E. URAL REVIE HOUSES T E-4 UD|× ſ！! T - T- ----- CIII AR - AP TT1: --- |×ſ.：ſae- ）：-）））…-…-…）- sae（~~~~ ~~~~ ， ， ， ，.|-********№************* （） ， ！-. - --- -- …！！！！！！！！！！！ №. ：）……………………. º Kºº Lº . ſt [[] #IIIllllllllllllllllº. ºf - º #ill||||III] Érº || J Hº ... -- :- º - º -- * S S. J. Hàº. : WS * * 3_ _3: - ºr 2 - -- *S TUE BOR ºf prºmºtiºn - : sº, P = º arº sº 3 - £- $º Fº º ETº º §º º | E f THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW, iii º ANNOUNCEMENT Yale erowne G. º OR the convenience of customers in New York and the metropolitan district, and especially of architects and their clients, the Exhibit Rooms and Contract Department here- tofore connected with the General Offices, at Numbers 9, 1 I and 3 Murray Street, have been transferred by the Yale & Towne Mfg. Co. - fo 2/2 Fifth Avenue, Aew York Customers are invited to avail of the improved facilities thus offered for the selection of locks and hardware for buildings of all classes. Special provision is made for the inspection and selection of artistic hardware of the higher grades. Hereafter all correspondence relating to Contract Work in the metropolitan district should be addressed as above. º º -º-º- - *- º º º º - -*. THE ANS ON IA New York's Largest Apartment House rt - 3) - Giant” Metal Sash Chain of C O LI IS C. THE SMITH & E.G.G.E. M.F.G. CO., BRIDGE PORT, con N. Tºlorida Gulf Cypress the interior finish par—excellence for 9Apartment Houses Olumers Say they can let apartments finished in our Florida - - Gulf Cypress better and quicker are finished in other cypress or in other kinds of ... The º, "...", grain and tone admits of gibing each room an individual treatment, lºzhile keeping the finish of the entire suite in harmony. That there is no comparisºn between our cypress and that furnished by others is apparent to any one lºho takes the trouble to in bestigate. Cypress is our specialty; live put out nothing he are not proud to tack "STEARN's " to. Thai lvord is cypress insurance. The A.T. Stearns Lumber Company Neponset, Boston, Mass. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. Sectional Glass Cluster Reflectors FOR A PARTMENT HO U WEUV We make a large line of cluster reflectors of all sizes and styles, including dome lights, and are pre- pared to furnish these fixtures in special designs to match interior decorations either from our own or the architects’ sketches. For offices, dining rooms and corridors of apartment houses there are no fixtures that equal these for maximum reflecting power or perfectly even diffusion. Correspondence invited. I. P. F. RIN HO, 551 Pear 1 Street, N E W Y O R. K. Persian Rugs Our large collection of rare antique and mod- ern rugs and carpets is offered for the inspection of architects, decorators and their clients. KENT-C OST|KYAN Colors and sizes not usually found are con- MAKERS AND impoRTERS stantly available. fine PERsian Rugs AND CARPETs who LEs ALE We make a specialty of order work for any 390 BRoadway, Cor. 19'" STREET, New York TELEPHones #" | 8"STREET scheme of decorative treatment. We are constantly receiving shipments from Persia from our own representatives. *-- --- - - _*. -- O º-º--- f_nglish Countiy Houses One Hundred Albertype Plates, 11 × 14 inches. In Portfolio, Ten 1)ollars. Bound, Tlpelle Dollars This is undoubtedly the best photographic collection of old English Country Houses ever published. To the architect who has country houses The plates show one hundred and twenty-four subjects, all exteriors, representing the most beautiful brick and stone to design it is invaluable. - - - O desig ing for two unusually large editions, is proof of architecture of the Tudor, Elizabethan and Georgian periods. The sale of this book, call its popularity. It is uniform in every respect, except color of bindings, with English Country Churches * on the opposite page. Sent express paid on receipt of price BATES 8, GUILD COMPANY, Publishers, FORTY-TWO CHAUNCY STRF, F.T. BOST ON T H E ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. ‘The day has passed when ventilation was regarded as a luxury. Today it is recognized as a necessity to the maintenance of health and mental activity. Improvement in methods has been largely the result of employing positive means—the fan blower—to produce positive results. With the Sturtevant or Blower System, the air is put where it is wanted, not merely allowed to go; it is heated by coils massed at a central point, without danger of leakage or freezing, and the temperature is automatically controlled. Send for Catalogue A II 2 R. D. F. STURT F.VANT COMPANY, BOST ON, MASS. New York Philadelphia Chicago London 31.8 “Burnham.” Boilers FOR STEAM AND WATER HEATING OF DWELL- INGS, OFFICE BUILDINGS, GREEN HOUSES, APARTMENT HOUSES ET C. R E L I A B L E D U R A B L E ECONOMICAL Quickly Set, Tight Joints E a sily M an age d Lord & Burnham Co New York Office St. James Building, Broadway and 26th Street General Office and Works Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. - C. A. T A L O G U E U P O N A P P L I C A T I O N Finglish Country Churches One Hundred Albertype Plates, 113: 14 inches. In Portfolio, Ten Dollars. Bound, Tlvellye Dollars A selection by MR. RALPH ADAMs CRAM of the best examples of churches in the Norman, Early English, Decorated and Perpendicular Styles, made with a view to providing American architects with types most thoroughly adapted to our rural and suburban conditions. The collection includes eighty-seven exterior and thirteen interior views, and is for the most part restricted to ma/ and picturesque village churches, many of them hitherto unknown to Americans, but of the greatest value in designing small churches in this country. SENT EXPRESS PAID ON RECEIPT OF PRICE BATES & GUILD COMPANY, Number FORTY-TWO CHAUNCY STREET, BOSTON, MASS vi THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. Ba // Be A ///g | | > | | S in Wrought Bronze or Steel N E V E R W E A R D O W N N E V E R C R. E. A. K. NEVER REQUIRE OLLING Super/ in F//s/. Low in Cost HESE illus- trations are taken from our brochure entitled “A Short Talk on an Important Subject by an Attractive Talker,” which contains a num- ber of illustrations and a description of the hinges. CI We have also an artistic calendar for 1 903, being a reproduction in colors of a painting by W. Granville Smith, of a hall in the palace of Louis XI., XV. Century. - -- -- - Architects are invited to send for either or both. 7/e S/a/ey//or/s DE PARTMENT O New Britain, C on n e c ticut, or No. 79 Chambers Street, New York THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. vii Non-Arcing Fºse, . &P VV. AD 1111 S- ºf "ºº" º' ... solº-rº lºº Tº I h º so ºars ºf */ Type C indicating fuse before blolving ye W1 1CCl to. Type C indicating fuse after blolving An absolutely flashless delice indicating the blolpm fuse instantly © THIS -- -- in Mr. P. R. * --- 1: Watch the target on the label of the fuse. = This is the *...*.*...", º * Moss article on D. & W. Fuse Company, Providence, R.I. A. HALL BERRY, New York Representative, 92 William Street ſº º [[ EP .& vºv - - ºf Non-Arcing Fuaº, º 25 cº-wºo LT33. . OFFICES : - Boston New York Philadelphia Chicago St. Louis San Francisco Petting ell-Andrews Co. Western Flectric Co. Western Flectric Co. Central Electric Co. Western Flectric Co. California Ellectrical Works Stained Pine Finish for Apartment Buildings FTER long experiment, we have succeeded in producing an exceedingly handsome Stained Pine Finish for general interior work. It is perfectly dead in effect, has a rich, soft coloring, and brings out all the beauty of the grain. It is unique in effect and is being used in handsome residences with splendid results. Attention is called to the fact that by using this Stained Finish Georgia Pine and the other soft woods may be substituted for the more costly hard woods with a great saving in expense. For this reason it is especially adapted to use in Apartment Buildings. The beauty of the finish obtained will surprise you. It is shown in several shades. Weathered Oak Finish of great beauty. - On request we shall be pleased to mail to any architect or contractor a full set of stained panels. Correspondence solicited. CHICAGO VARNISH COMPANY -tº- - NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTU, , 22 Vesey Street Dearborn Avenue and Kinzie Street 66 High Street Any Architect TN 1N HO S S Cannot Offer lºho Designs | | | ſ [ J | ºf h is Client a 71ore Combincing Proof of the Desirability of Well-Planned Surroundings than by sholping him a copy of 2 mtrſtan (5aruting The Only Book lphich Illustrates by Example livhat can be accomplished under American Conditions PRICE $7.50. Express Paid Send for Descriptile Circular Bates & Guild Company, Publishers, 42 Chauncy St., Boston, Mass. viii THE ARCHITECTURAL FREVIEW. MAI ESTIC CAFE Jos. KUENy, Prof. 524–526 VINE ST. CINCINNAT1, OHIo. The Lynn Filter Mfg. Co., City: Gentlemen: – We take pleasure in advising in answer to your inquiry regarding LYNN Filters that we absolutely couldn't do without them. The three large machines installed by you not only run our entire building, including kitchen, cafe, bar, etc., but also our ice plant. Our engineer says that the quality of our ice is not excelled by any in the city. The LYNN Filters are no trouble to operate, easily cleaned, the water is always clear as a crystal, and we believe there is nothing better in the way of a filter on the market. Yours truly, Jos. D. KUENy. Catalog and full information on request. Lynn Tilters built especially for entire supply of fine residences, apartment buildings, drinking lºater systems for hotels, ice plants, etc. Filtering medium our olum porcelain cylinders and surface of thventy-three square feet gil'es more surface and greater capacity than any stone filter el'erconstructed. To clean it is only necessary to open a flush-cock and relollye the crank. Strong reberse current and patent quick cleaning del ice rids filter of all sediment in one minute. Used in hundreds of the finest establish- ments of West and South for the past decade, including St. Nicholas Hotel, Cincinnati Traction Building, Cincinnati Queen City Club, Cincinnati Mo. Pac. R. R. Hospital, St. Louis Nat’l Bank Commerce, St. Louis U.S. Naval Station, New Orleans FOUCAR 429 WALNUT ST. *Phone, Main 2037 CINCINNAT1, OHIo The Lynn Filter Mfg. Co., City: Gent/emen: – We have been using the LYNN Filters in our ice plant for some time with perfect satisfaction. The water is always fine and clean and makes an A-I grade of ice. By keeping about 70 lbs. pressure on the filters and feeding into a large tank, we get all the water needed, including bar, cafe, etc. Having used the LYNN Filter for the past six years we can heartily endorse them as being reli- able in every respect. They do more than you claim for them. Yours truly, THEo. M. Fouca R. Correspondence solicited The LY N N FILTF. F. M. F. G. CO New York 39 Cortland St. CINCINNATI, OHIO St. Louis 1232 Olive St. FLEXIBLE METALLIC CONDUIT Is Unequaled for High-Class Installation E L DO RADO APARTMENTS, NEW YORK CITY FLEXIBLE METALLIC CONDUIT IS SPECIFIED BY THE LEADING ARCHITECTS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, AND SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED WHERE THOROUGH PROTECTION TO WIRES AND INSULATION IS ESSENTIAL. AMONG THE MANY BUILDINGS IN W H I CH THIS TYPE OF CON DUIT IS INSTALLED ARE THE FOLLOWING: – GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C.; WAYNE COUNTY BUILDING, DETROIT, MICH.; UNION DEPOT, RICHMOND, VA. ; TOWN HALL, IRVINGTON-ON-HUDSON, N.Y.; FIRE DEPARTMENT HEAD QUARTERS, NEW YORK CITY. W. R. I. T E F O R D E S C R I P T L V E B U L L E T I N N O. 4 1 2 2 0 SPRAGUE ELECTRIC CONDUIT General Offices: 527-531 West 34th Street, New York THE KENNEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY 36 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK Manufacturers of the =“FLUS HOME T E. R. '' (TRADE MARK) HE KENNEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY is the originator of the “Flushometer” System | spoken of by Mr. Semsch in this number. The Company claim the exclusive right to this word and have instituted several suits against other companies for use of same. Infringement suits have already been begun in the United States Circuit Court of this district against the Wells & Newton Company of New York for selling the so-called “Aquameter” valve made by the Federal Company of Chicago. Suits against other infringers are to follow. THE KENNEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 73D AND BRoadway, N.Y. THE Ansonia. PAUL E. DuBoy, ARCHITECT. REGINALD PELHAM Bolton, ConsulTING ENGINEER. Heated and Ventilated by francis Bros. & Jellett, Inc. Heating and Ventilating Fºngineers 245–247 North Broad Street, PHILADELPHIA 47 Flast 18th Street NFLW YORK THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW TENANT WINNERS for Apartment Houses PATD FEB.II & OCT 14, Lowrie's 13-inch Wall Safe securely anchored, weight about 75 lbs., white enameled interior 6% x 7 x 4 II inches, price $25.o.o. Costs to place in wall, $1.oo to $5.oo Price reduced for quantities. Lowrie Lockers about one-half the size, half the price. Sample sent, freight prepaid. If not entirely satisfactory, immediate return (our expense) will bring immediate refund, as to either size. Lowrie "Silver" Drawer 12 x 20 x 36 inches, price $125.o.o. All the receptacles are Strong, Secure, Secreted. All have Perfect Combination Locks, instantly changeable. All are being placed in the finest buildings. They attract every one. Will often rent the premises. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATIONS, TESTIMONIALS, ETC. C O M E A N D S E E IN T H E W A L L O R H A V E S A L E S M A N C A L L W I T H S A M P L E S IN NEW YORK, 1106 Fuller (Flatiron) Building Telephone No. 640 18th St. IN CHICAGO, 118 West Jackson Boulevard Telephone 1552 Monroe T H E L O W R I E S A F E A N D L O C K C O M P A NY A PARTMENTS L I K E H O T E L S A N D OFFICE BUILDINGS A R E N OT CO M P L E T E W IT H O U T T H E CUTLER SAFETY MAILING SYSTEM U.S. MAIL CHUTE by means of which mail matter deposited in any story is safely transmitted to the United States mail box in the ground floor corridor, from whence it is taken at regular hours by the official collectors of the Post Office. Architects and others interested are invited to consult us freely with regard to cases involving any special difficulties, and our circulars and other printed matter, with drawings, estimates, etc., are always to be had for the asking. Special light finishes to match interior decoration when desired. THE CUTLER MFG. CO. Butler Building Rochester, N.Y. Patented and authorized. In use in many hundred buildings in every large and many small cities of the United States THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. sh;Arking - | Cabot's insulating power. Wa Wes. SAVIUEL CABOT, Sole 29 New Montgomery Street, San Francisco. Sheathing and 44 Deafening Quilt" A Scientífic Insulator — A Perfect Deadener Not a mere felt or paper, but a cushion of dead-air spaces, giving the highest The only deadener that breaks up and absorbs the sound Shown by Professor Norton's tests for the New England Conservatory of Music to be the most efficient, lightest, and simplest method of sound-proofing. Fall Information on Request Manufacturer, Boston, Mass. 8 Wooster Street, New York Art Hardware Harmonious with all well-known Architectural Styles Russell & Erwin Manufacturing Co New Britain Conn {I, Boston clients may see our hardware as it would - erº. in actual use at our Boston Office, number 814 State Street, Exchange Building, and with Chandler & Barber, numbers 122-126 Summer St ſ ++-4++-----Hi-Hº —º-º-º-º- - QQQQ 9999 III: Eºs A3 - || All MVMINº. | 3 || WROUGHT BRONZE AND STEEL 3 |ARTstic BookLET ON APPLICATION | - - — - e o o o O O. O. o o one - - 1. Q ..., DFDT. () , * º STANLEY WORKS: DF º * : * – New estiºn coºr - º *H, 79 CHAMBERs st. NEW YORK = ºxx xxxx xxx. º Q-2-Q Unique Finishes for Stained Bine and Oak A Perfect 1 y De a d S T A IN E D P I N E. F I N I S H = This is entirely new in style, has a soft, rich coloring, and transforms pine finish from a cheap effect to one of great oebling System of Fire-Proofing THE ROEBLING CONSTRUCTION CO. Boston Office, 178 Devonshire St. 124 Liberty St., N.Y. City beauty Nothing like it ever before shown. . . . . . . WEATHE RED OAK O f G r e a t Be a u ty FOR INFORMATION ABOUT U.S. Mail Chutes Which are a necessity in Office Buildings and Hotels, write to the Sole Makers THE CUTLER MEG. CO., ROCHESTER, N.Y. Patented. Authorized. Improved S H | ELD Cement Once Used – Always Used Always §º Stands Reliable and º # Rºlliſm.Its Uniform \º Of Aſſhift:(fS The LaWrellCe Cement COImpally Sales Office, No. 1 Broadway, New York B. R. ACKERMAN, President Assoc. Am. Soc. C.E. | ound thoroughly reliable in operation. and recommended by the leading architects and heating engineers. latest trade catalogue. *G U R N E Y HEAT E R M P G. Co. Both quality and price argue all the time in behalf of lº"GURNEY HEATERs A/of Wafez or Szeazz They are constructed along the most approved lines, have well proportioned rate areas, made of the best quality of iron by skilled workmen, and will be Capacities fully guaranteed. Used Send for These are perfectly dead, bring out the beauty of the grain, and are very durable. Shown in several shades. . . . . . On request we shall be pleased to send a full set of panels with finishing details to all Architects and Builders. Correspondence Solicized. Chicago Varnish Co. Dearb or n and PC in zie, Chicago 22 V e s e y S treet, New York 6 6 H i g h S tre e t , B, o s to n | º º tº - - Adapted to all classes of single and double acting doors. “Bardsley” Checking Spring Hinge It closes the door with a soft, gentle and noiseless action, and stops it at once at the center. door. Made in six sizes. JOSEPH BARDSLEY ------ º-º-º-º-º-º-º: ..º.º. Western Selling Agents, James B. Clow & Sons, 222-224 Lake St., Chicago, Ill. 74 Franklin Street, Boston 111 Fifth Ave., New York City is º NEW YORK, 147-151 Baxter Street º CHICAGO, IL.L., 86 Lake Street BOSTON, MASS., 19 Pearl Street SAN FRANCISCO, CA.L., 519 Mission Street It goes in the floor under the C A T A L O G U E F R E E The Architectural Review. The Planning of Apartment Houses and Tenements. By E R N EST FILA G G. - H E apartment house is the result of high priced land. Other things being equal, humanity prefers separate houses. It is only when they become too costly that the expedient of placing several families under the same roof is resorted to. As economy of space is the reason for, and object of this class of buildings, economy of space should be the ruling principle in making the plans. difficulty, and the part of the problem calling for the exercise of the greatest ingenuity on the part of the planner, is the proper lighting of the interior. In other words, how to sufficiently light the rooms not facing on the street with the least sacrifice of the valuable land. If not well lighted, the building will be a failure from the hygienic standpoint, and very likely a failure from the economic standpoint also, for dark rooms can never rent well if light ones are to be had. On the other hand, if an unnecessary amount of space is left vacant, the building will - Yarc- be a n e co- nomic fail- ure, for as a financial en- terprise it Cannot COm- pe t e Su C- ce s s fully with other CK build in g s where the happy mean of light with #| || economy of space has be e n a t- tained. Two great dangers lie In this task the chief apartment to another, and from house to house. in the path of the plan- n e r , a n d many a plan FIG. I. is r u in ed thereby greed, which overreaches itself in the attempt to obtain too much, and complication of plan, which is always wasteful. Both of these faults are well illustrated in the case of the typical New York tenement house of the past. This is probably as bad a plan as ever was invented : it is a complicated plan too large for the lot, and is the result of a combination of greed with ignorance. The greed might be excused were it not for the ignorance – the combination is deadly when applied to dwellings for the poor. Of course the desire to get all the space possible is natural; it may even be commendable, for the more economically the buildings are planned, the less the burden on the tenant. The viciousness of the plan consists in the disregard of hygienic considerations in the desire for floor space to rent. Here is a plan of one floor of four of these houses placed side by side on a lot one hundred feet square (Fig. 1). There are miles upon miles of this sort of dwelling in New York, but happily no more of them can be built, thanks to the Tenement House Law of 1901. Each house is intended for four families to a floor. It will be seen at a glance that in each apartment there is only one light room, in the front those that face the street, and in the rear those that face the yard, all the other rooms open on narrow shafts or courts, which are too small to furnish sufficient light to the lower stories, but plenty large enough for the transmission of noise, heat, Odors, disease, and, in the case of fire, flames from one Each building occupies a lot 25 ft. by IOO ft. Could there be any better illustra- tion of an attempt to do too much with the means and the intelli- gence at the disposal of the planner Here we also have an illustration of the complication of plan spoken of. See the great amount of wall required, its numerous bends and angles, the length of corridor, and with it the cramped stairs and the utter lack of privacy as shown in the arrangement of the apartments. - N O w to sh ow how unnecessary all this is, we give an- other plan (Fig. 2) made by the writer, and, like the other, occu- pying a plot I OO ft. by I O O ft., - but in this case a larger unit is taken f or the buildings and there are only two instead of four houses for the plot. Living room | Livin ee # -> 7. 3. f º f 15 7s; Kitchen Living room Living, roorn 7s; 7-5 --- ſº Ez f 71; ef -z7 f Kitchen | Living rearn Living, 7 27 f 7. Liv, room Bed º: f 7-in- 7s f | 7s # -o-o- - --- 5+ree- The re 1s, Ground floor blan Tahical ahher floor perhaps, in Fig. 2. this plan the same evi- dence of greed for space, but there is also (and one may say so without taking for himself any very high degree of praise) evidence of more intelligence on the part of the planner. In this plan there are the same number of rooms to the floor to the lot, and the rooms are just as large, indeed, somewhat larger, but the space is not secured at the expense of the area which ought to be left vacant for light and air. This plan complies with all the require- ments of the Tenement Law of 1901. When the buildings are placed side by side the courts are 24 feet wide; by the other plan they are only about 5 feet wide. Although the area left vacant in this plan is nearly one-third greater than in the other, there is no loss whatever in the rentable area or in the number of rooms. The saving is effected entirely in the economy of space occupied by the constructive parts and means of communication. There is less wall, less space in corridors, and these savings are made with advantage to the plan, both as regards construction and arrangement. This result has been accomplished by taking a 160460 Copyright 1902, by Bates & Guild Company. 86 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. larger unit for the building and making a simpler and more straight- forward plan. A study of the two plans will show, therefore, that economy both in building material and space may often be effected by a simple plan as compared with one of more complicated design, and that a percentage of rentable floor area too great for a small lot may not be too great for a larger one. There is also another truth which they illustrate, viz: that it is not so much the amount of space left vacant that insures the proper lighting of a building, as it is the way that space is managed. For the combined area of the three enclosed light shafts or courts of the first plan is greater than the area of the one enclosed court of the second, but the three small shafts do not properly light the interior of the building, while the one larger one of the second plan does light it. There- fore we may lay down the rule: In planning houses for limited areas every effort should be made to consolidate the space left vacant for light. It may be well to say here, that in the foregoing and what follows, we are, in general, discussing only inside buildings, that is to say, plans for lots not on a corner. This is the most difficult part of the problem and the part with which the architect has most frequently to deal. Also, that in selecting plans for illustration, we have taken those for the most common form of lot, but the Balcony assenger evatdrs TXXX #Tººl. sR | || - Hº H Balcon #. == - \ principles which apply to them will also apply to buildings for corners and for lots of exceptional shapes and sizes. We will, however, digress from this rule so far as to consider the plan of one apartment house recently erected in New York, of exceptional size and cost, because it affords such an admirable illustration of the truth of what has been said in reference to com- plication of plan and consolidation of light. Here is the plan (Fig. 3). The building occupies a plot of somewhat over forty thousand square feet, is seventeen stories high, and is reported to have cost several millions of dollars. The plan is complicated and the lighting can hardly be called good. Many of the rooms facing on the recessed courts are not well lighted, and there is a great deal of interior space which is practically not lighted at all, for the shafts intended to light it are evidently too small to be of any use below a few of the upper stories. Most of the rooms are of irregular shape, without symmetry or beauty of form. A person who understood the principles of planning could have seen at a glance that the plan was wasteful, not only because of its complication, but because of the method of lighting. When rooms of the size of these have their long sides toward the street, (as many of them have) there is a waste of resources, and what such rooms have in frontage in excess of their needs, must be paid for elsewhere, either by poorer light for others, or by loss of space. Such mistakes could hardly have been made by a professional plan- which was the shape and size of the lot. ner. In this case the owner was his own architect. Perhaps the pleasure he derived from the work was more than an equivalent for the five or six hundred thousand dollars which might have been saved by a more skillful planner. Be this as it may, it is certain that five or six hundred thousand dollars is a very moderate esti- mate of the wastefulness of the plan. This diagram (Fig. 4) shows what an immense saving might have been effected by consolidating the light area, and by simplifying the plan, for a plan made in the way indicated would have furnished quite as much rentable floor area as was obtained ; the building would have been reduced in size and cost ; and the value of the rooms would have been greater by reason of their better lighting; the expensive façade would have been reduced in length by more than twenty per cent, the construction of the building would have been simplified and cheapened, and the shape and arrangement of the rooms improved. It is a peculiar fact that most people, no matter how ignorant they may feel as regards other branches of knowledge, account them- selves fully qualified to plan a building; few realize how much may be saved or lost by a plan. This building illustrates how in this work thousands may literally be thrown away or gained by a stroke of a line. The moral is that the making of a plan for such a build- ing should only be entrusted to one fully qualified to do it by train- ing and experience. Fig. 4. Whenever and wherever a people build, the builders soon adopt a certain type or certain types of plan for each class of building, and the type or types will persist, perhaps for ages in the locality where they are used. When a type of plan is once adopted it is extremely hard to change it. Indeed, one may say these types can only be changed by changing circumstances and customs, or by restrictive legislation. To change the types of plan used for the New York tenement house was the object of the Tenement House Law of 1901. These types have come into use so recently that it is easy to trace their evolution from the old dwelling houses, on lots 25 ft. by IOO ft., converted into tenements to the plan illustrated in Fig. I. The successive changes in the plan from its first adoption were brought about not by the changing wants and habits of the people, but by restrictive legislation, which was intended to improve the type, but which worked in a contrary fashion for the reason that the law-makers did not thoroughly understand the problem with which they had to deal, and failed to strike at the root of the evil, What former laws failed to accomplish the law of 1901 is bringing about, for it makes the 25 ft. by IOO ft. unit, which is the foundation of the type, unprofitable to use. The planners have not yet hit upon a definite type of plan to take the place of the old one, but one is suggested by the pro- visions of the law, and it will be interesting to watch its develop- ment. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 87 We have said that wherever people build they adopt a certain type, or certain types of plan for each class of buildings. By this it is not meant that all the buildings of a certain class have the same plan, but that they generally have the same kind of a plan. If we look at the plans of the exca- vated buildings of Pompeii, for in- stance, we will have little difficulty in distinguishing the normal plan of the Chambre dwelling house. If we examine the - plans of Paris in the same way, we shall have just as little difficulty in distin- guishing the normal type of plan used there for the apartment house. The shape and size of the building, or the plot on which it stands, may vary ad infinizzº, and in fact it does so vary, and the plan varies too, but though the plans differ very greatly from each other, yet they are all of the same 4– kind. The normal type of plan is the one to which the planner seems most naturally to revert when the condi- tions are favorable, and to which almost all the plans bear a certain family resemblance. If one studies Rue the plans of an American city, he will find we have our types just as clearly defined but many of them are crude and unscientific, and seem to have come in by chance. This is particularly true of the apartment house plan. Although we have our own peculiar habits and manner of life, which differ in many respects from those of any other people, and which must be taken into account by the planner, yet the study of the typical plans of older communities which have been evolved by centuries of experience, is useful, especially for a people who, like us, are only entering upon an era of apartment house building. Perhaps no better types for such study can be found than those of France. The normal plan for the French apartment is something like this (Fig. 6). If the plot permits, two apartments may be placed side by side, thus (Fig. 7), each apartment facing the street; or there may be four, thus (Fig. 8; see also Figs. IO and I 5), the apartments at the rear receiving their light from the court or the garden. Several features of these plans may strike the American as peculiar. For instance, the light for the rooms is obtained entirely from the street or from courts on the property, large enough to insure the properlighting of the interior; therefore each building is absolutely independent of the adjoining property for its light. It is easy to see that laws are in force, where such plans were made, which not only govern the proper lighting of the building, but which protect the owner against encroachment by neighbors on -— Cuisine - Grande Cour Chamºre 5atts & Manger Antichambre Petit salon | Grand salon Chºnbrz. Fig. 6. his legitimate amount of light and air. The time is rapidly coming when we will understand the necessity for such laws, and will regret the want of foresight which has so long delayed their enactment. Another peculiarity of the plan is the general absence of cor. ridors. The corridors that are supplied are for service only, and are narrow and unimportant. It seems that here also we can draw a useful lesson. In American apartment houses the cor- ridors occupy a very consider- able proportion of the area of the apartment; they cost as much to build as the same space N would cost if in rooms, and N they are of no use to the occu- Fig. 7. ing either through the dining- room or the parlor, why is not this sufficient In practice it is found to be so. American fami- lies occupy French apartments and find them delightful, yet we never think of planning an apartment except on the theory that every room must be reached by the corridor. pant of the apartment except as a means of communication Another striking characteristic is the driveway into the court, and the court itself (see Figs. 9, 1 I and 14). American planners N between the rooms. Now if, as in these French apartments, one can reach any room by passing through one of two others, where is the need of the corridor 2 If, for instance, a 5++ee;-- bedroom can be reached by pass- feel that they cannot afford enough space for courts of this kind, yet as a matter of fact the courtyard of the French house does not usually occupy a greater percentage of the area of the lot than is left vacant here for light and air. The difference is that the French planner uses more skill in its management; he under- stands that in order to obtain good light for the interior of a build- ing one must consolidate, so to speak, the area left vacant, one square court of sufficient size serving much better for lighting the interior of the building than any amount of narrow courts or shafts. The driveway, besides affording a fine entrance for the building, also serves for the ventilation of the court. It is the custom in French apartment houses of the better class to stable the horses and carriages of the tenants on the ground floor, at the sides or back of the court (see Figs. I I, 9 and 14), an ar- rangement which would be objectionable in this climate so far as the horses are concerned, but the advent of the automobile will soon make some such arrangement desirable. The planning of some apartments, as the French do, with no other outlook than on the court or garden, seems objectionable to us, especially for the larger and more expensive apartments, but they take a different view of the matter. The writer when in Paris, lived for some years in a house, the street end and the wings at the sides of the court of which were given up to small apartments and shops, while what we would call the rear, or the part facing the garden, was occupied by a dwelling of great extent and cost. The plan of the building, No. 1 I Rue de Milan (Figs. I I and I2) illustrates this peculiarly. The end of this building towards the street is occupied by several apartments, one to each floor, while the end towards the garden is given up to one much larger and finer establishment extending through several floors. The small size of the kitchens of most French apartments and the great distance of many of them from the dining-rooms, (Figs. 13 and 16) strikes us as peculiar and objectionable, but in practice it is not so bad as one would think who had not kept house in Paris. Another peculiarity of the French house which does not appear from the plans here given, is the occupancy of the same building by the rich and the poor. The buildings are generally six stories high, and as there are no elevators except in the more modern houses, the upper floors are not desirable on account of the difficulty of reaching them. They are usually divided into a number of small cheap apartments, reached by means of the stair- cases used by the servants belonging to the grand apartments of the lower floors ; so that an apartment house in a good neighbor- hood in Paris is, in a way, a more democratic institution than one in a similar location in New York. - Notwithstanding the difference in the social habits and cus- toms of the people for whom these plans were made, it would seem as if we might appropri- ate for our use some of their features, and to evolve from them a type of plan which might satisfy American requirements. The chief objections to the French plan in our eyes are the general lack of bath-rooms, the small allowance of space for the servants' quarters, kitchen and pantry, the dis- tance of the kitchen from the dining-room, and the proximity of the bedrooms to the living- rooms. To overcome these objections the writer suggests this type (Fig. 18) as a point of departure for further study and improvement, with a full knowledge of its shortcomings. By it the kitchen is brought nearer the dining-room and more space is provided for 5+ ree P- bath-rooms, servants' quar- Fig. 8. ters, etc. The living-rooms are en suite, and receive their light from the street. The bed- rooms for the family are by themselves at the other end, and receive their light from court and yard. The chief objection to it is that there is a great deal of corridor; but even with this drawback, this type of plan seems an improvement over those in common use here. Rear coºr-º- SS THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. Now if one will study the plans of the apartment houses which have been built in New York for the last twenty-five years, he will probably come to the conclusion that the normal type has been something like this (Fig. 19). The chief objection to it is that the permanent lighting of the interior is not assured. All ºf Is - - - is stable 5table Paths . . .5table º Carriage room Court- - - 1 -º - - - ------ ºn " -- ------ ----- - - --- |º - ---------- - *—º-Hº- - - - - |- - - -- - - -- Fig. 9. GROUND FLOOR spaces are being filled up, the low buildings are giving place to higher ones and the light is beginning to fail. The result of this change has been most disastrous in the tenement house districts of New York, where the conditions have become so bad and the welfare of the community has been injured to such an alarming _z. . - - º *….4% - - |-- *- * Yestibule ::::: *m: - | | Dining room Rarlor- | Bedroom Grend Court Entranceſſall Recep room' Tº Reception room -- | X ſ [. Bed room ead room | Dining room Perlor Parlo- Dining room * Bed rooms Fig. Io. FIRST FLOOR APARTMENT House, RUE ST. FLORENTIN, PARIs. the rooms except those that give on the street, depend for their light upon a narrow strip of unoccupied land at the rear and at the sides of the lot. If the neighboring property is built up more or less solidly, the interior of the building will not be properly lighted. This type of plan has come into use by accident, and has been adopted - without regard to : future c on s e- Garden º | | | | % creation of the last twenty-five or thirty years, and up to the present time no consider- able area in our cities is solidly built up with them ; in most cases where such houses are built, the surrounding property is occu- pied by private houses, not very high, and not cov- ering a very large percentage of the area of the lots on which they stand ; the planner of the apartment house, % in his greed for floor space, has Fig. 11. presumed on these conditions, and has given way to the temptation to rely for his chief supply of light for the interior upon the partially unoccupied surrounding property, without forethought for the future. Now, however, as the cities grow, and as the land becomes more and more valuable, the vacant quences. It illus- r *=T-º-º-º-º: *| trates the general I | lack of forethought P. p.m., H. L., perior | on the part of | American build- | ers. The apart- H m ent house in ! S. | | America is the | º "Rºll | º % : Carleiage Rooms | TIN H Harness Rooms. GROUND FLOOR APARTMENT House, RUE DE MILAN, PARIs. extent, that a change in the type of plan has become an absolute necessity; but the change has come after the damage is done, and it will be many years before the city is rid of the curse of her tenement house system. One would think that New York's experience with her tenements would be a warning to herself and to other cities, Garden and that the intel- - ligence of the pressinglp * -r people would rise up and demand n . R Bed"Room Bed Room legislation to pre- - — vent the re oc- * = - — - currence of the ...T. L. F —r- difficulty. Yet we in New York go blindly on with practically no re- Kitchen strictions on any other class of build- ings. The lower sections of the city o in particular are being filled with dark rooms where clerks and other workers must spend their days with scarcely a Room ray of daylight. D.C. These people can- |X| || not protect them- selves, they must take what they can get, therefore the law should intervene and com- pel the builders to build in such a way that the proper lighting of the buildings should be a s s u re d . It would seem that laws governing the height of buildings and fixing the area which shall be left vacant for lighting the interior, such as are found in practically all European cities, were so evidently matters of public policy and so clearly essential to Winter Dining R*I Winter Parlo. - = Jervants' Hall Dining Room Bed Terlor Library D-3 Room ºf % Bea Room. Fig. 12. FIRST FLOOR THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 89 the health, welfare and morality of the community, that it would be unnecessary to urge their enactment. We do not appear to be alive to the dangers of continuing the present short-sighted policy, but nothing is more certain than that the time will come, and that shortly, when we shall be compelled to give these matters serious consideration. It is probable that restrictive legislation, at least upon the height of buildings, would have been enacted before this, were it not for the opposition on the part of interested parties, builders and others, who feel that their interests would be jeopardized thereby, but if the laws are reasonable it is not likely that any interest that deserves to be pro- tected would suffer. The laws limiting the area to be left free should call for no more light than any prudent owner ought to pro- vide for his own protection, and the restric- tion on height would certainly benefit more property than it would injure, even if it is admitted that it would injure any. Such a restriction would tend to spread the areas of the greatest business activities and relieve the congestion of the streets and means of transit. It is certainly not right to restrict one class of buildings and not to restrict others, and it is also wrong to burden property with unnecessary restrictions. As the law now stands in New York, the apartment Fig. 13. house as distinguished from the ordinary tenement is discriminated against. The builder is burdened with restrictions, some of which, though neces- sary for the tenement, are not necessary for the apartment house, and serve no other purpose than to increase its cost. For instance, after specifying the minimum size of courts and yards, the law provides that all staircases and public halls shall be lighted at Dining Poom Chamber ºmssion Salon ApARTMENT House, RUE DE Mont A1GNE, PARIs. every floor by windows opening directly upon a court, a yard or the street. Now in the case of tenements, this is necessary, for experience has shown that unless such places are lighted in this way, there is no assurance that they will be lighted at all. In the tenement house the inmates are dependent upon the stairs, and they ought always to be well lighted. In the apartment house the case is different. In such houses, artificial lighting can be depended upon with reasonable certainty, and the stairs are little used as there are elevators; so that a provision of the law which is necessary for the tenement is simply burdensome for the apartment house. There ought to be some way of distinguishing between two such different classes of building, and it would seem as if the elevator might serve as the distin- guishing feature. As the restrictions which apply to apartment houses do not apply to hotels, the temptation is to build what are called family hotels, and as the apartments are made expensive by the action of the law, the temptation as regards families is to live in hotels instead of in apartment houses. It would seem that the true interest of the law should be to foster the type of building that best conduces to the preservation of the family and of home life, and this type can hardly be said to be the hotel. In planning the apartment house, one of the most important considerations for the architect to bear in mind is that the apartment is the substitute for the house. It exists only because the house is too expensive. It should there- fore be planned to supply as far as possible what the house gives. The house gives privacy for the family, the bedrooms are away FIRST FLOOR Chamber Chamber F-r Chamber Chamber Dining Kitchen Kitchen Kitchen Tºm Chamber Chamber R’m 1–– Chamber Chamber .5m.5aton FIRST FLOOR Fig. 15. --- ºr: Chamber Chamber Chamber Chambe Salon Salon . ºr- - - -- - E-F--- - tº "is- Court o . |-- Chamber Chamber Dining Room - 1. -- -- - ! | ; : - *::::: *= - ...: F. * | | | | * --- : : º - T - : illº -- -". i; T. || - ºr-m -i- * = -: ^ * = - - i a 3 D-1 | = > > ** D-3 -- ; : i -- Å ſº - --- Concierge I Conciers:- GROUND FLOOR Fig. 14. APARTMENT House, RUE D'HAUTEville, PARIs. 90 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. from and separate from the living-rooms. The house gives facili- ties for entertainment; the living-rooms are en suite, and by them- Parlor Fig. 16 APARTMENT House Boulevard Du TEMPLE, PARIs. R2eer court- Chamber º Chamber c1 | c.1 :12 Corridor ſ - -T-I- | |. el - H Chamber O T *erºs º ºathU —T H = | Kirchen Coca--- p Dining room Parlor- Streeſ— Fig. 18 Librara . selves, separate from the bed- rooms. And again the house gives distinct and separate quar- ters for the use of the domestics, removed from and independent of both the bed-rooms and living- rooms of the family. After the necessary supply of light and air, these qualities of the house are the most essen- tial and necessary qualities to work into the plan of the apart- ment. Of course it is not to be expected that they can always be as perfectly worked out in the apartment as they can be in the house, but the attempt to obtain them should never be aban- doned, and one may say, need never be abandoned. For if there is space to obtain the rooms at all, there is almost certain to be space to arrange them properly. A plan that has proved very successful in its working, that is to say, satisfactory to the occu- pants of the building, was carried out some twenty years ago in the Knickerbocker Apartment House, corner of Fifth Avenue and 28th Street, New York. The apartments were planned in two stories. Each apartment is arranged like a two-story house. On the lower floors are the living-rooms, the kitch- en, pantry, etc., and on the second floor the bed-rooms, bath-rooms and servants' rooms. Each house, or apartment, has its own private hall and staircase from the first to the second floors. The building is eleven stories high, and eight of the floors are arranged in this way, that is to say, as four series of two-story houses. Of course the separate staircase in each apartment takes up some space, but this loss is perhaps offset by making the bed-room floors some- what lower from floor to ceiling than the parlor floors. At any rate, the arrangement is popular with those who have lived in the building, and the apartments probably have more of the qualities of the house than can be ob- tained by any other arrangement. This two- story plan for a part- ments can often be used to advantage in cases where one a partment to the floor would be larger than is desired, and two apartments smaller. In that case, to each two floors there may be two single- story apartments occu- pying about two-thirds of the floor, and one two-story apartment occupying the remain- ing part of the two floors, the two-story apartment, of course, having its own private staircase from the parlor to the bed-room floor. A new type of plan for apartment houses and hotels which has been coming in recently, especially for large buildings, has the courts recessed from the street, as illustrated in the case of the Ansonia (Fig. 3). The objections to it are that it increases the cost of the building by lengthening the façade. The walls of the courts cannot very well be white, or perhaps one should say are not usually made white, and if the façade is of a dark color, the lighting is bad, -as can be seen in the case of the Mills Building on Broad Street, New York, where, although the recessed court is over thirty feet wide, the offices giving on it are poorly lighted. But if we persist in building high buildings, courts recessed from the street are the only ones which will be of any use. If they are used, however, they ought to be large, and such courts cannot be had on small plots. Hºr- --- --- { Dining room | ſparlor j Fig. 17 APARTMENT House RUE D'AMsTERDAM, PARIs. Resºr court- Chemº-richamber Chamberl Chamber THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 91 City Apartments in Paris. By JEAN SCHOP FER. URING the last decade, very great advances have been made in the city of Paris in the construction of apart- ment houses. I propose briefly to enumerate these progressive features for the benefit of 7%e Architec- ///a/ A’eview readers, taking care to point out, when necessary, the differences existing between apartment houses in the French metropolis and those in the United States. In the first place, the municipal regulations put a limit upon the height to which houses can be carried luxurious ones were built with iron joists; the rest had all their joistwork in wood. Wooden joists are, as I have myself observed, still held in favor in America. I have seen private houses in New York, on Riverside Drive and in the districts inhabited by the wealthy, which cost from sixty to eighty thousand dollars and the whole joistwork of which was in wood. The great danger involved in this system in case of fire has been sufficiently proved by innumerable examples. In Paris, on the other hand, apartment houses, in Paris. Several impor- tant consequences re- sult from this. One of them is that there is a certain outward uni- for mity a b out the houses, according to the wealthiness of the dis- trict in which they stand. The maximum height of the fronts on the widest thoroughfares is 20 meters, and the part of the roof above being set back according to a given formula, architects manage to quarter five average stories, plus the ground floor, and some- times a sixth story, set back under the roof. In short, they can give their stories a height varying, as regards the first story, from 3 m. to 3m. 80, and from 2m. SO to 3m. 20 as regards the other stories. In very luxurious buildings the architect only puts four stories in the 20 meters allowed him. Thus French architects are confined to extremely close limits—even more so than their American brethren – and are pre- vented from indulging in any fanciful flights. The same regula- tions fix a limit to pro- even those of the most modest type, with rent- als not exceeding I 5oo francs a year, have all their summers in iron. From top to bottom, there is no wood in the house as far as the build- ing itself is concerned. This is a considerable step in advance. Thanks to this system Paris is spared such terrible fires as those that take place in America, where houses are entirely con- sumed. In Paris one room in a flat is burned out, or at worst all the rooms of the flat where the fire occurs, but it is exceedingly rare for a whole house to become a prey to the flames. As is well known, steel beams have the drawback of allowing sounds to be heard from one story to another. Architects have tried different methods of remedying this trouble, such as spreading thick layers of tan between the ceiling and the floor- ing, or a bed of cork or mineral wool or some other bad conductor of sound, but as a matter of fact the problem has not yet been solved. jections on the public ways, and hence another difficulty. They also lay down rules as to the The noise has been less- ened, but its transmis- sion has not been alto- get her p r even ted. dimensions of the large and small courtyards, and the prospect of the windows giving thereon, which varies from 4m. to 6m. 66 minimum. These regulations have been made in the interest of public health, and I, for my part, find them excellent; but they certainly limit the landlord's rights and hamper the architect – all, it is true, to the great advan- tage of the tenant. The new regulations in regard to public health are still stricter than the old ones. They insist upon more air and light for both street and courtyard windows. These regulations only came into effect on the first of January last, so that the houses we are about to deal with were erected under the old ones. In the matter of construction and of materials the progress made is substantial. In Paris, houses have always been built of stone, and they have been built well. This is a matter of ancient tradition and trade practises which, thank goodness, are long-lived. In the case of houses constructed twenty years ago, only the RUE GUSTAve FLAUBERT. Flats rented at from 6,ooo to 8,000 francs. Note the width of the bays. Moreover, there are serious objections to leaving vegetable sub- stances in places where no air circulates, owing to the fact that they are liable to decay. In a few modern houses the floors are separated by means of cimenſ armé (cement with bundles of iron wires embedded therein), which has come into current use in building. These experiments have been very satisfactory. The new material is strong enough to withstand the heaviest strain, and it is absolutely fireproof. Some apartment houses have even been built entirely of ciment a/7/16, and amongst our illustrations will be found the front of a dwelling in the Avenue Rapp which, from the entresol upwards, consists of this material, with a facing of sharp-fire enameled bricks. Not only is the material of this house new, but the decoration is new also. It is an “Art nouveau'' house; but whether the “Art nouveau " is the good sort or the bad, I leave the reader to decide. A critical study of these houses would carry us too far. We shall See a little further on how modern house decoration is understood ; M. LEFEBRE, ARCHITECT. 92 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW - º - in - - | º º E. -- - - APARTMENT HOUSE IN THE RUE DU REGARD, PARIS Z - * vºseº 1– PLAwa. Fºzº. CHAUSSEE L---------- *** -------- ***E*--, -t- ----- º: Reg ard Fºllº - wºol nº-º-º- PLAN OF THE GROUND FLOOR This is an excellent type of moderate-priced apartment house. M. PERRONNE, ARCHITECT PROFRET. Rui a Rº", Rue Sºcinº ". AAA ºr £7Agºs **** º - - - - TYPICAL UPPER FLOOR PLAN Rents 1,800 and 2,000 francs with two and three bedrooms respectively. The adjoining house, forty years older, shows the considerable progress made in the design of the fronts, bays and decorations, even in apartment houses of very low rentals. We give the plans of two floors. There is no kitchen looking out on the principal courtyard. occupied by the owners—a publishing firm. Main staircase and servants' stairs. No elevator. Basement, ground floor and entresol THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 93 for the moment we will observe what progress has been made in the internal arrangement of the house. Everybody is aware that all a part m ent houses in Paris have a janitor. In the evening the street door is shut, and it can only be opened by the janitor, who pulls a wire leading from his room to the latch. It is an excellent way of guarding the house. In the case of most large houses the en- trance is made wide enough for vehicles to pass, which enables the tenants to get in and out of their carriages under the archway and at the very foot of the stairs. This is a convenience with which few Ameri- can h o uses, even amongst the most luxu- rious, are provided. The stables are generally situated in the court- yard; but not so in most of the newest houses. At present it is the cus- tom, when space allows, to have two courtyards. One of them, with the windows of the dining- room, inner corridor and bedrooms looking thereon, is called the courtyard de // re. It has a small law n, a There is room for great improvement in this di- rection in the United States, where nothing could be uglier than the yards inside the blocks. There are houses which cost $ Ioo, OOO, with a hand some front on a wide street, but whose courtyard front is dread- ful to be hold. Land- lords ought to agree amongst themselves for the proper laying-out, at their joint expense, of the space left empty be- hind the houses. As regards the in- terior, all new houses, even the most modest,- I mean those with rent- als not exceeding ten or twelve hundred francs, — are provided with two staircases : one for the masters and the other for the servants. In high-class houses the principal staircase is very luxurious. It is built either in marble, stone or wood, and is provided with an abund- ance of light and air. The elevators are of various systems as re- gards their motive power, water, water and electricity, or, in the most up-to-date houses, electricity and com- pressed air; but all of them are planned in a fountain and, if possible, a few trees in it. No kitchen window is made to open upon this court- yard. In the second one there are the stables, and it is from this yard that the kitchens, servants' rooms, water closets, etc., get their light. The house No. 82 in the Avenue des Champs-Elysées is an example of this kind of arrangement, and its rents are the highest in all Paris, the price of the first floor flat being 3O,OOO francs. We reproduce the plan of a house in the Avenue Malakoff, No. 51, the courtyard of which, measuring '9 meters 20 centimeters by 17m. 40, is laid out as a garden. Brick and White Stone. Flats at from 7,500 to Io, ooo francs. The plans given below show the successful arrangement of the very practical manner, which is only just begin- ning to be known in America. I mean by this that the tenants themselves work them, and without any danger. Inside the elevator there are five or six buttons, each one bearing the number of a story. One pushes the button corresponding to the floor one is going to, and another button to start the lift. On no floor can the elevator door be opened while the elevator is in motion, nor can any door be opened unless the elevator is at a standstill in front of it. Another button rings a bell in the janitor's lodge, to call him when the lift A CoRNER IN THE RUE DANToN, PARIs. arrangement in Paris. Fºotºut tº Rue Dºmon Nº. 3 ºuenºs Pontevins 5 -GROUND FLOOR principal rooms. Note in the plan of the ground floor that the principal entrance is also the carriage entrance, a very common M. PERRoNNE, ARCHITECT, - - *** *** ****s | - - ºllºw nº ºur nºsºgnºnse ---------- * -- --- UPPER FLOOR PLANs of THE APARTMENT House Shown Above. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. , ARCHITECT M. LEFEBVRE A LARGE APARTMENT HOUSE, 51 AVENUE MALAKOFF, PARIS Plan shown on opposite page; views Entresol and ground floor forming two private dwellings with rents of 9,000 and 1 1,000 francs. of drawing rooms on page 98, and of principal staircase and elevator shaft on page 97. Flats from 6,500 to 8,500 francs. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 95 gets out of order. It is a good and safe system, in fact, there are never any accidents, and it abolishes the lift-boy, who, so far, is a neces- sity in American houses. As regards the dis- tribution of the rooms, the point aimed at is to separate the servants' part of the flat from the reception-rooms. In this connection we refer the reader to the different plans which we give. Those of the houses situated in the Avenue de la Grande Armée, the Rue Danton, the Rue Georges-Ville and the Avenue Malakoff (77 and 79) show this complete separation, which marks a great stride forward. The plan of the house at No. 5 I Avenue Malakoff is not so good. A djo in in g the kitchen there is now always a scullery, which was not the case formerly. Formerly also, I refer to houses erected twenty years ago, the bathroom was usually located near the kitchen, whereas nowa- days it is always placed close to the principal bedroom. In many instances there are two water closets for the use of the family, and always one for the Servant S. Great progress has been achieved in Paris with regard to dressing- rooms. Almost every bedroom has a separate º **druºcaa-r APARTMENT House, Avenue RAPP, PARIs. re-teaua-a-are--- s grº sac. ------------ s º *---4--a-da--- -----------toa-------- rear salem -------tº------------ ------------------ M. LAVIRoTTE, ARCHITECT. Rents 4,000 to 6,ooo francs. Front in “ciment armé” from the entresol upwards. PLAN AT THE LEFT. 51 Avenue MALAkoff, PARIs. M. LEFEBVRE, ARCHITECT. The front of this apartment house is shown on the page opposite, and interior views will be found on pages 97 and 98. PLAN AT THE RIGHT. 77 AND 79 Avenue MALAkoff, PARIs. M. LEFEBVRE, ARCHITECT. Rents from 12, ooo to 15,000 francs. Well planned; every comfort luxuriously pro- vided. Noteworthy from the point of view of the arrangement of the rooms, servants’ quarters, and dressing rooms. Grand Salºn rººf-e Chamirº **-7° +7-7.2e A venue dressing-room, provided with hot and cold water taps and a waste-pipe. The hot water is sup- plied from a small boiler placed in the cellar. In houses where the flats are rented at 4,000 or 5,000 francs and have four bedrooms, the hot water costs the landlord IOO francs per flat per annum. In many cases the dressing-rooms con- tain cupboards for hanging up garments. Modern apartment- houses have a tele- phone. The wire is led into the janitor's room, when ce connections lead to instruments placed on each story. The janitor receives the calls and switches the line on to the proper apparatus. Each tenant pays 50 francs a year for this joint service. The reception-rooms consist as a rule of a spacious corridor, on which give two or three drawing-rooms and the dining-room, all having wide four-leaved doors, which are often glazed with small panes. On reception days these doors can be thrown open, and in this man- ner the occupants have a fine set of reception- rooms. The plans here given will, I think, be examined with interest from this point of view. In many new houses the large and small drawing-rooms are sepa- rated merely by col- umns, as in the plans ſingere Malakoff 96 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. -- ---- º ： （ ） \№） | 1：3:\\ºſº，： |-------- &&\\*， ，！ №… \\ =\! §§ --~~~~ M. RIVES, ARCHITECT º APARTMENT HOUSE, AVENUE DE LA GRANDE-ARMEE, PARIS Plan and detail of main entrance on the opposite page. A model of a Paris corner house. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 97 *ºftº: MAIN ENTRANCE, Avenue DE LA GRANDE-ARMEE, PARIs. of Nos. 81 and 77 Avenue Malakoff. In a number of recently built apartment-houses, for instance, in the one at 5 I Avenue Mala- koff, the ground floor and the entresol are connected by an inner stairs, thus making a private dwelling of them, with library, bil- liard-room, two drawing-rooms, etc. This arrangement is in con- siderable favor at the present time. The plans which we repro- duce show the usual dimensions of luxurious flats, of a rental varying from ten to fifteen thousand francs. The principal corridor is from eight to twelve meters long by three wide; the large drawing-room from 5m. to 7m by 7m. to 9m. ; the small drawing-room from 3 m. to 4m. by 5 or 6m ; the dining-room from 4 to 6m. by 6 to 8m., and the bedrooms from 3 m. 50 to 5 m. by from 4m, 50 to 7m. The internal decoration is now quieter and in better taste than it was a few years back. It is still done in some particular style, Louis XIV., XV, or XVI.,- but more discreetly and more gracefully. The ceilings are no longer invaded by the mouldings. In new houses the incoming tenant is allowed to decide the manner of decoration in which the flat shall be finished off. A - refinement in taste has come about, and this is shown by less over loading. I am glad to say that the habit of painting and deco- rating ceilings after the Italian fashion has been entirely abandoned. Outwardly, the latter-day Parisian apartment house differs from that of twenty or even ten years ago by the large size of the bays. This feature alone would suffice to characterize the modern house The liberal dimensions of the windows in Paris are only rendered PRINCIPAL STAIRCAse, 51 RUE MALAkoff, PARIs. possible by the temperate climate we enjoy, without extremes of either cold or heat. The increased size of the windows allows light and air to reach every corner of the apartment. Our different illustrations show the prevailing ideas as to ex- ternal decoration of houses. The taste for ornate fronts is compara- tively new. The City Council encourages it by granting prizes every year to the five fronts which are deemed to be the 4 most calculated to embellish the 2x streets. M. Le Voisvenel, sev- eral of whose interesting designs are here shown, is one of the architects who have done most to improve the fronts of apart- NONºi. ment houses. 7./Sºx' ------- Finally, Paris architects have dealt in a fairly successful way with the knotty problem of corner buildings. The photo- graph of the house erected by M. Rives on the Avenue de la Grande Armée shows the favorite solution. The cut-off corner is rounded, and then, above the entresol, that is to say, from the point above which the regulations allow it, there is a corbel, which makes the corner room much more spacious than it would otherwise be. The house is further embellished with a lofty and decorative crowning. In this particular house the stories above the corbel contain a circular drawing-room in the sharp angle measuring six and a half and even seven meters across. Another well-designed corner house is the one planned by M. Le Voisvenel, of which we give a photograph. PLAN of THE APARTMENT House Shown on THE Opposite PAGE. Note the excellent arrangement of the rooms. No u v c 11 e , Note: The author apparently is not fully informed as to the development by the Otis Elevator Co. of automatic elevator service in the United States.— [ED.] 98 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. LARGE AND SMALL DRAWING-ROOM, SEPARATED BY COLUMNS, APARTMENT HOUSE, 51 AVE. MALAKOFF M. LEFEBVRE, ARCHITECT The exterior of this Apartment House is shown on page 94, the plan on page 95, and the stairway and elevator on page 97. RICH CHIMNEY PIECES IN MODERN FLATS; M. LOUIS PARENT, ARCHITECT; EXECUTED BY M. HUVE THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 99 ----|-…--№rr|- \！\！\！\！\！\ |- | |- … （*： №. ！！!|- ·· |w..…… \ \ ------- AVENUE MALAKOFF, PARIS - --------- —- Fºr Moderate rents. CORNER IN THE EASTERN PART OF PARIS AVENUE MALAKOFF, PARIS Rents from 5,000 to 8,000 francs. FOUR APARTMENT HOUSES; M. LE VOISVENEL, ARCHITECT 81 AVENUE MALAKOFF, PARIS This façade received a prize in the annual competitions of the City of Paris. IOO THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. ■ ، ~~~~ =T ： ~] ► =） ！] •■ ： ： APARTMENT HOUSE IN THE CHAMPS-ELYSEES, PARIS ， ， ， ） » } }---- -ſºſ* （ſ） |ºffſ， - APARTMENT HOUSE, AVENUE DU BOIS DE BOULOGNE, PARIS APARTMENT HOUSE IN THE EASTERN PART OF PARIS Rents from 12, oco to 20,000 francs. Rents moderate. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. I O I Suburban Apartments. By My R O N H UN T. Y simplifying and by making city housekeeping less expensive, the apartment appeals strongly to the renting public. As a family residence it has inherent and obvious disadvantages. The intent of this article is to describe the means by which some of these disadvantages have been eliminated, and to describe the financial results thus obtained, when apartments have been planned for suburban sites. An examination of the buildings given here as Suburban Apart- ments will necessarily show them to be much like all other minor found in minor cities, there seems to be few buildings which may properly be styled “Suburban Apartments.” The comparative newness of the whole American apartment problem is no doubt one explanation of this lack of any marked development of a suburban touch in the design of the few examples which have strayed from the immediate centers of population. There is only a small demand for apartments in suburban locali- ties, where land is relatively cheap and where a detached house is easily obtained. A considerable suburban demand does however THE HEREFoRD APARTMENTs, Evanston, ILL. apartments. Their distinguishing features result from the fact that to some extent suburban conditions are recognized. Lawns and trees are utilized. An effort is made to adapt the exteriors, and particularly the height of the buildings and their sky lines, to local conditions. Each tenant is supplied with a separate porch or balcony. - The idea of putting up apartment buildings in anything but crowded residence districts has appealed to but few investors. In most cases when such investments have been made, they have followe vorn city lines. The result has been to emphasize the gene. ...y ºpted belief that the better class of suburban ten- ants will conside nothing but detached houses. The broad general philosophy which underlies the planning of all apartments is not affected by any question of location. Yet there is no reason why that diversity should not exist between the city and the suburban apartment which has always existed between the city and suburban house. Though many apartments are to be My Ron HUNT, ARCHITECT. exist for such compact suites as only apartments afford. The field, though not large, is profitable. There is a contingent in every suburban community, composed of the best class of tenants, which needs what only an apartment can give. A city apartment plan cannot be made to appeal to them. If their interest is to be awakened, the building and all its details must be adapted to its suburban surroundings. These ten- ants comprise young married people of the wealthier class, heads of families whose homes have been broken up, and to a large and increasing extent, unmarried men or women who wish the indepen- dence offered by a small establishment of their own. The average detached house entails more, either in expense or in energy, than they care to assume. They are accustomed to, or are hunting for, a degree of privacy in their homes. Such tenants as these have much difficulty in finding suburban homes to meet their wants. The essential of a suburban apartment, in order that it shall be successful, is the utilization of trees and a lawn to obtain a set- I O2 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. ting. Another requirement also relates to exterior effect. It is that the designer shall appreciate the all-important advantages which result from a definite domestic feeling in the appearance of the building. Only one requirement which affects the philosophy of the plan is not necessarily applicable to all apartments. Each suite should have a private porch and as large a one as possible. To be given a detached building to design is always a greater pleasure to an architect than to be asked to solve a problem which entails but one finished façade. The opportunities offered by a ºf -- - º Cº. , - gººs. - º *= THE HEREFoRD, Evanston, ILL. suburban apartment make at once possible and imperative the treating of the entire exterior as a whole. The four elevations will in most cases be equally important because equally in evi- dence. The same quality of material may fittingly be used on the rear and on the front. Not only may the blank party walls of a city apartment be avoided, they must be avoided in order to make a suitable building. Windows and bays take the place of blank walls and light courts. A roof which is in harmony with the roof- ing schemes of adjacent buildings naturally suggests itself. More REAR VIEw of THE CAMBRIDGE, CHICAGo, ILL. than any other one feature of the exterior design, the roof may be made to help bring the whole appearance of the structure into accord with its suburban surroundings. Little which is not wholly obvious can be said in regard to the advisability of utilizing natural landscape advantages in the erec- tion of a suburban building. It is, however, a noticeable fact that few designers of existing apartments located in districts where large lawns with their accompanying trees and shrubs were possible, have in reality availed themselves of the advantages at their disposal. The comparative rareness with which an archi- tect is asked to build an apartment in a suburb is not sufficient reason for any lack of adaptation to these more rarely met condi- tions. The inexpensiveness of unimproved suburban property makes the treating of the suburban apartment a problem distinct from the city apartment. Suburban conditions are such as not only to make this differentiation possible, but imperative. The value of suburban and semi-suburban land is based upon its eventual use for detached houses. A very natural error made by apartment builders who improve a suburban lot is that they cover too much of its available surface with the building. In so doing they lose that quality in the investment which must be made its saving grace, an appropriate setting for the building. Revenue producing possibilities have proven greatest when a considerable proportion of the available land has been devoted to a lawn. That domestic touch, to obtain which a lawn and trees are indispen- sable, is the especial, it is the actual revenue producing element A-v Tuala- A Lazlo/avo II." ſº- -- R i TH D - 5 5 L L- H : : i “ A *** #39-- T =| s |- – Al H . 4. | I t- | : t I - al A \ k A. | D J. B. a'ozczy. - ſ|| As J & .H ſ |0 A || § - J.A. |\ \ & - - D - - ~~~ 10 || 4- | ---- - -- ſ | 4. iš-y Sr* A §ſ. d ºwn A. - |S|" U c a / Aoa car an C Second Floor PLAN of THE HEREFord. in the investment. When the suburban building covers too large a portion of the lot, it loses its main charm. It also makes a bad name for itself in the neighborhood. Nothing is more certain to cause the building to be unpopular, and hence a socially unfor- tunate place of residence. The suburban investor must have greater consideration for his neighbors than is incumbent upon the city builder. It has been demonstrated that it pays handsomely to consider not alone the exterior design and the general arrangement of the rooms, not only the question of an individual lawn for the building, but equally the question of possible damage to adjoining property. Owners of improved suburban property usually have a disposition to place a social boycott upon apartments. In a citv community each family is more nearly selfsufficient than is sible in a less densely populated community. Unless a subº an apartment is a social success, professional apartment renters become its tenants. With such a result, nothing but a most ordinary financial return may be expected. It is to tenants with social ties in the locality, THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. IO3 - | - - - THE CAMBRIDGE APARTMENTs, CHICAGo, ILL. that the building must cater, if it is to produce better than ordi- nary returns. A good suburb has almost no profitable clientele for medium class apartments. It is the comparatively high class, but small, building which meets the want. Not far from some of the apartments shown in these illustra- tions is a good example of the kind of building which it does not pay to build in a suburb. An ideal site has been so entirely covered with brick and stone as to have ruined a once choice residence district. The builder, his own architect, has made no gain by his method of planning. Tenants avoid the building. Renting agents are discouraged with their problem. Should they fill the ºr building, it must be at rental - rates which will not pay. A smaller investment, judiciously handled, would have been cer- tain of success. The placing of too large a building on a suburban lot is sure to result in a comparative loss to the investor. The proportion of rental to investment decreases. The investor finds himself with - apartments which must compete with city apartments. He fails to draw local tenants. He loses the tenant who is willing to pay a handsome return on the cost of keeping up a grass plot. PLAN of THE CAMBRIDGE APARTMENTs, CHIcAGo. Myron HUNT, ARCHITECT. General conditions which devolve upon all good apartment planning are not under consideration here. In discussing subur- ban apartments, I take for granted that today all apartments are planned in such a manner as to unite the living suites in a com- pact group of rooms opening together. The architect is assumed to have at his disposal a suffi- cient amount of property to be able to accomplish this. No exigencies arising from the exact size and shape of a city lot need be contended with. There is no need to discuss the proposition that service rooms should be isolated, or the prin- cipal sleeping-rooms be both grouped and isolated. The com- parative inexpensiveness of suburban property simplifies the problem in these respects. The commonest mistakes in minor apartment planning are those which follow from allotting too many rooms to each suite. An inexperienced investor almost in variably makes this mistake. It is a most serious error in suburban work. Speaking broadly, fami- lies who need more than five / -s / A/w/2 −2 wo ~57 oz Y Poz CAt rooms, or at the outside, seven, will rent a detached house. It is to families requiring seven rooms and less that the average suburban apartment may most profitably be made to appeal. IO4 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. THE NIFTHERLANDS. SHERIDAN PARK CHICAGO, John D ATCHISON ARCHITECT. |- |-l fºr D Rootº PARLoR. DINING RCCM KITCHEN KITCHLN BED Room. DINING ROOM PARLOR. BED ROOT-1. --~~~~--------- | KITCHEN. Pan Trºy BED Rootſ SERVANTS BFD Rooſt. Room, - : SERVANTS ROON1. BFD ROOM. BED ROOM. 3-D Rooº. pINING ROOM. LIBRARY DINING ROOM |- º| - | ALcot. PARLOS | TERRACE. PARLOR. 4. * º º ~ | -3. ſ ; & º Y ‘. .2.5- * , } sº gº º º *}, - -** - ? -- -- ****, *s-sº-º-º-º- ! - - - - - - - - ----- -- º'----- - - - - *~~~~~~" ----------~~~~~--------- r- ----------- º º , - - "...º. - sº - --- º - 7/5 ſº - --> THE NETHERLAND's APARTMENTs, SHERIDAN PARK, Chicago, ILL. John D. ATCH1son, Architect. The size of the various rooms must be determined largely by The competition of the suburban apartment with the small the locality and the amount of available money. It is, however, detached house comes out strongly in questions of convenient impossible to plan a wholly successful suburban apartment with- arrangement, in which the apartment has an easy advantage; it out making the rooms somewhat larger than they would be made also comes out strongly in the question of homelike interior effects, in a city apartment intended for similar tenants. To some extent in which the detached house has a natural advantage. An artistic the suburban apartment must compete with the detached house. and a homelike arrangement of the living portion of the suite is Its best tenants are former occupants of detached houses. The demanded. Too much stress cannot be laid on this point. Care- use of too great economy in allotting space to rooms proves a ful study may be profitably devoted to the details of wall coloring mistake. and the staining of woods. It must be kept constantly in mind - THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. IO5 that the best tenants can only be obtained by combining the good features of an apartment with as many as possible of the points which make toward the perfection of a modern suburban home. An architect who is familiar with the details of successful suburban house building, and far above the Chicago average. Although these buildings are increasing in number, the rents in those which are most success- fully planned have raised rather than lowered. Age and competi- tion will in time affect rents. It is the significant fact that these buildings can stand a cut of who has not yet essayed the su- burban apart- ment, will find it an interesting problem upon which to exer- cise his ingenu- ity. He will fi n d th a t a building may be evolved, com- bining with the best features of an apartment, m a ny of the more distinctive features of the successful su- burban home. There is an interesting fact which applies to every build- in g in this Chicago group. The buildings, though small, are worth from three to six times the value of the land. A building loan is from I 5 º' to 35% in their rent rolls, and even then show a gross earning of Io'ſ, which makes the m noteworthy as 1 n ve St ment S. They start on a basis which is financially above that of most new buildings. In proportion as each fulfils or fails to fulfil the suburb an re- quire ments m entioned, it establishes and maintains its rates. The most successful in- stance is a gross rental of $3840 per annum upon a total invest- ment of $25,000. The largest and most expensive of the buildings contains twelve not procurable which will pay for the entire improvement, as is often the case in building a city tenement. The apartment discrepancy between the value of the land and the size and cost of the building which it pays to erect, results in this class of investments being a bad field for real-estate speculators. The suburban apartment is also proportionately more expensive of construction than the city apartment of similar size. APARTMENT House, BrookLINE, MAss. stºctºral- KITCHEN ſ DINING ROOD-1 --------- º - º | --- --- C Lººt wº- cur-pino- CHAMBER Pºl-OR- CHAMBER CHA-LER apartments; the entire invest- ment is $54,000 and the gross rents per year are $7104. There are no vacancies in this building. The combination of a domestic feeling in the exterior design, with a plan having as one of its main features a porch or balcony, is the key to the problem. An unusual revenue is produced by the development of these features. The points at which the struc- WALTER H. KILHAM, ARCHITECT. 3ER-ANT's 5ERwanTs [] ||= Roon-1 Root-1 - - DINING Room KITCHEN -service stairs KITCHEN DINING ROON-1 ENTRY EnTRY [ ] | > Bath Lic HT - LIGHT O BATH cHar-ſeen. Roon- wel-L- - wº-LL poor- 1 CHAMBER J | z coºlboº Co-Doº- PARLOR | CHAMBER PARLOR CHAMBER CHAMBER CHAMBER. PLANs of APARTMENT House, BrookLin E, MAss.; WALTER H. Kulham, ARCHITECT. In Chicago a gross rental representing IO'ſ on the joint value of land and improvement is considered a very good return. The apartments described here are paying 12% gross, 13%, 14%, and one of them 15%. No single one of these buildings represents all of the desirable features named, yet they are making returns tures themselves depart from generally recognized types are few. Their examination but serves to call one's attention to a fact which applies to all buildings; each is successful for purposes of residence and as an investment, in proportion as its builder grasped the special conditions and profited by them. I of THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. The Heating, Plumbing and Refrigerating in Apartment Houses. By O. F. SEMsCH. HE following plumbing fixtures will be almost invariably found in all apartments located in the average New York five-story “flat” building, renting at from $5.00 to $ IO.OO a room per month : a bath-tub, basin, and water- closet in the bath-room ; a sink, two wash-tubs, and a refrigerator in the kitchen. In the more pretentious apartments of this class, there is an additional water-closet for the servant, and sometimes an additional basin in one of the bed-rooms. The hot water is supplied from a central tank and heater in the basement. The higher priced apartments, located in the taller houses, renting at $2O.OO a room per month, or more, have, in addition to the fixtures to be found in “flats,” butlers' pantries, containing pantry sinks and refrigerators; servants' toilet rooms, containing water-closets, basins, and often bath-tubs ; and extra basins in the dressing rooms between chambers. Hot water, ice water and refrigeration is furnished from a central station. In “flats '' the wash-tubs and sinks are of slate, alberene, brownstone, or similar ware, or the sinks may be of galvanized iron. The basins are of porcelain, set in marble slabs. The water-closets are of the washout or wash-down type, flushed from cabinet finished cisterns; the baths, enameled iron. The exposed piping, fittings, faucets, etc., are usually nickel-plated. In the high-grade apartment houses, the sinks, wash-tubs and basins are all white porcelain ; the water-closets of the syphon jet type, and the bath-tubs good enameled iron. Solid porcelain bath- tubs are hardly ever used. The water-closets ought to be of a type flushing as noiselessly as possible, otherwise they will make themselves disagreeably heard throughout the apartment. Syphon flushing cisterns which will insure a proper flush with only one pull should be used, and their water supplies fitted with “hush ’’ pipes. The arrangement of water-closets in lines, or stacks, one above the other, which naturally obtains in apartment houses, renders the use of the so-called “flushometer' system advanta- geous. This consists of one large flushing tank at the top of the entire installation, with main and branch pipes, or “water-ways,” extending from it down to the various water-closets. Each closet is flushed by means of a peculiarly constructed valve, and the small individual overhead flushing tank, with the noise incidental to its refilling after each flush, is thereby abolished. Where there are separate laundries in the basement, they are equipped with wash-tubs, laundry stoves, and clothes dryers. The latter consist of galvanized iron casings, containing a number of racks. These are drawn out, the clothes hung on their bars, and then pushed back into the casing. The dryers may be heated either by steam coils, or by a series of gas burners, with a metal shield over them, or even by hot air cylinders connected to an adjoining laundry stove. A wire netting should be placed over the heating apparatus, to prevent the lint, or the clothes themselves, from coming into contact with it and igniting. Each dryer must be connected to a vent flue extending to the roof. As to the sewage and drainage piping, it may be briefly said that the underground part of the house sewer and drain is made, in all cases, of extra heavy cast iron pipe with lead caulked joints and fittings; the vertical soils, wastes and vents may be made either of cast iron pipe or of standard galvanized wrought iron pipe, with screwed joints and special recessed drainage fittings (except the vent pipes, for which ordinary fittings may be used). The water piping is generally made of galvanized wrought iron. Lead pipe is now used only for very short runs. Each refrigerator is provided with a safe connected to a waste line, which is dis- charged over a sink in the basement. An important feature of the plumbing work is the arrange- ment of the water supply piping, which depends largely upon the amount and constancy of the pressure maintained in the street mains. Thus, if this pressure is at all times great enough to carry the water up to the highest story, the piping will be very simple in arrangement, consisting essentially of a horizontal main running along the basement ceiling, with risers extending up from it to the various lines of fixtures, Fig. I. Each riser is fitted with a valve and waste arrangement at its foot, a a, by means of which it may be cut out and emptied independently of the rest. The branch supplies also should be provided with valves or stop-cocks near the fixtures so that the latter may be cut out for repairs, or the pressure at their faucets reduced, Yº which will effect the sav- | | ing of much water. Where -rr- the service enters, a main valve, 6, is placed, to cut tº- *— ºt- * - H. off the entire building. If, however, the street T |- pressure is only sufficient | | to carry the water up to, say, three-fifths of the height of the building, a H– house tank has to be in- | stalled. This is usually | t E located on the roof; the | lower stories are then supplied by “street pres- sure,” and the upper by [. “ tank pressure.” In . - cases of this kind the H- street pressure very often - varies, running low dur- ing the day, on account I_* @. Haz º'- Hø H of the increased consump- & —r- tion, but becoming great | - H J | º enough at night to force the water up into the tank FIG. r. in sufficient quantity to enable the latter to supply the upper floors during the daytime. Under such circumstances a pump would not be absolutely nec- essary to fill the tank. Where, however, the constancy of the street pressure cannot be +, relied upon, a pump Zºe Zºlfº should be installed to in- |- sure a continuous supply { r Hà | –––––––––––f---ºf-F - F-F-T-F.--H4 for the upper stories. Such a system is illus- i. ſºcłºżdez j_" | ! trated in Fig. 2. There is C | N a street pressure distrib- : I uting header in the base- | ment, from which the various risers extend up through the building to a tank pressure header ! under the roof, the latter | being supplied from the f house tank through the T connection, d. The risers t are valved at top and H– Pi— bottom, a, a, Ö, Ö, in order that each may be cut out. In addition, they are di- vided into street and tank H. E- F- pressure parts by the check valves, c, c, located I... ?"(/. Hazz # a Hz at the height to which —- 'Jºže the street pressure will ºf .7&zzęz. ordinarily carry. These ºz, check valves open up- FIG. 2. ward, and close down- ward, automatically ; they will thus allow the street pressure, when- ever it becomes great enough, to force the water to the very top of the building ; at the same time they will prevent the tank pressure water from running down, whenever the street pressure decreases. The tank is fed through a stand-pipe by a pump, with a valved E+- | | I | | | #- +- F-- h iſ C. # C. # C. r Cº. | | || º ss R– THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. IO7 “by-pass,” e, around it, by means of which the pump may be cut out whenever desired. The stand-pipe discharges into the tank through a float valve, arranged to start and stop the pump auto- matically, in accordance with the height of the water, as will be described further on. In place of the check valves, c, c, globe valves, without handles, may be used. They would have to be opened or shut by an attendant, according to the periodical variation of the pressure. When the street pressure is so weak that it can be practically ignored, the piping is usually arranged as shown in Fig. 3. The house tank, after being fed by a pump through a stand- pipe, discharges its water by means of a “ down supply '' into a distributing header in the % f"Tº Ph./3…e. ſºft. basement, from which ris- Aºzº, ers are extended up to the various lines of fixtures. In large apartment houses, or a partment hotels, the stand-pipe is also used as a fire line, by placing upon it, in every story, an outlet equipped with a hose and reel, Ö, 6. To utilize the tank pres- sure in case of fire, a con- nection, a, is taken out from the bottom of the tank, with a check valve upon it, opening from and closing toward the tank, to prevent the pump from fill- ing and flooding it through this connection. The stand-pipe further has, at its base, a connec- tion extending to the side- 23.4% walk in front of the build- \! Azzºz. ing, where it is fitted with a siamese, or two-way, inlet, to enable the fire department steamers to pump up into the stand-pipe, should the house supply prove insufficient. In those apartment houses where steam for power purposes is available, pumps of the well-known double-acting duplex steam pattern are used to fill the house tanks ; but in the great majority of houses, which have no high pressure steam, electrical, hot air, or other appropriate pumps are used. The best type of electrical pump for houses of moderate size is the screw-pump directly connected to a motor by means of a shaft common to both. The action of this pump is continuous, avoiding pulsation or water hammer in the discharge piping. Such a pump requires practically no attendance, as it can be started or stopped with an automatic switch, which will turn the current on or off the motor according to the water level in the tank. This is - g-o accomplished as shown in Fig. 4, by ------O-- means of a float, to which are attached a Zºzº chain and weight. Upon the chain are f I mounted two balls, a-a, engaging the lever .4%zzcº 6 of the automatic switch, and opening .2%% or closing it, as the float falls or rises. | & Nazz N Others, especially the larger types of electrically operated pumps, are connected –H &º to their motors by means of belting, or a gearing. The latter, to obtain noiseless op- ºf ZZ 71%, ( zz.” eration, should be made of rawhide. All Ž vº electrical pumps can be controlled auto- matically after the manner just described. Another type of pump used in houses having no steam power is the so-called “Vacuum ” or “Atmospheric Pumping Engine,” an apparatus combining a pump and small boiler, carrying I }4 lbs. steam pressure. The latter is required to operate the pump during the summer months, while in the winter it is run directly by steam from the low pressure heating boilers. Still another kind of pump much used for this purpose is the “Hot Air Pumping Engine.” In this the air contained in the machine is first compressed in the cold part of a cylinder (kept cool by a water jacket) and then transferred to its lower or hot end, where it is instantly heated and expanded, thereby moving -Azzy FIG. 3. FIG. 4 the piston. A fly-wheel furnishes the necessary momentum to keep up this operation. Pumps of this kind are equipped with various types of fur- naces, so that coal, wood, gas, or even kerosene oil, if satisfactory to the Underwriters, may be used as fuel. Neither the vacuum nor the hot-air pumps can be operated automatically ; they consequently require more attendance than the electrical pumps. Where the house-tank is filled by a high-pressure steam pump, the latter is operated automatically by means of a tank pump con- troller, mounted on the stand-pipe. As the water line in the tank rises, and the pump continues to work against the closing float- valve, the pressure in the stand-pipe will naturally increase. This increased pressure causes the pump controller to shut the steam- valve on the pump, thereby stopping it. As the water line in the house-tank falls, the float-valve opens, the pressure in the stand- pipe decreases, and the controller reverses its action, thus starting the pump again. In the best class of apartment houses in New York the water service is equipped with filters. They are located so that all the water will pass through them after it has left the meter. When a filter is used in a building containing a house-pump, the latter should always have a “suction tank,” to prevent the pump from drawing the water so rapidly through the filter that it will not be completely purified. The main service discharges into this tank through a float- valve, and the pump draws from it instead of directly from the service, as shown in Fig. 5. The suction tank is desirable even when there is no filter, as it keeps the pump constantly supplied, and prevents it from forcing the meter. Where there are several pumps for feeding the boilers, the house and elevator tanks, etc., a suction tank is always installed. An important part of the water piping of an apartment house, and one in which it differs greatly from the average private dwell- ing, is the hot water supply system. About ten years ago the majority of apartment-house landlords compelled their tenants to supply their own hot water by means º -Zºrſeſ Hi-O %z Jºzoz ž FIG 5. *- Azz of the well known range boiler, which was located in the kitchen of each apartment. But the central hot-water supply quickly came into use, and found so much favor that the owners of even the older buildings saw themselves compelled to install it and alter their piping accordingly. This system is very simple, consisting essentially of a large steel tank, which is hung from the basement ceiling, Fig. 6, and connected to a water heater by means of two pipes, a, b. These heaters range in capacity from about seventy-five to six hundred gallons per hour, and consist of an inner and outer shell, between which the water circulates around and over the fire. The cold water flows from the tank into the heater through the pipe à, and the hot water rises from the heater up into the tank through the pipe a. A main is taken out from the top of the tank and run along the basement ceiling, to supply the .7% A*- 1. Zºrs —- # risers to the various sº ~#7& Zºº vºzºr lines of fixtures re- *— quiring hot water; .#4%-Z" N J%%2. namely, the sinks, ºl- —w & f ≤ washtubs, basins and & Ž baths. Like the cold ‘’’ T-I - |\. - water risers, the hot aºr .7%z- water risers are fitted with valve and waste arrangements at their bases. It is not customary to install circulating pipes in the hot- water systems of apartment houses, because the consumption of hot water in them is too great to allow the water to cool off by standing in the pipes. By covering the outside of the heater and tank with asbestos or magnesia cement, or blocks, and the exposed hot-water piping by hair felt, much coal can be saved. In houses having high-pressure boilers, the hot water tank is heated by means of a steam coil placed inside of it. The amount Fig. 6. IOS THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. of the steam supply is regulated, according to the desired temper- ature of the water, by a thermostatic attachment. Another form of apparatus for supplying hot water, which has been recently introduced, is a “Combined Crematory and Water Heater,” consisting of a double steel cylinder, with a coal grate of the ordinary type at the bottom, and above it a garbage grate, built up of a circular coil of water pipe. The water enters the water jacket near the bottom, passes up through the garbage grate coil, and out at the top of the heater. The garbage, being deposited on the upper grate, is ignited by the coal fire on the lower grate. Where the amount of garbage is considerable, which is the case in most apartment houses, this heater will naturally require much less coal than the ordinary type to keep up the hot water supply. The “Gainsboro,” New York, containing about seventy apartments, is given as an example ; it has one of these brick- set heaters, which is said to consume the entire garbage and furnish all the hot water required. The system of heating almost exclusively used for apartment houses in this country is direct steam. In tenements, or the cheapest grade of apartment houses, only the public halls and staircases are steam heated ; sometimes, in addition thereto, a steam riser is extended up through the corner rooms having the greatest exposure. In buildings where the apartments consist of only two or three rooms, the kitchen range fire must suffice to heat all; in apartments of more rooms, fireplace stoves are set up by the tenants in the parlors, or living rooms. In houses renting at about five dollars per room per month, and over, radiators are located in the principal rooms, wherever con- venient. In the better planned houses they are sometimes placed in recesses under the windows, and thus an effort made to some- what mitigate their inartistic appearance. The very strong objections that French architects have to the appearance of radiators lead them to heat Parisian apartment houses with hot air; but the exceedingly great value of the floor space in New York houses will always tend to discourage the use of heating systems requiring flue space, except, perhaps, in the case of the most luxuriously-appointed buildings. One very objectionable feature in the heating of the majority of apartments is the exposing of all steam risers. Arranged thus, they not only detract from the appearance of the rooms in which they occur, but give off heat whether it is desired or not; they also act as speaking tubes in transmitting sounds from one story to another, it being practically impossible to make tight joints around them where they pass through the floors or ceilings. It is true that apartment house walls are so economically propor- tioned that not much space is left for steam-pipe chases, but even then it will nearly always be found possible, by the exercise of some forethought and ingenuity, to provide room for the risers in partitions, furred-out spaces, or similar locations. The radiators are usually connected up on the one-pipe system, that being the cheapest arrangement possible. It consists essen- tially of a horizontal main in the basement, starting from the boiler near the ceiling, and pitching downward slightly as it makes a complete circuit of the building, finally dropping back into the boiler near the floor. In this main the steam and con- densation water both flow in the same direction. From it the risers are extended up through the building, and to them, in turn, are connected the radiators, each by a single, globe valved branch. Each riser thus performs the double duty of conveying steam up to and carrying condensation water down from the radiators connected to it; it must therefore be made correspond- ingly larger than the risers in a “ double-pipe” system, in which there is a set of two risers for each line of radiators, one carrying up only steam, and the other bringing down only condensation. Such a system has also two mains in the basement; one, the Sup- ply main, from which the steam risers are taken off, being run close to the ceiling ; and the other, or return main, which receives the return risers, being run lower than the supply main, near the basement floor, or in a trench under it. If the return is below the water line in the boiler it is called a “wet' return. All risers should be valved at their base. - - There is less liability of “water hammer” in the double pipe wet-return system than in the one-pipe system ; for, in the latter, the condensation water in the radiator connections and risers is compelled to flow in a direction opposite to that of the steam. If, therefore, a radiator, or riser, has been shut off long enough to collect a sufficient quantity of condensation, the steam, when turned on again, will come into conflict with this water and cause the familiar pounding and snapping noises. On the other hand, the one-pipe system has the advantage of requiring only one valve at each radiator, which is less liable to cause trouble through unintelligent control than the two valves of the other systems. The radiators should be equipped with the very best automatic air valves, to allow the air to escape from them as they become filled with steam. The air valves are usually discharged directly into the rooms, but it is preferable to connect them up to a system of air piping, by means of which the conden- sation which might otherwise drip to the floor will be carried off to a convenient sink in the basement. The escaping of disagree- able odors from the radiators into the rooms will then also be prevented. As far as the steam fitting is concerned, apartment houses may be divided into two classes: those which maintain only a low- pressure boiler and heating plant, deriving the electrical current required for lighting and elevator purposes from the street mains of the local electrical company, and those of the “Ansonia" and “Graham Court” type, which prefer to generate their own elec- trical current, thereby requiring a complete power plant, consisting of high-pressure boilers, engines, pumps, feed-water heaters, etc. In the former the apparatus is comparatively simple and can be readily taken care of by the janitor; but in the latter, the plant is quite complicated, and can be operated only by a licensed engineer. In houses of moderate size, belonging to the first of these two classes, the steam is usually generated by one of the many well- known types of cast-iron “sectional" low-pressure boilers. They are built up of the required number of “sections,” or hollow castings, connected together by means of “ nipples’ or short pieces of pipe, in such a manner that the water will readily circulate through them. The steam is usually taken off from a drum or header at the top, and the condensation returned to a header located on each side of the boiler near the floor. As these boilers are run at low pressure (3 to 5 lbs.), the water is fed into them directly from the street pressure piping, through an “automatic” feeder, which by means of a float valve, maintains the supply at the proper level. A saving in fuel can be effected by covering boilers of this type with asbestos or magnesia cement, as they seldom have a brick setting. Large houses of this class have brick set return-tubular, or fire-tube, boilers, run at low pressure. In houses of the second class, those containing power plants, the boilers are either of the return tubular (fire tube), or of the water-tube type. In the former, the products of combustion first pass under the boiler, and thence back through the tubes, which are surrounded by water; in the latter, the water is contained in the tubes, among which the fire circulates. It is a common assumption that the water tube (“safety") boilers are less liable to explode than the fire tube, but this is denied by such an authority as the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, which, the writer believes, will insure both types for the same premium. The boiler smoke flue is constructed of iron plates, and so placed in a shaft that it will be surrounded by an air space on all sides, to prevent it from heating the adjoining rooms. This air space is used as a vent for the boiler room, as the heat from the flue creates a powerful draft. The piping of a power plant comprises six principal mains, namely: (1) the high pressure steam supply, or power main ; (2) the exhaust main ; (3) the heating supply, or low pressure main ; (4) the heating return main ; (5) the high pressure drip main ; (6) the low pressure drip main ; and their branches to and from the various appurtenances. The first carries steam at eighty pounds pressure from the boilers to the engines driving the generators; to the various pumps, and to the hot water tank. There is also a connection from it to the heating supply main, with a “pressure reducing ” valve mounted on it, so that the “live" steam, with its pressure reduced from eighty pounds down to five or three pounds, may be fed into the heating main, whenever necessary. This pressure reducing valve is by-passed. There is placed on the high pressure main a “steam sepa- rator,” which removes the entrained moisture from the steam and delivers it to the engines in a “dry” state. The second, or exhaust main, receives the steam from the engines and pumps after it has done its work in their cylinders. This exhaust steam is utilized in a number of ways, but principally for heating purposes. For this reason there is a connection between the exhaust main and the heating main. Ordinarily the exhaust steam is sufficient to heat the entire building, so that it is rarely necessary to supplement it with “live” steam through the pressure reducing valve above mentioned. - THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. 109 Before the connection between the exhaust and heating mains is made, a “grease extractor '' is placed on the former, to remove the oil from the exhaust steam with which it has become tainted in the engines and pumps; otherwise this oil would be carried into the radiators and with the condensation from them back to the boilers, where it might cause trouble. - - Another portion of the exhaust steam is used for heating the “feed '' water, i.e., the cold water pumped into the boilers against the pressure maintained in them, by the “boiler feed” pumps. This is accomplished by running a branch from the exhaust main through i... .ºz.9%-, i. º.º. Zºº º —i---—- ºf-----—------- --- ----- ---- --- - # , ºf £422 || 72.432. Z. 777% | F- Jøzzzz ! : § # º Fº º * Ejirº - § H. rº - § | º N. : : Zążz Z242. § 2%tºre hº | /2}%2 Cº. Jºž zarzezz-7 ºzzº-º-º-º:27 ºzzºz. J%.ºrze Jºž Jºzzº.52%----— Ax7.4%–––––––––– Jºzºzzº&z—---- DIAGRAM of Power PLANT. the “feed water heater,” a cylindrical tank containing a number of tubes, in which the feed water absorbs the heat from the exhaust steam. It is thus practically hot when it enters the boilers, and therefore requires less heat to change it into steam than would be needed were it to enter them cold. The feed water heater is by-passed. A branch may also be run from the exhaust main to the hot water tank to permit the use of either exhaust or live steam for heating the water required for the plumbing fixtures. Finally, the exhaust main is extended, in or near the boiler smoke flue shaft, to and above the roof, and there capped with an “exhaust-head,” through which the superfluous steam escapes. Of course, most of the exhaust steam will be lost in this way during the summer time, when the heating plant is shut down. At the base of the exhaust pipe, extending to the roof, a “back pressure " valve is placed. The object of this valve is to check the outflow of the exhaust steam to such an extent that it will assume sufficient pressure (usually from three to five pounds) to circulate or force its way through the heating system. Unfortu- nately this pressure does not confine itself to the heating system, but is transmitted throughout the entire exhaust piping to the piston heads of the engines and pumps, thereby detracting from their efficiency. This “back pressure” can be avoided by placing certain patented attachments on the heating system, as will be described further on. The third, or heating supply main, does not differ from the supply main of a low pressure heating plant, after the exhaust and live steam connections have been passed. The fourth, or heating return main, cannot, in a power plant, discharge its condensation water directly into the boilers, against the eighty pounds pressure maintained in them. The heating returns are therefore run into a “receiver,” from which they are forced into the boilers by means of the “return pumps.” A water line is automatically maintained in the receiver, and thereby throughout the heating return pipes by means of a “pump gov- ernor,” which will start the pumps, by opening their steam valves, when the return water line rises, and, on the other hand, stop them when the water line falls. A discharge connection from the return pumps to the house drain is also put in, so that the heating returns may be discharged into the latter, instead of into the boilers, whenever desired. The “boiler feed pumps" mentioned above are “cross-con- nected " with the return pumps and their governors, in order that any of these pumps may be used as either a “feed" or a “return" pump. As auxiliaries to the “feed '' pumps, “injectors” are installed, by means of which water is forced into the boilers when the pumps are not available. The fifth, or high pressure drip main, conveys the drips from the power main, steam separator, and other high pressure appa- ratus to a suitable receptacle, such as, for example, the “blow-off tank.” This is primarily installed to receive water occasionally “blown off" from the boilers to get rid of the scum or sediment which collects in their “mud-drums”; for the law prohibits blow- ing high-pressure boilers off directly into the sewer, which would tend to fill the latter with steam, and endanger the lives of inspec- tors or others that might happen to be in it. - - - The blow-off tank should be fitted with a cooling coil. A good plan is to run the cold water supply for the hot water tank first through the blow-off tank, and then through the drip tank men- tioned below, thus utilizing heat which would otherwise be wasted. The sixth, or low pressure drip main, carries the drips from the engine and pump cylinders, exhaust main, feed-water heater, etc., to the “drip tank.” This is located below the engine room floor. Both the blow and drip tanks are usually located below the level of the sewer ; they must therefore be emptied by means of a “drip or drain '' pump, controlled by a governor, which will maintain the right water level in these tanks. As an auxiliary for the drain pumps, “ejectors” are sometimes installed. In addition to the appurtenances described above, steam, exhaust and drip connections must be made to the house, fire and elevator pumps; to the refrigerating plant; to the kitchen appa- ratus, such as steam tables, boilers, etc.; and to the laundry apparatus, washers, dryers, etc., provided a general kitchen and laundry are to be installed. All the piping, whether belonging to the power, exhaust, steam or return systems, should be protected with non-conducting covering, canvassed, ringed and painted ; the boiler smoke breech- ing and flue; the feed-water heater, blow-off and drip tanks ; the separator and grease extractor; the receiving tank and pump gov- ernors should likewise be covered with asbestos, or magnesia, blocks, or cement, using a wire-lath foundation where necessary. The engine and pump cylinders should be similarly covered and encased in Russia iron and spun brass. A non-conducting ceiling should be put up over the boiler and fire rooms. In addition, the engine and boiler rooms should be thoroughly ventilated and cold air forced into them. To prevent the back pressure on the engines, etc., and at the same time improve the circulation throughout the heating plant, two patented systems of heating have been devised, the “Web- ster Vacuum Return System,” and the “Paul System.” In the first, valves of special design are placed on the return connections of the radiators and coils, and the condensation is then drawn out of them by means of pumps, thus creating a par- tial vacuum in the system. The steam will then circulate through it at, or slightly below, atmospheric pressure, and the five pounds back pressure in the engine and pump cylinders will be avoided. The circulation will also be more uniform, and devoid of all “water hammer.” The second system accomplishes practically the same results by placing suitable air valves on the radiators and coils, and con- necting them up with carefully planned air piping, to which an exhausting apparatus is attached. By means of this the air is removed from the radiators and a partial vacuum created in them. This allows the steam to circulate through them at or under atmo- spheric pressure, and the back pressure on the engines is again avoided. These systems have gradually become recognized as practical and advantageous adjuncts to first-class plants, and while their installation naturally adds to the first cost of the work, they effect enough saving in the running expenses to make up for that. It is unusual to do much in the way of mechanical ven- tilation in apartment houses, as in most of them there is not sufficient space to accommodate the flues required for such a purpose. It would, however, be very desirable to ventilate at least the toilets and kitchens thoroughly wherever possible, as any odors from these sources are much more liable to become annoying in an apartment house than they would in a private dwelling, on account of the proximity of the other rooms. In apartment houses containing power plants it is customary to install refrigerating machinery, by means of which the various apartments are supplied with ice water and their refrigerators cooled mechanically, thus saving the tenants the trouble of pur- chasing and handling ice. The refrigerating agent used is ammonia, which will absorb a large amount of heat when allowed to expand or evaporate from a liquid into a gaseous state. This it will do very readily, as its boil- ing point lies at about twenty-eight degrees Fahrenheit below zero. I IO THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. The expansion of ammonia gas takes place in cooling coils, which are placed in a tank containing the substance to be cooled. After the expansion it becomes necessary to compress and con- dense the ammonia into liquid form again in order to expel the heat absorbed, and prepare the ammonia for a repetition of the operation. This may be done according to the “compression “absorption " method. In the first system the ammonia gas is placed under a pressure of from 125 to 175 pounds in a machine run by a steam engine; then cooled and liquified in the “condenser,” a coil of pipes over which cold water is constantly allowed to flow. After this it is ready to be expanded to about IOOO times its original volume into the refrigerating coils, thereby causing intense cold. In the absorption system, a retort is used instead of a com- pressor and engine. The retort is filled with aqueous ammonia, or “strong water" (consisting of twenty-five parts ammonia and seventy-five parts water) and heat applied to it by means of a steam coil. This causes the water to give off ammonia gas and steam ; the gas is compressed by the distillation. The solution left in the retort after this process has taken place is called the “mother liquor,” or “weak water.” The gas is cooled and liquefied in a condenser and then expanded into the refrigerating coils, just as in the compression system. After it has accomplished its object, however, it is taken to the “absorber,” where it is brought into contact with, and absorbed by, the “weak water,” thus forming again the original “strong water,” ready to be returned to the retort, and subjected to a repetition of the operation. Numerous claims are made by the manufacturers of refriger- ating machines of either system as to the superiority of the one over the other; but, in the opinion of the writer, who has installed machines of both types, after examining many plants, one is as good as the other for apartment houses, hotels, and all buildings of a similar character. The refrigerating or ammonia expansion coils are located in what are known as the “cooling tank º' and the “brine tank.” In the former they serve to cool the drinking water, previously filtered ; and in the latter, to extract heat from a brine solution, which, in turn, is used to cool the various refrigerators, or ice boxes. The ammonia coils may also be extended into an “ice-mak- ing” tank, in case it is desired to manufacture more or less ice on the premises. This tank should be so arranged that it may be cut off from the rest of the plant when not in use, and an insulated storage box provided in connection with it. The cooled drinking water is circulated by a small pump up to y or the the “ice water’ faucets in the various apartments, and back again to the cooling tank. This is not to be taken to mean that when more than the desired quantity of ice water is drawn at any faucet, the excess will be returned again to the circulating sys- tem; on the contrary, such surplus water is allowed to waste to the house drain. The various refrigerators are equipped with pipe coils through which the brine solution from the brine tank is circulated by means of another small pump. The refrigerators could be cooled by allowing the ammonia gas to expand directly into their coils, but the brine circulating method has been found more practi- cable than the “direct expansion " method in the case of apart- ment houses and similar buildings where there are many small refrigerators to be cooled, on account of the close regulation of the ammonia feed which would be required for the direct expansion method. It is well to place drip trays of galvanized iron under the brine pipes in the refrigerators, as the hoar frost on them quickly melts whenever the plant is shut down for even a short period. The refrigerators, to render them sanitary, should be specified with a glass or porcelain lining, and their coils ought to be of such size that they will readily maintain a temperature of from thirty- six to forty degrees Fahrenheit, with an outside temperature of one hundred degrees in the shade. In determining the size of a refrigerating plant for an apartment house, sufficient allowance must be made for the fact that the refrigerators will be frequently opened, and often, through carelessness, allowed to remain open for some time, thus requiring, if the results are to be satisfactory, a larger apparatus than would be necessary under more favorable conditions All tanks and other parts of a refrigerating plant should be well insulated, and the cold water circulating and brine pipes, except, of course, those located in the ice boxes, should be protected from the warmth by being covered with wool and hair felt. The capacity of refrigerating machines is rated in tons. A one-ton machine will produce as much cold as one ton of ice would in completely melting during a period of twenty-four hours. Thus the capacity of the absorption system refrigerating plant in the “Ansonia,” New York, is seventy tons. This is probably the largest that has ever been installed in an apartment house, the average size being five or six tons. Per ton of its capacity, a refrigerating plant will consume one and one-half horse power of steam, and one and one-half gallons of condensing water, at sixty degrees Fahrenheit, or its equiva- lent. This water, however, need not be wasted, as it is only warmed by flowing over the condensing coils, and otherwise not at all affected. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. I I I Some Data on Electricity in Apartment Houses. P. R. Mos Es, E. E. LECTRICITY in the modern apartment house, provides light always, elevator service usually, and occasionally heat for cooking or for small rooms; it is used in Op- erating telephones, call bells and annunciator systems; for driving laundry, kitchen ventilating and pumping ap- paratus, and in some cases for refrigerating machinery. Apartment houses of the better type may be divided into three main classes : first, those designed for housekeeping ; second, those designed for restaurant service, and, third, those in which both are combined ; all these may again be sub-divided into fireproof and non-fireproof. - The Dorilton Apartment, 71st Street and Broadway, New York City, the Wellesley, 81st Street and West End Avenue, New York City, are good examples of the first class. They are purely housekeeping apartments; electric light, steam heat, refrigeration of small cold storage boxes, and elevator service are included in the rent, everything being supplied from isolated plants located in the basements. The second class is typified by the Belleclaire, 77th Street and Broadway, the Collingwood, 35th Street, between 6th and 7th Avenues, the St. Regis, the Martinique, St. Hubert, the Touraine, Seymour, Algonquin, St. James. Here the conditions differ; elec- tric light and steam heat are furnished ; kitchen refrigerators, often of large size, are cooled, ice is made for table use, iced water is circulated through the small apartments, and is used to cool bottles, milk, etc., besides serving for drinking purposes ; steam at from thirty to forty pounds pressure is supplied for kitchen and laundry machinery, electric motors being used to drive these as well as to ventilate basement, and in the highest class hotel to heat and ventilate parts of the house. Isolated plants are almost invariably installed where the plot covered exceeds 50 x IOO, and the building has ten or more stories. The Ansonia, 73d to 74th Streets and Broadway, the La Rochelle, 75th Street and Columbus Avenue, are examples of the third class, in which the work of the plant covers the requirements of a housekeeping apartment above the first floor and of a hotel apartment for the first floor and basement. - The non-fireproof houses are usually quite different from the fireproof type, and the rentals obtained are lower. In these, light is purchased by the tenant directly from an outside company; mechanical refrigeration is not attempted ; elevators and pumps, if necessary, are run by electricity from a central station. Laun- dry work is sent out and no steam supplied to kitchen. Where the non-fireproof apartment house covers a whole block front, 200 x IOO, isolated plants are sometimes installed and elec- tricity sold to tenants, in which event the conditions are similar to those of the fireproof house. The practice of selling electricity to the tenant is becoming prevalent in all classes of apartments where the size is sufficient to warrant the trouble. The advantages of this plan are manifold ; the consumption of electricity is reduced, as shown by actual ex- periments, to one-third the use where electricity is included in rent, and the receipts from the sale go a long way toward paying the operating expenses of the plant. It is, however, a moot ques- tion whether the same rents can be obtained where light is not included. Conditions existing in apartment houses have been sketched as a preliminary to the consideration of systems of electric distribu- tion, as the choice will largely depend on whether the supply is to be obtained from an electric plant located in the basement or purchased from an outside source. There are three approved systems in use, viz.: the two-wire I 25-volt direct current, the three-wire 240-volt direct current, and the three-wire alternating current. The first is used where no outside service is required, the sec- ond and third where outside service is to be used either in whole or in part. The difference is primarily one of electric pressure (voltage). In the two-wire system, two wires of equal size are run together and there is a difference between them, tending to cause a flow of electricity of from I Lo to 125 volts. In the three-wire system, three wires of equal size are run tegether and there is a difference of pressure between each outside wire and the middle wire of I IO to 125 volts, and a difference in pressure between the two outside wires of 220 to 250 volts. There is a modification of the two-wire system required where electricity from a private plant for lighting at I IO to 125 volts, and electricity from an outside source at 220 to 250 volts (between the two outside wires) are used alternately. This system is a two- wire system with one of the wires divided into two, i.e., one wire has double the capacity of each of the two others. This system is also used where an alternating two-phase cur- rent is purchased. With electric elevators or other electric motors of 3 h.p. or over, the outside electric companies require 225 to 250 volts at the motor, hence the three-wire system is necessary, the electricity for elevators being taken from the two outside wires. In order to avoid the third wire, a two-wire system for lighting at 225 to 250 volts is used. It is bad practice, as lamps designed for this voltage have short life, require one third more power, and what is more important, severe shocks may occur in case of elec- tric leakage. The best practice requires a 125-volt two-wire sys- tem for apartment house independent isolated plants. Where outside service is required as a reserve for lighting only, the 125- volt system is still used for the plant, but the modified two-wire system with the middle wire double each outside is adopted. With outside service in whole or as a reserve for motors and lighting, the 225 to 250 volt system with three wires of equal size is required. The three wires in this system are only run as mains; the feeds to motors and the branch circuits to lights are two-wire. The feeds have 220 to 250 volts and the branch circuits I Lo to 125 volts between the wires. The dynamos and motors for such a plant should be designed for 220 to 250 volts. In order to keep lights equally brilliant on each pair of wires, an automatic balancer is needed. Various types of balancers are employed, but a discussion of them belongs to an electrical paper; the best are the shunt wound motor dynamo and the balance coil. The first is cheaper and better where a number of dynamos are to be installed ; both are equally as cheap and good with only one or two dynamos. The location of lights and distribution is frequently decided by the decorative effect; for good lighting one 16 c.p. lamp for 7co to 800 cubic feet in chambers and 500 cubic feet in dining-rooms is ample, and this last ratio is suitable for large first floor dining- rooms and lobby. Basement lights are located where needed and no ratio can be stated. - Groups of centre lights are about one-half as expensive to wire as side lights. Side lights are generally installed in the handsomer apartments, in a few chambers, and wherever else necessary for decorative effect. Combination fixtures are rarely used, electricity being as reliable as gas. Gas pipes are usually run for gas logs and ranges, and occasionally in rooms with these, provision for gas lighting is made. The rules issued by the American Institute of Electrical En- gineers, and adopted by the Board of Underwriters, known as the National Code, specify the amounts of electricity allowed for dif- ferent size of wires; they also cover the thickness of insulation required for different pressures and specify in detail what material can be used and where. These rules are fair and the requirements in accordance with good practice, hence it is advisable to specify that work and material shall conform to the requirements of the Board of Underwriters. One of these requirements is that wherever the size of wire is changed a fuse shall be inserted which will melt and break the circuit when more than the current allowed for the smaller wire is being carried on this wire. Two types of fuses are used, the open link and the enclosed fuse. The open link fuse is a strip of fusible alloy held by copper clips, and is open to the objection that when the fuse melts or “blows " it is liable to set fire to any inflam- mable material it strikes. The enclosed fuse has a similar fusible material which is enclosed in a cartridge-like case, preventing damage. Usually these fuses have an indicating spot which turns black when fuse is blown; without this on small fuses there would be difficulty in locating the one blown. The rules require that branch circuits running to electric lights shall be so subdivided that no more than 12–16 candle power lights (660 watts) shall be on one circuit. This has led to the use of panel distributing boards into which the main three-wire or two-wire risers feed, and : . - - -- -- - - -- II 2 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. from which branch circuits lead to sets of ten or twelve lights, each circuit being controlled by a small switch; with a fuse alone or a “plug cutout.” The small fused switch is the preferred method with open link fuses, the enclosed being too expensive for ordinary work. The object of the switch is to allow the connection between the circuits and the main to be broken, so as to permit insertion of new fuse, etc., in case of trouble. Plug cutouts are round glass fuse holders screwing into sockets similar to those used for incandescent lamps. The General Elec- tric Co. make up panel distributing boards with these, instead of switches and fuses, but they are not largely used for the same reason stated for the non-use of enclosed fuses, i.e., expense of renewals. The Underwriters require that panels shall be enclosed in a fireproof case, and the best method is to enclose the panel, which is of slate or marble, usually slate, in a set of slate or marble sides having holes bored for the entrance of the wires. Outside of the slate sides, about six inches away, is built a wooden box having a door tightly fitted, lined with slate, asbestos or tin. The last is not as good, a fuse blowing may set the insulation of wires on fire, and heat the tin hot enough to start the wood outside. The Underwriters require that all wires where concealed shall be run in iron pipe, which shall be a perfect mechanical protection against careless workmen driving nails into wires. Numbers of pipes for this purpose are on the market, among them the Loricated Richmond Electroduct, all plain pipe enameled outside. Other pipes have a so-called insulated lining which has been practically abandoned. A third variety of conduit has been introduced within the last few years, the Greenfield flexible conduit, a most ingenious sort of galvanized or enameled flexible metallic pipe which can be bent in any direction and still keep a covering over the wire. Its flexibility makes the labor of installation much less than with the solid pipe, but latterly the cost of the solid pipe has been reduced so as to make the total cost about the same. The advantage of the solid pipe is that it is watertight, or should be ; the disadvantage is the extra labor involved and the danger of tearing off or abrading insulation of wires when they are being pulled in. The use of solid pipe is necessary where wires run in damp or wet places. Both types of conduit are liable to corrosion from concrete made with wood ashes, and several instances have been noted lately where pipe has been eaten through before the building was fairly completed. One remedy is apparent, not to use wood- ashes; the other is to cover the pipes with tar-paper where they run through wet-ash concrete. Outlet boxes or plates are required in connection with conduit at every outlet for lights or switches. These are made in a great variety of patterns, suited particularly for the location and fixture. Where ceiling fixtures are used a ceiling plate is allowed, which is nothing but a plate with holes for entrance of conduits, gaspipe if for combination fixture, and hole for fixture stem. This plate takes but little space and serves the purpose. It is not water- proof and should only be used in places free from moisture. No wire is allowed in conduits until these are completed, and wire should not be drawn in until necessary for completion of the work, as moisture is liable to accumulate in the pipes during plas- tering and cementing. Main wires and wires of large size running to motors are always run in solid pipe, the flexible being too expen- sive and without benefit. Where three-wire system is used, three wires are run together in a single pipe; in two-wire system, two wires. Branch circuits are usually run with “twin" wire; that is, two wires enclosed in a common insulating covering. In specifying sizes of wires, the Brown & Sharpe gauge is always used up to 4/O, after this, size is stated in circular mills. All wires larger than No. 4 should be stranded for ease of handling. Switches, located in side walls near doors, are used in the best type of apartment house to control groups of lights or single ceiling lights. The use of wall switches increases the cost of the wiring installation 50%, more or less depending upon the number; about $5 a switch is a rough approximation and includes extra wire, labor, conduit, and the switch itself. The rules require that double pole switches be used for groups of more than six lights; less than this number can be controlled by a single pole switch. The differ- ence between the cost of the single and double pole switches is small, but the use of the latter involves double as much wiring and nearly doubles the cost of installation. There are two types of wall switches – one operated by a push, and the other by a twist; the choice is a matter of individual preference. Where reduced expense is an object, pendant push switches or chandelier switches controlled by chain are satisfactory and serve the purpose perfectly. Wall switches are more suitable for control on entering or leaving, pendant switches for control during use of rooms. The space required for electric conduits is small, the branch lighting circuits needing less than an inch ; Outlet boxes for wall outlets are designed for all thicknesses or partitions, but three inches is about the minimum allowable thickness if two lights come directly opposite one another. Side lights should be located not higher than 6 ft. 6 in from floor unless for special purpose. Switches from 3 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. from floor. Wiring outside of building or in cold storage rooms or rooms exposed to dampness or to acid fumes such as storage battery rooms, should be wired with weatherproof or lead covered wire, preferably the latter. While it is impossible, within the limits of a paper of this kind, to treat fully on the properties of the different pieces of electrical apparatus, still it is possible to touch upon some of the points to be specified and the troubles to be avoided. The electric equipment consists of dynamos supplying electricity to switch- board which controls and delivers it through wires to motors, lights, etc. Where electric elevators are used, a storage battery is fre- quently advisable to receive electricity from dynamos and dis- charge to elevators, performing a function similar to that of the pressure tank in the hydraulic elevator system. Besides this, the battery may supply light used during part of the day, the dynamos being shut down. Dynamos for apartment house work should be designed for 125 volts, unless street service is to be used as an auxiliary: they should be wound to automatically raise the voltage (Over Com- pound) 3% to 5% with full load ; they should be directly coupled to engines, not placed on engine shaft. Brushes, from which electricity is collected, should be of carbon free from hard spots, and have I square inch area for each 35 amperes of electricity delivered at full load. Dynamos should have a maximum increase in temperature under full load, of not more than 40° C. The capacity of a dynamo is largely limited by the amount it will heat up under load ; so that a machine that will rise 35° C. under continuous full load, has a much greater capacity than one which will rise 45° C. under the same conditions, hence the allowable rise should be noted. The armature should be secured to shaft by keys, set screws alone are insufficient; unless this is done the wires leading to the commutator may break and serious trouble occur. Particular study should be made of the commutator design, and drawing of this should be submitted with bid, unless the purchaser is familiar with the construction. The commutator is the part of the dynamo from which the electricity is collected by the brushes, and it is the only part in which trouble arises frequently, and this is invariably due to lack of proper mica insulation, oil, or to improper securing in place of the armature. The mica should be first class, thick, and should be extended out beyond the protected surfaces suf- ficiently to prevent grease and dirt from making a “short circuit” or “ground.” The copper bars forming the commutator should be heavy and well supported throughout their length ; the chat- tering noise of brushes is frequently due to weak support. In- side of commutator should be protected from oil thrown up by shaft which gets it from outboard bearing. The slots of armature should be shallow ; deep slots cause singing noises from magnetic vibration. The pole pieces should be solid not “laminated,” as better lighting results under elevator load are thus obtained. In general the dynamo should be easy to inspect and clean, particu- larly around commutator end, and should be thoroughly tested with 25% over full load for from two to four hours. The foregoing requirements apply with even greater force to motors for elevators and other purposes. Elevator motors are continually starting and stopping, and are thus exposed to heavy mechanical as well as electrical shocks. The securing of armature and commutator is of the highest importance, and it is the best practice to make the connections between armature winding and commutator, flexible. Another reason is that copper becomes brittle with alternating heating and slow cooling (exactly contrary to the behavior of iron under similar conditions), and solid connec- tions will break very easily after a period of use. Both on account of motor and source of electricity, whether isolated or street ser- vice, a low starting current for elevators is advisable, particularly if lights and elevators are to be operated from the same source. It is a proper requirement to specify that the starting current shall THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. II 3 never exceed the current required to run the car with full load, and the amount should be stated. The question is frequently asked whether elevators and lights can be operated from the same engine and dynamo without flicker- ing of lights. This is perfectly possible and depends on the gov- ernor and design of the engine, the design of dynamo and starting current of elevator. If the design of these factors is correct, and if elevators are separately connected to plant and switchboard or source of electricity by wires distinct from lighting wires, elevators and lights may be run from one engine dynamo set without the slightest apparent flicker. The switchboard is the receiving and distributing center of the electric system , it receives the electricity from the source, the instruments on it measure the quantity and pressure ; and the switches control the different mains and feeders running to dis- tributing panels on various floors and to motors. devices designed to prevent overload are located on this board. They consist of circuit breakers and fuses; the former are instan- taneous in action and open the circuit with even momentary over- loads, hence they do not seem advisable for elevator circuits. They are highly suitable for protecting lighting circuits, and the only reason they are not more extensively used is their cost when compared with fuses. - Switches should have one square inch cross section for every IOOO amperes of electricity; connections between switches should be made by copper bars (called bus bars). Enclosed fuses on face are advisable where current does not exceed 500 amperes, above this open fuses on slate slabs at back of board. Instruments should include ammeter for each dynamo, one voltmeter with switch arranged so that voltage can be read across all dynamos and sets of “bus bars"; wattmeters to record total electricity delivered ; a standard clock; and the rheostats of the dynamos. If street service is used, no instruments are required, except those supplied by the company, and the switchboard merely contains controlling switches and fuses. For low voltages, up to 500, slate is as good as marble, and round pattern instruments are entirely satisfactory for boards. Where finish is important, a marble board framed in copper with coppered pedestals and illuminated dial instruments may be used, but will cost from 50 to 75 per cent more. Storage battery should be amply large for the work, where used for lighting ; end cells should be provided to hold constant voltage. The cells should be placed in single tier, if possible, and the distance between end of battery and switchboard should be minimized. Storage battery room should be separate and vented either to open air or to a flue. All iron work in room should be covered to prevent corrosion by acid fumes, and wires should be encased in lead and run on porcelain knobs. Bell wiring for apartment houses is simple; one for door, one for each of large rooms and one for rear entrance, all ringing annunciator in kitchen. Dining-rooms should have special floor push. A fire gong in each hall controlled from office is advisable. Wires for mains should be rubber covered and run in conduit. Wires for bell circuit may be damp-proof run in walls. Groups of batteries located in basement, or, what is much better, small dynamoter sets, supply all the current used to operate bells. Telephone wires are usually run by company, and are simply bunched in walls. When private telephone service is used same practice may be followed. Telephone wall sets should have desk for pad and be of non-ringing type. Protective. There are all kinds of other appliances operated electrically, which are being used in apartment houses where cheap electricity is available from a private plant. Electric heaters, similar to small car heaters, are used for bath- rooms; electric lights that turn down like gas are entirely prac- tical; electric grills for cooking are just making their way; electric irons and electric driven sewing machines are already an old story. One of the new old, recently perfected, inventions is the telauto- graph, which is in successful use in two apartments of the hotel type for transmitting, electrically, written orders from office to pantry. Electric automobiles are ideal for city use, and several apartment houses charge the batteries of these entirely from the plant. Electric heating is sometimes suggested as a substitute for steam for rooms. This is out of the question as the cost when compared to steam is over 25 to I in the most favorable instance, except where the heating is not of a temporary or isolated nature. Some data on cost of plants in apartment houses may prove of interest : Wiring of 12-story house, IOOx IOO, housekeeping apartments well lit with side lights and wall switches, total about 2000 lights, cost without switchboard, $72Oo; dynamos and switchboard, $4500. Same as above, 3OOO lights, 175 x 100 feet, $10,400; dynamos and switchboard, $5000. Wiring non-housekeeping 12-story apartment hotel, 60 x 100, no switches, all center lights, about I IOO, $3000; dynamos and switchboard, $2500. Same as above, 1400 lights, IOO x 100 feet, $3500 dynamos and switchboard, S3500. The lighting in apartment houses is, as might be expected, very small during the day, about one-fifth the evening load, which in turn varies from one-half to three-fourths of the total number of lights installed, dropping down quickly after II P.M. back to about one-sixth the evening load. The character of this load makes three units advisable, one for day, two for night, and one for spare. The question of using electricity for cooking, in housekeeping apartments containing private plants, is receiving serious consid- eration, and its cost is now being investigated. Gas is more economical and better fitted than electricity for this purpose, but the questions are whether the extra cost involved by the genera- tion of electricity for cooking in addition to that for other building purposes, will be as much as the price charged for the service by the gas companies, and whether the service will be equally satisfactory. The cost of generating electricity, including fixed charges such as interest and depreciation, with well designed plants varies from two cents per kilowatt hour in large apartments of the hotel type, up to ten cents in small houses of the housekeeping type. No general figures of this sort are of value except as an indication, as each plant must be separately figured and all the conditions care- fully studied. Central Station rates vary for lighting; they are fifteen cents per kilowatt hour for first and second hours average daily use of the lights installed ; ten cents for the next two hours; seven and one-half cents for next two hours, and five cents for additional hours. Power rates vary from ten cents per horse-power hour (three-fourths of a kilowatt hour) down to five cents, depending on quantity used. Note: The reference to Greenfield flexible conduit on page 112 calls for correction, as since the writing of this article the Sprague Electric Co. have devised a flexible conduit, which has a waterproof lining or gasket, interwoven with the spirals of the conduit. This conduit when galvanized is now accepted by the authorities and is thoroughly watertight. II.4. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. l №. :-（ ~ ae --~--~ ■ ■ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ■ ■ ■ ■ ： • ~ W. | || ſae \ \{\， \\ ſ ſ ≠ √ § §§ § § §. |- ſae. № - \\（\\ſ\ſ*= ſſſſſſſſſ！!！) 777，7‰ （ºſae. 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I 17 GROUND FLOOR TYPICAL UPPER FLOOR THE DORILTON APARTMENTS, BROADWAY AND 71st STREET, NEW YORK JANES & LEO, ARCHITECTS IIS THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. ſhaloc Au ， uT ----- Paaucº ----- ſ. |- ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ¿¿. | | | || | || , ， |- №ſiſ jſ！... - ¿ſ |||||| # ■ |- |||||| ！ | | | ||||||||| | „ ſiſi, №. !';####~## |||||||||ſĖ } ####### --~~~~ | --~~~~ -º-º-º-º: | ||||||| |- | | |||| | 1- ##### | | | | | ķ t. | | | | ſi: r. | |||| | | Hall ---- C- Worſbult a -- Doo- rº-ºr- o tºp * B tae n DARLoa Q-. hENT ™A ºr -i. [[ſ] -r rt-i-riºt HTTFHTH H] I i IIHIEL! I * - || Hºlt ISRAELS & HARDER, ARCHITECTS y THE HOLLAND, 66 AND 68 WEST 46th STREET, NEW YORK THE ARCHITECTURAL I 19 REVIEW. 3ea A227 2-/-/o // ox//-o " /-/or %22- à:12-25 =|ºlo º Z ra & % - º 2 C/. % … (-). Ø % - G. 2 - cºo: wV- ^, Q *~ ~4/. cove- § zºsº | C. r ------ O Zºz/or \\ /.3-oxº-o" "- |S | Q J |* r | | O 3ea. 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Charleen I - cº - cº-º-º: *3.3-6 *3.4-3. - --------- C Ex- | 5FRwants Root: Servants Room - º-s, fºx ºd.r- -- *O a TI- - I- |-|-- jº º | - - -- cº- Kitchen º', º, E== a-dº-wo - RECEPTION HALL H- j Reception Hall — l - sºc.º-> 3-c. --> `-T | E- PANTRY T. | P. — - HALL Paºlº RECEPTION ROOM -------- PARLon. DNInc Roon Dining Rootſ. PARLon. LIBRARY LIBRARY PARLon. DINING ROOT: ----- cº-º-o: -o-º-º: e-----> it-s-s-d ----ºf-g trº-o-3' it-a-oº: ***'. It’s ite.--> t- TI- -- - H *== -- THE ALIMAR, 925 WEST END AVENUE, NEW YORK; JANES & LEO, ARCHITECTS THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. I 2 I Fº-ºrº L-or- - - F2-ºr---or- Tº a zoº z- to-ºx ri-º- 17-e z alo'-o'- - C. H.--r-t Ear-rz i-6 - 2-o-e- º ^ſº Cº- -C --~~~ iº tºº...Rcº, - rº, c. Foot- 1-tº-cº-º-º-c- - - 1++o"> 7-s- Critºr-ir-ir- ºr-ex Hº- twº G- 4-ºx a c -- - - rº-oº-º-º-º-º: Crºtº- -T-2- * Dºrº ſº crºsstºn --o'- 17 --> º: Gººº- ------ 1Fºr re-ºr-le--- Crº-tº-R. -tº-ex -i-º- ºzºr fºLºR a-oxie-- EUCLID HALL, BROADWAY, 85th TO 86th STREETS, NEW YORK; HILL & TURNER, ARCHITECTS I 2.2 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. PARLOR CHAMBER PARLOR - ſºil – * - -H CHAN-1BER - chan-1BER - - ſº - F- * PARLOR |CO - —l —l G- < I. 9 - – ſº | : ſl. - BATH º: CHAMBER - º CHAMBER BATH cHAn-1BER PARLOR PARLOR chian-1BER - º FRont of The Ninth Story FRoºt or THE EIGHTH Story s G s - - *s- s DiNING Roon-1 For ER HALL writing Roon - - | Lapies PARLor - - n-ten's Roon- ve-º-TiEul-E ------------ ratt------ THE HARGRAVE, 104 WEST 72d STREET, NEW YORK; FREDERICK C. BROWNE, ARCHITECT THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. I 23 c PAR LOR O X 16- 2d- -o" 2p-o"x 16" P A R LOR –3"x 4-6 B E D R O OM of sºvic E - 5 4'-e'- it B E D R O QM FREIGHT EL vy ER v IcF. -6 BED ROOM H--~ x . . PAR LOR 2.5-ox res—o PAR LOR 2C-ox ke-o BED R O OM 1-1--6 x 11-6 - • FLOOR PLAN • GENERAL ADARTMENT - HOV.S.E. -EAST-24 °,-3TPEET. 15 - NVMBER, - YORK - CITY. • NEW LIENAU & NASH, ARCHITECTS * BACHELOR APARTMENTS, 15 EAST 48th STREET, NEW YORK I 24 THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. JAS. A. MILLER APARTMENTS, CHICAGO, ILL.; POND & POND, ARCHITECTS ... I l - - | | - * E- | *- | --G -oo- ºut--- : | ,” I -a-BER | --oo- -— — — –- --- --- III * , | - ------ | || || N --- --------or- ----- J- --- - ------------ - % - - - *--- - - - - - --- - - - - -- I ----- |- * **T-––––––––––– PLAN OF MILLER A PARTMENTS - PLAN OF THE IRVING APARTMENTS, CHICAGO, ILL. POND & POND, ARCHITECTS THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. I 25 Durwººd ºoo- ----------- --- Roo- -------- Pa----- -a-º-º-o- D--------- ---------- #- -ſ-ºſ-， -T ---- ------ ------- ---------- 13-11-1+-o Bºer Recº -----o BUCHMAN & FOX, ARCHITECTS Bro Room ------ - > · ∞ c ſae • Z Z C. --------- | +：-） ---| |--pºr-lºſ e =] =）--4= r--| |--| |--|-|-| º | º - - --- T Tºº - - | - - --- º Eºillº. º APARTMENT HOUSE, CORNER MADISON AVENUE AND 90th STREET, NEW YORK; THE LEONORI APARTMENTS, MADISON AVENUE AND 63d STREET, NEW YORK; BUCHMAN & FOX, ARCHITECTS THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. * Eº. ## 5 * |- ża | 3Ź: oț¢*： –----\/ -|-|-C|O *|-：|-|-----|O dz*# ： ; | ;3. I º|-żË| – ！E3}*rº:|- |-----·|-|-|-|- "I a.¿?|-----·e:！|- P·|-|----- “ ![ ]º ！----- ----Z.£）.z. | –##|:：1 %«:·|- ·|-|#Nū? t_) -|-|-： -1 &|-·2.|- |-|-}}· ##|- -|-|- |-|-£|-！， ##F \，， ± |- }}… | 1----§§ |- •|-##+ ''#} !ż|#º:sae ----|----- |i·3##± ·Éſ# ſaeſī ſaeſ? // Áº ***********%%%%%%%%%%%% （§§§ §§！§§§§ſae ſ（N≡ ！ A！！！！ ſºĶ \！ HOWARD, CAULDWELL & MORGAN, ARCHITECTS - - THE ESSEX, NEW YORK THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. it- ! ！！* ----------------- ț¢ŠĖ | || | FT || ſ || № // / / / / / / / T7 FT-1|| ſ || //////////////þjįſ）|| chamber a lo-lic rī ſŻŻ №Zgº****** J -， ice-ºr-ref Chambe to a ---- ： @）， scal-offect to-º-º-º: Chamber K--------> - Tº Co-o o. ſu ~）; t. 0 > Unas-ºn-d 5*1 sq. ºr x-alc ºf feet --→ RENWICK, ASPINWALL & OWEN, ARCHITECTS y THE MANSFIELD (BACHELOR APARTMENTS), NEW YORK 12S THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. ſi | |-|-- ---- … ſ.|n） ." … ！ ！! ！\！\！\！\！ \，\！ （II） ! ſaev » wae·|- ſae TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ſaevae^x= №ſſaeyſ. rī：∞ √° √æ√≠ √æ√° * ſ！！！！！！ ********** Iſ ſraeſ， wº \， ·|×***** ---- \\ ||||---- W. E. D. STO KES, PA U L E. D U BOY ASSOCIATED, ARCHITECTS THE ANSON IA, NEW YORK THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. xi C O L OR S and S P E CIFICATIONS A new folder illustrating steel structures; with colors of Dixon’s Silica =Graphite Paint, and practical specifications for construction and no air, tenance painting of steel and iron. T UE LIJ HET) FC R FREE DIJ ÖRITBUTION ‘BY GHE Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, U.S.A. M A G N E S I A STEAM PIPE COVERINGS HEAVY DAMAGES TO BE COLLECTED AGAINST ALL INFRINGERS In the Suits Against the PHILIP CAREY MANUFACT UP, ING COMPANY AM E. RICAN MAGNESIA COMPANY AM E. RICAN MAGNE, SIA COVE RING COMPANY SCHO E L L KOPF, HART FORD & HANNA CO. The Court has required the defendants to make answer to our bill THE KEASBEY & MATTISON CO., Ambler, Penna. Their Dennurrer Overruled Suit has been entered against the C. W. Trainer Manufacturing Co. of Boston. }< * All persons are warned not to engage in any piracy of our patents, as suits will promptly follow against all Infringers. Letters and Lettering By F R A N K C H O U T E A U B R O WN A treatise with two hundred examples of standard and modern alphabets, for the use of designers, decorators, crafts- men and all who have to draw letter forms. Send for descriptive circular. Price, postpaid, $2.00 Bates & Guild Company, Publishers, 42 Chauncy St., Boston, Mass. American Sheet Steel Company Battery Park Building New York Manufacturers of all varieties of Iron and Steel Sheets Black and Galvanized Plain and Painted Flat, Corrugated and “V” Crimped Apollo Best Bloom Galvanized W. Dewees Wood Company's Patent Planished Iron W. Dewees Wood Company's Refined Smooth Sheets Wellsville Polished Steel Sheets F, lectric Cooking Only should be considered for AJW A PARTMENT HOUSE KITCHEW. Usually as cheap or cheaper than gas. There is no flame, odor, dirt, smoke or bitiated air. Small kitchens are not objectionable because the apparatus does not heat the room, and all the debices are portable, so that there a simple table anslivers perfectly for a range. We habe hundreds in serbice throughout the country. INVESTIGATE BE FORE, PUTTING IN GAS The Simplex Electric Heating Co Franklin and Sidney Streets, Station A, Cambridge, Mass CHICAGO OFFICE, MONADNOCK BLOCK xi THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. i The W. J. PFLRRY W. J. P.F.R.RY DUMB WAITF_F. Roller-bearing, noiseless, easily operated and perfectly controlled by one rope operat- ing a band brake. Economically installed. Capacity–TWO HUNDRED POUNDS. Write for full particulars and estimates. 591 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass. F--------------- | BAY STATE OIL SHINGLESTAINS Have superior wearing qualities and are made from the best materials. Made in twenty different shades. Any special shade made to order at short notice. MANUFACTURED ONLY BY WADSWORTH, HOWLAND & CO. IN CU)RPORATED 82 and 84 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON MAKERS OF EVERYTHING IN THE PAINT AND VARNISH LINE - i - |-w, -------------------4++-4++----------------------------- * _ _ 1 Au- _ __ FTCHSASHLocks *The PerfectWindow Fastener” Send for Catalogue and Working Model The W. & E. T. Fitch Co., New Haven, Conn. #= º | __ AA 11 -- r T TT TT PERSPECTIVES RENDERED | In Pen-and-Ink and Water-Color W. A. L T E R M. C. A M P B E L L 8 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. Silver Lake “A” Is now marked on every 3 feet of The Best Søs/ Co/ra/ Made. dealer. Architects can now easily protect themselves against the substitution of inferior cord in place of the standard make of solid braided cord. ference in cost to your client is very small, but inferior cord offers a larger profit to both builder and hardware When you want absolutely the best, specify Silver Lake “A” and look for the name on the cord, when superintending. The dif- º º º º *º The Mile-stones of Architecture by A. D. F. HAMLIN Professor of Architecture, Columbia Unilersity A very clear and intelligible summary of the history of Architecture with illustrations selected to show the relation of parentage and descent among the styles. No architectural draughtsman should fail to secure a copy and read this article. It fills the whole August number of The Brochure Series Price per copy ten cents Bates & Guild Company, Publishers, Boston, Mass Send £ IF YOU S RECIFY” Samples. º as:==============sº SAMSON SPOT CORD You can tell at a glance that no other cord is substituted. It is warranted to ºf bc of Pure Cotton, smooth finish and perfect braid. - SAMSON CORDACE WORKS, Boston, Mass. r - Have an excellence peculiarly their % |\ictures e own. The best results are only ſº Z. produced by the best methods and @ r % % (||Younteo means—the best results in Photo-/ graph, Poster and other mounting @ r can only be attained by using the (Clith 2. %2 best mounting paste— º HIGGINS PHOTO MOUNTER/ 3. (Excellent novel brush with each jar). 3. § HIGGINS - % % At Dealers in Photo Supplies, % Artists’ Materials and Stationery. % - º PHOTO A 3-oz. jar prepaid by mail for thirty cts. Ž or circulars free, from @ CHA.S. M. HiCiGINS & CO., Mfrs. % f MOUN | | ..] & New York chicago–London & Main Office, 271 Ninth St. Brooklyn; % Factory, 240-244. Eighth St. N.Y., U.S.A. @ 2, TDuqb Cairns Architectural Sculptor Mode/er and Stone Carver INTERIOR PLASTER, BRONZE, COPPER, E T C - C A S T L N G I N P L A S T E R M ONU M ENTS & TABLETS 48A SUDBURY STREET, Boston, MAss §culptor of The Porch of TRINITY CHURCH Boston, Mass MASS. STATE SEALS MASS. STATE HOUSE ANNEX HOTEL SOMERSET Boston, Mass MOUNT VERNON CHURCH Boston, Mass HOUSE OF A. C. BURRAGF Boston, Mass RAND ALL HALL Cambridge, Mass DAY MORTUARY CHAPEL Norwood, Mass Pediment INSTITUTION FOR SAVINGS New Bedford, Mass WELLESLEY COLLEGE CHAPEL THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW. - xiii Physical Blindness is a misfortune – mental blindness often a fault. Those that will not see cannot see ; but those that are open to conviction can readily see that Zinc White is an essential ingredient of beautiful, durable, economical paints. F R. E. E. G/\e New Jersey Our Practical Pamphlets : “ /ºr ºzz's 272 A 7-chºſeczzzz-e ’’ Zinc Company “SAecifications for Architects” ‘‘A’re/c/, Governmen? /9ecrees” 11 Broadway, New York Bronze Elevator Enclosures furnished for Elks' Temple, Detroit, Mich., by The W. S. Tyler Company, Cleveland, Ohio E. X P A N D E D M ET A L SYSTEM OF FIREPRO OFING is the best for all kinds of buildings EXPANDED METAL LATH is the standard metal lath in all the markets of the world E. astern Exp and ed Metal Co. 602=605 Paddock Bldg., Boston, Mass. Papier Maché, Staff Fibrous Plaster M O D E L I N G T O O. R. D. E. R. Catalogue to ArchitectS On request J O R U TH B L IN D F A S T E N E R This improved device deserves the attention of every architect There is neither spike nor back-catch to be driven into the side of the house, and it is therefore particularly desirable for brick houses. The blind may be easily opened or closed without leaning from the window. Open, it is held securely by the fastener; closed, it is held by a small latch on each blind. The illustration shows the position of the fastener when the blind is open. It can be applied to old blinds as well as new. §, º, Joruth Manufacturing Co., Wollaston, Mass. Universal Safety Tread Universal Safety Tread Co., ***.*.*.** New England Safety Tread Co., Equitable Bldg., Boston IN US E UPON New Railway Station, New York. Central & Hudson River R.R., Troy, N.Y. All Saints' Church, Madison Ave. and 129th St., New York. Café Martin, Fifth Ave., New York. Wall Street Exchange Building, Exchange Place, New York. Fire Department Headquarters, Providence, R. I. Connecticut Fire Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Bigelow School, Boston, Mass. St. Francis Parochial School, Charlestown, Mass. VV. A. T E R S U F FLY FLAV N T S HIS cut shows one of our smaller Gasolene Engine and Triplex Pump Combinations. The engine is of 3 h.p. and the out- fit has a capacity of 34 gallons a minute discharged at 146 elevation. We are consulting and contracting engineers for Complete Water Works Systems, using Windmills, Gasolene Engines and Electric or Steam Pumps, and are prepared to give advice to any one on proposed plants and to submit proposals and estimates for the whole or any part of same. Send for our special cata- logue on this subject. iſ - #: Tºº Please specify Catalogue J. CHARLEs J. JAGER COMPANY 166–168 HIGH ST., COR. BATTERY MARCH, BOSTON Uº. frequent rubbings and the corrosion of long exposure Seamless Tubing As it is “white metal clear through " the wear of do not affect its original nickel lustre. Send /or descrº/ize book/ez. B E N E DICT & BURN HAM M FG. CO. WATER BURY, CON N. N Ew Yo R K, 253 B Roadway BosTon, 172 H IGH ST. xiv. THE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEWV. CONSERVATORIES, ROSEHOUSES, GREEN HOUSES, FROM THE ELAB- ORATE RANGE TO T H E S M A LL CONSERVATORY, COMMERCIAL or PRIVATE HOUSES, ERECTED IN THE WORKMAN LIKE and DURABLE MANNER FOR WHICH OUR NAME STANDS. WE ARE EXPERTS in THIS LINE. LET US EST IMATE FOR Y O U R P R O POSE D H O U S E S | -- | NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARD ENS, BRONX PARK, N.Y., E RECTED BY US HITCHINGS & CO Horticultural Designers and Builders Established 1844 233 Mercer St., New York WE PARTICULARLY INVITE COR- RESPONDENCE FROM ALL ARCH I- TECTS WHOSE CLIENT'S CONTEM- PLATE THE ERECTION OF CON- SERVATO RIES. ARCHITECTS’ SUG- GESTIONS embodied in SKETCHES Our Sash Operating Apparatus for Fac- tories, Foundries, Greenhouses, etc., is unexcelled. SEND FOR CATALOGUE FULLY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES ON GREEN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING FREE UPON APPLICATION Alvarado Apartments Park 27 le. and 80th St. Astor Apartments Proadlway and 75th St. Apartment House 771 7"ſadison Abe. Apartment House 479 Fifth ZIbe. Apartment House 15 East 48th St. Belgravia Apartments Fifth Alºe. and 49th St. Dakota Apartments 73d 5. and Central Park, W. Hotel Wellington 7th Alºe. and 55th St. Hatfield House 103 East 29th St. Hotel San Remo 75th St. and Central Park, W. Hotel St. Andrews Broadlway and 72d St. Hotel St. Regis Using the L o O m is Filter Hollywood Apart's 1331–7 7.1adison 27 be. La Rochelle Apart's 75th St. and Columbus Abe. Lexington Apartments 126-8 East 34th St. Narbury Hall 164 West 74th St. Onteora Apartments 200 West 55th St. Park Madison Apart's 71adison Abe., cor. 25th St. Raleigh Apartments 814 West End Abe. Stratford Apartments 11-13 East 32d Yt. Touraine Apartments 9 East 39th St. Van Courlear Apart's 201 West 56th St. Wyoming Apartments 166 West 55th St. Webster Apartments Fifth Abe. and 55th St. --~~~~ - º: º º - º º - 38-42 West 45th St. G R A H A M Co URT, The An S on ia See page 128 THE LOOMIS-MANNING FILTF_R COMPANY seventh Avenue AND one HUNDRED and sixtEENTH STREET, NEW YORK. CLINTON and RUSSELL, ARCHITECTS The Mansfield See page 127 The HD or ilton See pages 116 and 117 The Arlington See page 119 Baltimore, Union Trust Building New York, Fuller (Flation) Blag. B os to n , Exchange Building 4 0 2 C H E S T N U T S T R F. F. T., P H I L A D F. L. P. H. I. A , P A . Washington, 620 14th St., W. W. * \ º UNIVERSITY OF MICH IGAN 3 9015 08023 5081 | - º º . º º º º | - -