wº
§
* ~ *
...
, sº §§§
sº $ 3. N § § sº
'º §§ & , * * * *... . . . . º “. . . . . . . º
* ºr- ~ v : ,-3 is
& º - - Sººº.
§§§ . . . º.º.º.º.º. 3 Nº.
“...º.º. º. . . . . . . ºf
& sº & º ~ * - - - ºSº
º
.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.* *
* * * * * : * :
º ºg -ºº-º-º £ºs...". Kºº. . . .º. * * *
d § … .". º -- * : * Sºsº sº.
º º
** * * * * * * * * * * * * * *- :
..Sººº.
º: ... * > . .
* : * *
&
º
:
ºs -
* * * * * * : . --- - -
sº * … º.º.º.º.
…” . º §
* * Cº-º:

E DU CAT I O N A L PUBL I CAT I O NS
O
G. P. FUTNAM'S SONS.
C H E M I S T R Y.
EILSTEIN.—A Manual of Quantitative Analysis.
St. Petersburg. (In Elementary Series.) 16mo, cloth, 75 cents.
Used in Cornell University, Bowdoin College, Rensselaer Institute, etc., etc.
& & One of the very best shorter wrorlz s nn Elm a six lºso a 4- ?” TX-- - C - C - - -- . A zºº.4 * *
EWAR.—Organic Chemi
Advanced Series.) In p
r of Edinburgh.
r— zºsº :-ºSe-
BUJIJſſiſſilſ!!!!/Xº
ILL.—Lecture Notes On É #ſº
Professor of Chemistry,
Harvard University. 1
OWARD.—Practical Ché
Elementary Series.) 16
“Based on the new chemical I
| EMSHEAD.—Inorganic
(In Elementary Series.)
HORPE.-Inorganic Chem
—NON-METALS. 12mo, c
“A text-book that I can heart
ſ ATTS.—Organic Chemist
16mo, cloth, 75 cents.
§§ {
ersity of London.
(In
—Yew York; Tribune.
lwich College, London.
anced Series.) Part I.
S. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
In Elementary Series.)
RYCE,--The Student's Atl
by numerous Engravings.
A.Y. —The Great Outline (
improved, with an Atlas o
*parate pages.
Edition, enlarged and
By J. BEILSTEIN, Professor in the University of
(In
* Letterpress, Illustrated
“The Great Outline of Geograp
of the Michigan University. “It ma
—First Steps in Geograp
Editions of the Atlas of the Gre
5 cents.; Atlas, $2.00.
B. TAPPAN, late President
'S,
to accompany all the
* * * *-------
nd, $1.00.
| EEREN.—School Manual N. 12mo, cloth, 80
CentS.
ACTUR.R.—Physical Geo,
Illustrated with Maps an
“A perfect gem of a text-book.’
OUNG.—Physical Geograp
Series.) 12mo, cloth, $1.4
e s W
“The range of subjects is wel
intimate relation between Geography
n Elementary Series.)
sity. (In Advanced
stant recognition of the
CE, Wesleyan University.
- G E 0 L 0 G Y.
Dºº Geology. By Professor W. S. DAvis, of Derby.
16mo, Illustrated, 75 cents.
“Its, principles are clearly defined, it is happily arranged, its facts
whole style is charming.”—Prof. H. G. Swallow, Čolumbia, İſo.
T. JOHN.—The Elements of Geology.
and Surgeons, New York.
(In Elementary Series.)
are concisely and effectively presented, and the
By Professor SAMUEL ST. Jon N, of the College of Physicians
12mo, cloth, $1.50.
OUNG.—Advanced Geology. By Professor Joris Youxg, of Glasgow University.
Series.) In preparation. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
G E O M E T R Y.
NGEL–Practical, Plane, and Solid Geometry. By Professor H. ANGEL, of Ilondon.
f Series.) 16mo, cloth, 75 cents,
“A most excellent text-book.”—Eclectic Magazine.
RADLEY, LPractical, Plane, and Solid Geometry. By Professor J. A. BRADLEY, of Tondon. (In
Advanced Series.) In preparation, 12mo, cloth, S1.50,
(In Advanced
(In Elementary
)






EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS
MENT A L SCIENCE.
ASCOM.–Principles of Psychology. By John BAscom, President of the University of Wisconsin.
12mo, cloth, $1.75. .* . . . . .
“The most valuable contribution to mental science recently given to the public.”—San Francisco Bulletin.
Science, Philosophy, and Religion. By the same. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. -
“Vigorous, thoughtful, brilliant, and uncommonly refreshing.”—Boston Commonwealth.
HADBOURNE.—Natural Theology. By P. A. CHADBOURNE, President of Williams College. 12mo,
cloth, $1.50. This work has been widely introduced among colleges and higher schools. t
“In diction, method, and spirit distinctive and attractive to a rare degree.”—Boston Traveller. - - --.
TTILL.--Geometry and Faith. A Fragmentary Supplement to the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise. By
THOMAS HILL, D.D., late President Harvard University, 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
“The most admirable, beautiful, and suggestive contribution to Natural Theology.”—Springfield Republican. -
ARTINFAU-Religion as Affected by Modern Materialism. By JAMES MARTINEAU, LL.D. With
IVl introduction by Henry W. Beijows, D.D. 16mo, cloth, 75 cents. g - ~~ -
“The most effective analysis of the Tyndall school of thought that has yet appeared.”—London Spectator.
CHWEGLER.—Handbook of the History of Philosophy. By Dr. ALBERT SCHWEGLER. Translated
and annotated by JAMES H. STIRLING, 12mo, cloth, $2.25.
NATURAL SCIENCE, INCLUDING PHYSICS.
NGELL.—Animal Physiology. By JoHN ANGELL, of Manchester. (In Elementary Series.) 16mo,
Illustrated. 75 cents. - -
“I thoroughly approve its plan and execution.”—C. C. ROUNDs, State Normal School, Farmington, Me... "
‘Its subject is most clearly treated.”—J. M. SMITH, Supt. Schools, Danbury, Conn. --
NGELL.—Magnetism and Electricity. By JoHN ANGELL, of Manchester. (In Elementary Series.)
16mo, Illustrated, 75 cents.
HADBOURNE.—Instinct in Animals and Man. By P. A. CHADBOURNE, President Williams College.
12mo, cloth, $1.75. - - . . . . -
“The work shows not only a superior mastery of the subject, but great breadth of culture.”—N. Y. Union Advocate.
LELAND.—Animal Physiology, Chiefly Human. By J. CLELAND, M.D., F.R.S. (In Advanced
Series.) 12mo, Illustrated, $1.50.
“An excellent book in its plan and completeness of detail, and of especial service in its presentation of comparative
physiology.”—P. A. CHADBOURNE, Pres’t Williams College. ---
Cº-ºº: By J. H. Collins, of the Polytechnic School, Falmouth. (In Elementary
Series.) 16mo, Illustrated, 75 cents.
“I am using Collins' valuable little Manual in my classes and find it more satisfactory than any I have tried.”—
Prof. H. B. NASON, Prof. Rensselaer Institute, Troy, N. Y. -
AVIES.—Microscopic Objects. The Preparation and Mounting of Microscopic Objects. By THOMAS
DAVIES. 12mo, cloth, $1.25. • ,
“No one who owns a Microscope can afford to be without this valuable Manual.”–Toledo Blade. -
EES.—Acoustics, Light, and Heat. By W. LEEs, A.M., Edinburgh. (In Advanced Series.) In
preparation, 12mo, Illustrated, $1.50, * *
UTHRIE.—Magnetism and Electricity. By F. GUTHRIE, Royal School of Mines, London. (In
Advanced Series.) In preparation. 12mo, Illustrated, $1.50. - •
ARBISON.—Elements of Zoology. By M. HARBIsoN, of Newtonards School. (In Elementary
Series.) 16mo, cloth, Illustrated, 75 cents. s
“A book I can recommend with confidence.”—N. M. SINCLAIR, Supt. Schools, Kaukaker Co., Ill.
ANKESTER.—A Manual of Zoology. By E. RAY LANKESTER. (In Advanced Series.) In prepara-
tion, 12mo, Illustrated, $1.50. -
Half Hours with the Microscope. By EDWIN LANKESTER, M.D., F.R.S. Illustrated by 250
Drawings from Nature. 12mo, cloth, $1.25. -
EES.—Acoustics, Light, and Heat. By WILLIAM LEEs, Professor of Physics, Edinburgh. (In
Elementary Series.) 16mo, Illustrated, 75 cents. --
“Possessing great merit for the clearness with which it treats its subject.”—J. M. SMITH, Supt. of Schools, Conn.
ACGINLEY. —Principles of Biology. By T. C. MACGINLEY. (In Elementary Series.) 16mo, with
124 Plates, 75 cents, . . . . . . . -
2
4.
|
S’
7

THE
STUDENTS’ ATLAS
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY,
CONSISTING OF
S IX T E E N M A PS,
CONSTRUCTED AND ENGRAVED BY EDWARD WELLER, F.R.G.S.;
WITH
DESCRIPTIVE LETTERPRESS
BY
WILL I AM F R A N C IS go LLIER, L. L. D.
W IT H IN DE X.
N E W Y O R. K.
ſ. P futnam's jSons,
FOURTH AVENUE AND TWENTY-THIRD STREET,

§
s
º
* .
CONTENTs.
DESCRIPTIVE LETTERPRESS, - -
IO,
Page 1
M A P S.
. BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS.
. BRITAIN UNDER THE SAXONS.
. HISTORICAL MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS.
. HISTORICAL MAP OF FRANCE.
. THE ROMAN EMPIRE, EASTERN AND WESTERN,
IN THE 4TH CENTURY.
* -
. EUROPE IN THE BEGINNING of THE 6TH CENTURY.
EUROPE IN THE BEGINNING of THE 9TH CENTURY,
SHEwing THE EMPIRE of CHARLEMAGNE.
. EUROPE, LATTER PART of IoTH CENTURY.
. EUROPE IN THE I2TH CENTURY.
EUROPE IN THE MADDLE of THE 16TH CENTURY,
PERIOD OF THE REFoRMATION.
WW IT H
II. GERMANY., ILLUSTRATING THE PERIOD FROM THE -
REFORMATION TO THE END of THE THIRTY YEARs'
WAR.
I2, EUROPE, FROM THE CLoSE of THE THIRTy YEARs'
WAR To THE OUTBREAK of THE FRENch Revolu-
tion, 1648-1 789.
r
13. EUROPE, FROM THE FRENch Revolution (1793)
To THE ABDICATION OF NAPOLEoN BonAPARTE.
14. EUROPE, 1871.
I5. INDIA, ILLUSTRATING ITs HISTORY TO THE PRESENT
TIME, AND SHEwing Its DIVISIONS IN 1760.
16. MAP OF THE WORLD, shewing THE Discoveries
AND ColoniEs of THE EUROPEAN NATIONs.
I N DE X.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.
MAP I.—BRITAIN UNDER THE Romans.
55 B.C. To 410 A.D.
Albyn, probably meaning “white island,” (compare the
Latin albus,) and Britain, a word of which the derivation is
uncertain, are the oldest names of the island, and are of
Celtic origin. The latter was Latinized into Britannia by
% Romans. The former is often now poetically written
2O72.
Julius Cæsar (August, 55 B.C.) sailed from Portus Itius, in
Gallia, (probably Wissant, between Calais and Boulogne,)
and landed somewhere near Deal, where he repulsed the
Cantii. He left the island in less than twenty days. In 54
B.C. he returned, forced the passage of a river, (probably the
Stour,) crossed the Thames, (at Cowey Stakes, near Chert-
sey,) and stormed the stockaded town of Cassibelan or
Cassivelaunus. The Roman town of Verulamium, near St.
Albans in Hertfordshire, was afterwards built on this site.
The Trinobantes, who submitted to Caesar, held the district
N. of Thames.
At Camulodunum, (Colchester,) Cunobelin, king of the
Trinobantes, (the Cymbeline of Shakespeare,) issued coins
of Roman form. This town soon became the capital of the
Roman province.
The actual conquest of Britain by the Romans began
under the Emperor Claudius, in 43 A.D. Plautius led his
legions against Caradoc, (in Latin Caractacus,) a brave son
of Cunobelin. When Claudius joined his lieutenant, Camu-
lodunum fell 43 A.D. Vespasian and Titus reduced the
Belgæ, who occupied the districts between the Tamesis
(Thames) and Wectis, (Isle of Wight,) and the Damnonii,
who held what we call Devon and Cornwall,
At Caer-Caradoc, in Shropshire, near the junction of the
Clun and the Teme, Caractacus, who had escaped into Cam-
bria, (Wales,) and was at the head of the Silures, was finally
defeated by Ostorius Scapula, 51 A.D. The false Queen of
the Brigantes (chiefly occupying Yorkshire) betrayed the
British hero into the hands of the Romans.
Mona (Anglesey) was, in 59 A.D., the scene of a massacre
of Druids by Paulinus, the Roman general. The name
Mona was also applied in the Roman period to the Isle of
Man. While Paulinus was thus engaged on the west, the
Iceni (inhabiting Norfolk) rose in revolt under their Queen
Boadicea, destroyed Camulodunum, Londinium, and Weru-
lamium, and massacred 70,000 Romans. They were defeated
by Paulinus on the shore between London and Colchester;
after which Boadicea took poison, 61 A.D.
CAMPAIGNS OF AGRICOLA.
First Campaign, (78 A.D.) During this campaign Agricola
subdued the Ordovices of N. Wales, and reconquered Mona,
(Anglesey.)
Second, (78 A.D.) He fixed his camp in N. W. Britain,
probably in Lancashire or Westmoreland.
Third, (80 A.D.) Advanced (only on reconnaissance) to the
Taus, (Tay.) This is thought by some to mean the Solway
Frith.
Fourth, (81 A.D.) Having reduced the southern part of
Caledonia, he raised an earthwork, or line of forts, from
Clota (Frith of Clyde) to Bodotria (Frith of Forth.)
Fifth, (82 A.D.) Subdued the Selgovae and Novantae, wild
tribes of Galloway dwelling between the estuaries Clota and
Ituna, (Solway.)
Sixth, (83 A.D.) Advanced north of Bodotria. The camp of
the Ninth Legion was surprised at Loch Ore, two miles S. of
Lochleven. Caledonians driven back. Romans winter in Fife.
Seventh, (84 A.D.) Galgacus, the Caledonian chief, de- B
feated by Agricola in the battle of Mons Grampius, (Moor of
Ardoch:) 10,000 Caledonians slain.
ROMAN DIVISIONS OF BRITAIN.
1. Britannia Prima—the district S. of the Thames and the
Bristol Channel.
2. Flavia Caesariensis—the country between the Thames
and the Humber, extending westward to the Severn and
the Dee.
3. Britannia Secunda—Wales, and those regions W. of
the Severn and the Dee.
4. Maxima Caesariensis—from the Humber and the Mer-
sey on the S. to the Wall of Hadrian on the N.
5. Walentia—the district between the two Roman Walls.
6. Caledonia—all regions N. of the Wall of Antonine.
The more level portions on the E. coast were called Wes-
pasiana.
THE ROMAN WALLS.
Besides the earthwork of Agricola already mentioned, the
Romans erected the following walls across the narrow parts
of Britain:-
1. Wallum Hadriani, (Wall of Hadrian,) built by the Em-
peror whose name it bears, from Bowness on the Solway
Frith to Wallsend at the mouth of the Tyne. This was a
wall of solid masonry, nearly 70 miles in length, with 23
stationary towns, and with mile-castles and turrets guarding
the intervals. Date, 121 A.D.
2. Wallum Antonini, (Wall of Antonine,) built during the
reign of Antoninus Pius by Lolius Urbicus. It extended
for 31 miles, from Alcluyd (Dumbarton) on the Clyde to
Caer-riden (near Bo'ness) on Forth. It was a bank of turf
upon a stone foundation. The local name is Graham's
Dyke. ,
THE ROMAN STRATA OR STREETS.
In order to secure a speedy transit of soldiers from post to
post, the Romans constructed great military Roads called
Strata, (hence our word Street.) These were causeways
paved with large blocks of stone. The principal were as
follows:—
1. Watling Street, running from Dubrae (Dover) and Rutu-
piae (Richborough) through London and Werulamium to
Deva, (Chester.)
2. Ermyn Street, from London to Lindum (Lincoln) and
Eboracum, (York.)
3. Fosse Way, from Isca (Exeter) through Aquae Solis
(Bath) to Lindum.
4. Ryknield Street, from the Forth by Eboracum, and
through the centre of Britain to Glevum, (Gloucester,) then
through S. Wales to Menapia, (St. David’s.)
5. Icknield Street, from Wenta Icenorum (near Norwich).
along the line of the Chiltern hills to Calleva, (Silchester,)
Wenta Belgarum, (Winchester,) and Clausentum, (South-
ampton.)
The Emperor Severus, having penetrated Caledonia to Wara
AEstuarium, (Moray Frith,) died at Eboracum (York) 211 A.D.
During the later portion of the Roman period, the sea-
board between Metaris (the Wash) and Tamesis (Thames)
was called “the Saxon Shore,” owing to the settlement
there of some Teutonic tribes. The Roman officer com-
manding the fleet at that station was therefore styled
“Count of the Saxon Shore.”
In 289 A.D., a Roman naval commander, Carausius, pro-

2 \
IHISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.

claimed himself emperor, and seized Gessoriacum, in Gaul,
(Boulogne,) then the chief naval station.
in 297 A.D.
During the last century of the Roman period, we read
no longer of Caledonii. The Picts and Scots, and the
Attacotti from the wilds north of Forth, broke through
He was murdered
the Roman walls, and ravaged Britain, growing auda-
cious enough even to sack London, (367 A.D.) This
was a sign that the Romans had ceased to guard so
distant an outpost of their empire with any care. The
Letter of Honorius, withdrawing his legions from Britain,
(410 A.D.,) brought the Roman period to a close.
MAP II.-BRITAIN UNDER THE SAxons.
FIRST PERIOD–449 A.D. To 800 A.D.
Hengist and Horsa are said to have landed in 449 A.D.
at Ebbsfleet, in Thanet. Their three keels or ships con-
tained men of three tribes, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
This was the beginning of the Seven Kingdoms, called the
Heptarchy.
1. Kent, founded by Hengist in 457 A.D. Capital, Cant-
waraburh or Canterbury.
2. South Saxony, (or Sussex,) founded by Ella, in 490
A.D.
3. West Saxony, (or Wessex,) extending westward to the
Exe, and northward to the Thames. Founded by Cerdic in
519 A.D.
4. East Saxony, including Essex and Middlesex. Founded
by Ercenwin in 527 A.D.
5. Northumbria, from the Humber to the Frith of Forth.
Founded by Ida in 547 A.D. Edwin of Deira was a cele-
brated Bretwalda of Northumbria. By the battle of the
Idle, a tributary of the Trent in Nottinghamshire, he
regained his crown from a usurper, (617 A.D.) He was the
reputed founder of Edwinsburgh (Edinburgh.) He perished
in 633 A.D., in the battle of Hatfield Chase in Yorkshire,
where his army was overthrown by Penda of Mercia, aided
by the Cymri, (Welsh.)
6. East Anglia, the eastern plain of Norfolk and Suffolk.
Founded by Uffa in 575 A.D.
7. Mercia, all the central districts between Wessex and
Northumbria. Founded by Cridda in 582 A.D. Capital,
Tamworth in Staffordshire.
The kingdom of King Arthur, a great foe of the Saxons,
lay chiefly in Somersetshire, where was his capital of Came-
lot or Cadbury. He defeated the Saxons signally at Bath.
The celebrated abbey of Glastonbury was his place of burial.
In 563 A.D. Columba crossed from Ireland to Iona, where
he built a chapel. , Oswald, a Northumbrian king, visited
Iona, and on his return founded a monastery on Lindisfarne
or Holy Isle, off the coast of Northumberland. Augustine,
a Roman monk, sent by Pope Gregory the Great, landed in
Thanet in 597 A.D., and having converted the King of Kent,
established a chief church at Canterbury, which has ever
i. been regarded as the ecclesiastical capital of Eng-
a ſlol.
The subdivision of Northumbria into Deira, between the
Humber and the Tyne, and Bernicia, between the Tyne and
the Forth, accounts for the Eight Kingdoms, said by some
to have formed a Saxon 0ctarchy.
Penda and Offa were celebrated kings of Mercia. The
former was slain in battle with the Northumbrians at the
Winwed near Leeds, (655 A.D.) The latter, having con-
quered the Welsh, erected an embankment, called Offa's
Dyke, from the estuary of the Dee to the river Wye.
The Eight or Seven Kingdoms of the Saxons were gradu-
ally reduced to three—Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria.
Of these Wessex became the sole survivor, having finally
gained ascendancy by the defeat of Mercia at the Windrush
near Burdford, Oxfordshire, (752 A.D.) Soon afterwards the
Danes began to make piratical incursions. Their first land-
ing was at Dorchester in 787 A.D.; their second, upon
Lindisfarne.
SECOND PERIOD–800 A.D. To 1066 A.D.
At Hengsdown or Hengston Hill by the Tamar in Corn-
wall, Egbert defeated the Danes in 835 A.D. The field of
Merton in Surrey (or Moreton in Berks) was memorable for
the death of Ethelred, brother of Alfred the Great,
REIGN OF ALFRED, (871 A.D. to 901 A.D.)
Wantage in Berkshire—place of Alfred's birth in 849 A.D.
Wilton in Wilts—Alfred defeated by the Danes 871 A.D.
Wareham in Dorset—landing of Guthrum the Dane 877 A.D.
Athelney, (Isle of Nobles,) a marshy island in Somerset-
shire, at the junction of the Parret and the Thone—the
refuge of Alfred during the winter of 877-8 A.D.
Ethandune, (Eddington,) near Westbury in Wiltshire—
signal defeat of the Danes by Alfred in 878 A.D.
Wedmor near Uxbridge in Somerset, where Alfred made
a treaty with Guthrum, assigning the Danelagh (east coast
between Thames and Tweed) as a residence for the Danes.
Farnham in Surrey near the Wey—Hastings the Dane
defeated by Alfred in 895 A.D.
Ware in Herts on the Sea—by diverting the course of the
river, Alfred leaves the Danish ships aground in 896 A.D.
Farringdon in Berks—place of Alfred's death in 901 A.D.
Winchester—place of Alfred's burial.
TIME OF DUNSTAN.
At Brunnaburgh, in Lincoln, King Athelstan defeated a
league of Scots and Danes in 938 A.D.
Edmund drives the Danes from their Five Burghs—Derby,
Leicester, Nottingham, Stamford, and Leicester.
Croyland or Crowland in Lincolnshire—a celebrated mon-
astery of the time.
Glastonbury in Somersetshire, 21 miles S.W. of Bath, was
a still more celebrated abbey. Of it Dunstan was Abbot.
Calne in Wilts—scene of an Assembly convened by Dun-
stan, at which the joists of a floor gave way, burying his
opponents in the ruins, 978 A.D.
EDMUND IRONSIDE AND CANUTE.
Sherstone in Wilts—an indecisive battle in 1016 A.D.
Assendune, (Ashingdon in Essex,) 20 miles S.E. of Chelms-
ford—defeat of the Danes.
Olney or Alney, an island on the Severn near Gloucester,
where Canute and Edmund Ironside made a treaty in 1017
A.D.
GODWIN AND HAROLD,
Dover—scene of a riot in 1051 A.D., which caused a quarrel
betweed Earl Godwin and Edward the Confessor:
Wherwell, a convent in Hants, to which Queen Edith,
Godwin’s daughter, was banished.
Godwin died at Winchester in 1053 A.D. His son Harold,
last of the Saxon kings, defeated Hardrada of Norway at
Stamford Bridge on the Derwent in Yorkshire, (Sept. 25,
1066 A.D.)
THE NORMAN CONQUEST.
The Norman army sailed from St. Valeri-en-Caux—landed
at Bulverhithe in Pevensey Bay (Sept. 29, 1066 A.D.)—next
day formed a camp at Hastings—Harold received the news
at York—took post on Senlac Hill, eight miles from Hastings
—death and defeat of Harold in the great battle of Hast-
ings, (fought at Senlac,) October 14, 1066 A.D. Harold was
buried at Waltham Abbey on the lea in Essex. The con-
queror erected Battle Abbey on the site of his victory.
Additional Notes.—Celtic tribes, kindred to those of
Wales, held the basin of the Clyde, (Strathclyde.) Cumbria
—North Wales or Cambria—and West Wales or Cornwall, were
occupied by races of similar descent. Wales (Weallas =
Strangers) was a Saxon name: the Welsh still call themselves
ymr1.
In Scotland the chief historic sites were Abernethy,
BRITISH ISILANDS. 3
capital of the Picts—Luncarty near Perth, noted for a defeat
of the Danes—Iona, the abode of Columba and the Culdees
—and Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire, where Macbeth was
defeated and slain in 1058 A.D.
The chief event in Irish history during this period was the
defeat of the Danes at Clontarf near Dublin by Brian Boru in
1014 A.D. St. Patrick landed in 432 A.D. at Wicklow;
preached at Tara, where the great triennial assembly was
held; and was buried at Downpatrick. Armagh was then
the chief Irish monastery.
MAP III.—BRITISH ISLANDS, (FROM 1066 A.D.)
BART I.-(1066 A.D. To 1485 A.D.)
1. EARLY NORMAN KINGS, (1066 A.D. To 1154 A.D.)
BATTLES, &c.
Exeter, reduced by William the Conqueror in 1068 A.D.
Ely, a Swampy island among the Fens, where Hereward
; Saxon had his camp of refuge—stormed by William I. in
071 A.D.
Northallerton in N. of Yorkshire, where Thurstan of York
defeated David I. of Scotland in the Battle of the Standard,
ll38 A.D.
Lincoln—King Stephen defeated by Maud, and made
prisoner in 1139 A.D.
Oxford—Maud besieged by Stephen in 1142 A.D.
LANDING.
Arundel in Sussex, where Maud, the rival of Stephen,
landed in 1139 A.D.
TREATIES, &c.
Winchester, (then the capital of England,) where King
Stephen and Henry Plantagenet made a treaty in 1153 A.D.
The New Forest, in which Rufus met his death, (1100
A.D.) lay between Salisbury plain and the sea. At Cardiff
in S. Wales, Robert Curthose, eldest son of the Conqueror,
was imprisoned by his brother Henry, (1106-36 A.D.)
2. THE PLANTAGENETS PROPER, (1154. To 1399 A.D.)
BATTLES, &c,
nºn-Louis of France defeated in 1217 A.D., (Henry
..) - -
Lewes in Sussex—Henry III. defeated by the Barons,
1264 A.D. A treaty, called the Mise of Lewes, followed.
Evesham in Worcestershire on the Avon—Simon Montfort
defeated and slain in 1265 A.D., (Henry III.)
Berwick—unsuccessfully besieged by Edward II.in 1319 A.D.
Nevil’s Cross, a mile W. of Durham—David II. of Scot-
land made prisoner by Queen Philippa in 1346 A.D.
Otterbourne in Northumberland—-the English under Percy
defeated by Douglas in 1388 A.D.
GENERAT, SITES.
Clarendonin Wilts, near Salisbury, where eighteen articles,
called the Constitutions of Clarendon, were laid before Becket,
Il64 A.D., (Henry II.)
Canterbury—scene of Becket's murder, 1170 A.D. Great
resort of pilgrims—hence Canterbury Tales.
Alnwick in Northumberland, where William the Tion of
Scotland was made prisoner in 1174 A.D. Malcolm Can-
more had been slain there in 1093 A.D.
York—massacre of Jews in 1189 A.D., (Richard I.)
Sherwood Forest in Notts—haunt of Robin Hood.
Runnymead, by the Thames near Staines, where King
John signed Magna Charta in 1215 A.D.
Provisions of Oxford—enactments of reform framed by the
Barons in 1258 A.D., (Henry III.) * z
Burgh-on-Sands, in Cumberland, on the Solway Frith—
death of Edward I. -
Orwell in Suffolk—landing of Queen Isabella with a foreign
army in 1326 A.D. (Edward II.)
Berkeley Castle on the Avon in Gloucestershire—scene of
the murder of Edward II. in 1327 A.D.
Flint in N. Wales, where Richard II. was arrested by
Hereford.
Pontefract (pronounced Pomfret) in Yorkshire, where .
Iłichard II. was probably murdered.
The original Cinque Ports, instituted in 1078 A.D. by
William the Conqueror, were Hastings, Romney, Hythe,
Dover, and Sandwich. A Lord Warden exercised command
over these harbours, which, in return for certain privileges,
supplied the king with ships and sailors for his naval wars.
Seaford, Pevensey, Winchelsea, Rye, Folkestone, and Deal,
were among the minor towns attached to the Cinque Ports.
S C OTT. A. N. D.
Dunfermline in Fife—the capital of Scotland during the
Norman Period. Here Robert Bruce was buried in
1329 A.D. -
Largs in Ayrshire on the Frith of Clyde—defeat of the
Norsemen under Haco by Alexander III. (Tamer of the
Ravens) in 1263 A.D.
Stirling Bridge—Surrey and Cressingham defeated by
Wallace in 1297 A.D.
Falkirk—defeat of Wallace by Edward I. in 1298 A.D.
Dumfries on the Nith, where Robert Bruce stabbed Comyn
in 1306 A.D.
Scone on the Tay near Perth, where the Scottish kings
were crowned.
Bannockburn near Stirling—defeat of Edward II. by Robert
Bruce in 1314 A.D.
Dupplin in Perthshire—victory of Edward Baliol over the
Scots in 1332 A.D.
Halidon Hill near Berwick—defeat of the Scots by the
Bnglish in 1333 A.D.
IIR EL A. N. D.
Bannow or the Bann, a creek near Wexford, where Fitz-
Stephen the Norman landed in 1169 A.D. w
Wexford—taken by the Normans in 1169 A.D.
Waterford—taken by Strongbow in 1170 A.D.
Dublin—Strongbow besieged there in 1170 A.D.
Cashel on the Suir in Tipperary, where Henry II. held a
Synod to reform the Irish laws. -
Rathlin, an island off the N. coast of Ireland—refuge of
Robert Bruce in 1306 A.D.
Fagher near Dundalk—defeat and death of Edward Bruce
in 1318 A.D.
PERIOD OF LANCASTER AND YORK, (1399 A.D. To 1485 A.D.)
BATTLES.
Homildon Hill near Wooler in Northumberland–Scots
defeated by the Percys in 1402 A.D.
Shrewsbury on the Severn—Hotspur and the Scots defeated
by Henry IV. in 1403 A.D. Northumberland was slain at
Bramham Moor in Yorkshire in 1408 A.D. -
WAR OF THE ROSES.
St. Alban’s in Herts—Yorkists victorious in 1455 A.D.
Bloreheath in Staffordshire—Yorkists victorious in 1459
A.D.
Northampton on the Nen—Yorkists victorious in 1460 A.D.
Wakefield on the Calder in Yorkshire—Lancastrians vic-
torious. Richard, Duke of York, slain, 1460 A.D.
Mortimer's Cross on the Lugg in Herefordshire—Yorkist
victory in 1461 A.D.
St. Alban’s (second battle)—Lancastrian victory in 1461
A.D. -
Towton near Tadcaster in Yorkshire—Yorkist victory in
1461 A.D. -
Hedgley Moor in Northumberland—Yorkist victory in
1464 A.D.
Hexham on the Tyne in Northumberland—Yorkist victory
in 1464 A.D.
4 - HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Barnet in Herts, 11 miles N. of London—great Yorkist
| victory. Theath of the King-maker in 1471 A.D.
Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire—Yorkist victory: final
defeat of Margaret of Anjou, 1471 A.D.
Bosworth in Leicestershire—scene of the decisive battle,
and death of Richard III., 1485 A.D.
Warwick, after his quarrel with Edward IV., landed at
Plymouth, (1470 A.D.) Edward fled to the Continent, but
soon returned, landing (1471 A.D.) at Ravenspur in York-
shire, where Henry of Lancaster had previously landed
before the dethronement of Richard II. Henry of Rich-
mond landed at Milford Haven in 1485 A.D.
SCOTLAND.
At Harlaw in Aberdeenshire, Donald, Lord of the Isles, and
the Highlanders, were defeated by Marin 1411 A.D., (James I.)
At Perth (1437 A.D.) James I. was murdered by con-
spirators.
PART II.—(1485 A.D. To 1871 A.D.)
TUDOR PERIOD, (1485 A.D. To 1603 A.D.)
BATTLES.
ENGLAND.—Stoke or East Stoke on the Trent, near New-
ark—defeat of Lambert Simnel by Henry VII. in 1487 A.D.
Simnel had landed at Furness in Lancashire.
Deal, on the coast of Kent, where Perkin Warbeck made
his first attempt at invading England, 1495 A.D.
Exeter—vainly besieged by Perkin Warbeck in 1497 A.D.
At Taunton, Warbeck abandoned his army.
The Spanish Armada (1588 A.D.) is first seen off Plymouth,
July 19; engagement near Portland, July 23; fighting near
Isle of Wight, July 25; anchored off Calais, July 27; scat-
tered by fire-ships, July 29.
SCOTLAND.—Flodden, a spur of the Cheviot Hills, near
the river Till—signal defeat of the Scotch by an English
army under Surrey; James IV. of Scotland slain in 1513 A.D.
Solway Moss, in Dumfriesshire, between Gretna and the
Esk—defeat of the Scotch under Oliver Sinclair by the
Cumberland men in 1542 A.D., (James W.)
Ancrum Moor near the Teviot in Roxburghshire—defeat
of the English by a Scottish force in 1544 A.D.
Pinkie near Musselburgh, by the Frith of Forth—defeat
of the Scotch by Protector Somerset in 1547 A.D.
Langside, a village close to Glasgow, on the south side—
defeat of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1568 A.D.
GENERAT, SITES.
ENGLAND.—Bristol, now the chief western seaport—Cabot
sailed hence on his great voyage in 1497 A.D.
Leicester Abbey—death of Cardinal Wolsey in 1530 A.D.
He was born at Ipswich in 1471 A.D.
Oxford—martyrdom of Ridley and Tatimer in 1555 A.D.,
and of Cranmer in 1556 A.D.
Fotheringay Castle on the Nen in Northamptonshire—
scene of the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in
1587 A.D. She had been previously imprisoned at Tutbury
on the Dove in Staffordshire.
Tilbury Fort on the Thames, opposite Gravesend, where
Tlizabeth reviewed an army, assembled to defend London in
1588 A.D.
SCOTLAND.—Falkland in Fife—James V. escaped from
the castle in 1528 A.D., and died there in 1542 A.D. It is
notable in earlier Scottish history for the death of David,
Earl of Rothesay, supposed to have been starved to death
by Albany.
St. Andrews on the coast of Fife—noted for the martyrdom
of Hamilton in 1528 A.D., and of Wishart in 1546 A.D.
Cardinal Beatoun was murdered there in the latter year.
Edinburgh—at Holyrood Rizzio was murdered in 1566 A.D.;
at Kirk of Field Darnley was slain, and the house was
blown up in 1567 A.D.
Carberry Hill near Musselburgh—surrender of Mary,
Queen of Scots, in 1567 A.D. She was imprisoned on an
island in Lochleven, Kinross, from which she escaped,
(1568 A.D.) Then occurred the battle of Langside near
Glasgow. At Dundrennan Abbey by the Solway, she rested
before crossing into England.
Linlithgow—Regent Murray shot by Hamilton of Both-
wellhaugh in 1570 A.D.
Perth—scene of the mysterious Gowrie Plot in 1600 A.D.
In IRELAND the O'Neills of Ulster and the Desmonds of
Munster were the chief foes of English rule in the reign of
Elizabeth. Desmond made his last stand at Youghal, where
Sir Walter Raleigh afterwards resided for a time. At Kin-
º Spanish army made a futile attempt at invasion in
A.D. -
STUART PERIOD, (1603 A.D. To 1714 A.D.)
THE CIVIL WAR.
1642 A.D.—Hull—Sir John Hotham refused to admit
Charles I., April 23.
Nottingham—The royal standard raised, August 25.
Edgehill in the S. of Warwickshire—scene of the first
battle; indecisive, October 23.
1643 A.D.—Chalgrove in Oxfordshire, where Hampden fell
in a skirmish with Rupert, June 18. - ~
Atherton in N. Yorkshire—defeat of the Parliament, June
30.
Devizes in Wilts, near Rounding Hill—defeat of Waller by
the Royalists.
Gloucester besieged by Charles I. ; relieved by Essex,
September 5.
Newbury (first battle) on the Kennet in Berkshire—re-
pulse of the Royalists, September 20.
1644 A.D.—Marston Moor, 5 miles W. of York—the great
battle of the war, in which the royal army was defeated by
the troops of the Parliament and the Scots. Cromwell and
his Ironsides contributed chiefly to the victory. York and
Newcastle were soon lost to Charles, July 2.
Cropredy Bridge, in the N. of Oxfordshire–skirmish be-
tween Waller and royal troops.
Newbury, (second battle)—Charles breaks through the
army of Manchester, and reaches Oxford, October 27
1645 A.D.—Uxbridge in Middlesex, on the Colne—useless
conference, January.
Naseby in N.W. of Northamptonshire—final defeat of the
royal army by Fairfax and Cromwell, June 14.
Last Events—storming of Bridgewater; surrender of Hop-
ton in Cornwall; Oxford taken by Fairfax in June 1646 A.D.
In Scotland, the Marquis of Montrose, having deserted the
Covenanters, raised a force of Irish and Highland soldiers,
with which he won successes at Tibbermuir near Perth,
(1644 A.D.,) Alford in Aberdeenshire, (1645 A.D.,) and Kilsyth
in Stirlingshire; but he suffered a complete defeat at Philip-
haugh near Selkirk, where David Leslie surprised him, Sep-
tember, 1645 A.D. -
Preston in Lancashire—Scotch under Hamilton defeated
by Cromwell in 1648 A.D.
Worcester—defeat of Charles II. and his Scottish army by
Cromwell in 1651 A.D.
The Goodwins, off the coast of Kent—Blake defeats Van
Tromp by sea in 1652 A.D.
Lowestoft in Suffolk—the Dutch under Opdam defeated by
the Duke of York in 1665 A.D.
Sheerness in Kent, on the Thames estuary—bombarded
by the Dutch under De Ruyter in 1667 A.D.
Sedgemoor near Bridgewater—scene of the last battle
fought in England. Defeat of Monmouth by the royal army
in 1685 A.D.
Beachy Head in Sussex—English and Dutch defeated by
Tourville in 1690 A.D.
SCOTT. AN ID.
Dunbar in Haddington—defeat of the Scotch by Cromwell
in 1650 A.D.
Drumclog in Lanarkshire—repulse of Claverhouse by the
Covenanters in 1679 A.D.
Bothwell Bridge on the Clyde in Lanarkshire—defeat of
the Covenanters by Monmouth in 1679 A.D.
Killicrankie on the Garry in Perthshire—death of Dundee
(Claverhouse) in battle with General Mackay in 1689 A.D.
IR. E. L.A. N. D.
Drogheda on the Boyne—garrison massacred by Cromwell,
September 10, 1649 A.D.
Wexford—stormed by Cromwell, October 11, 1649 A.D. |
BRITISH ISLANDS. r 5
Derry on the Foyle in N. of Ireland—besieged by the Irish
army; relieved by three ships breaking the boom, July 28,
1689 A.D.
Boyne, a river in the N. of Leinster—noted for the defeat
of James II. by William III. July 1, 1690 A.D.
Aughrim in Galway— St. Ruth (for James II.) defeated
by Ginckel (for William III.) 1691 A.D.
Limerick on the Shannon—surrender to Ginckel in
1691 A.D.
- GENERAL SITES.
Hampton Court on the Thames above London—scene of
the theological conference, (James I.,) where the translation
of the Bible now in use was agreed to, 1604 A.D.
Winchester—execution of Raleigh in 1618 A.D.
Portsmouth—assassination of Buckingham in 1628 A.D.
wººd-headquarter of Charles I. during the Civil
alſ.
Dunse Law in Berwickshire, where the Scotch Covenanters
mustered in arms under Alexander Leslie in 1639 A.D.
Newark on the Trent in Notts, where Charles I. placed
himself in the hands of the Scottish army in 1646 A.D.
Holmby House in Northamptonshire, where Charles I.
was seized by Cornet Joyce in 1647 A.D.
Carisbrook Castle in the Isle of Wight, where Charles I.
was imprisoned after his escape from Hampton Court in
1647 A.D.
Dover, where Charles II. made a secret treaty with Louis
XIV. in 1670 A.D.
Magus Muir near St. Andrews in Fife, where Archbishop
Sharp was murdered in 1679 A.D.
Rye House—a farm house on the Newmarket Road, N. of
London, where it was arranged to shoot Charles II., 1683
A.D.
Campbeltown in Cantyre—landing of Argyle, May 2, 1685
A.D.
Lyme in Dorsetshire—landing of Monmouth, June 11,
1685 A.D. *
Torbay in Devonshire—landing of William III., November
5, 1688 A.D.
Kinsale in Cork—landing of James II., March 12, 1682 A.D.
Glencoe, in N. of Argyleshire—massacre of the Mac-
donalds in 1692 A.D., (William III.)
BRUNSWICK PERIOD–(1714 A.D. To 1871 A.D.)
“THE FIFTEEN.”
Jacobite standard raised at Braemar, September 5; defeat
of Mar by Argyle at Sheriffmuir in Perthshire, November 13,
1715 A.D.; surrender of English Jacobites at Preston in Lan-
cashire, (same day;) landing of the Pretender (James) at
Peterhead, December 22; his escape from Montrose, Feb-
ruary 4, 1716 A.D. (temp. George I.)
“THE FORTY-FIVE.”
Tanding of Charles Edward at Moidart in Inverness-shire,
July 25, 1745 A.D.
Standard set up at Glenfinnan, August 19.
He reaches Edinburgh, September 17.
Defeats Cope at Prestonpans, on S. shore of Frith of Forth,
September 21.
Invading England, reaches Derby, December 6.
Defeats Royal army at Falkirk, January 17, 1746 A.D.
Defeated at Culloden, near Inverness, April 16, 1746 A.D.
Lands near Morlaix in Bretagne, September 29, 1746 A.D.
IR. E. T. A. N. D.
Winegar Hill opposite Enniscorthy in Wexford—defeat of
Irish rebels by Lake in 1798 A.D.
Rillala in Mayo—landing of the French under Humbert
in 1798 A.D. *
Valentia, an island off Kerry, from which the Atlantic
Cables have been laid to Newfoundland in 1858 A.D. and
1866 A.D.
MAP IV.-FRANCE AND BELGIUM-Illustrating British History.
EARLY Norwas KINGS-(1066 A.D. To 1154 A.D.)
St. Waleri-en-Caux, from which the expedition of William
of Normandy sailed in 1066 A.D.
Gerberoi, a castle in Normandy, where Robert Curthose
defied his father, William the Conqueror, in 1077 A.D.
Mantes, on the Seine, below Paris, where the Conqueror
received a mortal injury in 1087 A.D. He died near Rouen,
and was buried at Caen.
Bayeux in Normandy, N.W. of Caen, where they still
shew a celebrated piece of tapestry, said to have been
wrought by Matilda, Queen of William the Conqueror. It
depicts the scenes of the Norman Conquest. -
Tenchebrai in Normandy, where Henry Beauclerc defeated
his brother Robert, and won the coronet of Normandy in
1106 A.D.
Brenville near Noyon in Picardy, where Henry I. in a
skirmish defeated the forces of William of Normandy
(Robert's son) and the French king in 1119 A.D.
Barfleur, a Norman seaport on the promontory of Coten-
tin, where Prince William, son of Henry I., embarked in
the White Ship. This vessel was wrecked on rocks now
called Ras de Catteville, (1120 A.D.)
St. Denis on the Seine, where Henry I. died in 1135 A.D.
THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD–(1154 A.D. To 1485 A.D.)
When Henry II. became king of England, he already
owned Normandy, inherited from his mother; Anjou, Tou-
raine, and Maine; Poitou and Aquitaine obtained by marriage.
Chinon on the Vienne, S.W. of Tours, where Henry II.
died in 1189 A.D.
Wezelai, in Nievre, S.E. of Paris, where the Third Cru-
sade mustered in 1190 A.D.
Chaluz, a castle in Limousin, where Richard Coeur de
Lion was fatally wounded in 1199 A.D.
Talaise in Normandy—prison of Prince Arthur in 1203
A.D. This boy was murdered at Rouen, probably by King
John’s own hands.
In 1204 A.D. King John lost all the French provinces,
except Aquitaine or Guienne.
Damme, once the seaport of Bruges—scene of a naval
victory gained by Longsword over the French in 1213 A.D.
Bouvines, between Lille and Tournay, where a league
against France, in which King John took part, was totally
destroyed in 1214 A.D.
St. Malo in Bretagne—landing of Henry III. in 1229 A.D.
Taillebourg and Saintes on the Charente, where Henry
III. was defeated in 1242 A.D. -
Flanders was the chief market for English wool. The
emigration of Flemish weavers to England at various times
greatly improved that branch of our manufactures. Ships
traded to Guienne for wine. -
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR.
Cadsant, an islet between Sluys and Flushing, where
Manny defeated the French in 1337 A.D. This was the
first action of the war, which strictly lasted 116 years.
Sluys, on the estuary of the Scheldt—scene of a great
naval victory, won over the French by the ships of Edward
III. in 1340 A.D. .
Tournai besieged in 1340 A.D. by the English army.
La Hogue— a cape in Normandy, near which Edward III.
landed in 1346 A.D. Passing through Caen and Evreux,
he crossed the Seine, forded the Somme below Abbeville,
and won a great victory at Cregy, (August 26, 1346 A.D.)
Calais, after a year's siege, yielded in 1347 A.D.
The Black Prince ruled in Guienne. At Poictiers on the
Clain, a tributary of the Vienne, he defeated and made
prisoner King John of France in 1356 A.D. The Treaty of
Bretigny (near Chartres) caused a cessation of war for some
time, (May, 1360 A.D.)
$ºss- " - a rº *** *r-
Harfleur, at the mouth of the Seine—besieged by Henry
W. in 1415 A.D. Marching along the coast of Normandy, he
crossed the Somme above Abbeville, and defeated the French
at Agincourt, near Hesdin, (October 25, 1415 A.D.)
Rouen fell in 1419 A.D., after a six months' siege. At
Troyes in Aube, on the Seine, a treaty was made in 1420
A.D., yielding to Henry V. the Regency, and in reversion
the Crown of France.
Under the Regency of Bedford were fought the battles of
Crevant on the Yonne near Auxerre, (1423 A.D.,) and Werneuil
on the Avre in Eure, (1424 A.D.,) both English victories.
Orleans on the Loire—besieged by the English in 1428
A.D. At Rouvrai, a little to the N., was fought the battle
of Herrings. Joan of Arc, born at Domremy on the Meuse,
went to Waucoleurs, from which the governor sent her to
King Charles at Chinon. From Blois (on the Loire) she
moved to relieve Orleans, and succeeded, (May 7, 1429 A.D.)
Charles was crowned at Rheims. But at Compiègne Joan
was taken prisoner, (1430 A.D.;) and after a year's imprison-
ment, she was burned at Rouen in 1431 A.D.
A Congress at Arras in 1435 A.D. failed to conclude the
war. In 1445 A.D., when Henry VI. married Margaret of
Anjou, the provinces of Maine and Anjou, keys of Normandy,
were, to the disgust of England, given up to René of Anjou.
The English disasters then began. Rouen fell in 1449 A.D.
At Fourmigny near Bayeux, an English force was defeated
in 1450 A.D.
In the same year Cherbourg yielded; and after the death
of John Talbot at Châtillon (in Gironde, on the Dordogne)
in 1453 A.D., Bordeaux capitulated. Calais alone then
remained to England. This closed the Hundred Years' War.
Edward IV. of England engaged in a pretence of war with
France, which was closed by the Treaty of Pecquigny on
the Somme, near Amiens, (1475 A.D.)
TUDOR PERIOD–(1485 A.D. To 1603 A.D.)
Estaples, S. of Boulogne—scene of a treaty between Henry
VII. of England and Charles VIII. of France in 1492 A.D.
Ardres and Guisnes, two towns near Calais, between which
occurred the splendid conference called “The Field of the
Cloth of Gold.” At Gravelines on the coast, Henry VIII.
and Charles V. met immediately afterwards.
Crespy or Crépy, 13 miles S. of Compiègne—scene of a
treaty between Charles V. and Francis I. in 1544 A.D. -
Terouenne in Picardy—besieged by Henry VIII. Close
by at Guinegaste or Guingette, the battle of Spurs took
place in 1513 A.D.
St. Quentin, in N. of France, near the Oise—defeat of
the French by Philip II. in 1557 A.D.
Calais taken by the Duke of Guise from the English in
1558 A.D.
Havre, at the mouth of the Seine—given up by the Hugue-
nots to Elizabeth of England in 1562 A.D. Lost again in
less than a year.
STUART PERIOD–(1603 A.D. To 1714 A.D.)
La Rochelle, on W. coast of France, chief stronghold of
the Huguenots; after failing to relieve it, when besieged by
Richelieu, Buckingham made a futile attempt to seize the
neighbouring island of Rhé, (1627 A.D.)
Fecamp, a port between the Seine and the Somme, where
Charles II. landed after his defeat at Worcester in 1651 A.D.
6 THISTORICAT, GEOGRAPHY.
Texel, on the coast of Holland—defeat and death of Van
Tromp in 1653 A.D.
Dunkirk, opposite Dover—ceded to Cromwell by France
in 1658 A.D.; restored for money by Charles II.
WARS OF LOUIS XIV. AND WILLIAM OF ORANGE.
Nimeguen in Holland—noted for a treaty between Louis
XIV. and William of Orange in 1678 A.D.
La Hogue, a cape in Normandy, off which the French
fleet was signally defeated by Russel and Rooke in 1692
A.D.
Steinkirk in Belgium, between Brussels and Mons—defeat
of William III. by the French in 1692 A.D.
Landen between Malines and Liege—close by at Neer-
winden William III. was again defeated by Luxembourg in
1693 A.D. -
Namur—a fortress where the Sambre joins the Meuse,
noted for its successful siege by William III. in 1695 A.D.
Ryswick, two miles from the Hague in Holland, where a
treaty was made in 1697 A.D. between William III. and
Louis XIV.
MARIBOROUGH AND LOUIS XIV.
Ramilies in Belgium, between Brussels and Liege, where
Marlborough defeated the French under Villeroi in 1706 A.D.
Oudenarde in Belgium, on the Scheldt—defeat of the
French by Marlborough in 1708 A.D. The capture of Lisle
followed immediately.
Malplaquet in Hainault—defeat of the French by Marl-
borough and Eugene in 1709 A.D.
Utrecht in Holland, on the Old Rhine, where the Treaty
closing the War of the Spanish Succession was made in
1713 A.D. e
BRUNSWICK PERIOD–(1714 A.D. To 1871 A.D.)
Fontenoy, a Belgian village in Hainault, where Marshal
Saxe defeated the British and Dutch in 1745 A.D.
Morlaix in Bretagne, where Charles Edward (the Pre-
tender) landed in France after his concealment in the Heb-
rides, (1746 A.D.)
Quiberon Bay in Bretagne, where Hawke defeated the
Brest fleet in 1759 A.D.
Camperdown on the Dutch coast, off which Duncan de-
feated the Dutch fleet in 1797 A.D.
Amiens in N. of France—noted for the Treaty of 1802 A.D.
Witoria near the Zadorra in the N. of Spain, where Wel-
lington defeated the French in 1813 A.D. The fortresses of
St. Sebastian and Pampeluna fell at once. The British
crossed the Bidassoa into France, and defeated the French
on French soil at Orthez and Toulouse in 1814 A.D.
At Ghent in Belgium a Treaty was made in 1814 A.D.,
closing the Second American War.
Walchern, a swampy island between the mouths of the
Rhine and the Scheldt—noted for the disastrous expedition
sent from Britain in 1809 A.D.
Napoleon crossed the Sambre, (June 15, 1815 A.D.) On
the 16th there were two battles. Wellington encountered
Ney at Quatre Bras, while Napoleon repulsed Blucher at
Ligny. On the 18th, Wellington, with Prussian aid,
signally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, S. of Brussels.
Napoleon fled to Paris, and thence to Rochefort, but soon
surrendered to the English.
WESTERN EMPIRE,
This Empire sprang from the city of Rome, founded by
IRomulus on seven hills beside the Tiber, 753 B.C. After a
period of monarchy under seven kings, whose history is
largely mixed with fable, Rome assumed the form of a
IRepublic, governed by Consuls, 509 B.C. Measuring her
strength at first with her neighbours, such as the Latins
and the Samnites, and absorbing their territory, she then
stretched her sword across the Mediterranean, met the great
*
MAP V.--THE ROMAN EMIPIRE-EASTERN AND WESTERN.
Phoenician colony of Carthage by sea and land, and in the
three Punic Wars (241 B.C. to 146 B.C.) humbled her rival
to the dust, and established her dominion in Sicily and
Africa, (which she called Libya.) Meanwhile, she had been
fighting successfully in Spain and Illyria, both of which were
ultimately reduced to the condition of Roman provinces.
The conquest of Jugurtha added Numidia and Mauretania
to her African possessions in 105 B.C.; and in 102 B.C.,
Marius wrested Northern Italy from the Gauls. When with
these achievements we combine the successes of Julius
THE ROMAN EMPIRE, - 7
Caesar in Gaul, commencing in 58 B.C., and the campaigns
of Claudius, (43 A.D.,) and of Agricola, (84 A.D.,) which
added Britain to the Empire, we have named the leading
countries which united to form the Western Empire.
EASTERN EMPIRE.
The defeat of the Macedonians at Pydna in 168 B.C., may
be regarded as the first establishment of Roman power east
of the Adriatic. Somewhat earlier, the soldiers of Rome
had taken the portion of Asia Minor north of Taurus from
Antiochus the Great, monarch of Syria. In 146 B.C.,
Corinth fell before the Consul Mummius. How Pontus was
wrested from Mithridates—how Syria became a Roman pro-
vince under Pompey—how Antony lingered with Cleopatra
until Octavius (Augustus) won the naval battle of Actium,
and added Egypt to the Empire—how Jerusalem underwent
her tragic siege, (70 A.D.,) and distant Parthia saw the
triumph of the Roman Eagles—can but be named, as the
Eastern Empire stretched its limits to the Nile, to the
Tigris, and to the northern shores of the Euxine.
FOURTH CENTURY, A.D.
At the opening of the fourth century after Christ, the
Roman Empire embraced every shore of the Mediterranean
Sea, extending deep into three continents. In Europe the
great physical barriers formed by the Danube and the
Rhine marked out its northern boundary, beyond which lay
dark forests and sandy plains, inhabited by those fierce
northern hordes that were ultimately to sweep southward in
a destroying flood. To the East, the Tigris and the Syrian
Desert formed a frontier; to the West, all Europe owned
Roman sway, from the Solway Frith to the Strait of Gades,
(Gibraltar;) while to the South, Atlas and the Sahara
marked the limits of dominion.
The establishment of an eastern capital on the Bosphorus
by Constantine the Great in 330 A.D., was the first step
towards the division of the Empire. This city, founded on
the site of Byzantium, was called at first New Rome, but
soon received the permanent name of Constantinople. The
division of the Empire was finally made in 364 A.D., by
Valens and Valentinian.
In 376 A.D. a tribe of Goths were permitted by Valens,
when they were fiercely pressed upon by the Huns, to settle
in Thrace, south of the Danube. This was the first crevice
in the great wall of defence—the fatal mistake, which was
never retrieved. Valens, two years later, died in battle at
Adrianople, slain by the victorious Goths.
THE FAILL OF ROME.
Exactly a century after the mistake of Valens, Rome fell.
The Empire underwent many sufferings during this century.
Alaric and his Goths rioted among her temples in 410 A.D.
Genseric and his Vandals trampled the wheatfields of Africa,
and Attila, the Hun desolated the vineyards of Gaul. The
last pang was in 455 A.D., when, for fourteen days of wanton
pillage and destruction, the Vandals and the Moors raged
through the “Eternal City.” And after a few years of chaos,
Augustulus, the last Emperor of Rome, yielded his power to
Odoacer, a Goth of the tribe Heruli, (476 A.D.) The Eastern
or Byzantine Empire survived for nearly a thousand years.
MAP VI.-EUROPE IN THE SIXTH CENTURY:
The fall of the Western Empire took place in 476 A.D.
Odoacer died at Ravenna in 493 A.D., and Italy then fell
under the dominion of the Ostrogoths, whose leading monarch
was Theodoric. Their power was rudely shaken by Beli-
sarius, a celebrated general of Justinian, the Emperor of the
East ; and was finally overthrown, in 553 A.D., by Narses,
who became Exarch of Ravenna.
In the latter part of the sixth century, the Lombards
descended upon Italy. Originally coming from the penin-
sula of Jutland, the Longobardi, probably so called from
the length of their spears, settled on the Elbe, and after-
wards pushed southward to the line of the Danube. Pressed
on the Avars from Mount Ural, they fell upon the Gepidae,
a Gothic tribe, and having defeated them, passed over the
Alps, and desolated the plain of the Po, which has since
borne the name of Lombardy, (568 A.D.) For about two
centuries after this, the possession of Italy was divided
between the Lombard kings and the Exarchs of Ravenna.
The Goths, who took a leading part in the destruction of
the Western Empire, and from whom have descended some
of the leading races of Modern Europe, had their original
home in the south of the Scandinavian peninsula, where
several geographical names still recall the remembrance of
them. They moved southward in three great divisions—
the Ostrogoths, or East Goths, who, as already mentioned,
invaded Italy; the Visigoths, or West Goths, who conquered
Southern France and Spain, which they held without inter-
ruption until defeated by the Saracens in 711 A.D.; and
the Gepidae, or Laggards, who occupied the plain between
the Carpathians and the Danube, until they were subdued
by the resistless Tombards. -
The Wandals, who were driven from Spain by the Visigoths,
left a trace of their presence in the name Andalusia, (i. e., Van-
dalusia.) They then conquered the northern shore of Africa,
where their power extended from Gibraltar (then Calpe) to
the deserts of Libya. They were defeated by Belisarius.
The original Celtic population of France were reduced to
serfdom after the victory won by the Franks under Clovis
at Suessiones (Soissons) in 486 A.D. Some of the Celts
maintained their independence among the mountains of
Britannia Minor, (Bretagne.) Though the country received
its name France from the Franks, (frak=free,) the under-
lying stratum of the population remained Celtic; and some
of the more striking points in the French national character
—such as love of military glory, love of dress and amuse-
ment—strongly attest this. The Burgundians, who came
originally from the tablelands of Southern Germany, occu-
pied the basin of the Rhone. They were defeated by Clovis.
The flat shores between the mouths of the Oder and the
Rhine were at this period held by the Saxons, who had
already begun to make settlements on the shores of Britain,
where, with the Angles and the Jutes, they ultimately
established the Heptarchy. They were kindred to the
Norsemen, whose piratical incursions were soon to be the
terror of all the shores of the North Sea.
In the extreme north, the Finns, a tribe of Mongolian
origin, occupied the frozen plains between the Baltic and
the Ural Mountains. South of these, over a district em-
bracing Poland and part of the centre of modern Russia,
ranged the savage races, known to the Romans as Sarma-
tians, but appearing in later history as Sclaves or Sclavonians.
In Poland (basins of the Vistula and the Niemen) the Wends
and the Lechs settled down at an early date to agriculture.
The plains and tablelands of Hungary formed a central
station, attracting successive conquerors. While the Goths
dwelt there, the Huns were waiting behind the Dnieper for a
favourable opportunity of attack. The land fell successively
into the possession of the Lombards and the Avars, and was
conquered finally by the Magyars, an Asiatic tribe, (855 A.D.)
When the barbarian flood swept away the barriers and
landmarks of the Roman Empire, all was for a century or
more in confusion; but then were laid the foundations of
the map of modern Europe. The Eastern Empire remained
meanwhile as a centre of civilization, a depository of all
that was worth saving from the wrecks of Ancient History.
The following list shews the various tribes from which the
chief nations of modern Europe have originated:—
Modern Country. Ancient Tribes.
Spain, Visigoths and Celts.
Italy, Romans, Goths, Lombards.
France, ... § tº ºn Franks and Celts.
England, &c., ... tº º ſº Saxons and Celts.
Norway and Sweden, ... Norsemen.
Holland, • * * dº tº & Frisii, Saxons, Chatti.
Germany, Thuringians, Saxons.
Denmark, tº gº º e e tº Norsemen.
Bussia, Poland, Prussia, Sclavonians.
3 EIISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY,
MAP VII.—EUROPE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE NINTEI CENTURY,
Showing the Empire of Charlemagne. *
15 ARLIER EVENTS.
Soon after Mohammedanism arose in Arabia, the doctrines
of the Koran spread, chiefly by the sword, through Egypt,
; Northern Africa, and north-eastward to the Persian
ulf.
Crossing to Spain in 711 A.D., the Saracens overthrew the
Visigoths in the battle of Xeres. In 732 A.D. they were
in turn defeated at Tours on the Loire by Charles Martel,
Mayor of the Franks, a decisive blow which saved France
from falling under Mohammedan rule. In 755 A.D. the only
survivor of the Ommiyad line, fleeing from the massacre
of Damascus, established the Emirate of Cordova in Spain.
The wreck of the Visigothic nation meanwhile had formed
the Kingdom of Asturias, or Leon and Oviedo, in the north
of the Peninsula.
The Abbaside Caliphs, named after Abbas, the uncle of
Mohammed, ruled in Egypt and the East, holding the centre
of their power at Bagdad on the Tigris. The greatest of
these Caliphs was Haroun al Raschid, contemporary with
Charlemagne.
The four great divisions of the Mohammedan dominions
were (1) Emirate of Cordova in Spain; (2) Kingdom of
Mequinez, (Morocco and Algeria;) (3) Kingdom of Kairwan,
(Tunis and Tripoli;) and (4) the Abbaside Caliphate.
FIR. A. N. C. E.
The Frankish Kingdom, founded by Clovis, was thus
divided under the Merovingian kings:–
1. Neustria, lying north of the Loire.
2. Aquitaine, between the Loire and the Pyrenees.
3. Austrasia, lying on and eastward of the Rhine.
4. Burgundia, forming the basin of the Rhone.
In 752 A.D. the effete Merovingian line yielded to the
Carlovingian kings, of whom the first was Pepin the Short,
previously a Mayor of the Palace. Pepin, invading Italy
with his Franks, conquered the territory extending from
Ravenna to Ancona, and presented his conquest to the Pope.
REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE,
Pepin, dying in 768 A.D., divided his dominions, leaving
Aquitaine to one son, Carloman, and to another, afterwards
called Charlemagne, (or Charles the Great,) the central dis-
tricts of Austrasia and Thuringia. The death of Carloman,
in 771 A.D., left Charlemagne master of Aquitaine, Neustria,
and Burgundy. . -
Charlemagne undertook four principal wars:–
1. Against the Saxons, who dwelt between the Weser and
the Elbe. He stormed Eresburg, (772 A.D.,) which formed
a centre of struggle. The Saxon King Wittikind made a
gallant defence, but was defeated at Detmold in 783 A.D.
2. Against the Lombards of Italy. Pavia, their last.
stronghold, fell in 774 A.D. Charlemagne assumed the Iron
Crown. t
3. Against the Saracens in Spain. Taking Zaragoza, he
added to his Empire the Spanish March, between the Pyre-
nees and the Ebro. The rearguard of the Frankish army
#. destroyed by the Wascones (Basques) at Roncesvalles in
8 A.D.
4. Against the Avars of Hungary, who were allies of the
Duke of Bavaria. In 796 A.D., Pepin, son of Charlemagne,
reduced Buda on the Danube, an Avar fortressfull of treasure.
In 800 A.D., at Rome, Pope Leo III. crowned Charlemagne
as Emperor of the West. Leo had previously been the
guest of the Frankish monarch at Paderborn.
In 781 A.D., long before his death, which occurred in 814
A.D., Charlemagne divided his Empire among his three sons,
#. :—Charles received Germany; Louis, Aquitaine; Pepin,
taly.
Louis alone survived to wear the imperial crown; but he
was too gentle to control so vast a realm. His three sons
engaged in war for the crown; and Lothaire, the eldest, was
defeated by Charles and Louis at Fontenaille, (841 A.D.)
The treaty of Verdun (843 A.D.) assigned France to Charles,
Germany to Louis, and Italy to Lothaire. Henceforward
France and Germany had a separate existence in history.
OTHER STATES.
Beyond the bounds of the Western Empire, we may note
that in Britain the Heptarchy has ceased to exist; and that
the kingdom of England has grown out of Wessex, the last
survivor of the Seven. Egbert, the first monarch of this
new realm, found at one time a refuge with Charlemagne.
The Eastern or Byzantine Empire has been diminished on
its eastern frontier by Mohammedan encroachments. Dur-
ing the eighth and the ninth centuries, a dispute about
image-worship raged between Rome and Constantinople.
Two Councils—one at Nicæa in Asia Minor, (787 A.D.,) and
a second at Constantinople (842 A.D.)—served only to widen
the breach, and to incite the Eastern to establish an ecclesi-
astical system of their own. Hence originated the Greek
Church. - -
Beyond the Carpathians and the Vistula at this period
roved various wild hordes, chiefly of Sclavonic race. The
centres of civilization were Aix-la-Chapelle, (Charlemagne's
capital,) Rome, (seat of the Papacy,) Constantinople, (capital
of the Byzantine Empire,) and Bagdad, (seat of the Abbaside
Caliphs.)
MAP VIII.—EUROPE—LATTER PART OF TENTEI CENTURY.
IROMANO-GERMANIC EMPIRE.
The Carlovingian line ceased to rule in Germany in 911
A.D., when Conrad, Duke of Franconia, was elected Em-
peror. Of the German tribes, five had now become pro-
minent—Saxons, Thuringians, Franconians, Suabians, and
Bavarians; and the Dukes of these tribes, many of whom
came to be styled Electors, exercised the right of electing to
the imperial throne. -
During the reign of Henry I., first of the Saxon Emperors,
Lotharingia, (now Lorraine,) west of the Rhine, was added
by conquest to the Empire; and in 934 A.D. Henry defeated
the Hungarians at Merseburg.
Otho the Great (936 A.D.—973 A.D.) subdued Lombardy in
951 A.D.—defeated the Hungarians on the Lechfeld near
Augsburg in 955 A.D.—and was crowned as Emperor of the
West at Rome in 962 A.D. He had previously assumed the
iron crown of the Lombards at Milan. After his victory
over the Hungarians he formed a military province on the
Danube, which was called the Oster or East March, (hence
Aust-ria.)
º FRANCE.
The feeble Carlovingians ruled in France until 987 A.D.,
when Hugo Capet, Count of Francia, seized the crown. The
royal power had for some time previously been confined
almost entirely to the towns of Laon and Soissons.
Two serious inroads upon the Frank dominions had been
made under the weak rule of Charlemagne's successors. (1)
A noble named Boso by intrigue secured the formation of an
independent kingdom, called Arles or Lower Burgundy,
(879 A.D.,) which at a later date (934 A.D.) extended to the
mouths of the Rhone, and over nearly all Switzerland. This
Ringdom of Burgundy was absorbed in 1032 A.D. by Ger-
EUROPE. - - 9
many. (2) In 911 A.D., Rollo the Norseman sailed up the
Seine, and wrested Normandy from Charles the Simple,
BYZANTINE EMPIRE,
The Byzantine Empire was ruled by a Macedonian Dynasty
from 867 A.D. to 1056 A.D. The Bulgarians, a fierce Scla-
vonic tribe that had now secured a footing South of the
Danube, frequently invaded Thrace with success, and at one
time established a kingdom in the Byzantine territory. The
Saracens of Asia were also encroaching upon the Empire.
Cyprus and Candia fell into their power; and they ravaged
Sicily and Southern Italy. ... The chief emperors, of this
period were Leo VI. (the Philosopher) and John Zimisces;
the latter defeated the Russians at Hadrianople.
THE NORSEMEN,
From the harbours of Scandinavia and Denmark, the
Wikings, or Norse pirates, continued to issue in their ships
during the tenth and eleventh centuries. They founded
Normandy, as we have already seen. They established a
dynasty in England, (1017A.D.—1041 A.D.) And in South-
ern Italy and Sicily they defeated both the Saracens and
the Byzantine armies.
To them was due the foundation of Russia, established by
Ruric the Jute, who, in 862 A.D., seized the town of Nov-
gorod on Lake Ilmen. Kiev, on the Dnieper, was soon
added to his territory; and the two formed a nucleus, from
which grew the Russian Empire.
MOHAMMEDAN IDOMINIONS.
The Caliphs, having grown feeble, held but nominal sway,
all real power being vested in the hands of an officer, under
the name Emir-al-Omra, elected by the Turkish guard. This
office was held at Bagdad by the Buides, who, in 1056 A.D.,
yielded to the Seljuk Turks. , * * * *
In Northern Africa the Fatimites, who derived their name
from Fatima, Mohammed's daughter, obtained ascendency
in 912 A.D., and extended their dominion, from its centre at
Kahira, (Cairo,) not only over Palestine and Syria, but west-
ward over the kingdom of Kairwan to the Strait of Gibraltar.
In Spain, under the Ommiyads, the Emirate of Cordova.
flourished; Abd-el-Rhaman III., (912 A.D.—961 A.D.,) who
took the title of Caliph, defeated the forces of Leon at
Zamora ön the Douro, but suffered a repulse at Simancas in
938 A.D. In the north of Spain were now formed the Chris-
tian kingdoms, which ultimately pressed the Mohammedans
southward, and expelled them. In the tenth century these
kingdoms were three—Leon, Castile, and Navarre.
OTHER STATES.
The Duchy of Polonia or Poland, consisting mainly of the
basin of the Vistula, was held by a powerful, Sclavonian
tribe: capital Cracow. It was raised to be a kingdom in
1025 A.D.
Hungary, extending from the river Save to the Car-
pathians, was the ancient Pannonia. Its conquest by the
Magyars, an Asiatic tribe, took place in 855 A.D.
MAP Ix—EUROPE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY.
ROMANO-GERMANIC EMPIRE.
Under the first of the Franconian Emperors, (1024 A.D.—
1125 A.D.,) Burgundy was added to the Empire. The
struggle between Henry IV. and Pope Gregory VII. resulted
in the penance of the former at Canossa in Italy, (1077 A.D.)
Frederic Barbarossa took Milan in 1162 A.D.; but the
Lombard cities of Northern Italy won their freedom in the
battle of Legnano, (1176 A.D.) e
A great commercial event of this time was the origin of
the Hanseatic League in 1247 A.D., when Hamburg and
Lubeck united to protect their shipping from pirates, and
to extend their commerce. This League lasted for nearly
four centuries, and embraced ultimately all the leading
cities of the Baltic and North Sea coasts,
ITALY,
Early in the eleventh century Southern Italy was
conquered by the Norsemen, one of whom, called Robert
Guiscard, was created by the Pope, Duke of Apulia and
Calabria. He afterwards reduced Sicily, and defeated the
Byzantine army in the great battle of Durazzo, (1081 A.D.)
The death of Pope Gregory VII. at Salerno, (1085 A.D.,)
and of Innocent III. at Perugia, (1216 A.D.,) may be noted:
these were among the greatest of the Popes. At Palermo
in Sicily, in 1282 A.D., occurred the massacre of French
soldiers, known as the Sicilian Vespers. Venice and Genoa
now began to rise into commercial greatness—the latter had
already seized Corsica.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE,
The limits of the Eastern Empire were now much con-
tracted, owing to the encroachments of the Seljuk Turks,
who formed the kingdom of Iconium in Asia Minor, and of
the Norman settlers in Italy, who expelled the Byzantines
from that peninsula. Constantinople, from its position, was
visited by many crusading armies, one of which, in 1203
A.D., undertook the siege of the city on behalf of Alexius
IV. A second siege followed in 1204 A.D. The Empire
was then divided : a Latin Emperor ruling at Constanti-
nople—a Greek Emperor at Nicæa-and a descendant of
Comnenus at Trebizond on the Black Sea. The victory of
Michael Palaeologus, in 1261 A.D., united these portions
OIlC6 II) Olſe,
THE CRUSADES,
The Seljuk Turks, having reduced the Caliphate of Bagdad
to a mere name, extended their power over Syria and
Palestine in 1067 A.D. Their ill-treatment of Christian
pilgrims at Jerusalem excited Western Europe to the
Crusades. -
FIRST CRUSADE, (1096 A.D. To 1099 A.D.)
Preached by Peter the Hermit (born at Amiens)—headed
by Godfrey of Boulogne—march to Constantinople—siege of
Nicæa and battle of Dorylaeum in Asia Minor, (1097 A.D.)—
siege of Antioch in Syria—Jerusalem taken, (1099 A.D.)—
§: elected king of Jerusalem—Christian victory at
SCài Qil,
SECOND CRUSADE, (1147 A.D. To 1149 A.D.)
Excited by fall of Edessa beyond the Euphrates—St.
Bernard preaches at Wezelai, (1146 A.D.)—Germans destroyed
in Cappadocia—French defeated at Laodicea —siege of
Damascus by the Christians a failure.
THIRD CRUSADE, (1189 A.D. To 1192 A.D.)
Saladin takes Jerusalem, (1187 A.D.)—Frederic Barbarossa
starts from Ratisbon in Germany—marches by Adrianople—
crosses the Hellespont—defeats the Turks at Iconium—dies
in Cilicia—the siege of Acre had been already begun by an
earlier expedition.
From Wezelai Richard I. of England and Philip Augustus
of France start, (1190 A.D.)—winter at Messina in Sicily—
Bichard makes war on Cyprus—Acre yields to Richard—he
wins a battle over the Saracens at Joppa–turns back when
in sight of Jerusalem.
FourTH CRUSADE, (1195 A.D. To 1197 A.D.)
Undertaken by the Emperor Henry VI.-Joppa retaken
by the Saracens—capture of Berytus by the Christians—
their failure at Thoron on the coast near Tyre.
FIFTH CRUSADE, (1198 A.D. To 1204 A.D.)
Excited by Pope Innocent III.-Zara in Dalmatia reduced
for Venice by Crusaders, (1202 A.D.)—expedition to Constan- ;
tinople—the two sieges, (1203 A.D., 1204 A.D.)—Baldwin,
Count of Flanders, elected Emperor,
:
:
.
:
:
10 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.
SIXTH CRUSADE, (1227 A.D. To 1229 A.D.)
Headed by Emperor Frederic II.—Jerusalem and Beth-
lehem won by Christian diplomacy, (1229 A.D.)
SEVENTH CRUSADE.
Headed by Louis IX. (St. Louis) of France—he winters
at Cyprus—Damietta in Egypt taken—invasion of the Delta
—Louis made prisioner, (1250 A.D.)
EIGHTH CRUSADE, (1270 A.D. To 1272 A.D.)
St. Louis sails to Tunis, where he dies—Prince Edward
of England (Edward I.) goes to Palestine—head-quarters at
Acre—achieves nothing of importance.
The fall of Acre before Sultan Khalil and the Mamelukes,
in 1291 A.D., marks the end of the Crusades.
SPAIN.
The Emirate of Cardova, enfeebled by discord, yielded in
1086 A.D. to a Moorish kingdom. Five Christian kingdoms
were now formed in the north and centre—Aragon, Navarre,
Castile, Leon, and Portugal. Of these Castile became the
chief. The Cid, a famous Christian champion, (born at
Burgos,) wrested Toledo (1085 A.D.) from the Moors, and
overran Valencia. Alphonso of Aragon took Saragossa,
(1118 A.D.) But the most famous battle was fought at
Navas de Tolosa, in the Sierra Morena, where, in 1212 A.D.,
Alphonso of Castile, with an army of allies, signally defeated
the Moors, and drove them finally off the central plateau.
The governor of Portugal, which had originally been a
province of Castile, assumed the title of king in 1139 A.D.
FRANCE.
The chief historical sites of France at this time are
connected with the history of the English dominions in that
country, (see Map IV.) At one time the actual dominion
of the French king extended but little beyond the basin of
the Seine. Languedoc in the south was the scene (1208 A.D.
—1242 A.D.) of a war, which ended in the extirpation of the
Albigenses. The war raged chiefly round Toulouse.
BRITISH ISLES.
The Normans, having conquered England in 1066 A.D.,
established a monarchy there. . In 1169 A.D., (reign of
Henry II.,) they established themselves in the east of
Ireland. In 1282 A.D., Edward I. extended his power by
the conquest of Wales.
OTHER STATES.
On the Baltic, the chief event was the settlement on the
Vistula—first at Culm, then at Thorn, (1231 A.D.)—of the
Teutonic Knights, who conquered the Sclavonic Borussi.
Poland and Hungary were meantime extending their do-
minions; and on the bleak steppes of the Don and the
Volga, the Sclavonians were struggling with the invading
Mongols. As yet Russia had scarcely any existence as a
nation.
IMAP X.—EUROPE IN THE FIFTEENTEI CENTURY.
(Eve of the Reformation.)
FRANCE.
The leading sites of French History about this time belong
to the Hundred Years' War, as the struggle between France
and England is called in history, (see Map IV.) At Crecy,
in 1346 A.D.—at Calais, in 1347 A.D.—at Poictiers, in 1356
A.D.—at Agincourt, in 1415 A.D.—and at Werneuil, in 1424
A.D., the English were victorious. The relief of Orleans, by
Joan of Arc, in 1429 A.D., formed a turning point. Bordeaux
was taken by France in 1453 A.D.; and Calais was lost to
England in 1558 A.D.
SPAIN.
The Black Prince, invading Spain to aid Pedro the Cruel
of Castile, won a great victory at Navarretta in 1367 A.D.
The kingdom of Aragon gradually acquired dominion over
Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia.
The origin of the Spanish monarchy may be traced to the
marriage (1469 A.D.) of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of
Castile. Two great events of Spanish history belong to
their reign—the fall of Granada, resulting in the expulsion
of the Moors from Spain, (1491 A.D.) and the discovery of
America by Columbus, who sailed, in 1492 A.D., from the
Barbour of Palos in Andalusia. Columbus was a native of
Genoa, and resided for a long time at Lisbon.
PORTUGAL.
This country was once a portion of the Kingdom of
Castile. The University of Lisbon was founded in 1290
A.D. During the fifteenth century the Portuguese were
foremost in African discovery. They discovered Madeira
in 1420 A.D., and Congo in 1484 A.D.; the Cape of Good
Hope was discovered, in 1486 A.D., by Bartholomew Diaz,
and was rounded by Vasco di Gama in 1498 A.D.
ITALY.
During the Middle Ages Northern Italy derived much
lustre from its Republic cities, most of which ultimately
fell under the dominion of a single ruler. Milan was seized,
in 1450 A.D., by Francis Sforza, and became a Duchy.
Louis XII. of France reduced the city in 1499 A.D. Florence
fell under the sway of the Medici, of whom the chief was
Lorenzo the Magnificent. After vainly endeavouring to
rival Genoa by sea, Pisa was subdued by Florence.
GENOA. AND VENICE.
These cities were the Queens of Mediterranean commerce
during the Middle Ages. The Crusades caused a traffic in
the rich merchandise of the East to flow towards these
cities; and their decay may be dated from Vasco's voyage
round the Cape, which directed this traffic into other sea-
paths. There was a keen rivalry between the two cities;
but the defeat and surrender of the Genoese at Chioggia,
an islet in the lagoons of Venice, (1378 A.D.,) gave Venice
the ascendency for a time. Venice conquered Candia and
Cyprus, and was instrumental for a time in checking the
naval power of the Turks.
The Papal power was removed for a time (1305 A.D.—
1377 A.D.) to Avignon, in the south of France. The League
of Cambray against Venice (1508 A.D.) was warmly supported
by the Pope.
In 1494 A.D., Charles VIII. of France invaded Italy, and
conquered Naples; but this was retaken, in 1504 A.D., by
Ferdinand of Aragon. Naples and Sicily then belonged
to Spain until 1700 A.D.
SWITZERLAND.
The revolt of the Forest Cantons against Austria began in
1307 A.D., and before 1400 A.D. Swiss independence was
secured. At Granson and Morat (1476 A.D.) the Swiss
defeated Charles the Bold of Burgundy, who was slain at
Nancy, (1477 A.D.) These disasters reduced Burgundy to
comparative weakness.
OSMLAN OR OTTOMAN TURES.
Pushing in upon the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire,
these warriors from Turkestan fixed their capital for a time
at Prusa in Bithynia, (1326 A.D.) They gained a footing on
the European side of the Hellespont in 1356 A.D. The
Sultan Bajazet routed the forces of France and Hungary at
Nicopolis in 1396 A.D.; and in 1453 A.D., the closing date of
:
GERMANY. I1
mediaeval history, Constantinople was stormed by the Turks,
and the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist. Mohammed II.
then began to extend his ambition. He was foiled by the
Hungarians at Belgrade in 1456 A.D.; but he succeeded in
conquering the Crimea, and in seizing Otranto on the southern
coast of Italy. The Knights of Saint John at Rhodes and
at Malta did good service in restraining the advance of the
Turkish fleets.
OTHER STATES.
Hungary bore the chief brunt of the Turkish wars, and
suffered in consequence. Belgrade was a central point of
attack and defence. Poland seized Moldavia; and Austria,
desiring a sea-board, seized Dalmatia. The strength of
Poland was much increased by the victory of Tannenberg
in 1410 A.D., which utterly broke the power of the
Teutonic Order.
In German history we may note the publication of the
Golden Bull—an ediet regulating the election to the Empire
—at Nuremberg in 1356 A.D., and the martyrdom of Huss
(born at Prague) in the city of Constance, (1415 A.D.)
The chief event in Scândinavian history was the Union of
Calmar, (1397 A.D.,) by which the three countries, Sweden,
Norway, and Denmark, were united under Queen Margaret.
The Counts of Oldenberg, in Northern Germany, obtained
the crown of Denmark in 1448 A.D.
MAP XI.-GERMANY FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE PEACE
OF WESTPFIAT.I.A.
THE REFORMATION.
At Eisleben in Saxony, Martin Luther, the German
Reformer, was born in 1483 A.D.; there he died in 1546
A.D. He went to school at Eisenach, and in 1505 A.D.
graduated at the University of Erfurt. But Wittenberg on
the Elbe was the cradle of the Reformation. There, in 1517
A.D., Luther fixed his Ninty-five Propositions on the church
door; and in 1520 A.D. he publicly burned the Pope's Bull
of Excommunication. At Leipsic, in 1519 A.D., he held a
public disputation with Dr. Eck.
Summoned to Worms on the Rhine in 1521 A.D., he
appeared to defend his opinions before Charles W.; and on
his return was seized by his friend the Elector of Saxony,
and detained for a year in the Castle of Wartburg.
The Anabaptists seized Munster, in Westphalia, and held
it until it was reduced in 1535 A.D.
At Marburg in Hesse Luther and the Swiss Reformer
Zwingle met in conference. Zwingle, who had been excited
to aim at reformation by the sale of indulgences at Einsiedlen,
lived chiefly at Zurich. He was killed in the battle of
Cappel, which took place during a war between the Romish
and the Protestant Cantons, (1531 A.D.)
At the Diet of Spires on the Rhine the Reformers received
the name of Protestants, (1529 A.D.) At Augsburg on the
Lech they published their Confession of Faith in 1530 A.D.
And the League of Smalcald, formed by the Protestants in
1531 A.D., obliged the Emperor to repeal earlier edicts
against them. .
John Calvin, the great lawgiver of the Reformation, was
born in 1509 A.D., at Noyon in France. While in exile at
Basle in 1535 A.D., he commenced his work entitled The
Institutes of the Christian Religion, and he finished it at
Strasburg in 1539 A.D. But Geneva was his chief place of
residence; and this city became, from his intercourse with
British refugees, the cradle of English Puritanism.
SITES OF GENERAL HISTORY, (Sixteenth Century.)
At Cambray, in 1509 A.D., a League was formed against
Venice; there, too, in 1529 A.D., a peace was concluded
between Charles W. and Francis I.
At Mohacs on the Danube, Solyman the Great, Sultan of
Turkey, signally defeated the Hungarians in 1526 A.D., and
slew their king, Louis. ... In 1540 A.D., Charles inflicted
severe punishment upon Ghent (the city of his birth, in 1500
A.D.) for rising in revolt against taxation.
At Crespy in France Charles V. and Francis I. concluded
a Treaty in 1544 A.D.
The Great General Council of Trent (on the Adige) met
in 1545 A.D. to decide religious affairs. It sat periodically
for eighteen years.
At Innsbruck in the Tyrol Maurice of Saxony attempted,
in 1552 A.D., to seize the Emperor Charles V., who escaped
by night, being carried in a litter over the Alps. In the
same year the Emperor concluded at Passau (on the Danube)
the Peace of Religion, granting to Maurice his three
demands.
The rise of the Dutch Republic belongs to the latter half
of the sixteenth century. The siege of Leyden by the
Spaniards, and its relief by cutting the dykes, took place
in 1474 A.D. The union of the Seven Provinces was con-
firmed at Utrecht in 1579 A.D. And at Delft, in 1584 A.D.,
º the Silent, the Stadtholder, was assassinated by
€T&TC.
THIRTY YEARS WAR, (1618 A.D. to 1648 A.D.)
1618 A.D.—Revolt of the Bohemians against Ferdinand of
Styria. In 1619 A.D. Ferdinand is elected Emperor. The
Bohemians offer their crown to a Protestant prince, Frederic,
the Elector Palatine. -
1620 A.D.—Frederic defeated at the White Mountains,
near Prague, and forced to flee.
1626 A.D.—Christian IV. of Denmark, captain of the
Protestant armies, defeated by Tilly at Lutter in Hanover.
Wallenstein, the Austrian general, overruns peninsular
Denmark, but fails in the siege of Stralsund.
1629 A.D.—The peace of Lubeck is concluded between
Christian and Ferdinand. This closes the first period of
the War.
1630 A.D.—Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, having assumed
the lead of the Protestant armies, lands at Rugen—takes
Stettin. Tilly perpetrates a massacre at Magdeburg.
1631 A.D.—Gustavus defeats Tilly at Leipsic—then invades
Central Germany, taking Frankfort and Mentz. Tilly is
killed while defending the line of the Lech. The Swedes
enter Munich, while the Saxons, their allies, hold Prague.
1632 A.D.—Wallenstein drives the Saxons from Bohemia.
Gustavus is entrenched at Nuremberg. At Lützen near
Leipsic, (November 6,) the Protestant arms are crowned
with a great victory; but Gustavus Adolphus is killed in
the battle.
At Heilbronn in Suabia, an assembly of princes elect
Oxenstiern to head the Protestant Confederacy.
1634 A.D.—Wallenstein is assassinated at Eger, in the
west of Bohemia. The Swedes are defeated at Nordlingen
in Suabia.
The war lingers for fourteen years more. French armies
take the field, but are defeated at Duttlingen, (1643 A.D.,)
and at Friburg, (1644 A.D.)
1648 A.D.—The Treaty of Westphalia, signed at Munster,
brings the war to an end. Among the conditions are:–
1. The French are to hold Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and to
have all Alsace, holding, however, instead of Strasburg, the
two fortresses of Phillipsburg and Breisach.
2. The Swedes are to receive Stralsund and Wismar on
the Baltic.
12 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY,
s MAP XII.—EUROPE, (1648 A.D. to 1789 A.D.)
The earlier portion of this period belongs to the reign of
Louis XIV., who ruled France for more than seventy years,
(1643 A.D.—1715 A.D.) He undertook a war with Spain, of
which the scene lay in the Austrian Netherlands, now
Belgium: this territory Louis claimed in 1666 A.D. England,
Sweden, and Holland, formed a Triple Alliance; and in
1668 A.D. Louis consented to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,
He invaded Holland in 1672 A.D. William of Orange was
defeated by Condé at Seneffe in 1674 A.D. The Treaty of
Nimeguen was made in 1678 A.D. - -
A serious mistake of Louis was the Revocation, in 1685 A.D.,
of the Edict of Nantes, (made in favour of the Huguenots by
Henry IV. in 1598 A.D.)
At Vienna, (1683 A.D.,) John Sobieski of Poland defeated
the Turks. A league against Louis XIV, was formed at
Augsburg in 1686 A.D.: of this William of Orange became
leader. War began in 1689 A.D. -
Off Beachy Head, in Sussex, the fleets of England and
Holland were defeated by Tourville in 1690 A.D. Off Cape
La Hogue in France, Russell defeated Tourville in 1692 A.D.
At Steinkirk (1692 A.D.) and Landen (1693 A.D.)—both in
Belgium—William III. of England was worsted by Luxem-
burg. The Treaty of Ryswick in Holland closed the war,
(1697 A.D.)
WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION, (1702 A.D. to 1718 A.D.)
Spanish fleet destroyed (1702 A.D.) at Vigo in N.W. of
Spain. Marlborough defeated the French, in 1704 A.D., at
Blenheim in Bavaria.
A.D. Barcelona taken by Peterborough in 1705 A.D. Marl-
borough defeated the French at Ramilies in Brabant, (1706
A.D.)—at Oudenarde on the Scheldt in 1708 A.D.—and at
Malplaquet in Hainault in 1709 A.D. In Spain the chief
events were the battle of Almanza, (1707 A.D.,) in which
Berwick, commanding for the Bourbons, defeated an English
army; and the siege of Lerida in the same year. The War
was closed by the Treaty of Utrecht (between England and
France) in 1713 A.D., and that of Rastadt in Baden (1714
A.D.) between Austria and Francé.
IPETER THE GREAT,
At Narva, on the Gulf of Finland, Charles XII. of Sweden
defeated the Russians in 1700 A.D.; but, having invaded
Russia, and penetrated the Ukraine, he suffered a terrible
Gibraltar taken by Rooke in 1704
reverse at Pultowa, (1709 A.D.) St. Petersburg on the Neva
was founded at this time, and the island of Cronstadt, 20
miles distant, was fortified. As a result of the war, Russia.
received from Sweden the territories of Finland and Livonia.
Charles XII. was killed by a cannon-ball, in 1718 A.D., at
Fredericshald, while he was trying to conquer Norway.
PRUSSIA,
The Elector of Brandenburg became King of Prussia in
1701 A.D. In 1740 A.D. Frederic the Great attacked Maria
Theresa, who, in terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, claimed
to be Empress of Austria. His victory at CZaslau (1742
A.D.) led to the Treaty of Breslau, which left him master of
Silesia. At Presburg Maria. Theresa cast herself upon the
patriotism of Hungary, (1741 A.D.) In aid of the Empress
Britain went to war with France, and won the battle of
Dettingen in Bavaria, (1743 A.D.,) but suffered a defeat at
Fontenoy in Hainault, (1745 A.D.) The Treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle, in 1748 A.D., closed the war.
SEVEN YEARS WAR, (1756 A.D. to 1763 A.D.)
Frederic the Great defeated the Austrians at Prague in
Bohemia, (1757 A.D.) He was defeated at Kolin, (same
year;) but won the battles of Rossbach in Saxony, and Lissa
or Leuthen in Silesia.
He defeated the Russians at Zorndorff in Brandenburg in
1758 A.D. Ferdinand of Brunswick, aided by the English,
defeated the French at Minden in 1759 A.D. In the same
year Frederic defeated the Russians at Kunersdorff in Bran-
denburg. He failed in the siege of Dresden in 1760 A.D.
The peace of Paris (between England and France) and that
of Hubertsburg (between Austria and Prussia) put an énd
to the war in 1763 A.D.
Poland was divided (First Partition in 1772 A.D., Second
Bartition in 1793 A.D.) among three powerful neighbours—
Russia, Austria, and Prussia. -
In 1720 A.D. the Duchy of Savoy became the Kingdom of
Sardinia. The Treaty of Utrecht gave Naples to Austria and
Sicily to Savoy; in 1720 A.D. Austria acquired Sicily by
exchange. But in 1735 A.D. Don Carlos, son of Philip V. of
Spain, took Naples from Austria, and was made King of the
Two Sicilies. This was the origin of the Bourbon line in
Naples.
MAP XIII.—EUROPE, (1793 A.D. to 1815 A.D.)
From the French Revolution to the Abdication of Napoleon,
FRENCH REPUBLIC.
At Jemappes in the Netherlands (1792 A.D.) Dumouriez,
with a French army, défeated the allied forces of Austria and
Prussia. Colonel Bonaparte (1793 A.D.) won distinction in
command of the Republican artillery at Toulon, which held
out for the Royalists. -
NAPOLEON IN ITALY.
In 1796 A.D. Napoleon signally defeated Austria at Lodiin
Lombardy, took Milan, and won the battle of Arcola. In
1797 A.D. he won a victory at Rivoli, and forced Mantua to
yield. The Treaty of Campo Formio closed the war, (1797
A.D.)
NAPOLEON IN EGYPT.
In 1798 A.D. he defeated the Mamelukes at the battle of
the Pyramids. His fleet was destroyed at Aboukir (Battle
of the Nile) by Nelson, (1798 A.D.) He was repulsed at Acre
in Palestine; and after he had left for France his army was
defeated by the British under Abercromby at Alexandria,
(1801 A.D.) -
SECOND WAR WITH AUSTRIA.
Napoleon, now First Consul, crossed the Great St.
Bernard in 1800 A.D., and defeated the Austrians at Mar-
engo. In the same year his General Moreau defeated them
at Hohen Linden in Bavaria. The Treaty of Luneville in
Eastern France closed the war, (1801 A.D.)
THIRD WAR WITH AUSTRIA.
When Napoleon became Emperor, in 1804 A.D., England,
Russia, and Austria united against him, for he had formed
his conquests in Italy into a kingdom. Spain was his ally.
At Trafalgar Nelson defeated the fleets of France and Spain,
(1805 A.D.) The French armies entered Vienna; and (Dec.
2, 1805 A.D.) Napoleon won his greatest victory at Austerlitz
in Moravia, where he defeated Austria and Russia. The
Treaty of Presburg between France and Austria closed this
war, (1805 A.D.)
POLITICAL CHANGES.
Austria was made an Empire in 1804 A.D.; the other
German States now formed the Confederation of the Rhine.
Holland was made a kingdom under Louis, Napoleon's
brother; and to Joseph, another brother, was given the
kingdom of Naples, (1806 A.D.) At a later date, when
Joseph (1808 A.D.) was transferred to Spain, Murat became
Ring of Naples; and Jerome Bonaparte, a third brother,
was made King of Westphalia after the Treaty of Tilsit,
(1807 A.D.) Then, too, Poland became the Archduchy of
TEUROPE. 13
Warsaw. In 1810 A.D. Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's
marshals, was elected Crown Prince of Sweden.
AGAINST PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA.
Prussia was humbled in the battle of Jena, (1806 A.D.,)
and in 1807 A.D. Russia suffered defeats so severe at Eylau
and Friedland in East Russia, that the Czar concluded a
peace at Tilsit on the Niemen, (1807 A.D.)
PENINSULAR WAR.
(1808 A.D.)—French defeated by Wellesley at Roliga in
Portugal, and also at Vimiera. The Convention of Cintra
or Torres Vedras followed.
(1809 A.D.)—Sir John Moore victorious at Corunna, where
he was killed. Wellesley took Oporto, and defeated the
French under Victor at Talavera on the Tagus. (During
this year the Walcheren Expedition landed in Holland, but
failed miserably.)
(1810 A.D.)—Massena, taking Cuidad Rodrigo and Almeida,
invaded Portugal. Wellesley, now Wellington, defeated
him at Busaco, and retired for the winter within the lines
of Torres Vedras.
(1811 A.D.)—Badajoz surrendered to Marshal Soult.
Graham defeated the French at Barrosa in the S. of
Andalusia. They suffered also signal defeats at Fuentes
d’Onoro and Albuera.
(1812 A.D.)—Wellington, at a fearful cost of life, retook
Cuidad Rodrigo and Badajoz—defeated the French at Sala-
manca—entered Madrid, (Aug. 12.)
(1813 A.D.)—In the battle of Vitoria, near the head of the
Tºbro basin, the French were finally defeated; and, after
taking St. Sebastian, Wellington followed them into France.
There, in 1814 A.D., he won battles at Orthez and at
Toulouse.
for the second time.
FOURTH WAR WITH AUSTRIA.
In 1809 A.D. Napoleon marched victoriously into Vienna
He then inflicted upon the Austrians
a signal defeat at Wagram, close to the capital.
BUSSIAN CAMPAIGN, (1812 A.D.)
In June Napoleon crossed the Niemen, Passing through
Wilna, he bombarded Smolensko, and defeated the Russians
at Borodino. He (Sept. 14) entered Moscow, where he
proposed to winter. But the burning of Moscow forced
him to a miserable retreat. At the passage of the Beresina
his troops suffered fearfully. At Smorgoni he abandoned
the wreck of his army,
TINAL EFFORT.
A victory at Lutzen in Saxony could not save Napoleon
from the crushing series of defeats which he suffered at
Leipsic in 1813 A.D. After the Allies had entered Paris, he
abdicated at Fontainebleau, (1814 A.D.) Carried in a
British frigate from Frejus to Elba, he spent ten months in
that island.
*- THE HUNDRED DAYS.
Escaping from Elba, (Feb. 26, 1815 A.D.,) Napoleon landed
near Cannes, and hurried to Paris. The Congress of Vienna
was still sitting. British and Prussian armies entered
Belgium. Napoleon crossed the Sambre, (June 15.) Next
day he drove Blucher from Ligny, while Ney attacked the
British at Quatre Bras. On the 18th June, 1815 A.D., was
fought the battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon was
decisively defeated by Wellington and the Prussians. He
fled to Paris and to Rochefort; but, surrendering to the
British, was sent to St. Helena, where he died in 1821
A.D.
MAP XIV.—EUROPE, (from 1815 A.D. to 1871 A.D.)
(1815 A.D.—1830 A.D.)—The Congress of Vienna, in 1815
A.D., rearranged the Map of Europe, which had been dis-
turbed by Napoleon's ambition. Holland and Belgium were
united into one kingdom; but a revolution at Brussels, in
1830 A.D., secured the independence of Belgium, which has
since been governed as a separate monarchy. The Germanic
States formed a Confederation, holding its Diets at Frankfort
on the Main. Genoa was added to the kingdom of Sardinia.
The Peace of Kiel (1814 A.D.) had already united Norway
and Sweden under one crown.
The destiny of Greece was decided in 1827 A.D. at
Navarino, where British ships, aided by a French fleet,
destroyed the Turco-Egyptian navy.
(1830 A.D.—1840 A.D.)—The year 1830 A.D. was a year of
Revolutions. The Second French Revolution took place in
Paris. The Polish students of Warsaw rose against Russian
tyranny, and made a gallant struggle, which, however,
closed in the defeat of Ostrolenka, (1831 A.D.,) and the
reduction of Warsaw.
Louis Napoleon, son of the King of Holland, made two
attempts at invading France—the first at Strasburg, (1836
A.D.,) and the second at Boulogne, (1840 A.D.) After the
latter he was imprisoned at Ham.
(1840 A.D.—1850 A.D.)—English ships, acting as allies of
Turkey, successfully bombarded Acre and Beirout on the
coast of Syria, (1840 A.D.) In 1848 A.D. a. Third French
Revolution expelled Louis Philippe, and a Republic was
proclaimed at Paris. In the same year Lombardy, aided by
Sardinia, revolted from Austria; but a defeat at Custozza
(1848 A.D.) caused the surrender of Milan to Austria. The
Sardinians suffered a further defeat at Novara, (1849 A.D.)
In 1849 A.D. Oudinot, with a French force, attacked Rome,
and restored the Pope, who had fled to Gaeta on the
proclamation of a Republic.
The revolt of the Hungarians against Austrian rule
terminated in the battle of Temeswar, in 1849 A.D.
patriot Kossuth then laid down his arms.
(1850 A.D.—1860 A.D.)—The occupation of Moldavia by
Russian troops caused a war in 1854 A.D., England and
The *
France aiding Turkey. Odessa on the Black Sea was bom-
barded by a British fleet. Silistria on the Danube was nobly
defended by the Turks; Bomarsund in the Aland Isles was
assailed by the British. An Anglo-French force, sailing
from Varna in Turkey, landed at Eupatoria in the Crimea.
The Russians were defeated at the Alma; and Sebastopol
was besieged for eleven months, during which the British
were victorious at Balaklava and at Inkermann, (1854 A.D.)
Sebastopol yielded in September, 1855 A.D. Other notable
sites of the war were Sveaborg in Finland, which was bom-
barded by British gunboats, (August, 1855 A.D.,) and Kars
in Circassia, which was defended for five months by the
Turks against a Russian force.
In 1859 A.D. the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III.,
took the field in Northern Italy against the Austrians. The
latter were defeated at Montebello, Magenta, and Solferino.
Peace was made at Villa Franca. Lombardy was then an-
nexed to Sardinia, while France received Savoy and Nice.
(1860 A.D.—1871 A.D.)—The remarkable events of this
period have been (1) the formation of the Kingdom of Italy,
and (2) the great aggrandizement of Prussia.
1. Garibaldi, landing (1860 A.D.) in Sicily, stormed
Palermo, invaded the mainland, and entered Naples, from
which the king fled to Gaeta. There the deposed monarch
was besieged for five months. Ancona was taken from the
Pope by Garibaldi. The Kingdom of Italy was then (1861
A.D.) formed, the King of Sardinia assuming its crown, and
Turin being made its capital. The seat of Government was
afterwards removed to Florence. In 1867 A.D. Austria ceded
the province of Venetia; and in 1870 A.D. the removal of
French troops from Rome caused the Pope to lose the last
remnants of his temporal sovereignty. This completed the
unity of the Kingdom of Italy.
2. In 1864 A.D. Prussia and Austria combined to attack
Denmark. From Kiel the Prussians invaded Schleswig:
they then occupied Flensborg; but their chief success was
the bombardment of Düppel. Denmark was forced to yield
to Prussia the three Duchies—Schleswig, Holstein, and
Lauenburg.

, ºr
14 - THISTORICAT, GTEOGRAPHY.
Out of this war grew, in 1866 A.D., a contest between
IPrussia and Austria. The Prussians invaded Bohemia at
Gorlitz, and won a decisive victory at Sadowa, near König-
grätz. The chief results of the war were the cession of
Venetia to Italy—the expulsion of Austria from the German
Confederation—and the addition to Prussia of Hanover and
part of Hesse-Darmstadt, with other portions of Germany.
Prussia then became supreme in the Northern German States,
which were separated from the Southern States chiefly by
the Main. Bavaria is the principal Southern State of Ger-
many.
In July, 1870 A.D., war broke out between France and
Germany. Invading France on the N.E. frontier, the
Prussians won a victory at Weissembourg, which was but
the first of a series of crushing blows inflicted on France.
At Sedan the Emperor Napoleon surrendered with his army.
Strasburg, Metz, and Paris, were besieged, bombarded, and
reduced. The French Government was removed, first to
Tours, and then to Bordeaux. Terms of peace were dictated
at Versailles by Prussia, (Feb., 1871 A.D.;) and France was
forced to yield the province of Alsace and part of Lorraine,
including Metz. She retains the fortress of Belfortin Alsace.
MIA P × W.-I N DIA.
The Portuguese navigator, Vasco di Gama, landed at Cali-
cut in Hindostan in 1498 A.D.; and Goa became the centre
of the Portuguese colonies in India. . However, the arrival
of the Dutch, in 1600 A.D., deprived them of Ceylon, and
of nearly all their Indian possessions.
An English captain, named Lancaster, reached Comorin in
1592 A.D. ; and the Charter of the English East India
Company was granted by Elizabeth in 1600 A.D. The
English factory of Surat was founded in 1613 A.D.; and
gradually the capitals of our Indian Presidencies grew into
existence:–Madras, in 1639 A.D., from the nucleus of Fort
St. George; Bombay, acquired from Portugal by the marriage
of Charles II. ; and Calcutta, in 1693 A.D., around the settle-
ment of Fort-William.
The French seized settlements, of which Pondicherry,
Mahé, and Carical, were the chief; and at one time, when, in
1746 A.D., Labourdonnais, Governor of Mauritius, attacked
Madras, while Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry, assailed
Fort St. David, it seemed as if France were likely to establish
the foundation of a great Indian empire by the expulsion of
the English. In 1750 A.D. the Viceroy of the Deccan gave
the Coromandel coast to the French, who besieged Trichin-
opoly. Clive, a young Englishman, then seized Arcot, where
he endured a siege of fifty days, (1751 A.D.,) causing the re-
lief of Trichinopoly. In 1761 A.D. the French were expelled.
IBENGAL.
The Nabob of Bengal attacked Cossimbazar in 1756 A.D.,
and then seized Fort-William, where he caused the death of
123 English prisoners, by shutting them for a night in the
Black Hole. Clive landed at Fultah—took Budge-budge
and Hoogly—and in the battle of Plassey, (1747 A.D.,) secured
the conquest of Bengal, and established the British rule
firmly in India.
In 1766 Clive obtained the right of collecting the revenue
in Bengal, Orissa, and Bahar, as far as Patna. To this his
victory at Buxar (1764 A.D.) contributed.
WARREN HASTINGS.
By Hastings the revenue-office was removed from Moor-
shedabad to Calcutta. Hyder Ali, who then ruled in Mysore,
was assailed by the Mahrattas from the Western Ghauts.
When the English took Mahé in Malabar, Hyder invaded
the Carnatic, and seized Arcot, (1780 A.D.;) but he was de-
feated by Eyre Coote. The chief accusations against Warren
Hastings were founded on his cruelty at Benares on the
º and his oppression of the Begums or Princesses of
UlOl62.
Lord Cornwallis invaded Mysore in 1791 A.D., took Ban-
galore, and by his appearance before Seringapatam (1792
A.D.) obliged Tippoo Sahib to yield half of Mysore. In 1799
A.D. General Baird, aided by Colonel Wellesley, (afterwards
Duke of Wellington,) stormed Seringapatam; Tippoo was
found among the slain. Wellesley entered Poonah, the
Mahratta capital—defeated the Hindoos at ASSaye, (1803
A.D.,) and again at Argaum, (1803 A.D.) The city of Delhi
on the Jumna was taken by Lake; and Scindia yielded by
treaty the Doab, Baroach, and maritime Guzerat. -
Ceylon was first colonized by the Dutch, from whom w
took the coast in 1796 A.D. ; Trincomalee was then taken
from the Dutch; and the overthrow, in 1815 A.D., of the
native Kingdom of Kandy, gave us possession of the whole
island, which has always been a crown colony.
The victories of Sir Charles Napier at Meanee and at Dubba
added Sinde to our Empire in 1843 A.D.
Two Seikhs Wars occurred in the Punjaub:—(1) In the
first, begun by the Seikhs crossing the Sutlej, there were
three English victories: that of Gough at Moodkee, (1845
A.D.,) and those of Smith at Aliwal and at Sobraon, (1846
A.D.) (2) In the second Mooltan was taken, and Gough was
victorious at Chillianwalla and at Goojerat, (1849 A.D.)
The Indian Mutiny broke out in 1857 A.D. at Meerut, near
T)elhi. Its three centres were Delhi, besieged by Europeans
from June 4 to Sept. 20, when it fell—Cawnpore, on the
Ganges, where a fearful massacre of the British took place—
and Lucknow, the capital of Oude, where the British suffered
a siege in the Residency. Havelock came to their relief,
Sept. 23, but was besieged there himself, until, Nov. 17,
Colin Campbell brought final relief. Bareilly yielded to the
British in 1858 A.D. Sir Hugh Rose took Jhansee and re-
captured Gwalior. Since the passing of the Indian Bill in
1858 A.D., India has been governed directly by the Crown.
COLONIES OF ETJROPEAN STATES.
In North America.
Newfoundland, (1622 A.D.)
Honduras, (1670 A.D.)
Nova Scotia, (1711 A.D.)
New Brunswick, (1715 A.D.)
Canada, (1759 A.D.)
Prince Edward's Island, (1763
A.D.)
Vancouver, (1846 A.D.)
British Columbia, (1858 A.D.)
BRITISH COLONIES.
In Europe.
Gibraltar, (1704 A.D.)
Malta, (1800 A.D.)
Heligoland, (1807 A.D.)
In Africa.
Gambia, (1631 A.D.)
Gold Coast, (1661 A.D.)
St. Helena, (1673 A.D.)
Sierra Leone, (1787 A.D.)
The Cape, (1806 A.D.)
Mauritius, (1810 A.D.)
Ascension, (1815 A.D.)
In South America.
British Guiana, (1803 A.D.)
Falkland Islands, (1833 A.D.)
In Australasia.
New South Wales,
A.D.)
(1786|Tasmania, (1804 A.D.)
West Australia, (1829 A.D.)
South Australia, (1836
A.D.)
Victoria, (1836 A.D.)
New Zealand, (1839 A.D.)
Queensland, (1859 A.D.)
In Asia.
India, (1600 A.D.)
Penang, (1786 A.D.)
Province Wellesley,
(1787
A.D.) ,”
Ceylon, (1795 A.D.)
Singapore, (1819 A.D.)
Malacca, (1824 A.D.)
Aracan, -
Tenasserim, } (1826 A.D.)
Aden, (1839 A.D.)
Hong-Kong, (1842 A.D.)
Labuan, (1846 A.D.)
Pegu, (1852 A.D.)
|Perim, (1860 A.D.)
In West Indies.
Jamaica, (1655 A.D.)
Trinidad, (1797 A.D.)
COLONIES OF EUROPEAN STATES. 15
Marquesas, (1841 A.D.)
New Caledonia, (1841 A.D.)
In South America.
French Guiana, (1633 A.D.)
IFRENCH COLONIES.
In Africa.
Bourbon, (1648 A.D.)
Senegal, (1664 A.D.)
Algeria, (1830 A.D.)
Assinie, (1843 A.D.)
Mayotta, &c., (1843 A.D.) SPANISH COLONIES.
In Africa.
Ceuta, &c., (1668 A.D.)
Annabona, (1778 A.D.)
In Asia.
Mahé, (1672 A.D.)
Carical, (1672 A.D.)
Pondicherry, (1672 A.D.)
Chandernagore, (1672 A.D.) In West Indies.
& Cuba, (1511 A.D.)
In West Indies. Porto Rico, (1511 A.D.)
Martinique.
Guadaloupe, &c. In the Pacific.
Part of Philippines, (1569
In the Pacific. A.D.)
Part of Ladrones, (1690 A.D.)
Tahiti, (1841 A.D.)
CHIEF VOYAGES.
The four European nations which took a lead in maritime
enterprise, were Spain, Portugal, England, and Holland.
The West Coast of Africa was traced by the Portuguese.
In 1487 A.D., Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope; in
*. A.D., Vasco di Gama sailed round it into the Indian
Céall.
American discovery was inaugurated, in 1492 A.D., by the
first voyage of Columbus, who then discovered San Salvador
or Watling's Island. Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 A.D., dis-
covered Labrador and Newfoundland, and traced the coast
southward to Florida. In 1535 A.D., Cartier, a French
sailor, explored the St. Lawrence. Cabral discovered Brazil
in 1500 A.D.
In 1606 A.D., a Dutch yacht discovered Cape York in
Australia; and in 1644 A.D., Tasman discovered the island
which we call Tasmania, but which he named Van Diemen’s
Land. However, the exploration of the Australian coasts
Moluccas, (1607 A.D.)
Timor, (1630 A.D.)
PORTUGUESE COLONIES.
In Europe. Sumatra, (1649 A.D.)
The Azores, (1449 A.D.) Celebes, (1660 A.D.)
Borneo, (1780 A.D.)
In Africa.
Madeira, (1431 A.D.) In Africa.
Cape Verd, (1460 A.D.) Settlements on Guinea
Congo, (1490 A.D.)
Mozambique, (1506 A.D.) Coast.
Bissao, (1650 A.D.)
In America.
In Asia. Dutch Guiana, (1667 A.D.)
Diu, (1515 A.D.) I Caraçoa, } In West
Goa, (1516 A.D.) I i. St. Eustatius, j Indies.
Damaum, (1558 A.D.) IlCl13.
Macao, in China, (1586 A.D.)
DANISH COLONIES.
I)UTCH COLONIES.
In Asia.
Java, (1595 A.D.)
Iceland, (1380 A.D.)
Faroe Islands.
Greenland, (1721 A.D.)
was chiefly due to an Englishman, James Cook, who made
three voyages, (1767 A.D.—1779 A.D.)
The North-West Passage was sought by Ross and Parry in
the present century; but Sir John Franklin, who left Eng-
land in 1845 A.D., was the first to discover it: however, he
never returned to proclaim his achievement. It was reserved
for Captain Maclure to make an independent discovery of
the North-West Passage in 1851 A.D. Sailing through
Behring's Strait, he found his way, after many perils, to
Baffin's Bay.
LOSS OF COLONIES.
In 1783 A.D., the United States, after a protracted war,
declared themselves independent of Great Britain.
In 1820 A.D., Mexico, and in 1823 A.D., Central America,
shook off the rule of Spain: and between 1810 A.D., and 1824
A.D., the same European Power lost her South American
colonies by revolt.
I N D E X.
TO
HIS TO RIC AI, AT LAS.
ABBREVIATIONS:-b. bay; c. cape; co. county; cr. Creek; dep, department; dist, district; fa. fiord; g. gulf; hd. head; har. harbour;
i. island; is, isles or islands; l. lake; mt, mountain; mts, mountains; pt, point; pen.peninsula; pro. province; r. river; 3d. Sound;
t, town; vol. Volcano.
LAT. LoN. MAP LAT. LON. | MAP LAT. LON. IMAP. LAT. LON. AP.
Aachen, or Aix- Alclwyd.......# 55 56N || 4 34W 2 Anspach......t 50 16N 830E 10 Attalia........t 36 52N | 28 20E | 7
la-Chapelle..t 50 45N 6 5 8 Aldborough... t 52 10N 1 36E | 3 Antaeopolis... t 27 ON | 31 56E | 6 Attigny........t 49 28N 3 371, 7
Aargau.....dest 47 20N 8 15E | 11 Aldeigabg....# 60 10N | 20 4E | 8 Antona........r 52 50N 214 W | 1 | Attock........ t 33 55N | 7220E 15
Abasgia....dest 43 0N 41 0E . 9 Alemannla, .... 48 ON | 9 OE | 8 Antwerp......t 51 13N | 4 24E | 4 Aube...... dép 48 15N 4 0E . 9
Abbasides.dest 32 0N | 47 0E . 9 Alençon...... t 48 27N 0 8E 4 AOsta ... ......t 45 43N 7 1917, 13 Auch....... ... t 43 39N 0 35E | 9
Abbay.........t 52 31N 9 26W 3 Aleppo ........ 36 11N | 37 9E 7 Apamea... ...t 3540N 37 10E 3 Aughrim.......# 52 51N 6 19W 3
Abensberg....t 48 47N | 11 50E | 13 Alexandrette... 36 34N | 36 5E | 1.2 Aphrodisias..t 37 22N 29 2E 5 Augsburg.....t 48 23N 6 55E | 6
Abergavenny. t 51 49N 3 OW | 1 Alexandria.....t 31 12N | 30 2E | 5 Apollonia....... # 32 40N | 11 34E | 5 Augusta,...... à 44 27N } 69 45W 5
.Abo...... ... ... à 60 30N 22 20E 14 Alexinitza .....# 43 21N 22 25E | 13 Appenzell...dust 47 23M 9 25E | 11 Augutowa.....t 53 54N 23 53E i4
Aboukir....... 31 30N 30 15E | 13 Alfarrobeira...t 39 48N 9 16E | 10 Apulia.....dist 41 25N 16 0E . 9 Aulon........ t 40 15N 1945E | 9
Abrantes..... t 39 20N 8 10W 13 Algiers.......t 36 4SN 3 2E | 9 | Aquae Sextiae Aurungabad...# 1955N 75 26E | 15
Abrinca.......t 49 10N 2 15W: 6 Alicante...... t 38 20th 0 29W 13 # 43 31N 5 40E 5 Austerlitz....# 49 9N | 16 52E | 13
Abu Hassans...t 35 12N | 40 20E | 10 AllWall........ £ 31 ON | 75 40E | 15 Aquae Solis...t 51 23N 2 20W | 1 Austerweg dest 56 0N 20 0E | 6
ACemanneS- Aljezair (Al- Aquileia....... # 45.44N | 13 22E 5 Automala..... t 30 9N | 39 25E | 5
ceaster.....t 51 24N 2 20W 2 giers) ......t 36 48N 3 2E 9 Aquitaine...dest 46 0N 2 30E | 8 Autun.........t 46 57N | 4 20W 11
Achrida....... t 41 30N | 20 45E | 8 Aljezireh...dist 35 0N 42 0E . .7 Arabian Auxerre...,...t 47 55N | 3 35E | 13
Aclea, ........ t 52 39N 1 31E | 2 Allahabad.....t 25 25N | 81 55E | 15 Desert........ 27 ON | 3240E | 5 AuXOnne......t 47 10N 5 25E | 11
ACmund enesse Allerton.......? 5320N | 2 58W! 3 Aracan....dist 20 30N | 93 50E | 16 Avarie March., 47 35N | 17 18E. 7
dest 53 50N || 2 38W 2 Allygurh, .....t 27 50N 78 0W 15 Aragon.....dist 42 25N | 0 20E | 9 Avars...,..... 51 10N | 37 30E | 6
Acona.......bay 42 45N | 1018E | 7 lma........?' 44 52N | 33 49E | 1.4 Aranjuez.....t 40 2N 3 37W 13 Avebury.......t 51 8N 2 8W | 1
Acre ......... t 33 20N # 35 25E 7 Almaida... ... # 40 37N 7 50E 13 Aravulla Hills. 25.30N | 73 30E 15 Aveiro........# 40 38N | 8 36W| 12
Acunha, TriS- Almanza... ...# 42 57N 5 2W, 12 Arcadia......... 37 40N 1945E | 12 Aversa.........# 40 59N | 14 11E | 9
tan d’...... i 37 4s | 12 10W | 16 Almeria. ......# 36 52N 2 30W | 8 Archangel....t 64 35N 40 45E | 12 Avignon.......t 43 58N 4 49E | 8
Adalia......... t 36 50N i 30 48E | 13 Almohades, or Archipelago, Ayamonte....# 37 13N | 7 19W | 13
Aden......... t 12 50N | 45 15E | 16 Almoravides Grecian ..... 38 ON | 25 0E | 14 Aylesford....# 51 19N 0 30E | 2
Adour........r 43 40N 1 10W 4 dist 34 ON | 50 0W 9 Arcis........t 48 39N | 4 9E | 13 Ayton........t 55 52N 2 SW 3
Adrianople... t 41 42N 26 35E | 12 Almunecar ... t 36 45N | 3 44W 7 Arcole.........t 45 23N | 11 2E | 13 Azores...... as 38 ON | 27 OW! 16
Adriatic Sea.... 43 0N | 15 0E | 10 Almey or Olan- Arcot........t 12 50N 79 22E | 15 Azov Sea...... 46 ON | 37 0E | 10
Aeland....... i. 56 49N | 1641E 9 ege......... i. 54 43N 235W 2 Ardebil...... i 38 10N | 48 40E 9
Aescesdun....t 51 33N 1 30W 2 Alor..........# 27 33N | 69 54E | 15 Ardres .......# 50 50N 2 0E 10
Aethelingey... 51 5N 2 28W 2 Alsace, or Arewic........: 51.57N | 1 17E | 2 || B
Afghanistan... 32.40N 66 0E . 9 Alsatia....... 48 0N 6 20R, 11 Arguam.......t 20 19N | 76 35E 15
Africa ........ 33 30N | 11 0E . 5 Altenburg....# 50 59N | 12 26E | 13 Argues........?' 43 26N 6 35E | 4
Agelocum....t 53 25N | 0 47W 1 Altona....., ... t 53 33N } 9 58E 14 Arklow...... t 52 48N | 6 9W 3 Baalbec......# 33 59N | 36 10E | 13
Agen. . . . . ....t 44 10N 0.40E 12 Amalfi........: 40 38N 14 37E 9 Arles.........# 43 40N 4 39E | 9 Babba.........# 35 5N | 5 35W 1
Agenois....dest 44 18N 0 45E 4 Amasia. ......# 40.35N | 35 55E 5 Armagh.....co 54 18N | 6 30W, .3 Badajos...... t 38 50N | 6 46W 9
Agincourt. . . . . 50 30N 2 9E | 4 Amazon......7. 445s 77 30W 16 || Armegum....t 14 2N | 80 11E | 15 Baden.........# 48 IN 8 13E | 11
Aglabides..dist 30 40N | 10 0E | 7 Amberg.......# 49 25N | 11 52E | 11 Armenia...dist 39 40N 42 0E . 5 Badshiah.......# 36 50N 6 OE | 7
Agra........... t 27 18N 78 2B | 15 Amerikote... t 25 28N | 6941E 15 Armiternum...# 42 48N | 12 10E | 5 Bagdad....... i. 33 19N 44, 28E | 8
Agram... ... ...t 45 49N | 16 5E | 13 Amida........t 37 54N | 39 53E 5 Armorica... dest 48 0N 1 OW 5 Bahama......as 24 ON | 76 0W | 16
Ahmedadab...t 23 ON | 7340E | 15 Amiens........# 49 56N 219R 2 Arnheim......# 51 28N | 5 56E | 11 Bahar........# 25 21N | 85 50E | 15
Ahmednuggert 1910N | 74 52E | 15 Amritsir......# 31 41N | 74 55E | 15 Arolsen...... : 51 24N | 9 IE | 13 Baireuth. ...... t 49 56N | 11 33E | 11
Aisne......dep 49 30N | 3 35E 11 Amsterdam...? 52.22N | 4 55E | 4 Arran........... 55 33N 5 15W 3 Baja...........# 46 10N 1859E | 11
Aix-la-Chapelle, Amadoli......# 39 0N 30 0E | 10 Arras........ t 50 18N | 249E | 11 Bakcu........ t 46 35N | 26 52E | 12
or Aachen...,t 50 45N 6 5E 7 Anafe.........., 36 2IN 25 48E | 10 ATsouf... . . . . . # 32 16:N 34 50E | 9 Balaklava, ....t 44 30N | 33 37B | 14
Airds Moss ...! 55 27N 4. 27W 3 Anapa,........ t 44 52N | 37 23B | 14 Arta...........t 39 10N 21 4E | 12 Iłalcarus.....ºs 39 30N 3 0E . 5
Ajaccio ...... t 41 55N | 8 25E | 9 Anatha.......# 34.45N 41 50E | 6 Arto..........t 39 20N | 20 40E | 9 Balkan, Tit mis 42 58N 26 30E | 16
Aimeer.......t 26 31N | 74 39E | 15 || Anazarbus....t 37 15N | 36 20E | 7 Artois ....prov 50 20N | 2:30E | 4 Balmoral..... à 57 2N | 3 13W | 1.4
Ajunta.........t 20 31N | 75 38E | 15 Anchediva, or Arundel.......t 50 50N 0 33 W 2 Baltic Sea,..... 57 ON | 20 0E | 6
Akatzlers, or Anjediva... is 14 4SN | 74 2E | 15 A.Safi.........t 31 40N 9 30W 10 Bally shannon # 54 30N | 8 12W 3
Chazars.dist 48 0N | 50 0E | 6 Anbulwara.... ; 23 30N | 71 57E | 15 Ascalon...... t 31 39N 34 32E | 6 Baltimore.... i. 39 20N | 76 33W | 11
Akeman Street 51 57 N 1 20W 1 Amchialus....# 42 50N | 37 581, 9 Ascension.....b 1940N | 87 38W 16 Bamborough...t 55 32N 1 42W 2
Alkerman..... t 46 10N | 30 20E | 13 Ancona........# 43 37N | 13 31E | 7 Aschir and I3ambury.......t 52 3N I 19 wh;2
Akka, .......... t 33 20N | 35 25E | 10 Ancrum........# 55 29N | 2 35W | 3 Mahadia.dist 34 30N | 10 0E | 9 Eancoot......is 18 ON | 7240E | 15
Akronion .... i. 39 10N | 30 48E 7 Ancyra........ t 39 50N 32 42E | 5 Ashby de la Bandon . . . . . . t 51 44N 8 43Wł 3
Alamoot...... § 36 25N | 50 23E | 9 Andalucia...dest 37 41N 4 29W | 8 Zouch.......t 52.45N 1 27W 3 Banff........co 37 24N 3 10W 3
Aland........ vs 60 10N | 20 0E | 14 Anderida......# 50 52N 0 25E | ] Assam.... dust 26 40N | 93 0E | 15 Bangalore....# 12 58N 77 39E | 15
Alani.......dust 49 30N 44 0E . 5 Andernach ...; 50 25N | 723E | 8 Assandun, or Bangor....... t 53 14N 4 8W 2
Alania...... dest 43 40N | 45 0E | 7 Andorre.......# 42 28N l 29E | 14 Ashdon.... t 52 4N | 0 17E | 2 |Banjulaka.....t 44 18N | 17 45E 14
Alauna (Stir- Andredesceas- Assassins.... t 3510N | 36 50E | 9 Bann.........?' 54 52N 6 29W 3
ling)........ t 58 8N 3 57W | 1 ter..........# 50 48N | 0 21E | 2 Assaye........t 20 25N | 75 50E | 15 Bannockburn & 56 SN | 3 57W! 3
Alaunus wel Andujar.......t 38 2N | 4 3W 13 Asseergurh.....t 21.30N | 76 20E | 15 Bantry........t 51 40N | 9 27W 3
Tueda.......r 55 30N 2 OW! 1 Angers ....... t 47 25N 0 35W 4 Assinee...... t 5 8.N 3 16W 16 Bantgen, or
Alba..... ..... t 44 41N | 8 0E | 9 Angles .... dist 53 ON | 10 0E 5 Astara......... t 38 22N | 48 50E | 1.4 Bantzén....t 5112N | 14 25E | 13
Albania....dist 41 0N | 20 0E | 10 Anglia, East.... 52 30N | 0 40E | .7 Astorga......t 42 30N | 6 SW -8 Barbastro.... t 41 53N | 0 11E | 1.4
Albania,....dust 40 30N | 45 10E | 5 Angora... . . . . # 39 59N | 32 10E | 12 Astrakhan.d.st 48 0N 45.40E | 10 Barcelona......t 10 10N 64 45W 7
Albarracin ...# 40 29N | 1 27W 9 Angouleme.....t 45 38N | 0 9E | 6 Athelney...... # 51 4N | 2 53W 8 Barcinoona.....# 41 40N | 1.45E | 6
Albis......... t 47 16N 8 32E | 5 Anhalt........as 51 50N | 12 0E | 10 Atherton Moor 53 45N 1 40W 3 Bareilly...... t 28 25N | 79 25E | 15
Albreda.......t 16 3.N | 17 10W 16 Anjengo.......t 839N 76 44E | 1.5 Athlone......t 53 25N 7 55W 3 Barfleur......t 49 39N 1 18W 4
Albuera....... t 38 42N 6 40W 13 Anklam....... t 53 52N 1340E | 11 Athol........ t 56 50N 74 57W! 3 Bari..........t 41 8N | 16 55E | 7
Alcaraz ......t 38 50N 2 38W 13 Ansana........t 28 59N | 31 0E . 7 Atrebati........ 51.25N | 3 30W 1 Barla Seine...t 43 2N | 4 40E | 13
l
T.A.R. L.E DUC. INDEX. CHENAUIS.
LAT. LAT. LAT. LON. |MAP. LAT. TION. MAP.
Bar le Duc....t 4846N Southamptont 50 55N 1 Broughty Camelford ... i 50 37N | 4 40W 2
Barnet . . . . . . . tº 51 38N Bituriges.......t 46 50N 4 Castle........ 56 28N | 2 53W! 3 Camlan, Ca-
Baroach.......t 2140N Bizerta .......t 37 19N 9 Druck ........# 48 2N | 1647E | 13 mel, or Alan
Baroda ......t 22 20N Blackheath...# 51 24N 3 Bruges......... # 51 13N 3 13E | 4 7' 50 35N 4 56YW | }.
Barrosa.......t 36 20N Black Sea. .... 43 0N 8 Brunanburk...f 55 39N 2 4W 2 Camperdownt 38 16s 143 i8E | 13
Barsur Aube, t 48 15N Blackwater...r 52.27N 3 Brunn ..... ...t. 49 12N | 16 38E | 9 Camulodunum
Bartholomewis 17 50N Blair........... 5645N 3 Brunswick # 51 45N | 0 42E | 1
Baruka....... t 40 30N Blatum Bul- prov 52.27N 1120E 9 Cananore....# 12 ON | 75 31E | 15
Basentello.....t 40 50N gium .......t 54 56N 1 Brusa .........t 40 10N 29 8E | 13 Canary...... is 27 40N | 1530W 16
Bashkirs ...dist 51 0N Blekingia...dist 56 0N 5 Brussels. .....# 50 51N 4 20E | 4 Candax.......t 35 25N 25 3E | 9
Basil.......... t 45 40N Blenheim ....t 4130s 12 Pucharest.....t 44 25N | 26 3E | 12 Candeish...dist 21 ON | 75 OE | 15
Basingstoke...t 51 6N Blois..........t 4733N 4 Buchol.......t 50 31N | 11 58E 7 Candia.......is 35 15N 25 OE | 8
Bassam........t 510N Blore Heath... 52 55N 3 Buda. ........ t 47 30N | 19 4E | 7 Candida, Cas-
Bassein......t 1920N Boderia Aest .. 56 2N l Buddaloon .... # 28 5N | 79 10E | 15 tra.........t54 44N | 248w| 1
Bastia......... # 42 40N Bohemia. ... dist 50 0N 7 Budge Budget 22 28N | 88 23B 15 Cane.......... 7, 25 ON | 80 22E | 15
Bathanbyrig...t 51 24N Bolerium Pro. Budweis...... t 4858N | 1428E | 13 || Canonium ... $ 51 51N 040E | 1
Bathurst.... is 33 22S (Lands End) 50 5N 1. Bug...........r 52 37N | 2130E | 7 || Canonge .... t 27 10N | 79 52E | 15
Batinda........t 30 15N Bolgári........t 54 57N 9 Bukkur......t 2741N | 68.33E | 6 Cantabri... dist 48 45N 2 0W | 6
Batticaloa,....t 7 43N Bologna.......t 44.29N 6 Bukkur......t 31.41N | 71 2E 15 Canterbury... t 51 17N | 1 5E | 3.
Battle Abbey. 50 54N Bolton Castle... 53 59N 3 Bulgaria. ... dist 43 30N 26 0E | 6 Cantii....... t 51 20N | 0 0 || 1
Batum ....... # 41 38N Bombay ......t 19 ON 15 Bulglergenfeld Cantium Pro.
Bavaria,....dist 49 0N Bomarsund...t 60 20N 15 # 49 12N | 12 3E | 11 (N. Foreland) 51.25N | 1 31E | 1
Bayeux.......t 49 14N Bona ..........t 37 0N 9 Bundelcund Cantwaraburh
Bayonne.......? 4328N Bonebrissel....t 55 57N 3 disi; 24 30N | 80 0E . 15 t 5118N 1 5E | 2
Beachy Head. 50 43N Bonifacio, PunnaSS .... r. 24 ON | 72 0E | 15 Cantwara-
Beamfleot.....t 51 33N Straits of.... 41 24N Bunzlau ...... # 51 16N | 1538E | I]. byrig......t 51 17N | 1 4E | 2
Bearn ........ 43 0N Boorhaunpoor; 21 25N Burdigala....# 45°ION | 0 40W 5 Cantware..... 51 £5N | 0 30E | 4.
Beange.......t 47 33N Bordeaux....t 44 48N Burdwan'.... t 23 15N | 87 58E | 15 Cantyre...dist 55 35N 5 35W 3
Beaumont.....t 49 8N Borisov.......t 54 15N Burgan...... t 48.27N | 10 25E | 11 Cappel....... # 47 13N | 8 32E | 11
Bebbanburgh t 55 32N Borneo....... is 320N Burgh-on- Carbantori-
Bedanford....t 52 7N Bornholm....is 55 6.N. Sands...... , 54 53N 3 10W 3 gum .......t 54 52N 4 5W 1.
Beder........t 17 52N Borodino.....t 60 23N Burgos....dist 42 20N | 340W 9 Carberry Hill. 55 52N | 2 58w| 3
Bedgeley Moor 55 21N Bosnia. .... dist 44 0N Burgundar- - Carcassonne..t 4314N 2 22E | 7
Bednore.......t 13 50N Bosporus..... t 41 5N holm...... Žs 54 30N | 17 OE | 8 Cardiff ...... t 51 29N | 3 10W 3
Beejapore......t 16 50N Boston......... t 52 59N Burgundy.....# 46 40N | 5 40E 4 Carelia, .....dist 62 30N 28 30W 8
Beema........?' 15 54N Botea........t 62 48N Burlington....t 54 6N 0.13W, 3 Carinthia...dist 46 45N | 14 OE | 7
Beja..........# 38 2N Bosworth......t 52 37N Bury St. Ed- Carisbrook...t 50 43N | 1 17W 2
Belchite ...... # 4 20N Bothnia.......g63 0N monds...... 52 15N | 0 44E | 3 Carleol (Car-
Belfast........ # 39 19s Bothwell Br... 55 48N Bute........co 55 50N | 5 5W: 3 lisle)........ 54 54N | 2 55W 2
Belfort........# 4736N Botolphstowne Butrinto......# 39 43N | 20 8E | 12 Carlow...... co 52 45N | 6.48W 3
Belgae ......... 51 20N # 52 59N Butzou.......? 535in 11 59E | 11 || Carlsruhe.....t 49 3N | 846E | 13
Belgium........ 15 50N . Boucada......t 35 14N Byama......... # 26 59N | 77 21E 15 Carnarvon...t 53 9N 4 16W | 1.
Belgrade......# 44 50N Boulogne.....t 50 44N Byeturnee... r. 21.30N 86 10E J5 Carnatic... dist 12 30N | 8040E | 15
Bellegarde ...t 42 26N Boulonais prov 50 15N Carniola...dist 46 ON | 14 30E | 10
Belle Isle ..... 47 19N Bourbon.....is 21 0s Caroor.......t 11 ON | 78 8E | 15
Benares......t 25 18N Bourbonois C Carricall..... t 11 ON | 79 55E 15
Bender ......t 46 48N prov 46 10N Carrick...dist 55 10N | 4 45W 3
Beneventum...t 41 11N Bourg......... 46 10N Carrickfergus
Bengal....dist 24 0N Bourges.......# 47 4N Cabes ........g. 34 10N | 10 20E | 14 t 54 43N | 5 50W 3
Benghazi..... t 32 14N Bourne....... t 52 45N Cabillonum....t 4645N | 3 20E | 6 Carrion.......t 42 24N 4 39W 9
Bentschen.....t 52 14N Bouvines...... # 50 35N Cabool .......t 3420N | 69 21E | 15 Carthage....t 36 56N | 1015E | 5
Beoferlic......t 53 51N Bowness......t 54 56N Cadesia.........t 34 15N 43 58E 7 Carthagena...t 37 40N 0 42W | 6
Beorclea, .....t 51 42N Boyne .......r 53.30N Cadiz......dist 36 30N | 5 50W 12 Casale........t 45 7N | 827E | 12
Beornica Wic...t 55 47N Brabant, N. Cadsand.......i 51 15N | 3 32E | 6 Cashel ........t 52 30N | 7 52W 3
Beranby rig ... t 52 4N prov 51 38N Caen......... # 49 SN | 0 21W 4 Cashmere.disi; 34 30N 76 OE'ſ 14
Berar ......dist 21 ON Bradgate .....t 52 43N Caerc .......... 42 IN | 12 3E | 10 Caspian Sea... 42 0N 50 0E | 6
Berat.........t 40 44N Braemar......# 57 2N Caercoman...t 53 29N 1 10W 2 Cassel........t 5118N 9 30H | I].
Berenice......t 23 56N Braga. ........ t 41 34N Caer Lejean...# 53.12N || 2 51W 2 Castello.......# 39 52N | 726 W 13
Berg .......... t 47 34N Bramapootrar 24 ON Caer Loc, or Castiglione...t 45 24N 10 29E 13
Bergen......dist 61 0N Brakilow ..... # 45 9N |Bixa ceaster. 50 42N | 3 29W 2 Castile ........ 40 0N 5 OW 8
Bergen-op- Bramham Caer Rhun ...# 53 13N | 3 54wl 1 || Castlebar.... à 53 52N | 9 18W 3
Zoom........t 51 30N Moor ........ 53.52N 3 Caer Segent...# 53 9N | 4 16w| 2 Castleford....# 53 42N | 1 20W 1
Berkeley...... t 51 42N Brancaster....t 52 58N l Caerleon ..... § 51 39N | 2 50W 2 Castoria. ......# 40 30N | .2040E | 11
Berhampore...t 1918N Brandenburg.t 52 24N 8 Calermarthen.t 51 51N 4 18W - 2 Catalauni....t 48 58N | 3 6
Berlin .........t 52 30N Brandisum...# 40 38N 5 Caernarvon...t 53 9N 4 16W | 2 Catalonia...dist 42 16N 1 34E | 12
Bermuda.s....is 32 36N BrancQ.......r 0.30s 13 || Caerriden Catana (Cat-
Bernburg..... tº 51 40N | Brannibor..... t 52 24N 8 (Carriden)..? 56 0N 3 35W | 1 ania)....... § 37 28N | 1538E | 8
Bern.......dist 47 0N Branodunum. 52 58N' 1. Caesariensis Cataractonium 4.
Bernicia ...dist 55 30N || Branogenum..t 52 12N l disi, 54 8N | 130W 1 Catterick ... i. 54 21N 1 31W: 1
Berri......prov 46 40N Bratton Hill .. 51 11N 2 Caesaromags t 5144N | 0 30E | 1 Cattaro........# 4226N | 1849E 10
Berwick ...... # 55 46N Braunsberg..t 54 23N 13 Caghara.......t 39 12N 9 7E 9 Cattegat.....sd 57 39N 1057E 14
Berytus.........t 33 54N Brawinnio Cahors.......t 44 26N | 130E | 7 Cattieuchlani
Besancon..... t 47 13N (Worcester); 52 12N. I. Caicus........ºr 37 55N | 27 OE | 9 dist 52 0N | 0 40W | 1
Bessarabia.dist 47 10N Brawinnium..t 52 24N I Cairns.....mis 55 15N | 415wl 3 || Cavan ......co 54 3N | 720W -3
Bete......... is 22 21N Brazil::....... 20 0S 16 Cairo.......... $ 30 IN | 31 18F | 7 Cavery ........ 15
Betwa........ 7' 25 45N Bregetio......t 47 56N 2 Caistor.......t 52 37N | 1 17E | 1 Cawnpore.....t 26 30N | 8025E | 15
Beucuire...... # 43 53N Breisach...... tº 48 2N 12 Cajwah......t 26 8N 80 31E | 15 Cealclyth......t 53 27N 226W 2
Beverley...... # 53 51N Breitenfeld...t 51 24N 11 Calabria,....m.; 39 ON | 16 40E | 8 Celebes.......? 2 0s | 121 0E | 16
Beyrout......t 33 54N Brelow.a...... # 54 201N 13 Calahorra......# 42 18N 1 57W 9 Celeni........ # 46 20R 13 59E | 8
Bhooj.........t 23 12N Bremainger ... i. 61 50N 14 Calais......... # 50 59N | 153E | 4 Cenioris Ost... 50 9N | 5 8W | 1
Bhopaul.......t 2320N Bremen....... # 53 5N 7 Calamata ....# 37 4N | 22 0E . 12 Cenis......mt 45 14N | 6 54E | 9
Bhotan....dist 27 20M Bremenium Calatanazor...# 41 45N | 2 0W 8 Cenomanis...t 48 15N | 020F | 6
Bhurtpore.....t 27 20N (Rochester)..# 55 12N 1 || Calatrava.....# 38.59N | 3 4W 9 || Cephalonia...is 38 20N 20 39E | 9
Bhutneer.......t 29 36N Bremetonoca # 54 13N I Calcutta,......# 22 35N | 88 25E | 15 Cerdicsford...t 50 59N 1 44W 2
Bialystok....t 53 läN Brentford.... t 51 30N 3 Cale ..........t 41 7N 8 20W 3 CerdicSora, ... i. 52 36N 1 43F | 2
Biarmaland Brenville ....# 49 26N 4 Calle . . . . . . . . t 41 14N 8 56W 5 Cerigo.........? 36 15N 23 0E . 13
dist 60 0N' Brest.........# 48 22N 4 Calleva (Sil- Cerignola....t 41 36N | . 16 50E | 10
Biarmi......dist 60 0N Bretagne.. dist 48 0N 4 chester).....# 5122N | _1 10W 1 Cette ........t 43 24N | 3 41E | 12
Bidassoa.......?' 4320N Bretigny .....t 48 17N 4 Calicut....... # 11 20 N | 75 50E 15 Ceuta,........ t 35 54N 5 18W 7
Bielavech....t 49 18N Bretland....dist 52 30N 2 California...dist 37 40N | 121 OW! 16 Ceylon........? 7.30N 81 0E . 15
Bielgorod....t 50 40N Breton .......c45 57N 16 Callinger .... t 25 7N | 8032E | 15 Chalgrove....t 51 34N 1 4W 3
Bijanagur....t 15 20N Brescia........t 45 33N 13 Callipoli......# 40 20N | 27 20B | 12 Chalons..... ...t 48 58N 4 21E 4
Bikancer......t 28 4N Breslau.......t 51 7N 8 Calne........t 5126N 2 OW! 2 Chalus .......t 45 38N 0 59E 4
Bilbas......... £ 43 23N Bridgewater...# 51 8N 1 Camalodunum Cham......... t 49 14N | 1241E | I].
Bilboa, .........# 43 24N Bridlington....t 54 6N 3 (Colchester) Chandah..... t 1958N 7920ſ. 15
Birca......... t 59 0N Brienne......t 48 23N 13 # 51 50N | 1 0E . I Chanderna-
Birlat.........t 46 QN Brigantes..... 54 ON I Cambrai ..... t 50 12N 3 14E | 4 gore........t 22 50N | 88.20B. 15
Birmingham..t 52.29N Brigantum...t 42 58N 5 Cambray....t 50 12N 315E | 11 Charlieu...... t 46 9N | 4 12E | II.
Birnbaum....t 52.35N Briegstow.....t 51.29N 2 Cambria, or N. * Charolles ....t 46 25N 4 19E | II
Biskra ........t 34 45N Brindisi......t 40 38N 7 Wales...... 52 30N | 4 OW! 4 Charters......t 48 28N | 129E 4
Bisontii.......t 47 16N Bristol .......t 51 29N 3 Cambricum Chatillon.....t 46 52N 0.45W 4.
Bisopa ........t 11 50N Britannia, (Cambridge) Chaves....... # 41 52N || 7 29W 13
Bithoor ......t 26 50N Prima........ 51 0N 1. # 52 13N 0 10F, 1 Chazars ...dist 48 0N 52 0E | 6
Bitlis. . . . . . . . . tº 38 25N Brixen ....... t 46 42N 9 Cambridge...t 52 12N 0 8E 3 Chelm ....... # 53 22N 1828E | 8
Bitonto ......t 41 5N Brody..........t 50 5N 13 Cambus Ren- Chemnitz....t 50 50N | 12 55E | 11
Bittburg..... t 49 49N Bromberg....t 53 8N 11 neth -- ~...t 56 9N 3 53W 3 Chenaub..... r 33 ON | 73 0E | 15

CHEREOIJF.G.
TNIDEX.
EXETER.
| | º º
LAT. LON, MAP LAT. LON, MAP. LAT. LON. |MAP LAT. LON. MAP.
Cherbourg....t 49 37N | 1 39W 4 Corfesgeale...t 50 38N 2 3W 2 Depalpoor....t 30 45N | 7355E | 15 Dwarka, . . . . . ; 22 15N | 69 0E | 15
Chersona ....t 44 41N | 32 35E | 7 Corfu ......... i 39 35N | 1955E | 9 Derbend.......t 42 4N 48 14E | 6 Dwina,.... . . .” 63 30N 42 25E | 6
Chester...... à 53 11N | 2 53W, 3 Coria..........t 39 55N | 6 20Wl 7 TXerby......... t 52 56N | 1 28W: 4
Cheviot Hills. 55 25N | 2 15W 3 Coringa........t 16 50N | 82 22E 5 Dernah.... . t 32 50N 22 40E | 14
Chevy Chase...55 13N | 2 20W 3 Coritawi.......t 53 0N | 1 OW! 1 Derne........ j 32 42N 22 8E | 6 E
Chicacole..... # 1818N 83 59E| 15 Cork ......... t 51 53N | 8 28W 3 Derry......... tº 55 0N 7 19W 3
Chichester.... t 50 49N | 0 47W 2 Corna Vii... dist 53 0N | 2 30W | 1 Derventio.....t 54 0N | 1 3W | 1
Chili........... 32 08 || 70 20W | 16 Cornwealas... Dessau........ t 51 49N | 12 14E | 11 Eadesbyrig ... t 5316N | 2 41W 2
Chillianwalla t 32 42N | 7335E | 15 dist 50 25N || 4 55W 3 Dettingen.....t 50 2N | 9 4E | 12 Ealnwic (Aln-
Chingleput...t 1240N | 80 2E 15 Corphoe..... is 39 40N | 1946E 9 Deuty.........t 50 56N | 6 58E | 4 wick)......t 55 25N | 1.40W 2
Chinon ....... # 47 8N | 0 15E 4 Corrichie...... 57 1]N | 2 3W 3 Devana, || East Anglia, or
Chinsura ..... # 22 56N | 88 25E 15 Corrunna...dist 43 5N | 8 20W 12 (Aberdeen).t 57 9N || 2 4W 1 East Engle. 52 15N | 0 30E 2
Chittagong... i. 22 23N | 91 56E 15 Corvo Ponte...! 41 40N | 13 481, 13 Deventer..... # 52 15N | 6 10E 7 East Seaxe .... 51 55N 0 10E | 2
Chittapett..... t 12 20N | 79 31E | 15 Coslin......... t 54 4N | 17 45E | 4 DeVicottah....t 1122N 79 53E 5 Ebchester.....t 54 52N 1 50W | 1
Chittoor ......t 13 12N | 79 10E 15 Cossacks...dist 50 0N | 39 0E | 10 Devizes........t 5122N | 2 OW! 3 Eboracum....t 53 58N 1 5W I
Chnitza,....... t 44 43N | 14 33E 12 COssimbazar..t 24 21N | 87 59E 15 DeWal ........ # 24 46N | 67 47E 15 Ebro ........r 41 15N | 0 5W 7
Choczim...... t 4818N | 27 22E i 12 Courland...dist 56 5N | 22 40E 9 Diarbekir.... i. 37 57N | 40 11E | 8 Ebrodunum...t 42 45N | 7 21E 5
Choul........t 1826N | 73 18E1 15 Cowelong.....t 1242N | 80 20E | 15 Dieppe ....... # 49 55N | 1 5E i 13 Ecbatana ..... $ 34 49N | 48 30E | 7
Christiana.....t 59 58N | 10 42E | 12 Coventry.....t 52 25N | 1 30W 2 Digne........# 44 5N | 615E | 13 Eckmuhl....t 48 45N | 12 56E | 13
Christianborg Coway........ 51 24N | 0 33W 1 Dijon .........t 46 20N | 4 56E | 4 Eddington....t 51 17N 2 7W 2
# 10 3N | 0 14W | 16 Cracow......t 50 5N | 1955E | 8 Dilston. . . . . . .54 54N | 2 1"W! 3 Eddisbury....t 53 16N | 241W 2
Christian- Cranganore...t 10 15N 7610E 15 Dinagepoor..t 25 40N 88 38E | 15 . Eden........t 37 1s 149 55E | 1
sundt.........63 10N | 7 45E | 12 Crayford .....t 51 28N | 0 11E 2 Dinant.......t 50 17N 4 55E | 9 Edgecete.....t 52 9N 3W 3
Christopolis...t 41 2N | 23 44E 9 Crecy........t 50 12N | 1 54E | 4 Dincipore..... t 25 19N 85 2E 15 Edgehill......t 52 10N 1 20W 3
Chrobatia.dist 45 ON | 17 0E | 7 Crefeld..... ...t 51 20N | 6 34E | 12 Dingle........t 52 9N | 10 16W 3 Edinburgh ...t 55 57N | 3 12W 8
Chumbul.... r. 26 30N | 79 0E | 15 Cregainford ... t 51 28N 0 11E | 2 Din and Fort. 20 48N | *70 56E 15 Edrisides...dist 33 0N 0 5E | 7
Chunar...... t 25 10N | 83 0E | 15 Cremona .... t 45 8N | 10 LE | 13 Dnieper...... 7" 46 40N | 32 50E | 6 Edwinesburg.t 55 57N | 3 12W 2
Cibin........t 45 46N | 24 9E 9 Creppy..... . . t 49 17N | 3 4E 4 Dniester.....r 48 0N | 29 OE | 6 Egaalsthrep...t 5118N | 0 28E | 2
Cintra.........t 38 50N 9 24W 15 Crespy ...... t 49.30N 340E | 11 Doab....... dist, 27 15N 78 0E . 15 Eger.........t 50 4N | 12 22E | 11
Circars....dist 17 30N | 83 0E . 15 Cressy........ t 50 12N | 1 54E, 4 Doboka.........t 46 48N | 22 34E | 9 Egypt ........ 30 ON | 32 0E . 9
Circassians Crevant...... t 47 39N 340E 4 Dobra.......... t 44 39N | 21 55E | 14 Eichsfeld...dist 5118N | 10 22E | 11
disł 44 32N | 40 0E | 10 Crimea.....dist 45 5N | 34 OE | 10 Dobuni.....dist 52 ON | 2 Owl 1 Eiddyn....... t 55 57N | 3 12W 2
Cisseceaster...; 50 49N | 0 47W 2 Croatia .... dist 45 30N | 17 OE 8 Dofre (Dover)t 51 7N | 1 18E. 2 Einsiedeln....t 47 2N | 939E | 10
Civita Vecchia, Croats..... dist 50 0N | 26 58E | 6 Dogger Bank. .54 50N | 2:30E | 3 Eisenach .... t 50 5SN | 1018E 11
# 42 5N | 11 44E | 13 Crococalanum Domity...... t 53 KON | 11 16E | 11 Eisleben......t 51 32N | 11 34E 10
Civitella....... # 41 54N | 13 28E | 9 # 53 6N | 0 42W 1 Tomremy.....t 48 25N | 5 41F | 4 Ehaterinoslav
Clarendon ...# 51 4N | 1.44W) 3 CrOnstadt.... t 60 0N | 29 40E 14 || Don..........r 53 30N | 110w 3 # 48 25N | 35 0E | 13
Clausentium Croyland.....t 52 40N | O 9W 12 Donauworth...t 48 42N | 1046E | 11 Eltrish....... i. 31 10N | 33 55E | 13
(Southamp- Csongrad .... t 46 42N | 2010E 11 Doncaster ... t 53 31N | 1 7W 3 Elbe .........?' 50 14N 14 30E | 6
ton) ........ # 50 57N 1 20W 3 Cuddapah..... t 14 30N | 78 53E | 15 DOrcea.Ster...t 50 43N | 2 20W 2 Elbing........ # 54 10N | 19 24E | 11
Clavinium.... t 50 36N | 2 26W 1 Cuddalore....t 11 42N | 79 50E | 15 Dordogne ... r 44 49N | 0 35E 4 Elephanta....i 61 30s 54 QW) 15
Clermont....t 45 47N || 3 5E | 7 Cuenca....... t 40 4N 2 9W 8 Dornock..... t 57 53N | 4 lyſ 3 || Elgin.......... # 57 33N | 3 18W 3
Clifflond...dis; 54 15N | 0 30W 2 Ciudad, Real. 38 58N | 3 49W 13 Dort ........ t 51 42N 515E | 11 Elig (Ely).... t 52 25N | 0 15E | 2
Clifton.......t 54 36N 2 37W 3 Culcheth .... t 53 27N | 2 26W 2 Dorylaeum....t 39 54N 30 30E | 9 Eligbyrig ....t 52 25N | 0 15E | 2
Clonmel...... # 52 21N | 7 42W 3 Culloden Moor 57 30N | 4 5W 3 Dotis........ t 47 40N | 1818E | 13 Ellichpoor....t 2118N | 77 30E | 15
Clontarf......t 53 21N 6 8W 3 ulm ........t 53 22N | 1828E | 8 Douglas..... t 54 9N 4 26W 3 Ellore........ # 16 40N 81 10E | 15
Clyde.......fr 55 50N | 4 56W 3 Culma........ t 53 18N | 1921E | 9 Douro .......r 40 58N | 8 50W 10 Elmet..... dist 51 40N | 1 38W 2
Coblenz.......t 50 21N | 737E | 11 Gulmore ... :: t 55 3N 7 18w| 3 Dowlatabad...f 20 ON | 75 20R 15 Elmham...... t 52 45N | 0 49E | 2
Cochin.....dist 10 20N | 76 30E 15 Cumbria... dist 54 0N | 2 30W 2 Downs, The... 51 13N | 1 25E | 3 Elmina ......t 5 30N | 1 30W 16
Coast Castle... 8 ON 2 OW! 16 Cumnor.......# 51 44N 1 21W 3 Draguignan..# 43 32N | 6 30E | 13 Elsinore...... t 56 3N | 12 38E | 13
Cofentree....t 52 25N | 1 30W 2 Cupar.........ſt 56 19N | 3 Owl 3 Dreira Wuda, Elvas........ t 38 53N | 7 0W 12
Coimbatore... t 11 2N | 77 0E | 15 Curacoa. .... is 12 15N | 68.50w 16 dist 53 45N | 0 7W 2 Emamghur...t 26 36N | 69 15E | 15
Coimbra ..... # 40 14N | 8 25W 7 Qurba..., .....t 36 41N | 1037E | 7 Dresden...... t 51 3N | 1344E | 11 Emden.......# 53 21N | 723E | 11
Colberg....... t 54 9N | 1533E 13 Curia. ........t 47 201N 9 41E 5 Drifflin ...... t 5320N | 6 15W 8 Emirat of Cor- - -
Colchester...# 51 53N | 0 55E | 1 QustoZZa...... t 45 27N | 10 20p || 14 Drogheda......# 53 43N 6 21W 3 dova...... dist 39 50 5 0W 7
Colchis.... dist 42 15N | 42 0E | 10 Çustrin .......t'3233N 14 37E | 11 Drontheirm...? 63 12N | 1018E | 1.4 Emirat of
Coleraine....# 55 4N | 6 35W 3 Cutch...... dist 23 20N | 69 30E | 15 Drumclog.... t 55 37N | 4 13W 3 |Haleb... dist 35 0N | 37 20E | 8
Coleroon ....r 11 15N | 7940E 15 Cutourgures. Dubitza........# 45 10N 1649E 13 Emirat of
Coll...........is 56 38N 6 35W 3 dist 47 50N | 37 40E | 6 || Dublin.......: 5320N 6 15W 2 Mosul....dist 36 30N | 41 0F | 8
Colmkill......is 56 1SN | 6 24W 7 Cuttach......t 20 38N | 85 59E | 15 Dubrae (Dover) Emp of Avars
Colmceaster...; 51 51N | 0 52E 2 Gutwah...... t 23 37N | 87 54E | 15 # 51 7N | 1 18W 1 dist 48 ON | 22 0E | 7
Colobrega..... t 54 3N | 17 30E | 8 Qyrmi........ t 55 50N 4 30W 1 Dubrownik....t 42 40N | 17 43E | 9 Bmp of
Cologne ...... t 50 52N 8 7E | 6 Cyzicus.......t 40 20N 28 32E | 5 Duero........r 40 55N | 8 51W 7 Chazars.dist 50 ON | 40 0E | 7
Colombo..... # 6 56N | 79 51E 15 QZaslan....: ...t 49 50N | 15 25E 12 Dumaun.......t 20 19N | 73 9E | 15 Enculisma....# 45 40N | 0 15E | 6
Colonia (Col- Czechi.......dist 50 20N | 18 OE | 6 Dumbarton... i. 55 56N | 4 34W 3 Englafelda ...t 5126N 1 6w| 2
Chester).....t 51 53N 0 55E | 1 Dumfries....# 55 5N 3 37W 3 England...... 52 30N 1 OW 7
Colonia (Lan- Duna..... , ...r 55 30N 26 8E | 12 Engleseie..... i. 5318N 4 21W 2
ark) ....... t 55 40N 3 49W 1 D T)unaburg.... t 55 58N 26 38E | 13 Enniscorthy..t 52 30N 6 35W 3
Colonsay.....is 56 5N 6 14W | 3 Dunbar...... t 56 0N 2 31W 3 Enniskillen....t 54 22N 7 38W 3
Columbia. . . . . 49 ON | 120 0W 16 Duncannon... i. 52 11N | 6 42W 3 Eoforwic......? 53 17N | 1 4Wl 2
Comani....dist 47 30N | 31 0E . 9 Dabul.........t 1738N 73 24E | 15 Dundalk.....t 54 0N | 6 24W 3 Ephthalites
Combretoni- Dacca. ........ t 23 40N | 90 30E | 15 Dundee......# 56 28N | 2 58W! 3 dist 42 20N | 43 0F | 6
um ........ i 52 9N 1 13B | 1 Daghestandist 42 0N | 48 OE | 12 Dundrennan... 54 49N 3 57W 3 Epiacum..... # 54 52N 1 50W | 1
Como.........t 45 44N | 9 3E 9 Dago ........? 58 55N | 2240E | 10 Duney Vic......t 52 17N | . 1 37E | 2 Epidii.....dist 55 32N 5 36W 1
Comorin.....co 8 5N | 77 40E | 15 Dalruaidhain Dunfermline. 56 4N | 3 28W 3 Epidium .... i. 55 48N | 5 40W I
Compiegne ..t 49 24N | 2.51E | 4 (Campbelton); 55 22N 4 47 w| 2 Dungannon...; 54 31N | 6 46W 3 Erding ......t 4818N | 11 55E | 11
Compostela, TJamietta,....... t 31 25N 31 41E | 13 Dunholm Eresburg......t 51 10N | 9 17E 7
Santiago de # 42 59N | 8 42W 9 Damene .......t 51 15N | 3 18E| 4 (Durham)..# 54 46N | 135W 3 Erfurt........# 50 59N | 11 3E | 11
Conarah...... # 18 3N | 83 40E | 15 Damnii...... t 55 45N | 3 15W 3 Dunkeld.... à 56 34N | 3 34W 2 Erivan.......# 40 12N | 44 31E | 12
Concan.... dist 18 ON | 74 Ol; 15 Damnonii...dist 50 20N | 4 30W 1 Dunkirk...... t 51 2N | 2 25E | 4 Erlan ........ # 47 53N | 2023E | 11
Condapore... t 13.35N 74 48E | 15 Dan, Tribe..... 31 50N | 34 50E 2 Dunrobin Erne.........! 5428N | 7 50W 3
Condrapilly...t 18 20N | 82 42E | 15 Danapris.....?" 46 40N | 32 OF | 5 Castle...... 57 58N 3 57W 3 Ernign Street: 52 30N 0 15W I
Congavata....t 54 59N 248w| 1 Danelagh...dist 53 0N | 0 15W 2 Dunse Lard... 55 46N 222W, 3 Erpingham... t 52 42N | 0 37W 3
Conimbriga...? 40 3R 8 58w| 6 Danes..... dist 57 ON | 10 OE | 6 Dunsinnan Erzroum, or
Conisburg....t 53 29N 1 10W 2 Danzig.......t 54 21N | 1838E | 11 Hill........ 56 28N | 3 15W 2 Erzerum ...# 39 55N 41 18E. 13
Conjeweram. # 12 50N 7949E | 15 Dardania,...dist 42 25N | 22 20B, 2 Dunstaffnage Esseg.........t 45 35N | 1841E | 14
Conn ........! 54 2n 9 15W 3 Dardenelles Castle........ 56 27N 5 26W 2 ESSex..... dist 51 45N | 0 30E 2
Connacia, ...dist 53 40N 9 OW! 7 słr 40 2N | 26 OE | 12 Duriune Esslingen.....t 48 45N | 9 19E | 13
Connaughtdist 53 40N | 9 Owl 3 Darmstadt dist 50 30N | 9 OE | 11 (Downpatrick) • * Esthland, or
Conossa ..... t 42 17N | 1016E | 9 Deal .........t 51 14N | 1.24E | 3 # 54 20N | 5 44W 3 Esthonia, or
Conovium ... t 5313N | 3 54w I Dee..........r 57 8N | 2 5W! 3 Dunroich......t 52 17N | 137E | 2 Estians. dist 59 ON | 27 56E | 7
Consocra, .... t 39 35N | 2 38W 9 Deeg.........t 27 26N | 78 3E | 15 Duppein...... # 54 41N 943E 14 Tºstremadurii <>
Constance.... t 47 40N | 9 10E 7 Degendorf...t 48 53N | 13 3E | 11 Dupplin Castle 56 21N 3 31W 3 disi 40 55N | 7 5W 8
Constanineh..t 35 20N | 6 38E | 13 Deira......dist 54 20N | 1 Owl 4 Dura........ t 34 50N | 40 45E 5 Etampes .... t 48 25N | 2 10E 5
Constantia, ...# 35 14N | 33 27E 5 Telft...........t 52 IN | 4 26E | 10 Durazzo...... t 41 17N | 1929E | 9 Etaples......t 50 34N | 1.41E | 4
Constantinow t 42 2N | 39 40E 14 Telhi......... t 23 40N | 77 20B, 15 Duren........ # 50 64N | 7 30E 11 Etawah.......t 26 50N 79 5E | 15
Copaland....is 54 41N 3 33W 2 Denain......t 50 17N | 2 2E | 12 Durham...... # 54 47N | 1.33E | 3 Ethandune ..t 51 16N | 2 10W 3
Copenhagen...t 55 40N | 12 40E | 12 Denis, St.....t 48 56N || 2 22E 4 Durnovaria, Etna ...... mt 37 43N | 14 58E | 12
Copredy.....br 52 8N | 1 10W 3 Denmark...... 54 0N | 10 0E | 8 (Dorchester) Euxine, or
Corda (Cum- Deoghar...... t 24 30N | S6 40E 15 f 50 44N 2 25W 1 Black Sea, .. 43 40N | 36 0E | 7
nock)........ 55 43N | 4 25W 1 Deornod De- Durobrabis v Everest....mi. 27 50N | 86 55E | 15
Cordova...... t 37 51N | 4 44W) 7 henbarith DurobriVaa...? 51 23N | 0 30E | 1 Evesham......? 52 5N | 1 56W 3
Corenthus....t 37 54N 22 54W| 5 dist 51 53N | 4 OW! 2 DurocobriV82 : 51 55N | 0 33W | 1 EVOra,......... t 38 39N | 7 40W 9
Corfa, Dam- - Deoraby...... # 52 56N I 28W 2 Durotrigesdist 50 50N 2 20W I Evreux......t 49 IN 1 10E | 4
IlOTUIII]. . . . . . # 55 57N 3 54W 3 Deorhyrst......t 51 57N 2 8W 2 Dusseldorf ... t 51.13N | 6 47E | 11 Examcea Ster. § 50 43N 3 32W 2
Corfe Castle...t 50 38N 2 3W 3 Deornas...dist 54 10N | 1 OW! 2 Dutch Guiana, 8 ON | 57 0W 16 Exeter...... t 50 43N | 3.32W, 3
EYLAU.
INDEX.
LAT.
Eylau........t 54 24N
Eysissla..... is 58 3N
F
TaeSulae .....t 43 58N
Falaise ...... t 48 51N
Falkirk...... t 56 lN
Falkland ..... t 56 15N
Falmouth Har.
- # 50 9N
Famagusta,...t 35 9N
Farnham .... t 51 13N
Faroe, or Far
Oer........is 61 30N
Farringdon...t 51 40N
Fécamp...... # 49 45N
Fenland...dist 52 40N
Fenny Strat-
ford ..... ... # 52 IN
Fernando PO.
# 3 30N
Ferozepoor ... t 31 ON
Ferozeshah ... t 30 45N
Ferrara.......t 45 12N
Fez............t 34 7.N
Field of the
Cloth Of Gold 50 46N
Fighig ....... tº 32 21N
Finglass......t 53 23N
Finland ...dist 64 30N
Finisterre cape 42 50N
Finnicae ... dist 63 0N
Finnish Tribes
dist, 63 0N
Fishguard....t 52 lN
Fiume........t 45 19N
Fladen.......t 50 26N
Flamborough
Hd.......... 57 7.N
Flanders... dist 50 58N
Flavia Ceasar-
iensis....... 53 0N
Flensburg ...t 54 46N
Flint.... ..... # 53 15N
Flodden...... # 55 37N
Florence ......t 43 41N
Florentia. . . . . t 43 41N
Florida.....dist 30 0N
Foix ... . . . . . . t 42 5SN
Foktchamy...! 45 29N
Folcestan.... t 51 7N
Fontainbleau.t 48 24N
Fontainiacum,
or Fontenay
# 46 28N
Fontenaille ... t 47 20N
Eontenoy....t 50 37N
Forbach...... # 49 11N
Foreland, N..c51 23N
Forfar......... t 56 39N
Fornesse...dist 54 20N
Forres .......t 57 36N
Forth, Firth of
* 56
Fort, St.
David’s .... § 10 40N
Foss Dyke..... 5316N
Fossetisland...? 53 40N
Fosse Way.... 52 50N
Fostat (Cairo)
tº 30 IN
Fotheringay..t 52 35N
Fourmigny ...t 49 22N
Foyle.........! 55 6N
Pramlingham
# 52 14N
France ........ 48 0N
Franche
Comte...prov 47 0N
Franconia.dist 50 0N
Franken-
hausen.....t 51 21N
Frankfurt.....t 50 6N
Frassineto
(Fraxinetum)
Franstadt.....t 5148N
Fredah ...... t 53 43N
Fredeburg....# 51 16N
Frederikshald
# 59 20N
Fredriksverni 58 36N
Frejus........ t 43 25N
Friaul..... dist 46 0N
Friburg....dist 46 48N
Friedland.....t 54 26N
Friesland...dist 52 5SN
Frisii......dist 52 20N
Frisinga......t 48 14N
Friuli......dist 46 5N
FronSac ......t 44 48N
Frooste......t 63 7N
7N
LON.
20 39E
2130E
3 37W
2 40W.
79 48E
0 35W
8 50E
0 52W
31 18F
0 25W
0 50W
7 57
1 2013,
2 0E
6 OE
10 0E
11 6P.
8 42E
6 55E
16 20B,
6 21W
8 17F
11 OE
12 2015,
MAP.
::
1.
i
i
1
1
1
1.1
1
I
LAT.
Fuentearabia, #43 35N
Fuentes d'On-
ore.........t 40 38N
Fulda..........t 50 33N
Fulta ........t 22 23N
Furness.......t 54 6N
Fullruckabad..! 27 22N
Fussen....... # 47 34N
Futtehabad... ; 29 31N
Futtehpoor ... t 27 N
Fuzabad..... t 26 54N
G
Gadeni ..... ... 55 20N
Gaditanum
Fretum ......36 0N
Gafulford..... t 50 37N
Gainsboro....t 53 24N
Gains-
borough....t 53 24N
Gajeta, or
Gaeta........t 41 13N
Galatz........ # 45 25N
Gallicia ........42 43N
Gallicum
Fretum ......51 0N
Gallipoli......t 40 6N
Gallipoli...... 40 25N
Galway.......t 53.13N
Gambia......r 1320N
Ganges.......?' 21 25N
Ganilgurh....t 21 28N
Ganjam ......t 19 25N
Gap............t 44 35N
Garianonum t 52 33N
Garonne..... 7° 44 45N
Gascony....... 43 40N
Gates of
Caspia........41 30N
Gaulos........ $ 36 1SN
Gaza ........t 36 21N
Gefle ........t 60 40N
Geldern ..... # 51 31N
Genisburuh...t 53 24N
Genoa........ t 44 25N
George's,
St., Chan.....52 20N
Georgia. ....... 42 30N
Geras........ t 31 36N
Gerberoy..... # 49 33N
Gerbes
(Meninx) ... i. 33 47N
Gergenti..... £ 37 25N
German
Ocean....... 53 0N
Gerona .......t 41 59N
Ghara, or
Sutluj......r 29 19N
Ghardeia. ....t 32 0N
Ghauts.....mts 15 ON
Ghazeepoor...t 25 30N
Ghent ....... t 51 3N
Gheriah ..... # 16 32N
Ghorka........t 28 2N
Ghuznee .... t 33 30N
Giant's Dyke. 52 15N
Giato........t 45 22N
Gibraltar....t 36 9N
Giessen.......t 50 35N
Gijon......... 43 34N
Gingee.......t 12 20N
Gironde......?' 45 25N
Gitanae ...... # 39 25N
Giurgevo......t 43 53N
Gizeh.........t 30 0N
Gladova, ..... t 44 36N
Glaestingbyrig
tº 51 8N
Glasgow..... t 55 51N
Glastonbury..t 51 8N
Glatz........t 50 26N
Glarus.......! 47 2N
GleaWanceas-
ter.........t 51 51N
Glencoe ......t 56 38N
Glendalough t 53 2N
Glenfinnan...t 56 51N
Glenlivet...... 57 18N
Glogan ......t 51 40N
Głota,.........r 55 58N
Gloucester... t 51 51N
Gluckstadt...# 53 47N
Gnesen
(Gnezna) ..t 52 32N
Goa. .......... t 1535N
Gobannium... t 51 49N
Godavery.... r. 1630N
Godmanham,
or Godmund-
dingaham... t 53 54N
Gogo..........t 21 35N
Gogra ..... ...?' 26 ON
1 17W
6 40W.
941E
88 27E.
3 14W
79 35E
10 36E
75 35E
78 0E
81: 37E
2 15W
9 25E
1736E
73 55E
82 0B,
O 31W
72 15E
:3
3
}
15
I1
:
84 10E
4
LAT.
Golconda..... t 17 25N
Golden Byrht 52 34N
Good Hope,
Cape of..... 34 22s
Goodrich
Castle...... 51.13N
Goodwin
Sands....... 51 14N
Goor.........t 24 59N
Goofy......... # 1510N
Goree.......... i 14 10N
Gormaz
Gorruckpoor t 2645N
GOslar .......t 51 54N
Gothones dist. 49 ON
Goths......dist 45 15N
Gotland...dist 57 40N
Gottingen.....t 51 32N
Gourland....t 30 48N
Gournay..... £ 49 33N
Govindpore...t 22 7N
Gozo......... i 36 18N
Gracze or
Gratz.......t 47 4N
Graintan-
brycge ....t 52 11N
Gran .........t 47 40N
Granada .....t 37 30N
Gramsee ..... t 53 2N
GranSoon ....t 46 48N
Grantna, Br...# 52 IIN
Gratheicide...t 55 56N
Gravelines... t 51 0N
Gravenstein...t 55 6N
Great Desert. .2830N
Great Or White
Chrobatia....50 0N
Great St.
Bernard.....45 58N
Greece........ 38 0N
Greenland ....67 ON
Greenwich...# 51 27N
Grenoble .... t 45 11N
Groeningen...t 53 14N
Grodno...dist. 53 ON
Grommyon...t 37 57N
Gropredy Br..t 52 5N
Grims Dyke. 52 14N
Grisons... dist 46 42N
Grossetto....t 42 39N
Guadalaxara.t 40 34N
Guadaloupe. r 29 33N
Guadiana.... r 37 13N
Guernsey.....i. 49 27N
Guggur.......?' 29 58N
Guiana.....dist 6 ON
Guienne ... pro 44, 25N
Guinea.....dist 6 ON
Guinegate ... t 50 34N
Gujerat....dist 22 10N
Gujrat....... t 32 39N
Gulf of Lyons 43 0N
Gumbinnen...t 54.35N
Guntoor......t 16 20N
Guriel ....dist 41 35N
Guriev ......t 45 3N
Gurrah......t 23 8N
Gurwhal...dist 30 48N
Guttstadt.... t 53 59N
Gwalior...... t 26 2N
Gypeswic
(IpSWich)..t 52 4N
H
Haag..........t 52 6N
Haarlem .... t 52 23N
Hadersleben. 60 16N
Hadrianople..t 41 39N
Bladriaticum
Mare...... ... 44 0N
Hadrumetum: 36 2N
Haestingas...t 50 52N
Hague, The ..t 52 5N
Bainault...dist 50 35N
Hajeepoor....t 25 42N
Haleb........ t 36 llN
Halitsch...... t 39 18N
Hallandia...dist 56 40N
Halogeland... 76 ON
Halidon Hill... 55.49N
Halle........t 51 29N
Ham.........t 49 45N
Hamaburg...t 53 35N
|Hamadan....?' 34 50N
Hamadanides
dist 35 0N
Hamaditesdist 35 0N
Hamburg....t 53 32N
Hamm.......t 51 40N
Hammerfest. 70 39N
Hampton
Court........ 5125N
13 36E
15 27E.
0 71.
1830E
3 10W.
13 12E
6 38E
0 71.
9 14E
2 9E
9 36E
72 OE
20 0E
8 20R
22 OE
46 Ow
10 0B,
7 50E
23 21E
0 20W.
1
11
11
§
}J
:l1
LAT.
Hamre.......t 48 40N
Hamtun......t 50 54N
Hanau .......t 50 8N
Hanover ...... 5237N
Harfleur......t 49 30N
Harlaw......t 57 14N
Harlech...... t 52 51N
Harris...... ... i. 57 50N
Hartland...pt 51 IN
Harwich..... t 51 57N
Hastings..... t 50 52N
Hatfield...... t 53 34N
Havelburg....t 52 50N
Havre, Le.... t 49 30N
Hawarden. ...t 5311N
Hebrides.....is 58 0N
Heckingendist 48 20N
IHedgeley -
Moor........ 55 27N
Heidamark.mt 6420N
Heidelburg ... t 49 25N
Heilbron..... t 49 8N
Hekla....... 7mţ 64 0N
Heligoland...? 54 20N
Heliopolis....t 34 35N
Hellas........ 38 32N
Helsingborg..t 56 8N
Helsingeland... 65 0N
Helsingfors... t 60 10N
Hengesten-
dun...... dist, 50 29N
Hengston Hill 50 32N
Eſerculis Ins.
(Lundy) ....? 51 11N
Herculis Pr.
(Hartland)pt 51 0N
Hereford..... t 52 3N
Heristal...... # 51 12N
Hermanstadtt 45.46N
Hernani......t 43 IIN
Herpis ....... # 34 58N
Hersfeld.......t 50 52N
Hertford..... tº 51 48N
Hesse.....dist 51 0N
Hexham.....t 54 58N
Bialtaland
(Shetland) is 60 20N
IHildesheim... t 52 8N
Himalaya...mis 30 ON
Hindoo Koosh 36 ON
Hindostan ... 20 ON
Hingston
Down ...dist 50 29N
Hioring......t 57 20N
Hirchowa. .... t 44 45N
Hochkirch... t 51 8N
Hochstadt....t 49 41N
Eſogue La
Cape..........49 43N
Hohenburg..t 51 4N
Hohenlinden. 4810N
Holderness
dist 53 45N
Holland....... 52 30N
Holmby......t 5226N
Eſolstein... dist 54 5N
Holwan.......t 34 22N
Holy Isle...... 55 41N
Homburg ....t 49 19N
Bomildon Hill 55 32N
Honfleur..... # 49 25N
Hong-Kong...i.22 12N
Hoogly..... ...?' 22 7N
Hoogly......t 22 58N
Horn........t 48 37N
Horncastle... t 53 13N
Hostalrish...t 4145N
Hoya. ........t 5247N
Hoyerswerdat 5125N
Hrofesceaster
# 51 23N
Huescar......t 37 50N
Hull ...... ...t 53.44N
Humber.....r 53.35N
EIumbra-
mutha....... 53 35N
Hungary...... 48 0N
Huns ......dist 46 ON
Huntingdom...t 52 20N
Hunugares
dist 60 0N
Hurdwar ... , t 29 59N
Hurryhurr...t 14 30N
Hurst Castle... 50 42N
Hwcallaege...t 53 50N
Hwiterne....t 54 44N
Hyderabad...: 17 22N
Ełydrabad.....t 25 ON
Hythe , , , , , , , , ; 51 4N
I
Iabesa ...... is 39 20N
Iagerndorf...t 50 2N
IAGERNIDOR.F.
LON. |MAP.
18 2013, 12
1 23W 2
8 55E | 11
9 OE 10
0 12E | 4
2 21W 3
4 7W | 3
6 50W 3
4 31W: 1
I 16E | 2
0 36E 2
0 58w| 2
12 5E | 8
0 5E | 4
3 2W 3
6 50W | 3
9 OE | 13
1 58W 3
9 27E | 7
848E | 11
9 14E | 10
1945W 8
7 50E | 11
36 20R, 7
21 30R | 8
1240E | 13
20 0E | 7
25 OE | 14
4 40W 2
4 16W 2
4 35W | 1
4 30W | 1
243W 2
7 32E 7
24 9F | 9
1 16W 14
2 39W | 6
944E | 11
0 4W: 2
9 35E | 10
2 6W. 3
1 15W | 8
9 58E | 11
80 0E | 15
70 40E | 15
80 0E | 15
4 40W 2
10 4B | 9
28 2013 | 13
14 34E 14
10 48E | 12
0 57W 12
10 33E | 9
12 0E . 13
0 5W 2
4 50E | 11
0 20W 3
10 OE | 11
45 26E | 7
# 47W 3
7 24E | 11
2 5W 15
0 15E | 15
114 15E | 3
88 OE | 4
88 20B, 16
1543E | 11
0 7W 3
2 40E | 13
9 10E | 11
14 15E | 11
0 30E | 2
243W, 9
0 20W | 3
0 5W 2
() 5W 2
20 0E | 8
43 OE | 5
0 10W 5
53 OE | 6
78 10E | 15
75 50E | 15
132W| 3
2 23W, 2
425W/ 2
78 32E 15
68 25E | 15
1 5E | 3
1 10E | 8
17 26E 11

*
ICANETOE.
LAT.
Icanhoe ......# 52 59N
Iceland .......? 65 0N
Iceni ........t 52 30N
Icknield Street
52 0N
Idstedt.......t 54 35N
Iglau ........t 49 25N
Ilkley.........t 53 56N
Imeritia,...dist 42 20N
India.......... 20 0N
Indore .......t 2243N
Indus ........r 24 0N
Ingoldstadt...t 48 46N
Injellee........ £ 21 57N
Inkerman....t 44 36N
Inkowo.......t 55 12N
Innsbruck....t 47 14N
Inverary..... t 56 14N
Invergarry...t 57 4N
Inverlochy
Castle...... 5645N
Inverness.... t 57 28N
Iona..........? 56 18N
Ionian...... is 38 20N
Ipswich... ...t 52 4N
Ireland....... 53 0N
Trish Sea...... 53 40N
Irsova.........t 44 38N
Isaktchi.......t 45 15N
Isbarsk......t 57 45N
Isbarta........ t 37 46N
Islay..........? 55 44N
Isle of France 48 40N
Isle Belle......? 47 18N
Ismail........ # 45 20N
Ispahan ......t 3240N
Italy........... 42 0N
Ithaca ........? 38 25N
Ituma (Eden) r 54 52N
Itumae Aest
(Solway Fr.) 54 40N
Ivica. . . . . . ...? 39 0N
Ivrea ........t 45 27N
J
Jaca .........t 42.32N
Jacobstadt...t 56 35N
Jadera....... t 43 58N
Jaemtland dist 63 0N
Jaen......... £ 37 4SN
Jaffa......... l, 32 3M
Jaffna........t 945N
Jaik.........r 46 50N
Jalala....... ... t 35 lijn
Jamaica.... is 18 15N
Jamoo ..... t 32 48N
Jarnac....... t 45 40N
Jarnberaland. 61 0N
Jarrow ......t 54 59N
Jassy........t 47 11N
Jauer.........t 51 3N
Java. ......... $ 720s
Jebel Tarik...t 36 20N
Jedburgh....t 55 28N
Jelalabad.....t 34 29N
Jellinghee...r 23 40N
Jemappes..... t 50 38N
Jena ........t 50 55N
Jersey........? 49.13N
Jerusalem....t 31 47N
Jessulmere ... t 27 ON
Jeypoor...dist 27 30N
Jhansee...... t 25 30N
Jhelam......t 33 0N
Jinjerra......t 1810N
Jitomir......t 50 15N
Jomsberg.....? 53 55N
Jonkoping ...t 57 48N
Joodpoor ....t 26 20M
Jorvik .......t 53 57N
Jounpoor.... t 25 35N
Judanbyrig ... t 55 28N
Judenburg...t 47 10N
Juggernaut ... t 1950N
Jugoria.....dist 56 0N
Julich ........ # 50 55N
Jumna.......r 27 ON
Junquera.....t 42 25N
Jura........ dep 4645N
Jutes ..... dist 56 0N
Jutland.... dist 56 30N
Juvavia.......t 47 39N
FC
Rahira ....... t 30 1N
Fairwan ..... t 35 40N
Kaisaria. .....t 3844N
Kaisariyah ... t 38 40N
Kalafat......t 43 58N
Kalamere ....t 32 llN
204
3055
EW
1.:
;
:
i.
EE.
2
8
4
9i
3.
i
I
3
0
E
1
7
5
2
E
8
31 18B, 8
10 5E 9
35 56E | 12
35 14E | 9
22 57E | 13
75 22E | 15
5
INT).EX. MALIIIGA.
. TAT. LON. |MAP. LAT. Tuon. MAP. \ LAT, LoN. |MAP
Kalisch........# 5144N | 18 4E | 11 Labuan ......? 5 20N | 115 10E | 16 Ilandaff ......# 51 30N | 3 13W 2
Ka: .........# 65 4N 21 32E | 12 Laccadive ... is 12 10N | 72 0E | 15 Llandweyr... t 52 5N 4 12w| 3
Kalmar ....... t 56 42N ió 3E 13 Tadakh.... dist 34 0N 78 0E . 15 Loches.......# 47 7.N | 058E 4
Ralmucs ... dist 47 30N | 47 0E | 12 Tadoga........ t 60 8N | 3: 2E 9 Lochleven
Kaluga. ...... à 54 29N | 36 10E 13 La Ferte...... à 49 21N | 1 28E | 13 Castie....... 56 12N 345w! 3
Kama ........ r 55 20N 50 30E | 10 Lagenia....dist 52.40N 8 0W 7 Lodi.......... t 45 19N 9 30F | 9
Kamenetz..... t 48 43N 27 0E | 13 Lagos.........t 37 SN 8 40W 12 Loffoden .... is 68 40N | 15 40E | 14
Kandy .......t 7 18N 80 38E | 15 Lagraceaster.t. 52 39N 1 7W 2 Logrono......t 42 29N 2 24W 13
Kanin........ . c. 68 40N | 43 30E | 1.4 Lahore....... # 31 38N 74 25E | 15 Loire..........?' 47 10N 2 20w) 4
Raraman.....t 37 10N | 33 22E | 13 La Marche pro 46 20N | 130E | 4 Lombardy..... 45 30N 9 30E | 9
Rarlsburg....t 46 3N | 23 35E | 12 Lanark....... # 55 40N 3 49W | 1 Londinium
Karra .........t 25 46N | 81 13E | 15 Tancaster.... i 54 4N 2 47W | 1 (London) ... t 51 3IN 0 5W 2
Kars........ ... à 40 37N | 4310E | 12 Landaff......t 51 29N 3 13W 3 Tondonderry..t 55 0N 7 1977 3
Rautokeino ... t 69 27N | 21 49E | 1.4 Tandeck ..... t 47 4N | 10 41E | 11 Longowicum
Kavalla....... t 40 56N | 24 21E | 12 Landrecy.....t 50 7N 3.44 E | 12 (Lancaster) # 54 4N 2 47W | 1
Razan..... dist 54 30N 50 0E | 10 Tand's End.... 50 4N 5 42W 2 loodiana. , ... t 30 58N | 75 52E | 15
Keff...........t 36 12N 8 47E | 14 Landskron... t 49 52N | 1943E | 12 Loony .......?' 24 30N | 71 12E 15
Relso........ t 55 39N 2 27W 3 Langobardia Lorraine...prov 49 ON | 6 OE | 11
Relvedon.... t 51 51N 0 40E | 1 disł 45 20R 9 201E | 7 LOSSonez..... t 48 18X | 1943E i !l
Kempten.....# 47 44N | 10 20B | 10 Tangres.......t 47 53N 5 22E 7 Lot............r 44 22N 0 2013 || 4
Kendal ...... t 54 20N | 2 45W 3 Langside Lotharingia,
FCenilworth ... t 52 21N | 1 33 W 3 Castle....... 55 49N | 4 18W 3 Duchy of..... 51 20N | 7 0E | 8
Kentchester...? 52 7N 2 42W | 1 Languedoc pro 43.35N | 3 30E 4 Loudon Hill... 55 37N | 4 14W | 3
Rerkisiah.....t 33 7N | 40 19E | 9 Laodicea...... i 37 47N | 29 11E | 5 Toughboro...,t 5247N 1 14W 2
Kerteh.......# 45 2IN | 36 30E | 1.4 Taon......... t 49 33N 3 40E | 8 Loughrea...... t 53 12N S 35W 3
Kesteven....... 53 0N 0 15W 2 Tappes.... dist 65 30N | 20 0E . 5 Louvaine..... t 50 54N 4 41E | 8
Keszthely....t 46 44N | 17 14E | 11 Lapproark dist 65 30N | 20 0E 10 LOWestoft......t 52 29N 1 44E 3
Rharkow ..... t 49 5SN | 36 15E | 13 Largs........ t 55 47N 5 42W 3 Lowicz. . . . . . . . 52 6N | 20 0E | 11
Khatmandoo il 27 45N | 85 15E | 15 La Rochelle...t 46 7.N. 1 10W | 4 || Lubeck.......t 53 53N | 10 43E | 9
Khelat....... # 28 59N | 67 42E | 15 Laswaree.... t 27 40N, 77 0E | 15 Lubbenau.... t 51 51N | 13 56E | 11
Khowaires- v. || Latakia......t 35 29N | 35 48E | 14 Lublin ....... t 5118N 2240E 13
mian....dom. 36 ON | 52 0E | 9 || Latham House 5331N 236 W 3 Tubtheen ....# 53 19N | 11 4E | 11
Rhowarezm... 43 0N | 52 0E | 7 || Lauder ...... t 55 44N 2 42W | 3 Luceria......... t 41 36N | 15 24 E | 6
Richenau.... t 47 5N | 29 0E | 13 Laurche....... # 35 11N | 6 32W 12 Lucerne... dist 47 0N | 8 5E | 11
Kiel........... t 54 19N | 10 8E | 11 Lausanne......t 46 31N | 6 38E | 11 Tucknow..... t 26 50N | 81 0E . 15
Kiev ....... ... i. 50 30N 30 25E | 7 Layback......t 46 6N 3 34E | 12 Luco .......... # 43 1N 8 18W 6
Kildare...... t 53 10N | 6 55W 3 Lebedias... dist 49 ON | 37 0E | 7 Ludlow . . . . . . # 52 22N | 2 42W 3
Kilkenny.... t 52 39N | 7 15W 3 Lecks.......dist 51 15N | 1830E | 7 || Ludwigsburg.t 4S 53N | 9 13W | 11
Killala ....... t 54 12N 9 13W 3 Tree..... ... ...?' 51 54N 8 25W 3 Lugdununi... i 45.40N 4 40E | 6
Killarney .... t 52 3N 9 32W 3 Leeds ........ t 53 47N 1 31W 2 Lugo ... ....... t 43 IN 7 24 W 8
|Killicrankie Lefkosia....... t 35 10N | 33 22E | 12 Luki.......... # 56 39N | 30 21E 13
Pass......... 56 43N 3 46W 3 Legaceaster... t 53 11N 2 53W 2 Luncartie. ... t 56 26N 3 27W 2
Kilpatrick.... t 55 55N | 4 21W 2 Leghorn ...... # 43 33N | 10 19E | 13 Lundenwic
Kilsyth......t 55 59N | 4 3W 3 Legio ...... ... , 42 52N | 6 42W 5 (Londou)... t 51 31N 0 5W 2
Kimpohing ... t 45 16N | 24 59E | 13 Legiolium.... à 53 42N 1 20W | 1 Luudy ........ : 51 10N 4 40W | 1
Kincardine...t 56 4N | 3 42W | 8 Legnana.......t 45 44N 9 17 E | 9 luneburg.......t 53 15N | 10 24E 10
Ring's Lynn..t 52 45N | 0 24E | 8 Legrat-easter t 52 39N 1 7W 2 Luneville..... # 48 #4N 6 33E | | 1
Kingstun ....t 51 25N | 0 18w| 2 Leices!er...... # 52 39N 1 7 W 3 Lusa'ia.....dist 51 35N | 13 0E . 9
Kinross. ..... ! 56 IIN | 3 25w 3 Leighlin.... brº243N | 6 58W 3 Lusigny ...... f 4S 11N | 4 16E, 13
Kinsale....... i 51 42N 8 31W | 3 Leighton Buz- Lussanna .... t 46 32N 7 38E | 6
Kioge ........ # 55 3ON | 11 22E | 13 zard. . . . . . . . . 51 56N | 0 39W 2 Lutter.... .... t 51 58N | 10 6E | 11
Riptschak dist 51 0N 46 0E | 9 Leinster... dist 53 UN | 7 OW 3 Tutterworth...# 52 28N | 1 12W | 3
Kirkcud- Leintwardine i 52 24N 2 47W | 1 Lutzen.........t 51 13N | 12 8E | 11
bright...... # 54 50N 4 3W | 1 Leipzig........ t 51 21N | 12 24E 11 Luxemburg
Rirkwall ....t 58 58N 2 58w 3 Teith..........t 55 58N | 3 10W 3 pro 49 50N | 5 50E | 11
Kishengurh...t 26 35N 74 58E | 15 Lemanis Luxemburg...t 49 36N 6 7E | 11
Ičislar........ t 43 39N | 46 56E | 12 (Lymne)..... t 51 7N | 1 5E | 1 Luzern.... dist 47 0N | 8 5E | 13
Kistnah...... or 16 ON | 80 48E | 15 Le Mans...... t 48 0N 0 11E | 13 Lyme ........ t 50 43N 2 55W 3
Kizel Irml: ..r 41 28N | 36 40E | 12 Temberg...... t 49 51N | 24 5E | 13 Lymne........ t 51 7N | 1 5E | 1
Klagenfurt ... t 46 35N | 14 19B | 13 Leoben....... t 47 23R | 15 6E | 13 Lyons........t 45 40N 4 50E | 4
Klattau......t 49 22N | 13 21E ll LeOn....... dist 42 0N | 7 0W | 8 Lyonnais...pro 44 50N | 4 0E . 4.
Kolapore....t 1645N | 74 14E | 15 Leon.......... t 42 34N | 6 26W 9
Kolding.......t 55 30N | 9 29E | 13 Leontopolis...# 30 8N 31 28R 5
Rolin........t 50 3N | 15 9E | 12 Lepanto.......g. 38 15N | 22 30E 10 M
Koll ..........t 36 59N 7 1915 || 9 Le Puy........ t 45 3.N 3 55E | 13
FColomna. ....# 55 2N | 38 30E | 13 Lerida.........t 41 36N 0 34E | 7
FComorn......t 47, 45N, 18 7E | 13 Tewes .........t 50 52N | 0 1E | 3 Maas...........r 51 56N 4 5E | 4
Ronich ......t 37 51N | 33 13E | 13 Leyden ...... t 52 9N | 4-30E | 11 Maastricht.....# 50 51N 5 50E | 11
Koniggratz...t 50 13N | 15 50E | 11 Lhydes ...... t 53 47N 1 31W 2 Macaq..........t 22 10N | 113 30E | 16
Konigsberg ... t 54 43N 21 31E | 12 Libya......dist 30 30N 23 0E | 6 Macedonia,..... 38 ON | 22 0E . 5
Konigstein ... t 50 58N | 14 4E | 13 Lichfield...... # 5241N 1 49W 3 Macieovice.... 51 59N 21 17E | 13
Konitz....... t 53 42N | 17 33E | 11 Lief .......dist 56 55N | .22.30E 5 Macon.........# 46.17N | 4 49W 13
Konow .......# 54 50N | 24 34E | 13 Lieganburge..# 5247N 114W 2 Madagascar ... 19 OS 47 0E 16
Roram.......t 30 4N | 76 35E | 15 Liege ........t 50 39N 5 32E | 4 Madeira, ,.....? 32.40N | 17 Ow| 16
Formend.... t 47 ON | 16 40E | 11 Tietwa. .... dist 54 35N | 23 0E | 8 Madrid ........ ; 40 25N | 3 40W 10
Rotah........t 25 15N | 75 52E | 15 Ligny ........t 50 34N 4 36E | 4 Madura........ t 9 50N 78 10E 15
Kottbus.......t 51 45N | 14 19B | 11 Lille...........# 50 40N 3 4E | 4 Maeldun....... t 5145N | 0 42E | 2
Rowel......... t 51 20N | 24 41E 13 Limene Mutha, 50 55N 0 44E | 2 Magalhaens.sir 52 30s | 68 40w 16
Kovno........t 54 55N | 24 2E | 9 Limerick .... t 52 40N | 8 37W 3 Magdeburg.....# 52 7N 11 38E 9
Krajowa. ..... t 46 35N | 21 58E | 12 Limisso (Lima- Magenta.......t 45 26N 8 52E | 14
Krems ....... t 48 24N | 1535E | 13 sol).........t 34 40N | 33 5E | 9 Magiowintum. # 52 IN 0 42W | 1
Kremsir......t 49 15N | 17 22E 11 Timoges.......t 45.48N 1-15E | 4 Magnae .......t 52 7N || 2 42W | 1
Krenne ...... t 32 50N | 21 15E | 12 Timousin....pro 45 35N 130E || 4 || Magreb
FCrivitches dist 53 40N | 31 30E | 8 Lincoln....... t 53.13N 0.33W | 4 (Morocco)... 34 0N 0 0 9
Fruchowatz... : 43 16N | 20 58E 13 Tindum (Lin- - Magus Moor .. 56 18N 2 52W | 3
Krummau....t 48 46N | 14 18El 11 Coln) ........t 53.13N 0.33W| 1 Magyars...dist 45 45N 43 0E | 7
Kuban.........r 45 10N | 37 19E | 13 Lindau........ t 47 34N 941E | 10 || Mahadia.......# 35 30N | 11 OE | 8
Kufa. .........t 32 8N 44 33E | 7 Tindesse ... dist 53 30N | 0 15W: 2 Mahanuddy...?' 20 20N | 86 50E | 15
Kulzum.......t 29 58N | 32 31E 7 Tindicoln ....t 53.13N 0 33W 2 Maharajpore .t 26 28N 74 7E | 15
Kunawur...dist 31 30N | 78 45E | 15 Tindisfarne ... i. 55 41N 1 48W 2 Mahe.........t 11 40N 75 40E | 15
Kunersdoor...t 52 3N 1246E | 12 Tinlithgow....t 55 58N | 3 37W | 1 Mahediah .... t 34 23N | 6 22W 13
Kur..........r 39 55N 4850E | 8 Linz...........# 48 17N | 14 19 E | 11 Mahon......pt 39 53N | 4 26E | 12
Kurland ... dist 5645N | 21 28E | 8 Lipari....... is 38 35N | 14 50E 14 Mahrattas .... 22 ON | 75 OE | 15
Kurnole...... # 15 42N | 78 9F | 15 Lisbon or - Maida.........t 38 53N | 16 23E | 13
Kurra,chee ...t 24 54N 67 0E . 15 Lischbuna...? 38 44N 9 10W 6 Maiden Castle 50 41N | 2 28W | 1
Kursk........t 51 17N | 37 37E 9 Lismore......t 52 .9N 7 55W 3 Mailros ...... t 55 35N 244W 2
Kustrin......t 52 34N 14 39E | 11 Lissa .........t 51 51N | 16 35E | 12 Maine ..... dist 48 15N | 0 0 || 4.
Kutais........ t 42 16N 42 42E | 12 Tithuania...dist 54 50N 27 40E | 9 Mainz...........t 50 0N 8.16E | 11
Kutaya. ......t 39 22N 30 12E | 13 Littau........t 49 40N | 17 6E | 11 Majorca...... i 39 40N 3 OE | 7
Kuvenka ....t 40 6N 1 36 W 8 Littleborough,t 53 25N 0 47W | 1 Mala...........t 55 3N | 35 45E | 15
Kyria.land...dist 62 30N | 28 30E | 8 Tittus Saxoni- Malabar Coast 12 ON | 75 0E . 15.
Cum . . . . . . . .. 50 45N 0 50E | 1 Malaga........t 3645N 4 8w| 8
Liverpool.....t 53 25N | 2 58w| 13 Malatia. ...... t 38 27N | 38 29E | 12
L - Tivonia,.....dist 57 30N 26 0E . 10 Maldon.......t 5145N 0 42E | 1
* Ljodhus - Maliana.......t 36 17N | 158E | 9
Labrador...dist 55 0N } 63 OW! 16 (Lewis), ....? 58 10N 8 5W | 8 Malliga, , , , , , , t 20 37N | 74 39E | 15

MALMEDY. INDEX. OXNAFOR.D.
LAT. LON. (MAP. LAT. LON. (MAP. LAT. LON. (MAP LAT. LON. (MAP.
Malmedy.....t 50 23N | 6 IE | 11 Middleham . . $ 54 17N | 1.46W 3 Noyon..........t 4934N | 3 3E | 11
Malmesbury...t 51.35N | 2 5W 2 ilan.........t 45 26N | 910E | 7 N Nuremburg ... t 49.27N | 11 7E | 10
Malo, St...... t 48 39N 2 IW 4. Mileto......... i. 38 38N | 16 5E | 13 Nurnburg....t 49 27N | 11 7E | 11
Malplaquet...t 50 40N | 3 49E 4 Milford Haven 51 42N | 5 5W 3 r - Nusscerabad..# 26 20N | 74 46E | 15
Malta. ...........? 35 50N | 14 30E | 8 Militsch......t 51 32N | 17 22E | 11 Naas...... ...t 53 14N | 6 40W 3 Nymeguen....t 5148N | 5 55E | 11
Malwa...... dist 23 45N 76 30E | 15 Minch, The.... 58 5N | 5 55W 3 Nagarcote.... t 32 10N | 76 26E 15 .
Man......... ...? 54 15N | 4 55W 2 Minden ......t 52 18N 8 55E | 9 Nagore......t 27 13N | 74 1B | 15 -
Manaar .......g. 850N | 79 0E | 15 Minorca........? 40 0N | 4 10E | 7 Nagpoor......t 21 10N | 79 10E | 15 -
Manaw (Man) i 54 15N | 4 55wl 2 Mirebeau.....t 46.46N | 0 10E | 4 Nagy Kanisa t 46 26N | 17 2E | 11 O
Manchester ... t 53 29N 2 15W 1 Mirta,.........t 26.40N | 74 2E | 15 aklo.........t 52 43N 18 24E | 9
Mancunium....# 53 29N | 2 15W 1 Mirzapore..... t 25 9N | 82 38E 15 Namur........ # 50 29N || 4 51E | 4
Mando.........t 22 20N | 75 12E | 15 Miskoloz. ..... t 48 7N | 2047E | 11 Nancy........t 48 40N | 6 12E | 4 Obotrites:... dist 53 45N | 1130E | 7
Mangalore.... t 1250N | 74 52E | 15 Misnia,...... dist 50 30N | 16 25E | 8 Nantes.......t 47 11N | 1 35W, 4 Ocellum (Flam-
Mankote......t 32 21N | 75 26E | 15 Missivri........; 42.32N | 28 6E 14 Nantwich.... t 53 4N | 2 31W 3 borough Hā.)
Mannheim ... t 49 29N | 8 29E | 11 Missolonghi....# 38 44N 2128E 14 Naples.......t 40 50N | 1416E | 7 pro 54 7N | 0 3W 1
Mansfield....t 53 9N | 111E | 3 Mitau..........t 56 42N | 23 45E | 12 Narbonne Ocellum (Spurn
Mantes ...... t 49 ON | 1.45E || 4 Mocissus.......t 39 10N | 33 21E | 6 (Narbo).....t 4310N | 3 0E | 6 Hd.).....pro 53 37N | 0 7p || 1
Mantua....... t 45 15N | 1037E | 12 Modena........t 44 38N | 10 56E | 13 Narva.......... t 59 30N | 28 20B | 12 Qckley........ # 51 7N | 0 18W 2
Marakash....t 31 25N | 736W 9 Mogilev........t 53 58N 30 24E 13 Naseby...... t 52 25N | 1 TW 3 Qcrinum...pro 49 55N | 5 7W 1.
Marburg......t 50 49N | 845E | 11 Moguntia......t 50 4N 9 2E | 6 Nassau ......t 25 9N | 77 25W 16 Octapitarum
Marche Lapro 46 10N | 1.45E 4 Mohacz. .......t 45 59N | 1840E 11 Nassi, Be ..... 16 pro 51 54N | 5 18w| 1
Marcianopolist 42 56N 2758E | 5 Mohrungen...t 53 53N | 1958E | 13 Natal......... 29 OS | 34 0E | 16 Odensee......# 55 23N | 1019F | 8
Marcomanni Moidart....loch 56 51N | 5 40W 3 Navaretta,.... i. 42.32N | 2 36W 10, er ........ r 52 47N | 14 15E | 6
dist 49 29N | 13 25E | 5 Mojaisk.......t55 27N | 36 3E 13 Navarino.....t 36 54N | 21 42E | 13 Oesel......... à 58 30N 22 30E 14
IMare Hiber- Moldavia....dist 46 30N | 28 0E . 10 Navarre ...... 42 45N | 1 30W 9 Ofen..........t 47 28N | 19 6F | 13
nicum ...... 53 0N | 5 OW! 1 Momonia....dist 52 0N | 9 OW! 7 Navas de Qffas Dyke..... 52 30N | 3 10W 2
Marengo...... £ 44 53N | 849E | 13 Mompelgard..# 47 47N | 8 1E | 12 Tolosa.......t 38 25N | 3 30W, 9 Oise......... r 49 10N 220E | 4
Marianne (or Mona (Angle- Neemuch ....t 24 20N | 74 55E | 15 Oland........ i. 56 49N | 1641E | 13
Tadrone)...is 16 ON | 146 0E | 16 Sea).......... $ 53.10N 4 OW! 1 Neerwinden...# 50 48N | 5 8F 4 Olanege...... à 51 54N | 2.13W, 2
Marienburg...t 54 2N | 19 2E | 11 Mona (Man)...i 54 15N | 4 55W| 1 Negapatam..t 10 45N | 79 55E | 15 Old Basing....t 51 19N | 1 5W 3
Marlborough..t 5126N 1 43W, 3 Monaeda, - Nehawend....t 34 6N | 48 30E | 7 Oldenburg.... t 53 9N 8 13E | 11
Marmora, Sea. (Man)........i 54 15N | 4 55W 1 Neilgherry Old Ladoga...? 60 10N 30 37E | 8
of........... 40 45N 27 50E | 13 Monagham....# 54 15N | 6 58W 3 Hills......... 11 30N | 76 50E | 15 Old Malton....# 54 14N | 0 42W 1
Marne........?' 48 57N | 2 55E | 4 Monapia, Nen........ ..r 52 15N | 0 12E | 1 Old Sarum....t 51 7N | 1.45W 2
Marquesas...is 9 0s 140 0w 16 (Man)........? 54 15N 4 55W 1 Neocaesarea...t 40 42N | 37 33E | 5 | Oleron........ à 45 56N | 1 20W 4
Marseilles.... t 43 28N | 5 23E | 4 Moncontour....t 46 48N | 0 2W 10 Nepaul....dist 28 ON | 84.0E | 15 Oleska....... t 49 58N 25 2E | 12
Marsineni....t 44 49N | 26 25E | 3 Mondovi......t 44 22N | 7 49E | 13 Nerbudda, ....?' 22 42N | 7320|E | 15 Olicana ...... t 53 55N | 1 50Wl 1
Marstoon Moor 53.58N | 1 18w| 3 || Monghur......t 25 23N | 86 28E | 1 Nerigon....... 65 0N | 13 0E | 5 Olisippo...... t 38 40N | 9 7W 5
Martinique....is 1440N 61 0w 16 Mon Monig Netherlands.... 52 0N | 5 0E | 10 Olivenza....... # 38 44N | 6 57W 13
Mask..... . . . . ! 53 38M | 9 20 W. 3 (Anglesea). 5310N 4 0W 2 Netze.........7. 52 43N | 15 26E | 11 Olmedo...... t 4120N | 4 40W 10
Massyad...... t 3510N | 36 50E 9 Monmouth....t 51 48N | 243W 3 Neuburg......t 48 41N | 11 11E | 11 Olmutz....... # 49 33N | 17 14E 11
Masulipatam..t 1615N | 81 12E 15 Mons Gram- - Neuchatel.dist 47 0N | 6 48E | 11 Oltenitza...... t 44 6N 264.3E | 14
Matchin.......t 45 13N | 28 6E | 13 pius.......... 56 55N | 4 20W 1 Neuchatel.....# 46 59N | 6 55E | 13 Omagh.......t 54 36N 7 18W 3
Mathrawal ....t 52 37N 3.13W, 2 Montargis.....t 47 58N || 2 46E | 10 Newmarket... i. 49 17N | 11 26E | 13 Omer, St. .... t 50 46N 214E | 4
Mauritania. .... 35 0N 5 0E | 5 Montauban...? 44 3N | 1 21E | 13 Neusalz...... t 51 48N | 1544E | 11 Ommiades.dist 38 40N 3 Owl 7
Mautern ......t 48 22N | 15 34E 13 Mont De Mar- NeuSatz. . . . . . # 45 14N 1952E 14 Onega..........t 63 59N | 38.10E | 4
Maxima, Caes- san .........t 43 54N | 0 31W 13 Neu Sohl..... # 48 45N | 19 OE | 1.4 Onore........t 14 15N | 74 50E | 15
ariensis dist 54 0N 2 Owl I. Montbrison ...t 45 36N | 4 5E | 13 Neustadt..... t 48 47N | 11 45E | 11 Ooch .... § 29 16N | 71 2E | 15
Mayence....... t 50 0N | 8 16E | 7 Montenegro Newers Comité Oodeypoor ... t 24 40N | 7350E | 15
Maynooth ....t 53 23N | 6 35 w| 3 dist 42 30N | 19 10E | 14 , prov 47 10N | 3 2012 || 4 Oojein........ t 23 10N | 75 55E 15
Maynz ....... t 50 11N | 846E | 12 Montereau....# 48 24N | 2 54E | 13 Nevers........ t 46 59N | 3 10E | 11 Ootradroog...? 13 17N | 77 4E | 15
Mayotta,.......? 12 45s 45 10E | 16 Montpellier...t 43.35N | 3 54E | 13 Nevill's Cross # 54 57N | 1.42W, 3 Oporto........t 41 10N | 832E | 9
IMeanwaras ... 50 58N | 1 Owl 2 Montrose .....t 56 42N | 2 28w| 3 Nevis, Ben...nºt 56 49N | 5 OW! 3 Oppeln ....... # 50 40N | 17 56E | 11
Meath.......co 53 38M 6 35W 8 Moodkee...... # 30 50N | 74 55E | 15 Few forest. 5656N | 135w! 3 Opsloe........ i. 59 57N | 1044E | 9
Meaux........ # 48 59N | . 2 55E | 8 Mook..........t 51 45N | 5 53E | 11 Newark....... # 53 4.N | 0 47W 3 Oran.......... # 35 34N | 0 40W 10
Mecklenburg # 53 50N | 12 0E | 11 Mooltan........? 30 18N | 71 30E | 15 Newburn..... i. 54 59N | 1 56W 3 Orange ...... à 44 8N | 4 46E | 12
Medesham- Moorsheda- Newbury..... t 51 24N | 1 18W 3 Oranienburg..t 5320N | 39 55E | 12
Stede ......t 52 34N | 0 13 w| 2 bad.........# 24 10N | 88 2012 | 15 Newcastle....t 54 59N | 1 35W || 3 Orcha........t 54 27N | 30 12E | 13 .
Mediana.......t 43 3N | 21 58E | 6 Morat.......... # 46 54N | 7 8E | 10 Newfoundland 48 20N | 58 30W | 16 Ordovices...dist 52 30N | 3 OW! 1
Medina....... t 24 54N | 39 50E 7 Moravia....... 49 20m | 16 40E | 7 Newry........t 54 llN 6 22W 3 Orel........... # 53 ON | 36 0E | 13
Medweag......r 51 23N | 0 32E 2 Moray Frith ...57 45N | 3 40W 3 Newton- Orenburg ....t 51 55N 55 15E | 12
Nſeeanee ..... i. 25 20M | 68 28E | 15 Morduines dist 53 30N | 43 0E | 9 Stewart....t 54 41N | 728W 3 Orense........ # 42 20N | 7 50W 13
Meeanee ..... t 21 49N | 69 30E | 15 More Fiord.... 61 50N | 8 OE | 7 Nice..........t 43 42N | 718E | 12 Orfa. .......... t 37 '8N | 38 50E | 13
Meerpoor .....t 24 45N | 68 15E | 15 Morea. . . . . . . . . 37 20N 22 OE 12 Nidaros...... t 6312N | 10 18F | 9 Orient, L'.... t 47 44N 3 25W 4
Meeruj.......t 1654N | 74 35E 15 Morganwg dist 51 47N | 340W 2 Niemen.......7. 55 8N 22 0E | 13 Orihuela....... t 38 6N | 0 59W, 9
Meerut....... t 29 ON | 77 40E | 15 Morican be Nigrum Mon- Orissa..... dist 20 ON | 84 30E | 15
Mehidpore...t 23 30N | 75 45E | 15 Aest........b 54 5N | 3 Owl 1 asterium.... 47 10N | 2 8W | 8 Oristano...... $ 39 54N | 8 35E | 9
Meiningen....t 50 35N | 10 30E | 13 Moridunam ... t 50 44N | 3 6 w| 1 NijYovgorodt 56 19N | 44 13E | 10 Orkney....... is 59 ON | 3 Owl 3
Meldumesh- Morlaix......t 48 32N | 3 50w) 4 Nikopol....... t 43 40N 24 53E | 13 Orleannois pro 48 0N | 2 0E . 4
byrig ......t 51 35N | 2 5W 2 Morocco.......t 31 25N | 736 W 9 Nikosia. ...... # 35 7N | 33 35E | 13 Orleans......t 47 54N | 1 55E 4
Melilla........t 35 15N | 2 59 wi 7 Morpeth.......t 55 10N | 1.45W 3 Nile .......... ºr 29 15N | 31 15E | 6 Orsk (Old •.
Melita,........t 35 50N | 14 30E | 5 Mortimer's Nimeguen.....? 51 48N | 5 55E 4 Orenburg)...# 51 0N 58 50E | 12
Melrichstadt .t 50 23N | 10 18F | 9 Cross....... t 52 15N 250w. 3 || Nismes ......t 43 50N | 4 20E 4 Orsova, New..# 44 42N 22 24E | 13.
Melrose.........t 55 35N | 2 44W) 3 Morton ....... # 55 14N | 3 49W 3 Nissa..........t 4326N | 22 OE | 8 Ortegal........c43 43N | 7 48W 14
Melun ........t 48 31N | 2 40E | 8 Moscovy...... 58 0N | 40 0E | 10 Nive.........?' 43 36N | 1 14W 4 Ortheg........# 43 29N | 0 50W 4
Memel........ # 55 11N | 21 9E | 13 Moscow. . . . . . # 55 40N | 37 40E | 9 Nogays.....dist 44 50N || 4140E | 10 Ortona........ # 42 20N | 14 25E 14
Memmingen...t 48 ON | 10 12E | 10 MOSSamedes Nogent....... # 48 27N | 3 35E 11 Orwell...... ... r 52 0N | 1 10E 3
Menai. ......str 53 8N | 4 20W 3 dist 15 15s | 13 10E 16 Nona......... # 44 14N | 15 12E | 8 Osmanic
Menapia (St. Mosskirch ....# 47 57N | 9 6P, 13 Nordlingen...t 48 51N | 1030E 11 Empire...... 39 0N | 35 0E | 12
TXavid's)..... t 51 50N 5 18W | 1 Mostaganem..t 35 52N | 0 5E | 14 Norham.......t 55 42N 2 SW 3 Osnabruch......? 5216M 8 3E 11
Menevia....... t 51 50N 5 18W 2 Mostar........ # 43 25N | 17 58E 14 Normandy dist 49 5N | 0 10E 4 Ostend........ t 51 14N | 2 56E 4
Meninae.......? 33 38M 10 56E | 5 Mostyn ....... # 53 is N 3 2TW 3 Normans... dist 65 0N | 13 01E | 7 Ostia. ........ t 41 44N | 12 15E | 6
Mentz........ t 50 0N | 8 16E | 8 Mosul......... t 36 20N | 4310E | 9 Norrige (Nor– Ostmen, Land
Meppen......t 5241N | 720B | 11 Mosynopolis...t 41.47N 23 13E | 9 Way)......... 65 ON | 13 OE | 6 of............ 52 50N 6 35W 2
Mequinenza...t 41 23N | 0 23E | 13 Moulins......t 46 34N | 3 20E | 11 Northallerton't 54 20N | 1 25wl 3 Ostrogoths dist 47 20N | 32 30E 5
Mercia (Myr- MOZagain...... tº 32 41N | 9 2W 10 Northfolk..... 5240N | 1 0E | 2 Ostrolenka,....# 53 5N 21 41E | 14
cua) .... dist 52 201" | 1 OW! 2 Mozambique - Northampton t 52 15N | 0 54w 3 Ostronow..... # 55 4N 29 53E | 13
Meres ..... dist 58 25N | 38 30E | 7 - dist, 15 0S | 39 30E | 16 Northmen.dist 65 ON | 13 0E . 7 Ostrowitz.... t 44 34N | 16 4E | 13
Meresburg ... t 5118N | 11 21E | 8 Mozdok...... t 43 42N 44 40E | 13 North Sea..... 56 ON | 3 0E | 3 OswaldSree
Meresige.....?' 53 20N. 2 38w| 2 Mscislaw ..... t 53 46N | 30 43E | 12 Northumbria, (Oswestry)..# 52 52N | 3 7W 2
Merida .......t 38 50N 6 15W 7 Muhlberg..... tº 50 53N | 12 27E | 10 dist 55 0N 2 OW 2 Otadeni.... dist 55 30N 2 10W 1.
Mersey.......r 5320N | 2 38w| 2 Muhundra pass 24 30N 76 2013 | 15 Northweorthig Otranto......; 40 10N | 18 28E | 7
Merton ...... t 5126N | 0 7W 2 Mulhausen ... t 47 44N 7 23B | 11 t 52 56N | 1 28W 2 Otterburn.... i. 55 14N | 2 9W 3
Mesurata .... t 32 21N | 15 101 || 14 Mull....... disi; 56 27N | 5 57W 3 Norwegia....... 65 0N | 13 0E | 9 Ouchda ...... à 34 40N | 1 58w 12
Metaris Aest... 53 0N | 0 15E | 1 Mullof Cantyre 55 19N | 5 48w| 1 Norway....... 65 0N | 13 0E | 6 Oude ......... # 26 45N | 82 10E | 15
Methven ..... i. 56 24N | 3 34W 3 Mull of Gal- Norwich...... i. 52 37N | 1 18E. 3 Oude........dist 27 10N | 81 0E | 15
Metz..........t 49 7N | 615E | 7 loway........ 54 40N 4 40W 1 Nottingham...t 52 56N | 1 8W 2 Oudenarde....# 50 50N 3 37B | 4
Mevania (Man) Munich.......t'48 8N | 11 35E | 11 Nowa Carth- Ourique...... i. 37 44N | 814W 9
$ 54 15N | 4 55W 2 Munster........ 52 15N | 8 50W 3 8:30 - - - - - - - - - - 37 35N | 3 8W 5 Ouse......... * 52 ON | 1 5W 3
Mexico......... 25 ON | 100 Owl 16 Munster....... # 51.53N | 7 40E | 13 Nowantae...dist 54 50N | 4 40W 1 Overborough..# 54 13N 2 26W I
Mexico, Gulf of 25 ON | 90 Owl 16 Murcia ....... # 38 3N | 1 8W 7 Nowantum pro 54 40N 440w. I Overyssel...dist 52 25N | 6 30E | 11
Mey War....dist 25 0N | 74 0E . 15 Murwiedro.....t 39 41N 0 23W 13 Novara....... t 45 25N 837E 14 Oviedo......... t 43 18N | 5 49W 7
Mezieres...... t 49 45N | 4 44E | 11 Muthra....... # 27 35N | 77 42E | 15 Nova Scotia, Ovrutch....... # 51 30N 28 37E | 8
Mhow........ t 25 18N | 81205 | 15 Mutuantonis...t 50 52N | 0 1E | 1 dist 44 50N | 64 10W | 16 Oxford........ # 51 45N | 1 14W 3
Mhye..........?' 22 12N | 73 12E 15 Mysore....... t 12 17N 76 40E | 15 - || Novgorod....t 58 34N | 3111E | 7 Oxnaford (Ox-
Michel, St....mt 48 38N | 132w! 4 Mysore.... dist 13 30N 77 0E . 15 Noyers.........t 47 38N 4 0E | 11 ford). ....... # 51 45N | 1 14W: 2


PACIFIC. INDEX. SEPTIMANIA,
LAT. LON. |MAP LAT. LON. |MAP. LAT. LON. (MAP. LAT. LON, IMAP.
Pollentia. .....t 44 34N | 842E | 6 Regina, Salonica, or
P Poloczane...dist 55 40N | 28 0E | 7 (Armagh) ..t 54 21N 6 35W | 1 Salonika.....t 40 38N | 22 57E | 13
Polotzk ...... t 55 20N | 28 39E | 8 Regni.......dist 51 0N 0 10W | 1 Salsette ......; 19 15N | 73 0E . 15
Polovtzy...dist 48.30N | 35 0E . 9 Regulbium....? 51 23N | 1 12E | 1 Salvador, Sani 24 20N | 75 30W 16
Pacific City.... 46 20N 124 Owl 16 Polowczi, or Reikiawik.....t 6415N | 21 30E | 8 Salzburg......t 47 48N 13 2E | 7
Paderborn....t 51 45N 844E 7 Dzi Cumani. 50 30N 50 0E | 8 Reismarkt.....t 45 46N 22 37E | 14 Salzwedel....t 52 51N | 11 9E | 11
Padua..........t 45 24N | 11 52E | 6 Poltava, ......t 49 35N | 34 0E | 13 Rendsburg....t 54 18N | 939E | 13 Samana......t 30 10N | 76 20F | 15
Padus....... ºr 44 59N | 12 0E . 6 Polten........ t 48 9N | 15 42E | 13 Renfrew.......t 55 52N 4 23W | 1 Samaria....... # 32 ISN | 35 9E 13
Paks..... .....? 46 38N | 1855E 11 Pomerania dist 53 40N | 15 0E | 9 Rennes.......t 48 7N 1 42W 4 Sambor...... # 49 32N || 23 19F 14
Palatinate..... 49 30N 0E | 10 Pomorane...dist 53 40N | 15 OE | 8 Retigonium Sambre......?' 50 28N | 4 51E | 4
Palermo...... t 38 6N | 13 21E | 6 Pompadour..t 45 47N | 0 50E | 12 (Stranraer).{ 54 51N | 5 0W 1 Samosata .... t 37 32N | 38 37E | 5
Palghautcherry Pompol......t 39 53N | 8 40E | 12 Reunion San Marino...? 43 56N | 12 27E | 13
# 10 58N | 76 40E | 15 Ponany ...... t 10 45N | 76 0E | 15 (Bourbon) ... i. 21. 0s 55 40E | 16 San Salvador. 24 20N | 75 30W 16
Talks.........st 939N | 79 2013 | 15 Pondicherry...t 12 ON | 79 50E 15 Reutlingen....t 48 36N 9 14E | 10 San Sebastiant 43 18N 2 Owl 4
Palos.. . . . . . . . # 37 10N 6 46W 10 Pons Aelii....t 54 59N | 1 35W | 1 Rewaree........ # 28 19N | 76 34E | 15 Sandalwood...? 9 40s (120 0E | 16
Pampiluna or Pontefract ....# 53 40N | 1 18w| 3 Reynosa.......t 42 58N | 4 2W 13 Sandomir.... t 50 42N 21 49E | 14
Bamplona...t 42 40N | 1 53W 8 Pontes (Old Rhe...........? 46 10N 1 28W 4 Sandwich ....t 51 17N | 120E ( 3
Panama,.......t 9 2N | 79 35W | 16 Windsor) ... t 51 28N 0 29W | 1 Rheims ......t 49 13N 4 5E | 4 Santander.....t 4326N | 3 41W 13
Paniput...... t 29 20N 76 47E | 15 Ponthieu....dist 50 10N | 150E 4 Rheinfelden...t 47 33N | 747E | 11 Santarem.....t 39 17N | 8 38W 13
Panormas....t 38 25N | 20 34E | 15 Ponza,.... . . . . . 40 55N | 12 58E | 10 Rhotasgurh ... t 24 38N | 84 3E | 15 Santiago de
Papal States. 42.30N | 1245E 13 Poonah..... ... t 18 30N | 74 0E . 15 Riazan........t 54 32N | 39 26E | 13 Compostela i 42 59N | 842W 9
Pappenheim...t 48 54N | 10 59E | 11 Poorbunder....t 21 30N | 69 45E | 15 Riazan .... dist 54 ON | 39 0E . 10 Saone......... 7" 46 5N 4 48E 4
Paraguay...dist 24 0s 56 20w| 16 Poorundher....t 16 11N 74 8E | 15 |Ribble. . . . . ...’r 53 42N | 2 38W 3 Saracene ...dist 31 ON | 40 0E | 5
Paramo......t 4249N 6 43W | 6 Poreczie...... tº 50 27N | 31 38B, 13 Riccall........ # 53 48N 1 3W 2 Saragossa...pro 41 50N | 1 10W | 8
Parga........t 39 17N | 20 25E | 12 Porta, Calle... t 41 10N 8 32W | 8 Richborough..# 51 19N | 121E | 1 Saragossa.....# 41 44N | 0 56W | 8
Paris........... t 48 50N 2 21E | 4 Portland Bill... 50 31N 2 26W 3 Richmond.....t 54 24N 1 43W 3 Sarakostha, ...t 41 44N | 0 56W, 8
Parisii..... dist 54 0N 0 15W | 1 Porto Novo... : 11 30N | 79 50E 15 Riga. .......... # 57 0N 24 10E | 9 Saratow ......t 51 38N 46 0E . 13
Parisii........ 48 50N 2 2IE | 6 Porto Rico.... 18 17N | 66 20W 16 Rintimboor....# 26 ON | 7618E | 15 Sardica. . . . . . . . 42 38N | 22 28E 5
Barret........?' 51 5N 2 55W 2 Portsmouth....t 50 47N 5W 3 Rivoli.......... t 45 36N | 10 49E | 13 Brk.......... £ 49 28N | 2 23W | 4
Passau. . . . . . . . t 48 34N | 13 27E 10 Portugale Rochefort.....,t 45 54N 1 OW! 4 Sarthe........ 7' 47 45N | 0 25W 4
Paswalk...... # 53 27N | 14 14E | 13 (Porta, Calle); 41 10N | 832w| 8 Rochelle, La...t 46 7N | 1 10W 4 Sarungpoor ... t 23 34N | 76 35E | 15
Patermacas....: 46 37N | 7 56E | 8 Bort Way..... 53 32N | 1 20W | 1 Rochester.... t 5123N 0.30E | 1 Sassari.......t 40 41N | 8 33E 14
Patna.........t 25 30N | 85 15E | 15 Posen........ t 52 25N | 1655E | 11 Rodez ......... t 44 21N 2 37E | 9 Satimangalum
Patras ........ # 38 15N 21 44E 13 Potsdam ..... # 52 24N | 13 3E 11 Rodrigo, Cuidad # 11 34N 77, 8E | 15
au. . . . . . . . . . . 43 16N 0 20w. 12 Praga. ... . . . . . . 50 IN | 14 1915 8 $ 40 14N 7 11W 13 Sattara ....... # 17 36N | 74 6E | 15
Pavia..........t 4510N 9 9E | 7 Prague ........ 50 IN | 14 19E | 9 Rohilcund...disi; 29 ON | 79 0E | 15 Sauchieburn..! 56 5N | 4 OW! 3
Pawlograd....t 48 34N | 35 501, 13 Presburg........ 48 39N | 17 54E | 9 Roman Wall... 56 ON | 4 OW! 2 Saugor ....... t 23 40N | 78 56E | 15
Paxo. . . . . . . . . . º, 39 7N | 2015E 13 Breston......t 53 45N 242w! 3 Rome........: 41 54N | 12 30E | 7 Savandroog...t 12 59N | 77 7E | 15
Peaclond...dist 53 207 || 1 50w) 2 Preuss, Eylaut 54 22N | 20 40E | 13 Romesdal...ºnt 62 31N 7 40E | 8 Save .........?' 44 45N | 20 40E 7
Pecguigny....t 49 54N | 2 7E 4 Prosac08...... # 41 50N 19 12E | 9 Romney.......t 50 59N | 0 56E | 3 Savona .......t 44 18N | 8 29E | 13
Peepley ....... t 21 45N 87 28E | 15 Provincia, ... .. 43 30N | 7 OE | 6 Roncesvalles, Savoy......pro 45 50N 6 25E 9
Pegu.........t 1735N 96 10E | 16 Prussia. ........ 53 40N | 21 OE | 10 Pass of....... 43 2N 1 20W 4 Scadra........ # 42 4N | 1933E | 6
Tefenesca, ....t 50 48N | 0 21E 2 Pruth......... ºr 48 33N 25 OE | 13 Ronda.........t 36 48N | 5 6W! 13 Scandinavia,
Penang .......? 5 20N 100 15E | 16 Pruzzia. . . . . . . . 53 40N 21 0E | 8 Rosarum (Mon- dist, 65 0N | 15 0E | 5
Pengwern....t 52 47N | 243Wi 2 Pskow........ t 57 50N | 28 20B | 10 trose)........t 56 42N 2 28W | 8 Scarborough..# 54 18N | 0 24W 3
Peniscola, ....t 40 23N | 0 27E | 3 Pterston (In- Roscarberry...; 5132N | 8 58w| 3 Sceaftesbyrig.: 51 IN 2 10W 2
Pennair....... 7° 14' 30N | 80 10E | 15 verness).....t 57 28N | 4 13W 1 IRosenburg.....t 49 5N 1917E | 11 Sceorstan.... t 51 33N | 2 10W 2
Pennine Alps Pulicat . . . . . . . ; 13 30N | 80 22E | 15 Rosenheim...t 47 51N | 12 8E | 11 Scepig ........? 51 24N | 0 50E 2
qmīs 54 20N 2 20W 3 Pultawa.......t 49 51N | 34 53E 12 ROSetta,....... # 31 25N 30 27E | 13 Schabatz...... t 44 47N | 1944E | 13
Penon de Pultusk.......t 52.46N | 21 1915 13 Boskild....... t 55 28N | 11 59E | 8 Schaffhausen.t 47 4IN | 837E 11
Velez ....t 35 9N || 4 20W 10 Punjab.... dist 31 30N | 73 30E | 15 ROSSback..... t 51 13N | 11 51E | 12 Schasburg....# 46 5N | 23 53E 14
Penrith . . . . . .t 54 40N 2 45W 3 Punnah......t 24 40N 80 13E | 15 Rostock....... t 54 5N | 12 91. 11 Schelde....... 7' 51 10N | 4 20E 4
Penshurst..... t 51 10N | 0 10E | 3 Puttun Som- Rothesay..... # 55 50N | 5 3W 3 Schleitz...... t 50 34N | 11 50E | 11
Pentland.....fr 58 43N 3 10W 3 nauth....... # 20 54N 70 21E | 15 Rotterdam.... i. 51 55N | 4 30E | 4 Schleswig.....t 5431N | 932E 14
Penza......... t 53 15N | 44 59E | 13 Pyramids, The 29 58N | 31 5E | 13 Rottweil....... à 48 11N 8 38E | 11 Schmalkald ... : 50 44N | 10 21E 10
Pera.......... # 41 2N | 29 9P, 13 Pyrenees Hauts Rouen......... t 49 25N | 1 4E | 4 Schneidemuhl
Pereiaslavetz i 42 22N | 27 13E | 8 dep 43 0N | 020B | 14 Rouergue...dist 44 20N 240E | 4 # 53 10N | 16 46E | 11
Perga.......... t 37 30N | 30 40E 5 Rounding Schongau......t 47 48N | 10 56E | 11
Perigeux...... t 4510N | 0 45E | 9 Downs....... 51 8N | 1 38W 3 Schrimm..... # 52 6N | 17 0E . 11
Perigord...dist 45 0N | 0 30E 4 Q Roundway- Schweinfurt...# 50 2N | 1013E | 11
Peristhlaba, down....... # 5122N || 2 17W 3 Schwerin..... # 53 38M | 11 25E 13
(Marcianopo- ROuvrai......t 48 7N 1 49E | 4 Schwyz.....dist 47 3N | 840E | 13
lis)..........t 43 24N 27 57E | 8 dist 65 0N | 27 OE 5 Roxburgh ....t 55 34N 2 30W | 3 Scilly (Caster-
Perm.........t 58 5N | 56 10E | 12 ......t 32 26N 4 17F | 14 Rudneia,.......t 54 59N 30 43E | 13 ides) ...... is 49 47N | 6 16V, 1
Peronne........t 49 56N | 2 58E | 11 ... 27 0S | 150 0E | 16 Rugen.........? 54.25N | 13 30E | 11 Scio..........? 38 20N | 26 5E | 12
Perpignan....t 42 42N 2 55E | 13 # 49 51N 320B || 4 || Rugians.....dist 49 20N | 1630E | 6 Scone........ t 56 25N | 3 23W, 3
Persarum Reg- t 30 5N | 67 OE | 15 Rullion Green 55 48N | 3 19W 3 Scopia........ # 42 3N | 21 3E | 9
num........ 35 0N | 50 0E | 5 ..? 8 52N | 76 40E | 15 Rumania........ 41 50N | 25 30E | 12 Scoreham....t 50 49N | 0 14W 2
Persian Gulf... 25 ON | 52 OE | 9 || Quimper...... $ 48 0N 4 8W | 6 Rumili...... dist 41 50N 25 30E | 10 Scots, Land of
Perth.........t 56 23N | 3 27W 3 Runn, The....t 23.30N | 71 0E . 15 dist 56 20N | 5 OW! 2
Perugia. ......t 43 5N | 12 21E | 13 Runnymede...t 5126N 0 37W 3 Scupi........t 42 3N 21 3E | 5
Perusia. ......t 43 2N | 11 5SE | 6 R Rush .........t 53 31N | 6 5W 2 Scutari.......t 41 0N 29 3E | 12
Pescara...... t 42 27N | 14 12E 7 Russia......... 50 0N | 40 0E | 8 Scylla......... t 38 15N | 15 45E | 13
Peshawur....t 34 5N | 71 35E | 15 * Rustchuck....# 43 48N | 25 55E | 13 Scythopolis..! 32 32N 35 34E 5
Pesth........t 47 30N | 19 5E | 11 Raab .......... t 47 38N | 17 40E | 11 Ruthven Castle 58 39N 3 11W | 3 Seaford........t 50 46N | 0 6E | 3
Petchengesdist 47 UN | 32 OE | 8 Rabatt........t 34 10N 6 55 W 12 Rutupiae......t 51 19N 1 21E | 1 Sealkote....... # 32 32N | 74 35E | 15
Peterborough t 52 34N | 0 13W, 2 Raculf ........ # 51 23N | 1 12E | 2 Rye............t 50 57N | 0 45E 3 Seal Wuda...... 51 15N | 2 OW! 2
Peterwardein # 45 15N | 1954E | 12 Radimizes dist 53 ON | 34 0E | 7 Rye Ho........ 5146N 0 2E | 3 Searobyrig....t 51 7N | 1.45W 2
Petrowsky....t 55 49N | 37 21E | 13 Raedingas.... t 51 26N 0 59W 2 Ryeghur...... t 21 58N | 83 23E | 15 Sebastia....... # 39 19N | 37 27E 15
Pevensey.....t 50 48N | 0 21E | 3 Ragusa....... # 42 38N | 18 9p || 8 Ryknield Sebastopol....t 4439N | 33 28E 13
Pharaguris...t 45 9N | 37 17E | 6 Rajahmundryt 17 3N | 81 57E | 15 Street....... 53 UN | 1 ,0W 1 , || Sebtah........ # 35 54N | 5 18W | 8
Philippine Isles 12 ON | 123 OE | 16 Bajkote ...... t 22 20M | 70 50E | 15 Ryswick......t 52 4N || 4 21E 4 Seco.......... 4' 41 32N 5 45W 13
Philliphaugh..t 55 32N 2 54W 3 Rajpoor........t 31 57N 76 2E | 15 Secunda, Brit-
Piacenza...... t 45 0N 9 40E | 13 Rajpootana dist 27 30N | 73 30E 15 annia......... 52 20N | 3 50W I
Picaray.....dist 49.35N 3 2012 || 4 Ramillies..... t 50 40N | 4 55E 4 Secundra,..... t 27 14N 78 26E | 15
PictaVi ....... tº 46 58N | 0 10E | 5 Ramnuggur..t 32 22N | 73 45E | 15 S Sedan.........t 49 41N | 4 59E | 11
icti. . . . . . . . . . 57 0N | 4 Owl 2 Randwara...... t 55 52N | 4 23W | 1 Sedgemoor.... 51 7N 2 50W 3
Picts, Land of Rassowa, .......t 44 18N | 27 53E 13 Segelocum....t 53 25N | 0 47W, l
dist 57 ON | 54 Owl 2 Rastadt ...... t 4853N 8 13E | 12 Sabaria, ...... t 47 29N | 17 36E 5 Segovia.....dist 41 10N | 4 10W 13
Piloni........ t 54 43N 23 58E | 13 Rathlin ...... i. 55 18N 6.13W | 3 Sabioma,...... à 46 32N | 11 13E | 6 Segusio ...... £ 44 56N | 7 52E | 6
Pilsen ........ t 49 44N | 13 22E | 11 Rathmines....t 53.16N | 6 12W 3 Sabugal......t 40 19N 6 58W 13 Sehwan......t 26 20N | 67 52E | 15
Pinkie Ho..... 55 56N 3 3W 3 Ratibor ...... t 50 6N | 18 11E | 11 Sadowa. ...... t 50 41N | 13 16E | 14 Seine........?' 49 28N | 0 10E 4
Pinsk........ t 52 10N | 26 0E | 12 Ratisbon...... t 49 2N | 12 7E | 11 Saeferne— Selaeseu.......t 50 43N | 0 47W 2
Piombino . . . . . 42 57N | 10 31E | 10 Raudmitz ...... t 50 25N | 14 17B | 11 mutha ...... 51 48N 2 25W 2 Selgovae... dist 55 0N | 3 30W 1
Pitchen...... t 51 23N | 18 3E | 11 Rausium...... £ 42 38N | 1819 E | 8 Sahagun...... # 42 18N 4 58W | 13 Seljuks.....dist 38 ON | 36 0E . 9
lassey......t 23.46N | 88.15E | 15 Ravee.........r 31 25N | 74 0E . 15 Said, Port......t 31 20N 32 15E 7 Selkirk......t 55 32N | 2 52W 3
lockor Plozko Ravenspur....t 53 41N 0 5w) 3 Saintonge...dist 45 30N 0 30W 4 Selsey.........t 50 43N | 0 47W 2
# 52 37N 19 52E | 8 Reading....... # 51 26N 0 59 W 2 ala............ tº 32 25N 6 45W | 8 Selwood Forest 51 15N 2 0W 2
Plymouth.... t 50 21N 4 7W | 3 Real, Ciudad...t 38 56N || 4 OW! 13 Salahieh ...... # 30 50N | 31 53E | 13 Semlin....... t 44 50N | 20 25E | 13
Po ...........r 44 59N | 12 0E . 7 Recht..........t 37 13N 49 40E | 12 Salamanca.....t 41 13N 5 43Wi 7 Semoneskoi... t 55 31N | 35 23E | 13
Poictiers......t 46 38N 0 20R, 4 Reculver......t 51 23N 1 12E | 1 Salankamen...t 45 14N | 20 23E | 8 Seneffe....... t 50 34N | 4 14E | 12
Point De Galle Red Sea....... 23 ON | 37 OF | 7 Saldana....... t 42 34N 4 47W | 13 Senlac Hill..... 50 52N | 0 36E | 2
~ : f 6 2N | 80 21E | 15 €6 . . . . . . . . . . . ! 53.35N 8 OW! 3 Salee......... t 32 25N | 6 45W, 9 Senones.......t 48 31N | 1 6E | 5
Poitou.....pro 46 30N 0 30W 4 Regalis Alba,..t 47 8N 1844E 9 Salehieh...... à 30 50N 31 53E | 12 Sens.......... # 48 ION | 3 2013 | 9
Poland......... 51 40N 22 0E . 12 Reganesburg..t 49 2N | 12 7E | 6 Salermo.....pro 40 40N 14 45E | 8 Septimania,
Policastro....# 40 3N | 1534E | 14 Reggio ........ t 38 6N | 1540E. 7 Salisbury..... t 51 4N 1 46W 2 dist 44 ON | 2 50E | 6
; : ... :: * ::::
... ... : : " : " :

SERA. TNT) EX. VALEN CIA,
LAT. LoN. |MAP. LAT, LON, MAP LAT. LON. MAP. LAT. Lon. |MAP.
Sera...........t 1340N | 76 54E | 15 South Folk Tarnopol.....t 49 33N 25 43E | 13 Travancore
Serbia...... dist 43 25N | 20 0E | 7 dist 52 10N | 0 50E | 2 Tarragona.....t 41 9N | 0 20B | 7 dis; 9 ON | 77 0E . 15
Serbie..... dist 49 10N | 11 35E | 7 Southamptont 50 54N | 1 23W 3 Tartars Nogay 49 50N || 48 0E | 10 Trawnik......t 44 9N | 17 43E | 13
Serblia ... . . . . # 40 13N | 22 4E | 7 Southwold....# 5220N | 1 40E | 3 Tasmania. ....? 42 0S 146 30E | 16 Trebbin........t 52.13N | 13 13E | 11
Seringapatam Speen..........t 51 25N | 1 20W 1 Tatischewa....t 50 58N | 84 9E | 12 Trebizond....t 41 0N | 39 45E | 7
# 12 22N 7645E 15 Spey.........r 57 35N | 3 14W 3 Tatta,.........t 24 44N | 67 59E | 15 Trebizond,
Sermanicopolis - Spinae..........t 51 25N | 1 20W 1 Taunton....... # 51 IN | 3 5W: 3 Emp. of..... 40 40N | 40 0E . 9
(Gangra)...t 40 22N 33 55E | 8 Spires........t 49 18N | 827E | 7 Taurica (Crimea) Trent......... 7, 53.35N | 0 43W, 3
Seros........t 41 8N | 23 41E | 13 Spithead....... 50 45N | 1 10W 3 45 25N | 34 30E | 5 Treveri (Tre-
Serpa,........ t 37 58N 7 32W 9 Spoletum .... t 42 46N | 1242E | 5 Taus F1 (Tay) r 56 22N | 3 30w | 1 ves).........t 49 45N | 6 38E | 5
Servia...... dist 43 55N | 2030E | 8 Spurn Hö...pt 53 37N | 0 7E | 1 Tay ........ ...?" 56 22N | 3 30W | 3 Trevés........t 49 45N | 6 38E | 7
Seteia. Aest.... 53 45N | 3 OW! 1 Squillace ....t 3849N | 16 29E | 14 Tchakniki ....# 54 56N 28 59E | 13 Treviso....... t 45 39N | 12 15E | 9
Setif......... t 36 14N | 5 27E 14 Srinager .....t 34 9N | 75 1E | 15 Tcherkask....# 47 30N | 40 0E | 12 Trichinopoly..t 10 50N | 7845E | 15
Setubal...... # 38.33N | 8 55W | 13 Stade ........ t 53 36N | 9 28E | 11 || Tehernetz.....t 44 38N 22 42E | 13 Trichoor...... # 10 33N | 76 12E 15
Severn.......?' 51 48N | 2 25W 2 Staefford ..... & 52 45N 2 2W 2 Rºy ...# 51 30N | 3115E | 9 Tricooloor.....t 11 51N | 79 20E | 15
Severndroog..t 17 57N | 73 21E | 15 Stakes, Coway 51 24N | 0 33W | 1 eamor ...... t 53 38M | 6 22W 2 Trieste........t 45.38N | 13 45E | 13
Severo........t 4144N | 15 25E | 13 Stamford . . . . ; 54 ON | 1 3W | 3 Tees..........r 54 37N | 120W! 1 Trikala ...... # 39 34N | 2147E | 13
Seville........ § 37 12N | 5 50W | 6 Stavanger.....t 59 ON | 5 40E 9 Teheran....... # 35 40N | 51 25E | 12 Trincomalee...t 8.34N | 81 14E | 15
Sewalik Hills. 31 ON | 77 0E | 15 Stavutschane.' 48 21N | 27 55E | 12 Tellicherry....t 1142N | 75 45E | 15 Trinidad .....i 10 25N | 61 15W | 16
Shaftesbury..t 51 1N | 2 10W 2 Steenkerke...t 50 37N | 4 3E 4 Temese......r 51 30N | 0 50E | 2 Trinobantes...: 52 30N | 0 30E | 1
Shanmon..... 7' 52 33N | 9 45W | 3 Stettin ....... # 53 25N | 14 35E | 11 Temeswar.....t 45 43N 21 17E 14 Tripoli........t 33 ON | 1315E | 13
Sheerness......t 5126N | 0 45E | 2 Stetyn........t 53 25N | 14 35E | 9 Tenchebrai...t 48 43N | 0 41W 4 Tripoli........t 34 24N | 35 51E | 10
Sheppy...... i 51 24N 050E | 3 Stirling......t 56 8N | 3 55W 3 Tenet........ i. 51 22N | 120E | 2 Trisanton F1 .. 50 55N | 122W, 1
Sherborne.....# 50 57N | 2 30W | 3 Stobi.........t 40 57N | 21 3E | 5 Terbunia. .....t 52 59N | 19 4E | 7 Trivady......t 1146N | 79 40E | 15
Shergurh..... # 24 52N | 83.46E | 15 Stockach..... # 47 53N | 9 2E | 13 Tergowist .... t 44 57N 25 28E | 13 Triwaloor.....t 10 50N | 79 45E | 15
Sherriffmuir. 56 17N | 3 57W 3 Stockholm.....# 59 21N | 18 2E | 10 Terouenne ...# 50 39N 214E 4 Trivandrum ... t 8.30N | 77 0E | 15
Sherston......t 5133N 2 10W 2 Stoke........# 53 3N | 0 53W | 3 Teschen.......t 49 43N | 1841E | 11 Trivatore ....# 1240N | 7940E | 15
Sherwood Stone Street ... 51 10N | 0 20W | 1 Testri....... ...t 49 58N | 248E | 7 Trivona, Fl
Forest.... .. 53.30N | 130wl 2 Stonhenge...... 51 11N | 1 47W | 1 Tewkesbury..t 52 ON | 2 10w 3 (Ouse)........ 52 0N | 1 5W 1
Shetland...... is 60 20N | 1 15w) 3 Stow.............t 52 20N | 0 38W 2 Texel......... i. 53 5N | 4 50E 4 Trondhjem...t 6328N | 10 2012 | 12
Shiduna.......t 36 54N | 6 4'w| 7 Strakonitz....t 49 14N | 13 54E | 11 Thames....... 7' 51 30N | 0 50E | 2 Troppau.......t 49 55N | 17 54E | 11
Shikarpoor...t 27 54N | 68 431. 15 Stralsund.... t 54 19N | 13 6E | 11 Thanet .......? 5122N | 120E 2 Trowbridge ... t 5121N || 2 14W 3
Shin .........! 58 5N | . 4 35W | 3 Strasbourg...t 48 35N | 7 45E | 6 Theiss........?' 46 55N | 20 5E | 7 Troyes........t 4813E 4 6E 4.
Shirvan....dist 40 20N | 48 40E | 12 Strataburg....t 48 35N | 7 45E | 6 Theodosiopolis Tscheremisses
Shoebury..... # 51 32N | 0 48E | 2 Stratford .... i 52 11N | 1.41W 3 * 27 56N 30 43E | 6 dist 57 ON | 52 0E | 9
Shrewsbury...? 52 43N | 2 45W 2 Strathclyde Theotford...... t 52 26N | 0 41E 2 Tschudes...dist 60 0N | 30 0E | 6
Skulholt......t 63 43N | 20 3W | 12 dist 55 30N | 4 Owl 2 Theresianopol Tudela......... t 41 39N | 4 35W | 13
Siari.......... t 42 21N | 11 42E | 9 Stratton.......t 50 49N | 4 30W 3 t 46 4N 1944E | 12 Tueda.........r 55 40N 2 12W | 1
Siberia. ........ 75 0N | 70 0E | 12 Strelitz.......t 53 21N | 13 5E | 13 Thetford .....t 52 26N | 0 41E | 2 Tuessis (Ber-
Sidnacester....t 53 20Y | 0 39W 2 Streoneshalch Thilis......... 42 0N | 45 0E | 8 wick) ......t 55 46N | 2 2W, 1.
Sidra...........g. 31 30N | 17 0E | 1.4 # 54 32N | 0 35W 2 Thilutha......# 34 3N | 42 8E | 5 Tuggurt...... t 3251 N 548E | 1.4
Siegen........ # 50 52N | 8 2E | 11 Strigonium ... t 47 49N 18 57E | 8 Thionville.....# 49 20N | 6 12E | 11 Tula...........t 54 15N | 37 30F | 13
Sienna.........t 43 21N | 11 12E | 13 Studzianka....t 54 26N | 28 35E | 13 Thongceaster. 5333N | 0 18W 2 Tullamore.....t 53 16N | 7 29W 3
Sierra, Teone # 820N | 13 10w | 16 Stublveissen- Thorneie Abbey, Tulumba.......? 30 35N | 72 15E | 15
Sigeth......... t 46 9N | 17 34E | 11 burg. . . . . . . . . 47 12N | 18 24E | I]. or Thornege : 52 38N | 0 6W 2 Tunbridge....t 51 12N | 0 16E 2
Sigmaringen..t 48 5N | 914E | 13 Stuttgart ..... t 48 47N 911E | 11 Thorthuscha,..t 40 48N | 0 34E | 8 Tunis........ t 36 48N | 10 10E | 8
Sigona ...... r 49 20N | 0 40E | 6 Suburmuttee ºr 22 22N | 72 0E . 15 Thrond.....dist 64 ON | 12 10E | 8 Turcosige......t 5318N | 043W 2
Sigtuna........t 5938N | 17 42E | 6 Suck.........?' 53 46N | 8 32W | 3 Thurgau...dist 47 34N | 9 |0E | 11 Turenne...... # 45 6N | 1.48E | 7
Sikhim.....dist 27 30N | 88 30E | 15 Sudbury.....,t 52 3N | 0 45E | 2 Thuringia dist 50 45N 10 40E 7 Turin........t 45 4N | 738E | 12
Silchester.... t 51 22N 1 5wl 1 Suecia.......... 60 0N | 16 0E . 9 Thurso. . . . ...t 58 35N | 3 31W 3 Turkey........ 50 ON | 30 0E | 7
Silesia......dist 31 ON | 17 OE | 11 Suessiones....t 49 22N | 3 21E | 6 Tibium ....... t 40 2N 44 42E | 6 Turones....... 47 ON | 3 0E . 5
Silistria....... t 44 5N 27 18E. 12 Suez..........t 29 58N | 32 31E | 7 Ticino .....dist 46 15N | 8 50E | 11 Tuscia (Tus-
Silures .... dist 52 0N | 3 Ow| 1 Suhlingen......t 52 40N | 8 51E | 13 Tiflis..........t 41 39N | 44 52E | 6 cany).... dist 4320N | 12 0E . .7
Simferpol.... t 44 59N | 34 9E | 13 Suir. ........?' 52 15N | 7 15W 3 Tigranocerta...t 38 2N | 40 49E | 5 Tutblingen ...; 47 59N | 8 51E | 11
Simla.........# 31 10N | 77 12E | 15 Sukkur...... t 27 43N | 6850E | 15 Tilbury .......t 5126N | 0 22E | 3 Tweed........r 55 40N | 2 12W 3
Sinclair Castle 58 30N | 3 5wl 2 Sulciman...mts 31 ON | 69 25E | 15 Tilliers........ 48 43N | 0 53E | 4 Tyburn ......t 51 28N | 0 5W 3
Sinde.........?' 26 ON | 78 35E 15 Sullecte...... i 35 22N | 11 3E | 6 Tilsit ........t 55 3N | 21 54E | 11 Tyne.... .....?' 55 0N | 1 26W 2
Sines.........t 37 58N | 8 5Iw| 14 Sulzburg...... # 48 3N | 12 13E | 12 Timor ........ * 9 OS 125 0E | 16 Tynemouth...# 55 IN | 1 25W 2
Singapore....t 1 25N 103 50E | 16 Sumatra........? 0 0 101 0E | 16 Tina, Fl (Tyne) 55 ON | 1 26w| 1 Tyre .........t 38 13N | 35 13E | 7
Singurh ...... § 18 22N | 73 56E | 15 Sumbulpoor...t 21 25N | 84 0E . 15 Tinamuth......# 55 IN 1 25W 2 Tyrol......dist 46 50N | 11 0E . 10
Sioland........ & 55 14N | 13 8E | 7 Supoi........t 42 3N 21 3E | 8 Tingitana...dist 33 30N 5 OWI 5
Sireenuggar...? 30 14N | 79 2E 15 Surat.........t 21 15N | 72 55E | 15 Tingwalla....t 64 4N 2056W, 8
Sirgooja ...... # 23 5N | 83.15E | 15 Surraswatteer 23 26N | 71 20E | 15 Tippermuir ... t 56 24N | 3 31W 3 U
Sirhind ......? 30 40N | 76 30E | 15 Susdal .......# 56 25N | 40 6E | 8 Tiree..........: 56 28N | 6 55W! 3
Sirmore ...dist 31 20N | 78 208 || 15 Suthbyrig......: 52 3N | 0 45E 2 Tisa, FI (Tees) 54 37N | 1 20w 1
Sistova.......t 43 37N 25 20E 13 Svealand...... 60 ON | 16 0E | 6 Tivoli ......... # 41 59N | 12 49E | 13 Ucles.........t 40 7N | 1 18wl 9
Sitifensis Mauri- Swabia,.....dist 48 20N | 9 30E | 7 Tlemsen......? 34 45N | 1 18W 7 Udine ........t 46 3.N | 1314E | 13
tania....dist 35 0N | 4 0E | 5 Sweden Prop. 60 ON | 16 0E . .9 Tobolsk......# 58 ON | 68 0F | 12 Ufa, ...........t 54 44N | 56 0E | 12
Sivas.........t 39 40N | 37 5E | 7 Switzerland"... 47 ON | 8 0E | 10 Tochoyd......t 48 6N | 21 22E | 9 Ugri.......dist 56 ON | 63 0E | 5
Skager Rack. 57 35N | 935E 14 Szegedin......t 46 20N | 2010E | 13 Todcaster......t 53 51N | 1 20W 3 .Ugrians....dist 60 0N | 53 0E | 6
Skrithfinnas - Tokat........# 40 10E | 36 50E | 13 Ukraine...dist 50 35N | 31 30E | 12
disi; 64 30N | 16 OE | 6 Tokay..........t 48 6N 21 22E 9 Uleaborg .....t 65 0N 25 35E | 1.4
Skye .........i 57 18N | 6 10w 3 T Tolbiac........t 50 39N | 7 52E | 6 |Ulixbona (Lis-
Slaney . . . . . . * 52 20N | 6 35W 3 Toledo ....pro 39 50N 4 0W 8 |bon).........t 3844N | 9 10W | 6
Slaughter Br... 50 33N 4 38w| 2 Toledo ....... # 39 58N 4 Tw| 6 Ulm...... ... ...; 48 23N | 10 1E 9
Sleswyk... dist 54 30N | 9 30E | 8 Tabor........t 49 24N | 14 39E | 11 Tolentino ....# 43 8N | 13 17E | 13 Ulster.....dist 54 30N | 7 50W | 3
Slobodzie....& 44 38N | 27 18:E | 13 Tabriz........# 38 3N 46 14E | 8 Tolmaitsa......# 32 50N | 20 57E | 8 Ultonia......dist 54 30N | 7 50W 7
Sluis.........t 57 19N | 323E | 4 Tadscha ..... * 38 40N | 9 15W 8 Tolone .......# 43 6N | 5 58E | 9 |Umballa,.......t 30 27N 76 50E | 15
Smaland. ... dist 57 ON | 15 0E | 9 Tafilet......... # 31 2N | 3 27W 14 Tolusa, .......t 43 36N | 1 28E | 6 United States. 45 ON 100 0W 16
Smolensk...dist 55 0N | 33 10E | 8 Tagemout.... t 34 4N || 2 9E | 1.4 Toncbridge ...t 52 12N | 0 16E 2 Unterwalden
Smorgoni.... t 54 30N 26 27E | 13 Tahite........d 1740s (14930w 16 Tone ........?' 51 7N 2 50W 2 dist 46 55N | 8 2012 | 11
Smyrna........ & 38 25N | 27 10E | 6 Taillebourg...t 45 48N | 0 33W 4 Tonningen....# 54 17N | 8 58E | 13 Upsala........t 59 50N | 17 40E | 6
Snaeland (Ice- Tain..........t 57 48N | 4 3W, 3 Tonsberg.....# 59 20N | 10 3E 9 Ural ........." 46 50N | 51 45E | 10
land)....... i. 65 0N | 18 Ow| 8 Talavera, Tor...........b 50 25N | 3 30W, 3 Iſral........mis 60 ON | 60 0E . 14
Sneck.........t 53 IN | 541E 11 (Ebora).....t 39 57N 449W 8 Torgau .......t 51 34N | 13 2E | 10 Uralsk........t 51 15N | 51 32E | 12
Snowdon ... mi. 53 4N | 4 6W | 3 Tamara........ # 50 23N | 4 13W | 1 Torksey......t 5318N 0.43W, 2 TJrbino.........t 43.44N | 12 34E | 13
Sobra.On ...... # 31 10N | 74 50E | 15 TamaWeOrthige Tormes, Alba, TJri .........dist 46 50N | 8 38E 11
Soderhamn..t 6118N | 17 10E | 12 # 52 38N | 1 40W 2 de...........t 41 IN 5 19W 13 Uroconium ...; 52 43N | 2 35W 1
Soissons .....t 49 22N | 3 21E | 6 Tambov. ...... t 52 44N | 41 46E 13 Torna. . . . . . . . . # 18 16N | 73 33B | 15 |Ushant ......? 48 27N | 5 2W 4
Soleure.....dist 47 20N 7 33E .9 Tamerton.... t 50 23N | 4 13W | 1 Torres Vedrast 39 6N | 9 17W 13 Usitza......... # 43.47 N 1946E | 13
Solferino,....t 45 20N | 1042E 14 Tamesis Aest. 51 30N | 1 0E | 1 Torres...strait 10 20s 14230E | 16 || Uslar.........t 51 38N | 939E | 11
Solikamsk.:..t 59 40N 56.40E | 12 Tamworth.....# 52 38N | 1 40W | 2 Tortosa ....... t 40 48N | 0 34E | 8 Utourgures
Solway Firth... 54 50N | 3 35E | 2 Tanais.......r 45 35N | 42 0E | 5 Totma ........; 60 10N | 4240E | 12 - dāst 46 20N | 42 0E | 6
Solway Moss. 55 2N | 3 2W, 3. Tandsha.......t 3546N | 5 46W 9 Toul Cairn...mi. 56 58N | 3 52W 3 Utrecht ......t 52 6N | 5 9E | 4
Somme......r 50 12N | 1.40E 4 Tangier......t 35 46N 5 46W 6 Toulon .......t 43 6N | 5 58E | 9 TJttoxeter.....t 52 54N | 1 52W 3
Sone.........r 25 40N | 84 45E | 15 Tanina........t 39 44N | 20 52E | 13 Toulouse...... t 43 36N | 1 28F 4 TJX bridge ....t 51 34N | 0 28W 3
Soobunreeka.” 21 36N | 87 10E | 15 Tanjore...... t 10 45N | 79 12E | 15 Touraine...dist 47 10N | 0 45E | 4 Uxela (Exe-
Soorsutty ....r 29 55N | 76 26E | 15 Tannah.......t 1912N | 73 24E 15 Tournay.......t 50 37N | 323E | 4 ter) ........# 50 43N | 3 32Wl 1
Sooty....... ...t 24 40N | 88 21E | 15 Tanneberg...t 53 41N 20 2E | 11 Tours ........ t 47 21N | 0 44E | 4
Sophia........t 42 42N 2315E | 12 Tara..........t 53 34N | 6′37W 2 Towton ......t 53 50N | 1 15W 3
Sorbiodunum. 51 TN | 1.46W 1 Tarablus...... # 34 24N | 35 51E | 10 Trafalgar...cape 36 10N | 6 2W 13 V
Soria. . . . . . . . . t 41 48N 2 26W 13 Taranto...... $ 40 26N | 17 16E | 9 Trajanopolis...t 41 6N | 26 57E 5
Souli......... t 3929N | 20 36E 13 Taranto....... g 40 ON | 17 10E 14 Tranquebar...t 11 5N 79 55E | 15
Sound, The.... 56 ON | 1240E | 13 Tarbes........t 43 12N | 0 4E | 13 Transylvania, Valais.....dist 46 10N | 730E | 11
SQuropolis (Se- Tarku........ t 42 51N | 47 27E | 12 dist 46 30N | 24 OE 9 Valence ... ... t 44 54N | 4 54E | 8
bastopolis)..t 42.43?n 40 41E | 8 Tarn .........r 43 56N | 280E | 4 Trapezunt....# 41 0N 39 44E | 9 Valencia .....t 3928N | 0 20W 7
8
* , ** º *
: , s: " " : *** : :
; : : " : ... ...;

WALLERY. INTOEX. ZWORNIK.
LAT. LON. LAT. ÍAT, LON, MAP. LAT. LON. |MAP
Vallery, St. ... t 50 10N | 132E Witepsk...... t 55 0N Wednesbury. t 52 33N 2 3W 2 Wismar ......t 53 54N | 11 27E | 11
Wallum Anto- Vitry sur Marne Weimar....... # 59 57N | 11 20W | 13 Witland ...dist 54 0N | 20 55E | 8
nini......... 56 0N | 4 0W £ 48 40N Weissembourg Wittenburg ... t 51 52N | 12 41E | 10
Valmy........t 49 ON | 4 58E Vittoria.......t 42 53N # 49 3N | 727E 14 Wittstock....t 53 10N | 12 28E 11
Valona, .......t 40 29N 1927E Vizagapatam t 1742N Welfesholz ... t 50 48N | 14 15E | 9 Wizla......... * 52 20R 21 OE | 8
Vancouver....? 49 50N |125 OW Vizianagram t 17 55N Wellesley...dist 510N 100 20E | 16 WlodimeroWa, -
Vannes.......t 47 38N | 2 48w Vladicaucas... t 43 9N Wells.......... # 51.13N 2 37W 3 # 54 56N | 32 13E | 13
Varaeger (Bal- Vladimir, Princi- Wembury.... t 50 19N 4 7W 2 Wodnesbeorg tº 110N | 1.43W 2
tic Sea)...... 57 ON | 20 0E pality of .... 56 0N Wemyss Bay. 55 53N | 4 53W 3 Wolfenbuttel # 52 9N | 1032E | 11
Varna. ........t 43 11N | 27 55E Vladimir..... t 50 51N Wends........ 52 0N | 20 0E | 6 Wolgast.......t 54 4.N | 1346E II
Varni...... disi, 52 5N 9 45E Voghera...... t 44 59N Wertheirm......i. 49 40N | 733E | 11 Woodborough
Vasa.......... # 63 2N | 21 40E Volga......... 7" 46 20N Wesel ........t 51 39N | 6 36E | 11 § 51 10N | 1.43W 2
Vasci....... dist 43 45N | 2 0w Volkowisk ....t 53 SN Wessex.....dist 51 0N 2 OW! 2 Woodstock ... t 51 52N | 1 20W 3
Vascones...dist 43 45N | 2 0W Volkynia...,dist 51 0N Wesses .....dist 59 ON | 36 0E . 9 Worcester....t 52 12N | 2 14W 2
Vassy Vologda ...... # 59 21N Westarweg Worms........t 49 38N | 8 21E | 7
Vatizes..... dist 53 0N 34 0E Vonitza ......t 38 54N (North Sea) 55 0N 5 OE | 6 Worodonow...t 55 16N | 37 6E | 13
Vanadolid......{ 4134N | 4 38W Voronej....dist 5L 9s Westfolden Wrazlavia....t 51 7N | 17 3E | 8
Vancouleurs...# 48 36N | 5 41E Wostani....dist 29 ON dist 59 ON | 8 0E | 8 Wrecenceaster
Vaud....... dist 46 30N | 645E Westphalia.... 51 45N | 8 0E | 11 # 52 43N || 2 35W 2
Vazeerabad ... t 32 25N | 74 25E Wetzlar.......t 50 34N | 8 28E | 11 Wroxeter.... t 52 43N 2 35W | 1
Vectis Ins (I. of W Wexford .....t 52 20N | 6 28W | 2 Wurtzburg ...t 49 49N | 9 56E | 11
Wight)....... 50 42N 118w Wexio ........t 56 50N | 14 40E | 13 Wurungole...t 17 51N | 79 40E | 15
Velez, Penon de Weymouth...t 50 36N 226w| 3 Wye ........r 51 43r. 240W | 3
# 35 33N || 4 16W. Waeringawict 52 16N Whalley...... # 53 50N 2 23W 2
Vellore ......t 1252N | 79 15E Wahduvaisk...t 12 25N Wherwell..... # 51 10N | 1 26W 2
Vendome..... # 47 49N | 1 2E Wahram.......t 35 41N Whitby......t 54 32N | 0 35W 2
Venezuela...... 7 ON | 68 0w Waitzen...... # 47 47N Whitehorne...t 54 44N | 4 25W 2 y
Venice......... # 45 25N | 12 18E Wagram .....t 48 17N White Sea....... 66 0N | 40 0E | 10
Venice .......g. 45 10N 1245E Wakefield......? 53 40N Wicganbeorg
Wenicontes dist 56 30N | 3 Ow Walalege ....t 53 50N (Wembury) t 50 19N 4 7W 2 Yafa..........t 32 3R. I 3445E | 7
Verde, Cape...is 16 ON | 23 Ow Walcheren ...; 51 32N Wick ........ t 58 26N | 3 5W | 3 Yarmouth....t 52 36N | 1.43E | 2
Verdun...... t 49 9N | 5 26E Waldeck .....t 51 13N Wicklow ......t 52 59N | 6 2W 3 Yarrow, or San-
Wermandois... t 49 34N | 3 48E Waldshut.... t 47 37N Widin........t 43 59N 22 53E 12 poo........?' 29 30N 90 40E 15
Werneuil .....t 48 44N | 0 56E Wales, West Wight, Isle of 50 42N | 1 18w| 2 Yonne .......?' 48 20R | 3 01E | 4
Versailles....t 48 49N | 2 10E dist 50 35N 2 Wigingamere York ........ t 53 57N | 1 7W | 3
Verulamium (St. Wallachs ..... 47 ON | 2 7 (Wigmore) t 52 21N | 243W 2 Youghal...... § 51 57N | 7 51W 3
Albans)....t 51 47N | 0 25W Wallingford...t 51 38N 2 Wigornaceaster Ypres....... ...t 50 51N | 2 54E | 9
Vespasiana dist 56 30N | 3:30w Waltham Ab- # 52 12N | 2 14W | 2
"Vesuvius ...mt 40 50N | 14 57E bey ... . . . . . . 51 36N 2 Wihtgabyrig
Wezelay.......t 47 24N | 3 48E Waneting.... t 51 36N 2 (Carisbrook) 50 43N | 1 8w| 2 Z
Via Devana..... 52 54N | 2 Ow Wansdyke.... 52 23N 2 Wildesshausen
Viazma........ # 55 15N | 34 10E Wantage .....t 51 36N 2 # 52 55N | 8 24E 11
Viborg .......t 56 27N | 923E Wardein, Great Wildhaus. . . . ; 47 12N | 9 20W 11 Zalaca, . . . . ...t 39 14N | 7 28W 9
Vich ...........t 41 56N | 217E # 47 12N 12 Wilhelmshaven Zamora.......t 41 42N | 5 50wſ 8
Victoria, Ware.........t 51 49N 2 # 52 58N | 9 6E | 14 Zamosz.......t 50 47N | 23 29E | 13
(Perth) ...... 56 23N | 3 27W | 1 Wareham....t 50 41N 2 William, Fort 22:38N 88 58E | 15 Zante ........? 37 45N | 20 50E | 13
Vienna. .......! 48 12N | 16 22E | 14 Wark......... t 55 30N 3 Wilna..........t 54 44N 25 23E 12 Zara ..........t 44 7.N | 15 15E | 9
Vigo...........t 42 17N | 842W 12 Warkworth....t 51 20M 3 Wilton .......t 51 5N | 1 51W 2 Zaragoza ....t 41 47N | 0 52W 7
Wileika........t 54 35N | 27 OE | 13 Warsaw ...... # 52 15N 10 Wiltzes.....dist 53 30N | 15 50E | 7 Zargoun......t 33 14N | 2 19B 14
Villach..... ...; 46 37N | 13 51E | 7 Warta........r 52 42N Il Wimpfen ....t 49 13N | 9 10E | 11 Zealand....... * 51 30N | 3 55E | 11
Villafranca.... t 42 39N | 6 56W 13 Wartburg Cas. 50 59N 11 Winburna (Wim- - Zehdenich....t 53 2N | 13 20R | 13
Villeneuve ....t 46 24N | 6 56E | 11 Warwick.....? 52 16N 2 borne Minster) 50 47N | 158 2 Zeirites....dist 32 25N | 7 5E | 8
Vilna .........t 54 44N 25 23E | 13 Warzburg ..... 50 59N 13 Winchelsea, ... t 50 55N | 0 431; 3 Zephalonia. ...i 38 33N | 20 35E 7
Vimiera........t 39 11N | 9 19W | 13 Wash, The .... 53 0N 2 Winchester...t 51 4N | 1 19W 3 Zianides ... dist 34 35N | 1 0W | 10
Vincennes.....t 48 47N | 2 26E | 4 Waterford....t 52 15N 2 Windrush..... 51 52N | 1.43W 2 Zichia. .... dist 44 20N | 39 0E . 9
Vindelia ...pro 50 31N 226w| 1 Waterloo..... t 50 44N 4 Windsheim ...? 49 29N | 10 26B | 10 Zittau ........ t 50 54N | 14 4SE | 11
Vindhya ...mts 22 50N 76 . OE | 15 Watling Street Windsor...... t 51 30N | 0 35W | 3 Znaim ........t 48 52N | 16 3E | 11
Vinegår Hill... 52 30N | 6 33W 3 # 52 40N 1. Wintanceaster Znaym ........t 48 52N | 16 3E | 13
Viroconum ...t 52 43N | 2 35W | 1 Wavre........# 50 44N 13 Winchester) t 51 4N 1 197| 2 Zorndorf.....t 52 32N | 14 47E | 12
Wiscla (Vistula) Weadesbyrig tj2 33N 2 Winwidfeld, Zug .......dist 47 10N | 8 30E | 11
7' 52 20N 21 OE | 6 Wealas, North 52 30N 7 Battle of ..... 53 55N | 1 56W | 2 Zurich .......t 47 23M | 8 32E | 11
Visigoths...... 47 ON | 22 OE | 5 Wealingfordat 5126N 2 Wippedesfleet Zuyder Zee ... 52 30N | 5 25E | 11
Vistula ......r 52 20N 21 0E | 14 Wedmore....t 51 17N 2 (Ebbsfleet)..t 51 11N | 1 8E | 2 Zvornik...... § 44 20M | 1918E | 13

UN DER iſ H. E. R(0) \| A NIS
B R [T AIſ N
- - ºnalish Miley
56. º 56
ot 27 to º ao tºo --
ºl. *{º}. º, - fºoman Miley
§ºberwick
- The modern coast line is indicated thus
- -- ºnrad- º º -
ºf ºººººº Iuesses 20 to do so Too
- º - -- - - z
- --- - Tina Rºyne
º s º º -
º, ſº º,..., ºc J-º-º-º-º-º/
º - () c e a n u ş
º
ºvarum prº
*%.
-
-
-
ºf Ełoragum
---
2 ºrº) .N (; e r m a n & " "
e r n i e a s
sºls
ºnovºm.
|\ºaerºn)
pºſſeva
ºhesterº
-
5.
Fº
º
º
-
-
:
52
-
- …......a tº
Sabrina
| º ins. º Bristol Fº 4. -
*dylºs * jº, sº
- - - - *a*Nº.
*º-ſº º , sº
º -
Fºſweiſer, FRGS
William Collinsºons & Cº London & Glasgow.
































B R H T.A. ( N
UN DE R iſ H. E. S. Ax O N 3
English Miles
7, º
The modern coast ºne is
indicated thus ------------
ºwlchyth.
º
-
Liaanburge
#º
C S T
... Coventryº - - * F. E.
Y - R N A. } - - A. *...*.*...,
*ºº
º
*
*Thanº
William Collins, Sons & cº. London & Glasgow.

lo 8. º *
== -
60
|-- -
Historical Map _--
O F THE - -
2.
BRITſSPſ [S[..ANI)S -
LA
-
C -
º
| -- |58
-
-
-
º
-
º ºf Forth 86
tolonsaw - - -
-
“ *:: #º
- º jºin huxles
#####".
Banbrough tºs
nwiel-X117+
melº Mooriº
Awar-kworth
-
º: Pºn -
-º-º-º-º: 20magh.
-º **ºnonº -
Enrºne,
º
- | 54
- -
- * ... I
- º --~~ 3. º: ºved º: - R. I. -
- Mask ºl. hee º º ------
º - - * Humber
-n. - -
- - Fºnº, shººtinsboroiº
| | * †ºad. angiº, º: º º:ºnore º:
-º º Fºº Yº - W. º sº lºngoln
ºnrea º unor: "“” ºnes § ºr ºl tie º
- - -- -
reº. Kºkº *& …; *S*
º - -
- *ºn. *... º.º. Zºr-
ºf . Carlow, ſº ºcklow ***"…º.º. jº Kings ſº -
- - Leºn Bº ſº. - -- - ºch" Erpingha ºring -
- ºri - § º º Mººlow *"... - *Bradgate ºf Norwich
ºn * fºr - w Lichfiel rth. - - -
r shºgº º ſºnºga º º - - - Bosº ºcces *heringay Lowestº.
- ºftwarxı & - - º Birkingham. - waseº' ºs- Elw 1.1.
ºrrºriº ºzº ºw. Lutter” .# º who. º 'bury S㺠7.
º & * º º § º sº º \ Marºº º: º: Hºnº - - sº *. º:
- - -- - - - - - - - stratrong f E ºlº ------- - - --
--- ###2 *; - K *:::::: Stº #: º * º * * * .. 52.
e? | -º-º: Fº *** -: rººts -º- º - zºº º
... ººº- º, - - - - - Terrºr. *Tºyºnº -, * touchester. Tººrºwicº
º - R. " Tº 0. Aº troodºº **Woodstock. Hatfield). If -- tº R. ||
** "LE bandorº - - ºwº Cas: ſºloucester. ...a §º." Rye Ho. ºſcºwº *
- * Rº - - *ºtovº; º **
º - - - Monmºuth ºn aciº ---, - sº
*::::: *… - º - *Berkelºº-ººm ºrigge”. - we
Banº †: - º 1 hº Landau? sexolº º ºv. lºº- rºos *
--- * *2. Milfor “ºr tº: º rerº rarelan
- | *:y ---- hº - *-i- a º º tº º, - - º
Bristol Channel º ...º. º: - º ºiba º ºr tº º ºrin gºals
- - ------- ------ -e. ---
- - - Boºgstºk” rºshº ºthe. -
- Lundy I.i. Bridgewater's sºr --- H - º
| -º-º-º: wrºss s lisbur: winchester yºucºnnº o
- - - - southampton. Zeº. º - º
v. * Sºrbºne - glūchest ºsey º
- - - - la
* ºne tº Wau º -- Bºchy Hº-
- - º º gº º ---
__ º sº - - -----
º porº" i. sº ofºº agg
or Bay *... ºda 168
| 2 lºº"'s Sl
50 spººn”
Zandsºnal ºf \\ ^
--- F- - -
* , sº
E N G [.
- E- -
2. º
-
William Collins, sons cº London & Glasgow.
Fawdºnemier F. Rºs






































- - - -
Terez º. -
HISTORIC AI, MAP G e r in a n O c e a n **.
OF a - - *~ &
FRANCE
º
-
Provinces belonging to ºngland in the reign of Henry?” ºn Amsteºdam - -
º: º of Henry 3° In The Has - Utrecht ſiziº 2||
# *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*- ****º º – “.
- - IRotterdam
- Cº- aº entiºnal
º
* º
sº º
* = *Antwerp, *.
tº .
Tº
º C޺ º Bergen of Zoom.
- - R ~
%;
º ºr *f; - - -
* -
N
|
o y Lo st ºreº
- 2087,
N. (10 sº ) ºr/arise Tillier-r P
-
º: - Isle
aloº - ºut
Tº. (14242 ---
ºlencon Chartres” --
- sº
In e ). º
º
* *ce a.
º OY wº O
* …
1750s º
º
º º º -
SCs - lº i.e. 5 Tºº
Betle isle - Ranies R. A ſº º, -
º s: -
- ºt-º-º: -
"...º.º. % u, ( \º &
l º r --- - -
£º" º ºs
}
.
º
º
o, Beaucº ºvignon
- o
Nºrnes
º º
- - &
º * , \\ c º & Marseillº
w º, c. :
-*., º & 9 {{
- º
5...l.º. º
º
A I N
-- - -- - | – - i. |- - -- |-
- º 2. 4.
Burgos S P
Fiºdºsier FRGS
William Collºnsºons&Cº London & Glasgow.
-




















































wotºs， y uopuo7） ay suos ºsumº wae，
TOE----%_
----1·
！OI
·_-„−”. . . . .s T,T） |-}}
---- «|·-
*|×:)！ºz.
unae***s·r·º·:· -
^ ^！----ºffſ
<.！wys;aesº
. ^ \， ^ é∞º·
vº，！\\,<•,,zvº}）（）;----Œ
- v.！”·--_
„ ”） º， ºſ§§§ 5
| 1：1 || ~ ~ _ _ ！ …（ ººº ！ .…………”----
- -|×…•，，，,Œ*、
ſae, !ſae-----------.*| |×
ſººſ__（*>（.**∞ √°√∞ſºſ.pºſsºw ſºae，|----
-ſºſ， ſº, ºſ，º^* （*）
ſºſ， ſºº，ſº，|-
·-
¿*{,}-·№ſ）7：*·
” " u \ x m ſ.ſ.
��smººttº
ſº …， ſ
º.rººt/00
，
！****…*…*
ºººººº,,,,，，，,·|
： ~€：ſºfº， .|ſº，
|-7***į,*«,
…¿ſº?
（~~~~---…
-ºz. №º D.
ſae...…….…tºmorºſ, mae
，
º··
quae *^*^，
-|- -
|！Sºſ）,|-
！ |-
| º.a.º IŲ
ºtnoſtrae,
ºzzº,
••••••
tuae，•
*) )
/
|
(?<<
7 ~ ~（）
«>（）
Å8 01 LN 30 ，,tº ： H1 N 1
[R®£3.J. SEKÄ * ÑÑĀJI GW3||
{{I}{][^}JWIĘC RIVJÄI(0)}{
ti 1-1 ）,



























in the beginning of the
6 rº CENTURY
/
Z
/ -
-
Z - º -
| , 53: ºr,
| y
|/
- º - º pºur
*2. -- º, 2 ºzº. wº * … - ºf -- º
| hi- ºw ºz º - -- - --------- Breger: ---
- º º º Sº, ºr -
| º - ºw º º º- ngdoº
| - ~ *iaſ - - ºzºna, 1. - of the -
- waſ º º, º ºs & G epidae º
-- - - - º -2.
- ---
~ ºws or is: Rºx
| - º
Sardica -
|
|
|
- --> º
º: *Zºg - -
*.
º - *2. M [] 6%. - sº - - .* -- º,
o - º N G_p^** Cºe Methone tº
K N 9–Pº 6 Grºsz,
Crºtºcº
A
- -
- tºº.
4 S5 ° 4 | Z. eptis Ptoleinai. - p;" *.
|Z Berence ºrene T-> *
| S. - Penta polis v
o”
--- o y
A.
|
William Collins. Sons & Cº London & Glasgow.
M º
* I s : P tº
iºnºlisºn.
rºodoº” º
º
An *
E.T.W.I.E.E.E.S.

























































woººº，)ºuºpuo7），*stºs"*，ſwarae
TOE T
|-
|tr
{•
|*
|-
*******）
|
|-\ ,# ſ
|- |.*
|?? ~|�.*ºs o p { f \ + P_3_|-
-·ſo o INo ，|×
|--||”，,,, ， , a w ſº***#！…}%, p 8 u! ±o?
çº， zø， ºg ſae∞|-。
：ſae，|- -"…
|-?Z?|I(Iºz，/|
|-·|-
| |׺：ºſºgg
¿§íſ
\,----ſae
- \ſ*：）§ 1º?
ſae!!!）. №，
ſg）;¿~
-
'''{Nºw INATI （WHO + 0 ≡ （11，11，1
æq. 8 trwolaes|
× × n 1 N + O →', 6//
aq, jo 8trjutiſºoq aqq wi
ſaeſ (0) ）}{ []） {
--





















*:
wodºwºſº º wºpwo7.， sy suos suºm«， aeraeae
|-owyſ[…）。、、。（?）、・・・・
l.„¿ſae…}d.A'.8O
Sººſ ºſſº， ſººſ
Tā
—~~~~）;º ºſ
|-T „Aſºº º
·„șºš|-!\,！ ¿?
§ 3ºº-~~ººtae-|-
· ·- |-
|-· }„otrºsº|„№ſº…ſo_^
|ſø）,
）SNV<ſ> ºr ）,º6 ， ,----
！ 1ºººººººo{|N·º.Þ.8trº ，? ?
·-- …'. ，，.^ ^ ^，…
|, （№|}′ . &…, ºſ puiſ|- 0! y
| ）·…º… edom,|ſaeo，
||-ſae■ ■ ■*s.№taeºlºqºsno，*…»
|-, W/**¿?*** …·
ſagèſe，%！Zºzº
„poſuyº ſūrºſſºſſo
și o \ N №. 3
-\ ^__ſae
----：|
GI\, \N
（*****，
№ſ º Ay
（№º！！！，
ºrs （; ; ）
*****）（…）
$$（''）;
-
2，±,±），ſ ſ*ae
！2 ^. s. jo sº·----
•*. ^^'）;*"）;ģ！ º|ipsaeſº
·ſº ：--~~~~ ~ ！| __ ------ſ！！！！！
，^|×ſ.----：a \anum’， i ſº
, ， , ：, ：，:ſ.ſ.
_-~~|- |-·
ºſº^{\ \！
| ſ/~）
f（n，m，m?*z*…
§ ' , ，;，
----|
→ ∞, opºs#supºſ
●·p u* …º š
|-
----· · -
į;&oºººS.∞
| _…
，+|-
ſºſyº
（csoffrae
~
|-
('\\{\,I, NAO ，,OI 40 L’HWA RIAJ. LWT)





























'S'：[''tºhº Mae
ſººſ
|
ſae
|×）
pºſſºſ
:……***
ºofspiº º uopuo7;）, ſy suos 'summoº nuom，
M .
•
ŅĶĪ
ºzraeorů
? ！�
~
¿¿.*
*…»
ſºſ
·
***#：;';
A × n LN 3 O kızı 3 H1 N 1
, ， ， 0 ≤ n −


I0
5，0，±，±，±ºllºſae
&
ºoºººº º wopwo7.39.3° suos sumº navn，
|×
Åſ， º|-
Ļº§§}§§
.rºw S. ſo
ſ sae!|×
oºooººººººº****ºx-
ºz.??>ºº-
tºº！！!'，
、。（)
ºſº，
|-ſae， &-----
%&g*%
( N 011 w wae 0：38, 3 H1 - 0golº3%
&mqueo;,91 on yo º Ippºwrºp aſ
º[ ºſ['(0) }{ []) {



Konigsberº --
-
GERMANY | . . .
LLUSTRATING THE PERIO D
from
THE REFORMATION TO THE
END OF THE THIRTY YEARs Wºº sºlº--
7.arº
º
Q.
chemºnitº
* * * *
Korºgºratto
iii.
- -
Aºyon - - &
Soissor.
º
Schongau
------
William Collins, Sons & Cº London f: Glasgow.




ll


Page Missing
in Original
Volume




Page Missing
in Original
Volume


- ºoººoººººººopvor， º sºrowºwº， wnae
| "№ſae-„H│ │ │|-| |
|- |-！
|-º… . .
Aº… º .|-№„ ， º*_', ººººo,
·ſº·… . |----- -º ſ|-№r-
·ſººs：！ſ！）（S.-
- %！ºnn！ 7****
ſ ≡ （) ，
_É / ſ）
E=-
H.
*
·- ----
|×
~
… …………... ！¿º， gaeae|-¿fºtºſi）.\!！！！!！! NO 8 Noºae'r Oeſ w N.
|-----°′·|-ſaeae|-|-·
}！\， ,·"ºººº ：（…） º！ſae|-£;:%%;ae o no il vºor davº a H. o.l.
-|-|-|-|------|-····|-！----- ，----|--
№wºſº）. \，·|-ºł，№ſº，?，！,:\${};**%? ：-（'）;№ (€62.) noſ inno aºs Hona wa aſi wowº
■ſ.|-----）---- |׿¿.*，ºš-！ſ.}Mae tº：…· ae·
|-ſººſ*（）_（， ， ）， „№ſºſ” （„ſmaelg， ºººººººººſ!ſaenººſ aſ {0} （}}） ſ ºſ
|-„ae ººſ· ……|- *（ ）-ſaeº**）- - -----
·ti·i =！|-|-$（...） ſuae,£ €ſºſ，··¿ºkººn，|-
|- $. （8%*ſ）;·ſººſae，：******……----ſae---- -
ſae ！ººtae aerae·|-ſae………）ſººſ，ſºº"…№ſº（~~
ſ.|-ſae.#ſae|×.|× ·----|×ſºº（~）
%ſ*, *）（$*|-
ſº/ ）2. №





13.
*oſsonº y uopuorº y suos sunnº urvam，
"Sº！， ºrºſtº Mae
----�|-qzvų ſuae* „*:
-·„，|-39
•#%ŹNIºsae，L
·%:ſſae … *****）
§° ſ√≠√5）
|×ſ.\\º）,→��§
|-§ „№ №.
）|
N«»º.
\\~！
！\, .ſae№.
mºtº----
ſ.-
|-
„gwałtº
*„ae------
[rººtxºv«om»，t.
„…oºººº|-
ºxaaºº}}§§：
Ķſ;
Œ№.
№
ºſ 18 ſ







| N. D. ſ. A
Illustrating its history to the present time
* *o 3.
r
o
-
-
Ghazee-
Jºurnale tº
--
º
º
- #sºgº.g.
2. - - Mount
º -
-Laccadive
- w"
Islands ,
º
-
…”
a
Ç
William Collins, Sons & Cº London & Glasgow.
& showing its divisions in 1760.
Mahrawa States [ ]
1 Rajah of Berar 2 the Heishawa,
3 Rajah of Indore 4 Dominº of Scindia,
5 Rajah of Gigerat 6 R. of Saugor
7 A. of Capee
skETCH MAP
| Showing the extent of each
Presidency and the
States attached to it.
* p a ul Bhbt
Presºłºgatºloured Red
º' Bonº, Blue
**ś
Plas erritory Ls.
shaded.


16
ºf ºurºzou wou worzou， pºssessoa，
ºuae， ºvviä ºvanae«%%%%%%ſuae
ººººººººººººººººº，，， ，，oas pas，
ºººººººººousºvraevaeſsarºpºsº，
ſºnon
«offsmº ? uopuota， º suos surmoo-woorma
~~~~）; ∞ √°√∞aes
， ， ， ºrvººr
（~~~~ſae
~~~~）; ∞nºnae
~~~~， qsmuodº
~ aer notae
----sºnorºwsmº，
'S NOI）.WN NWºHa 10}{[№ſ
ſøºff¿?
S3 I NOTO O º S3 i 83 AO OS 10
øya ºwymowys
pirow op go deſ

* *... I e , * ..e.” a T. r. & - … ." a .zºº - . . . . . . - dº - !-- 4.5
- *Consisting of 16 Maps, Tmperial 8vo; constructed and Engraved by MILLER, with Descriptive Letterpress
. . . . . x. -
| THE STUDENT'S ATLAS OF MODERN AND CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
; : THE STUDENT'S ATLAS OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.
(The two above works bound together.) Containing 30 Maps, with Descriptive Letterpress. Cloth, $2.50.
Constructed and Engraved by John Bantholomew, F.R.A.S. with 16 Maps. Imperial swo. Cloth, sl.00.
| Consisting of 100 Maps of Modern, Historical, and Classical Geography, etc., with Descriptive Letterpress
, - .
• * t
* { *
- $
* r * * *
*
* :
~. - * * ~ - , • * * ' !, * * → -* i. - - -
... • ! ", , , , . . . . . . . . . . . ~. .' . . . " * * 3. * * . . . . º. ix– --> , ' - * - - - ...~~ : • *
* - - * , - *, - 6 *; . ~ * * . * > . . . - - • - •, * * * , -- ×.. . .
. . . ; . . . . .” -- . . - " - , , " . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . 3', . . . . . . . 2 . " • . . . } Tº gº” . . .
, : ". . .- r. - < * , $. * . A § -. * “ — x- -*, * = ... * *. ... • * - - * . .” - ~ • . - f • . < *s, * , * -
- *- - - - * > Xı : - , , - * - ". .” -, ' , , , ; , ; , - --~ :- - - , - t * , - * , - ~ . . ". . . . * . - f -
' ' ' . . . ~ * • * ~ *, * : * ,- . . . . . . . . . . º - - . g . . . . . . ;, . --, -- *--, r ‘ ‘-, * > .
? -. - -- ~ * - * : * , . I- & * → -- *- ! • * *, * & - ** tº - \,. - --" - -* - - -, * >
- - - - I - . . . * ... • * - * 2 x . e - * * - - -, . - & * ~ x
** . > -- * * * : * ~ *, - ~. - **, 31-x- --- * . . . * * * - - - - " - . . . - tº 2- . . . . - ¥. - “; , -º * > .
* * * * * - Cº. *s f * –“ -—“” - * * - - ; : - … * * -. > -- . * * * * * ~ *-*. • 2 " . . . * -
- ! . - ~ * * # it * * * x - ** 3. . . t . . . . x . . x- - * : - « - f * = . - - * x * ...' . * -
* . *. , - * * * --. F. ºr g -.' lº, - * = . * , - , tº . & 4 & - 7.5 • ..." ~g t ...-‘’ • : F.& * . . . . . . . . * * * , . . . .” “...ll. r ‘.
, - - . . , * c. .. | i - *: . . .”.- . . tº . " - -- Ş. * * - ~ " . . . . ." . ~. *. ºr ' || > g - * - . Tº .5 - * . . . .
...~ -- - - W. •, ** - º 1 * * **** : .º. --- *. * 3. -- .* *
- - * - - --- . . .” - - -t, - - * * * - . • * ~ *. -- --
- ~ 2 - r . .:- - - - - ... - ..., * * * *. * …, - -*.** * * * * - . . . ~ :... • --- - - - , , . . . ** .N. sº * ,
- - , - * : . . -- - -., - . T . - f • * .
Consisting of 20 Maps, with Descriptive Letterpress. Illistrated by numerous engravings. Glasgow,
*"
and New York. Imp. 8vo, cloth extra, $2.50.
II, &
A new, comprehensive, and useful Atlas of Modern Geography for the Library and for ordinary reference,
. with about 40 Maps. Glasgow and New York. Imp. 8vo, cloth extra, $4.00,
PoliticAL, CLASSICAL, AND HISTORICAL, consisting of 62 Maps—32 of Modern Geography, showing
all the latest Discoveries and changes of Boundaries, and 30 of Historical and Classical Geography,
with Descriptive Letterpress of Historical and Classical Geography, by WM. F. Collier, LL.D.,
and LEONHARD SCIIMITZ, LL.D., with copious Indices. 8vo, cloth extra, $6.00; half morocco
extra, $8.00. . . ." - 4 - -
• * ~ *
- IV,
THE STUDENT'S ATLAS OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
Containing 15 Maps, Imp. 8vo, with Descriptive Letterpress, by L. SCHMITz, LL.D. Cloth, 31.50.
by WM. F. Collier, LL.D., and full Index. Cloth, $1.50.
HE STUDENT'S ATLAS OF HISTORICAL AND CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
VII. .
THE PORTABLE ATLAs ºf MODERN GEOGRAPHY,
.*
. . . . . . . . . VIII.
- THE ATLAS OF SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY,
§ 16 Maps, with Questions with each Map. Small quarto, cloth, 75 cents. .
– IX. . . . . . . . .
THE HANDBOOK OF SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
16 Maps and Plans, with Questions and Answers on each Map. 16mo, cloth extra.
Consisting of 47 Maps, with Descriptive Letterpress. Half morocco extra, $6.00.
THE ACADEMIC ATLAS
Consisting of 32 Maps, Imperial 4to, with a copious Index, Cloth extra, $2.75.
XII, .
THE LIBRARY ATLAS sº
and copious Indices. Imperial 8vo. Half morocco extra, $12.50.
- * *



UNIVERSITY O
III
III
~ 3 9015 074
PUTNAM'S ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED SCIENCE (IES,
Adapted to the requirements of Students in Science and Art Classes, and Iſigher and J/iddle Class Schools.
ELEMENTARY SERIES.
Printed uniſormly in 16mo, fully Illustrated, cloth, extra, price 75 cents each volume.
1. PRACTICAL PLANE & SOLID GEOMETRY. By H. Angel, Islington Science School, London.
2. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION AND DRAWING. By E. Tomkins, Queen's College, Liverpool, 2 vols.
3A BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.—STONE, BRick, AND SLATE WORK. By R. S. Burn, C. E., 2 vols.
35 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.—TIMBER AND IRON WoRK. By R. S. Burn, C.E., 2 vols.
4A NAVAL ARCHITECTURE-LAYING OFF: WooD AND IRON SHiPs. By S. J. P. Thearle, F.R.S.N.A.,
Joondon, 2 vols.
4B NAVAL ARCHITECTURE–SHIPBUILDING—WooD AND IRON SHIPs. Dy S. J. P. Thearle, London, 2 vols.
5. PURE MATHEMATICS. By L. Sergeant, B.A., London.
6. THEORETICAL MECHANICS. By W. Rossiter, F.R.A.S.
7. APPLIED MECHANICS. By William Rossiter, F.R.A.S.
8. ACOUSTICS, LIGHT, AND HEAT. By William Lees, A.M., Lecturer on Physics, Edinburgh.
9. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. By J. Angell, Senior Science Master, Grammar School Manchester.
Io. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By Dr. W. B. Kemshead, F.G.S., Dulwich College, London.
II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By W. M. Watts, D.Sc., London.
12. GEOLOGY. By W. S. Davis, LL.D., Derby.
13. MINERALOGY. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Falmouth.
14. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. By John Angell, Manchester.
15. ZOOLOGY. By M. Harbison, Model Schools, Newtonards.
15R GENERAL BIOLOGY. -
16. VEGETABLE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. By J. H. Balfour, M.D., Edinburgh University.
17. SYSTEMATIC AND ECONOMIC BOTANY. By John II. Balfour, M.D., Edinburgh University.
18. PRINCIPLES OF MINING. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S. -
& 19. METALLURGY. By John Mayer, F.C.S., Glasgow.
20. NAVIGATION. By Henry Evers, LL.D., Plymouth.
21. NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY. By Henry Evers, LL.D.
22A STEAM AND THE STEAM ENGINE. By H. Evers, LL.D,
22B STEAM ENGINE–LocoMotive. By H. Evers, LL.1).
23. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By John Macturk, F.R.G.S.
24. PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. By J. Howard, London.
25. ASTRONOMY. By J. J. Plummer, Observatory, Durham. *
26. MANUAL QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
ADVANCED SERIES.
Priuled wºviſormly in 12mo, fully /llustrated, cloth, cºtra, $1.50 each volume. /
1. PRACTICAL PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY. By Professor F. A. Bradley, London. /
2. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION AND DRAWING, By E. Tomkins, Queen's College, Liverpool, 2 vols. 2
3. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. By R. S. Burn, C.E., 2 vols. ..”
4. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND DRAWING. By S. J. P. Thearle, F.R.S.N.A., London, 2 ve’
5. PURE MATHEMATICS. By E. Atkins, Leicester, 2 vols.
6. THEORETICAL MECHANICS. By P. Guthrie Tait, Professor of Natural Philosophy, Edinbu
7. APPLIED MECHANICS. By Professor O. Reynolds, Owens College, Manchester.
8. ACOUSTICS, LIGHT, AND HEAT. By W. S. Davis, LL.D., Derby. -
9. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. By F. Guthrie, B.A., Ph.D., Royal School of M
ro. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By T. E. Thorpe, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Chemistr.
11. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By James Dewar, F.R.S.E., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chem'
. GEOLOGY. By John Young, M.D., Professor of Natural History, Glasgow Unive'
. MINERALOGY. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S., Falmouth.
. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. By J. Cleland, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anato
. ZOOLOGY. By E. Rae Lankester, M.A., (Oxon.,) London. -
. VEGETABLE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. By J. H. Balfo.
. SYSTEMATIC AND ECONOMIC BOTANY. By J. H. Balfour, '
METALLURGY. By W. H. Greenwood, A.R.S.M., Manchester,
. NAVIGATION. By Henry Evers, LL.D., Plymouth.
. NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY. By Henry Evers. LL.D.
. STEAM AND THE STEAM ENGINE–LAND, MARINE, AN'
. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By John Young, M.D., P : 4.
The following Polumes of this Series are now ready |
NOS. 3, 4, 5, 10,
:
:

§
º:
º:
º
§§
§ 3.
§
§§
§§
-
§º
º
&
º
º
§
§
ſº
º
§
-
§
s
§
ź
s
i
§
§
t
Ş
§
§
&es
§ º §
§§
§§§
º &
§ §§
§ §§
§§
§§
º
º
§
- & º ſº
º §§ &
º
º
§
º &
§§
§
º §
§
º -
§§
§§
ſº § §§ ׺
§
-> Nº. &
§§
*
§§
§
º:
º
§§§
§§§
§§
§§
§ §§
*
º
º
§
º
3 º
§§
§
&
º
§§
º
§ sº
§§
* º
§§§
jº
º
§§
º
§
§§§ §
sº
&
§
º
&
§ §
§8.
§§
&
º
Nº
§§ º
§
§ &
º
§
§§
º
* * Ş.
&
º
º: - Fº
§§
§:
&
&
º
§
§
&
§
§
º
§
§
§
& º: º
& § §§
§ §º *. & º
£º §§ & Yº
&
§
£º &
º
&:
º
º
º
§
ºš
gº
º
º
ſº
§§
§
§
§§:
º
s
º
º-
sº
§
§§
£º
§
§§
º &
$:
º
º
gº
&
§
3.
&
tº:
º
º
*:::::tººk
º:
§º
§
§
§
§§
&
Sºś
º
§§§
§
§
s
§
§
º
º
º
§
º
§§
sº
§§º
§§
º
§º:
ſº
&
§
§§
§
sº
*N.
§§
º
&
§
§§ §
§º
2.
sº
§§
º
º
§
yº.
§:
&
§§
º
§º
§
ſº
**º
º
ãº
§ §§:
º §§ º:
- º fºr:
§§
sº
§§
§§ º
§ §
§ § º
§§
º º
º § ..º º
§§
§
º º
§§
§
§
º s
§ &
ſº
§3.
§
º
º
§§§ ºr
º
§§
§§§
§§
§§
º -
º
&
§.
º º
*
§§
§§
§§
tº: sº §§
&
§§ º
R&
º
º
Sºś
Kºº
§§
º -
sº Hº
ºś
º gº
&
§
'º. º
§§
- jº
§ § $º
§§
º Šºš &
§§ § §.
§ º
º:
Sºxº
&
§
º
&
§º
ſº
§
§§
**
§§ º -
§§§
Arº
sº >
º sº §
§§ §§ º
º & § § º
§§ & § -
§§§ w
§
§
§
§
º
§ &
º
§º
º §
º
º
§
º
§§
sº
º
§§
&
§
§§
&
ſº
§
gº
ſº
§
º
º
§
§§ &
§§
§§§
& §§§
&
º
§
§:
§§
§ º
§§
§§
*
§
º:
§
ś
§
§
º
ſº
&
§§
§
×
§§§ - §§ º
§§§ §§§
ś C sº Nº. Fº §
º º ºś º 3. & &
§ §§
§§ §§§
: º *ś & §§ º
sº § § § &
3º:
§ 3.
º
§
§
º
&
ºf § º
§ § §§ §§
º Žº º
§§
§§§
§
Łºść
§
&
º
§§ fº
Sºx's
§ §§
§
º
§ ãº-ºº:
MS §§§
§§ §§
º
§ §
§
&#
§§§ § º
º & º º
º gº - & :
§§ §§ º
§§ §§ § §§
c C §§§ º §§§
§§§
§ §§§ § §§
Ş: § §§ §§ § §§
§º & §§§ § {sº
º §§
(s - & §§
sº
§ § * §§
&
§§ §
º
º
§
º: º:
sº
*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.
º §
º §
º
§ Sº gº §
§§§
& §
º
tºº º
§
&
§ sº §§ § §
ū º
§º §§ "...w. §§ §
sº §§ *: 3 §: - º §§ § º
§ §§ §§ & Ş. º
§§ º § -
º
§
º
{.
sº §
§§ §
§§§
§§§
º: §§
§§ §
§§§
§§ §§§
§ §§§§
& sº - Fº ~
º -
º
º §§§ &
§§§ §§§ §§§
3& §§§ 8& §§ sº S&
§§ §§ §§§
§§§ §§§
§§ §§ §§§
§§ § §§ § §§ º
§§§ §§§
§§§
º & §§§ §§§ *
§§ §§§ §§ § º
§§§ §§§
§§ ~ w § § §º §§§§
§§ §§§ … §§§
§§§§
& & §§ - & §§§ jº & § & §§§ w º
º §§§ §§§ º - º
. º § §§ ſº §§§§ -
§§§ & & º
§§ § §§ º sº Fº § § §
§§ sº §§§
§ § § §§
º E. §§ § §
§§§§ º - §§§
§§§ º §§
§§§§§ §§
sº ºś º º § §
§§ Mºś º º §:
§
X: § §
§§ §
§§ sº .*
:
§§
§
§§
§§§
º R&
& §§
sº
º §§ §§
§§
§º -
§§§
§§
:º:
º
§º
s
§
hº sº
§§:
º
º
º: §º: §
º #º
§§§
§§ º &
º sº * E- º º
§§§ §§
º: - §§§
§
&
§
§
§§
§:
§
º
º:
º
&: §
º gº
Hº. º
§: § ſº
3º
fº
º
É
§§
sº
º
º
g
§ :::::::
§§
§§§
º:
§
&
sº º
§§
§ ãº
§ § º
º
§§
§§§
§
§ § s
§
§§
sº
§º.
§
º º
§
&
§ §
$º
§
§
sº
º
tº-
sº
§§
tºº.
§§
§§
º
§
§
º
sº
º
º
&
§
º
º
& &
§
s Hº
§
§§
sº º
& º:
º
º
* &
º
g
§
§
º § Sº
&
§
§
º
§
º
º:
º
&
§º
- º
§§
§
Sº
º
§
º
º
§
&
§
§
§
i
§º
§
3-
º
3.
&
§
§
ºº::
§
º
º
º
§
º
;
|