erect, and
clear, like a Cato Major a mong degenerate men; fit to have been the -
teacher of the Stoa, and to have discoursed of beauty and virtue in
the groves of Academe | So robust in intellect, a soul so calm; so lofty,
massive, and immovable, has not mingled in philosophical discussion since
h ime of Luther. For the man rises above us amid eont radiction and
t
e
t
debate like a granite mountain amid clouds and Wind. As a man approved
by action ºnd suffering, in his life as in his death, he ranks with a
Fichte's extreme idealism, though it had a profound influence on
º
the transcendentalists of New England, was not unconditionally accept-
ed by them, ex33 pt perhaps to a certain extent by Emerson. ** The charge
of at heism against Fichte (very superficially treated by Frothingham)***
naturally had a prejudicial influence on the New England transcendent -
alists. This charge divided even the Germans into two hostile camps:
those who believed that there was foundation for the charge, and those
who saw the real, underlying issue, and found that the charge was Whol-
ly unwarranted. Such a prejudice once having sprung up, whether just


21.
or not, was hard to overcome. The charge was made against him while
he was professor of philosophy at Jena. Instead of taking the advice
of Goethe, who urged him to let it pass unheeded, he felt it his duty
to make passionate replies, until the authorities eventually felt them-
selves obliged to accept his resignation. Naturally these charges of
h
at heism were reiterated in America, and those who felt that their re-
1.
i
g
i
ſon might be contaminated by reading the Works of one thus accused,
accepted the popular verdict. This naturally restricted his popular-
ity(here to the class of men, who, instead of accepting such a verdict, / .
investigated his philosophy for themselves.
Kant had addressed himself primarily to the intellect; Fichte ap- tº
pealed primarily to the Will. The basis of his philosophy is the indi-
and productive, º
vidual, the E30. His idealism was act
---
and he exerted a regenerating influence which was moral rather than in-
te? lectual in its effect.
S
From Fichte, the Romantic School drew its most vital ethical ideals. *
A man who, during the stirring times of 1813 could announce to his
classes while lecturing to them on philosophy that the course would be
discontinued for the time being; and would be resumed, if resumed at
all, in a free country; and thereupon make preparation for the field of
battle, - was more than a visionary and a dreamer; and even those who
had been influenced by the prejudices of the day; and who were skept –



22.
ical toward his philosophy, would admire his heroism. It was this
noble, though rather rigid conception of duty, the 'catágorical im-
perative', the central principle of Kant's Critique of Practical
e Zson, in the Fichtean system of philosophy that appealed so strongly
to the spiritual New Englander. }
- /14/ ...] º,º t
While Kant has been called the 'man of intelleet', and Fiehte the
'man of action; or Will', Friederich Jacobi might equally well be called
the 'man of feeling; of emotion', for in him the emotional element pre-
dominated. Having been reared under pietistic surroundings he inclined
toward sent, imentality and mysticism from his early youth. His cardinal
doctrine is summed up by Hettner” as follows: 1) Spinoza's philosophy
leads to at heism. 2) The philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff is no less
fatalistic and leads the investigator to the basic principles of Spino-
#ism. 3) Every method that has as its basis the idea of demonstration
leads to fatalism. 4) The essence of all human knowledge and effect-
iveness is faith. - This element of mysticism was not lacking in the
transcendentalists of New England. For it can be shown that Jacobi's
central doctrine had directly or indirectly exerted considerable in-
fluence upon American moral and religious thinkers. A philosophy of
'faith' such as Jacobi's was precisely What the clergymen among the
transcendentalists would welcome, for his polemies were directed against
all systems that led to skepticism on the one hand, or to dogmatism on
|


23.
the other. The New England transcendentalists were also directing their
efforts against dogmatism, especially the dogmatism of puritanic the-
ology. Their religion was to live up to the 'light within'. This was
wº.
simila; it not wholly identical º the religion preached by Jacobi.
He says somewhere that it had not been his purpose to set up a system
for the schools, that his writings had sprung from his innermost life,
that in a certain sense he had not made them voluntarily; but that they -
had been produced under the influence of a higher, and to him, irre- * * * *
sistible power.
---
From the standpoint of the philosophy of religion, Herder and
Schleiermacher also had a profound influence on the idealists of the
new World. In his chapter on 'Transcendentalism in Theology and Lit-
erature', ºrothingham says: "One of the earliest students of the German
language in Boston, was Dr. N. L. Frothingham, a Unitarian minister of
the 'First Church'. Among the professional books that interested him
was one by Herder, 'Letters to a Young Theologian', chapters from which
he translated for the Christian Disciple", the precursor of the ''Christ-
ian Examiner'. George Bancroft, wrote an account of Herder in the North
American Review” and George Ripley in the Christian Examiner. ** The
second number of the 'Dial' contains a letter from Ripley to a theolo-
gical student, in which the above mentioned book of Herder is warmly
ecommended and the advice given that it is well worth while to learn
24.
to read German to be able to read such a work in the original. This
book of Herder was remarkable for its earnestness, its discernment of
S
the spirit beneath the letter, its largeness of view and its suggestion
of a better future for the philosophy of religion. *
Herder's 'Spirit of Hebrew Poetry" was translated by James Marsh,
and was published in 1833. in it Herder ascribed to genius what had
formerly been interpreted as divine revelation. The creative powers of
the poet's soul Were regarded as the divine spirit manifesting itself
in the human. This was also one of the strong contentions of the trans-
cendentalist, s.
* -- - º
Aside from the Works above noted one other article on Herder is wº. 1.
º
A. As
--" i-- - - - * º º º
worthy of mention: a Review of the 'Outlines of a Philosophy of the * ,
History of Man', in the 'Southern Quarterly Review' of 1841, by Church-
ill. In this article the writer emphasizes the underlying ideas of the taut, -
*º- - - --
--- t ** 4.
' Ideen'. He calls Herder the "mighty representative' of his age, teem-
ing with almost count less new ideas. Though his range is so vast as not
to allow him to grasp anything firmly, nor to Work out any of his ideas
in detail, he gives us grand suggest ions of God's purpose in the histor-
ical development of man. He says that Herder has his roots in eighteenth
century rationalism, having grown up under those surroundings, but that
he vigorously turned against that movement, and in his activity was a
precursor of the historical spirit. Churchill emphasizes, especially ..

25.
"He conceives the human race as undergoing a process of education
towards a final, ideal humanism", he says, and regards Herder as one of
the founders of modern historical science. Many more statements might
be given from this excellent article, but the above will suffice to
show the general trend of the review.
There are quite a number of articles in American magazines on wºº
*-*~~~~
Herder besides those mentioned; but they are, for the most part, mere
sketches or translations of some of his shorter poems, and have no
| ſº
--- ------ - - - ºf a tº º
specific value for this treatise. - ſº
º
Schleiermacher also had a prof cund influence upon the idealists
of New England. This influence upon transgendentalism, though perhaps
not as comprehensive as that of Herder, was more direct. His 'Discours-
es on Religion', which appeared in Germany in 1799, were not intended
to present a system of theology. George Ripley makes the statement
that they were published at a time when hostility to religion, and
especially towards Christianity as divine revelation, was deemed a
proof of culture and enlightenment, that the influence of the church
was nearly exhausted and that a 'starveling theology' was exalted in
place of the living Word. Schleiermaeher presented religion in its
most sublime aspect; he disentangled it from philosophical specula-
tion, interpreted it as springing from the intuitive life of man, and
as necessary to the complete unfolding of his innermost being. He




26.
maintained that man was by nature religious, endowed with spiritual
faculties, and that religion and dogma were two separate and distinct
things. James Walker, professor of 'Moral Philosophy' at Harvard
during the early part of the nineteenth century, said of Schleiermacher
that the return to a higher order of ideas, to a living faith in God,
in Christ, and in the church had been promoted to a very great extent
*
by him, De Wette, and others. These few passages will suffice to in-
dicate that schleiermasher was in essential accord With the spirit of
transcendentalism, and will show also how closely allied were his
doctrines to those of the men among the New England idealists who look-
ed at transcendentalism from the religious point of view.
The transcendentalists of New England easily fell into two groups;
namely, those whose idealism drew them away from their former church
connections, and those who, though orthodox in their church views, ac-
cepted, broadly speaking, the ideas of transcendentalism as entirely
in accord with the Christian faith, and used them to support the doc-
trines of the church. Some of the most eminent clergymen of New Eng-
land belonged tº c the latter class and yet were regarded as entirely
orthodox in their point of view. The former group constituted a party
to themselves; protested against the fºrmalism, the orthodoxy and the
literalism of the institutions to which they had formerly belonged; and
substituted transcendentalism for church doctrines. The latter endeav-
27.
ored to strengthen their church views by means of the new philosophy.
I do not wish to convey the impression that all idealism among the
men of New England came from Germany. This system of philosophy was
not the exclusive property of any nation or period, but was a natural
reaction after so long a period of rationalism and theological dogma-
tism as We find in Germany and New England. It was an outgrowth of
previous conditions, and indeed some aspects of it appeared in America.
before its introduction from Germany. It is a fact that when Émerson
began his activity, idealism had to some extent taken root in America,
but he alone seemed competent to develop that line of thought and thus
become the leader of the new philosophy. Frothingham says that "When
Emerson announced himself as a transcendent, a list, the name of idealism
was legion, and that the scholars at once 'trooped about him'. By
sheer f gree of genius he anticipated the results of the transcendental
philosophy, defined its axioms and ran out their inferences to their
logical eonelusion." He further states "that without help from abroad,
or With such help only as none but he could use, he might have domesti-
cated in New England an idealism as heroic as Fiente's and as beauti-
ful as Schelling's, but it would have lacked the didactic basis of the
great German system. */
--~7"
- \ . + - - -
/ But) it was not, however, so much through the great philosophers as
ſ - - -
- ſº
through the literary men of Germany that idealism became most extensive-
º Wu º ºl, nº tº
+ º- 44,444 °) | w.
| ". wn A
124 - |
- -
1.
Fº


28.
ly known in America. It has been said that Goethe, Richter, and
Noval is have been more effective teachers than Kant; Jacobi, or Fichte.
To those who could not read German these authors were interpreted by
Carlyle; who took up the cause of German philosophy and literature
and wrote about them with passionate fervor in the English reviews. Pºlº,
-
Carlyle was not content with superficial accounts; he plunged boldly
into the depth, and carried his readers with him through discussions
which, but for his persuasive eloquence, would have had little charm
for ordinary minds. * Carlyle's success in his interpretation of German
idealistic philosophy and German literature, had a profound influence
upon a people to whom German was an unknown tongue. His efforts to
interest English readers were furthered in America by a large number
of eminent, literary men. These men, through their criticisms and |3|ale A-
^– *-** -
translations of the works of Jean Paul, made him; for a time; the most
admired and beloved St German author; in this country. Richter became
well known through his 'Autobiography', 'Quintus Fixlein', ''Flower,
Fruit and Thorn Pieces', 'Hesperus', 'Titan', 'The Campamer Thal',
"Levana' and many of his minor productions.
Menzel's 'History cf German Literature', which appeared in 1827,
also had great influence in introducing Jean Paul into Ameriza. It
-
attempted to place Tieck and Richter into the foremost rank of Ger-
man literary men. This book was soon translated by C. C. Felton,


29.
--
who [himself was a great admirer of Richter. Both Menzel and Felton
regarded him as the superior º Goethe, and had little but scorn for
in
the 'Furstenknecht' as they called Goethe. Since Felton had a large
following, his translation of Menzel's 'History of German Literature' --
º
º
-
º
- T-
was widely read, and, though (Felton had no sympathy for transcendental-º
ism, the devotees of this philosophy found in his translation of Menzel's
work much to praise, and as it was the first attempt at the 'History of
the Literature' of Germany, it was regarded as almost invaluable as a
source of information, although, to be sure, they also found in it much
i
to criticise. Carlyle had assigned to Richter second rank among Ger-
man men of letters, Menzel assigned to him the first rank, which position
was conceded to him by many of the romanticists of Germany and later by
the literary movement, there known as 'Young Germany'.
To the New England transcendentalist, the works of Richter appealed
most strongly as the noblest poetic expression of an idealism which they
interpreted as akin to their own. Concerning Jean Paul's idealism Car-
lyle says: "It is not mechanical or skeptical; it springs not from the
forum or the laboratory, but from the depth of the human spirit: ; and
yields as its fairest product a noble system of morality, and the firm-
est conviction of religion. An intense and continued faith in man's
immortality and native grandeur accompanies him; from amid the vortices
of life he looks up to a heavenly loadstar; the solution of what is


30.
visible and transient, he finds in what is invisible and eternal. He
has doubted, he denies, yet he believes. * / -
Richter had a philosophical mind; yet he presents no system of
philosophy; he contemplated, at one time, editing a ''Philosophisches
Momat sheft, ' , which however came to naught. For a time he hesitated
between making philosophy or literature his life's work. His most
suggestive philosophical work, the 'Levana', ºthieh; though an excellent
treatise on education, is anything but a system; indeed, throughout
º .
his works, we find a distinct aversion to systematic thought so that,
sº
though a close student of philosophy, he was very skeptical toward all
- ... tº - -
contemporary philosophical systems. He came in, very close contact with
most of the philosophical celebreties of his time, and yet he refused
to become a disciple of any contemporary philosopher. He was an inde-
pendent thinker, a great individualist, and as such had to have a philos-
-
ophy of his own; and, being a romanticist, the emotional element entered
very largely into all the thoughts of philosophy to which he gave expres:-
º
sion, and in this eonnection, we can well apply Jacobi's confession tº
Richter's philosophy. He says: "My writings have sprung from my inner-
most life. In a certain sense, I did not make them voluntarily, but º
*
they were produced under a higher and, by me, irresistible power", ex-
cept that in the ease of Jean Paul, all his philosophical thoughts
-
found expression in his literary works.







31.
Kant's 'Kritik der reinen Vernunft ' appeared in 1781, the very
T-Tº- -
year in which Jean Paul entered the University of Leipzig. Kant's
philosophy became so soon the dominant thought of Germany that one
of Richter's biographers truly says: "From Jean Paul's writings of
this period, it can easily be seen that he made considerable progress
along the lines of thought | laid out by Kant, and Lessina". It is,
indeed, very natural that Richter should have absorbed a great deal
of the Kantian system during his student life at Leipzig. In 1788,
there followed Kant's Krit ik der praktischen Vernunft, and two years
**-*-*-
- - - A - --- -
later, his Kritik der Urtheilskraft. So that in the formative period
-
-
of Jean Paul's life, there was given to the world the whole system of
transcendental philosophy, which, to use the Words of Hillebrand,
'effected for the intellectual World, as he (Kant) himself said, what
Copernicus had effected for the physical world: an entire change of
the basis of philosophical study'.
+
Before, however, taking up the various influences of Kant, Fiebº,
Jacobi, Herder and sehleiermacher on Richter, it will be neeessary to
dwell, for a time, on the influence of Rousseau, for to him Jean Paul,
was greatly indebted, as were likewise the transcendentalists of the
new World.
The youth of Richter, up to his student period at Leipzig, fell
-
--- - .
-
-
- - - -- --~~ -- - Y. * -- - - º y - -
in * * * the St, orm and Stress of German literature.
A - --- -
º
-
---
º

32.
This movement was directed against the limitations of enlightenment
(gegen die Schranken der Aufklärung), and Richter was an out-and-out
wºº. .
Hettner says that very few escaped the
---
St. Crm and Stress charact, er.
influence of that movement. The chief fountain from which all the St, orm
ºl
and Stress men drew their inspiration was Rousseau. It would be a * º
*
large task to point out all the similarities between Jean Paul and
Rousseau; however, we need to ment ion here only those which are *
prominent in New England Transºndentalism. The two men, Hoppe and
Müller, who alone thus far have investigated the philosophy of Jean
Paul, though they disagree on many points, both acknowledge his great
indebt, edness to this source. Hoppe says: "Rousseau's philosophy is
the very essence of this whole Storm and Stress movement. His doc-
trine is a gospel for the men of this period. The representatives of
the movement, looked up to him as to a saint . Also Jean Paul acknowl- º
edged his indebtedness to Rousseau. */ º
- one of Rousseau's characteristics, and per- -
* Love of Nature' was
ºx.
haps his most fund £mental one. With him nature was the garment of the
Eternal One embracing and finelosing all. While Rousseau's use of the
º
-
word "nature had several meanings, I wish here to limit it wholly to
the commonly accepted sense of the term. Monroe says: "Rousseau was a
lover of nature, and through his teachings began a movement of finer
and fuller appreciation of nature which found its expression in a wide
º º: ... . a º * - º
º



33.
school of literature both on the continent and in England. * To him
nature was an element of religion. In Richter we find a love of
nature which amount? almost to Worship. He divides mankind according
to their attitudes toward nature into four classes: the first, those
who take their walks to view nature because it is fashionable to do so;
second, those who do it for exercise, and whom he calls the 'utilitar-
ians'; third, those who go out for the purpose of making landscape
* *-
sketches; and fourth; those who seek and find a balm for their souls.
It is the last glass that looks upon nature from the point of view of
- - - - ; :
religion and art; who see in all beings 3 m expression of the *** *
- -
and in the beauties of nature the glory of God.” At times; his nature
dźscriptions, so very abundant in "Titan', 'Hesperus', 'Quintus Fixlein', /e-
the "Unsieht bare Loge and others, show him to be very perceptibly in-
played a very important rºleſ, in religion as Well as in every sphere
- - - - - T
-
º
/
* - ºn
of life. So he sonº'says that when the great and striking phe- | ||
nomena of nature, such as t; he thunder, the stºrm, death, make a special
appeal to the imagination of the child, then utter to it the word "God'.
Without giving examples or parallel passages from the New England
transcendentalists; it will suffiee here simply to say that they were
all great lovers of nature; one needs not read far into Emerson, Long-
fellow, Parker, Brooks & any of them to see to what extent the con-


ºz. …º.
º rººf A ſº. £º, *
º, a lºſſa ºrº-
M, …, , W.A.”, A-




34.
templation of nature influenced their writings; indeed, quite often it
was precisely these 'nature passages' from Richter that most attracted
them. As Richter was a child of both the Storm and stress and of the
Romantic movements, in both of which nature was to a certain extent
deified, he was no exeeption in this respect.
However important an element the love of nature was in Jean Paul,
it was not more essent ial to him than the idea of "freedom", freedom
in the personal, the social, and the political sense. Freedom was to
him an essential requisite for the full development of the individual.
Richter's idea of Åreedom shows itself in numerous ways; in his pe.-
culiar dress while, student at Leipzig, in his independence toward the
aristocracy of his day, in the love of country places and small towns
as against life in the large cities, etc. In his works he has almost,
without exception, selected his heroes from among the humbler classes,
Ühe lower middle elesses} He espoused the cause of the ecmmon people
and believed that these classes alone had the right to make the laws
Whie h they had to obey. He believed in the equality of man before the
law and beeasionally even suggested modern socialism, as for example
when he says: "There will come a time when our past stupidity will be
as little comprehended as we now comprehend the wisdom of our present
aets; I mean when one will tolerate the rich no more than one now

35.
ample proof of his democratic tendencies. In reading Jean Paul, one
l,
*
-
comes across so many ideas along t; he line of freedom, polities, demoe- ***
racy, etc. that except for the language into which these ideas 2, 1 &
cast, one might easily identify his thoughts with those of Rousseau.
Although there was political freedom in America, the New England trans-
cendentalists as well as many others were putting forth their best ef-
forts to extend freedom in other directions. So they aimed at freedom
from race predujice, which was just then beginning to attract national
attention, freedom from the old orthodox religious views and traditions,
etc. PAlone with this intense desire for freedom in Jean Paul, there
went hand in hand an intense feeling of 'Joyousness'. He tells the
clergymen to breach against sadness and melane holy, but not against
joyousness, as they were wont to do. 'Let joyousness wipe away the
tears of trouble', he says. * Further along in the same passage he con-
-***
tinues: "Not through sacrifice and suffering, but through joyousness
alone will we be able to win the love of God, necessary in our deal-
ings with our fellow men, for joyousness is the purest and most innocent
at tribute man can have. In endless and increasing joyousness, we
| - -- - /*
should become like God.” It was just this lack # the spirit of joy - º
º
in contemporary methodſ of education tº h3.t arfoused a spirit of indigna- Gº
tion in Rousseau and Richter. And so it was also this element of over-
seriousness, unnaturalness and restraint, not only in the every-day af-

36. -
N
º
fairs of the old traditional puritans, but especially in their reli-
gious life, against which the American idealists directed their attacks.
These men as well as Rousseau and Richter glorified joyousness, serer-
ity, innocent pleasures over against the old view that this life was a
"vale of tears, that sin, death, and destruction were threatening us
on all sides, and that this earth was only to be considered as a place
of preparation for the world to edme. In other words, optimism, and
vaj-Aº
One other comparison between these two men deserves our attention;
not pessimism reigned Supreme in their hearts: 9
they held, in many respects, similar views in regard to religion. Reli-
gion, to both 5 e-mer was not a matter of theological dogma, but of
our erstrømaiº. It had its roots in faith and not in the intellect.
Their central religious belief was in Goº/ and immortality, and they re-
ject, ed the so-called revealed religion'. In the blossoming tree; the
running brook and in the rising sun; Rousseau found all the revelation
he thought necessary. So also Richter says that what ever principles
and religions may disappear in the future, three high pillars will en-
dure, namely, immortality, morality, and God.” Indeed he assumed a very
critical , and even a skeptical attitude toward dogma and revelation,
regarding miracles and dogmas as unnecessary to the spirit of pure
Christianity. Views, such as these, were certain to appeal to many
of the transcendentalists of New England.


37.
A number of other instances of similarity in the views held by
Rousseau and Jean Paul might be referred to, but these will be dis-
cussed in connection with Richter's relation to Kant, Fichte, Jacobi,
and Schleiermacher. It has already been stated that Richter
Herder,
was a law unto himself, and that he was skeptical toward every system
of philosophy, and therefore made no man's system wholly his own. In
many points he was at variance with the leading thinkers of his time,
and was perfectly fear less in the expression of his opposition to them.
In order to underst, and the relation of Richter to Kant and his attitude
toward the Kantian philosophy, it will be necessary to note the influ-
ence that Platner, his instructor in philosophy during his student per-
iod at Leipzig, had upon him. Platner; though not a philosopher of
high rank was nevertheless a man of no mean ability. In many of his
works Jean Paul shows that he regarded his former teacher most highly
and gratefully acknowledged his influence. so he speaks of him in
very eulogistic terms in 'Das Kampanert hal'; 'Worschule der Aesthetik'.
and 'Selina, oder Ueber die Unsterblichkeit '. In a letter to Vogel, in
1781, he says: "Platner is undoubtedly one of the foremost philosophers
of Germany. How fortunate I am to be one of his students | One must
- º - - - º º º
be a listener, a reader of him in order to understandſ to admire him | 2 ||
properly. And this man who combines so much philosophy with so much
congeniality, so much knowledge of and insight into the ancient Greeks


with a thorough understanding of the conditions of our own times; this
man, who is equally great as a moralist, physician and philosopher º
- - has been the subject of the villest criticism and rid-
isºle.’ Moreover, Platnºr was the author of the 'Philosophische
Aphorismen', *-work is often cited by Richter and Was much praised
and admired by him. The popularity of this work of Platner is attested
by the fact that within sixteen years, from 1784 to 1800, three editions
º
º
of the same appeared.
Płat her was a decided opponent of Kant, especially so in the first
two editions of his "Aphorismen' which appeared in 1784 and 1793 respec-
tively; the first edition, thus appearing while Richter was yet a stu-
dent in Leipzig. How much of a student of Kant Richter was, and how
deeply º into the Kantian philosophy, is not definitely
known, and eoncerning these points opinions vary. Nerrlich says that
Jean Paul had very likely made considerable progress, while a student.
at Leipzig, in the Kantian philosophy. ** Hoppe, however, claims that
we do not know whether Richter had been influenced at all by the 'Cri-
tique of Pure Reason" while a student at Leipzig, and later adds that
it is scarcely probable that he ever penetrated deeply into the Kantian
system. It will be entirely safe to say that what ever he learned of
that system while a student, he obtained from Platner, and Hoppe re-
gards it as very probable that Richter's objection to and criticism of




40. y^
the 'Critique of Pure Reason' were largely influenced by Platner. * In
the second edition of the "Aphorismen' Platner takes a decided stand
against the "Kritik der reinen Wernunft ', and Hoppe says again that
we cannot know what influence Platner's opposition to this work of Kant
had upon Jean Paul, but regards it as very likely that it was chiefly
this attack of Platner on Kant that determined his opposition to Kant's
"Krit ik der reinen Wernunft '... ** From the above, it seems quite clear
that Richter's first acquaintance with the Kantian philosophy, especially
with the "Kritik der reinen Vernunft ', was colored by Platner's adverse
criticism of Kant's philosophical thought and method. -
(o, ſº º Aaº
Nevertheless Richter's attitude toward Kant's 'Kritik der praktischen
Vernunft and toward the "Kritik der Urteilskraft' was decidedly favorable.
In a letter to Vogel he says: "If you want to be Worthy that the sum of
stoicism should shine upon you, then for heaven is sake, buy the follow-
>
ing two books: 1) Kant's"Grundleaune zu einer Metaphisik der Sitten und
—º º-
2) Kant's Kritik der braktischen Vermºntº Kant is not a luminary of
the world but a whole system of lumineries.** The doctrine of 'virtue º
for virtue's sake' was a gospel for Jean Paul. In it he found an appeal
to the highest and most divine inst, inct s in man. The rationalists had
held that happiness, personal well-being, was the aim of all human en-
deavor. Jean Paul was opposed to this eudaemonistic theory of life and
in his struggle to overcome his egoism he felt that the proper solution
of the problem of human conduct was to do the good for the sake of the



41.
-
good and to follow virtue for the sake of virtue. Kant, however,
utterly rejected eudaemonism (Glekseligkeitslehre) as a principle of
conduct, and it was this phase of the Kantian philosophy; the doctrine
of the catagorical imperative that appealed so strongly to Jean Paul.
But while Richter praised very highly the Kritik der praktischen
Wernunft '', he did not agree with it in all its details; nor was he al-
Ways consistent in what he upheld or rejected. Thus on the nature of
the problem of evil; Kant had endeavored to establish philosophically
the doctrine of 'original sin". To this doctrine, Jean Paul/ at times ---
st renously objected, principally because of his inherent optimism; and awatº"
often led us to conclude that the final goal of all mankind was happi-
ness in the life beyond. As 'eim Gef "hlsphilosoph", he could not be-
lieve that man would be eternally punished for the wrongs done in the
body. But at other times, he was inelined to the Kantian theory; as
for example, when he says: ºthere is left to us no explanation of im—
morality except the ºlisable, t; he radical evil', t; he devil". * One
biographer of Jean Paul remarks that it. is very striking how he contin-
ually avoids the question of punishment for evil-doers in the life be-
yond the grave. **
one other point of disagreement between Kant and Richter, worthy
of mention here, is that regarding their views of immortality. Both
assume immortality; to neither is proof necessary; but Kant says
42.
it cannot be proved, and therefore it must be assumed. Richter on the
other hand, says proof is unnecessary, but that there is a deeper treet,
the longing of the inner life, a necessary outcome of the emotional
life, and this proof reason cannot produce. Richter argued from the
point of view of the inst incts, the cravings of the human heart; Kant
argued from the point of view of the intellect. As Richter was *\pſ.
ally emotional; and Kant intellectual, such differences are to be ex- |
A.
pected. Richter says: "This universe Within us, which is still more vºl., º
- | -
- **** a £
beautiful and wonderful than the one without requires a different sky º
(Himmel) than the one above us, and a different World than that warmed
by the rays of the noon-day sun."
Many other points of agreement and disagreement with the Kantian
philosophy might be cited. One point, however, should stand out clearly,
namely that Richter did not concern himself much about the three Cri-
tiques of Kant as a system of philosophy, or about the relation of any
of them to the whole, or about any underlying idea unifying them. He
chose what suited his purposes, and what appealed to his inner nature.
This no doubt accounts for many of his disagreements with the Kantian
ideas
thought. Richter's works are permeated with philosophies; these are
at times original, but many of his thoughts are doubt less influenced
by the thought of Kant; Fichte; Jacobi and others. All of his philo-
sophical reflections have a religious trend, and naturally the emotional
element plays a large part in them; for mere philosophical speculation



43.
as such he rarely if ever indulges in. His attitude, in this respect,
is more nearly that of Jacobi and Herder than that of Kant or Fichte.
Richter's position toward the Fichtean philosophy is difficult,
to define. It is certain that he was an opponent of Fichte, and yet
he was always fascinated by the works of that philosopher. Nerrlich
says regarding this point: "Admiration for, and skepticism toward
-
Fichte, were the two poles between which Jean Paul was always vibrating." *
On the one hand, he praises Fichte very highly, on the other, he combats
his extreme individualism, 'the everlasting Ego". At the news of
Fichte's death, he writes: " - -- yet, you brave warrior for
> - > .
German freedom, - º e you have nevertheless lived to see
the dawn of the freedom of the Germans, - - - Now you
- -- * . .. . . . . . . .
will be rewarded, eternal space wild be yours. ** In a number of places ,
-H -- - --- * - **
- - † ſt -- A/ ***, t
we meet, with such expressions as these: He was a real searcher after
truth, I am more than delighted with his penetration; he was a philo-
sophical investigator who has penetrated into the very depth of the
& ºvºº * -
spiritual world." etc. He objected to the Fieht ean system both from
the philosophical and from the religious point of view. He felt that
Fichte's extreme idealism would lead to at heism. "It (Fichte's philo-
sophy) presents no solution to the everlasting question of the destina-
tion of man, it itself is the question, the problem, - - ->
We must hope for an eternal 'Ich' within us, but also for an eternal

44.
"Du' above usº. In his 'Clavis Fichtiana', Richter attempted to aid
Jacobi in taking up the cudgel against the Fichtean school of philo-
& sophers, and here we meet with his main points of criticism. His an-
tagonism to the Fichtex ºn theories, is best expressed in his characters
of 'Schoppe' in "Titan" and in "Wiktor' in Hesperus. Here he shows
the inadequacy and danger of the extreme subjectivity of Fichte's philo-
sophy, for he emphatically believed in the World of objective reality.
He says that reflective introspection conceals and destroys the exter-
nal, objective world of man, that these reflections ought to be modified
- - º *
by a contemplation of the external world.” "
Thus in regard to Fiehte, as in regard to the other philosophers
of his time, Richter selected such thoughts as appealed to his spiritual
needs and reinterpreted them in terms of his own personality. Like the
transcendentalists of New England, he admired t; he heroic element, in
Fichte, admired his life more than his philosophy. He saw in Fichte,
not only the theorist, but a man who put his theories into practice.
He saw in him a man of action as well as of intellect - And as Fichte
had played such a noble part in the cause of German freedom, Richter
both ree ognized and admired the grandeur of the man-
Next, to Herder, Jacobi was perhaps the most intimate friend of
Jean Paul; and next to Herder, Jacobi exerted the greatest single in-
fluence upon him and his philosophical views. Richter and Jacobi were



* * * *
º º cº º
ºf ºf wº. 7/2 "
-



45.
for a long time in almost daily communication with each other, and the
one theme always discussed in their letters, aside from the daily
happenings, was philosophy, philosophical books and philosophers.
Though Jacobi was twenty years older than Richter, this difference in
age did not interfere with their tastes in literary and philosophical
matters, for both were literary men as well as philosophers. In Jacobi,
Richter finds 'einen auferstandenen' Herder. He calls him the 'protect -
/*
or of his faith", the 'eldest brother of his soul', (den altesten Bruder
*-
*-------…--> Ajº. ºut “
meiner Seele) and says: "I thirst for your philosophy. -> º º -
f /
You can only little surmise how much my heart and my inner life owe to
you. Besides Hamann, you are the only modern philosopher, whom I am
constantly reading". Many such statements might be cited to show the
intimate relation between Righter and Jacobi. Schwegler divides
Jaeobi's system as follows: 1) His polemic against mediate knowledge,
2) His principle of immediate knowledge, and 3) His relation to the cor-
temporaneous philosophy, especially to the Kantian criticism. It was
especially Jacobi's criticism of some phases of the philosophy of Kant
and Fiehte that enlisted his sympathy. If we now take a critical sur-
vey of the philosophical standpoint of Jacobi, we shall find its per
culiarity to eonsist in the abstract separation of the understanding
and the feeling. these two he could not bring into harmony. Hoppe
says on this point: "Because Jacobi based his philosophy upon the

46.
'Vernunft ' which proceeds, according to his view, wholly and solely
from the emotional life, he and his friends were called 'philosophers
of the emotion' (Gef ºhlsphilosophen). He has been charged by the
rationalists as an opponent of reason; this does injustice to the es-
sential principles of his philosophy, in which he assigns to the in-
tellect, a relative validity, but regards our intuitive faculty as the
only means by which we can establish our relation with God. His posi-
tion on this fundimental question is precisely stated in his dialogue
'David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism'. Richter accepted Jacobi's
position on the relation of the intellect to our intuitions; for, like
Jacobi, Richter was also 'sin Gef ºhlsmensch'. To him, the emotional
aspirations of the individual, are vastly more suggestive and of much
greater value than his rational achievements. In matters of faith he
regards the emotions; the intuitions, innate ideas, 'da's Angeborene'.
alone as the final tribunal of all supersensible phenomena. Jacobi
-
says: "There is a light in my heart, but it goes out whenever I at-
º to bring it into the understanding. Which of these two is the
true luminary ºf That of the understanding, which, though it reveals
fixed forms, shows behind them only a bottomless gulf : Or that of
the heart which sends its rays promisingly upwards, though determin-
at e knowledge escapes it 7 Can the human spirit grasp the truth un-
less it possesses these two luminaries united in one light 7" When |









47.
N
Jacobi says: 'I believe', he means 'I am intuitively positive'."
He is therefore opposed to all proof in matters of religion. Ali this
is similar to Richter's views, expressed so many times throughout his
works, that further comment on the resemblance of these two men on this
point is unnecessary. In regard to the Trinity; Jean Paul wind Jacobi
also hold essentially the same views. In bringing out this likeness,
and comparing Jacobi to Hamann, Hoppe says: "Jacobi stands in a more
immediate relation to the Divine Being than Hamann. While the latter
often speaks of s Mediator; of an intercessor, Jacobi rejects all
dogmas which might dist urb the immediacy of his relation. His fait, h -
allows only one personal God, and nothing more. With Jacobi it is not
a question concerning the kingdom of God; as with Hamann; but a question
regarding the facts of consciousness. This longing to comprehend God
immediately, intuitively, with his whole Ego; also explains why Richter
had so little to say triºtively concerning the divinity of Christ
and the Trinity. -
Many other similarities in the philosophical and religious views
of Jean Paul and Jacobi might be added here; but these will suffice.
Again, as in the case above mentioned, Richter also had his differences
With Jacobi. one of these, and perhaps the chief one, finds its ex-
planation in the character of Jean Paul. Like all great geniuses,
l
-
Richter, in defining his position toward the larger problems of life,

48.
such as God, immortality, individuality, freedom of the will; faith,
etc. regarded it as absurd to lay down any final dogmas. As he was a
man of searching mind, of extensive reading and of great independence
of thought, he was until almost the very end of his life, continually
- 7
growing in depth and breadth of knowledge; so that, he often contra- tº:
- ſº
--- * ºria
dicts what he had previously said on a given subject, and yet is wholly
unt roubled by his contradictions, so that Hettner could truly say of
him: "Thus Jean Pauſ remains, throughout his whole life an unsolved con- ſº
- - - - h - - º,
tradiction (ein ungelöster Widerspruch). * - ... / It is perhaps //
this steady inner growth that makes him seem at times in full agreement
With Jacobi, and at other times in opposition to him. He find this il-
lustrated in the varying views on the nature of Christ, on the function
of evil, etc. This fact will also explain the reason why Jean Paul never
*AA ****
worked out a systematic philosophy. One of the transcendentalists just-
ly says of Jaeobi; "His official position (as president of the Academy
of Sciences, at Munieh) gave repute to the production of his pen, and
t; he *** * an amateur precisely, but a devotee of |
philosophy for the love of it; and not as a professional business, im-
parted to his speculation the freshness of personal feeling. His ardent
temperaments rebelled against the formal and deadly precision of the
analytical method; and sought a way out from the intellectual bleakness
of the Kantian metaphysics into the sunshine and air of a living spirit-


ual World. - - - Kant had pronounced it impossible to
prove that the transcendental idea had a corresponding reality as ob-
jective being. Jacobi declared that no such proof was needed; that the
reality was necessarily assumed. Kant had denied the existence of any
faculty that could guarantee the existence of either a sensual or a
supersensual world. Jacobi was very &ertain that such a faculty there
must be; that it was altogether trust Worthy, and that it supplied the
: ;
basis for religious hope and spiritual life.
It has been previously stated that New England transendentalism
was a religion rather than a philosophy. Practically all of the members
of the movement were elergymen to whom such a system of 'faith philoso-
phy' would especially appeal; and it is from this standpoint chiefly
that Jacobi should be considered; both in his connection with Jean Paul.
as well as in his relation to the transcendentalists of the 4ew %ria.
But there were two other men among this group of German philosophers
to whom philosophy was a religion rather than an analytical criticism
of the human mind; namely, Ferder and sehleiermacher. These men both
exerted lasting influence on Jean Paul as well as on the New England
transcendentalists.
For Sehleiermacher Jean Paul had a very high regard. His 'Reden
§ber die Religion' of 1799, Richter read With 'extreme delight and
- - - - - 3 + * - 1 3. If
profit 1. These "Discourses concerning Religion', he says, '4 ºn




|^
S3 yS:
-**
rereading and besides a substantial shell, I find also a pithy kernel.
You ought to read him without any preconceived notions. The difference
between you and him is that he does not individualize t; he universal,
which is truly always more human than the reverse process of universal-
izing the individual."” Again we read as follows: "Read Schleiermacher's
Sermons- No common mortal has here set up his f crum, and no wooden "Holy
Spirit' is hovering above it. I have a very high regard for this *
- - man who values only the divinity in man.” Schleier- º
macher believes with Jean Paul that religion is not subject to philosoph-
ical speculation, and that religion and ethics are two wholly different
things. To him also religion was neither a system of metaphysics nor
of morality, but 'eine Anschauung des Universums und Gefähls'. To
Schleiermacher religion consisted in this contemplation of the universe;
this was to him the highest and most general form of religion. Jean
Paul also speaks of "Anschauung des Universums'; and believes that the
greatness of religion cannot be limited nor be circumscribed by any one
interpretation. He too is sºcces to calling morality (Sitt lichkeit)
religion. In the Levana' in the chapter on 'Religions unterricht', he
"Religion is nº ºn, the sense for heavenly and holy things
and a belief in the invisible, but it is a premonition of that without
which no realm incomprehensible to us and divine, could even be think-
º
*" Up to 1846, only one significant criticism st sºmeºne, ſº



51.
§
appeared in America. This criticism was written by George Ripley on
'Schleiermacher as a Theologian', and appeared in the 'Christian Exam-
iner' as a review of the "Erinnerungen an Dr. Fr. Schleiermacher' by
Fr. Lücke. Frothingham says: "The influence of Sehleiermaeher was
even more distinct than that of Herder. • º - -> His
position that religion was not a system of dogmas, but an inward ex-
perience; that it was not a speculation, but a feeling; that its primal
verities rested n ct on miracles or tradition, not on the bible letter
or on ecclesiastical institutions, but on the soul's own sense of things
divine; that this sense belonged by nature to the human race, and gave
to an forms of religion such genuineness as they had; that all affir-
mation was partieſ, and all definition deceptive; proved to be pract i-
cally the same as that taken by Jacobi, and was so received by the dis-
eities of the new philosophy.” Unquestionably Schleiermacher was in |º
accord with the whole transcendental thought of New England, and natur-
ałly influenced the idealists of America. Frothingham, however; is
somewhat misleading when he seems to limit Schleiermacher's influence
to the transcendental movement, for there is good evidence that he was
In Ore *i; read by the orthodox clergy than by those who had
severed their connections with the religious institutions to which they
had formerly belonged.
But to return to our theme. It has been shown that not only did



52.
-
Jacobi and Schleiermacher agree in much that they thought and believed,
but also that there was close kinship philosophically and religious-
ly between these men and Richter. It has also been established that
the transcendentalists of America drew directly or indirectly, from
the thought of the German idealists whom We have thus far discussed.
One other character, namely Herder, requires discussion here; as
Herder had more influence on Richter than any other man of his time.
It is a well-known fact that the closest friendship existed between
Herder and Jean Paul and that this relation was highly valued by both.
men. A few indications of this fact will suffice here. Herder writes whº, e.”
- - lſº *
to Jacobi in the following terms: "With Richter, heaven has given me
a treasure which I have neither deserved nor expected. Every meeting
with him opens up a new and larger chest full of all those things which
the three holy kings brought. Ali three live in him and their star is
continually hovering ºbove his head". In him he found again his youth
and his freshness and the revival of that enthusiasm for which his soul
craved. Richter is to him a 'beautiful tone on the large golden harp
of mankind', while he calls himself a broken reed and a disgord. He
feels that he never has met a man of such spiritual, combined with such
pure childlike emotional life.” In their relation to each other, ſº
Richter was more critical toward Herder and his works than Herder was
toward Richter, but the latter knew well how to inter Weave his criti-



53.
cism of many of Herder's ideas with the praise he so freely accorded
to his general activities. He saw in Herder the elements which were
making his old age disagreeable, the chief of which he designated as
'eimen kršnklichen Frgeiz'. These 'weaknesses". Richter tried; as far
as possible; to remove or at least to minimize. Herder too, like Jean
Paul, was a great friend of Jacobi and with the support of Jacobi and
Richter Herder felt more secure in his opposition to Kant and the
Kantian philosophy. As Herder had once been the 'ideal' of young
Goethe, as well as of all the other Storm and Stress writers; so he
later became the ideal of Jean Paul. "Thus it was a really beautiful
harmony in the emotional lives of these two men that brightened the last.
years of Herder's life, even though there were many disputes, nearly
-
always occasioned by Jacobi's philosophy. It is not asserting too much
when we designate Richter as the contemporary of Herder who gave the
deepest as well as the most just criticism of Herder. s • - º
- - W
In his criticisms he was not blind to the weaknesses of Herder and º
wº
recognized distinctly the limitations of Herder's powers.” In his
works Jean Paul left behind him two memorials to his friend Reº
*
at the close of his "Worschule der Aesthetik", and in the last pages
of his 'Brief ºber die Philosophie'; in these we find in what high
- - - (
esteem Jean Paul held Herder from the time he first met him to the very
end of his life.
54.
Herder's views regarding 'divine inspiration', 'genius' and liter-
ature and art have previously been mentioned. It now remains for us
to see how these views were regarded by Richter. Neither Herder nor
Richter was entirely consistent in his ideas in regard to genius, rol?
do they entirely agree with each other. Herder regards the Storm and
Stress principles of Germany as opposed to all previous rationalistic
ideals, 'als die ºber jedes Gesetz erhabene Blüte der Menschheit'.
A tº *** *
Elsewhere he says that genius is subject to the influence of tradition
and to the laws of the understanding. In his 'Ursaehen des gesunkenen
Geschmaeks bei den verschiedenen Vélkern' he expresses both these views. *
Richter, the extreme individualist, is a strong advocate of the idea
that the man of genius is the man who makes history; in what ever field
it may be. He says that these men awaken mankind from its centuries of
slumber and thus create new views of the world and of life. Elsewhere
he says that they are the product of their age, that they are the re-
sult of all past ages, and therefore not self-determined, not standing
above the natural laws of development and progress, but like other beings,
- f
subject to the laws of evolution. Here then he agrees with the central º
-
thought of Herder. Thus we find that even in the inconsistencies on the
nature of genius there is an agreement, between Herder and Richter. The
Speculations on 'genius' play &n important rôle in the writings of the
early transcendentalists, and it may easily be shown that the incon-


Ž
\
sistencies of Herder and Richter, on that subject, are again repeated
by the leading thinkers of the American movement.
The question of heredity and environment and the influence of
each upon character development and education was also seriously con-
sidered by both Herder and Jean Paul; the views of both agreeing in
the main. This subject received very extended discussion from the pen
of Richter, in his Levere. "Herder's view is the synthesis of the
doctrine that man can be educated only through the influence of the ex-
ternal world upon him, and of the doctrine that everything developes
spontaneously from within him. For him man is the sum of all his powers;
but these could not have developed without the influence of the external
world upon him. Thus, for him education is the result of two factors:
innate powers and tradition". * Herder says: "It is the great and benef-
icent arrangement of the nature of man that everything is present. Within
him in germ and only awaits development."** Jean Paul believed with him
that human nature cannot of its own accord attain the highest possible
3-
development. "Das Angeborene im Menschen', is one of his main themes,
everywhere does he recur to it; education to him means the development.
2. -
of this ' Angeborene'. For him too the environment plays an indispensable
-
rôle in the education and 2ivilization of man- Müller says that Jean
Paul seeks the highest in man, not in that which he has acquired, but.
in the innate (im Angeborenen). It is safe to say that if Jean Paul
* Nº A* 7.



56.
--
lays especial stress on one of these two elements, it is rather on the
intuitive than on the factor of environment. Of Emerson, Froishingham
says: "The first article in Mr. Emerson's faith is the primacy of mind.
The mind is supreme, eternal, abºlute, one, manifold, subtle, Iiving,
immanent in all things; permanent, flowing, self-manifesting; that the
universe is the result of mind, that nature is the symbol of mind; that
finite minds live and act through 20mcurrence with infinite mind. This
idea oecurs so frequently that, but for Emerson's wealth of observation,
he would weary the reader.” Being an idealist, Emerson naturally re- /º
gards the influence of environment upon the development of character
as secondary. This again agrees with some of the observations made by
Richter; for here as elsewhere Richter was not always consistent, though
as above remarked, mind to him was the supreme element; the objective
world was regarded as very essential in the development of character.
Concerning the agreement of the religious views of Herder and Jean
Paul; little need be said here; as the subject of Richter's beliefs has
been touched upon in the discussion of his relation to Rousseau. Herder's
position toward orthodox Christianity seems not to have been well under-
stood, it understood at all, by the transcendentalists of New England,
though his views agree, in the main, with the more liberal, if not the
most, liberal, among the transcendentalists here. Haym says in regard to
\
this point; "Spalding's most recent, book 'Religion eine Angelegenheit.


57.
des Menschen', expresses his (Herder's) own views. Religion is to him
nothing other than the essenge of the spiritual life of man, e º
-> the altar of his emotional aspirations. */ He was not an or— ſº
thodox believer in the Trinity; he accepted Christ, as his teacher; as
his example, and made a distinction between the 'teachings and the ex-
ample of Christ' and Christianity. He leaned very strongly toward the
humanitarian view; and though he administered the Lord's Supper, he
put, into it, his own interpretation, while Emerson, on the other hand
refused entirely to administer it. Jean Paul, on the other hand, ex-
pressed varied opinions regarding the person of Christ; at times he
seems to incline toward the orthodox view; then again it was: the teach-
-º-º:
T-
ings, and not the person of Christ that received the emphasis. On the
whole, however, he seems to have inclined strongly toward Herder's point.
**º-
of view. From the above it is obvious to What, extent Richter's views
agreed with those of the transcendentalists of the gen gorld.
To summarize the results of our analysis of Richter's religious
thought, we may say that he believed in a personal God, in the immor-
tality of the soul, and in personal freedom; that, he loved nature as
* of the highest truths, had strong faith in the essential -
goodness of man and in his intuitional life, and that he revered all
forms of religious expression.
New England transcendentalism, from its broadest aspect, may be



58.
divided into two extreme groups: the one led by Emerson which rejected
all ecclesiasticism, and tried to establish a new religion on the basis
of the idealistic philosophy; and the other, led by Channing, who never tº
parted with the Christ of the gospel, nor surrendered his birthright, in frº-
the historical church of his fathers'. In his thought, Richter stands
about midway between these two extremes, and hence could in part, be
accepted by the characteristic leaders of each wing of the movement.
Each one read into Jean Paul, moreover, something of his own peculiar
east, of transcendentalism; indeed Jean Paul was elastie enough in his
views and doctrines to satisfy them all. In short, Richter, one of the
most popular writers of the day, an idealist, at a time when idealism
was becoming the dominant philosophy, a genius of such force as to be
regarded by many as the greatest in Gemmany, 3 thinker of a high order, \
a poet who reflected in his writings the great, literary movements of his º
time, Storm and Stress and Romanticism and whom Carlyle revered as he º
revered no other save Goethe, and withal, a man who was unspoiled by ſ
the loose morality of his time, who tried to live in accord with the
principies of Kant's Practical Reason, and exemplify in his own life
the ºniº of true religious culture, was just the man needed by the
transcendentalists of the new world to support, their idealism.
In a country like Germany where institutional life had been long
established, where eivilization had advanced to a very high degree and


59.
had to a certain extent become fixed, where the barriers of tradition,
usages, precedents and prejudices had fastened themselves upon the
people, even doctrines as vital as those promulgated by the idealists
were rather theoretical than practical. The application of such
doctrines and ideals to society, to the every-day life of its people,
preceded very slowly, if at all. Few and sporadiº attempts were made
to reorganize society practically on the basis of the new theories.
Jean Paul put a number cf theories to practical use while tutor at
Schwarzenbach and then, in his 'Levana' inveighed against the system of
education in vogue. He directed his satire against existing conditions
in regard to matrimony, and preached 'Women's rights"; he criticised
severely some of the political conditions of his own time, and indeed,
exerted a wide and deep influence upon many of his contemporaries, but
he was not, so vain as to believe that he could readily reorganize
society on the basis of his theories. In New England, however; where
the forms of society were new and for the most part, untried, where
prejudices, traditions and precedents were still lacking, or were at
most, only in the making, practical results were more easily attainable;
º
-
and it, is this practical side of transgendentalism in the new world º/, /
that marked the ehief distinetion between this system of philosophy here
and abroad. Again, the idealistic philosophy abroad, especially in Ger-
many was largely a speeulative movement, affecting chiefly poetry and



60.
|
art, whereas here it soon developed into a body of practical doctrines,
to be applied to the religious and moral life of the people. When the
works of Richter became known in this country they were naturally re-
garded by many as prophet, i.e of the 'new dispensation', and hence Jean
Paul Friederich Richter stood out in the eyes of the idealists of the
new world as one of their foremost leaders and seers.


C H A P T H R III.
MRS. LEE'S VIEW OF THE RELIGIOUS ELEMENT
IN RIGHTER'S LIFE.
One of the greatest factors in the favorable reception of Jean
Paul in America, was Mrs. Eliza Buckminster Lee's 'Life of Jean Paul wº. 4.--
- - - *****, -
Friederich Richter'. It appeared as a biography of Richter, 'compiled “dº'
from various sources, together with the translation of his Autobiography", N
in 1842 and comprised several hundred pages. The original edition Jºy
appeared in two volumes; seven years later a second edition appeared alsº
in two volumes; this was followed, one year later, by another edition º N
in Othe volume. The sources which she used in the compilation of this
"Life" of Richt, er were " Wahrheit, aus Jean Paul's Leben,” **
enae and "Spazier's Commentary' on Richter. º
In order to show clearly what use she made of this material, her
method of procedure and the difficulties which she encountered in hand-
ling it; I will quote from her preface. "The following pages are pre-
Sented to the reader, as containing an authentic Life of Jean Paul; al-
though they are not a literal translation of any one of the biographers
of the great German poet. -- - - º The first part of
the following life is as literal and accurate a translation of Richter's
own biography as I am able to make- - - - My desire
62.
º
to preserve, as much as possible, the peculiarity of the original, has
perhaps, given to the English a German dress, which I trust, is thrown
off in the remaining part of the work. The Life is continued from
"Wahrheit, aus Jean Paul's Leben', Spazier's Biographical Commentary' and
Paul's Correspondence with his Friends. The materials furnished from
these sources, I have drawn out, and woven together 3, gain, With the same
threads, although in a different form; and my embarrassments, which have
not been small, have arisen from the abundance of the materials, and the
difficulty of selection, where I wished the reader should enjoy the
whole. But as the whole is comprised in scareely less than twenty vol-
umes, I have selected only such parts of the letters, as would throw
light on Jean Paul's personal concerns, and explain the peeuliarities
of his charact, er. "
This "Life" of Richter is clearly an attempt to portray the poet
in the spirit, which permeated Spazier's Commentary and which dominated
practically all of the 'Correspondence' of Jean Paul to his friends,
namely, the spirit of romanticism and idealism. Mrs. Lee, as Will be
shown later, was reared under romantic influences, and, moreover, the pub-
2.
lie for which she was interpreting the character of Richter had come
-
under the sway of the romantic movement •
Again; this 'Life of Jean Paul by Mrs. Lee, similar to her other
numerous literary efforts, was conceived in puritanism, for which also


63.
º
her training was responsible. The new Englander of that time, as we
have seen, viewed life from the puritanic standpoint and thus the
sources which Mrs. Lee used were quite well suited to her purpose,
namely in emphasizing in her "Life' of Richter those characteristics
of the poet which partieularly appealed to her and consequently to
her public. In making a comparison of her biography with that of
Spazier and with the 'Correspondence of Jean Paul to his Friends'
it begomes very evident that wherever the material at her disposal
was not adapted to her purpose she has, as she states in her pre-
ics most
t
face, 'drawn out and woven together again" those characteris
suited to her interpretation. The one word which will describe her
whole attitude toward Jean Paul is the word 'Idealization', and it is this
att, it ude of Mrs. Lee toward the subject of her biography that the reader
should constantly bear in mind in this and the following chapter.
Mrs. Lee succeeded well in her portrayal of Richter's character
from her point of view. She had an easy, flowing style, was happy in
her choice of words and, throughout her book, had a pleasing manner.
She took the public into her confidence from the beginning and easily
º
earried the reader with her throughout her long biography. In the
criticisms of her 'Life we continually meet such words as "romantic',
'interesting', 'inspiring', 'full of pathos' and 'warm-hearted' as
discriptive of her style; moreover, the use of such terms in the descrip-
64.
tion of the spirit of her book cannot be felt as an over-statement of
the facts.
- - tºº.
The att, it ude toward the poet, by Carlyle and De Quincey abroad and
#. -
by the transcendentalists in America dominated her whole conception of
Richter; so thyſt the biography, as above stated, is wholly in accord \ wº 4'
tº
º'
With the romantic and puritanic ideals of the time. It is the moral
aspect, the religious element that lie at the basis of, and were the con-
trolling factors in Mrs. Lee's selections from the biographies at her
disposal. It was this pietistic element, this moral fiber in her 'Life'
that appealed so strongly to the American public. It was just such a
book as a puritan minister could recommend to his 3 ongregation or a
father to his children. It will not be over-stating the point if we
repeat once more the fact that Mrs. Lee did not aim at a scientific
interpretation of the life and works of Richter, such as we find in the
f
more recent treatises of Münch, Müller, or Nerrlich, but that she, con- whº
- - Qalaa lºº
º
sciously or unconsciously, idealized the poet and read into him the º
- ºf 4 tº,
spirit, and conceptions of her own time. It will readily be seen from ſ
3.
these statements that such a work was eagerly welcomed by the public.
At the present time no interest what ever is manifested in Jean Paul-
During the past generation he has been almost entirely forgotten in Amer-
ica. Our universities and colleges have ceased making a study of him;
no translations of his works have appeared since 1863, and our critics
-


º
º
6
5
.*
-
have since all but forgotten the very name of Richter. In view of
these facts the great extent of the veritable "Richter cult in America
during the middle of the nineteenth century is almost incredible wo t; he
Richter student of our own day. For this American "Richter Cult, ' Mrs.
Lee's 'Life' of Jean Paul, next to Carlyle's essays on the poet, was
- - ---
-
º Q tº
responsible. -º-, - º
_-
It shall next be our aim to analyze somewhat in detail Mrs. Lee's
~~
manner of idealizing the poet and to determine more minutely the effect of
her idealization of his character upon the American public. To this end
I shall quote abundantly from her biography. But let it be said at the
out set that in the numerous quotations from her 'life', I have regarded
it necessary to select such average passages as would Well charact, er-
ize the general spirit of the work, and have avoided a discussions of
all quest ions that have not a direct bearing upon the subject of this
investigation.
All that Mrs. Lee has to say about Richter's religious struggles
and about the temptations he had to overcome to attain the lofty con-
viet ions he set forth in his works, she dismisses with the following
º - +
paragraph: "From this time on'ſ (1776), Paul dates the loss of many
ehildism feelings and also his faith in that most beautiful illusion
to German children, the real and the actual Christ kind gift at Christ-
mas. He regrets also the decay of that religious enthusiasm that opened
66.
to him the gate of heaven at his first eommunion, and laments, that
after his thirteenth birthday, he became too indifferent to the re-
f
turn of such seasons". * "the & haplain, Wolkel, e' - in-
troduced him into the study of philosophy, and led him to the belief
that even without the bible, a God and a Providence could be proved.
The sophistºry of the youth of sixteen and the reluctance of his friend
Vogel to lend him Lessing's 'Fragments', will not permit us to pass over
the change in the poet since the eelebration of his first communion,
which, in his Autobiography, he describes with such elevation of reli-
gious enthusiasm. At this time, he had exchanged the tenderness of a
devout heart, for the 'most, Zealous heterodoxy". such experiences as
these, have often been observable in minds of the highest order; with
the intense fervour with which the mysteries of religion take hold of
these young hearts, do they pursue the painful doubts that afterward
arise, till they are led back, through faith and love to the clear
atmosphere of truth."**
on the other hand, Mrs. Lee has idealized the positive elements
in Richter's moral and religious life to such an extent that, in reading
º -
her biography and that of Nerrlich for example, one would hardly recog-
nize the fact that both were treating of the same person. In order to
bring out more elearly this view of Mrs. Lee, I have chosen the follow-
ing quotations from among hundreds that might almost equally well be

67.
chosen from her "Life' of Richter.
In Hermann's reply to Jean Paul's letter, in which Hermann gives
an account of his leaving Hof for Erhangen, we find this quotation:
"As in the afternoon, B. who had followed me to Bamberg, parted from
me, I first took a concentrated view of my destiny, present and past; cº,
Who would have believed that on the height, when the insupportably
oppressive heat of the sun made every step difficult, the Catholic
images planted on the way, could have consoled me 2 There I saw that
exalted "man" who sacrificed himself for the love of truth and mankind,
represented under suffering and bitter injuries, wounded with thorns,
th stripes and blows and bowing down under the cross. - -
yy
Found I not, in this, an echoing 3 nd an appeasing voice? “
i
W
S
Hermann was Jean Paul's closest friend, 3 man who had similar ideals
and a similar road of poverty and struggle before him. They thoroughly
understood each other. Mrs. Lee lets us at least imply that these sent, i-
ments of Hermann were heart, ily concurred in by Jean Paul.
For a while Richter was tutor to a number of children at Schwarzen-
bach. Of his experiences there she says: "Above all and with all, he
º -
directed their tender, childish hearts to a 'Father in Heaven'. He
said: "There can be no such companion to the heart of children for the
whole of life as the ever-present, thought of God and immortality'.”
- D t
Again she idealizes the poet in her remarks upon the Levana When
-
- º
ſº
º
-
--
º


68.
*
she says: "It (the Levana) is a commentary on the words of the Savior,
-
-
"Suffer little children to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom of
heaven', and, no less of the other verse, 'In my father's house are many
mansions', some prepared for angelic minds, and others for those of a
humbler order, but all are filled."”
"He says in regard to the 'Levana' and the gloom of war, "If the
devils are a majority, yet the angels are a larger, yes, I say, a
larger power, for in human nature ten angels are worth an hundred devils;
were it not so, the exeess of the weak, foolish &nd bad would long since
have sunk humanity instead of raising it '."
The uprightness and sincerity of Richter's character, Mrs. Lee
idealizes very extensively as will be shown by the following remarks and
quotations. Richter, she says, was a man of his word, and acted only on
profound conviction. That he did not do even for friendship's sake
anything without conviction, she illustrates by the following little
incident, in Richter's life: "On being godfather to 3 child; he says:
'I ventured to carry him (his pet squirrel) in my pocket, when I held
Dobineck is son before the baptismal font; but I was obliged to grasp him
sever, times and wind him in my handkerchief; for, if while I held the
blessed little godson in my arms, the rogue had crept upon my shoulder,
there world have been a universal disturbance of the baptism, and every-
thing serious'."


69.
Again we quote: "The last words he ever penned, except a short
note to Otto, and these with trembling hand, the lines running into each
other and almost illegible, were: 'Knowing each other again (in the
future world) is the cardinal point of immortality, as many pater-
nosters close with a relic." - - - His nephew was
called to revise his works. He says: "Such a call from the immortal old
man, as it entered my solitary apartment, filled me with delight. The
reverend image of his beautiful old age, a just reward for a holy life,
rose before me, and with joyful haste I traveled through the wet days
of October and entered his study."”
*in: "At this moment rose higher and higher in Richter, the
Apost, le John's power of love. Age often serves the heart as it does the
outer form, takes from it the fullness and tenderness of sympathy, and
leaves it hard and sharply angular, but in the heart of Jean Paul, love
was a plant that found ever a richer and warmer soil; disclosed contin-
walls new buds and blossoms, spread its roots and fibers always further
and extended, in his last days, the perfumed shadow that gave him peace
and blessed dreams. - - -- 'He sat, 'so Spazier de-
*
eribes him, 'like an innocent, tranquil child, 2 onfidence in God and
future good, although the present was sinking around him'."”
In describing the death scene of Jean Paul, Mrs. Lee says: "About


70.
six o'clock the physician entered. Richter yet appeared to sleep; his
features became every moment holier, his brow more heavenly, but it was
cold as marble. At length his respiration became less regular, but his
features always calmer, more heavenly. A slight convulsion passed over
his face; the physician cried out – 'That is death ( ' and all was quiet.
The spirit had departed 1 All sank in prayer upon their knees. This
onent that raised them above the earth with the departed spirit admit -
ted of no tears y - -- e Thus Right, er weſt fr Cm tº he 1%,
earth, great and holy as a poet, greater and holier as a man."”
Speaking in 20mclusion of the difficulties that had all along beset
his path; the fort it ude and uprightness with which he met them and of º
the hard road he had traveled to success and recognition, she says: º
"Then came the warm beams of the arisen sun; and the blessed thought of |
1.
God, and His love to man, that would burst the gate of the grave, and
his sunken heart rose again. - s º Now he turned
back in his imagination, to his childhood at Jodit, z and Sehwarzenbach,
and it appeared in the ever increasing light of poetry; the perfume
of his childish faith and early education was again breathed into his
life. - - . In his cold and hungry hut, in his
humble school, he wrought out in patience and solitude, the gems that
he afterward joyfully produced. He surrendered his soul to God, and
l
his life beeams in harmony with the true, the beautiful and the good.”


71.
| - Mrs. Lee sees in him also the ideal priest and father confessor,
when she says: "By his expanding and never-rearied sympathy, he respond-
ed to every confidence that was placed in him, and showed the beauti-
ful harmony of the author with the man, and the power of a true Christian
Brother in healing and calming the soul. How many came to him with bowed
or broken hearts, how many in the midst of storm and passion sought his
counsel, his help - - - Repentant sinners sought
consolation in confession to him, and in some cases; he was employed to
make reparation, where a breath or a whisper would have tarnished the
honor of the parties. **
-
--
-
--
º
The above quotations, we think, will suffice t, o show tº hat, from
Mrs. Lee's 'Life' of Jean Paul, the average reader, and even those read-
ers who were fairly well versed in German literature, would be impressed
Wit, h the idea ; hat, Richter was ºn orthodox Christian of decided stamp.
It will not be over-emphasizing the matter if (We repeat what has been
mentioned above, namely, that her interpretation of Richter's character
is Israel, due to four factors: 1) the intense enthusiasm with which
she read his works, 2) the sources she used in getting the material for
-
her biography, 3) her conservative training as the daughter of a clergy-
man and 4) the influence which Jean Paul is said to have exerted, not
only upon those with whom he game personally in contact but also upon
the readers of his works and especially upon women.
Concerning the life of Mrs. Lee, very little is known. Her fat, her
º !. º* tº º * * º º º ſ -
º º, * nº º º * * , -





72.
l
Joseph Buckminster, was a congregational minister and his ancestors for
generations were ministers. He was born at Rutland, Mass., Oct. 14,
1751 and was the son of Rev. Joseph . Buckminster and a direct descendant
of the Thomas Buckminster, who, in 1640, emigrated from England and
sett, led at Muddy River, Brookline, Massachusetts. He entered Yale at,
the age of fifteen and upon his graduation, in 1770, received a Berkely
scholarship which enabled him to pursue a theological 3 ourse for three
years, free of charge. From 1774–78 he was tutor at Yale. In 1779 he
accepted a call to 'North Church' at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. When
the congregational church was rent into two factions; the liberal and
the conservative, he followed the conservatives, while his son; Joseph
Stevens Buckminster, also a clergyman, followed the liberal party, the
Unitarians. In 1803, he received the degree of D. D. from the college
of New Jersey. As far as we know, he left, but two children, Joseph
Stevens, mentioned above, and Eliza. He died at Breedsboro, Vermont;
June 10, 1812.
Eliza Buckminster Lee was a prose writer of some note in her time-
She was born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1794, and died at Brookline,
º - ºx - - -
Massachusetts on the 22 of June, 1864. She married Thomas Lee, of Boston;
where she spent the greater part of her life. Among her books are:
Sketches of New England Life, 1837; Delusion, 1839; Memoirs of the Rev.
3.
Joseph Buckminster, D. D. and of his son, 1849, and a 'Life' of Jean




73.
Paul in 1842. *
Having indicated that Jean Paul's popularity in America rested shiff-
ly upon his practical religious views as expressed, interpreted and em-
bellished in the 'Life of Jean Paul' by Mrs. Lee, we shall now go a
step further and show how these views were disseminated among the read-
ing public by the magazine reviews of her book, as well as by reviews
of Richter's works in the original and in translations.
First, as to the reviews of Mrs. Lee's 'Life' of Jean Paul.
After giving two pages of very eulogistic review of the biography
and of traits in Jean Paul's life and character, the Christian Examiner
further says: *Whether Richter was a Christian in his creed, or what
Sort, of sºciatiºn, We know not, but we know that he had the catholic
spirit of Christian chºrity. As to peculiarities of religious belief,
he seems to lay much stress, directly or indirectly, upon the principle
that, " he who doet, h (, he will of God shall know of the doctrine'. A pure
moral purpose reigns, a true religious purpose breat hes through the
pages of Jean Paul. e. - - Yes, no one gain read
Richter long without feeling that, amidst all, and in all his eccentric-
* --
it iss, he has a great, high religious object - * - It has
been our purpose; in what we have said, simply to give our prominent
impressions of an extraordinary man and writer, in such a way, as should
induce others to possess themselves of Mrs. Lee's beautiful biography,


74.
in which he speaks largely for himself, and thereby to wish to read
still more of Jean Paul's works". * *
In a thirty-five page review of Brooke's translation of "Titan",
we find another reference to Mrs. Lee 's 'Life" of Richter; in the
following words: "In addition to the four attributes of spiritual
wealth, wisdom, health, and skill, which Jean Paul shows in common with
all truly great authors, the endeared and enduring benefactors of man-
kind, he has many original traits well worthy of mántion. His "Life",
excellently narrated by Mrs. Lee, is a romance of powerful interest,
surcharged with costly instruction, with inspiring influence, and with
touching pathos.”
Again we read: "The last topic to be treated in the account of
the traits of Jean Paul, is his quality as a moral teacher - the ethical
rank and influence of his works. In this particular, he belongs with
the best, who have ever written. His pages are surcharged with the most
wholesome and powerful persuasions to virtue and true religion. In re-
gard to t; he ethical influence of a writer, we have to distinguish two
modes in which he aets on others; first, the teaching which he uncon-
sciously imparts, the silent but potent effluence of his character, of
his secret spirit and aims; and secondly, the morals which he deliber-
ately sets himself to inculcate. The proposed and direct ethical in-
structions of Jean Paul is invariably sound and telling. º ->



75.
It is lofty enough to bear the immediate signet of duty and God,
measured and simple enough to be applicable to practice. He is always
the defender, the public defender and exponent of an unalloyed Christian
morality in its most exalted form and in its most exact ing applieations,
even as he privately strove, with a patient valor that commands our deep-
est homage, to live it himself.” In the same article near the end we
read: "'0 thou who hast still a mother, thank God for her in the days
When thy soul is full of joyful tears, and needs a bosom where in to
shed them Such is his feeling of the pathetic exposures and evan-
escence of humanity, that it breat hes in almost articulate tones through
his passages, "Tomorrow, thy poor brot, her dies, then thou, more unhappy,
followest after; ah, wilt, thou vex and injure him today º' This makes
him in a rare degree a natural teacher of Christian morality."”
At the conclusion of this article the reviewer says: "And now, from
the entire survey of his life, his character and his books, we feel
warranted in expressing the assurance that the name of Jean Paul Fried-
erich Richter, and the works he has written, will be increasingly held
in affectionate esteem as long as the sorrows of humanity elicit pity,
º -
the joys of friendship yield satisfaction, and the moral virtues command
reverence, or the love of God and the hope of heaven have disciples.”
Mrs. Lee's biography causes the critic in the 'Living Age' to make
the following 20mparison: "It is as a man of letters, that we introduce

Jean £ul Friederich Richter. A German seholar, and of the epoch of Ger-
man history - the latter half of the "unbelieving eighteenth century',
which is supposed to be the heyday of German infidelity, and to be
exerting; up to this time, a malign influence upon Europe, - an influence
deadlier than the Asiatic pest ilence, and which like that scourge, after
slaying its thousands at home, and hovering ominous and minatory over
our shores; has at last descended upon our own England." After making
t º
a number of comparisons between Richter and Burns; both being born of wº-
º!”. º º
e bot, *
having established an empire in the hearts of their countrymen, both
religious parents, both born to poverty, -
springing from the common people, and both having been courted and
caressed by the learned and noble of their respective countries, the
article goes on to say: "But at this point, alas for poor Burns the
parallel ends." At this point the differences between the poets are
brought out and discussed. "To continue the parallel", we read, "through
another stage, both, as we have said, were born of pious parents, and
the foundation of their religious character was laid, where best it can
be laid; at the domestic hearth. Both were early thrown upon their own
resourº but, while Richter went out into the fields of academic
literature, and into the very heart and vortex of the intellectual forces
and tendencies to which we have referred, Burns had the advantage of
growing up under the orthodox influence of our Presbyterian churches.
77.
The 'Confession of Faith , and perhaps the 'Thirty-nine Articles",
were perhaps the only religious formularies he ever read: while Richter,
on the other hand, soon found himself in the mazes of the transcendental
philosophy. - - • What, then, was the result * Was
the free thinking of Germany; was the orthodoxy of Scotland all-powerful
in the formation and development of the religious nature of these two
men P - - - Richter lived to a mature, though not
an old age, and what ever were the mere letter of his creed, he presents
us with a spectacle of a pure and beautiful life – of a man living in
calm, 2 lear atmosphere of the spiritualities of Christian morals – a re-
ligion to which many men of soundest faith and blameless life are never
able to attain."”
The following quotations will show how closely the critic, in
Littell's Living Age, held to the spirit of Mrs. Lee 's portrayal;
moreover the selections which he makes, especially in so short an article
as this one, even emphasize Mrs. Lee's idealization of the Character of
Jean Paul. He says: "Righter writes thus from the fullness of his ex-
perience: ' When five years old I was taken to visit my paternal grand-
º
father on his deathbed. A clergyman who was present, as my father has
often told me, said, 'Let the old Jacob lay his hand upon the child,
that he may bless him'. I was placed on the bed; and he laid his hand
upon my head. Pious grandfather I. Often have I thought of thy cold


78.
blessing hand when fate had led me out of dark into brighter hours, and
I needed to hold fast my faith in thy blessing, in this cold World,
penetrated, governed, and animated by wonders and spirits. **
1 /
The little village of Joditz was indeed his spiritual birthplace,
and, as such he loved it. -> -> º There first dawned
3
upon him that love which in so many forms filled his heart to overflowing
in riper years; and there, also, he first experienced the stirrings of
his religious nature. There is a holy solemnity in Richter is account
of his first celebration of the Lord's Supper. Earnest and searching
had been the work of preperation for this solemnity, under the guidance
~ *
of his pious father. At lengh the sacrament, Sabbeth dawned, and a ray
from heaven was upon the boy's heart ... 'As I at last received the sacra-
ment bread from my father, and the cup from the now entirely beloved
teacher, the festival of my heart increased; not through the thought of
what they were to me, but my heart and soul and the warmth were from
heaven. It was the bliss of receiving the most Holy, that would unite
itself with, and purify my whole being. I left the altar with the purity
and infinity of heaven in my heart. But the heaven manifested itself
in me through an unlimited, gentle love, which no fault could impair,
Which I felt ter every human being. The recollection of hapkness iſ felt,
as I looked upon the ehurch-goers with hove and took them all into ſy
heart, have I preserved till this hour, living and fresh in my memory.”



79.
That is, he preserved these impressions of his twelfth year, living and
fresh, for years after." +
After a brief conclusion to the article, and with quotations from Car- l, as 1
...”
lyle, the author goes on to say: "So says Thomas Carlyle, to whose 'Mis-
**** - -
---
-
-
3.
11anies' we would refer our readers for 3. critical, yet Warm-heart, ed
estimate of Jean Paul, while a written life of him, including Paul's
autobiography is published by Chapman, London. "** The 'Life" referred
to is an English reprint of Mrs. Lee's work, first published in Boston,
in 1842. – R. Wa lºt. ***
In the 'Southern Literary Messenger', we find another reference
§ o Mrs. Lee's "Life' of Richter. This magazine, published in Richmond,
Virginia, and others still farther south, and a few in the middle west, Vºrºs-
wº-s
will show that the popularity of Mrs. Les's biography was not confined
in its influence to New England, or even to the middle Atlantic States.
•, -
Here ićng other things we read: "Of those who quaffed the waters of
German Castaly during the last century, there was one, whose wild, dis-
native strains have been all unheard by the majority of mankind; and
t
i
that one, a man of the rarest gifts of nature, who preached a lofty
philosophy without ever having aimed at a system, and uttered the Sub-
limest poetry without ever having written a verse. Such was Jean Paul.
We call him a philosopher, for surely he saw beneath the surface of
things and dared to renounce all conventionalities, while he told to



80.
his fellow-mortals what he felt and comprehended: we call him a poet,
for his writings are informed with divine spirit beyond those of many
who have sung more tuneful measures. More than all this, Jean Paul was
an earnest man, with the cheerful creed, expressed, in one of his letters,
that this world is no 'vale of tears but rather a vale of joy" – over-
flowing with the genuine kindness of a pure heart - and so steadfast
in friendships that, as he said of Jacobi, 'death assuredly will not
sever the attachments he has formed with his friends. ' " So much in re-
gard to the man Richter; the following in regard to his 'Life" by Mrs.
Lee. "The present volume is a most delightful one, as giving us some
insight into the private life of this remarkable man. We should like
-- - ºf-
to have the space to dwell upon ºf, making such extracts (copious they
should be ) as, in our judgment, the reader would receive with thanks.
- -" -> We can only render the brief tribute of our
humble praise to the lady author who has so wonderfully performed the
task of a biographer, and commend to public favor, in a single sentence,
one of the most, 2 harming works that the press, prolific as it has been,
in publications of interest, has put forth for many years." +
1. order to show how extremely eulogistic the character of Mrs. Lee's
biography of Jean Paul is, let us quote; by way of contrast, a passage
from Nerrlich's Jean Paul, which is no doubt the most extensive as well
as the most scientific and objectively critical biography of Richter that

A- -
we hºve. In relation to the very subject here under diseussion he says:
"Jean Paul's women friends are more worldly, but they are all animated
by a biassed (einseit ig) idealism and spiritualism. Most of them belong
to the nobility, in part to the higher nobility; to this point we are
also referred in the "Confessions of a beautiful Soul, in the words:
(quoting Goethe). There was noticeable at that time in Germany a certain
religious frame of mind. In a number of the homes of the princes and
counts the question of the salvation of the soul became a stirring one.
But why these women looked up to Jean Paul and not to Goet he as their
ideal is a question easilº answered. They could not be satisfied with
art, alone, religion was their consolation; they did not want the part
but the whole, not form but content, not clearness but warmth. Jean
Paul had moreover, intersper&ed his writings with many more striking
comments upon women than had Goethe. He gave Women consolation 3.S. no
other writer had done but he uncovered their errors and weaknesses
- w"
unsparingly."” - wº *




( & " )
C H A P T E R IV.
THE GENERAL IDEALIZATION OF RICHTER IN MRs. LEE is
BIOGRAPHY AND IN AMERICAN MAGAZINES.
The tendency on the part of Mrs. Lee to idealize her hero is . ſº twº,
easily seen. Whenever there is any occasion to emphasize, or where- º,”
ever an opportunity offers itself to dwell upon certain idealistie . ºw.
traits of the poet, she never fails to make use of it. | -
The sad story of Maria (Forster) itz, which Nerrlichº treats very / º
briefly, Mrs. Lee embellishes and extends to quite a long story. She 2
at tached no blame what ever to Richter but ascribes the tragic outcome
to the weakness of the girl. ** This story is very well told also in
the Eelectic Magazine” and again in 'Littell's Living Age'. **** An
excerpt from the former will suffiee here. "Those who are familiar
with the first French Revolution, will remember that, among the dis-
tinguished and amiable persons who fell by the guillotine, was a brave
German; Forster (Yax) by name. He had hailed the beginning of the /*
revolution as the dawn of a new and glorified era of humanity, and stood
by what he deemed a noble eause, till he saw the last spark of nobleness
expire in the black ashes of the "Reign of Terror'. It is he who come
pares this grand convulsion to an "explosion and a new creation of the
world", but likens the actors in it, as they busily buzzed about him,
to a mere handfull of flies 1. Falling under the suspicions of the



83. P
ºr tº
'ruling powers', he indignantly disdained to avail himself of the
means of flight that were secretly offered him by his friends; and thus,
-
-
after sacrifieing country, kindred, and fortune and everything else that
was dear to him, he had also to yield up his life as the last contri-
but ion he could offer to the holy cause of liberty – that liberty which,
at its advent, came in the guise and glory of a god, but which after-
ward took the shape of a raging and destroying fiend; and swept across 0.
- º
the land, consuming everywhere its most devoted worshippers.")
/ After his death, his widow retired with her children, to nurse her
i
S
sorrows amidst the splendid scenery of the Rhine. - -> Th
d
Wondrous seenery, the memory of the father's death, and the high-minde
instruction of the mother, fostered in the daughters an impassioned love
of solitude; and excited in one of them an ent husiasm of disposition
which in the end became fatal to her peace. With everything about her
to intoxicate the imagination, and with little of grave reality to bal-
ance it by cultivating the more sober faculties, Maria 33me indeed to
lement, which was fancifully peopled with
3.
live in an utterly ideal
º
heroic beings, selected chiefly from the immortals of the ancient world,
*
though a few of the more exalted moderns were admitted to the like dis-
tination.")
/At this time the writings of Richter had become the general delight ſº
of Germany. Maria, when but a child of ten, had read some of them with



º
84. º wº \
a wondering and innocent admiration, and, with childlike enthusiasm, had
written the author a letter, expressing her thankfulness for the pleas-
ure he had thus given her. As she grew up to womanhood, he became the
ideal of everything in man that she had ever dreamed of or imagined.
As he stood revealed to her in the tender and sentimental portions of
his works, her imagination arrayed him with the grandest attributes; in
him she saw the purest and holiest of men; a noble Saint, a new redeemer,
who alone could bear her over the waves and passions of this fretful life,
and charm to rest and peacefulness her young but agitated heart. Then
came over her the desire to be near him, to live in some relation in his
presence, and to hold with him a closer relation." After stating that
she finally succumbed to the temptation of writing him a letter; (here
the letter is stated almost in full) asking that she might be called his
daughter, and how this desire grew on her until she finally reeognized
that her desire was more than that of being merely his daughter, that
these letters increased gradually in number and in length, the article
goes on to say: "Still other letters followed in quick succession, where-
i
she (Maria) strove in vain to conceal the conflict that was laying
waste her moral nature; for While she prayed him to forget her, she still |
ſº /
held fast the hope of being admitted to his presence."
-º
- () º
/ While her letters were anonymous, of 3 ourse, none of them were /º
answered. But now she waited in burning impatience for some reply. Day


º
|-
|
by day she waited; - -- - e One sole thought took
possession of her mind – the thought that she was despised by the most
revered of men; that where she had looked for sympathy and healing, she
found only unmerited contempt. All this pressed with an intolorable
weight upon her soul. In the bitterness of her pangs, she knew no rest.
Like "Mariana in the Moated Grange -'
Her tears fell with the dews at even;
Her tears fell ere the dews were dried;
She could not look on the sweet heaven,
Either at morn or event, ide:
She only said, 'my life is dreary,
He domet, h not, , " she said;
She said, "I am aweary, a Weary,
I would that I were dead. '
Her self- torturing spirit was persuaded that in death only was
peace." Then follow the attempts at suicide, the first of which failed.
Jean Paul, hearing of ºniº, now for the first time according to this
rendition, becomes aware of the seriousness of the situation. Here
t; he article quotes the correspondence that was carried on between them.
In one of these letters she confesses to him her 1 ove. This confession
naturally caused Richter to change the tone of his correspondence. Real-
izing that his feeling for her was after all only that of a fat, her to-


86.
Ward a daughter, and surmising that he would only despise her for her
conduct toward him, &he made a second, and this time, a successful
attempt at suicide. The article proceeds as follows: "The intelligence
was sent to Richter along with the letter already cited, and east a
V’s -
cloud over her life which it took a long while to clear away. He
rejoiced, however, that he had not followed the counsels of some who
had advised him to treat the unfort, unate with ridicule and severity."
The following is a quotation from the article on Mrs. Lee's rendi—
tion of the story: "The amiable Eliza Lee, ( from Whose modest and grace-
ful "Life of Richter. " the 1etters here quoted have been taken) conceives
that Jean Paul somewhat erred, nevertheless, in his treatment of this
poor girl. She thinks that had he permitted her to visit him, she would
probably have been sures of her unlucky passion. The sight of a man
fifty years of age, with the look of a farmer more than of a poet, might
have brought the bewildered damsel to her senses. She would have found
him fulfilling the duties of a good citizen, a kind father, a faithfuo
husband; leading a prosaic life." etc. The article then concludes by
drawing a moral from the incident. So too; does the 'Living Age' except
that the moral in the latter is treated at a greater length than in the
'Eclectic Magazine'.
I have º the above incident in the life of Maria Lux at eon-
siderable length º order to emphasize once more the fact that Mrs. Lee
t - * -
º



87.
has made abundant use of precisely such occasions in her idealization *
of the poet; and that her attitude toward him was reiterated in the
magazines of her time.
Mrs. Lee next takes up the family relations cf Richter; first,
those toward his mother, and second, those toward his wife and children.
Here again her conception of the author as an ideal man and poet is
fully carried out, and again she accomplishes this extreme idealization
in the ways mentioned above, namely, by calling attention to his noble
qualities and by omitting or at least minimizing those characteristics
which were not in harmony with her conception of his life.
Jean Paul's treatment of his mother, according to this biography, Z
ºf .
is quite another thing from that related in some of the more regent bi-
ographies. Mrs. Lee has made no attempt &t anything like a ºr it, io91
interpretation of the life and Works of the poet. It is only here and
there that she offers any independent criticism. From her 'Life" we
get the impression that Jean Paul was an ideal son, dutiful to his mother
in all things; a support to her and his brothers after the father's
death; that he sympathized with her deeply in her widowhood; that he
W3. S her wise advisor and counselor in her lawsuit, involving the old
homestead, and that she was very obst inate, paying little heed to the
advise of her son. * Mrs. Lee evidently proceeded in her account of hiſ
on the theory that in order to be an ideal man and poet, he must neces-
88.
sarily have been an ideal and devoted son; for, a little later she again
devotes the greater part of five pages to the discussion of this element
in his character, and this time quotes a letter from Richter to his
friend Otto: "But you know who especially impels me to industry.
Precisely what y cu have said in your letter – my mother – I owe it to
her to endeavor to sweeten a part of her life, that otherwise has been
so unfortunate, and, to lessen, by my help and sympathy, the great sor-
row she has suffered through the loss of my father. It is also my duty
to do something for the happiness of my brothers. Were it not for this,
my studies would be wholly different . I would only Work at What pleased
me, for what I felt strength, power and inclination. Were it not for
my mother, I would never, during my whole life, take public office. This
assertion, which perhaps surprises you, did you know the Whole circum-
stances of my life, the disposition of my mind, and the strange direction
my destiny has taken, would appear to you reasonable."”
----
-*** -
- . N.
In the following quotation the biographer has not forgotten (*i;
- -º-º-º-º:
-*------------ -
-****
to ment ion, though indirectly, this ideal relation between mother end
son. "The four years at Sehwarzenbach were among the happiest of Richter's
life.” The parents of the children were his warmest friends, and his
- whole heart was engaged in forming the characters of his pupils. He
wrote to Otto that his school-room was his paradise, his Peru, his Tempe,
his flºater. Every Sunday he walked to Hof and spent the day with his


89.
mother. There he always found a party of young female friends collected
to meet him, who was the soul and life of their intercourse. A heart,
like Richter's could not remain, at any time, insensible to female
& harms and influences. The tenderness and reverence with which he
always speaks of the sorrows and sensibility of women, has made him deer
to every woman's heart. He did not regard them, as men of genius are
apt to do; as mere playthings for the flattery of an idle hour, or scle-
ly as idols of the imagination for poets to study in order to heighten
the effect of their own creations; he strove to elevate them in their
own estimation, and to place them on a mory:l and intellectual plane;
equal to man, and he added to this all the tenderness which led him to
say: "To the man who has had a mother, all women are sacred for her
sake. " " +
[...!
- l
The above examples will suffice to show how Mrs. Lee succeeded Rºkº
in idealizing her hero by over-emphasizing the good traits of his
2haracter and by conseiously or unconsciously neglecting to mention
such facts as might have marred the noble vision that she had of the
poet. In eontrast to her view, let me quote a few passages from a recent,
biographer, which will show the extreme to which she went in her hero-
worship and which will at the same time suggest a few of the unfavor-
able qualities in the character.
*The letters which Jean Paul writes to his mother from Leipzig,
almost without exception, cannot but surprise us. Concerning his studies,


90.
plans, and acquaintances he does not write a word, and only incidentally
does he make the remark that he may possibly leave Leipzig and take up
his studies at Göttingen. The general tone, however, of these letters
would have been more fitting for a brother or sister. How fault-find
ing for example; is the request he makes of his mother that she should
change her 'false contemptuous notion' concerning the social standing
of the soldier; how disrespectful are the words of consolation tº her
that the sorrows which she has to bear can deprive her of nothing more
than life, and that death w culd give her that sweet rest which this life
has denied her. Again it seems strange to us when he gives as the chief
I? 32 S On that his mother should not shorten her life by cares and sorrow
since he will take upon his own shoulders the responsibility for his
-
|
brothers, and adds the advice that it is sinful to resign oneself
wholly to grief; that she must practice patience. He, also, it is true,
has daily to feel the bitterness of poverty. With the approach of
winter he lacked the means to buy fuel. That he should turn to his
mother in this distress is quite natural, if he had only expressed his
requests in more loving terms and had laid a little more stress on the
fact that he, too, was a care to his mother- - e- Even
at present, the following conclusion seems inevitable: However devoted
Jean Paul is mother had been to her children, especially to Jean Paul,
her intellectual horizon was restricted, and she was not able to fol-


91.
low the flights of his genius. On the other hand we are compelled to
admit and to recognize decided traces of unloving egoism. "%
Again Nerrlich writes: "Jean (ful was not able to resist the en-
treaties of his newly acquired friend, and, in spite of the fact that
his mother was bed-ridden with dropsy and expecting to live but a short
time, he followed her, on the 25. of July. «» -. Upon his
return, his mother was no longer among the living. He complained that
he would not again have the opportunity to reward her for her sacrifices
or to 3 ladden her sad heart. º - e. But, everyone
Will ask, how could a really devoted son leave the deathbed of a mother
and hasten into the captivating presence of a beautiful Woman 7 Do we
not here again see that unloving egoism of genius of which we have to
accuse him in his student days at Leipziº ºn 3 +
The author of the above quotations by no means tries to underrate Y?
--- - - - - | º
the manly qualities and the excellent traits in Richter's character. / */
His point of view is the objective, while Mrs. Lee's is the subjective |
We mið - 3. antic one. The significanee of Richter for the 1"
and # might say the romanti - lº,
whole school of transcendent a lists of New England has already been -
º - - - -
pointed out. Mrs. Lee, as previously stated, lived and wrote under its
influence.
Richter's relations with his wife, we now know, were not at
all as Mrs. Lee depicted them in her biography. How many of Paul's


92.
letters she had access to, is not known. We are certain however that
among the number she had read, there were some ºf the letters to his
wife that did not disclose the most amiable conditions. Mrs. Lee
leaves us with the decided impression that we get from the average
novel, namely, that they were married and 'lived happily ever afterward ".
This was by no means the case. Indeed Caroline often had serious
thoughts of a separation. In the first place, Richter had so often fal-
len in love, and had had such a number of sentimental relations before f
-** *
he had met Caroline; not to mention all his later love affairs; that it º
- º
- - - - - - - - # *
seems strange; indeed, that Caroline did not suspect him to be a univer- |
sal "Liebhaber', even after their marriage. Some egoism can easily be |
detected in her character when she as:sumes that she will always be able
to hold his love and that she alone can be the complement of such a
varied nature. With three short, paragraphs, two of which are mere -
suggestions, Mrs. Lee dismisses the whole affair. Equally short is her
remark on Jean Paul's relations to Sophie Paulus during his first visit
to Heidelberg, 1817, simply stating that this affair caused 'a little
jealousy" on the part of Caroline. *However, the family troubles had
begun long before this, for as early as 1810, just before his journey
º
-
to Bomberg, Richter had written to his father-in-law concerning the
family difficulties. ** Among the first troubles of this nature of which
we have any intimation, was the one, having its origin in the question


93.
º
º, ſº
of the care of the children. Richter, though, never haviºrſ, studied
medicine, regarded himself as proficient enough there in to prescribe
all remedies in case of sickness. Caroline, though seriously object-
ing, finally had to submit. The autocratic attitude of Richter is
plainly seen from a letter wherein he says: " The husband should be
master of the household". A number of similar experiences need only to & ſº-
º ". */
t
- - - - - -- wºru
be mentioned to show that the relations between Richter and his wife *::: *
- ‘ſ { *
were strained, a condition which increased with the years. To overcome /
this difficulty, Richter suggested in 1810 that Caroline take a trip fºr
some weeks, hoping that at the reunion, all would be forgotten. This, *
T Ca love a
as it happened, was found necessary in December of the same year, when
Caroline's sister, Minna Spazier – then betrothed to F. A. Brockhaus, was
taken ill at Altenburg. Only after long delay did Jean Paul Write her:
"The duration of your visit is left Wholly to your conscience and your
feeling. Since my spirit is already sad and dreary it will not matter
by whom, or at what time another sorrow is added to those I have. But
I love you singerely and have never ceased doing so, although I have oft-
en ceased being happy, for I have always differentiated the course of
d
your life from any individual act or deed, and have therefore continued
to love you even though I have been angry. May you be well and may life
be pleasanº to you in these dark days."”
A reply follows a few days later: "Your letter finally at hand
tº
ſºle ºvºvć ºf
* * * -


94.
after I have been longingly awaiting it through many weary days. I
would like to have Written you again, but in uncertainty of your feel-
ings toward me, I was unable to find the mood in which to address you.
Although you are always, still, too proud to lay bare your feelings
to me, nevertheless I believe I am right in surmising that you miss me;
that for moments, perhaps you experience your old love for me, " etc.
The answer to this letter is quite typical of Jean Paul in his dejected
J.--—-
-º-º-º-º-º-
-
moment, s. It was Written on Dec. 25. ; in order to understand it, let it
be said that Emma, the oldest child, accompanied the mother to Alten-
burg and Berlin, 1eaving Max and Odilia with the father. In it we read
in part as follows: "My previous letter I wrote you on the day of the
burial of Dobeneck. She has taken up her residence across the street
from us, resigned and well. He died like an angel going to angels.
Max has been quite sick. - - º - Neither he nor
Odilia long either for you or for Emma, (as little as Dobeneck's child-
ren miss their father); that is the way with children; Emma's longing
is due to the fact that she has been taken out of her old and familiar
environment.
W I have no objections to your contemplated trip to your father,
provided it is of short duration. You always ask and before T ºn
answer, you have already done what I might wish to refuse you."**
If Caroline had reekoned on striking a tender cord in his heart
ºwed
£ºf * |
4, cºlº
|*|
-
an unconquerat le sorrow, so that I can sex no escape except my early
7 -
…” t 95.
by this letter, she was certainly undeceived upon receipt of his.
Shortly after her return, he made a trip to Erlangen. The 'Mis-
st immungen' went from bad to worse; he forgot her birthday, on which day
he had always been mindful of her. Moreover, not having asked his per- º
mission, she was worried concerning some repairs she was having done on | º
#
the house during his absence. Her letter to him on this occasion eioses |
with the following words: "That you are happy, I ean plainly see from
t; he letters you have written to Otto and Emanuel, and I rejoice in it,
but I also see therefrom how unhappy your domestic life had made you.
The convict, ion that you have been unhappy in your home, fills me with
death, for which I see no prospect at present. - * * -
How are the ladies at Erlangen 7 Are yoff not falling in love with one
of them 2 Are yo; true to me 7 I do not trust you; and still I can make
no accusations."” -
Conditions improved, however, as indicated in the following letter
to Caroline. On June 16, 1811, he writes: "I am looking forward to
a happy domestic life, which however is tºased, not upon sentiment
ony, however much I enjoy these sentimental moments when they come,
though of short duration, but upon my resolutions (which I have even .
written down). º - º We can live a wholly blissful
life if we only seek to hold fast to, and make use of our moral judgments

96.
t
rather than to base our happiness upon the emotions which are so easily
disturbed. "*
Richter's conduct toward his children was indeed ideal; and it
was this that caused Caroline to overlook many shortcomings in his
treatment of her. He had the love of a fond father's heart for each of
his children, but was severe and strict enough not to let his love for
them impair his judgment in their discipline. In cre very striking
case however it seems to me, Jean Paul lacked (in) song judgment. We
~---
brawny, sinewy frame of his father who could, on account of this, force
- - - lsº |
his body to perform any mental labor his mind Wyſs equal to. Here is º
--- *-
-****
*-i- *-*.*
where he failed with Max, who was equally studiously inclined. Richter ºf 4 up.
- - f
demanded of him too close application to books; Max, on the other hand,
-T"-----…--------
eager to maintain the high repute of the father, readily complied with
every wish and suggestion of his parent, and with what sad results is
well known. In view of Richter's Wholesome attitude toward nature, his
love of out-door life and exercise, this over-anxiety for the advance-
ment of his son seems all the more flagrant. Here again no mention is
made in Mrs. Lee's 'Life" of any possible error in judgment on the part,
of Jean Paul. **
It has been stated above that Mrs. Lee's chief purpose seems to
have been to idealize her hero, and to this end a number of quotations


- 97.
*.
- ſº. A ºn-
- //-644 / ºf*** *. */
have been cited. It has also been stated that she accomplished her pur-
pose by emphasizing the nobler traits in Richter's character at the
expense of the less favorable ones. The extent of her idealization of
the poet, I have tried to show by contrasting it with a recent critical
biography, and enya citations have been given, I hope, to illustrate
my point.
In eonelusion we may safely say that she was not ignorant of the
Weaknesses in Richter's character; furthermore, that she felt the same
influence of the author upon her, though perhaps not in the same degree,
that was felt by so many Women in Richter's own time. By far the larger
part of his admirers were women. Only in Berlin and in Heidelberg do
we find a fairly representative number of men among his admirers, a fact,
which seemed so extraordinary that he himself remarked upon it, and that
While at º he complained that he had so few friends among men.
ÅA 2-
Mrs. Lee somewhere states that the tenderness and reverence with which
Richter always spoke of the sorrows and sensibilities of women have recep § 7,
him dear to every woman's heart, and it is this reverence for the poet. f ºw,
that we are made to feel in every page of her biography; that found a
tender cord in the hearts of her readers and that was so heartily con-
curred in by her reviewers and crities. The fact that within eight,
years three editions of her 'Life" were published in America and that,
Within six years two reprints appeared in England and also that the work
98.
called forth numerous reviews will prove without doubt the popular-
ity her biography enjoyed bºth in America and in England.
-
-º:









C H A P T E R W.
OTHER INFLUENCES IN THE INTRODUCTION OF JEAN PAUL
TN AMERICA.
MEN OF NOTE.
Among the Americans who have been influencial in the introduction sº.
of fºr Paul in our country, Emerson and Mrs. Lee have already been men-
*
** *
º 2
tioned. . I shall now endeevor to show briefly the influence of other #
****
*
- literary men of America who made Richter known on this side of the
Atlantic. Among the first who deserve mention is Charles Timothy Brooks,
clergyman and author, born at Salem, Mass. , June 29, 1813. Brooks was
the eldest son of Timothy and wary (King) Brooks. He was fitted for
college in the Latin School at Salem, and entered Harvard, where under
Professor Follen”, he acquired a deep interest in the German language
and in German poetry. He was arºuated in 1832, and then entered the
Cambridge Divinity School. His labors in the Unitarian ministry began *… -
&
at Nahant, Mass. and were continued at Bangor ará Augusta, Me., at *...*
- º 2.
__”
Windsor, Vt., and elsewhere until January, 1837, when he began preaching x-
/* *
for the church at Newport, R. I. He was ordained to the ministry in - 4,
-*********
a.
June of that year, Dr. William Channing giving the charge. His minis-
-*-*"-- - -
terial work was several times interrupted by journeys taken for his
health, and in 1870 he gave up preaching OT account of impaired eyesight.

--
- - - -- --- - -
- - - - - - - - -
- - - -
--- - - -
- - --- - - -
e M, ºtºet. ka º º#
**** º
- - - - --
--- - - - -
- - - - -
-
-



















100.
His literary work began before 1837; but his first book was published
in that year, 2nd was a translation of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. This
was followed by many volumes of translations of prose and poetry, in-
cluding 'Songs and Ballads from the German', 1842; German Lyrics' in
1853; "Faust', 1856; Jean Paul's 'Titan', 1862; 'Hesperus 1865;
Schäfer's 'World priest", 1873; Auerbach's "Poet and Merchant ' and
Rückert is 'Wisdom of the Brahmin' in 1882. Uhland, Platen; Freiligrath,
Chamisso, Gellert, Claudius, Nicolai, Lenau and Herwegh are also among
the German authors from whose Works he made translations; these were
later collected and published in a separate volume of "Poetic Trans-
lations from many German Authors'. By far the largest number of Ballads
in Ripley's 'Specimens of Foreign Literature" were translated by Brooks.
Brooks was a poet of considerable note in his day; of romantic
temperament, grotesque humor, great moral enthusiasm and of tender senti-
ment, he was peculiarly well fitted for the task of "transplanting"
Litº -
foreign, 6 American soil, and by glancing at the number of translations
- -º-º-º-º-º-
*-
he made from the German language, it is easily seen also that he was
- - - -*
well skilled in the art. That he was a translator of some note before
- -
he entered upon the task of translating the works of Richter, regarded
as his most difficult piece of work, can also be seen by glancing at
the dates of his various translations. It was through the biography
of Mrs. Lee that Brooks became deeply interested in Jean Paul - In
-
-
-

101.
order to fit, himself for the monumental task of translating "Titan".
and 'Hesperus' he began his translations of Richter's works with
'Scraps', extracts, excerpts and with "Auswahl aus des Teufels.
Papieren'; also a criticism of Mrs. Lee 's biography of the poet was
undertaken with this end in view.
The purpose which Brooks had in mind and the diffieuoties he met
in translating the "Titan' can best be given in his own words: "The
Translator (or Transplanter, for he aspires to the title ) of this
huge production, in his solicitude to preserve the true German aroma
of its native earth, may have brought away some part of the soil, and
even stones, clinging to the roots (Stones of offence they may be to
many, stones of stumbling to many more). He can only say, that if he
had made Jean Paul always talk in ordinary, 20mventional, straightfor-
ward, instantly intelligible prose, the reader would not have had "Jean
Paul the Only",
"And yet, it is confidently claimed that, under all the exuberance
of metaphor and simile, and learned technical illustrations and odd
digressions, and gorgeous episodes and witching interludes, that char-
asterizes sister, every attentive and thoughtful reader Will find a
broad and solid ground of real good sense and good feeling, and that
in this extraordinary an ºor, at times, his best friends were almost
tempted to eall a crazy giant, will be found one whose heart (to use
!

102.
the homely phrase) is ever in the right place." +
- On account of the extraordinary complexity of Richter is style,
"Titan" and 'Hesperus' may well be regarded as the most difficuit.
pieces of translation ever undertaken in the field of German literature.
Three reviews of the translation of "Titan" appeared during the fol-
lowing year, (1863). Concerning the difficulties met in this task
and the manner in which Brooks executed them, W. R. Alger, in a review
of Great length (35 pp.) says: "To the task of transplanting the *Titan"
out of the German language into the English, Mr. Brooks has brought
shining qualifications of many sorts. He has overeome innumerable diff i-
culties with eonsummate skill. His translation reads like an original.
composition. We congratulate him on the brilliant aecomplishment of a
great feat. We trust he will be rewarded for his long and loving labor
by the concordant praises of the critics, and by the benefactions the
work it, self will best ow on the new students it will Win in its new elime
and presentment."”
Another tribute to the ability and the skill of Brooks as a trans-
lator, but going a little more into detail, is the one under the head-
i. Review of Current Literature' in the Christian Examiner, *** which
says in part : "Mr. Brooks' translation of "Titan" may be counted one
of the heroisms of literature. The very conception of such an under-
taking implies a mind in love with difficulties."
103.
"His own countrymen find Richter a puzzle, and the "Titan" his
knottiest as well as his greatest work. The rendering of the work into
English is a feat, which redounds to the credit of American scholarship, -
no Englishman having, so far as we know, undertaken as yet the diffi-
cult task. -
"Few scholars, American or English, were better qualified for such
an enterprise than Mr. Brooks, the translator of "Faust ', who, besides
a competent knowledge of German, - and, what is more, a long familiarity
with the "Jean-Paul-ese', its most difficult dialect, - brings to the
Work 2, true appreciation of the exquisite humor and pathos, the intel-
lectual subtleties, the moral enthusiasms, the psychological tact of
the author; in fine, a kindred spirit, and with it a devotion which
no obstacles could deter, and a patience which no difficulties could
baffle.”
Charles T. Brooks belonged to that little coterie so intimately
connected with the bisi, Boston.ºhio tº one suggests 'Brook
Farm" and the whole transcendental movement in America, £o whº group
belonged also Clarke, Ripley, Margaret Fuller and others who were in-
* in the introduction of Richter in America. Brooks' great
enthusiasm for German literature in general must have been a considerable
factor in * the interest manifested in Jean Paul in the middle
and latter half of the nineteenth century, and it is this factor that,






104.
was the chief eonsideration in Charles W. Wendte's "Memorial of the
Life of Brooks".
We are therefore safe in drawing the conclusion that the greatest
influence in the introduction of Richter in this country, next to that
of Mrs. Lee, was that of Charles T. Brooks. - -
George Ripley is of interest to us ehiefly on account of his trans-
lation of Jean Paul's "Estimate of Herder". * In 1831 Ripley went to
Europe where he remained for some time studying German and French liter-
ature. Upon his return he devoted himself to literary work and in 1838
he undertook the editing of a series of translations by different per-
sons, entitled "Foreign Standard Literature', which was finally extended
to fourteen volumes. He was associated with "Brook Farm' and with the
Dial, and in 1849 became literary editor of the New York Tribune, whither
Margaret Fuller shortly afterwards followed him, and where he also became
literary advisor for the publishing house of Harper and Brothers, filling
these positions until his death in 1880. As literary editor of the New
York Tribune, he is said to have exerted a wider influence than any other
man upon American literature. This short sketch will show that he was
eminently qualified as a translator, and that his importance in the
American literary world together with his sympathy for German ideal-
istic philosophy lent great impetus to the introduction of Richter in
America.

105.
Another member of the "Brook Farm" and "Dial' group, Margaret.
Fuller, deserves mention in connection with the introduction of jean
Paul into America. Miss Fuller's place in and influence on American
literature is too well known to require extended comment here. She
says that she took up the study of German in 1824, and that her pro-
gress "was like the rebound of a string pressed almost to bursting".
In 1832, according to J. F. Clarke, she was attracted "by the wild bugle-
call of Thomas Carlyle, in his romantic articles on Richter, Schiller,
and Goethe, º º •- º Emerson says of her: "But,
rist was of still more importanee to her education. - she had read
German books, and for the three years before I knew her; almost ex-
clusively, -Lessing, Schiller, Richter, Tieck, Novalis, and above o allº,
Goethe: Her eonception of the character of Richter is best expressed
in two poems, apostrophes to the poet. One of these is short and as it.
will also throw some light upon the attitude of the transcendentalists
toward Richter's works, I quote it here.
*Richter"
"Poet of nature I Gentlest of the Wise I
Most airy of the fancifuč, most, keen
of satirists, thy thoughts, like butterflies,
Still near the sweetest-scented flowsrs have been;


106.
With Titian's colors thou canst sunset paint;
With Raphael's dignity, celestial love;
With Hogarth's pencil, each deceit and feint
Of meanness and hypocricy reprove;
Canst to devotion's highest flight sublime
Exalt the mind, by tenderest pathos' art,
Dissolve in purifying tears the heart, - - - |
Or bid it, shuddering, recoil at crime;
The fond illusions of the youth and maid, --
At which so many world-formed sages sneer,
When by the altar-lighted torch displayed,
Our natural religion must appear.
All things in thee tend to one polar star,
| 7
Magnetic all thy influences are.
The second stanza of this poem runs as follows:
"Some murmur at the "want of system" in Richter's writings.
A labyrinth a flowery wilderness I
º
Some in they 'slip-boxes' and "honey-moons'
º
Complain of 'want of order', I confess,
But not of system in its highest sense.
Who asks a guiding clue through this wide mind,
In love of nature such will surely find;


107.
In tropic climes, live like the tropic birds,
When'er a spice-fraught grove may tempt thy stay,
Nor be by cares of colder elimes disturbed -
No frost, the summer's bloom shall drive away.
Nature's wide temple and the azure dome
Have plan enough for the free spirit 's home."
These two stanzas were alsº printed in the New York Tribune, from º
which Littell's Living Age copied them.*
James Freeman Clarke was another eminent admirer of Jean Paul, *
- º
translated a passage from his works which, however, he saw fit, for some *
º
reason or other to change considerabley from the original. * He was born
* -
at Hanover, April 4, 1810, was graduated from Harvard in 1829, and from ||
-
- - AAA tº
the Cambridge Divinity School in 1833. He is the author of numerous º
books, most of which deal with theology. His translations from Jean Paul -ºš
appeared in the Western Messenger, Louisville and Cincinatti, of which
$ 1.
journal he was the founder. He was Avery warm advocate of the study of
§
3.
German with a decided preference for Goethe and Schiller. The Western
- *Wºut
Messenger thus became a pioneer in the introduction of German language
º
and literature in America, especially in the middle West. This magazine
*
contains a goodly number of translations and criticisms of German liter-
*
ature and philosophy. Another anonymous translation from Jean Paul ap- *
º,
pears in this magazine, entitled 'Bloss:oms and Leaves'; but I have been rº


108.
unable to determine the name of the translator.
Longfellow's name must, also be mentioned in connection with the
"Jean Paul cult' in America, as he was closely associated with the
/
idealists and with the 'Brook Farm' group. He was ealled to the profes-
sorship of Modern Languages at Harvard in 1834, four years after Charles
Follen was elected to the professorship of German at that institution. |
To what extent Longfellow had become influenced by the idealism of Ger–
many can well be seen in his * Hyperion', in which are related his ex-
periences during his seednd trip abroad. This trip was taken with the
speeial purpose of preparing himself better for his duties at Harvard,
and during this time he devoted himself particularly to the study of
German and the Germanic languages. This leaves no doubt as to his
qualifications as a translator from the German. Indeed he did as much
as any one in his generation to acquaint the American public with Ger-
man life and eivilization.
Longfellow's name is mentioned only a few times in connection with
Jean Paul, and considering the large number of translations he made
from foreign languages and especially from the German, his treatment,
of sister seems rather meager. The first mention in point of time
is in connection with the article entitled "Passages from Jean Paul';.
the second, 'Summer Time in Germany', and a third, though identically
the same article as the former, bears the title 'A Summer Night' and


109.
appeared in a different magazine seven years later. *
George H. Calvert's name and activities should not be overlooked,
as he had great, enthusiasm for foreign literatures. He was born in
Baltimore in 1803. He araduated at Harvard in 1823, and afterward
studied in Germany. After his return he was for several years editor
of the 'Baltimore American". In 1843, he removed to Newport, R. I. His
writings, eovering a wide range of subjects, include also translations
from and criticisms of German, French, and Italian literature. Later he
wrote essays upon English authors, among other's º Shakespeare, Coler-
idge, wordsworth, and Shelley. In the New York Review he gives a very
able review of "Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben", which had made its
appearance just, a few years previously. **
He says, for example: "In the republic of letters, the appearance
of a "Life" is as exeiting an incident as in a social circle is the dis-
elosure of a family secret. It is food for the appetite of Gossip, and
with many is the chief source of knowledge of the individual whom it,
depicts. Shakespeare's Autobiography would have a hundred readers for
every five of Hamlet. But while to the shallow the most authentic
Life" of the most gifted man affords only a transient stimulus, to the
sympathizing student, it is the moving record of a brother's trials and
triumphs, and to the psychologist, a pregnant exhibition of a soul's
development." Further on in his remarks he says: "The eight volumes

110.
before us contain a full description of the Life (to translate the "Lebens-
beschreibung" of the Germans ) of one who, in the teeming period of Ger-
man literature, took rank among the greatest of its creators." Again,
"If the fiction of Richter; - deeply imbued and interpenetrated with
love for men and purest religion, – in which eloquence, heartily pleading
for the lofty, is seconded by the richest irony towards the base and
vulgar, - in which all duties are consecrated, and selfishness is barred;
if even they so overwork the affective faculties; that the excitement.
wrought, with their high aims, is unwholesome, and it should therefore
appear, that even by the purest appeals, the feelings may be too much
strained; a momentous principle would be established as to the limit,
to be set to every kind of action on the imagination; and it would per-
haps become apparent, that he who with his words would develop the good
that is in us, must subject himself to as severe rules as he who appeals
to our feelings on the beautiful, and that a good teacher of men is as
rare as a great artist." Once more: "The interesting character of the
man not less than the celebrity of the author, induced us to make Richter
the subject of the first of the papers on German literature, which we
propose oceasionally to offer to our readers. In our purpose with these
we shall succeed, if by the views they shall open into the rich domain
of German art and literature, they stimulate curiosity in some students,
and encourage the growing disposition among us to make the study of the
111.
German language a branch of a liberal education,”
Until the discontinuance of the New York Review in 1842, Calverb 2. *1.
- - ºn hºw
4… "
was quite successful in the task of making the journal a means for
*
spreading and interpreting German literature in America.
Mrs. Lee, besides writing a "Life' of Jean Paul, also made a trans-
lation of 'Walt und Vult; or the Twins' from the "Flegeljahre’ of Rieh-
ter and it is significant that within a short time five different reviews
of the translation appeared, and that all of them, in one form or another,
exalt, his idealism.
Opinions vary as to her ability as a translator. In the Christian
Examiner a reviewer makes the following criticism: "It is with much dif-
fidence that we express our regret that the graceful and efficient pow-
ers of the translator of these volumes had not been applied to some other
work. Not that we think the "Flege1.jahre’ unworthy of being translated.
That would express more than our meaning. We doubt not that Jean Paul
knew his public very well; that he wrote for their &ntertainment and
instruction; and we know that there was very small chance of his writing
for those objects otherwise than successfully. He was not likely to fail
in any literary enterprise which he undertook in earnest. But as he sat
quietly composing his work in Coburg, he had before his eye, not the
literary circles of Boston, Philidelphia, or London, but of Leipzig, Wei-
- / -
mar, and 3%tingen. º º e It is impossible that




112.
such a book should not suffer prodigiously by being transferred to another
intellectual climate and to a foreign soil. Add to this the loss that
works of humor and satire always must sustain by any, even the best trans-
lation, - such as this is - and it will not appear strange that "Walt
and Vult' should be laid down by many persons with a feeling of disap-
pointment.”
In another review we read: "We greet, this translation of Richter's
most celebrated work with great pleasure. We cannot doubt that the
unexpected earnestness of welcome with which his biography by the same
refined and feeling writer was received, will be extended to this book
also. "% +
Still another reviewer gives quite a different estimate of her a-
bility as a translator. He says in part: "As regards the merit of the
performance by which the American editor of Jean Paul's 'Life" has at-
tempted to transplant this interesting tale upon the soil of English
literature, we are bound to warn our readers that if they wish to steer
clear of the lofty genius and the poetic beauties of our author, they
ean do no better than make use of this translation, which turns all his
bright poetry into dull prose much more effectually than it does his
º
We do not underrate the difficulties which a trans-
-
lator of Jean-Paul has to 2 ope with; but making every allowance for
º -
these, and for the inevitable infºriority of the copy as compared with
German into English-
113.
the original, we cannot admit that the translation before us comes up
even to the most modest requirements which a reading public has a right
to make upon a work of this nature. The poetic beauties and the keen
wit of Jean Paul are evidently lost upon this translator; and through
an exceedingly imperfect knowledge of the German language, apparently
of its very accidence, even the grammatical sense is not always faith-
fully given."”
The writer of this review is too severe in his criticism of Mrs.
Lee. That she had ability as a translator cannot be denied, nor was
it denied by even greater ºrities than the reviewer of "Walt und Vult".
Moreover her 'Life' of Richter was to a considerable extent a trans-
lation; the autobiography, which forms part of her "Life" was trans-
lation almost word for word. It will be safe to say, however, that
her biography of Richter was more successful than her translation of
"Walt und Vult, ' mainly because she allowed herself much greater freedom
both in interpretation and in transcription. She knew the German
language very well indeed and her weakness in translating; if such
it may be ealled, was not in understanding the German but in wielding
the English in such a way as to express all the finer shades of thought
of so formless a writer as Richt, er.
One other writer seems worthy of special mention, namely Edward
S
.
enry Noel. Concerning hi
- -*.
*
life very 1 it ble could be found. For a ca. .
*

114.
student of Richter he is of importance on account of his translation
of 'Flower, Fruit and Thorn Pieces". This translation was published
by James Munroe and Company in Boston in 1845, and was reviewed four
times. The varied opinions expressed in these reviews will warrant.
Yywº - -
fire quoting them at considerable length. Two of them are quite favor-
able. The third, which appeared in the 'Eclectic Magazine", was natur-
ally unfavorable, having been written by the author of the criticism on
Mrs. Lee's translation, mentioned above. Here again the reviewer finds
fault with the translator chiefly in the choice of words and phrases
which he thinks are not the equivalent of the German. An illustration
or two will suffice. "By rendering the German 'Armen-Advokat' Advocate
of the poor", the English translator has dropped out an equivocation
which the merry author played off on his very title page, it involves
t; he double sense of a counsellor who is himself poor. We therefore
suggest that it should be rendered - after the anology of "poor house",
'poor doctor' - by "poor counsellor'.", etc. concerning Jean Paul he
has the following to say: "After rising as high as he (Richter) did in
his 'Hesperus', we are disappointed to find our author descend to a com-
º
-
position so full of false sentiment; of double morality and of sporting
with life, death and eternity, as the 'Flower, Fruit and Thorn Pieces";
or, the "Wedded Life, Death and Espousals of the poor eounsellor, F. St.
--
fy - -
Siebenkas. -- º - - We have selected this passage

115. .
both as a key to the thimble-riggery and exchange of persons upon which
* *
the whole plot of "Siebenkas is founded, and as a sample of the exhuber- 2
ance of thought which constantly heaps figure upon figure, and compres–
ses the most grotesque contrasts and the most striking analogies within
the briefest eompass of speech. This of itself renders: it extremely
difficult, both to understand Jean Paul in the original, and to trans-
late him into any other language; and the latter difficulty is much in-
ereased by his frequent intercalations of paranthetical thoughts, by his
copious use - copious with all German writers, but more copious with Jean -
Paul than with any other, - of compound Words of his own ºut-stºre... ſºlº
The criticism in the Christian Examiner by one signing himself F.
C. is quite as interesting. ** "There will doubtless be various opinions",
the waiter says, "as to the value of these additions to our literature. |
To some people all translations from the German (and we do not much won-
der at it) are a weariness to the flesh. e e- e Of
the three books before us, we feel ourselves drawn first to that of
Jean Paul. "With all his faults we love him still". Goethe and Schiller.
are great names and then too we love, but if We had to chose from all
the Germans but one, we should say, give us 'Jean Paul the Only'. There --
is in him an originality, a richness of metaphor, a broad humor, to
which We always return with new delight. He is suggestive too in the
-
ighest degree; and, rightly understood, there is in his works a depth
h


116.
of wisdom, a liberality and right-mindedness, such as we find almost
nowhere else. e e - Our pains are always repaid
with some rich jewel of illustration, or we find some great truth of
life unawares. e e And yet the case seems to us a
very different one. In Jean Paul's books, though there is occasional
grossness and want of delicacy, - and in what German novel is there not? --
yet there is nothing impure. The whole breathes a healthful air. The
unpleasing details are subordinated to the general high tone of senti-
ment and thought. But in Goethe's works it is otherwise. There seems
º
to us to be an air of volupt ousness about the whole book, (which the º
writer of this article was also reviewing at the tim3) whilst there
are passages which surely no modest Woman can, without a blush, confess
to have read."
THE LESSER LIGHTS.
In the above, I have been trying to account for all articles re-
!...] "
ferring to Jean Paul, in American magazines by men of note. This does loſº/ .
not include the larger number of articles. Out of a hundred and five
only forty have so far been accounted for. All the rest have been
Written by men whose names are practically unknown in the lit-
erary world today. Many of the articles appeared anonymously and con-
tained little more than mere extracts, "Wise sayings', gems, etc. with-
out comment. Among those who have expressed themselves in one way or

117.
another, but of whom little is known, are Roberts, Brinkman, Backus,
Reeve, Adler, Coleman, Miss sever, and ºthers.) Some of these crities
seem to have been well versed in Jean Paul's works, as they have been
able to cull out of all that he has written, some of the most brilliºnt,
of his thoughts; as for example Brinkman, who cites a number of pages
of such passages: ...A & ºr
"Feelings are stars which guide only when the sky is eloudless;
but reason is a magnetic needle attracting the vessel surely, even though
the stars are hidden and not shining.
"Man never delineat, es his own mind than by the manner in which he
draws that of another.
"The arrows of misfortune pierże the deepest into gentle hearts.
The bears of man are the larger and flow the faster, the less the earth
is able to give him, and the higher he stands above her; even as one
cloud rising higher than the rest from the globe, sends forth the largest,
drops.
"To be happy we require little less than everything, and to be un-
happy, a trifle more than not hing.
"Two noble souls first discover their relation by the corresponding
love that joins them to a third-
"Misfort, unes are like thunder clouds. Far away, they lºok black;



118.
overhead they are only gray. As gloomy dreams are harbingers of a joy-
ful future, so the dreams of life will prove on our awaking from it.
B, "Herder and Schitler intended in their youth to become surgeons.
put fat, e said: "No! there are deeper wounds than those of the body, "
and both wrot, e.
"What was my happiest time", we often say on looking back on some
portion of the past. But the single days and even the single hours we
than lived, and into which that happy time must of course be divided,
--
cannot be accounted as truly happy ones. Thus an age or a great portion
of life is like an annual with gilt margin. the whole of it, sparkles -
like gold, but if you open it, how little brightness is on a single
leaf I
"Where the end appears divine to us, the road to it must have been
the same, because the end was the road, and because the road becomes the
end. We perhaps are nearer to Thee; Eternal One, than we think, for
Thou only camst know it; and we live not only to Thee, but in Thee, as
our earth moves in the atmosphere of the Sun, while it appears to turn
far off around his brightness.
"Not to enjoy but to be merry is our duty, and it ought to be our aim".
These passages have been selected from among an almost innumerable
number of "gems" from Richter, quoted in various magazines, to illust, rate
their general trend and to show what phase of Jean Paul's thought espe-


119.
cially interested the men who gleaned them from among Richter's works.
The 'Levana', or Doctrine of Education, the result of Richter's
***** ºr * Written in 1805, and 1806. It was first translat-
º
ed by an Englishman and appeared in London in 1848. However, as early
as 1847, a comment reprinted from 'Monthly Prize Essays' appeared on
- - - - . . . . . . . , ºve
Richter's 'Plan of Self-Education' in the "Eclectic Magazine'. Where the
- * tº
essayist got his material, when it was written, or who he was, is not
stated. In it. Richter is compared to 'Our own Wordsworth" on the ground
of his love of nature and out-door life. But to return to the English
translation of the work I may say that it has not received due recogni-
tion among American educators. It was reviewed in the 'Methodist Quarter-
ly Review' in 1849. "Of books on Education"; the reviewer says, "there eſ.
*~ ** a
has been no lack nor will there be, so long as it is the most important *}.
subject next to religion on which books can be written. But the most
remarkable book on the subject that has appeared in late years is a trans-
t
lation of 'Levana' or 'The Doctrine of Education' by Jean Paul Friederich
Richter. The first edition appeared in 1806, but the genial spirit of
Richter fits all times, and the work is as fresh for us as if newly
written. It abounds in all the peculiarities of the author, - his al-
ternate quaint mess and gregariousness of style; his massive breadth of
thought. With playful and digressive illustrations; his Wonderful knowl-
edge of the human heart with the most unconscious exposure of his own;



120.
his acute metaphysics with a broad practical experience.", etc.
In 1863, an American translation of the "Levana' appeared, pub-
lished by Ticknor and Fields, Boston, and gave oceasion for several
reviews of this very important educational treatise. A few lines from
the "Atlantic Monthly' will illustrate the general trend of these or it, -
icisms. In it we read among other things; "It is hard to speak ade-
quately of this delicious, accidental "Levana'. It is no schoolmaster's
manual, no elaborate system set up to snap like a spring-trap upºn the
heads of insautious meddlers, – it is only the very aroma of the married
life of a wise and tender poet. c - • Bravely he
has struggled through temptations which at all times and at all glaces
beset young men, added to such as are peculiar to one of the highest
inspirations steeped to the lips in poverty. Through all perils he has
born the purity of his youth, the freedom and simplicity of his deep
soul. And so he is privileged to bring to marriage and the delicate
nurture of children the fine insights of 8 mºn of 3 enius who has been
wholly true to the costly gift he possessed. Of the domestic fragrance
of a well-ordered family no savor eludes him. The wife and children,
t; he vigorous and rich life which they offer to a good man, - these are
touched with keenest analysis and in festal spirit. - - -
* Levana', as we have said, is no iron system for the education of child-
ren; it is rather a most remarkable textbook for the education of par-
-
-

121
ents. It sustains a relation of spiritual fathership to common fathers
and offers choicest counsel to those who would assume the office of
family-teacher honestly and in the fear of God.”
The review from which I have just quoted covers nearly four closely-
printed pages and proceeds in the same general tone as that indicated
above. Nowhere does the article criticise adversely but leaves upon us
the impression that the 'Levana' is one of the best works in the field
of education.
One other review, being very short and to the point, may be quoted,
namely, that, from the Christian Examiner. "Those who knew Richter's
charming treatise on family education, quaintly named 'Levana', in the
English edition, a rare, handsome, and much-valued book, will rejoice
in the service that has been rendered by putting it into a form still
more elegant, before the American public. It is the one book by which
t, he author should be most easily and pleasantly made known to the great-
est number of thoughtful readers. His capricious humor and tenderness,
his curiously open eye for observation, his hints, often whimsical and
phantastic, yet always with a vein of wisdom running in them; his odd
and far-fetched allusions, going along with the homeliest fact or coun-
sel, his daring fashion of speech with trusting piety at heart, the
bounding sympathy with which, in all the grotesque play of fancy, he
dwells on everything that is human, and chiefly everything that is child-


122.
like, - these qualities, so rare in their degree, and rarer in their
combination, are shown nowhere perhaps to such advantage as in this book
of familiar advise to mothers. No outline can well be given of its plan
and hardly any idea of its style at second hand. **
In conclusion I will quote the words Of Goet he whose review of
the "Levana" is as clear, 2002icise and brief a statement as can be
found anywhere. He says: "An incredible maturity is to be admired
therein. Here there appear his greatest virtues without the least de-
--
terioration, a large, correct perspective, a comprehensible plan of
procedure, a wealth of illustrations and allusions, flowing naturally
and freely (ungesucht), suitable and appropriate, and all this in the
most eongenial element. I cannot speak highly enough of these pages."”
º:




| 722
C H A P T E R VI.
ESTIMATE OF OPINION OF JEAN PAUL, IN AMERICA
AND THE CAUSES OF HIS DECLINE.
The high regard in which Jean Paul was held by the cultured classes
in America during the middle and latter half of the nineteenth century
when the 'Richter cult 'was at its height has been frequently expressed
throughout the pages of this treatise. I will conclude this part of my
theme, regarding American opinion of Jean Paul, however, by giving one
- - Atº
more quotation. This passage I have selfected since it summarizes well
all the praise accorded the poet by his admirers and at the same time
points out the Weaknesses in his writings from a general point, of view.
"Jean Paul", We read, "has no prototype and no antitype in literature.
He is "Jean Paul, the Only'. There is no second instance of such wild
humor, such rollicking mirth blending with such lofty flights, such pro-
found intuition, such passionate sentiment, such exuberant fancy, such
tragic pathos, in one and the same Writer. Put Trist ram Shandy and
Bacon's Essays, Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Hood's Whims and 0d.-
dit, ies into one work; mix Lamb with Milton, Sir Thomas Brown With
Christopher North; shuffle De Quincey and Coleridge together, - and the
sº will bear some resemblance to the motº composition of
Richter's genius. No Writer *} him in sensuous imagination, none
in sympathy with nature, – in loving converse With all the phases of
earth and sky. None equals him in exuberant fancy, in fervent humanity,



124.
in genial humor. Among other qualities, and above a11, there breat he's
through his writings victorious HEALTH.
Yet one essential attribute of genius, one indispensable gift, he
utterly lacked, -- the gift of form. He was no artist, suggestion, not
idea prevails in his works -> e e- What ever at
the time of writing, popped into his head, must down upon the paper,
that it may not be lost. -
Another defect in Richter's writings, as judged by English standards
of propriety, is want of delicacy. No one will however += question
the author's purity of heart."”
Having treated two of the propositions ment ioned in the introduction
of this discussion, namely, that Richter owed his popularity 3 mong the
cultured classes in America largely to the idealistic philosophy of the
early part of the century and that the group of men and women who were
influential in his introduction on this side of the Atlantic were, with
few exceptions, idealists, I have now in brief to answer the other
question, namely, the reason why his popularity has so suddenly declined
---
-
in America.
The group of men, who in the early nineteenth century had been so
profoundly influenced by German idealism have long since passed away,
and their problems and interests have ceased to exist- New generations
have taken their places in the American literary World. These new gen;-
erations had new political and social problems to solve and new interests


125.
to engage their attention. The quiet colonial life had expanded into
a varied national life, and this expansion had as one result a great
national crisis, the Civil War, which engaged the attention of all for
t; he time being, and still is the source of the products of many of our
literary men. Following the Civil War there arose the present industri-
al movement with its manifold, perplexing problems, the drift of popu-
lation toward the cities, the strife between capital and labor, the trust
question, etc., all of which have received their share of attention.
&
In short, subjective idealism has had toº way for our modern realism.
Spill another great factor in the decline of Richter's popularity /t
f -
among the American literary classes has been the unprecedented importance
of the saient, ific tendency which, even in the beginning of the nine-
teenth century was making rapid strides toward recognition, and which
since Darwin's time it has excluded the so-called spiritual from its con-
sideration or has reduced the spiritual to the material; it has found
its working hypothesis in the theory of evolution. - Lit -
erature has watched science eager for instruction; it has aimed at
- - - - - + º - - -
scientifie exactness of perception. Where it haſ not done this, it
- - -. - - - tº: - - -
has by theory or practice or both insisted that the imagination should (, .)
-\º lº
be subordinated to observation". * Again we quote: "The romancer of
fifty years ago seated himself in a retired nook of England (or Germany)
behind ivied walls and shuttered windows, and described the life and

126.
scenery of the Spanish main. º e His descendant of
today does not so. He visits the country he intends to illustrate;
- - in individual instances he has accompanied pilgrims
to famous shrines or followed the soldier to the battle-field, writing
t/ 3. 2/
in full the details of all he saw." Generally speaking, it is true *A*/
P
that the average author writes to suit the public. The public of our
day demands this realism as indicated in the passage wbove quoted. In
such realism idealism and the romantic element as conceived by Richter
have no place. The principle of self-determinism which played such an
important rôle in the leading thought of Richter's time has been thrust
aside for the consideration of more realistic and practical issues.
Instead of the super-man "Titan", the idealist and dreamer, the man of
definite action and large practical affairs seems now to be the kind of
personality that appeals to our generation, so that Jean Paul, the dream-
er and romanticist of a century ago is no longer venerated as an ideal
in a realist, ie age.
Thus far it would seem that the lack of interest in Richter at the
present time in America is wholly due to outward circumstances. This
however is only partially true. Richter himself Was largely at fault.
His works easily fall into two distinct divisions, the Romances and
the Idylls. While we may feel repulsed by the Romances we may be quite
- %|
as much refreshed by the Idylls. Hettner thinks that the latter will ****
always belong to the best in German literature. The explanation lies
largely in the fact that in the Idylls Richter portrayed the life which

127.
he himself lived and of which he had made a life-long observation, namely
the simple, quiet, serene life of the homely and familiar villagers, While
his romances, were subjective, imaginative creations. This fact will
also explainº a large measure his one great fault, lack of form. He
lacked the artistic, the aesthetic sense. It is the form; the finish,
the beauty of style that has been a large factor in the maintainance and
the extension of interest in Lessing, Goethe, and Schiller in our colleges
and Universities and in American life in general, and it is the lack
of this quality in the writings of Richter that has been so large a
factor in relegating him to a mere historical position in Germany as
well as in America.
In conclusion we may say that the decline of Jean Paul Friederich
Richter's popularity in America was due to the lack of the artistic ele-
ment in his productions and to the decline of idealism and the consequent
rise of realism and the scientific spirit. If now, we put to ourselves
the query: what part has Jean Paul played in the history of the thought
of American civilization; what influence has the 'Richter cult' had upon
the culture ot this country 7 *he answer will have to be as follows:
We cannot conceive of American civilization of our own time nor of the
past half century without taking into consideration the thought from
which it sprang and in which it has its roots, namely idealism. As
- - - - m. +:
surely as Emerson, Longfellow, Parker, the Channings, Margaret Fuller,

128
Brooks, Mrs. Lee and many others were influential in molding the national
life of America, as truly as the transcendental philosophy stamped its
impress upon the character of our civilization, so surely and so truly
is Jean Paul part and parcel of American life &nd culture today.




C E A P T H R v I I .
I
he list of magazines has been arranged chronologically, as this
arrangement has best suited my purpose; the references to it through-
out the text are, for the most part, by number. In each case an
attempt has been made to give full title of the magazine, also of
books mentioned therein having any reference to the author under
º
*
discussion. \A º º ºwºº
º
In the giginal lists, an ºems, was made Yºot to mention articles
Wherein no expression of opinion was given. (Goodnight and Haertei)
ºne ºf ever, not closely adhered to ; for , in the references
to Jean Paul, as many as one-third were mere extracts, brilliants,
gems etc. , but no ºnion, no remark of any kind was connected there-
with. These were, however, included in the following list as bein
i
g
-
of value in estimating the general trend of the translator's thought
and what he found in Richter that was of interest to him.
A number of the magazines in the list were not to be had in the Li-
brary of the University of Michigan; these will be found in the
various libraries of chicago, of the university of Wisconsin, of
colume university, and in the petroit City Library.
The list and references therein are self-explanatory, likewise the
references to the body of the text.
-







- *
*A* º * º -
iſ, * !ºf
Afº
-
& eºſ. ". º,º
* * * * * *
% lſº vºtwº, ſº ?
tº Hº ºf
|
º waſ ea.
"º 4 ſº-
* , ºf
º
(, , )
L | S I O F M A G. A Z E M H S I S T L G A T H D .
2altº ſºle ºt." A "
1. New England Quarterly Magazine. Boston. 1802. II : 5% Sketch.
- -
-
*-
A . . . 4 3
Jean Paul Friederich Richter. (2 pp.) 2. lºcat, #4 * ca. 5, 14 y.
^2. Portfolio. Philidelphia and New York. New Series XXVIII : 182.
-* - -
Story, Last Will and Testament. The House of Weeping. (Chapt. 1 of
Flegeljahre) From the German of Richter. (7pp.) 1822.
3. Museum of Foreign Literature and Science. Pºlaselº. v . 301.
A. collection of Literary Fragments, from Jean Paul ºleaeºlor Richter, by
the Aut, hor of the contessions of an Opium water. (From the London Maga-
Zine, 6 pp. )
4. Same Megazine, VII: 270. Notice of the German novalists. A
Series of ſales, Romances and Novels, selected from the works of Goethe,
Schiller, Wieland, Tieck, Richter, La Fontaine, Musaeus, Hoffman, La
Motte ºue etc. by the translator of Wilhelm Meister, and the author of
A Life of schiller. (Thomas Carlyle) (6 II.) 1825.
5. New York Mirror and leases Literary Gazette. New York. V : 135.
Praises of the great by the great. Passages from Goethe, schiller and
Jean Paul regarding shakespeare. 1/2 col., 1827.
6. At he neum; or spirit of the English Magazines. Boston. Series
III and IV. 269. Specimens of German Genius. Excerpts from Jean Paul.
( 1 col) 1830.
7. select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature. Boston. III
no. 5, pt. 2. p. 76. Review of 'Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben" . .

131
5 Bde. Breslau, 1826 –
2
9.
From ºrganzungsblatt Mr. ss, ºur Alig. Lit-
teratur'. Juni, 1833.
8. Museum of Foreign Literature and Science. Philidelphia. XVII :
233. specimens of German Genius, From the German Of Jean Paul. ( 15 ll. )
1880. -
9. select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature. Boston. III
no. 5. pt. 2, p. 124. Critical review of Richter's 'Vision', in London
New Monthly Magazine, no. 150.
10. Christian examiner. Boston. XVIII : 167. A Translation of Jean
Paul's Estimate of Herder. 2 1/2 pp. 1835, a Conclusion to 'Life of Her–
der', and a review of the 'Spirit of Hebrew poetry. (von Geiste der ebrä-
ischen Poesie.) By J. G. Herder. translated from the German by James D.
Marsh, 2 vols. 1833. Burlington Vt., Erinneruhgen aus dem Leben von Her–
der, von Maria von Herder, Stuttgart, 1830.
11. American Monthly Magazine. New York and Boston. VII : 173. Prose,
New Year's Eve of an Unhappy Man. (Neujahrsnacht eines Unglicklichen.) From
the German of Jean Paul. (1 p.) 1836.
12. Western Messenger, Louisville. II: 243. Prose, The Atheist's Dream.
From the German of Richter. (From the London Foreign Review ) (5 pp. ) 1836.
13. Western Monthly Magazine. Cincinnati. V: 651. Brief Excerpts
from Jean Paul with a Note on his Life and Character. 1836.
14. The New York Review. New York. I. 251. A Review of Wahrheit aus
Jean Paul's Leben. (Truth from the Life of Jean Paul.) 8 vols. Breslau,
Max and Kompt. 1826 – 33. By George H. Galvert. (30 pp. ) 1837.
º




1.
3
2
15. Western Messenger. Louisville. IV: 102. A Sentence from Jean
Paul on 'Illusions'. ( 3 il. ) 1837.
16. Hesperian. Columbus. I: 377. Story, The New Year's Night of
an Unhappy Man. (Neujahrsmacht eines Unglicklichen. ) From Jean Paul. 1838.
17. At kinson's, (case. Philidelphia.) XIII: 458. Story. The Pastor's
Deathbed. A Sketch of German Life. From Jean Paul Richter. (5 1/2 pp.) 1838.
. Excerpts from Jean Paul. (1 col.)
-
18. Hesperian. Columbus. II: 32
2
1838.
19. Same Magazine. III: 465. Critical Notice of Longfellow's Hyper-
ion, reprinting the chapters 'Jean Paul, The only One', 'Old Humbug and
Hoffman." ( 7 pp.) 1839.
w
20. Knickerbooker. New York. XIV: 396. A Discourse: ' In which I en-
eavored Virtue, when she was dead, to come to life again. From the ger- -
man of Jean Paul F. Richter. (Signed) C. B. T. 1839.
21. New York Review. New York. IV: 179. A Review of Carlyle's Crit-
ical and Miscellaneous Essays, incouding a review of Richter, and express-
ing the view that Carlyle's language and imagery are Richterian in origin.
(About 3 pp. scattered throughout the article.) (30 pp. ). 1839.
22. Same Magazine. W: 438. A Review of Longfellow's Hyperion. Con-
taining extracts from Jean Paul and Goethe. ( 20 pp.) 1839.
23. western Messenger. Louisville and Cincinnati. VI: 325. Prose. -
A glance into the Future from the Ent of the Eighteenth Century. (Ein |
toller Vorbericht von der Zukunft) Altered from the German of Jean Paul. - - |
(Signed) J. F. C. ( 3pp.) 1839. - - -




1.
s
3
*T,
* -
24. Same Magazine. WI: 338 Prose, Blossoms and Leaves. From the
German of Jean Paul. ( 1/2 p. ). 1839.
5
25. The Dial. Boston. I: 13 Two brief poems, apostrophizing
Richter. (Margeret Fuller) (39 11.) 1840.
26. Same Magazine. I: 189. A Passage from Jean Paul. (Quoted by
Miss Buffer) (10 II.) 1840.
3
27. Monthly Miscellany of Religion and Letters. Boston. II:
Translations from Richter. A Letter from Jean Paul to his son Hans [sic. )
Max Paul, to be read at the university. By Charles T. Brooks. (2pp.) 1840.
23. Arcturus. A Journal of Books and Opinions. New York. I: 316. A
E
Review, with Extracts, of Longfellow's Translation from Jean Paul. Boston
l
Notion. March 13, 1841. Geo. Roberts, Publisher. (3 1/2 bo.) 1841.
29. Same Journal, I: 382. Critical Notice, with Extracts, of Bio-
~
º:
graphical Recreations under the Cranium of a Giantess. (Biographische Be-
lustigungen unter der Gehirnschale einer Riesin). Translated from the Ger–
man of Jean Paul Fr. Richter. (Reprint from) London Monthly Chronicle.
April, 1841. ( 2 1/2 pp. ) 1841.
30. Christian Examiner. Boston. XXX: 125. Notice of 'The Reminiscen–
ces of the best Hours of Life for the Hour of Death. (Erinnerungen an die
schönstem sºunder für die Letzten) From the German of Jean Paul Hºriederich
Richter. Boston. 1840. (5 11. ) 1841. - - |
- 31. ºneerbooker. New York. XVII: 495. Prose Sketch, The Death of
an Angel. (Der Tod eines Engels. Fixlein) By Jean Paul. Translated from
the German by S. C.T. (3 pp.) 1841.






33. Same Magazine. XVIII: 413. Passages from Jean Paul by John
Brinkman. (5 pp) 1841.
33. Monthly Miscellany of Religion and Letters. Boston. IV: 164.
Critical Notice of 'Reminiscences of the best hours of Life for the Hour
of Death. (Erinnerungen an die schönsten Stunden des Lebens für die
Letzten) From the German of Jean Paul Richter. Boston. 1840. ( 1/2 p.)
1841.
34. Same Journal. W: 11. Scraps translated from the German of Jean
B
Paul. By C (harles) T. B (rooks) (2 1/2 pp.) 1841.
35. Same Journal, same vol. p. 132. Translations from Jean Paul. By
C. T. Brooks. 1841.
36. Robert's Semi-monthly Magazine. Boston. I : 322. Passages from Jean
Paul. Translates from the 'Boston Notion' By H. W. Longfellow. (2 pp.) 1841.
37. American Biblical Repository. Andover, New York and Boston.
Series II. VIII: 482. Critical Notice of the 'Life' of Jean Paul Frieder-
ich Richter. Translated from the German. (Mrs. Lee) 2 volumes. Boston.
Little and Brown. 1842.
38. Christian Eximaner. Boston. XXXIII: 245. Critical Notice of the
'Life' of Jean Paul Frederic Richter. Compiled from various Sources, to-
get her with his Autobiography. Translated from the German. Boston. Charles
1. Little and James Brown. 1842. 2 vols. 16 no. (By Mrs Lee) (4 pp.) 1842.
39. Godey's Lady's Book. Phil. XXV: 307. Critical Notice of the
'Life of Jean Paul Friederich Richter'. Compiled from various Sources.




Together with his Autobiography. Translated from the German by Miss. (sic)
Lee. Boston. Little and Brown. (1/4 col) 1842.
40. sealer's Magazine. Phil. XXI: 287. Critical Notice of the Life
of Jean Paul Friederich Richter'. Compiled from various Sources, together
With his Autobiography. Translated from the German by Miss. (sic) Lee.
Boston. Little and Brown. (1 col.) 1842.
41. Knickerbocker. New York. XIX: 363. Passages from Jean Paul.
(signed) R.T. (5 pp. 1842.
42. Same Magazine. XX: 475. Prose, The New Year's Night of an Un-
happy man. (Neujahrsnacht eines Unglicklichen) From the German of Richter.
(1 1/2 pp.) 1842. - - -
43. Same Magazine, same vol. p. 563. Passages from Jean Paul. (5 pp.)
1342.
th. TV: 45. Russian and
º
44. Magnolia, or Southern Magazine. Sava
3.
German Estimate of Authorship. (Contains a quotation from Jean Paul)
(4 ll.) 1842.
45. The Dial. Boston. III: 404. Review of the 'Life of Jean Paul
--
Friederich Richter'. Translated from the German. By Miss; (sic) Lee.
Boston. Little and Brown. (2 pe.) 1842.
46. ºverbeeker. New York. XXII: 87. Summer Time in Germany. From
the German of Jean Paul. Longfellow. (1 1/2 pp.) 1843.
Hadley's (Christian Parlor Magazine). New York. I : 19. Novel Writers
and publishers. (signed) M. M. Backus. Among others, Wieland, 3oethe, Jean
Paul, and Jung Stilling are severely criticised as to the moral influence
of their works. (4 pp.) 1844.




136 -
*
48. Christian Examiner. Boston. XXXVIII: 402. Review of Flower,
Fruit and Thorn Pieces. (Siebenkäs) By J. P. F. Richter. Translated from
the German by E. H. Noel. Boston. 1845. (4 pp.)
49. Graham's Magazine. Phil. XXVI: 282. Critical Notice of Flower,
Fruit and Thorn Pieces; "Death and Wedding of the Advocate of the Poor,
Firmian Stanislaus Siebenkäs' (Blumen, Frucht und Dornenstücke . . - -
Siébenkäs) By Jean Paul Fr. Richter. Translated from the German by Ed.
H. Noel. Boston. 1845. (1 p.)
50. Knickerbocker. New York. XXV: 44. Prose. The Dream Angel.
(Signed) Carlos. Princeton, New Jersey. (1 1/2 pp.) 1845.
tº ºr
51. Simm's Southern and Western Magazine. Charleston. If 453. and
II: 207. Critical Notice of volumes T and II of Flower, Fruit, and Thorn
Pieces. (Blumen, Frucht und Dornenstücke. - ... Siebenkäs) From Jean
Paul. Translated by Mr. Noel. Boston. James Monroe and Co.. (2pp.) 1845.
53. Christian Eximaner. Boston. XL: 299. Walt, und Vult, or the Twins.
Translated from the Flegeljahre of Jean Paul. By the author of the 'Life'
of Jean Paul. Boston. James Monroe and Co. 2 vols. (Signed) H. 1846.
53. Selectic Magazine. New York. VIII. 431. Detached Thoughts from
Richter. (1 p.) 1846. ||
54. Same Magazine, same vol. p. 571. Detached Thoughts from Richter.
( 15 11.) 1846.
|
H||
55. Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond Wir. XII: 63. Walt und
Vult., or The Twins. Translated from the Flegeljahre of Jean Paul. A Re-
--


1.
3.
7
view. ( 10 ll.) 1846.
56. Littell's Living Age. Boston. VIII: 628. Walt und Vult, or The
Twins. Translated from the Flegeljahre of Jean Paul. In Two Wols. Boston.
James Monroe and Co. (1 col.) 1846.
57. Eclectic Magazine. New York. XI: 65. 4ichter's Plan of Self Edu-2
cation. Reprint from 'Monthly Prize Essay'. (1/2 col. ) 1847.
58. Same Magazine, same vol. p. 208. critical Review of Jean Paul's
Life and Works, with extracts. Reprint from 'Chamber's Edinburg Journal.
...) 1847.
O
(Very favorable, but full of errors.) (5 p
59. Same Magazine. XII: 306. Sympathetic Review with extracts of (1)
Mrs. Lee's 'Life' of Richter. Translated from the German. 2 vols. London.
g
1845. (2) Walt und Vult, or The twins, Translated from the Flege ijahre
of Jean Paul. 2 vols., Boston and New York. 1346. (3) Flower, Fruit and
the Poor, Firmian Stanislaus Siebenkäs. By Jean Paul Friederich Richter.
Translated from the German by Edward Henry Noel. 2 vols. London. 1345.
Reprint from the 'English Review' - 14 pp. ). 1847.
60. Literary World. New York. I; 387. Review of 'Walt und Vult, or
the Twins'. Translated from the Fiegeljahre of Richter. 3 pp.) 1347.
º
-
... II: 90. Personal Note. Richter. ( 1 col. ) 1847.
1. Same Magazin
6
3.
2. Lit bell's Living Age. Boston. XIII: 431. Aphorisms from Richter.
6
(1 gol. ) 1847.
vº



1.
s
3
-
83. Holden's Dollar Magazine. New York. I; 2. Death and Immortality.
Translated from the German of 4ean Paul. 1848.
64. Literary World. New York. IV: 130. Extracts from Richter by
Thomas De Quincey. (8 11. , 1849.
65. Same Magazine. IV: 511. Quotations from Jean Paul. (4 LL.) 1849.
66. Same Magazine. V: 33. Aphorisms from Jean Paul. (1 col.) 1849.
67. Littell's Living Age. Boston. XXIII: 339. A Review of Longfellow's
'Kavanagh', which is stated to be decidedly 'Richterish'. A Reprint, from
-
t; he Examiner. (1 col. ) 1851.
68. Methodist, Quarterly Review. New York. IX: 145. A brief Review of
the 'Lavana'. Translated from the German of Jean Paul, with extracts from
the same. London. (1 Col. ) 1849.
69. Nineteenth century. Phil. III: 211. "Habitual Cheerfulness',
from 'The New Year's Night of an Unhappy Man. - (Neujahrsnacht eines Unglick-
lichen.) ''The Origin of Dreams'. Translated from the German of Jean Paul
by the Rev. Henry Reeve. (5 pp.) 1849.
70. Graham's Illustrated Magazine. Phil. XXXVI. 266. German Poets.
Among others, Goethe, Schiller, Richter and Körner. By Mrs. E. J. Eames.
(1 p.) 1850.
71. International Monthly Magazine. New York. I: 33. A Summer Night
*
in Germany. From the German of Jean Paul Richter. Translated from the
German by H. W. Longfellow. (1 p.) 1850.



72. Literary World. New York. VI: 351. Naples, Midnight and Morning.
From an unpublished translation of Jean Paul's 'Titan'. By C.T. B (rooks)
(2 col.) 1850.
73. Same Magazine. VII: 432. 'The Daughter of Jean Paul and a few
remarks about Richter. (1 col: ) 1850.
74. Southern Literary Messenger. XVI: 455. A Review of the 'Life
of jean Paul Frederic Richter. Compiled from various Sources. Together
C
t
G
with his Autobiography. Translated by Eliza Buckminster Lee. Comple
in one vol. New York. D. Appleton and Co. (1 col.) 1850.
75. Southern Quarterly Review. New Orleans and Charleston. XVIII:
539. A Review of the 'Life' of Jean Paul Frederick Richter. Compiled from
ources, together with his Autobiography. Translated by Eliza Lee.
S
S
Variouſ
New York. D. Appleton and Co. (20 11.) 1850.
76. Eclectic Magazine. New York. XXII: 240. The Story of Maria
Foster (sic) Lux. An Incident in the Life of Richter. Reprint from
Sharpe's Magazine. (6 pp.) 1851.
77. Literary World. New York. VIII: 309. "On the Ludricous'. From
he German of Jean Paul. By Prof. Adler. (4 col.) Continued on p. 330,
}
t
(5 dol.) Goncluded on pp. 370 and 371. (6 col; ) 1851.
78. Littell's Living Age. Boston. XXVIII: 151. The Story of Maria
Forster (sic) (Lux). An Incident in the Life of Jean Paul. Reprint from
of a 'moral'. (3pp.) 1851.
*

140
79. Same Magazine, same vol. p. 452. A Quotation from Richter.
| 6 ll.) 1851.
80. National Magazine. New York. I; 158. 'Jean Paul Richter' . A
+
brief Review of his 'Life', with details furnished by his daughter.
81. Same Magazine, same vol. p. 470. Detached Thoughts from Jean
Paul. (1 1/4 col.) Also p. 538. Detached Thoughts from Richter. (2 pp.
82. Godey's Magazine. Phil. XLVI: 497. 'The Moon', Translated from
the German of Jean Paul Friederich Richter. (3 pp.) 1853.
83. Literary Gen. Phil. I: 170. The Story of Maria Forster (sic)
*
*
| Lux). An incident in the Life of Jean Paul. Reprint from Sharpe's A
f
- agazine.
(6 pp.) 1853.
2. 'The Vision of a Godless
6
84. National Magazine. New York. III: 2
World'. Translated from the German of Jean Paul Richter. An Extract from
'I he Dead Christ'. (2 pp.) 1853.
85. Western Literary Messenger. Buffalo. I : 143. The Doubly Sacred
oath of Reformation. Translated from the German of Jeah Paul Fr. Rich
by Melanie. (2 pp.) 1853.
86. Godey's Magazine. Phil. L. 466. Pearls from Jean Paul. (1 col.)
1855.
87. Same Magazine, LIV: 16. The New Year's Night of an Unhappy Man.
KNeujahrs nacht eines Unglicklichen.) Translated from the German of Jean


141
Paul Fr. Richter. (1 1/2 col.) 1857.
He for Life
g
L
-
38. Littell's Living Age. Boston. LVII: 631. A Strug
and Recognition'. A sketch of Literary History. Very favorable Review of
the 'Life' of Jean Paul. Reprint from Chamber's Lournal. (4 1/2 pp.) 1853.
39. Same Magazine. LXI: 771. A favorable Review of Jean Paul's life
and works, biographical, with portrait. . (6 1/2 pp.) 1859.
90. The Dial. Cincinnati. i. 187. 'Blossoms and Leaves'. Translated
from the German of Jean Paul.
91. Harper's Monthly Magazine. New York. XXIV: 151. An Art, icle on
the ' Hºranconian Switzerland', with illustrations. By Bayard Taylor. In-
cluding a description of Jean Paul's House and surroundings, also of Frau
Rollwenzel's Inn. (14 pp.) 1862.
92. Littell's Living Age. Boston. LXXIV: 257. Celebrated Literary
Friendships. By Mrs. Thompson... A biographical Review of Richter, dwell-
ing on his relations to, and intimacy with Christian Otto. Also the -
friendship between Goet, he and Schiller. Reprint from the Westminster Review.
º
(18 pp.) 1862.
93 At Lantic Monthly. Boston. XII: 533. "Levana, or the Doctrine
of
H.
ducation'. Translated from the German of Jean Paul Friederich Richter.
-
A review. (3 1/2 pp. 1863.
94. Christian Examiner. Boston. LXXIV: 150. A Review of Charles T.
BrookſPs) translation of 'Titan'. From the German of Jean Paul Friederich
ul’



142
Richter. An Appreciation of the difficulties of translating Richter,
together with extracts. (3 pp.) less.
95. Same Magazine. LXXV: 457. A Review of the 'Levana, or the Doctrine
of Education'. Translated from the German of Jean Paul Friederich Richter.
(30 11...) 1863.
96. Eclectic Magazine. New York. LX: 402. Review of 'Levana, or
º
The Doctrine of Education'. Translated from the German of Jean Paul
Friederich Richter. (15 11.) 1863.
97. North American Review. Boston and New York. XCVI: 284. 'Titan',
a Romance. Translated from the German of Jean Paul Friederich Richter by
Charles T. Brooks. (8 li. ) Brooks' skill as a translator highly praised.
98. Same Magazine. XCVII: 1. Traits of Jean Paul and his 'Titan',
a Romance. From the German of Jean Paul Friederich Richter. Translated
by Charles T. Brooks. Highly praised. (35 pp.) 1863.
99. Eclectic Magazine. New York. XLII: 124. A Review of 'The Cam-
paner Thal'. From the German of Jean Paul Fr. Richter. (20 ll.) 1864.
100. National Quarterly Review. New York. IX: 384. Review of the
'Life' of Jean Paul Friederich Richter. Compiled from various Sources,
together with his Autobiography. By Mrs. Lee. (3rd. edition) (2pp.) 1864.
101. north American Review. Boston and New York. XCIX: 587. The
Campaner Thal and other writings. From the German of Jean Paul Friederich
Richter. Translated by Miss. Bauer. (5 pp.), 1864.




14s
102. The Nation. New York. I: 470. 'Hesperus', a Biography. From
the German of Jean Paul Friederich Richter. Translated by Charles T.
Brooks. A Critical Review of the Translation as well as of Richter's
art, therein. (1 p.) 1865.
103. Appleton's Journal. New York. I; 455 and 557. Brilliants
from Jean Paul Friederich Richter. (3/4 col.) 1869.
104. Godey's Magazine. Philidelphia. LXXIX: 452. Quotations from
Jean Paul. (12 ll.) 1869.
105. Appleton's ournal. New York. III: 131. Brilliant, S from Jean
Paul Hºriederich Richter. (15 11.) 1870.




ſº º – L = - - * -
Editions. º Az-(4→ . |
Nerrlich - Jean Paul's Werke. Deutsche National– Litteratur.
Cotta 'sche Bibliothek der Welt litteratur. Jean Paul's Ausgewöhlte Werke.
Mit Ginleitung von Rudolf Steiner.
Brooks – Titan. Leisure Hour Series. Holt, and CO.
-
l
Ewing – Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces. Bonn's Standard Library.
Levana – Befºrs Standard Library.
i
Biographical.
Jean Paul.
Nerºr lich
Merrlich - Jean Paul's Briefwechsel.
Mrs. Lee Life of Jean Paul Friederich Richter. Compiled from various
S
ources. Together with his Autobiography.
Müller - Jean Paul.
Münch - Jean Paul.
Spazier - Jean Paul Friederich Richter.
Merrlich – Jean Paul und seine Zeitgenossen.
Hoppe. - Das Verhältnis Jean Pauls zur Philosophie Seiner Zeit.
Historical and Critical.
Carlyle - Miscellaneous Essays.
De Quincey – Philosophical Writers.
-
|
|
-





º Historical and Critical (continued)
Carlyle and Emerson – Correspondence.
Emerson - Nature Addresses and Lectures.
Rudolf Haym - Die Romantisone Schule.
Rudolf Haym – Herder.
De stael - Germany.
Arnold - Carlyle.
Thwing – College Administration.
Hinsdale – German Influences on American Education. Report of the Com-
missioner of Education. 1897 – 1898.
Goodnight – German Literature in American Magazines prior to 1846.
Haertel – German Literature in American Magazines from 1846 to 1880.
Parker - Miscellaneous Writings. "German Literature'.
Wilkinson – Classic German Courses in English.
Durana- De Quincey and Carlyle in their relation to the Germans.
publications of modern Language Association. 1906. -
Hoskins – Same Publication. 1905. Parke Godwin and the Translation of
Zschokke's Tales. >
Lowell - In My Study Window.
Hosmer – German Literature.
Meyer – Die deutsche Litteratur des 19. Jahrhunderts. -
Hett, ner – Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur.
Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography.

146 -
Historical and Critical. (Continued)
New International Encyclopedia.
Prothingham - Transcendentalism in New England.
Emerson – The Transcendentalist.
Some Phases of idealism in New England. Atlantic Monthly
*
Balfour – Transcendentalism. Mind.
-
Holbeach – Transcendentalism in England, New England and India.
Dowden- The Transcendental Movement and Literature. Contemporary Review.
Schwegler - History of Philosophy.






. - ºn 1)
-
º
-
Figures Peter to pages.
º -
º
I* Carlyle - Miscellanies. I:
N
III* Goodnight – German Literature in American Magazines prior to 1846, and
- ----
Haertel – German Literature in American Magazines from 1846–1880.
3* goodnight, p. 12 - | ! *…*. as tº at tº
- º - 9, 10
3** Ibid. p 33 - * #. | f
6° ºr othingham – Transgendentalism in New England, p. 219
º
7* Carlyle and Emerson, Correspondence between, I: 133. Cf. also Emerson's
Nature addresses, p. 117
10 * Carlyle - Miscellanies. I:
5
10 ** Isia. I; 17s
12* Tbid. p. 14
12** List of Magazines
13 * De Quincey - Philosophical Essays. I: 183
1sº Ibia. s. 1sº
\
ducation. 1397–1898, T.
H.
6
O
3.
14* Hinsdale – Report of the Committee of
-
-*
18° Barrett Wendell – A Literary History of America. p. 205 f.
13° ºr othingham – Transcendentalism in New England. p. 115
20+ Carlyle, quoted by ºr othinghai. p. 27
3
Robertson - A History of German Literature. p. 40
22*. Het Ener - Geschichte der deutschen Literatur - p.
3
1.
5
f
f
-
North American Review. XX: 133 ff.






143
23** Ohristian Examine. . WTTT: 187 ff.
24* Quoted from Frothingham. o. 47
27* Toid. o. 115
23 Toid. o. 54 ff.
30 * Carlyle – Viscellanes. T: 22
S
32* Hoppe- Das Verhältnis Jean Pauls zur Philosophie seiner Zeit. p. 5
33* Monroe – Text–Book in the History of Education. 553
34* Dr. Fenz, in Unsichtbare Loge. p. 133
35* Richter – The Levana, Bohn Edition. p. 242
35** Toid. 9. 250 ff.
8* Nerº ich – Jean Pauls er ze, T: 04
33* Toid. o. 80
3- Ferr ich – Jean Paul, Chapter on "Jean Paul and Kan
40* Hoppe, o. 30
rea. 9. 2
40 *** Toid. 9. 33
41* Toid. g. 87
4** öle – Jean Paul. 3. 190
2- apaners se oy Hoebe, o. 70
43* Nereich – Jean Pau. p. 323
43** Hoppe, o. 71.
44* Clavis Fichtiana, quoted by Hoºge, D. 72
4** Hoppe, H. 74



149
43* Hettner, Geschichte der deutschen Li
46” Schwegler - History of Philosophy. 313
t
t; e ºat, ur. 393
50° Jean Pauls Briefwechsel mit Jacobi, quoted by Hoppe, p. 81
50** Ibid. p. 31 and 32
50***Ibid. p. 31
51* ºr othingham - Transcendentalism in New England. p. 43 ff.
×
5.
2
Haym – Herder. p. 643
53* Hoppe, p. 25 f.
54* Herders Werke (Düntzer) XXI: 233 ff.
55, Roose, 2. as
55** Herder, quoted by Hoppe, p. 23
56* Prothingham, p. 333
- º
57+ Haym – Herder, p. 556
83% Mrs. Lee's Life of Jean Paul Fr. Richter. Compiled from various sources.
Together with his Autobiography. Wind Editionii p. 34
63% Ibid., p. 85
67* Mrs. Lee's 'Life", p. 154
| 67° Ibid. p. 137
168° Ibid., p. 335 ft. -



75**
75***
77°
73%
79*
80°
31°
º
-
37+
Ibid. p. 130
Ibid. 9. 3.31.
Cf. Notable Americans, IT and the New International
Christian Examiner,
ff.
XXXIII: 245
North American Review, XCVII: 3 ff.
Ibid. 0. 24
Ibid., p. 32
Ibid., p. 35
Littell's Living Age
Ibid. p. 772
Ibid. p. 773
ſº
Southern Literary
Neerlich - Jean Paul,
Ibid. p.
! Life"
of Jean
Magazine, XXII:
, LXI: 771
Paul, p.
240 fif.
33°Littell's Living Age, XXVII: 151
p. 9s tº and 112
and 79** Ibid., p. 777
361 ff.
}
Mrs. Lee's Life;
Ibid. p. 155
Ibid. p. 163
Nepriich - Jean Paul, p. 111-113
Ibid. p. 137
– 115
º
H. H.
-
-
y
Ç
lopedia XII: 72



92° Mrs. Lee's 'Life", p. 333 ff.
Werrlich - Briefwechsel, Letters Nos. 30, 33, 73 and 77
as Ibia. No. 128
94." Ibid. No. 124
24” Ibid. No. 125
95° Ibid. No. 131
98’ Ibid. No 2 132
96** Nerrlich - Jean Paul, p. 323 f.
102* Titan - Brooks, Leisure Hour Series. Henry Holt, and Co.
102* of . No. 9s in List of Magazines
102***Same List, No. 24
104° Same List, No. 10.
107* Littell's Living Age, VIII: 623
109° International Magazine, I: 33
102” New York Review, I: 251
2.
111” Ibid. p. 253 ff.
112” Christian Examiner, XL: 299 fif.
112 ºr Lit, tell's Living Age, VIII: 323
lies Eclectic Magazine, XII: 362
115* Cf. List of Magazines, No. 59
115** Christian Examiner, XXXVIII: 402 ft. This article includes a review
of the "Correspondence between Goet he and Schiller from 1794–1805, the
* Aesthetic Letters', Essays and Philosophical Writings of Schiller also.
|--
-
-





Atlantic Monthly, XII: 533 f.
Christian Examiner, LXXV: 457
Goethe to Knebel, quoted from Neerlichs Jean Paul, p. 5
* º
Christian Examiner, LXXIV: 151
Cross - Development of the English Novel, p. 263.






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